Full text of "Swedish Immigrants In Lincoln S Time"

SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS
IN LINCOLN'S TIME

T'-^
_ I*** -*

Swedish Settlements in Illinois prior to 1860
with routes traveled bv Lincoln

Swedish Immigrants
In Lincoln's Time

By
NELS HOKANSON

With a. Foreword by
CARL SANDBURG

NEW YORK AND LONDON

Harper & Brothers Publishers

SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN S TIME

All rights in this book are reserved.
No part of the book may be reproduced in any
manner whatsoever 'without written permission
except in the case of brief quotations embodied
in critical articles and reviews. For information
address Harper & Brothers

FIRST EDITION
M - R

FOREWORD

By CARL SANDBURG

WHO was the first Big Swede to land in America? The answer is
one of many odd facts fished up from obscurity and presented
in this book. His name was John Printz and he weighed four
hundred pounds and served as the governor of the first Swedish
colony in North America and the colonists didn't like him so
very well and when the government over at Stockholm refused
to send him the troops that he asked for he packed up and
headed right home for Sweden. So he was not much of a Big
Swede after all.

Mention is thus made of Printz as one example of the many
personalities that give this book what is termed "reader interest."
Besides personages of importance whose names stand as markers
of movements or periods, the author puts a special lighting on
one human drift, the flowing line of one breed of people from
their birthland to the American Union of States during the
generation of Abraham Lincoln. The Olsons, Nelsons, Larsons,
Johnsons, Knutsons, Danielsons, Andersons, Lindquists, Sea-
stroms, Hasselqvists, Obergs, Viborgs, Seastedts of no par-
ticular distinction but as a mass having their share in the making
of the America that shaped its destiny toward a leading role
among world powers.

To what extent did Swedes settle in the southern slave states
and in what proportion did they become owners of slaves? And
how did it come about that something like 99 per cent of the
Swedish voters in the North became Republicans and cast their
ballots for Lincoln? And how did this preponderance in the
States of the midwest and the northwest affect the portentous
national election of 1860? To what extent did the Swedes enlist
in the Union armies serving under Lincoln? What significant
figures and worthy fighters of Swedish blood came to view
during the war of the 1 86o's?

vi FOREWORD

Suoh .questions and many related ones have been for many
yeai$.^J&e$sing Mr. Nek Hokanson of Evanston, Illinois. No
one had ever taken the trouble to assemble the answers in some
adequate fashion. So he worked at it. He is a business man.
Though his vocation is in the real estate field, he began acquiring
the materials for a thesis. When the present writer saw those
materials six years ago they were a rough note book rather than
the series of chapters now nicely organized within these covers.
He has made a pleasant volume to read and yet the stuff of
history weaves through all the pages.

We can pay salutation to Mr. Hokanson for the devotion and
thoroughness with which he has served in this area of research
and statement. He had zeal and a desire to be thorough. Such
works more often are found unfinished and slumbering among
other dusty relics long after the author's demise. Or they are too
often published as a fragment and a gesture of hope that some-
body sometime will do a real job. Mr. Hokanson was not
content that some fabulous unknown in an unpredictable future
should do this job.

Mr. Hokanson's preface preceding his first chapter is mov-
ingly continued away back at the end of the text and just before
the appendix. There we find "Postscript to My Daughter.''
There he puts his message that the descendants of Swedish
pioneers, now numbering about six million, have contributed
much to America. "Their influence is felt in art, science, litera-
ture, music and industry. They have supplied us with some of
our greatest architects, engineers and builders. They have
furnished leadership in education, politics and statesmanship."
And we may take two paragraphs from this Postscript as
indicating the Hokanson theory and outlook as to the "hyphen-
ates" of "a polyglot boarding house." He writes by way of last
words to a cherished daughter:

"About two per cent of enlistments in the First World War
had Swedish names, yet no effort was made to consider the
part played by Swedes as a separate group organization. That

FOREWORD vii

is evidence of the progress made toward Americanization. In
the present war the amalgamation is even more pronounced.
Men of Swedish blood and name now occupy high places in
government and military service, but no one thinks of them
except as Americans.

"This does not mean that the present generation is forgetting
its Swedish ancestry. Its members do take pride in their heritage
and manifest increased interest in Swedish and Swedish-
American History. Sweden itself has heightened that pride
through the splendid record it has made in democracy during
the past twenty-five years."

AUTHOR'S PREFACE

IN 1887, when I was a small child, my family brought me to
the United States and settled in what was then the furthermost
outpost of Swedish colonization in Minnesota.

Our frontier experiences were not unlike those of earlier
Swedish pioneers in Wisconsin, Illinois, and Iowa. We struggled
against obstacles such as forest fires in summer and bitter cold in
winter. We befriended the Indians and witnessed one of their
last uprisings. We cleared the land and saw homes evolve from
dugouts to log cabins to frame dwellings.

I remember how we anxiously awaited the arrival of friends
from Sweden who came in response to father's letters: how
we enjoyed the occasional visits of religious leaders with whom
we discussed disputes among Episcopal, Lutheran, and Baptist
factions.

These experiences and my reading of Swedish newspapers
aroused in me an interest in the Swedish immigrants who had
preceded us to America. The annual Grand Army of the Re-
public celebration brought up the question of Swedish participa-
tion in the Civil War.

In later years, I began searching libraries for books about
pioneer Swedish settlers and settlements only to be disappointed
by the lack of general information. Yet hidden in early news-
papers, religious pamphlets, and historical documents was a
wealth of material. This material revealed much about the
social, political, and military aspects of Swedish immigration,
especially during the Lincoln period from 1840 through the
Civil War. Then too, a few survivors were to be found whose
reminiscences throw light upon the spirit and opinions of the
time.

It was a desire to preserve this information in a single volume
that inspired me to begin this work some twenty years ago, a

x PREFACE

work which since has become a delightful avocation and which
has been brought to completion in spare moments.

In approaching the study of Swedish immigrants in Lincoln's
time, the reader must bear in mind the conditions of the period.
It was a time of immigrant ships and pioneer railroads, ox teams
and covered wagons, lumberjacks and Indians, circuit riding
lawyers and religious revivals, secession and civil war. It marked
the beginning of modern communication and industry. The
Swedes played only a small part in these activities, yet even
this minor role is remarkable when one considers their ignorance
of country, language, and customs.

A large part of the work is based on original research. In an
effort to produce a reliable study, I have examined material
on both sides of the Atlantic, including Swedish and American
newspapers, consular and diplomatic reports, and public and
private documents.

My debt to the many sources utilized will become apparent
in the pages that follow. I gratefully acknowledge my indebted-
ness to numerous pioneers and their descendants whom I have
interviewed, to authors whose writings listed in the bibliography
have been freely quoted, to Lincoln authorities who have
opened their homes and collections to me, and to public officers,
university scholars, librarians, and editors without whose help
this volume could not have been written.

Despite checking and rechecking of source materials, possibly
errors may have crept in. I shall be grateful to anyone who
calls my attention to them.

I am especially grateful to the following friends for their
help and encouragement: To Carl Sandburg, Harbert, Mich-
igan, for the foreword and to Per G. Andreen, Stockholm,
Sweden; Baker Brownell, professor of philosophy, Northwest-
ern University, Evanston, Illinois; Adolph B. Benson, professor
of German and Scandinavian, Yale University, New Haven,
Connecticut; Evald B. Lawson, president of Upsala College,
East Orange, New Jersey; Ernest W. Olson, literary editor,

PREFACE xi

Augustana Book Concern, Rock Island, Illinois; Folke Rudelius,
curator of military archives, Kungl, Krigsarkivet, Stockholm,
Sweden; and George M. Stephenson, professor of history, Uni-
versity of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Ben Yablonky
gave much time and thought to arranging the material and
reading proof. Zelma Leonhard helped in the preparation of the
Index.

N. H.

Evanston, Illinois
October 4, 1942

CONTENTS

Foreword by Carl Sandburg v

Author's Preface ix

CHAPTER PAGE

I. COLONIAL SWEDES ON THE DELAWARE I

II. PIONEER SWEDES IN AMERICA 7

III. SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME 14

IV. SOUTHERN SWEDES AND FORTY-NINERS 28
V. PRAIRIE SWEDES IN LINCOLN'S ILLINOIS 40

VI. LINCOLN AND THE SWEDISH VOTE 52

VII. SWEDES ANSW T ER LINCOLN'S WAR APPEAL 68

VIII. SWEDISH ARMY OFFICERS WHO FOUGHT FOR LINCOLN 8 1

IX. SWEDISH VOLUNTEERS IN EASTERN REGIMENTS 98

X. SWEDISH VOLUNTEERS IN WESTERN REGIMENTS I I I

XL SWEDISH SAILORS IN LINCOLN'S SERVICE I 2 2

XII. SWEDES IN THE CONFEDERACY I 3 5

XIII. SWEDEN AND THE LINCOLN ADMINISTRATION 146

XIV. LINCOLN AND THE SWEDES 158
POSTSCRIPT 1 70
APPENDICES 173
BIBLIOGRAPHY 219
INDEX 235

ILLUSTRATIONS

SWEDISH SETTLEMENTS IN

ILLINOIS PRIOR TO 1860 Map Frontispiece

Facing Page

JOHN HANSON 4

THE PRESIDENT OF THE CONTINENTAL

CONGRESS FORWARDS A PROCLAMATION 4

FREDRIKA BREMER 1 2

GUSTAF UNONIUS 1 6

POLYCARPUS VON SCHNEIDAU 1 6

CHARLES G. DAHLGREN 28

JOHAN OLOF LIEDBERG 28

ABRAHAM LINCOLN, THE PRAIRIE POLITICIAN IN 1848 44

BREAKING THE PRAIRIE 45

VON SCHNEIDAU'S DAGUERREOTYPE OF FORT DEARBORN 45

LINCOLN RECOMMENDS HIS FRIEND, JOHNSON 60

MALMBORG SEEKS REPLACEMENTS 70

MAJOR-GENERAL JOHN A. LOGAN AND STAFF 76

GUSTAF ALSTRAND 76
THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT OPPOSES RECRUITING IN SWEDEN 77

ERNST VON VEGESACK 92

FREDERICK ANTON ROSENCRANTZ 92

CARL AUGUST ROSSANDER 92

xvi ILLUSTRATIONS

Facing Page

CORFITZ LUDVIG VON HOLSTEIN 92

CHARLES STEELHAMMER 93

HJALMAR EDGREN 93

ADOLPH CARLSSON WARBERG 93

AXEL ARVID LEATZ 93

JOHN ASKER 96

HJALMAR H. C. ANDERSON 96

CARL LUDVIG BERLIN 96

AUGUST ERNST DE CAMPS 96

CARL FREDERICK GREVELLIUS 9 7

CHARLES N. C. HAMBERG 97

PALLE ROSENCRANTZ 97

CARL ULRIK NERMAN 97

OSCAR HULTMAN 97

COLONEL ULRIC DAHLGREN IO2

LIEUTENANT SCHURER VON AVALDHEIM I O2

SWEDISH UNION OFFICERS OF TWO CONTINENTS IO2

COLONEL KNUT OSCAR BROADY 108

MAJOR NERE ALBERT ELFVING IO8

COLONEL ERNST W. HOLMSTEDT 108

MAJOR JOHN AHLSTROM 1 08
ULRIC DAHLGREN WRITES OF A CONFIDENTIAL TELEGRAM

AND MAP 109

ILLUSTRATIONS xvii

Facing Page
GENERAL SIGEL RECOMMENDS ULRIC DAHLGREN FOR

MAJOR AND CHIEF OF ARTILLERY 109

CAPTAIN JOHN DANIELSON 1 1 2

COLONEL OSCAR MALMBORG I I 2

CAPTAIN CHRISTIAN LANDSTROM 112

COLONEL HANS MATTSON I I 2

LIEUTENANT COLONEL FABIAN BRYDOLF 1 1 2

MALMBORG'S REPORT ON OPERATIONS NEAR VICKSBURG 120
CAPTAIN SILFVERSPARRE ORDERED TO TAKE CHARGE OF

BATTERIES IN FORT PICKFRTNG I 2 I

JOHAN ALEXIS EDGREN I 24

CAPTAIN JOHN ERICSSON I 24

ENSIGN C. B. DAHLGREN I 24

ADMIRAL JOHN A. DAHLGREN AND STAFF 124

ERICSSON CLAIMS THE "MONITOR" AS HIS OWN 128

LINCOLN WANTS NO SKY-LARKING BY THE "MONITOR" 1 29

LIEUTENANT COLONEL LUDVIG AUGUST FORSBKRG, C. S. A. 136

BRIGADIER-GENERAL ROGER W. HANSON 136

COLONEL CARL JAKOB HAMMARSKJOLD, C. S. A. 136
CAPTAIN HALLONQUIST REPORTS ON THE BOMBARDMENT

OF FORT SUMTER 140
GENERAL CHARLES DAHLGREN C. S. A. ASKS FOR

INSTRUCTIONS 141

xviii ILLUSTRATIONS

Facing Page

PIPER AIDS A SWEDISH OFFICER 148

SECRETARY SEWARD, COUNT PIPER, AND OTHER FOREIGN

DIPLOMATS AT NIAGARA FALLS 149
THE KING OF SWEDEN ACKNOWLEDGES A GIFT FROM

PRESIDENT LINCOLN 1 5 6

LINCOLN, THE WAR- WEARY PRESIDENT IN 1865 l6o

LINCOLN LETTER TO WHITNEY l6o

A SWEDISH PRISONER APPEALS TO LINCOLN l6l

LINCOLN NOTES TO ADMIRAL DAHLGREN 1 64

LINCOLN ASKS A LIEUTENANCY FOR ULRIC DAHLGREN 165

"EVERYTHING is AS USUAL EXCEPT" AN IOWA SWEDE

WRITES OF LINCOLN'S DEATH 1 68

SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS
IN LINCOLN'S TIME

CHAPTER I
COLONIAL SWEDES ON THE DELAWARE

"They are a plain, strong, industrious people.
I must needs commend their respect for
authority and their kind behavior to the
English." WILLIAM PENN

EMIGRATION has been a characteristic of the Scandina-
vian people from their earliest known history. They
always have enjoyed adventure, the beckoning door of opportu-
nity, the leaving of old things for new. The ancient Vikings first
settled in the British Isles. They established organized govern-
ment in Russia. They founded settlements in Greenland, Ice-
land, and Finland. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries
they extended their emigration activities to Estonia, Pomerania,
and America.

In America the history of the Swedes dates from the founding
of New Sweden on the Delaware in 1 638. This settlement grew
out of an elaborate plan sponsored by King Gustavus Adolphus.
With the backing of William Usselinx, founder of the Dutch
West Indies Company, the plan contemplated American
colonization in co-operation with the Protestants of Germany.

It included the idea of a free state where the laborer should
reap the fruit of his toil; an asylum for the persecuted of all
nations where everyone would be secure in his person and
property.

To accomplish these high aims, leaders would be instructed
to maintain public worship and support ecclesiastical discipline;
to urge virtuous education of the young; to administer justice
according to Swedish laws; to promote industry, including
mining, horticulture, and animal husbandry. They were to
cultivate friendly intercourse with their Dutch and English
neighbors and especially with the Indians who, as "rightful

2 SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

lords of the country," were to be treated in the most equitable
and humane manner.

Slavery was not to be permitted. "No slaves should burden
the soil," said Gustavus. "Slaves cost a great deal, labor with
reluctance and soon perish from hard usage. We shall gain more
as a free people with wives and children." 1

Usselinx suggested that Swedish colonies in America would
advance the Christian religion, would increase the area and
wealth of Sweden, and lighten the burdens of her people at
home.

In 1626 a trading company was formed to carry out the plan.
Shares were sold to members of the King's court, to high govern-
ment, civil, and military officers, to bishops, clergymen, farmers,
and artisans. Ships were purchased, leaders appointed, and
arrangements practically completed when the death of Gusta-
vus and war with Germany put an end to the undertaking.

Ten years after the failure of Gustavus' plan, Axel Oxen-
stierna revived the project and sought the aid of Queen Chris-
tina. The Queen approved and gave orders for the execution.
Ships were fitted out and Peter Alinuit, a Hollander, was named
commander. In 1638 Minuit sailed two little ships, the armed
Kalmar Nyckel and the transport Fogel Grip, up the Delaware
River. He purchased land from the Indians, giving in payment
such articles of trade as knives, scissors, needles, axes, guns, and
powder. After purchasing the land, Minuit landed his colonists
near the present site of Wilmington and erected the first Swed-
ish fort. The territory was named New Sweden, the fort,
Christiana, and the landing place, Paradise Point. His men built
houses of logs and of bricks. 2 They cleared land which produced
crops of flax, oats, wheat, rye and corn, as well as tobacco,
potatoes, and garden vegetables. Additional expeditions arrived
to reinforce the colony on reports that the country came up
to the highest expectations. The territory eventually included
the state of Delaware and parts of New Jersey, Pennsylvania,
and Maryland. 8

COLONIAL SWEDES ON THE DELAWARE 3

The land was rich and fruitful. u Olla Tossa (Thoreson)
had a cow which in the month of March had one calf; at her
next calving she had three; the third time five altogether
nine calves within two years." Another settler wrote that his
cow had two calves, his ewe two lambs, and his wife twins, all
in one night. Erik Bjork, one of the ministers, reported later
that the people were prosperous and enjoyed a liberal govern-
ment with light taxes. They dressed as in Sweden, lived in
Swedish houses, had plenty of fresh meat and fish and "want
nothing of what other countries produce."

The colonists established schools and churches and undertook
missionary work among the Indians. One of the pastors, Cam-
panius, translated Luther's catechism into an Indian dialect.
Another, Charles Magnus von Wrangel, published (in Ben-
jamin Franklin's printing office) the first English translation of
Luther's shorter catechism.

In later years other colonists attained important positions in
the civil administration and some of their descendants played
significant roles. Reverend Nicholas Colin became known for
his support of George Washington in the growing movement
against domination of the American colonies by England. John
Hanson became president of the Continental Congress; his son
Alexander was secretary to General Washington, and John
Morton was a signer of the Declaration of Independence. 4
Descendants of Erick Pieterson included Charles Jacobs Peter-
son and his cousin Henry who were associated with The Satur-
day Evening Post. The former was editor and the latter editor
and part owner.

John Printz, known as the Big Swede because of his four
hundred pounds, came in 1 642 to be the first Governor of the
Colony. He was accompanied by two ships of war, an armed
transport, troops, and a large group of emigrants, clearly indi-
cating that the Swedes planned a permanent settlement in the
new country. He built a new Church and forts to guard against
the Dutch, who greatly resented the intrusion of the Swedes.

4 SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

Printz, who proved to be somewhat of a tyrant, became unpop-
ular with his own people, as well as the Dutch. He foresaw
war, and when the Swedish government failed to send him the
reinforcements which he requested, he returned to Sweden.

Johan Resing succeeded him. Resing, who was destined to
be the last Swedish governor, sought a renewal of the former
friendship with the Dutch, but the strained relations grew
steadily worse. In 1655 Peter Stuyvesant, with a force of six
or seven hundred men, attacked the Swedes, who were greatly
outnumbered, made prisoners of the leaders, and laid waste the
land and buildings. Sweden protested, but was too weak from
its wars in Europe to enforce its demands, and the Dutch re-
tained possession of the colony. Thus after a brief existence of
only seventeen years New Sweden ceased its existence as a
separate political organization. Only nine years later, however,
the Dutch themselves were dispossessed by the English and the
Swedes came under the allegiance of the British Crown.

When the control of the colony passed out of the hands of
the Swedes, government authorities in Sweden took no further
interest in the project. The state church in Sweden, however,
continued to direct the spiritual welfare of the colonists for
another two hundred years. Through the interest of Charles XI
some thirty clergymen were sent to America. The church
continued this activity until 1831, when the last preacher, Dr.
Nicholas Collin, died in Philadelphia. 5

By this time the descendants of the first Swedish colonists
were fully Americanized. They had given up the use of the
Swedish language and the settlements maintained little or no
communication with the fatherland. It is doubtful, however,
that they could have survived, since conditions in Sweden were
unfavorable for emigration and England, who claimed the
North American continent through discovery, seemed destined
to rule in the New World.

In New Sweden the land was very similar to that in the West.
The settlers themselves were not unlike these of a later gener-

COLONIAL SWEDES ON THE DELAWARE 5

ation. Most of them were farmers, mechanics, or tradesmen
with qualities that usually made for successful colonization.
They were sturdy, industrious, devout, thrifty, and law-
abiding. Without reinforcements from the mother country
they lost their Swedish identity and played no part in the move-
ment which brought thousands of emigrants to America in
the years after 1 840.

CHAPTER I
NOTES

1 A few Swedes kept slaves. In one instance the wardens of Wicacoa Church
sold fifty acres of land for forty pounds. Instead of placing the proceeds out at
interest, they invested in a Negress as part of the church inventory. The in-
vestment proved unprofitable, for the Negress was old and contrary and
brought only seven shillings when finally sold at auction.

* Beb'eved to be the first log houses erected on the American continent.

8 The 1 68 1 census records list about 500 Swedes living in the states of Dela-
ware and Pennsylvania.

4 John Hanson was born in Charles County, Maryland, on April }, 1715. He
began his political career in 17^9 as a 1 member of the Maryland House of
Delegates, and served for twenty-two years. He later was elected representa-
tive of Maryland to the Continental Congress, and for one year served as
President of the United States in Congress assembled. Hanson is Maryland's
representative in the Hall of Fame in Washington.

John Morton (born in 172?) was the grear-grandson of Martin Mortenson,
who came to America with Governor Printz. In 1772 he became a member of
the Pennsylvania Assembly and later its Speaker. He was a member of the
Constitutional Congress and later a judge of the Supreme Court. During the
Revolutionary War he served as colonel of a regiment of volunteers.

Morton's most significant act was in casting his vote for the Declaration of
Independence as a member of the Pennsylvania delegation to the Congress.
The delegation was otherwise divided on the question with Franklin and
Wilson voting Yes; Willing and Humphrey, No; and with Morris and Dick-
inson absent. To those of his friends who criticized his vote, Morton sent the
following message from his deathbed: "Tell them that they will live to see the
day when they will admit that it was the greatest service I did for my country."

5 Five early missionary churches built through the aid of these ministers are
still in use. They are Holy Trinity Church in Wilmington, Delaware, dedi-
cated in 1699; Gloria Dei Church in South Philadelphia, dedicated in 1700;
St. James' Church in West Philadelphia; Christ Church in Bridgeport, Penn-
sylvania; and Trinity Church in Swedesboro, New Jersey.

CHAPTER II
PIONEER SWEDES IN AMERICA

"How glad I am to be here in the young New
World. Everything of which I had a fore-
taste, which I have sought after and longed
for, I meet with here." - FREDRIKA BREMER

THE great wave of Swedish immigrants to America did
not appear until the nineteenth century, but individual
settlers, explorers, and adventurers could be found in all parts
of the country, and in Canada and Mexico as well, in the early
period of American colonization. The names of Thomas Matson
and Anne Swanson are found in the records of the First Church
in Boston under date of August 27, 1630, while John Anderson,
John Jeppson, and John Ohlin appear as landowners in 1645.
Charles Springer was a servant in the house of the Swedish
Minister to London about 1648. One night he was seized on his
way home, carried to a merchant ship on the Thames, and sent
off to America. The ship landed in Virginia, where he was
sold as a servant for five years, during which he worked on a
tobacco plantation. On regaining his freedom he joined the
Swedes in Pennsylvania.

The five hundred Swedes in Delaware and Pennsylvania
probably supplied individuals to other sections. Swedes were
found in Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Jersey, and the
Carolinas, according to the census records of 1680.

In New York City a handful of Swedes had arrived about
1650, coming directly from Sweden or from Holland. They
were engaged as farmers, merchants, soldiers, or marine work-
ers. Among them were noblemen and peasants. Jan Davidson,
was serving as an Indian interpreter. Martin Anderson, who
lived in the West Ward, boasted of a family of three and a
female servant. Martin Hoffman, a leading citizen of New York

8 SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

in 1657, fought against the Indians and assisted in the organiza-
tion of Lutheran churches. 1 Peter Stuyvesant and his Dutch
associates complained of the Swedes who "troubled and
annoyed our people daily."

A few individuals stand out for their prominence in art,
science, or business. About 1711 Gustav Hesselius, artist and
musician, arrived in Philadelphia. He became known as a por-
trait painter and as builder of the first organ in the United States.
Traveling through the country on a botanical study begun in
1 748, Peter Kalm wrote that he encountered Swedes in Pennsyl-
vania, New York, New Jersey, and southern Canada. 2 Kalm,
who was sent to America by Karl von Linne, became a promi-
nent social figure while a guest of Benjamin Franklin. Today
his name is retained in the American mountain laurel, Kalmia
Latifolia.

In 1763 the Reverend Nils Hornell joined the Delaware
colony sailing from Haar in Skane, Sweden. His son, Judge
George Hornell, founded the old city of Hornell, New York,
in I794- 8 In Connecticut in 1794 the arrival of one Nyberg is
noted. His grandson, who changed his name to Newberry,
came west to Chicago and claimed a large piece of land north
of the Chicago River. This land later became valuable, and
on his deathbed Newberry left two million dollars to the city
for the establishment of the now famous Newberry Library.

The history of the Swedes in America up to 1800 centers
around the Swedes of the Colonial period and their descendants,
who either lost their identity through Americanization or
returned to their native land. After 1800 new arrivals were
reported scattered throughout the country. Between the years
1815 and 1830, ninety-four Swedes arrived in the United States,
according to consular reports. Between 1830 and 1835, 415
others were listed. They included travelers, merchants, students,
soldiers, sailors, and other adventurers. 4 Some were influenced
by reports of other travelers who had preceded them. Others
were encouraged to seek opportunities in America because

PIONEER SWEDES IN AMERICA 9

Sweden had established trade and diplomatic relations, being
the first neutral power to recognize the new republic in 1783.
These early arrivals were the forerunners of the Swedish immi-
gration movement of the i8oo's, and a number of them proved
helpful to the Swedish groups which arrived after 1840.
' At the beginning of the nineteenth century several Swedish
travelers and prominent citizens came to the United States
to visit the new country and study its democracy. Their written
reports were read eagerly in Sweden and served to stimulate
interest in American emigration. Baron Axel Klinckowstrom,
on a trip through the United States in 1818-19, recorded his
impressions in an interesting series of letters.

Captain O. G. Lange came to New York in 1824, moving
to Chicago in 1838, where he greeted new arrivals. O. G. Hed-
strom arrived in 1825 as secretary to the Swedish officer on a
Swedish vessel. Robbed of his money while on shore leave,
he was forced to remain. He became converted to Methodism
and for many years was pastor of the famous Bethel Mission
Ship in New York City, which served as temporary shelter for
hundreds of Swedish immigrants en route to the West. 5

C. G. Gosselman journeyed through the country in 1826,
followed by Peter Bergner and C. D. Arfwedson in 1832, and
Fredrika Bremer, feminist leader, in 1849. All wrote detailed
accounts of their travels and of meetings with Swedish settlers.
Miss Bremer, whose friendship for America was shown later
when she subscribed for Union Civil War bonds, told of being
received by American leaders in art, literature, business, and
politics. 6

George Scott, the English missionary who had served in
Sweden, came to the United States in 1841, where he reported
meeting Swedes who were well established. They included a
wealthy Swedish merchant of New York named Boorman;
Strale, a Swedish gentleman of Brooklyn; Burbeck of Boston;
and others in Providence, Lowell, and Philadelphia.

Carl Friman called at the Unonius settlement at Pine Lake,

io SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

Wisconsin, in 1841. With his father and four brothers he had
come from Sweden three years earlier and had set up a home
near Salem in Racine County, Wisconsin. His letters contain
interesting comments on the American Revolution, the War
for Texas Independence, the Seminole Indian War, and the
campaign for "Tippecanoe and Tyler too."

In the early forties small Swedish groups were residing in
Qncinnati, Ohio, and St. Louis, Missouri. The groups were
composed mainly of merchants, members of the impoverished
nobility, and professional people, who styled themselves "gen-
tlemen." Their national origin first became known when they
organized the "Jenny Lind Men" while the famed singer,
Jenny Lind, was conducting a concert tour in the United States.
Gyllenborg, a former Swedish army officer, was a member of
the Cincinnati group. Bolivar Owen, born in Stockholm June
2 1, 1828, belonged to the St. Louis group. 7

Individual Swedes were found in the South and in the pioneer
Northwest. They were reported in Texas as early as 1822, and
in Mississippi and Louisiana shortly thereafter. They pushed
far into the Northwest to trade and intermarry with the Indians.
One adventurer, Jacob Falstrom, who was born in Stockholm,
July 25, 1795, came to Canada when he was seventeen years
old and found employment with the Hudson's Bay Company.
Later he worked for the American Fur Company, which ex-
tended its activities to Wisconsin and Minnesota. He married
the daughter of an Indian chieftain and learned to speak seven
Indian dialects. Becoming converted to Christianity, he served
from 1832 as a missionary among the Indians near Fort Snelling,
in Minnesota. 8 One Erlandson traveled through portions of the
Hudson's Bay country as early as 1834. Another Swede resid-
ing in the Northwest was Jacob Tornell, who lived among the
Minnesota Indians from 1840 to 1850.

Farther to the West, the first Swedish pioneer of Utah was
E. T. Benson, who came to the United States in 1832. Benson
joined the Latter-day Saints in Boston in 1843, and arrived in

PIONEER SWEDES IN AMERICA 1 1

Utah in October, 1 847, three months after the Mormon leader,
Brigham Young, and his company of pioneers. Benson became
an elder in the Mormon church and helped in the emigration of
Mormons from Illinois to Utah.

Swedes from the Delaware colony and others scattered
around the country were represented in military activities.
Several of Swedish blood served in George Washington's Con-
tinental army. 10 Descendants of pioneer Swedes took part in
the War of 1 8 1 2; in the Mexican War of 1 846-1 848; and in the
Civil War of 1861-1865.

Our interest, however, is not in Swedish Colonial settlers or
individual adventurers, but rather with the peasant and work-
ing-class groups of immigrants who came to America in large
numbers starting about 1840." It was these people who were
responsible for the greatest contribution of Swedes to the
growth and development of the United States. Their traditional
love for the principles of equality and freedom gave Lincoln
much necessary support during the trying years of the Civil
War.

CHAPTER II

NOTES

1 Martin Hoffman's great-granddaughter, Cornelia Hoffman, was married in
1852 to Isaac Roosevelt, ancestor of Franklin Delano Roosevelt.

1 On April 2, 1754, when George Washington left Virginia for his campaign
against the French and Indians, his company of 1 20 men included one Swedish
volunteer.

' A leader in business, Judge Hornell held numerous political offices, includ-
ing that of judge and member of the state legislature.

4 A Swede named Nattoch Dag was proprietor of Hell's Museum in Cincin-
nati in 1820.

Christian Eckloff, a Swedish tailor, was doing a lucrative business at Wash-
ington, D.C., in 1833. He enjoyed the support of President Andrew Jackson.

B Peter Bergner was the real founder of the Swedish Bethel Mission, the suc-
cess of which usually is credited to the Reverend Olaf G. Hedstrom. Reverend
C. P. Agrilius was serving seamen and other Swedes in New York who were
interested in Lutheranism rather than the Methodism of Hedstrom.

6 "Fredrika Bremer is now in Chicago. In the language of the Journal (a Chi-
cago paper) even here she will find that her thoughts have gone on before her,
like flowers from Eden, and throughout the whole West, her heart will be in-
viting the poet's line anew: 'Be it ever so humble, it is everywhere home.' "
Davenport, Iowa, Gazette, September 25, 1850.

7 The secret "Know-Nothing" party, with its opposition to foreigners, was
strong in Cincinnati and may have had some influence in keeping the Swedish
element in seclusion.

8 In the Selkirk papers, Vol. II, pp. 443-449, of the Canadian archives, is a
letter dated August 1 1, 1812, from Playgreen Lake. It is addressed to the Right
Hon., the Earl of Selkirk, and signed by Miles MacDonell, who was in charge
of establishing the Red River settlement. Included in the list of settlers is
Jacob Falstrom, whose place of residence is given as Sweden. Falstrom had
come to America several years earlier in the company of his uncle, a sea cap-
tain.

Swedish gold hunters passing through Utah in 1850 reported meeting
Swedish Mormons in Salt Lake City and other places.

from the original fainting bv (

Fredrika Brenier

PIONEER SWEDES IN AMERICA 13

M For a list of Swedish officers in the Revolutionary War see Appendix EL

11 Connections between the Colonial Swedes and later immigrants were, with
a few exceptions, not common. One such exception was that of John A. Dahl-
gren, later named admiral, who was junior secretary to the Reverend Nicholas
Collin in 1825. Svenska Societen in New York was another link between the
two immigrations.

CHAPTER III
SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

"If the New Englander travels in Wisconsin, he will in
some portions of that State imagine himself to be in Swe-
den, Denmark or Norway, if he judges by customs, man-
ners and language. But there is no better foreign element
in America than the Scandinavian. It is Protestant or
Lutheran. It loves liberty. It has power and vitality, not
merely to perpetuate itself, but a power or condition to
infuse itself into the American character; not to degrade
but to elevate. It is an enlightened element."

Illinois State Journal, Springfield, Illinois

January i, 1859

TO THE younger generation, and to those individuals
who emigrated to the United States from Sweden before
1840, America spelled adventur^TThe primary factors which
attracted Swedes to the United States between 1840 and 1865,
on the other hand, were political, religious, and economic
(far att komma ut i vdreden) .

Intolerable conditions in nineteenth-century Sweden drove
landless peasants and workers to America in search of a new
homeland and new opportunities. Taxes were high and burden-
some to the poor while the luxury and pomp of the nobility
discouraged others. The country was becoming overcrowded,
unemployment was great, and a wave of crop failures continued
to expropriate farmers.

Political movements in Sweden also accounted for waves of
emigration to the United States. The wave of political opposi-
tion which had spread over Europe in 1815 and 1830 had ex-
tended to Sweden, where dissatisfaction with the government
and existing conditions was expressed mainly by the intellectual
groups, including the military and the university students.

SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME 15

As late as April 28, 1866, Ola Mansson, grandfather of
Colonel Charles Lindbergh, wrote from his Minnesota home-
stead:

I don't think the new constitution will do much good for the old country.
Religious freedom was proclaimed partly before I left and the lordship
is not overthrown. The lords are still there and are lords as they were
before. The constitution is modelled after the English, all in favor of
the wealthy. Yes, it has been a great jubilation all over, but I think I see
a black spot in the white. I am afraid the people will find it out and go
from the old country to America, because there is the same mistake in
the new constitution as there was in the old and half of the people are
represented, only the rich and pretty rich too. 1

The state church, closely allied with a monarchical govern-
ment, restricted freedom through rigid and antiquated forms. 2
Opposition to the church, which was expressed by dissenter
movements in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, was sup-
pressed by new restrictive measures. 3 The Conventicle Edict,
forbidding Swedes to gather in private homes for prayer and
Bible reading, was not repealed until 1858, and full religious
freedom was not granted until 1875.

America offered an escape from such conditions. In the new
country with its growing industries, work was plentiful and
the standard of living was much higher than in the fatherland.
The lower classes, who in Sweden rarely owned farms, were
attracted to the pioneer Middle West of the United States
where lands were cheap, taxes light, religious worship unre-
stricted, and citizenship easily attained.

Early in the nineteenth century the dissenter movements in
Sweden were represented in the United States by various newly
established religious and political groups.

In 1846 the Erik-Jansonists, who were severely persecuted
by the Swedish government for their liberal religious beliefs,
founded the famed Bishop Hill colony in Illinois.

Lars Paul Esbjorn, father of the Swedish Lutheran church in
America, arrived with a large party of immigrants in 1849 and

16 SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

settled at Andover, Illinois. He was responsible for bringing
preachers from Sweden, including men like Tuve Hasselquist
and Erland Carlsson, who became prominent in Swedish-
American religious life. 4

In 1850 a religious group known as "Luther-Lasare" or
"Hedbergians," which rebelled against the state church in
Sweden, settled in Illinois and Minnesota. The Baptists also
had come into conflict with the Swedish authorities of the
state and church, and in 1852 the first Swedish Baptist church
was established at Rock Island, Illinois, by Gustaf Palmquist.
Earliest members were recruited from Hedbergians who lived
in the vicinity.

The Mormons, though not as important as the other religious
groups, accounted for nearly 10,000 immigrants to the United
States after i855. 5 The Mormon "immigration fund" which
furnished free transportation was undoubtedly a factor in this
movement.

To America came persecuted intellectuals from every corner
of Europe. Driven from their native lands because of their
radical philosophies, they brought their idealism and Utopian
programs to the United States for experimentation. America
saw the founding of communities by Pilgrims, Dunkers, Har-
monies, and Shakers. Swedish radicals were a part of this move-
ment.

When the Swedish immigration laws were modified in 1 840
to permit citizens to leave the country without special permis-
sion from the King, a few groups departed for the United States.
One group from Upsala University was led by Gustaf Unoni-
us. 6 Another from Lund University was under the leadership
of Thure Ludwig Kumlin. Unonius founded the first Swedish
settlement in America in the nineteenth century at Pine Lake,
Wisconsin, while Kumlin and his group settled at Koshkonong
Lake in the same state. 7

Unonius represented enlightened radical opposition and saw
the realization of his ideals in America. He wrote:

SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME 17

Work, and honest occupation, is no disgrace. Conventional prejudices,
class interests, meanness of public opinion, tyranny of fashion are not
present to hamper every step. Why should I not go to America, to that
country which looms like a shining Eldorado before the eyes of every
adventurous youth, to that country whose fabulous history compelled
our attention from our earliest years at school. That country which has
become the grave of old prejudices, a cradle for true civic liberty and
equality and principles of social beneficence for new generations.

Consisting of five or six residents the first year, the Unonius
settlement was named New Upsala. Additional settlers began
coming soon after its establishment largely as a result of letters
sent to Sweden by Unonius. One of its prominent newcomers
in 1 842 was Polycarpus von Schneidau, a former Swedish army
officer who was exiled from Sweden because of his marriage
to a Jewess. In 1845 he moved from the settlement to Chicago,
where he established the first daguerreotype studio in the
Middle West and later became the first Swedish-Norwegian
consul.

Unonius became a candidate for orders in the Episcopal
church in the spring of 1844, and on Alay n, 1845, he was
ordained deacon at Nashotah House, near Pine Lake, becoming
the first graduate of that academy. 8 In 1 849 he moved to Chicago
where he succeeded von Schneidau as consul and established
the first Swedish Episcopal church.

As head of the Koshkonong colony, Kumlin, who was a
distinguished scholar in Sweden, extended his scientific interests
in the new country. He contributed to the botanical knowledge
of the Middle West and finally became curator of the Museum
of Natural History at Milwaukee. One son, Ludwig, became
professor of natural history at Milton College; another, T. L.
Kumlin, was named to a similar chair at Albion College.

Other important Swedish colonies established in the United
States during the early nineteenth century included a colony
in Brockton, Massachusetts, begun by Daniel Larson and sixty
associates in 1 844; the New Sweden colony in Iowa, settled by

1 8 SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

Peter Cassel and a party of thirty in 1 845 ; the New York colony
in Chautauqua County in 1846, and a fourth founded by S. M.
Swenson in Texas in 1850. These were followed by others in
Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, and adjacent states.

Shortly after 1841 the Swedish press began to print letters
from the Unonius and other colonies. They told of the cheap
lands available, of low taxes, of the abundance of traditionally
Swedish farm products wheat, rye, oats, potatoes, and garden
vegetables. They emphasized political and religious freedom
and opportunities for employment.

The letters brought an immediate response. Soon over-
crowded ships were headed for America under conditions that
were primitive, dangerous, and generally frightful.

The first part of the journey in Sweden from the farm
to the nearest water front was by horseback or on foot. The
immigrants then traveled by boat to the seaport where they
sometimes waited several days or even weeks for an available
sailing vessel. Tfie ocean voyage took from seven to eleven
weeks, with travelers supplying their own food and bedding
and sometimes sleeping on deck. From New York the journey
continued up the Hudson River to Albany, then by Erie canal-
boat to Buffalo, and by Great Lakes sailing vessels to Milwaukee
or Chicago. 10 From Chicago to the final destination was
another trek by wagon, canalboat, or often on foot. Later
the railroads were used; this was an entirely new experience
for Swedes who had never seen a steam train. Runners and
swindlers harassed the travelers along the route. 11

On board ship there was much overcrowding, while unsani-
tary conditions, lack of medical inspection, and poor food
brought on disease. Cholera attacked and proved fatal to many
voyagers. The vessels themselves were hardly sturdy enough
for the Atlantic crossing and several were lost at sea with all
on board. 12 Conditions aboard ship gradually improved with
help from immigration societies and enactment of government
regulations.

SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME 19

As a rule the immigrants came in groups representing a single
community in Sweden. Their group organization and the long
weeks together on the trip made for good fellowship. Anticipa-
tion of the brighter prospects ahead of them eased the hardship
of the voyage which was part of the great adventure. They
told of it in rhymes like this:

VI salde vara hewman "We sold our homes
Ocb gaf oss sedan ut And took our leave

Likt fogelen bortflyger Like birds in flight

Nar svmmaren ar slut. At summer's eve."

k These newcomers to America were n strange lot with their
queer language, homespun garments, and practice of saying
grace before and after meals. American customs and experi-
ences, on the other hand, were strange to them. 13 They were
frightened and bewildered by steam trains, by Indians with
painted faces, and by Negroes "who not only prepared food
but carried it from kitchen to dining table."

Newspapers commented freely on the new arrivals. The
Buffalo (New York) Commercial for September 24, 1850, told
of a company of Swedish immigrants who passed through the
city en route to the Bishop Hill colony. The news item read:

They made most of their remittance in iron, which they shipped to
New York and sold at a profit, not being able to procure money. They
are said to be in good circumstances, pecuniarily, and like most of their
countrymen who have preceded them, will make industrious and use-
ful citizens. 14

The National Intelligencer of Washington, D. C, on July 8,
1851, noted:

On the first instant a band of emigrants from Sweden numbering
1 1 8, passed through Boston on their way to the West via the Western
Railroad. They come from the vicinity of Gothenburg and propose to
locate themselves as farmers in some of the western states. The proces-

20 SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

sion was led off by thirteen wagons filled with baggage, with the
women and children on top. In the first wagon was displayed the
American flag. The whole company had a remarkable comfortable and
respectable look. 15

The newcomers were not invading completely virgin terri-
tory and often received assistance from their predecessors. The
trails had already been blazed by sons and grandsons of the
Revolutionary stock, by German, Irish, and Norwegian immi-
grants. These had penetrated the West, established state,
county, and municipal governments. In remote regions they
had set up convenient outposts which served later immigrants
as temporary settlements. 16

The lot of the new arrival was eased, also, by individual
Swedes who had lived in America for a number of years. These
pioneers were of invaluable assistance since they already spoke
the language and were familiar with the customs of the new
country. Thus Unonius found a Swedish merchant, Brodell,
in New York, and Morell, a jeweler, in Buffalo. Later he found
a hardware merchant, O. G. Lange, in Milwaukee, who aided
him. Norelius discovered Swedish families living in Columbus,
Ohio, in 1851. He also met several Swedes in New York who
had been residents of the country for more than a score of years,
including one who had lived in Illinois. A group of Swedish
immigrants arriving in La Porte, Indiana, in 1855 encountered
a former Swedish sailor, Edmund Johnson, who had been an
old-time resident. He had forgotten his native tongue but
offered willing assistance to the newcomers. 17

Each settler attracted his friends to the new country. Those
returning to Sweden for a visit were plied with questions con-
cerning the United States. Churches invited them to lecture;
newspapers demanded detailed interviews. There were ready
answers to all eager questioners and the visitors drew graphic
pictures of prosperity and abundance in the new land.

The stream of emigration from Sweden soon reached such

SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME 21

proportions that the home government undertook restrictive
measures. Newspapers published stories of poisonous snakes,
savage Indians, and pestilence in America. Aftonbladet in 1855
reported bank failures, industrial slumps, wage reductions, and
unemployment.

These stories, however, failed to minimize the attractions
across the sea. Immigrants came in increasing numbers. Far
beyond the eastern coast to "Milvawkie, Schicago, and Ellan-
eus" new homemakers made their way. Illinois, Minnesota,
and Iowa received the greatest numbers while scattered groups
settled in New York, Massachusetts. Pennsylvania, Texas,
Wisconsin, Michigan, and Indiana. During the fifties nearly
1,700 left Sweden each year. In the next decade the annual
number rose to 12,245. Sweden, now a nation of 6,000,000
inhabitants, lost more than a million residents to America in
the years following 1850.

The United States offered many inducements to increase
immigration, especially during the Civil War, while Swedish
diplomatic representatives sent home favorable reports on the
new country. 18 On September 20, 1861, Swedish Consul
Habicht wrote from New York:

I will make a humble attempt to throw some light upon the American
situation, which seems to be entirely misunderstood in Europe. Some
seem to think that the North is suffering from all the atrocities and
hardships of a common civil war but it is not so. The population is
rapidly growing in the North, commerce and trade are thriving, and
the loss of the Southern market seems to be already repaired. 19

In 1 862 Congress passed the Homestead Act, which provided
free farms to all aliens who had filed declarations of intention
to become citizens. 20

In his message of December 6, 1 863, President Lincoln stated:

I again submit to your consideration the expedience of establishing
a system of encouragement of immigration. There is still a deficiency

22 SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

of laborers in every field of industry; tens of thousands of persons are
thronging our foreign consulates and offering to emigrate to the United
States if essential but cheap assistance can be offered them.

In 1864 the office of the Commissioner of Immigration was
created under the Secretary of State. His duties were to gather
information on soil, climate, minerals, agricultural products,
wages, transportation, and employment needs. This informa-
tion was to be disseminated throughout Sweden and other
countries of Europe.

Although there was opposition to this aggressive immigration
activity of the American government, Lincoln reported that
"most of the European states have shown a liberal disposition
toward the American policy."

Contracts were available which permitted immigrants with
limited funds to emigrate to America. Under terms of the con-
tract, the immigrant received his passage on the agreement that
he would serve for a definite period of employment following
arrival in the United States. Upon the completion of his term
of service, he was released with the right of a free citizen and
received money, clothing, and sometimes a plot of land. 21
Newly arrived immigrants who were too poor to support their
children sometimes apprenticed them out under a similar

contract. 22

"-^Swedish immigrants to America in the mid-nineteenth cen-
tury period represented the better element in the Swedish
working class, 50 per cent of them being skilled tradesmen,
laborers, servants, or farmers. There were carpenters, masons,
painters, shoemakers, tailors, blacksmiths, watchmakers, and
gardeners who owned their own tools and knew how to use
themA Paupers and criminals were not shipped from Sweden
as was the custom with other European countries. Swedes of
the upper economic classes did not come to America for they
were bound to the old country by ties which could not easily
be severed.

SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME 23

Communication systems stretched out to the Middle West
when the immigrants of the forties and fifties got under way.
Transatlantic lines connected with the established routes from
the Atlantic seaboard to the Upper Mississippi Valley. Men
like Unonius and Hedstrom had pioneered the region and
made it known to prospective immigrants. Railroad and state
agents offered cheap lands, employment, and citizenship. And
so the flow of Swedish immigrants naturally turned to the
West to carry skill, energy, and labor to that rapidly growing
section.

The United States census of 1860 reported that 18,625
Swedish immigrants were living in the country, most of them in
the Middle WestiThey supported Abraham Lincoln for Presi-
dent in that year and again in i864. 23 They also furnished more
than 3,000 fighting men to the Northern forces during the
Civil War.

CHAPTER III
NOTES

1 Mansson, who had been a member of the Swedish Riksdag, changed his
name to Lindbergh, since his original name was too common and caused annoy-
ance to his children.

George Scott, the English Methodist missionary to Sweden in the forties,
was persecuted so much by the Swedish authorities that he was forced to take
up residence in England.

8 "Religious Persecution in Sweden Baptists in Great Britain and Ireland
have addressed on this subject numerous petitions to the King of Sweden. Lord
Palmerston has handed them to the Swedish ambassador in London, Baron Re-
hausen, observing that religious liberty is the first, the most essential of all liber-
ties." New York Observer, October 12, 1850.

* Requests for church leaders encouraged the rise of impostors who visited
various settlements in the guise of Swedish ministers. Unonius met such an im-
poster, named Wester, in the early days of the Pine Lake settlement. One A. V.
Holmgren, whom Norelius called den bekaiite avcntyraren, tried to organize
church groups in Boston and Brockton, Massachusetts, about 1855 and 1856.
He later came West, for warnings were issued against him in 1857 by Erland
Carlsson, from the congregation at Fulton, Illinois, and in Hemlandet, which
claimed that he had cheated Swedes out of more than $20,000.

B The Mormons established a mission in Copenhagen, Denmark, in 1850 to
convert Norwegians, Danes, and Swedes and to urge them to emigrate. Up to
1860 at least a dozen organized parties had set out for the New World. Hem-
landet, the Swedish newspaper published at Chicago, on May 25, 1859, men-
tioned a group of Mormons on their way to Utah including 224 Danes, 108
Swedes, and 18 Norwegians. "Sorry to see our people thus sell themselves into
slavery," said the editor.

e Unonius came in 1841 on a clipper ship which carried a cargo of iron. The
fare, exclusive of food or clothing which the immigrants furnished, was about
$15-

The United States Customs Service at New York listed only five passengers
on "the Swedish ship 'Minnuit' of 472 85/95 tons Captain Bolan, arrived at New
York from Gafle on September 11, 1841." They were:

Name Age Sex Occupation Native of

Gustaf Unonius 31 Male Farmer Sweden

Charlotte Unonius 20 Female " "

Ivar I. F. Hagberg 25 Male " "

Carl G. Grpth 22 Male " "

Christina Sodergren 30 Female Servant "

SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME 25

Illinois was the original destination, but the party decided on Wisconsin when
they learned that most Illinois lands were in the hands of speculators.

When the writer visited the Pine Lake site in 1931, the oldest settlers in the
neighborhood had no record of the colony's existence. He succeeded, however,
in locating the homestead of J. D. Rudberg, the only member of the colony who
had remained. A son and a daughter were still living on part of the old farm,
and they pointed out the location of the first buildings.

7 Abraham Lincoln explored the neighborhood of Koshkonong Lake while
serving in the Black Hawk War.

8 u At noon seven Swedes called intelligent looking men Mr. Peterson made
a good speech in English and handed me a letter in English and Swedish and
having read it I replied that I received their application with pleasure that I
would aid them to the extent of my abilities, would receive Unonius as a candi-
date. I proposed confirmation as the rite by which they should join our church
they promised to think of it." Diary of Bishop Kcmper of Nashotah House,
January 18, 1844.

9 The need for pastors in Swedish churches was so great that some groups
asked English churches to conduct services for them. In the diary of the Rever-
end Wilcoxson of the Church of the Holy Trinity at St. Anthony (later known
as St. Paul), Minnesota, for New Year's Day, 1855, the following note was
found, "Officiated at Carver and gave communion to thirteen Swedes and Nor-
wegians."

10 In October, 1848, Abraham Lincoln returned from his eastern trip by way
of Albany, Buffalo, and the lakes, and very likely made note of the many immi-
grants who were traveling to Illinois and adjacent states.

11 Immigrants were cautioned against dealing with strangers but in spite of
such warnings often were robbed of their belongings. Determined that no
Yankee sharper should outsmart them, the Swedes sometimes carried their
precautions to ridiculous extremes. When a hotel keeper offered to escort one
group to their rooms, they refused to follow him, fearing that it was a plan to
separate and rob them. At another time, when a group was lost in New York
City, a friendly American invited them into a grocery to give them food. The
women in the party wept with fear and said, "We will no doubt be taken and
made slaves of and will never see our people again."

u "A dispatch from St. Pierre states that the bark, Monarch of Warren,
Maine, from Gothenburg to New York, was wrecked near Burine on the zist
(July) . There were fifty Swedish passengers on board, all lost! " Rock Island-
er, Rock Island, Illinois, August 5, 1857.

M "A party of Swedish emigrants, unable to speak a word of English and
judging from the difficulty that some of their countrymen had in making them

26 SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

speak intelligibly, too stupid to know anything, paraded the streets, yester-
day morning, for more than an hour trying to find out where they wanted
to go. They came off the ferry boat and went up Washington Street, bags,
chests, guns, babies and all. They found that Washington Street wasn't
Utopia and turned back to Main. After traversing Main for some time, they
became disgusted with it and turned down Columbus. At last they found
themselves at the Western depot, all ready for the train. But when the train
was ready for them, they concluded that they wouldn't go that way. The last
we saw of them, they were again moving slowly and dustily up Main Street,
like a funeral procession. Before they ascertain their destination, we fear the
little ones will be large enough to go alone, and carry a gun with as much
ease as the women did yesterday." Hawk Eye, Burlington, Iowa, August 19,
1857.

M In the Davenport, Iowa, Gazette , June 22, 1856,: "The ship B. S. Kimball
arrived at New York last week from Hamburg with 720 souls on board, of
whom 480 are Scandinavian Mormons from Sweden, Norway, etc., on their
way to Utah."

From the Rock Island, Illinois, Daily Gazette, February 27, 1857. "The
Swedes in Minnesota are so numerous that they talk about establishing a
paper at Cannon Falls, where they have a large settlement."

15 While New York was naturally the principal port of entry for Swedish
immigrants, they did not all come in through that city. Sometimes ships were
thrown far from the course and forced to land their passengers in cities as far
south as Charleston, South Carolina. A. G. Goodwin, alien passenger super-
intendent for the Port of Boston, reported that 1,539 aliens from Sweden
passed through the port of Boston in 1845.

"These immigrants did not have to go armed against unfriendly Indians
as was the case with earlier pioneers. Unonius had no difficulty with his Indian
neighbors and this was the usual experience of most Swedish settlers. One
exception was the Sioux uprising of 1862 when a number of Swedish men,
women, and children were among those brutally murdered by the Minnesota
savages. President Lincoln, himself, approved the hanging of the Indian ring-
leaders.

17 A number of Swedish firms had branches in New York and other cities.
Unonius might have received help from the local representatives of these
firms if proper arrangements had been made before leaving Sweden.

u B. F. Tefft, a former American consul, was active in the "Foreign Emi-
gration Association of Maine" and the Lake Superior Copper Companies.

19 The Western Emigration Agency of Chicago was seeking settlers for
Minnesota and established agencies in Stockholm and Gothenburg. Wis-

SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME 27

consin had a Commission of immigration as early as 1852 with agents in the
principal European countries. The St. Paul, Minnesota, Press of April 25,
1865, referred to the immigrant agency maintained by state officials at New
York and suggested a branch at St. Paul.

* "Foreign born residents will be interested in an act which has just been
passed by Congress, bestowing full citizenship after one year's residence on
conditions of honorable service in the army." Washington (D.C.) Star, July
n, 1862.

n "Many hired out with farmers who were so well satisfied with their work
that some sent money to Sweden to contract in advance for further help."

Illinois State Register, August 9, 1848.

" See Appendix VI.

* The outcome of the presidential election of 1 860 hung on a very small
margin. Lincoln could not have been elected without the support of the
Germans and the Swedes.

CHAPTER IV
SOUTHERN SWEDES AND FORTY-NINERS

"We live in a slave state, are in daily contact with both
masters and slaves, and find that the slaves are provided
with better food, accorded better treatment, and are better
cared for than the working classes of Sweden. A few of
us own slaves and all of us aspire to own slaves when we are
in position to purchase them. In a slave state a white man
has many advantages. . . . We wish to add that we are
good dyed-in-the-wool Democrats and believe in states'
rights." SVANTE PALM in Hemlandet, July 7, 1855.

WHILE the largest Swedish settlements during the 1 840-
1 865 period were in the Middle West, a few immigrants
drifted into the southern states and out into California.

The South held little attraction for most Swedes because
the climate, soil, and products were foreign to them and slave
labor provided impossible competition. Individuals who did
settle in the South adjusted themselves to their environment
and became identified with its growth and development. 1 A few
southern Swedes even became slaveowners.

One of the earliest Swedes on record in the South was John
Asplund, who was in North Carolina in 1776. A few other
individuals were reported in the southern states before 1800,
some of them serving in the army at various army posts.
\Most of the southern Swedes, however, arrived during the
mid-nineteenth century. Charles G. Dahlgren went to Natchez,
Mississippi, about 1828 as cashier of a branch Bank of the
United States, the main office of which was located in Dahl-
gren's home town of Philadelphia. Dahlgren, a brother of
Admiral John A. Dahlgren, accumulated a large fortune as a
planter and slaveholder but was impoverished when his slaves
were set free and his plantations confiscated by the federal

Court fsv Ttnneiste Historical Society

Major-General Charles G. Dahlgren, C. S. A.

Court i sy Hugo J Ltfdbfrf

The First Swedish Forty-niner.
Johan Olof Liedberg reached California in 1848

SOUTHERN SWEDES AND FORTY-NINERS 29

government. He joined the Confederate army and attained
the rank of major general. 2

A number of Swedes were scattered along the southeastern
coast of the United States. The group was large enough to
justify Swedish vice-consuls at Richmond, Virginia; Charles-
ton, South Carolina; Mobile, Alabama; and Key West, Florida.
These Swedes seemed to have identified themselves with the
South. They defended slavery although they abhorred the
slave trade. They reported that slaves never worked more than
twelve hours a day and were provided with a certain amount
of meat, potatoes, and meal each week as well as house, firewood,
and clothes. They claimed that the book, Uncle Towfs Cabin,
misrepresented the true situation and suggested that the writer
probably never had been in the South. One of them, Nina
Hammarskjold, wrote in August, 1860:

There are many political disorders here this year and it will cer-
tainly not finish well. The free and the slave states must soon separate
then, of course, the trade in slaves will get open with Africa and the
value of slaves will depreciate. I shall probably sell mine this autumn.

