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SYLVA  ANTIQUA 
ISCANA, 


OB 

ROMAN  AND  OTHER  ANTIQUITIES  OF  EXETER, 

BEING 

A  Description  and  Elucidation  of  the  numerous  Ancient  Coins, 

Samian  Ware,  and  other  Relics,  lately  discovered  in 

that  venerable  and   interesting  City. 

With  Plates  of  the  most  remarkable  Coins,  and  other  curious  Antiques, 

IToXXSv  0  Kouqoi  ylyverau  Trat^mo;         ■  Vvmixcu  Aia<^* 

Ex  Romanorum  Hibernaculis  magnam  partem  hujusmodi  crevere  urbes,  Hospitia  sell. 
Dlversoria,  Tabemaj,  officinae,  villae,  nliaeque  domus.  quae  militari  usui  voluptatique  Inser- 
vlerunt,  innuraerae  demum  factae,  et  urbis  nomen  et  dignitatem  adeptas  sunt.  Musgravb, 
Belg.  Brit.  cap.  xiv,  p.  172. 

By     W.     T.     P.     S  H  O  R  T  T, 

OF   HSATITREE,  NEAB  BXBTKR. 

Member  of  the  Numismatic  Society  of  London,  and  B.  A.  of  Worcester  College,  Oxford. 


EXETER : 
Printed  and  Published  by  W.C.  FEATIIERSTONR.NewLondon  Inn  Square 

LONDON: 
By  J.  B.  NICHOLS  &  SON,  25,  Parliament  Street 


'^»^ 


-^1 


PRELIMINARY  DISSERTATION.    X^^^J}^ 


In  endeavouring  to  preserye  the  memorials  of  Roman  Antiquity,  discovered  at 
Exeter,  from  destruction,  or  at  least  oblivion,  I  have,  in  the  ensuing  pages,  attempted 
a  few  illustrations  of  ancient  religion,  rites,  manners,  customs,  festivals,  and  other  in- 
teresting matters,  connected  with  explanations  of  numerous  nummological  arcana,  highly- 
interesting  to  the  antiquary. 

It  is  an  established  fact,  that  from  the  numerous  vestiges  of  antiquity,  continually 
and  almost  daily  discovered  in  our  Island,  the  real  site  of  many  Roman  stations,  towns, 
villas,  and  garrisons  may  be  most  distinctly  traced ;  and  it  is  also  as  indisputable, 
from  monuments,  inscriptions  and  camps,  that  the  ancient  Romans  conquered,  at  an 
early  period,  and  kept  military  possession  of  Britain,  for  upwards  of  four  centuries. 
This  is  also  clearly  proved  from  numerous  Classic  Authors,  in  perusing  which  our 
only  regret  is,  that  they  have  treated  our  Island  in  a  vague,  unsatisfactory  manner, 
those  parts  being  frequently  mutilated  and  truncated,  which  are  of  the  utmost  impor- 
tance to  the  history  of  Britain.  Badly  off  should  we  be  indeed,  were  it  not  for  the 
only  good  statistical  account  contained  in  Csesar's  Commentaries, — for  the  excellent 
information  preserved  by  Tacitus  of  what  occurred  in  the  days  of  Nero  and  Vespasian — 
and  his  masterly  campaign  of  Agricola,  against  the  Caledonians  under  Galgacus,  their 
oldest  prototype  of  Wallace  and  Bruce, — for  the  few  fleeting  notices  of  especially 
the  Northern  parts  of  tha  province,  in  the  reign  of  Commodus,  in  Dion  Cassius,  ("  su- 
perficial, vague  and  fugitive"  as  Polwhele  has  designated  them,)  and  his  previoui 
campaigns  of  Claudius.* 

•  The  entire  loss  of  the  description  of  Britain  by  that  excellent  writer  A.  Marcellinus,  who  lived  in  the 
days  of  Julian,  is  great  and  irreparable  ;  so  is  Pliny's  account  of  the  tin  trade,  for  which  some  amends 
have,  however,  bean  made  by  what  Diod.  Siculus  has  left  us  on  the  mines  of  Dumnonium.  We  have 
however  a  great  acquisition,  as  to  Roman  stations,  in  the  Itinerary  of  Antoninus  ( Emp.  Caracalla)  which 
is  extremely  perfect,  ;  in  that  of  Richard,  the  monk  of  Cirencester  ;  and  in  the  worli  of  the  anonymous 
Ravennas.  edited  by  Baxter.  The  Notitia  Imperii,  of  the  days  of  the  sons  of  Theodoslus,  is  a  mighty 
•ad  Invaluable  work  on  the  Military  and  Civil  resources  of  tho  Empire ;  and  the  Codex  neodosianus  of 
the  times  of  the  comparative  decadence  of  the  noble  Mistress  of  the  world,  and  the  reign  of  the  grandson 
of  that  great  prince  (  published  in  3  vols,  folio,  at  Lyons.  1665.)  contains  ao  immense  and  carious  mass  of 
ancient  Roman  jurisprudence  and  civil  polity. 

The  2nd.  Book  of  Ptolemy's  Geography,  on  the  position  of  the  British  island  Albion,  is  happily 
extremely  well  preserved  and  perspicuous.  Pausanias  merely  mentions  Britain  two  or  three  times,  and 
tells  us  that  the  good  folks  of  the  York  ridings  (  Brigantes)  had  been  well  chastised  for  coming  it  too 
much  "  Yorkshire*'  over  the  dear  unsuspecting  people  of  North  Wales,  ( Arcad.  32. 19.)  and  we  might 
almost  pardon  Strabo  for  giving  us  only  two  chapters  onGreat  Britain,  did  he  not  tell  us  that  the  ancient 
Irish  were  cannibals  who  used  to  eat  up  their  fathers  and  mothers  for  supper  when  they  died;  to  say 
nothing  of  a  very  pretty  piece  of  scandal  about  the  Irish  Ladies,  which  considering  the  graces  and  agrt- 
m/nsofthoseof  the  present  day,  we  bop«  for  their  sakes  is  unfounded,  particularly  as  the  Geographer 
himself  does  not  touch  for  the  exact  truth  if  in  iXfivtH  afyonrtuiyulLftmai'-^w^.  Ub  4. 

B 


748 


IV.  PRELIMINARY 

The  loss  of  ancient  authors,  of  the  Alexandrian  library,  of  that  burnt  in  the  Capitol 
in  the  reign  of  Commodus  by  lightning,  and  its  successor,  unfortunately  destroyed  by 
St.  Gregory's  zeal,  about  690,  A.D.,  is  great  and  irreparable. 

The  coins  alone  of  the  Roman  Emperors,  •*  those  savages  on  thrones,"  as  raoit  of 
them  may  be  styled,  which  are  found  in  such  great  numbers  in  this  Province,  (and 
referring  to  present  matters,  in  Exeter  and  its  neighbourhood)  from  the  earlier  times  of 
Claudius  and  Nero,  to  those  of  Gratian  and  Honorius,  would  be  sufficient  proof  of 
locality  and  conquest,  were  even  the  invaluable  pages  of  History  more  scant  than  they 
really  are.  They  are  memorials  of  historical  facts,  as  Dr.  Walsh  observes,  more 
certain,  because  more  "permanent  and  unalterable"  than  the  writings  of  the  Historian 
— "  irresistible  evidences  which  no  future  historian  can  controvert,  and  not  liable  to 
the  corruptions  and  uncertainties  introduced  by  copyists  (often  ignorant  monks)  into 
MSS."  The  Samian  ware  and  Potters'  impresses,  found  in  London  and  Exeter,  are 
valuable  also,  as  establishing  locality,  and  therefore  inestimable.  An  increasing 
taste  for  numismatic  studies  has  sprung  up  of  late  in  this  country,  and  science,  based 
on  that  pursuit,  forms  one  of  the  firmest  foundations  for  the  historian's  researches, 
while  the  value  of  discoveries  made  in  this  department,  is  at  once  apparent  from  every 
account  of  Roman  coins,  in  whatsoever  country  they  have  been  found.  The  greatest 
trudition  is  contained  on  the  reverses  of  ancient  medals ;  they  are,  in  fact,  as  a  distin- 
guished numismatist,  J,  Y  .  A.,  observes  "the  gazettes  which  recorded  the  victories, 
erection  of  temples,  celebration  of  games  and  sacrifices,  and  records  of  traditions,  of 
ancient  people,  which  have  outlived  the  grandeur  of  triumphal  arches,  sacred  fanes, 
and  noble  statues."  The  Roman  bankers  were  good  historians  and  found  both  profit 
and  instruction  inseparably  blended  together. 

The  Imperial  coins  continually  found  at  Exeter,  and  of  late  years  so  frequently 
dug  up  (in  company  with  glazed  pottery  or  Samian  ware,  and  fragments  indicative  of 
urn  burials  or  sepulchral  vases,)  in  removing  old  buildings,  in  the  course  of  the  late 
innovations  in  the  two  great  markets,  and  elsewhere,  cannot  but  please  and  interest 
every  person  possessed  of  taste  and  research,  as  illustrating  the  ancient  state  of  South 
Britain,  and  particularly  that  of  our  own  ancestors,  centuries  previous  to  the  irrup- 
tions of  the  Saxons  and  the  final  expulsion  of  the  Cornish  Britons  by  Athelstan  (  the 
conqueror  of  Anlaf  the  pagan,  952,  A.D.)  from  Exeter,  or  Exeancestre  as  then 
called.  (  Malmesbury ;  Speed,  Chron.  p.  341.)  They  appear  among  us  as  the  ancient 
currency  of  this  part  of  the  Roman  World  ;  and  although  the  majority  of  them  are 
far  from  being  rare,  still  I  must  observe,  that  it  is  not  always  the  case  that  the  rarest 
coins  are  those  which  give  us  the  best  and  most  valuable  information.  It  has  been 
aptly  observed  by  the  illustrious  Johnson,  that  whatever  serves  to  illustrate  the  pre- 
sent or  the  past,  raises  man  in  the  scale  of  being.  The  dialogues  of  the  celebrated 
Addison  are  the  noblest  that  have  been  written  on  the  usefulness  of  ancient  Medals. 
Nothing  can  exceed  the  excellence  and  utility  of  such  works  as  that  on  the  Roman 
coins  relating  to  Britain,  lately  published  by  Mr.  J.  Y.  Akerman ;  his  descriptive 
catalogue  of  rare  and  unedited  Roman  coins,  (not  forgetting  his  Manual,  just  pub- 
lished,) is  one  of  the  most  useful  of  the  Numismatic  productions  of  the  day.  Theefforts 
of  Walker,  Stukely,  Jobert  and  Pinkerton,  in  a  past  age,  are  also  not  to  be  slighted* 
The  rarest  coins  are  not  always,  however,  the  most  instructive.  Every  Roman  coin  is 
of  itself  a  little  record,  be  it  what  it  may,  of  historic  bygone  times. 


DtSSBRTATION*  r« 

Amon^  these  rarities,  the  very  abundant  first  and  second  brau  of  Claudius,  who 
(or  at  least  his  lieutenant)  was  the  first  real  conqueror  of  South  Britain,  most  flrrolj 
and  evidently  points  out  the  formation,  at  a  very  early  period,  fa  bout  51  A.  D., 
probably,)  of  a  hardy  colony  of  veterans  in  this  city.  This  was  possibly  when  Ves- 
pasian conquered  the  South,  some  time  after  the  decisive  victory  achieved  by  Osto- 
mus  Scapula,  on  Coxwall  Knoll,  (  near  Brampton  Brian,  in  Herefordshire,)  over  the 
Britons,  headed  by  Caractacus  ;  and  veterans  probably  were  then  planted  in  thesa 
parts.  It  is  perhaps  to  be  regretted,  that  these  and  others  are  so  frequently  of  th« 
kind  found  in  Roman  military  stations  and  camps,  and  that  their  reverses  do  not 
always  tend  to  illustrate  the  conquest  of  the  south  of  Britain,  by  the  Claudian  legions 
under  Vespasian,  or  to  personify  the  island  itself  more  particularly;  as  very  admir- 
able ones  of  that  Emperor,  as  well  as  of  Hadrian  exist,  which  forcibly  bespeak  the 
"Great  of  old"  in  South  Britain.  Still  with  "  their  rugged  forms  and  front  severe," 
for  many  of  them  are  more  or  less  "  spoiled  by  the  rapine  of  time,"  they  mock  "obli- 
vion's sway,"  and  talk  to  us  yet  of  "cohorts  and  turms"  with  their  centurions  "In 
long  file  ;"  and  the  glorious  march  of  a  Cesar's  soldiery,  "  red  battle  hurtliag  as  they 
pass,"  as  at  Wookey,  in  Somerset,  where,  probably,  as  antiquaries  tell,  a  great  vic- 
tory was  gained  over  the  Britons,  Coins  are  also  found  at  Cheddar,  not  far  from  thence. 
Some  of  these  relics  are  even  met  with  in  the  cemented  mass  of  the  ancient  city  bul- 
warks, lately  violated  by  the  labourers'  v^eapons,  though  still  in  their  last  gleam  of 
glory  "  commingling  strife  of  grandeur  and  decay."  Others  are  found  in  various  spots, 
in  a  mass  or  rudis  indigesta  moles ^  and  upon  these  the  Roman  Soldier  stands,  armed 
with  his  short  sword  and  buckler,  who  vanquished  the  naked  Aborigines  of  this  Isle, 
and  hurled  its  painted  riders  from  their  Cimbric  cars,  when  Claudius  and  Vespasian 
came  from  Gaul,  with  their  Golden  Eagles,  "  to  this  land  remote,  then  hid  in  the 
Ocean's  waste."  All  are  vanished  now,  like  an  armed  spectre  over  a  field  of  blood,  ex- 
cept on  the  inscribed  brass  which  oft  "  unsteady  to  the  stamp  gives  up  its   charge." 

"  'Twas  he  whose  all  commanding  yoke," 

The  farthest  Britons  gladly  took. 

Him  the  Brigantes,  in  blue  arms  adored, 

When  subject  waves  cohfessed  his  power; 

Restrained  with  laws  they  scorned  before. 

And  trembling  Neptune  served  a  Roman  Lord." 
No  doubt  every  fresh  coin  was  a  kind  of  gazette,  that  published  the  lates  newg  of 
the  Empire,  and  made  the  virtues  and  actions  of  the  Emperor  circulate.* 

•  Many  of  the  Exeter  Coins  are  In  as  beautiful  preservation  as  If  fresh  from  the  Roiran  Mint*,  but 
It  it  remarkable  tbat  except  one  of  Oommodus.  the  small  brass  of  the  Constantines.  coined  at  London 
(P.  LON.)  and  those  of  Carausius  and  Allectus.  which  we  know  were  struck  In  the  Island  about 
296,  A.  D.  not  one  of  tbem  directly  alludes  In  the  slightest  way  to  the  Conquest  of  Britain.  Others 
on  the  contrary  as  are  dim  as  the  dim  finger  of  the  goblin,  "  which  points  to  dark  misdeeds  of  yore  " 
and  (  LI  BERT  AS)  the  Genius  of  Freedom,  whirh  "  too  oft  reminds  who  and  what  enthrals  "  seems  a* 
unregarded  and  worn  out  on  some  of  them,  as  the  memory  of  Sparta  and  Leonidas,  although  (m  Ift 
Cbilde  Harold,)  we  cannot  but  behold 

Its  wreck  a  glory.— and  Its  mln  graced 
With  an  immaculate  charm  which  cannot  be  defaced. 
And  although  the  Niobe  of  Nations  "  Ilea  childless  and  crownless  in  her  voiceless  woe,"  we  cannot  bat 
rejoice  that  the  Toice  of  Freedom's  best  and  bravest  friends  was  doomed  to   echo  further  Wmt,  tba^ 


VI.  PRELIMINARY 

The  surface  of  the  old  Iscan  town  has  been  wonderfully  raised  by  the  accumula- 
tion of  buildings,  of  adventitious  soil,  deposits  of  repeated  fires,  and  the  filth  and 
debris  of  former  ages,  but  that  a  Roman  city  once  existed  at  the  depth  of  20  feet  in 
many  places,  where  coins  and  pottery  are  dug  up  beneath  the  streets  and  houses  of 
modern  Exeter,  is  indisputable.  The  quantity  of  Samian  ware,  and  sepulchral  pot- 
tery found  is  quite  surprising.  Our  old  antiquaries,  such  men  as  Stukely,  Baxter, 
and  Horsely,  the  last  of  whom  (mirabile  dictu,)  placed  the  important  station  of 
IscA  DuNMONioRUM,  at  Chisolboro  !  !  did  not  live  to  see  the  mighty  though  mutilated 
remains  of  the  Cohorts,  who  bared  their  "  maiden  steel,"  and  upraised  the  eagle  of 
desolation  and  the  olive  branch  of  subsequent  raansuetude,  on  the  shores  where  our 
aborigines,  (in  later  times,  so  civilized  by  Roman  Conquest,) 

**  Dar'd  their  rudely  painted  limbs  oppose 
To  chalybean  steel  and  Roman  foes," 
issuing  from  a  Ceesar's  bold  barks,  "stemming  a  deep  untried/'      In  those  days 
the  warlike  legions  of  Rome  viewed,  amid  the  woods  and  tangling  brakes  of  Britain, 

*' '— the  wondering  savage  stand, 

Unclad  and  fresh  from  his  Creator's  hand," 
with  the  same  emotions  as  Raleigh  and  Drake,  or  Cook,  Dampier  and  Wallis,  be- 
held the  natives  of  the  South  Seas  or  the  Spanish  Main  ;  or,  Cartier  and  Champlain, 
the  Algonquins  and  Iroquois  of  Canada,  in  1534»,  and  I60S.  All  it  seems  were  alike 
savages  in  their  turn,  whether  tattooed  in  the  one  instance,  or  painted  with  the  Brith 
pr  sky  coloured  blue,  in  the  other  J— with  flint  heads  for  their  spears  and  arrows, 
and  ironwood  war-maces  ;  or  provided  with  javelins  that  rattled  defiance  on  the  foej 
or  riding  in  war  chariots  to  the  battle  fray. 

That  Roman  Coins  existed  in  great  numbers  in  ancient  Devon,  or  Dumnonium^  i» 
evident  from  the  large  deposit  of  imperial  denarii^  found  at  Poughill,  near  Wolfardis  - 
worthy,  on  Mr.  Melhuish's  property,  in  1836;  the  2000  copper  coins  found  near 
Kingskerswell,  in  1839  ;  those  discovered  on  Mr.  Marwood  Elton's  estate,  at  diflfer- 
ent  periods,  near  Honiton  ;  in  the  barrows  on  Haldon  ;  at  Bickley,  near  Tiverton 
and  at  Bovey  Tracey.  In  the  ancient  Cornish  Mines  we  have  Borlase's  testimony  for 
great  stores  of  Roman  money  being  found  at  Mopas,  Karn  Bre,  St.  Agnes  B^,  &c.* 

♦  As  long  back  as  1723.  when  Stukely  visited  Exeter,  Y«.  Itin  Cur.)  there  were  three  collections  of 
coins  found  there,  one  of  the  great  Dr.  Musgrave,  one  of  Mr.  Lowdham,  and  another  of  Mr.  Reynolds. 
A  peck  of  Coins  bad  been  found  under  St.  Martin's  Church,  and  many  hundreds  in  Catherine  Lane 
adjoining.  Mr.  Reynold's  Coins  are  in  possession  of  the  Dean  and  Chapter  of  Exeter,  and  are  very 
numerous,  paiticularly  those  ot  Posthuraus  and  Gallienus,  besides  many  of  earlier  Emperors. 

the  "  deep  blue  sky  "  of  Rome;  and,  since  the  glorious  days  of  the  Reformation,  has  dispelled  the 
double  "  Night  of  Ages,"  and  of  Night's  daughter,  ignorance.  Some  few  of  these  rarities  again,  are 
so  Inexplicable  that  they  occasionally  require  the  stroke  of  the  Enchanter,  Merlin's  wand,  to  un- 
ravel their  mysteries,  and  are  so  chaotic,  from  lapse  of  ages,  that  all  we  can  say  of  them  is  Ceetera 
dtsunt !  !  Ttiere  were  clearly  greater  quantities  of  current  coin  during  the  Roman  sway  and  the 
flourishing  state  of  Britain,  than  for  1000  years  after  their  departure  in  426,  A.  D. ;  and  the  great  im- 
provements in  arts,  agriculture,  and  commerce,  while  it  changed  the  species,  greatly  increased  the 
treasures  of  the  Island,  and  enabled  it  to  add  from  time  to  time  to  its  riches,  and  also  to  pay  its  taxes 
and  imposts.  The  barbarous  nations  who  succeeded  the  Romans  it  is  most  likely  neglected  the 
copper  money,  as  of  little  value,  while  they  took  care  to  appropriate  the  more  precious  standard  of 
gold  and  silver  to  their  own  purposes,  hence  the  frequency  of  the  former. 


bissfeRTATioK.  vil» 

1'he  extensive  excavations  in  progress  in  this  city,  like  tliose  la  'the  Metropolis,  in 
I834-,  described  by  those  two  able  Antiquaries,  A.  I.  Kempe,  and  C.  U.  Smith,  for 
sewers  and  ftundations  of  houses,  bore  a  great  similarity,  particularly  as  respected  the 
two  great  Markets  of  our  ancient  city:  in  both  iho  projected  line  of  work  at  depths 
varying  at  Exeter  from  ten  lo  twenty  feet,  "could  not  fail  to  aflord  the  means  for  ob- 
taining some  additional  and  corroborating  information  illustrative  of  the  ancient  oc- 
cupation of  the  soil." 

That  Exeter  was  a  chief  city  of  Britannia  Primus  and  much  resorted  to  in  the  time 
of  the  Antonines,  whose  coins  are  often  found  there,  is  well  established.  It  was  one 
of  the  12  Stipendiary  towns,  paying  its  taxes  in  money.  Undoubtedly  it  began  to  be  in 
repute  as  early  as  the  reign  of  Claudius,  by  whose  disbanded  veterans,  (as  at  Maiden* 
by  the  14th  Legion,)  the  ancient  city  was,  in  my  opinion,  first  modelled  into  a  Roman 
Station,  and  redeemed  froro  ancient  barbarism:  This  is  corroborated  by  the  gieat 
number  of  Coins  of  that  Emperor,  many  scores  of  which  have  been  brought  to  light  in 
the  last  few  ycars^  as  1  have  observed  above,  by  the  excavators,  during  the  late  city 
improvements  ;  all  or  most  of  them  bearing  the  figure  of  Mars,  as  a  Roman  warrior, 
Minerva  Promachos,  oi  Ceres,'  in  subselUo,  on  their  reverses.*  I  do  not  mean  to  as- 
sert that  Geoffry,  of  Monmouth,  (who  wrote  about  1195,  A.  D.)  can  be  trusted  as  an 
evidence,  when  he  gravely  tells  us,  that  Vespasian  succeeded  by  capitulation,  in  re» 
ducing  this  city,  then  under  subjection  to  the  questionable  Prince  Arviragus,  to  the 
Roman  domination,  when  sent  as  Lieutenant  to  the  Emperor  Claudius,  with  an  array 
into  these  parts.  This  Arviragus  was  said  to  be  the  second  son  of  Cunobelin,  and 
the  same  as  the  Prasutagus  of  Tacitus  ;  but  the  fact  is  disallowed  by  Stillingfleet. 
We  are  also  told  that  in  later  days,  Ordulf,  son  of  Orgar,  Earl  of  Devonshire,  (who 
founded  Tavistock  Abbey,  931,  A.  D,as  reported,  by  the  admonishment  of  a  heavenly 
vision,^  was  a  giant,  who  could  break  the  bars  of  gates,  and  "go  along  the  river  ten 
feet  broad  stridewise,"  so  says  William  of  Malmsbury.t  The  words  of  Geoffrey, 
however,  are  "  Vespasianus  cum  exercitu  Romano,  civitatem  nunc  vocatara  Excestre 
octo  diebus  obsedit,  sed  minime  prajvaluit,  Arvirago  rege  civibus  auxilium  tunc  praes- 
tante.'*  The  Roman  fieets  are  supposed  to  have  rendezvoused  at  the  Totoneiium 
Litlus,  or   Torbay,  on  this  expedition  against  the  Dunmonii. 

It  fell  into  the  power  of  the  Saxons,  in  465,  A.  D.  and  appears  to  have  possessed 
great  privileges  from  their  Kings,  after  Athelstan,  the  site  of  whose  palace  has  been 
traced,  it  is  affirmed,  on  the  siteof  a  Roman  edifice,  in  PaulStreet,  near  Mr.  Crockett's 
Wine  Vaults,  on  the  late  Mr,  J.  Pidsley's  premises.  He  drove  the  Cornish  Ikitons 
beyond  the  Tamar,  encompassed  Exeter  with  a  stout  wall,  built  on  the  old  Roman 
foundations,  and  with  a  fosse  and  bulwarks.  We  read  in  other  times  that  it  was 
plundered  by  the  Dane.-,  in  875,  and  again  totally  ruined  by  Sueno,  the  Dane,  "  with 
the  forked  and  angry  beard,"  in  1003,  and  levelled  with  the  ground  from  the  east  to 

*  That  this  place  was  also  greatly  frequented  by  the  Romans  in  the  later  periods  of  their  P>nipire, 
is  evident  from  the  ^/u*  of  small  copper  money,  of  the  Constaiitlne].  of  Magnentius,  Crispus,  4c, 
to  say  nothing  of  their  predecessors,  called  the  thirty  tyrants.  In  the  time  of  Gallienus  and  Aurelian. 

t  The  enormous  thigh  or  shin  bone  of  Dune  Ordulph,  exhibited  In  Tavistoclt  Church,  has  been 
suspected  to  belong  to  an  immense  Moosedeer,  once  a  native  of  Devon,  now  extinct.  Dugdale  tellt 
the  story  of  his  kicking  open  the  gates  of  Ezeter^  and  breaking  th?lf  bars  in  pieces,  like  another  Samp- 
son.   ».  Monasticon,  I.  p.  817. 

c 


Till.  PRELIMINARY 

the  west  gat«,  on  which  occasiim  probably  all  remains  of  its  Roman  magnificence 
were  obliterated.*  From  Domesday  Boojj  we  find  that,  in  the  time  of  the  conqueror* 
who  at  first  greatly  devastated  the  town,  (which  held  out  against  him,)  destroying  48 
houses  out  of  348,  after  besieging  it  for  sometime,  this  city  did  not  geld,  or  pay 
crown  dues  only  when  London,  York,  and  Winchester  did,  that  was  at  the  rate  of  half 
a  niark  of  silver  "  for  a  knight's  fee"+  and  that  in  case  of  an  expedition  by  land  or  sea 
"  it  served  after  the  rate  of  five  hides^'X  During  the  civil  wars  of  the  rival  houses  of 
York  and  Lancaster,  it  was  besieged,  for  some  time,  by  Sir  William  Courtenay,  of 
Powderhara  Castle,  in  favor  of  Edward  IV.,  on  the  retreat  of  the  great  Earl  of  War- 
wick, within  its  walls,  previous  to  his  flight  from  Dartmouth  into  France,  in  1471. 

