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SYLLABUS
ON THE
HISTORY OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY
BY
DR. ALFRED GUDEMAN
JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY
Genera gustamus non bibliothecas excutimus. — QuiNTlLlAN
THt
EBSITt
BOSTON, U. S. A.
PUBLISHED BY GINN & COMPANY
1892
PRESS OF THE FRIEDENWALD CO.
BALTIMORE.
PREFATORY NOTE.
This Syllabus was originally prepared for a course of lectures
on the history of classical philology, given at the Johns Hopkins
University; it is now published with the hope that, in the absence
of a compendious manual such as I have in preparation, it may
prove helpful to a wider circle of classical students.
JUNE i, 1892. A. G.
CONTENTS.
PAGE
A. GENERAL INTRODUCTION.
I. $iAo/loyof, "Ypafifj-ariKO^, KptTiKog, ....... I
II. PHILOLOGY IN MODERN TIMES, . 4
III. METHODS OF TREATMENT 4
B. HISTORY OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY.
I. GREEK PERIOD, 5
1. Pre-Alexandrian, 7
2. Alexandrian, ......... 7
3. The Stoics, 17
4. School of Pergamum, 17
II. GRAECO-ROMAN PERIOD, 18
1. Post-Alexandrian, ........ 18
List of extant Scholia, ....... 20
Critical Signs, ......... 21
2. Roman Period, 22
III. MIDDLE AGES, 27
1. Byzantian Period, ........ 27
2. Middle Ages in W. Europe, 30
List of Oldest MSS, 30
IV. REVIVAL OF LEARNING IN ITALY, 31
1. Greek Immigrants, 31
2. Italian Humanists, ........ 32
List of Editiones Principes, 35
V. FRANCE, 36
VI. THE NETHERLANDS, ........ 38
1. First Period, 38
2. Second Period, 38
3. Third Period, 40
4. Fourth Period, ......... 41
VII. ENGLAND, 42
VIII. GERMANY, 43
(A). Ante-Wolffian Period, 43
(B). The New School, 45
1. Grammatico-critical School, . ... 46
2. Historico-antiquarian School, . . . . .48
SYLLABUS ON THE HISTORY OF CLASSICAL
PHILOLOGY.
A. General Introduction.
I. a. $d6Xofoz — its original meaning and semasiological develop-
ment.
First met with in Plato (e. g. Theaet., p. 146 a ; Laches, p. 188 ;
Rep., p. 582 ; Leges, p. 641 e). Opp. to juio-o'Xoyop,
Equivalent to TroXi'Xoyos1, (pihoa o(pos. <j)i\o\oyla = rr
Cf. Plato, Phaed. 61 «; Isoc. de Antid. 296:
(pikoXoyiav ov p.iKpov fiyovvrai 0-ufi/3aXeV#ai p-epos, rrpos rr]v T&V \6yav
TratSet'ai/, etc.
Alexandrian Period: Equivalent to ^iXo^a^r, TroXuiarwp (cf.
Plut. Alex., c. 8). In this sense first applied to Eratosthenes,
and among the Romans to Ateius Capito. Cf. Sueton. de
gram., p. 108 R. " Philologi appellationem assumpsisse vide-
tur quia, sicut Eratosthenes qui primus hoc cognomen sibi
vindicavit, multiplici variaque doctrina censebatur."
Roman Period: ^iXoXoyeli/ = learned conversation. Cf. Cic. ad
fam. XVI 21 ; Plut. Cato Min. 6; Ps. Plut. Vit. X Orat, p.
844 D. (f)i\6\oyoi opp. to TroXtrtKOi — Plut. Lye. 42. Opp. to
(pi\6cro(pos — Vita Plotini, p. Il6; 0iXoXoyo? p.ev 6 A-uyytvos, (piho-
o-o<f)os de p.rj8afjLS)s. Opp. tO dnaidevTOS — Stob. Floril. 428, 53.
Philologus = vir studiosus, doctus — Cic. ad Att. XIII 12, 3;
Plut. de aud. poet. 30 d. More closely allied to philologist
in the modern sense in Seneca, Ep. 108, 29, quoted below.
b. rpaftuctTMOz fyp&pp&Tasf, sc. ~£/^) — its original meaning and
semasiological development.
Conversant with ypa^dra (Plato, Phil. 17; Crat, p. 341; Arist.
Pol. VIII 3 ; Categ. 9). ypa^^aTia-r^s = a teacher of
para (Plato, Prot. 312 ; Legg. VII 812).
Alexandrian Period: Clem. Alex. 2rpo>/^. I, p. 309 :
dcopos ('Aj/ToSwpoy?) 6 Ku/Liato? (unknown) rrp&Tos TOV KpiTtKOv
•yqcraro rovvo^a Kal ypajU/zariKo? Trpoo-rjyopfvdr). "Eviot de
TOV Kvpr)valov (j)ao~lv eVeiS/) e£e8a)K€v OVTOS /3i/3Xia dvo
ypa\lsas» a>vofj.do~6r] 8e ypap.p.aTiK.ds, ws vvv (3^. Cent.)
irpwTOS HpagL(f)di>r)s (c. 300 B. C.). Tpap.fj.aTiK.ii aCC. tO DlOHysiuS
T hrax : E/zTrctpia &)$• eVi TO TrXeto'roi' rear Trapa troi^ToLs re KOI avyypa-
(peCo-i Xeyo/ieVcoz>. .SY^F subdivisions :
1. 'Ayayi/Gxris1 eVrpt/3»)y Kara TT poo ad lav
2. 'E^nyno-ty Kara TTOITJTIKOVS TOOTTOVS
3. rXaxro-wi/ KOI ia-TopiG>v Trpo^eipo? tiTroSoo-i? r ' X '
5« AvaXoyias f
6. Kptcrt? noir]p.dTCi)v — 6 $17 KaXXiorrd^
ua/cpa,
TTCLVTtoV CV TTj
|
)• = r.
Sext. Emp. adv. Gramm. I 4 (according to Apollonios Dys-
colos ?) rpap-fnaTiKT)'. I. TCXVIKOV', 2. tcrropiKov; 3. t Stair e-
pov. d. e^rjyrjTLKov ] u. KpiTKov } C. diop6o)TLKov.
Roman Period: Sueton. de gram m., p. 103 Rf. : "Appellatio
grammaticorum Graeca consuetudine invaluit sed initio litte-
rati vocabantur. Cornelius quoque Nepos libello quo dis-
tinguit litteratum ab erudito, litteratos vulgo quidem appellari
ait eos qui diligenter aliquid et acute scienterque possint aut
dicere aut scribere, ceterum proprie sic appellandos poetarum
interpretes qui a Graecis grammatici nominentur." Cic. de
orat. 142, 187: grammatica = poetarum pertractio, histori-
arum cognitio, verborum interpretatio, pronuntiandi quidem
sonus ; cp. also Orat. I 22; de div. In; Quint. I 4, II i, 4
(grammatica — litteratura), and Sen. Ep. 88.
c.
Among the Greeks: First found in Ps. Plat. Axioch. 366 E:
OTroTav de fls TTJV fTTTafTiav atpiKrjTai TTO\\OVS TTOVOVS diavTXrjcrav, Traida-
ycoyol KOL ypap-pariaTOL KCU TraiSorptjSai Tvpavvovvres. av^ofjievov Se
KpiriKOt, *yecoperpat, ra/criicot, TTO\V Tr\rjBos decmoTcov. KptrtKoy as
a synonym of y pap.fj.ariK.os. Tpa/ujLiariK?; sometimes made
subordinate to /cpirt^. Cf. Schol. ad Dionys. Thr.> p. 673,
19 '• emy&ypenrrcu yap TO napov o"uyypap.p,a Kara p.ev rwas Trepi ypap-
fJLariKrjS) Kara de erepovs rrepl KpiTiKrjs re^rjs. KpiriKT) $e Xeyerai rj rexvrl
eK TOV KaXXiVrou p.epovs. Bekker, Anecd. Gr., p. 1140; r6 irpo-
Tfpov KpiTiKrj rXcycro (sc. r) ypafJLp.aTLK.Tj) /cat ot raur^v ftmovTfS Kpin/coi.
DlO ChryS. 53 * °^ V-dvov Aptcrrap^oy Kal Kpar^r K.al erepoi 7T\fiovg
TWV vo~Tepov ypafjLfjiaTiK&v KXrjOevTtov, irpoTepov de KpiTiKwv. Sext.
Emp. adv. Gramm. y §248 I TavpiffKos yovv 6 Kpar^ros1 aKovo~Tr]s
&o-nfp ol aXXot KpiTiKoiy vTrordo-a-uv Tij KpiriKij Tfjv ypap.fj.aTiKrji', etc.
Among the Romans: Cic. ad fam. IX 10, i (quoted by Suet.,
p. in): profert alter, opinor, duobus versiculis expensum
Niciae ; alter Aristarchus hos o/SeXt^Vt. Ego tamquam criticus
antiquus iudicaturus sum, utrum sint roO Trot^roO an 7rapf/i/3e/3-
Xq/xeVoi. Hor. Ep. II i, 51 : ut critici dicunt. Apparently
not found elsewhere in Latin, grammaticus being the word
commonly used. For the distinction between the various
termini, the locus classicus is found in Senec. Ep. 108, 29 :
Cum Ciceronis librum de republica prendit hinc philologus
aliquis, hinc grammaticus, hinc philosophiae deditus alius
alio curam suam mittit. Philosophus admiratur contra iusti-
tiam dici tarn multa potuisse. Cum ad hane eandem lectio-
nem philologus accessit, hoc subnotat : duos Romanos reges
esse, quorum alter patrem non habet, alter patrem : nam de
Servii matre dubitatur. Anci pater nullus, Numae nepos
dicitur. Praeterea notat eum, quern nos dictator em dicimus
et in historiis ita nominari legimus, apud antiques magistrum
populi vocatum. Hodieque id exstat in auguralibus libris et
testimonium est quod qui ab illo nominetur, magister equitum
est. Aeque notat Romulum perisse solis defectione, provo-
cationem ad populum etiam a regibus fuisse ; id ita in ponti-
ficalibus libris et alii putant et Fenestella. Eosdem libros
cum grammaticus explicuit primum verba expressa, reapse
dici a Cicerone id est re ipsa, in commentarium refert nee
minus sepse id est se ipse, deinde transit ad ea quae consuetu-
do saeculi mutavit tamquam ait Cicero . . ' ab ipsa calce . . revo-
cati' hanc quam nunc in circo cretam vocamus, calcem antiqui
dicebant. Deinde Ennianos colligit versus et in primis illos
de Africano scriptos . . . Felicem deinde se putat quod
invenerit unde visum sit Vergilio dicere, 'quern super ingens
porta tonat caeli' — Ennium, hoc ait, Homero subripuisse,
Ennio Vergilium, esse enim apud Ciceronem in his ipsis de
republica libris hoc epigramma Enni. Modern literature on
this subject :
/. Classen, De grammaticae Graecae primordiis; Bonn, 1829. Lobeck,
Phrynichus, p. 392 ff. K. Lehrs, De vocabulis ^AdAoyof, ypa/nuariKog,
uptrends (Appendix to Herodiani Scripta Tria, Berlin, 1857). Grdfenhan,
Gesch. der class. Philologie, I 336 ff.; Ill 4 ff. Steinthal, Gesch. d.
Sprachwissenschaft bei den Griech. u. Rom. II2, p. 14 ff. Susemihl^
Gesch. der Alexand. Literal. I, p. 327 (see below).
II. PHILOLOGY IN MODERN TIMES :
Its various definitions, subdivisions and its scope.
In a narrower sense — Grammar, Lexicology, Textual Crit-
icism, Hermeneutics, aesthetic or literary criticism (' Higher
Criticism').
In a wider sense, it includes the study of ancient life in all
its various, political, social and intellectual phases, as handed
down to us in the literary, epigraphic and monumental docu-
ments of Greece and Rome.
Fr. Ast, Grundriss der Phil. 1808. A. Bockh, Encyclopaedic und Me-
thodologie, etc., ed. by Klussmann ; Leipzig, 1886. Fr. Ritschl, Opusc.
V i ff . Fr. Haase, Ersch u. Gruber, III, sec. 23, pp. 374-422. H. Reich-
ardf, Die Gliederung der Philologie; Tubingen, 1846. E. Hubner, Ency-
clop., p. 3 ff.
III. METHODS OF TREATMENT.
1. The SYNCHRONISTIC or ANNALISTIC METHOD.
a. History of a single period. E. g. the Alexandrian, the
Renaissance.
b. Philological history of a single author. E. g. Homeric
criticism ; Aristotle, history of his works (Shute).
c. History of an individual scholar and his influence (Biog-
raphy and Bibliography). E. g. Monk, Life of Bentley ;
O. Ribbeck, Ritschl, 'Ein Beitrag zur Gesch. der class.
Philologie'; D. Ruhnken, Elogium Hemsterhusii ; Wyt-
tenbach, Elogium Ruhnkenii ; M. Pattison, Casaubon.
2. The EIDOGRAPHIC METHOD.
a. e. g. The science of Greek Grammar (Bernhardy, Steinthal).
b. e. g. The history of Hermeneutics and Textual Criticism
(Blass), Epigraphy (G. Hinrichs, E. Hiibner, Th. Momm-
sen).
3. The ETHNOGRAPHIC or GEOGRAPHIC METHOD.
a. History of a particular school, e. g. at Alexandria or in
Pergamum (Parthey, Wegener).
b. Philological history of a single nation, e. g. the Germans
(Bursian), the Dutch (L. Muller).
B. History of Classical Philology.
General bibliography: /. A. Fabricius, Bibliotheca Graeca, ed. Harles ;
12 voll., 1809. Id., Bibliotheca Latina, ed. Ernesti; 2 voll., 1774. E.
Hiibner, Bibliographic der classischen Alterthumswissenschaft ; Berlin,
Urlichs,\T\ I. Muller's Handbuch, I I, pp. 126.
I. THE GREEK PERIOD (5 cent.-i46 B. C).
Bibliography: Grafenhan, Gesch. der class. Philologie, 4 voll.; Bonn,
1843-50. Lersch, Sprachphilosophie der Alten, 3 voll., 1841. Steinthal,
Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft bei den Griechen u. Romern, 2 vols.;
Berlin, iSgi2. E. Egger, Essai sur 1'Histoire de la Critique chez les
Grecs; Paris, i8862, pp. 570.
i. THE PRE-ALEXANDRIAN PERIOD, 5 cent.-322 (f Aristotle).
a. The alleged recension of Homer by Peisistratus.
Cf. Wilamowitz, Homer. Untersuch., p. 235 ff. Flack, Peisistratus u.
seine literarische Thatigkeit; Tubingen, 1885. Also Ritschl, Opusc. I,
pp. 31-60, 123 ff., 160-67, 196 ff.
b. The Sophists.
Cf. W. 0. Friedel, De sophistarum studiis Homericis, Diss. Hallens. I,
1873, p. 127 ff. Griifenhan, I, pp. 124-41. L. Spengel, 2waywy^ rexvuv,
1828. Westermann, Griech. Beredsamkeit, 1832. Blass, Griech. Bered-
samkeit, Vol. I. Cope, Aristotle's Rhetoric, Vol. I, Introduction.
a. Gorgias of Leontini (arrived at Athens 427 B. C.).
Ilepi ovofJLaTwv cruj^tVecos — tcroKcoXa Trupicra o^oioreAeura. Oral
instruction. A treatise on rhetoric falsely attributed to
him by Dionysius, Diogenes Laertius and Quintilian.
Cff the literature cited above.
3. Protagoras of Abdera (t 411 B. C.).
iiepi opdowfLas — P. the first to distinguish grammatical
moods and genders. Cp. Aristoph. Clouds, vv. 659 ff.
Cf. Classen, 1. c., p. 28; Lersch, 1. c., p. 18 ff.; Spengel, p. 52 ff., and
the citations given above.
y. Pr odious of Ceos (older contemporary of Socrates).
Founder of synonymies.
Cf. Spengel, 1. c., p. 46 ff.; Lersch, p. 15 ff.; Welcker, Rh. Mus. I, pp.
1-39. 563-643 (=K1. Schr. II, pp. 393-540-
c. Literary Criticism in Attic Comedy.
Cp. Egger, 1. c., pp. 37-Sg-
d. Plato (427-347) as a philologist.
(1) Grammar (ovo/za, p^a).
(2) Etymology (esp. in the Cratylus).
(3) Exegesis (Poem of Simonides in the Protagoras).
(4) Aesthetic or Literary Criticism (esp. in the Republic}.
Cf. Steinthal, I2, pp. 41-152 (on the Cratylus).
e. The official copy of the three dramatists.
Cf. O. Korn, De publico Aesch., Soph., Eurip., fabularum exemplar!