The Swedes in this section did not form an organized group,
but individuals appear from time to time in the reports.

Sven Bernhard Newman was preaching in 1845 at a small
community near Mobile, Alabama, where he had been living
since 1840. His brother had come to Mobile several years
earlier. At that time other Swedes at Mobile included Mrs. Ek
from Jonkoping, a Mrs. Petterson, and a baker who came from
Vadstena, Sweden. Newman later moved north and served
parishes in Galesburg, Rockford, Chicago, and other Swedish
settlements.

Maximilian Schele de Vere, born in Sweden, November i,
1820, was professor of modern languages at the University
of Virginia in 1844. Previous to his professorship at Virginia,
he had been editor of Alte und Neue Welt at Philadelphia.

3 o SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

During the Civil War he was selected to head a Confederate
mission to Germany.

Gustaf C. Hebbe was another Swedish educator who ob-
tained a position of prominence in the South as early as 1848.
He was professor of history in a university at Columbia, South
Carolina, after serving the United States forces as a lieutenant
in a Pennsylvania regiment during the Mexican War. He
became a campaign speaker for Franklin Pierce and upon
Pierce's election as President of the United States was named
consul at Aachen, Germany. Hebbe never assumed the post,
however, since Germany objected to the appointment because
of his former association with the Hungarian patriot, Lojos
Kossuth. 8

Docking in Charleston, South Carolina, on October 7, 1847,
three immigrants from Solvesberg, Sweden, found a Swede
named Wickenberg whose brother was the mayor of their
native town. The three, Anders Thorson, Lars Thorson, and
Carl Hokanson, had embarked for New York in June, 1847,
but their ship had been forced out of its course. Captain O. G.
Lange, one of the early Chicago Swedes, lived for a time in
Charleston in 1850.

A small group landed at Savannah, Georgia, on December 20,
1850, and finally settled at Winnsboro. One of the women of
the group traveled to various places in the neighborhood to
organize classes for young ladies and to give lectures. She re-
ported meeting Swedes at Salem, Greensboro, and "quite a
number" at Charleston. 4

There was a handful of Swedes at Nashville, Tennessee, in
1850. They included a Dr. Berg; his mother-in-law, Mark
Peterson; a shoemaker by the name of Edman, and one Thomp-
son, who was conscripted into the Confederate army.

In 1854 Paul Romare, born in Torkov, Sweden, was a bank
clerk in Chester, Georgia. He later moved to Atlanta where he
became cashier and then president of the Atlanta National Bank
and one of the state's leading citizens. A. P. Petterson, a

SOUTHERN SWEDES AND FORTY-NINERS 31

mechanic from Sweden, operated a manufacturing business at
Water Valley, Mississippi, about 1856. Martin Hilliard, who
was born in Stockholm on September 25, 1818, opened a store
at Key West, Florida, in 1856. From 1851 to 1856 he served in
the United States Army, attaining the rank of lieutenant. An-
other Swede, named Ekman, wrote that he had lived in seven-
teen different states but found Florida and Tennessee most to
his liking.

Immigrants were sometimes brought South by unscrupulous
land agents and virtually thrown into slavery. In 1865 a group
was lured to the vicinity of Richmond, Virginia, where they
were put to work to repay their transportation costs. The group
received hard treatment until friends in the North provided
funds for their release. 5 Swedish groups at Norfolk, Virginia,
and Fairfield, North Carolina, reported similar experiences.

A few Swedes settled in New Orleans, which served as a
port of entry for immigrants to the Mississippi Valley. One
Hjelstrom and Joseph Bereur were living there in 1840. The
latter's Swedish ancestry became known when his children had
to prove citizenship. In April, 1844, Gustavus W. Schroeder
was ordained as one of New Orleans' earliest Swedish Baptist
ministers. Peter W. Wirstrom, sailing captain on the Great
Lakes in 1845, came to New Orleans in 1847 to take charge of
a plantation. A. Thorson stopped at New Orleans in 1 848 on
his way to California. In 1849 Carl Groth left the Unonius
colony in Wisconsin and settled in New Orleans. Other resi-
dents of that city about 1 860 were A. J. Anderson from Quinne-
berga; O. M. Linnell, and John Booren from Vexio, Sweden.

C. J. L. Almquist visited New Orleans in 1853 and again in
1860. A strong Unionist and supporter of President Lincoln,
he fled toward Mexico when the Civil War began and was
robbed of all his possessions. Later he called on Lincoln at
Washington to ask for help in recovering the stolen property.

Carl Ludwig Lybecker settled in New Orleans as a music
teacher in 1851. He was appointed Swedish vice-consul ten

32 SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

years later when the Swedish population of the city numbered
140. Lybecker, whose sympathies were with the South, obtained
a commission in the Confederate army and tried to enlist Swedes
in a special company. When his activities became known,
Swedish leaders in the North wrote stormy protests to authori-
ties in Sweden, and Lybecker was forced to resign his consular
post. 6

Swedes were early settlers in Kansas when Northern and
Southern adherents fought over the slavery question and the
states' rights question of determination. 7 The first Swedish
immigrant in the state was John A. Johnson from Galesburg,
Illinois, who set out for Kansas in 1855 and settled near the
present town of Cleburne. Johnson sent for his brother and
other relatives and in 1 857 four or five additional Swedes joined
them to establish the first permanent Swedish settlement. These
sent for friends and relatives in the East until nearly one hundred
Swedes had joined the ranks of the small colony of free-soilers. 8

One Swedish settler wrote, "I think very well of the country.
It is a beautiful place. We are at peace for the present, but it is
hard to say how long it will last. It depends on the North to
whom we look for help. If Fremont is elected, then Kansas will
be free. If Buchanan wins, we must continue to fight for free-
dom."

Another said, "I hope that Kansas will be a free state so
that we can remain and make it our home." The same writer
mentioned that he took part in one of the fights with Southern
sympathizers and had to flee from his home to escape imprison-
ment with other "Free Staters" who were captured. 9

Coming to the United States in 1857, Andrew Palm was
invited by the Immigrant Aid Society of Boston to further the
cause of Kansas as a free state. Palm settled in Bloomington,
Douglas County, and in 1859 moved to Osage County. Two
years later he saw destruction of his property by guerrillas.
Palm served as a Union soldier in the Civil War.

Another Kansas settler was P. J. Peterson, who with a Swed-

SOUTHERN SWEDES AND FORTY-NINERS 33

ish companion left Chicago in 1858 for Lawrence. Later they
moved to Enterprise where they joined two other Swedes,
Lars Jadersborg and John Swanson, in staking out land claims.
A. K. Thorstenberg of Finnaryd, Sweden, headed a company
of Swedes in 1860 on a trip to Kansas to investigate the state
for prospective Swedish settlements. The group settled in
Salina and was instrumental in attracting many Swedish pion-
eers to the state.

The largest southern colony of Swedes was established in
Texas under the leadership of S. M. Swenson, who came to
New York in i836. 10 He worked for a while as bookkeeper for
a railroad and then moved to Brazoria in Texas, later to Houston,
and finally to Austin, where he operated a successful mercantile
establishment. In 1848, following a visit to Sweden, Swenson
sent passage for fifty young men to come to Texas as indentured
servants. The group formed the nucleus of the first Texas
colony.

Swenson, a large slaveholder and a wealthy man, was a close
friend of Governor Sam Houston, with whom he co-operated
wholeheartedly to keep Texas in the Union. 11 Like Houston,
he sold his slaves before the outbreak of the Civil War and was
compelled to seek refuge in Mexico. In 1865 he removed to
New Orleans and later to New York where he established a
large banking institution.

Among those who formed the Texas colony was a cousin
of Swenson's, Svante Palm, who later became the Swedish vice-
consul at Austin. Palm owned slaves and supported Southern
principles, though opposed to secession. In a letter to Hem-
landet, dated July 9, 1855, he wrote:

Your account of how Kansas Territory is settled by force we believe
is literally true or nearly so, with the distinction that the South is in the
position which you attribute to the North. We call these treasonable
activities, and we doubt that you or anybody else can find anything
like that attempted, accomplished, or proposed in a single slave state.

34 SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

Not all southern Swedes, however, were of the same opin-
ion. 12 Some sympathized with Lincoln and came North to join
the Union army. Others remained in the South in spite of
persecution from proslavery neighbors. 13 They obtained im-
munity from military service by appealing to Swedish consular
authorities.

Long before the Civil War drew Swedes into the forces
of both the Northern and the Southern armies, the more adven-
turous ones took part in another significant incident in American
history, the California gold rush. In 1848 and the few years
following, a hundred or more Swedes joined gold seekers who
trekked south and west over the twenty-five hundred mile trail
to California, fighting nature, sickness, Indians, and the "cheat-
ing Yanks." They passed across the Big Blue, the fork of the
Platte River, the Rocky Mountains, and the desert to the land
of Marshall's discovery. Some went to their death, some to
golden fortune, most of them to disappointment. Though a
few remained to form the nucleus of future far western Swedish
settlements, the majority planned to reap their fortunes quickly
and return to their middle western homes or to Sweden to
enjoy their new riches.

Newspapers in Sw r eden gave much publicity to California.
They told of the discovery of gold, of the proposed railroad,
and of the many thousands flocking to the new country. They
mentioned various California expeditions organized in Sweden
and sailing from Stockholm and Halsingborg. Kalniar Fasten
in 1858 spoke of two farmers who "left Sweden three years
ago for California and have returned with pure gold to the
value of ten thousand crowns."

Church leaders deplored the loss of their parishioners who
they charged were thinking more of gold than of religious and
spiritual obligations. One Swedish Methodist minister from
Illinois, Victor Witting, himself undertook an expedition in
1 848 with the aid of eleven men. Each man of the party fur-
nished an equal share of the equipment, including oxen, mules,

SOUTHERN SWEDES AND FORTY-NINERS 35

wagons, and food supplies sufficient to last at least a year. At
the first large city they supplemented this equipment with
miners' tools, including shovels, picks, and pans. Members of
the group, which spent several years in California without any
success, included Eric Shogren, Peter Kallman, Jonas Hell-
strom, C. Alexander, Louis Larson, Peter Newberg, Peter
Magnus, and one Gustafson. 14

These early travelers chose the overland route and found it
difficult, their letters indicated. They traveled almost the entire
distance on foot to relieve their oxen. They obtained plenty
of meat from buffalo, antelope, mountain sheep, and deer but
also reported meeting up with wild horses, bears, and wolves.
Sometimes it took weeks to cross dangerous rivers or towering
mountains. They complained of snakes, mosquitoes, and fleas,
especially when sleeping in the open. Their cattle often were
stampeded by Indians, in spite of peace pipe ceremonies, and
one Swede named Osterman was killed and scalped. These dis-
couraging reports, however, did not prevent other Swedes from
attempting the California journey.

With economic conditions very poor in the Bishop Hill
colony, a group of eight Jansonists organized a party to Cali-
fornia in 1848. Settling at Hanktown, the group was composed
of Jonas Olson, P. O. Bloinbcrg, P. M. Blom, Peter Jansson,
E. O. Lind, C. M. Myrtengrcn, Sven Norlin, and Lars Stohl-
berg. After three years of ill luck, the group returned to Bishop
Hill. A second party of Jansonists set out in 1 849 and established
headquarters at Placervillc, California, located nearly fifty miles
from Sacramento. They too had little success, and most of them
returned to Illinois in 1850.

Among individuals joining in the rush for gold was Johan
Olof Licdberg, who left from New Orleans in 1 848. Liedberg,
the first Swede to arrive in the gold fields, had lived in Illinois
and Wisconsin before moving South and planned to investigate
Oregon, which had been highly recommended to him. He
joined an Oregon caravan which changed its destination to

36 SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

California when Mormons on the trail announced the discovery
of gold.

Since this was the first caravan to enter California after gold
was discovered, the members were quite successful. Their
principal difficulties consisted in obtaining food and in safe-
guarding their lives as well as their newly found wealth. One
of Liedberg's companions was shot to death without provoca-
tion. Another placed his nuggets in a bag which he hung in a
tree. On his return he found the bag torn open by squirrels and
his nuggets scattered over the ground.

Liedberg visited Sacramento and the site of the future city
of San Francisco. He reported meeting Captain Sutter and a
young Swedish sailor who had deserted his ship for the gold
fields.

P. W. Wirstrom, Jonas Anderson, and Matt Erson, with their
families, started for California in 1850. Illness forced Wirstrom
to return to Illinois, but the others remained and reported
moderate success. G. W. Lindquist spent seven years from
1850 in the California gold fields. Janne Tenngren, a lecturer
and writer, arrived in California about 1851 and until 1860
conducted religious services while efforts were made to estab-
lish a Swedish Lutheran church in San Francisco.

Also in 1 850, Jonas Hellstrom, a tailor, and Charles Petterson,
both from Victoria, Illinois, made the trip to California. One of
the earliest Swedes in Chicago, Svedberg, made the journey
that year. Samuel Hoogner and his brother went to California
in 1852. A party of twenty-five Swedes left New Orleans for
California about the same time, but only two reached their final
destination. One of them was Carl Fernstrom. They reported
long caravans of covered wagons on the trail. On Sundays
as many as one hundred and fifty outfits passed their camp.
They complained of high prices in California towns potatoes
eggs, and onions one dollar apiece, coffee and cakes, one dollar,
axes, eight dollars, and shoes, sixteen dollars. Wages were pro-
portional, ranging from twelve to sixteen dollars per day.

SOUTHERN SWEDES AND FORTY-NINERS 37

But hardships, dangers, or high costs could not overcome
the temptation of sudden riches, and Swedes, along with others,
continued to join the thousands who were heading west. In
1854 P. S. Peterson journeyed to California by way of Panama
but returned to Chicago the same year where he established
the world-renowned Peterson Nursery. In 1857 two sons of
Erik Erikson of Kewanee, Illinois, left for California. Finding
no gold, they continued on to British Columbia where they
were more successful and later returned to Sweden with nearly
one hundred thousand crowns. In 1858 Nelson Chester of
Ockelbo, Gastrikland, was on his way to the gold fields. In
1859 the argonauts included Daniel Ackerson from Knoxville,
Illinois, and Erik Quick and one Youngberg from Galva,
Illinois.

One of the few Swedes who made a successful gold voyage
in 1 849 was Dr. Maurice F. Lindquist of New York who after-
ward settled in New Haven, Connecticut. Two others, John
Bjorkgren and Johan Peterson, spent six months in California
and returned to Sweden with thirty thousand dollars.

Of the Swedes who remained in California, some found
employment outside of the gold fields and became permanent
citizens. 15 A few enlisted in military companies which were
formed to maintain local order, while others joined the United
States Navy when government employment promised greater
financial returns than uncertain gold explorations. 10

Captain George Johnson was in charge of a storm ship at
Sonoma, California, in 1849. On June 29, 1850, in the same
community, one Liedberg aided the local vigilance committee
in hanging a desperado named Hill who had been seized in a
holdup and shooting.

Thus the Swedish forty-niners took their place in the strenu-
ous life of pioneer California and in later years helped to form
Swedish settlements in various sections of California and other
western states.

CHAPTER IV
NOTES

1 Even the postwar carpetbaggers had their Swedish adherents. One of them
was Brigadier General C. J. Stohlbrand of the Union army who settled at
Beaufort, South Carolina, following the war. He was secretary of the 1868
Constitutional Convention, a delegate to the Republican National Convention,
and a presidential elector. Another carpetbagger was Major Eric Forsee of
the 57th Dlinois Regiment, who settled in Falun, Kansas.

" Ulric Dahlgren spent part of the year 1859 visiting his Uncle Charles.

8 Lincoln was a member of the entertainment committee when Kossuth
visited Springfield, Illinois. As a member of Congress in 1849, Lincoln intro-
duced a resolution of sympathy with the cause of Hungarian freedom.

4 The Swedes along the coast in South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and
Florida justify further research.

"The harsh treatment meted out to this group is indicated in this letter
written to Hemlandet by one of them: "We are twelve Swedes including
men, women, and children and receive less than twelve cans of buttermilk
per day, cornmeal for pancakes in place of bread, and a small amount of pork.
We work hard all day at night sleep on a hard brick floor and an hour be-
fore sunrise begin work. We are treated almost like slaves. Help us, my dear
friend, if you know any way." Olof Brink

6 Swedes living in St. Louis, Missouri, who came to Lvbcckcr's defense in-
cluded Carl Nordstrom, C. K. Westerburg, Boliver Owen, and Napoleon
Westerburg.

7 Dr. C. H. Gran, well known to the Swedes of Ando\ cr, Illinois, writing
in Hemlandet June 3, 1857, announced a plan to settle a large group of Swedes,
Norwegians, and Danes in Kansas. Svante Palm in Texas and Consul I .ybccker
in Louisiana opposed this immigration to Kansas. Palm urged that Swedes
should not be influenced by Northern and New England antislavcry men,
and Lybecker suggested that the climate would prove unhealthy for the
Swedes. One A. Thorson writing to Hemlandet January 19, 1858, said, "Kan-
sas is a battle ground between powerful political parties and can be settled
only with difficulty by peaceable people."

8 Although Kansas Swedes were interested in keeping the state free from
slavery, their primary interest centered in the opportunity for landownership
offered by the Immigrant Aid Society.

SOUTHERN SWEDES AND FORTY-NINERS 39

* In the sack of Lawrence, August 21, 1863, one Swede, Carl Anderson, was
killed and another named Johnson was wounded.

10 In 1842 the San Soba Colonization Society of Texas obtained a land grant
from President Samuel Houston. The society prepared to settle in the state
one thousand families, composed of German, Dutch, Swiss, Norwegian, and
Swedish immigrants.

11 Swenson, though the most prominent, was not the first Swede to settle in
Texas. One "Uncle Joe Smith," who admitted his real name was Jaen Jacob
Lundquist, born in Halmstad, Sweden, October 9, 1794, came to Texas in
1822. He claimed to "own land and six niggers" and asserted he had known
several other Swedes in his early days in the state.

u Many letters came to Hemlandet expressing surprise that a Swede should
advocate slavery and several Texas Swedes wrote in to say that they did not
favor slavery and knew of no Texas Swedes who owned slaves.

18 "Permit me through your paper to let the world know another instance
of Southern violence. One of the subscribers of the Swedish paper, The Friend
of Freedom, living at a place named Keachi in Louisiana writes that some
time ago several citizens of the place called upon him and demanded to know
what kind of papers he got from abroad. He let them see his papers, and find-
ing that the Swedish papers from this place advocated the election of Lincoln,
they told him that if he did not stop taking 'that Black Republican Sheet' at
once, he would be sure to get a good rope around his neck. This is the third
instance that Swedish Republican papers have been prohibited in the slave
states this year." Carl Arosenius in Galesburg, Illinois, Daily Democrat,
October 23, 1860.

u The Swedes usually formed groups of their own, but a few individuals
joined with the larger American companies which were recruited in Illinois
and other places. William Benson, J. Johnson, C. Johnson, and William Ander-
son and family were members of the Illinois Sucker Company which left for
California on April 13, 1849.

JB The Society of California Pioneers, made up of former gold seekers, in-
cluded John G. Anderson, E. S. Benson, C. Johnson, Frank Johnson, G. A.
Johnson, J. K. Johnson, E. B. Jorgenson, E. E. Nelson, A. S. Peterson, and
Charles M. Peterson.

18 When the Swedish frigate, Eugenie, docked at San Francisco in 1851, a
member of the crew estimated that the Swedish population of the city was
five hundred and sixty persons.

CHAPTER V
PRAIRIE SWEDES IN LINCOLN'S ILLINOIS

"We have among us Germans, Irish, French, and Scandin-
avians men that have come from Europe themselves or
whose ancestors have come hither and settled here, finding
themselves our equals in all things."

A. LINCOLN at Chicago, July 10, 1856

y\ BRAHAM LINCOLN was thirty-seven years of age
<L\. and a newly elected member of the United States Con-
gress when the Jansonists established the first Swedish settle-
ment in Illinois, the Bishop Hill colony. Lincoln was now a
public figure with a state-wide reputation. As a prominent
lawyer and legislator, he acquired the manners of a gentleman.
He replaced his old felt hat with a tall silk one; he wore broad-
cloth suits with satin collars, white shirts, and black cravats.
But fine clothes could not hide his long legs, rumpled hair,
and loose bones. He was a pioneer at heart and frequently
admitted that he still belonged to the "prairy." He felt a kinship
for the immigrant folk who daily suffered hardships and want
in establishing their new homes.

Conditions in the state were not particularly favorable for
immigration. When the Swedes arrived, they found most of
the wooded land already settled by earlier Yankee and German
pioneers, who thought prairie soils were sterile because of the
absence of trees and shrubs. They called these timberless lands
"barrens" and said they never would be occupied by civilized
men for farming purposes. The Swedes, however, recognized
the possibilities of these prairie tracts, which they could pur-
chase at lower rates than the wooded lands. They noticed that
the soil was rich and that the ease of breaking would offset
the cost of lumber and fence posts. They saw in the endless

PRAIRIE SWEDES IN LINCOLN'S ILLINOIS 41

spaces of wild pea vines and buffalo grass fine fields of corn,
wheat, and barley, fertile pastures for sheep and cattle, and
roads connecting each farm. They saw in the region populous
communities where freedom, opportunity, and a decent living
were open to the downtrodden peasants and workers from
Sweden.

The first wave of Swedish immigration in Illinois took place
during the forties, but long before that time individual Swedes
were living in the state. The first known Swede was Ralph
Widen, who was born in Sweden and educated in France. In
1 8 14 he was appointed Justice of the Peace of St. Clair County.
Four years later he moved to Randolph County where he held
a similar office. He served in the second, third, fourth, and fifth
general assemblies of the young state and at the 1826 session
acted as president of the Senate. Like Lincoln, Widen was a
bitter enemy of slavery and in 1825, during his second term in
the state legislature, he opposed a popular vote on the slavery
question. 1

Christian Benson was the first Swedish farmer to settle in
Illinois. Benson was born in 1805 in Gothenburg and was a
sailor in his early life. He first came to America in 1819, later
returning to his seafaring life. On his third trip to the United
States in 1835, he began farming in Portland township, White-
side County, not far from the present city of Rock Island.

Swedes were named on the muster rolls of the early Illinois
militia, and one of them, Isaac Anderson, was a member of
Captain Abraham Lincoln's company in the Black Hawk War.
Other soldiers of Swedish descent in that war included David
Eckman, John and Andrew Hallin, Andrew Anderson, John
Hanson, Martin Johnson, John Johnson, and Charles Johnson.

To the Hedstrom brothers, Olaf and Jonas, should go much
credit for the establishment of Swedish settlements in the state.
Olaf G. Hedstrom, who headed the famed Bethel Mission Ship
in New York, had persuaded his younger brother, Jonas, to
settle in Illinois in 1837, when he opened a blacksmith shop in

42 SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

the village of Farmington, in Fulton County. Soon afterward,
licensed by the Methodist church, Jonas became the first
preacher of Swedish descent in the state, delivering his sermons
in English.

The two brothers provided a link between the East and the
new Middle West for newcomers. When immigrants began to
arrive in groups, many of them stopped in at the Bethel Mission
Ship for help. Olaf Hedstrom urged them to go to Illinois to
his brother for further assistance. To aid the immigrants, Jonas
began preaching in the Swedish tongue in 1846.

Olof G. Lange, another early Swedish pioneer of Illinois,
carries the added distinction of being the first known Swede in
Chicago and Cook County. Born in Gothenburg in 1 8 1 1 , Lange
began work as a sailor. Retiring from the sea, he came to Chicago
in 1838, one year after the city of fewer than 4,200 residents
had been granted a municipal charter. Later he moved to
Milwaukee where he became the first Swedish settler and met
Unonius when the latter arrived with his companions in 1841.
In 1856, after a varied career, he returned to Chicago.

Two other early settlers whose names should be noted are
Sven Nelson, who in 1 840 settled at Andover, in Henry County,
and Gustaf Flack, who in the early thirties was found living in
Victoria, and in 1843 in Chicago. Flack wrote numerous letters
to friends in Sweden telling of glorious opportunities in the
new state. These letters are credited with influencing the
Erik Jansonists to settle in Illinois.

Olaf Olson, advance agent for the Janson group, came to
America in 1 845 in search of a suitable location for a settlement.
Olson toured Minnesota and Wisconsin, but when he visited
Illinois and saw the rich prairie lands around Victoria, he was
convinced that he need look no farther.

The next year Erik Janson arrived with a few followers.
They promptly purchased land in Henry County. It was an
ideal setting for the communistic colony with a small bluff,
clumpy pf oak trees, natural springs, and a little stream known

PRAIRIE SWEDES IN LINCOLN'S ILLINOIS 43

as South Edwards Creek. On September 26, 1846, 428 addi-
tional acres were purchased and the colony was formally
named Bishop Hill. By the end of the first year new arrivals
had increased the settlement's population to nearly 400 resi-
dents. The following year another group of 500 arrived, and
by 1 854 the colony had grown to i ,500 converts, while the land
holdings exceeded 8,000 acres.

Early colonists endured the inconveniences common to
pioneer life. The first arrivals lived in tents, in shelters of fallen
trees, in dugouts, and in sod houses. Severe winters and diseases
arising from the unsanitary living conditions took a toll of lives.
Yet, with steady increase in population, the organized com-
munal and religious activities became effective and the colony
seemed destined for success. Brick buildings replaced primitive
dwellings. Community kitchens and dining rooms were built.
Clothing was made by the colony's own tailors. A home tannery
prepared leather for its shoemakers; artisans made furniture,
plows, and wagons. The farm lands through collective opera-
tion reaped rich crops of wheat and corn, while the flax culture
of the Halsingland province, home of the majority of the con-
verts, attracted wide attention in the new country. All business
activities were supervised by elected trustees, and inhabitants
of the colony shared in its prosperity.

Newspapers of the day commented favorably. The Rock
Island Republican on December 17, 1851, wrote:

The colony of Swedes, we learn, at Bishop Hill has not only con-
tinued to be industrious the past season but has been blessed with fine
crops. They are producers. We wish them success.

In spite of prosperity, the colony was short-lived. Janson's
death at the hands of an assassin on May 13,1850, was the begin-
ning of a long series of disasters which resulted in the colony's
final dissolution. Most of the lands were taken over by others,
and the colonists drifted away one by one. The church, me-
morials, and community buildings still stand in the quiet village

44 SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

square, symbolic of an early struggle for religious freedom and
contentment. 2

Chicago had but a handful of Swedes before 1845, the most
prominent being Flack, Lange, Unonius, and von Schneidau.
Two named Astrom and Swedberg operated a jewelry store
near Fort Dearborn on what is now Wacker Drive. There were
a number of others according to Unonius. The city directory
of 1 844 lists ten.

In the early nineteenth century there were no groups or-
ganized in Sweden with Chicago as a destination, at least not
under any religious or political leadership. Chicago, like Mil-
waukee, was only a stopping place for immigrant groups who
were coming to the Middle West. A few remained in the city
because of illness; others ran out of funds and planned to stay
only temporarily.

A party of Swedes, including 1 5 families, arrived in Chicago
in 1846. They were friendless, practically penniless, and not
one spoke a word of English. Through Consul von Schneidau,
they found employment clearing the forest which stood on the
north side of the Chicago River. That same year several Janson-
ists remained when the group passed through the city en route
to their new home. In 1847, 40 more Swedes arrived, and in
1848, another 100. A much larger group, numbering 400, came
in 1849, followed by 500 in 1850 and 1,000 in 1851 and i852. 8

The latter groups encountered the dread cholera disease
which raged in the United States from 1 849 until 1 854. In some
cases the disease broke out on board ship, bringing death to
many who were buried at sea. Consul von Schneidau obtained
the use of the United States Marine Hospital in Chicago to
accommodate Swedish cholera victims. With the help of
Unonius, who had left his Wisconsin settlement, he solicited
funds, food, and clothing for stricken immigrants. In some
years as many as two-thirds of the newcomers succumbed. 4

A section north of the river was the original location of the
Swedish colony in Chicago. "Swede Town," as it was known,

I he
Mr

I inc'om. T ic rr.iiric rolitKM.i'i in iS_}.S

l\ii'i\\n porn .ur l>ihc\cil to hi\c hccn iiLidc in \\ .'shuujrt'ii \\hcn
\\.is .1 rcprcscnt.jfiM. 1 in Onijicss fion Ill.n >is Onijm.il in the
I il)i.ir\ of (x>njTrc M s

Breaking the Prairie

Courtesy dewberry library , Chicago

Fort Dearborn in 1850.
Daguerreotype by Polycarpus von Schneidau

PRAIRIE SWEDES IN LINCOLN'S ILLINOIS 45

was bounded on the north by Division Street, on the south by
Indiana Street, on the east by Wells Street, and on the west
by the river. Here immigrants lived in overcrowded log cabins
or crude shanties. The section was destroyed by the great
Chicago Fire of 1871, but its residents, together with other
Chicagoans, immediately began rebuilding.

The descendants of these early settlers supplied Chicago with
many skilled craftsmen, representing virtually every trade.
They developed leaders who became distinguished in the
political, cultural, and commercial life of the great metropolis,
which in 1942 had the largest Swedish population of any city in
America.

In 1 849, three years after the founding of the Bishop Hill
colony, a party of 300 Swedes established another settlement
in the state at Andover, in Henry County. In the fall of the
same year, 140 more arrived under the leadership of the
Reverend Lars Paul Esbjdrn, who later became an important
figure in Swedish-American life.

Esbjorn founded the first Swedish Lutheran church in Illinois
in 1850 at Andover and extended his religious work to Gales-
burg, Rock Island, Princeton, and Knoxville. He took an active
part in politics as well as religion and early espoused the cause
of the Republican party. He met the Lincoln family while he
was an instructor at the old Illinois University at Springfield,
where Robert Lincoln was one of his pupils.

Andover, through Esbjorn's activities, became known in
many parts of Sweden and for a long time was the destination
of Swedish emigrant groups. From this prairie village they
scattered over Illinois in all directions to form the nucleus of
innumerable new Swedish communities.

Establishment of these settlements was not an easy task.
Roads were often impassable. The immigrants walked long
distances before they owned oxen or horses. 5 Later they
proudly drove their own "outfits" in Republican parades at
Princeton, Galesburg, and Chicago.

46 SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

No farming machinery was owned at first, all work being
done with primitive tools which were often quite different
from those to which the immigrants had been accustomed.
Women worked in the fields along with the men. Eight yoke of
oxen, pulling thirty-six inch plows, were necessary to break
the virgin prairie soil. Oxen were cheaper than horses and their
upkeep was less. They could live on corn, straw, and cornstalks.

. Houses were built of logs with wooden pegs; furniture was
homemade of the same materials. Wooden tubs were used for
occasional winter bathing, the swimming hole in summertime.
Clothes were homespun, heavy and coarse. Children and often
elders went barefoot during the summer months. Wooden shoes
were common. Food was mostly pork with home-grown vege-
tables and preserves. Tobacco was used by the men for smoking,
snuffing, and chewing, and corncob pipes in the mouths of older
women were not an uncommon sight. Drinking of hard liquor
was general, especially among those who were not members
of the church or temperance societies.

Fever and ague attacked the settlers and medical attention
was not always available or was too expensive. In winter there
were often violent storms and extreme cold. In summer mos-
quitoes were so bad that sirudge fires were necessary at milking
time. No screens existed. At the end of the day all hands in
the house joined to brush out flies and insects with leafy
branches.

It was not all work. The Swedes have always been known
for their hospitality, and the coffeepot of good cheer was ever
ready for the friendly visitor. On more festive occasions the
generous smorgasbord was set out. Husking bees, barn raisings
with accordian and fiddle music, beer and dancing, furnished
occasional relaxation.

Most activities, however, centered around the church. There
were basket socials, Sunday school picnics, temperance meet-
ings, religious revivals, weddings, and funerals. At Christmas
and New Year's there were special services and holiday parties. 8

PRAIRIE SWEDES IN LINCOLN'S ILLINOIS 47

The spoken word of the newcomers gradually combined with
English to form a practical means of conversation. 7 Talk
centered around familiar things: the old country, Mother
Sweden, Varmland, Smaland, Skane. Immigrants compared
these places with the new country, with America, with Illinois,
with the county in which they lived. They talked of lands,
soils, crops, taxes, education, religion, politics, at times emphasiz-
ing their remarks with their favorite oath of a thousand devils
(tusari). They discussed Lincoln's declaration that foreigners
were entitled under the Constitution to equal rights with the
native born. They would prove themselves worthy of these
rights.

Newspapers in the vicinity of the new settlements made
note of the new arrivals. 8 The Rock Island Weekly Republican
on August 19, 1854, stated:

A number of Swedes, about sixty or seventy, arrived by the emigrant
train They arc a fine, healthy, neat looking crowd.

The Knoxville Republican on May 13, 1856, wrote:

Norway and Sweden have already sent large colonies to this country,
who have settled principally in Wisconsin and Illinois. They prove to
be most valuable and exemplary citizens, sober, chaste, industrious, and
intelligent. The letters of the first immigrants have reached home and
full information has thus been spread in reliable form among the masses
in Norway and Sweden.

As in the past, letters to Sweden were a powerful stimulant to
increasing emigration. They were often copied and sent around
to each neighbor, thus gaining wide circulation. 9 It was letters
like these that caused the Swedish peasants to pack up for
America. ". . . and I can tell you that here we do not live frugally,
but one has eggs and egg pancakes and canned fish and fresh
fish, and fruit of all kinds, so it is different from you who have
to sit and suck herring bones."

48 SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

O. Clemetson, who was living in Andover in 1849, sent the
following letter to his relatives in Sweden:

The farmers here do not know how many chickens or how many
hogs they own, as these run at large. We are allowed to gather and keep
all the eggs we want; likewise we can milk any cow we find in the fields.
We can cut all the hay we want all free! All our bread is white, being
made from bolted wheat flour. This is surely the promised land.

And another wrote: "All alike, the farmer, the minister, and
the judge. One does not need to go and bow and nod, hat in
hand No count in Sweden lives better."

The letters usually contained practical suggestions but some-
times greatly exaggerated the size, importance, and luxury of
the Swedish settlements. 10 Sweden read tales of a land without
taxes "where one could earn enough in two days to buy a cow
which gave fabulous quantities of milk; where grass grew so tall
that only the horns of cattle could be seen." Arriving in Chicago,
immigrants bound for Andover were sometimes heard to say,
"If Chicago is like this, just think what Andover will be."

The spaciousness of America stirred the imaginations of
those across the waters. The 300-acre Illinois farm of brother
Sven sounded immense to the owner of a five-acre plot in
Sweden. And the new American citizen visiting in Sweden
was himself an example of the prosperity and wealth in the new
land. Dressed in a derby hat, high-collared shirt, a "store suit,"
he dangled his heavy gold watch chain and boasted of his
success:

1 was a tailor's errand boy
In Sweden when I went away.
Now I am Mister Johanson;
Three dollars is my pay each day,
And I'm a gentleman, they say.

In addition to the deluge of letters, state organizations and
private corporations helped to stimulate immigration. Colonel

PRAIRIE SWEDES IN LINCOLN'S ILLINOIS 49

Oscar Malmborg was an immigrant agent for the Illinois Central
Railroad for five or six years beginning in 1845. He visited a
number of towns in Sweden and Norway, personally soliciting
immigrants and arranging for their transportation. To those
who were without funds to purchase land, he promised jobs
with good pay.

The industry, ability, and perseverance of the newcomers
gradually brought prosperity to the Swedish settlements. Fer-
tile prairie soil yielded rich harvests; herds of cattle grazed on
the greens. The rude log huts gave way to more commodious
buildings, and the new residents adapted themselves to their
American surroundings.

From 1 846 to 1 860 the prairies of Illinois were studded with
nearly two dozen Swedish communities located in a belt running
west and southwest from Chicago to the Mississippi River.
The map includes St. Charles, Geneva, Batavia, DeKalb, Vic-
toria, Knoxville, Princeton, Galesburg, Rockford, Moline, and
Rock Island.

These horse and buggy towns were, in a large measure, Lin-
coln's Illinois. They were much like the towns in the Lincoln
country. Their establishment, growth, and development were
co-incidental with Lincoln's rise to political power.

Lincoln, as a lawyer and later in his barnstorming political
tours, stopped at some of the Swedish settlements in his one-
horse rig. While he carried on no important legal business with
the Swedes, he was aware of their activities, their farms, homes,
newspapers, and business establishments. He saw them in Wide-
Awake parades and at Republican mass meetings. He mentioned
them in his speeches and he was to befriend several Swedish
leaders who assisted him in his political campaigns.

CHAPTER V
NOTES

1 On November 24, 1824, the General Assembly of Illinois appointed a joint
committee to address to General Lafayette an expression of the feeling of the
people of Illinois. This committee, which included Senator Ralph Widen,
wrote an address inviting Lafayette to visit the state, an invitation which he
carried out in the spring of 1825.

* For a more complete history of the Bishop Hill colony, see the article by
Philip J. Stoneberg in Olson's The Swedish Element in Illinois.

* "The poor refugees arrive daily in their national dresses, all travel-
soiled and worn. The night they pass in rude shanties, in some particular
quarter of town, then walk into the country, the mothers carrying the infants,
the fathers leading the little children by the hands, seeking a home where
their hands may maintain them." Sara Margaret Fuller in Summer on the
Lakes in 1848.

4 There is no definite proof that cholera originated with immigrants. The
disease attacked aliens and natives alike. One epidemic is recorded as early as
1832 during the Black Hawk War. Immigrants were possibly more susceptible
owing to unsanitary living quarters and weakened physical condition.

6 Instances are recorded of stranded Swedish immigrants who walked from
Philadelphia to Chicago, from Chicago to Andover, and from St. Paul, Min-
nesota, to Vasa. The fortitude of these pioneers is emphasized when one con-
siders that the journeys were often made through practically virgin territory
while the traveler was burdened with provisions and personal belongings.

'There are several typically Swedish church festivals. Christmas Eve
(Jtilafton) and Christmas Matins (Julotta) are most characteristic. The latter
is always opened with the singing of the hymn, "All Hail to Thee, O Blessed
Morn." The former is the feast evening when fish and rice porridge (lutefisk
and grot) is eaten, along with brown beans, meat balls, herring, cheese, and
cakes. Midsummer Day is another important Swedish holiday as is also Lucia
Fest, which falls on December 13.

7 This hyphenated language known as Chicago-Swedish was common in
Swedish centers of early Illinois. In most sentences an English sounding verb
was substituted for the Swedish. Thus Jag shall ga (go) till Chicago, instead of
Jag shall resa till Chicago. Jag lefver (live) dar, instead of Jag bar dar.

8 "We learn that between thirty and forty Swedes arrived in town last

PRAIRIE SWEDES IN LINCOLN'S ILLINOIS 51

week. They bring intelligence chat three hundred more will be here in the
fall." Knoxville (Illinois) Republican, July 16, 1854.

9 Some idea of the number of these letters may be gained from a notice sent
out on September 21, 1859, by the postmaster at Kristdala, Sweden, who urged
greater care in addressing letters correctly since, "Fifty letters per week
through the office is not unusual."

10 "In Gothenburg make a contract for passage with Captain Erikson; he is
reliable. In New York see Olaf Hedstrom at the Bethel Ship. Beware of ship
runners and land agents including those that speak Swedish. If you get lost,
go down to the shore when ships are seen and call out, Svensk-Norsk Man and
soon someone will appear who can speak Swedish." From an immigrant's
letter.

CHAPTER 6
LINCOLN AND THE SWEDISH VOTE

"Mr. John O. Johnson is my friend. I gave your name to
him. He is doing the work of trying to get up a Republican
organization. I do not suppose Long John ever saw or
heard of him. If you co-operate with Mr. J. O. Johnson in
getting up an organization, I think it will be all right."
LINCOLN to Henry Whitney, December 18, 1857.

ONCE the Swede had settled in the new homeland, he
made haste to obtain citizenship. For generations in his
mother country he had generally enjoyed the right to vote
and to select governmental officials by popular representation.
Moreover, naturalization was necessary to take up homestead
claims, and landownership was the objective of practically all
Swedish newcomers of the 1840-1865 period.

Political leaders through various inducements also encouraged
citizenship. In the Chicago Press and Tribune appeared notices
offering aliens free aid in the preparation of necessary papers.
The notices made it clear, however, that the offer applied only
to those who intended to vote the Republican ticket. Others
were told frankly "to stay away."

^The first Swedish settlers voted with the Democrats because
that party held itself out as the friend of the foreigner. The
Whig party and the forerunners of the American or Know-
Nothing party had embarked on a policy of "America for
Americans." 1 In the North the Know-Nothings were opposed
particularly to the Irish and to the Catholic Church. In the
South they spurned the Germans, Swedes, and others who did
not favor slavery. 2 In the Bureau County (Illinois) Republican
on May 19, 1859, the editor wrote: "Have the Democrats shown
a warmer feeling toward the Germans and Swedes than the

LINCOLN AND THE SWEDISH VOTE 53

Republicans? We think not. Indeed the entire South is united
against the interests of the foreigners."

The Know-Nothings asserted: "Americans must rule Amer-
ica and to that end native-born citizens should be selected for
all State and Municipal offices or government employment in
preference to all others." Their leaders proposed enfranchise-
ment of foreigners only after they had completed twenty-one
years of residence. As a result of this Know-Nothing opposition
to foreigners, the Swedes pooled their votes for Lewis Cass in
1848 and Franklin Pierce in 1852.

After 1852, the Swedes deserted the Democratic Party when
it advocated the extension of slavery. They realized that if
slavery were permitted to expand, it would mean the absorp-
tion of the land into large estates, all worked by slaves. 3 The
Swedes, one must remember, were a poor folk who could not
afford to own slaves if they had so desired.

The immigrants found a new political haven in the Repub-
lican Party, which held its first Illinois state convention at
Bloomington in March, 1856. Abraham Lincoln, one of the
delegates to that convention, introduced a resolution denounc-
ing the Know-Nothings. He wrote to Speed: "I am not a Know-
Nothing; that is certain. How could I be? How can anyone
who abhors the oppression of Negroes be in favor of degrading
classes of white people-" And to Canisius he said: "I have some
little notoriety for commiserating the oppressed condition of
the Negroes and I should be strangely inconsistent if I would
favor any project for curtailing the existing rights of white
men, even though born in different hinds and speaking a dif-
ferent language from my own." 1

At the national convention in Philadelphia, the new party
adopted resolutions intended to attract the immigrant vote. It
declared itself in opposition to any changes in the naturalization
laws and favored protection of the rights of all classes of citizens,
native or naturalized. This position won the Swedish vote for
Fremont, the Republican party's presidential candidate.

54 SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

Lincoln shared the sentiments of the Swedes in supporting
the temperance movement which was growing in America. In
1 848, Sweden had 400 local temperance societies with a total
membership of 100,000. Swedish temperance leaders in Amer-
ica, including the Reverend Mr. Esbjorn and Olof Anderson,
already had established temperance societies in Illinois.

Lincoln had been a temperance lecturer and in the legislative
session of 1838-1839, he had introduced a petition u praying
the repeal of all laws authorizing the retailing of intoxicating
liquors." When asked if he belonged to the temperance society,
Lincoln replied, "I do not in theory, but I do in fact belong to
the temperance society, in this, to wit, that I do not drink any-
thing and have not done so for a very many years." 7

The jeers that Lincoln was but a rail splitter endeared him
to the Swedes. Too many of them had swung an ax; too many
had lived in log huts to take off ense at such taunts directed at a
man simply because he came from the backwoods. They spoke
of him as "arbetaresonen Lincoln" (Lincoln, the son of a work-
ing man) .

His appeal to the Swedes is easily understood. He had the
faculty of reducing his thoughts to the simpler and plainer
terms and he was known for kindly, gentle, and honest dealings.
He was a man of the soil. He had lived like the average immi-
grant, chopped his own wood, milked his own cow, fed his own
horse, and cleaned his own stable. 8 Summing up his life, Lin-
coln wrote, "It can all be condensed into a single sentence, and
that sentence you will find in Gray's Elegy, The short and
simple annals of the poor.' "

Lincoln fought all measures that sought to limit the privilege
of any class of citizens, especially those of the laborer and new-
comer. In one of his addresses, at Indianapolis, Indiana, on Sep-
tember 19, 1859, he declared, "If a hired laborer worked as a
free man, he saved means to buy land of his own and to increase
his prosperity." This was exactly what the Swedes wanted, and

LINCOLN AND THE SWEDISH VOTE 55

they credited the ease by which land could be obtained to "Lin-
coln's Homestead Law."

When the Kansas-Nebraska Bill was passed in 1 854, Northern
and Southern political parties rushed settlers into Kansas to
control the territory. Lincoln supported the Kansas Free State
movement and made contributions to its funds. Immigrant aid
societies offered special inducements to Kansas settlers and the
Swedes responded with others. Some of these Swedes took an
active part in the fights with Southern sympathizers. The Kan-
sas border war finally caused Lincoln to break with old affilia-
tions and come out boldly with the new Republican party.

Lincoln early realized the growing importance of the foreign
vote and its significance upon the political destiny of the
country. 9 He saw that the foreign voter would eventually take
the voting control away from the current leadership. As a
practical politician he began to make special appeals to the im-
migrant elements, mainly to the Germans who were the major-
ity group. He contributed to German charities and purchased
an interest in a German newspaper. He became a member of the
Illinois State Colonization Society.

Nor could Lincoln overlook entirely the Swedish population
which drew attention from time to time. He was aware of the
activities of Fredrika Bremer, Jenny Lind, and John Ericsson
who were receiving favorable mention during the fifties in
the American press. 10 He noticed, too, the prospering Swedish
settlements at Andover, Rockford, Bishop Hill, Knoxville,
Galesburg, and other communities whose residents were po-
tential voters for an aspiring candidate. 11 He mentioned u the
Scandinavians among us" in his speeches and accepted the sup-
port of their leaders.

The Swedes, in spite of their "greenness," captured the
spirit and political intensity of the time. They conducted polit-
ical meetings and rallies, founded newspapers and organized
clubs which campaigned vigorously for the Republican Party

56 SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

and Lincoln. Led by political and religious leaders, they fell
into the parade which eventually swept Abraham Lincoln into
the presidential office.

One such Swedish political leader was Hans Mattson, who
was an organizer for the Republican Party in Minnesota and
chairman of the Red Wing branch which sponsored torchlight
parades and mass meetings. 12 Other Minnesota leaders included
the Reverend P. A. Cederstam, a Swedish Lutheran minister
who sat in the Minnesota Constitutional Convention in 1857;
S. J. Willard from Fjelkinge, Skane, Sweden, who was serving
as auditor of Goodhue County; Oscar Roos, register of deeds
and Otto Wallmark, auditor of Chisago County in 1860; E. G.
Swanstrom, treasurer of St. Louis County in 1860; Anders No-
relius, who was county supervisor and registrar of Isanti Coun-
ty in 1862, and L. J. Stark, who served in the state legislature in
1864. T. N. Hasselquist, Gustaf Unonius, C. J. Stohlbrand, and
G. J. Sundell were among the outstanding leaders in Illinois
while O. E. Dreutzer, C. B. Hammarquist, and John Rosen-
burg campaigned in Wisconsin where I lammarquist was elected
to the state legislature in 1860. William F. Johnson, an organ-
izer in Iowa, was a delegate to the county and state Republican
conventions.

Swedish newspapers, from the day of their founding, es-
poused the cause of the Republican party. For one thing, the
earliest newspapers were founded by ministers who were fun-
damentally opposed to the principle of slavery. 13

The first permanent Swedish newspaper, Hewlcnidet, was
founded at Galesburg, Illinois, in 1855 by Tuve Nilsson Ilas-
selquist, a Lutheran minister. 14 It published a biography of Lin-
coln, picturing him as a "mar of the people, from the people"
whom all Swedes should follow. Through its influence, Swedish
churches decorated their doors and spires with American and
Swedish flags and ministers urged their parishioners to organize
as Republicans.

A second Swedish newspaper, the Svenska Republikanaran,

LINCOLN AND THE SWEDISH VOTE 57

was established in 1856 in Galva, Illinois, for the express pur-
pose, according to its platform, of supporting the Republican
candidates. 15 In 1857, the Minnesota fasten was established at
Red Wing, Minnesota, with the Reverend Erik Norelius as
editor, also subscribing to the Republican cause. First set up as
a religious paper in Galesburg in 1859, Frihetsvannen soon
found it necessary to take sides in political issues. It, too, joined
with the Republican forces to "fight the Democrats, Catholic
and Irish elements, and support Abraham Lincoln."

Republican mass meetings under the sponsorship of Swedish
leaders were held in Swedish communities. In Galesburg a meet-
ing was held on June 7, 1856, to endorse the program of the state
convention held at Bloomington. Serving vis vice-president of
the gathering was the Reverend T. N. Hasselquist, the first
Swede to receive such an honor. In Princeton, where a thriving
colony of Swedes had been established, Lincoln spoke before
an audience of 10,000 on July 10, 1856.

A Swedish mass meeting was held in Metropolitan Hall in
Chicago on August 25, 1856. The meeting passed resolutions
endorsing the Philadelphia platform of the party and the candi-
dacy of Fremont for president. Speakers included C. P. Hanson
and the Reverend Gustaf Unonius. Another meeting of the
Chicago Scandinavians was held on November i, 1 857, with N.
B. Johnson serving as chairman and S. Larson as secretary-
treasurer. From this group a permanent Republican Club was
organized on January 29, 1 858. The Chicago Tribune of March
4, 1 8f 8, speaks of the Swedish parade in the Seventh Ward with
"floats, banners, and bands/'

The year 1858 was the year of the Lincoln-Douglas debates
and the Swedish papers published full, though prejudiced, ac-
counts. Nearly one thousand Swedes were living in Galesburg
and the vicinity when the famed debate was held there on Oc-
tober 7, 1858. Swedish delegations were present from Hender-
son, Knoxville, Victoria, Monmouth, and Wataga. The event
had been widely advertised and both parties made special ef-

58 SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

forts to please their respective candidates with a large turnout.
Much time was spent in the preparation of special music, cos-
tumes, and floats. One float, representing "Bleeding Kansas,"
carried "thirty very attractive Swedish maidens." A local news-
paper remarked, "It is safe to say that all inhabitants of Gales-
burg's 'Swedetown' were out for the Lincoln-Douglas De-
bate." 16

At the Freeport debate Charles Johnson and Mrs. N. P. Swen-
son were among the Swedes present. Mrs. Swenson later re-
marked, "We girls thought Lincoln was homely and that the tall
hat did not improve his looks."

Newspapers lauded Scandinavians for their activities in the
campaign. On October 25, 1 858, the Chicago Press and Tribune
commented on a Republican mass meeting:

A notable feature of the occasion and of the enthusiasm was the stand
taken by our German and Scandinavian fellow citizens, the clubs of
which were out in full force, headed by bands of music, with which at
the close of the meeting, they paraded our principal streets.

Summarizing the elections on November 2, 1858, the same
paper said:

We must not fail to do justice to our German Republicans as well as
their Scandinavian brethren for the zeal and energy with which they
worked yesterday to put the finishing touches to the noble service
they have rendered in the whole canvass.

Numerous political meetings were sponsored through the
activities of Carl Schurz, who was elected a member of the na-
tional committee for the campaign of 1860. Under him the
first "foreign department" of an American political party was
established. In a letter to Lincoln, written from Watertown,
Wisconsin, on May 20, 1860, he outlined his plan for winning
the immigrant vote. Schurz proposed the use of all foreigners
with speaking and organizing ability. Divided into squads, these
newcomers would travel from community to community,

LINCOLN AND THE SWEDISH VOTE 59

through township, county, and state, addressing citizens of their
own nationality. Schurz sought out the Scandinavian leaders as
well as the Germans to carry through his campaign. He said,
"A solid column of German and Scandinavian anti-slavery
men are here. They know how to handle a musket and will
fight too if necessary."

Under Schurz the campaign among Scandinavians went
ahead vigorously, while Hewlandet exhorted every Swede to
read his speeches. Swedish speakers included George J. Bergen,
J. Peterson, A. P. Cassell, O. Strom, G. J. Sundell, A. A. Shen-
lund, C. J. Stohlbrand, the Reverend J. Johnson, and E. Lideen.
Two of these campaign speakers, Sundell of Chicago and Peter-
son of Wataga, spoke at a mass meeting in Galesburg on July
23,1 860. The meeting was arranged by the Swedish Republican
Club which had been organized in March of that year. 17 Sen-
ator Trumbull and Owen Lovejoy also spoke before the meet-
ing. A similar meeting was held at Victoria, where resolutions
were passed endorsing Lincoln and condemning the Homestead
Bill of the Democrats.

On August 29 another large meeting was held at Princeton
where Sundell and Lovejoy were the speakers. Participating
was the Swedish Wide-Awake Club, whose members carried a
banner reading, Je?mlikhet utan afseende pa fodelseort ("E-
quality without regard to native place"). The Bureau County
Republican reported this meeting as the largest ever held in
Princeton.

The Swedish part of the procession was one of the leading attractions.
About two hundred and fifty Swedes were in the line under Marshal
A. A. Shenlund. One coach carried thirty-five young Swedish women
representing the states and Kansas. The girls all wore white dresses with
green and white wreaths on their heads. Each carried a Lincoln and a
United States flag. There was a resplendent banner with Swedish and
American mottoes. There was also a significant painting of the national
capitol, a lion (Lincoln) approaching the front in bold triumph; a wolf
(Douglas) with popular sovereignty written on his tail, and a tiger
(Breckinridge) both turning away in despair.

60 SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

Following the parade the Swedes assembled at the Wigwam
where Pehr Fagercrantz, a member of the County Republican
Committee, presided. Speeches were made by C. J. Stohlbrand
of Chicago, the Reverend J. Johnson, and E. Lideen of Prince-
ton. Summarizing the meeting, the Bureau County Republican
on September 4 said, u The Swedish demonstration was regarded
by all as the crowning performance of the day and all praise
is due our most worthy adopted citizens."

In Knoxville the campaigners addressed a meeting on Sep-
tember 14. Bishop Hill followed on September 19 with Sundell,
Lovejoy, Kellogg, and Knox as speakers. A second meeting at
Princeton was held on September 24. In addition to the regular
Swedish spellbinders, distinguished speakers included William
H. Seward of New York and Charles F. Adams of Massachu-
setts. On October 13, the campaign speakers addressed nearly
three hundred persons at Andover, and on October 19 they
returned to Victoria for a second meeting.

In 1860 the Swedish Republican Club of Chicago maintained
headquarters at 147 North Clark Street. Meetings were held
weekly. G. J. Sundell was president with F. D. Jackville, sec-
retary. On October 2 the club organized a parade and mass
meeting in honor of William H. Seward. Approximately one
hundred Swedes marched with a banner reading, "Liberty
and Right forever; Extended Thraldom never." Delegations
were present from Geneva, St. Charles, Rockford, and Bishop
Hill.

On Election Day the Swedes demonstrated their loyalty to
Lincoln by a virtually unanimous vote for him and other candi-
dates of the Republican party. 18

The count for 1860 shows that the Republicans polled 387,
603 votes in the states of Illinois, Iowa, and Indiana, a majority
over all other candidates of only 30,000. In the entire Northwest
Lincoln's majority was only 6,600. A change of one vote in
twenty-seven would have given these states to Douglas, while
a change of one in twenty votes would have swung the entire

Courttf\ Abraham Ltmuln AftncLitton

Lincoln recommends his friend, J. O. Johnson, to Congressman Yates

LINCOLN AND THE SWEDISH VOTE 61

Northwest to him. Such changes would have transferred the
contest to the House of Representatives, which by its political
complexion would have ruled in the South's favor. Thus the
10,000 or more Swedish votes in the northwestern states helped
to save the day for Lincoln.

The Republican victories also swept a number of Swedes
into office. One of the highest offices gained by a Swede in the
election of 1858 was won by C. B. Hammarquist who was
elected to the Wisconsin state legislature as a representative of
Jefferson County. Hans Mattson was elected city clerk of Red
Wing, Minnesota, in the spring of 1859. E. J. Stohlbrand be-
came clerk of the police court in Chicago in 1859, while John
A. Nelson became deputy sheriff of Chicago in 1 860 and sher-
iff four years later. E. G. Swanstrom was named treasurer of
St. Louis County, in Duluth, Minnesota, in 1860, and Otto
Wallmark was elected auditor of Chisago County in Minnesota
in 1 86 1 . In Providence, Rhode Island, Gustavus Adolphus Wil-
liamson was winning political recognition which in 1866 en-
abled him to become registrar of deeds. Delegates to the Cook
County, Illinois, Republican Convention of November i, 1859,
included A. B. Johnson and A. Torkilson from the Sixth Ward,
Peter Peterson from the Seventh Ward, and G. A. Johnson
from the Tenth Ward.

Through these political campaigns the Swedes learned to
counteract the electioneering tricks common to the period.
Carl Blomgren, one of Chicago's pioneer Swedes, tells how local
Swedes were forced to march to the polls in a body on Election
Day to offset the votes of the Irish group who assembled the
previous evening to vote "early and often." A group of two
hundred Swedes at Galesburg was promised work at Alacomb,
but they became suspicious and refused to leave when they were
instructed to bring their naturalization papers. They learned
later that they were to be used to vote the Democratic ticket
on November 2, 1858.

An incident which throws light on the political trickery of

62 SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

1862, which was designed to unseat the Republicans, is related
by Captain Eric Johnson, then publisher of the Illinois Swede
and a candidate for the state legislature. Once the Republicans
had enlisted and gone to the front, he explained, the Democrats
gained power at home and framed a new constitution. As part
of their program they submitted several pro-slavery articles
to the voters. To make a show of fairness, they permitted the
Illinois soldiers in the field to vote on the proposed constitution
and sent a commission of three Democrats, headed by the no-
torious Sam Buckmaster, to poll their votes.