The  Castle  had,  centuries  previously,  in  the  reign  of  Stephen,  sustained  a  memorable 
siege,  being  defended  by  Baldwin  de  Redvers,  Earl  of  Dsvon,  in  favor  of  the  Empress 
Maud,  for  3  months  against  the  King,  to  whom,  after  his  expending  1500  marks 
(£145,000)  in  machines  and  arms,  it  surrendered  for  want  of  water,  in  1140.  In  the 
reign  of  King  John,  Lord  William  de  Brewer  was  appointed  to  defend  the  city  of  Ex- 
eter, of  which  Robert  de  Courtenay  was  governor  of  its  castle,  when  besieged  by  the 
army  of  the  Barons. || 

The  misfortunes  of  Exeter,  from  famine  and  the  self-devotion  of  the  citizens,  are 
well  known,  when  leaguered  by  the  counterfeit  prince,  Perkin  Warbeck,  in  the  reign 
of  Henry  VII,  and  by  the  rebellious  Cornish.  Also  during  the  memorable  period  of 
1649,  after  the  dissolution  of  religious  houses,  when  again  besieged  by  the  insurgents 
of  Sarapford  Courtnay,  Crediton,and  St.  Mary's  Clist,  aided  by  the  Cornish  insurgents, 
at  which  moment  Lord  Russell,  afterwards  Earl  of  Bedford,  came  to  the  aid  of  the 
city,  and  after  defeating  the  rebels,  led  on  by  the  disaffected  monks  and  friars,  at  Vea- 
nyton  bridge  on  the  Otter,  and  on  Clist  Heath,  and  at  Bishop's  Clyst,  raised  the  siege, 
encamping  his  army  in  the  Barnfield  and  adjoining  grounds  to  the  Magdalen  Road 
and  Mount  Radford,  the  night  previous.  This  relief  took  place  on  the  6th.  of  August* 
an  anniversary  still  commemorated  by  the  city  bells.  The  two  sieges  it  sustained  in 
the  Parliamentary  times,  the  first  in  opposition  to  royalty,  and  the  other  in  favor  of 
Charles  I.,  have  been  commemorated  by  Clarendon,  and  the  latter  of  these  especially 
in  the  able  pages  of  the  "  Anglia  Rediviva",  published  by  J.  Sprigge,  of  Banbury,  in 

•  This  incursion  was  to  revenge  the  massacre  of  the  Danes,  by  Ethelred,  who  wished  to  get  rid  o  f 
that  oppressive  tax  called  Danegelt. 

t  In  Henry  3rd's  time,  the  KnJght's  fee  was  £15  in  landed  property  ;  it  varied  much  both  In  pre- 
vious and  after  times. 

X  The  hyds:  or  hide  of  land,  we  are  told,  (r.  Gent.  Mag.,  1839)  was  six  carucates  (each  100  acres)  or 
thereabouts.  What  each  was  worth  in  different  parts  of  the  kingdom,  of  course  varied  extremely  ;  in 
some  places,  two  carucates  were  valued  in  Domesday  at  8s. ;  in  others,  four  were  only  worth  10s, 
The  hida  is  by  many  computed  at  100  acres,  and  was  the  Fatnilia,  Mansa  &nd  Manens  of  the  Romans — 
an  estate.  The  £\  of  the  period  of  the  conquest,  was  worth  about  £110  of  our  present  money.  A  rental  of 
£44  then,  has  been  known  to  increase  to  the  enormous  sum  of  j£SOOO,  at  the  present  day.  All  Liverpool 
or  Litherpole,  (  Esmedune  or  Smedone)  held  by  Edelmundus,  (one  carucate)  was  valued  in  32  pence  !  ! 

I  To  this  Lord  Brewer,  King  John,  for  his  faithful  services,  confirmed  we  are  told  several  manors, 
allowing  him  "to  inclose  his  woods  at  Torre,  Cadleigh.  Raddon,  and  Ailesbeer,  with  free  liberty  to 
hunt  the  hare,  fox,  ca/and  wolf,  throughout  all  Devonshire,"  and  to  build  three  Castles,  one  at  Stoke, 
In  Hampshire,  another  at  Bridgewater,  and  a  third  on  his  own  lands  in  Devon. 

Royal  visits  were  paid  to  this  city  in  1285,  by  Edw.  I.  and  his  queen  Eleonora;  by  Edw.  IV.  1471 
by  Richard  III.  in  1483 ;  by  Hen.  VII.  in  1497  ;  and  by  Charles  I.  and  Henrietta  in  1644. 


DISSERTATION.  IX* 

I6i7,  detailing  its  surrender  to  the  Parliamentary  forces  under  Fairfax ;  and  it  must  not 
be  forgotten  that  in  1688,  its  ancient  portal  of  Westgate  was  that  by  which,  under  the 
guidance  of  the  illustrious  Burnet,  the  champion  of  Protestantism,  William  III. 
entered  the  city. 

In  the  present  little  work,  I  have  endeavoured,  on  a  limited  scale,  to  track  the  Ro- 
mans in  our  neighbourhood,  by  their  camps  and  fortifications,  the  monuments  of  mili- 
tary glory,  which,  whether  oval  or  square,  were  not  only  needful  for  the  security  and 
concentration  of  their  warlike  legions  and  auxiliaries,  as  well  in  the  field  as  on  garri- 
son duty  ill  their  contubernia^  but  also  to  fortify  and  entrench  themselves  in  perma- 
nent stations,  when  they  thought  proper  to  advance  from  cantonments  to  more  extended 
operations,  so  as  on  retiring  to  their  regular  Hibernacula,  or  winter  quarters  in  the 
towns,  to  make  good  also  the  ground  they  had  gained  by  their  arms  in  the  more  genial 
months  of  summer  and  autumn. 

Julius  Agricola,  the  conqueror  of  the  Caledonians,  was  one  of  the  first  who,  as 
we  are  informed  by  Tacitus,  adopted  this  useful  maxim — Non  alium  ducem  oppoV' 
tunitates  locorum  sapientius  legisse,  nullum  ab  Agricold  positum  castellum  aut  vi 
hostium  expugnatum  ;  turn  (Estate  atque  hiemejuxta  pellebantur.  In  Exeter  our 
Roman  conquerors  have  been  already  sufficiently  traced  of  late  by  their  sepulchral  vault, 
urns, coins,  bath  and  tesselated  pavement,  to  say  nothing  of  the  elegant  penates^  or 
little  household  gods,  found  near  Broadgate  in  1778,  and  described  by  Dean  Milles, 
(v.  Archaeol.)  being  their  little  Lares  and  Dii  peculiares^  said  to  be  Ceres,  Mercury, 
Mars,  and  Apollo,  probably  pertaining  to  a  sacrarium  domesticum*  The  glazed 
terracotta,  or  Samian  ware  utensils  of  native  or  auxiliary  troops,  are  also  conclusive 
evidences  of  the  presence  of  their  soldiers  here; — of  stipendiaries  attached  to  the 
legions,  and  marching  under  the  imperial  standard.  Although  no  bas-reliefs  are  found, 
no  inscriptions  of  Roman  workmanship  exist,  but  one,  and  few  sepulchral  lamps  from 
sorrowing  friends,  such  as  were  discovered  in  the  subterrenes  of  old  Rome,  accompanying 
their  urns,  as  sacred  to  the  manes ,  to  light  them  on  their  dreary  way  to  the  Styx — the  god 
P/u/m*  was,  it  is  clear,  worshipped  at  Isca  with  nearly  as  much  assiduity  as  at  the 
present  day.  In  a  mercantile  city,  the  emporium  of  the  TIN  trade,  the  best  man  was 
the  best  pay  no  doubt,  from  the  abundance  of  money,  and  it  is  probable  the  Romans  bu- 
ried their  cash  to  perpetuate  the  glory  of  their  nation,  out  of  vanity,  or  the  memory  of 
their  conquests,  and  inclosed  coins  of  their  Emperors  as  little  prattlers  of  the  past,  in 
the  foundation  of  their  edifices,  or  in  their  barrack  stations,  out  of  a  desire  to  preserve 
the  glories  of  their  empire,  and  the  memory  of  the  imperial  eagles,  and  to  prevent 
"the  iniquity  of  oblivion  from  blindly  scattering  her  poppy"— (confounding  them  with 
the  founders  of  pyramids,  and  the  'misnomer'  of  Pompey's  pillar,)  as  an  antidote 
against  the  opium  of  time  and  chaos  '  that  anarch  old'  who  so  often  threatens  to  lose 
us  all  *  in  the  uncomfortable  night  of  nothing.'  It  is  however  very  plain  from  the 
abundance  of  the  circulating  medium,  that  little  was  to  be  done  in  those  days,  any 
more  than  in  the  present,  without  '  tipping  the  blunt,*  or  in  ordinary  parlance  being 
flush  of  the  RiNo  1 1  Many  things  no  doubt  were  rare,  but  as  Don  Juan  aptly  says 
of  other  matters,  the  Exonians  of  that  day  deemed,  like  their  successors,  in  respect 
"  of  coming  down  with  the  Stumpy," 

** ' — —  It  just  as  true  is 

A  great  deal  might  be  bought  for  fifty  Louis." 


ANCIENT     EXETEH, 

IN    THE    ROMAN    TIMES. 


The  leader  of  this  pamphlet  is  not  to  suppose  that  a  clear  and  succinct  account 
can  be  given  of  ancient  Exeter,  like  Mazois' Rw/jies  dd  Pompeii,  the  works  of  Sir 
William  Gell,  of  Samuel  Lysons,  or  even  the  scientific  little  works  in  the  Library  of 
Entertaining  Knowledge,  on  the  two  famous  ancient  subterraneous  cities  of  Italy. 
Few  vestiges  remain  of  the  numerous  ancient  dwellings  with  which  the  Roman  Isca 
was  formerly  studded,  and  there  are  but  trifling  accidental  allusions,  or  occasional 
descriptions,  even  in  the  historians  of  antiquity,  to  tell  us  anything  that  may  be  relied 
on.  In  fact  here,  as  in  other  parts  of  England,  the  superstructures  of  Roman  edifices 
have  been  more  completely  effaced,  than  in  any  other  of  their  provinces.  We  look  in 
vain,  amid  pur  numerous  excavations,  although  we  continually  find  the  foundations  of 
ancient  Koman  dwellings  j  for  the  vestiges  of  any  Roman  mansion,  and  were  we  to  do 
so  must  outstrip  PaWadio,  whose  imagination  rebuilt  so  many  ruins  ;  or  BiancJnni, 
the  Italian  antiquary,  with  his  theoretical  arrangements  of  the  palace  of  the  Caesars  at 
Rome,  and  the  golden  house  of  Nero,  on  the  Palatine  Hill.  We  find  no  such  monu- 
mental inscriptions  as  at  Bath,  Caerleon,  or  House  Steeds,  (the  Borcovicus  of  the  No- 
titia,)  the  Palmyra,  as  it  has  been  called  of  Britain,  nor  any  of  the  greater  memorials 
of  Chester,  York,  or  Silchester. 

There  once  probably  did  exist,  in  the  ancient  capital  of  Dunmonium  many  speci- 
mens of  Roman  grandeur.  Where  are  now  the  broad  corridors  of  the  ancient  Prothyr a, 
or  porticoes  of  such  edifices  ?  the  doors  of  the  ^iWa  or  halls,  with  their  courts,  statues, 
and  columns,  their  panels  of  marble  and  arabesques  ?  the  Peristyles,  or  inner  courts, 
with  the  luxurious  Xystus,  or  Parterre,  in  its  centre  shaded  by  trees,  the  inner  apart- 
ments, GyntEcea  or  ladies'  chambers,  where  the  matrons  attended  to  the  Lanijicia  or 
working  of  curious  garments  ;  the  CEci  or  saloons,  Exhedrce  or  assembly  rooms,  with 
their  tesselated  pavements  ;  the  domestic  chapels  or  St/craria,  with  their  sacrificial 
altars,  numerous  lamps,  and  statues  of  deities  ?  How  shall  we  trace  the  voluptuous 
Thermce  or  baths,  with  their  various  sudatories,  frigidaria,  piscincdf  tepidaria,  and 
hypocausts  ?  their  Elceolhesia  or  anointing  rooms;  their  strigils  and  shampooing 
instruments  and  theoleary  ampullce,  that  dispensed  ambrosial  perfumes  to  the  bathers  ? 
The  dining  halls  or  Triclinia,  of  the  magnificent  Apicians  or  Gastronomes  of  antiquity, 
with  the  more  stately  Basilicce  and  Chalcidica  of  Isca — all  these,  if  they  ever  existed 
have  vanished,  and  we  cannot  even  tell,  with  the  exception  of  one  Bath,  and  that  quite 
ruined,  whether,  as  Mr.  King  observes  in  his  Munimenta  Jntiqua  (1799  vol.  3)  the 
Roman  houses  here  (as  supposed  in  other  parts  of  our  Island)  consisted  of  luxurious 
dwellings  above,  or  were  merely  a  nest  or  series  of  small  chambers,  containing  in 
general  one  good  room  only,  fitted  for  the  accommodationof  a  Centurion,  Military  Tri- 
bune or  other  resident.    He  supposed  that  few  remains  of  note  or  splendor,  except 


IN    THE    ROMAN    TIMES.  XI 

those  of  a  military  origin,  are  to  be  traced  ;  and  doubted  if  any  superb  structures  of  Ro- 
man erection  ever  existed  in  Britain.  From  this  decision,  we  must  of  course  except  the 
Roman  villas,  or  country  seats  of  persons  of  distinction,  of  which  so  many  beautiful 
traces  remain  in  England.  Many  oCthe  old  houses  of  Exeter,  nevertheless,  seem  to 
retain  a  Roman  air,  by  the  semblance  of  ancient  Xysti  or  parterres,  in  the  centre  of 
their  elongated  and  almost  interminable  passages.  The  Impluvium  of  antiquity,  so 
often  visible  at  Pompeii,  may  I  think  yet  be  traced  to  a  great  extent  in  their  courts, 
being  an  open  part  of  iho  Atrium  or  Hall,  through  which  the  rain  water  fell  into  a 
square  basin  or  reservoir,  and  was  theQce  conveyed  by  leaden  or  earthen  pipes  into 
cisterns  for  various  domestic  purposes.  Ancieotly  the  court,  surrounded  by  columns, 
in  the  centre  of  the  ^frium,  called  Captprf/wm,  was  provided  with  this  Impluviumt 
which  was  properly  an  open  space  in  the  centre  of  its  roof,  with  curtains  to  exclude 
the  sun  or  rain  when  not  needed.  These  diminutive  oases  in  the  mighty  waste  of 
edifices,  if  we  may  so  style  the  frequently  tasteful  and  fanciful  intervals  of  \.\\e  Xysti 
nr  little  gardens,  are  often  seen  rising  like  fairy  land  even  in  the  centre  of  elongated 
houses,  which  speak  forcibly  of  the  reigns  of  Elizabeth  and  James,  with  thfeir  protru- 
ding gables,  fantastic  carved  work  and  tracery.  Some  go  so  far  back  as  to  claim 
kindred  with  the  civil  contests  of  the  rival  roses,  when  this  city  was  frequently  the 
enduring  victim  of  siege  and  onslaught:  in  the  days  of  a  Henry  and  an  Edward,  suffering 
all  theextremes  of  famine  and  privation  which  centuries  before  had  visited  it  in  1003, 
A.  D.,  under  the  devastations  of  Sueno  and  his  barbaric  Cimbric  and  Runic  hordes  ; 
times  when  dense  hostility  harried  this  now  highly  favoured  land,  when  Danish 
lances  blushed  with  the  best  blood  of  the  blue  eyed  Saxons  of  iscA,and  in  the  following 
reign  it  was  the  boast  and  glory  of  Canute  (or  Cnut)  to  repair  and  make  amends  for 
the  damage  done  by  the  sword  and  torch  of  his  pagan  and  unrelenting  sire. 

Ancient  Exeter,  in  the  Roman  times  was  no  doubt  like  Chester  (their  DEVA  Getica 
and  COL.  DEVANA  LEG.  XX.  VICT  RIX)  of  an  oblong  or  rhomboldal  form  like 
the  Roman  Camps,  and  this  character  it  still  preserves.  That  it  was  the  Hibernacu- 
lum  or  winter  quarters  of  the  second  legion,  AD.  (adjutrix)  VL  (sextum)  P.  (pia) 
VI.  (sextum)  F.  (fidelis),  is  adduced  from  the  testimony  of  Ptolemy  the  geographer, 
who  lived  in  the  time  of  Hacb  ian  and  the  Antonines,  This  is  not  however  recorded 
in  the  Itinerary  of  Antonine  (clearly  the  Emperor  Caracalla,  son  of  Severus)  who 
places  the  second  legion  in  its  headquarters  at  Caerleon  in  Wales,  or  Isca  Silurum. 
Their  presence  in  that  garrison  is  corroborated  by  numerous  inscriptions  preserved  in 
Camden's  Britannia,  and  by  others  communicated  to  me,  from  Bulmore  near  Caerleon, 
by  my  excellent  correspondent,  C.  W.  King,  Esq.  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge. 
This  legion  was  also  stationed,  during  the  400  years  it  was  in  Britain,  at  Aqu^  Solis 
(Bath)  as  well  as  at  Caerleon ;  it  came  into  Britain  A.  D.  43,  in  the  reign  of  Clau- 
dius, and  took  its  share  in  building  the  walls  of  Hadrian,  Antoninus  and  Severus.  Of 
the  turf  wall  of  Antoninus,  between  the  Frithsof  Forth  and  Clyde,  it  built  to  the  extent 
of  1 1,603  passus  (Roman  paces  of  five  feet)  or  upwards  of  1 1  miles,  as  we  find  by  anci- 
ent monuments.  It  was  at  Rutupice  (under  the  Count  of  the  Saxon  shore)  in  Kent,  in 
the  time  of  the  sons  of  Theodosius ;  and  it  is  commemorated  on  the  coins  of  billon,  of 
Gallienus  and  the  small  brass  of  Carausius,  bearing  for  its  ensigns  a  Pegasus,  a  Centaur, 
Romulus  and  Remus  with  a  she  wolf,  a  Capricorn,  and  a  Centaur  holding  a  globe  and  rud  - 

D 


Xii.  ANCIENT    EXETER, 

der,  or  a  club  and  garland.  In  the  time  of  Carausius  it  bore  the  title  of  Parlhica,  And  at 
other  times  of  Macedonica  and  Italica.  Probably  a  vexillalio  or  detachn:ent  was  at 
Exeter  in  Ptolemy's  time,  unless  we  suppose  the  Legion  removed  theiice  in  Caracalla's 
reign.  There  were  altogether  92  cities  in  Britain,  under  the  Koman  government,  of 
which  33  only  are  of  chief  note  ;  so  Richard  of  Cirencester  informs  us.  Exeter  was 
one  of  the  19  stipendiary  or  minor  cities  of  Britain,  which  paid  their  taxes  in  money* 
Such  cities  had  not  the  privileges  of  municipal  government,  as  St.  Albans  (Verulamium) 
and  Eboracum  (York)  they  were  not  Colonial  as  London,  Maldon,  Richborough,  Bath, 
Caerleon,  Chester,  Gloucester,  Lincoln  and  Chesterford,  nor  had  they  the  privileges 
of  theLatian  law,  enjoyed  by  ten  other  cities.  The  learned  Sigonius  (quoted  by 
Borremans,  Var.  Lect.,  p.  197,  Amst.  1676.)  observes  that  the  stij  endiary  cities  were 
not  free. — Ut  earum  civitatum  quae  servltute  oppressae  sunt,  stipendiarice  proprie 
dictae,  quae  aliquid  populo  Romano  pependerunt,  imwiMwe*  quae  nihil. — Liberty  con- 
sisted in  the  power  of  using  their  own  laws  and  cieating  magistrates  more  palrio, 
according  to  their  own  established  usages. 

The  Hiberna,  or  winter  stations  were  commonly  taken  up  in  some  City  or  town,  or 
otherwise  so  built  and  contrived  as  to  make  up  a  town  of  themselves.  Hence  anti- 
quaries observe  that  the  modern  towns,  whose  names  end  in  cestcr  were  originally  the 
Castra  hiberna  of  the  Romans— the  ancient  name  of  Exeter  in  the  Saxon  times  being 
Exan-Ceaster ;  as  its  previous  British  one  was  Caer  Isk,  and  Pen-Caer,  meaning  the 
walled  city  by  the  water  side,  and  a  chief  city  on  a  head  or  elevated  spot  of  land, — 
also  Penhulgoile,   which  has  been  rendered  proiperous  chief  city  of  the  Wood. 

Military  possession  was  kept  of  the  adjoining  country  and  territory  by  means  of  the 
Mstiva.,  or  summer  camps,  many  specimens  of  which  are  scattered  over  Devon.  The 
Mstiva  of  IscA  more  particularly  are  considered  to  be  the  great  entrenchment  on  Stoke 
hill,  opposite  Pynes,  a  smaller  one  lower  down,  near  the  river,  adjoining  the  road 
from  Cowley  Bridge  to  Stoke  Canon;  and  some  works,  supposed  by  Polwhele  to  be 
Roman,  on  Duryard, 

The  form  of  the  Roman  camp  was  quadrangular,  divided  into  two  chief  partitions 
or  grand  divisions,  the  upper  and  lower.  In  the  former  of  these  we  may  suppose, 
originally  at  Exeter  was  the  principal  garrison,  in  or  near  the  ancient  castle  of  Rouge- 
raont.  Here  stood  the  mansion  of  the  commanding  officer,  whoever  he  was,  the  Prae- 
fectus  legionis  castrensis,  or  the  Chiliarchus,  perhaps  the  "eo:  officio  Magisiri  Militum"^ 
and  probably,  also  the  sacred  standards  or  vexilla  of  the  troops,  under  the  care  of  the 
Primipilus  or  chief  centurion  ;  here  assembled  in  council,  the  staff  or  chief  officers 
serving  under  him,  the  tribunes  of  cohorts,  Praefects  of  numeri  or  companies,  Prtejjo- 
siti  equitum  or  Captains  of  horse,  &c.  Coins,  some  of  great  antiquity,  being  found 
on  this  spot,  seem  to  strengthen  this  hypothesis,  as  well  as  the  great  eligibility  and 
commanding  nature  of  the  position. 

It  is  probable  that  in  South  Street,  from  the  convenience  of  the  adjacent  river,  and 
places  adjoining  Quay  Lane  and  the  Westgate  quarter,  as  well  as  especially  the 
Lower  Market,  where  abundance  of  antiquities  have  been  dug  up,  that  the  Contu- 
berniay  Corps  de  Gardes^  and  barracks  of  the  subaltern  officers,  the  centurions, 
campi-doctores  and  private  soldiers  existed.  Roman  Coins,  utensils  and  pottery 
have  been  repeatedly  dug  up  there,  and  in  the  adjoining  streets,   in  great  quantities. 


IN    THE    ROMAN    TIMES.  ?(111. 

Here  the  military  hive  seems  to  have  swarmed, — on  the  site  of  this  market  the  Roman 
British  population  apparently  burrowed  in  the  ground,  and  the  dead  rested  in  peace 
near  the  living,  at  the  conclusion  of  their  warlike  toils.  There  were  here  no  doubt 
"  when  the  trumpet  spake  to  the  armed  throng"  private  parades  of  Roman  troops, 
under  their  Tribunes  and  Centurions,  and  drills  of  the  tirones  or  recruits,  under  the 
8up3rintendance  of  the  Primipilus  or  adjutant,  and  the  campi-doctores,  or  Sergeant 
Majors.     The  Auxiliaries  were  probably  stationed  there. 

Bowers  and  gardens,  to  please  the  living,  probably  spread  their  umbrageous  ehelter 
near  these  dwellings,  and  handsome  Cippi  and  modest  tablets  recorded  the  stipendiary 
services,  age  and  nations  of  the  gallant  legionaries  who  breathed  their  last  in  this 
remote  station  of  the  Empire  ;  the  fountains  and  flowers  have  however  long  disappeared, 
the  trees  which  then  put  forth  blossoms  on  returning  spring,  have  long  fallen  under 
the  axe,  and  the  laurel  and  cypress  were  also  torn  down  ;  the  inscribed  marbles  and 
trophies  have  all  perished  in  their  turn  by  the  cruel  vicissitudes  of  time  and  the  rava- 
ges of  barbarism. 

"Ambition  sighed — she  found  it  vain  to  trust 

The  faithless  column  and  the  crumbling  bust ; 

Huge  moles,  whose  shadow  stretched  from  shore  to  shore, 

Their  ruins  perished,  and  their  place  no  more. 

Convinced,  she  now  contracts  her  vast  design, 

And  all  her  triumphs  shrink  into  a  coin. 

A  narrow  orb  each  crowded  conquest  keeps. 

Beneath  her  palm,  here  sad  Jud.iiia  weeps. 

Now  scantier  limits  the  proud  arch  confine, 

And  scarce  are  seen  the  prostrate  Nile  and  Rhine, 

A  small  EupHHATES  through  the  piece  is  rolled 

And  little  eagles  wave  their  wings  in  gold." 