Lycurgo auctore confecto, Bonn, 1863; Wilamowitz, Hermes, XIV 151 ;
Eurip. Heracl. I, p. 130.
e. Aristotle of Stagira, 384-322.
DlO Chrysost. LIII, p. 553 : 'ApiororeXj/s-, d(p' ou <pao-t TTJV
KpiTiKTjv Tf KCU ypafjipfiTiK^v ap)(f]v Xa/3e«>.
(1) Edition of Homer (r\ dno ro\> vdpdijKos', cf. Plut. Alex. 8:
Strabo, XIII 594; Schol. Iliad. 21, 252; Schol. Theocr.
I 34— npopXfoaTa (?').
(2) Grammar, style, rhetoric (Poet. c. 24 ff.; Rhet., bk. III).
(3) Aesthetic criticism (Poetics, nepl nonjTwv).
(4) Aiflao-icaXiai, C. I. G. I 349 sqq.; C. I. A. I 971-77.
Ranke, Vita Aristophanis (in Thiersch, Plutus, 1830), p. 83 ff.; Richter,
Arist. Wasps, Introd.; U. Kohler, Mittheil. d. Athen. Instit. Ill (1878),
p. 112 f., 129 ff.
/. The Peripatetic School
a. Heracleides Ponticus, pupil of Plato and Aristotle.
Cf. Grafenhan, II, p. 63; Unger, Rh. Mus. 38, p. 481 ff.; L. Cohn,
Comment. Reiffersch., Breslau, 1884.
/3. Theophrastus of Eresos, 372-287/6.
(1) ne/H KapaKas (Athen. 261 d).
(2) nepl Xc'£6o>s> (Dionys. Hal. de Lys. c. 14).
Cf. H. Usener, De Dionysii Hal. imitatione reliquiae, Bonn, 1889.
(3) Ilep), /nerpcai/, Trept (ro\oiKi(rfj.£)v, probably parts of (2).
Cf. the catalogue of his writings given by Diog. Laert.
(from Hermippos) V 42-50.
y. Aristoxenus o povaiKos, of Tarentum.
Ilcpi rpaywdoTToiwv (esp. On Soph.), rrepl rpaytKrjs opxy-
o-cwy, 2t)ftfUfcra virop.vijp.aTa zrepi /J.OVO-LKTJS, Trepl peXoTrouas — Bioi
(philosophers and tragedians). Cf. W. L. Mahne, Dia-
tribe de A., 1793, pp. 220.
d. Dicaearc/ms, 347-287.
'YTTodearfis TO>V Evpnridov KOI SocpoKXe'ouy p-udw (hypothesis
to Eur. Medea still extant).
nepi /jLovaiKow aywvwv (Schol. Arist. Ran. 1335; Vesp. 1290).
Cf. F. Osann, Beitr. zur griech. u. rom. Litteraturgesch. II, 1839, P r ff-J
Pauly, R. E. II 996 ff.
g. Praxip.hanes of Rhodes or Mytilene, floruit c. 300.
'npcoros- ypa/jifjLaTiKOf1; vid. Clem. Alex, cited above. Teacher
of Aratus and Callimachus.
Works : Hepi TTOI^TCOJ/, Trept iaropias, Ttepl Troiq/uaTooj*.
L. Preller, De Praxiphane (Ausgewahlte Aufsatze, Berlin, 1864); Suse-
mihl, I, p. 144 ff.; Wilamowitz, Hermes, XII, p. 326 ff.; R. Hirzel,
Hermes, XIII, p. 46 ff.
h. Antigonos of Carystos, born c. 295.
(1) Lives of contemporary philosophers.
(2) I^ives of Greek sculptors and painters.
Cf. Wilamowitz^ Antigonos von Carystos (Philol. Unters. IV, pp. 356) ;
Susemihl, I, pp. 468-75, 519-23; II 675.
2. THE ALEXANDRIAN PERIOD, 322 (or 305)-i43 (f Aristar-
chus).
Chief work: F. Susemihl, Gesch. d. griech. Literat. in der Alexand.
Zeit, 2 vols., 1892, pp. 907, 771.
General characteristics of the period. The great Library and Museum.
Cf. ^tat, pp. 1-50; Sitsemihl, I, p. 335 ff.; Parthey, Das Alexandrin.
Museum, Berlin, 1838; Ritschl, Opusc. I, pp. 1-70, 123-72, 197-237;
Bernhardy, Gesch. d. griech. Literat. I4, pp. 509-43, II 699 ff.; Wilamo-
witz, Euripides' Heracles, I, p. 121 ff.
a. Philetas of Cos, 339-289/5.
"Arc/era ("Ara/croi yXwcro-ai, TXSxraai). The first attempt at a
Homeric lexicon. Cf. Aristarchus, JJpos ^tX^rai/.
On Philetas as a poet, vide Couat, La Poesie Alexandrine, Paris, 1882,
p. 68 ff.; Susemihl, I, p. 174 ff.
b. Zenodotus of Ephesits, c. 325-c. 260.
Pupil of Philetas. First librarian of Alexandria.
(1) Collection of the works of the epic and lyric poets. Cf.
Schol. Plautinum ; Ritschl, Opusc. 1. c.
(2) rXwao-ai 'Op.T7pt*ai (Schol. Od. 3, 444; Schol. Apoll.
Rhod. II 1005).
(3) A i op 0 ceo- 1? (or €K8a>aii) 'o/^pov, the first scientific edi-
tion of the Iliad and the Odyssee. Published shortly
before 274 B. C.
8
On his critical method, cf. F. A. Wolff, Proleg. c. 43 ; Sengebusch, Diss.
Horn. I, p. 21 ff.; Duntzer, De Zenodoti studiis Homericis, Gottingen,
1848; Rdmer, Ueber die Homerrecension des Zenodot (Munchner Acad.
I, Cl. XVII, pp. 639-722 (1885); Susemihl, I, pp. 327-35.
c. Alexander Aetolus, floruit c. 285 B. C.
Collection of the Greek tragic poets in the Alexand. Library.
Cf. Ritschl, 1. c., pp. 2-4, 199 f. On his poetry: Meineke, Anal. Alex.
p. 215 ff.; Susemihl, I, pp. 187-90; Couat, p. 105 ff.
d. Lycophron of Chalets, c. 285 B. C.
(1) Collection of the comic poets in the Alexand. Library.
Cf. Ritschl, 1. c.
(2) nepi K<op<pdtas in at least n books. The oldest work
of its kind.
Cf. K. Strecker, De Lycophrone Euphronio Eratosthene comicorum
interpretibus, Greifswald, 1884 (with collection of fragments); Susemihl,
I, p. 274- 426.
e. Callimachus of Cyrene, c. 3io-c. 240.
Second librarian of Alexandria. Me'ya /3t/3Ato*/, p-eya KCIKOV.
Chief Work : Hi vaK.es T«O^ ei/ Tratr^ TraiSeta d taXa p.^dv-
T(ov KCU wv crweypa-^av, I2O books. On the classifica-
tion and contents of this catalogue :
Cf. O. Schneider, Callimachea, II, pp. 297-322; Wachsmuth^ Philol.
XVI 653 ff.; Grafenhan, II 182 ff.; Susemihl, I 337 f. On C. as a poet cf.
Count, pp. 111-284; Susemihl, I 347-73.
f. Eratosthenes of Cyrene, c. 276-196.
'o (j)i\6\oyos, the first to assume that name. Cf. Sueton. 1. c.
Third librarian of Alexandria. One of the most versa-
tile and learned scholars of all times. (6 nwraOXos, B^ra,
cf. Suidas S. V. 'EparoortfeVj/s1.)
(1) rea>ypa<piKa, 3 books. The first scientific treatment
of the subject. Cf. Berger, Gesch. der wissenschaftl.
Erdkunde bei den Griech. Ill 57-112, Lpz. 1891.
(2) Hep! xpoi>oypa(pioii>. Cf. Diels, Rh. Mus. 31, p. i ff.;
Niese, Hermes, XXIII 92 ff.
(3) 'oAu/z7rioi>tKcu. Cf. Bernhardy, Eratosthenica, p. 247 ff.
(4) nepi T^S apxaias Kco/xwSt'as-, in at least 12 books. "A
philological masterpiece."
Cf. Strecker, 1. c.; Wilamowitz, Hermes, XXI 597 f.; Bernhardy, 1. c.,
p. 203-37, and Susemihl, I 409-28.
g. Aristophanes of Byzantiiim, c. 257-c. 180.
Librarian, successor of Eratosthenes or Apollonius Rhodius.
The greatest philologist of antiquity.
(1) Invention (?) of accents, punctuation (ace. to Arcadius,
p. 186 ff.).
Cf. Nauck, p. 12 ff.; Wilamowitz, 1. c., 127 f.; Susemihl, I 432, 901 ; Use-
ner ap. eundem, II 672.
(2) Kpirt/ca o-?7/Liera. Cf. Nauck, pp. 15-18. On the sym-
bols themselves see below.
(3) Editions with critical signs to —
a. Homer (Aidp<9a>o-i? 'Qpipov). Cf. Wolff, Proleg. c. 44 ;
Nauck, 1. c., 25-58. Close of the Odyssee, 23, 296.
On his method of criticism see Wilamowitz below.
/3. Hesiod, Theogony (cf. Schol. Theog. 68).
y. AlcaeuSy Anacreon, Pindar and perhaps Simonides
(Dionys. de comp. verb. 26).
d. Euripides (Schol. Or. 714, 1287; Hipp. 172). Cf.
Nauck, p. 62 f.
e. Aristophanes (Schol. Av. 1342; Thesm. 162, 917;
Ran. 152 f.; Nub. 958). Cf. Nauck, pp. 18, 63-66.
r). Menander (?). Cf. his saying: <(o> MeWdpe KCU /3te,
Trorepos ap v/j.a>v rrorepov aTre/LH/i^a-aro ; "
(4) cY7ro0eo-«ff to Soph. Eur. Arist. and perhaps Aesch.
(probably prefixed to his editions). Contents : Argu-
ment of the play, its sources, didascalia, aesthetic judg-
ment. The following extant fragments of vnoQea-eis are
probably ultimately based upon those of Aristophanes :
Aeschylus: Persae, Sept. adv. Theb., Agam., Eumen.,
Prom.
Sophocles: Oed. Col., Philoct., Aiax, Oed. Rex
(metrical).
Euripides: Hecuba, Orest., Phoen., Medea, HyppoL,
Alcest.) Androm., Troad. [Rhesos~\, Ion, Iphig. Taur.,
Bacch., Heracleid., Helena, Hercul. Fur., Cyclops (none
extant to Suppl., Iph. Aul., Electra).
Aristophanes: Acharn. I, II (metrical); Equit. I, II,
III (met.) ; Nub. I, II, III, IV (met.), V, VI, VII <VIII,
IX, X>; Vesp. I, II (met.); Pax, I, II, III, IV (met.);
Aves, I, II, III, IV (met.); Lysist. I, II (met.); Ranae,
I, II (met.), <III, IV>; Eccl. I, II (met.); Plut. I, II,
III, IV, [V], VI (met.).
Cf. F. W. Schneidewin, De hypothesibus tragoed. Grace. Aristoph.
Byz. vindicandis (Abh. der Gott. Gesell. der Wiss., Vol. IV, 1853-55);
Nattck, 1. c., p. 255 ff.; Trendelenburg, Grammat. Grace, de arte trag. iudi-
ciorum reliquiae, Bonn, 1867.
10
(5) HapaXX^Xoi Mfvdvdpov re KCU o^>' obi/ e/cXe^ez'.
(6) Hep i 7rpoo-a>7rtti> (perhaps the ultimate source of Pollux,
IV 133-54). Cf. Nauck, p. 275 ff. ; Rohde, De I. P. . .
fontibus, Lpz. 1870.
(7) napoipiai (jjLeTpiKal and fyierpoi) in 6 books. Cf. Nauck,
p. 235-42; Leutsch, Philol. Ill 566.
(8) Ilept dva\oyias, Nauck, p. 264 ff.
(9) nepl TTJS dxvvpfvris o-KvrdXrjs, a treatise on a passage
in Archilochus (fragm. 89, 2). Nauck, p. 273 ff.
(10) Ae£eu — Ilepl rS>v vTroirrfvo/Jiei/cov pr) flprjadat rots naXaiols,
Trepl ovofjiairias ^Xi/cta^, rrepi (rvyyeviKtov ovop-drcov — 'ATTIKCU Xe^ety,
Aa/cawKai yXuorcrai. The first scientific work on lexicog-
raphy. About 100 fragments preserved.
Cf. Nauck, 1. c., p. 69-190; Rh. Mus. VI 322-51 ; Fresenius, De Aefewv
Aristophanearum et Suetoniarum excerptis Byzantinis, Wiesbaden, 1875 ;
Z. Cohn, Jahrb. f. Philol. Suppl. XII 283-374.
(u) npos TrlvaKas KaXXt/ia^ou. Of this supplement to
the great catalogue of Callimachus, the extant distribu-
tion of the Platonic Dialogues into trilogies (Diog. Laert.
Ill 61 f.) formed probably a part.
(12) Kdvovfs or lists of 'best authors.' Cf. Quint. X i,
54: "Apollonius in ordinem a grammaticis datum non
venit quia Aristarchus atque Aristophanes neminem sui
temporis in ordinem redegerunt "; vid. also X i, 59 and
14,3-
For extant ancient lists cf. Usener, Dionysii Halic. librorum de imi-
tatione reliquiae, Bonn, 1889. On the probable character and contents
of these canones, cf. Ranke, Vita Aristoph., p. 104 ff.; Steffen, De canone
qui dicitur Aristophanis et Aristarchi, Lpz. 1876; Brzoska, De canone
decem oratorum, Breslau, 1883; P. Hartmann, De canone decem orato-
rum, Gottingen, 1891, and Susemihl, I 445, 484; II 674 f., 694-97.
On Aristophanes of Byzantium in general cf. A. Nauck, Aristophanis
Byzantii Fragmenta, Halle, 1848, pp. 338; Susemihl, I 428-48; Wilamo-
witz, Eur. Heracles, I 137-53.
h. Aristarchus of Samothrace, 217/5-145/3.
'OfjirjpiKOS, 6 KpiriKos TTuvv (ipiaTOs jpa/ji/jiaTiKOf (Schol. Hom. B
316) 6 avrip (Herodianus in Schol. B 153) pdvns (Athen.
XIV 634). 8OO VTro/i^ora. Difference betW. vTro/^/zara
and o-uyypa/z/iara. The latter more highly esteemed than
the former. Cf. Didymus (Schol. B in): ei yap ra a-vy-
ypd^p-ara T&V virop-vr)iJidT(ov Trporarro/uei/.
(i) Edition of Homer. Two editions. Cf. Lehrs, p. 23;
Ludwig, I 17 ff. Cp. Schol. K 397: Ammonius, the
II
successor of Aristarchus, the author of a treatise
TOV pr/ ytyovfvcu n\€LOvas (SC. TK>V dvo) endocreLS TTJS 1
(2) "Svyypdpp ara — Ilepi 'iXiaSos K.OL 'OSucro-eia? (Schol. I 349),
IIpos- $i\rjrav (Schol. A 524, B III), Ilpbs Kw/zaroV (Schol.
A 97, B 798, Q, IIO), IJpof TO Sevvvos Trapddognv (Schol. M
435 and Susemihl, II 149 f.), n«-pi TOV vavo-radpov with a
map or duiypappa (K 53, M 258, o 449, A 1 66, 807).
On his critical method cf. Wolff, Proleg., p. 226 ff.; Le/irs, De Aristarchi
studiis Homericis, Konigsberg, i8823 (I8331); Sengebusch,T>\ss. Horn. I
24 ff.; Ludwig, Aristarch's Homerische Textkritik nach den Fragmenten
des Didymus, 2 vols., Lpz. 1885; Wilamowitz, Homer. Unters., p. 383
ff.; Eurip. Heracles, I 154; Susemihl, I 451-63; Jebb, Homer, Glasgow,
1887, p. 92 ff.
(3) CY TTO pv 77 p a ra 'commentaries' and eK.d6creis 'editions'
with ' critical signs ' to —
a. Hesiod.
Cf. Flack, Jahrb. f. Phil. 109 (1874), p. 815 ff.; 115 (1877), p. 433 ff.;
Waeschke, De Aristarchi studiis Hesiodiis (Acta Sem. Lips. 1874) ; Schd-
mann, Opusc. II 510 ff.; Ill 47 ff.
|3. Commentary to Archilochus (Clem. Strom. I 326 D).
y. Edition of Alcaeus (Hephaest., p. 136) and perhaps
of Anacreon, certainly a commentary on this poet
(Athen. XV 671 f, f^yovpevoi).
d. Pindar (edition and commentary). Feine, De Aris-
tarcho Pindari interprete (Diss. lenen. II 253-327) ;
Horn, De Aristarchi studiis Pindaricis, Greifswald,
1883; Susemihl, I 460 ff.; Lehrs, Pindarscholien, Lpz.