As each soldier appeared before the commission, he was
quizzed on the various propositions. On the Negro proposition,
if the vote of the soldier was not satisfactory to the commission,
they would ask, "You do not want your sister married to a Ne-
gro when you return home?" Naturally, the soldier replied,
"No," and this reply was summarily recorded as his vote. When
members of Company D discovered that they were being mis-
led and confused, they requested Captain Johnson to vote first
so that they could be guided by his decision and thus avoid being
tricked by framed questions. Captain Johnson voted against
all Democratic propositions including the Negro proposals, and
similarly, every man in his company voted down the Demo-
cratic questions. When the last vote of Company D had been
recorded, Buckmaster remarked with an oath, "That was the
da st black abolition company in the service."

Elsewhere the Swedes were proving equally as loyal to the
Republican cause. The Chicago Tribune of June 17, 1862, re-
marked:

A large meeting of the Swedish voters was held at Freemen's Hall,
corner of Division and Wells Streets, to discuss the merits of the old
and new constitution. Stirring speeches were made by Messrs. Nelson,
Peterson, Cronsioe, Eddy and others against the new constitution and
at the close a motion was made and carried unanimously that all vote
against it. The gallant Swedes are always on the side of progress and
liberty. They will show today that they discountenance secession and
secession demagogues.

LINCOLN AND THE SWEDISH VOTE 63

The formation of a Democratic Club in Chicago in March,
1863, under the leadership of Captain O. G. Lange was a signal
for rebukes to its members by Hemlandet and by Swedish
soldiers. 19 Forty-eight soldiers including Colonel Oscar Malm-
borg on March 6, 1863, issued a joint proclamation calling on
other Swedish friends to remember their own history of fight-
ing for "progress, enlightenment, and liberty" and urging them
to fight the unpatriotic doctrines being spread among them.

Captain Lange, however, continued to address Democratic
meetings along with several other Scandinavians. The Daven-
port (Iowa) Argus on October 3, 1864, called attention to a
Democratic meeting to be addressed by Captain Lange, and on
October n urged all naturalized Scandinavians to circulate
information concerning a meeting to be addressed by "Froda
Heegaard, an eloquent Swede." Previously the Davenport
Democrats were notified by the same paper that "they can get
all the German and Swedish Democratic documents they want
for two dollars per hundred copies." This, however, was the
only break in the Swedish political ranks.

On Tuesday, September 27, 1864, a Swedish Union Club
was organized in Chicago "to back up the work of the Union
soldiers to work for the re-election of Lincoln." Officers were
P. L. Hawkinson, president; P. T. Hussander, vice-president;
J. Engberg, recording secretary; S. Cronsioe, corresponding
secretary, and P. M. Malmin, treasurer. Similar clubs were
organized in all Swedish communities. 20

On October 10, 1864, a Swedish Republican rally was held
at Calumet, Indiana. At Princeton, Illinois, on October 13,
according to the Bureau County Republican nearly 18,000
persons, including the Swedish residents, took part in a great
parade and mass meeting. The paper noted:

Three wagons attached to each other, the center one three stories
high, contained our Swedish fellow citizens and attracted considerable
notice. The wagons were decorated with American and Swedish flags

64 SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

and carried a large banner reading, Frihet, Ran och Sanmng och Svensk-
manna tro ("Freedom, Right and Truth, and Swedish Honor").

The results of this organization were evident in the 1864
election returns. Flashes like the following appeared in Hem-
landet:

Moline, Illinois, November 8 There are sixty-one Swedes who en-
joy American citizenship here. All of us are met on the day of election
at 8 o'clock to cast our vote for Abraham Lincoln and the Union.

Burlington, Iowa All Swedes but one voted for Lincoln. John
Gustaf Johnson was elected constable. William J. Johnson, elected dele-
gate to the state Republican convention.- 1

Knoxville, Illinois Seventy-two S\\edes voted, Lincoln, 70, Mc-
Clellan, 2.

Vasa, Minnesota Lincoln 121, McClcllan, 7.

Cannon Falls, Minnesota All Swedes \ otcd for 1 ,incoln.

Goodhue County, Minnesota All Swedes voted for Lincoln.

The Swedes in the army responded equally well. All votes
in Company D, Third Minnesota, went to Lincoln. Captain
Arosenius of the Forty-third Illinois Regiment reported the
voting in his company as follows: Lincoln, 370; McClcllan,
1 8. Company E, another Swedish unit, polled 48 votes for Lin-
coln, 2 for McClellan.

When the election of Lincoln was assured, the Swedish Union
Club of Chicago arranged a meeting to celebrate. Nearly two
hundred members, including a band, marched in a body to the
home of John A. Nelson, who had just received a commission.
After hearing several patriotic speeches, the crowd gave three
cheers for Abraham Lincoln. These cheers were repeated in
every Swedish settlement.

CHAPTER VI

NOTES

1 Atheism of the Germans, Catholicism of the Irish, competition for jobs
of the native-born, and agitation to embroil the United States in European
political quarrels accounted for the Know-Nothing opposition to foreigners.

a France, Great Britain, and Sweden had an agreement to handle slave
traders as "pirates, felons, and robbers." They agreed to search each other's
ships under suspicious circumstances.

'From 1804 to 1808 \\hen South Carolina was open to the importation of
shi\ es, 202 vessels entered the port of Charleston with African slaves. Of
these vessels, only one, the "Gustavus," was of Swedish registry, although its
owner li\ed in Charleston Year Book, City of Charleston, South Carolina,
1880.

* Lincoln to Theodore Camsius, May 17, 18^9.

r> The New York Observer of August 8, 1 846, reports on the congress of tem-
perance societies held January i? in the Swedish capital, "The King as Presi-
dent of the Stockholm Society was present \\ith the Queen at the opening
meeting. One hundred thirty-two national and foreign associations were
represented."

" The Rockford (Illinois) Republican on Atay 26, 1855, published the fol-
lou ing appeal at the request of the Swedish pastor, v\ ith ninety -one signa-
tures attached

"Whereas The Legislature of the state has \\isely submitted the Prohibi-
tory Liquor Law to the \otc of the people on the 4th of June next, and as it is
of the utmost importance to the sacred interest of religion, morality, and social
happiness that this law should be adopted by an overwhelming majority,
therefore,

"We, the undersigned, not being ourselves in the enjoyment of the precious
privilege of voting, hereby address ourselves to you, most earnestly requesting
and beseeching you, that you \v ill on said day cast your vote in favor of said
law and exert yourselves to the utmost to induce other voters to do the same."

7 William Wood, who knew Lincoln in Indiana, asserted, "Abe once drank
as all people did here at that time." Herndon, Lincoln's law partner, says Lin-
coln occasionally drank beer and liquor. E. L. Baker of the Sangamon Journal
said he and Lincoln went to a saloon on May 13, 1860, and drank a glass of beer
while waiting for reports from the Chicago Convention. John Hay said, "Lin-

66 SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

coin was very abstemious-ate less than anyone I know, drank nothing but
water, not from principle but because he did not like wine or spirits."

8 See James Gourley, "Letters and Papers of William Herndon," in The
Hidden Lincoln.

9 The National Intelligencer noted, "When the Illinois legislature convened
in January, it was estimated that about one-fifth of the population of the state
were persons of foreign birth and it was recommended that the constitution
be amended in regard to the right of suffrage or that a general convention be
called for the revision of the constitution."

10 John Ericsson's caloric engine was commented upon fully in American
newspapers and its successful trials were reported in the London Times as
early as September 15, 1852.

Miss Lind's tour was not a complete triumph as was generally reported. At
Pittsburgh she was insulted and stones were thrown into her carriage and
drawing room. She refused to sing again in that city and left instantly for
Baltimore.

11 The Chicago Tribune on December 14, 1856, wrote regarding Bishop Hill,
"From knowledge thus acquired, I unhesitatingly say that I never knew a com-
munity of their number, so moral, industrious and strictly honest as this. They
vote as a unit, every voter being Republican."

u Red Wing (Minnesota) Republican in September, 1858, mentioned Swed-
ish mass meetings in Vasa and Red Wing in which Mattson urged the Swedes
to organize. "The Republican Party recognizes in our Swede and Norwegian
population an important element of their strength," said the editor.

18 The fact that the Swedish ministers supported Lincoln almost unanimously
is worthy of special mention since the American clergy were far from being a
solid group. In Springfield, Lincoln's home town, only three of the twenty-three
ministers backed Lincoln.

14 "HemlandetDet Gamla och Det Nya is the tide of a newspaper printed
in the Swedish language and issued from this office. The title of the paper when
translated into English reads thus: 'Home-land, the Old and New/ Mr. Hassel-
quist is entitled to the gratitude of his countrymen for the efforts to supply a
want long seriously felt by the Swedish-American population."-Galesburg
(Illinois) Free Democrat, February 22, 1855.

Scandinavian, a paper intended to serve Swedes, Norwegians, and Danes,
was established in New York in 1847 but ceased publication soon afterwards.

15 On July 4, a Swedish newspaper, Den Svenske Republikanaren i Norra
Amerika, was started by the Bishop Hill colony at Galva to support Fremont
and Dayton." Koerner to Trumbull, July 29, 1856, Trumbull manuscript.

LINCOLN AND THE SWEDISH VOTE 67

M The Democratic papers would not admit that all the Galesburg Swedes
supported Lincoln. The Chicago Times on October 9, 1858, said, "Douglas was
received by the Galesburg Light Guards, the Scandinavians, a group composed
of our foreign-born citizens, the artillery company of Galesburg and the local
democracy." The Missouri Republican, October n, 1859, mentions this same
group but calls it a "Swiss company ."

17 "Swedish Republicans of this city met last Tuesday to organize themselves
into a Republican Club. Peter L. Hawkinson was elected Chairman; L. Ahn-
berg and J. A. Johnson, Vice Presidents; Carl Arosenius, Secretary; L. N.
Peterson, Treasurer. Several resolutions were passed including the following:
'Resolved, that having seen the fraud and corruption of the Administration in
Washington, we will with all our strength work for the victory of the Repub-
lican party and for the election of a Republican President.' "Galesburg (Illi-
nois) Democrat, March 9, 1860.

18 On November 6, 1860, the Swedes of Rockford, Illinois, held a mass meeting
at the local Swedish church. Forty-eight under the leadership of their pastor,
the Reverend Anderson, marched in a body to vote for Lincoln.

16 A Swedish Democratic Club organized in the Bergholm settlement, Wa-
pello County, Iowa, was severely criticized by Chicago Swedes in a meeting
held July 19, 1860.

90 A letter from Galcsburg, Illinois, sent to Faderneslandet in Sweden on
November 24, 1864, mentions the active part taken by the Swedes in this cam-
paign and their loyalty to Lincoln, "How small are not European leaders in
comparison to this man [Lincoln] who began life as a simple working man and
who now is head of the world's largest and most powerful republic. Here are
no marks of class distinction."

21 "It is but simple justice to say that the Swedes of this city voted almost
unanimously for the Union ticket. Out of 100 voters, not more than three or
four voted the Copperhead ticket. Ail honor to Swedish patriotism and devo-
tion." Haiuk-Eye, Burlington, Iowa, November 7, 1864.

CHAPTER 7
SWEDES ANSWER LINCOLN'S WAR APPEAL

"To the Scandinavians of Minnesota!
. . . This country is in danger; a mighty power has engaged
it in war, threatening its very life and freedom itself. . . .
We have the same duty as the native born; the road to
glory and honor is open to us as it is to them and we have
sworn allegiance to this government. . . . Let us prove our-
selves worthy of it and of the land of our fathers. . . . Let
us, without hesitation, place ourselves on the side of free-
dom and our adopted country, not with words alone but
with arms and our lives if necessary. . . . We shall be happy
in fulfilling our duty and if death meets us in the strife,
our parents, wives, children and friends will find comfort
in having made sacrifices for the sake of right and free-
dom." HANS MATTSON

WHEN Lincoln issued the first call for volunteers on
April 15, 1 86 1, the Swedish immigrants, who had been
in the country a comparatively short time, responded as
promptly as native-born Americans. 1 The Swedes who had
backed Lincoln in the political campaigns of 1858 and 1860
stood prepared to support the leader of their new homeland.
They were ready to defend on the battlefield the principles
which they supported at the polls. 2

For months the Swedes in Chicago had been organizing and
drilling military units. It was the same in other Swedish centers
such as Bishop Hill and Galesburg, Illinois. In Minnesota, Hans
Mattson issued his proclamation which appeared in the local
Swedish papers. At Fredonia in Chautauqua County, New
York, Oscar W. Johnson was one of the speakers when funds
were raised to assist families of soldiers who volunteered. Sven-
ska Societeten in New York City passed resolutions urging its

SWEDES ANSWER LINCOLN'S WAR APPEAL 69

members to do their duty in support of the Union, and most of
them enlisted.

The Chicago Tribune of January 22, 1861, published a call
for volunteers issued by a group of young men, including six
Swedes. The Swedish signers were John Anderson, George
Anderson, R. W. Johnson, H H. Anderson, E. L. Johnson, and
Edward Johnson.

On April 24, 1 86 1 , the Tribune commented:

The Scandinavians of Chicago assembled very numerically last
Monday evening and the best of spirit prevailed. They are determined
to a man to stand or fall in defense of American liberties, laws, and
institutions. The enlistment went on with good results. It frequently
happens that among the Scandinavians here are several well versed in
military tactics from years of constant service in the armies of their
country, both artillery and infantry men.

Lincoln's call for volunteers re-echoed across the waters
to Sweden where American consulates were besieged by young
men who sought to emigrate to the United States to enlist in
the Union army. Consul Epping at Gothenburg reported on
November 12, 1862, that he could enlist many skilled artillery
men and able-bodied seamen. The consul at Stockholm an-
nounced that he could enlist as many as i, ooo men each month
for the army if he could furnish transportation. He reported
that he had received more than 2,000 applications at the consul-
ate.

On September 16, 1864, Consul Thomas wrote that Swedish
volunteers in the Danish war of 1 864 had returned home much
disappointed and were flocking to the consulate to enlist in the
United States Army. He wrote:

We have forwarded over thirty this week; most of them under-
officers who have served three years in the Swedish artillery before
volunteering in the Danish War. Their fare was paid from a purse
contributed by "some good friends in America, including the Consul
himself."

7 o SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN? TIME
To which he added:

I am well aware that as Consul I have nothing to do with soldiers, but
no international law can prevent me from paying a soldier's passage from
here to Hamburg out of my own pocket.

So many Swedish men sought to emigrate to the United
States for war enlistment that the Swedish government found
it necessary to warn citizens not to act too hastily in emigrating.
As late as June, 1864, Foreign Minister Manderstrom advised
the American Embassy that the Swedish government could not
condone solicitation of soldiers by United States consuls in
Sweden.

Although there is little evidence that the United States con-
suls actively recruited soldiers in Sweden for the Civil War, the
United States urged its legations and consulates to encourage
emigration and to spread information concerning opportunities
within its borders. 3 The new Homestead Act was explained.
Literature was distributed to consuls and, according to consular
reports, brought direct results. Consul Tefft on September 30,
1 863, reported:

I have taken special pains to give publicity to the liberality of our
Government to immigrants. . . . Furnish me with ships or free passage
and I could take a quarter of the working population of this country
to the United States next Spring.

In other chapters the story is told of Swedish officers who
came to the United States to volunteer their services to the
Northern army. They received aid from Minister Piper and
President Lincoln and provided helpful and experienced leader-
ship toward shaping a disciplined army.

According to the United States census of 1860, there were
18,625 persons of Swedish descent living in the United States,
with n,8oo in the midwestern states of Illinois, Iowa, Minne-
sota, and Wisconsin. During the next two years, 2,300 others
arrived, making a total Swedish population in the four states

e t

< ,

1!tf,rijttrin^itK'%lfcl^m'wtSw lift

i 8MJ !* W 3cM ,

i ua t C

f row Htmlandet

Malmborg Seeks Replacements.
Bounties of $402 for new recruits; $502 for veterans

SWEDES ANSWER LINCOLN'S WAR APPEAL 71

of approximately 14,000. Of this number, 2,250 enlisted in the
Union army. Illinois alone supplied 1,300 Swedes. 4

Other Swedish centers contributed quotas in proportion,
with Indiana furnishing 48; Michigan, 150. From the eastern
states 422 Swedes enlisted including 253 who served in the
navy. No attempt has been made to check the entire list of the
federal army or navy, but judging from the Swedish names in
the various army corps, in the obituaries, and in regimental
histories, an additional 150 could be recognized easily. This
would provide a total of 3,020 Swedes who fought for Lincoln
and the Union. Details of these enlistments are found in sub-
sequent chapters. The figures take into account only such names
as can positively be identified and classified as Swedish. They do
not include those who were members of the home-guard regi-
ments in Illinois, New York, and Minnesota/'

Swedes on the muster rolls cannot always be identified. The
recruiting officers, who were not familiar with the poor English
of the Swedish volunteers, did not bother to enter the names
accurately on the records. One John Peterson was put down as
Prosit; another Peterson was called Cholera. Some Swedes, in
inspired moments of patriotism, adopted Yankee names. No one
without knowledge of the facts would recognize the name Os-
born as Esbjorn, and yet that is the name under which the Rev.
Esbjorn's son won fame as a member of Stohlbrand's command.
Many such instances can be cited to indicate the difficulty of
identification.

It was natural that foreign-speaking recruits should seek com-
panies or regiments composed largely of their own countrymen.
Such organization was encouraged by former Swedish army
officers and politicians. When they discovered that foreign of-
ficers were not wanted by American units, they obtained per-
mission to organize special companies with promise of personal
commissions. These volunteer recruiting officers advertised in
newspapers, addressed meetings, and sent out agents to urge
Swedish immigrants to join their proposed commands. 7 They

72 SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

called upon enlisted men in the regular army to desert their
companies and join with them on promise of better conditions
and special favors.

J. L. Brandt issued a call for a Swedish company at Knoxville,
Illinois. Captain Axel Silfversparre called for volunteers for a
Swedish light artillery company. John Stromer, a former Swed-
ish army officer who was appointed to the Twentieth Wiscon-
sin Regiment by the governor, published a call in Hewlandet on
July 9, 1 86 1, asking for recruits for an all-Swedish company.
Hans Mattson formed the well-known Company D of the Third
Minnesota Regiment from among Swedes of the state. C. J.
Stohlbrand, together with Swedish Consul Sundell, organized a
Scandinavian company in Chicago on April 10, 1861. Another
Swedish company from Chicago was established by Captain
Andrew Torkilson and became Company A of the Fifteenth
Wisconsin, the Scandinavian regiment.

There was much confusion in the organization of the new
army. Officers often were appointed for political reasons rather
than for military ability. Graft was rampant. The Swedes, who
had little money, could not buy commissions, had they so
desired. Carl F. Grevellius spoke of arousing his major's dis-
pleasure when he obtained a commission without his superior
officer's recommendation. Grevellius said it was common
knowledge that the major extracted a stipend of one hundred
dollars for every officer brought into the regiment. On one
occasion, the major promoted six members of the regiment, u but
heavily they paid for it," Grevellius said.

General Sherman, on the other hand, had the whole-hearted
confidence and support of the Swedish soldiers who declared
they would go with Sherman wherever he went. u He was al-
ways with us when there was any fighting going on," said one
of the soldiers.

The fighting qualities of the Swedes were tried on many a
Southern battlefield. They were present on all the land fronts
as well as on the sea; at Corinth, Shiloh, Charlottesville, Gettys-

SWEDES ANSWER LINCOLN'S WAR APPEAL 73

burg, Antietam, the March to the Sea, Appomattox, and Hamp-
ton Roads. Individual acts of heroism are found in the records
of practically all army and navy divisions. Their dead lie in all
southern cemeteries. In Andersonville graveyard alone are
buried seventy Swedish soldiers whose tombstones show en-
listments from twenty states. 8

The Swedish soldier, like the Swedish farmer, contributed
those qualities which are not heralded by fame patience,
steadfastness, and persistence. These essential qualities were ex-
hibited not only in battle but in camp, on the march, or in the
tedious interim periods incident to army life. To overcome dis-
couragement in defeat, to encounter sickness and privation
were tests the Swedish soldier had learned to endure as success-
fully as the danger of actual combat. Although the Swedes
never claimed they were superior in fighting qualities to other
soldiers, their records furnish abundant proof that they fought
as bravely and as tenaciously as any of their comrades. More
than one hundred Swedish volunteers earned promotions to the
rank of first lieutenant and beyond. 9

Pride in appearance and general tactical skill also identified
Swedish troops, especially when they formed whole companies.
The Bishop Hill Company of the Fifty-seventh Illinois Reg-
iment, in severe competition, proved itself the best drilled com-
pany in the regiment; the Fifteenth Wisconsin, the Scandina-
vian regiment, was likwise outstanding. Company D of the
Third Minnesota was the crack company of that model reg-
iment. Battery G, Second Illinois Light Artillery under Captain
Stohlbrand, won recognition for excellent drill at Camp Butler.
Colonel Oscar Malmborg made the Fifty-fifth Illinois one of the
best all-around regiments from that state.

An outstanding characteristic which the Swedish troops had
developed from previous military training was their readiness
to respond to military discipline. Another feature of the Swedish
troops was the sponsorship of religious services as part of reg-
ular army routine. To lead such services ministers from home

74 SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

communities sometimes made special trips to camp. These rit-
uals conducted in the open air in military formation and under
military discipline brought commendation from American com-
manders. Spectators did not soon forget the impressive singing
of the battle hymn of Gustavus Adolphus during these services.
Since most of the early Swedish volunteers were farmers,
workmen, or tradesmen skilled in the use of axes, saws, picks,
and spades, they proved of special value in building pontoon
bridges, clearing entanglements, making corduroy roads, and
in preparing fortifications and barracks. Known as "pioneers" in
the army, they were often called upon for special assignments.
On March 16, 1863, Grant wrote to Sherman:

I have just returned from a reconnaissance up Steel's Bayou with
Admiral Porter and five of his gunboats. With some labor in cutting
tree tops out of the 'way, it will be navigable for all classes of steamers.
I want you to have your "pioneer" corps or one regiment of good men
for such work detailed and at the landing as soon as possible.

The pioneers also supervised war prisoners who were as-
signed to work at special trades during their internment.

Some Swedes were given special tasks. Axel H. Enholm, an
associate of John Ericsson who specialized in building a new
type of speed boat for use on the Mississippi River, served under
Admiral Porter during the war as a designer of war vessels. P.
W. Nelson of Moline, Illinois, erected barracks for war prison-
ers near Moline. H. P. Geyden of Cincinnati, Ohio, a wagon
maker, supplied the government with ambulances during the
early war years until Southern sympathizers burned down his
factory. L. O. Jaderberg of the Second Kansas Cavalry worked
as a blacksmith in the army. Among professional men in the
army were G. W. Barck of Galesburg, Illinois, Charles J. Nord-
quist of New York, and John A. Ouchterlonly of Louisville,
Kentucky, army surgeons; J. W. Florine from Andover, Illinois,
who served as a pharmacist and physician; Dr. Finke of James-
town, New York, who acted as a hospital steward, and Dr.

SWEDES ANSWER LINCOLN'S WAR APPEAL 75

Maurice F. Lindquist of the Navy Medical Corps whose head-
quarters were in New York.

Although most of the Swedish volunteers were members of
Swedish companies, individual Swedes were enrolled in prac-
tically all divisions of the Northern army and navy. Alexis
Edgren was on a Swedish brig in the harbor of Charleston when
the first shot of the war was fired at Fort Sumter. He was at the
same spot on April 15, 1865, this time as an officer, and saw the
Union flag raised again over the battered ruins of the fort by
General Robert Anderson. There were Swedes in the first
Battle of Bull Run. Several Swedes were on the Monitor when
that famous ship engaged the Merriwac; General von Vege-
sack won fame at Antietam; Rosencrans and Leatz were at Lee's
surrender at Appomattox.

All Northern communities felt the impact of the war and
fostered patriotic activities in support of the men in the field.
Swedish women and stay-al-homes supplemented the work
of their soldiers. Wives of Swedish volunteers sent supplies to
the front and sometimes accompanied the troops to act as cooks
and nurses. One Swedish woman who won distinction as a nurse
was Mrs. William H. Holstein, from the East, a direct descen-
dant of the Delaware Swedes. She left her home and social posi-
tion to live for several years in army camps and hospitals. She
won the army's gratitude for her work after the Battles of Antie-
tam, Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg. 10 Another nurse was
Ida Johnson, who was appointed by the Western Sanitary Com-
mission. Swedish ministers served as messengers carrying food
and clothing to the soldiers and returning home with the money
the fighters managed to save from their pay. An item in the Red
Wing, Minnesota, Volunteer for February 25, 1863, said that
bank deposits had been made for seven Swedes at the front. 11

Committees were formed to collect books and newspapers to
be sent to the soldiers. Other committees met departing and re-
turning troops, presenting them with flags, food, tobacco, and
uniforms. The Chicago committees were especially busy since

76 SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

many of the regiments were routed through that city. Organiza-
tions at home also sponsored benefit affairs for the soldiers. In
the Chicago Tribune on October 16, 1861, appeared the notice:

The Scandinavian ladies of this city are arranging the preliminaries
for the grand festival at West Market Hall on Thursday the iyth instant
for the benefit of the Orcas Rifles, Captain Andrew Torkilson, a com-
pany attached to the Scandinavian legion The descendants of the old
War Gods are coming up bravely to the defense of their adopted coun-
try.

Because of the enlistments, a scarcity of labor developed
and factory and mine operators attempted to import foreign
workers. Owners of copper mines in northern Michigan felt the
loss of laborers heavily since copper was in great demand and
was bringing high prices. In desperation, nine mine owners sub-
scribed $90,000 to pay the expenses of sending representatives
to Sweden in search of immigrant labor.

One of the agents sent to Sweden by the mining companies
was a young Swedish engineer named Axel Silfversparre who
succeeded in bringing to the country nearly one hundred and
fifty laborers, many with families. They included Swedes, Nor-
wegians, and Finns. On the boat which brought them from
Detroit, a United States recruiting officer prevailed upon some
twenty or thirty of them to enlist before they reached their des-
tination at Houghton, Michigan.

It was learned later that Silfversparre, unable to obtain men
by direct solicitation, appealed to the Swedish government and
obtained permission to take men from prisons on the condition
that they would be taken out of the country and would not be
returned. It was these men who enlisted in the army. A few did
go to work in the mines, but the companies lost most of their
investment in this immigration adventure.

Other immigration agents induced laborers to come to the
United States on promises of free transportation, including re-
turn fare and offers of enlistment in the army as soon as the im-

Major-Cicncral John A. Logan and Staff.
(icner.il Stohl'jrand third from ri^ht

Gustaf Alstrand,
a veteran of Andersonville Prison

Jn National Archives

The Federal Government opposes recruiting in Sweden

". . . / 0w instructed by the Secretary to inform you that the Soldiers of or
y4r7y are recruited from among our own Citizens y and that 'while all foreigners
are welcomed to our shores, and will be permitted to enlist, if they desire to do
jo, upon an equal footing with our citizens, the Government does not deem it
expedient to procure enlistments in a foreign Country . . ."

In National Archtvft

The Federal Government opposes recruiting in Sweden

". . . / ami instructed by the Secretary to inform you that the Soldiers of our
Army are recruited from among our own Citizens, and that while all foreigners
are welcomed to our shores, and will be permitted to enlist, if they desire to do
jo, upon an equal footing with our citizens, the Government does not deem it
expedient to procure enlistments in a foreign Country . . ."

CHAPTER VII
NOTES

1 The Swedes who hesitated in joining the army did not have a pleasant time.
Their American brothers called them "greenhorns" and cowards. Swedes in the
ranks were more demanding and urged them on with threats and beatings.
One Southern sympathizer, August Nelson, was murdered by a Union soldier
named Carlson. Minister Piper reported only two immigrants who claimed
exemption by reason of being Swedish subjects.

* At first Swedes were prevented from enlisting by federal laws which denied
application to the army to foreigners who could not speak English. Later, when
it was learned that many of the immigrants had had previous military training
in Europe, the law was repealed. On August 8, 1861, Secretary of State William
H. Seward wrote F. A. Alberger, Mayor, Buffalo, New York: "Dear Sir: 1 have
to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 5th instant, and to state in
reply that the order to which you refer was officially explained a day or two
since by the Secretary of War, but having still been a subject of great misap-
prehension, it has been entirely rescinded or vacated. Consequently, there is
no obstacle now to acceptance of the service of volunteers on the ground of
their nationality or language."

8 The Southerners were extremely critical of the North's practice of obtain-
ing enlistments abroad. They sent to Pope Pius IX a special envoy, A. Dudley
Mann, who stated, "It is not the armies of Northern birth which the South is
encountering in hostile array, but it is the armies of European creation, who
were influenced to immigrate (by circulars from Lincoln and company to their
numerous agents abroad) ostensibly for the purpose of securing higher wages
but in reality to fill up the constantly depleted ranks of the enemy."

Lincoln openly encouraged immigration. In a speech at Cincinnati in 1861,
on a journey from Springfield to Washington, he said, "Inasmuch as our
country is extensive and new, and the countries of Europe are densely pop-
ulated, if there are any abroad who desire to make this the land of their
adoption, it is not in my heart to throw aught in their way to prevent them
from coming to the United States."

4 Although the writer has checked the original sources, the figures are based
largely on calculations by Ernst W. Olson of Augustana Book Concern, who
has made a very careful survey of Swedish enlistments in his book, The Swed-
ish Element in Illinois. See Appendix XVI.

5 The proportion of Swedish enlistments would have been of interest to Lin-
coln who said in his message to Congress in 1863, "Foreign-born persons who
have taken out naturalization papers, or who recently have become citizens and

80 SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

Tailor Johnson for C. Christiansen 32.00

John Monson for Mons Monson 50.00

Peter Engberg for L. Engberg 31.00

and at Simmons and Johnson's as follows:

H. H. Danielson for Elizabeth Danielson .... 20.00

John A. Olson for Jonas Alin 30.00

W. C. Willistom

Captain Commanding Company G

7th Reg. Minn. Vol.

Another item in the Chicago Tribune, October 9, 1861: "The Rev. E. An-
derson, Chaplain of the Thirty-seventh Illinois Regiment, is expected to arrive
in Chicago today. Any small packages or letters that fnends of the boys wish
to forward to them he will gladly take back with him, free of charge."

18 C. A. Freed was a member of this group and personally related his experi-
ences to the anthor.

u Hemlandet for November 9, 1864, refers to a petition to the copper com-
panies signed by a committee of one hundred Swedes with Captain Axel Silf-
versparre as chairman. The petition includes requests for better working and
wage conditions and an agreement to fulfil all contracts if the petition is
granted.

u Letter of J. B. Rudberg, First Lieutenant, Company C, Forty -third Illinois
Volunteers.

CHAPTER VIII

SWEDISH ARMY OFFICERS WHO FOUGHT
FOR LINCOLN

"In addition to the other distinguished foreigners here-
tofore mentioned, the following names have been com-
missioned in our army, the highest testimonials having
been furnished of their military capacity: Captains
von Vegesack and Hultman of Sweden."

National Intelligencer, Washington, D. C.,
September 24, 1861.

A SIGNAL contribution of the Swedes in the Civil War
came from Swedish army officers. Their training in the
Swedish army, often coupled with experience as observers or
participants in various European conflicts, made them espe-
cially useful as trainers of raw United States recruits. They
also helped in planning fortifications, designing armaments,
equipping the fighters, and organizing offensive and defensive
campaigns.

Several officers received their commissions or assignments
following conferences with President Lincoln or Secretary
Seward whom they met through Admiral Dahlgren, Minister
Haldeman, or Count Piper. Others enlisted as privates and rose
from the ranks. A number were killed or incapacitated in early
battles of the war before they could earn promotions. Most of
them served in eastern regiments. 1

These officers were volunteers in the strictest sense. They
were not influenced by draft boards, bounties, or soldier pay.
Some of them advanced their own expenses. Others were fi-
nanced by friends in Sweden who believed in the Union cause.
The Swedish government itself, going beyond the scope of neu-

82 SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

trality, undertook to finance a number of officers so that they
might serve in the United States Army.

The help given the United States by the Swedish government
in providing well-trained officers is indicated in the diplomatic
correspondence. Secretary Seward wrote to Minister Halde-
man on July 30, 1861, as follows:

We notice with much pleasure the willingness of military gentlemen
of talent and experience in Sweden to enter the army of the United
States. We wish, indeed, that we were able to engage to accept all who
should come, but this is impossible. ... I shall be happy to recommend
any the Government of Sweden may desire us to accept. 2

The Swedish government soon began to make recommenda-
tions. Count Piper in his dispatch to Manderstrom on March 25,
1862, wrote:

In my last two dispatches, I have given an account of the steps which
I have taken for the fulfillment of Your Excellency's order to try and
procure for Baron Cederstrom the best possible appointment in the
Union army.

Again on April 28, 1862:

Your Excellency has vouchsafed to recommend to me Lieut. Warberg
of the Royal Elfsborg Regiment It is a great pleasure to me to be able
to state that I have succeeded in getting him employed as Major and
aide-de-camp on the present staff of General Fremont.

On March 19, 1863, Manderstrom made a further recom-
mendation in a letter to Piper:

Lieutenant C. Weinberg of the Helsinge Regiment, who has been
awarded a medal for rescuing human lives, is about to depart for North
America with a view to serving the United States. His Majesty, the
King, who has vouchsafed to relieve the economical difficulties united
with his voyage, takes a special gracious interest in the fulfilling of his
wishes in the respect mentioned. On account of this I have to request
upon you, Sir, that you do that which is within your scope of influence
to push his employment in the United States army.

OFFICERS WHO FOUGHT FOR LINCOLN 83

In April, 1863, the Secretary of State provided the Secretary
of War with an additional list of Swedish officers recommended
by Count Piper for service in the United States forces. Included
were Charles Hamberg and Axel Leatz whom Piper stated,
"Come with permission and recommendation of my govern-
ment."

These Swedish officers and their achievements have remained
practically unknown. Many of them are listed here for the first
time. 3 Outstanding among this group were Brigadier General
Ernst Mattais Peter von Vegesack, Colonel Gustaf Blidstein
Helleday, Lieutenant Colonel Frederick Anton Ulrick Rosen-
crantz, Lieutenant Colonel Carl August Rossander, Lieutenant
Colonel (Baron) Corfitz Ludwig Joakin Stacl von Holstein,
Lieutenant Colonel Carl Gustaf von Knorring, and Lieutenant
Colonel Adolph Carlsson Warberg.

Von Vegesack, born on July 18, 1820, in Gottland, became
interested in military activities when he was a youth of fifteen
and joined the Gottland National Guard. In 1837 he was pro-
moted to the rank of sergeant and five years later transferred
to the Dalarne Regiment. In the latter unit he continued to ad-
vance until by 1857 he was a captain.

In 1 86 1 von Vegesack took leave of his post to enter the
United States Army. Through the efforts of President Lincoln
and Secretary Seward he was named a captain in the Fifty-
eighth Ohio Volunteer Regiment but declined the command to
become a major on Major General Wool's staff. In 1 862 he was
transferred to General Mansfield's department at Newport
News.

Von Vegesack, however, was a great admirer of General Mc-
Clellan and was eager to serve under his command. In order to
secure the transfer, the young Swedish officer gave up his com-
mission and enlisted as a volunteer private, serving in the battles
of Yorktown and Williamsburg. Following the Battle of Han-
over Court House, he became a major on McClellan's staff,
and after Gaines Mill, where he covered General Porter's re-

84 SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

treat, he was named colonel of the Twentieth New York, the
Turner regiment.

He commanded a brigade at Bull Run and made his greatest
contribution at the Battle of Antietam on September 17, 1862.

Von Vegesack with his gunners stormed the Frederick Cen-
ter of that battlefield after it had twice been taken and lost. He
himself held up the regimental banner which had fallen and led
the charge in person. 4 In the fighting , von Vegesack lost nine of
his officers and 250 men. The next morning Lee's army broke
up and moved south. Washington was saved.

Overjoyed, President Lincoln remarked to Secretary Chase,
"I made a solemn vow before God that if General Lee was driv-
en back from Pennsylvania, I would crown the result by the
declaring of freedom to the slaves." A few days later Lincoln
called his cabinet together and announced that he was going to
fulfill his promise.

Colonel William H. Irwin commanding the Third Brigade
at Antietam, wrote in his report:

The Twentieth New York volunteers by its position was exposed to
the heaviest fire in line, which it bore with unyielding courage and re-
turned at every opportunity. . . . Colonel von Vegesack was under fire
with his men constantly and his calm courage gave an admirable example
to them.

On December n, 1862, von Vegesack took part in the
storming of Fredricksburg and on May 4, 1863, he was in the
Battle of Chancellorsville when his regiment lost seven officers
and 125 of the 444 men. On May 7, 1863, he was promoted
adjutant to General Meade with whom he fought in the Battle
of Gettysburg.

Von Vegesack resigned from the army on August 3, 1863,
and returned to his old command in Sweden. He was awarded
the Congressional Medal of Honor for "distinguished gallantry
and meritorious service during the war."

Like von Vegesack, Helleday , who was born in 1 8 3 1 , entered

OFFICERS WHO FOUGHT FOR LINCOLN 85

the military life of Sweden at an early age. His complete bio-
graphy appeared in the New York Times on August 25, 1862,
as follows:

Col. Helleday, of the Ninety-ninth New York Regiment (Union
Coast Guard), died at Fortress Monroe, a day or two since. The Phila-
delphia Press says of him, "Col. Helleday was one of the most accom-
plished foreign officers in our service he was learned in the art of war,
brave, generous, and faithful. He was born in Sweden, and at the time
of his death was about 35 years of age.

"Early in life he entered the Swedish navy rising rapidly until, unfor-
tunately, a trouble arose between himself and a fellow-officer, which
resulted in a duel, a result of which was the death of Col. Helleday's
companion. Resigning his commission instantly, he changed his name to
Helleday and in disguise came to America. When Lieutenant Bartlett
commenced raising a regiment called the Naval Brigade, Helleday en-
listed as a private.

"When the 'Brigade' was transferred from sailors to soldiers at Fort-
ress Monroe, Helleday, on recommendation of President Lincoln, was
made a captain, then major, and finally lieutenant-colonel of the Coast
Guard. In appreciation of his ability Gen. Wool appointed him com-
mander at Fort Wool, Rip Raps, and the General had only one fault
to find with him, which was that he was too anxious to disturb the
rebels at Sewall's Point, against the orders of the government.

"With every species of artillery he was very familiar and never
aimed his gun at an object without striking it if the piece was true.
He has gone to his grave mourned by many friends and admirers, but,
alas! his real name is not known, and his relatives will never know how or
where he died."

Rosencrantz, born in 1825, became a sergeant in the Skane
Regiment of Hussars in 1848. By 1850 he was a sergeant major
in the Royal Life Guards, two years later a first lieutenant,
and in 1859 a captain.

In 1 86 1 he enlisted in the Twentieth New York Volunteers,
and a year later was promoted to first lieutenant. On June 7,
1 864, he was advanced to the rank of captain and on August i,
to major. He served as an adjutant to Generals McClellan,
Burnside, Hooker, and Meade. On April 9, 1865, he was named

86 SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

lieutenant colonel for "gallant and meritorious service during
operations resulting in the fall of Richmond, Virginia, and the
capture of the insurgent army under General Robert E. Lee."

Rossander was born in Kalmar, Sweden, in 1832. He began
his military activity in 1 855 as a member of the Vende Artillery
Regiment. In 1857 he was a member of the Svea Artillery Regi-
ment and three years later was transferred to Vestgota, Dalarne
Regiment. He was promoted to the rank of lieutenant in 1861.
He came to the United States and on February 1 1, 1 863, enlisted
in the Third Rhode Island Regiment of Artillery. On June 5,
1867, he became a lieutenant colonel in the Sixth Cavalry,
where he served until his death on September 17, 1867^ Both
the governor and state legislature of Rhode Island honored
him by special resolutions.

Baron von Holstein was born in Stockholm on January 12,
1841. In 1856 he was a cadet in the Karlberg Royal Military
Academy. Four years later he departed for the United States
and enlisted in the Union forces under the name of Charles
Holstein. He was lieutenant colonel of a United States colored
regiment.

Von Knorring was born in Skovde, Sweden, in 1834. In 1 857
he was an assistant in the telegraphic service. In 1 859 he became
a sergeant in the Gota Artillery Regiment and a year later, on
May 15, was promoted to second lieutenant. In April, 1861,
he enlisted in Company E, Third Rhode Island Artillery. On
December 26, 1862, he was promoted to captain, and in January,
1863, he commanded a battery. He finally was promoted to
lieutenant colonel on the staff of the United States Commander
in Chief.

Warberg, born in 1825 and a lieutenant colonel in the Alfs-
borgs Regiment in Sweden, owed his appointment in the United
States Army to President Lincoln, to whom he brought letters
of introduction from United States Minister Haldeman, the
Swedish Foreign Minister, the Swedish Minister of War, and

OFFICERS WHO FOUGHT FOR LINCOLN 87

his own regimental chief. His first appointment was as aide-de-
camp on the staff of Major General John G Fremont in western
Virginia. From April 24, 1862, to March 31, 1863, he held
the rank of major, and from October 4, 1 864, to March 8, 1 865,
he was lieutenant colonel of the First Regiment, United States
Colored Cavalry.

Some Swedish military officers did not wait for recommen-
dations from President Lincoln. They preferred to enlist as
privates in the American army, depending upon their experi-
ence and ability to win promotion. Lieutenant Colonel Axel
Arf vid Leatz, Major Carl Hjelte Frederick Stahlhammar, Lieu-
tenant August Hjalmar Edgren, and Lieutenant Axel Henry
Grundstrom achieved recognition in this way.

Born September 6, 1838, Leatz was a quartermaster sergeant
in Sodermanland Regiment in 1859. ^ n ^63 he enlisted as a
private in the Fifth New York Volunteers and fought in the
Army of the Potomac near Richmond. In 1864 he was pro-
moted to lieutenant and commanded a company in the Battle
of Bethseda Church, where he was severely wounded and sent
to Libby prison.

Upon his release through an exchange, he was made aide-de-
camp to General Winthrop. In 1 865 he took part in the Battle
of Hatcher's Run, after which he was mentioned in General
Winthrop's report "for the most official assistance and con-
spicuous action along the line encouraging the men by his own
gallant conduct." That year he also took part in the battles of
Oak Road, Five Forks, Petersburg, Richmond, the pursuit of
Lee's army, and the Battle of Appomattox Court House. He
was made captain and later promoted to major, then to lieu-
tenant colonel for "gallant and meritorious conduct." -

Carl Stahlhammar was born on October 23, 1835, at a fort
near Karlshamn, Sweden, where his father was commander. In
1859 he came to New York and two years later entered the
United States Army as a private in Company R, Ninth New

88 SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

York, afterwards called the Eighty-third New York Volun-
teers. The regiment served during the summer, fall, and winter
in General Patterson's Corps of Stone's Brigade.

In December, 1861, Stahlhammar was sent to the general
hospital at Frederick, Maryland, where he became the hospital
steward. In the summer of 1862 General Lee occupied Fred-
erick, and Stonewall Jackson was located on the grounds of
the hospital. Before he arrived, Stahlhammar had removed all
of the government property to Baltimore, leaving only the bare
walls.

"Where are the supplies? " Stonewall Jackson demanded.

"I do not know, General," Stahlhammar replied.

"That is not true," thundered the general, who then pointed
a pistol at Stahlhammar's head and said, "I will shoot you like
a dog if you do not tell me where the supplies are hidden. I shall
count to three."

When the general had completed his counting, Stahlhammar,
speaking calmly, replied, "I do not know, General." Jackson
recognized his bravery and decided not to kill him. Later
Stahlhammar escaped. At the Battle of Frederick on September
14, 1863, Stahlhammar distinguished himself by capturing
singlehanded more than a dozen Confederate soldiers.

He was appointed second lieutenant on September 7, 1864,
and served in General Sykes' and General Ayres' Division,
Fifth Army Corps, until the end of 1864, participating in the
battles of Gaines Mill and Gettysburg, besides other engage-
ments. He was named captain on September 21, 1866, and
promoted to major two years later. 6

Edgren was born on October 1 8, 1 840, in Ostana, Varmland,
Sweden. On March 2, 1861, he began service with the Royal
Varmland Regiment. He took a leave of absence to enter the
United States Army to fight for "the freedom of the unfortu-
nate slaves" and enlisted in the Ninety-ninth New York. On
January 17, 1862, he was promoted to second lieutenant. For
bravery under fire at the Battle of Suffolk, he was promoted

OFFICERS WHO FOUGHT FOR LINCOLN 89

to first lieutenant in June, 1 863. In August of the same year he
was assigned to the staff as engineer and had charge of battery
construction at Yorktown.

Grundstrom came to the United States when he was twenty-
five years old and enlisted as a volunteer in the Eighteenth New
York Infantry. In July, 1861, he was promoted to the rank of
lieutenant and in September was made aide-de-camp on the
staff of General Kearny. He took part in the battles of Big
Bethel, Newport News, Charles City Cross Road, Turkey Run,
White Oak Swamp, Malvern Hill, Harrison's Landing, Bull
Run, Chantilly, Fredricksburg, and Chancellorsville. He was
one of the few Swedes who witnessed the battle between the
Monitor and the Merrimac.

Swedish officers who enlisted as privates in the United States
forces and died in battle before they could prove their ability
included: Pehr Gustaf Bergquist, formerly of the Karlberg
Military Academy; Anders August Lindstrom of Royal Life
Military Regiment; Nils Rosenstjerna, Skane Regiment of
Hussars; Carl Rudolph Constantin Weinberg of the Halsinge
Regiment; Edward Ljunggren; and C. N. Uggla. John August
Carlstein of the Skara Institute in Sweden was wounded and
honorably discharged. John Asker, formerly a second lieu-
tenant in the Smaland Battalion, served in the Union army
and was recommended for a commission by Minister Piper,
but there is no evidence that he received it.

Other Swedish trained army officers in the Union forces
included:

Lieutenant John C. Ackerstr&m

A member of the Fifteenth Kentucky Cavalry, Lieutenant
Ackerstrom was killed April 18, 1864, at the Battle of Fort
Pillow.

Lieutenant Johan Christian August d'Ailly
Born in 1822, Lieutenant d'Ailly was formerly chief of staff

90 SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

of Swedish naval engineers. He worked with John Ericsson
in the construction of Monitors in 1862 and 1863.

Lieutenant Hjdlmar Harold Christian Anderson

Anderson, born in Norrkoping, Sweden, served in the Royal
Military Academy in 1857. From 1863 to 1864 he was in the
United States forces as a member of the Forty-eighth New York
Volunteers. Most of his service was in Florida and South Caro-
lina. In 1864 he took part in the battles of Oulstee and Jackson-
ville. He was promoted to second lieutenant, and by unanimous
vote of the officers of his regiment he was granted a medal for
bravery. Anderson was later wounded and sent back to Sweden.

Captain Carl Ludivig Theodor Berlin

Captain Berlin, born in 1 834, entered the United States Army
as a first lieutenant in the Ninth New York Cavalry. On June i ,
1865, he was recommended as captain, "for gallantry and good
conduct before Petersburg." Henry J. Hunt, major general
and chief of artillery in the Union army, said of him:

Captain Berlin is an educated and accomplished officer, formerly of
the Swedish artillery, from whence he resigned to enter our service.
His professional and technical knowledge have been especially valuable.

Major Carl Olof Oscar Blowberg

Major Blomberg was born on July 9, 1833. In 1851 he was
a second constable in the Gotlands National Militia and ten
years later became sergeant major. He first served in the United
States Army as an artillerist in the First New York Regiment
on November 21, 1 86 1 .

His record in the United States Army includes: April 1 2,
1862, siege of Yorktown; May 12 to June 26, siege of Rich-
mond; June 27, took part in Battle at Gaines Mill; July i,
wounded at Battle of Malvern Hill; September 17, participated
in the Battle of Antietam; and November 22 to December 1 2,
took part in the siege of Fredricksburg where he lost a leg.

OFFICERS WHO FOUGHT FOR LINCOLN 91

On December 13, 1863, he was promoted to corporal, on
April 2 1, 1864, to second lieutenant in the Sixteenth New York
Heavy Artillery; January 1 1, 1865, first lieutenant; May 15 to
June i , commander of the Fortress City prison; August 1 1 , 1 865,
appointed major.

Captain August Ernst Paul de Camps

Born in 1 82 1, de Camps was formerly captain of the Smalands
Grenadierbataljon.

Captain Baron Jakob Cederstrom

Cederstrom was born in 1822 and first served in the Swedish
forces as a second lieutenant of the Livregementet's Dragoons
in 1843. During the Danish-German War from 1848 to 1849
he was first lieutenant in the Fifth Dragoons and in 1853 was
transferred to Jamtland's Cavalry.

He was a captain in the United States Army on March 31,
1863, and took part in the Battle of Antietam as an adjutant
to General McClellan. Later he held similar positions under
Burnside, Hooker, and Meade.

Lieutenant Gustaf George Maximilian Ehrenstwn

Born June 6, 1840, Ehrenstam was a cadet in the Royal
Military Academy in 1856. In the United States Army he served
as a lieutenant. He died in New York on November 5, 1 866.

Captain Oscar Engelbloom

Born on December 3, 1835, Captain Engelbloom entered
the University of Lund in 1 854. That year he became a sergeant
in the Gcita Artillery Regiment and by the end of the year he
was promoted to the rank of second lieutenant. In 1863 he
joined the United States Army and a year later was promoted
to captain. He was recommended for major but his regiment
was recalled before his commission arrived. Because of his

92 SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

previous experience he was assigned to train his regiment and
did such an excellent job that his battery was ready for service
in six months. "His gallantry and courage is really marvellous/'
his chief commented.

Captain Grunfelt

A former sergeant of the Swedish cavalry, Grunfelt assumed
the name of Roche and came to the United States where he
served as a captain in the Twelfth New York Cavalry. On
December 27, 1863, he had command of five men and one
howitzer in the expedition from Newark Barracks to Young's
Cross Roads and Jackson, North Carolina. On February 6,
1864, he took part in the expedition against New Bern, North
Carolina.

Lieutenant Carl Frederick Grevellius

Grevellius, born May 7, 1834, entered Lund University on
April 30, 1851. In July he became a quartermaster sergeant in
the Swedish forces, and on March i, 1862, took the officers'
qualifying examination, which was followed by promotion to
the rank of second lieutenant on July 1,1863, an ^ first lieutenant
on January i, 1866. He was attached to the Fifty-second New
York Volunteers.

Major Charles Nicolaus Conrad Hamberg

Major Hamberg was born in Stockholm on November 12,
1836. In 1856 he was a sergeant major in the Topographical
Corps and four years later held a simliar rank in the Halsinge
Regiment. In 1862 he was a second lieutenant in the Gotland
Militia. The following year he came to the United States and
until 1863 served as a topographical officer and aide-de-camp
of General Newton of the Army of the Potomac.

On November 2, 1863, he was appointed a second lieutenant
in the Twenty-third Colored Regiment, and from December,
1 864, to February, 1 865, was an engineer officer in the f ortifica-

Krrr.idicr-Gcncral
Finsr ^()n Yegcsack

Courtesy fiungl Lt <reg< tnfntct till hart

Frednk Anton Ulrick
Roscncrantz

hungl KrigttirHtvt't, Stockholm, bu'it n

Lieut. Col. Carl August
Rossander

Courtesy Nora Stael von Hoist em

Baron Corfitz Ludvig Joachim
Stael von Holstein

From th. Author's Lulln.tH>n

Captain Charles Steclhammer Lieutenant Hjalmar Fdgrcn

/Cr.,/, Stnikholm,

Lieut. Col. Adolph Carlsson
Warberg

V 1

- -v

kttn^l knvorki it, Ifo (It,,!,,,, Su ( ,1, >

Lieut. Coi. Axel Arvid Lear/

OFFICERS WHO FOUGHT FOR LINCOLN 93

tion of Bermuda Hundred. In June, 1865, he was transferred
to the headquarters of the James army and took part in the
actions of Richmond, Petersburg, Five Forks, Rainville Station,
and Appomattox Court House. On October 4, 1865, he was
promoted to captain. From 1867 to *868 he was assigned to
construction work at the armament office in Washington and
in 1868 was promoted to the rank of major. He received a gold
medal for "brave conduct in the field."

Major Elof Oscar Hultman

Born on May 22, 1837, in Svedala parish, Skane, Major Hult-
man became a sergeant in the Kronoberg Regiment in 1854,
a lieutenant in the Royal Militia Regiment three years later,
and held the same rank in the Bohuslan Regiment in 1858.

In 1 86 1 he was a captain in the Fifty-eighth New York
Regiment and later that yeai a major on the staff of General
Blenker's Division of the Army of the Potomac. He took part
in the battles of Fairfax Court I louse, at Ball's Bluff, Amondale
Church, Rappahannock, Strasburg, Mount Jackson, Harris-
burg, and Cross Keys. He left the American service in 1 862 and
after a short time with French and Mexican armies, returned
to his old regiment in Sweden.

Secretary of War Edwin At. Stanton acknowledged Hult-
man's service in a letter to him on June 20, 1862. He wrote:

This department learns with regret that you are about to leave the
service of the United States in order to return to your native land. It is
proper to state that this department has received from your commanding
general assurance that you have rendered gallant and distinguished
service of which this testimonial is designed to be an official acknowl-
edgement. 7

Lieutenant Herman Kallstrom

Kallstrom had spent four years at the Karlberg Military
School at Stockholm and was an experienced army officer. He
served as drill master in the Washington, D. C. dockyard under

94 SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

the supervision of Admiral John Dahlgren and also served as an
aide-de-camp to General Cox.

Captain Carl Ulrik Oscar Nerman

Nerman, born in 1834, and a second lieutenant in the Royal
Militia Life Guards of Sweden, was a first lieutenant in the
Forty-first Regiment, New York Volunteers, from 1862 to
1863. During that rime he took part in the battles of Cedar
Mountain, Rappahannock Ford, Sulphur Springs, and Bull Run.
He was promoted to captain and received special honors. 8

Captain Arnold Abraham Plageman

Born in 1 826, Plageman first entered the United States service
in 1847 when he was enlisted in the United States Navy and
took part in the war against Mexico. From 1860 to 1861 he was
a captain in the army serving in the coast guard under Colonel
Helleday.

Major Palle Rosencrantz

Major Palle Rosencrantz was born at Ekerod in 1825. In
1840 he was a sergeant major in the Skane Regiment of
Dragoons, and, in 1 844, second lieutenant. In 1 849 he enlisted
in the Danish army but returned to the Swedish army three
years later. In 1853 he was employed in the French service, and
in 1855 he was a captain in the English Foreign Legion. From
1 86 1 to 1 863 he was a major in the Fourth New York Regiment
of Cavalry.

Lieutenant Sandivall

A well-known Swedish liberal journalist, Sandwall, was
forced to leave Sweden because of an alleged embezzlement.
He saw action in the Battle of Antietam and for his gallant
behavior he was promoted to the rank of first lieutenant.

OFFICERS WHO FOUGHT FOR LINCOLN 95

Lieutenant Otto L. Torsloiv

Born in 1832, Torslow served in the Royal Svea Regiment
as an artillery man from 1852 to 1853. In 1861 he enlisted in
the United States Army and was appointed first lieutenant in
Battery G, Rhode Island Light Artillery. He distinguished him-
self in the Battle of Antietam on September 17, 1862, and was
wounded at Chancel lorsville on July 21, 1863. He retired from
the service in 1864.

CHAPTER VHI
NOTES

1 The Swedish government sent over officers Von Knorring, Norman, Ljung-
berg, Odelstierna, J. C. d'Ailly, and Count Rosen to study the progress of naval
construction, new artillery, and fortifications. Several of them enlisted in the
United States Army after Piper had secured favorable posts for them.

* The South had many foreigners in its ranks, often enrolled in whole com-
panies of Germans, Irish, French, and Poles. Yet its leaders and newspapers
were bitter against the North for accepting volunteers from abroad. The
Charleston (S. C.) Mercury on June 8, 1861, said, "The Lincoln government,
to keep perfect parallel with the tyranny of George the Third's ministers, has
whenever it could, enlisted the refugees and adventurers of Europe for the
invasion of the South."

* Some Swedish officers obtained admission to the Union army by organ-
izing whole companies in Swedish settlements. Their records are given in
other chapters.

4 This charge was evidently part of the advance made by the Third Brigade
(Colonel Irwin) of Smith's Second Division to which von Vegesack's Twen-
tieth New York was attached. The brigade held its positions in spite of fierce
counterattacks until Lee retreated.

5 In addition to military science, Rossander was interested in entomology
and was known to ignore the excitement of battle while he pursued some
insect that aroused his curiosity. He preserved specimens in a flask of whisky
which was stolen one time by a group of soldiers who drank the contents.
When these soldiers became violently ill, they swore to leave "bug juice"
alone, and from that day whisky has been referred to as bug juice.

"STATEMENT OF THE MILITARY SERVICE OF
Charles Steelhcmrmer

Born in Carlshamm, Sweden, October 23, 1835.