Pope,  on  Addison's  Treatise  of  Medals, 
The  Forum  Nundinarium  of  Isca  may  have  stood  near  the  spot,  and  probably  was 
the  ancient  fair  or  market  for  commodities  and  provisions,  and  in  my  opinion  the 
Queestorium,  (Exchequer,  or  Paymasters'  offices)  from  the  quantity  of  money  dug  up 
in  excavating  the  main  sewer,  may  have  stood  near  the  site  of  Broadgate  and  that 
part  of  the  city  extending  upwards  to  it  from  Milk  Lane  and  the  site  of  the  present 
Lower  Market,  which  was  in  course  of  time  covered  with  a  great  number  of  mean 
buildings,  shops  and  stalls,  on  the  old  foundations.  There  probably  have  existed 
in  various  parts  of  the  High  Street,  detached  habitations  and  villas,  inhabited  by 
officers  and  citizens  connected  with  the  official  departments  of  the  place,  if  we  are  to 
j  udge  from  the  sepulchral  remains  often  dug  up  under  houses  there,  as  at  Coffin's  es- 
tate, the  Three  Tuns  Inn,  and  other  spots  in  making  vaults  and  cellars,  the  deceased 
being  generally  interred  in  or  near  the  houses,  that  the  Dei  Manes,  or  spirits  of  the 
dead,  might  be  always  as  it  were  in  the  vicinity  of  their  surviving  friends  and  relatives. 
Polwhele  observes  that  Athelstan  repaired  the  city  walls  most  probably  on  the  Roman 
foundations — the  lower  part  of  which  is  even  now  a  sort  of  massy  concrete  or  rubble 
of  the  firmest  kifid,  and  the  cement  is  supposed  to  have  been  asphaliic  or  bitumen  ; 
that  a  pavement  was  found  in  Pancras  Lane,  of  small  square  white  (tffji^rrr,  at  the 


XIV.  ANCIENT    EXBTEtl, 

depth  of  8  feet,  and  another,  also  a  tesselated  one,  in  sinking  a  cellar  opposite  the  "  great 
gate'*  of  the  Close,  or  Broadgate.  The  Penates  found  at  Mr.  Uphara's,  near  the  same 
spot,  in  1778,  were  found  about  four  feet  below  the  pavement  of  the  cellar  dug  under 
those  premises — and  Stukely,  who  visited  Exeter  in  1723,  imagined  an  arch  of  the 
Portland  or  Beer  stone,  in  the  old  Southgate,  (now  taken  down)  perfectly  round,  and 
in  a  different  style  from  the  rest  of  the  building,  to  have  been  of  l^oman,  or  Roman 
British  origin.  Tradition  also  seems  to  hint  that  a  Roman  PrcBtorium,  Proconsular 
or  Preetorial  judgment  hall,  stood  on  the  site  of  the  founderies  in  Waterbeer  or  Thea- 
tre street. 


ROMAN  STATIONS 

INDEVON        AND      CORNWALL, 

And  their  connection  with   the  great  Roman  Roads,  or  Military 
Ways,  called  the  Ikenild,  or  Ikening  Street,  and  the  Fosseway, 

The  Roman  stations  in  Dunmonium,  according  to  Ptolemy  the  geographer, 
who  flourished  about  138,  A.  D.,  are  described  in  his  own  words  thus  :  MeO'  hq  Aspo- 
rpiyag,  Sv(rfiiK<i)TaToi  Asfivovioi  (the  Dunraonians  are  the  most  southerly  people,  after 
the  Durotriges,  or  inhabitants  of  Dorset)  sv  oig  TroXug  (among  whom  are  these  towns) 
Ovo\i/3rt,  Voliba,  (Grampound  or  Listwithiel)  Ovc^tXa,  Uxela,  (Saltash  of  Baxter, 
and  Listwithiel  of  Camden  and  others)  Ta/zapjy,  Tamare,  (Saltash  or  Tamerton, 
Tamaris  ofRavennas,)and  ISKA  Acyi&jv  AEYTEPA  "EejSaarri  (Exeter,  headquarters 
of  the  second  Legion,   surnamed  Augusta) — the  winter  and  most  westerly  s  tation. 

The  station  of  Isca  recorded  in  the  12th  and  again  in  the  I5th  Iter  of  Antoninus, 
(or  Caracal  la)  was  dreadfully  blundered  in  all  the  old  manuscript  copies  of  the 
Itinerarium.  Even  in  those  editions  of  this  famous  record  published  at  Cologne,  in 
Germany,  in  the  year  1600  (Colonise  Agrippinse  in  officina  Birkmannica)  by  the 
learned  Andreas  Schottus  of  Antwerp,  the  station  is  twice  named,  or  rather,  most 
strangely  nicknamed,  in  pages  110  and  111,  Iscadum  Nuniorura  !  as  in  the  Blandin- 
ian  copy  of  the  MSS.  We  also  find  that  in  the  Neapolitan  MSS,  it  is  called  Scadura- 
Imminorum  (MP.  XV.) — and  in  the  Longolian,  Scadum  Inunciorura,  quite  as  silly, 
tho'  corrected  by  some  wise  hand  to  Mumiorum !  The  learned  Hieronyraus  Suritas,  in  his 
emendations  on  the  Itinerary,  goes  onto  fix  the  site  of  the  station,  Isca,  at  Ilchester, 
in  Somerset,  which  would  be  excusable,  had  not  Horsley  in  later  days,  just  as  wisely, 
placed  it,  as  I  before  observed,  at  Chiselboro  1 1  Suritas  actually  thought  the  laxaXig 
of  Ptolemy  (Ivelchester  or  Ilchester)  to  be  the  same  as  Exeter,  and  assigns  it  as  such 
in  a  note. 

The  station  at  Caerleon,  in  Wales  (Isca  Silurum)  had  also  been  blundered  in  a 
similar  way  in  the  MSS.  into  Isaeleia  Augusti,  Iscalegi  and  Iscelegie^  by  the  extra- 
ordinary ignorance  or  inaptitude  of  the  transcribers  of  the  Itinerary. 


noMAN   STATIONS  XT. 

The  two  great  roads  leading  to  Isca,  seem  to  have  been  also  strangely  mixed  op 
together,  which  may,  perhaps,  account  for  the  errors  in  Antonine's  Book,  of  which 
the  Tarious  MSS.  appear  to  abound  in  strange  contradictions,  and  hardly  one  alike, 
respecting  the  miles.  Nothing  can  shew  these  wretched  errors  more  forcibly  than 
the  distance  assigned  to  Cranbourne,  ( Vindogladia^  in  the  Itinerary)  from  Dor- 
chester, VIII,  whereas  every  one  knows  they  are  38  miles  apart ;  this  VIII,  in  the 
12th  and  15th  Iter,  would  also  make  it  only  15  miles  English,  from  Old  Sarum, 
(Sorbtodunum)  to  Dorchester,  instead  of  51. 

The  learned  and  ingenious  Dr.  Musgrave,  of  Exeter,  published  in  his  Belgium 
Britannicum,  (Exeter,  1719)  some  valuable  memoranda  on  the  two  great  military 
ways.  And  Hutcbins'  Dorset,  (Folio,  vol.  I.)  gives  also  some  excellent  hints  on  the 
ancient  communications  from  that  neighbouring  county.  The  words  of  Musgrave 
are,  with  regard  to  the  ways,  "  quae  cum  multse  numero,  hac  iliac  quo  quoversus  eant, 
et  in  ejus  ojinem  fer6  angulum  incursent,  profecto  quidem  apertissim^  Romanorutn 
in  hac  regione  multiiudinem,  magnificentiam,  negotia,  commeatus  indicant."  Speaking 
of  the  IRENILD,  he  observes  that  it  can  be  traced  from  London  and  Wallingford, 
by  the  Itinerary,  from  Venta  Belgaruniy  Winchester,  to  Briga,  supposed  Broughton, 
the  way  also  diverging  off  elsewhere  to  Southampton  and  Regnum,  Ringwood,  or 
Chichester  ;  thence  to  Sarunit  (or,  Sorbiodunum,  a  famous  old  Roman  station,  the 
derivation  of  which  name  has  puzzled  many,)  to  Vindogladia,  (Cranbourne,  or 
Wimborne)  from  thence  further  west  to  Durnovariae,  (Dorchester)  to  Moridunum, 
(Seaton.)  He  then  continues  this  line  of  road  "per  Sidmouth  et  Woodbury,  ad 
CUstbt.  George,"  where  the  roaus  (Ikenild  and  Foss)  unite  or  join  from  Ilchester  and 
proceed  straight  on  to  Exeter.  In  this  point  he  differs  from  writers  of  later  days 
who  consider  the  junction  to  take  place  at  Streetway  Head,  9  miles  from  that  city. 

The  Fossway  he  considers  to  commence  at  Speen,  (Spins)  which  the  late  learned 
Mr.  G.  Dyer,  of  Exeter,  derives  from  Pen,  ahead  and  S,  prefix  the  inclosed  head  land, 
thence  by  the  Kennet  to  Marlborough,  to  Verlucio,  (Westbury  or  Lackham,  and 
Lacock  of  others,)  then  crossing  the  Avon  on  the  right,  to  diverge  towards  Aqua  Solis, 
(Bath)  after  meeting  another  road  from  Cirencester,  (Duro  Corinium)  where  many  curi- 
ous Roman  Monuments  and  Coins  are  even  now  found.  Near  Bath  it  approaches  the 
tomb  of  Julius  Vitalis,  (  SepulcretumJ  where  two  Urns  were  exhumed.  He  then  con- 
•iders  it  to  divide,  and  run  paitly  to  Abone,  (Clifton  orHanham)  Trajectum,  {Oldbury^ 
passage  of  the  Severn)  and  the  country  of  the  Silures,  Hereford  and  Monmouthshire. 
On  the  west  to  Ilchester,  and  Axium  (Axminster)  thence  to  Honiton  (oppidum  anti- 
quum) to  Fair-mile,  and  soon  after,  diverging  to  the  left,  to  Clist  St.  George,  where  the 
other  road,  or  Ikenild,  leading  from  Cirencester  to  Bridport  (Bridae  Portum)  Mori- 
dunum, Sidmouth,  and  Woodbury,  meets  it  and  runs  straight  to  Elxeter.  The  Doctor 
considers  the  traces  of  a  Military  Road  most  certain  between  Axminster  and  Honiton, 
and  particularly  towards  the  milliare  aureum,  or  golden  milestone  or  pillar,  as  he  de- 
signates Fair  Mile,  **Far  Saxon,  a  road."  Honiton  is  considered  to  have  an  air  of 
Roman  antiquity,  from  its  broad  street,  running  from  E.  to  W.t 

The  following  are  given  by  Musgrave,  as  tables  of  distances.  From  Wallingford 
or  Calleva,  the  NaXicua,  or  TaXKriva  of  Ptolemy,  to 

Vindomin,  M.  P.  XVIII,    Silchester,   chief  city  of  Segontiaci,  who  with  Belgse 
and  Cangi,  inhabited  Somerset,  Wilts,  Hants,  Ac.     (Antonine  says  XV.) 
t  My  CoBBiCTiONf  of  the  Itinerary  will  be  found  in  thtaccoant  of  Woodbuby  Camf,  4c. 

E 


XVI.  ROMAN    STATIONS 

Ventam  Belgarum,  XXIII.     Winchester.    (Antonine  XXI.) 

Clausentura,  XI.  Old  Southampton,  (or  as  we  now  suppose  Bittern)  lately  inspected 
by  Messrs  Brandreth,  and  C.  R.  Smith. 

Regnum,  XIX.  Ringwood,  {Regnum,  probably  Chichester)  Ringwood  CCamden) 
wood  of  the  Regni  ;  Rincetoed,  (Domesday.) 

He  then  gives  ws  the  distances  from  Winchester  to 

Brigen,  M.  P.  IX.  Broughtou,  supposed  by  Mr.  G.  Dyer,  Brige,  a  hill,  to  mean 
the  hill  land. 

Sorbiodunum,  XI.    Old  Sarura. 

Vindogladiam,  XVII.  Wimborne  Minster.  Boreston,  (Stukely)  Wimborne  Minster^ 
(Gale)  Hambleton  Hill,  near  Cranbourn,  CHorsley)  Gussage  Cow  Down,  (Comm. 
on  Richard,  Itin.)    (Antonine  XII.) 

Durnovariam,  XVI.  Dorchester.  Camp  at  passage  over  a  river,  (Camden)  Water 
Camp,  (Dyer.^     (Antonine  VII.) 

Moridunum,  XXVI,  Seadown,  (vulgo  Seaton)  Mor-Dun,  Mor,  Brit,  and  Cornish 
for  Sea  ;  Dun,  Hill.     (Antonine  XXXVI.) 

Iscam  Dunmoniorum,  XXV,     Exeter.     (Antonine  XV.) 

There  is  a  great  difference  of  opinion  at  the  present  day,  about  Vindogladia 
(assigned  to  Cranbourne  more  properly,)  and  not  only  as  to  the  spot  where  the  learned 
Doctor  assigns  the  junction  of  the  Roads,  but  also  as  respect^  the  Fossway,  commu- 
nicating to  Exeter  by  Sidmouth,  to  Woodbury  Hill,  (the  Alauna  Sylva  ci  the  ano- 
nymous Ravennas.)  It  is  generally  supposed  that  the  intermediate,  or  lost  station, 
between  Moridunum  and  Woodbury,  is  either  Sidbury  Castle  or  Fort,  (overlooking 
the  vale  leading  to  Sidmouth,)  the  Roman  Tidortis  of  Ravennas,  (noticed  by  Baxter 
and  Hutchins)  or  otherwise  the  Camp  on  Blackbury  Hill,  which,  as  Polwhele  observes, 
lies  about  a  mile  and  a  half  from  Southleigh  Church  to  the  South  West,  on  the  West 
side  of  Southleigfa  Hill,  of  an  oval  form,  200  yards  from  East  to  West,  and  100  from 
North  to  South.  This  Camp,  which  is  on  the  property  of  C.  Gordon,  Esq.,  of  Wis- 
combe  Park,  has  a  view  of  the  sea  from  Portland,  JEast,  to  Sidmouth,  West 
and  an  extensive  land  prospect  toward  the  North  East.  The  grand  earth-work  is  a 
single  entrenchment,  but  there  is  a  double  ditch,*  50  yards  beyond  the  principal  or 
original  earthwork.  One  or  other  of  these  two,  Sidbury  or  Blackbury,  was  the  lost 
station  or  mutatio,  on  this  25  mile  line  of  road  to  Isca.  Polwhele,  who  is  the  latest 
writer  on  these  roads,  informs  us  that  the  great  Fcsseway  from  Bath,  Ilchester,  and 
Chard,  (so  called  evidently  from  being  dyked  or  ditched  on  each  side,  fossis  munita) 
evidently  points  from  Somerset  towards  Seaton,  (Moridunum.)  That  from  thence  it 
proceeds  to  the  great  and  mighty  circumvallation  or  encampment,  Hembury  Ford, 
with  its  double  rampart,  commanding  the  vale  of  the  Otter,  from  whence  through  the 
parishes  of  Hembury,  to  Fenniton,  (I'VneioM  Domesday,  on  the  Tme stream)  Talaton, 
en  the  Tale,  {Talf  Cornish  high)  or  Tala  stream,  and  Whimple,  (the  Wimple  terra 
Willelmi  Chieure  of  Domesday^  along  the  old  Taunton  road  to  Exete  r ;  passing 
through  Layhill,  Colstocks,  Tale  Water,  rising  in  the  Black  Down  Hills,  (supposed 
so  called  because  probably  issuing  from  the  end  of  a  Lake)  and  Talaton  common,  to 
Lackbeare,  till  it  falls  into  the  Ikenild  street,  at  the  top  of  Street-way  head,  9  miles 
from  Exeter.— For  collateral  branches  of  the  roads,  v,  Davidson's  Antiquities  of 
Axmiaster,  an  intelligent  work  by  a  writer  of  talent. 

*  Ravelin,  or  Counterguard. 


liV    DEVON    AND    CORNWALL.  Xvil 

Th3  Ikenild  street,  or  Via  Iceniana,  I  may  observe,  as  is  well  known,  enters  Dor- 
setshire near  Woodyate's  Inn,  about  a  mile  and  a  half  from  which  are  many  tu7nuli 
or  barrows,  and  on  llie  side  of  the  hill  to  the  left  vestiges  of  extensive  entrenchments, 
perhaps  the  memorials  of  some  great  battle  ;  it  proceeds  to  Blandford,  enters  Dorchester 
near  Trinity  Church,  proceeds  to  Bridport,  and  leaves  that  county  at  Peen  Intij  near 
Axmlnster.  Polwhele  remarks  that  it  falls  into  the  London  road  near  the  Axminster 
Turnpike  Gate,  runs  from  thence  across  Kilmington  and  Shute  Hill,  and  turning 
away  along  Dalwood  Down,  keeps  the  ridge  till  it  descends  gradually  to  Honiton. 
This  line  of  road  is  much  corroborated  by  the  great  quantity  of  Roman  coins  dug  up 
in  1837,  in  the  Camp  on  Dalwood  down,  the  property  of  Marwood  Elton,  Esq.  of 
Widworthy  House;  there  they  were  found  in  great  profusion,  and  many  near  the  sur- 
face of  the  soil.  The  Ikenild  runs  from  Honiton  16  miles  straight  to  Kxeler, 
through  Honiton  Clist  parish,  entering  probably  by  the  old  disused  road  or  lane, 
passing  at  the  back  of  lleavitree,  which  also  divided  into  the  Black  Boy,  the  Union 
Rood,  or  Pester  Lane,  and  that  to  IMai  y  Pole  Head,  and  tlie  adjoining  Stoke  Hill 
Camps.  At  Honiton  Clist  it  certainly  entered  the  old  disused  road  called  Pin  Lane, 
communicating  to  that  at  lleavitree,  and  a  branch  of  it,  in  roy  opinion,  crossed  the 
marshes  near  Hayes,  above  Honiton  Clist,  as  well  as  the  stream  above  the  mill.  The 
vicinity  of  Axminster  probably  communicated  with  these  roads  by  the  eight  Forts  or 
Camps  which  exist  near  it  ;  of  these  Musbury,  of  an  elliptical  shape,  and  only  ac- 
cessible on  the  north,  supposed  a  Roman  work  to  defend  the  East  of  Devon  against 
the  Saxon  pirates  or  invaders,  is  most  worthy  of  Rotice  ;  Membury  (or  Mainbury, 
the  Stone  Castle,  qy.  ?  Cornish  Meinik  stony,  meini  ywyr  or  gayr^  stone  men)  Castle, 
supposed  of  King  Athelstan's  age,  is  also  highly  interesting.  These  Camps  are  on 
the  E.  and  N.  of  the  River  Axe,  the  Alcenus  of  antiquity,  the  mouths  of  which  are  the 
AXaira  TTor.  £K/3oXat  of  Ptolemy. 

I  have  imagined  a  via  diverticula^  contiguous  or  diverging  Road  to  exist,  from  the 
Fosseway  to  the  old  Broadclist  Road,  over  Broadclist  Heath,  from  the  discovery  of 
a  great  number  of  coins  in  1837  near  PoUimore,  Greek,  Egyptian  and  Roman.  From 
the  position  ot  this  deposit  of  Coins  directly  in  advance  of  the  Roman  JEstivum^  or 
summer  camp  ti\.  Killerion  {Kelli^'m  Cornish  and  Welsh,  a  grove;  Ar,  land  cr 
ploughland)  there  may  have  been  an  £?jrcM6i«,  outlying  piquet  or  advanced  post  of 
Roman  troops  in  advance  of  the  forts  at  Stoke  hill,  Duryard,  (Dour  and  Dur,  water; 
Herdyay  Cornish,  prominent)  or  prominent  headland  near  the  water,  and  Killerton, 
near  Poltimore  (anciently  Clist  Mois,  and  in  Domesday,  Pultimore,  meaning  the  great 
house  at  the  Pool  or  Pit,  in  Cornish)  to  whom  these  coins  naay  have  reference. 

The  origin  of  Ikenild  has  been  variously  tortured  by  etymologists,  Mr.  Dyer 
observes  that  the  word  Ich  or  Ic,  which  changes  to  Uic,  Vic,  and  Wic,  is  rendered  Ir 
Saxon  dictionaries  by  Sinus  and  Ripa^  and  that  to  Iken  this  people  added  yld  or  old 
to  shew  that  it  was  a  disused  or  old  Road — that  the  syllable  Ick  was  a  Saxon  term  for 
road,  and  the  root  of  Ryk  in  Rykenyld,  the  old  road  land. 

The  Cornish  iA  and  yk  is  of  little  service  to  us,  as  it  is  generally  a  termination  of 
creeks  or  inlets  merely.  A  learned  correspondent  writes  me  that  the.  word  comes 
from  ychen  oxen,  being  the  road  leading  to  the  East  of  England  and  the  country  of 
the  Iceni  (  or  people  of  Suffolk  and  Norfolk)  along  which  the  oxen  from  the  West  of 


XVlll.  ROMAN    STATIONS 

England  passed  !  !  We  have,  unfortunately  for  this  derivation,  several  other  Icenfng 
streets  as  well  as  Watling  Streets,  and  the  name  of  the  former  obtains  in  roads  not  at 
all  cojinected  with  the  Iceni^  the  good  subjects  of  Boadicea  and  the  fertile  turnip  fields 
and  game  preserves  of  one  who  in  modern  days  was  the  wealthiest  commoner  in  Eng- 
land. Ych,  oich,  Ytx,  wt^,  in  the  words  of  my  correspondent,  mean  also  ocean,  as 
e.  g.  PAcM-oirA,  people  of  the  ocean,  Phoenicians ;  thence  och,  Ox,  ox,  and  the  animal  so 
called  was  adopted  by  them  and  other  maritime  people  ;  and  most  of  the  coins  bearing 
an  ox  or  ox*head,  were  coined  by  a  people  directly  or  indirectly  maritime.  Yks,  for 
Ysk,  by  transposition,  I  however  allow,  means  water  ;  hence  hhka,  Irish— /^-^e,  Cor- 
nish—  ris^re,  Armoric,  11  imply  water,  and /sea  DMnmoniorwwi  is  the  town  of  the 
men,  living  or  dwelling  under  mountains  or  in  vallies  by  the  water  side  ;  unless  as 
Camden  and  others  imagine  Dun  moina,  hills  of  tin  minesj  for  which  this  county 
was  once  more  noted  than  on  any  other  account,  Dun  and  Din  signifying  a  hill  in 
many  ancient  tongues,  and  in  Cornish  Dunmwyn  signifies  a  hill  of  metals ;  in  Welsh, 
mooun  and  moowyn^  any  fusible  metal. 

The  Watling  street  is  supposed  from  Guetheling,  the  high  ridge  or  high  dyke  way, 
as  Wadaldon  in  the  parish  of  Whitstone,  near  Exeter,  high  ridge  land,  and  Whitstone 
("Wad  or  Whid,  a  hill  or  ridge)  hill  or  ridge  land  on  a  steep. 

With  reference  to  what  course  the  Ikenild  takes  to  the  west,  after  passing  through 
the  High  and  Fore  Streets  of  Exeter,  Dr  Musgrave  observes  that  it  crosses  the  river 
at  **  Kenn  Ford,"  or  near  the  old  Eoman  station,  Vercenia  of  Baxter,  supposed  to 
be  Kenton,  and  then  passing  over  Haldon,  *'  superato  monte  nunc  Haldeo  nuncupato,'" 
**  ad  Ugbrook,*'  near  Chudleigh.  In  Lord  Clifibrd's  Park  is  an  ancient  entrenchment 
or  camp,  as  well  as  others  un  great  and  little  Haldon.  A  branch  of  this  road  may 
have  led  from  Pen-hill  near  Haldon  house,  by  the  narrow  way  to  Trushain,  opposite 
Whiteway,*  now  much  out  of  repair,  and  thence  lo  Hennock  and  Ilsington,  by  Bovey 
Tracy,  where  Roman  coins  were  found  in  1839.  From  Ugbrook  the  road  proceeds  to 
the  Teign,  *'  ad  Neapolin"  to  Newton  *'  ad  Totonesium"  to  Totnes.  Whether  it  went 
from  Ilsington  to  Ashburton,  and  thence  across  the  Dart  to  Hembury  Fort,  in  Buck> 
fastleigh,  by  the  aforesaid  old  roa  d  through  Trushara  (Trevesham,  the  village  in  the 
wood)  which  I  well  know,  being  a  very  bad  one,  is  uncertain,  as  well  as  whether  the 
DuRio  Amne  of  the  16th  Iter  of  Richard  the  monk  of  Cirencester,  was  actually  this 
Hembury  Fort  or  perhaps  Totnes  (TodUf  Cornish,  lay  ground,  land  ©B  hills  or 
dowiM,  /«,  water)  to  which,  as  antiquaries  assert,  a  road  led  through  Newton,  after 
Teignbridge  was  built,  and  by  a  ferry  perhaps  before.  Some  able  remarks  on  this 
part  of  the  road  are  given  in  Borlase's  Cornwall,  of  the  Roman  ways,  pages  331,  332. 
It  appears  that  the  intention  was  to  carry  it  from  Totnes  to  the  banks  of  the  Tamar 
and  to  the  south  coast  of  Cornwall,  in  which  the  Romans  had  bodies  of  troops,  and 
worked  the  mines  with  great  assiduity.  That  this  plan  succeeded,  is  evident  from 
the  station  Cenia  of  Richard  the  monk,  supposed  Tregony  (^Gencu^  a  mouth,  British) 
which  was  perhaps  at  the  entrance  of  the  Cenion  (Kcviwvof  £K;/3o\at  of  Ptolemy)  the 
Giano  of  Ravennas  ;  although  others  assert  it  lay  on  the  lake  between  Truro  and 
Pendennis,  and  consider  Ptolemy's  Cenion  to  be  Falmouth  Haven.  The  mouth  oi  the 
Tamarus  (Tarn  a  Rau,  gentle  river,  or  Tarn  mawr,  great  river)  Taftapa  tK^oXat  was 
Plymouth  Harbour  or  Hamoaze. 

*  Near  Ashtoa. 


Additional  Remarks  on  the  Roads,  Camps,  ^c. 

The  ttoraati  way  leading  from  Totnes  into  Cornwall,  is  supposed  to  pass  near  Ply- 
mouth, towards  Liskeard,  and  another  higher  up,  coming  throughlSomersetshire,  and 
by  Torrington,  to  Stratton,  Came'.ford  and  Bodmin.  A  raised  track  way, 'pitched  with 
stones,  at  the  West  of  Stratton,  is  supposed  Roman,  called  the  Causeway,  passing  al 
the  header  Bude  Haven,  towards  Camelford  ;  and  a  square  caipp  is  said  to  exist 
half  a  mile  from  Stratton,  where  Roman  coins  have  been  found.  These  roads  are  in 
many  parts  much  obliterated  at  present.  A  chain  of  posts  is  supppsed  to  have  com- 
municated from  the  garrison  of  ISC  A,  across  the  JUGUM  OCRINUM  (Dartmoor) 
to  Hartland,  and  the  triple  Clovelly  Dykes,  or  camp,  by  the  famous  entrenchments  or 
camps,  known  as  Preston  Berry,  in  the  parish  of  Drewsteignton,  Cranbrook  Castle, 
near  Moreton,*  and  Bradberry  Castle,  in  the  parish  of  North  Lew,  perhaps  to  main- 
tain a  co.nmunication  with  Cornwall — But  then  the  Devon  and  Cornish  Britons  were 
pacific  and  mercantile,  why  therefore  fortify  these  passes,  unless  to  give  the  Roman 
troops  probably  something  todo  "  in  piping  times"  of  endless  peace?  Another  chain,  it 
is  said,  communicated,  possibly,  by  the  Whitstone  hills,  to  Crediton,  and  thence  to 
Molland  Botreaux,  by  Posberry  Camp,  Tedburn  St.  Mary,  and  Berry  Castle,  in 
Wolfardisworlhy,  towards  South  Molton.  The  road  frdm  Mollanil  is  supposed  to 
have  diverged  back  again  through  Tiverton,  to  Hembury  Ford,  and  thence  to  the 
Alauna  Sj/lva,  (Woodbury  Castle)  retrograding  to  the  grand  station  at  Exeter,  by  a 
different  route. 