1873.
e. Commentary to Aeschylus, at all events to the AvKo{5p-
yos (Schol. Theocr. X 18). Ion, at least to the '0/^0X77
(Athen. XIV 634 c).
£. Commentaries to Sophocles (cf. M. Schmidt, Didymi
fragmenta, Lpz. 1854, p. 262). Aristophanes (<9.
Gerhard, De Aristarcho Aristophanis interprete, Bonn,
1850 ; Schneider, De Aristophanis schol. font., p. 86 f.).
(4) A.'s contributions to grammar. The first to distin-
guish eight parts of speech. Cf. Quint. I 4, 20 ; Scho-
mann, Redetheile, p. 12; Steinthal, 1. c.
Plato — i. ovopa. and 2. ft pa ; cf. Classen, 1. c., pp. 43-
52.
12
Aristotle (and Theodectes) — i. 6Vop.a, 2. p^a, 3.
'article,' 4. ow^o-pos 'conjunction,' ibid., p. 55 if. Ac-
cording to Dionysius, De comp. verb. 2 (= Quint. I 4),
the article was not as yet recognized by these as a sepa-
rate part of speech, but see Classen, p. 59 f.
Stoics (Chrysippus) — i. oi/o/za, 2. Trpoa-rjyopia 'appellatio,'
'proper names,' 3. ft pa, 4. crvvfeo-p-os, 5. XpSpov 'article
and pronoun,' 6. ^a-orrjTa (navdcKTrji) 'adverb' added by
Antipater.
Aristarchus — i. ovopa, 2. p^a, 3. avr^w^ia 'pronoun,'
4. €mppr]p.a 'adverb,' 5. peroxn 'participle,' 6. apdpov, 7.
• 0-wSeo-p.oV, 8. Trpo'^o-i? 'preposition.'1
Cf. Classen ; Lersch ; Steinthal, vol. II ; Schomann,
11. cc.; R. Schmidt, Stoicorum grammatica, Halle, 1839;
Th. Rumpel, Casuslehre, Halle, 1845, pp. 1-70.
(5) Analogia (Aristarchus and his school) vs. Anomalia
(Crates and the Stoics). Cf. Lersch; Steinthal, I 357-
74; II 71-159.
z. Hermippos 6 KaXXt/ia^eio?, of Smyrna.
Bioi TT e p i reap e v TT a i § e i a Xap.^ai/ra)^.
Of this voluminous work : Trepi TVV vo^oderuv, Trept dov\a>v, Trepi
rfftv errra <ro<pcoi/, Trept Tlvdayopov, Trepl ApicrroreXovs, rrepl ropyiov,
7T€pl IvoKparovs, TTfpl 'laoxparouy /jLadrjTc^v, Trepi ev86£a)v dvdpdiv
av, Trepi pd-ycov, Trcpl TU>V dno (piXooofpias els TVpavviSas KOI
juetfeorqKorooi/ — generally cited as separate books,
formed only so many subdivisions. One of the chief
sources of Diogenes Laertius, and of Plutarch's Lycur-
gus, Solon, Demosthenes, and indirectly, through the
medium of Caecilius, of Pseudo-Plutarch, Vitae X ora-
torum. Cf. Susemihl, I 492-95.
k. Apollodorus of Athens (pupil of Aristarchus), flor. c. 150.
ATToXXoScopta Trept rraaav iarropiav dvdpl Seii/co " (Ps. Heracl.
Alleg. Homer. 7).
(i) Xpoju/ca in comic trimeters, from the fall of Troy,
(u84)-i44 B. C. 2d. edition, to about 119 (death of
Boethos the Academic mentioned). The inexhaustible
1 The ancients, accustomed to see in Homer the fountain of all wisdom, sup-
posed these eight parts of speech to have been well known to him, citing in
proof of this the following lines:
Iliad, I 185: avrbg \uv K/uGiqvde TO abv yepag o^p' ev
Iliad, XXII 59: Trpof Je /us rbv dvarrjvov STL (f>poveovT^ E
13
storehouse of chronological information throughout
antiquity. Calculation of the a/e/wj. Cf. Diels, Rh. Mus.
31 (1876), pp. 1-54; also G. F. Unger, Philol., 40
(1882), pp. 602-51.
(2) rupt TOV ve&v KdTaXoyov, 12 books. An exhaustive
commentary to the Homeric Catalogue of the Ships.
Cf. Niese, Apollodor's Commentar zum SchirTscataloge
als Quelle Strabo's, Rhein. Mus. 32 (1877), pp. 267-307.
(3) Tlepl Swfppovos, 4 books.
(4) On Epicharmus, 10 books.
(5) Hept TWV A.Qr)vr) o~ iv eraipSus.
Xw Hepi €TV p. oX oy i£jv.
(7) Tlepl Oecbv, 24 books. A work of stupendous erudi-
tion, freely and extensively pirated by later writers. Cf.
Muenzel, De Apollodori nepl 6tZ>v libris, Bonn, 1883.
On A. in general cf. Susemihl, II 33-44; Pauly, R. E., I
1300.
/. The first Manual of Mythology, written between 100-50
B. C., the source of Diodorus, Hyginus, Pseudo- Apollodori
Bibliotheca, Proclus.
Cf. Bethe, Quaestiones Diodoreae mythographae, Gottingen, 1887, and
Hermes, 26 (1891), pp. 593-634 ; Sttsemihl, II 45-52.
m. Ammoniiis, pupil and successor of Aristarchus.
(l) Tlepl TOV p.r) yeyovevat 7r\€Lovas (SC. T&V dvo) eKdoaeis rr/s '
rap^et'ov SiopOuorews. See above under Aristarchus.
(2y Hep! TO>V inro TlXdrctivos
(3) ITpo? 'A^;j/o/cXea avyypa/j.fj.a.
(4) Commentary to Pindar.
(6) TIfpl rwv 'Adrjvrja-iv eratpi'Scoj/.
(7) Ilepi rrpocrcpdias Or Ilepi 'ATTIKTJS rrpoocpdias.
Cf. Blaii, De Aristarchi discipulis, Jena, 1883; A. Roemer, Die Werke
der Aristarcheer im Cod. Ven. A, Milnch. Acad. II, p. 241 ft". (1875);
La Roche, Horn. Textkritik, pp. 68-78.
n. Dionysius Thrax of Alexandria, born c. 166 B. C.
(i) Te'xi/j; ypa^^aTiKi], the first attempt of its kind and
the standard work on the subject for more than 1500
years.
Cf. Uhlig's edition, with exhaustive Prolegomena, Lpz.
1884.
On the numerous commentators, among whom Choe-
roboscus (6. cent.), Stephanos (7. cent.), Heliodorus, Me-
lampus, Moschopulos are the most noteworthy.
Cf. Hoerschelmann, De Dionysii Thracis interpretibus veteribus I, Lpz.
1874, and especially Hilgard, Heidelberg Gymn. Progr., Lpz. 1880.
(2) Commentaries to the Iliad and Odyssee (28 fragm.).
Following Aristarchus, D. regarded Homer as an
Athenian.
(3) Commentaries to Hesiod's Works and Days.
(4) TIpos KpdrrjTa.
(5) Ilepl TTOO-OTT/TCOy.
(6) A work on Rhetoric.
(7) MeXcrai.
Cf. Mor. Schmidt, Philol. VII 360-82, VIII 234-53, 510-20; Susemihl,
II 168-75, 687 f.
o. Didymus Chalcenteros of Alexandria, c. 65 B. C.-c. 10 A. D.
Said to have written 3500-4000 books. XaX/cez/Tepos-
(Amm. Marcell. 22, 16, 16). Cf. Quint. I 8, 19, Didymo,
quo nemo plura scripsit, accidisse compertum est, ut cum
historiae cuidam tamquam vanae repugnaret, ipsius pro-
ferretur liber qui earn continebat. Athen. IV 139: KaXet
de TOVTOV ArjfjLTjTpios 6 Tpoityvios (Bi(3\io\d6av dia TO 7r\r)6os
o)j/ fK.de8a)K€ a-vyypa/JLjj.dTcoi' ' eVrt yap rpio-^i'Xtu npos rots Trei/ra-
Koa/ois-. Macrob. Sat. V 18, 9 : grammaticorum facile
eruditissimus. 22, 10: grammaticorum omnium . . . in-
structissimus. Masterly discussion and estimate of D.'s
work by Wilamowitz, Eur. Heracl. I 157-68.
(I) Lexicographical.
(2) 'ATropou/xej/j; Xe'|t?, 7 books.
(3) TpoiriKrj \€%is.
(4) Kco/xiK^ Xe^is-. 1 The chief source of all the lexico-
(5) TpayiKrj Xe|is-. /graphical erudition of the ancients
preserved in lexica, scholia, Athe-
naeus, Hesychius, Photius, etc.
(6) Lexicon to Hippocrates (?).
(II) Didymus as editor of texts and as commentator.
(1) Ilepi TTJS Apiardp^ov di opdaxrz cos. (iCXt and
commentary to the Homeric poems.) See above.
(2) Commentary to Hesiod; cf. Schmidt, p. 299 f.
(3) C. to Pindar \ id., pp. 214-40.
15
(4) C. to the Epinikia of Bacchylides.
(5) C. to Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides (in part). The
extant vitae are in all essential details Didymean.
Prejudicial and partial criticism of Soph, to the dispar-
agement of Euripides.
(6) C. to Ion and perhaps to Achaeos ; cf. Schmidt, pp.
301-5-
(7) C. to Cratinus and Eupolis', Schmidt, pp. 307-9.
(8) C. to Aristophanes\ Schmidt, pp. 246-61; Schnei-
der, De fontibus A. schol., pp. 59-63. [Aristophanes
of Byz. — Didymus — Symmachus — extant scholia.]
(9) C. to Menander and to Phrynichus (Kronos) ;
Schmidt, p. 306 ff.
(10) Editions and Commentaries to Antiphon, Isaeus,
Hyper eides, Aeschines and Demosthenes — Schmidt,
pp. 310-19 — Isocrates (?), Deinarchus (?).
(n) Edition of Thucydides. The extant life by Mar-
cellinus (esp. §1-45) was almost entirely taken from
Didymus' introduction. Cf. Susemihl, II 203 f., note
3H.
(12) 'PrjropiKa vTToiJ.vrjfji.ar a, in at least io books ;
Schmidt, p. 321. Exegetical parerga to the Attic
orators.
(13) Ilepi TOV SeKoreCo-at; Schmidt, p. 317 f.
(III) Grammatical works :
(1) rupl 7rada>v (on inflections) ; Schmidt, p. 343 ff.
(2) Ilepi 6p6oypa(pia$.
(3) Ilepi TIJS rrapa Pco/zat'ois' dfaXoytay. Doubtful.
(IV) Historical, antiquarian, literary treatises :
(1) 8c vi) la-Topia; cf. Schmidt, pp. 356-63.
(2) De morte Aeneae ; \
(3) De patria Homeri; vcf. Schmidt, pp. 384-6.
(4) On Anacreon and Sappho ; )
Cf. Seneca, Ep. 88, 37 : quatuor milia librorum Di-
dymus grammaticus scripsit ... in his libris de patria
Homeri quaeritur, in his de Aeneae morte (matre,
MSS) vera, in his libidinosior Anacreon an ebriosior
vixerit, in his an Sappho publica fuerit.
(5) Hepi TrotT/rcoz/; Schmidt, pp. 386-96.
(6) npos- *ia>va avrcgriyrio-eis. (Along extract on the
i6
musical instruments used in lyric poetry preserved by
Athen. XIV 634 £.) Perhaps a part of (5).
(7) Ilepi Tutv d^ovwv rStv SoXoovoy dvriypacpr] rrpos
'A<TK\rjiriddr]v (Plut. Sol. l).
(8) Against Cicero's de Republic a, 6 books. Cf. Amm.
Marcell. XXII 16, 16, and Suidas s. v. TpdyKv\\os.
(9) Ilepi napo ifjLiwv.
(10) On the city of Kabassos and on Attic demes (doubt-
ful). Perhaps portions of his commentaries to the
Iliad (13, 363) or to the comic poets or to the Attic
orators.
Cf. Mor. Schmidt, Didymi Chalcenteri grammatici Alexandrini frag-
menta, Lpz. 1854; Ludwig, 1. c.; Susemihl, II 195-210, 688 f.
p. Tryphon of Alexandria , son of Ammonius.
A specialist on Greek grammar. A confused list of
his numerous works given by Suidas, the titles of others
cited by Apollonius Dyscolos, Herodianus, Athenaeus.
(1) Ilepi TrXeoyaoyioO) Trepi p,eVpa>j>, Trepi rpoTrwi/, Trepi cr^/zarwi/.
(2) On the dialects of Greece, on th'e dialect of Homer and
the lyric poets.
(3) Hepi ATTIKTJS TrpoawSias1, Trepl ovop.acnwvy Trepl opdoypafpias Kal
TO>V Iv avrfj ^TITOV^VODV (=itS problems), ?repi 'E\\r]vio-fj.ov (on
idiomatic speech), ircpl dpxatas ditayvavtus (on style).
(4) Ilfpl rrvevfjidTtov, Trepi rrjs ev fioj/ocTvXXd/Sots1 dva\oyias, Trepi rfjs
eV K\lcrctriv (declensions) ai/aXoyiaff, Trepl ap^ptoi/, Trept
piaii' (pronouns), Kcpl Trpoa-a)n(t>v (persons), Trepi nerox
ticiple), Trepi 7rpo$ecrea>i/ (prepositions), Trept <rvvd€criJ.£>v,
€Trippi)p,dTOi)v (adverbs), Trepi pr)fj.dT(uv eyK.\iTiKS)V (moods),
pr)p.dT<i)v dvaXoyias fiapvTovav, Trepi ovofj-droav vvyKpiTiKcov (com-
parison of adjectives), Trepi 7ra6S>v Xe'^ecov (inflections).
(5) &vrS)v lorrop/a, Trepi £a>a)*>.
Cf. A. v. Velsen, Tryphonis grammatici Alexandrini fragmenta, Berlin,
1854; Susemihl, II 210-13, 689.
q. Theon of Alexandria, i. cent. A. D.
"The Didymus of the Alexandrian poets."
(1) Commentaries to Lycophron, Theocritos, Callimachus'
Airta, Apollonius Rhodius, Nicandros.
(2) Commentary to the Odyssee and perhaps to Pindar.
(3) Ae'£i? KtofJUKT).
(4) Ae'£i? rpayiKTj (doubtful, but probable).
Cf. Giese, De Theone grammatico eiusque reliquiis, Munster, Diss.,
1867; Wilamowitz, Eur. Heracl. I 156 ; Susemihl, II 216 ff.
3. THE STOICS AS PHILOLOGIANS.
Allegorical exegesis of Homer. Contributions to the Sci-
ence of Grammar.
Cf. Grafenhan, 1. c., I 440 ff., 505 ff., II 23, III 236: R. Schmidt, De
Stoicorum grammatica, Halle, 1839; Steinthal, 1. c.; Strieker, De Stoico-
rum studiis rhetoric-is, Bresl. Abh. I 2 (1886).
4. CRATES OF MALLOS (flor. 168 B. C.) AND THE SCHOOL OF
PERGAMUM.
A follower of the Stoics. Passionate opponent of Aristar-
chus and his school (SutdaS S. V. 'Apiarap^ou : Ka\ Kpdrqri TOO
•ypa/Lt/xariKW TrXcurra dtq/uXXqo-aro). Bibaculus ap. SuetOn. de
gramm. u. En. iecur Cratetis. Advocate of dv<op.a\ia vs.
ai/aXoyia. Cf. the bibliography under Aristarchus and below.
Introduced philological studies into Rome ; cf. Sueton., 1. c.,
p. 100.
(1) Critical commentary to the Iliad and Odyssee (Atop#omKa),
with an introduction on the life of Homer.
(2) 'Op/pi*™. Allegorical commentary.
(3) Commentary to Hesiod, Works and Days.
(4) Commentary to Euripides (Schol. Orest. 1226, 1686;
Phoen. 211 ; Rhesus, 5, 524 f.; cf. Wilamowitz, Anal. Eu-
rip., p. 157), to Aristophanes (Schol. Equit. 631, 793, 693 ;
Vesp. 352, 884 ; Ran. 294). Cf. Consbruch, Zu den Trac-
taten n-ep! Kco/^wSia? in Comment, in honor. Studemundi,
Strassburg, 1889; Susemihl, II n, note 54.
(5) Ilepi 'ATTICS SiaXc/crou, ill at least 5 books.
Cf. Wegener, De aula Attalica, 1836 (antiquated); Wachsmuth, De
Cratete Mallota, Lpz. 1860, with fragments ; id., Philol. XVI 166; Rhein.