As an enlisted man in the Eighty-third New York Volunteers, participated
in the Battle of Bull Run; service as hospital steward was rendered in U. S.
Army General Hospital, No. I, Frederick, Maryland; and upon his acceptance
as a commissioned officer, Lieutenant Steelhammer joined the Seventeenth
Infantry serving therewith in the Army of the Potomac to October 14, 1864,
and N. Y. Harbor to February, 1865; with regiment in Michigan to June,
1866; in Texas to August, 1869; in New Mexico to December 6, 1871 ; on leave
to June 14, 1873; with regiment in New Mexico to July 15, 1875; on sick leave
and surgeon's Certificate of Disability to July 29, 1876; with regiment in New

Kungl KrigftrLfit, ItiicUinlnt, SztrJ, w

John Askcr

Kungl Kngiarkirrt, Stockholm, Swedfti

Carl Ludvig Theodor Berlin

Kungl Krigsarki-et, Stockholm, Sweden

Hjalmar Harald

Christian Anderson

(Photograph sho\\ s American

decorations ;

Kungl. KngSiirkivrt, Stockholm, Sweden

Captain August Ernst Paul
de Camps

OFFICERS WHO FOUGHT FOR LINCOLN 97

Mexico to Sept. 21, 1878; on sick leave to October 3, 1879; on detached duty
in New Mexico to January 8, 1880; with regiment at Fort Stanton, New Mexico,
to May 22, 1880; on sick leave to May 20, 1882, and on ordinary leave to May
30, 1883, when he joined his station at Fort A. Lincoln, Dakota; sick at that
post from June 8 to November 8, 1883; on sick leave to June 6, 1884; on duty
with regiment at Camp Poplar River, Montana, to date of retirement.
Major Steelhammer died February 27, 1912, at Spjutsbygd, Sweden.

C. H. Bridges, Major General,
The Adjutant General
By authority of the Secretary of War

7 General Louis Blenker wrote the following letter concerning Oscar Hult-
man on June 15, 1862;

"It affords me great pleasure to testify by the present that Oscar Hultman
has served on my staff as aide-de-camp from the 28th day of September 1861
and in acknowledgement of such service did promote him to the rank of Major
on my staff on the i5th of November 1861. Having had an opportunity to
witness his coolness and self-possession on the battle-field, I very cheerfully
give him my testimony to that effect."

8 The People of the State of New York. By the Grace of God Free and
Independent. To Oscar Nerman Greeting:

We, reposing especial trust and confidence, as well in your patriotism,
conduct, and loyalty, as in your integrity and readiness to do us good and
faithful service, have appointed and constituted and by these presents do
appoint and constitute you, the said Oscar Nerman, First Lieutenant in the
Forty-first Regiment, New York State Volunteers with rank from February
26, 1862. City of Albany, the twenty-sixth of February, 1862.

E. D. Morgan

OFFICERS WHO FOUGHT FOR LINCOLN 97

Mexico to Sept. 21, 1878; on sick leave to October 3, 1879; on detached duty
in New Mexico to January 8, 1880; with regiment at Fort Stanton, New Mexico,
to May 22, 1880; on sick leave to May 20, 1882, and on ordinary leave to May
30, 1883, when he joined his station at Fort A. Lincoln, Dakota; sick at that
post from June 8 to November 8, 1883; on s * c k leave to June 6, 1884; on duty
with regiment at Camp Poplar River, Montana, to date of retirement.
Major Steelhammer died February 27, 1912, at Spjutsbygd, Sweden.

C. H. Bridges, Major General,
The Adjutant General
By authority of the Secretary of War

7 General Louis Blenker wrote the following letter concerning Oscar Hult-
man on June 15, 1862;

8 The People of the State of New York. By the Grace of God Free and
Independent. To Oscar Nerman Greeting:

E. D. Morgan

CHAPTER IX

SWEDISH VOLUNTEERS IN EASTERN REGIMENTS

"Dahlgren! The name aforetime was strange to English
lips and of sound foreign to English ears. But now it is no
longer your land from which it came! It is ours! It is Ameri-
can. Our children shall revere it, and as long as our history
lasts Dahlgren shall mean truth, honor, bravery and heroic
sacrifice." HENRY WARD BEECHER at the funeral of Ulric
Dahlgren.

THE Swedish population in the eastern states was not
nearly as large as that in the Middle West, and the number
of Swedish volunteers in the Union army was comparatively
much smaller.

When Unonius stopped off in New York City in 1841 en
route from Sweden to Pine Lake, Wisconsin, he was informed
that there were fewer than one hundred Swedes living in that
great metropolis. Even as late as 1860 there were no successful
organized colonies or groups of Swedes in the eastern states
such as in Illinois, Iowa, and Minnesota. 1

The total Swedish population in the East, according to the
United States census of 1860, was only 3,000, with the majority
living in Jamestown, New York, and in New York City; in
Brockton and Boston, Massachusetts; and in Sugar Grove,
Pennsylvania.

With a lack of Swedish colonies, the assembling of all-
Swedish companies for war service was impossible. One small
group, however, was organized on August 5, 1863, when the
Society Svea of New York called a meeting to form a Swedish
company of militia to maintain order during the draft. In form-
ing the company, it was explained that little military action was
contemplated but that the mere existence of the group would

VOLUNTEERS IN EASTERN REGIMENTS 99

check the Irish and other Copperheads from further rioting.
The company was called the "Svea Garde" and was attached to
the Second Militia Regiment. T. A. Nelson was captain.

While most of the members of the Swedish Society "Svea"
were reported in the war, the records provide the names of only
a few. Included are F. Jocknick, who served three years and
was promoted to captain in Company I of the Third New York
Cavalry; Ernst W. Holmstedt, who attained the rank of colonel;
Charles Christianson and J. E. Sandstrom, who were later killed
in battle, and Alfred Wahlberg, who re-enlisted after two
years' service.

A Scandinavian corps was organized under the leadership
of Captain O. P. Balling. It was later attached to the First
New York Regiment and took part in the Battle of Big Bethel
on June 10, 1861.

A German militarist organized a company of seventy-five
Germans and Swedes in New York City to be enlisted in Rhode
Island which offered exceptionally large bounties. This group
formed Company E, Second Rhode Island Cavalry, on January
7, 1863, but was disbanded when the leader was convicted of
dishonesty. The members then joined Company F of the same
regiment and saw service at New Orleans and Port Hudson.
Swedes of the group included Axel Berg, Carl Wallen, Knut
Wallen, Lars Carlson, Samuel Brandon, John Marmont, and
T. V. Sjoesten.

Swedes were present in the Independent Battalion of New
York Volunteers, sometimes called America's Foreign Legion.
The regiment, which served in Virginia and the Carolinas, had
representatives of twenty nations on its rolls.

In Jamestown a number of local Swedes enlisted in Company
B of the Seventy-second New York Regiment which was
organized in 1861. The regiment was engaged in fifteen battles
and lost a total of 165 men who were killed and 89 who died
of disease. Among the Jamestown Swedes in the regiment were
D. John Fricke and John Lawson, who served as hospital

ioo SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

stewards; John Peterson, who was killed at Williamsburg,
Virginia, and Augustus Crone, who died of wounds received
in battle.

The Forty-ninth New York also was organized in Jamestown
and contained a number of Swedes including five from James-
town and nine from Sugar Grove, Pennsylvania.

Three other regiments organized in the Chautauqua County
area had Swedish volunteers on the rolls. The One Hundred
Twelfth New York Regiment listed twenty-five Swedes from
Chautauqua County. They included John Peterson, Theodore
Peterson, John A. Peterson, William Peterson, and John Nelson,
Company A; Charles Hihl, John Johnson, Company D; August
Hihl, Andrew Anderson, Peter Lawson, Peter J. Peterson, John
Carlson, Company E; John P. Larson. Christopher Oakland,
John S. Swanson, William Swanson, August Jones, Gust John-
son, M. Eklund, Company F; Charles John Gorman, John Dalin,
and George Thompson, Company H, and Gustav Spencer and
Frederick Lindahl, Company S. Fred Janson was with the
Levant Sharpshooters. The regiment was engaged in 1 6 battles
in which 131 men were killed and 193 died of disease.

In the Seventh New York Sharpshooters, Swedes from
Chautauqua County included John Hultberg, John Peterson,
who was listed as Prosit on the muster rolls, another John Peter-
son, who was listed as Cholera, John Eken, William Swanson,
John Anderson, Charles Johnson, and Adel Boker.

Another group of Swedes from Chautauqua County were
volunteers in the Ninth New York Cavalry Regiment. They
were August Peterson, Charles Gron, Fred Gron, Charles Jones,
August Jones, Samuel Peterson, John Lawson, August Lawson,
and John P. Samuelson. The regiment participated in eighteen
battles and ninety of its men were either killed or died of
wounds.

Most of the Sugar Grove, Pennsylvania, volunteers joined
with the Jamestown groups. Five of them enlisted in the One
Hundred and Eleventh Pennsylvania.

VOLUNTEERS IN EASTERN REGIMENTS 101

Thirteen Swedes were members of the One Hundred and
Nineteenth New York Volunteers. Gustaf Arborelius of Dal-
arne, Sweden, enlisted in Company H, One Hundred and Sixty-
Second New York under the name of Gabriel Norman. Bern-
hard Petre (alias Charles Palmer) of Linkoping, Sweden, was in
Company M, Fourth New York Heavy Artillery. Among
others who were scattered in New York and Pennsylvania
regiments were Alexander Johnson, Gust Fricke, Frank Jones,
Andrew Jones, Axel Johnson, John Ellickson, Nils Swanson,
George Lindquist, and Peter Anderson.

Born August 14, 1828, in Gottenburg, Sweden, G. F. Lind-
quist was operating a restaurant in New York City when the
Civil War began. He gave up his business to join the Union
army as a private in the Fifth New York Volunteers. With
six Swedes and one Norwegian in his company, Lindquist's
regiment took part in the engagement at Manassas when it
suffered the greatest loss of any regiment. Out of a total of
462 men, 367 were either killed or wounded. Lindquist was
promoted to corporal and then to captain for gallantry in
action. He took part in 30 battles.

Thomas J. B. Nordenstrohl was a first lieutenant in the
Ninety-ninth New York Volunteers and was appointed topo-
graphical engineer for the Third Division, Eighteenth Army
Corps by Major-General Benjamin F. Butler. He was honorably
discharged on July 25, 1864, but remained affiliated with the
army, for on June 4, 1874, he signed himself "late Brvt. Major
U. S. A."

T. P. H. Holsburgh enlisted as a private in the Seventh
New York Volunteers but soon was advanced to sergeant.
He went with his regiment first to Michigan in June, 1861, and
later to Virginia. In November, 1861, he was promoted to
sergeant major. On December 1 1 he was commissioned second
lieutenant and assigned to McClellan's army at Fort Monroe.
He took part in the Battle of South Mountain and with other
Swedish fighters distinguished himself at Antietam. After the

102 SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

battle he was advanced to first lieutenant with duties of a
captain.

Emil Haberkorn, whose full name was Emil Gustaf Wilhelm
Haberkorn, was born in Stockholm, Sweden. When war broke
out, he was a clerk residing at 1 35 Canal Street, New York City.
He enlisted on September 17, 1861, in Company I, Fifty-fourth
New York volunteers. After taking part in the Battle of Cross
Keys, he won a promotion to sergeant. On June 18, 1862, he
was made second lieutenant. He was killed in the Battle of
Alanassas on August 30, 1862.

Axel Mauritz Day enrolled June 5, 1863, at New York City
and was mustered into service September 2, 1863, as a private
in Company I, Sixteenth New York Infantry. On June 2 3, 1 865,
he was transferred to Company E of the Third Provisional
New York Cavalry.

Following his enlistment, it became known that his real name
was Axel Mauritz (Natt ocb Dag) and that he was a Swedish
nobleman who had arrived in New York in June, 1 863. He was
recommended for a commission by the Swedish Minister in
February, 1865, but the War Department failed to take any
action on it.

C. A. Hult joined Company B of the Volunteer New York
Regiment in 1864 and served until July 15, 1865.

Alfred Hedberg (Bergstrom) was first lieutenant in the
Fifteenth United States Infantry in 1865 and Gustaf A. Malm-
horg was a lieutenant in the same regiment.

Several hundred Swedes were living in Massachusetts in
1 860, most of them residing in Boston and Brockton." While no
complete record of enlistments from these communities is avail-
able, items in local newspapers from time to time mention
Swedes from these places who served in the fighting forces
during the Civil War. 3 One such item appeared in the Boston
Herald on January 26, 192 1, from Hubbardston, Massachusetts:

Ole Nelson, 88, last surviving Civil War veteran here, died at his
home today after a long illness. He was born in Sweden and had been

From the Auth

Colonel Ulric Dahlgren

tfTv Riktariivet, Stockholm, Swedet

Lieutenant Schurer von Waldheim

Courtesy Albert Shaiv, Jr.

Swedish Union Officers of Two Continents
Standing Col. Ulric Dahlgren
Seated at right Lieut. Rosencrantz
Others unidentified

VOLUNTEERS IN EASTERN REGIMENTS 103

in America seventy years. He served through the Civil War with a
cavalry regiment.

Although Rhode Island had a small Swedish population at
the outbreak of the war, one captain, three lieutenants, and
twenty privates of Swedish descent enlisted in the Union army
from the state. Mention has already been made of the Swedish
group from New York who chose Rhode Island as a place of
enlistment. Among other volunteers from the state were John
Richard Peterson, who died in Andersonville prison, and his
brother, Lieutenant G. A. Peterson, who served through the
war. Both were members of Company D, First Rhode Island
Cavalry. Anders Magnusson was also in that regiment. Thomas
Mebring was in Company G, Second Rhode Island Cavalry.

Other Swedish names on the Rhode Island rolls were David
Anderson, Peter Lum, Edward M. Jepperson, John Nelson,
Charles Nelson, Ludvig Paulson, A. M. Johnson,. Gust Pearson,
John A. Hanson, and R. Wallin.

The handful of Swedes living in Connecticut in 1860 also
had representation in the Union army. In Company B of the
Third Connecticut Regiment, Carl Rassmonson, from New
Haven, served as a corporal. Other Swedes from Connecticut
included John A. Nelson from Hartford, captain of Company
E, John A. Johnson, Company B, Eleventh Regiment; Anders
Lindquist, Company A, Seventh Regiment, and Alexander
Enlind, Company F, Thirteenth Connecticut Volunteers.

Johan Adam Gustaf Mikael Schurer von Walhcim, born in
Stockholm in 1836 and formerly a lieutenant in Vastmanlands
Regiment, was a second lieutenant in the Third New Jersey
Artillery in 1865. August Zipprich and Otto Carlson were
enlisted in other New Jersey regiments.

Most of the Swedes who enlisted from the eastern states were
in regiments which comprised General Blenker's division.
Among the commanders were the Swedish officers Holmstedt,
Warburg, Cederstrom, Hultman, and Nerman. Lincoln select-

104 SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

ed this brigade as a special guard for the city of Washington in
1862 because its men were not interested in the political in-
trigues or military quarrels which were undermining the morale
of the army and threatening the safety of the capital.

Swedes from eastern cities were attracted to regiments led
by Swedish commanders. More than twenty Swedes were en-
rolled in General von Vegesack's Twentieth New York Regi-
ment at the beginning of the war, and the number continued to
increase as his fame spread.

Clippings from Swedish and American newspapers or letters
from soldiers at the front often revealed the names of Swedish
soldiers who could not be located on the official rolls. 4 Edward
Lindstrom was reported in the Sixtieth Regiment Ohio Volun-
teers. In the Goteborgsposten on September 26, 1862, appeared
an item from Charles Anderson, a young Gothenberger, who
wrote from Camp Potomac on August 30, ". . .We are at present
thirteen Scandinavians in our company, nine of them Swedes,
including the Swedish poet, Thorwaldson."

The Reverend J. O. Cavallin, in another letter, wrote:

On landing at New York we appreciated the fact that there was war
in the land and several of my travelling companions entered the army,
although they did not understand a word of the English language. Among
those who thus began serving their adopted country were C. A. Hult,
Andrew Johnson, Alfred Hedberg, Carl Larson, August Lippoch, and
Gustaf Bahrman.

While the total number of Swedes in the United States Army
from eastern cities was small in comparison to the enlistments
from middle western states, it was offset to some extent by
the quality of the enlistments. Several eastern Swedes won
enviable promotions in the army, including Ulric Dahlgren,
Knut Oskar Broady, Nere Albert Elfving, J. V. Allstrom,
Adolphus J. Johnson, and Ernest Holmstedt. These men were
supplemented in the eastern regiments by former Swedish army

VOLUNTEERS IN EASTERN REGIMENTS 105

officers who came to the United States to offer their services.
The latter have been discussed in an earlier chapter.

Ulric Dahlgren was born April 3, 1842, near Neshamony in
Bucks County, Pennsylvania. When the war broke out, he was
nineteen years old and a law student. He enlisted on July 24,
1 86 1, to accompany an attachment sent out by his father to
assist in the defense of Alexandria, Virginia.

Later young Dahlgren was appointed captain and assigned
to the staff of General Sigel. Dahlgren made a daring and suc-
cessful raid with one company into Fredricksburg and held the
town against the opposition of a large force of Confederate
cavalry. Writing of the exploit to the senior Dahlgren, General
Sigel said,

It affords me pleasure to say that your son, Ulric Dahlgren, on my staff
has retired from Fredricksburg after executing one of the most brilliant
and daring expeditions since the breaking out of the war, the particulars
of which you will learn from the newspapers and from a copy of the
report to me which I enclose to you.

At Chancellorsville, Dahlgren stayed a Confederate advance
by a desperate charge. Later he served as an aide to Burnside,
Fremont, Hooker, and Pope.

Commissioning Dahlgren colonel on July 24, 1863, Secretary
of War Stanton wrote:

Enclosed you have a commission for colonel, without having passed
through the intermediate grade of major. Your gallant and meritorious
service has, I think, entitled you to this distinction although it is a depart-
ure from general usage which is only justified by distinguished merit
such as yours. I hope you may speedily recover, and it will rejoice me
to be the instrument of your future advancement in the service.

Later Dahlgren was placed in command of a picked column
of five hundred cavalrymen which undertook to liberate Union
prisoners at Libby prison and Belle Isle. This daring expedition
had been approved by the Secretary of War and President

io6 SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

Lincoln. In a letter written to his father before the raid, young
Dahlgren gave evidence of his great patriotism:

Dear Father:

I have not returned to the fleet because there is a grand raid to be made
and I am to have a very important command. If successful, it will be the
grandest thing on record, and if it fails, many of us will go up. I may be
captured or 1 may be "tumbled over," but it is an undertaking that if I
were not in, I should be ashamed to show my face again. With such an
important command, I am afraid to mention it for fear this letter might
fall into wrong hands before reaching you. I find that I can stand the
service perfectly well without my leg. I think we will be successful, al-
though a desperate undertaking.

Aunt Patty can tell you when you return. I will write you more fully
when we return. If we do not return, there is no better place to u give up
the ghost."

Your affectionate son,

ULRIC DAHLGREN

Ulric never wrote his father again, for the expedition failed
and young Dahlgren met a heroic although horrible death.

On March 4, 1864, Lincoln wrote Major General Butler at
Fort Monroe, Virginia, "Admiral Dahlgren is here and, of
course, is very anxious about his son. Please send me at once
all you know or can learn of his fate." And again on March 1 7,
1864, "If you obtain the remains of Colonel Dahlgren, please
notify me instantly so that I can let his afflicted relatives know."

Mrs. Lincoln also was much concerned about the fate of
young Dahlgren. On March 28, 1864, she wrote to Charles
Sumner, ". . . We have no good news from that brave youth,
Colonel Dahlgren. Fears are now entertained that he is certainly
killed. . . ."

The body finally was recovered and delivered to Admiral
Dahlgren. After the war it was brought North and lay in state
in the city hall of Washington where a funeral oration was
delivered by Henry Ward Beecher.

Knur Qskar Broadv, the son of Erik Brundin, was born in

VOLUNTEERS IN EASTERN REGIMENTS 107

Uppsala, Sweden, on May 28, i832. 5 He attended the common
schools in Sweden, and when he was fifteen years old, joined
an artillery company in Stockholm. At twenty he entered the
Swedish navy as a subaltern.

Broady arrived in New York on October 25, 1854, and
shortly afterwards took up religious studies, first with local
Swedish ministers and later, with the aid of American friends,
as a special student at Madison (later Colgate) University,
which he entered in May, 1855.

When the Civil War broke out, some of the students or-
ganized a company for drill practice with Broady as leader.
Later the young men cf the town joined with the university
company and with Broady as captain volunteered their services
to the government. Broady received his captain's commission
on September 19, 1861, and enlisted in the Ninety-first New
York Volunteer Infantry, First Brigade, First Division of the
Second Army Corps.

He participated in thirty-five engagements including Chan-
cellorsville, Virginia, May 1-2, 1863; Gettysburg, Pennsyl-
vania, June 1-3, 1863; Bristoe, Virginia, October 14, 1863;
Mine Run, November 26-December 2, 1863; Wilderness, Vir-
ginia, May 8-12. In the lattei battle he was transferred to the
Sixty-first New York and promoted to the rank of colonel.

Broady received the commendation of Brigadier General
Barlow for his services at lotopotomy, Virginia, and Cold
Harbor in May and June, 1 864. He served under General Han-
cock and was in command of three brigades at the Battle of
Reams Station, where he received a leg wound. When he re-
covered, he decided to submit his resignation to General Han-
cock since the war was near its end and he was anxious to
resume his theological studies.

General Hancock was both surprised and disappointed when
he learned of Broady's decision, since he had already recom-
mended him for advancement to brigadier general. Broady,
however, stood by his original decision and subsequently re-

io8 SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

ceived his discharge. But with it came an unusual honor he
was named as a colonel in the regular army and granted the
right to retain the rank after the close of the war. The honor
was conferred upon him by President Lincoln.

Nere Albert Elfving, born on February 8, 1832, in Vaxjo,
served in the Karlberg Military Academy. He came to the
United States in 1855 and was employed in the United States
Geoderical Corps in coast survey work. When the war broke out
he was named lieutenant in the Forty-eighth New York Reg-
iment of Infantry. His record includes: activity in General
Sherman's expedition, 1 86 1 ; present at occupation of Port Royal
and at the Battle of Fort Pulaski; appointed captain, 1862;
wounded at the assault of Fort Wagner; promoted to major,
1864; participated in two expeditions against Fort Fisher in
1865, when he was in command of a brigade as lieutenant col-
onel; in Battle of Wilmington, February 20, 1865, when he re-
ceived a knee wound necessitating amputation of the leg.

J. V. Ahlstrom, son of the Swedish composer, Johan Niclas
Ahlstrom, was born in Karlskrona, Sweden. He entered the mil-
itary academy and became a volunteer in the Upland Dragoons.
In 1850 he left Sweden for America and established a music
shop in Red Bank, New Jersey. When the war broke out, he
organized Company G of the Fourteenth New Jersey Volun-
teers.

On July 7, 1862, he was commissioned second lieutenant
with duty as a recruiting officer. On August 16, 1862, he was
advanced to captain of Company G and was mustered in as
provost marshal in the Third Division, Sixth Army Corps, the
Army of the Potomac, where he served on special duty on the
staff of General Grant. On May 6, 1 864, he was commissioned
major in the Third New Jersey Cavalry and was assigned to the
First Brigade, Third Cavalry Division under Philip Sheridan.

After his transfer to the army under Sheridan, Ahlstrom
was thrown into the whirlpool of the war, and some of his let-
ters to his family, as well as official records, show that his service

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VOLUNTEERS IN EASTERN REGIMENTS 109

was rough and arduous. He fought at the Wilderness, in the
battles at Cold Harbour, White Oak Bridge, Waldon Road,
Winchester, Summit Point, Charlestown, Kearneysville, Lime
Stone Ridge, and Opequa Creek.

Adolphus J. Johnson, whose name indicates Swedish ancestry,
enlisted April 30, 1861, in the first regiment of Newark, New
Jersey. On September 12 he was made colonel of the Eighth
New Jersey Volunteers. In May 1 862 at Yorktown he received
wounds which ended his war career.

Ernest Holmstedt, a member of the Swedish Society in New
York, was born in Sweden. After completing a commercial
course, he emigrated to America and found employment with a
New York firm. He entered the United States Army as a volun-
teer in the Mexican War and later won distinction in the Civil
War, when he rose to the rank of colonel in command of the
Forty-fifth New York Regiment.

Undoubtedly other Swedes served in various eastern reg-
iments, but because of inadequate records and incomplete en-
listment information, their names cannot be found. However,
the names of scattered individuals enumerated here provide
sufficient evidence that the Swedes from the East, although
their numbers were small, responded as well as their brothers
in the West where established Swedish settlements made possi-
ble more numerous enlistments.

CHAPTER IX
NOTES

1 The Svenska Societen Svea was organized in 1836 in New York City but
confined its activities largely to social affairs until 1861 when the organization
nearly went out of existence because so many of its members enlisted in the
war.

* For list of Swedish enlistments from Massachusetts, see Appendix IX.

' Herman L. and Frederick Banforth, brothers and privates in the Fifty-
sixth Massachusetts Volunteers, addressed a letter June 23, 1865, to Secretary
of War Stanton asking for their release. They had left Sweden against the
wishes of their parents "in order by our humble assistance to contribute to
the peace and independence of America." They had two years left to serve
but had been promised their release when the war was ended.

4 Item in the New York Times, May 21, 1863, "Non-commissioned officers
and privates of the New York Ninth State Militia today presented Dr. Charles
J. Nordquist, chief surgeon of the Second Division, First Corps, with a superb
American chronometer and Morris chair in appreciation of his service while
surgeon of the regiment."

6 After his arrival in the United States, he substituted the name Broady
for Brundin.

CHAPTER X

SWEDISH VOLUNTEERS
IN WESTERN REGIMENTS

"The respective batteries, under the personal
supervision of Major Stohlbrand rendered in-
calculable aid in effectually shelling the en-
emy. To Major Stohlbrand, my chief of
artillery, I am indebted for valuable aid."
General JOHN A. LOGAN, May 26, 1862.

FROM the Middle West, the heart of Swedish settlement
in the United States, came the majority of Swedish volun-
teers in the Civil War. Illinois, Minnesota, Iowa, and Wisconsin
furnished the bulk of these enlistments. With a combined
Swedish population of nearly 12,000, according to the census
of 1860, these states provided approximately 2,178 Swedish
soldiers, a ratio better than one out of six Swedes in the area.

The enlistments were divided as follows: Illinois, with the
largest Swedish population of 6,470, furnished i, 300 volunteers;
Minnesota, with a Swedish population of 3,178, supplied 600;
Iowa, with 1,465 Swedes, 178 enlistments, and Wisconsin, with
673 Swedes, 100 enlistments.

There was a scattering of Swedes from other midwestern
states.

The adjutant general of Michigan listed one hundred and
fifty Swedes. Five were included in the Twenty-ninth Mich-
igan Regiment. They were Carl Edenholm, Carl Hoglund, C. A.
Lundt, Gustaf Malm, and Johan Roos. Carl Holmquist was in
the Sixteenth Michigan Regiment and Nils Nilson was a mem-
ber of the Third Michigan Cavalry.

Hans Mattson mentions two Swedes who attained high rank
in Kentucky regiments. Johan Hoglund was a corporal in the

1 1 1

ii2 SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

Cavalry Company from Utah, and Ivan Kuylenstierna was in
Company B, Twenty-fifth Regiment, California Volunteers.

Forty-eight Swedes from Indiana were on the rolls according
to official records. Of this number Calumet, Indiana, furnished
fourteen, all of whom enlisted in Company E, Seventy-third
Indiana Regiment. Twelve came from the Swedish Lutheran
Church of Attica, Indiana. Swedish settlements in Lake, Porter,
and La Porte Counties furnished small quotas. John Vesper,
born in Stockholm on August 18, 1844, was enlisted in the
Ninth Indiana Regiment.

Impetus for war enlistments came from patriotic individuals
who later achieved substantial war records. Illinois produced
such military leaders as General Charles John Stohlbrand, Col-
onel Oscar Malmborg, and Captain Axel Silfversparre. The
outstanding Swedish military man of Minnesota was Hans Matt-
son and in Iowa, Fabian Brydolf .

Stohlbrand, born near Knstianstad in Sweden, entered the
Swedish military service as a cadet in the Royal Vendes Artil-
lery. In 1 85 1 he came to the United States and settled in Chicago
where he became prominent in Swedish circles. On Lincoln's
first call for volunteers, Stohlbrand organized a company of
artillery which was not accepted since the quota had already
been filled. In the same year he recruited a second company at
Sycamore and DeKalb, which he mustered into service on Sep-
tember 5, 1 86 1, as Battery G, Second Illinois Light Artillery.
Stohlbrand was captain.

On December 3 1 he was promoted to major and subsequently
became chief of artillery under General John A. Logan. In 1 863
he was transferred to the command of the artillery brigade of the
Fifteenth Army Corps, virtually assuming the duties of brigadier
general. 1 On May 19, 1864, he was captured by the Confed-
erates and sent to Andersonville prison. He escaped twice. He
was captured on his first attempt but succeeded the second time
and rejoined his command in October, 1864.

Courtesy Iowa Histu

Captain John Danielson

Colonel Oscar Malmborg

Captain Christian K. Landstrom

Courtesy Minnesota Historical Society

Colonel Hans Mattson

Courtfsy Iowa Historical Society

Lieut. Col. Fabian Brydolf

VOLUNTEERS IN WESTERN REGIMENTS 113

In February 1865 Stohlbrand was placed in command of the
Second Brigade, Fourth Division of the Seventeenth Army
Corps. The brigade marched north on April 28, 1 865, and passed
in review at Washington on May 24.

Stohlbrand's value to the Union service is summed up in the
statement of General Sherman, " . . a braver man and a better
artillery officer than General Stohlbrand could not be found in
the entire army."

Malmborg was educated at the Karlberg Military Academy
and served eight years in the Swedish army. He came to the
United States to volunteer as a private in the Mexican War and
won promotion for his services. He was living in Chicago when
the Civil War broke out and was given the task of training the
Fifty-fifth Regiment which had been organized by Colonel
David Stuart. So well did Malmborg perform his assignment
that the regiment became known as a model unit in the volun-
teer army. 2

During the advance on Corinth, Malmborg had charge of
the strategic movements of the entire division and was com-
plimented by both General Thomas and General Grant. In an
official report dated April 10, 1862, Colonel Stuart said of him:

I am greatly obligated to Colonel Malmborg whose military training
and experience were of considerable importance to me. He instantly per-
ceived the aim of every movement made by the enemy; he could advise
me quickly and prudently how to use my men. He was intent, careful,
brave, and immensely valuable to me.

Malmborg was commissioned colonel of the First Veteran
Army Corps on January i, 1865.

Silfversparre, a lieutenant in the Swedish army, came to the
United States in 1861 to volunteer his services to the North
and served for a time under General John C. Fremont at Cape
Girardeau, Missouri. On December 25, 1861, he obtained a
leave of absence to organize a Swedish battery. He visited the

u 4 SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN L/tfCOLN'S TIME

Swedish settlements of Illinois and enlisted seventy-five recruits.
The battery was mustered in at Camp Douglas, Chicago, on
February 20, 1862, as Battery H, First Illinois Light Artillery,
with Silfversparre as captain. It was sent to Pittsburgh Landing
on April 5, in time to participate the next day in the Battle of
Shiloh where Silfversparre displayed unusual skill and bravery.

Following the Battle of Shiloh, the Silfversparre battery was
transferred to General Sherman's division. 3 It served in the Sec-
ond Division of the Fifteenth Army Corps until the close of the
war.

Illinois with the largest Swedish population in the country
at the time of the Civil War Burnished the bulk of Swedish en-
listments. In addition to the strictly Swedish companies, Swedes
were to be found in virtually every Illinois regiment.

Besides Stohlbrand, Malmborg, and Silfversparre, a number
of other Illinois Swedes won promotions in military service.
These included majors Eric Bergland and Eric Forsse; captains
Frederick Sparrestrom, Eric Johnson, Jonas Frederick Lembke,
Peter M. Wickstrorn, Andrew G. Warner, Andrew Stenbeck,
Carl Arosenius, Herman Lund, Axel P. Eckstrom, and lieuten-
ants Joseph E. Osborn, J. H. Edstrand, and Charles G. Smed-
berg.

The first Swedish military company and band in Illinois was
organized at Galesburg in 1858 with L. Holmberg as chief. The
group formed the nucleus of a company which offered its ser-
vices in response to President Lincoln's first call for volunteers.
These volunteers were rejected since the quotas were already
full.

On September i , 1 86 1 , the Galesburg Company was reorgan-
ized as Company C, Forty-third Illinois Infantry. It consisted of
one hundred Swedes and three Germans with Olaf S. Edvall as
captain. Their first important engagement was at Shiloh on April
5 and 6, 1862. Captain Edvall received a mortal wound in this
battle and seventeen other members of the Swedish company
were killed or wounded. Carl Arosenius of the Fifty-ninth II-

VOLUNTEERS IN WESTERN REGIMENTS 115

linois succeeded Edvall as captain and remained in service with
the company four years and three and a half months.

In the summer of 1 860 a number of young men in and around
Bishop Hill organized a company for military drill with Eric
Forsse as captain. This company was known as the Swedish
Union Guards. On Lincoln's call, the company promptly ten-
dered its services to the Union and was accepted on September
1 6, 1 86 1, as Company D, Fifty-seventh Illinois Infantry.

The company with its regiment participated in the siege and
capture of Fort Donelson on February 4, 1862. Shortly after-
ward came the Battle of Shiloh, in which the Fifty-seventh Reg-
iment took a very prominent part, losing 187 of its officers and
men. Company D had two killed and fourteen wounded. From
Pittsburgh Landing the regiment joined in the advance on
Corinth. Later they marched with the Army of Tennessee in
the Atlanta campaign They took part in the fighting at Resaca,
in the operations around Rome, Georgia, and in the initial
movement of Sherman's March to the Sea, reaching Savannah,
Georgia, on December 21, 1864. The regiment had its last en-
counter with the Confederates on March 20 and 21,1 865 . It took
part in the Grand Review at Washington after serving three
years and ten months.

The Svea Society, oldest Swedish organization in Chicago, or-
ganized the Svea Guards on July 30, 1863. This all-Swedish
militia company assisted other companies of the Thirtieth Il-
linois Militia in maintaining order during the draft. 4

Minnesota, like Illinois, contributed a large share of Swedish
volunteers during the Civil War. At the outbreak of the war,
some 600 out of a total of 3,1 78 Swedes in the state, enlisted.

A scattering of Swedes were found in many Minnesota reg-
iments. In the first regiment tendered to the government on
April 14, 1 86 1, eighteen members gave Sweden as the place
of birth. The Second Minnesota had fifty-six Swedes; the
Fourth, eighty-four; the Fifth, eight; Sixth, thirty-four; Sev-
enth, sixty-nine; Eighth, eleven; Ninth, forty-one; Eleventh,

u6 SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

twenty-one, Company I, Minnesota Heavy Artillery, had
fifty Swedes. Company M of the same regiment, organized by
Captain C. L. Johnson, had twenty-three Swedes.

In addition to regiments sent to the front, Minnesota enlisted
home-guard companies to safeguard against Indian uprisings
and local disturbances. One company of 100 men called the
Scandinavian Guards was organized in Nicollet County on
August 27, 1862. It was made up entirely of Swedes, according
to the roster. Gustaf A. Stack was captain; Nels P. Chinlund,
first lieutenant, and Andrew Larson,, second lieutenant.

Four Minnesota Swedes attained distinguished positions in
the Union army. They were John Swainson, Oscar Malmroos,
J. G. Gustafson, and Hans Mattson. Swainson was made quarter
master with the rank of major and stationed at St. Louis, Mis-
souri. Malmroos became adjutant general of the state. Gustaf-
son of the Third Minnesota was promoted to lieutenant colonel
of the One Hundred Twelfth United States Colored Regiment,
a position of especial importance in view of the South's attitude
toward Northern leaders of Negro soldiers/'

Mattson organized Company D, Third Minnesota Infantry,
an all-Scandinavian company, which was mustered in at Fort
Snelling on November 17, i86i. B After eight months' service
Mattson was elected major. On July 13, 1861, Company D,
along with the rest of the Twenty-third Brigade, was captured
by the Confederate General Forrest. Later the company was
paroled and took part in a campaign against the Sioux Indians
in Minnesota. Three hundred white captives were released and
some 1,500 Indians captured. In February, 1863, the company
was again sent South with its regiment and participated in the
fall of Vicksburg. In July of that year the regiment was ordered
to Arkansas to help reoccupy the state for the Union forces.
Mattson was made colonel of the regiment and finally was
promoted to general in command of the First Brigade, First
Division of the Seventh Army Corps.

Iowa, with a Swedish population in 1860 of 1,465, did not

VOLUNTEERS IN WESTERN REGIMENTS 117

furnish any complete Scandinavian company for the Civil War
as was the case of Illinois, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. 7 Iowa
Swedes, however, were represented in numerous Iowa reg-
iments. The adjutant general's report of Iowa for the years
1861-1863 lists the names of 178 Swedes whose nationality is
unquestioned. There were undoubtedly others who cannot be
counted because of omissions, errors, and changes of names.

The military history of these Swedes and others from Iowa
is written in the achievements of their regiments and leaders.

Fabian Brydolf, Iowa's greatest Swedish soldier in the Civil
War, was born November 28, 1819, at Hellestad, Sweden. He
came to the United States and in 1 847 enlisted in the Fifteenth
Regiment United States Regular Army for service in the Mex-
ican War. Following the war he settled in Burlington, Iowa. 8
On September 7, 1858, he is listed as a captain of the Blues, a
military company which was made part of the Independent
Regiment June 22, 1861, on authorization of the Secretary of
War. On July 27 the name was changed to the Sixth Regiment
and Captain Brydolf's Company was known as Company I.

Brydolf lost his right arm at the Battle of Shiloh, April 6,
1862. He was rewarded for bravery in battle with a promotion
to lieutenant colonel of the Twenty-first Iowa, and served
with this regiment until the capture of Vicksburg. On Decem-
ber 5, 1863, he was appointed commander at Shetbourne Bar-
racks, Washington, D. C. President Lincoln commissioned him
lieutenant colonel of the Second Regiment, Iowa Veteran Re-
serve Corps, in which he served until 1886.

Several other Iowa Swedes won individual honors in the
Civil War. These included Daniel Anderson, C. E. Landstrom,
John A. Danielson, and Axel H. Enholm.

Anderson was a member of the First Iowa Cavalry. Records
show he was given special mention for his services at Bayou
Meto, Arkansas, on August 28, 1863. In 1864 he was made a
colonel and commanded a post at Little Rock, Arkansas.

Landstrom of Company B, Fifteenth Iowa Volunteer In-

n8 SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

f antry, helped to organize a company at the outbreak of the war
and was elected second lieutenant. He fought with distinction
in the Battle of Shiloh and received official commendation for
his part in the advance on Corinth when he was promoted to first
lieutenant. 9 In January, 1863, he took part with his regiment
in the expeditions against Vicksburg and was advanced to the
rank of captain. He also served at Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta,
and the March to the Sea. With the Iowa Brigade he passed in
review before President Lincoln on May i, 1865.

Danielson enlisted in Company H, Fifteenth Iowa Volunteer
Infantry, and was appointed a second lieutenant December 1 3,
1 86 1. He was severely wounded at Shiloh and was made a cap-
tain June 8, i862. 10

Enholm, born in Stockholm, Sweden, on September 9, 1827,
was an inventor and an associate of Captain John Ericsson. He
came to Dubuque, Iowa, in 1 848 and became known as a builder
of a new type of speedboat for use on the Mississippi River.
During the war he designed a special war vessel for Admiral
Porter.

Only a few small Swedish settlements had been established in
Wisconsin when the Civil War began. The census of 1860 lists
the Swedish population of the state as 673, of which 100 were
serving in the Union army, according to the adjutant general.
Swedish soldiers were found in the Third, Fifth, Twenty-
third and Twenty-seventh Wisconsin volunteer regiments and
their presence was noted from time to rime. A Stockholm,
Wisconsin, paper reported that Lars Grund, a local volunteer,
died while a prisoner in Andersonville prison. 11 When the
Twelfth Wisconsin passed through Chicago on January 1,1862,
Hemlandefs reporter counted twelve Swedes among its mem-
bers. Centralia, Wisconsin, reported that four Swedes had left
that town to join the Fifth regiment. C. R. Mattson wrote that
he was a member of the Thirteenth Wisconsin.

The majority of Wisconsin Swedes joined the Fifteenth, or
Scandinavian regiment, in which the following held commis-

VOLUNTEERS IN WESTERN REGIMENTS 119

sions: captain, Charles Gustafson; first lieutenants, Hans Han-
son and Thor Simonson; second lieutenants, John M. Johnson,
and Alan Solberg.

Organization of the regiment took place at Camp Randall
in Madison, Wisconsin, in December, i86i. 12 It participated
in all the important western battles under Grant and Sherman
including Donelson, Shiloh, Vicksburg, Chattanooga, and At-
lanta. Its war record may be judged from the fact that one-
third of its members, or 300 Scandinavian soldiers, were killed
or died of wounds.

These records show that the Swedes, who were participating
in the peaceful conquest of the great Middle West, took their
places beside their American brothers when the great national
crisis came. They fought in every rank and station for their be-
loved President Lincoln.

CHAPTER X
NOTES

1 "Major C. J. Stohlbrand of this city, chief of artillery of the Fifteenth
Army Corps of General Sherman's army, has been appointed brigadier-
general on account of faithful service." Chicago Tribune, February 22, 1865.

8 "In the lieutenant-colonel of the regiment, Mr. Oscar Malmborg, we are
quite sure our citizens will be glad to know we have an officer with a thorough
military education. He is a cultivated gentleman of high honor and integrity
and a more thoroughly loyal man has not draun his sword in defense of our
cause." Chicago Tribune^ December u, 1861.

8 General Sherman had the highest regard for the ability of the Silfversparre
battery and took delight in demonstrating the skill of its members. At Colum-
bia, South Carolina, where civilians were looting, he directed it to lire si\
cannon balls, for moral effect at the new state house \\luch stood in a prom-
inent place. Sixty years later the six scars \\ crc still \ isiblc on the capitol
facade.

* Similar home-guard companies of Suedes were organized in Minnesota
and New York.

B The Confederate Secretary of War suggested to General Kirby Smith
that white men leading Negro troops "be dealt vsith red-handed on the field
of war or immediately after," which made such work exceedingly dangerous.

8 "We congratulate Captain Mattson for the splendid company of Swedes
and Norwegians of which he is in charge. A better company oi soldiers has
never before been recruited for service/ St. Paul (Minnesota; I'tuss, October
15, 1861.

7 Iowa Swedes assumed responsibilities in local military and political organ-
izations. Soon after the Civil War opened, neighboring slavcow ners announced
their intention of raiding towns in Jefferson County, Iowa, which had har-
bored many runaway slaves. When an attack was planned on Coalport in the
eastern part of the county, a local company, called the Coalport Guards, was
hastily organized. Its first lieutenant was August Cassel, and among its mem-
bers were Charles Swan and John Lonquist.

8 "A dancing school is in full blast among us, under the auspices of Mr.
Brydolf." Telegram, Burlington, Iowa, January 27, 1853.

9 Colonel M. M. Crocker, brigade commander, said in his report, "Lieuten-
ant Landstrom of the Fifteenth Iowa, who acted as aide, deported himself as
a good and faithful soldier."

1 20

National \rchives

First and last part of Malmborg's report on
operations near Yicksburg, May 19-22, 1863

\itiunil Archi-ft

Captain Silfversparre ordered to take
charge of batteries in Fort Pickering

VOLUNTEERS IN WESTERN REGIMENTS 121

10 Colonel Hugh T. Reid in his report said, "Lieutenant Danielson of Com-
pany H was severely wounded while acting well his part."

11 The Stockholm settlement furnished the following volunteers: Andrew
Grand, Lars Grand, Andrew Engelbretson, Axel Johnson, Peter Lewis, Peter
Long, Peter Lund, Melker Nelson, Oscar Olson, and John Rosenberg.

M "A regiment or brigade is in course of formation at Madison, Wisconsin,
to be made up exclusively of Scandinavians, hardy Norsemen, the descendants
of Gustavus Vasa and Charles XII, who all know made good soldiers. Captain
Andrew Torkilson has been designated to raise a company in this city for the
Scandinavian Regiment and has located his headquarters at 44 North Wells
St." Chicago Tribune, October 3, 1861.

CHAPTER XI
SWEDISH SAILORS IN LINCOLN'S SERVICE

"Captain Dahlgren gave his views in this
letter at my request. I have so much confi-
dence in him in naval matters that 1 enclose
it to you as chairman of the naval committee."
A. LINCOLN, Washington, January 28, 1862.

THE federal navy at the outbreak of the Civil War was
outmoded and inadequate. It consisted of only twenty-
six steamers, some of which were not in operating condition.
Navy officials with the backing of the administration decided
"to buy everything afloat that could be made of service, includ-
ing steamers in Canadian waters." 1

Part of the man power for the augmented naval forces came
from Swedish ships and from Swedes and other Scandinavians
residing in Eastern coastal cities. 2 Swedish sailors were tempted
by higher wages and better working conditions to desert their
native ships and enlist in the new American merchant marine,
which was under construction during the fifties. From 1864
to 1850 no fewer than 910 Swedes from 256 Swedish vessels
in American waters deserted and only 26 were captured and
returned. 8 One captain remarked, "When I get into a boat, it
.seems as if the English language had changed."

When vessels were purchased for war service, the crews
were offered extra inducements to remain, and in this way,
Swedes became members of Lincoln's wartime navy. 4 The naval
register lists forty-eight officers of Swedish descent, half of
whom were born in Sweden. 8

Scattered references in newspapers, letters, and official docu-
ments have brought to light the names of a few Swedes who
were junior officers. These included Charles Bunker Dahlgren,

122

SWEDISH SAILORS IN LINCOLN'S SERVICE 123

John Alexis Edgren, Alfred Boivie, Augustus Landegren,
Charles G. Lundberg, and John N. Lof gren.

Charles Bunker Dahlgren, the eldest son of Admiral Dahl-
gren, was born October 23, 1839. He entered the engineering
corps of the United States Navy and at the beginning of the
war was transferred to the line. He was later with Commander
David Porter from New Orleans to Vicksburg. On April 16,
1863, following the surrender of Vicksburg, Walker said,
"Ensign Dahlgren was present everywhere, actively receiving
and transmitting orders during the terrible fire of infantry and
artillery." Commander Porter also lauded him. Dahlgren was
promoted to a command and later saw service under his father
at Charleston and in the bloody assault at Fort Fisher.

Edgren was a second mate on a Swedish brig at Charleston,
South Carolina, and happened to be an eyewitness to the first
shots exchanged in the war. In the South he received his initial
impression of slavery, an experience which prompted him to
enlist for war service in 1862. He was given a lieutenant's com-
mission on examination and served as navigator in the Atlantic
blockade. He took command of the armored cruiser Catalpa
and reported to Admiral Dahlgren at Port Royal. He was pres-
ent again at Fort Sumter as commander of the ship Transport
on the memorable day when General Robert Anderson hoisted
anew the Union flag which he had been compelled to haul
down at the opening of the war.

Boivie, born in 1833 in Uppland, Sweden, was the son of a
Stockholm silk merchant. He enlisted in the United States
Navy and served as a first lieutenant under Admiral David
Farragut. He was promoted to the rank of commander.

Landegren resigned from the Swedish navy to come to Bos-
ton in 1 86 1. He was named an officer in the American fleet
and served on the Neivbein of the Atlantic squadron.

Lundberg, formerly with the Royal Swedish navy, volun-
teered with the United States forces in 1861. A relative of
Captain John Ericsson, he collaborated with the inventor on

i2 4 SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

naval architectural designs, particularly in the construction of
hulls. He published a memorial address to the President and
Congress, urging the establishment of an effective merchant
marine. Lundberg won the personal regard and friendship of
President Lincoln. Through a recommendation from Lincoln
he obtained a commission to salvage the fleet sunk in the harbor
of Sebastopol during the Crimean War.

Lofgren enlisted in the navy in January 1864. On September
1 5, 1 864, he was made a noncommissioned officer and assigned
to the U. S. S. Osceola.

Names of other Swedes in the naval forces appeared from
time to time in official and newspaper reports. 6 The Swedish
Minister's office at Washington often answered inquiries about
Swedes in the navy. August Peterson, quartermaster on the
U. S. S. Monticello, was recorded as wounded June 24, 1861.
Frederick Wilson was reported discharged on May 7, 1864,
and Paul Paulson, August 25, 1864. Charles Nelson of the
U. S. S. Pontiac was reported killed November 7, 1864. Olaf
Nelson, quartergunner of the U. S. S. Rattler was reported a
prisoner September 13, 1863. Relatives asked about John Som-
mer on November 15, 1865, about August Storm, Alexander
Storm, and C. W. Auger on April 6, 1 866.

The names of Admiral Dahlgren and Captain John Ericsson
will always stand out in the naval annals of the United States. 7
Dahlgren received his midshipman's warrant on February i,
1826, making his first cruise from 1827 to 1829. From 1830 to
1832 he was attached to the sloop Ontario of the Mediterranean
squadron. In 1834 he was detailed for the coast survey because
of his mathematical abilities. Three years later he was commis-
sioned a lieutenant but was forced to take a leave due to
impaired eyesight.

Dahlgren resumed active duty in 1 846 and a year later was
assigned to ordnance duty at Washington where he remained
for sixteen years, finally being named chief of ordnance. In
1855 he was promoted to the rank of commander. On February

rour/i .1 rrw.i F,lft,n II n Hi \

Ensign Johan \lc\is Fd^rcn

Ciiuiti r\ 4nifncjn-Sc t indinavian Foundation

Wooucut portrait of
Captain John Ericsson

Ensign C. B. Dahlgrcn

From th* Author's Collectiot

Admiral John A. Dahlgren and Staff

ii6 SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

result of a newspaper outcry which charged that the Galena
was unfit and that naval leaders and the contractor, Cornelius
S. Bushnell of Connecticut, were guilty of speculation and
fraud.

Ericsson, whose plans for an ironclad also were approved by
the Board of Construction, refused to be moved by the criticism
and advocated the completion of the vessel according to origi-
nal specifications. 10 He also furnished plans for a new type of
warship. The plans, which included the idea of a revolving
ironclad turret, were presented to the board by Bushnell with
the endorsement of President Lincoln. 11 Ericsson received the
commission to build a trial Monitor and was urged to proceed
with all haste as the government had disquieting news of an
ironclad under construction by the Confederates. The new
vessel was completed in exactly one hundred days. 12

It was none too soon. On March 8, 1862, the new Confed-
erate ironclad, Merrimac, steamed out into Hampton Roads
and with little difficulty destroyed two federal vessels, the
Cumberland and the Congress. Just as the rebel ship was prepar-
ing to attack a thiid Union vessel, the Minnesota, the newly
built Monitor appeared after a hurried trip from New York. 13

All official Washington and the entire North were horrified
when news of the first day's defeats reached the nation. Presi-
dent Lincoln called a special meeting of the cabinet, the temper
of which is ascertained by Secretary Stanton's well-known
remark:

The Merrimac will change the entire character of the war; she will
destroy seriatim every naval vessel; she will lay all the cities on the sea-
board under contribution. I shall immediately recall Burnside; Port
Royal must be abandoned. I will notify the governors and municipal
authorities in the North to take instant measures to protect their harbors.
I have no doubt that the monster is this minute on her way to Washington
and not unlikely we shall have a shell or a cannonball from one of her
guns in the White House before we leave this room. 14

SWEDISH SAILORS IN LINCOLN'S SERVICE 127

Other cabinet members were equally fearful. Lincoln admit-
ted to Carl Schurz next morning that he too was worried, in
spite of his hopes for the Monitor.

Dahlgren wrote in his diary on March 9, 1862:

Sitting in my office about 10:30 in the morning, when I should have
been in church, the President was announced at the door. I went out.
Senator Browning was with him. He had, he said, "Frightful news."
The Merrimac had come out yesterday, smashed the Cumberland and
compelled the Congress to surrender, just where they lay off Newport
News. The Minnesota was ashore in trying to attack her and the Roan-
oke, having a broken shaft, kept under the guns of Fort Monroe, so our
naval force was reduced rather quickly. The President did not know
whether we might not have a visit here, which would indeed cap the
climax. I could give but little comfort.

Ericsson, himself, was confident of the Monitor's abilities.
The Washington (D. C.) Star on February 3, 1862, wrote:

It is stated that Captain Ericsson is confident that with his new
battery, launched on Thursday, he can sink the Merrimac in a given
number of minutes and in case he cannot sink her in an hour, he can
bang at her any number of hours. As for her battery ram, he has an
impression that "we can play at that game," and he has no hesitation in
challenging a game of this sort.

Finally on March 9 the test came. Early Sunday morning the
Merrimac advanced to complete her work of destruction. She
opened on the helpless Minnesota without paying attention to
the apparently insignificant little vessel which had come up the
night before. Suddenly the Monitor's eleven-inch Dahlgrens
spurted fire and the Merrimac realized that she must contend
with the new arrival. Abandoning her attack on the Minnesota^
she turned to the Monitor, but the shots which struck the latter
had no appreciable effect.

It is said that Lieutenant Jones of the Merrimac in going to

128 SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

one part of the gun deck found the men standing idle. "Why
are you not firing?" he questioned the officer in charge.

"Why, our powder is very precious," replied the officer,
"And after two hours I find that I can do her about as much
damage by snapping my thumbs at her every two and a half
minutes."

Captain John Worden of the Monitor had orders not to use
heavy charges as the eleven-inch Dahlgrcns were considered
too weak for more than fifteen pounds of gunshot, a fire which
could not have penetrated the heavy armor of the Merrimac.
In the heat of the battle, however, two Swedish members of
the crew, Charles Petterson and Hans Anderson, disobeyed
the orders and loaded the cannon with double shot. Had the
guns been weak, this act of disobedience might have proved
disastrous. As it was, the two gunmen with their double-loaded
cannon tore a hole in the Merriviac, "large enough to drive
through with a horse and wagon." 1 * In speaking afterwards
of the battle, Catesby Jones, commander of the Merrimac,
declared:

The war has been over a good while now and I think there can be
no harm in saying to you that if you had hit us t\\ ice more as well as
you did the last two shots you fired, you would have sunk us.

After a battle of four hours the Mcrriwac appeared to be
in a disabled condition and gradually withdrew to the safety
of her land batteries. The only damage suffered by the Monitor
was to her pilothouse which was hit by direct shots from the
Merrimac. Captain Worden and two of his men were injured. 10

The news flashed through the North. Thunderous praise
poured in upon the Monitor, its inventor, her captain and her
crew. Piper, the Swedish minister, gloated over the accomplish-
ments of his countryman, Ericsson, and noted too that the guns
on the Monitor were designed by Dahlgren. 17

The President, members of the cabinet, officers of the army

. , . ^-

' -J

r _ Kt -*. 4 - , . ^ U-- . ~*-/

Ericsson claims the Monitor as his own. He sends identical letters to the
New York Tribune, Evening Post and World to correct any impression
to the contrary.

". . . / a?// constructing the battery for the United States Government to my
own plans approved by a special board of naval officers and under an agreement
entered into with the Secretary of the Navy "

Cuurtm Rtnenhaih Coinpinv, Will i

Lincoln \vants no sky-larking by the Monitor

SWEDISH SAILORS IN LINCOLN'S SERVICE 129

and navy hastened to see the new engine of warfare and to
congratulate the crew personally. Welles in his diary wrote:

The President himself was so excited that he could not deliberate or
be satisfied with the opinion of menprofessional men, but ordered his
carriage and drove to the navy yard to see and consult with Dahlgren
and other naval officers who might be there.

"When I saw Lincoln the next day," Schurz remarked, "his
mind was still so full of the great event that it gave him evident
delight to retell the whole story."

A crowd of spectators witnessed the battle from the shore
and island fortifications. Among these were several Swedish
officers in the United States forces, including Major General
von Vegesack, who was stationed at Newport News; Colonel
Gustaf Ilelleday, who was at Fort Monroe; Lieutenant Hjal-
mar Edgren, who was at Hampton Roads and had one of his
companies aboard the Congress during the battle. Engineers
Grundstrom and Baron Rosencrantz also were present. 18

Ericsson, of course, was pleased with the result. He envi-
sioned great consequences from the use of ironclad vessels. In
a letter to .Mr. Epes Sargent of Boston, dated March 1 1, 1862,
he wrote:

I accept with great pleasure your congratulations and assure you that
every exertion will be made on my part to furnish the nation with war
vessels that \\ ill enable us to defy LAI rope. 1 ha\ e all my life asserted that
mechanical science \\ ould put an end to the power of England over the
seas. The ocean is nature's highway between nations. It should be free;
and surely nature's laws, when properly applied, will make it so. 10

It was a drawn battle, but the North hailed it ns a victory. 20
It halted the MerriwaJs plan to destroy the Union fleet and to
capture principal northern cities including Washington and
New York. It put an end to the era of wooden ships. 21

The Thirty-seventh Congress in its second session on March
28, 1862, passed the following resolution,

1 30 SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
States in Congress assembled, That it is fit and proper that a public
acknowledgment be made to Captain John Ericsson for the enterprise,
skill, energy, and foresight displayed by him in the construction of his
ironclad, the Monitor, which under gallant and able management came
so opportunely to the rescue of our fleet in Hampton Roads and per-
chance of all our coast defense near and arrested the work of destruction
then being successfully prosecuted by the enemy with their iron-clad
steamer, seemingly irresistible by any other power at our command
and that the thanks of Congress are being presented to him for the
great service which he has rendered to the country.