Much  of  this  and  other  theories  is  unfortunately  open  to  speculation.  We  are  ob- 
liged to  take  these  and  many  other  Antiquarian  reveries  with  reservation,  cum^grano 
salts,  and  from  the  want  of  authentic  records,  and  the  absence  of  any  documents, 
in  dark  ages,  when  not  only  printing,  but  even  the  very  rudiments  of  science  were 
lost  and  unknown,  it  is  utterly  impracticable,  perhaps,  to  slate  whether  these  mighty 
circumvallations  were  erected  in  the  early  British  or  ante-Roman  period,  and  if 
they  were  originally  intended  as  communications  or  beacons  for  signals  from  height  (o 
height,  across  intersecting  vallies,  or  merely  as  strong  holds  on  high  and  secure 
ground.  We  are  equally  puzzled  whether  to  assign  them  to  the  Roman  legions,  the 
Saxons,  or  the  Danes,  in  the  respective  periods  of  all  which  nations,  extensive  mi- 
litary operations  were  carried  oi;  in  Britain,  and  the  shape  of  these  military  works 
themselves  is  oftentimes  far  from  being  a  certain  guide.  A  corroboration  of  the  pre- 
sence of  Roman  occupation  is  indeed  afforded  by  the  very  interesting  deposits  of 
Denariif  at  Poughill,  near  Wolfardisworthy,  the  Centaur  of  bronze,  or  Standard, 
(supposed  of  2nd  Legion)  discovered  near  Sidmouth,  and  a  coin  of  Trajanus  Decius, 
found  at  (Crediton.  The  2000  small  brass  coins,  dug  up  near  Kingskerswell,  would 
also  go  a  great  way  to  make  out  a  case  for  Milbourne  Down  Camp.  The  road  from 
Kennford  over  Haldon,  it  is  probable,  turned  off  to  the  right,  skirting  the  Park  at 
Haldon  House,  and  ascended  the  high  crest  of  the  old  Plymouth  road,  passing  on  to  Ug^ 
brook  from  Whiteway,  and  proceeding  thence  onward  to  Newton,  at  which  place  the 
bridge  was  originally  of  great  antiquity,  the  first  undoubtedly  of  wood,  and  it  appears 
that  there  were  three  successively  ;  a  Roman  trackway,  it  is  probable  led  across  the 
grounds  of  Haldon  House,  (the  elegant  seat  of  Sir  L.  V,  Palk)   towards  Penhill 

*  Tumuli  have  been  opened  in  the  parish  of  Moreton,  containing  the  hones  of  warriors,  ancient 
«raioar,  battle  axes,  ke. 

B* 


ADDITIONAL    REMARKS. 

camp,  and  thence  to  the  Trackway  or  vicinal  road  through  Trusham,*  and  to  another 
leading  through  Ashton  to  Christow,  at  which  place  a  curious  embossed  stone  or  gra  - 
nite  sacrificial  patera  was  found.  We  are  however  again  in  the  dark  about  the 
embankments  and  tumuli^  on  Haldon.  Tradition  states  that  when  Athelstan  expell- 
ed the  Cornish  from  Exeter,  (at  that  time  an  unwalled  city)  he  engaged  the  forces  of 
that  people,  under  their  chieftain  Howel,  on  Haldon,  and  many  of  the  remains  on  Ihat 
spot  are  probably  to  be  traced  to  a  contest  of  that  aera  only,  and  the  total  defeat  of 
the  Cornish,  who  were  driven  into  their  present  territory,  beyojid  the  Tamar.  A 
gigantic  skeleton,  8  feet  long,  was  found  in  digging  through  a  Tumulus,  near  Kenn- 
ford,  in  making  the  new  Haldon  road.  It  is  generally  thought  that  another  branch, 
or  Trackway,  from  the  Ikenild,  turning  off  from  ISC  A  beyond  theBonhay,  to  the 
right,  crossed  the  Exe  near  the  St.  Thomas'  Fields,  at  Gould's  Hays,  by  a  ford  under 
St.  David's  hill,  and  proceeded  up  Greenway  lane,  by  Ex  wick,  to  the  Whits  ton  e  hills,  and 
is  traced  onwards  towards  Drewsteington  and  Whiddon  Down,  (where  Roman  coins 
were  found)  and  even  to  Hartland  point,  but,  as  Mr.  Northmore  remarks ,  to  Stratton 
only. 

The  line  of  road  traced  out  in  a  preceding  page  by  the  celebrated  Dr.  Musgrave,  (the 
friend  of  Stukely)  one  of  the  ablest  and  most  distinguished  scholars  Exeter  has  produced, 
must  be  c(»nsidered  as  immediately  referring  to  the  Southern  branches  of  the  two 
great  military  ways,  and  those  only.  He  of  course,  means  only  the  Southern  line  of 
the  FosswAY,  when  he  commenced  its  career  at  Speen,  near  Newbury.t 

As  respects  the  Ikenild,  which  appears  only  to  visit  the  hill  fortresses,  evidently 
appearing  first  near  Taesborough,  in  Suffolk,  and  running  in  a  strong  Westerly  direc- 
tion, there  is  a  diversity  of  opinion  at  the  present  day.  Taking  the  line  of  encamp- 
ments on  the  high  ground,  between  Beds,  and  Hertfordshire,  and  thence  *'  creeping 
along  the  hills  through  Berks  and  Oxfordshire,"  we  are  told  it  crosses  the  Thames  at 
Streatly,  whence  a  branch  is  thrown  off  to  the  right,  into  Wilts,  and  towards  our 
Southern  counties.  It  is  now  supposed  that  Musgrave  was  incorrect  iu  supposing 
that  a  branch  of  it  communicated  from  London  to  Wallingford  (Calleva;)  it  is  how- 
ever probable,  from  the  12th  and  15th  Iters  of  Richard,  that  there  was  some  connecting 
line,  as  we  are  able  to  trace  a  Roman  road  from  Bath  towards  Marlborough,  by 
Speen,  Calleva^  and  Windsor,  to  London ;  and  again  another  from  London,  by  Cat' 
icva,  to  Bittern  or  Southampton,  which  went  back  again  to  London  by   Canterbury, 

*  The  great  circular  earthwork  or  embankment  at  Penhill,  is  clearly  an  ancient  camp,  and  part  of  its 
vallum  is  still  disoernable.  The  summit  of  this  noble  eminence,  which  is  capped  by  that  majestic  and 
elegant  structure,  the  Belvidere,  commands  an  extensive  view  over  the  Quantock  hills,  Brent  Tor, 
and  Portland. 

t  Henry  of  Huntingdon,  who  lived  in  1154,  observes.  Hist.  lib.  1,  "  Quartus  major  caeteris  incipit 
in  Catenes,  ( Caithness)  et  desinit  in  Totenes,  scil.  a  priacipio  CornugalliaB  in  finem  Scottiae,  Hie 
callis  vadit  extransverso,  aZephyro  australi  in  Eurum  Septentrionalem,  et  vocatur  FOSSA,  tenditque 
per  LiHColniam."  To  use  a  Devonian  phrase,  it  is  "  hard  twisting  "  to  believe  at  the  present  day,  that 
the  Foss  commenced  at  Caithness,  in  Scotland,  and  ended  at  Totnes.  It  i  s  however  certain  that  this  noble 
road  ran  through  a  great  part  of  S.  Britain,  and  that  more  particularly  also,  it  is  to  be  traced  from  Leices- 
tershire into  the  S  of  Northamptonshire,  and  thence  E.  into  Lincolnshire,  by  Willoughby,  Belvoir, 
E.  Bridgford,  Long  CoUingham  and  Lincoln.  At  Cirencester  it  meets  the  Akeman  Street,  which  ac- 
compaoiesit  to  Akeman- ceaster,  or  old  Bath,  and  is  a  consular  way,  very  visible  in  Oxfordsh.  and 
Gloucestersh.  traversing  also  Woodstock  Park. 


ADDITIONAL    REMARtSlS. 

Vagniacce^  and  Newbury,  &c.  The  Ikenild  is  considered  originally  a  frontier  road 
of  the  ancient  Keltic  tribes,  and  decidedly  British,  and  the  difference  between  the  roads 
of  that  people  and  those  formed  by  the  Romans,  is  said  to  be  that  the  latter  are  de- 
cidedly straight,  whereas  the  former  more  frequently  accommodate  themselves  to  the 
features  and  character  of  the  country,  for  visiting  stations  and  camps,  (^c.  For  this 
reason  we  must  not  fall  into  the  error  of  supposing  every  road  in  the  Itinerary  of 
Antonine  or  Richard,  to  be  Roman,  as  an  able  correspondent  observes,  that  the 
circumstance  of  a  traveller  passing  through  a  country  along  different  roads  marked 
out  in  the  Itineraries,  would  not  alter  the  original  or  perhaps  aboriginal  designation 
of  them.  Many  Roman  vicinal  ways  were  doubtless  in  communication  with  the  old 
British  ones. 

Woodbury  Camp.  The  Alauna  Si/lva  a(  Woodbury  Hill,  is  from  the  British 
AlauH  iu,  evidently  signifying  the  full  river,  like  the  Alanus  or  Ax,  whose  embou- 
chure is  Axmouth  in  Devon  ;  which  ostium  or  mouth  is  recorded  by  Ptolemy  as  the 
Ecbolce  of  the  Alsenus,  in  his  Geography  of  Britain.  The  words  Llarvn  Avon  imply 
the  same,  or  plenus  amnis  ;  and  the  name  of  the  Roman  station  at  Brinkburn  on  the 
Coquet,  in  Northumberland,  was  Alauna  Amne ;  and  Christ  Chuich,  in  Hants, 
twelve  miles  from  Lymington,  was  called  Interamna  and  Twynamburne,  being  situ- 
ated a  little  above  the  confluence  of  the  Avon  and  Stour,  the  former  of  which  Camden 
infers  from  Ptolemy  to  have  had  the  proper  British  name  of  Alaun,  and  not  Avon,  an 
appellative  applied  by  the  Britons  to  rivers  in  general.  The  Stirling  of  Baxter  in 
Scotland,  said  to  be  the  Alauna  of  Ptolemy,  on  the  Forth,  supposed  by  some  to  be  near 
Falkirk,  on  the  Roman  wall,  took  its  name  from  a  river.  Alau  in  Cornish,  means  Water 
Lilies.  The  Alaunus  supposed  by  some  to  be  the  Tweed,  which  Ptolemy  places  next  to 
the  Frith  of  Forth,  or  estuary  Bodotria,  was  probably  the  Alne,  in  Northumberland, 
on  which  its  county  town  is  now  situated.  There  was  a  Woodbury  Hill  in  Worces- 
tershire. V.  Camden,  p.  627.*  The  Woodbury  of  Devon  was  probably  once  a  pebbly 
sea  beach,  upheaved  by  igniaqueous  agency,  and  so  were  many  other  hills  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood.    (Domesday,  Terra  Regis  Wodeberie.) 

The  British  names  of  towns  and  rivers  are  deduced  from  water,  or  something  allu- 
ding thereto,  and  Lowman  or  Lummon   from  the  above  mentioned  root,  signifies  a 
rapid  stream  j  as  also   Llym  or  Llwm  Avon.    The  Romans,  on  taking  possession  of 
our  island,  permitted  the  British  names   to  continue,  only  giving  them  a  Latin  turn. 
But  as  to  places  of  later  date,  and  particularly  of  parishes,  we  often  find  the  etymology 
to  be  Saxon,  and  sometimes  partaking  of  both  languages,  including  much  Keltic,  Cor- 
nish and  Welsh.    Woodbury   Camp  or  Castle  "  overlooks  a  great  extent  of  country, 
to  the  east  the  Quantock  Hills  and  Isle  of  Portland,  and  to  the  south  Berry  Point  and 
the   rocky  heights  of  Dartmoor."     I   visited  it   16th  May,  1836— it  is  of  an  oval  or 
frying  pan  shape,  now  planted  as  well  as  its  fosses  with  fir  trees  by  Lord  Rolle.t  This 
station  pointed  to  Hembuiy  Ford,   and  all  the  eastern  and  north-eastern  stations,  and 
probably  communicated   with  the  Haldon  camps,  and  those  on  the  hills  in  the  vicinity 
and  overlooked  as  well  the  vales  of  the  Otter  and  banks  of  the  Exe.     Its  area  is  five 
acres,  and  a  vicinal  road  coming  from  it,  meets  the  two  great  roads  from  Somerset  at 
*  Lancaster  is  supposed  ^d  ^/auntim,  and  Alcester  on  Aln,  another  iKauna,  Warwickshire, 
t  On  the  W.  and  N.  W.  an^le  particularly,  it »  fine  double  aggtr  and  vallum,  but  tiie  defences  are 
much  slighter  ou  its  other  flanks. 


ADDITIONAL    REMARKS 

Streetwayhead.  Woodbury,  as  connecting  the  inland  with  the  maritime  camps,  was, 
it  is  said,  of  most  pre-eminence  during  the  time  of  Constantine  the  Great,  when  the 
Saxons  began  to  invade  the  shores  of  Britain,'  and  their  depredations  had  arrived  at 
such  a  height  that  it  was  deemed  necessary  to  appoint  an  officer  entitled  the  Count  of 
the  Saxon  shore  {Comes  Saxonici  Littoris,)  and  dignified  with  the  appellation  of 
SpectabiliSj  or  honourable,  to  guard  the  shores  from  these  pirates.  His  office  is  re- 
corded in  the  Notitia,  and  was  continued  till  the  Romans  quitted  the  island  ;  being 
one  of  the  three  officers  in  the  west  under  the  Master  or  General  of  Infantry,  and 
commanding  the  second  legion,  several  auxiliaries  and  two  troops  of  horse.  A  British 
camp  of  a  similar,  (but  styled  a  paper  kite  shape)  occurs  near  Banbury,  (called  Nad- 
bury,  )  Oxon. 

SiDBURY  Castle,  supposed  the  Tidorlis  of  the  Romans,  (v.  Hutchins  Dorset,  vol,  1, 
from  the  anonymous  Ravennas,)  overlooks  the  vale  leading  to  Sidmouth.  It  was 
evidently  connected  with  the  Hibernacula  at  Exeter,  and  was  intermediate  from  Mori- 
dunum  or  Seaton,  although  no  mention  is  made  of  it  in  the  1 5th  Iter  of  Antoninus.  This 
Iter  it  is  well  known  is  very  carelessly  and  incorrectly  handed  down  to  us,  and  must 
be  read  as  follows,  so  far  as  relates  to  Devon  and  Dorset. 

From  Sorbiodunum  (Old  Sarum)to  Vindogladia  or  Cranbourne  15  miles  ;  from  thence 
to  Durnovaria  (Dorchester)  36;  from  which  to  Moridunum,  36  miles  further, 
correcting  the  eight  between  Cranbourne  and  Dorchester,  which  would  only  give  us 

15  miles  English   from  Sar urn  to  the  latter  place.     From  Seaton  we  have  here  only 

16  miles  to  Isca  ;  this  however  is  far  from  being  correct,  and  ought  to  be  25,  which 
is  more  probable ;  and  the  Roman  miles  are  shorter  than  ours  from  three  to  four  in 
the  main  proportion.  We  must  imagine  the  intervening  stations  to  be  lost,  for 
this  (15)  never  can  answer  for  the  distance  to  Exeter  from  the  important  station  at 
Moridunum,  to  which  there  was  a  regular  chain  of  encampments  from  the  winter 
station,  either  at  Dunium  (Dorchester,)  or  Maiden  Castle,  to  say  nothing  of  the 
Fosseway  and  other  roads  pointing  to  it.  Another  station,  Ottery,  is  the  Odira 
of  Ravennas,  sup  p.  from  Odre,  Water. 

Sidbury,  in  Domesday,  terra  episcopi  Exon,  Sideberie,  derives  its  name,  as  is 
well  known,  from  that  small  stream  called  the  S^d,  and  the  above  castle  or  camp, 
which  is  to  the  south-west  of  Sidbury  church.  The  Sid,  which  originates  in  five 
fountains,  *  running  through  as  many  combes,'  is  supposed  to  take  its  name  from  the 
British  Saeth,  and  Cornish  Seth,  an  arrow,  in  which  latter  Sethy  means  to  shoot,  re- 
ferring to  the  swiftness  and  activity  of  the  river,*  Sidbury  was,  it  is  probable,  a  con- 
necting link  with  Moridunum,  and  it  is  likely  that  the  Exploratores,  under  the 
Count  of  the  Saxon  shores,  garrisoned  it  and  other  posts,  having  their  light  frigates, 
or  naves  lusoria,  on  the  coast. 

The  camp  on  Sidbury  Hill  is  a  small  work  consisting  of  a  single  embankment  and 
ditch,  on  the  summit  of  a  conical  eminence,  one  flank  of  which  is  covered  with  wood. 

♦  Perhaps  the  Romans  adopted  the  Keltic  T  or  Teutonic  Th  for  S,  in  Tidortis,  but  the  Cornish  Tt/d, 
British  Tia,  and  Welsh  Tydhyn,  all  mean  land.  Dour  or  Dur  is  water,  and  Tiz  or  Tuz,  a  people,  tribe 
or  family,  (Brit,  and  Cornish  ; )  It  might  mean  the  people  of  the  land  Irrigated  by  the  Sid,  occupying 
Sandcombe,  Harcombe,  &c. 


ROMAN  CAMP  OF  ISCA. 

If  we  are  to  suppose,  as  there  is  every  reason  for  so  doing,  tliat  ancient  Isca 
was  a  winter  Camp  or  station  of  tlie  Romans,  and  that  the  Pr«/oriMm,  Judgment  Hall, 
Palace  or  Court  of  the  commanding  officer,  as  collected  from  tradition,  stood  on  the  site 
of  the  Iron  Foundries  in  Waterbeer  or  Theatre  Street,  th<j  Quaestorium,  traced  by  the 
abundance  of  money  found  on  the  spots  near  Broadgate,  may  probably  have  occupied 
the  usual  space,*  to  the  left  of  the  prsetoriura,  containing  the  quarters  and  apartments  of 
the  QUiBSTOR,  or  paymaster,  and  his  family,  with  the  treasury,  arsenal,  and  provision 
stores  for  the  artificers,  pioneers,  carpenters,  (fabric  ferrarii, )  sappers,  and  other  ope- 
ratives under  the  Prsefectus  Fabrflm,  attached  to  the  Legion.  The  Auguraculum, 
(otwvt<??jpiov)  or  temple,  sacred  to  the  soothsayer  or  augurs,  and  perchance,  the  public 
prison  or  career,  were  attached  to  this  department.  The  Forum ^  of  which  the  area  was 
sometimes  equal  to  the  Quastoriutn,  near  the  Upper  Market  probably,  may  have  stood 
in  its  proper  place,  to  the  right  of  the  Prtetorixtm,  if  the  latter  is  supposed  to  front 
the  Via  Transversa:  here  the  public  assemblies  were  held,  and  the  Tribunal  stood, 
with  its  curule  seat  or  chair,  and  here  were  the  Oojkol  (noticed  by  Josephus  3,  cap.  6.) 
or  seats  of  Judgment,  where  the  Tribunes  and  Centurions  sat  to  punish  defaulters  and 
offenders,  and  .to  decidej  the  controversies  or  disputes  between  the  private  soldiers. 
This  was  a  sort  of  military  Provost  Marshal  for  the  maintenance  of  discipline- 
The  Eagles  and  sacred  standards  of  the  Legion,  with  their  ensigns  or  bearers,  men  of 
good  families  and  well  set  up  as  soldiers,  the  statues  of  the  gods  and  of  the  reigning 
Prince  and  his  children,  were  also  lodged  in  this  Forum. 

The  ancient  Guildhall,  on  the  site  of  the  foundries  in  Waterbeer  Street,  in  St.  Ki- 
rian's  parish,  was  an  old  Saxon  building — the  present  edifice  in  the  High  Street  being 
built  in  1464,  and  much  repaired  in  1574.  The  seat  of  Justice  was  thus  not  far  re- 
moved from  that  of  the  Roman  times.  The  Esgles,  unless  when  stuck  up  in  the  Co- 
mitia  Bind  Conventus  or  public  Courts,  were  deposited  in  little  Chapels  or  Saeella  • 
from  Dion  Cassius,  lib.  40,  we  find  that  in  all  camps  was  a  small  chapel  of  this  kind, 
where  the  Eagle  of  gold,  or  Legionary  Ensign  was  placed  (acrog  xP^<'^**ff  cvi^pvrat.) 
The  other  ensigns  being  too  long,  were  stuck  on  poles  in  the  ground,  in  the  open  air; 
they  were  generally  of  silver  and  bore  the  effigies  of  the  reigning  Emperors.  However, 
Herodian  informs  us,  that  it  was  customary  to  place  them  all  in  one  Sacellum,  lib.  4. 
(yntiv,  £v9a  ra  orjfitta  xai  ayaXfiara  TrpoffKvvdTai)  where  they  received  adoration,  and 
were  worshipped,  and  oaths  taken  by  them  as  bearing  the  images  and  pictures  of  the 
deities  and  princes.  The  Principia  of  Tacitus,  or  centre  of  the  camp,  and  tents  of 
the  chief  officers,  refer  to  these.  The  statue  of  S^anus  we  find,  from  the  same  author, 
was  at  one  period  of  his  grandeur,  venerated  aroorg  other  ornaments  of  the  sacred  en- 
signs. The  little  Temple,  (erroneously  called  Arthur's  oven,  from  wov  an  egg)  near 
Falkirk  on  the  Carron,  where  Carausius  is  said  to  have  ratified  a  treaty  ^ith  the  Scots 
and  Picts,  is  supposed  by  Pennant  to  have  been  a  small  chapel  for  the  Roman  Standards- 
Annexed  is  a  diagram  of  what  the  ancient  quadrilateral  Roman  Camp  or  station  of 
*  In  some  Camps,  375  feet  in  length,  by  200  in  breadth. 


ROMAN  CAMP 

IscA  may  be  supposed  to  have  been,  if  we  adhere  to  the  most  excellent  description 
given  by  Polybius  in  his  treatise  de  Militid  jRowand,  in  that  part  of  his  6th  Book 
which  has  happily  escaped  destruction.  From  the  remains  found  in  different  parts  of 
the  city  which  may  be  supposed  to  have  corresponded  with  the  old  camp — I  have  en- 
deavoured to  track  the  various  divisions  and  ramifications  of  the  station,  observing 
that  the  square,  oblong,  or  quadrilateral  formation  was  strictly  adhered  to  by  the  Romans, 
wherever  the  ground  permitted,  and  that  the  walls  of  the  city  in  some  measure,  were 
probably  on  part  of  the  old  landmarks  used  on  this  occasion  (not  quite  the  rerpayiovov  kto- 
vXsvpov.)  The  Eastgate  was  certainly  near  the  P or  taDecumana,  or  Qw^sioria,  and  the 
IkeniLD,  passing  through  the  centre  of  the  Camp,  communicated  with  the  Porta  Pree- 
toria,  or  Extraordinaria,  at  the  Fore  Street  Hill,  from  whence  it  diverged  and  crossed 
the  river  by  a  ford  (where  the  old  Bridge  of  Walter  Gervais  was  erected,  in  12 18,)  on  its 
way  to  Vercenia  (Kennford)  and  thence  over  Haldon  to  Newton  and  Durio  Amne.  The 
Southgate  probably  was  not  the  Sinistra  Principalis,  nor  was  the  Northgate 
the  Dextra  Principalis,  as  we  suppose  the  North  and  South  Streets  to  have  been  tiie 
Transversa  via  ante  Pratorium,  where  the  main  guards  and  sentinels  were  stationed, 
for  the  safeguard  of  tha  commanding  officer  and  his  Court,  being  the  VigilicB  or  night 
guards  of  the  garrison.  One  company,  or  Maniple  (juia  arj^aia)  mounted  guard  every 
day  inturn  (ava  fiepog  t&>  QQarriya)  TrapaKomi)  he  says,  to  protect  that  officer,  and  also  to 
add  a  degree  of  state  and  military  pomp  to  his  rank  and  station. 

Coins  of  Claudius  are  repeatedly  found  in  the  lower  parts  of  the  walls,  where  the  new 
Dispensary  stands,  on  Northernhay.  This  was  evidently  the  N.  boundary  of  the  Fo- 
rum, which  flank  of  the  Camp  was  protected  by  the  now  inconsiderable  stream  from 
Hill's  court,  which  meanders  at  the  base  of  Northernhay,  and  in  later  days  afforded 
a  safeguard  to  the  palace  of  Athelstan,  in  Paul  Street,  The  Porta  Decumana  was 
that  gate  from  which  danger  was  least  expected,  and  the  ordinary  thoroughfare  for  the 
common  soldiers,  for  forage  and  water,  which  last  was  however  here  most  probably  pro- 
cured by  the  Praetorian  Gate,  as  nearest  the  river  at  Isca,  The  Preetorian  Gate  was 
that  most  exposed  (v.  Cses.  lib.  3,  de  Bel.  Civ.)  and  was  on  the  rear  of  the  Camp  {Ttjv 
oTTiaOtv  TrXtvpav  of  Polybius)  while  the  other  was  in  front  of  the  main  fosse  or  ditch, 
{Kara  TrpooiDTTOv  rrXevpav  th  xapaKog)  and  called  Decumana,  from  the  Ten  Or  dines, 
or  military  Centuries  near  it,  as  it  appears,  of  which  every  five  companies  or  Maniples 
of  foot  consisted— as  Hastati,  Principes,  or  Triarii,  *  and  it  will  be  recollected  that 
every  three  of  these  companies  formed  a  Cohort  along  with  120  Velites,  Skirmishers, 
or  Light  Infantry,  and  Ten  Cohorts  formed  p  Legion ;  attached  to  which  were  ten 
troops  of  Horse,  of  30  men  each,  and  a  number  of  Auxiliaries  or  Allies,  called  Socii, 
Ala  of  PTorse,  and  Cornua  of  foot.  These  last  I  have  partly  placed  as  Extraordina- 
rit,  being  a  3rd  of  the  foreign  Horse,  and  6th  part  of  their  Infantry,  with  the  elite  of 
those  Troops,  in  their  proper  place,  on  the  left  of  the  Pratorium,  nearly  above  the 
Qucestorium,  and  partly  in  the  Lower  Market.  The Extraordinarii  were  all  picked  sol- 
diers, tTrtXeicrot.  The  Via  principalis  I  have  placed  In  the  centre  of  the  Camp;  it  was 
usually  100  feet  wide— -here  were  the  quarters  of  the  officers  of  rank,  both  Romans  and 
their  allies,  extending  in  general,  over  a  space  of  60  feet  towards  the  Pr<^foriMm. 
This  spot  was  kept  very  level  and  neat,  with  abundance  of  cara,  as  Polybius  tells  us, 
and  was  apparently  a  sort  of  drill  ground,  for  the  daily  exercises  of  the  soldiers  The 
Via  Quintana,  60  feet  in  width,  I  suppose  intersected  that  part  of  the  city,  which  ex- 
*  Distinguished  by  three  long  plumes  in  their  helmets. 