Mus. 46, pp. 552-56; Liibbert, Rhein. Mus. XI 428-43 ; Hillscher, Jahrb.
f. Philol. Suppl. N. F. XVIII ; Sustmihl, II 4-12, 703 ; Introd. to vol. II,
p. iv f.; A. Conze, Berl. Acad. Sitzungsber. 1884, p. 1259 ff.
b. Demetrius Magnes (contemporary of Cicero).
(1) Ilept VVVtoVVlltoV 7TO\€Q)V.
(2) Ilept r£>v <rvva>vvp.a}v 7roir)T<0v re <al crvyy p a(f)fQ)v.
Chapter on Deinarchus preserved by Dionys. Halic. de
Deinarch. One of the chief sources of Diogenes Laertius.
Cf. Nietzsche, Rhein. Mus. 23, pp. 632-53; 24, pp. 181-228; Scheurleer,
De D. M., Leiden, 1858; Maass, Philol. Unters. Ill (1880), pp. 23-47;
Susemihl, I 507 f.
i8
II. THE GRAECO-ROMAN PERIOD.
i. THE POST-ALEXANDRIAN PERIOD.
a. Dionysius of Halicarnassus (flor. end of i. cent. B. C.).
(1) Epistula ad Ammaeum I.
(2) De compositione verborum.
(3) De oratoribus antiquis (Lysias, Isocrates, Isaeus, De-
mosth.).
(4) Epistula ad Pompeium.
(5) De Thucydide.
(6) Ad Ammaeum II.
(7) De Dinarcho.
(8) Ars rhetorica.
(9) Veterum censura (?repi p-i^o-ews, bk. II).
Cf. Fr. Blass, De D. H. scriptis rhetoricis, Bonn, 1863 ; Rossler, De D.
H. scriptis rhetor., Lpz. 1873; H. Usener, De H. de imitatione reliquiae,
Bonn, 1889; E. Egger, 1. c. pp. 396-406.
b. Caecilius Calactinus (Friend of Dionysius).
(1) Ilepi TOV xapaKTrjpos ra>v Se/ca prjTopaiv*
Chief source of Ps. Plut. Vitae X orat. On the canon of
the ten orators, see under Aristophanes.
(2) Comparison between Demosth. and Aesch., Demosth.
and Cicero.
(3) Flepi fyovs (cf. Ps. Longinus, Ilepi fyovs i).
(4) EicXoy^ Ae'^eeoj/ Kara (rroi^eloj/ (^KaX\ippr}p.oo'vvTj).
On Dionysius and Caecilius, the most noteworthy representatives of
literary criticism in antiquity, cf. F. Blass, Gesch. der griech. Beredsam-
keit von Alexander bis auf Augustus, Berlin, 1865, pp. 169-221.
c. Atoi/uo-i'ov 77 Aoyyivov iiepi fyovs (probably composed in the
i cent. A. D.).
Cf. Buchenau, De scriptore libri Ilepi vipovg, Marb. 1849; Martens, De
libello TLepl vt}>ov£, Bonn, 1877; Egger, 1. c. pp. 426-39, "Aesthetic Criti-
cism."
d. APOLLONIOS DYSCOLOS, 6 re^^o? (2 cent. A. D.).
Founder of scientific syntax. " Svvragis dvayKaioTarrj
npbs fgyyrjo-iv ra>v TrotjyjuaTOj/." " Maximus auctor artis
grammaticae " Priscian.
(1) 'OvopariKov (declension).
(2) 'PrjuariKov (conjugation).
(4) Ilept eVtpp^/zarcDV > extant
(5) Ilepi avvdea-fjLwv J
rov \6yov.
(6) Ilcpl avvrdgfat, 4 bks., extant.
Cf. Grdfenhan, III 109 ff ; L. Lange, Das System der Syntax des A. D.,
Gottingen, 1852; E. Egger, A. D., Essai sur 1'histoire des theories gram-
maticales dans 1'antiquite, Paris, 1854, pp. 354 ; Steinthal, II pp. 220-345 5
Opera ed. R. Schneider et G. Uhlig, Corp. Gramm. Grace. I I (1878).
e. AELIUS HERODIANUS (son of A. D.).
The greatest grammarian of antiquity.
(l) Ka0oXtKj) Trpoo-wSi'a, 21 bks.
a. Bk. 1—19 — 7rpocra>5icu, roVoi.
/3. Bk. 20 — XP°VOL (' quantity ')•
y. Bk. 21 — On accents, enclitics, diastole, synaloephe.
Excerpts preserved by Theodosios and Arcadius.
(2} Uept opdoypcKpias, Trepl nadav, nepl oz/o/zartBy, nfpi /cXiVea)?
Trepi p^arcoi', TTfpl (Tv£vyia>v ('conjugations'), Trepi
fpl /uovooruX\d/3o)i/. Originals all lost ; con-
tents known through excerpts in later grammarians.
(3) nepi povr/povs Xe|ec»? (on peculiar, anomalous gram-
matical forms). Extant.
Cf. Aug. Lentz, Herodiani technici reliquiae, 2 vols., Lpz. 1870
(pp. ccxxviii-j- 564, vii-f- 1264, with indexes); Lehrs, Herodiani scripta
tria, Konigsberg, 1848; Pauty, R. E., Ill 1236-40; E. Hiller, Jahrb. f.
Philol. (1871) pp. 505-32, 603-29, Quaest. Herodianae, Bonn, 1866.
/. EPITOMATORS, LEXICOGRAPHERS.
a. luba, king of Mauretania, "tmavruv laropiK^raros /Sao-iXfW,"
Plut. Sertor. c. 9. Author of the Scarping far opt' a, one
of the indirect sources of Pollux.
Cf. Rhode, De Pollucis fontibus, Lpz. 1870; Bapp, Lpz. Stud. VIII
noff.
j8. Pamphilus, iifpl yXcoo-awy fjroL \cgca>v (A.fip<bv). 95 bks.
Epitomized by Vestinus and by Diogenianos in 5 bks.
y. HERENNIOS PHILON of Byblos (61-141 A. D.).
(1) Ilept KTTjcrttoS Kal €K\oyfjs jSi/SXto)!/, 12 bks.
(2) Ilept TroXecof Kal ovs eKdarTij avratv ev8d£ovs rjvey-
Kev, in 30 bks. A famous compilation most extensively
used by later grammarians, esp. Hesychios and
Stephanus Byzantius.
Cf. Daub, Jahrb. f. Phil. Suppl. XI 437 ff.
5. Hephaeslion (older contemporary of Athenaeus).
Athen. XV p. 673 e : 'Aa/Scap <5e Trap' 6/iov 6 natriv
V \votv.
20
Chief work: rupl nerpcov. 48 bks. (lost). His own
epitome (*Eyx«pi'diov Trepi fieYptaj/) in i bk. became the
standard school-book throughout later antiquity and the
Middle Ages.
Edited by Westphal (Script, metric, vol. I, Teubner). Cf. the same,
Metrik der Griechen vol. I, introduction.
e. Aelius Dionysius and Pausanias, 'Am/ao-rat.
Cf. Rindfleisch, De P. et D. lexicis rhetoricis, Konigsberg, 1866.
£. Valerius Harpocration (2 cent.).
Ae'^eis rS)V Se/ca prjTOpatv.
Edited by Dindorf, Oxford, 1853, 3 vols. Cf. Boysen, De Har-
pocratiae fontibus, Kiel, 1876.
77. Julius Pollux (no\v8evKr)s*) of Naucratis.
'Oz/o/iao-riKoj/ in 10 bks. ed. Dindorf, 5 vols. 1824.
Cf. Rhode, 1. c.
6. Cassius Longinus (1270-275).
(I$i(3\io6f)K.T] ep-^v^os Kai TTfpnraTovv p-ovoelov,' Eunapios.
' <bi\6\oyos p.ev 6 Aoyylvos, (piXocrocpos1 de /M^Sa/zoos1,' Porphyrius.
Pupil of Plotinus, teacher of Porphyrius. 6 KpiriKos (Sui-
das s. v. «j>poz/ra>i/).
(1) 3>iXoXoyoi op-iXtai at least 21 bks.; fragm.
(2) ATTIK&V Xe^ewi/ eK^ocrfis. ~\
,(,-'., « , [ ,
^3J AnoprjuaTa Op.rjpiKa, LLpopAnfJUira O/zj^pov KO.I Xvcrfis, (• lOSt.
' „
6i <pi\ocro<po$ O/xr/poy. J
(4) Rhetoric (a0op/zai Xo'you) discovered by Ruhnken
amid the Rhetoric of Apsines ; cf. Walz Rhet. Graec.
IX p. xxiii ff.
(5) [n«p* v^owy] falsely ascribed to Longinus ; cf. above.
Cf. D. Ruhnken, De vita et scriptis Longini, 1776 ; E. Egger, pp.
475-84.
LIST OF THE MOST IMPORTANT EXTANT SCHOLIA.
Cf. E. Hubner, Encyclopaedic, pp. 37-4O2.
i. Homer.
Subscriptio in the cod. Ven. A: napa/mrai ra 'Apto-roviKov
a rj /zei a KOL Ai§upoi> rrepl Apicrrap^ei'ov diopdwarzais, TWO.
NtKai/opos- n-e pi 0-7-17/^779. " Viermanner Scholien," cf.
above.
Cf. Ludwig, 1. c., Friedlander, Aristonicus; id. Nicanor ; Fabricius,
Bibl. Gr. I pp. 440-56 (index auctorum).
21
2. Aristophanes.
Subscriptio to the Clouds and Wasps : /ce/cwXtarat e'/c TOU
'HXtoScopou, Trapayeypanrai CK TOV 3>ci€ivov KOI Su^/ud^ou /eat
Cf. 0. Schneider, De Veterum in Arist. scholiorum fontibus, 1838 ;
Wilamowitz. Eur. Hercul. I 179-88 ; Fabricius II, pp. 392-404 (index
auctorum).
3. Apollonius R ho dins.
Subscriptio in the Cod. Mediceus : napaKeirai ra
Aou/ctXXou Tappat'ov /cat SfXpo/cXeous- /cat
Cf. Weichert, Apollon. Rhod. p. 400 ff. ; Bernhardy, Griech. Literat. II
1 p. 370 ff. ; 'Susemihi, I 662, II 46, 686.
4. Pindar. Cf. K. Lehrs, Die Pindarscholien, Lpz. 1863;
Fabricius II 81-4.
5. Aeschylus. ]. Richter, De Aesch. Soph. Eur. interpretibus
Graecis, Berlin, 1839.
6. Sophocles. Bernhardy, 1. c. II 2, p. 378 ff.
7. Euripides. Bernhardy, 1. c. II 2, p. 498 ff. ; ed. E. Schwartz,
2 vols. 1891.
8. Theocritos. Ed. Ahrens.
9. Lycophron. (I. Tzetzes.)
10. Plato. L. Cohn, J. J. Suppl. 13, 773. Th. Mettauer, De
Platonis scholiorum fontibus, Zurich, 1880 (pp. 122).
11. Aristotle. Commentaries of Alexander of Aphrodisias,
Simplicius, Philoponus.
CRITICAL SIGNS (2e/zeia, notae).
Cf. Reifferscheid, Suetonii Reliquiae, pp. 137-44.
jSeXo? ( — ). — ' irpos TO. v66a /cat atferov/uej/a. Legendary origin of
name, 1. c. p. 138.
an f pi ort/co? Kadapd (> — ). — ( Trapci/cftrat '. I. Trpos TTJV aVa^
elprjp,€Vi]v Xe'^ti/ ) 2. Trpos rrjv TOV noirjTov avisrjdfiav (inconsistency) ]
3- npos TOVS Xeyoyras, fir) et^ai TOV avTov TTOIT/TOU 'iXtaSa /cat 'O5u(r(7€taj/
/rey) J 4- Trpos TO? Tail/ TraXatcoj/ ttrropi'a? ; 5« Trpo? ra? T£>V veav
', 6. TTpO? Tl^f JA.TTLKY]V (TVVTaglV ', J . 77 pOS TT)V TToXuo-^JUOI' Xt^tV.
4 Usus est ea in multis Aristarchus, nunc ea quae praeter con-
suetudinem tarn vitae nostrae quam ipsius poetae apud eum
invenirentur adnotans, nunc proprias ipsius figuras, interdum
ea in quibus copiosus est rursus quae semel apud eum poneren-
tur. Similiter in nostris auctoribus Probus.' ' Primus Leogoras
22
Syracusanus apposuit Homericis versibus ad separationem
Olympi a caelo.'
AiTrXf) Trepif&Tiyncvr) (>-*•). — ' rrpbs ras ypa(pas ras Zrjvodoreiovs KOI
Kpdrrjros KOL avrov 'Apiorap^ou KOL ras diop6<ao~€is avrov.'
'A<rT€plo-Kos /ca0' eavrov (^"). — ( npbs TOVS avTovs VTIXOVS ot Kflvrai ev
(IXXois fjiepeanv rrjs Troi^trea)?, Acat bpOats e^ovTfs (pepovrai, a"r]p.aiv(£n> ort ovrot
not aXXaxov c'prjvrat.' ' Aristophanes apponebat illis locis quibus
sensus deesset, Aristarchus autem ad eos [versus] qui hoc puta
loco [recte] positi erant, cum aliis scilicet non recte ponerentur,
item Probus et antiqui nostri.' Cf. however schol. 771.
'Acre pi tr KOS /wer o/3eXoi) (^F — }. — ' ev6a et<rt p.ev TO. errr) TOV Troif/roC
ov KaXoi? Se /ceo/rat, dXX' ev aXXw.' ' Propria est nota Aristarchi,
utebatur autem ea in his versibus qui non suo loco positi sunt,
item Probus et antiqui nostri.' Cf. e. g. A 195.
'AvTia-iyna. (*)). — ' Trpbs TOVS evr)\\ayp.evovs TOTTOVS Kal fj.rj ovvadovras.'
1 Ponebatur ad eos versus quorum ordo permutandus erat.'
Avr/crcy/id Trepteoriy^e'vo^ ( •)• ). — ' orav dvo Sxri didvoiai TO avro
<rr]iJ.aii>ov(rai (ravroXoyei), TOU TroirjTov -yeypa^oroy dpfpuTepas, OTTCO? rr\v
(Tepov eXrjTai,' aiypa — Aristopll. ariyp.^— Aristarch. Cf. B IQ2.
Kfpavviov (T) — Rare. — c d^Xot TroXXa? £r}T]'io-€is irpos rat? irpo^ipr]p.evais.J
' Ponitur quotiens multi versus improbantur ne per singulos
obelentur.'
Ancient authorities : Aristonicus (see above), Diogenianos (?) Trepl ruv
ev rolq pi/3hioi(; crj^eiuv (Suid.), Diog. Laert. Ill 65, Suetonius = Isidorus^
Origg- I 2I ff-> ^e notis scripturarum. See below. Anecd. Roman
Osann, Anecd. Venetum. ed. Villoison, Anecd. Paris, ed. Cramer (all col-
lected in Reifferscheid 1. c.).
Modern treatises: Grdfenhan II 92 f. ; Sengebusch, Horn. Diss. I p. 22 ff. ;
Nauck, Aristoph. Byzant. p. 17 ff. ; Ludwig, I 20 ff. ; Susemihl, I p. 432 ff. ;
and H. Schrader, De notatione critica a veteribus grammaticis in poetis
scaenicis adhibita, Bonn, 1863.
2. ROMAN PERIOD.
Bibliography: Suetonius, de grammat. et rhetor. ; W. H. D. Suringar,
Historia Critica scholiastarum Latinorum, 3 vols., Leyden, 1835 ; Gra-
fenhan, II p. 261 ff. IV; Teuffel-Schivabe, Rom. Literat. 2 vols. i8qos
<T. S.> § 41 ; H. Nettleship, Journ. of Phil. XV p. 189 ff.
a. L. Accius (lyo-c. 86).
Didascalica (cf. Aristotle's AiSaaicaXtai). A history of
Greek and Roman poetry, with special reference to the
drama. Written chiefly in Sotadean verse. Cf. T. S.
§134, 7, and 94, 2. G. Ribbeck, Rom. Dichtkunst,
I 267.
23
b. L. Aelius Praeconinus Stilo (flor. c. 100 B. C.).
The first Roman philologian, teacher of Cicero and Varro.
Cic. Brut. 205 : eruditissimus et Graecis litteris et
Latinis antiquitatisque nostrae et in inventis rebus et in
actis scriptorumque veterum litterate peritus, quam
scientiam Varro noster acceptam ab illo. Varro ap.
Gell. N. A., I 18, 2: litteris ornatissimus memoria nostra,
id. X 21, 2 doctissimus eorum temporum.
(1) Commentaries to Carmina Saliorum, cf. Suringar
I 26. f.
(2) Interpretation of the XII tables. Suringar I p.