Ericsson refused any remuneration for his design of the
Monitor? 2 He turned down the suggestion that he obtain a
patent for the invention so that he might collect royalties if the
government built other vessels of the same specifications. In
a letter to the Syracuse Evening Herald, December 1 1, 1882,
he said, "I have not received any remuneration from the nation
for the Monitor nor did I patent the invention as I intended
it as a contribution to the glorious cause of the Union. "

After the first battle, the Merrimac, as well as other southern
vessels, apparently was afraid of the Monitor?* The Merrimac
came out on May 8, 1862, as a result of a demonstration against
the battery at SewalTs Point. The Monitor was well in advance
of the other Union vessels so that the Merrimac could easily
have engaged her. The Merrimac, however, ceased firing before
the Monitor got within gunshot and returned with all speed
to the protection of the land batteries. She was destroyed
shortly afterwards to prevent her capture by Union forces. 24

Lincoln was in a happy mood over these developments.
He sent the following dispatch to General Henry W. Halleck,
then commanding the department of the West.

Norfolk in our possession, Merrimac blown up and Monitor and the
other boats going up James River to Richmond. Be very careful to
sustain no reverse in your department. A. Lincoln 25

CHAPTER XI
NOTES

1 Among the many craft involved in the war were small vessels bearing
Swedish names such as the Jenny Lind and the steamer, Ericsson.

* An indication of the number of Swedish ships in the American trade in
the early 1800 period is found in newspaper notices like the following:

Arrived Swedish Barque, Alexander, Captain Kellson
Arrived Swedish Brig, Perseverance, Captain Pearson
Arrived-Swedish Schooner, Liberty, Captain Anders
Arrived Swedish Schooner, Lyckligheten, Captain Oberg

8 "When the new ship, Rocket, was lying in Boston in 1851 loading a cargo
for the East Indies, the shipping master was told to send on board any good
man who appealed to him, giving preference to Norwegians and Swedes,
these being in my opinion, both in seamanship and docility, the best class of
sailors that man our vessels." Robert C. Adams

4 While wages and working conditions were important factors in Swedish
naval enlistments, they were not the only ones. One sailor, Charles Euremius,
expressed his reason in a letter to his family. "I had never thought to enter
the war, but when I saw how most of them gladly enlisted voluntarily, I de-
cided to show the Yankees that the Swedish boys in America also would help
their adopted land. I have since been three years and eight months aboard an
American man-of-war. I have received a gold medal from the United States
president for my reconnoitenng at Fort Sumtcr."

8 See Appendix VII.

6 See Appendix VIII.

7 Dahlgren and Ericsson conferred often on naval matters. The former
spoke of Ericsson as a very clever man, "who could be very right or very wrong
and hence needed supervision." On July 30, 1862, Dahlgren noted in his
diary, "Returned to New York and spent a couple of hours with Ericsson
discussing points with him and examining his plan."

* "It is said that Captain Ericsson is engaged in producing a steam carriage
for use upon plank roads, by which immense bodies may be transported at a
good speed with small cost. There seems to be no good reason why steam
power cannot be successfully used on our plank roads, and we have no doubt
it soon will be." Constitutionalist, Ottawa, Illinois, January 4, 1851.

9 "President Fillmore and President-elect Pierce, with several members of

i 3 2 SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

the cabinet and other distinguished officers of the government, visited the
caloric ship, Ericsson, which was on exhibition in Washington after several
trial TWOS" National Intelligencer, Washington, D. C., February 23, 1853.

M It is not generally known that other Swedes entered models in the com-
petition for ironclads. John W. Nystrom of Philadelphia submitted a plan
for an ironclad with quadruple guns. It was rejected by the same naval board
which accepted Ericsson's Monitor. John Bernhard Collm, a Swedish engineer
connected with the Pennsylvania Railroad, ivas working on a Monitor of the
John Ericsson type in 1863.

u There was opposition to Ericsson's claim of being the inventor of the
Monitor. The most persistent story was that George Vanderhydcn had made
plans for a revolving unit as early as 1846 and had offered it to the United
States government in 1847.

** The origin of the name, Monitor, is explained in a letter to Gustavus Vasa
Fox, Assistant Secretary of the Navy, dated New York, January 20, 1862.
"Sir. In accordance with your request, I submit for your approbation a name
for the floating battery at Green Point. The impregnable and aggressive char-
acter of the structure will admonish the leaders of the Southern Rebellion
that the batteries on the banks of their rivers will no longer present barriers
to the entrance of the Union forces.

"The iron-clad intruder will thus prove a severe monitor to those leaders.
But there are other leaders who will also be startled and admonished by the
booming of the guns from the impregnable iron turret. 'Downing Street' will
hardly view with indifference this last 'Yankee notion'; this monitor. To the
Lords of the Admiralty the new craft will be a Monitor suggesting doubts as
to the propriety of completing those four steel-clad ships at three and a half
million apiece. On these and many similar grounds, I propose to name the
new battery Monitor. \ our obedient servant, J. Ericsson."

18 "When the Ericsson battery left New York for the first time, the press
hastened to give out information that her destination was probably I lampton
Roads. Had the Monitor been able to make her trip at that time the information
might have been of no consequence. But after its publication she was forced
to return for a change of machinery. It seems by no means improbable that
the rebels, apprised of her return and having word of her intentions when
finally ready, hastened to forward their attack on the Congress and Cumber-
land, so as to anticipate her arrival and have a clear field." National Intelli-
gencer, Washington, D. C., March 13, 1862.

14 "Prominent citizens of New York waited upon their mayor, Mr. Opdykc,
to suggest the propriety of sinking bullet-laden ships in the channel inside of
Sandy Hook to prevent the passage of the Mcrrimac should she attempt it."
The Sun, Baltimore, Maryland, March 12, 1862.

SWEDISH SAILORS IN LINCOLN'S SERVICE 133

18 The official muster roll of the Monitor showed that two petty officers and
at least four members of the crew were Swedes. See Appendix X.

* When Worden was injured Dahlgren asked to be put in command of
the Monitor. Secretary Welles objected on the ground that Dahlgren was
more valuable at the navy yard.

17 The Washington Star on April 2, 1862, wrote, "It is rumored a service of
Iron Plate is to be presented to Captain Ericsson, inventor of the Monitor" and
on August 2, 1862, u The King of Sweden confers on Ericsson the order of the
North Star, the brightest in Sweden."

M For Von Vegesack's description of the battle see Appendix XI.

18 Davenport, Iowa, Gazette, November 25, 1862.

30 "The performance of the Monitor todav against the Merrimac shows a
slight superiority in favor of the Monitor, as the Merrimac was forced to retreat
to Norfolk after a few hours' engagement " G. V. Fox, Assistant Secretary of
the Navy, to General George B. McClellan, March 9, 1862.

11 "In this unexpected and unparalleled engagement, we get the first glimpse
of a new svstem of naval warfare and it will be our own fault if we do not profit
bv the instruction offered. Our conclusion admits of no doubt. There is an
end of wooden ships forever." London (England) Times, March 29, 1862.

Soldiers, sailors, and civilians who witnessed the famous battle started a
campaign to raise a fund for the heroes of the Monitor, each spectator to sub-
scribe one dollar. President Lincoln vetoed the suggestion on the ground that
the men would be rewarded bv a grateful government. The award was not
made, however, and in later years when Admiral Worden asked Congress to
authorize a special payment to the remaining members of the crew, the govern-
ment again turned down the proposal.

"On Februarv 24, 1863, a number of Admiral Porter's men rigged up a
dummy in the form of a Monitor and sent it adrift on the Mississippi near
Vicksburg. A Confederate lieutenant with one hundred men was guarding
the captured federal ironclad, Indianola, and when he saw the dummy Monitor,
he set the Indianola's guns muzzle to muzzle, fired to destroy them, and fled.

* Ericsson was indirectly responsible for the ironclad, Merrimac. The Con-
federate Secretary of the Navy, Stephen R. Mallory, was formerly a member of
Congress from Florida and chairman of the Naval Committee. He had cham-
pioned Ericsson's ideas while in Congress. On May 8, 1861, he suggested to the
Confederate Naval Committee the necessity of having at least one iron-armored
ship. As a result of this suggestion, an appropriation was provided for convert-
ing the frigate, Merrimac, into an ironclad vessel.

i 3 4 SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

The Confederates utilized the knowledge gained from ironclads in still an*
other way. Lieutenant John Barry, who had served on the Merrimac, mounted
an ironclad battery on a car truck. He used this "Dry Land Merrimac" in the
defense of Richmond, probably the first time that a railway battery was put
into active service.

* Lincoln to Major-General Henry W. Halleck, May 1 1, 1862.

CHAPTER XII
SWEDES IN THE CONFEDERACY

"Three weeks ago, Lincoln, the wretched President,
against his promise attacked a fortress in Charleston; his
troops were beaten off. He asked our governor for 2,000
men, which at once was refused. Our sympathies were
already with the South Confederation and to fight against
them was inconceivable to us. He has injured mankind
more than any man in hundreds of years." CARL JAKOB
HAMMARSKJOLD May 10, 1861.

IT MAY be a surprise to many who have thought of the
Swedish immigrants in Lincoln's time only as Northerners
to learn that Swedes lived in the South, owned slaves, and
fought in the Confederate ranks. Although the number was
small, the record is available and an impartial observer should
omit none of it. 1 It does not in any way detract from the glory
of those Swedes who served the Northern cause.

According to letters in He?nlandet, Swedish adventurers
had found their way to the South before the Civil War, and
small colonies were located in Alabama, Georgia, Carolina,
Louisiana, Kansas, and Texas.

Some individuals appear in early Indian or military records.
When Sam Houston left Nashville, Tennessee, in April, 1829,
for the West to live with Indians, he was accompanied by H.
Haraldson, a Swedish world traveler, who had drifted into
Tennessee. O. E. Dreutzer arrived in Charleston, South Caro-
lina, in July, 1836, from Gothenburg, Sweden. He volunteered
for service under General Winfield Scott as a member of
Company A, First Carolina Volunteers, in the war against
the Seminole Indians. For a time he was quartered with his

135

1 36 SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

regiment in the old Spanish fort at St. Augustine. Dreutzer
spoke of another Swede in the regiment also from Gothenburg,
who was shot and scalped by the Indians.

Several Swedes from Texas took part in the Mexican War.
They included "Count" Posse, who was killed at San Antonio;
Adolph Wolferson of Captain Evans' Company of Cavalry;
Lund in Company B; William Peterson in Fourth Company,
and one Hallmark in the Second Regiment of Texas Volunteers.

Captains Oscar Malmborg, Fabian Brydolf , and Ernst Holm-
stedt gained military experience in the Mexican War, which
later enabled them to obtain commissions in Civil War regi-
ments. Other Swedes who served in Mexico as privates in-
cluded Roger Hanson, Arnold Plageman, John Root, Erick
Erickson, Iver Johnson, Lars Ellixson, John Bodine, Anders
Johnson, Theophilus Johnson, Andrew Anderson, Nils Jansson,
Bengt Nilson, and W. P. Paulson. Maurice F. Lindquist served
in the navy on the transport Powbatan.

Gustaf C. Hebbe was a lieutenant in a Pennsylvania volun-
teer regiment during 1846 and 1847. He was afterward named
professor of history in a southern university.

John Ericsson, who was to win eternal fame later as the
inventor and builder of the federal warship, Monitor, served
as consultant to the War Department during the Mexican War.
He presented a plan for an iron steamer to navigate the Gulf of
Mexico and the Rio Grande.

The census at the outbreak of the Civil War reported the
Swedish population in the South totaled 750. Of this number
a mere handful fought in the Southern ranks.

Swedes who were established in the slave states early in
the nineteenth century generally adhered to the Confederacy
and several descendants of the Delaware Swedes, who had
settled in the South, held commissions in the Southern army. 2

It is understandable that the leading Swedish soldiers in the
South should come from the groups located in Alabama,
Georgia, and the Carolinas. This was the hotbed of the Con-

Lieut, Col Lud\ ig August
Forsberg, C. S. A.

( ntt,f\ Ktntucly S{ ite HuturiCiil Society

Brigadier-General Roger \V.
Hanson, C. S. A.

Smdith St.it* Ritlwiys Murfurn

Colonel Carl Jakob Hammnrskjolti, C. S. A.

SWEDES IN THE CONFEDERACY 137

f ederacy, the home of the most vociferous enemies of Lincoln,
the first to secede and the first to begin actual warfare, the
place where rebellion began! The Swedes in Wilmington,
Winnsboro, Charleston, and Columbia could hardly avoid
being affected by the patriotic outbursts of local orators, poli-
ticians, and newspapers. They stood by the Confederacy and
shared in the punishment which the North, and especially
Sherman's army, visited upon the section.

There were enough Swedes in and around New Orleans
in 1860 to justify the services of a Swedish consul. Some of
the New Orleans group were members of the "foreign brigades"
which were organized among the city's foreigners to protect
property and preserve order before the city was captured by
General Butler. When General Butler took over the city, he
encouraged the continuance of the foreign brigades which were
made up of Germans, Dutch, and Scandinavians. 3

A Swedish nobleman in New Orleans attempted to form
a Swedish company for Confederate service but obtained only
ten recruits. An attempt also was made to form a Swedish
company at Memphis, Tennessee.

The Swedes in Texas were divided in their loyalty between
the Union and the Confederacy. Swenson and a number of
others favored the Union and fled to Mexico in order to escape
Southern sympathizers. Svante Palm defended slavery and the
Southern government. A Swede by the name of Nelson of
Kerr County, Texas, was reported for his strong anti-Union
activities in 1862.

Samuel Forsgard, who had settled in Houston, Texas, in
1857, served through the war in the Confederate army.
Johannes Monson of the Swedish settlement at Brushy, Texas,
wrote how he and other Swedes were taken from their homes
without notice and drafted for Confederate service. Some of
the Texas Swedes obtained exemption through aid of the Swed-
ish consul, while others were limited to special nonmilitary
activities such as guarding supply depots and home posts.

i 3 8 SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

The war record cf the Kansas Swedes is obscure, but occa-
sionally names appear to indicate that some of them took part
in the fighting, usually on the Northern side. Thus Andrew
Palm fought against the Confederate general, Sterling Price,
as did P. J. Peterson, who was a member of Company B, Third
Kansas Regiment. Peter Johnson, 2 Confederate soldier, was
reported a prisoner of the Third Wisconsin Cavalry at Fort
Scott, Kansas, on October 29, 1862.

A few Swedes achieved prominence in the Confederate
army. They included Roger W. Hanson, August Forsberg,
Charles Dahlgren, Eric Erson, and J. H. Hallonquist.

Roger W. Hanson properly belonged to the colonial Swedes
as he was a direct descendant of the Maryland Hansons.

He gained military experience by serving in the Mexican
War under Captain J. S. (Cerro Gorda) Williams. In 1860 he
was enrolled in the Kentucky State Militia. His sympathies
were with the South and when the crisis became acute he
crossed the border with his men to form the nucleus of the
Second, Third, Fourth, and Fifth Kentucky regiments. He
held the Confederate right at Donelson on February 13, 1862
but was captured and lodged in a federal prison. After his
release, through an exchange of prisoners in October 1862,
he was given command of the first brigade and promoted to
brigadier general for conspicuous service on the field of battle.
His military career ended at Murfreesboro where he received
a mortal wound on July 2, 1863.

Forsberg, a nephew of Carl D. Forsberg, Councilor of War
at Stockholm, became colonel of the Fifty-first Confederate
Virginia Regiment known as the Forsberg Brigade. In 1855
he came to Columbia, South Carolina, and later to Charleston.
His sympathies being with the South, he enlisted in the Con-
federate forces and served for a year on the staff of General
Floyd. He was made topographical engineer in the Charles-
town harbor defense work. Forsberg was reported for gallantry
and bravery after the Battle of Fort Donelson on February 22,

SWEDES IN THE CONFEDERACY 139

1862, and Fayetteville in September, 1862. G. C. Wharton,
commanding the First Virginia Brigade, wrote on February
23, 1863, "Lieutenant August Forsberg, attached to the brigade
as engineer officer, rendered very efficient service in rallying
and leading his men and throughout the day distinguished
himself for gallantry and acts of daring." 4

Charles G. Dahlgren was a brother of Admiral John Dahlgren
of the Union forces. At the outbreak of the war he raised and
equipped with his own funds a regiment of Confederate soldiers
which he headed as brigadier general, receiving his commission
from Jefferson Davis. His command was known as the Third
Mississippi Regiment and first saw action at Vicksburg against
General Grant. Although General Dahlgren was wounded in
the battle, he and his regiment fought through the war taking
part in the battles of luka, Corinth, Atlanta, and Chickamauga.
In May, 1862, he was commandant at Camp Moon, Louisiana,
where he received the commendation of General G. T. Beaure-
gard. Later he was commandant at Fayette, Louisiana. Four
months before the war ended, Dahlgren was made a major
general/

Eric Erson enlisted in the Fifty-second North Carolina
Regiment on April 22, 1862. He was made captain of Company
H and took part in the Battle of Goldsboro on December 17,
1862, and in the Gettysburg campaign where the company's
losses were heavy. With a promotion to the rank of major,
Erson fought with his regiment in the battles of Bristol Station,
Mine Run, the Wilderness, and Petersberg. He won a further
promotion to lieutenant colonel when his regiment was a part
of McRae's Brigade, Army of Northern Virginia. On Septem-
ber 23, 1864, Inspector general Peyton reported the regiment
and the brigade in good order in discipline, arms, and ammuni-
tion. This was in decided contrast to most of the other military
divisions.

Hallorquist, who was born in South Carolina of Swedish
parents, was a captain in the Confederate armies and assistant

140 SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

commander of a battery at Fort Sumter on April 26, 1861.
A graduate of West Point, he served in the United States Army
until his resignation on January i, 1861, when he became
attached to the Second Battalion, Alabama Artillery. He was
held in high esteem by the Confederates and received steady
promotions, including major and chief of artillery at Shiloh,
April 6, 1862; lieutenant colonel, July 16, 1862, at the Stone
River campaign; artillery branch of Army of Tennessee, June
2, 1863, and chief of artillery, October 8, 1864.

Other Swedes who became officers in the Confederate army
included Carl Jakob Hammarskjold and Carl Lybecker. Ham-
marskjold, who was born at Skultuna, Vastmanland, came to
the United States in 1850. He was employed in various capac-
ities at Spring Hill Forge, North Carolina, and also operated
his own ironworks. In addition he served as postmaster. He
was a slaveholder and a staunch defender of the South. In 1 86 1,
he enlisted in the Southern army and attained the rank of
colonel when his superiors were all incapacitated. lie was
wounded on June 26, 1861, and retired from the service in
i862. 7

Carl Ludwig Lybecker had a brief period of service in
the Confederate army, first as captain in the Flying Artillery
Corps, Fourth Division, and on October 31, 1863,35 lieuten-
ant colonel and aide-de-camp to General John Marmaduke.
Authorities in Sweden ended his career with the Confederates
by removing him from his post as Swedish consul at New
Orleans and ordering his return to Sweden.

Captain J. P. Carlson of Captain Wagoner's Company of
Artillery won recognition on February 16, 1864, when with
five other men he volunteered to torpedo the Hoosatonica, one
of the finest federal warships which was stationed at Charleston,
South Carolina. Another Swede who received notice was A. P.
Anderson, a member of the Forty-first Louisiana Regiment,
whose name was placed on a roll of honor.

In the compilation of Swedish enlistments in the Confederate

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SWEDES IN THE CONFEDERACY 141

forces, one is confronted with numerous obstacles. Countless
records are missing, names are changed, and rolls seldom
record the place of birth. Moreover, the number of Swedish
enlistments was so small that the work of picking out the few
recognizable names from the voluminous records would not
make for accuracy. 8 Then, too, many Southerners bore such
typical Swedish names as Anderson, Nelson, Peterson, and
Johnson. 9

A partial list from Southern forces includes the following
Swedes: Gustavus Ehrenberg, Company E, Second Battery,
Alabama Light Artillery; August Ohlander, corporal, Mont-
gomery Foreign Guards; Fred Waldo, Company A, Ninth
Alabama Regiment; William Smith, born in Stockholm,
Sweden, Company B, Seventeenth Alabama Regiment; Martin
Moore, enlisted April 15, 1862; John C. Soger, Company C,
Forty-fourth Alabama Regiment; F. Nicholson, Company A,
Fifty-fifth Alabama Regiment; John Lagguta, Company H,
Sixth Louisiana Regiment; John Hoffman, Company A, Arkan-
sas Cavalry; J. Nelson, First Cherokee Volunteers, from
Indian territory, and Edward Gundersson, enlisted March 21,
1862, from New Orleans.

In addition, records show one Swede enlisted in each of the
following units: Company C, Fourteenth Louisiana Regiment;
Company B, Eighth Texas Regiment; Company B, Fourth
Alabama Regiment; Company I, Eighth Alabama Regiment;
Company A and Company H, Sixth Louisiana Regiment; Com-
pany E, Seventh Louisiana Regiment; Company D, Eighth
Louisiana Regiment; Company C, Fourteenth Louisiana Regi-
ment, and Company A, Captain E. C. Billing's Company of
Wane Legion, Texas. 10

There were two Swedes on the roll of Company B of the
Eighth Louisiana Regiment. Company C, Fourteenth Louisi-
ana, reported that a mixed group of twenty-three Irish, Ger-
mans, Swedes, Poles, and Italians deserted and joined the r^nks
of the North.

i 4 2 SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

It was no secret that Southern agents were recruiting sea-
men in London, Liverpool, New York, and other seaboard
cities, early in the war, offering inducements in the form of
prize money and high wages. 11 No official records of such
activity are available, but occasionally Swedish names appeared
when battles were reported or ships captured. In the battle
between the Kearsarge and the Alabama on June 19, 1864,
the former included among its crew members the name of
August Johnson, while the latter listed John Johnson and
John Benson as crew members. 12 One Swede was reported on
the Confederate cruiser, 'Nashville. The New York Herald on
January 22, 1862, mentioned the capture of the Rebel schooner,
Venus. Among the prisoners taken were Andrew Nelson,
captain; Peter Hanson, mate; Alfred Johanson and J. Johnson.
John Hanson of the Confederate steamer, Delaware, was re-
ported a prisoner on September 10, 1862. H. C. Lundgren was
assistant surgeon on the Confederate steamer, Darlington,
which was captured November 4, 1862. Peter Nelson and
Charles Peterson were taken prisoners when the steamer,
F. C. Wallis, was captured by Union vessels on April 6, 1862.
The Confederate steamer, M . /. Smith, was captured December
9, 1863. Prisoners included H. F. Ericsson and A. E. Olsson.
Charles Peter Johnson, fireman on the C. S. S. Florida, was
among the prisoners taken by the U. S. S. Wachusett, October
7, 1864.

The Swedish minister in Washington received letters from
Swedes who were captured while serving on Southern cruisers
or blockade runners. Charles Johnson, Peter Lawson, D. Charles
Williams, and Thomas Nelson were held at Boston after run-
ning the blockade at Mobile. Piper secured their release when
they claimed they had not known that their vessel was a
blockade runner. Gustavus Sky, who was captured on the
steamer, Nita, and held a prisoner at Fort Lafayette, appealed
to Piper on June 6, 1864.

The crew of the Confederate steamer, Palmetto State, during

SWEDES IN THE CONFEDERACY 143

the year of 1863-1864 included Lieutenant Charles Haraldson
and Andrew Johnson, John Johnson, and J. M. Pearson. John
Hanson was a member of the crew of the Confederate steamer,
Oconee, in May, 1862, and Ola Benson was listed as a crew
member of the C. S. S. Morgan in January 1863. The C. S. S.
Savannah had two Swedes on its crew named John Anderson
and John Hanson, who were registered for the year 1862-1863.

John Pearson was listed as a sailmaker at the Pensacola Navy
Yard of the Confederates. Hans Anderson was serving on
the Confederate bark, Conrad, formerly the Tuscaloosa, on
December 29, 1863.

H. J. Olson served on the C. S. S. Virginia in 1864 and 1865,
while Peter Nelson was listed as a member of the crew of the
C. S. S. North Carolina for the same period.

Crews of captured Union vessels sometimes enlisted in the
Confederate navy. When the Beaufort was captured by the
Confederate steamer, Winsloiv^ its crew, consisting of English-
men, Danes, and Swedes, enlisted.

Newspaper reports and occasional official documents con-
firm the presence of Swedes in the Confederate army and navy.
The total number was inconsequential, and the reasons for
their presence varied. Some undoubtedly served because of
real belief in the Southern cause, some because they were
caught by Southern conscription, and others for the increased
remuneration which was offered, especially in the Southern
navy.

CHAPTER XII
NOTES

1 Hemlandet, on May 24, 1865, suggested it might be interesting to ascertain
the number of Swedes who served in the Confederate forces. "We know at
least one, a son of the better class who married into a Southern family and in
behalf of the fanatical wife enlisted in the rebel cause. We believe he gave up
the ghost before any of his associates."

* Individuals among the more recent immigrants turned their backs upon the
South and the Southern army. Hemlcmdet often carried items like the follow-
ing: "Edward Wallberg, living in Mississippi, was drafted into the Confederate
army but escaped and came to Chicago." "John Anderson of Granada, Missis-
sippi, came North to join Battery G, Second Illinois Light Artillery." "J. O.
Lundbeck was living in Missouri when the war broke out but he came North
at once."

One Wickenberg, a Swede born in Karlskrona and a relative of the former
Swedish painter of the same name, had emigrated to the Southern states. At the
outbreak of the war he had been forced to enlist in the Confederate army, but
being sympathetic to the North, he escaped after innumerable difficulties and
came to New York. O. M. Linnell and A. G. Anderson were living in Louisiana
when the Civil War started. They both deserted the South, the former to enlist
in Company C and the latter in Company H, Minnesota Volunteers.

8 "General Butler suspended municipal authority and forbid assemblage of
persons in the streets. (Except that for effective promotion of order, an armed
body of foreigners known as the European Legion was invited to continue and
to co-operate with military authorities.) "American Annual Cyclopedia.

* One of the South's outstanding fighters of foreign birth, Forsberg, was born
on January i, 1831. He was graduated from the Technical Institute in Sweden
and at twenty-two was lieutenant in the engineering corps of the Swedish
army. He came to the United States in 185$.

Forsberg took part in nearly ninety Civil War engagements and was wound-
ed three times. For his gallantry, he won several promotions. Upon Lee's sur-
render, Forsberg was made a prisoner but was released at the request of the
Swedish minister in Washington.

5 At the outbreak of the war, General Dahlgren was reported to be worth
$750,000, having made his money in planting and slaveholding. After the war,
he returned to find himself penniless, his slaves free, and his plantations con-
fiscated by the government. He moved to New Orleans, where his health
failed him, and he came to New York with his family in 1870. He died at Brook-
lyn, New York, in December, 1888.

144

SWEDES IN THE CONFEDERACY 145

8 Little is known of Hallonquist outside of his war record. Reference is found
to a William Chollett Hallonquist, a graduate of the University of South Caro-
lina, who applied for a clerkship in a branch of the United States Treasury
Department at Montgomery, Alabama, on May 13, 1861. He was from Barn-
well, South Carolina, and probably belonged to the same family.

7 Hammarskjold returned to Sweden in 1863 after receiving help from the
Swedish minister at Washington. He became head of the Swedish State Rail-
ways. His father, Carl Vilhelm Hammarskjold, former manager of the Skultuna
Brassworks, preceded the son to America and became the owner of the Spring
Hill Forge in North Carolina which he operated until his death in 1860.

8 The editor of Hemlandet on March 4, 1863, tells of a visit to Fort Douglas in
Chicago to see if there were any Swedes among the Confederate prisoners. He
found only one, Sven Backlund from Kristianstad, Sweden, who was a member
of the Eighth Arkansas Confederate Regiment. Backlund stated that two other
Swedes in the regiment had been killed in battle.

9 Harry T. Knox, whose grandfather was an undertaker at Rock Island, Illi-
nois, during the Civil War, has a list of Confederate prisoners who died in the
federal prison of that city. Out of a total of 1,929 names, there are twenty-eight
Johnsons, five Nelsons, and two Andersons. Some of these Southerners prob-
ably could trace descent from Scandinavian ancestors. Alfred Ivarson, who
made a splendid record as a brigadier general in the Confederate army, "was of
Danish descent. His first American ancestor was a Danish sea captain who
settled in Wilmington, North Carolina.

10 Miss Ella Lonn of Baltimore, Maryland, has made a study of foreigners in
the Confederate army and has found twenty-five Swedish names on the rolls.
These names are included in the author's list.

11 Hon. Gustavus Vasa Fox, early in 1861, encountered agents in New York
from the state of South Carolina who were negotiating for the purchase of tugs.
Secretary of the Confederate navy Mallory sent an officer to New York about
the same time to examine and if possible to purchase vessels suitable for war
purposes, and to seek naval recruits.

M Benson and the other captured members of the Alabama's crew signed a
pledge not to engage in activities against the United States until properly ex-
changed. On November 13, 1864, Benson with some of the other prisoners was
arrested in an attempt to escape. William Nordstrom, an original crew member
of the Alabama, deserted August i, 1863.

CHAPTER XIII
SWEDEN AND THE LINCOLN ADMINISTRATION

"My memory does not recall an instance of disagreement
between Sweden and the United States. . . . You may be
assured that on my part every occasion will be improved
to exhibit the sincere desire which this government enter-
tains for the prosperity and welfare of the Government
and Kingdom of Sweden and Norway." A. LINCOLN to
Baron Wetterstedt, March 7, 1865.

SWEDEN, the first neutral power to recognize the inde-
pendence of the young American republic following the
Revolutionary War, continued to be a stanch friend of the
United States during the Lincoln administration. 1 She looked
upon the United States with a feeling of kinship, since there
many of her sons and daughters were forging a new homeland.

Sweden, which was undergoing many social reforms in the
nineteenth century, saw in the United States a model for the
development of democratic institutions. Between 1840 and
1865 Sweden introduced the representative form of govern-
ment in Parliament, liberalized its strict religious laws in
the state-controlled church, and adopted other democratic
measures.

The American Civil War was of special concern to
Sweden. From the beginning, she endorsed the cause of the
North, and during the trying war days repeatedly demon-
strated her friendship for Lincoln and his administration.

The governments and upper classes of France and England
from the first showed a decided tendency toward Southern
sympathy. These countries entertained Southern commissions
and granted Southern cruisers the use of their coaling facilities.
England early in the war declared herself neutral in the struggle,

146

SWEDEN & THE LINCOLN ADMINISTRATION 147

thereby giving quasi recognition to the South. Gladstone in
his famous letter revealed the views of England when he wrote,
"Jefferson Davis and other leaders of the South have made an
army; they are making, it appears, a navy and what is more than
either, they have made a nation."

In the face of such open hostility, the friendship of even
such a small country as Sweden meant much. This friendship
was demonstrated in various ways. Sweden repeatedly indi-
cated that she had no disposition or intention to join France or
any other nation in an offer of unsolicited mediation and con-
sidered the proposal of France for such mediation ill-timed and
unnecessary. 2

When it was rumored that Confederate representatives
were seeking recognition from Sweden through their centers
in London, Paris, and Copenhagen, the United States received
renewed assurance of support in correspondence that passed
between Washington and Stockholm. Secretary of State
William H. Seward wrote to J. S. Haldeman, American
Minister to Sweden,

The President confidentially relies upon your well-known vigilance
and activity as well as upon the friendly disposition of the Swedish
government to prevent the carrying into effect of any such design. 3

Count Manderstrom, Swedish Foreign Minister, replied a
few days later, "The Swedish government would prevent the
carrying into effect of any such design and would act and take
proper measures on information of sufficient suspicion."

This watchfulness continued throughout the war. On July
15, 1863, Manderstrom advised Count Piper, Swedish Resident
Minister to the United States, that an emissary of the Con-
federacy in Stockholm, who was suspected of seeking to pur-
chase ships, was there on an entirely different mission apart
from the war. In reporting on his investigation of the activities
of the Confederate agent, Manderstrom wrote, "The attitude

148 SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

of the King's government must convince Mr. Seward that it
would never permit hostile maneuvers toward a loved and allied
government."

The friendship of Sweden and the Swedish people for the
United States was disclosed previously by Haldeman in a letter
to Seward on June 14, 1861. He wrote:

From the limited opportunity I have had to judge, I have no hesitation
in the declaration of opinion that the sympathy of the entire north
of Europe is almost unanimously in favor of the existing government in
the United States. The emigration of this part of Europe having been
to the Northern or free states, they speak of it as if they would like to
give active aid to their friends, relations, and countrymen. The public
voice of the nation represented by a free press is clearly and emphatic-
ally in favor of my government. 4

The appointment of Count Piper as Resident Alinister to the
United States in 1861 was a special friendly gesture to the
Lincoln administration and to the country.

In receiving the new Resident Minister, Lincoln read the
following statement,

Sir, I receive with great pleasure a minister from Sweden. That pleas-
ure is enhanced by the information, which preceded your arrival here,
that his Majesty, your Sovereign, has selected you to fill the mission
upon the grounds of your derivation from an ancestral stock identified
with the most glorious era of your country's noble history, and your
own eminent social and political standing in Sweden. 5 This country,
Sir, maintains and means to maintain, the rights of human nature, and
the capacity of man for self-government. The history of Sweden proves
that this is the faith of the people of Sweden, and we know that it is the
faith and practice of their respected sovereign. Rest assured, therefore,
that we shall be found always just and fraternal in our transactions
with your government and that nothing will be omitted on my part to
make your residence in the capital agreeable to yourself and satisfactory
to your government. 6

Further evidence of the friendship between the United
States and Sweden was shown in an exchange of gifts between

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Minister Piper aids a Swedish officer

SWEDEN & THE LINCOLN ADMINISTRATION 149

President Lincoln and King Oscar I of Sweden. On November
10, 1862, Piper wrote Manderstrom that during an official
visit to the State Department, Secretary of State Seward
brought out two boxes each containing a pair of richly orna-
mented Colt revolvers. These revolvers, Piper reported, were
to be presented to the sovereigns of Sweden and Denmark in
appreciation of their friendship toward the American govern-
ment.

Following presentation of the pistols, Oscar I promptly
returned the compliment by sending Lincoln a specially printed
book describing his collection of firearms. In the American
press appeared the following notice,

The minister-resident from Sweden and Norway, Count Piper, in
accordance with instructions from his government, yesterday had an
audience with the President, for the purpose of presenting to him on
behalf of the King a volume containing engravings of the Royal col-
lection of arms. This is understood to be in reciprocation of a similar
compliment, the President having a short time since presented to his
Majesty a pair of pistols of American workmanship. Suitable acknowl-
edgements were made, and mutual good wishes exchanged for the
continuation of the cordial relations now existing between the two
governments.

On one important occasion the Swedish government was
especially helpful. This was in connection with the famous
Trent affair when the two Southern commissioners, Mason and
Slidell, were removed from the British steamer, Trent, and
imprisoned by Captain Wilkes of the United States Navy. 7

England was thoroughly aroused. Both in the British press
and from the platform Wilkes was denounced, while President
Lincoln, the United States government, and the American
people were much abused. The London Times of November
28, 1 86 1, declared:

Wilkes unfortunately is but too faithful a type of the people in whose
foul mission he is engaged. He is an ideal Yankee; swagger and ferocity,

1 50 SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

writ on a foundation of vulgarity and cowardice, these are his char-
acteristics and these are the most promising marks by which his country-
men, generally speaking, are known all over the world. By Captain
Wilkes let the Yankee breed be judged.

England decided to demand the return of the prisoners and
to back up their demand by war if necessary. She increased
her Atlantic fleet and began augmenting her Canadian forces.
She notified her ambassador to be ready to leave Washington.
The Times outlined a plan for blockading the eastern coast of
the United States. 8

Lincoln expressed doubts concerning the right of Captain
Wilkes to stop and search a British vessel on the high seas.
"I fear the traitors will prove to be white elephants," he said.
"If Great Britain shall now protest against the act and demand
their release, we must give them up, apologizing for the act
as a violation of our doctrines."

The whole country, on the other hand, hailed the capture.
The press extolled Captain Wilkes; Boston gave him a testi-
monial banquet; the Secretary of the Navy sent him a letter
of approval. Members of the cabinet also expressed their
pleasure, while Congress gave him a vote of thanks.

Lincoln hesitated to trust his own judgment against such
unanimous public approval. He said to Piper,

This country maintains and shall continue to maintain the rights of
man and their capacity for self-government and if in the accomplish-
ment of a duty so glorious, it is our destiny to encounter for the third
time open hostilities, hereditary jealousies and the prejudices of the
English at the same time that we are putting down the rebellion in the
South, let it be so. We will risk the shock of battle with Great Britain
and will be strengthened in the conflict by recalling that the one who
has justice on his side is three times armed.

Sweden was deeply stirred. It believed that the capture of
the Trent and seizure of the commissioners was in violation of
the rights of neutrals and of the International Agreement of

SWEDEN & THE LINCOLN ADMINISTRATION 151

1780 and Congress of Paris agreements of 1856 to which Swe-
den was a signatory. Sweden's King and councilors were sum-
moned to Stockholm in anticipation of action by the other
signatories. Sweden saw the possibility of being forced to sever
diplomatic relations with the United States since war between
England and the United States seemed inevitable.

Sweden's friendship for the United States was never shown
more clearly than in this crisis. Copies of the treaties involved
were placed in the hands of the United States State Depart-
ment officials by Swedish diplomats. In offering a solution to
the United States, Manderstrom wrote to Piper,

The affair of the capture of the Steamer Trent, of which you wrote
me, has caused very great excitement, not only in England, but in all of
Europe. If, as is still hoped, the United States Government decides to
disclaim the act of the Captain of the San Jacinto and surrender the
prisoners, it seems to me that such a resolution should be announced
before the arrival of Lord Lyon's note. It would be much more dig-
nified for the Government of the United States to act so and it would
be much easier for it to accomplish this sort of justice willingly, than to
seem to yield to pressure. If the affair is not decided in this way, I despair
of seeing it settled peacefully.

The suggestion appealed to Seward who offered the proposal
with his approval at the cabinet meeting. At first, Lincoln and
the cabinet indicated a reluctance to yield, but finally they
accepted Sweden's plan, and a tense international situation was
relieved. 9

During the Civil War, Swedish officials and the Swedish
press followed activities in the United States with great inter-
est. Lincoln's pronouncements and the news of victories of the
Northern armies were especially welcome. On September 26,
1862, Piper informed Manderstrom that President Lincoln had
issued the proclamation freeing the slaves, characterizing the
act as "the most important measure so far taken by the admin-
istration and which certainly will be the beginning of one of the
greatest social revolutions in history." 10

1 52 SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

On April 4, 1865, Swedish Minister Wetterstedt advised his
home office of the defeat of the Confederate army under Gen-
eral Lee, and of the subsequent occupation of Richmond and
Petersburg. Writing that he had called on Secretary Seward
to congratulate him on the Union's victories, Wetterstedt
said,

I doubt, however, that any of the Foreign ministers who are now in
Washington except perhaps that of Russia, have done this. Most of
them have not kept secret during the course of the war that they per-
sonally wished for the success of the South.

Swedish army officers who sought to enlist in the Union
army received help from the Swedish government and from
the Swedish Minister at Washington who used his influence
in obtaining commissions and service for them. 11 The Swedish
government, however, looked with disfavor upon active solic-
itation of army recruits by American consuls and immigration
companies and protested to Seward against the practice. These
protests were withdrawn when the American Secretary of
State directed a warning note to the consuls and issued a state-
ment disclaiming any governmental connections with the pri-
vate immigrant agencies.

During the course of the war, misunderstandings sometimes
arose which threatened the amicable relations between the two
countries. 12 Two occurrences proved more serious than others.

On October 18, 1861, Seward wrote C. E. Habicht, acting
consul for Sweden and Norway, charging that two of his vice-
consuls permitted themselves to be used as mediums of private
treasonable correspondence, which was injurious to the federal
government. Seward suggested that the two vice-consuls, D.
Robertson, stationed at Norfolk, and P. B. Gray, at Baltimore,
should be removed. The Charleston (South Carolina) Mercury,
voicing the Southern view, said that Seward was assuming too
much authority in dictating such instructions to any foreign
power and declared no one would take him seriously.

SWEDEN & THE LINCOLN ADMINISTRATION 153

Sweden did not feel that way about it. Habicht immediately
reported the incident to his home office, which instructed him
to warn the consuls against any action which might be con-
strued as antagonistic to the federal government. The consuls
promptly sent detailed explanations of their acts directly to
Secretary Seward as well as to their own representatives. 13

In January, 1 864, N. W. Wetterstedt was appointed Swedish
Minister to the United States. While he was on the ocean en
route to his new post, Sweden found it necessary to send a
special mission to Mexico. It was decided to send Wetterstedt
before he presented his credentials at Washington and instruc-
tions to that effect were forwarded to him at New York. When
Seward learned of this action, he became furious. He considered
this an effrontery to the United States, which looked with ex-
treme disfavor upon Napoleon's attempt to establish a mon-
archy in Mexico. Since England and France were openly hostile
to the federal government, the latter's activities in Mexico
might become especially menacing to the Northern cause. Was
Sweden joining this unfriendly alliance? It appeared so to
Seward who stated openly that he would demand an explanation
from Stockholm and would not receive the new Ambassador.

Wetterstedt became thoroughly frightened at the importance
Seward attached to the episode and wrote home for instruc-
tions. 14 He suggested that a full explanation be given to Mr.
Campbell, the American Minister in Stockholm. He also wrote
a lengthy letter to his diplomatic friend, Baron Gerolt, the
Russian Minister at Washington, who was especially close to
the American Secretary of State. Gerolt's reply was not en-
couraging, and Wetterstedt decided to journey to Washington
and appear before Seward himself. The matter was finally
settled to the full satisfaction of all concerned, as Wetterstedt
explained in a detailed report to his home government on Jan-
uary 20, i865. 15

The friendship of Sweden toward the United States was dis-
played best, perhaps, on the death of Lincoln. 16 Count Mander-

154 SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

Strom's note to American envoys at Stockholm displayed a
warmth of emotion unusual in official papers. That note spoke
for all of Sweden, which felt the deepest sympathy for America.
He wrote:

. . . Not only old and excellent relations which exist between the two
countries, but the high esteem and sincere consideration which the
King felt for the noble character and the eminent qualities of the illus-
trious President who has been snatched away by this most atrocious
crime, explains easily the sentiments of just grief and sympathy that
the King experiences and the reprobation with which his Majesty
brands a base assassin, directed by a fanatic against this good man.

The King charges me to beg of you to notify your Government of
these sentiments which you must be convinced are shared by all the
people of his kingdom. . . .

The King appointed Count Axel Crbnhielm, an officer of his
Royal Staff, to present in person to the American Legation the
condolences of His Majesty.

In Gothenburg, Sweden, all flags were immediately placed
at halfmast on the news of Lincoln's death. Social affairs were
canceled and plans were made for appropriate memorial ser-
vices. Newspapers hastened to express their sorrow. It was said
that the expressions of grief were greater than usually exhibited
toward royal persons.

Nya Dagligt Allehanda, a conservative newspaper, com-
mented,

It is a beautiful death and Lincoln forever will be surrounded by the
rays of impeccable glory. The time for impartial judgment will not
come in many years. He was a good citizen, and to every American, to
every friend of liberty, his name throughout the centuries will shine
beside that of Washington.

CHAPTER XIII
NOTES

1 A dispatch from Washington in the Chicago Tribune, dated July 3, 1861,
said, "The government of Sweden has expressed its earnest sympathies with
the cause of the North."

8 Foreign diplomats in Washington also suggested mediation through some
European neutral.

8 Seward to Haldeman, June 26, 1863.

* While expressing the strongest sentiments in favor of the North, Sweden
at the beginning of the war feared that the battle wounds would never heal and
might result in a permanent separation. Count Piper in his first instructions was
warned that he "must not lose sight of the fact that in all probability this union,
although greatly agitated, will never return to what it was before the rupture."

5 Charles XII ruled Sweden from 1697 to I 7 l & an ^ during that period con-
quered a great deal of territory. Karl Piper was chief councilor of a group of
five men which helped Charles run the government.

6 "Count Piper, the new minister resident from Sweden and Norway, had his
first audience with the Secretary of State yesterday at the Department. It is
officially communicated to this government that the selection of this distin-
guished statesman, a lineal descendant of Count Karl Piper, identified with the
glorious history of his country in the period of Charles XII of Sweden, is de-
signed as a special mark of respect and good will on the part of Sweden to the
United States." Evening Star, Washington, D. C., November 8, 1861.

7 Charles Bunker Dahlgren, eldest son of Admiral John Dahlgren, was with
Captain Wilkes as master's mate on the San Jacmto when the Trent was stopped
and went on board the latter to help remove the prisoners. At the request of
Captain Wilkes, he made a written report of the proceedings in which he stated,
"Everything was conducted in an orderly, gentlemanly manner as far as it
came under my observation."

8 Times, London, England, January 7, 1862.

9 Seward, while agreeing, issued a statement to appease the public. He said,
"If the safety of the Union required the detention of the captured persons, it
would be our right and duty to detain them, but the waning proportion of the
existing initiative as well as the unimportance of the captured persons happily
forbid me from resorting to this defense."

155

156 SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

10 Aftanbladet, most influential liberal paper in Sweden, was a loyal sup-
porter of Lincoln and the Republican party because of their opposition to
slavery. When the North was losing battles in the early days of the war, the
newspaper claimed that it was due to halfheartedness on the slavery question.
The paper continuously urged emancipation of the slaves which, it thought,
should have been put into effect when the war began

11 One Swedish writer characterized the contributions of the Swedish officers
in the Civil War as follows- "It is with great pride that I can confirm the out-
standing service of the Swedish officers. Everyone is agreed that no other na-
tion's officers have done so great honor to themselves and their country and to
the Union." (The names and records of these volunteers are given in another
chapter.)

12 Swedish and Norwegian ships were sometimes stopped and searched.
Others were refused entrance to blockaded ports. These cases, however, were
settled following friendly conferences between Secretary Seward and the
Swedish Minister. Relative to such a situation, Foreign Minister Manderstrom
wrote to Piper on March 25, 1863, "I have just received the letter which you
sent me on the 2nd instant and have learned with much satisfaction of the
happy solution of the affair of the Norwegian brig Admiral Tordenskjold. I beg
you, Sir, to express to Mr. Seward, when you have an occasion to speak to him,
the value that we attach to the logical and enlightened manner in which the
government of the United States has acted on this occasion and express to him
our appreciation."

18 Other Swedish vice-consuls were charged with sympathy for the South.
On May 30, 1865, the consuls at New York and New Orleans were cleared of
charges of unfriendly conduct. Lybecker at New Orleans was recalled to
Sweden after enlisting in the Confederate army. Os>a Tift at Key West, Florida,
was accused of taking part in the rebellion, and Wetterstedt on August 13,
1865, stated that he would "see that Tift is recalled." Seward on July 31, 1866,
reported that the appointment of Carl Epping as consul at Brunswick, Georgia,
"would not be altogether acceptable to the government of the United States."

u Wetterstedt enjoyed the confidence and friendship of President Lincoln
during his previous service in Washington. On his departure from the United
States on April 14, 1861, Lincoln wrote: "I receive the letter which apprises me
of your recall with regret for the loss of your presence here and with gratifica-
tion for your promotion to a higher diplomatic service. In a letter of recre-
dence, which I shall address to your sovereign, I shall state the favorable im-
pression which your sojourn here has made."

u "I am especially glad to be able to report that all difficulties with regard to
my reception here have been successfully conquered. ... I am quite satisfied
that everything ended so well. I had expected a lesson and was prepared to

.. fa*, y

to- *c

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4*+-eL OA*.*** /**.*++ tA-i*. A4rlAA?t'T~L JLr^A^.

l*4,.4. /

*,'!- J L^tJt*. a*ti*m*4jL
/t****. a^. u. ^t* ^iK-

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v /0 * ^ ^ r^.

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Cd^u^/^X

The King of S\vedcn acknowledges a
gift from President Lincoln

SWEDEN & THE LINCOLN ADMINISTRATION 157

take it patiently. But not one disagreeable word has been uttered to me either
by Mr. Seward or by the President " Wetterstedt to Manderstrom, Jan-
uary 20, 1865.

"Lincoln died on April 15, 1865, at 516 Tenth Street, Washington, in a
house then owned by William Petersen, who is sometimes referred to as
Pettersen, Peterson and Petener by Lincoln writers. Little is known of him
beyond the fact that he was a tailor and supplemented his income by con-
ducting a rooming house. The author checked the real estate deed to the
house and found that the owner's name is listed as William Petersen, which
would indicate that he was not of Swedish descent. George Rector, a grandson
of Petersen, has settled the matter by stating that his grandparents were Danes
who spoke German, and that they came originally from Schleswig-Holstein.

CHAPTER XIV
LINCOLN AND THE SWEDES

"Sir: The writer, having introduced the present system
of naval propulsion and constructed the first screw-ship of
war, now offers to construct a vessel for the destruction
of the Rebel fleet at Norfolk and for scouring the Southern

rivers and inlets of all craft protected by Rebel batteries

In making this offer I seek no private advantage or emolu-
ment of any kind. Attachment to the Union alone impels
me to offer my services at this fearful crisis, my life if need
be, in the great cause which Providence has called you
to defend." JOHN ERICSSON to President Lincoln, August
29, 1861.

A3 a political unit prior to 1865, the Swedish population
in the United States was small and comparatively unim-
portant. Lincoln, an astute politician, did not overlook it, how-
ever, in spite of his interest in larger, important groups such as
the Germans. He knew of the Swedish settlements which
skirted his home territory in Illinois and accepted their sup-
port. 1 He was aware of the Swedish volunteers in the army and
praised their ability. 2 He came to know a number of Swedish
religious, political, and military leaders. 8

Lincoln's first contact with foreigners came in 1829 when
he visited New Orleans after a flatboat trip down the Missis-
sippi. 4 He probably did not distinguish Swedes from the Dutch-
men, Italians, Spaniards, Swiss, Norwegians, and Russians whom
he encountered on the streets and wharves of that cosmopolitan
city, but he did realize for the first time that aliens from many
lands formed part of the American population.

Ten years later as a member of the state legislature Lincoln
took note of the foreigners in Illinois. On June 24, 1839, ^ e
wrote a confidential letter to a number of Whig editors asking

158

LINCOLN AND THE SWEDES 159

them to check the Congressional vote by which Stuart defeated
Douglas and particularly to find out if any minors, nonresidents,
or unnaturalized foreigners had voted for Douglas. In 1854 he
was fighting the Kansas-Nebraska Bill as part of a plot to exclude
from vast unoccupied regions immigrants from the Old World
and in 1856 he helped introduce an anti-Know Nothing clause
in the resolutions adopted by an organization meeting at Deca-
tur, Illinois.

On October 7, 1858, when the famous Lincoln-Douglas de-
bate was held at Galesburg, Illinois, Lincoln witnessed one of
the earliest Swedish political demonstrations. All the Swedes
of Galesburg and delegations from adjoining towns were pres-
ent to take part in the ceremonies. One Swede, A. Anderson,
was a member of the "Light Guard" which acted as an escort
for Lincoln on that day. Other Swedes who attended and after-
ward recalled the event were A. W. Berglund, A. C. Rood-
strom, Carl Johnson, Charles Nelson, F. J. Olson, and Nels Ol-
son. Shortly after Lincoln arrived, he stopped for a moment
at the home of a friend. When he came out, some of the above-
named Swedes were lined up along the wall leading from the
house. This pleased Lincoln so much that he stopped to shake
hands with each one. 5

John O. Johnson was a trusted lieutenant and political or-
ganizer for Lincoln as early as 1 857. In a letter to Congressman
Richard Yates on September 30, 1857, Lincoln spoke of John-
son as a newcomer, entirely reliable and a capable organizer. 6

Another influential Swede who came into close contact with
Lincoln was the Reverend Lars Paul Esbjorn, a professor at
Illinois University, a Lutheran school in Springfield, Illinois,
from 1858 to 1862. Lincoln's son, Robert, attended Esbjorn's
classes, and Lincoln frequently called on the professor to dis-
cuss his son's studies, since Robert was an unwilling student. 7

Esbjorn had political experience as a member of the munic-
ipal council at Princeton. He was an outspoken opponent of
strong drink and slavery. Lincoln, who had publicly expressed

160 SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

hope for the day "when there shall be neither a slave nor a
drunkard on earth," must have discussed temperance and pol-
itics with Esbjorn along with the problems involved in Robert's
schooling. In later years Esbjorn supported Lincoln actively on
the public platform and in the Swedish press. Esbjorn's sons
enlisted in the Union army, and one of them was the first Swe-
dish soldier to fall in battle.

About thirty Swedish students attended Illinois University
during the years 1851 to i86o. 8 Most of them worked outside
of school hours to help pay expenses, and thus became known
to Springfield families. Some acted as runners at the State
House. These students were prominem in the debating societies
of the school, debating such subjects as "Know-Nothingism"
and "Signs of the Times Indicate the Fall of the Republic."
Robert Lincoln sometimes joined in this debates. His father
certainly was aware of them.

Lincoln rewarded some Swedes who had served him in po-
litical campaigns. O. E. Dreutzer of Wisconsin, who was elected
a judge of Kenosha County and later appointed a brigadier
general in the state militia, was named by Lincoln as American
consul at Bergen, Norway, in 1862. Lincoln also named G. J.
Sundell of Chicago consul at Stettin, Germany, and later pro-
moted him assistant to the consul general of Rumania.

The fact that Lincoln took a personal interest in Swedish indi-
viduals is proved by the case of C. J. Stohlbrand, who was one
of the first to respond to Lincoln's appeal for army service.
Stohlbrand, a major, had been performing the duties of a bri-
gadier general for some time but had not been promoted to
that rank since there was no vacancy in his division. Displeased
with this arrangement, Stohlbrand submitted his resignation.
General Sherman accepted it but was determined to retain
Stohlbrand's services. He requested Stohlbrand personally to
deliver a dispatch to Lincoln.

In Washington Stohlbrand was ushered into the President's
chambers where he handed the papers to Lincoln. After study-

Original i

Lincoln, the \\ar-\\eary president in 1865, showing how gaunt and aged
his features had become during the M ar. Photograph taken on the
White House balcony, March 6, 1 865, by H. F. Warren, Waltham, Mass.

Lincoln whites to \Vhitney, December 30, 1857,
about his friend John O. Johnson

Vv^* ^8*<*

A Swedish prisoner appeals to Lincoln

LINCOLN AND THE SWEDES 161

ing them, Lincoln extended his hand, exclaiming, "How do
you do, General?"

Correcting him, Stohlbrand remarked, "I am no general; I
am only a major, Mr. President."

"You are mistaken," Lincoln replied; "you are a general,
and I need you in the Carolinas." Within a few hours Lincoln
arranged for the promotion and Stohlbrand shortly returned
to the army as a brigadier general.

Through Count Piper and Baron Wetterstedt Lincoln met
several of the Swedish officers who came to the United States
to volunteer for service in the Union army. Some of them sent
home vivid descriptions of Lincoln's unpretentious manners
and apt stories. One wrote, "The modest 'slipper-wearing' Pres-
ident made about the same impression upon me as if I had been
paying a visit to Barnum."

One of the first volunteer officers from Sweden to come to
Lincoln's attention was Captain Ernst von Vegesack, who
afterwards made a splendid record. On September u, 1861,
Lincoln wrote to General Scott,

This is to introduce Capt. Ernst von Vegesack of Sweden, who wishes
to enter our Military service. Feeling grateful for his offer but not be-
ing competent to decide the questions involved, I have great pleasure
in introducing him to you with the remarks that we need all the skill
we can get and that if you can employ him satisfactorily, I shall be glad.

Captain Charles G. Lundberg of the Royal Swedish navy
was another officer whom Lincoln met personally. Lundberg
was introduced by Resident Minister Piper and was invited
to the White House for occasional chats with the President. 9

Lincoln's solicitude for the common soldier of the Civil War
is well known. He was never too busy to take up the case of
some unfortunate who was in trouble. Neither wealth, color,
nationality, or loyalty made any difference. If there was a
possibility of reprieve for military offense, Lincoln took ad-
vantage of it, often to the dismay of officers who felt that pun-

162 SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

ishment was necessary. Swedish soldiers, along with others,
made appeals to him. John E. Thomas, born at Vanersborg,
Sweden, wrote to the President on January 18, 1865, from the
military prison at Camp Morton, Indiana. He explained that
he was living in the state of Mississippi when he was forced into
the Rebel army. On May 14, 1864, he deserted at Resaca,
Georgia, and gave himself up to the United States forces. He
was then sent to the military prison at Camp Morton, Indiana.
He asked that he might "be permitted to take the oath of alle-
giance to the United States government and be released from
prison." He was released March 16, 1865.

In a few routine cases Lincoln intervened in behalf of Swedish
soldiers. Notes like the following appear in his correspondence:

Mr. Stansburg, United States Sanitary Commissioner, May 21, 1864
Principal Musician John A. Burke, Fourteenth U. S. Infantry, has
permission to accompany Capt. W. R. Smedburg, Fourth Infantry
(wounded) to New York.

Officer in command at Lexington, Ky., February 22, 1865 Send
forthwith record of the trial of S. K. Johnson.

Major-general Rosencrans, St. Louis Postpone the execution of
S. H. Anderson for two weeks. Hear what his friends can say in miti-
gation and report to me.

When a group in New York organi/ed a company called the
Naval Brigade to serve on the gunboats of the coast defense,
Lincoln's personal intervention in the matter made the new
naval corps possible. The governor of New York had sent two
brigades to Fort Monroe, but General Butler refused their
aid since its members were not enlisted in the Union service.
The captain, Gustaf Helleday, a Swede, traveled to Wash-
ington where he was granted an interview with President Lin-
coln. Lincoln accepted the offer of the corps on the condition
that it was to form an infantry regiment. The Union Coast
Guard was organized with Helleday as its colonel.