OP   I8CA. 

tended  from  the  limits  of  the  Bedford  Circus,  and  Southernhay,  across  the  main  street 
through  Musgrave's  Ailejr  towards  the  Castle,  so  called  fn>m  the  Quingue  ordines 
located  towards  it.  In  this  road,  as  most  convenient  for  that  purpose,  was  the  Forum 
Rerum  UtensiUuntf  or  Market  place  for  all  necessary  articles  wanted  by  the  troops 
(by  the  testimony  of  Festus)  which  I  have  placed  across  the  main  street,  between  the 
spot  where  the  Roman  Vault  was  discovered  and  Musgrave's  Alley,  The  Triarii 
Pilani,  or  Veterans,  600  strong,  are  placed  in  the  same  quarter  as  the  tttrmee  or  troops 
of  horse;  their  senior  captain,  Centurio  Primipilus  or  Adjutiiiit,  was  however  lodged 
near  the  Pratorium,  in  the  post  of  honour,  and  took  rank  above  all  the  other  Cen- 
turions, being  the  senior  officer  of  the  right  hand  sub-division,  order,  or  front  rank, 
of  the  leading  company  of  the  veteran  soldiers  of  the  Legion.  That  useful  body  of 
men,  the  gallant  Velites,  light  companies  (or  ypo<T<poiJiaxoi  of  Polybius)  was  probably 
quartered  along  the  fosse  or  ditch,  and  some  of  these  along  with  the  Triarii  towards 
the  Pofla  Decumana.*    They  wore  small  forage  caps  of  fur  (r  wolfskin. 

*  1 1  nwy  t>«  said,  that  by  assigning  the  site  of  a  Preetorium  to  the  pla ;  j  above  alluded  to.  the  great 
point  in  the  Caitrametation  of  Polybius  has  been  lost  sight  of,  (Lib  .  6 ,  Cap.  27.)  As  to  the  rlv  liri-rn- 
lulnoim  Jk  <rwo^t¥  ofjut  mm  vafayyiXMcy,  Of  the  spot  most  fitted  for  a  view  )t  the  surrounding  country, 
and  for  intelligence,  where  the  tent  or  pavilion  of  the  commanding  officer  was  first  pitched,  we  must  of 
necessity  select  the  hill  on  which  stands  the  Castle  of  Rougemont;  m;  opinion,  however,  is  that 
this  was  also  well  fortified,  bat  that  it  was  the  Arz  or  voffju^oXii,  a  cita«'(  1  or  strong  hold  to  retire  to 
in  case  of  necessity,  like  the  Acropolis  of  Athens  and  other  ancient  cities .  If  we  trace  out  the  enceinte 
of  the  ancient  Camp,  by  the  present  ground  encircled  by  the  walls,  it  w  ill  be  impossible  to  place  the 
Pratorium  where  the  Castle  stands  now,  for  if  so,  how  shall  we,  after  establishing  the  vc^t|  rfx  aysjJacif 
m^iywoi-tintot.  the  quadrangular  space  round  the  ensign  or  standard,  wlJch  was  marked  oat  encir* 
ding  the  place  selected  for  the  tent  or  pavilion  of  the  General  (in  which  the  said  standard  was  first  of 
all  fixed  as  a  guide  post  to  the  rest  of  the  troops  engaged  in  throwing  up  the  work)  assign  the  Queesto* 
rium  and  Forum  ?  I  therefore  differ  from  the  usual  received  opinion,  which  has  been  noticed  page  xrl. 
As  they  occupied  an  area  of  equal  dimensions  on  each  flank  of  the  1  reetorium,  the  form  oftheRO' 
man  camp  must  be  dispensed  with  altogether,  if  we  imagine  that  iinst  essential  part  c  fit  to  have 
been  confined  to  Northemhay,  out  of  all  communication  with  its  most  needful  offices  aiul  appendages, 
its  Paymaster  General's  quarters,  and  its  temple,  standards  and  tribunr  Is.  The  old  editions  of  Caesar 
(especially  that  of  Leyden,  12mo.  1684,)  agree  with  the  plan  of  cas' i ametation  here  laid  down  for 
liOA,  so  doesSir  H.Savile,  in  his  commentaries  on  Roman  warfare  (Historia  Taciti.  Elz.  1649)  a  very 
able  performance.  A  plan  is  however  given  in  Dempster's  Roman  Anti  juities  (Geneva  1632)  which  is 
a  most  extraordinary  one.  In  this  the  Praetorium  is  placed  at  the  North  east  angle  of  the  camp,  with 
a  small  guard  of  Volunteers  only.  The  Porum  and  Qusestorium  are  close  together  on  its  left,  the  Roman 
Legionaries  huddled  together  in  a  line  with  them,  and  the  Socii  cr  Allies,  instead  of  being  on  the  flanks 
of  the  camp,  are  made  to  occupy  the  centre  of  the  lower  part  of  it,  ei  cU-cled  hy  the  Cavalry  on  each 
side,  and  the  light  troops  or  velitu,  who  were  by  Polybius  expressly  appointed  to  mount  guard  at 
night  by  10  companies  at  a  time  over  the  fosse  and  outworks  ! ! 

These  soldiers  mounted  in  marching  order,  most  likely,  and  their  lentioels  were  posted  like  ours 
probably  "with  their  packs  on,"  being  always  on  active  service.  Thu  e  Guards  mounted  at  the  TA- 
MIAor  Quattorium,  by  night,  as  well  as  those  over  the  tents  of  the  pom  nandlng  officer,  and  also  of  the 
Tribunes  and  of  the  Cavalry,  chosen  out  of  each  company,  besides  the  private  guards  from  each  force- 
and  two  others  over  each  of  the  Eldert  and  Counsellors,  who  assisted  the  General  in  all  affairs,  and 
commanded  in  chief  under  him.  The  Guard  mounting  was  conducted  with  great  order  and  regularity 
by  a  tessera  or  watch  word  given  from  one  Centurion  to  another,  till  it  came  ba:k  again  to  the  Tribune, 
who  gave  it  out,  and  officers  answering  to  our  field  officer  and  captain  of  the  day,  went  the  Rounds* 
took  notice  of  all  public  irregularit'es,  and  caused  all  negligence.  &c.  committed  on  guard,  to  be  inves- 
tigated  and  punished,  as  in  our  moaern  garrisons.  Four  night  watches  or  guards  were  mounted  by 
each  company,  relieved  by  as  many  others  every  three  hours.  ( Acts,  12,  v.  4,)  and  these  guards  were 
visited  by  mounted  or  cavalry  officers,  four  times  in  the  night. 

L„- ' 


REFERENCES    TO    THE    PLATE. 

(iSiipposinff  a  Legion  quartered  at  ISCA.J 

AAA  &c.    Centuries  or  Companies  of  Roman  Soliliers,  as  young,  middle  aged,  and 
Veterans,  each  commanded  by  a  Centurion,  lioraan  Cavalry  also. 

B.  Foreign  Troops,  Horse  and  Foot,  or  Auxiliaries. 

C.  Detached  bodies  of  ditto. 

D.  Foreign  Volunteeis  and  picked  men,  body  Guard  and  Prsetorians. 

E.  Quarters  of  Praefectus  Castrorum,  or  Quarter  Master  General  who  superintem'ed 

the  formation  of  the  Camp,  baggage  of  the  Soldiers,  and  the  provisional  or 
medical  department. 

F.  Quarters  of  Prsefeclus  Fabrfim  or  chief  Engineer. 

G.  Quarters  of  Foreign  or  Auxiliary  officers  of  rank.  (Tabernacula  sex  Tribunorum, 

totque  Praefectorum  Sociorum, ) 
H.    Quarters   of  Roman  Tribunes  and  other  chief  or  field  officers,     (Tabernacula  sex 

Tribunorum,  totque  Praefectorum  Legionis.) 
I.    Market  for  Troops,  or  Forum  Rerum  Utensilium,  near  the  Via  Quintana. 
K,     Principia,  or  centre  of  the  Camp. 
No.  1.     Coins  found,  1836. 

3.  SamianWare,  do.    ^wrcMsofNero,  do. 

5.  Dagger  of  Mefitus,  South  Street, 

4.  Tesselated  Pavement  and  Bom  an  Bath,  on  Bel-Hill,  South  Street. 

6.  Great  Deposits  of  Coins,  1823. 

6.  Roman  Penates  discovered  1778  (U[)ham's)  Broadgate. 

7.  Coins  discovered  1837.  (Banks  opposite  the  Guildhall.) 

8.  Deposits  of  Coins.discovered  1723,  and  in  Catherine  Lane. 

9.  Subterraneous  Passage: 

10.  Roman  Vault  with  Urns,  behind  Three  Tuns  Inn, 

11.  Greek  and  Egyptian^Coins,  1840. 

12.  Coins  found  above  the  New  Cemetery. 

13.  Coins  found  near  Mary  Arches  Church. 

14.  Coins  found  at  the  corner  of  Waterbeer  Street,  1818. 

16.    Tesselated  Pavement  and  Coinsi    (Rev.  Preb.  Dennis'  House,  No.  197^ 
High  St  reel.) 

16.  Roman  Pavement  of  white  square  stones,  Pancras  Lane. 

17.  Coins  found  at  various  times. 

18.  Intersectino  of  Musgrave's  Alley,  with  sepulchral  Tablet  of  Camilius  Satur- 

nalis  to  Ulpia,  and  Signet  of  Pompeyus. 

19.  Great  deposit  of  Samian  Ware,  (Coffin's  Estate,  1837.) 

20.  Subterraneous  Passage  to  Castle,  from  near  the  Grammar  School. 

The  iKENiLD  turned  oflF  most  probably  into  the  line  of  the  old  Butcher  Row,  and 
Stepcote  Hill,  thence  traversing  part  of  the  Westgale  quarter,  it  crossed  the  river  at 
the  ford  opposite,  and  proceeded  through  Alpbington  on  its  way  to  Verceniay  or  Kenn 
Ford. 


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Roman    Antiquities^  S^c.  of  Exeter. 


ROMAN  COINS,  &c. 

FOUND  AT  EXETER  AND  ITS  NEIGHBOURHOOD.'*' 

1832. 

QuiNARius  of  Skvbrus,  silver,  in  very  good  preservation,  (Plate  1.  No.  1.) — near 
West  of  England  Insurance  office,  Fore  street,  Aug.  24. — Obverse,  laureated  head,  fur- 
cated beard,  L.  SEPT.  SEV.  PERT.  AVG-  IMP.  PIVS  (Lucius  Septiraius  Severus 
Pertinax  Augustus  Imperator  Pius.)  Reverse,  Fortune  as  an  emblematical  female 
figure,  habited  in  a  robe  or  pallium  ;  in  her  right  hand  a  rudder,  and  in  her  left  a 
cornucopia, or  horn  of  abundance;  P.  M.  TRI.  COS,  II.  P.  P.,  signifying  the  honors 
which  this  warlike  Emperor  had  enjoyed  as  Pontifex  Maximus,  Tribune  of  the  people 
and  (Jonsul.  The  letters  P.  P.  or  pater  patrice  designate  a  title  of  honor  given  to 
magistrates,  and  usurped  by  the  Emperors,  as  preservers  or  parental  in  the  exercise  of 
their  offices  with  respect  to  the  state.  From  history  we  learn  that  Severus  reduced 
the  Caledonians  and  Mseatae,  in  the  North  of  Britain  and  near  the  Frith  of  Forth,  to 
submission,  and  employed  his  legions  to  erect  the  celebrated  Picts'  Wall  or  earthen 
vallum^  originally  commenced  by  Hadrian,  across  the  Isthmus,  from  Solway  Frith  to 
Tynemouth,  of  turf  and  palisadoes,  fortified  with  stone  redoubts  and  turrets,  and  74 
Roman  miles  in  length.  He  died  at  York,  of  the  gout,  in  his  66th  year,  and  his  re- 
mains were  interred  there  with  very  splendid  funeral  honors,  by  his  sons  Caracalla  and 
Geta  A.  D.21I. 

CoNSTANTiNE  the  second~A  small  copper  coin :  obverse,  CONSTANTINVS  IVN. 
NOB.  (Constantinus  Junior  nobilis,)  son  of  Constantino  the  Great  and  Fausta,  daugh- 
ter of  Maximian  and  Eutropia,)  in  the  military  Cuirass,  or  lorica,:  Reverse,  two 
Roman  Soldiers,  one  on  each^side  of  a  legionary  Standard,  in  the  upper  compartment 
of  which  appears  a  laurel  wreath.  Gf  or(IA.  EXERCITVS,)  a  sentiment  often  found 
on  the  coins  of  that  family,  who  wished  to  ingratiate  themselves  with  the  all  powerful 
legions.  The  soldiers  have  a  spear  in  the  right,  and  a  bent  bow  in  their  left  hand. 
The  coin  was  struck  while  theelder  Constantine  was  living,  in  honour  of  the  younger 
Constantino,  then  heir  apparent  to  the  Empire,  who  perished  afterwards  at  Aquileia 
in  his  25th  year,  A.  D.  340. 

Tetricus.  a  small  coin  supposed  of  Tetricus,  one  of  the  80  tyrants  of  the  Lower 
Empire,  in  the  reign  of  Gallienus,  about  258,  A.  D.  Revs  Hope,  Spes  PVBLICA. 
(3rd  brass.^ 

*  All  Coins  not  fp«cified  at  to  size  are  of  the  2nd  braas. 
F 


20  nOMAN    ANTIQUITIES 

Trajan.  October  23,  in  High  Street,  a  very  handsome  and  well  pref^erved  large 
coin,  of  oric/ia/cwm  or  yellow  brass,  obverse  IMF.  CAESAR.  NER.  TRAIANVS 
OPT11VI..S.  AVG.  GER.  DAC.  (fmperator,  Caesar  Nerva  Trajanus,  Optimus, 
Augustus,  Germanicus,  Dacicus.)  Reverse,  a  noble  figure  of  the  Goddess  Fortuna 
in  handsome  drapery,  sitting  in  a  chair,  one  foot  on  a  small  scabellum,  or  stool  ;  the 
horn  of  plenty  in  one  hand  and  rudder  of  a  ship  in  the  other  ;  underneath  is  the  in- 
scription FORT.  RED.  {Fortuna  Reduci)  implying  a  sacrifice  made  with  great 
solemnity  by  the  Senate  to  Fortune,  for  a  prosperous  journey,  wl  en  the  Prince  left 
the  capital  on  some  great  warlike  expedition,  or  other  public  matter.  The  letters  S.C 
or  Senatus  ConsuUum,  shew  the  authority  of  the  Roman  Senate,  who  ordered  the 
inscription,  which  is  more  fiequently  found  on  the  large  brass  coins  than  those  of 
silver  and  gold,  intimating,  it  is  supposed,  that  there  was  some  greater  value  set  upon 
them  than  the  others,  the  workmanship  being  often  of  more  price  than  those  composed 
of  the  more  precious  metals.  The  inscription  on  this  reverse  is  much  injured  ..E. 
ROMAN,.. 

Trajan  was  born  at  Italica,  (now  Seville,)  in  Spain,  in  the  64th  year'  of  our  sera, 
and  reigned  19  years  and  a  half.  There  are  three  fine  Arches  still  existing  in  his 
honour,  viz.  that  at  Merida,  in  Spain,  and  two  others  at  Benevenlum  and  Ancona,  in 
Italy.  The  famous  Doric  Column,  erected  by  the  Senate  in  honour  of  his  Dacian 
Victories,  is  still  one  of  the  majestic  ornaments  of  modern  Rome, 

Two  other  Coins  much  detrited,  one  an  Adrian,  Female  figure,  S.  C.  on  Reverse; 
the'other  much  defaced,  unknown. 

Nero,  Dupondius.  A  very  handsome  and  well-preserved  copper  Coin,  found  near 
the  Deanry  Walls,  South  Street  ;  Obv.  NERO.  CLAVD.  CAESAR.  AVG.  GER. 
P.  M.  TR.  P.  IMP.  II.  Nero  Claudius  Caesar,  Augustus  Germanicus  Pontifex 
Maximus,  Tribunilia  Potestate  ;  Imperator  2.  Reverse,  a  Winged  Victory  holding 
a  Globe,  on  which  the  celebrated  letters  are  inscribed  S.  P.  Q.  R.  Senatus  Populus- 
gue  Romanus :  on  each  side  the  letters  S.  C.  Struck  in  the  2nd  year  of  Nero,  or  56, 
A.  D.  The  Dupondius  of  Nero  generally  weighs  229  grs.  the  As  weighing  106  grs., 
and  the  Semis  or  ^  As  is  a  medallic  gem,  with  various  devices. 

Gallienus.  Plated  Coin,  or  washed  with  silver.  Obv.  Radiated  Head,  IMP. 
GALLIENVS.  P.  F.  (Pius  Felix)  AVG.  Korn  A.  D.  219,  reigned  7  years  with 
his  father,  Valerian,  and  8  alone,  and  was  slain  at  Milan,  A.  D.  268,  by  some  of  his 
oflRcers  ; — a  weak  and  luxurious  Prince.  This,  and  the  9  following  Coins  were  found 
in  South  Street. 

Flavius  Julius  Constantius.  Small  copper  Coin.  Obv,  Laureated  Head,  FL. 
IVL.  CONSTANTIVS  NOB.  C.  designating  him  as  Nobilis  Casar,  and  heir  to  the 
Empire,  as  son  to  Constantine  the  Great,  and  grand-son  of  Constantius  Chlorus, 
Reverse,  the  Main  Gate  of  the  Praetorian  Camp,  or  otherwise  only  a  Building  sur- 
mounted by  a  Star,  and  the  inscription  PROVIDENTIAE  CAESS,  possibly  im- 
plying that  he  and  his  brother  erected  some  public  edifice  of  note. 

DoMiTiAN.  A  large  coin  of  orichalcum  or  yellow  brass,  I.aureated  Head,  IMP. 
CAES.  DOMIT.  AVG.  GERM.  COS.  XL  CENS.  POT.  P,  P.  Rev.  S.  C.  four 
figures,  three  of  which  are  Roman  soldiers,  in  front  of  a  small  altar,  seemingly  ad- 
dressed by  the  Emperor,  attired  in  a  robe,  as  the  fourth  ;  for  which  reason  the  group 


OP    EXETER.  21 

rnay  be  designated  an  Adlocutio  Impevatoris.  It  is  however  supposed  by  some  to  be 
the  Emp«*ror  and  three  Soldiers  sacrificing.  Qy.  ?  the  three  Legions,  2nd,  9th,  and  20th 
quartered  in  IJriiein  during  his  reign  ?  No  coins  of  Domitian  positively  relating  to 
our  Island  appear,  however,  to  have  been  struck. 

Magnentius.  a  copper  Coin.  Obv.  D.  N.  (Dominus  Noster)  MAGNENTIVS 
P.  F  AVG.  Bev.  Roman  Soldier  in  the  tunic  and  Sagum,  holding  a  spear,  with  a 
standard,  above  which  n  star,  in  the  left  hand;  a  small  Victory  in  his  right,  on  a 
Globe,  holding  a  crown  of  laurel.  FELICITAS  REIPVBLICE.  Exergue  PSLG, 
Lyons  mint  mark.  Defeated  by  Constantius,  at  Mursa,  and  on  the  Cottian  Alps  ; 
after  murdering  his  benefactor,  Constans,  killed  himself,  A.  D.  353. 

Constantius.  CONSTANTIVS  P.  F.  AVG.  with  gemmated  or  braided  crown. 
Bev.  a  Roman  soldier  standing  over  two  fallen  enemies,  one  of  whom  he  pierces  with 
his  spear ;  small  round  parma  on  the  left  arm,  FELIX  TEMPORVM  REPAR- 
ATIO,     In  exergue  P    CON.  or  Constantinople  mint  mark.     (3rd  brass.) 

Another  Ditto,  The  same.  A  Horseman  in  the  act  of  spearing  a  fallen  enemy. 
Exergue  MTA. 

Another  Ditto.  The  same.  A  Horseman  striking  down  another  with  his  spear, 
ex.  P.  AN.    Struck  at  ^n<iocA  in  Syria. 

CoNSTANTiNE  the  Great;  Laureated  Head,  IMP.  CONSTANTINVS  P.  AVG. 
Rev.  a  male  figure  standing ,  apparently  with  a  petasus  or  hat,  in  a  loose  robe  ;  in  one 
hand  a  Cornucopia,  in  the  other  a  patera,  POT.  ROM.  Exergue  ALEXN.  partly 
monograms  ;  mint  mark  of  Alexandria,  in  Egypt.  Probably  Thoth  or  Mercurius 
Trismegistus,  who  lived  in  the  time  of  Osiris,  and  taught  the  Egyptians  husbandry, 
and  may  refer  to  the  corn  imported  to  Rome,  which  was  supplied  4  months  in  the 
year,  by  ships  from  Alexandria.  I  consider  it,  however,  to  be  Serapis,  with  the  corn 
bushel  on  his  head,  and  adored  in  the  Serapium,  a  magnificent  temple  in  that  city. 

ViCTORiNUs  or  Tetricus.  Small  coin  of  the  Lower  Empire,  probably  of  Victorinus 
or  Tetricus,  of  compound  metal.  Rev.  sacrificial  instruments,  gutturnium,  or  oblong 
oil  vase,  (Aul.  Gell  1,  17,  c.  8,  and  Varro)  Uluus,  &e.  An  ancient  Bath,  with  a  great 
quantity  of  tesselated  pavement,  and  of  white  and  black  tesseree,  irregular  in  shape, 
embedded  in  very  excellent  cement,  was  also  found  in  South  Street.  Perhaps  thesite  of  a 
Roman  Exhedra,  or  Assembly  Room  to  a  Mansion. 

DiocLEsiAN,  (Plate  1,  No.  2,)  Obverse,  Radiated  Head,  IMP.  C.  C.  VAL. 
DIOCLETIANVS,  P.  F.  AVG.  Reverse,  two  figures  in  Roman  habits  ;  one  nearly 
naked,  holding  a  lance,  seems  to  present  a  small  statue  of  Victory  to  another,  who 
has  a  sceptre  in  his  right  hand.  10 VI.  CONSERVATORI  AVG.  That  is  to 
Jupiter  the  preserver  of  Augustus,  of  whom,  it  seems,  assuming  the  name  and  epithets 
in  his  patents,  he  is  called  Jovius.  Probably  relates  to  his  adoption  of  Maximian,  as 
colleague  in  the  Empire.  Between  the  figures  is  T.  R.  the  mint  mark  of  Treves,  in 
Germany,  and  in  Exergue  XXI,  or  its  Collegium  Undeviginti  Trevirorum.  Born  in 
Dalmatia,  and  died  at  the  age  of  6S.  about  324  A.  D.  after  abdicating  the  throne. 
This  coin  has  been  washed  with  silver,  and  is  of  the  3rd  brass. 

CoNSTANTiNE  the  Great.  8rd  brass,  found  in  Gandy  Street,  excavating  a  saw-pit, 
(Plate  1,  No.  3.)  IMP.  CONSTANTINVS  P.  F.  AVG  I  aureated  bust,  ina  cuirass. 
Reverse,  the  Sun  standing,  rays  round  its  head,  a  globe  in  its  left  hand;  SOLI.  IN- 


22  ROMAN    ANTIQUITIES 

VICTO.  COMITI.  or  that  Emperor  as  the  genius  of  the  Sun,  radious,  running  its  course  | 
the  Invictus  Osiris,  solar  fire,  or  Mithras,  venerated  at  Rome,  Bel  of  scripture  and 
Beltucadder  of  Britain,  Tyrian  Hercules,  &c.  (A  rare  type)  Ex.  P.  LN.  or  London 
mint  mark. 

Philip  the  younger,  son  of  M.  Jul.  Philippus,  both  slain  by  Decius,  253,  A.  D. 
Laureated  Bust,  PHILIPPVS  N'OB.  CAESAR.  Rev.  Roman  Soldier  with  spear  and 
2)arma,  PRINCEPSlVVENTVnS,  title  given  to  the  eldest  sons  of  the  Emperors,  from 
the  time  of  Augustus  ;  P.  AR.  on  Exergue,  Mintmark  of  Aries  in  France,  still  fa- 
mous for  its  obelisk  and  amphitheatre,  and  a  chief  town  of  Gaul  Narbonensis  (Arelate.) 

Faustina,  wife  of  M.  Aurelius,  and  younger  daughter  of  Antoninus  Pius,  a  large 
coin — hair  tied  up  behind.  FAV3TINA  AVG.  Rev.  a  tall  female  figure  ;  in  one  hand» 
a  small  image  of  victory,  while  the  other  reclines  on  a  shield,    (both  in  Gandy  Street,) 

P.  S.  Geta,  son  of  Severus  (QuinariusJ  t  very  handsome  (base)  silver  coin, 
found  in  the  Shilhay.  Bust  to  the  right.  P.  SEPT.  GETA  CAES.  PONT.  Rev^ 
Geta  armed,  and  a  warlike  trophy  alongside.  PRIN.  IVVENTVTIS.  (Plate  I 
No.  4.)     Rare  type  when  in  gold. 

1833. 

Probus,  small  coin,  found  in  Gandy  Street,  June  9.  Radiated  head,  his  hand 
holding  a  little  standard,  with  an  eagle  surmounting  it.  Rev,  a  figure  in  Roman  habit, 
in  one  hand  a  laurel  crown,  in  the  other  a  shield.  XXI.  Collegium  undeviginti,  In- 
scr.  effaced.  Born  at  Sirraium  ia  Pannonia,  and  assassinated  by  his  soldiers,  after 
7  years  reign,  and  many  glorious  victories,  A.  D.  282. 