39 ff.
(3) Edition of Plautus with critical signs.
Gell. N. A., Ill 3, 12 : L. Aelius XXV (comoe-
dias) eius (Plauti) esse solas existimavit ; Quint.
X i, 99, " Licet Varro Musas, Aeli Stilonis sen-
tentia, Plautino dicat sermone locuturas fuisse, si
Latine loqui vellent." Cf. Ritschl, Parerga 91 ff.,
I26f., 238, 366.
(4) Contributions to etymology and grammar.
Cf. T. S. § 148, i. F. Mentz, De L. Aelio Stilone, Uiss. lenens. IV i.
c. M. Tullius Cicero, 106-43.
(1) Literary or aesthetic criticism.
Cf. Ch. Causeret, Sur la langue de la rhetorique et de la critique litte-
raire en Cic., Paris, 1887 ; /. Kubik, De Cic. poetarum lat. studiis, Diss.
Vindob. I 237 ff.
(2) Edition of Lucretius.
Cf. Munro, Lucretius, vol. II p. 2 ff. ; T. S. § 203, 2.
d. C. lulius Caesar, 100-44.
De analogia (Suet. Caes. c. 56). .
Cf. F. Schlitte, De C. lulio Caesare grammatico, Halle, 1865.
e. M. TERENTIUS VARRO Reatinus, 116-27.
' Vir Romanorum eruditissimus' (Quint. X 1,95). ' Vir
doctissimus undicumque Varro, qui tarn multa legit
ut aliquid ei scribere vacasse miremur, tarn multa scrip-
sit (620 bks.) quam vix quemquam legere potuisse cre-
damus' (Augustin. Civ. Dei. 6, 2). Plut. Rom. 12 avdpa
'Pco/im'uv cv io-Topiq /3i/3\ia/<a>raroi/. Esp. Cic. Acad. post.
I, 9.
Cf. Ritschl, Die Schriftstellerei cles Varro, Opusc. Ill 419-505,
p. 70 ff.; T. S. §166 f.
24
(i) Antiquitatum libri XLI.
(3) Annalium libri III — De vita populi Romani (cp. Di-
caearchos BiW 'EXXa'So?) ; De gente populi Romani, in 4
bks. (43 B. C.) ; de familiis Troianis ; Aetia (cp. AiVta
of Callimachus) ; rerum urbanarum libri III ; Tribuum
liber.
(3) De bibliothecis libri III ; de proprietate scriptorum ;
de poetis ; de poematis ; de lectionibus ; de compositione
saturarum ; de originibus scaenicis ; de scaenicis actioni-
bus; de actis scaenicis (Didascalica) ; de personis
(masks) ; de descriptionibus ; quaestiones Plautinae ;
de comoediis Plautinis.
(4) Disciplinarum libri IX (Artes liberales : i. gram-
matica ; 2. dialectica ; 3. rhetorica ; 4. geometria ;
5. arithmetica ; 6. astrologia ; 7. musica ; 8. medicina ;
9. architectura).
(5). De Lingua Latina, XXV Ibb. (V-X extant).
V-XXV, dedicated to Cicero, hence published before 43
B. C. Contents: Bk. I (introd.),-bk. II-VII (etymology),
VIII-XVI (inflection, analogy and anomaly), XVII-
XXV (syntax).
Cf. O. Spengel's edition, 1885, Berlin.
(6). De sermone Latino libb. V ; de similitudine verborum
libb. Ill (analogy); de utilitate sermonis; nfp} xap^^ip^v
(? = descriptiones); de antiquitate litterarum ; de origine
linguae latinae.
Cf. Wilmanns, de M. T. V. libris grammaticis, Berlin, 1864.
/. Ateius Praetextatiis Philologus (t c. 29 B. C.) Cf. Suet.
de gramm., 10 T. S., §211.
g. Noted philologists and grammarians of the Empire.
First Century.
1. Asconius Pedianus, Commentator of Cicero's speeches.
Cf. T. S., §295 ; Madwig, de Q. Ascon. Fed. ... in Cic. oratt. commen-
tariis, Kopenhagen, 1828.
2. Fenestella (t 19 A. D.) ; 'diligentissimus scriptor,' Lac-
tantius. Annales in at least 22 bks. A repository of
information for later writers.
Fragments ap. H. Peter, Fragm. histor. 272 ; T. S., §259.
25
3. M. Valerius Flaccus (floruit 10 B. C.)
a. De verborum significatu. Second half preserved in a
mutilated epitome oiFestus, who in turn was epitomized
by Paulus. Inexhaustible fountain of information on
Roman antiquities and archaic Latin.
Edited by E. Thewrewk, 1891.
£. Fasti, partly preserved (C. I. L. I 295). Used by
Ovid.
Cf. H. Winther, De fastis V. F. ab Ovidio adhibitis, Berlin, 1885.
Cf. T. S., §261 ; Hiibner, Grundr. der lat. Lit., §83 (i8783); H. Nettle-
ship^ Lectures and Essays, 201 ff.
4. M. Valerius Probus Berytius (flor. 80 A. D.)
The greatest Roman philologist. 'Nee Probum timeto'
(Mart. 3, 2, 12).
(i). Editions with critical signs (cf. Suetonii reliq., p.
' 138 R).
a. Virgil (Suringar, II, p. 8 ff.; Kiibler, De P. comment.
Verg., Berl. 1881).
j3. Horace, Lucretius, Terence.
(2). De notis singularibus, ed. Mommsen, Gram. Lat.
IV 271.
Cf. I. Steub, De Probis grammaticis, Jena, 1871 ; T. S., §300 f.
5. C. Plinius Secundus, the Elder, 23-79.
(i). Libri dubii sermonis (cf. Pliny, Ep. Ill 5, i).
(2). De grammatica (Pliny, N. H., praef. 28).
6. Fabius Quintilianus of Calagurris in Spain, c. 35-95.
Literary criticism, esp. in bk. X of the Institutio Ora-
toria. Pupil of Remmius Palaemon (T. S., §282) and
teacher of Pliny the Younger and Cornelius Tacitus (cf.
Liebert, de doctrina Taciti, Wiirzburg, 1868, p. 4 ff.).
7. C. Suetonius Tranquillus, 75-160.
Cf. Suidas s. v. Tpdy/c^/l/iof. Cf. Reifferscheid, Suetoni reliquiae praeter
Caesares, Lpz. 1860 (fragments, pp. 3-360; quaest. Suetonianae, pp. 363-
538; indexes, pp. 541-65).
(i). De viris illustribus (de poetis, de oratoribus, de
historicis, de philosophis, de grammaticis et rhetoribus).
(2). Elepl Ttov fv rols /3i/3AuHS- (rrjiJieitov fliftXiov a (Suidas) = de
notis (cf. above). % .
(3). Pratum (de anno Romanorum, Reiff, pp. 149-92;
de naturis rerum, pp. 193-265 ; de genere vestium, pp.
26
266—72 ; TTfpl dvar(prj/j.(ov Xegew fjrot jS
fKaarrj (cf. Etym. Magnum, s. v. 'ApXo\i7rapos and Eust.
ad Iliad. II 234, VIII 488). Verborum differentiae,
pp. 274-96.
(4). Ludicra historia (Trepi r&v nap "EXX^o-i Tra&i&v), pp.
322-45.
(5). De lusibus puerorum.
(6). De institutione officiorum.
(7). Ilept rrjs Kinepavos TroXirei'a? ; a/mXe-yet de rw Aidt'/i6> (see
above).
Second Century.
Aemilius Asper (T. S., §482, 3), Flavius Caper (T. S.,
§343. 3)> Q- Terentius Scaurus (T. S., §352, i), Arrun-
tius Celsus (T. S., §357, 3), lulius Romanus (T. S.,
§379, i), A. Gellius, Noctes Atticae (T. S., §365).
Third Century.
Censorinus, de die natali (T. S., §379).
Fourth Century.
1. Nonius Marcellus, Compendiosa Doctrina (T. S. 404*).
2. Charisius and Diomedes (T. S., §419).
3. Marius Victorinus (T. S., §408, i).
4. Aelius Donatus (floruit c. 350).
(i). Grammatica.
(2). Commentary to Terence.
(3). Commentary to Virgil. Cf. Grafenhan, IV 107
ff.; Suringar, I 78-86, II 31-59; T. S., §409, 3 f.
5. Maurus Servius Honoratus.
Commentary to Virgil. Cf. Suringar, II 59-92 ; T. S.,
§431.
Fifth Century.
1. Macrobius, Saturnalia. T. S., §444.
2. Isidorus. T. S., §496.
3. Priscian of Caesarea.
Institutions grammaticae, 18 bks. The most im-
portant and exhaustive work on Latin grammar made
by the Romans. An inexhaustible fountain of infor-
mation for grammatical theories of earlier writers,
especially Greek, now lost. The standard work on
the subject throughout the Middle Ages. About 1000
MSS known.
Cf. T. S., §481, and Encyclop. Britan. s. v.
2;
III. THE MIDDLE AGES.
i. THE BYZANTIAN PERIOD.
K. Krumbacher, Grundriss der byzantinischen Literatur (I. Muller's
Handbuch der class. Alterthumswissenschaft, vol. IX, I), Characteristic
of the period, pp. 214-17 ; Wilamowitz, Eur. Heracles, I 193-219.
a. Hesychios of Alexandria.
Lexicon (rXwo-o-at). Based upon the neptepyoTreV^res- of Dio-
genianos.
b. Hesychios Illustris of Miletus (6. cent.)
OvopaToXoyos $1 TTLVO^ Twv ev Traifiei'a ovop.a(TT(ov. (Only preserved
in excerpts.) (Chief sources ; Aelius Dionysius' MOUO-IK?)
iVropi'a, and Herennios Philon.) Cf. Kr., p. no ff.
c. Photios, c. 820-c. 891.
(i). Bi/3Xio0J7K?7 or Mupid/3t/3Xoi/ (written before 857).
Contains the excerpts and criticisms of 280 books read
by the author while ambassador to Assyria.
(2). Ae^ecuv awayayf] (based on Harpocration, Diogeni-
anos, 'ATTIK&V oi/o/iara>j/ Xdyoi of Aelius Dionysius, Pausan-
ias' Ae'^iKoj/ /tara oroi^eto^, Platonic lexicon of Timaeus, and
Boethos, Homeric lexica of Apion, Heliodorus and
Apollonius.
Cf. Kr., pp. 223-33 I Fabricius, Bibl. Gr. X 678-775
d. Constantinos Porphyrogennetos, em peror ( 9 1 2-59, resp. 945).
Encyclopaedia of History, arranged according to subject-
matter (e. g. Tlepl npea/3eieoi/, ?repi eVi/SouXooi/ Kara f3a<ri\fa>v yeyov-
vttov, Trepi o-rparT/y^/xarooj/, Trepl 8rjfj.r)yopt£>v), With the original
chapters of earlier historians bearing upon the respective
subjects. Cf. Kr., pp. 59-69.
e. Suidas.
Lexicon (compiled not later than 976 A. D. First cited
by Eustathius). A colossal monument of erudition, not-
withstanding many instances of gross carelessness. The
sources of Suidas have as yet been determined with only
partial accuracy, but he seems to have derived, though
generally only at second hand, the bulk of his material
from the following :
a. Lexica : Harpocration, Aelius Dionysius, Pausanias,
Helladios, Eudemos, rXwao-at to Herodotus, and above
all, Hesychios (cf. Suidas S. V. 'ov eVtroyu); eVn rovro r6
/'), Lexica to Euripides, Menander, Callirnachus.
28
j3. Scholia and Commentaries to : Aristophanes (in a more
complete form than the extant scholia), Sophocles
(Oed. Col., Oed. Tyr., Aiax), Homer (similar to those
of the Venetus B), Thucydides, Philoponus and Alex-
ander of Aphrodisias to Aristotle.
y. Histories : Herodotus, Thucydides, Xenophon's Ana-
basis, Polybius, Josephus, Arrian, Aelian (probably
from Constantinos' Encyclopaedia), Lucian.
d. Literary and Biographical material: Hesychios (see
above), Athenaeus (bks. I and II in their unepitomized
form). Whether the colossal work of Philon of By bios
(see above) was known to Suidas at first hand is very
doubtful. Strabo is completely ignored.
Cf. Fabridus, Bibliotheca Graeca, VI 389-595; G. Bern hardy, Suidae
Lexicon, I, Prolegomena, pp. 25-95 ; Kr., pp. 261-67.
f. Johannes Tzetzes, c. iiio-c. 1185.
(i). Bi'/3Xos lo-Topi&v (Chiliades), in 12,674 political verses.
(2). Allegories to the Iliad and Odyssee, 10,000 verses.
*O "Op.i]pos 6 TTiivcrofyos, f] daXao'tra raw Xoyooi/. Homeric myth-
ology interpreted allegorically after the manner of
Euhemerus.
(3). Commentary to the Iliad.
(4). Carmina Iliaca (Antehomerica, Homerica, Postho-
merica).
(5). Scholia to Hesiod's Works and Days, and the Shield
of Heracles.
(6). Scholia to Aristophanes' Plutos, Clouds, Frogs, and
arguments to the Knights and Birds.
Cf. Ritschl (Keil), Opusc. I 1-172, 197-237.
(7). Scholia to Lycophrorts Alexandra.
Invaluable as the only extant key to the understanding
of this enigmatical poem.
(8). Scholia to the Halieutica of Oppian, and the Theriaca
and Alexipharmaca of Nicandros.
(9). Epitome of the Rhetoric of Hermogenes.
(lO). Ilept TO)V €V TOLS (TTL^OIS p.€Tp(tiV aTTU.VT(£>V, (TTL^Ol 776/31 &ia(f)Opa.S
noirjTtov, 'ia/jiSoi. T€j(tftKoi Trept Kco/^cwSi'ay, Trepi rpnyiKrjs KOirjo-toas.
Cf. Kr., pp. 245-43.
g. Eustathios, Archbishop of Thessalonice (floruit 1175).
(i). Commentary to the Iliad and Odyssee.
Invaluable repository of ancient learning.
29
Principal sources : Homeric scholia, Athenaeus,Strabo,
Stephanus of Byzantium, Aristophanes of Byzantium,
Heraclides of Miletos, and two works by Suetonius
(written in Greek) ; Aelios Dionysius, Pausanias, and
rhetorical lexica, Suidas and the Etymologicum Magnum.
(2). Paraphrase and scholia to Dionysius Periegetes.
(3). Commentary to Pindar (only a valuable preface pre-
served).
Cf. Kr., pp. 242-47; Fabricius, 1. c., I 457-501.
h. Maximus Planudes, 1260-1310.
(l). Ilepi ypa/jifj.aTiKJ]s, Trepl (rvvrd^fcos.
(2). Scholia to Theocritos and Hermogenes.
(3). 2uj/ayo>y7/ exAe-yeto-a inro dia<f)6p<£V /3i/3XiW, Containing 6X-
cerpts, e. g., from Plato, Aristotle, Strabo, Pausanias,
Dio Cassius.
(4). Anthologia Planudea.
The Anthologia Palatina was not discovered till 1607
by Salmasius. Grotius' celebrated translation is based
upon the Planudean collection.
(5). Translations from Latin into Greek.
a. Caesar, De bello Gallico.v
ft. Cicero, Somnium Scipionis.
y. Disticha Catonis.
d. Ovid, Metamorphoses.
e. Ovid, Heroides. On the basis of a very valuable MS
now lost.
Cf. A. G. in Calvary's Berl. Stud. VIII 3, pp. 90 (1888).
£. Boethius, De consolatione philosophiae (his master-
piece).
Cf. M. Treu, Comment, to Planudis Epistulae, Breslau, 1890; A. G. in
Proc. Am. Philol. Assoc. XX, p. 6 ff.; Kr., p. 248 f.
i. Manuel Moschopulos (pupil of Planudes).
a. 'Epa>ri?/Liara yp a/z/zariKa. Of vast pedagogical influence
toward the spread of Greek studies in the Renaissance.
The famous grammar of Melanchthon is essentially a
reproduction of the 'E/xar^/zara. Cf. L. Voltz, Jahrb. f.
Phil., 139 (1889), p. 579 ff.
30
0. Scholia to the Iliad, bks. I and II. Hesiod, Pindar's
Olymp. Odes, Euripides, Theocritos.
Cf. K. Hartf elder, Philipp Melanchthon, Berl. 1889, p. 225 ; M. Treu,
1. c., pp. 208-12 ; Kr., p. 251 f.
k. Thomas Magister (contemporary of/).
(l). ExXoyi) ovop-ardiv KOL pr}p.aTd)v ATTIKWV.
(2). Scholia to Aesch., Soph., Eurip., to three comedies of
Aristophanes.
Cf. Fr. Ritsckl, Thomae Magistri ecloga, Halle, 1832, with exhaustive
Prolegomena ; Kr., p. 253 f.