Some of Lincoln's advisers were Swedish leaders. These

LINCOLN AND THE SWEDES 163

included Count Piper, the Swedish Resident Minister; John
Ericsson, inventor of the Monitor, and Admiral John A. Dahl-
gren, who designed many of the arms in use by Union forces.
Count Piper, as has already been noted, came often to the
White House. His relations with Lincoln were most cordial,
and the two men often discussed political and military matters
which were outside the scope of official intergovernment bus-
iness. At one time Lincoln advised Piper on Sweden's attitude
in the Danish matter. He said,

Well, Sir, if you want my opinion, it is to do as I have done in this
war. I have kept myself out of this war and thus I am almost sure not
to be hurt. So Sweden may do. There is nothing to do when they allow
two great powers to crush poor Denmark. You may take a better chance
in waiting a little.

This close friendship between Lincoln and Piper greatly
simplified the latter's efforts in finding places for the Swedish
officers who came to volunteer their services to the Union.
When army routine became irksome, Piper brought the men
directly to Lincoln who usually acted on Piper's recommenda-
tion.

Ericsson arrived in the United States in November, 1839,
bringing with him plans for a steam frigate which he hoped to
sell to the United States government. From that time he was
in constant touch with authorities in Washington. His con-
tacts were mostly with officials in the War and Navy depart-
ments, but he did not hesitate to communicate directly with the
President if bureaucratic delay stood in the way of action. On
August 29, 1 86 1, when a naval board was considering bids for
ironclads, Ericsson wrote directly to Lincoln outlining his plan
for a new type of vessel.

The President agreed to meet the contractor and Ericsson at
the Navy Department and to do what he could toward secur-
ing the construction of a trial Monitor. He was present at the
appointed hour, and when Rear Admiral Smith, chairman of

164 SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

the naval board, asked his opinion, he said, "I feel about it a
good deal as the fat girl when she put her foot into her stocking.
She thought there was something in it."
To Assistant Secretary of the Navy Fox, Lincoln said,

The Monitor was one of my inspirations. I believed in her when Mr.
Bushnell first showed me Ericsson's plans. Captain Ericsson's plain but
rather enthusiastic demonstration made my conversion permanent. It
was called a floating battery; I called it a raft. I caught some of the
inventor's enthusiasm, and it has been growing upon me. I thought then
and I am confident now that it is just what we want.

On March 9, 1862, a memorable date in American history,
the Monitor, in its battle with the Merrimac, fully justified
Lincoln's faith in Ericsson. Again Ericsson met the President,
this time to receive his thanks and to accompany him on board
the Monitor to congratulate the crew.

After the success of the Monitor , Ericsson was given author-
ity to build two vessels according to his advanced designs, one
of which was the single-turreted monitor named Dictator ',
which went into commission in December, 1864. Concerning
this vessel, Ericsson wrote to President Lincoln, December 9,
1864:

This ship is now attracting great attention on the part of European
governments. It must be gratifying to the Secretary of the Navy that
the condition which he has rigidly enforced in the construction of the
iron-clads, to protect the crew as well as the armament, has recently
been accepted by the European naval powers as an indispensable con-
dition. 10

No one in military or naval service in Washington was closer
to Lincoln than Admiral Dahlgren. 11 Dahlgren was born in
Philadelphia on November 13, 1809, the son of Bernard Ulric
Dahlgren, then the Swedish consul. On February 21, 1826, he
was admitted into the navy as a midshipman, and six years
later won promotion to the United States Coast Survey. Fol-
lowing participation in a European expedition from 1843 to
1845, Dahlgren turned his attention to the construction of

* H 8*i.*^ >

p.. ,>'tfifl

Courtesy Thomas Madtgan, N*w York

Lincoln notes to Dahlgren

Courtesy New York Historical Association

Lincoln asks a lieutenancy for
Uiric Dahlgren

LINCOLN AND THE SWEDES 165

military weapons. In 1 850 he designed a light howitzer for small
boats and nine and eleven-inch guns which introduced new
principles into naval warfare. Dahlgren experimented next on
rifle cannon and urged the construction of ironclads. His guns
were a factor in turning the tide of success for the Union in at
least nine engagements during the Civil War. 12

Lincoln made no secret of his regard for Dahlgren, even in
the face of criticism from cabinet members and others who
thought it unwise for the President to consult with junior of-
ficers. He called on Dahlgren at the most unexpected hours
and frequently accompanied him to the battle front. Lincoln's
notes to him are clothed in warm personal language.

"I like to see Dahlgren," Lincoln said "The drive to the
navy yard is one of my greatest pleasures. When I am depressed,
I like to talk with Dahlgren. I learn something of the prepara-
tions for defense, and I get from him consolation and courage.
On the whole, I like to see Dahlgren." 13

On February 22, 1862, Secretary Welles wrote in his diary,

Had a call from Dahlgren who is very grateful that he is named for
admiral. Told him to thank the President, who had made it a specialty
that I did not advise it. Dahlgren, always attentive and much of a
courtier, has to a great extent the President's regard and affection.

Lincoln personally handed a colonel's commission to Dahl-
gren's son, Ulric, following his courageous fighting against
General Lee. When Ulric Dahlgren was killed, Lincoln gave
his personal assistance in an effort to recover the body.

Lincoln liked to read poetry to his friends and sometimes
read aloud to Dahlgren. On a river voyage to McDowell's head-
quarters with Dahlgren, the President produced a copy of Fitz-
greene Halleck's poems and read "Marco-Bozzaris," the stanzas
ending with the prophetic lines,

For thou art Freedom's now and Fame's
One of the few, the immortal names,
That were not born to die.

166 SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

The Swedes high regard for Lincoln was demonstrated when
the startling news of his assassination was reported. The ex-
ceptional actions taken by the Swedish government have al-
ready been mentioned. The attitude of the people of Sweden
is shown in the following extract from the diary of one of them:

Why should the death of a man thousands of miles away lie so
heavily on my heart and soul! I have never seen him. I never heard of
him until six years ago, but I feel that I not only knew him but that he
was my friend. His simple greatness, earnestness, his sincerity and
warm human understanding have made him dear. The family will
wonder at my words, but he seemed to have the touch of God. One day
when men are ready to be honest he will be looked upon as the great
American and one of the great men of all lands and all times. Soon I
shall write to Leonhard in America to send me all of Lincoln's writings.
It will be like reading the Bible. How glad I am that I can understand
his language well enough to appreciate his simple and beautiful words. 14

The same sentiments prevailed in the United States where
Swedes from every settlement came out to pay their respects.
Special services were arranged in Churches. At Chicago on
May i, 1865, Swedes including members of the oldest Swedish
society, Svea, marched in his funeral procession.

The Swedish paper, Hemlcmdet, with broad funeral border
on each page announced the sad news as follows;

Mournful Tidings! Abraham Lincoln, father of the country is dead
fallen by an assassin's bullet, and the entire country is in mourning.
Death, thou hast struck one of the cruellest blows. He was greater than
any in ten thousand. The pious, the honest, the true patriot. President
Lincoln is no more. A pity that he should fall, when he had just entered
upon the duties of his high office for another four years and was going
to carry out those endeavors which he had begun with so much wis-
dom, moderation, and impartiality. What will the future bring? Hu-
manity cannot say. One thing is sure, our country has never had such a
leader and will not soon again find another.

CHAPTER XIV
NOTES

1 Hasselquist, Malmberg, Mattson, and Silfversparre were organizers for the
Republican party. They spoke for Lincoln in many Swedish communities
but did not come in personal touch with him.

W. L. Newberry was a member of the committee which asked Lincoln to
deliver a memorial address on the life of President Zachary Taylor in Chicago,
July 24, 1850. Newberry, while of Swedish descent, was not closely associated
with the Swedish newcomers who lived in Chicago.

S. Cronsioe of Bishop Hill was a delegate to the state Republican convention
at Springfield in 1858 and was present in Chicago when Lincoln was nominated
for President.

* On August 3, 1864, Lincoln in a conversation with Swedish Resident Min-
ister Piper "praised highly those of our countrymen (immigrants) who had
taken pan in the war here and said that to judge from them we (meaning
Swedes) would not easily be subdued."

8 Some persons tried to take advantage of Lincoln's friendliness. A Swedish
adventurer and a brilliant author, Carl Jonas Love Almquist, claimed to have
served as secretary to President Lincoln in connection with highly confidential
dealings with Jefferson Davis. The Encyclopedia Britannica, Ninth edition,
is authority for the statement, and Charles Dudley Warner in his World's
Best Literature also mentions it.

Sir Edmund Gosse, author of the article in the Encyclopedia, in a letter of
August 1887 (now in the writer's possession) has disposed of the matter. His
letter, which is addressed to the editor of the Critic, says, "It has occurred
to me that my friend, Mr. John Hay, is better able than anyone else in Amer-
ica to deal with the allegation, and in reply to a note of mine he has obliged me
with this letter: 'The story about Almquist is impossible. The personnel of
Lincoln's office was not numerous. I can account for every one of the em-
ployees, and there was not one who by any ingenuity of disguise or imagination
could pass for Almquist. The sad and tragic conclusion is that he lied about it.' "

John Nicolay, secretary to President Lincoln, also denied Almquist's claim.
In a letter, dated February 24, 1878, to Frank W. Ballard of the New York

World, he says, " President Lincoln never had such a secretary, and no

person ever stood in any relation to him who by the wildest stretch of imagina-
tion could be held to assume such a description."

4 Isaac Anderson was a member of Lincoln's company in the Black Hawk
War, and on June 29, 1839, Lincoln signed an affidavit to help Anderson re-
cover a horse lost while he was in government service. There were several
other Swedes in that war, and since the enrollment was small, Lincoln probably
knew them.

LINCOLN AND THE SWEDES 169

much of him and learned to admire him with the enthusiasm of a young, a
very young student."

For list of Swedish students see Appendix IV.

C. G. Astrom, a private in the Third Massachusetts Volunteers, often saw
Lincoln in Washington. Captain A. Aldersparre of the Swedish frigate Norr-
koping had an interview with Lincoln in March, 1862, and heard him express
his friendliness toward Sweden.

10 Ericsson did not limit his advice to naval matters. On August 2, 1862, he
wrote, "To his Excellency, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, I
most respectfully call your attention to Mr. Rafael's repeating rifle. I have
examined this formidable war instrument and find it free from those imper-
fections which invariably defeat the usefulness of such contrivances."

11 Admiral Dahlgren was born in the United States yet he was closely Iden-
tified with Swedes and Swedish activities. His father was Swedish consul
at Philadelphia, and Admiral Dahlgren was often consulted by Piper, Erics-
son, and Swedish officers who were serving in the federal forces.

M As early as 1857 Dahlgren obtained recognition abroad for his knowledge
of naval weapons. His "Shell and Shell Guns," a treatise published in England,
was favorably reviewed in the Liverpool, England, Albion of April 6, 1857.
Among his books are: "Report on the 32 Pounders" (1850); "System of Boat
Movement in the U. S. Navy" (1852-1856); "Shell and Shell Guns" (1856);
"Report on Cruise of the Ordnance Ships in 1857," and "Naval Percussion
Locks and Primers" (1862).

M On October 31, 1864, Dahlgren noted in his diary, "Spent the evening at the
White House with Mrs. Lincoln," and on November 28, "Thanksgiving Day,
I dined at the President's and made one of a party of three."

14 Translation from Diary of Captain Axel Johan Uggla (1797-1867) of
Hallefors, Sweden. This interesting diary is now in the possession of Mr.
Vilas Johnson of Chicago, Illinois. Mr. Johnson is a great-grandson of Captain
Uggla.

POSTSCRIPT - TO MY DAUGHTER

Dearest Mary Alan:

Well the book is finished and I am wondering what I shall
now do with my spare time.

It doesn't seem possible that the work was started before you
were born, but that is actually the case. You, of course, do not
remember the earlier visits to Swedish centers in Minnesota
and Illinois; to the Bloody Pond at Shiloh, or the monuments at
Gettysburg.

But you cannot forget the weeks we spent in New York
when I worked in the libraries with the temperature close to
one hundred; the day when we convinced old settlers at Pine
Lake, Wisconsin, that their neighborhood had once been the
site of a Swedish colony, and the fire when the manuscript
material was saved. And you know of the mornings when I
arose at four o'clock to drive to Rockf ord, Galesburg and other
places in search of special items, or the times I visited Washing-
ton, Springfield and Philadelphia for firsthand information.

You have been familiar with the interesting correspondence
from persons in many places, some as far away as South Africa;
the experiences I had in locating autographs and photographs
of persons long since dead. The rare and unusual books dis-
covered through friends, in old bookstores and out-of-the-way
libraries, and the satisfaction when I found some item, unknown
to authorities in the historical societies, and left copies for their
files.

And the interesting people we met. The man from the Old
People's Home who shod horses for the Union soldiers at Chat-
tanooga; the old gentleman who came all the way from southern
Illinois to tell roe that he once played marbles with Abraham

170

POSTSCRIPT - TO MY DA UGHTER 1 7 1

Lincoln and Thomas, the man with the Santa Glaus beard, who
told us how Lincoln personally handed him his commission as
consul to Sweden.

Well, these people are all gone now, and their way of life is
no more. Churches conduct fewer and fewer services in Swed-
ish. Swedish newspapers are gradually going out of existence
and the Swedish language is seldom heard in group meetings.
Should immigration be further reduced, the descendants of
these people, like those of Colonial days, will eventually lose
their identity.

I am glad that I learned from pioneers something of the
activities of their compatriots in Civil War times and have
been privileged to make note of their contributions. They were
mostly sturdy, hard-working peasants, skilled as farmers or
mechanics. They helped clear the vast woodlands of the
Middle West and established successful farming communities,
including towns, villages and cities. They believed in the
democratic system, accepted citizenship and took advantage
of opportunities to secure education and advancement for their
children. They appreciated these advantages and in return
were willing to give their all in full support of the government
that provided them. Strangers at first, they gradually won the
respect and good will of their American neighbors.

The military record of the Swedes in early American wars
and in the South was inconsequential. The service of approxi-
mately three thousand men of Swedish descent in the North
during the Civil War was very creditable for the proportionate
numbers involved, but probably contributed little to the final
result. The aid given by forty or more experienced Swedish
officers was a splendid gesture, but was also but a minor con-
tribution. On the other hand, the services of Captain John
Ericsson and Admiral Dahlgren were outstanding.

All these activities as well as the help given during political
campaigns should be made known, however, to emphasize
the support which the Swedes gave to Lincoln and the Union.

172 SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

The friendly attitude of the Swedish government should also
be recorded.

The background and experiences of the pioneers emphasize
their character, which is reflected in their descendants who
now number about six million. These descendants have con-
tributed much to America. Their influence is felt in art, science,
literature, music and industry. They have supplied us with
some of our greatest architects, engineers and builders. They
have furnished leadership in education, politics and statesman-
ship.

About two per cent of enlistments in the First World War
had Swedish names, yet no effort was made to consider the
part played by Swedes as a separate group contribution. That
is evidence of the progress made toward Americanization. In
the present war the amalgamation is even more pronounced.
Men of Swedish blood and name now occupy high places in
government and military service, but no one thinks of them
except as Americans.

This does not mean that the present generation is forgetting
its Swedish ancestry. Its members do take pride in their heritage
and manifest increased interest in Swedish and Swedish- Amer-
ican History. Sweden itself has heightened that pride through
the splendid record it has made in democracy during the past
twenty-five years.

You, too, must continue to cherish that heritage, because it is
my belief that it will become an even greater source of pride
in the future. That is as it should be and is one more reason
why I am glad to have finished this book.

NELS HOKANSON

APPENDICES

APPENDIX I

iTnmigrants from Sweden and Norway
From "International Migrations"

Year ending September 30

1820 3

1821 12

1822 10

1823 i

1824 9

1825 4

1826 16

1827 13

1828 10

1829 13

1830 3

1831 13

1 5 months ending December

31, 1832 313
Year ending December 31

1833 16

1834 42

1835 31
18*6 57

1837 290

1838 60

1839 324

1840 55

1841 195

1842 553

9 months ending September

30, 1843 1748

Year ending September 30

1844 1311

1845 928

1846 1916

1847 130?

1848 903

1849 3473

1850 1363

3 months ending December
31, 1850 206
Year ending December 31

1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1 86 1
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867

2424

4103

33^4

3531

821

1157

1712

2430

1091

298

616

892

1627

"49

6109

12633

7005

6 months ending June 30,
1868 11166

*75

APPENDIX II

Swedes in the Revolutionary War

The following Swedish officers took an active part in the American
War for Independence either in the French or Colonial service: Nils
Bjelke, David Gustaf Blessing, Du Bordiere, A. F. Brummer, Olaf
Baron Cederstrom, George K. de Frese, Gustaf Costera Feif, Carl
Donat Feif, Hans Axel von Fersen, Johan Henrie Fock, Kristoffer
Grubbe, S. Gyllenskeep, Carl Johan von Hohenhausen, Carl Ludwig
Jagerskjold, Onnert Jonsson, Liewen, Pete Ulric Lilljehorn, Peter
Montell, Admiral Henric Johan Nauckhoff, Otto Henrie Norden-
skjold, Magnus Daniel Palmquist, Johan af Puke, Carl Raab, Carl
Fredric von Rajalin, Saloman Mauritz Rajalin, Carl Gustaf Rehbinder,
Robert Magnussen Rosen, Magnus Aurivilius Rosen von Rosenstein,
Adolph Fredrik (Peterson) Rosenvard, Sacris Schulten, Johan Herman
Schutzercrantz, Avon Sjostjerna, Count Sprengtporten, Victor Sted-
ingk, Curt von Stedingk, Baron Tilas, Carl Fredrik Toll, Tornquist,
Henrick Ulfvenklou, Arvid Virgin, Admiral Claes Wachtmeister af
Johanneshers, and Daniel Zachaud.

Count Axel von Fersen, who distinguished himself at the siege of
Yorktown, later was made a member of the Society of the Cincinnati,
founded by George Washington. Curt von Stedingk, who fought at
Savannah, was similarly honored.

Swedes who were members of the crew of fohn Paul Jones' famous
flagship, the Bon Hamrne Richard, included:

Peter Nolte, Carl Peterson, Daniel Edholm, Peter Bjorkman, Benjamin
Gartineau, Peter Molin, Ole Gustafson, and John Gunnison,

176

APPENDIX III

Hemlandet's Subscribers in 1855 *

This list gives a suggestion of the geographic distribution of Swedes
in the United States at that time.

Galesburg, Illinois
Knoxville, Illinois
Rock Island, Illinois
Moline, Illinois
Ontario, Illinois
Lafayette, Indiana
Galva, Illinois
Abingdon, Illinois
Fulton, Illinois
Monmouth, Illinois
Andover, Illinois
Union Grove, Illinois
New Boston, Illinois
Batavia, Illinois
Elgin, Illinois
Pecatonia, Illinois
Carpentersville, Illinois
St. Charles, Illinois
Keithsburg, Illinois
Geneseo, Illinois
Princeton, Illinois
Hennepin, Illinois
La Salle, Illinois
Tiskilwa, Illinois
Wataga, Illinois
Macomb, Illinois
Victoria, Illinois
Peoria, Illinois
Lyndon, Illinois
Marseilles, Illinois
Henry, Illinois
Chicago, Illinois
Blackberry Station, 111.
Geneva, Illinois
Rockford, Illinois

55 Kewanee, Illinois

37 Port Clinton, Illinois

9 Morris, Illinois

32 Waverly, Illinois

3 De Kalb, Illinois

1 Shakopee, Minnesota

2 Carver City, Minnesota 3

1 Taylor's Falls, Minn. 4
5 Chisago Lake, Minnesota 35

13 Marine Falls, Minnesota 17

39 Red Wing, Minnesota 7

2 Port Louise, Iowa i
2 Lyons, Iowa i

1 Lansing, Iowa 1 3

2 New Sweden, Iowa 16
10 Davenport, Iowa i

2 Rapids P. O., Iowa 5

20 Boonesborough, Iowa i

1 Hawk Eye, Iowa i

2 Keokuk, Iowa 3
24 Honer, Iowa 2

2 Burlington, Iowa 13

1 Wheatland, Wisconsin i

2 North Pevin, Wisconsin i
9 Prairie La Crosse, Wis. 2

1 New Ay go, Michigan i

2 White Lake, Michigan i
i North Bridgewater, Mass. 1 1
i Boston, Massachusetts 10
i Providence, Rhode Island i

22 Campalo, Massachusetts i

50 Framingham, Massachusetts i

i Jamestown, New York 1 5

12 Frewsburg, New York 8

1 6 Dunkirk, New York i

177

i 7 8 SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

Harmony, New York i Columbia, Pennsylvania 2

Blackville, New York 2 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 4

Garry, Vermont i Hamilton, Ohio i

Cherry Creek, New York i Louisville, Kentucky 2

Flavanna, New York 2 Pleasantville, Kentucky i

Fredona, New York 2 Walden's Ridge, Kentucky i

Sugar Creek, Pennsylvania i Mobile, Alabama i

Rattsville, Pennsylvania 2 Brushby, Texas i

Freehold, Pennsylvania 2 Austin, Texas 8

* Note preponderance of numbers in Illinois.

APPENDIX IV

Scandinavian Students at Illinois State University 1851-1860
Swedish names are marked with an asterisk.

* Anderson, Christian

* Andreen, Andreas
Berntzen, Staale
Bergen, George L.
Dahlsten, A.
Duvell, J. F.
Elilson, Aslay

*Ericson, Edward
*Esbjorn, John
*Esbjorn, (Osborn) Joseph
*Esping, Gustave
*Holm, Peter
"Halland, Bengt M.
Hollegue, Thomas
*Hultgren, C. O.
*Jacobson, Abraham

*Jenson, Isaac
* Johnson, Amon
*Knudson, Canute

Larson, Neils
*Larson, Sven
*Lindstrom, O. A.

Nasse, John

Norem, Lewis H.

Olsen, Christian
*Olson, George
*Pehrson, John
*Peterson, Peter H.
*Petterson, Edwin

Strand, Halver

Sunneson, Olof

'79

APPENDIX V

Swedish Immigrants Lured into Slave Labor Contracts

"I am an immigrant from Kolmarlan, Sweden. With my wife, three
children and several friends I arrived in New York in October and
had no money. We met Pastor Andreen who promised to seek help
and report to us next day. Before he arrived, however, a man at Castle
Garden promised us work at a place about thirty miles in the country.
We accepted in the hope of earning money to come to Chicago but
alas the plan proved disastrous. We first were taken by "steamboat"
to Norfolk, Virginia, where we met a man who took charge of us and
brought us to Fairfield, North Carolina. At Norfolk contracts were
arranged in the presence of a Swede who was an official of some kind,
by which we were to receive fifteen dollars a month and were to work
six months to repay our traveling expenses. To date we have received
only twelve dollars and on inquiry receive only promises. I work from
sunrise to sunset and even so the overseer complains because I arrive
home too early.

This is a sad plight in a strange land. Our daily ration is corn meal
and flesh which is carefully measured. Not many travel to this place,
only those without money who can be lured by false promises. It seems
a shame that such swindlers can operate from Castle Garden. For
those without relations to whom they might look for help, death seems
the only relief." -Hemlandet, July 3, 1866

1 80

APPENDIX VI

Type of Contract for the Care and Employment of Immigrant Children

"It is hereby agreed by and between Robert Falconer and Germund
Johnson that Sara Sophia (now called Josephine), the daughter of said
Germund Johnson and Catherine, his wife, who has resided with
Robert Falconer since December, 1846, and was seven years old the
3rd day of May, 1847, shall be and remain in the family and service
of said Falconer and wife for the further term of eleven years from
said 3rd day of May, 1847, or until she shall be the age of 18 years, said
Falconer and wife to have control of her person and her services, and
said Johnson neither to take her away or to demand or receive anything
for her services. The said Falconer and wife to feed, clothe, and educate
her in a respectable manner, to provide for her in sickness and health
and in consideration thereof to have the services during the said term
of eleven years free of charge and at the close of her term of service
pay to her the sum of $50.00, which is to be her own exclusively and
not the property of her parents or any other person.

"Witness the hands and seals of the said parties herein this 4th day of
January A. D. 1848, signed, sealed, and delivered in the presence of
J. B. Brown.

Robert Falconer (Seal)

Germund Johnson (Seal)

Catherine Johnson (her mark) (Seal)"

181

APPENDIX VII

Swedish Naval Officers in the Civil War 1

Those marked with an asterisk were born in Sweden.

Acting masters: Charles G. Dahlgren, *Alfred Encson, *William
Hanson, *G. B. Thompson.

Acting ensigns: George Anderson, William H. Anderson, Rasmus
Bentson, *N. A. Blume, *Alfred Bowie, *Henry Green, *Charles H.
Hanson, *John D. Hardeman, *Charles C. Johnson, George Johnson,
Andrew Nelson, Charles Nelson, *William Nyborg, *Frank Marshall,
John P. Pearson, Eric Peterson, *Francis A. Strandberg, Charles G.
Wahlstrom, *A. F. West.

Acting paymaster: Aaron Nelson.

Acting master's mates: *Thomas Brown, Alfred Ericson, John Han-
son, * August Landegreen, *John N. Kimlborn, Julius Nelson, *Charles
Tenwall.

Acting second assistant engineers: Alfred Adamson, George Ander-
son, John W. Anderson, Julius D. Anderson, Peter Anderson, Richard
Anderson, Louis J. Ericson, *Charles Armberg, Henry Johnson, Samuel
Johnson, *John Johnson, "Edward Johnson, *George Nelson, William
Peterson, John Joeberg, *William Williamson.

Acting volunteer lieutenant: *John A. Johnson.

1 As listed on the naval register.

182

APPENDIX VIII

Individual Swedes Reported in the Union Navy

When the schooner Isobee was captured by Confederates on April i,
1862, Henry Mohlman and John Johnson were listed among the prison-
ers. Midshipman John Anderson was killed at Fort Jackson on April 24,

1862. John Peterson and John Benson of the U. S. S. Ceres were re-
ported wounded at the battle near Fort Gray, North Carolina. August
Peterson of the U. S. S. Monticello was wounded June 24, 1861, John
Nelson of U. S. S. Passaic on September 8, 1863, John Erickson of
U. S. S. Pontoosie on January 26, 1865, and Sven Svendson of the
U. S. S. Delaware on February 7, 1865. Among those who volunteered
to forward munitions past the batteries on the Pamlico River April 7,

1863, was Peter Peterson of the U. S. S. Lockwood. Conrad Erickson
of the U. S. S. Judge Torrence became known when he asked for
promotion on October 22, 1863.

John Johnson, from Solvesberg, Sweden, enlisted in the United States
Marines, serving on the North Carolina from November 19 to December
3, 1 86 1. He was commended on February 10, 1862, for his skill as a
gunner; He served on the Wyandotte, Seneca, Princeton, Sonoma, and
Santa, and was finally assigned to the Washington Navy Yard. Eric
Neuman was reported killed February 19, 1862, while serving on the
U. S. S. Harvest Queen.

John Lind was listed as a sailor on the U. S. S. Morning Light on
April i, 1863. John Ahlstrom and John Benson were reported on the
U. S. S. Dictator on April 27 while Peter Benson was on the U. S. S.
Sachem on September 10 of the same year.

Laurence Hesselroth, a native of Dalarna, Sweden, joined the navy
in 1864. He served as a druggist and physician on the steamer Kenwood
of the Mississippi squadron.

Charles Hartman and Daniel Jackson were volunteer sailors on the
U. S. S. Ohio having enlisted at Charleston, Massachusetts.

Rudolph William Colson (Carlson) was on the rolls of the steamer
Vanderbilt. He also served on the Galatia, Fort Morgan, Monongahela,
and Richmond.

Alfred Peterson, a member of the crew of the U. S. S. Commodore
Perry was recommended for promotion to quartermaster in 1860.

184 SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

Charles Spongberg, third assistant engineer and Christian Anderson,
cook on the U. S. S. Weewaken were reported lost when the vessel
was sunk off Charleston Harbor, on December 6, 1863.

Eric Peterson was in command of the U. S. S. Currituck on January
i, 1861.

APPENDIX IX

Swedish Enlistments from Massachusetts during the Civil War

A. Swedish Sailors from Massachusetts. All were born in Sweden.

Officers: Nicholas Anderson, mate; Charles G. Boyer, ensign;
Francis A. Dran, master's mate; William Hanson, ensign; William
C. Parker, master's mate; B. B. Soderberg, ensign; Charles F. Walde-
mar, ensign, and John A. Williams, master.

Seamen: Gustaf Adamson, Charles Akman, Andrew Anderson,
Andrew Anderson III, August Anderson, Gustavus Anderson,
Henry Anderson, Oliver Anderson, Peter Anderson, William
Anderson, Charles Andrews, Joseph Bains, Charles A. Bansel,
Charles Barry, George Bates, Andrew Benson, Andrew Benson II,
Benjamin Benson, Charles Benson, John Benson, Gustaf Berg, Axel
L. Bergman, Albert Bigelow, Charles Bjorling, Charles Bock, Adolph
Boman, Olaf Borselius, Michael Brian, August Brown, Jacob Brown,
John Brown III, Peter Brown, William Brown, Andrew Byers,
Henry Callaghan, Alfred Caiman, John Camp, Adolph W. Carl-
strom, Henry Carrow, Jacob Cass, Martin Collins, Bror Croford,
James Cronins, Charles Danielson, Robert Edwards, Charles Edwin,
Charles Elm, Charles J. Ericson, John Ericson, John Ferguson,
Louis Forrestall, John Francis, Andrew Franklin, F. W. Fredrick-
son,. Henry Glover.

Charles Gordon, Joseph Gray, Andrew Hall, Andrew F. Hall II,
Frank Hanson, Charles W. Harris, Abraham Hartman, Charles
Hartman, Alexander Hicks, John Holm, Fredrick K. Holmes,
George Jackson, Albin Johnson, Augustus Johnson Bernard John-
son II, Charles J. Johnson, Charles Johnson III, Edward Johnson,
Harry Johnson, John Johnson II, Olaf Johnson, Peter Johnson II,
Henry Kenham, Ephraim Kennelson, Charles King, John Lawrence,
Aaron G. Lawson, Ernest Leonard.

Samuel Lindberg, Adolph L. Lindman, Joseph Lindquist, Charles
Lingren, John F. Loefgren, Fredrick Lund, John Lynch, James
Malone, Augustus Mathson, Thomas Miller, Charles Mitchell, John
Neilson, August Nelson II, John Nelson, Peter Nelson II, Charles
Nelson, Christian Nelson, William Nelson III, Olaf Nileson, Alfred
Nordal, Axel Norling, John Nostrand, Charles Oakleaf, Frederick
Oberg, William Olson, Charles Peterson, John Peterson.

John Alfred Peterson, Joseph Peterson, Peter Peterson, Robert
Petrill, Beils Petterson, Charles Petterson, Sven Petterson, Gustave

185

1 86 SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

T. Quarnstrand, William Redford, Charles S. Ragman, Charles A.
Reed, Lars Reenstoerna, Hans A. Rehns, George Robinson, Robert
Robinson, John Rosenblad, Andrew Seaburg, Charles Sherman,
James Shipley, Charles Smith III, Henry Smith, John Smith III,
John F. Smith, "William Smith, Carl J. Spongberg, John Swenson,
August Thompson, Charles Thompson, Ernst Thompson, Frederick
Thompson III, John Thompson, Alfred Torsson, Richard A. Wenn-
berg, John White.

William Wickstrom, Charles Willet, Charles William III, Ed-
ward Williams, John Williams, Andrew Wilson, Charles Wilson
III, John Wilson VI, Orville N. Wilder, Peter Wilson II, Thomas
"Wilson, Holger Zackrison.

B. Swedes in the army from Massachusetts accedited to North Bridge-
water:

Gust A. Arfidson, Co. I 33rd Massachusetts Regiment
Augustus Boiling, Co. C 42nd Massachusetts Regiment.
Malcolm F. Dahlberg, Co. Ti2th Massachusetts Regiment (died

of wounds)
Charles A. Gustafson, Co. B 33rd Massachusetts Regiment (killed

at Resaca, Georgia, May 15, 1864)

OlafF M. Holmberg, Co. I -33rd Massachusetts Regiment.
Daniel Lawson, Co. C 6oth Massachusetts Regiment.
Carl A. Lindstedt, Co. F nth Massachusetts Regiment.
Corporal Andrew P. Olson, Co. C 4ind Massachusetts Regiment

(died of wounds)
Charles F. Swanstrom, Co. B 33rd Massachusetts Regiment (died

of wounds)

APPENDIX X

Swedish Sailors in the Federal Service Who Took Part in the Naval
Battle March 8 and 9, 1862 (known as the battle between the

Monitor and the Merrimac)
On the Monitor

Acting master's mate: G. Frederickson.

Third assistant engineer: M. T. Sundstrum.

Privates: Hans Anderson, Charles Peterson, John Stocking, Charles

F. Sylvester.
On the Cumberland
T. S. Petterson, William Anderson, John Peterson, August Berndt,

J. Benson, R. Johnson, John Johnson.
On the U. S. S. Congress

Hans Anderson, Charles Anderson, Andrew Blankman, Sven Erick-
son, John Frick, Alfred Johnson, Peter Johnson, Charles Johnson,
Charles Knutson, William Nelson, Fred Peterson, John F. Warner.
On the U. S. S. Minnesota

George Anderson, John Carlin, Matt. Carlin, Fred Johnson, Fred
Ostergren, Henry Thielburg, Alfred Colin, Gust Vierling.

APPENDIX XI

Von Vegesack's Description of the Battle Between the Monitor and

the Merrimac

"Last Saturday, when the celebrated iron steamer of the Rebels,
Merrimac, appeared, I was commanded by General Wool to depart
with two Regis, of Inf. and six Squadrons of Cav. in order to reinforce
Gen. Mansfield's A. C. at Newport News and by way of this had
occasion, at a distance of some hundred yards to witness the most inter-
esting fight which has probably ever taken place. I have hardly beheld
anything that made a more lugubrious impression on me than this
Merrimac, which black and gloomy, slowly kept advancing on the
crystal-clear surface of the water, proud in her consciousness of spread-
ing death and devastation about herself. The combat you have seen
at length depicted in the newspapers. Painful as it was to see the Frigate
Cumberland gradually sinking in the midst of a heroic defense and
finally disappear, taking with her into the deep about 150 men, who
dead or wounded in the struggle could not be brought safely to shore,
the sight of a white flag, hoisted on the Frigate Congress, as a sign that
it wanted to capitulate, was one that arrested more grief than anger
because it was not an act of indefensible cowardice. When landing,
the commander and crew of the Cumberland were greeted with
enthusiastic cheers, whereas those of the Congress were almost avoided.
We held everything to be lost and thought Sunday would bring about
not only the loss of the remaining Men-of-War, but also driving us
from Newport News and maybe Fort Monroe too As a rescuing
angel then on Sunday morning Ericsson's iron battery Monitor appeared,
the most curious little thing that was ever afloat on the water; most
of all it resembles some joined planks with a tar-barrel on the middle.
The fight that day between the Frigate Minnesota and Monitor on one
side and Merrimac on the other inspired a complete conviction that
henceforth entrenchments for coast defense are totally unpractical and
that wooden vessels forever have lost their value as Men-of-War.
Merrimac and Monitor will give occasion to a total subversion of the
Navies of all nations, and our compatriot, Captain Ericsson, has made
himself immortal."

188

APPENDIX XII
Hans Anderson's Story of the Monitor and Mcrrimac Battle

"I was born in Fjaras, Sweden, in 1824 and came to America in May
1846. In 1856 I joined the U. S. navy as an able seaman serving on the
frigates Falmouth and Congress for three years. In the Christmas season
of 1 86 1 while in New York I saw the Monitor, fitted, ready for service.
I volunteered my service and was accepted as a member of the crew.

"We left New York on March 6, 1862, with thousands gathered
on both sides of the East River to see the 'cheese-box on a raft' off to fight
the rebels. We had a crew of fifty-four on board, including eight or
nine officers. I was acting quarter-master. On our arrival at Hampton
Roads we heard sounds of battle and Captain Worden ordered the
decks cleared for action. This was Saturday evening and we lay all
night alongside the frigate, Minnesota, which had run aground.

"On Sunday morning I saw the Merrimac approaching and reported
promptly to deck officer, Charles Webber. I recognized the Merrimac
because I had been present at her launching. As soon as Captain Worden
received the news, he ordered full steam ahead.

"The Merrimac began firing on the Minnesota, and we in turn fired
on the Merrimac. The first shot seemed to glance off the side of the
Merrimac, but the second broke her flagstaff and the next went clear
through her super-structure. The Merrimac now turned on us and
one shot "hit the pilot house, severely wounding Captain Worden.
Next the Merrimac steamed straight for us in an attempt to ram the
Monitor but we had no difficulty in withstanding the blow.

"Since the Merrimac seemed to be filling with water, we thought
this was our opportunity to give her the coup-de-grace. There were two
Swedes on board beside myself. They were Charles Peterson and a
man named Sylvester. Peterson was at gun number one and I was at
number two. I said to Peterson, 'Let us put in two cannon balls so as
to get results.' Peterson agreed and the resulting shots made holes in
the Merrimac through which one could drive a horse and wagon.

"The Merrimac was unable to continue and withdrew to the protec-
tion of the shore batteries. At the same time Lieutenant Green ordered
the Monitor to withdraw, much to the disappointment of the crew who
appointed me spokesman to try to have the order rescinded. Lieutenant
Green did rescind the order but the Monitor made no headway, which
may be explained by the fact that the lieutenant was in the engine room.

"The Merrimac was in sinking condition and was ready to hoist the

189

190 SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

white flag but found it unnecessary since the Monitor had already
withdrawn. It was a shame that Captain Worden was wounded, since
otherwise we would have sunk the Merrimac or perhaps have been
sunk ourselves.

"On Monday President Lincoln, Naval Secretary Welles, and
Captain Ericsson came aboard and with tears in their eyes thanked
each one of us."

APPENDIX XIII
Andersonville Prison

Extracts from the memoirs of Gustaf Alstrand, Company H, i8th
Illinois Light Artillery. Taken prisoner at Atlanta, July 22, 1863.

"Misery, misery, misery stood with open arms to receive us when
the gates of Andersonville opened. There were 35,000 men crowded
into a small enclosure. They were huddled together, some of them
half naked and some of them starved and gaunt, utterly without clothing.

"The rations were cornbread, beef, molasses, and beans issued once
a day. A day's rations would average a teacup full of beans, a piece of
cornbread three inches square and about three-quarters of an inch
to an inch and a half in thickness, a quarter of a pound of beef, when
beef was served, and when we did not have beef, a couple of spoons of
molasses. Water for bathing and drinking came from a creek which
ran through the stockade.

"Every morning dead men were carried out from all parts of the
stockade. They were buried in a trench six feet wide and as long as
necessity demanded. New prisoners who were brought in were called
'fresh fish.'

"Once in a while the rebs would come in and ask us to join the
Confederate army. We told them that we would not do it, that we would
rather stay right there and die and rot. Our confidence in the Union
remained unshaken all the days we were in the prison."

191

APPENDIX XIV
Swedish Dead at Andersonville Prison

The following Swedish soldiers died at Andersonville Prison and are
buried in the cemetery there. The place of enlistment is given with
each name.

A. Anderson, Connecticut

A. Anderson, Illinois

D. Anderson, Indiana

John Anderson, Maine

George Anderson, Michigan

F. Anderson, Michigan

J. N. Anderson, New Hampshire

A. Anderson, New York

J. Anderson, New York

H. Anderson, New York

J. Anderson, Pennsylvania

S. Anderson, Tennessee

F. Christiansen, Wisconsin

G. Envison, Vermont
C. Erickson, Illinois

C. Erickson, Wisconsin
S. Erickson, Wisconsin

D. Freeman, Illinois
F. J. Freeman, Kansas
R. Hanson, Wisconsin
J. Iverson, Illinois

P. Ingerson, Maine

S. Igerson, New York

C. W. Johnson, Illinois

J. S. Johnson, Illinois

J. Johnson, Iowa

A. Johnson, Kentucky

J. B. Johnson, Maine

M. Johnson, Massachusetts

N. Johnson, Minnesota

J. H. Johnson, Michigan

J. Johnson, Michigan

H. Johnson, Michigan

Ole Johnson, New Hampshire

P. Johnson, New Hampshire

G. W. Johnson, New Jersey

A. Johnson, New York

B. Johnson, New York
H. Johnson, New York
J. Johnson, New York
J. Johnson, New York
M. Johnson, New York
B. P. Johnson, New York
E. Johnson, Ohio

J. Johnson, Pennsylvania
John Johnson, Pennsylvania
Charles Johnson, Pennsylvania

A. G. Johnson, Rhode Island
E. A. Johnson, Tennessee
John Johnson, Vermont

H. B. Karson, New Hampshire
J. Knutson, Wisconsin
J. Nilson, Illinois
John Nelson, Kentucky

B. Nelson, New York
John Nelson, New York
John Nelson, New York
George Nelson, Pennsylvania
S. H. Nelson, Vermont

R. Nelson, Wisconsin
J. Olson, Illinois
J. Olson, Illinois
O. Olson, Wisconsin
P. Peterson, Delaware

192

APPENDIX XIV 193

J. B. Peterson, Illinois A. Peterson, Wisconsin

J. Peterson, Kansas C. Peterson, Wisconsin

Henry Peterson, New Jersey P. Swanson, Illinois

C. Peterson, New York H. B. Swan, Maine

H. Peterson, New York F. Swan, Maine

John Peterson, Rhode Island P. Thorson, Wisconsin

APPENDIX XV

Swedish Officers in the Union Army (Including First Lieutenants

and Above)

Brigadier generals: Ernest von Vegesack, Charles John Stohlbrand,
O. E. Dreutzer.

Colonels: Anderson, Dahlgren, Johnson, Holmstedt, Malmborg, Matt-
son, Hanson, Helleday, Elfving, Brydolf , Broady, Burg.

Lieutenant colonels: Gustafson, Leatz, von Holstein, Carl August
Rossander, Fredrick Anton Rosencrantz, von Knorring, Warberg.

Majors: Bergland, Carl Ludvig Berlin, Carl Olof Blomberg, John V.
Ahlstrom, Jacob von Cederstrom, Forsse, Granfeld, Holmberg, L. N.
Holburgh, Charles Hamberg, Elof Oscar Hultman, Peter Nelson, Palle
Rosencrantz, Steelhammer.

Adjutant: Youngberg.

Sergeant major: Lindberg.

Captains: Arosenius, John Anderson, Austrum, Benson, Clarke, Cor-
neliuson, Danielson, Edvall, Ekstrom, Englebloom, Eneberg, Erickson,
Eustrom, Gustavson, Hedberg, Hollers, Aaron, C. Johnson, Charles
Johnson, Eric Johnson, Jocknick, Landstrum (C. E.), Landstrum (Al-
fred), Lindquist (C. F.) Lempke, Lindberg, Lund, Nelson, Nerman,
Olson, Plagemann, Smedburg, Sparrestrom, Stenbeck, Silfversparre,
Skaro, Swenson, Wickstrum.

Lieutenants: Andberg, Charles Anderson, Ackerstrom, Hjalmar An-
derson, Bergquist, Bovie, Eckdall, August Hjalmar Edgren, Johan Alex-
is Edgren, John H. Erickson, Edstrand, Oliver Erickson, Gustav
Ehrenstrom, Edstrand, Oliver Erickson, Gustafson, Grevellius, Grund-
strom, Hellstrom, Johnson, Charles A. Johnson, John H. Johnson, Kall-
strom, Lindstrom, Lidell, Liljegren, Lundgren, Lindberg, Me Cool, Nel-
son, Nyberg, Olson, Patterson, Peterson, Rossander, Sandwall, Smed-
berg, Strommer, Stohlbrand, (Vasa Edwin), Torsslow, Weinberg, Wil-
liamson.

194

APPENDIX XVI

Swedes in Illinois Regiments

Three Months' Service

Regiment

No. of Swedes

Three Years' Service (com.)
Regiment No. of Swedes
49

Total

Three Years' Service
Regiment No. of Swedes

7
8

9
10

13
'5
16

'7
"9
20

33
36
37
38
39
40

4*
43
44
45
46

47
48

5
14

43
9
5
6

7
17
ii

2
21

161

4
6

5*
5 2
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
65
66

69
107
1 08
109
no
in

112

114

"5
116
118
119

120
122

"3
124

"5
126
127
129

Total

4
7
20

'5
9

151

4
4
5
i
i

3
i

3
5
3

9
9
i

925

'95

196 SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

Cavalry Regiment No. of Swedes

1 '3

2 II

3 3

4 10

5 4

6 z

7 10

8 5

9 9
14 i

'5 3

16 2

17 8

Total 8 1

Artillery No. of Swedes

First Regiment 93
Second Regiment 34

Henshaw's Battery 3

Total 1 30

One Hundred Days' Service
Regiment No. of Swedes

'3* 53

134 7

136 i

137 5

138 17

139 17

140 2

141 12

142 3

143 3

144 2

145 2

Alton Battalion 2

Total 126

APPENDIX XVI 197

Summary

Infantry Three Years' Service 925

Cavalry Three Years' Service 81

Artillery Three Years' Service 1 30
Infantry One Hundred Days' Service 126

Infantry One Years' Service 80

Grand Total M4 2

APPENDIX XVII

Battery H, First Illinois Artillery

With the exception of the officers, only Swedish names are given.

Captains

Axel Silfversparre
Levi W. Hart
Francis de Gress

First Lieutenants
Lewis B. Mitchell
George G. Knox
Robert S. Gray

Second Lieutenants
Francis de Gress
Edward Adams
Lewis Larson
Henry Mayers

First Sergeant
John R. Scupham

Sergeants

William E. Merritt
John A. Anderson
Lewis Larson
Henry O. Olson
Peter Olson
Daniel E. Steward

Privates

John Abrahamson
Andrew Anderson
Peter Anderson
John A. Anderson
Gustav Ahlstrand
Thomas Anderson
Anders E. Anderson
John J. Buckland
Charles Beckman
Peter N. Charleson
Aaron Charleson
Sven Erickson

Seth Godee
Peter N. Hultgreen
Peter Olson Huh
John C. Hagerstrom
Olaf Hogberg
John Johannson
August Johann
John A. Johnson
Carl Peter Johnson
Julius C. Johnson
August Johnson
Axel Johnson
Andrew J. Johnson
Peter Larson
C. W. Larson
Axel Lindman
John Landstrbm
Charles Lofgren
S. A. Lundgren
C. Lindquist
Peter Munson
August Nelson
John Nelson
Samuel John Nero
Abraham Olson
Peter Alfred Oberg
Gustaf Olson
John Peters
Sven Peterson
S. M. Swanson
Nels P. Swanson
Peter Stark
N. Winlof
Peter S. Wyman
E. A. Esterland

198

APPENDIX XVII

199

Veterans

John A. Anderson
John A. Anderson
Gustaf Ahlstrand
John J. Buckland
Henk Benson
Aaron Charleson
N. Peter Charleson
John C. Hagerstrom
Julius C. Johnson
August Johnson
Andrew J. Johnson
Axel Johnson
Peter Larson
Louis Larson
Charles N. Larson
Axel Lindman
Charles Lofgren
John A. Lemgren
Samuel J. Nero
John Nelson
Abraham Olson
Olaf H. Olson
Alfred Peter Oberg
Peter Olson

Gustaf Olson
John Peters
Sven Peterson
Peter Stark
Nels P. Swanson
Louis Wahlborg
Recruits
John Anderson
Henry Anderson
N. J. Anderson
August Danielson
Seth Godee
Samuel Johnson
Sven J. Johnson
August Lindwall
Lewis LindwalJ
Peter Nelson
John Olson
Nils Olson
William Okerson
John G. Peterson
Olaf Pearson
Sven Svenson
Andrew Sword
Lewis Tragardh

APPENDIX XVm
Company D, Fifty-seventh Illinois Infantry

Captains

EricForsse

Eric Johnson

Peter M. Wickstrum
First Lieutenants

Eric Johnson

Eric Bergland
Second Lieutenants

Eric Bergland

Peter M. \Vickstrum

George E. Rodeen

Andrew G. Washner

Olaf Anderson
First Sergeant

Peter M. Wickstrum
Sergeants

Olaf Grans

Peter Nilson

Olaf Olson

George E Rodeen
Corporals

Andrew G. Warner

Peter Johnson

Jonas M. Johnson

Olaf Wickstrum

Jonas Allstrom
Wagoner

Eric Lindgren
Musicians

Olaf Anderson

Swan J. Nordin
Privates

Andrew Anderson

Peter E. Anderson

Charles P. Anderson

William Anderson

Peter Anderson

Lars Anderson
Lars W. Anderson
August Anderson
August Broberg
John Beck
Andrew Crone
Eric Caline
Daniel Danielson
Daniel Danielson
Lars Erickson
Jonas Forsell
John Granet
Charles M. Green
Jonas Hanson
Andrew Hartz
John E. Hillstrom
Adolph Johnson
John O. Johnson
Hans Johnson
Andrew Johnson
John Johnson
Nils Johnson
John Johnson
N. J. Johnson
John Johnson
John Lind
Jonas Lindgesen
Andrew Lock
Lars Larson
Olaf Mathews
Jonas Moberg
Olaf Norstedt
Charles Neston
Olaf Norline
William O. Olson
Peter Olson
Eric Olson

200

APPENDIX XVIII 201

John P. Peterson Veterans
Lars Y. Peterson Olaf Anderson

Peter Peterson Peter E. Anderson

Nels Peterson August Anderson

Andrew Peterson Andrew Anderson

Magnus Peterson Gustaf Blom

P. L. Peterson Eric Caline

Otto W. Peel Daniel Danielson

Olof Rudeman Lars Erickson

Nils Swanson Eric Erickson

Nils Tillman Charles J. Erickson

Charles Tolin Jonas Forsell

Eric J. Trolin Claus Frederickson

Charles J. Y. Valentine John Granet

Jonas Westhand Andrew Hartz

Hans Wickstrum John ( i ) Johnson

Frank Young Nils Johnson

John O. Johnson

APPENDIX XIX

Company C, Forty -third Illinois Infantry

Captains

Hugo M. Starkloff

Olof S. Edvall

Carl Arosenius
First Lieutenants

Olof S. Edvall

John P. Andberg

Nels P. McCool
Second Lieutenants

Nels P. McCool

Nels Knutson

John P. Andberg
First Sergeant

Magnus M. Holt
Sergeants

Nels Peterson

Nels Knutson

Nels Nelson

Nels Anderson
Corporals

Gustaf A. Anderson

Charles Cling

John \V. Erickson

Olof A. Hallfast

Peter Bengtson

Adolph Larson

Magnus M. Nelson

John Paulson
Musician

Andrew Engstrom
Wagoner

David A. Dudley
Privates

John N. Almstedt

Andrew J. Anderson

Louis J. Anderson

William Anderson

Peter Anderson

Alexander Anderson
Nels F. Axelson
Olof Bengtson
Lars O. Berglof
Gustaf Bjork
Nels Bodelson
Jacob Chillberg
Daniel Claes
Henry Denning
John A. Erickson
Gustav W. Erickson
Peter J. Engnell
Swan J. Fjellstedt
Nels N. Hallgren
William Harpman
Gustaf Hall
Andrew Johnson
Francis Johnson
Charles Johnson
William Johnson
Charles N. Johnson
Olof Johnson
John Johnson
Charles P. Johnson
Charles W. Johnson
John Larson
Charles J. Larson
Charles E. Larson
Nels Larson
Nels Lindell
John Lindell
John P. Liljengren
John Lundquist
Sven P. Malmberg
Sven A. Nelson
Victor Nelson
Weste Nelson
Louis Nelson

202

APPENDIX XIX

203

Andrew J. Nelson
Gustaf W. Nelson
Charles M. Nelson
Nels Norlinder
Erick Nyberg
Sven Olson
Peter Olson
Nels Olson
William Olson
Sven T. Olson
Nels C. Peterson
Jonas Peterson
John Peterson
John Peterson
Olof Peterson
Nels N. Peterson
Sven M. Peterson
Sven Peterson
Nels P. Rosburg
Andrew Sandberg
Charles Samuelson
Alexander Samuelson
Andrew M. Samuelson
John Samuelson
Walter Strid
Peter J. Sundberg
Gustaf Sundberg
Sven G. Svenson
Sven E. Svenson
Erick Svenson
Sven Svenson
Bengt Svenson
Peter J. Teberg
NelsP Wendstrand
John A. Westerblad
Andrew Westerlund
Hans Westerlund
Daniel Wilberg
Veterans

Gustaf A. Anderson
Andrew J. Anderson

Peter Bengtson
Olof Bengtson
Charles Cling
Jacob Chillberg
Peter J. Engnell
Andrew Engstrom
Peter J. Frithioff
Olof A. Hallfast
William Johnson
Charles N. Johnson
Olof Johnson
Charles E. Larson
Nels Lindell
John Lindell
Sven P. Malmburg
Louis Nelson
Andrew Nelson
Nels Nelson
William Olson
Sven T. Olson
Nels Peterson
Nels G. Peterson
Sven M. Peterson
Jonas Peterson
John Peterson
John Peterson
Nels P. Rosberg
Sven Svenson
Erick Svenson
John E. Svenson
Peter J. Teberg
Hans Westerlund
Nels P. Wendstrand
Reciuits
James Anderson
John A. Anderson
Peter D. Anderson
Thomas M. Brown
Sam A. Bergquist
Axel Esping
Carl Esping

204 SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

Julius L. Esping Charles A. Johnson

Peter Frithioff John A. Johnson

Henry Hammar John Larson

Fred A. Hjertberg Samuel A. Mangerson

Magnus M. Holt John N. Kelson

Andrew M. Hanson Charles O. Norton

Samuel P. Hultberg Benjamin Kelson

Magnus Hockomb Sven Peterson

William Johnson Charles G. Rosengren

John Jacobson Charles A Samuelson

Charles Johnson Gustaf Willman

John Johnson Henry B. Wager

APPENDIX XX

Swedish Volunteers from Iowa

The enlistment papers of the following volunteers gave Sweden as
the place of nativity.

Second Cavalry: Charles Hilton

First Infantry: Augustus Johnson, Frank Johnson, Andrew F. Wall.

Second Infantry: John P. Dahlberg, Robert M. Dahlberg, August
Velberg.

Fourth Infantry: F. O. Danielson, Swain G. Kindblode, Gustavus
Kindblode, John J. Kindblode, William O. Madison, Peter Turner.

Sixth Infantry: Fabian Brydolf, Andrew Harpman, John Harpman,
Gustavus Johnson, Swan C. Nelson, Charles M. Peterson, Peter J.
Seestrom.

Seventh Infantry: Andrew F. Johnson, Oscar Johnson, Erick West.

Eighth Infantry: Charles J. Anderson, Augustus Linn

Eleventh Infantry: Peter Peterson

Twelfth Infantry: Alof G. Anderson, Erik Erickson, Andrew Hec-
tor, Peter Hector, Charles Johnson, John Larson, Lewis Lewis, Peter
Lewis, John A. Peterson, Nels Peterson, Peter Sjodin, John Upstrom.

Thirteenth Infantry: Ole Anderson, Charles A. Johnson, Charles
Johnson, Henry I. Kusel, Stark Nelson.

Fifteenth Infantry: John A. Danielson, Charles Gusterson, Charles
Lundstrum, Charles A. Monson, William Petterson.

Sixteenth Infantry: Nels H. Brattstrom, Charles Hanson.

Eighteenth Infantry: John P. Johnson.

Nineteenth Infantry: Peter Nelson.

Twentieth Infantry: Augustus N. Hollingrain, Andrew Jackson,
Jonas Nelson, Orliff Peterson.

Twenty-first Infantry: Charles O. Anderson.

Twenty-third Infantry: Jonas Erickson.

Twenty-fifth Infantry: Charles G. Anderson, Samuel H. Borger,
John A. Johnson, Andrew W. Linburg, Swan F. Peterson, Erick West.

Twenty-seventh Infantry: Olof G. Anderson, Andrew Hector, Peter
Hector, Henry Lewis, Peter Olson, Andrew Soderstrom.

Twenty-eighth Infantry: Andrew Oberg, John Bengstrom.

Thirtieth Infantry: Charles I. Anderson, Albeit Johnson, Albert
Johnson, Gustavus Larson, Andrew P. Lief, John M. Nelson, William
Olson, Charles I. Peterson, Daniel I. Sodergren, John A. Shalman,
Charles F. Starr, Christian Turner, Peter Westling.

205

206 SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

Thirty -first Infantry: Erik Ward, Jonas P. Ward.

Thirty-second Infantry: Andrew I. Delander, Peter Peterson, Jonas
Peterson, John Seegrin.

Thirty -third Infantry: Frank Johnson, Frank Nelson, Edward Nel-
son, Augustus Peterson.

Thirty-fifth Infantry: William Guild, John Johnson, Peter Johnson,
Peter Johnson, Peter Pearson, Paul Peterson, John W. Skofold.

Thirty -sixth Infantry. Ole Olson.

Thirty-seventh Infantry: Andrew O. Hillstrom, Charles M. Staff.

Thirty-ninth Infantry: Augustus Erickson, John A. Hanson, John
A. Johnson, Aleck Sodlund.

Forty -fourth Infantry: William A. Soderstrom.

Forty -fifth Infantry: Charles E. Anderson, Swan Lind, Andrew Peter-
son, William Bergen.

First Battery (light artillery): Gustavus GuvStavson.

First Cavalry: Franklin Arrickson, Ncls Peter Nelson.

Third Cavalry: Charles Johnson.

Fourth Cavalry: Gustof Cassell, John N. Corey, Charles A. Furby,
Charles Hilgren, John V. Hookinson, John E. Lundquist, John M.
Monson, Alfred A. Peterson, Charles Sove, Charles G. Swan, John
Sandbloom, August Walgreen.

Sixth Cavalry: John Anderson, John A. Patterson.