GttATiAN,  son  to  Valentinian  I.  and  Colleague  of  the  great  Theodosius,  small 
copper  coin,  found  in  South  Street.  Head  filleted  ;  .  .N.  GRATIANVS.  AVG.  CAES. 
Rev.  Soldier  with  standard  and  parma  or  small  oblong  shield,  GLORIA  NOVI 
SAECVLI.  Exergue  S.  CON.  (Rare)  assassinated  in  Gaul,  383,  A.  D.  Built  Gre- 
noble in  France,  called  after  him  Gratianopolis ^  among  the  ancient  AUobroges,  a 
people  of  Dauphiny,  Savoy,  &c.,  and  had  for  his  tutor  the  famous  poet  Ausonius,  a 
native  of  Bourdeaux,  or  Burdegala. 

Nero,  of  Orichalcum,  a  large  coin,  found  in  Friernhay  Street,  in  very  fair  pre- 
servation. Laureated  bust.  NERO,  CLAVD.  CAESAR  AVG.  GER.  TR.  P.  On 
the  Reverse  are  two  female  figures,  one  sitting  in  a  chair,  evidently  Messalina,  his 
last  Empress,  typified  as  a  Ceres  or  Damater,  the  mother  of  mankind,  the  same  as 
ISIS,  an  ear  of  corn  in  her  left  hand;  the  other  stands  in  front,  attired  in  a  loose 
robe,  and  apparently  sacrificing,  a  small  altar  intervening  between  them.  Legend 
CERES  ANNONA,  relates  to  one  of  those  largesses  or  donatives  of  corn  given  to 
the  people  by  the  Emperors,  to  secure  popularity  among  them,  and  struck  on  one  of 
those  occasions,  noticed  by  Suetonius  (Cap,  10.  in  vita  Neronis)  frumentum  menstru- 
um gratuitum,  &c.  This  medal  was  found  imbedded  in  solid  gravel,  nine  feet  below 
the  surface. 

Tetricus,  the  Elder,  Ctyrant  of  lower  Empire)  Radiated  bust,  bearded.  Legend, 
PIVE  (Pivesuvius)  (Te)  TRICVS  P.  F.  AVG.  Governor  of  Aquitaine,  in  Gaul,  about 
270,  A.  D.  (Ttrpiicof,  Zosim.  1.,)  and  kinsman  to  Victoria  or  Victoritia,  through 
whose  intrigues  he  was  chosen  Emperor,  and  with  his  son,  afterwards  graced  the 
triumph  of  Aurelian,  against  whom  he  rebelledt    Rev.  a  figure  with  the  apex  or  sa- 


OP  EXETEtt.  23 

cerdoial  cap,  probably  a  flaiuen  or  priest,  feeding  a  serpent ;  in  one  hand  a  patera 
in  the  left  a  rudder,  underneath  a  small  vase,  perhaps  the /leraviirTpov  or  poculum 
sanitalis,  or  a  aimputum  to  pour  wine  on  the  sacrifice,  SALVS  AVG.  We  may 
suppose  this  to  be  a  supplication  for  health  to  ^seulapius,  and  the  patera  to  contain 
the  sacred  cake,  kneaded  with  oil  and  wine.  (3rd  Brass,) 

A  Bezant,  or  copper  coin  of  the  Byzantine  Empire,  much  corroded.  It  bears  a 
capital  V,  or  A,  marking  also  the  Epoch  of  some  Emperor  of  the  west,  in  the  times 
of  the  Lower  Greek  Empire.  It  may  be  assigned  to  Constantius  2nd,  who  reigned 
about  64)1,  A.  D.,  or  to  Justin  and  Sophia,  A.  D.  565. 

CoNSTANTius  2nd,  P.  F.  AVG.  Two  winged  victories  crowniog  a  Palm  Tree  with 
wreaths  of  Laurel.  VICTORIA  REDVX  V.  allades  perhaps  to  his  triumph  over 
Magnentius  ;  coined  at  Treves.  (3rd  Brass) 

VicTORiNus,  the  Elder  (tyrant  of  Lower  Empire.)  Reverse  indistinct.  About  260, 
A.  D.     (3rd  Brass) 

CoNSTANTiNE  the  Great,  P.  F.  AVG.  Head  of  Mars,  with  helm  and  cuirass, 
MARTI  CONSERVATORI,  that  is,  to  Mars  the  preserver,  he  bearing  resemblance 
to  this  Emperor,  as  it  is  reported,  and  both  born  in  Thrace.  These  last  five  in 
South  Street. 

Nero.  Two  (same  type)  found  in  digging  a  sewer  in  front  of  the  new-built  houses 
in  South  Street,  with  some  more  Roman  tesselated  pavement,  of  small  unequal  white 
cubes  of  pottery,  embedded  in  cement  or  concrete,  and  covered  with  a  thick  layer  of 
the  same.  A  quantity  of  Roman  tiles  was  found  on  the  same  spot ;  the  lithostralum 
or  pavement,  had,  by  some  of  the  modern  Goths,  been  well  covered  with  a  lime  and 
sand  floor.  Rev.  S.  C.  a  stately  peristyle  or  front  of  a  Temple,  supported  by  4  pillars : 
ARA  PACIS  underneath,  evidently  the  Temple  of  the  double-faced,  or  Bifrons  Ja* 
nus  at  Rome,  shut  up,  as  always  in  peace  time,  but  open  in  war,  Nero  closed  it  for 
the  7th  time  in  the  811  th  year  of  Rome.  The  only  reminiscence  o{  Janus,  who  was 
a  very  ancient  King  of  Italy,  (contemporary  with  Boaz  and  Ruth,)  2637,  A.  M.  who 
received  Saturn  flying  from  Crete,  is  the  Arch  of  Greek  marble  in  the  Velabrum^ 
near  the  liber,  supposed  of  the  time  of  Caracalla.  2nd.  Brass  ;  (Plate  L,  No.  6.) 

Vespasian,  Deiiarius  or  silver  coin,  found  near  the  Conduit,  (since  removed.) 
CAES.  VESPA...  Rev.  the  sacrificing  utensils,  marking  the  mystic  symbols  of 
Pontifical  power,  viz,  the  Quirinal  Lituus  or  crooked  staff,  aspersorium,  or  water- 
sprinkle,  simpulufn,  or  little  vessel  for  libation  of  wine,  and  lustral  vase  in  the  centre. 
Legend  TRI.  POT. 

Nkro.  Radiated  bust,  (a  remarkably  handsome  coin)  Plate  1,  No.  6...CLAVD. 
CAESAR  AVG.  GER.  P.  M.  TR.  P.  IMP.  II.  Rev.  Securitas  AVGVSTL  Se- 
curity as  a  female  in  an  arm  chair  reposing  on  one  hand,  in  the  other  a  sceptre  or  staff  of 
laurel,  S.  C.  and  underneath  the  numerals  II,  a  stroke  above,  proving  the  coin  to  be 
the  double  As,  or  Dupondius,  with  the  mark  of  the  Duumvir  of  the  mint.  The  impe- 
rial Sestertius  (2J  ases,  and  worth  l|d.  English)  was  a  larger  coin  of  the  Ist  Brass. 

Geatian,  DN.  GRATIANVS.  N.  (Nobilis)  C.  AVG.  Rev.  as  before,  Gloria 
Novi  Saculi.     (New  ^Era  opposed  to  Paganism.)  3rd  Brass.     (Rave.} 

Antoninus  the  Elder.  A  large  coin  of  the  elder  Antoninus,  of  orichaleum,  or 
yellow  brass.    (Plate  1,  No.  7,)  Laureated  Bust,  IMP.  CAES.  T.  AEL.  HADR. 

G 


24  ROMAN    ANTIQUITIES 

ANTONINVS.  AVG.  PIVS,  P.  P.  Reverse,  a  Female  with  spear  and  shield,  but 
very  indistinct  and  the  figure  worn  ;  underneath  ROMA,  and  on  each  side  S.  C.  He 
died  A.  D.  162,  aged  74  years  and  six  months,  after  reigning  22  years  and  a  half. 

Claudius.  A  large  Copper  Coin  of  Claudius  in  indiflferent  preservation.  Reverse 
a  Female  figure  in  an  arm  chair,  S.  C.  underneath  ;  a  torch  in  her  left,  in  the  other  a 
Discus  or  PatinCf  evidently  a  Ceres. 

Romulus  and  Remus,  (Plate  I  No.  8.)  suckled  by  a  she  wolf,  a  small  brass  Ro- 
man Coin.  Above  a  constellation  of  two  stars,  TR.  P.  (Treviris  percussa,) 
Obverse,  Head  of  Mars,  Urbs  Roma  ;  of  the  Lower  Empire,  and  of  frequent  occurrence 

CoNSTANTiNE  the  Gieat.  (Plate  I,  No.  9.)  MAX.  AVG.  Laureated  Bust.  Kev. 
two  Soldiers  and  a  Standard,  Gloria  Exercitus.  In  Exergue,  TRS.  Treves  mint 
mark.  These  standards  or  labarums,  are  generally  composed  of  a  round  disk, 
crescent  and  branch  of  laurel  (v.  Bryant)  and  often  indicate  colonies  of  disbanded 
soldiers.     (3rd  brass.) 

Lower  Empire,  small  coin  of,  IMP.  C...  Rev.  Winged  Victory,  with  a  palm 
VICTORIA  AVG,    These  last  eight  in  South  Street, 

Trajan.   (Plate  1,  No,  10.)     Large  coin  or  medal,  found  near  Exeter.     Laureated 

Head,   IMP,  CAES,    NERVAE  TRAIANO (DAC.   P.   M,  T.   R.  CONS 

, , . .  Reverse,  a  warlike  figure  seated  on  a  quadriga,  or  four-wheeled  chariot,*  helmed, 
right  hand  supports  his  head,  the  left  grasps  a  dagger;  the  Legend  is  S.  P. 
Q.  R,  OPTIxMO.  PRINCIPI.  S.  C.  In  front  is  a  trophy,  bedizened  with  the 
warlike  spoils  of  various  conquered  nations, +  Commemorates,  most  probably, 
Trajan's  victories  over  Decebalus,  King  of  Dacia,  (against  whom  his  wars  lasted  15 
years,)  as  represented  on  his  Column  at  Rome.  A  serai-circular  Clypeus  and  scutum 
ovatum^  two  kinds  of  shields,  are  on  this  trophy  ;  also  an  empty  quiver  of  arrows 
reversed,  a  short  bow  ;  a  militaiy  cloak,  or  Sagulum,  perhaps  of  Dacia,  with  curious 
lappels  or  sleeves,  surmounted  by  a  sort  of  barbarian  head  piece,  or   cap,   (galerus 

"  The  Chariot  here  represented,  and  seemingly  mutilated,  would  appear  to  be  one  of  the  ancient 
Quadrigee,  which  often  appears  on  the  reverse  of  the  Denarius,  and  was  a  chariot  drawn  by  four 
horses  ;  the  spokes  of  its  wheels  are  clearly  discernable.  I  have  my  doubts  of  this,  from  its  size  and 
length  ;  and  also  because  the  triumphal  chariot  of  the  Roman  generals,  or  Im;7^a(or«.  was  of  a  cir- 
cular shape,  with  a  little  victory  standing  on  the  top  of  it,  holding  a  wreath  ;  1  suppose  that  it  was  a 
Dacian  war  chariot  or  wain,  of  the  kind  well  known  to  the  Greeks  by  the  name  of  af/ua|ua|a  and  to 
the  RomaBs  by  that  of  JRheda  ; — and  this  conjecture  Is  greatly  strengthened  by  the  shafts  which  are 
ubjoiued  on  the  troph  y ,  and  evidently  fixed  to  the  capsus  rhedce.  answering  to  our  box,  mentioned  by 
— —  PoUio,  the  architect  in  this  manner  : — Ad  capsum  rhedce  loculamentum figatur;  the  word  locuJa- 
mentum  signyfyiag  a  box  or  drawer,  or  if  you  like,  a  book  case,  or  any  compartment.  The  epidium, 
mentioned  by  Propertlus,  was  peculiar  to  the  Gauls  and  Britons,  as  was  the  covtnus  armed  with 
scythes;  the  pilentum  was  often  used  by  the  Roman  matrons  at  the  solemnities  of  their  deities,  and 
the  petorritum  was  a  four  wheeled  Gaulish  chariot :  many  more  might  be  enumerated  This  evidently 
therefore,  was  a  Dacian  chariot,  and  why  should  not  Trajsn  be  as  well  plaased  to  make  a  parade  of 
that  of  Decebalus,  as  our  Countrymen  of  Buonaparte's  in  Bullock's  Museum,  after  the  victory  at  Wa- 
terloo ?  The  broken  car  of  that  unfortunate  prince  formed  an  apposite  feature  in  the  group  of  arms 
or  armour,  in  the  same  manner  as  we  would  have  added  a  gun  carriage,  or  a  dismounted  eight  pounder 
to  a  trophy  of  captured  cuirasses  and  eagles  . 

t  S.  Erizzo,  p.  302,  Ditcorso  sopra  le  Mgdaglie  Venice,  1571,  says  this  is  Decebalus  himself,  the 
Dacian  King,  and  gives  this  Medal. 


IIOMAN    ANTIQUITIES  25 

jncurvus  (the  letters  A  VG.  barely  visible,  below  the  cloak.  We  are  forcibly  remind- 
ed of  Childe  Harold,  Canto  IV.  V.  Ul,  on  the  dying  Gladiator. 

Nero,  found  in  digging  »  sewer  on  the  Friars :  the  head  is  decorated  with  the  laurel 
crowo,  and  the  inscription  is  leniarkably  plain.  On  the  reverse  is  a  figure  sitting  in 
an  armed  chair,  playing  on  the  lyre,  evidently  intended  for  the  Emperor,  who  excelled 
on  that  instrument,  and  in  front  of  him  are  the  augural  tituus  and  pedum^  two  mystic 
symbols  of  the  priesthood,  indicating  the  Pontifex  Maximus—lhe  one  being  the  au- 
gural staff,  the  other  a  knotted  shepherd's  stick,  symbolical  of  a  sacrifice  to  Bacchus> 
of  the  immolation  of  goats  and  the  revels  of  the  feasts  called  Dionysia  :  the  words  on 
this  reverse  are,  Sccurilas  Augusliy  S.  C,  It  is  probable  that  this  was  coined  in  me- 
mory of  some  sacrifice,  and  the  Lyre  was  added  to  commemorate  the  Emperor's  talent 
for  masic  (alluded  to  at  length  in  Suetonius,)  the  emblem  of  Security^  being  a 
woman  leaning  or  reposing  on  one  hand,  with  a  sceptre  or  staff  of  laurel  in  the  other> 
it  was  for  this  reason  he  appears  also  in  that  sedentary  posture. 

Vespasian,  found  at  the  same  place,  rather  smaller  in  size.  On  the  reverse  an 
Eagle,  with  the  wings  expanded  (and  the  letters  S.  C.)  which  bird  is  a  common  sym- 
bol on  medals,  and  often  connected  with  the  consecration  of  the  Emperors.  Both 
coins  are  extremely  well  minted^  and  have  a  strong  outline.  A  triangular  piece  of 
brass  was  found  in  company  with  the  above  worthies— and  being,  perhaps,  intended 
for  a  cone,  orotherwise  an  isosceles  triangle  merely,  might  suggest  an  ample  discussion 
to  antiquaries,  were  they  disposed  to  imagine  that  it  had  a  mystical  or  occult  mean- 
iog,  instead  of  merely  coming  there  by  blind  chance.  The  triangle  has  descended  to 
us  as  a  symbol  of  fire,  and  of  the  Deity,  while  the  square  symbolized  matter,  or  the 
womb  of  things — but  the  cone  and  triangle  hieroglyphically  meant  two  very  different 
things,  the  former  being  an  emblem  af  Venus  and  Astarte.  The  Arabians  of  Petrsea 
worshipped  a  black  cubic  figure  as  their  God,  while  the  sun  or  deity  of  Helioyabalus 
■was  a  pyramidal  black  stone — so  is  the  modern  deity  oi  Juggernaut — so  also,  in  former 
days,  were  Jupiter  at  Corinth,  and  Vulcan,  and  fire  symbolized,  although  Bacchus* 
the  Sun,  and  Apollo,  were  more  frequently  the  objects  of  devotion  in  that  shape.  In 
general,  cones  were  employed  as  jjAa/Zi,  but  pyramidal  stones  were  dedicated  to  the 
solar  fire,  and  the  most  ancient  temples  of  India  and  of  Java  are  of  that  shape  ;  and 
while  it  is  certain  that  the  pyramid  was  the  symbol  of  fire,  according  to  the  doctrines 
of  the  Platonic  school,  that  ancient  Babel  was  of  that  shape,  as  well  as  the  Mexican 
temple  of  the  sun  and  moon,  to  say  nothing  of  the  mighty  wonders  of  Egypt  ;  why 
may  we  not  suppose  this  relic  to  have  had  some  reference  to  fire  worship,  so  univer- 
sally prevtilent  among  all  the  nations  of  antiquity,  and  to  have  been  placed  among 
the  smiling  household  gods  of  the  ancient  heathen  of  Isca,  in  token  of  his  gratitude 
for  the  numberless  benefits  derived  from  the  presiding  deity  of  fire?* 

On  the  24th  of  August,  a  Roman  Bath  and  Pavement  were  discovered  en  Mr,  Go- 
dolphin's  late  premises,  Bel-Hill,  South  Street,  for  which  v.  Part  3. 

A  Roman  Sepulchral  Urn,  with  ashes,  and  a  quantity  of  Flemish  tiles,  were  found 
on  the  site  of  the  Athenseum,  Bedford  Circus ;  part  of  an  encaustic  Pavement,  evidently 

*  There  is  an  angular  piece  or  brass  in  the  British  Museum,  bearing  the  figure  of  an  ox,  supposed 
by  Mr.  H.  Brandretb,  to  be  early  Italian,  Sicilian,  or  Phoenician.  He  also  observes  that  oune-us,  quoin, 
and  coin  are  derived  from  cvm9  an  angle,  and  pecunia  as  likely  as  Trom  f^ciM,  also.  V.onStycasof 
JVbrlhumbria. 


26  OJ?    EXETER. 

belonging  to  the  ancient  Mouasleiy  of  Benedictines,  which  stood  near  this  spot,  adorned 
with  chevronels,  fleurs  de  lis,  arabesques,  fishes,  and  the  vesica  Piscis,  (alluding  to 
the  name  of  Christ)  and  the  following  Coins  :  a  Vespasian  and  a  Domilian,  tolerably 
perfect — a  small  coin  of  Constantine,  and  a  larger  one  of  the 

Emperor  Caius  Julius  Maximinus  IMP.  C.  MAXIMINVS,  CAES.  Reverse,  a 
female  figure  attired  in  loose  drapery  (Gloria)  ROM.A'NO (rum J  He  was,  says 
Jornandes,  of  barbarian  extraction  (genere  Gothico)  born  in  Thrace,  a  wretched  ty- 
rant, noted  for  gigantic  bulk,  ferocity  and  avarice — assasinated  by  his  own  Army 
before  the  walls  of  Aquileia,  with  his  son,  A.  D.  236. 

Claudius.  Two  were  found  in  the  houses  belonging  to  Mr.  Chappie,  builder,  ad- 
joining the  King  John,  and  close  to  the  church  of  St.  George,  in  South  Street;  on  one 
a  female  sitting  in  an  armed  chair,  in  one  hand  a  patera  or  sacrificing  platter,  in  the 
other  a  staff.  The  other  has  a  Roman  Soldier  in  a  fighting  posture,  right  arm  elevated^ 
in  the  other  a  buckler,  a  very  frequent  type  at  Exeter,  emblematic  of  constancy,  firm- 
ness, and  hardihood.    Also  a 

Constantine  the  2nd.  (IVN.  NOB.  CAES.)  born  at  Aries,  312  A.  D.  Rev.  two 
legionaries  and  vexilla  or  standards  as  before — Gloria  Exercitus.  Exergue  TRS. 
Treveris  Signata,  coined  in  his  father's  lifetime.  (^3rd  brass)  Two  small  coins  with  head 
Mars,  and  VRBS  ROMA  (Lower  Empire) 

Vespasian,  a  coin  found  in  digging  a  sewei  in  the  College  of  Vicars.  Rev.  Fe- 
male with  Cornucopia,  S.  C.    Part  of  a  lead  coffin,  &c, 

Constantine,  (small)  Gloria  Exercitus,  as  before,  P.  L.  C.  Pecunia  Londini 
Cusa  (above  the  Globe  Inn  back  entrance)  South  Street. 

Constantine  2nd.  (Flav.  Claud.)  another  small  coin,  was  found  among  some 
rubbish  in  Palace  Gate,  As  before — In  exergue  CONS.  O.  or  Constantinopoli 
Obsignata» 

Antoninus  Pius,  large  brass.  Obv.  ANTONIN  VS  PIVS.  PM.  PP.  AVG.  found 
in  the  village  of  Ide.  On  Rev.  an  emblematical  figure  being  the  goddess  Libertas 
holding  the  Pileus  or  Cap  given  to  slaves  that  were  maRumitted  or  made  free  by  their 
masters  (servum  ad  pileum  vocare,  Liv.)  after  shaving  their  heads— So  in  a  play  of 
Plautus,  Rasa  capite  calvus  capiam  Pileum.  The  Pileus  was  also  bestowed  on 
such  gladiators  at  the  Amphitheatres  as  were  slaves,  in  testimony  of  their  obtaining 
freedom.  In  the  other  hand  is  the  rod  Vindicta,  noted  by  Horace,  with  which  these 
freedmen  were  struck  by  the  Prsetor,  shewiag  they  were  now  exempt  from  being  beaten 
by  their  Masters.  The  Romans  left  the  study  of  medicine,  and  of  many  of  the  liberal 
Arts  to  their  slaves  and  freedmen,  trades  also.  The  Inscription  is  LIBERTAS  ET 
CONSVL(atMO  with  S.  C.and  OF.  in  area,  probably  answering  to  Tacitus  "  Liber- 
tatem  et  consulatum  L.  Brutus  instituit,"  for  although  the  people  were  degenerate  and 
servile,  »till  the  show  df  freedom  was  kept  up  under  the  Emperors,  although  the  vir- 
tues of  the  ancient  Republic,  or  the  "  populi  Romani  propria  libertas  "  of  Cicero,  were 
never  restored. 

Allectus,  found  near  the  Black  Lions  Inn,  South  Street,  under  the  foundation  of 
the  house  of  Mr.  Downe,  Plumber.  (Plate  1  No.  11.)  Radiated  bust,  bearded,  IMP. 
C,  ALLECTVS  P.  F.  AVG.  Rev.  Peace  as  a  female,  with  staff  and  olive  branch, 
PAX  AVG.      In  the  field  S.  A>  (Sacrum  iEs)  in  exergue  M.  L.  MonetariumLondi- 


OF    fiXGTER.  37 

nf,  coined  in  the  I^oman  Mint  at  London — Tyrant  of  Britain,  296,  A  D.  after  being 
Captain  of  tlie  Guards,  prime  minister  and  bosom  friend  to  Carausius,  whom  he 
treacherously  murdered,  and  after  three  years'  usurpation,  perished  himself  in  Britain, 
fighting  against  the  forces  of  Constautius  Chlo  rus.*     (Rare.) 

Also  Five  oiher  smaller  coins.  Head  of  god  Mars  ;  on  Rev.  Wolf  suckling  Romulus 
and  Remus;  In  exergue  S.  CON.  above,  a  crescent  and  star.  Two  others,  Constan- 
tine  dynasty,  as  before,  with  soldiers  and  standards,  FIDES  EXER.  exergue  P.  L.  C. 
or  Pecunia  Londini  Cusa.  A  Tetricus  the  younger,  and  another  small  coin  of  the 
same  Emperor,  evidently  with  lustral  vase,  pontifical  lituus,  simpulura  and  pedum,  or 
feeding  stafi',  on  reverse.  In  making  further  excavations  on  the  same  spot,  a  quantity 
of  Samian  Ware  or  Roman  Pottery  was  found,  and  the  bronze  guard,  or  hilt  of  the 
dagger  of  Mefitus  the  Tribune  (Vide  Part  3rd.)  Also  two  coins  of  Claudius,  in  in- 
different prcaervatioa — two  of  tlie  elder  Tetricus,  a  Conslantine  with  helmet;  on  Its  rev. 
Victory  with  buckler,  in  Kx.  CONST.  Small  coin,  oric/m/cum,  of  some  Emperor. 
Radiated  bust,  VIRTVS  AVGG.  Another  of  Delmatius  (rare^  nephew  of  Constan- 
tino the  Great,  who,  in  the  division  of  the  Empire,  had  for  his  share,  Macedonia, 
Achaia,  and  Peloponnesus.  FL.  DELMATIVS.  NOB.  C,  Rev.  Two  soldiers  and 
standards,  Gloria  exercitus,  estar  beneath;  P.  S.  (mint  mark  o( Siscia  in  Pannonia.) 
A  coin  called  by  Camden  rare,  when  of  silver  ;  placed  in  his  list,  (Introd,  p.  98,  Gib- 
son.) Pinkerton  marks  it  high,  even  in  small  brass ;  and  Akerman  (Des.  Cat.  vol.  ii. 
p.  252.)  considers  it  rare  also.     A  small  coin,   supposed  of  Maximianus  Hercules, 

the  colleague  of  Dioclesian  (died  A.  D.  310)   ...C. .  .MAXIM Reverse.  PIE- 

TAS  ROMAN,  that  is  in  the  worship  of  idols.  Ex,  TRS.  Treveris  Signata.  Some 
small  coins  of  Valens.  Part  of  a  bronze  ^6M^a  or  clasp.  The  embossed  rim  of  a 
sepulchral  urn,  and  many  bones  and  teeth  of  animals  ;  the  ossa  innominata  of  a  skel- 
eton, and  a  white  stone  inscribed  T.  HOST.  (T.  Hostius)  Also  a  very  fine  coin  of 
Allectus,  3rd  brass,  (Plate  I.,  No.  12;)  Rev.,  a  galley  with  five  oars — raostprobably 
a  Li^Mrna— pirate  bark  or  expedite  ship  or  pinnace,  fitted  for  cruizing  along  the  Bri- 
tish coast  and  taking  prizes,  as  we  find  Carausius  did,  whom  Allectus  succeeded  ; 
inscription,  LAETITIA  AVG. ;  on  Exergue  Q.  C.  Queestorio  cusa,  i.e.  coined  in 
the  exchequer  at  London;  unless  we  read  it  Queestorio  Claunenti,  Southampton.  By 
the  inscription,  this  coin  was  struck  on  the  llth  of  February,  a  day  of  festivity,  sacred 
to  the  god  Pan,  and  the  genius  of  the  reigning  emperor.  There  were  2  quaestors  of 
the  treasury  or  eerarium  at  Rome,  but  the  provincial  quaestors  paid  the  troops  in 
foreign  quarters.!    The  site  of  the  Clausentum  of  Antonine  was  undoubtedly  at  Bit- 

•  To  the  allegorical  Goddess  Peace,  whose  festivals  were  on  the  29th  of  January,  the  Ancients  sa- 
crificed only  the  thigh  and  leg.bones  of  the  victim,  which  were  deposited  outside  her  temple,  where 
bloed  was  forbidden  to  be  shed.  She  generally  appears  with  a  Cadxicfua  or  olive  branch,  a  cornucopia, 
laurel,    roses,  ears  of  corn,  and  a  Jewel  on  her  breast,  or  BiUla. 

t  Lb  Vaillant,  In  his  valuable  work  called  Numismata  PreBstantiora.  1743,  Roma,  notices  tliis 
coin  as  being  rartVa/u  «in^ulari«  «/  elegantia ;  and  particularly  the  rigging  of  the  little  craft — malut 
erecta  cum  rudenlibus,  absqe  antenna  et  velo.  He  also  observes  that  the  coins  of  this  tyrant,  genie  non 
minut  barbarut  quam  proditione  saieUes.a  Carautio  pratorii prce/ecturS  ionatut.  are  all  rare ;  and  we 
cannot  tut  Join  with  him  cordially  in  execrating  the  perfidious  memory  of  one  who  by  base  treachery 
tooli  away  the  life  of  his  best  friend,  the  nob!e  and  high  minded  Cabausius.  This  coin  is  also  noticed 
Id  Camden's  Britannia.      Introd.  98.    Six  similar  ones  were  fonnd  lately ,  near  Stroud,  in  Kent. 