/. Demetrius Triklinios (beginning of 14. cent.)
The foremost text critic among Byzantian philologians.
Notable contributions to Greek versification.
Cf. Wilamowitz, Eur. Heracl. I 194 f.; Hermes, 25, pp. 161-70.
(i). Scholia to Pindar, and two metrical dissertations, and
one of the extant paraphrases to Pindar (Lehrs, Pindar-
scholien, p. 78).
(2). Text edition, with scholia to Sophocles.
(3). Scholia to five plays of Aeschylos (except Choephoroe
and Supplices). Preserved in Triklinios' own hand-
writing.
(4). Scholia to Hesiod, Aristophanes and Theocritos. Cf.
Kr., p. 256 ff.
2. THE MIDDLE AGES IN W. EUROPE.
Copying of MSS in monasteries.
Cf. A. H. L. Heeren, Gesch. des Stud, der class. Literal, seit d. Wieder-
aufleben d. Wissensch., vol. I, Introduct., pp. 1—308; IV. Wattenbach,
Schriftwesen im Mittelalter, i8752; Anleit. z. griech. Palaeographie, i8772;
Anleit. z. lat. Palaeog. i8864; Th. Birt, Das antike Buchwesen, Berlin,
1882 ; A. Ebert, Allgem. Gesch. der Liter, des Mittelalters, 3 vols., i8872 ;
Bernhardy, I4, p. 716 ff.; E. Hiibner, Encyclop., pp. 56-64.
LIST OF SOME OF THE OLDEST CLASSICAL MSS.
Greek.
a. Fragments of Euripides' Antiope and Plato's Phaedo, 250
B. C. (Flinder's Petrie Papyri, ed. Mahaffy, Dublin Acad.
1890.) The oldest specimens of a classical text known.
b. A few lines of the XL Iliad (ante-Aristarchean and non-
Zenodotean), 240 B. C. Most of the following dates are only
conjectural.
c. Louvre fragments of Euripides, 2. cent. B. C.
d. Alcman, 2.-i. cent. B. C.
<?. Iliad fragments (Banks, Harris), 2. cent. B. C.
f. Papyri from Herculaneum, 79 A. D. (Epicurus, Pbilodemos,
etc.)
g. Aristotle, 'bOrivaiatv IIoAireia, \ t A D
h. Herodas, Mimiambi. /
/. Four speeches of Hyper eides, 150 A. D.
k. Berlin fragm. of the Melanippe of Euripides, $.-4. cent.
/. Papyrus fragm. of Isocrales, 4. cent.
m. Cod. Ambrosianus of the Iliad. ~\
n. Cod. Vaticanus of Cassius Dio.
o. Euripides' Phaeton and Menander, fragm. ^ 5*
p. Fragm. of Arist. Birds.
2. Latin.
a. Fragm. of Seneca, i. cent.
b. Seven oldest MSS of Virgil, $-$. cent.
c. Fragm. of Sallusfs Historiae, 3.~4, cent.
d. Codex Bembinus of Terence, 4.~5. cent.
e. Codex Sessorianus of Pliny, N. H. 23-25, 5. cent.
f. Codex Puteaneus of Livy, 6.-y. cent.
g. Palimpsesti.
a. luvenal and Persius, fragm. in cod. Vatic., 3--4- cent.
j3. Codex Veronensis and cod. Vaticanus of Livy.
y. Lucan (Vienna, Naples, Rome), 4. cent.
d. Cicero's De republica, ^.-5. cent.
c. Cicero's Speeches in Verrem, fragm. in cod. Vatic., 5. cent.
£. Plauius (cod. Ambrosianus), 5.-6. cent.
r). Gellius and Seneca, fragm., 5. -6. cent.
6. Pronto, fragm., 4.-6. cent.
t. Livy, fragm. (Vienna), 5. cent.
Cf. E. Hiibner, Encyclop., pp. 45-54.
IV. THE REVIVAL OF LEARNING IN ITALY.
Cf. G. Voigt, Die Wiederbelebung des class. Alterthums, 2 vols., Berlin,
i88i2;/. A. Symonds, Renaissance in Italy (vol. II. The Revival of
Learning), 1877; /. Burkhardt, Die Cultur der Renaissance in Italien,
i88s5; D. Comparetti, Virgilio nel medio evo, 2 vols., Livorno, 1872 ; F.
A. Eckstein, Nomenclator philologorum, Lpz. 1871, pp. 656 ; W. P6kel,
Philolog. Schriftstellerlexicon, Lpz. 1882.
(A). GREEK IMMIGRANTS.
Cf. H. Hodius, De Graecis illustr. linguae Graecae litterarumque hu-
maniorum instauratoribus, London, 1742; Bernhardy, 1* 730 ff.
32
(i). Manuel Chrysoloras, 1350-1415.
In Florence in 1396, thereafter in Pavia, Venice, Rome.
Died in Germany. Niccoli, Bruni, Marsuppini, Traversari
among his pupils.
a. 'EpeoT77/iara rrjs 'EXXrjviKrjS.
b. Verbatim translation of Plato's Republic.
Cf. Voigt, I 225-35 ; Symonds, p. 108 ff.
(2). Georgios Gemisthios Plethon, 1355-1452.
Famous Platonist. Voigt, II 119-22; Symonds, pp.
198-210.
(3). Bessarion, 1403-72.
Pupil of Plethon. Famous library of 800 MSS bequeathed
to Venice (the foundation of the St. Marcus Library).
Translator of Arist. Metaphysics, Xenophoris Memorabilia.
For a list of his works cf. Fabricius, X. In general : Voigt, II 124-33 >
Symonds, p. 247 ff.; H. Vast, Le Cardinal Bessarion, Paris, 1879.
(4). Theodorus Gaza, c. I4OO-C. 1478.
a. r panp.ariK.rj «t (ray <oyr).
b. Celebrated translations of: Aristotle, Theophrastus, de
plantis, Aelian, Dionysius, De compositione verborum.
Cicero, Cato and Laelius into Greek.
Cf. Hody, pp. 55-101 ; Voigt, II, p. 145 ff.; L. Stein, Archiv f. Gesch.
der Philosophic, II 3, pp. 426-58.
(5). Demetrius Chalcondylas, 1428-1510.
a. Edition of Homer (ed. pr. 1488), Isocrates, Suidas.
b. JZ(j(0TJ)fJiaTa.
Cf. Hody, pp. 211-26 ; Voigt, I 442.
(6). Constantinos Lascaris (| after 1500).
a. 'Epwrq/zara (Milan, 1476. First Greek book ever printed).
Cf. Voigt, I 371, II 148; A. F. Villemain, Lascaris, Paris, 1825 (Engl.
transl. 1875, London).
(B). ITALIAN HUMANISTS.
(i). Francesco Petrarca, 1304-74.
Discoverer of Cicero's Letters.
Cf. Voigt, I, pp. 12-159 ; Symonds, pp. 69-87 ; Th. Campbell, Life and
Times of Petrarca, i8452; G. KSrting, P. Leben u. Werke, Lpz. 1878.
(2). Giovanni Boccaccio, 1313-75.
a. Genealogia deorum gentilium.
b. De casibus illustrium virorum.
33
c. De claris mulieribus.
d. De montibus, silvis, fontibus, lacubus, fluminibus.
Cf. G. Koerting, B.'s Leben u. Werke, pp. 742, Lpz. 1880 ; Voigt, I, pp.
165-86; Symonds, pp. 87-97, 133.
(3). Colutius Salutatus (Coluccio de Piero de Salutati), 1330-
1406.
Cf. Voigt, I 194-214, II 192, 486 ; Symonds, p. 103 ff.
(4). Leonardo Bruni (Aretinus), 1369-1444.
Celebrated translations of Aristotle, Demosthenes, Plutarch.
Cf. Voigt, I 309 ff., II 165 ff.
(5). Francesco Poggio Bracciolini, 1380-1459.
Discoverer of MSS of Cicero (seven orations), Asconius
Pedianus' Commentary to Cicero's speeches, Plautus (XII
new comedies), a complete Quintilian, Ammianus Marcel-
linus, Aratea, Silius, Manilius, Columella, Frontinus, Nonius,
Probus, Petronius, parts of Lucretius, Valerius Flaccus,
Priscian, Vitruvius, Statius' Silvae [ Tacitus, Dial., Germ.,
Suet, de gramm.].
Cf. Voigt, I 237-62, II 7, 75, 254 ff., 329 ff.; Symonds, p. 134 ff., 230-46 ;
Henzen in C. I. L. VI i (on P.'s contributions to epigraphy).
(6). Victorinus da Feltre, 1379-1447.
Celebrated pedagogue.
Cf. Voigt, I 537 ff; Symonds, pp. 289-97.
(7). Kyriacus of Ancona, i39i-c. 1450.
" I go to awake the dead." Famous collector of inscrip-
tions in Greece and Italy.
Cf. Voigt, I 271-88 ; C. I. L. Ill, p. xxii, 129 ff; E. Hiibner, Rom. Epi-
graphik (= I. Muller's Handbuch, vol. I, p. 475 ff.) ; Symonds, p. 155 ff.
(8). Giovanni Aurisp a, c. 1370-1459.
Famous collector of Greek MSS. Reached Venice in
1423, with 238 vols., containing mostly classical authors
purchased in Constantinople. Among his priceless treas-
ures were the celebrated codex Laurentianus (seven plays
of Soph., six of Aesch.; Apollonius, Argonautica), of the
X. cent., now in Florence; the entire Demosthenes, and
Plato, Xenophon, Diodorus, Strabo, Arrian, Lucian, Dio
Cassius.
Cf. Voigt, I 262 ff , 560 ff, II 348. /?£&& L!B^4fev
' UNIVJEBSITY '
34
(9). Francesco Filelfo (Philelphus), 1398-1481.
Itinerant professor; collector of MSS. Translator of
Homer.
Cf. Voigt, I 351-69; Symonds, pp. 267-89.
(10). Laurentius Valla (Lorenzo della Valle), 1407-57.
a. Elegantiae Latini sermonis, 1444. 59. edit, in 1536.
Still useful.
b. Translations : Herodotus, Thucydides, Homer.
c. Edition of Quintilian, printed 1494.
Cf. /. Vahlen, Lorenzo Valla, Vienna, 1870; Voigt, I 464-80, II 181 f.;
Symonds, pp. 258-65.
(n). Marsilius Ficinus (Marsiglio Ficino), 1433-99.
Famous translation of Plato.
Cf. Creuzer, Opusc. II 5, pp. 10-21 ; Voigt, II 123, 326 ; Symonds, p.
324 ff.
(12). Angelus Politianus (Angiolo de' Ambrosini of Monte
Puliciano), 1454-98.
Praefationes to Homer, Quintilian, Statius' Silvae, Sue-
tonius, Praelectio in Persium. Translation of Callimachusl
Herodianos and Epictetus.
Cf. Heeren, 1. c., II 247-69; Voigt, I 371, II 199 ; Symonds, pp. 345-55.
(13). Petrus Victorius (Pietro Vettori), 1499-1584.
The greatest philologist and critic of the Italian Renais-
sance.
a. Edition of Cicero, with commentary.
b. Edition of Sophocles, with comment, and the scholia,
1547. The Electra published for the first time in 1545.
Aeschylus, 1557.
c. Edition, commentary and translation of Aristotle
(Ethics, Rhetoric, Poetics, de partibus animalium,
Politics).
d. Xenophon's Memorabilia.
e. Terence ; Sallust ; Varro, de re rustica.
f. Demetrius [Phalereus] de elocutione, Dionysius,
Isaeus, Dinarchus, Hipparchus in Arati et Eudoxi
Phaenomena, Clemens Alexandrinus, Porphyrius de
abstinentia.
g. Variae lectiones, 38 bks.
Cf. Bandini, Petri Victorii vita, Florence, 1758; Fr. Creuzer, 1. c., pp.
21-36; H. Kcimmel, Jahn's Jahrb. 95, p. 545 if.; 96, p. 325 ff., 421 ff.
35
A LIST OF THE MORE IMPORTANT EDITIONES PRINCIPES OF
CLASSICAL AUTHORS.
Cf. Chr. Saxe, Onomasticon, 2 vols., 1775-90; /. /. Brunei, Manuel de
Libraire, etc., 8 vols., 1880; F, A. Schweiger, Handbuch d. class. Biblio-
graphic, 2 vols., 1830-34; S. F. G. Hoffmann, Lex. Bibliographicum, 3
vols. (only Greek authors), 1832; L.Hain, Repertorium bibliographicum,
ab arte typographia inventa usque ad a. MD, 4 vols., Paris and Stuttgart,
1838.
i. Greek.
1481. Theocritos (Id. I-XVIII), together with Hesiod, Works
and Days.
1488. Homer (ed. Chalcondylas). Valla's Latin transl. of the
Iliad printed as early as 1474.
1495. Hesiod, Opera omnia (Aldus).
1495-98. Aristotle (Aldus).
1496. Euripides' Med., Hypp., Ale., Androm. (I. Lascaris),
Apollonius (Lascaris), Lucian (in Florence).
1498. Aristophanes (excl. Lys. and Thesm.); Opera omnia.
Basle, 1532.
1499. Aratus(in: Astronomi vett. ap. Aldum).
1500. Callimachus' Hymns (Lascaris).
1502. Herodotus, Thucydides, Sophocles (Aldi).
1503. Euripides' Opera (excl. Electra, edit, by Victorius, 1545,
from Cod. Laurent. 32, 2).
1513. Plato, Oratt. Att. [Hyperides, papyrus discovered 1847].
Pindar (together with Callim., Dionys., Perierg., Ly-
cophron) (Aldus).
1514. Athenaeus (Aldus).
1516. Xenophon (excl. Agesil., Apologia, ndpot, ap. lunta),
Opera omnia, 1525, ap. Aldum ; Strabo (transl. printed
in Rome, 1470), Pausanias.
1518. Aeschylus (Aldus).
1530. Polybius (ap. Vincent. Opsopocus, i. e. Koch). Latin
transl. by Nic. Perrotto (bks. I-V), printed 1473.
1533. Diogenes Laertius (Froben, Basle).
1539. Diodorus (libb. 16-20). Latin transl. (libb. I-V) by
Poggio, 1472.
1544. losephus (Basle).
1548. Cassius Dio (R. Stephanus).
1551. Appian.
1572. Plutarch (H. Stephanus). Latin transl. by Campanus,
1471.
36
2. Latin.
1465. Cicero, de officiis. First printed edition of a classical
author. Cf. art. ' Typography ' in Encycl. Brit. Lac-
tantius (Rome).
1469. Caesar, Virgil, Livy, Lucan, Apuleius, Gellius (Rome).
1470. Persius, luvenal, Martial, Quintilian, Suetonius (Rome).
Tacitus, luvenal, Sallust, Horace (Venice). Terence
(Strassburg).
1471. Ovid (Rome, Bonn), Nepos (Venice).
1472. Plautus (G. Merula), Catullus, Tibullus, Propertius, Sta-
tius (Venice).
1473. Lucretius (Brixiae).
1474. Valerius Flaccus (Bonn).
1475. Seneca (Prose Works), Sallust (first volume issued in
octavo].
1484. Seneca (Tragedies) at Ferrara.
1485. Pliny the Younger (Venice).
1498. Cicero, Opera omnia.
1520. Veil. Paterculus (Beatus Rhenanus, Basle). Only one
MS in existence.
V. FRANCE.
Cf. E. Egger, L'Hellenisme en France, 2 vols. 1869.
(i) Robert Etienne (Stephanus), 1503-69.
Learned printer of classical authors, e. g. Horace, Diony-
sius Halic. Dio Cassius. Thesaurus linguae Latinae,
(2) HENRI ETIENNE, son of Robert, 1528-98.
For a list of the extremely numerous editions of this
famous printer cf. L. Feug£re, Essai sur la vie et les
ouvrages de H. E., Paris, 1853. Cp. also Pokel, 1. c. sub
nomine.
Thesaurus graecae linguae, 5 vols., 1572; re-edited by
Dindorf, 1865. Still the most complete lexicon of
Greek published.
Cf. Egger, 1. c. p. 198 ff.
(3) Adrien Turnebous (Turnebus), 1512-65.
Celebrated critic. Editor e. g. Aesch. Soph., Arist.
Ethics, Theophrastus, Philo., Cicero, de legg. Commen-
taries to Varro, de ling. Lat., and Horace, Adversaria, 30
bks. Cf. Pokel s. v.
37
(4) DENIS LAMBIN (Dionysius Lambinus), 1520-72.
Famous commentator and critic of Horace, Cicero, Lu-
cretius, Plautus, Nepos.
Cf. Orelli, Onomasticon Ciceronis, vol. I, Appendix, pp. 478-91.
(5) MARCUS ANTONIUS MURETUS, 1526-85.
Renowned Latin stylist and critic.