Seventh Cavalry: John A. Anderson.

Eighth Cavalry: John A. Peterson.

Ninth Cavalry: Anders Berg, Frank Peterson, Adolph Shutz.

APPENDIX XXI

Company D, Third Minnesota Infantry ( The Scandinavian Company *

Captain

Hans Mattson

First Lieutenant
Lars K. Akers

Second Lieutenant
Hans Eustrom

First Sergeants
John Vanstruni
John G. Gustafson
Hans Johnson
Olof Falin

Corporals

Andrew N. Horn
FrithjofT T. Sandborg
Hendnck Peterson
Niles B. Johnson
John P. Ofitt
Gustavius A. Glader
John Cedergreen
Peter A. Holm

Musicians

Christopher Peterson
Ole O. Huss

Wagoner
Human A. Holstad

Privates
C. J. Anderson
Nels Abrahamson
Olif Anderson
John A. Anderson
Gustavus Anderson
German Anderson
Jonas Berg
Carl R. Carlson
Halfoor Eckland

John Erickson
Jacob Erickson
John Erickson
Charles Erickson
Peter Froja
Peter Goranson
August L. Green
Ole Halfvorson
William Harrison
John Hokanson
Mattis Hamilton
Andrew Hanson
Charles Hassler

Hanson

Ole Isaakson
Thomas Johnson
Olaus Johnson
Andrew Johnson
Lorents Johnson
Peter Kroon
Thomas Knudson
Jonas Lindall
Peter Lund berg
Oliver Larson
Nels Lin der root
Eric Ljunglof
Olaus Lind
John Milander
John Magnus
Frederick Miller
John Nelson
Niels Nelson
Nicolas Nelson
Peter Nelson
Gustavus Nelson

207

io8 SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

Aslak Olson
Bonde Olson
Halver Ockerberg
Evin Oleson
Gabriel Oleson
Paul Paulson
John Pfeiffer
John Porter
Swan Peterson
Hans Peterson
Charles Peterson
Charles Quam
Carl Roos
Sofus Rasmuson
Nils Ringdahl
Peter Sandberg
Gustaf Swenson
Charles Strand
Charles J. Sjoberg
Nels P. Skoog
John Sundblad
John Swanson
Lorents Thorenson
John Thellander
John Viden
Halsten Wing
Charles Wiberg
Recruits
Peter Anderson
Anton Austin
Thor Arifinson
Charles Bolander
Elias Bong
Benjamin Benjamin
Erick Bergland
John Bloomberg
Michael Christiansen
Frank Carlson
John Carlson
Andrew Dedon
Swan Dahlberg

Augustus Davidson

John Erickson

Ole Erickson

Peter Erickson

Nels Eisberg

Victor Kraman (Fireman)

Charles Gustafson

TallefF Halverson

Torcy Hancy

John Holivens

Alfred Hultman

John Hultquist

Ole Jarginson

John Jillman

Israel Johanson

Ole Johnson

Erick Johnson

Ake Johnson

John Johnson

Louis Larson

Hans Lawson

Jonas Lind

John Lindblom

Peter Lundberg

John Mattison

Ole Nelson

Lewis Norelius

Andrew Norelius

John Nord

Christopher Olson

Nicholas Oleson
Colored Recruits

John Wesley

Louis Taultner
Substitutes

Tallef Halverson

Ole Larson

Turbin Oleson

John Peterson

Talef Peterson

Charles Peterson

APPENDIX XXI 209

Nelson Peterson Alfred Tollberg

Salmon Porter Charles Vaden

Magnus Quist John Wisley

Swan Solomanson Drafted

Peter Soderstrom Knud Ammundson

Charles Sundall Torcy Hanson
Gunder Thompson

APPENDIX XXII

Swedish Volunteers in Minnesota Regiments
(Not Including Company D, Third Regiment)

First Battalion
Company A

Nels E. Nelson, Sergeant

Olof Nelson

Andrew Olson

Hans M. Simonson
Company B

John Anderson

Gustaf A. Grandstrand

Swen John

David Johnson

Samuel Johnson

Andrew Johnson

Charles F. Nelson

Erik Nystedt

Hakan Olson

Andrew Peterson

Andrew P. Quist

John P. Schonbeck
Company C

John Abell

Charles Blonquist

John Lindberg

John Lonquist

Daniel M. Robertson
Company D

No Swedes
Company E

William R. Johnson

Peter Welin
Company F

Peter Borgh

John Lindquist

John Lindergreen

Paul Nelson

Thomas Peterson

Hans Peterson
Company G

Albert Johnson, Corporal

Stefan Johnson
Company H

Samuel Johnson

H. W. Lindergreen

M. C. Monson
Company K

George F. Johnson
First Infantry
Company A

Edward Erickson, Corporal

Charles W. Hanson

Martin Jakobson

John Johnson

Wm. H. Johnson, Musician

George F. Johnson, Corporal

John Lonquist

Andrew Nelson

E. B. Nelson
Company B

Peter Bergh

Samuel Johnson, Corporal

Magnus Magnuson

Marts Manson

John Nelson

Paul Nelson

Olof Olsen

Peter Peterson

Carl Peterson

Peter Person

Swan Erikson

John Swanson
Company C

Frank W. Charleson

2IO

APPENDIX XXII

211

Robert Johnson
Kristof er Nilson
I. B. Palmquist

Company D
Andrew Linn
Erik Ostrom
Swan P. Peterson

Company E
Lars Ifvarson
Martin Johnson

Company F
S. Anderson
Josef Hanson
John Jacobson
Nils Larson
John F. Simonson

Company G
Peter Hanson
J. Monson
Adam Olson

Company H
Erik Erikson
Andrew Johnson
Abraham Johnson
Paul Larson

Company I
Hans Hanson
Olof Johnson
Erik A. Nystedt

Second Infantry

Company C
William J. Johnson
David Lindquist
James Nelson
Isak A. Peterson

Company D
Charles Bloom
Amos Hanson
Carl Hellstrom
Nils Hakanson
Charles E. Johnson

John A. Johnson

Peter Johnson

Martin Nelson

Andrew Magnuson

John Magnuson

Matson Videll

John Nelson

John A. Peterson

Peter Swenson

Nils Swenson

Andrew P. Wallmark
Company E

Andrew Anderson, Corporal

Adolf Becklin

S. A. Blomquist

Peter Johnson

John Johnson

Erick Larson

Peter Peterson

Louis Swenson

A. E. Wickstrom
Company F

Alexis Lindburg

Carl Lindgren

Charles D. Molin

Andrew Nelson
Company G

John Beckman

Andrew Hanson

Paul Peterson

Thomas Peterson

Gustaf C. Rodell

Jonas Swenson
Company H

Louis Erickson

John Johnson

John Jacobson

Louis Lindros

Peter Nelson

John Peterson

212 SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

Company I

Charles J. Erickson

John Holstrom

John Johnson

Frank E. Peterson, Musician

Andrew Skon
Company K

Peter Erickson

Peter Johnson

Andrew Nelson

Kristion Olson

John M. Olson, Sergeant
The Third (Mattson's)
Fourth Infantry
Company A

Andrew Anderson, Corporal

Thomas Anderson

John Anderson

Peter G. Anderson

Swan Bengston

Otto Broberg

Henry Erickson, Color Sgt.

John Ericson

Charles E. Flodeen, Color Sgt.

Charles P. Hellberg

John Johnson

Nels P. Peterson

John Peterson

Swan Peterson

Andrew Swanberg

John Swanson
Company B

Theodore Anderson

John Chindblom

Jonas Johnson, Color Sgt.

Albert Johnson

Swan Swanberg
Company C

John Linn

M. I. Mattson

Company D

George W. Anderson

John Danielson

George Davidson

George Johnson
Company F

Andrew Lundquist

Christopher Lind

Andrew Peterson
Company G

Peter Dahlstrbm

Charles Ekdahl

John Erickson

John Johnson

Charles Kilberg

Gustof Nelson

John Peterson

Peter Rattig

Lars Swanson
Company H

John Bengtson

Louis Danielson

Gustaf Johnson

Mans Johnson

Andrew Johnson

James A, Johnson

Mans Peterson

Hams Samuelson

Peter Silen

Peter Sjolin

August Swanson, Corporal

Andrew Swanson

John Sahlstrum

John Tonggren

Henry Wassman

John Bengtson
Company I

Charles Hagstrbm

George Lind

Nels Nelson

APPENDIX XXII

Company K

John' Akeson

Henry Anderson

Henry Beckman

Magnus Erickson

Nels Johnson

Nils Linderholm

William Monson

Matts Peterson
Fifth Minnesota
Company A

Peter C. Anderson

Carl Hanson, Color Sergeant

Frank Johnson
Company B

John Peterson l

Oscar Wall
Company C

Edward Berg

Andrew Peterson

Charles A. Rose, Color Sgt.
Company D

Nils Roberg
Company E

John Peterson
Company F

G. W. Johnson, First Sergeant

John Johnson

Andrew Israelson
Company G

Henry Anderson

Simon Jonson

Henry T. Johnson, Color Sgt.

Peter Peterson

John J. Peterson
Company H

N. Anderson

Charles A. Erickson

John Johnson

Christian Ludvigson

Martin Martinson

Company I

Alexander M. Johnson

Davffl Skarin
Company K

Andrew Larson, Sergeant
Sixth Infantry
Company A

Erick A. Erickson

Andrew G. Hillberg

Swan Lindstrom
Company B

Louis C. Johnson

John Johnson

Louis Peterson
Company C

John Johnson

Peter T. Nordin, Sergeant

Charles Peterson

Gustaf Sandberg
Company D

Charles W. Johnson

Edwin Jackson

Andrew J. Johnson, Color Sgt.

Gustaf Johnson

Nils P. Malmborg

Gudmund Noslund

Nicolous S. Ahlstrom

Bert E. Olin
Company G

Andrew P. Carlson

Andrew Johnson
Company H

Charles J. Johnson
Company I

Peter H. Anderson

Hugo Anderson

Adolph Carlson

John Carlson

Erik Erikson

Peter A. Lundgren, Corporal

2i 4 SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

Andrew Monson

John Nelson

John A. Nelson

John W. Peterson, Color Sgt.

John Peterson

Tufve Trulsson
Seventh Infantry
Company A

Charles T. Anderson, Sergeant

Isak Johnson
Company C

Andrew Angrev

Peter Anderson, Corporal

John Anderson

Swan Anderson

Carl Anderson

Andrew P. Anderson

John C. Carlson

Frank Carlson

John Carlson

Peter J. Carlson

Peter Charlson

Andrew Dahlstrom

Erik Erikson

John Elmquist

David Fredin

Carl Glader, Corporal

John S. Johnson, Color Sgt.

Carl Johnson

Peter Johnson

Mans Johnson

Peter H. Johnson

Olof Linnell

John Lonquist

Israel Magnusson

Magnus Manson

Daniel Nelson

Sven Nilson

John Nilson, Corporal

John Olson

Henrik Astrand

John Palm

Albert Pehrson

Gust Peterson

Magnus Peterson

Charles Peterson

Nils Rosengren Jr.

Nils Rabom

Carl Lakrison

Alfred Sherquist

Olof A. Strom

John S. Svenson

Peter A. Strand

Fredrik Tang
Company D

John Bolin

Henry T. Hysell

Elmer D. Hysell
Company E

Daniel Hall

Mans Hanson

John Jakobson

Lars Johnson

Peter Peterson

Jakob A. Rose
Company F

Edward L. Johnson

John Mervin
Company G

Andrew Anderson

Frank Bergman

Peter Engberg

Peter Johnson, Corporal

Peter Monson, Corporal

Erik Olson

Peter Peterson

Charles J. Sundell
Company H

Hans Hanson, Sergeant
Company K

Charles Johnson

Edward L. Johnson, Sergeant

APPENDIX XXII

Eighth Minnesota
Company C

Frank T. Johnson, Corporal

Peter Johnson

Peter Peterson
Company I

Mans Carlson

Gustaf Erickson

George W. Johnson
Ninth Minnesota

No Swedes enrolled
Tenth Minnesota
Company B

Peter Anderson

Isak Johnson

Jacob Larson
Company C

Peter Erikson

Albert Lindstrand

John Nelson
Company D

Nels -Johnson

Charles Nelson

Mans Olson
Company E

Andrew Anderson

Daniel Anderson, Corporal

Nils Peterson

Charles Peterson
Company F

George Callendar

Charles W. Johnson
Eleventh Minnesota
Company A

Erik P. Anderson

Frank Anderson

John Anderson

Samuel Arvidson

August Johanson

Jakob Mattson

Jonas Erickson

Johan Holm, Corporal

Johan Asborg

Swan Swanson
Company E

Erik Abrahamson

Ake S. Dahlberg

John Erickson

Peter Hammarlund

Henry Johnson

Alexander Lawson

Nils Lindberg

Andrew J. Lundgren

John Magnuson

Peter J. Nelson

John Ryden

Christian Stahlberg
Company G

John Arrig

John Johnson

Charles Johnson
Company K

John G. Johnson

John Olson

Charles L. Tornquist
Minnesota Sharpshooters
Twenty-second Company

Truls Fingalson

Fingal Fingalson

Christopher Hanson

Christian J. Lind

Charles T. Widstrand

APPENDIX XXIII

The Scandinavian Guards
(.Organized in Nicollet County, Minnesota, August 27, 1862)

Captain

Gustaf A. Stark

First Lieutenant
Nels P. Chilgren

Second Lieutenant
Andrew Larson

Sergeants

Andrew Thorson
Monse Chilgren
N. H. Anderson
Martin Peterson
Nels Jungdahl
John Nelson

Corporals
C. P. Slack
Irven Bengson
George Jeroson
Peter Anderson
Charles Johnson
Irven Larson
Peter Pherson
Nels Rosenquist

Privates

C. Anderson
Peter Benson
Pher Benson
Evan Bryngelson
Ther Carlson
Peter Carlson
A. C. Engvald
Irven Evensen
Olof Evenson
John Erickson
Forstin Esterson
Ole Esterson
Ole Evanson

John Farbrake
Nin Gunnerson
H. Hanson
Lars Hanson
M. Hokanson
Nels Hogstrom (i)
Nels Hogstrom (2)
Ole Hogen
Ifver C. Hofviland
John Johnson (i)
John Johnson (2)
John Johnson (3)
Ole Johnson
Erick Johnson
Irven Johnson
Lyfoer Johnson
Ole Knutson
Jens Knutson
H. Knutson
Torbar Knutson
Ole Larson (i)
Ole Larson (2)
Peter Lingferson
John Lindell
Nels Lilliquist
Ellas Larson
John Larson (i)
John Larson (2)
John Larson (3)
S. Lyferson
Ole Lof terson
Ole Lof te
Peter Linquist
Andrew Monson
Ole Monson
Gunner Noreson

216

APPENDIX XX11I

George Nereson
Ole Nelson
Charles Nelson
Hermann Nelson
Nels Nelson
Andrew Nelson
Stone Oleson
Ole Oleson (i)
Ole Oleson (2)
Ole Oleson (3)
Lars Oleson (i)
Lars Oleson (2)
Ole Olson
Hoffner Olson
Asbon Olson
Nels Olson
Louis Olson
Engbut Olson

Swen Oleson
Pher Pherson
Hans Peterson
Peter Peterson
Andrew Peterson
Andrew Pherson
Peter Rindale
Lars Solomonson
Louis Swenson
Mathew Swenson
Sever Swenson
H. Torguson
Swenk Torguson
Stone Thomson
Nels Thorson
Asbon Torguson
Andrew Webster

I. MANUSCRIPTS

Alstrand, Gustaf. Civil War Record y Including Andersonville Prison
Courtesy W. T. Alstrand, Fort Dodge, Iowa.
Emigrant Letters. Nordiska Museet. Stockholm.
Krigsarkivet. Stockholm.
Lincoln Manuscripts in various locations.
Manderstromska Samlingen. Riksarkivet. Stockholm.
Mattson Letters. Minnesota Historical Society Archives. St. Paul, Min-
nesota.

Swedish Manuscripts. National Archives. Washington, D. C.
Trumbull Manuscript. Congressional Library. Washington, D. C.

221

II. OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS

American State Papers. Foreign Affairs, VII: Diplomatic Relations of
the United States with Sweden and Norway, 1814 to 1905. Wash-
ington, D. C.

Emigrationsutredningen. Stockholm, 1914.

History of Pennsylvania Volunteers. Official publication. Harrisburg,
1869.

International Migrations. Compiled on behalf of the International Labor
Office by Imre Firenczi. Edited by Walter F. Wilson, New York,
National Bureau of Economic Research, 1929.

Minnesota in the Civil and Indian Wars, 1861-5. 2 vols., St. Paul, Min-
nesota, 1890-1893.

Official Army Register of the Volunteer Forces of the United States
Army for the years 1861-2-3-4-^. Published by order of the Secre-
tary of War. Washington, D. C., 1865.

Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies. Government
Printing Office, Washington, 1927.

Ostermalms Avdelningen. Riksarkivet. Stockholm.

Record of the Massachusetts Volunteers, 1861-65. Official publication.
Boston, 1868.

Record of the Commissioned Officers, ~N on- commissioned Officers,
and Privates of the Regiments Organized in the State of New York
and Called into the Service of the United States to Assist in Sup-
pressing the Rebellion. Albany, New York, 1864.

Register of the Commissioned Warrant and Volunteer Officers to Jan-
uary, 1864. Navy of the United States. Government Printing Of-
fice. Washington, D. C., 1864.

Report of the Illinois Shiloh Battlefield Cmmnission Chicago, 1905.

Reports of the Adjutants-General. Of California, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa,
Massachusetts, Minnesota, New York and Wisconsin.

Roster of Iowa Soldiers: War of the Rebellion.

Roster of General Officers, Military Organizations, etc. in the Confed-
erate Service during the war between the States. Ed. by Charles
C. Jones, Jr., Richmond, Virginia, 1876

Tributes of the Nations to Abraham Lincoln. Government Printing
Office, Washington, D. C, 1867.

222

III. PUBLICATIONS OF HISTORICAL SOCIETIES

Acrelius, Israel. A History of New Sweden, translated by Wm. M.

Reynolds, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 1874.
Anderson, Mrs. K. T. Some Reminiscences of Pioneer Rock Island

Women, (atr.) Illinois State Historical Society, Springfield, Illinois,

1912.
Augustana Historical Society Publications. Rock Island, Illinois. No.

i-9+i 1934-40-

Babcock, Kendric Charles. "Scandinavian Element in the United
States." University of Illinois Bulletin, Xll, No 7, 1914.

Bemis, Myrtle. History of the Settlement of Swedes in North Dakota.
North Dakota Historical Society Collections, III, Bismarck, North
Dakota, 1910.

Dahlberg, Robert Nelson. Pehr Dalberg and the First Swedish Settle-
ment in Iowa, Iowa Historical Collection, Des Moines, Iowa.

Dodd, W. E. "The Fight for the Northwest." American Historical Re-
view, Vol. XVI, 1911.

Dorr, Eben P. "The First Monitor and Its Inventor " Buffalo (New
York) Historical Society, January, 1874.

Evjen, Harry. "Illinois State University, 1852-68." Illinois State His-
torical Society Journal, Vol. XXXI, March, 1938.

Flom, George T. "Early Swedish Immigrants to Illinois and Iowa."
Iowa Journal of History and Politics , Vol. Ill, 1905.

Forsbeck, Filip A. New Upsala, the First Swedish Settlement in Wis-
consin, Wisconsin Historical Society Publications, Madison, Wis-
consin, 1935-1936.

Gjerset, Knut. Norwegian Sailors in American Waters. Norwegian-
American Historical Society, Northfield, Minnesota, 1933.

Governor's Letter Books. (Illinois Historical Collection), Springfield,
1909-191 i.

Hansen, Mabel V. "The Swedish Settlement at Pine Lake." Wisconsin
Magazine of History, Vol. VIII, September, 1924.

Holm, Thomas Campanius. "A Short Description of the Province of
New Sweden." Translated by Peter S. Du Ponceau. In Memoirs of
the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Vol III. McCarthy and
Davis, Philadelphia, 1834.

Hovde, B. J. Diplomatic Relations of the United States with Sweden
and Norway. (Studies in the Social Sciences). Icwa City, Iowa,
1920.

224 SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

Martin, Chester (ed.). Red River Settlement Papers (Publication of
Canadian Archives), Ottawa, 1910.

Memories of Waukesha County (Wisconsin). Western Historical As-
sociation, Madison, Wisconsin, 1907.

Michigan Pioneer and Historical Society. Lansing, Michigan, 1892.

Minnesota Historical Society Collections. St. Paul, Minnesota. Vol. 1-17,
1872-1920.

Norwegian- American Studies and Records. Northfield, Minnesota,
1940.

Massachusetts Historical Society Proceedings, XX. Boston, 1884.

Southern Historical Society Papers. Richmond, Virginia. 1-38, 1876-
1910; NS No. i, 1914.

Stephenson, George M. Letters Relating to Gustaf U nonius and the
Early Settlers of Wisconsin. (Augustana Historical Society Pub-
lication). Rock Island, Illinois, 1937.

Swedish Historical Society of America Publications. St. Paul, Minne-
sota, 1905-1932.

United States National Museum Proceedings, XXXVIII. Washington,
D. C.

Van Der Zee, Jacob. "The Hollanders of Iowa." State Historical So-
ciety, Iowa City, Iowa. 1912.

IV. NEWSPAPERS AND MAGAZINES

A. American newspapers

American Scandinavian Review, New York

Bureau County Republican. Princeton, Illinois.

Charleston Mercury. Charleston, South Carolina.

Chicago Democratic Press.

Chicago Press and Tribune.

Confederate Veteran. Nashville, Tennessee.

Constitutionalist. Ottawa, Illinois.

Daily Democrat. Galesburg, Illinois.

Forum. Rockford, Illinois.

Gazette. Rock Island, Illinois.

Galesburg Free Press. Galesburg, Illinois.

Hawk Eye. Burlington, Iowa.

Illinois Free Press. Galesburg, Illinois.

Illinois State Journal. Springfield, Illinois.

Illinois State Register. Springfield, Illinois.

Journal. Freeport, Illinois.

Knox Republican. Knoxville, Illinois.

Knoxville Journal. Knoxville, Illinois.

National Intelligencer. "Washington, D. C.

New York Post and Times.

New York Observer.

Peoria Daily Transcript. Peoria, Illinois.

Rock Islander. Rock Island, Illinois.

Rockford Republican. Rockford, Illinois.

South Carolinian, Columbia, South Carolina, 1851.

St. Paul Pioneer Press. St. Paul, Minnesota.

Star. Washington, D. C.

Volunteer. Red Wing, Minnesota.

B. English newspapers

The Times. London, England.

C. Swedish newspapers
Aftonbladet. Stockholm.
Allt for Alia.

Boros Tidning.

Goteborgs Handels och Sjof arts-Tiding.

Goteborgsposten.

Gotldnningen.

226 SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

Karlstadstidningen.

Krigsvetenskapsakademiens Tidskrift.

Nya Dagligt Allehanda.

Nya Vermlands Tiding.

Post och Inrike's Tidningar. Stockholm. (Official organ of the King

and his government.)
Stockholm's Dagblad.
Svenska Dagblad.
Sydsvenska Dagbladet.
Tidningen Lund.
Ystads Tidning.

D. Swedish-American newspapers
Hemlandet. Galesburg and Chicago.
Minnesota Posten. Red Wing, Minnesota.

E. Miscellaneous Swedish-American publications

Korsbanaret. Kristlig Kalendar. Augustana Book Concern. Rock
Island, Illinois, 1 880- 1931.

Prarieblomman. lllusterad Litterar, Kalender. Augustana Book Con-
cern. Rock Island, Illinois, 1901-1908.

Vinterrosor. lllusterad Kalender. The Swedish M. E. Book Con-
cern. Chicago. 1903-1906

F. American magazines

Cosmopolitan Magazine Vol. I, New York, 1910-1911.

Good Housekeeping Magazine. February, 1927.

Harper's Magazine. September, 1907.

Harper's Weekly. March 26, 1864. Article on Ulric Dahlgren.

Leslie's Weekly. 1865.

Lutheran Quarterly. April, 1915. Article on Swedish Lutherans in

Iowa.
McCalls* Magazine. July, 1931. Article on the Lindberghs.

V. GENERAL PRINTED WORKS

A. The Swedish background

Almquist, K. J. L. Landsflykten (i8fi-i8f6). Ed. by Ruben G.

son Berg. Albert Bonniers Forlag, Stockholm.
Anrep, Gabriel. Svenska Adelns Attartaflor. Stockholm, 1858-1864.
Anteckmngar am Kungl, Svea Artilleriregemente, 1794-1894. Stock-
holm, 1898.

Cronholm, Neander N. A History of Sweden. Chicago, 1902.
Elgenstierna, Gustav. Svenska Slaktkalendern. Stockholm, 1930.

. Introducenade Svenska Attartavlor. Stockholm, 1925-1930.

Hogstrom, E. O. E. S. Barthelemy under svenskt valde. Akademisk

Avhandling. Upsala, 1888.
Jansen, Florence E. The Background of Swedish Immigration) 1840-

1930. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1931.
Kindberg, Axel. Anteckmngar am Varmlands Faltjagare. Vol. 1-2

Stockholm, 1918-1919.

Lindberg, John S. The Background of Swedish Immigration to the
United States. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, Min-
nesota, 1930.
Noedensvan, Carl Otto. Varmlands Regementes Historia, 1623-

190$. Stockholm, 1905.
Platin, Carl Gustaf. Kungl-Skanska Dragonregementes Historia.

Vol. 1-3. Stockholm, 1909-1911, Malmo, 1926.
Waldenstrom. Genom Norra Amerikas Forenta Stater. Stockholm,

1890.

Westin, Gunnar. Emmigrantema och Kyrkan. Stockholm, 1932.
Wijkmark, Axel. Gotlands trupper, 1811-1904. Stockholm and Up-
sala, 1905-1907.

Wrangel, F. V. and Bergstrom, Otto. Svenska Adelns Attartaflor
ifran ar 1857. Vol. 1-2. Supplement and register. Stockholm,
1897-1900.

B. The American background

Bremer, Fredrica. America of the Fifties. Ed. by Adolph B. Benson.
American-Scandinavian Foundation, New York, 1924.

Burke, Edmund. "Account of the European Settlements in Amer-
ica." R. and J. Dodsley, London, 1757.

Desmond, Humphrey J. The Know-Nothing Party. Washington,
D. C, 1905.

Eddy, T. M., The Patriotism of Illinois. 2 vols., Clark and Co., Chi-
cago, 1866.

227

228 SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

Fox, Gustavus Vasa. Confidential Correspondence, 1861-65. Thomp-
son and Wainwright, New York, 1918-1919.

Hanson, Marcus Lee. The Atlantic Migration. Harvard University
Press. Cambridge, Mass. 1940.

. The Immigrant in American History. Harvard University

Press. Cambridge, Mass. 1940.

Haskins, C. W. The Argonauts of California. Fords, Howard and
Hulbert. New York, 1890.

Johnson, Charles B. Illinois in the Fifties. Champaign, Illinois, 1918.
Kiner, Henry L. History of Henry County, Illinois. Chicago, 1910.
Lonn, Ella. Foreigners in the Confederacy. University of North
Carolina Press. Chapel Hill, 1940.

Orth, Samuel P. Our Foreigners. (Chronicles of America, Vol.
XXXV). Yale University Press. New Haven, 1920.

Roberts, William Hugh. Mexican War Veterans.

Robinson, Charles. The Kansas Conflict. Harper & Brothers, New
York, 1892.

Stephenson, George M. A History of American Immigration, 1820-
1924. Ginn and Company, Boston, 1926.

Vig, P. S. Danske i Kamp i og for Amerika. Axel H. Anderson, Pub-
lisher, Omaha, Nebraska, 1917.
C. The Swedish People in America

i. General

Ander, O. Fritiof. Swedish-American Newspapers and the Re-
publican Party.

Andersen, Arlow William. The Scandinavian Immigrants and
American Public Affairs. 1840-1872. A Dissertation presented
to the graduate faculty of Northwestern University. Evanston,
Illinois, 1942.

Arfwedson, C. D. Forenta Staterna och Canada aren 1832, 1833,
och 1834. L. J. Hjerta. Stockholm, 1835.

Benson, Adolph B. Sweden and the American Revolution. New
Haven, Connecticut, 1938.

and Naboth Hedin. Swedes in America, 1638-1938. Pub-
lished for the Swedish-American Tercentenary Association.
Yale University Press. New Haven, 1938.

Faust, A. B. The German Element in the United States. 2 vols.,
New York, 1927.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 229

Fischer, Joseph. The Discoveries of the Norsemen in America. Tr.
by B. H. Soulsby St. Louis, Missouri, 1903.

Jacobson, Nils. Svenskar och Indianer. Svenska kyrkans Diakonis-
tyrelses Bokforlag. Stockholm, 1922.

Kronberg, S. J. Banbrytaren. Augustana Book Concern. Rock
Island, Illinois, 1906.

M-N. En Svenska i Amerika. Erfarenhet och Hagkomst ifran
Sex ar i De Fdrenta Staterna. F. L. Blomquist, Stockholm, 1860.

Nelson, Lars P. What Has Sweden Done for the United States?
Chicago, 1903.

Nelson, O. N. History of the Scandinavians and Successful Scan-
dinavians in the United States. Minneapolis, Minnesota, 1893.

Norelius, Eric. De Svenska Luterska Forsamlingarnas och Sven-
skarnes Historia i Amerika. Augustana Book Concern. Rock
Island, Illinois, 1916.

Norlie, Olaf Morgan. History of the Norwegian People in Amer-
ica. Minneapolis, Minnesota, 1925.

Peterson, C. F. Sverige i Amerika. Chicago, 1898.

Qualey, Carlton C. Norwegian Settlements in the United States.
Northfield, Minnesota, 1938.

Reynolds, William M. The Swedish Church in America.

Stephenson, George M. The Religious Aspects of Swedish Im-
migration. Minneapolis, Minnesota, 1932.

Swalander, Carl C. Tillforlitliga underdttelser am Nord Ameri-
kas Forenta Stater. C. Peterson. Gotenborg, 1853.

Thomas, William I. and Zvanieck, Florian. The Polish Peasant
in Europe. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1918.

Westman, Erik G. et al. The Swedish Element in America. Chi-
cago, 1931.

Widen, Albin. Svenskar som erovrat Amerika. Nordisk Roto-

gravyr. Stockholm, 1937.
Specific Settlements

Ahlroth, Axel A. Svenskarna i Minnesota. Part I. Ekblad & Co.
Westerik, Sweden, 1891. Part II. Railroader Publishing
House. St. Paul, Minn.

Ahlstrom, Louis John. Eight Years of Swedish Baptist Work in
Iowa. Des Moines, Iowa, 1933.

Berger, V. Svenskarna i New York. Scandinavian Sales Co., W. J.

Adams & Co., New York, 1918.

Bergin, Alfred. The Swedish Settlements in Kansas. Augustana
Book Concern. Rock Island, Illinois, 1909.

2 3 o SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

Civic and Industrial Progress of the Swedish People in Jamestown,
1848-1914. Bergvall Printing Co. Jamestown, New York,
1914.

Clay, John Curtis. Annals of the Swedes on the Delaware, 4th ed.
John Ericsson Memorial Committee. Chicago, 1938.

Evjen, John O. Scandinavian Immigrants in New York, 1630-
1674. Minneapolis, Minnesota, 1916.

Ferris, Benjamin. History of the Original Settlements on the
Delaware. Wilson and Heald. Wilmington, 1846.

Gronberger, Robert. Minnesotas Svenskar Historia. Minneapolis,
Minnesota, 1889.

Johnson, Amandus. The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware.
D. Appleton & Company, New York, 191 1.

. The Swedes on the Delaware. International Printing

Co., Philadelphia, 1927.

Johnson, Eric and Peterson, C. F. Svenskarne i Illinois. Chicago,
1880.

Martin, John. The Swedes in Kansas. Kansas Publishing House,
Topeka, Kansas, 1888.

Mikkelsen, M. A. The Bishop Hill Colony. (Johns Hopkins Uni-
versity Studies). Baltimore, Maryland, 1892.

Nelson, O. M. Svenskarna i Nebraska. Omaha, Nebraska, 1916.

Nisbet, Hugo. Minnesota as seen by Travellers.

Olson, Ernest W. The Swedish Element in Illinois. Chicago,
1917.

and Martin J. Engberg. History of the Swedes of Illi-
nois. 2 vols., Chicago, 1908.

Osterberg, J. S. Svenskarna i Rhode Island. Svea Publishing Co.,
Worcester, Massachusetts, 1915.

Rosenquist, Carl. The Swedes in Texas. University of Chicago
Press, Chicago, 1930.

Severin, Ojerholm. Svenskarna i Texas. Austin, 1919.

Stephenson, George M. The Stormy Years of the Swedish Colony
in Chicago Before the Great Fire. Transactions of the Illinois
State Historical Society, No. 36. Springfield, Illinois, 1930.

Strand, Algot E. History of Swedish-Americans of Minnesota.
Chicago, 1910.

Swan, G. N. Svenskarna i Sioux City. Jacobs Printing Co., Chica-
go, 1912.

Ward, Christopher. The Dutch and Swedes on the Delaware.
University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1930.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 231

Ward, Christopher. New Sweden on the Delaware. University

of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1938.
D. The Civil War

1. General

Catalogue of Library of Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel John Page

Nicholson Relating to the War of the Rebellion. Philadelphia,

1914.
Atwater, Dorence. List of Union Soldiers Buried at Andersonville.

Published by the Tribune Association. New York, 1866.
Battles and Leaders of the Civil War. The Century Company.,

New York, 1894.
Boynton, Charles B. History of the Navy During the Rebellion.

D. Appleton and Company, New York, 1870.
Dodd, William E. Expansion and Conflict. (Riverside History,

Vol. III). Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, 1915.
Enander, J. A. Borgekrigen i de Forenede Stater i Nord Amerika.

La Crosse, Wisconsin, 1881.
Fiske, John. The Mississippi Valley in the Civil War. Houghton

Mifflin Company, Boston, 1900.
Heitman, F. B. Historical Register of the United States Army.

Washington, D. C., 1890.

Keckley, A. Behind the Scene. Carlton & Co., New York, 1868.
McCordock, Robert Stanley. The Yankee Cheese-Box. Philadel-
phia, 1938.
Warberg, A. C. Skizzer fron Nord-Amerikaniska Kriget, 1861-

65. Stockholm, 1867.

2. State Military Histories

Buslett, Ole A. Det Femtende Regiment Wisconsin Frivillige.
Madison, Wisconsin, 1895.

Charles, Arthur. Centennial History of Illinois, Volume ///, Era
of Civil War 1848-70 Cole, Illinois. Centennial Commis-
sion. Springfield, Illinois, 1919.

Crawford, Samuel J. Kansas in the Sixties. A. C. McClurg &
Company, Chicago, 1911.

Dietrichson, P. G. En Kortfattat Skildring of det Femtende
Wisconsins Regiments Historia og Verksomhed under Borge-
krigen. Chicago, 1884.

Johnson, J. A. Det Skandinaviske Regiments Historic (15 de
Wisconsin Regiment). La Crosse, Wisconsin, 1869.

Phisterer, Frederick. New York in the War of the Rebellion >
i86i-6f. Albany, New York, 1890.

232 SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

Quiner, E. B. The Military History of Wisconsin. Clarke & Co.

Chicago, 1866.
E. Biographies
i. General

Almqvist, Karl Jonas Ludwig. Encyclopedia Britannica, /, 9th

ed., London, 1875.
Anderson, August. Hyphenated: Life Story of S. M. Swenson.

E. L. Stack. Austin, Texas, 1916.
Anderson, Rasmus B. An Autobiography. (Repr. from "Studies

of American Immigration" in the Chicago Herald for August,

1901.) Madison, Wisconsin, 1917.

Bonham, Jeriah. Fif y Years' Recollections. Peoria, Illinois, 1883.
Broady, K. O. En Levnadstecknmg. N. /, Nordstrom. Chicago,

1925.
Church, William Conant. The Life of John Ericsson. New York,

1911.
Dahlgren, M. V. Memoirs of Admiral John A Dahlgren. Boston,

1882.

Edgren, J. A. Minnen. Chicago, 1878.
Gorham, C. G. Life and Public Services of Edwin M. Stanton.

Boston, 1899.

Grant, Ulysses S. Personal Memoirs. New York, 1885-1888.
Greeley, Horace. Recollections of a Busy Life. New York, 1868.
Hamersly, L. R. Biographical Sketches of Distinguished Officers

of the Army and Navy. New York.

Hamlin, Charles E. Life and Times of Hannibal Hamlm. Cam-
bridge, Massachusetts, 1899.
Hultander, Carl. Biografiska Anteckninger frau Carlberg y 1792-

1892. Norrkoping, 1892.
Johnson, Alvin Page. Franklin D. Roosevelt Lothrup, Lee &

Shepard Company. New York, 1933.
Kalm, Peter. Travels in North America. Tr. by John R. Foster,

Warrington, England, 1770. Rev. ed. by Adolph B. Benson.

Wilson-Erickson, Inc., Co., Elmira, New York, 1937.
Koerner, Gustave. Memoirs. McCormick Co., Cedar Rapids,

Iowa. 1909.

Mattson, Hans. Minnen. Gleerups Forlag. Lund, 1890.
Nordisk Familjebok. Stockholm, 1904-1926.
Norelius, Eric. Early Life. Tr. by Emory Johnson. Augustana

Book Concern. Rock Island, Illinois, 1934.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 233

Parker, William H. Recollections of a Naval Officer. New York,

1883.
Peterson, Frank. Autobiography. With additions by C. Arvid

Hagstrom. Conference Press, Chicago, 1930.
Russell, William Howard. My Diary North and South. Toronto,

1863.
Scudder, Mary Theresa. Naval Officers, Their Heredity and

Development. Carnegie Institution. Washington, D. C., 1919.
Seward, William Henry. Autobiography . . from 1801-2834.

With a Memoir of His Life, and Selections from His Letters

from 1831-1846. By Frederick W. Seward. D. Appleton &

Company, New York, 1877.
Sinclair, John. Two Years on the "Alabama."
Stedingk, Count. Memoir es Posthomes. Paris, 1844.
Thayer, W. R. The Life of John Hay. Boston, 1915.
Warden, R. B. An Account of the Private Life and Public

Services of Salmon Portland Chase. Cincinnati, Ohio, 1874.
Weed, Thurlcw. Memoirs and Autobiography Boston, 1883.
Welles, Gideon. Diary. Boston, 1909.
Witting, Victor. Minnen. Worcester, Massachusetts, 1901.
Zetterberg, Werner and Uddgren, Hugo Edward. Kungl Bohus-

lans Kegemente 1661-1920. Biografiska Antecknigar am

Officer are och Vederlikar. Umdervalla, 1922.
, Lincolniana
Angle, Paul M. (ed.). New Letters and Papers of Lincoln.

Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, 1930.
Barton, William E. The Life of Abraham Lincoln. The Bobbs-

Merrill Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, 1925.
Beveridge, Albert J. Abraham Lincoln, 1809-1859. Boston, 1928.
Chittenden, L. E. Recollections of President Lincoln and His

Administration. New York, 1911.

Gernon, Elaine Brooks. The Lincolns in Chicago. Chicago, 1934.
Holden, Raymond. Abraham Lincoln. New York, 1929.
Laughlin, Clara E. The Death of Lincoln. Doubleday Page & Co.,

New York, 1909.
Nicolay, Helen. Personal Traits of Abraham Lincoln. The

Century Company, New York, 1919.
Nicolay, John G. and Hay, John. Abraham Lincoln, a History,

10 vols. New York, 1890. Rev. ed. 1920.

Peterson, O. M. Abraham Lincoln og hans Framtred, Skandina-
viens Boghandel. Chicago, 1889.

234 SWEDISH IMMIGRANTS IN LINCOLN'S TIME

Rankin, Henry Bascom. Personal Recollections of Abraham

Lincoln. New York, 1916.
Sandburg, Carl. Abraham Lincoln^ Volume I and II, The Prairie

Years; Volumes I to IV, The War Years. Harcourt Brace and

Company. New York, 1926 and 1939.
Stephenson, Nathaniel Wright. Lincoln. The Bobbs-Merrill

Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, 1922.
Tracy, Gilbert A. Uncollected Letters of Abraham Lincoln.

Boston, 1917.

Whitney, Henry C. Life on the Circuit with Lincoln. Boston,
1892.

INDEX

Ackerstrom, Lieutenant John C., mil-
itary life of, 89

Adams, Charles F., speaks at Prince-
ton, Illinois, 60
Aftonbladet, reports conditions in

United States, 21
supports Lincoln, 156 n
Ahlstrom, Johan Niclas, Swedish

composer, 108

J. V. military life of, 108, 109
Alabama, regiments in, 141
Swedes in, 135, 136
Artillery, HaUonquist in, 140
Light Artillery, Swedes in, 141
Alabama, U. S. S., Swedes on, 142
Alexandria, Virginia, U. Dahlgren at,

105
Alfsborgs Regiment, Sweden, A. C.

Warberg in, 86
Allstrom, J. V., promoted, 104
Almquist, C. J. L., and Lincoln, 167

military life of, 31
America, new country, 47
spaciousness of, 48
Vikings in, i
American embassy, in Sweden, on

death of Lincoln, 154
warned by Sweden, 70
Foreign Legion, Swedes in, 09
Fur Company, Swedes employed

by, 10

Merchant Marine, 122
newspapers, reveal names of Swed-
ish soldiers, 104
Party, see Know-Nothings
Amondale Church, Hultman at, 93
Anderson, A. P., confederate Swede,

140

Andrew, in Mexican War, 136
Daniel, Iowa Swede, 117
Hans, on Monitor, 128
Lieutenant Hjalmar Harold Chris-
tian, military life of, 90
Isaac, and Lincoln, 41
Rev. Olof , and temperance, 54

Anderson, continued
General Robert, raises Union flag,

75. "3

S. H., and Lincoln, 162
Anderson ville graveyard, 73

prison, Swedes in, 103, 112, 118
Andover, Illinois, Campaign speakers

at, 60

Swedes at, 16, 48, 74
Swedes noted by Lincoln, 55
Swedish settlement at, 45
Antietam, Battle of, Swedes in, 73,

75, 84, 90, 91, 94, 95
Appomattox Court House, Battle of,

Swedes in, 73, 87, 93
Arfwedson, C. D., visits America, 9
Arkansas, see Third Minnesota In-
fantry

Cavalry, J. Hoffman in, 141
Army of Northern Virginia, see

McRae's Brigade
of the Potomac, Swedes in, 87, 92,

93, 108
of Tennessee, see Swedish Union

Guards
Arosenius, Captain Carl, and Lincoln,

<$4

promoted, 114

Asker, John, enlists as private, 89
Asplund, John, southern Swede, 28
Atlanta Georgia, Swedes in, 118, 139
Atlantic blockade, J. A. Edgren in,

fleet, see Trent affair
Attica, Indiana, Swedish volunteers

from, 112
Ayres, and C. Stahlhammar, 88

Balling, O. P., leader, 09
Ball's Bluff, O. Hultman at, 93
Baltimore, Maryland, see P. B. Gray
Baptists, conflict with Swedish au-
thorities, 1 6
Barck, G. W., army surgeon, 74

2 35

2 3 6

INDEX

Barlow, Brigadier General, com-
mends K. O. Broady, 107

Batavia, Illinois, Swedish communi-
ties at, 49

Battery G, Second Illinois Artillery,
honored, 73

Bayou Meto, Arkansas, D. Anderson
at, 117

Beaufort, U.S.S., Swedes on, 143

Beauregard, General G. T., com-
mends C. G. Dahlgren, 139

Beecher, Henry Ward, and U. Dahl-
gren, 98, 106

Belle Isle, expedition against, 105

Benson, Christian, 41
E. T., 10

Bergen, George J., Republican

speaker, 59
Norway, consul at, 160

Bergland, Major Eric, promoted, 114

Bergner, Peter, visits America, 9
founder of Bethel Mission Ship, 1 2

Bergquist, Pehr Gustaf, enlists as
private, 89

Berlin, Captain Carl Ludvig Theodor,
military life of, 90

Bermuda Hundred, fortification of,
C. N. C. Hamberg at, 93

Bethel Mission Ship, and O. G.
Hedstrom, 9, 41

Bethseda Church, Battle of, A. A.
Leatz in, 87

Big Bethel, Battle of, A. H. Grund-

strom at, 89
Scandinavian corps at, 99

Billings, Captain E. C., Company of
Wane Legion, Texas, Swedes in,
141

Bishop Hill, campaigners at, 60
cited, 66 n
delegates from, 60
founded, 15, 40, 45
noted by Lincoln, 55
Swedes at, 43, 68, 115
wins prize for drill, 73

Bjork, Eric, reports on conditions of
settlers, 3

Blenker, General, Swedes with, 93,
103

Blomberg, Major Carl Olof Oscar,

Blomberg, continued

military life of, 90, 91
pioneer of Chicago, 61
Bloomington, Illinois, Republican

state convention, 53, 57
Blues, The, Iowa military company,

U 7

Board of Construction, approves iron-
clad, 126

Bodine, John, in Mexican War, 1 36
Bohuslan Regiment, E. O. Hultman

in, 93

Boivie, Alfred, military life of, 123
Bolivar, Tennessee, letter cited from,

Boston, and Trent affair, 150
Southern Swedes held at, 142
Swedes in, 98, 102, 123
Herald, quoted, 102
Brandt, J. L., calls for Swedish com-
pany, 72
Bremer, Frednka, noted by Lincoln,

quoted, 7
visits America, 9
Bristoe, Battle of, K. O. Broady at,

107
Bristol Station, Battle of, E. Erson in,

139
Broady, Knut Oscar, military life of,

104, 106, 107
Brockton, Massachusetts, Swedes in,

17, 98, 102

Brundin, Erik, see K. O. Broady
Brusby, Texas, see J. Monson
Brydolf, Fabian, in Mexican War,

136
military life of, 112, 117

Buckmaster, Sam, Democratic leader,

62
Bucks County, Pennsylvania, see U.

Dahlgren

Buffalo Commercial, quoted, 19
Bull Run, Battle of, Swedes in, 75, 84,

89>94

Burke, John A., and Lincoln, 162
Burlington, Iowa, see F. Brydolf

votes for Lincoln, 64
Burnside, General, Swedes with, 85,
91, 105

INDEX

23?

Bushnell, Cornelius S., and iron-clads,

126, 164
Butler, Major General Benjamin F.,

and Lincoln, 106
and J. B. Nordenstrohl, 101
refuses naval brigades, 162

California, gold fields, 34, 36
Society of Pioneers in, 39 n
Swedish volunteers from, 112
Calumet, Indiana, Swedish Republi-
can rally at, 63
Swedish soldiers from, 1 1 2
Camp Douglas, Chicago, A. Silfvcr-

sparre at, 114
Moon, Louisiana, C. Dahlgren at,

139

Morton, Indiana, see J. E. Thomas
Potomac, see Swedish newspapers
Randall, Wisconsin, sec Fifteenth

Wisconsin regiment
Campbell, American minister, and

the Mexico crisis, 153
Canada, Swedes in, 7, 10
Cannon Falls, Minnesota, votes for

Lincoln, 64
Cape Girardcau, Missouri, A Silfver-

sparre at, 1 13
Carolmas, regiments in, 135, 139

Swedes in, 7, 99, 135, 136
Carlson, Captain J. P., military life

of, 140
Carlsson, Erland, preacher from

Sweden, 16
Carlstcin, John August, enlists as

private, 89

Casscll, A. P., and Lincoln, 59
Peter, establishes New Sweden,

Iowa, 1 8
Cass, Lewis, receives votes of Swedes,

Catalpa, cruiser, J. A. Edgren on, 123
Catholic church, see Know-Nothing

party

Cavallin, Rev. J. O., quoted, 104
Cedar Mountain, Battle of, C. U. O.

Nerman at, 94
Cederstam, Rev. P. A., Republican

leader, 56

Cederstrom, Baron Jakob, military

life of, 91

Count Piper aids, 82
Swedish officer, 103
census, of Swedes in United States,

6, 23, 70

Centralia, Wisconsin, Swedish volun-
teers from, 1 18
Chancellorsville, Battle of, Swedes in,

75, 84, 89, 95, 105, 107
Chantilly, Battle of, A. U. Grund-

strom in 89

Charles XI, sends clergymen, 4
Charles City Cross Road, Battle of,

A. H. Grundstrom in, 89
Charleston, South Carolina, see

Hoosatomca
and Lincoln, 135
Swedes in, 75, 109, 123, 135, 138
Mercury, cited on Swedish-
American crisis, 152
Charlottes villc. Battle of, Swedes at, 72
Chattanooga, Battle of, see Fifteenth

Wisconsin regiment
immigrant laborers at, 77
Chautauqua County, New York,

funds raised in, 68
Swedish colony at, 18
Swedish volunteers from, 100
Chicago, committees, 75
great fire, 45
mass meeting at, 5
see New berry Library
Republican parades, 45
river, Swedes employed near, 44
see Svea Society
Swedes in, 44, 48, 112-114
Swedish communities in, 49
company in, 72
craftsmen in, 45

Press and Tribune, aid naturaliza-
tion, 52; quoted, 58
Tribune, quoted, 57, 69, 76
Chickamauga, Battle of, C. Dahlgren

at, 139
Chinlund, Lieutenant Nels P., see

Scandinavian Guards
Chisago County, Minnesota, Republi-
can Swedes at, 56
cholera, 18, 44

2 3 8

INDEX

Christina, Queen, and colonization

plan, 2

Christian religion, see religion
Cincinnati, Ohio, Swedes in, 10, 74
citizenship, Swedes obtain, 52
Civil War, offers inducements to im-
migrants, 21
Northern Swedes in, 23
recruiting in Sweden for, 70
Cleburne, Kansas, site of Swedish

settlement, 32

Coalport Guards, Iowa, 1 20 n
Cold Harbor, Swedes at, 107, 109
Collm, Rev. Nicholas, dies in Phil-
adelphia, 4

Colonial Swedes, 3, 138
Columbia, South Carolina, Swedes

in, 137, 138
Commissioner of Immigration,

created, 22

Companius, Rev., translates cate-
chism into Indian dialect, 3
Company D, see Third Minnesota
Confederacy, represented m Stock-
holm, 147

Swedes in, 136, 137
Confederate army, defeat of, 152

navy, enlistments in, 143
Confederates, and iron-clads, 125, 126
seek recognition from Sweden, 147
Congress, United States, and Trent

affair, 150, 151

A. Lundberg's address to, 1 24

Congress, U.S.S., destroyed, 126

during battle of Monitor, 1 29

surrenders to Merrmiac, 127

Congressional Medal of Honor, sec

Vegesack
Connecticut, regiments in, 103

Swedes in, 7, 103, 126
Conrad, C. S. S., Swedes on, 143
Continental army, Swedes in, n
Conventicle Edict, in Sweden, 15
Cook County, Illinois, delegates from,

61
Copenhagen, center for Confederate

representatives, 147
Copperheads, riots of, 99
Corinth, Battle of, Swedes in, 72, 113,
115, 118, 139

Cox, General, H. Kallstrom with, 94
Crimean War, fleet salvaged from, 1 24
Cronhielm, Count Axel, on death of

Lincoln, 154

Cronsioe, S., see Swedish Union Club
crops, first Swedish, 2
Cross Keys, Battle of, Swedes in, 93,

102
Cumberland, U. S. vessel, destroyed,

126, 127
customs, of Swedes in America, 19

Dahlgren, Bernard Ulnc, father of
J. A. Dahlgren, 164

Charles Bunker, officer in U. S.
navy, 122
on San ]acmto, 155
military life of, 123

General Charles G., in Confederate
army, 138
military life of, 139
moves to Mississippi, 28
wounded in battle, 1 39

Admiral, John A., and H. Kall-
strom, 94

and J. A. Edgren, 123
and Lincoln, 122, 163-165
and Ulnc Dahlgren, 106
brother of Charles G. Dahlgren,

commended by Secretary Wells,

16*

constructs military weapons, 164,

irtf

detained at navy yard, m
designs guns, 125, 128
father of Charles Bunker Dahl-
gren, 123

in naval annals, 124
link between immigrant Swedes,

military life of, 124, 125, 164, 165
see Monitor

promotes commissions, 81
reports on Merrirnac, 127
urges construction of iron-clads,
165

Ulnc, and Lincoln, 165
commands cavalrymen at Libby
Prison, 105

INDEX

239

Dahlgren, continued

commended, 105, 106

death of, 106

funeral of, 98

military life of, 105, 106

missing, 106

promoted in army, 104

quoted, 106

son of J. A. Dahlgren, 106
Dahlgrens, see guns
d'Ailly, Lieutenant John Christian

August, military life of, 89
Dalarnc Regiment, von Vegcsack in,

83
Sweden, volunteer from, 101

Daniclson, John A., Iowa Swede

honored, 117
military life of, 118
Danes, on U. S. vessel Beaufort, 143
Danish army, P. Rosencrantz in, 94

War, volunteers leave, 69
Danish-German War, B. J. Ccder-

strom in, 91

Darlington, C.S.S., Swedes on, 142
Davis, Jefferson, C. G. Dahlgren

commissioned by, 139
Gladstone commends, 147
Davenport Argus (Io\\a), quoted,

63
Day, Axel Mduritz (Natt och Dag),

in Cincinnati, 12, n
army service of, 102
de Camps, Captain August Ernst

Paul, army service of, 91
Decatur, Illinois, resolutions Adopted

at, 159

De Kalb, Illinois, Swedish communi-
ties at, 49

J. Stohlbrand at, 112
Democratic Party, deserted by

Swedes, 53
Democrats, attitude toward Germans

and Swedes, 52
first Swedes vote with, 52
gain power at home, 62
Delaware, site of New Sweden, i, 2

Swedes, 75, 136

Delaware C.S.S., Swedes on, 142
Denmark, gifts to, 149
in war, 163

Detroit, immigrant laborers from, 76
Dictator, U.S.S., J. Ericsson builds,

164
Douglas, Stephen A., votes for, 60,

159

see Lincoln-Douglas
Drcutzer, O. E., Republican leader,

J?
military life of, 135, 136

named consul by Lincoln, 160
Dubuque, Iowa, see A. H. Enholm
Dupont, Admira^ J. A. Dahlgren

relieves, 125

Dutch, and Lincoln, 158
and Swedes, 3, 4
in 'foreign Brigades', 137
Dutch West Indies Company, W.
Ussehnx founder of, i

Eastern cities and states, Swedish en-
listments from, 71, 103, 104
Eckloff, Christian, Swedish tailor,

12 n
Eckstrom, Captain Axel P., from

Illinois, 114
Edgren, Lieutenant August Hjalmar,

army service of, 87, 88, 129
John Alexis, navy service, 75, 123
Edstrand, Lieutenant J. H., from

Illinois, 114
Ed\ all, Captain Olaf S., of Galesburg

company, 114
Ehrenstam, Lieutenant Gustaf

George Maximilian, military

service of, 91
Eighteenth New York Infantry, A.

H. Grundstrom in, 89
Eighth Louisiana Regiment, Swedes

in, 141
Minnesota Regiment, Swedes in,

"5
New Jersey Volunteers, A. J.

Johnson, colonel of, 109
Texas Regiment, Swedes in, 141
Eighty-third New York Volunteers
(Ninth New York), C. Stahl-
hannnar in, 88

Ekerod, Sweden, P. Rosencrantz in,
94

240

INDEX

Eleventh Connecticut Regiment, J.

A. Johnson in, 103
Minnesota Regiment, Swedes in,

"5
Elfving, Nerc Albert, promoted, 104

military service of, 108
Ellixson, Lars, in Mexican War, 136
Engberg, J., see Swedish Union Club
Engelbloom, Captain Oscar, army

service of, 91, 92
England, and Mexico crisis, 153

and Trent affair, 149-151

J. Ericsson in, 125

war vessels against, 129

Southern sympathy in, 146
English, and New Sweden, 4

see Beaufort

Foreign Legion, P. Rosencrantz in,

Enholm, Axel H., Iowa Swede hon-
ored, 117

ship-builder, 74, 118
Epes, Sargent, and J. Ericsson, 129
Epping, Consul, enlists Swedes

skilled in war, 69

Erickson, Enck, in Mexican War, 1 36
Ericsson, John, and d'Ailly, oo

and A. H. Enholm, 118

and U.S.S. Dictator, 164

and Lincoln, 55, 163-164

and A. Lundegren, 123

and Monitor, 126-130, 133

at Washington, 163

Congress honors, 130

in Mexican War, 136

in navy annals, 124

in ship-building, 74, 158, 164, see
also Monitor

military life of, 125-130

responsible for Merrimac, 133
Ericsson, caloric ship, i32n

war vessel, 1 3 1 n
Erlandson, see Canada
Erson, Eric, Confederate Swede, 138

military life of, 139
Esbjorn, Rev. Lars Paul, aids tem-
perance, 54

arrival in America, 15

at Andover, 45

see Robert Lincoln

Esbjorn, continued
sons in service, 71, 160
supports Lincoln, 159, 160

Estonia, Vikings in, i

Europe, and Trent affair, 151
war vessels against all, 129

European Legion, 144 n

Evans Company of Cavalry, in Mexi-
can War, 136

Fagercrantz, Pehr, at Princeton Wig-
wam, 60

Fairfax Court House, E. F. Hultman
at, 93

Falstrom, Jacob, see Canada

Farragut, Admiral David, A. Boivie
under, 123

Fayette, Louisiana, C. Dahlgren com-
mandant at, 139

Fayetteville, Battle of, A. Forsberg in,

M9
Federal government, in Mexico crisis,

/53

Festivals, Swedish, 50 n
Fifteenth Army Corps, Swedes in,

112, 114

Iowa Infantry, Swedes in, 117, 118
Kentucky Cavalry, see Acker-

strom
Regiment United States Army, see

F. Brydolf
United States Infantry, see A.

Hedbcrg

Wisconsin Regiment, Scandina-
vian, 72, 73, 118
Fifth Kentucky Regiment, see R. W.