H 


28  ROMAN    ANTIQUITIES 

(ern,  on  the  other  side  of  Southampton  Bridge  on  the  Portsmouth  road,  where  many 
Boman  coins  have  been  found,  and  the  v'wer  Itchen,  which  runs  close  by,  was  admira-^ 
biy  fitted  for  a  haven  for  such  light  privateering  vessels  as  then  infested  the  neigh-' 
bouriog  seas,  and  pillaged  the  ships  of  the  Allemans  and  Saxons*  And  it  was  at  the 
adjacent  Isle  of  Wight  (the  OvrjKnq  vrjcroQ  of  Ptolemy  which  he  plates  south  from  the 
Great  or  Partus  Magnus  Haven,  viro  de  rov  fityav  Xifisva,  supposed  Portchesler.t  4 
miles  from  Portsmouth)  that  the  fleet  of  Allectus,  after  his  usurpation,  lay  in  wait  for 
the  Romans  under  Constantius  Chlorus,  coming  against  him.  The  British  navy  how-' 
ever  was  prevented  by  a  mist  from  seeing  them,  and  the  Romans  landed,  and  setting 
fire  to  their  own  fleet  that  there  might  be  no  hopes  of  refuge  but  in  victory,  Allectus 
in  a  tumultuary  skirmish  at  the  head  of  his  foreign  mercenaries  was  killed,  near  Lym- 
ington,  in  Hampshire,!  it  is  supposed.     Seven  types  in  gold,  are  known  of  Allecius. 

The  Romans  called  the  light  frigates  in  their  border  rivers  Naves  Lusorioe,  for 
conveying  corn  up  the  smaller  streams  to  supply  their  troops,  suppressing  the  excursions 
of  a  neighbouring  enemy  and  making  incursions  in  return,  as  may  be  seen  in  the  Codex 
TAeorfosianMs  (De  Lusoriis  Danubii.  vii.  Titulus  17.)  probably  At  Karnuntum  or 
Presburg — noticed  for  the  Marines  or  Liburnarii  of  a  cohort  of  the  14<th  legion  (Gem- 
ina)  and  2nd  Italica  (v.  in  NotitiS  de  Pannonia  et  Nor.  Rip.)     See  also  Vegetius. 

The  famous  Cohors  Aelia  Classica  at  Tinmouth  in  Northumberland,  and  the  Abnlci 
at  Anderida  in  Sussex,  were  employed  in  these  services  ;  so  also  the  Marine  cohort 
above  called  Aelia,  at  Tunnocelum  (Boulness)  on  the  wall  of  Severus,  in  the  later 
days  of  Arcadius  and  Honorius,  when  the  Notitia  was  compiled. 

On  making  further  researches  on  this  spot,  a  Nero  with  the  temple  of  Janus  ;  on 
obverse  as  before,  and  ARA  PACIS,  but  much  defaced  by  time.  Such  medals  mark 
the  universal  peace  granted  to  the  Empire,  Pace  Pop.  Rom.  terrS  marique  parta  Ja- 
num  clusit,  as  on  his  2nd,  brass  coins  ;  and  in  Suetonius,  Cap.  13,  in  Nerone,  Janum 
geminum  clausit  tarn  nullo  quam  residuo  bello.  Dickenson  considered  Janus  to  be 
the  same  as  NOAH,  Delph,  Phoen,  p.  156,  174,  ( 1655.)  and  Bifrons  or  double  faced, 
as  having  seen  the  world  before  and  after  the  flood. 

CoNSTANTiNE  the  Great.  Laureated  bust,  CONSTANTINVS  P.  F.  AVG.  Rev. 
the  Sun  as  a  young  man  with  rays  on  his  head,  in  his  right  a  Globe,  the  emblem  of 
power,  in  the  other  a  whip ;  he  is  attired  in  a  short  tunic  and  cloak.  The  ancients  of 
that  time  imagined  that  the  Sun  ran  his  course  out  of  the  east  only  to  gratify  their 
Emperors.  From  the  symbol  of  the  whip,  I  consider  the  Egyptian  mysteries  held 
here  were  interwoven  with  the  Roman.  The  whip  with  three  thongs  was  an  emblem 
borne  by  Osiris,  who  was  the  same  as  the  Mithras,  of  Persia,  Baal,  of  Chaldsea,  and 
Beltucadder,  of  Britain.  It  was  also  borne  by  Orus,  his  son,  the  Bacchus  of  Egypt, 
said  by  some  to  be  the  most  ancient  Apollo,  sou  of  Vulcan ;  by  others,  of  Isis,  who 
taught  him  physic  and  divination.  A  star  also  appears,  either  an  hieroglyphic  of  the 
sun,  or  alluding  perhaps  to  a  consecration,  or  the  beatified  soul  of  Constantine. 
Rev.  COMITL  AVGG.  NN.to  the  sun,  the  companion  of  our  two  Emperors,  Con- 
stantine and  his  son.    Exergue,  PLN.  Percussa  Londini. 

*  CLA,  on  Coins  of  Carausius,  supposed  Clausentum. 

t  Portchester,  not  Poole,  as  Horsley  calls  it. 

X  Where  there  iea  C»mp»  and  Coiai  have  been  dug  up,  13  miles- from  Soutiiamptou. 


OF   EXETER.  29 

CoNSTANTiNB  2nd.  Small  coin,  IVN»  NOB.  C.  Reverse,  within  a  wreath,  VOT, 
V.  &  CAESARVM  NOSTORVM  ;  implying  that  solemn  prayer  had  been  made  to 
the  Gods,  by  the  Senate,  to  grant  tliis  Prince  and  his  brother  C:ispus,  (probably)  a 
reign  of  5  years,  and  then  renew  them  again;  alluding  to  the  Quinqwennial  Feasts,  or 
public  games,  at  their  entrance  into  the  Ccesarship. 

August  2K  In  digging  under  Mr.  Godolphin's  late  premises,  near  Bel-hill,  In 
South  Street,  behind  the  Deanery.  Hadrian  (^nd  brass.)  Rac'iated  Bust,  and  usual 
inscription,  Oa  Rev.  edigy  of  the  Emperor  standing  with  left  leg  elevated  ;  he  holds 
the  hasta  or  spear,  pointed  at  both  ends,  and  the  parazonium,  a  sort  of  blunt  dagger 
or  sceptre,  (like  the  biilon  of  a  Field  Marshal)  supposed  to  signify  the  clemency  of 
the  Prince,  or  his  moderation  in  inflicting  punishment.  AVfJ  VSTI  being  only  legible 
we  may  infer  that  Advenlus  preceded.  The  radiated  crown,  as  Casaubon  informs  us, 
was  a  peculiar  badge  of  Deities,  and  deified  princes. 

On  the  same  spot  the  ancient  Hath  and  Pavement  was  found,  great  quantities  of 
coaise  Roman  Pottery  and  glass,  some  Samian  Ware,  and  a  number  of  encaustic 
Flemish  Tiles,  which  had  formed  a  pavement  on  the  spot  in  later  days. 

1834 

Silver  Coin  or  Quinaritts,  of  Gordian  the  3rd,  (called  Antoninus.)  Laureated 
bust,  PlVS.  AVG.  Reverse  Military  Trophy  and  two  captives  beneath,  probably 
alluding  to  his  Persian  victory,  PART  (hicus)  MAX.  PONT.  TR,  P.  HIT.  The 
trophy  is  composed  of  two  shields,  a  military  cloak,  or  sac/um,  surmounted  by  a 
casque,  or  cap,  and  two  arrows.  He  was  venerated  as  a  God,  at  Carrhce,  in  Meso- 
potamia. 

Silver  Coin,  or  Quinarius,  of  the  usurper  Maximus,  (rare.)  Inscription  DN. 
(Dominus  Nosttr)  MAGNVS.  MAXIMVS.  PF.  AVG.  Reverse,  Minerva,  armed, 
seated  in  a  chair,  VIRTVS  ROMANORViM.  In  Exergue  TRPS  Treveris  pecunia 
signata,  struck  at  Treves,  in  Germany, 

He  was  a  Spaniard  by  nation,  and  after  destroying  Gratian  by  treachery,  was 
ultimately  overpowered  by  Theodosius,  with  whom  at  one  time  (V.  Zosimi,  lib.  4,)  he 
had  joint  command  in  Britain.  (ov^paTevaaiievog)  Annoyed  at  noi  being  also  in- 
vested with  imperial  honors,  he  incited  the  legions  in  the  British  Islands,  tsq  rate 
BpsTTaviKaiQ  vr\(ToiQ  evidpvfitvtiQ,  to  revolt  against  Gratian,  who  embarking  in  their 
ships,  sailed  to  the  Rhine,  to  make  head  against  that  Emperor,  in  Germany,  where 
being  abandoned  by  his  own  troops  he  was  pursued  by  the  master  of  the  horse,  and 
killed.     Maximu«  was  put  to  death  at  Aquileia,  A.  D.  368. 

This  type  has  at  other  times  AQPS  and  MDPS  in  Exergue,  the  mint  mark  of 
Aquileia,  on  the  Adriatic,  and  Milan  or  Mediolanura. 

In  sinking  a  dry  well  near  the  entrance  of  Coombe  Street,  (Rock  Lane)  a  Coin 
much  mutilated,  and  reverse  indistinct,  supposed  a  Galba,  but  uncertain. 

Vespasian,  (2nd  brass,)  IMP.  CAESAR.  VESPASIAN  AVG.  COS.  IIII.  hair 
filleted  behind.  Reverse,  a  beautiful  eagle,  with  wings  expanded,  grasping  a  globe 
in  her  talons,  S.  C.  Also  part  of  a  Sepulchral  Urn.  This  type  is  often  met  with  at 
Exeter,  coined  in  the  latter  part  of  his  reign.  The  wings  are  hieroglyphics  of  cele- 
rity, and  the  displaying  of  the  Roman  Eagles'  wings  is  thought  to  signify  protection 
to  the  obedient  and  the  extending  of  hor  talons,  the  rending  and  ruin  of  all  who  were 


30  ROMAN    ANTIQUITIES 

resistant  or  rebellious.    The  Eagle  is  a  symbol  of  long  life  and  of  eternity,  and  marks 
a  consecration  also,  as  does  the  peacock.     (Plato  1,  No.  13.) 

Near  the  Precentor's  residence,  opposite  the  Bishop's  Palace  Garden.  Domitian, 
IMP.  DO  MIT,  AVG,  GERM.)  a  handsome  Coin,  2nd  brass.  Reverse,  a  warlike 
figure,  charging  with  a  pike  or  lance,  probably  that  Emperor,  as  Mars,  alluding  to 
his  German  victory  ;  S,  C.  in  the  field. 

In  Deanery  Place,  Claudius,  with  usual  inscription.  Reverse,  a  fe.nale  attired  in 
loose  drapery,  LIBERTAS  AVGVSTA,  S.  C.  She  bears  the  Pileus  or  cap,  sym- 
bolical of  Independance.  Libertas  had  a  temple  on  Mount  Aventine,  adorned  with 
statues  and  brazen  columns;  a  representation  of  the  victory  gained  by  T.  Sempro- 
nius  Gracchus,  the  proconsul,  over  Hanno  and  the  Carthaginians,  at  Beneventum,  by 
the  assistance  of  the  recruited  slaves,  was  placed  in  this  temple,  erected  at  his  father's 
cost  and  charges,  (V.  Liv.  Lib.  94,)  and  the  slaves  were  manumitted  for  their 
gallantry.    (  Plate  2,  No.  14. ) 

Near  the  King  John  Tavern.  Constantine  the  Great.  Laureated  bust,  2nd  brass. 
Reverse,  a  military  figure  in  the paludameiitum,  or  Chlamys,  over  a  short  tunic, 
grasping  a  legionary  standard  or  vexillum  in  each  hand,  of  elaborate  workmanship, 
and  a  small  banner  is  on  the  summit  of  each.  In  the  field  S.  A.  Sacrum  JEs,  or 
sacred  money,  (coins  being  struck  in  the  temples  ;  and  the  Aerarium,  or  treasury  at 
Rome,  was  a  temple  also.)  Hence  Sacra  became  the  epithet  of  Juno,  as  Moneta,  and 
the  Jews  called  their  money  sacred,  the  Shekel  of  the  sanctuary  being  made,  kept  there 
and  issued  therefrom.     Rev.   PRINCIPI.  IVVENTVTIS.  (Chief  of  Roman  youth.) 

The  inscription  refers  to  the  Epithet  given  to  the  heirs  of  the  Empire,  and  frequent- 
ly to  the  Emperors  themselves,  and  those  whom  they  adopted  ;  an  appellation  of  dig*^ 
nity,  not  family  only.  The  Paludamentum,  or  state  robe  of  the  Emperors,  was  not 
only  of  purple,  but  often  adoi  ned  with  stUvls  of  gold,  and  the  richest  scarlet  died  in  grain. 

CoNSTANS  (small)  CONSTANS.  PF.  AVG.  (in  Zosimus  o  Ko)v^avg)  youngest 
son  of  Constantine  by  Fausta  ;  made  Caesar  334;  an  active  and  warlike  monarch,  who 
inherited  the  provinces  of  Illyricura,  Italy,  and  Africa,  at  his  father's  death.  Reverse ; 
a  Phoenix  on  the  top  of  a  rock  or  globe,  burning  itself  on  the  funeral  pyre — rays  of 
light  encircling  its  head— FELIX  TEMPORUM  REPARATIO,  a  favorite  reverse, 
alluding  either  to  the  reforming  of  the  empire,  decayed  by  reason  of  the  misrule  of  for- 
mer princes,  or,  as  some  say,  marking  the  eternity  of  Roman  rule,  and  consecration  of 
the  prince  among  the  immortal  gods.  Pliny  describes  the  Phoenix,  in  his  10th  Book 
(H.  Nat.)  cap.  2.,  to  which  priestcraft  and  superstition  assigned  many  marvels  as 
the  symbol  of  eternity,  and  the  emblem  of  hope  for  happier  times,  like  the  sacred  ox 
of  Egypt.  See  also  Mela,  de  situ  orbis,  lib.  3.,  c.  S.  It  may  have  been  a  type  of  the 
evanescent  but  imperishable  essence  of  the  deity  in  mortal  man. 

1835. 

Western  Market.  Nero,*  (Gold)  a  very  excellent  aureus  or  gold  didrachm  of 
this  emperor  was   found  near  the  site  of  the  old  Three   Cranes  Tavern,    Obverse ; 

*'  In  a  city  so  abounding  with  Roman  monej,  considering  that  the  gold  coins  of  Neto  are  so  nume- 
rous, it  is  surprising  only  ttoo  of  these  should  be  met  with  ;  no  silver  quinarii  of  his  ever  occur  here. 
Camden  ia  Britannia  (GlbsoB,  p.  767.)  notices  one  of  the  same  description,  found  near  a  farm  hou»e, 

called  Thornburgh,  near  Cattaractonium  or  Catterick  in  Yorkshire. 

\  ■ 


OF    EXETER.  31 

Bust  of  Nero   (NERO  CAESAR  AVGVSTVS)  Reverse,  Jupiter  sealed,  holding  a 
thunderbolt  and  sceptre.     IVPPITER  CVSTOS.     It  was  sold  for  £2. 

Another  Aureus  was  found  some  time  previous,  on  Northernhay  ;   reverse,  Salus, 
seated  with  patera  in  a  high  bacl<ed  chair — below,  SALVS,  (goddess  of  health.) 

The  fust  came  into  the  possession  of  Mr.  H,  Hooper,  Jun.,  and  was  presented  by  him, 

with   130  other  coins,  found  here,  to  the   Institution  of  Exeter,  in  May,  1839.     The 

second  belongs  to  Mr.  Larkworlhy  Jun., both  excellent  specimens  (Plate  II,  No.  15.) 

Faustina,    (quinarius)   silver,   DIVA    FAVSTINA,    (Plate  I,   No.  16.)  wife  of 

Marcus  Aurelius,  noted  for  her  gallantries. 

Tetricus  the  elder,  (radiated)  small.  Another  ditto ;  reverse,  Fortuna  with  stern 
of  a  ship. 

Nero  C2nd  brass)  CLAVD.  CAESAR  AVG.  GER,  P.  M.  T,  P..  Reverse, 
winged  victory  with  laurel  wreath— legend  VICTORIA  AVGVSTI. 

A  splendid  medal  (or  1st  brass  coin)  of  Nero,  (adlocutJo  cohortium)  (Plate  II, 
No.  17.)  NERO  CLAVD.  CAESAR  (rare.)  Reverse,  an  adlocutio  Imper ator is ^  or 
address  from  the  military  commanders  to  the  army,  on  which  occasions  they  generally 
stood  on  a  bank  of  green  turf,  made  a  grand  oration,  and  raised  the  hopes  of  the  sol- 
diers, by  setting  forth  the  glorious  rewaidsS  of  honor  and  victory.  The  Roman  army 
in  Britain  might  be  typified  by  the  Roman  soldiers  on  this  reverse,  who  might  answer 
to  three  of  the  Roman  legions  then  quartered  in  our  Island;  the  2nd  Augusta,  whose 
headquarters  were  at  Caerleon  ;  the  9th  Spanish  (recruited  in  Nero's  reign  with  2O0O 
Roman  soldiers,  and  8  cohorts  of  auxiliaries,  after  its  discomfiture  by  Boadicea) — the 
14th,  of  which  the  Batavians  were  auxiliaries,  and  which  from  its  courage  and  conduct 
earned  the  title  of  the  Conquerors  of  Britain — the  20th,  which  came  over  with  Clau- 
dius A.  D.  43,  was  also  then  in  the  island.  Le  Vaillant  supposes  the  principal  figure 
to  be  Nero  himself.* 

Antoninus  Pius,  bearded  ;  reverse,  a  woman  naked,  sitting  on  a  rock,  S.  C,  per- 
haps ancient  Britain.  Faustina  (Diva)  his  empress,  as  usual,  her  hair  wreathed  on 
the  top  of  the  he^d. 

Vespasian  AVG.  COS.  S.C.  &c.and  four  of  Claudius  Cxsar  AVG.  &c.  all 
indistinct  reverses.  Maximinus  (the  Thracian)  C.  Jul.  predecessor  of  the  Gordians. 
A  small  Constantine  mutilated,  and  his  eldest  son  Crispus  (helmefed)  Altar  on  reverse. 
Many  small  coins  of  the  Lower  Empire,  of  trifling  value.  Tetricus,  &c.  radiated. 
Fragments  of  ancient  glass  vases  and  pottery,  and  a  sphcerula  perforata,  or  blue  ad- 
der bead,  being  a  Glaia  Naidhr,  Druidical  amulet,  or  ovum  anguinum  of  blue  clay. 
V.  Borlase  Antiq.  Cornwall,  p.  142.  Camden,  p.  697,  found  at  Dolgelly,  and  Aberfraw, 
(Anglesey)  in  Wales,     q.  v. 

New  Market,  near  Paul  Street.  Marcus  Aurelius,  and  Rome  on  reverse ;  a 
massy  coin,  with  the  usual  titles.  Also  a  Maximin  near  the  same  spot.  One  very 
perfect  of  Domitian.  Others  of  Trajan,  Constantine,  &c.  Also  of  Tetricus  the  youn- 
ger, (A,  D.  260)  with  the  sacrificial  symbols,  viz.  the  vas,  (or  urn)  acerra  (incense box) 

•  Le  Vaillant,  Num.  Prae-tautiora.  Adlocutio  cohortium.  Nero  togafus  stans  la  suggestu,  figura 
ftssistente  pariter  togata,  adloquitur  cohortes.  Nummus  inler  rariores  recenseiur.  See  also  Amm.  Mar- 
oellin.  lib  23.  adlocutio  of  Emperor  Juian.  Akerman  notices  the  Medallioo  and  1st  brass  adlocutio  of 
Nero,  vol.  i..  Des  Cat.  p,  163. 

I 


32  ROMAN    ANTIQUITIES 

eapeduncula  (for  taking  out  incense)  pedum  (or  knotted  feeding  stuif  or  shepherd's 
crook,  emblematic  of  a  sacrifice  to  Bacchus)  simpulum  (ladle  or  small  vessel  for  wine 
libation)  and  secespila  Jlamlnis  (chopping  knife  or  hatchet)  symbols  of  the  Pontifex 
Maximus  and  chief  augur  ;  the  false  piety  of  those  times  and  heathen  superstition. 

The  Friars,  near  Colleton  Crescent.  In  diggins^  a  sewer.  Titus,  son  of  Vespasian, 
(2nd  brass)  with  many  titles,  (Plate  II,  No  18  )  Tl.  CAES.  IMP.  AVG.  F.  TR.  P. 
COS.  VI.  (Censor  &c)  and  in  the  sixth  year  of  his  consulship  ;  reverse  memorable 
from  presenting  the  sad  emblem  of  captive  Ilierosolyma  (Jerusalem)  sitting  on  a  heap 
of  arms,  under  a  Palm  tree,  iier  hands  tied,  a  shield  behind  her,  a  type  of  Palestine, 
IVDAEA  CAPTA  S.C.  fulfilling  the  prophecy  of  Isaiah  "and  she  being  desolate, 
shall  sit  on  the  ground."  Titus  being  the  instrument  in  the  hands  of  Providence,  for 
the  castigation  of  that  people.  Several  types  with  this  legend  are  rare,  also  of  the 
IVDAEA  DEVICTA,  for  which  see  Le  Vaillant  Num.  Prsestan.  Akerman  Desc. 
Cat.  &c. 

Western  Market,  Nero  (3rd  brass)  NERO  CLAVD  CAESAH.  That  Emperor 
performing  on  some  musical  instrument,  and  seated  on  a  scabellum,  or  low  seat,  music 
being  what  he  most  delighted  in,  particularly  a  hydraulic  instrument  recorded  in  Sue- 
tonius.    (Plate  II,  No  19.) 

M.  AuRELius  Carus,  a  warlike  Enrperor,  successor  of  Probus  who  defeated  the 
Sarmatians  and  Persians.  After  taking  Ctesiphon  on  the  Tigris,  and  Seleucia,  slain 
by  a  thunderbolt  in  his  tent,  and  consecrated,  283,  A,  D.  Reverse,  a  man  naked,  and 
S.  C.  in  the  field.     A  very  coarsely  executed  Coin. 

Northernhay,  under  the  foundation  of  the  city  wall,  in  the  cement.  Claudius,  TI. 
CLAVD,  CAESAR.     Reverse,  a  female,  S.C. 

During  the  excavations  in  the  summer  of  1835,  Roman  coins  increased  to  such  a 
prodigious  degree  as  to  be  nearly  a  drug  at  Exeter,  which  no  one  troubled  his  noddle 
about  at  last,  and  this  city  seemed  as  fertile  of  Roman  pence  when  dug  into,  as  the 
teeming  soil  of  modern  Italy  or  Pompeii  itself.  We  may,  however,  continue  to  notice 
the  following,  and  hope  our  antiquaries  have  not,  as  yet,  had  a  surfeit,  when  it  is  con- 
sidered that  \\e\e  a  man  cannot  dig  a  cellar  under  his  own  house,  it  appears,  without 
half  a  dozen  Ceesars  staring  him,  like  so  many  Frankensteins,  full  in  the  face,  or  the 
devil  Mephistophiles  at  his  heels;  he  cannot  lay  a  new  floor,  without  trampling  on  the 
bones  of  some  dead  Roman,  cr  breaking  his  shins  over  a  vase  or  chequered  pavement; 
he  is  at  no  loss  for  toys  for  his  bantlings ;  his  children  prattle  about  heroes  and  Neros, 
instead  of  chuck  farthing  and  marbles ;  the  labourers  and  stone  masons  become  archaj- 
ologists  in  times  like  these,  and  rave  about  tesseras  and  other  etceteras,  instead  of  gin- 
shops  and  tobacco;  ladies'  maids  prate  about  Venuses  and  Ganymedes  ;  builders  for- 
get Inigo  Jones  and  Palladio,  and  quarrel  about  copying  the  Pantheon  or  the  Arch  of 
Janus  ;  politicians  overlook  Corporation  Reform ;  and,  to  crown  the  whole,  the  elderly 
ladies,  over  their  short  whist,  will  in  time  probably,  wield  Roman  medals  and  testoons 
for  counters  and  markers. 

Western  Market.  I'wo  coins  of  Vespasian  j  one  bears  on  its  reverse  an  eagle, 
with  wings  expanded,  marking.his  consecration  and  enrolment  among  the  deities,  as 
before. 

Claudius,  with  the  soldier,  as  before,  with  his  spear  and  buckler,  S.C.     Of  this 


OF    BXBTBR.  33 

type,  and  the  Minerva  Proraachos,  nearly  twohandfuls  were  found,  all  much  detrited 
and  corroded. 