Editions and commentaries to Terence, Catullus, Tibul-
lus, Propertius, Seneca; Cicero, Philippics. Variae
lectiones.
Cf. Opera omnia, ed. D. Ruhnken, 4 vols. 1789 (Life in vol. IV, pp. 518-
82), and C. Dejob, M. A. Muret, Paris, 1881 (IV pp. 496).
On Scaliger, see below.
(6) ISAAC CASAUBON (Casaubonus), 1559-1614.
Next to Scaliger the greatest TroXinorcop of his time.
a. De Satyrica Graeca poesi et Romanorum satira, 1605
(ed. Rambach, Halle, 1774).
b. Editions and commentaries :
a. Theophrastus, Characters. 1592.
£. Athenaeus, 1598. i84O8 (incorporated into Schweig-
hauser's edition).
y. Persius, 1605. 1833*.
d. Suetonius, 1595. i6n3 (cf. F. A. Wolff's edition).
e. Polybius, 1609. (Especially noteworthy for its introduc-
tion on Greek historiography.}
£. Apuleius, Strabon, Polyaenos (ed. pr.) Histor. Aug.
Script., Aristophanes.
77. Exegetical and critical contributions to Dionysius Halic.,
Pliny the Younger, Theocritos, Diogenes Laertius.
Cf. Mark Pattison, Isaac Casaubon, Oxford, i8g22 (ed. Nettleship).
On Salmasius, see below.
(7) Charles du Fresne sieur du Cange, 1610-88.
a. Glossarium ad scriptores mediae et infimae Latinitatis,
1678.
b. Glossarium ad scriptores mediae et infimae Graecitatis,
1688.
c. Edition of Byzantian Historians, 1680.
Cf. Hardouin, Essai sur la vie et les ouvrages de du Cange, Paris, 1849.
(8) Bernhard de Montfaucon, 1655-1741.
Cf. E. de Broglie, La societe de 1'abbaye de Saint-Germain, etc., 1891,
2 vols.
38
a. Palaeographia Graeca, 1708 f.
b. L'antiquite* explique"e et repre"sente*e en figures, 10 vols.
fol. (1719), Suppl. 5 vols. fol. (1724). 1757*.
VI. THE NETHERLANDS.
Cf. L. Miiller, Gesch. der class. Philologie in den Niederlanden, Lpz.
1869 (pp. 249).
Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam, 1465-1536.
Cf. R. B. Drummond, E., his Life and Character, 2 vols., London, 1873 '»
L. Feugere, Erasme, Paris, 1874; A. R. Pennington, Life and Character
of E., London, 1875 ; Pokel, 1. c. p. 71 f.; Adagiorum Chiliades (1506).
1. FIRST PERIOD, 1530-75.
(i; Adriaan de Jonghe (Hadrianus Junius), 1511-75.
Plutarch, Symp., Martial, Nonius Marcellus, Animad-
versiones, 6 bks. — nomenclator octilinguis.
(2) Jacob de Crusque (Cruquius), 11584.
Editor of Horace with scholia, 1578.
(3) Wilhelm Canter, 1541-75.
Editions of Aesch., Soph., Eur., Aristides, Stobaeus.
Transl. of Lycophron's Alexander (in Scaliger's edition).
2. SECOND PERIOD, 1575-1650.
Foundation of the University of Leiden, 1575; Utrecht,
1636. Cf. L. Miiller, p. 5 ff. Characteristic of the period.
(1) JUSTUS LIPSIUS, 1547-1606.
1567 in Rome, 1572 Professor in Jena, 1576 in Lowen,
7579 in Leiden, 1592 in Lowen.
a. TACITUS, 1574'. Epoch-making masterpiece.
b. Velleius Paterculus^ 1591. Cf. Ruhnken, Opusc. II,
P- 54i-
c. Seneca Philosophus, 1605.
d. Valerius Maximus.
Cf. A. de Reiffenberg, De J. L. vita et scriptis commentarius, Brussels,
1823 ; L. Miiller, pp. 24-29, 33-35.
(2) JOSEPH JUSTUS SCALIGER, 1540-1609.
One of the greatest scholars of all times. Wyttenbach,
Praef. ad Plut. Moralia ' Unus forte Joseph Scaliger, quern
ex omnibus qui post renatas Literas fuerunt, omni Anti-
quitatis scientia consumatissimum fuisse constat, non mul-
tum ab hac perfectione abfuit.' Born in France. Called
to Leiden in 1593.
39
a. Coniectanea to Varro, De L. L., 1565.
b. Catalecta Virgilii et aliorum poetarum veterum, 1572.
c. FESTUS, 1575.
d. Catullus, Tibullus, Propertius, 1577.
e. Manilius, 1579.
/. DE EMENDATIONE TEMPORUM, 1583.
g. THESAURUS TEMPORUM, 1606.
h. TWENTY-FOUR INDEXES TO GRUTER'S THESAURUS
INSCRIPT. LATIN., 1601.
i. De re nummaria, 1616 ; Opuscula, 1610; De arte critica,
1619.
Cf. J. Bernays, J. J. Scaliger, Berlin, 1855 (pp. 319); List of works,
1. c. p. 267-305 ; L. Milller, pp. 35, 222-7 ; M. Pattison, The Lives of the
two Scaligers, London, 1856; Ruhnkenius, Elog. Hemsterhusii (Opusc. I
269).
(3) Gerhard Johannes Vossius, 1577-1649.
1615 in Leiden, 1622 in Amsterdam.
a. Grammatica Latina (1607), Aristarchus (1635), de vitiis
sermonis (1640), Etymologicum (1660).
b. Ars rhetorum, de arte poetica (1647).
c. DE HISTORICIS GRAECIS, 1634 (1833 ed. Westermann).
d. De historicis Latinis, 1627.
Cf. L. Miiller, p. 39 f. ; Pokel, s. v.
(4) Daniel Heinsius, 1581-1639.
Editor of Hesiod, Theocritos, Terence, Virgil, Horace,
Ovid, Seneca, Silius. Cf. L. Muller, p. 38 f.
(5) Claude de Saumaise (^Salmasius), 1588-1653.
Professor in Leiden, 1631. At the court of Christina of
Sweden, 1650. Opponent of Milton. Discoverer of Ke-
phalas' Anthologia, 1606.
" Non homini sed scientiae deest quod nescivit Salma-
sius." — Balzac.
a. Hist. Aug. Scriptt. 1620; P'lorus, 1609; Tertullian.
b. Plinianae exercitatt. in Solinum, 1629.
c. De lingua hellenistica, 1643.
d. De usuris, de mutuo, de annis climactericis.
e De re militari Romanorum, 1657.
Cf. Saxe, Onomast. IV 188 ff . ; F. Creuzer, 1. c. pp. 65-75 ; L. Muller,
p. 41.
(6) Hugo Grotius, 1583-1645.
a. Famous transl. of the Ant hoi. Planudea, 1645.
40
b. De iure belli et pads, 1625'.
c. Editions of: Mart. Capella, Lucan's Pharsalia, Silius
Italicus.
Cf. Creuzer, 1. c. p. 80 ff. ; L. Muller, p. 38 ; Pokel. s. v.
3. THIRD PERIOD, 1650-1750.
(1) Job. Friedrich Gronov, 1611-1671.
Editor of: Sallust, Seneca the elder, Plinius, Tacitus,
Gellius, Justinus, Plautus, Phaedrus, Statius, Martial.
Cf. L. Muller, pp. 42-44.
(2) Jacob Gronov, 1645-1716, son of (i).
a. Editor of: Herodotus, Polybius, Cicero, Ammianus.
b. Thesaurus Antiquitatum Graecarum, 13 vols., 1702.
(3) Nicolaus Heinsius (son of Daniel H.), 1620-81.
Editions and commentaries of: Virgil, Ovid, Valerius
Flaccus, Silius, Claudianus, Prudentius, Petronius,
Velleius, Curtius, Tacitus. Cf. L. Muller, pp. 51-54.
(4) Joh. Georg Graevius, 1623-1703.
Editor of: Cicero, Opera omnia, Hesiod, Callimachus,
Justinus, Catullus, Tibullus, Propertius, Florus. The-
saurus antiquitatum Romanorum, 12 vols., 1699. Cf.
L. Muller, p. 44 f.
(5) Ezechiel Spanheim, 1629-1710.
Born in Geneva, died in London. Educated in Leiden.
a. Famous and still useful commentary to the Hymns of
Callimachus, ed. Ernesti, 1761, in 2 vols.
b. Dissertatio de usu et praestanlia numismatum antiquo-
rum, 1664, I7o63.
Cf. D. Ruhnken, Opusc. II 596 f.
(6) Peter Burmann the elder, 1668-1741.
Editor of: Petronius, Velleius, Quintilian, Suetonius,
Aristophanes, Phaedrus, Lucan, Valerius Flaccus.
Cf. L. Muller, pp. 45, f. 54-59 ; Saxe, Onomast. V pp. 466-77.
(7) Peter Burmann [Secundus], nephew of (6), 1714-78.
Editor of: Virgil, Propertius, Claudianus, Poetae Mi-
nores, Anthologia Lalina.
Cf. T. C. Harles, Vitae Philologorum nostra aetate clarissimorum, vol.
I, pp. 93-167.
(8) Tiberius Hemsterhuis (HEMSTERHUSIUS), 1685-1766.
Prof, in Franeker 1717, in Leiden 1740.
41
Edition of Pollux, Lucian and Aristoph. Plutos.
Cf. D. Ruhnken, Elogium H. (= Opusc. I 238 ff.) ; L. Muller, pp. 74-82.
4. FOURTH PERIOD, 1750 to the present.
(1) Ludwig Caspar Valckenaer, 1750-85.
Prof, in Franeker, 1741 ; in Leiden, 1766.
a. Editions of: Homer, Iliad with scholia, 1747.
EURIPIDIS PHOENISSAE, 1755 (1824*, Lpz. 2 vols.).
Euripidis Hippol. acced. DIATRIBE IN EUR. PERDIT.
FABB. RELL. 1768 (1823, LpZ. 2 vols.).
THEOCRITOS, Bion and Moschus, 1781. Poetae bucolici
et didactici ed. ill. 1781.
Callimachi fragmenta, ed. Luzac, 1799.
b. DIATRIBE DE ARISTOBULO ed. Luzac, 1806.
F. Ursinus, Vergilius collatione scriptt. Graec. illustr. ed.
Valck, 1747.
Cf. Wyttenbach, Opusc. I 796; L. Muller, p. 82 f.
(2) David Ruhneken (RHUNKENIUS), 1723-98.
Prof, at Leiden.
a. Timaei lexicon vocum Platonicarum, 1754 (i8334).
b. Oratio de doctore umbratico, Leiden, 1761.
c. Historia critica oratorum Graecorum, 1768 (Lpz. 1841).
d. (P. J. Schardam) De vita et scriptis Longini.
e. Velleius, Homeric Hymns to Demeter and Dionysos.
f. Dictata in Terentium, in Ovidii Heroidas, in Suetonium.
Cf. D. Wyttenbach, Vita D. Ruhnkenii, ed. Bergmann, 1824; L. Muller,
pp. 84-8, 101-3.
(3) Daniel Wyttenbach, 1746-1820.
a. PLUTARCHI MORALIA (Text, Animadversiones, index,
14 vols.; Commentary unfinished), 1795-1820. Plato's
Phaedo.
b, Philomathia, 3 vols., 1817. Bibliotheca Critica, 1779-
1809. Vita Ruhnkenii, 1790, pp. 295.
Cf. L. Muller, pp. 91-6.
(4) Peter Hofmann-Peerlkamp, 1786-1865.
Editions of: Tacitus' Agricola, Horace, Odes (1834),
Satires (1845) and Ars Poetica (1863), Virgil, Aeneid
(1863). Propertius, 1865. Cf. L. Muller, p. no f.
(5) C. Gabriel Cobet, 1813-88.
Prof, in Leiden.
42
a. Oratio de arte interpretandi, 1847.
b. Diogenes Laertius, Paris, 1850.
c. Novae Lectiones, 2 vols. Variae Lectiones, 2 vols.
Cf. J. J. Hartmann, Biogr. Jahrbuch (Calvary), XII p. 53 ff. (1889).
VII. ENGLAND.
Burney's Pleiad : Bentley, [Dawes,] Markland, Taylor, [Toup,
Tyrwhitt,] Porson.
(1) RICHARD BENTLEY, 1662-1742.
1676 in Cambridge, 1689 in Oxford, 1694 m London,
1700 Master of Trinity College, Cambridge.
a. Epistola ad Millitim, 1691.
b. DISSERTATION ON THE EPISTLES OF PHALARIS, etc.,
1690 (ed. W. Wagner, 1874). Immortal masterpiece.
c. HORACE, 1711. 1869 (ed. Zangemeister). 'Epoch-
making masterpiece.'
d. Discovery of the Digamma in Homer (Collins on Free-
thinking, 1713, ed. of Milton, 1732).
e. Terence (Famous introduction on Latin versification],
with Phaedrus, Publilius Syrus, 1726.
/. Collection of the fragments of CALLIMACHUS, 1693.
g. Manilius (1739); Emendations to Menander and Phile-
mon (1710).
Cf. /. H. Monk, Life of R. B., 2 vols. 1833* (I pp. 428, II 466) ; F. A.
Wolff, Literar. Analecten I 1-95, II 493-9 (= Klein. Schrift. II 1030,
1089 ff.) ; R. C.Jebb, R. B. (Engl. Men of Letters), Lond. 1882 (pp. 224):
O. Mdhly, R. B., 1868 (pp. 179). Bernays, Philol. Mus. VIII 1-24.
(2) Jeremiah Markland^ 1693-1776.
Editor of Euripides, Maximus Tyrius, Statins Silvae.
Remarks on the Epistles of Cicero to Brutus, 1745.
Cf. Wolff, Analecten, II 370-91.
(3) John Taylor, 1703-66.
Editor of Lysias, 1739; Aeschines, 1769; several orations
of Demosthenes.
Cf. Wolff, 1. c. I 500 ff.
(4) RICHARD PORSON, 1759-1808.
Next to Bentley, England's greatest text critic. Prof, in
Cambridge, 1792 ; Librarian of the London Institu-
tion, 1805.
a. Aeschylus, 1795, 2 vols.
43
b. EURIP. HECUBA, 1797, withsuppl. to the famous preface
on Greek versification [Canon Porsonianum], 1808.
c. Eurip. Orest. 1798; Phoen. 1799; Medea, 1801.
d. Critical contributions to Homer, Herodotus, Xenophon,
Aristoph., Pausanias, Suidas (cf. Tracts and Miscella-
neous Criticism of R. P., ed. by Kidd, 1815).
Cf. /. S. Watson, Life of R. P., 1861 ; F. A. Wolff, Anal. II 284-9 I
G. Hermann, Opusc. VI 92 ff.
(5) Peter Elmsley, 1713-1825.
Editions of: Thucydides, Eurip., Ale., Androm., Elect.,
Med., HeracL, Bacch., Aristoph., Acharn., with com-
ment., 1809. Soph., O. T., O. C.
(6) William Martin Leake, 1777-1869.
Celebrated traveler and archaeologist.
a. Topography of Athens and the demi.
b. Travels in Northern Greece, 1841, 4 vols.
c. Travels in the Morea, 1830, 2 vols.
Cf. £. Curtius, Alterthum u. Gegenwart, p. 305 ff.
(7) Thomas Gaisford, 1779-1855.
Edition of: Hephaestion, Prodi Chrestom., Suidas, 3
vols., Scriptt. lat. rei metricae, Paroemiogr. Grace.,
Etymol. Magn., Slobaeus, Eusebius, 6 vols.
(8) George Grote, 1794-1871.
a. GREEK HISTORY, 12 vols., 1856.
b. Plato and the other companions of Socrates, 1865.
c. Aristotle (unfinished), 1871.
(9) Hugh Andrew Johnstone Munro, 1819-85.
a. LUCRETIUS (text, comment, transl.), 3 vols., 1873.
i8864.
b. Lucil. Aetna, text and comment., 1867.
c. Horace, 1869.
d. Criticisms and Elucidations of Catullus, 1878.
Cf. J. D. Duff, Biogr. Jahrb. VII p. in ff.
VIII. GERMANY.
Chief work : C. Bursian, Geschichte der class. Philologie von den
Anfangen bis zur Gegenwart, Munich, 1883 (VIII pp. 1271); Hiibner,
1. c. pp. 99-121.
ANTE-WOLFFIAN PERIOD.
(i) Roclef Huysrnan (Rudolphus Agricold), 1442/3-85.
44
Famous pedagogue. The first to introduce the system-
atic study of the classics into Germany. Translation
of Ps. Plato, Axiochus, several treatises of Lucian,
Commentary to Seneca Rhetor.
Cf. Bursian, p. 101 f.