Hanson
Minnesota Regiment, Swedes in,

"5
New York Volunteers, Swedes in,

87, 101
Wisconsin Regiment, Swedes in,

118
Fifty-eighth New York Regiment,

see E. O. Hultman
Ohio Volunteers, see E. M. P. von

Ve^esack
Fifty-fifth Alabama Regiment,

Swedes in, 141
Illinois Regiment, see O. Malmborg

INDEX

241

Fifty-first Confederate Virginia Reg-
iment, see A. Forsberg
fifty-fourth New York Volunteers,

see E. Haberkorn
Fifty-ninth Illinois Regiment, see C.

Arosenius
Fifty-second New York Volunteers,

see C. F. Grevellius
North Carolina Regiment, see E.

Erson
Fifty-seventh Illinois Infantry, see

Swedish Union Guards
Illinois Regiment, activity of, 115
First Carolina Volunteers, see O. E.

Dreutzer
Cherokee Volunteers, Swedes in,

141

Church of Boston, Swedes re-
corded, 7
Illinois Light Artillery, see A.

Silfversparre

Iowa Cavalry, see D. Anderson, 117
Minnesota Regiment, Swedes in,

"5
New York Regiment, activities of,

90, 99
Rhode Island Cavalry, Anderson

brothers in, 103
Veteran Army Corps, see O.

Malmborg
Five Forks, Battle of, Swedes at, 87,

Finke, Dr., hospital steward, 74
Finland, Vikings in, i
Finns, immigrant laborers, 76
Flack, Gustaf, and Jansomsts, 42

of Chicago, 44

Florida, sec H. H. C. Anderson
Florida, C.S.S., Swedes on, 142
Florine, J. W., army physician, 74
Floyd, Confederate general, see A.

Forsberg
Flying Artillery Corps, see C. Ly-

becker

Fogel Grip, transport up the Dela-
ware, 2
foreign brigades', at New Orleans,

Forrest, Confederate general, see
Twenty -Jthird Minnesota Brigade

Forsberg, Lieutenant August, mili-
tary career of, 138, 139, 144 n
Carl, uncle of A. Forsberg, 1 38
Brigade, see A. Forsberg
Forsgard, Samuel, Confederate

soldier, 137
Forsse, Captain Eric, activities of,

114* "5

Forsse, Major Eric, carpetbagger, 38 n
Fort Christiana, first Swedish fort, 2
Donelson, activities at, 115, 119, 138
Fisher, Swedes at, 108, 123
Lafayette, 142
Monroe, activities at, 101, 106, 127,

129, 162

Pillow, see J. C. Ackerstrom
Pulaski, see A. Elfving
Scott, see Third Wisconsin Cavalry
Snelling, see H. Mattson
Sumter, Swedes at, 75, 123, 140
Wagner, see N. A. Elfving
Wool, see G. B. Helleday
Fortress City Prison, see C. O. O.

Blomberg
Monroe, cited, 85
Forty-eighth New York Regiment,

Swedes in, oo, 108
Forty-fifth New York Regiment, see

E. Holmstedt
Forty-first Louisiana Regiment, see

A. P. Anderson
New York Volunteers, see C. U. O.

Nerman
Forty-fourth Alabama Regiment,

Swedes in, 141
Forty-ninth New York Regiment.

Swedes in, 100
Forty-third Illinois Infantry, see

Galcsburg Company
Fourteenth Louisiana Regiment,

Swedes in, 141
New Jersey Volunteers, see J. V.

Ahlstrom
United States Infantry, see J. A.

Burke, cited
Fourth Alabama Regiment, Swedes

in, 141

Infantry, cited, 162
Kentucky Regiment, see R. W.
Hanson

242

INDEX

Fourth, continued
Minnesota Regiment, Swedes in,

"5
New York Heavy Artillery,

Swedes in, 101
New York Regiment of Cavalry,

see P. Rosencrantz
Texas Company, in Mexican War,

i 3 6

Fox, Gustavus Vasa, assistant secre-
tary of navy, 164

France, attitude in Mexico crisis, 153
interest in Confederacy, 146
proposes mediation in Civil War,

147
Franklin, Benjamin, see C. M. von

Wrangel
Frederick, Maryland, see C. J. F.

Stahlhammar
Frcdericksburg, Battle of, Swedes in,

84, 89, 90, 105
Freeport, Illinois, see Lincoln-Douglas

debate
Freemens Hall, Chicago, Swedish

voters at, 62
Fremont, J. C., Swedes with, 82, 87,

105, 113

endorsed for president, 53, 57
Friman, Carl, pioneer, 9, 10

Gaines Mill, Battle of, Swedes in, 83,

88,00
Galena, U. S. iron-clad constructed,

125
Galesburg, Illinois, electioneering in,

Hemlandet founded at, 56
Lincoln-Douglas debate, 58, 1^9
mass meetings at, 57, 59
military units at, 68, 114
Republican parades at, 45
Swedes from, 45, 5?, 74
Swedish communities in, 49

Galva Svenska Republikanaran, Re-
publican newspaper, 56, 57

Geneva, Illinois, delegates from, 60
Swedish communities at, 49

Georgia, Swedes in, 135, 136

Germans, and Swedes, i, 99, 141
see 'foreign brigades'

Germans, continued
Know-Nothings spurn, 52
Lincoln solicits, 55
Protestants, with Swedes settle

America, i
war with, 2

Gerolt, Baron, in Mexico crisis, 153
Gettysburg, Swedes at, 72, 75, 84, 88,

107

Geyden, H. P., in war industry, 74
gifts, between United States and

Sweden, 148, 149

Gladstone, Lord, and the Confeder-
acy, 147

Goldsboro, Battle of, E. Erson in, 139
Goodhue County, Minnesota, sup-
ports Lincoln, 56, 64
Gossclman, C. G., visits America, 9
Gota Artillery Regiment, Swedes in,

86, 91

Goteborgsposten, quoted, 104
Gothenburg, Sweden, on death of

Lincoln, 154

Swedes from, 69, 135, 136
G. F. Lindquist from, 101
Gotlands National Militia, C. O. O.

Bloomberg in, 90
Gottland, Sweden, E. M. P. von

Vegesack from, 83
Gottland National Guard see E. M.

P. von Vegesack

Gourley, James, The Hidden Lin-
coln, 66 n

graft, in the new army, 72
Grand Review at Washington, see

Swedish Union Guards
Grant, General U. S., and J. V.

Ahlstrom, 108
and C. G. Dahlgren, 1 39
and Fifteenth Wisconsin Regi-
ment, 119

and O. Malmborg, 113
quoted, 74
Gray, P. B. in Swedish -American

crisis, 1^2

Gray's Elegy, quoted by Lincoln, 54
Greenland, Vikings in, i
Grevellius, Lieutenant Carl Freder-
ick, military service of, 92
reveals graft, 72

INDEX

2 43

Grund, Lars, Wisconsin volunteer,
118

Grundstrom, Lieutenant Axel Hen-
ry, military service of, 87, 89
witnesses Monitor in action, 129

Grunfelt, Captain (Roche), 92

guns, designed by J. A. Dahlgren,
125, 128, 165

Gustafson, Captain Charles, 119
J. G., 116

Gustavus Adolphus, battle hymn of,

death of, 2
plan for Swedish settlement, i, 2

Haar, Sweden, sec N. Horncll
Habcrkorn, Emil Gustaf Wilhclni,

military service of, 102
Habicht, C. E., Swedish consul, in
Swedish-American crisis, 152, 153
quoted, 21
Haldcman, J. S., Minister to Sweden,

and Scu.ird, 82, 147, 148
and A. C. W.irberg, 86
promotes commissions, 81
Hallcck, Fitzgrccn, Lincoln reads

poetry of, 165

Genera! Henry W., Lincoln's dis-
patch to; no
Hallonquist, Lieutenant Colonel J.

H., Confederate officer, i 38
military life of, 139, 140
Halsinge Regiment, Swedes in, 89, 92
Halsmgland province, flax culture in,

4*
Hamberg, Major Charles Nicolaus

Conrad, and Count Piper, 83
military career of, 92, 93
Hammarskjold, Carl Jacob, against

Lincoln, 135
military life of, 140
Nina, quoted, 29
Hammarquist, C. B., Republican

leader in Wisconsin, ?6, 61
Hampton Roads, Battle of, Merrimac,

126

Monitor, 130
Swedes in, 73, 129
Hancock, General, and K. O. Broadv,
107

Hanover Court House, Battle of, see

von Vegesack
Hanson, Alexander, and George

Washington, 3

C. P., speaker for Fremont, 57
Lieutenant Hans, Wisconsin

Swede, 119

John, President of Continental
Congress, 3
career of, 6
Roger W., in Mexican War, 136

military life of, 1 38
Hansons, of Maryland, 138
Haraldson, H., in Tennessee, 135
Harnsburg, E. O. Hultman at, 93
Harrison's Landing, A. H. Grund-

strom at, 89
Hartford, Connecticut, J. N. Nelson

from, 103

Hasselquist, T. N., at Galesburg, $7
founder of Hemlandet, 56
preacher from Sweden, 16
Hatcher's Run, Battle of, A. Leatz at,

8 7
Hawkmson, P. L., sec Swedish Union

Club, 63
Hcbbc, Gustaf C., educator in the

South, 30

in Alexican War, 136
Hcdberg, Alfred (Bergstrom), mili-
tary life of, 102

"Hedbergians", see Luther-Lasarc
Hcdstrom, Olof G., arrives in

America, 9
aids immigration, 23
brother of Jonas Hedstrom, 41, 42
Jonas, preacher in Illinois, 41
Heegaard, Froda, addresses Demo-
crats, 6}
Helleday, Colonel Gustaf Blidstein,

and A. A. Plageman, 94
and Monitor, 129
captain of naval brigades, 162
militarv life of 83, 84
see Union Coast Guard
Hellcstad, see F. Brydolf
Hclsinge Regiment, see C. Weinberg
He7??fa7?det, founding of, see Gales-
burg
recommends Schurz's speeches, 59

244

INDEX

Hemlandet, continued
rebukes Swedish Democrats, 63
publishes call for recruits, 72
quoted on death of Lincoln, 116
records Southern Swedes, 135, 144-

145 n

see Twelfth Wisconsin
Henry (Bounty, Illinois, see Eric

Janson

Swedes in, 42, 45

Henderson, Illinois, Swedish dele-
gates from, 57

Hesselius, Gustav, arrives in Phila-
delphia, 8

Hilliard, Martin, in Florida, 31
Hoffman, Martin, in New York, 7
Holland, Swedes from, 7
Holmberg, L., see Swedish military

company
Holmstedt, Ernst, in Mexican War,

136

in "Svea Garde", 99
military service of, 109
promoted, 104
Swedish officer, 103
Holsburgh, T. P. H., military life of,

101

Holstein, Lieutenant Colonel Corfitz
Ludvig Joakin Staei von (Baron,
also Charles von Holstein), mili-
tary career of, 83, 86
Mrs. W. H. von, war nurse, 75
Homestead Act, encourages emigra-
tion, 70

passed by Congress, 21
bill, of Democrats, 59
Hooker, General, Swedes with, 85,

91, 105

Hoosatonica, U.S.S., torpedoed, 140
Hornell, George, founder of Hornell,

New York, 8

Rev. Nils, joins Delaware Swedes, 8
Houghton, Michigan, and immigrant

laborers, 76

houses, first Swedish, 2
Houston, Samuel, leaves Nashville,

I3 *
Texas, S. Forsgard in, 137

Hubbardston, Massachusetts, reports
from, 1 02

Hudson Bay Company, Swedes in, 10
Hulk, C. A., military life of, 102
Hultman, Major Elof Oscar, com-
missioned, 8 1
military life of, 93
Swedish officer, 103
Hunt, Major General Henry J., and

C. L. T. Berlin, 90
Hussandcr, P. T., see Swedish Union
Club

Iceland, Vikings in, i
Illinois, census of Swedes in, 70
companies from, 117
enlistments in, 1 14
home-guard regiments in, 71
O. Olson tours, 42
immigrants in, 47
see Luther-Lazare
regiments in, 113-115
Republican leaders in, 56
Swedes from, n, 40, 41, 98, in,

112, 158

votes for Lincoln in, 60
Central Railroad, immigrant agent

for, 49
Light Artillery, see C. J. Stohl-

brand
State Colonization Society, and

Lincoln, 55

University, Swedes at, 45, 159, 160
see also L. P. Esbjorn
Illinois State Joitrnal, quoted, 14
Immigrant aid societies, and Kansas,

Contracts, granted, 22
Immigrants, conditions of, 18, 24 n,

Immigration, encouraged, 21
Independent Battalion (New York),
Swedes in, 09

Regiment (Iowa), see F. Brydolf
Indian dialect, 3

territory, Swedes from, 141

uprisings, in Minnesota, 116
Indiana, Swedes from, 71, 112

regiments in, 112

votes for Lincoln in, 60
Indianapolis, Indiana, see Lincoln
Indians, and Swedes, 1-3, 10, 19, 26 n

INDEX

245

industry, of Swedish immigrants, 22
International Agreement of 1780, in

Trent affair, 150
inventions, see J. Ericsson
lotopotomy, Virginia, see K. O.

Broady
Iowa, history of Swedes in, 117

regiments in, 116-118

Swedes in, 70, 98, in, 112

votes for Lincoln in, 60

Gazette, quoted, 12

Veteran Reserve Corps, see F.

Brydolf
Irish, and Know-Nothings, 52

and Svea Society, 99

and Swedes, 141
iron-clad, see J. Ericsson, 126, 164

government constructs, 125

models of, 13211
Irwin, Colonel William H., and E.

M. P. von Vegesack, 84
Isanti County, Minnesota, Republican

Swedes in, 56
Italians, and Lincoln, 158

and Swedes, 141
luke, Battle of, C. Dahlgren in, 1 39

Jackson, North Carolina, see Grunfclt

Stonewall, at Frederick, 88
Jacksonville, Battle of, H. C. Ander-
son in, 90

Jackville, F. D., see Swedish Re-
publican Club, 60

Jaderberg, L. O., in war industry, 74
James River, see Monitor, 130
Jamestown, Swedes in, 98-100
Jamtland's Cavalry, J. Cederstrom in,

Janson, Erik, 42, 43
Jansonists, and Bishop Hill colony, 15
and California expedition, 35
in Chicago, 44
in Illinois, 40, 42

Janson, Nils, in Mexican War, 136
Jefferson County, Wisconsin, see C.

B. Hammarquist
"Jenny Lind" men, in Cincinnati and

St. Louis, 10

Jenny Lind, war vessel, 131 n
Jocknick F M in "Svea Garde", 09

Johnson, Adolphus, J M military life

of, 109

promoted, 104

Anders, in Mexican War, 136
Captain C. L., in Minnesota, 116
Charles, at Freeport debate, 58
Eric, and Illinois Swede, 62

promoted, 114
Ida, war nurse, 75
Iver, in Mexican War, 136
Rev. J. speaks for Lincoln, 59, 60
John A., first Swede to Kansas, 32
Lieutenant John M., see Fifteenth

Wisconsin

John O., and Lincoln, 52, 159
N. B., and Chicago mass meeting,

Oscar W., aids soldiers' families, 68
S. K., and Lincoln, 162
Theophilus, in Mexican War, 136
William F., Republican leader, 56
Jones, Lieutenant Catesby, on Mer-

rirnac, 127
quoted, 128

Kalm, Peter, arrives in U. S. in 1748,

Kalmar Nyckel, sails up Delaware, 2
Kalmar Fasten, quoted, 34

Sweden, see C. A. Rossander
Kallstrom, Lieutenant Herman, mili-
tary life of, 93

Kansas, Swedes in, 32, 5?, 135, 138
Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 55, 159
Karlbcnr Military Academy, Swedes

at, 86, 89, 93, 108, 113
Karshamn, Sweden, see C. H. F.

Stahlhammar
Karlskrona, Sweden, see J. V. Ahl-

strom
Kearnevsville, Battle of, J. V. Ahl-

strom in, 109
Kearny, General, and A. H. Grund-

strom, 89

Kearsorge, C.S.S., Swedes on, 142
Kenesaw Mountain, C. E. Landstrom

at, 118
Kenosha County, Wisconsin, see O.

E. Dreutzer

246

INDEX

Kentucky Regiments, Swedes in, 89,

in, 138

State Militia, R. W. Hanson in, 138
Kerr County, Texas, 137
Klinckowstrom, Baron Axel, visits

America, 9

Knorring, Lieutenant Colonel Carl
Gustaf von, military achieve-
ments, 83, 86

Know-Nothing party, 12 n, 52, 53
Knox, Harry T., reports Confederate

Swedes, 145 n

Knoxville, Illinois, and Lincoln cam-
paign, 60, 64
see L. P. Esbjorn
Swedes noted by Lincoln, 55
Swedish communities at, 49
Swedish company at, 72
Swedish delegations from, 57
Republican, quoted, 47
Koshkonung Lake, Wisconsin, seat of

Swedish settlements, 16
Kossuth, Lojos, Hungarian patriot, 30
Kristianstad, Sweden, see C. J. Stohl-

brand
Kronoberg Regiment, Sweden, see

E. O. Hultman

Kumlin, Ludvig, and Milwaukee
Museum of Natural History, 17
T. L., at Albion College, 17
leads group to America, 16

laborers, brought from abroad, 76, 77
Lake County, Indiana, Swedish vol-
unteers from, 112
Landegren, Augustus, navy services,

"3
Landstrom, C. E., military life of,

117, 118
Lange, Captain O. G., and Unonius,

Democratic leader, 63
in Charleston, North Carolina, 30
in Chicago, 42, 44
in New York, 9

language, Chicago-Swedish, 50 n
La Porte, Indiana, Swedes in, 20, 112
Larson, Lieutenant Andrew, activi-
ties of, 1 1 6

Larson, continued
Daniel, see Brockton
S., in Chicago mass meeting, 57
Latter-Day Saints, Swedes join, 10
Leatz, Lieutenant Colonel Axel
Arfvid, military life of, 75, 83, 87
Lee, General Robert E., and U. Dahl-

gren, 165

see A. A. Leatz, 87
and F. A. U. Rosencrantz, 86
at Frederick, 88
defeat, 152
Lembke, Captain Jonas Frederick,

114

letters, to Sweden, 47, 88
Levant Sharpshooters, Swedes in, 100
Lexington, Kentucky, and Lincoln,

162
Libby Prison, U. Dahlgren against,

105

A. A. Leatz in, 87
Lideen, E., Republican speaker, 59

speaks at Princeton, 60
Liedberg, Johan Olof, in California,

35>3<5

Light Guard, at Galesburg, 159
Lime Stone Ridge, J. V. Ahlstrom

at, 109

Lincoln, Abraham, admires Stille's
book, 79 n

aids immigrant officers, 70

aids naval corps, 162

and K. O. Broady, 108

and F. Brydolf, 117

and Confederacy, 135

and J. A. Dahlgren, 122, 127, 165,
164

and Ulric Dahlgren, 105, 106

and O. E. Dreutzer, 160

and J. Ericsson, 163, 164

and L. P. Esbjorn, 45, 159

and first Swedish settlement, 40

and foreign vote, 55

and foreigners, 158

and G. B. Helleday, 85, 162

and Homestead Law, 55

and Hungarians, 38

and J. O. Johnson, 159

and Know-Nothings, 53

and C. E. Landstrom, 118

INDEX

*47

Lincoln, continued
and C. G. Lundberg, 124, 161
and Alerrimac, 126, 127
and Monitor, 126, 128, 129, 130, 164
and Count Piper, 163
and Republican Party, 55
and Carl Schurz, 58
and slavery, 84, 151
and C. J. Stohlbrand, 160, 161
and G. J. Sundell, 160
and Swedes, 23, 30, 55, 56, 60, 64,

71, 119, 158, 159, 160, 166
and Sweden, 146, 148, 149
and Swedish advisors, 162
and Swedish newspapers, 57
and Swedish officers, 161
and Swedish settlements, 49
and Swedish vote, 60, 61, 71
and Trent affair, 149, 150, 151
and E. M. P. von Vegesack, 83
and A. C. Warberg, 86
at Freeport, 58
at Indianapolis, 54
at Princeton, 57

calls for volunteers, 68, 114, 115
commissions Swedes, 81
death of, 153, 154, 166
endorsed by Swedish Union Club,

6 3"

endorsed at Victoria, 59

enemies of, 137

in Hemlandet, 56

interest in soldiers, 161, 162

letter to Whitney, 52

member of state legislature, 158

quoted, 21, 40, 146

rail-splitter, 54

selects Swedish brigade, 103

supports Kansas Free State, 55

temperance lecturer, 54

votes for, 60, 64

Mrs., and U. Dahlgren, 106

Robert, in school debates, 160

pupil of L. A. Esbjorn, 45, 159
Lincoln-Douglas debates, Swedes at,

58. '59

Swedes publish, 57
Lind, Jenny, and Lincoln, 55

see also Jenny Lind
Lindbergh, Colonel Charles, 15

Lindquist, G. F., military activities

of, 101
Dr. Maurice F., war physician, 75

in Mexican War, 136
Lindstrom, Anders August, enlists as

private, 89

Linkoping, Sweden, 101
Linne, Karl von, see P. Kalm
Little Rock, Arkansas, D. Anderson

at, 117
Liverpool, England, and Southern

recruiting, 142
Livregementet's Dragoons, see B. J.

Cederstrom
Ljunggren, Edward, enlists as private,

89
Lofgren, John N., navy services, 123,

124
Logan, General J. A., quoted, 1 1 1

and J. Stohlbrand, 112
London, England, and Southern re-
cruiting, 142, 147
Times j in Trent affair, 149, 150
Long John, see J. O. Johnson
Lonn, Ella, on Confederate immi-
grants, 145 n
Louisiana, regiments in, 137, 140, 141

Swedes in, 10, 135
Louisville, Kentucky, see J. A.

Ouchterlonly

Lovejoy, Owen, at Galesburg, 59
at Bishop Hill, 60
at Princeton, 59
Lund, Captain Herman, promoted,

114

in Mexican War, 136
Lund University, Swedes from, 91, 92
Lundberg, Captain Charles G., and

Lincoln, 124, 161
navy services, 123
"Luther-Lasare", settlers in Illinois

and Minnesota, 16
Lybecker, Carl Ludwig, opposes

Kansas immigration, 38 n
career of, 31, 140
Lyon, Lord, in Trent affair, 151

McClellan, General George B., and
Swedes, 64, 83, 85, 91, 101

248

INDEX

McDowell, General Irwin, Lincoln

and J. A. Dahlgren visit, 165
McRae's Brigade, see E. Erson

Macomb, Illinois, electioneering in, 61
Madison (Colgate) University, K. O,

Broady at, 107

Wisconsin, see Fifteenth Wisconsin
Malmborg, Gustaf A., see Fifteenth

U. S. Infantry
Colonel Oscar, drill services of, 73

immigrant agent, 49

military career of, 112-114, 136

proclamation of, 63

promotes recruits, 79 n
Malmin, P. M., see Swedish Union

dub

Malroos, Oscar, 116
Malvern Hill, Battle of, Swedes in,

89,00

Manassas, Swedes at, 101, 102
Manderstrom, Count, Swedish for-
eign minister, and Count Piper,

149, IS'

and death of Lincoln, 153
and Trent affair, 151
opposes emigration, 70
reports Confederate activities, 147
supports the Union, 147
Mann, A. Dudley, envoy to Pope

Pius IX., 78 n
Mansfield, General, see E. M. P. von

Vegesack

Mansson, Ola, quoted, 15
March to the Sea, Swedes in, 73, 118
"Marco-Bozzaris", Lincoln reads, 165
Marmaduke, General John, see C.

Lybecker

Maryland, see New Sweden
Mason and Slidell, see Trent affair
Massachusetts, Swedes in, 08
Mattson, Hans, elected city clerk, 61
military achievements of, 72, 112,

116

quoted, 68, in
Republican leader, 56
Meade, General George, Swedes

with, 84, 85, 91

Mediterranean Squadron, see J. A.
Dahlgren

Memphis, Tennessee, Swedish com-
pany at, 137
Merrrnwc, C.S.S., and J. Ericsson, 127

and Lincoln, 126, 127

at Sewall's Point, 130

blown up, 130

damaged, 128

encounters Monitor, 127, 128, 164

A. H. Grundstrom witnesses battle

with, 89
Metropolitan Hall, mass meeting at,

Mexico, and France, 153
and Sweden, 153
Swedes in, 7, 137
Mexican War, Swedes in, n, 94, 109,

113, 117, 136, 138
Michigan, see T. P. H. Holsburgh

Swedish enlistments from, 71, in
Middle western states, Swedes en-
listed in, 104

Milwaukee, stopping place for im-
migrants, 44
Mine Run, Battle of, see K.O. Broady

and E. Erson

Minnesota, see American Fur Com-
pany

census of Swedes in, 70
see Luther-Lasare
H. Mattson's Proclamation in, 68
see O. Olson
Sioux Indians in, 1 1 1
Swedes in, 98, in, 115
Swedish companies from, 117
Swedish volunteers from, in, 112,

Constitutional Convention, 56
Heavy Artillery, Swedes in, 116
Home Guard, 71, 116
Minnesota Posten y supports Republi-
cans, 57
Minnesota, U.S.S., attacked by Mer-

rimac y 126, 127

Minuit, Peter, and first Swedish ex-
pedition, 2
missionary churches, built by

Swedes, 6 n

Mississippi, regiments in, 139
Swedes in, 10, 162
River, Lincoln's trip down, 158

INDEX

249

Mississippi, continued
navy guns on, 125
speed boat for, 74, 118
Swedish communities as far as, 49
Mobile, Alabama, Southern Swedes

at, 142

Molme, Illinois, barrack at, 74
Swedish communities in, 49
votes for Lincoln in, 64
Monitor, U.S.S., attacks Merrimac,

127, 164

at SewalTs Point, 130
feared, 130

Dahlgren designs guns on, 128
J. Ericsson invents, 127, 130, 136,

163

see A. H. Grundstrom
in Hampton Roads attack, 132 n
in resolution by congress, 1 30
Lincoln's hopes for, 127, 164
newly-built, 126
origin of name, i3*n
Swedes on, 75, i33n
to Richmond, 130
victorious, 128, 164
Monmouth, Illinois, Swedish delega-
tions from, 57
Monson, Johannes, in Confederate

service, 137
Montgomery Foreign Guards,

Swedes in, 141
Monticello, U. S. vessel, A. Peterson

on, 124

Morgan, C.S.S., Swedes on, 143
Mormons, promote Swedish immigra-
tion, 1 6

and Scandinavians, 26 n
Swedes among, u
Morton, John, life of, 3, 6
Mount Jackson, Battle of, see E. O.

Hultman
Murfreesboro, R. W. Hanson at, 138

Napoleon, in Mexican affairs, 153
Nashotah House, see Unonius, p. 17
Nashville, Tennessee, see S. Houston
Nashville, C.S.S. Swedes on, 142
National Intelligencer (Washington,
D. C.) quoted, 19, 81

Naval Brigade, G. B. Helleday in, 85
organized, 162
register, Swedes in, 122
warfare, i33n
Navy Medical Corps, see M. F. Lind-

quist

Negroes, and Swedes, 19, 116
Nelson, John A., activities, 6 1, 64, 102
P. W., in war industry, 74
Sven, at Andover, 42
T. A. in Svea Garde, 99
Nerman, Captain Carl Ulrik Oscar,

military life of, 94, 103
Neshamony, see U. Dahlgren
Newark, New Jersey, Swedes at, 92,

109
Newbein, U. S. vessel, see A. Lande-

gren

New Bern, North Carolina, see Cap-
tain Grunfelt

Newberry Library, founded, 8
New Haven, Connecticut, C. Rass-

monson from, 103

New Jersey, regiments in, 103, 108, 141
Swedes in, 7, 103
see New Sweden
Newman, Sven Bernhard, at Mobile,

New Orleans, and Second Rhode
Island Cavalry, 99

Lincoln in, 158

Swedes from, 141

Swedes in, 31, 123, 137
Newport News, Swedes at, 83, 89, 1 29

Congress surrenders at, 127
New Sweden, Iowa, established, 17

life in, 4

site of, 2
Newton, General, and C. N. C.

Hamberg, 92

New Upsala, Unonius settlement, 17
New York, home-guards in, 71

in Mexico crisis, 153

Monitor's trip from, 126

naval brigades from, 162

regiments in, 84, 85, 87-94, 99-102,
104, 107-109

saved from Merrimac , 129

southern recruiting from, 142

Swedes in, 98, 104, 107

250

INDEX

New York City, arrival of Swedes, 7
German-Swedish company in, 99
Swedes in, 98, 101, 102
Herald, quoted, 142
Times, quoted, 85
Volunteers, 99, 102
Nicollet County, Minnesota, see

Scandinavian Guards
Nilson, Bengt, in Mexican War, 136
Ninety-first New York Volunteer

Infantry, see K. O. Broady
Ninety-ninth New York Regiment,

Swedes in, 85, 88

Volunteers, see J. B. Nordenstrohl
Ninth Alabama Regiment, Swedes in,

141

Indiana Regiment, J. Vesper in, 1 1 2
Minnesota Regiment, Swedes in,

"5
New York Cavalry, Swedes in, oo,

100

Volunteers, see C. Stahlhammar
Nita, C.S.S., Swedes on, 142
Nordenstrohl, Thomas J. B., military

life of, 101
Nordquist, Dr. Charles J., army

surgeon, 74, 1 10 n
Norelius, Anders, Republican leader,

56
Rev. Erik, discovers Swedes in

Ohio, 20

editor Minnesota Posten, 57
Norfolk, Virginia, captured, 130
in Swedish- American crisis, 152
navy yard, 125
Norrkoping, Sweden, see H. H. C.

Anderson

North Carolina, C.S.S., 143
Norway, immigrants solicited from,

49 -

immigrants sent from, 47

see gifts
Norwegians, immigrant laborers, 76

and Lincoln, 158

Nya Dagligt Allehanda, quoted, 154
Nyberg (Newberry), founder of
Ncwberry Library, 8

Oak Road, A. A. Leatz at, 87
Oconee, C.S.S., 143

Ohio, regiments in, 83, 104

Olson, Ernst W., authority on Swed-
ish enlistments, 78 n
Olaf, agent of Jansonists, 42

One Hundred Eleventh Pennsyl-
vania, Swedes in, 100
Nineteenth New York Volunteers,

Swedes in, 101
Sixty-Second New York, Swedes

in, 101

Twelfth New York Regiment,
Swedes in, 100

United States Colored Regiment,
J. G. Gustafson, lieutenant of, 1 16

Ontario, U. S. vessel, J. A. Dahlgren
on, 124

Opequa Creek, J. V. Ahlstrom at, 109

Orcas Rifles, festival for, 76

Osborn, Lieutenant Joseph E., pro-
moted, 114

Oscar I, king of Sweden, see gifts

Osceola, U. S. vessel, J. N. Lofgren
on, 124

Ostana, Sweden, see A. H. Edgren

Ouchterlonly, John A., army sur-
geon, 74

Oulstee, Battle of, H. C. Anderson
in, 90

Oxenstierna, Axel, revives Gustavus's
plan, 2

Palm, Andrew, in Bloomington, Kan-
sas, 32, 138

Svante, opposes Kansas immigra-
tion, 33, 137
quoted, 28, 33
Palmetto State, C.S. S., Swedes on,

142

Palmquist, Gustaf, and Baptists, 16
Paradise Point, first Swedish colony, 2
Paris, Confederate center, 147
Parliament, in Sweden, 146
Patterson's Corps, see C. H. F. Stahl-
hammar

Paulson, W. P., in Mexican War, 1 36
Penn, William, quoted, i
Pennsylvania, see New Sweden
regiments in, 100
Swedes in, 98, 105, 107

INDEX

251

Pensacola Navy Yard, 143
Petersburg, campaign, Swedes in, 87,

90. 93 *39

Peterson, Charles, on Monitor, 128
Charles Jacob, editor Saturday

Evening Post, 3
Henry, editor Saturday Evening

Post, 3

J., Republican speaker, 59
William, in Mexican War, 136
Philadelphia, J. A. Dahlgren at, 164
national convention, 53
platform endorsed by Swedes, 57
Philadelphia Press, quoted, 85
Pierce, Franklin, receives votes of

Swedes, 53
Pieterson, Erik, father of Charles J.

and Henry, 3
Pine Lake, Wisconsin, first Swedish

settlement, 16
in 1931, 25 n
Unonius at, 98
Piper, Count, aids Southern captive

Swedes, 142
and Lincoln, 161, 163
and Count Manderstrom, 82, 147
and slavery, 151
appointed minister to United

States, 148

councillor in Sweden, i55n
see gifts

in Trent affair, 150-151
promotes commissions, 81
recommends countrymen, 70, 89,

128, 161
Pittsburg Landing, see Swedish

Union Guards
Plageman, Captain Arnold Abraham,

military activities of, 94, 136
Poles, and Swedes, 141
Pomerama, Vikings in, i
Pontiac, U. S. vessel, C. Nelson of,

124

Pope, General, U. Dahlgren with, 10?
Port Hudson, see Second Rhode

Island Cavalry

Port Royal, Swedes at, 108, 123
Porter, Admiral, A. H. Enholm de-
signs war vessel for, 118
J. Ericsson with, 74

Porter, continued
Commander David, names von

Vegesack colonel, 83
praises C. B. Dahlgren, 123
County, Indiana, Swedish volun-
teers from, 112

Posse, "Count", in Mexican War, 1 36
Powhatan, U.S.S., in Mexican War,

136

Price, Sterling, see A. Palm
Princeton, Illinois, L. P. Esbjorn at,

45, '59

Lincoln speaks at, 57
Republican mass meetings at, 59, 63
Republican parades at, 45
Swedish communities at, 49
Republic, Bureau County, quoted,

52, 59, 60, 63

Printz, John, see New Sweden, 3
professional men, in army, 74
Providence, Rhode Island, see G. A.
Williamson

Ramville Station, see C. N. C. Ham-
berg
Rappahannock Ford, Swedes at, 93,

94
Rattler, U. S. vessel, O. Nelson on,

124

Reams Station, K. O. Broady at, 107
Red Bank, New Jersey, see J. V. Ahl-

strom

Red River settlement, 12 n
Red Wing Minnesota, see Minnesota

Posten
Republican Swedes in, 56

Volunteer, quoted, 75
religion, advanced by Swedes, 2
religious freedom, in Sweden, 15
in New Sweden, 18
services, in the army, 73
Republican Club, organized at Chi-
cago, 57

conventions, 56, 61
mass meetings, Swedes in, 49
party, first state convention of, 53
Lincoln supports, 55
Swedish organizers of, 167
Swedish support of, 45, 56

INDEX

Republicans, attitude of Germans

and Swedes toward, 53
design to unseat, 62
votes for, 60
Resaca, Georgia, see Swedish Union

Guards

J. E. Thomas at, 162
Resing, Johan, see New Sweden, 4
Revolutionary War, Sweden friend-
ly, 14*

Rhode Island, German-Swedish com-
pany in, 99

place of Swedish enlistment, 103
regiments in, 86, 103
Swedes in, 7, 86, 95, 103
Richmond, Virginia, defeat, 152
Monitor goes to, 130
Swedes in, 86, 87, 90, 93
Rio Grande River, iron steamer for,

136
Roanoke, U.S.S., during battle of

Merrimac, 127

Robertson, D., vice-consul, in
Swedish-American crisis, 152
Rockford, Illinois, Swedes noted by

Lincoln, 55
Swedish vote in, 67 n
Republican, quoted on temper-
ance, 65

Rock Island, Illinois, see Bapthts, 16
delegated from, 60
L. P. Esbjorn at, 45
Swedish communities at, 49
'Republican, quoted, 43, 47
Romare, Paul, in Georgia, 30
Rome, Georgia, see Swedish Union

Guards

Roos, Oscar, Republican leader, 56
Roosevelt, Isaac, 12 n
Root, John, in Mexican War, 136
Rosenburg, John, Republican leader, 56
Rosencrans, Major General, and Lin-
coln, 162

at Appomatox, 75
Rosencrantz, Lieutenant Colonel
Frederick Anton Ulrik, achieve-
ments of, 83
military life of, 85, 86
witnesses Monitor in battle, 129
Major Palle, military career of, 94

Rosenstjerna, Nils, enlists as private,

89
Rossander, Lieutenant Colonel Carl

August, achievements of, 83
military life of, 86
Royal Elfsborg Regiment, Lieutenant

Warberg of, 82
Life Guards, G. B. Rosencrantz in,

. 8 *
Life Military Regiment, A. A.

Lindstrom of, 89

Military Academy, H. C. Ander-
son in, oo
G. G. M. Ehrenstam in, 91

Militia Life Guards, C. U. O. Ner-
man in, 94

Militia Regiment, E. O. Hultman
in, 93

Svea Regiment, O. L. Torslow in,

95
Swedish navy, C. G. Lundberg in,

123, 161
Varmland Regiment, A. H. Ed-

gren with, 88
Vendes Artillery, C. J. Stohlbrand

in, 112

Rumania, see G. J. Sundell, 160
Russia, congratulates Union victory,

. I52
Vikings in, i

Russian minister, in Mexico crisis, 153
Russians, and Lincoln, 158

St. Augusta, Florida, O. E. Dreutzer

at, 136
St. Charles, Illinois, delegates from,

Swedish communities at, 49
St. Joan River, J. A. Dahlgren up, 125
St. Louis, Missouri, Swedes at, 10,

116, 162
County, Minnesota, Republican

Swedes in, 56
San Antonio, Texas, Count Posse

killed at, 136
San Jacinto, steamer, see Trent affair,

151* if5
Sand wall, Lieutenant, military life of,

INDEX

253

Saturday Evening Post, see C. J. and

H. Peterson

Savannah, Georgia, see Swedish-
Union Guards

Savannah, C.S.S., Swedes on, 143
Scandinavian corps, in New York, 99
guards, from Minnesota, 1 16
regiment, 72
Scandinavians, called to Democratic

meeting, 63

in 'foreign brigades', 1 37
in Republican campaign, 58
Schele de Vere, Maximilian, at Uni-
versity of Virginia, 29
Schneidau, Polycarpus von, aids

Swedes, 44
life of, 17, 44

Scott, George, English missionary, 9
persecuted in Sweden, 24 n
General Winfield, see O. E. Dreut-

zer

and Lincoln, 161
Schurz, Carl, and Lincoln, 129
fears Memmac, 127
sponsors political meetings, 58
Sebastopol, see C. G. Lundberg, also

Crimean War
Second Army Corps, see K. O.

Broady

Kentucky Regiment, R. W. Han-
son forms, 138
Militia Regiment, and Svea Garde,

99
Minnesota Regiment, Swedes in,

Rhode Island Cavalry, of Germans
and Swedes, 99
T. Mebring in, 103

Texas Regiment (volunteers) in

Mexican War, 136
Secretary of Navy (Fox) and J.
Ericsson, 163

State, supplies list of Swedish offi-
cers, 83

War, approves U. Dahlgren's ex-
pedition, 105
authorizes F. Brydolf s company,

Selkirk Papers, report from, 12 n
Seminole Indians, see O. E. Dreutzer

Seventeenth Alabama Regiment,

Swedes in, 141

Army Corps, see C. J. Stohlbrand

Seventh Armv Corps, see H. Mattson

Connecticut Regiment, A. Lind-

quist in, 103

Louisiana Regiment, Swedes in, 141
Minnesota Regiment, Swedes in,

New York Sharpshooters, Swedes
in, 100

Volunteers, see T. P. H. Hols-
burgh

Seventy-second New York Regi-
ment, Swedes enlist in, 99
Seventy-third Indiana Regiment,

Swedes in, 112
Sewall's Point, see G. B. Helleday

Merrimac at, 130
Scward, William H., and J. S. Halde-

man, 147, 148

aids E. M. P. von Vegesack, 83
at Chicago, 60
at Princeton, 60
commissions Swedes, 81
congratulates union victory, 152
see gifts

in Mexico crisis, 153
in Swedish-American crisis, 152, 153
in Trent affair, 151
quoted, 78 n, 82

Shenlund, A. A., supports Lincoln, 59
Sheridan, General Philip, J. V. Ahl-

strom with, 108
Sherman, General William T., and

C. J. Stohlbrand, 113, 160
see Grant
punishes South, 137
Swedes with, 72, 108, 115, 119, 125
Shetbourne Barracks, see F. Brydolf
Shiloh, Swedes at, 72, 114, 115, 117-

119

Sigel, General, and U. Dahlgren, 105
Silfversparre, Captain Axel, and

Swedish laborers, 76, 80
calls for volunteers, 72
military life of, 112-114
Simonson, Lieutenant Thor, Wiscon-
sin Swede, 119
Sioux Indians, see H. Mattson

2 54

INDEX

Sixteenth Michigan Cavalry, Swedes

in, in
Ohio Volunteers, E. Lindstrom in,

104
New York Heavy Artillery, see C.

O. O. Blomberg

Infantry, see A. M. Day
Sixth Army Corps, J. V. Ahlstrom

in, 1 08

Cavalry, C. A. Rossander in, 86
Iowa Regiment, see F. Brydolf
Louisiana Regiment, Swedes m, 141
Minnesota Regiment, Swedes in,

"5
Sixty-first New York, K. O. Broady

in, 107

Skane, immigrants from, 47, 93
Skane Regiment of Dragoons, see P.

Rosencrantz
Skane Regiment of Hussars, Swedes

of, 85, 89

Skara Institute, see J. A. Carlstein
Skovde, Sweden, see C. G. von

Knorring
Skultuna, Sweden, see C. J. Ham-

marskjold

slavery, not in New Sweden, 2
Swedes defend, 29, 137
Swedes oppose, 53
Smaland, immigrants from, 47

Battalion, see J. Asker
Smalands Grenadierbataljon, see A.

E. P. de Camps
Smedberg, Lieutenant Charles G.,

promoted, 114

Captain W. R., and Lincoln, 162
Smith M. /., C.S.S., Swedes on, 142
Smith, Rear Admiral, meets J. Erics-
son, 163

smorgasbord, 46
Sodermanland Regiment, C. A. A.

Leatz in, 87
Solberg, Lieutenant Alan, Wisconsin

Swede, 119
South Atlantic squadron, J. A. Dahl-

gren commands, 125
Carolina, Swedes from, 90, 139
Edwards Creek, Jansonists at, 43
Mountain, T. P. H. Holsburgh at,

South, continued

Pacific squadron, J. A. Dahlgren
commands, 125

Southern agents, recruit seamen, 142
army, commissions in, 136
cemeteries, Swedes in, 73
government, Swedes defend, 137
sympathizers, Swedes escape from,

'37

Southerners, with Swedish names, 141
Spaniards, and Lincoln, 158
Sparrestrom, Captain Frederick, pro-
moted, 114

Speed, Lincoln writes to, 53
Spring Hill Forge, North Carolina,

see C. J. Hammarskjold
Springer, Charles, sent to America, 7
Springfield, Illinois, see Illinois Uni-
versity

Stack, Captain Gustaf A., see Scan-
dinavian Guards

Stahlhammar, Major Carl Hjelte
Frederick, military services, 87,
88

Stansburg, United States Sanitary

Commissioner, and Lincoln, 162

Stanton, Secretary Edwin, commends

U. Dahlgren, 105
remarks on Memmac, 126
Stark, L. J., Republican leader, 56
State church, of Sweden, 4, 15
Stenbcck, Captain Andrew, pro-
moted, 114

Stetten, Germany, see G. J. Sundell

Stillc, Charles Janeway, promotes

civic and military welfare, 79 n

Stockholm, Sweden, Confederate

agency in, 147
in Mexico crisis, 153
in Trent affair, 151
on death of Lincoln, 154
Swedes from, 69, 86, 92, 93, 102,

103, 107, 118
Wisconsin, newspaper report from,

118

Stohlbrand, General Charles John,

civic and military career of, 38 n,

56, 59-61, 72, 73, 111-114, I0 ' 161

Stoneberg, Philip J., article on Bishop

Hill, 50 n

INDEX

255

Stone's Brigade, see C. Stahlhammar
Strasburg, Battle of, see E. O. Hult-

man

Strom, O., Republican speaker, 59
Stromer, John, calls for recruits, 72
Stuart, Colonel David, commends O.

Malmborg (quoted), 113
Stuyvesant, Peter, opposes Swedes, 4,

Suffolk, Battle of, see A. H. Edgrcn
Sugar Grove, Pennsylvania, Swedes

from, 98, 100
Sulphur Springs, Battle of, see C. U.

O. Nerman

Summit Point, J. V. Ahlstrom at, 109
Sumner, Charles, Mrs. Lincoln's let-
ter to, 1 06
Sundell, G. J., consul to Germany,

160
organizes Scandinavian company,

7 2
Republican leader, 56, 59, 60

Svea Artillery Regiment, see C. A.

Rossander

Garde, see Svea Society
Guards, Chicago, organized, 115
Society, 98, 99, 166
Society, Chicago, see Svea Guards
Svedala Parish, see E. O. Hultman
Svenska Republtkanaran, supports

Republicans, 56

Svenska Societien, link between im-
migrant Swedes, 1 3 n
support the Union, 68
Swainson, John, in Union army, 116
Swanstrom, E. G., Republican

leader, 56
Swede Town, Chicago, boundaries,

44
Sweden, and emigration, 20, 21, 44,

4749

and Stuyvesant, 4
conditions in, 14
friendship of, 146-148, 153
see cfifts

in Mexico crisis, 153
in Swedish -American crisis, 153
in Trent affair, 150, 151
King of, 82, 151, 154
letters to, 47

Sweden, continued
life in, 48

military officers from, 82, 122
returns to Sweden, 77, 140
social reforms in, 146
Swedes from, 85, 87-89, 98, 107-

109, 112, 118, 161
temperance societies in, 54
volunteers in, 69, 81
Swedes, and Lincoln, 54, 60, 64, 68,

119, 158, 159, 166
and slavery, 53
at Bishop Hill, 43
at Camp Potomac, 104
at Princeton, 57
desert Swedish ships, 122
fighting qualities of, 72
in the army and navy, 72, 75, 99,

100, 101, 116, 124, 143
in Boston and Brockton, 102
in Chicago, 44
in Confederacy, 140
in East, 98, 104
in Galesburg, 57
in Illinois, 40, 117
in industry and labor, 74, 76
in Kansas, 55
in New Sweden, i
in politics, 52, 53, 55, 61
in Rock Island, 47
in South, 135, 141
in Texas, 137

on southern cruisers, 142, 143
pioneer life of, 43, 45-47
unidentified, 71
Swedish army, Swedes in, 8 1, 94, 113,

125
companies, in Illinois, 114

in New Orleans, 137
see Svea Guards
volunteers in, 75
consul, B. U. Dahlgren, 164

at New Orleans, 137, 140

in Texas, 137

Democratic Club, in Chicago, 63
enlistments, in Confederacy, 140
Episcopal church, see G. Unonius,

government, aids United States, 82
opposes emigration, 70

2 5 6

INDEX

Swedish, continued

promotes emigration of officers, 8 1
immigrants, classified, 22
movements, 7, 9

Lutheran church, at Andover, 45
see Attica

mass meeting, at Chicago, 57
minister, letters from Southern

Swedes to, 142

see A. M. Day

reports Swedes in navy, 124
ministers, serve as chaplains, 75

support Lincoln, 56
navy, see K. O. Broady
newspapers, name Swedish soldiers,

104
officers, and Count Piper, 83, 163

come to United States, 70, 104

in service, 71, 81, 129, 152, 161

receive Swedish volunteers, 104
population, in Chicago, 45

see census, 70

in East, 98

in Middle West, in

in South, 136

in Wisconsin, 118

Lincoln notes, 158
press, supports Lincoln, 160
Republican Club, of Chicago, 60

of Galesburg, 59
settlements, 44, 49
Society of New York, see E. Holm-

stedt

students, see Illinois University
troops, sponsor religious services, 73
Union Club, organized, 63

supports Lincoln, 64
Swedish Union Guards, at Bishop

Hill, 115

volunteers, 73, 75, 104, 158
Wide-Awake dub, 59
women, in war work, 7$
Swenson, Mrs. N. P., at Freeport de-
bate, 58

S. M., activities of, 18, 33, 137
Swiss, Lincoln and, 158
Sycamore, Illinois, see C. J. Stohl-

brand
Sykes, General, C. H. F. Stahlham-

mar with, 88

Syracuse Evening Herald,
Ericsson's letter to (quoted) i;

TefTt, B. F. (Consul), in immigrar

movement, 26
quoted, 70
temperance, see Lincoln, 160

Swedes support, 54
Tennessee, regiments in, 115, 137

Swedes in, 135
Texas, regiments in, 136, 141
Swedes in, 10, 135, 136, 141
Third Connecticut Regiment, Swede

in, 103
Kansas Regiment, P. J. Peterso

in, 138
Kentucky Regiment, see R. Vt

Hanson
Michigan Cavalry, Nils Nilson ir

Minnesota Infantry, see H.Mattso
Mississippi Regiment, C. H. Dah

gren in, 139

New Jersey Artillery, J. A. voi

Walheim in, 103

Cavalry, see J. V. Ahlstrom

New York Cavalry, see F. Jocknic

Provisional New York Cavalry

see A. M. Day
Rhode Island Artillery, 86
Wisconsin Cavalry, Peter Johnsoi
of, 138

Regiment, Swedes in, 118
Thirteenth Connecticut Regimen

A. Enlind in, 103
Wisconsin Regiment, C. R. Matt

son in, 118
Thirtieth Illinois Militia, see Sver

Guards
Thirty-seventh Congress, resolutioi

see J. Ericsson, 129
Thomas, General, commends C

Malmborg, 113
John E., see Lincoln, 162
W. I. (consul) reports volunteer.

in Sweden, 69
Thorwaldson (Swedish poet) a

Camp Potomac, 104
Topographical Corps, see C. N. C
Hamberg

INDEX

Torkilson, Captain Andrew, festival

for, 76

Tornell, Jacob, and Indians, 10
Torslow, Lieutenant Otto L., military

life of, 95
Transport, U. S. vessel, see J. A.

Ederen
Trent, British steamer, affair of, 149-

15*

Trumbull, Senator, speaks at Gales-
burg, 59
Turkey Run, Battle of, see A. H.

Grundstrom
Tuscaloosa, C.S.S., Hans Anderson

on, 143
Twelfth New York Cavalry, see

Captain Grunfelt
Wisconsin Regiment, Swedes in,

118
Twentieth New York Regiment,

Swedes in, 104

see von Vegesack

Volunteers, F. A. U. Rosencrantz

in, 85
Wisconsin Regiment, see J.

Stromer
Twenty-first Iowa Regiment, see F.

Brydolf
Twenty-ninth Michigan Regiment,

Swedes in, 1 1 1

Twenty-seventh Wisconsin Regi-
ment, Swedes in, 118
Twenty-third Brigade, and General

Forrest, 116
Colored Regiment, see C. N. C.

Hamberg
Wisconsin Regiment, Swedes in,

118

Uggla, C. N., enlists as private, 89
Union, J. A. Dahlgren and, 165

see Monitor, 130

Southern Swedes favor, 137

army, emigrants seek to join, 69

Swedes enrolled in, 71

see Swedish officers, 161

Coast Guard, G. Helleday of, 85

see Naval Brigade

flag, see General Anderson, 75, 123

fleet, saved from Merrmtac, 129

Union, continued

prison, see Libby prison

vessels, crews of, 143
United States, immigrant laborers in,

emigrants seek, 69, 70, 105
model for Sweden, 146
army, emigrants in, 82
Coast Survey, see J. A. Dahlgren
Colored Cavalry, see A. C. War-
berg
consuls, solicit soldiers in Sweden,

Geodetical Corps, see N. A, Elfving
government, and J. Ericsson, 163
navy, C. B. Dahlgren in, 123
A. A. Plageman in, 94
Unonius, Gustaf, aids immigration,

16, 18, 20, 23, 42
church career of, 17
in Chicago, 44
in New York City, 98
Republican leader, 56, 57
settlement, see Pine Lake
Upland Dragoons, see J. V. Ahlstrom
Uppland, Sweden, see A. Boivie
Uppsala, Sweden, see K. O. Broady
Upsala University, Unonius settlers

from, 1 6

Usselinx, William, promotes Swed-
ish settlement, i, 2
Utah, Swedes and Mormons in, 11
Cavalry Company, J. Hoglund in,
112

Vanersborg, Sweden, J. E. Thomas

from, 162
Varmland, Sweden, immigrants

from, 47, 88
Vasa, Minnesota, votes for Lincoln,

64
Vastmanland, Sweden, see C. J.

Hammarskjold
Vastmanlands Regiment, see J. A.

von Walheim

Vaxjo, N. A. Elfving from, 108
Vegesack, Brigadier General Ernst

Mattais Peter von, and Lincoln,

161
at Antietam, 75, 84

2 5 8

INDEX

Vegesack, continued

commissioned, 81

military life of, 83, 84

Swedes with, 104

witnesses Monitor battle, 129
Vende Artillery Regiment, C. A.

Rossander in, 86
Venus y C.S.S., Swedes on, 142
Vestgota Regiment, see C. A. Ros-
sander

Vicksburg, Battle of, regiments at,
116, 119

Swedes at, 117, 118, 123, 139
Victoria, Illinois, campaign speak-
ers at, 60

Jansonists at, 42

mass meeting at, 59

Swedish communities at, 49

Swedish delegates from, 57
Vikings, settlements, i
Virginia, K. O. Broady in, 107

see T. P. H. Holsburgh, 101

Independent Battalion in, 99

regiments in, 138, 139

see A. C. Warberg
Virginia, C.S.S., H. J. Olson on, 143

Wachusett, U.S.S., Swedes on, 142
Waldon Road, Battle of, see J. V.

Ahlstrom

Walheim, Johan Adam Gustaf Mi-
kael Schurer von, military life
of, 103

Wallis, P. C., steamer, Swedes on, 142
Wallmark, Otto, auditor in Chisago

County, 6 1

Republican leader, 56
War of 1812, Swedes in, 11
Warberg, Lieutenant Colonel Adolph
Carlsson, achievements of, 82, 83
military life of, 86
Swedish officer, 103
Warner, Captain Andrew G., pro-
moted, 114
Washington, D. C., and Merrimac,

84, 126, 129

and Union victory, 152
in Mexico crisis, 153
in Trent affair, 150
reports Swedes in navy, 124

Washington, continued
Swedes in, 93, 104, 106, 113, 124,

1 60, 162, 163
Swedish minister at, 152
Navy Yard, J. A. Dahlgren com-
mands, 125
Star, quoted, 127

Washington, George, Lincoln com-
pared to, 154

Swedish volunteer with, 12 n
Wataga, Illinois, Swedish delegates

from, 57
Weinberg, Lieutenant Carl Ludolph,

enlists as private, 89
recommended by Piper, 82
Welles, Secretary Gideon, quoted on

J. A. Dahlgren, 129, 165
West Point, see J. H. Hallonquist
Western Sanitary Commission, Ida

Swanson nurse, 75

Wetterstedt, Baron N. W., and Lin-
coln, 146, 161
in Mexico crisis, 153
on Union victory, 152
reports events in United States, 152
Wharton, C. G. quoted, 139
Whig party, and America, 52
White House, and Merrimac, 126

Count Piper at, 163
White Oak Bridge, J. V. Ahlstrom

at, 109

Swamp, see A. H. Grundstrom
Whitney, Henry, Lincoln writes to, 52
Wicacoa church, slavery in, 6 n
Wickstrom, Captain Peter M., pro-
moted, 114
Widen, Ralph, first Swede in Illinois,

. 4 1
Wilderness, Battle of, Swedes in, 107,

109, 139
Wilkes, Captain of Trent, criticized

by Lincoln, 150
denounced by England, 149
extolled by U. S. press, 150
imprisons Mason and Slidell, 149
Willard, S. J., Republican leader, 56
Williams, Captain J. S. (Cerro
Gorda), R. W. Hanson with, 138
Williamsburg, Battle of, von Vege-
sack in, 83

INDEX

259

Williamsburg, continued

John Peterson killed in, 100
Williamson, Gustavus Adolphus, reg-
istrar of deeds, 61
Wilmington, Delaware, Swedes in,

2, 137

Winchester, Battle of, see J. V. Ahl-

strom

Winnsboro, Swedes in, 137
W inflow, C.S.S., Swedes on, 143
Winthrop, General, A. R. Leatz with,

Wisconsin, see American Fur Com-
pany

census of Swedes in, 70
see O. E. Dreutzer, 160
immigrants in, 47
see O. Olson
regiments from, 72, 73, 117-119,

138

Republican leaders in, 56
Scandinavian regiment in, 118
Swedish enlistments in, in
Swedish settlements in, 118
Swedish volunteers from, in

Wisconsin, continued

Witting, Victor, organizes California

expedition, 34
Wolferson, Adolf, in Mexican War,

i 3 6

women, see Scandinavian

wooden ships, end of, 129

Wool, Major General, appoints G.

B. Helleday commander, 85
E. N. P. von Vegesack joins, 83

Worden, Captain John, on the Mon-
itor, 128

Wrangel, Charles Magnus von, pub-
lishes English translation of
Luther's catechism, 3

Yankee, see Wilke

Yates, Richard, and Lincoln, 159

York Town, Battle of, Swedes in, 83,

89, 90, 109
Young, Brigham, 1 1
Young's Cross Roads, see Captain

Grunfelt

125665