(2) Johannes REUCHLIN, 1455-1522.
a. Vocabularius breviloquus, synopsis grammaticae
Graecae.
b. Translation of the Batrachomyomachia.
c. Editions of: Xenophon, Apol. Agesil. Hiero ; Aeschinis
et Demosthenis oratt. adversariae.
Cf. L. Geiger, R., sein Leben u. seine Werke, Berl. 1871 ; Bursian, pp.
120-31.
(3) Joachim Kammermeister (Camerarius), 1500-74.
a. Editions of: Speeches of Demosth., Sophocles, with
commentary (1534, 1556), Quintilian, with comment.
(1534), Cicero, 4 vols. fol., 1540, Herodotus, Thucydides,
Plautus (1552), Theocritos, Aristotle's Ethics, Theo-
phrastos, historia rei nummariae.
Cf. Ritschl, Opusc. II 99 ff., Ill 67 ff. (On his edition of Plautus) ;
Bursian, pp. 185-90. Full list of works in Pokel, s. v. p. 39 f.
(4) Johann Albert Fabricius, 1668-1736.
a. Bibliotheca Graeca, 14 vols., 1728 (ed. Harles, 1809, 12
vols., index, 1838). A monumental and still indispensable
storehouse of information.
b. Bibliotheca Latina, 1697 (ed. Ernesti, 1773).
c. Bibliotheca Lat. med. et infim. aetatis, 1746, 6 vols.
d. Sextus Empiricus, 1718.
Cf. H. S. Reimarus, de vita et scriptis F. Hamburg, 1737; Creuzer, pp.
201-5 ! Bursian, pp. 360-4; Pokel, s. v.
(5) Johann Matthias Gesner, 1691-1761.
Editions of: Scriptores reirusticae, Horace, Quintilian,
Pliny the Younger, Claudianus. Thesaurus Linguae
Latinae, 2 vols. fol., 1749. Transl. of Lucian.
Cf. Bursian, pp. 387-93; F. Paulsen, Gesch. d. gelehrt. Unterrichts in
Deutschl., Lpz. 1885, pp. 427-40.
(6) Johann August Ernesti, 1707-81.
Editions of: Xenophon, Memorab., Arist. Clouds, Ho-
mer, Callimachus Polybius, Tacitus, Sueton., Cicero,
AS
1739, 1774, 5 vols., with clavis Ciceroniana (Halle,
1 832*). Famous teacher and Latin stylist.
Cf. Bursian, pp. 400-4 ; Allg. deutsche Biogr. VI 235-42.
(7) Joh. Jacob REISKE, 1716-74.
a. Edition of Constantinos Porphyrogennetos, de cerimo-
niis aulae Byzantinae, 2 vols., 1754.
b. Editions of: Theocritos, 2 vols., 1766 ; Oratt. Graeci,
12 vols., 1775.
(V) Editions of: Plutarch, 12 vols.; Dionysius Halic., 6
vols.; Maximo* Tyrios, 2 vols.; Dion. Chrysostomos, 2
vols. ; Libanios, 4 vols. (all printed after R.'s death).
d. Translation of: Speeches in Thucyd., Speeches of
Dem. and Aesch, 5 vols.
e. Animadversiones ad auctores Graecos, 5 vols., 1766.
Cf. Autobiography, Lpz. 1783 ; Bursian, pp. 407-16.
(8) Johann Joachim WINCKELMANN, 1717-68.
Founder of the science of Archaeology.
Die Geschichte der Kunst des Alterthums, 1764.
Cf. K. Justi, W., sein Leben, seine Werke und seine Zeitgenossen, 3
vols., Lpz., 1872 (pp. xii -j- 525, 398, pp. vi -\- 440); Bursian, pp. 426-36.
(9) Joseph Hilarius ECKHEL, 1737-98.
Founder of the science of Numismatics.
Doctrina nummorum veterum, 8 vols., 1798. 1841*.
Cf. Bursian, pp. 496-99.
(10) Christian Gottlob HEYNE, 1729-1812.
Editions of: Tibullus, 1755; Epictetus, 1756; Virgil,^
vols., 1775 ; Pindar, [Ps.] Apollodori Bibliotheca, 2
vols., 1782, i8o22; Iliad, 8 vols., 1802; Opusc. Aca-
demic a, 6 vols., 1785-1812.
Cf. A. H. L. Heeren, Chr. G. Heyne, Gottingen, 1813 (XXII, pp. 522) ;
Bursian, pp. 476-500.
THE NEW SCHOOL.
Friedrich August WOLFF, 1759 (200 years after Casaubonus)
-1824.
a. Prolegomena to HOMER, 1795. Cp. R. Volckmann,
Geschichte u. Kritik der W.'s Prolegg., Lpz. 1874.
b. Demosthenis Leptinea (valuable introduction), 1790.
46
c. Plato's Symposium, Hesiod, Theogony; Cicero, Tusc.
Disp., Orations (Post red. in senatu, ad Quirites, de
domo sua, de haruspicum responsis, pro Marcello —
regarded as spurious by W.), Aristoph. Clouds, Casau-
bonus' Suetonius.
d. Encyclopaedic der Philologie ed. Stockmann, Lpz. 1831.
e. Kleine Schriften, 2 vols. (pp. 1200), Ed. G. Bernhardy,
1869.
Cf. W. Korte, Leben u. Studien F. A. W.'s des Philologen, 2 vols.,
Essen, 1833 (pp. 363, 314); Bursian, pp. 517-48.
I. Grammatico-critical School.
On Criticism and Hermeneutics :
F. Schleiermacher, Works, III 3, p. 344 ff. ; Hermeneutik u. Kritik,
Works, i pt. VII, 1838 (pp. xviii -f- 390) ; G. Hermann, de officio inter-
pretis, Opusc. V, p. 405 ff., VII 97 ff. ; A. Boeckh, Opusc. I 100 ff, V
248 ff., VII 262 ff., Encyclopaedic, etc., der phil. Wissensch., pp. 79-
263; ff. Sauppe, Epistola Critica; C. G. Cobet, Oratio de arte inter-
pretandi, Leiden, 1847 (pp. 163); J. N. Madvig, Advers. Critica, I
(1871) pp. 8-184; E* Tournier, Exercises critiques, Paris, 1875 (pp. 175);
Fr.Blass, Hermeneutik u. Kritik (Iwan Mailer's Handbuch) I (1886), pp.
125-272.
(1) Gottfried HERMANN, 1772-1848.
a. Editions of: Aeschylus, Soph., Eurip. (Hecuba, Here,
fur. Suppl. Bacchae, Alcestis, Ion), Arist. Clouds, Plan-
tus' Trinummus, Aristotle s Poetics, Homeric Hymns,
Lexicon of Photios, Bion and Moschus.
b. Elementa doctrinae metric ae, 1816.
c. Homeric treatises, 1832, 1840. Opusc., 8 vols., 1827-39.
vol. VIII, 1876.
Cf. O. Jahn, Biogr. Aufsatze, Lpz. 1849 (pp. 91-132); Bursian, p. 575 ff.,
pp. 666-86.
(2) Christian August Lobeck, 1781-1860.
a. Sophocles, Aiax, 1809.
b. Aglaophamus, 2 vols., 1829.
c. Paralipomena grammaticae Graecae, 2 vols., 1837.
Cf. Bursian, p. 572 ff., 711-713.
(3) August Immanuel BEKKER, 1785-1881.
a. Text Editions of: Plato, Attic Orators, Aristotle, Sextus
Empiricus, Thucydides, Theognis, Aristophanes, Photios,
Suidas, Scholia to the Iliad, Cassius Dio, Harpocration,
47
Corpus scriptt. Byzantinorum, 24 vols., Homer (with
digamma in the text), etc., etc.
Cf. Bursian, pp. 658-63; Pokel, s. v.
(4) Karl Lachmann, 1793-1831.
a. Propertius (1816), Catullus, Prop., TibulL, 1829, Teren-
tianus Maurus.
b. BETRACHTUNGEN UBER HOMER'S ILIAS (mit Zusatzen
von M. Haupt), 1837, 1841. ' Epoch-making.'
c. LUCRETIUS, with critical commentary. ' Immortal mas-
terpiece.'
d. Lucilius (ed. Vahlen), Babrios.
Cf. M. Hertz, K. L., Berlin, 1851 (pp. x -f- 255, xliii) ; Bursian, pp. 789-
800.
(5) August Meineke, 1790-1870.
a. Editor of: Strabo, Athenaeus, C3\\\mzc\\\is, Aristophanes,
Fragmenta Comicorum (with HISTORY OF GREEK
COMEDY), 5 vols., 1841 ; Theocritos, Horace (application
of the four-line strophe).
b. Analecta Alexandrina, 1843.
Cf. F. Ranke, A. M., Ein Lebensbild, Lpz. 1871 ; Bursian, pp. 764-9.
(6) Karl Wilhelm 'Dindorf, 1802-71.
a. Editor of: Aristophanes, Poetae scenici graeci, Demos-
thenes, 9 vols., 1846-51, Stephanus Byzantius, Arts-
tides^ Themistios, Lucian, Herodotus, Josephus, Clemens
Alexandrinus, 4 vols., Eusebius, 4 vols.
b. Scholia to Odyssee, 1856; scholia to Iliad, 4 vols., 1877.
c. Lexicon Aeschyleum, Lex. Sophocleum. New edition
of Stephanus' Greek Thesaurus, Metra Aesch., Soph.,
Eur., Aristoph.
Cf. Biogr. Jahrb. VI, 1883, p. 1 12 ff . ; Bursian, pp. 861-70.
(7) Karl Lehrs, 1802-78.
a. DE ARISTARCHI STUDIIS HOMERICIS, 1833 (i8823, pp.
505)-
b. Horace, 1869. Transl. of Plato's Phaedrus and Sympo-
sion.
c. Die Pindarscholien, Lpz. 1873.
Cf. E. Kammer, Biogr. Jahrb. (1879), PP- I5~28| Bursian, pp. 718-24.
(8) FRIEDRICH RITSCHL, 1806-76.
a. PLAUTUS {Trinummus, with famous Prolegg.), Bacchi-
des, PARERGA to Plautus and Terence (Fabulae Varro-
nianae, etc.), Opusc. vol. II (pp. 782), vol. Ill, 1-300.
48
b. On the literary activity of Varro. Opusc. Ill, pp. 419-
592.
c. Aeschylus, Septem, 1853.
d. Priscae latinitatis monumenta epigraphica, 1862.
Opusc. vol. V.
e. On Alexandrian library, Stichometry, etc. Opusc. vol. I.
Cf. L. Muller, F. R., Berlin, 1877 ; 0. Ribbeck, F. W. R., Ein Beitrag
z. Gesch. der Philologie, 2 vols., Lpz. 1881 (pp. vii -\- 348, viii -\- 591) ;
Bursian, pp. 812—40.
(9) Johann Nicolaus MADVIG, 1804-86.
a. De Asconii Pediani comment. 1826.
b. CICERO, DE FINIBUS, 1839,
c. Emendationes Livianae, 1860,
d. Livy, ed. Madvig and Ussing, 1866, iSyg3, 4 vols.
e. Latin Grammar, 1843'. Greek Syntax, 1847.
f. Opusc. Acad. i88y2. Adversaria Critic a > 2 vols., 1873.
g. Die Verfassung u. Verwaltung des rom. Staates.
Complete list of his works in Wochenschr. f. class. Philol. IV (1887)
p. 285. Cf. Heiberg, Biogr. Jahrb. IX (1886) pp. 202-21.
2. Historical- antiquarian School.
Bibliography :
Greek and Roman Literature, Gi-ammar, Poetics, etc. (Hilbner, Encycl.
pp. 140-75), Religion (pp. 175-84), Greek and Roman Antiquities and
History (pp. 184-215, 359-88), Geography (pp. 215-85), Chronology (pp.
286-90), Archaeology (pp. 290-342), Metrology and Numismatics (pp. 342-
51), Epigraphy (pp. 351-59). Cp. also Sal. Reinach, Manuel de philologie
classique, vol. II, Appendice, Paris, 1884 (pp. 310).
(1) Barthold Georg Niebuhr, 1776-1831.
a. ROMAN HISTORY, 3 vols., iSu1.
b. Lectures on Roman History, 3 vols. (Engl. 1843, Germ.
1846).
c. Lectures on Ancient History, 3 vols., 1851.
d. Edition of Fronio, 1816, Fragmm. of Cicero's Speeches.
e. Kleine Schriften, 2 vols., 1828.
Cf. S. Winkworth, The Life and Letters of B. G. N., 3 vols., Lond. 1852 ;
Bursian, pp. 647-63 ; F. Eyssenhardt, B. G. N., Gotha, 1886.
(2) August BOECKH, 1785-1867.
a. De Graecae tragoediae principibus, 1806.
b. Edition of PINDAR, 4 vols., 1811-22.
c. CORPUS INSCRIPTIONUM GRAECARUM, 4 vols.
d. PUBLIC ECONOMY OF ATHENS, 12 vols., 1817', 1886'.
49
e. Philolaos, 1818.
f.~ Metrologische Untersuchungen, 1838; Manetho u. die
Hundsternperiode, 1845; Zur Gesch. der Mondcyclen,
1856; Opuscula, 7 vols., 1874.
g. Encyclopaedic u. Methodologie der Philol. ed. Kluss-
mann, 1886* (pp. 884).
Cf. E. von Leutsch, Philol. Anz. XVI (1886) p. 224 ff. ; Bursian, pp. 687-
705.
(3) Friedrich Gottlieb Welcker, 1784-1868.
a. Die Aeschyleische Trilogie Prometheus, 1824.
b. Theognis, 1826.
- c. Der Epische Cyclus, 2 vols., 1849 (i8822).
d. DIE GRIECH. TRAGOEDIEN, 3 vols. (pp. 1614), 1841.
e. Alte Denkmaler, 5 vols., 1849-64.
f. Griech. Goiterlehre, 3 vols., 1863.
g. Kleine Schriften, 6 vols. (on Sappho, Prodicus, etc.).
Cf. Reinh. Kekule, F. G. W.'s Leben, Lpz. 1880 (pp. 591) ; Bursian, pp.
1029-46.
(4). Karl Ottfried Miiller, 1797-1840.
a. Die Dorier, 1824; Die Etrusker, 1828 (i8782).
b. Archaeologie der Kunst, 1830 (i8784).
c. Aeschylus Eumemden, 1833.
d. Varro, de lingua Latina, 1833.
e. Festus, 1839.
f. History of the Literature of Ancient Greece, Lond.
1840, 3 vols. (i8763 in 3 vols., ed. E. Heitz).
Cf. Bursian, pp. 1007-9; %• Hillebrand, in the French transl. of (d),
vol. I, pp. xvii-ccclxxx, Paris, 1865.
(5) Franz BOPP, 1791-1867.
Founder of the science of comparative philology.
Cf. B. Delbruck, Einl. in das Sprachstudium, Lpz. 1880 ; Lefman, F. B.,
1892.
(6) Gottfried Bernhardy, 1800-75.
a. Eratosthenica, 1822; Dionys. Perieg., 1828; Wissensch.
Syntax, 1829; SUIDAS, 2 vols., 1834-57.
b. Griech. Liter aturgeschichte, 2 vols., 1836-45 (1880).
c. Romische Literaturgesch., 2 vols., 1830 (.i8726).
Cf. R. Volckmann, G. B., Halle, 1887 (pp. 160); Bursian, p. 776.
(7) O.Jahn, 1813-69.
a. Edition and commentary of PERSIUS, 1843 ; Juvenal,
50
1851 ; Cic. Orator, 1851 ; Florus, 1852 ; Livii Periochae,
1853; Soph. Electra, 1861' (i8y22) ; Plato, Symposium,
1864 (1876*); Ps. Longinus iiepi fyovs, 1867 (i88y2).
b. Pausaniae descriptio arcis Athen., 1860 (i88o2).
f. Numerous treatises on archaeology and literature (e. g.,
On the subscriptions in Latin MSS. ' Ueber den Aber-
glauben des bosen Blicks ').
Cf. Bursian, pp. 1070-80.
(8) Theodor MOMMSEN, 1817 — .
a. Rom. Munzwesen, 1850; ROMAN HISTORY, Vols. I-IIP,
V3 (transl. by Dickson) ; Romische Chronologic, 1859;
Rom. Forschungen, 2 vols., ROM. STAATSRECHT, 3 vols.
(pp. 708, 1171, 1336), i8883.
b. CORPUS INSCRIPTIONUM LATINARUM, Vol. I, III, VIII,
IX,
c. Monumentum Ancyranum, 1865'.
d. Zur Lebensgesch. des jungeren Plinius, Hermes III, pp.
31-139, etc., etc.
For a full list of his works up to 1887 cf. C. Zangemeister, Theodor^.
Mommsen als Schriftsteller, Heidelberg, 1887 (pp. 60).
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