New  Market.  Valentinian  (D.N.  [Dominus  Ndster]  Emperor  of  the  West,  P.F. 
A  VG. )  Reverse,  that  Emperor  drawing  after  him  a  youth,  to  show  that  reform  of  the 
times  must  begin  with  the  rising  generation,  old  men  being  so  confirmed  in  their  an- 
cient habits  as  to  be  irreformable.  He  holds  a  standard  on  which  the  ensign  of  the  Cross 
is  displayed.  Area  F.  R.  Flaminis  Rationalis,  the  subaltern  to  the  KUmen  probably, 
or  sacred  person,  who  had  authority  to  strike  money  ;  and  A.  for  JErarium^  the  trea- 
sury. Gloria  Romanoriim — I£x.  P.S.  S.C. — Struck  atSiscia,  in  Pannonia,  which  city  is 
now  called  Sisceck,  belonging  to  Austria,  and  40  miles  from  Carlstadt.  A  beautiful 
coin.    3rd   brass. 

GiiATiAN  (D.N.)  Reverse,  within  a  wreath  VOT.  XV.  MULT.  XX.— meaning 
that  the  public  games  and  rejoicings  were  solemnly  vowed  by  the  people  to  be  celebra- 
ted to  his  honor,  both  the  15th  and  20th  year  of  his  reign,  if  it  lasted  so  long  a  time; 
rotis  quindecennalibus  multiplicatis  in  vicenalia — in  this  instance  futile,  for  he  had 
only  reigned  eight  years  altogether,  when  cutoff  by  Maximus.  lie  was  colleague  of 
Valentinian  in  the  West,  and  nominated  the  great  Theodosius  his  successor,  who  sa- 
ved the  empire  in  its  decline.     3rd  brass. 

CoNSTANTiNE  THE  Great.  Rcverso,  a  warrior  holding  two  of  the  vexillOf  spread- 
ing on  a  staff,  or  cavalry  standards— PRINCIPI  IVVENTVTIS— (to  the  captain  of 
the  young  noble  families  and  heir  to  the  empire.)  Coined  at  Lyons  in  France,  (PLG.) 
(Plate  II,  No.  20.)     Also,  smaller  coins  of  his  youngest  son. 

Gallienus,  killed  on  the  Pyrenees  by  Magnentius,  noted  for  his  victories  over  the 
Goths,  and  for  his  domestic  voluptuousness — an  exquisite  of  the  first  water,  powder- 
ing his  hair  even  with  gold  dust,  (small.) 

A  CoNSTANTios,  very  perfect.    3rd  brass. 

CoNSTANS— small ;  reverse,  VICTORIA  DD.AVGGORVM  (Dominorum  Angus- 
lorum.)  Constantinople  and  Rome  as  two  victories,  with  branches  of  lauiel;  D. 
implying  Constanlius  and  his  brother,  after  celebrating  their  Decennaliain  the  tenth 
year  of  their  reign. 

Valens  (brother  to  Valentinian),  found  near  the  Theatre.  Small.  Emblematical 
figure  with  a  wreath  :  SECVRITAS  REIPVBLIC^.  On  the  exergue,  TESA, 
signifying  that  it  was  coined  at  Thessaloniea,  a  famous  city  of  Macedonia,  now  Salo- 
nica,  so  called  after  a  sister  of  the  "great  Emathian  conqueror"  who  married  Cassan- 
der;  and  memorable  from  being  visited  by  St.  Paul,  &c.  of  high  interest  to  the  student 
of  Byzantine  Antiquities,  and  containing  many  Greek  Marbles,  Inscriptions,  Sarco- 
phagi, and  Statues. 

Western  Market.  A  large  Medal  (or  first  brass  coin)  (Plate  II,  No.  21.)  of  Clau- 
dius, countermarked  ROM.  on  the  obverse.  It  was  in  excellent  preservation,  and  of 
Orichalcum,  or  fine  yellow  brass.  A  Duplicate  was  also  found,  but  in  an  imperfect 
or  detrited  state,  i^everse  within  a  Corona  Civica,  in  large  capitals,  EX.  S.  C.  OB. 
CIVKS  SEKVATOS.  Such  medals  were  usually  struck  on  the  1st  of  January,  and 
presented  to  the  Emperor  as  a  new  year's  offering,  or  slrenie.  The  Civic  Crown, 
Sdcred  to  Jupiter,  also  called  Civilis  Quercus,  of  oaken  leaves,  was  more  honorable 
tban  any  other  Crown,  and  generally  given  by  the  General,  to  a  soldier  who  had  slain 


34  ROMAN    ANTIQUITIES 

an  enemy,  and  saved  the  life  of  a  citizen  in  battle,  and  was  placed  on  his  head  by  bira 
who  was  rescued.  Such  medals  as  these  may  have  been  distributed  among  the  legio- 
naries at  Iscttf  after  their  victories  over  the  Britons  ;  and  we  find  during  the  reign  of 
Claudius,  that  in  a  great  battle  with  the  Iceni,  of  Norfolk,  31.  Ostorius,  the  Lieu- 
tenant's sou,  had  the  honor  of  saving  a  citizen.  The  ROM.  as  a  countermark  is  very 
unusual  at  Exeter,  among  the  Claudian  coins. 

Tbajan,  a  very  splendid  large  brass  coin.  Rev.  a  Female,  attired  in  a  thin  vest- 
ment, recumbent  in  a  chair,  holding  a  patera.  S.  P.  Q.R.  OPTIMO  PRINCIPI, 
S.  C.  (Plate  II.  No.  22.) 

Vespasian.  Rev.  a  Female  reposing  on  one  hand,  in  the  other  a  staff,  Securitas 
Augusta. 

Claudius.  Rev.  Female  in  a  chair,  with  horn  of  abundance,  and  ears  of  corn  in 
her  hand,  probably  a  Ceres, 

BRiTANNicus,only  son  of  Claudius,  (murdered  at  the  instigation  of  his  stepmother, 
Agrippina.)  Reverse,  S.C.  TI.  CLAVDIVS,  &c.  and  a  genius  dispensing  fruits  or 
offerings. 

DoMiTiAN,  with  the  vain-glorious  epithet  of  Germanicus  at  full  length,  PON.  M. 
Reverse,  female  with  patera,  in  subsellio. 

Magnentius,  p.  F.  Reverse,  that  Emperor  on  a  spirited  charger,  riding  over  a 
vanquished  enemy,  a  buckler  on  the  ground,  Gloria  Romanorum.  (Plate  II,  No  23.) 

Gallienus,  (small)  and  an  indistinct  coin,  with  she  wolf  and  star  as  before. 

New  Market.  A  Vespasian,  but  much  corroded  by  time;  also,  a  Magnentius,  and 
aTETRicus,  with  Spes  publica  and  a  figure  of  Hope.  Consiantine  the  Great,  lau- 
relled ;  reverse,  on  the  exergue  P.L.N,  (coined  at  London.)  The  Sun  as  Constantine 
(represented  as  a  young  man)  radious,  he  being  esteemed,  as  I  have  before  observed, 
to  have  the  genius  and  swiftness  of  the  sun  when  running  its  course,  SOLI  INVIC- 
TO  COMITL*  On  the  area  is  T.F.  the  Monetary  or  Mint  mark,  alluding  to  those 
who  struck  the  coin,  which  may  be  interpreted  Triumviri  Fabroriim,  or  Fabri  Offi- 
cin<:p,  probably  a  private  mark  of  the  TViMwiriri  MoMe/a^e5,  or  masters  of  the  mint 
at  London,  who  coined  the  piece,  t  There  is,  however,  a  probability  of  these  letters 
alluding  to  the  Terminalia  Festa,  which  were  celebrated  on  the  23rd  of  February, 
being  festivals  sacred  to  the  god  Terminus,  and  first  instituted  by  Nuraa,  with  wheaten 
cakes  and  the  first  fruits  of  the  fields  (liba  cerealia  etfrugum  yrimilice)  in  the  open 
air.J    The  coin  would  then  appear,  by  this  clue,  to  have  been  struck  on  the  day  of  the 

•  Deo  soli  Invicto  Beltucaddro.  See  Camden  Brit.  Invicti  Osiris  necdum  sacris.  V.  Apul.  Metam.  lib. 
xi.    Hercules  and  Isis  are  also  styled  numen  Invictum. 

t  Qy.?  The  tabularii  Flaminis,  wlio  were  public  collectors  of  Accounts  under  the  priests  at  London. 

J  On  the  boundaries  of  lands  or  estates,  which  were  held  sacred  and  inviolable,  and  over  which  Ter- 
minus presided,  Ubo  et  farina  acfruge  et  mole  salsd,  incruentum  sacrum.    V.  Alex,   ab  Alex.  lib.  2, 

The  country  people  met  on  these  boundaries  and  offered  such  oblations  to  the  god  who  presided 
over  their  limits.  His  temple  at  Rome  was  first  erected  by  Numa,  on  the  Capitol,  near  that  of  Jupiter, 
and  the  sacred  rites  were  performed  sex/o  a6  M7  6e  OTiV/ano,  at  the  6lh  milestone  from  the  city.  Cara 
was  taken  that  no  biood  was  spilt— following  the  Pythagorean  doctrines  of  Numa— who  only  offered 
cakes,  flour,  fruits  or  salt  meal  tJ  the  divinities.  At  the  Ambarvalia,  however,  victims  weie  three 
times  led  round  the  fields,  to  propitiate  their  future  harvests.  Songs  in  honor  of  Ceres,  libations  of 
wine  and  milk,  and  the  sacrifice  of  a  sow,  of  a  sheep  and  a  bull,  called  Suovetaurilia,  accompa- 


OF    EXGTBR.  35 

celebration  of  that  festival  in  the  Roman  kalen«lar,  for  most  of  the  ancient  coins  and 
medals  alluded  to  sacrifices,  sacred  transactions  and  deities.  N".  Street,  near  the  Crown 
and  Sceplre— a  Claudius  as  before,  (with  the  soldier)  and  two  minute  coins  of  some  un- 
known emperor,  with  the  helmet.  On  one  is  apparently  a  soldier  and  the  word  GET., 
referring,  perhaps,  to  one  of  his  legions,  if  Getee  or  Gelulinns — on  the  other,  an  alle- 
gorical figure,  and  III.,  from  the  slate  of  preservation,  all  very  uncertain. 

Durham  silver  penny  of  Edward  I.  Civ.  Dunelm. 

In  August.  Found  near  Rockfield  place  under  Northernhay.  Trajan,  in  large 
brass.  (JEris  wiaz/wO— -Head  laureated — Inscription  (all  but  IMP.  CAES.)  much 
defaced.  Reverse,  a  female  sitting  in  a  chair — in  one  hand  a  patera^  but  greatly  de- 
faced. The  inscription  was  probably  S.  P.  Q.  R.  optima  prineipi.  The  patera  Im- 
plies a  sacrifice,  and  is  placed  in  the  hands  of  all  the  deities,  and  in  those  of  princes, 
to  mark  the  sacerdotal  power,  united  with  the  imperial. 

Tetricus  the  elder.  Radiant  (small)  PIVESV.  (Pivesuvius)  AVG.  This  coin 
like  a  great  many  others  found  in  Exeter,  being  of  a  diminutive  size,  and  therefore 
very  incommodious  for  carrying  on  commerce,  could  only  have  served  to  pay  the  Ro- 
man private  soldiers,  whose  daily  stipend  was  distributed  among  them  in  such  small  sums 
as  rendered  it  absolutely  needful  for  the  Queestor  or  paymaster  of  every  corps  to  be 
provided  with  a  large  quantity  of  small  money  in  his  military  chest  for  that  purpose.* 
From  this  circumstance,  it  is  my  opinion  that  these  coins,  as  well  as  the  Claudius  and 
CoNSTANTios  already  found  (directly  under  the  important  Roman  fort  or  citadel  on 
Northernhay,)  must  have  belonged  to  these  soldiers, t  The  foundations  of  the  Castle 
walls,  originally  the  Roman  Citadel  or  garrison,  in  which  walls  other  coins  have 
been  found,  even  so  far  back  as  Claudius,  are  evidently  more  ancient  than  the  super- 
structure ;  and  consist,  like  those  of  other  such  parts  of  the  city  walls,  of  Thorverton 
stone  or  of  tufa,  and  that  cement  for  which  the  architects  of  Asia  were  famous,  suppo- 
sed by  a  learned  author  to  be  bitumen.  The  hot  lime  or  cement  thrown  into  the  inter- 
stices of  the  stones,  in  a  boiling  state,  presents  both  now,  in  the  solidness  of  a  diaper 
work,  not  to  be  approached  by  the  most  elaborate  attempts  of  any  imitative  builder  of 
the  present  day  ;  and  in  South  street,  one  of  these  Roman  walls  only  yielded  at  last, 
when  assailed  by  the  expansive  force  of  gunpowder. 

The  walls  of  Exeter  are  in  general  of  the  Heavitree  stone  or  breccia  and  the  volca- 
nic Thorverton  and  Pocombe  stone,  and  are  faced  with  squared  pieces  of  Ivfa^  ft 
substance  formed  by  the  consolidation  of  volcanic  mud  and  ashes,  like  the  Travertine 
of  Italy  ;  also  with  the  basaltic  lava,  the  memorial  of  some  great  igni  aqueous  con- 
vulsion, produced  by  the  gradual  refrigeration  of  masses  of  fluid  lava,  quantities  of 
which  abound  near  Exeter,  and  of  several  varieties. 

nied  theie  ceremonies.  A  similar  sacrifice  was  made  by  the  Censors,  beiag  a  solemn  lustration  in  the 
name  of  the  people  evet^  5th  year.  The  tertninalia  were,  however,  in  302,  selected  by  Dioclesian  to 
commence  his  murderous  persecution  of  Christianity* 

•  LiketheCentimesof  France,  the  Cents  of  the  United  States,  or  the  small  change  even  now  used 
In  lUly. 

t  Whose  Ca$ira  Stativa  it  is  well  known  were  at  Exeter,  and  their  centlnels  posted  no  doubt  ob 
Uds  spot,  below  the  agger,  and  on  the  verge  of  the  fosse  or  rivulet  covering  that  part  of  their  outworks. 

K 


36  ROMAN    ANTIQUITIES 

Barlholomew  Yard.  Victorinus,  (small)  reverse,  Flamen  sacrificing,  and  Pielas 
AVG. 

Northernhay,  near  Rockfield  place.  Claudius  as  before.  (!onstantius,  FL.  IVL. 
NOB.  C.  (Plate  II,  No.  24)  Rev.  a  Building  or  City  Gate,  PROVIDENTIAE 
CAESS.  above,  a  star  ;  in  exergue,  TRcO  mint  mark  of  Treves.  The  gate  is  that  of 
the  Praetorian  Camp, 

New  Market,  Silver  coin  or  quinarius  of  Antoninus  Pius,  M.  ANTON. 
Laureated  bust ;  PATER  PATRIAE.  Rev.  a  Female  seated,  probably  a  Ceres, 
TR.POT.  XIX.  COS.IIII. 

Coin  of  Vespasian,  CAESAR  AVG.  COS.  Rev.  a  female  sacrificing,  as  in  the  Eleu- 
sinian  mysteries,  pouring  a  libation  on  the  flames  of  an  Altar,  from  a  patera,  AVG. 
in  field,  S,  C.  She  bears  a  thyrsus,  the  symbol  of  Bacchus,  and  is  accompanied  with 
fruits  and  ears  of  corn,  perhaps  commemorating  the  Cerealia  or  Cereris  Sacra,  cele- 
brated by  the  Roman  matrons  on  the  19th  of  April,  in  white  vestments,  in  commemo- 
ration of  the  rape  of  Proserpine.  This  might  be  the  Cereris  Graca  Sacerdos  of  the 
Palatine  Mount,  following  the  Arcadian  rites  of  Evander,  and  perhaps  the  thyrsus  car- 
ried the  sacred  basket  of  Ceres,  tacita  sacra  cistarum  (Apul.  Met,)  with  torch  borne 
on  a  pole  at  her  festivals. 

Victorinus,  AVG.  (small)  Rev.  the  sun  marching,  INVICTVS.  (rare) 

Antoninus  Pius,  (large  brass  coin)  found  near  the  Theatre.  Rev.  a  Trophy  of 
the  arms  of  some  barbarous  nation,  large  buckler  or  Scutum  ovatum,  &c. 

Western  Market.  Nero  (1st  Brass,)  (Plate  III,  No.  25)  rare.  IMP.  NERO  CAESAR 
AVG,  GERMANICVS.  Rev.  Two  horsemen,  both  very  fice  figures,  one  bearing  a 
lance,  theother  a  labarutn  or  standard,  DECVRSI 0.  By  this  is  meant  an  exercising  of  the 
Cavalry,  ad  palum  or  palaria,  after  the  manner  of  a  tilt  or  tournament  (like  the  Equi- 
na of  Romulus  in  the  Campus  Martins,  on  the  27lh  Feb.)  When  applied  to  the  In- 
fantry, it  alluded  to  their  exercises  under  arms,  to  make  them  expedite  and  active 
like  our  light  troops.  The  Decursio  was  also  a  solemn  course  of  the  troops  round 
the  funeral  pile  of  an  Emperor  or  general  officer.  The  JDioscmW  might  be  intended 
here,  unless  Nero  himself,  as  one  of  the  riders.  From  Suetonius  we  learn  that  he 
took  the  greatest  delight  in  horse  and  chariot  races,  not  only  at  the  Circensian  shows, 
but  also  at  the  Quinquennial  Games,  at  which,  after  the  Graecian  mode,  the  most  fa- 
mous horse  racers,  wrestlers,  &c.,  contended  for  the  prize,  (gymnicum  equestre  quod 
appellavit  Neronia)  and  he  himself  rode  in  a  chariot  at  the  Olympic  Games.* 
Equorum  studio  vel  precipu6  ah  ineunte  aetate  flagravit.  Sueton.  in  Ner. 

New  Market.  At  the  depth  of  90  feet,  Aurelian,  supposed;  (small)  AVRELI. 
(A.D.  270.)  in  his  cuirass  ;  reverse,  the  Sun,  to  which  Aurelian  from  attachment  or 
thankfulness  paid  particular  devotion,  .  .A.  ROMA. ...  On  his  head,  a  hat  or  petasus^ 
with  horns  as  Osiris,  (with  his  whip  of  three  thongs)  the  great  deity  of  the  Egyptians 
of  which  the  ox  was  the  symbol*    Victorinus  ;  reverse,  a  female  and  rudder,  Fortunes- 

*  The  Decursio  Equeslris  was  in  fact  one  of  the  ordinary  exercises  at  the  Circensian  Games,  first 
instituted  to  commemorate  the  rape  of  the  Sabines.  In  Le  Vaillant.  Numismata  Praestantiora,  Rome^ 
1743.  this  coin  is  thus  noticed  :  Decursio — Duo  sunt  cum  hac  epigraphe  typi,  iinns  cum  duabus  figparis 
decurrentibus— alter  cum  solo  equite,  precurrente  signifero,  milite  snbsequente.  Posterior  altero  ra- 
rior.  Akerman,  Uesc.  Cat.  pp.  164.5,  vol.  1,  considers  these  coins  as  rare,  both  in  1st.  and  seconi 
Bsass, 


OP    EXETER.  37 

llEDVCI.    CoNSTANS  (small)  P.  F.  AVG,      Reverse,  AdlocutioXo  three  soldiers, 

CAPTO.  VI CoNSTANTius  (small)  laureated  ;  reverse,  a  horseman  spearing 

a  fallen  enemy.    Fblix  (Temporum  Reparalio)     Tetricus  (elder)  Fortuna,  &c« 

Western  Maiket*  Constantine  2nd  (IVN.  NOB)  reverse,  VOX.  V.  CAESA- 
IIUM  NOSTRORUM,  in  a   wreath.     (Plate  II,  2Vo,  26.) 

Heavitree  Road.  Magnentius  ..GNENTIVS.  P.  F.  AVG.  in  the  field  A.  reverse, 
iwo  victories  holding  a  wreath,  in  which  VOT.  MVL.  X.  (vota  multiplicata  in  decen- 
nalia)  Legend  is  VICIORIAE  DD.  NN;  AVGG.  The  TR.  on  his  coins  stands  for 
Taporus,  one  of  his  surnames. 

New  Market.  Claudius,  as  before.  A  Vbspasian.  Trajan,  NERVA  TRA. 
Also  a  square  coin.  Domitian — Radiated — GERM.  COS.  IMP.  A  female,  perhaps 
Isis,  holding  a  rudder,  &c.,  but  indistinct,  Constantine,  SOLI  INVICTO  COMITI, 
as  before.  Another,  two  victories  and  an  altar,  VICTORIAE  LAETAE  PRlN(ci- 
pis)  PER(petui)  ;  exergue,  O  SIS.obsignata  Siscia,  Mintmark  of  Siscia  in  Pannonia. 
CoNSTANS,  (small)  two  victories  holding  a  wreath. 

Found  under  an  old  foundation.  A  coin  of  the  lower  empire,  Radiant^  or  with  the 
Radiated  head  of  Tetricus  the  elder,  AVGG.  proving  his  son  to  have  been  his  col- 
league at  the  time  of  his  usurpation,  both  of  whom  were  led  in  triumph  by  Aurelian, 
with  Zenobia,  Queen  of  Palmyra,  and  afterwards  pardoned  for  their  revolt,  about  270, 
A.  D.  Reverse,  a  stone  building  or  tower  with  a  triangular  apex,  probably  the  em- 
blem of  some  colony,  01  metropolitan  city  in  that  part  of  Gaul,  called  Aquitanica 
most  probably,  where  he  at  first  ruled,  or  a  castle  on  some  passage  of  a  river.  The 
building  is  composed  of  four  colossal  stones  of  Cyclopean  architecture,  something  like 
the  polygonal  Pelasgic  walls  of  Tiryns,  in  Greece,  in  the  country  of  the  Argives. 

New  Market.  Nero  ;  (CLAVD.  CAESAR  AVG.  GERM.  P.  M.  T.  R,  P.)  in  ra- 
ther handsome  preservation.  It  bears  on  its  Reverse,  S.  C,  a  winged  victory,  draped, 
graceful  ;  holding  a  globe,  the  emblem  of  sovereign  power;  S.  P.  Q.  R.,  Senatus 
Populus  que  Romanus.  The  temple  of  the  goddess  Victoria  was  qn  Mount  Palatine, 
at  Rome,  and  said  to  have  been  erected  by  Augustus  Her  statue  was  strnckby  light- 
ning, but  only  suffered  the  loss  of  its  wings,  supposed  by  Pompey  to  be  a  favorable 
omen — quod  inde  avolare  Victoria  nunquam  posset —  not  likely  to  forsake:  Claudius 
as  before — Soldier  &c.  Another  of  Claudius — Isis  and  Damater,  or  Ceres  (so  called 
from  bearing  corn,  quasi  Geres  a  gorendis  frugibus)  worshipped  by  Britons,  (so  says 
Strabo)  seated  in  a  chair ;  in  her  right  hand  ears  of  corn — a  flaming  torch  in  her  left, 
(S.  C.  CERES  AVGVSTA)  as  kindled  by  her  on  Mount  Etna  :  in  memory  of  the 
rape  of  Proserpine,  her  daughter,  for  which  the  Cereales  Ludi  were  celebrated  in 
April,  (19th  Prid.  Idus,)  by  the  Romans,  and  the  mysteries  of  Eleusis  by  the  Greeks, 
first  instituted  by  Eumolpus  B.  C.  1356—30  years  before  the  first  Isthmian  Games* 
The  festivals  of  Ceres  were  celebrated  by  matrons,  not  in  sorrow  or  grief. 

St.  Mary  Arches  street,  under  the  church.*  Two  of  Claudius,  as  before,  with  the 
Roman  Legionary  on  the  reverse  S.  C.  bearing  the  Scutum  ovatum  and  pilum, 
Vespasian,  AVG.  COS.  IIII.;  reverse,  an  eagle  with  wings  expanded,  as  before. 
S.C.  marking  his  consecration  among  the  Deities,  that  bird  being  sacred  to  Jupiter, 

•  ThU  church  is  one  of  the  oldest  in  the  kingdom,  and  coeval,  perhaps,  with  Bow  Church,  London. 
Stakely  thought  it  originally  Raman,  and  St.  John's  Bow  also. 


38  ROMAN    ANTIQUITIES 

and  the  king  among  the  feathered  race,  as  he  among  the  Gods.  It  is  probable,  from 
these  discoveries,  that  the  present  church  of  St.  Mary  Arches  may  stand  on  the  site  of 
an  ancient  Roman  temple,  ov  sacellum,  perhaps  a  Fanum  Divi  Clandii,  like  that  at 
Camalodunura,  the  royal  seat  of  Cunobelin,  in  Essex,  mentioned  by  Tacitus,  which  he 
calls  the  "  altar  of  eternal  dominion"  and  whose  Priests  were  the  Sodales  Augustales 
Christian  churches  generally  replaced  the  heathen  temples.  The  name  might  be  possi- 
bly derived  from  an  ancient  Roman  triumphal  arch  standing  on  this  spot,  and  the  nar- 
row street  itself  might  bean  ancient  branch  of  a  Roman  road,  which  went  across  the 
old  glacis  of  the  city,  near  Bartholomew  Yard,  and  communicated  with  the  vadum  or 
ford  at  Gould's  Hays,  in  the  parish  of  St.  Thomas,  and  went  up  Greenway  Lane,  and  in- 
to Exwick,  diverging  thence  to  Oakharapton,  or  Stratton,  and  perhaps  to  Harlland  Point, 
This  arch  which  may  have  been  a  triumphal  one,  in  honor  of  the  conquests  of  Clau* 
dius  in  Britain,  like  those  erected  at  Rome  and  Boulogne,  recalls  the  words  of  Juve- 
nal— substitit  ad  veteres  Arcus;  and  was  probably  as  famous  in  our  Isca,  as  that  of 
Claudius  or  Drusus  at  Rome  itself;  under  the  former  of  which,  a  gold  medal  with  the 
effigy  of  Claudius,  and  an  arch  with  his  equestrian  statue,  stamped  its  precise  locality.* 
There  is  not  the  slightest  doubt  but  that  after  the  32  victories  of  Vespasian  in  the 
West,  Claudius  placed  here  a  hardy  band  of  veterans  for  a  colony,  about  the  year  62, 
A.  D. 

Western  Market.  Commodus;  ANTONINVS  PIVS.  FELIX  A VG.  bearded;  rev. 
the  goddess  Libertas  with  the  pileus,  and  also  the  rod  called  vindlcta,  S.  C.  the  for- 
mer being  such  a  cap  as  were  given  to  those  who  were  made  free — and  so  enrolled 
among  the  freemen  of  Rome;  the  latter  alludes  to  the  ceremony  of  manumission.  The 
words  used  on  that  occasion  were,  Dico  eum  liberum  esse  more  Quiritum.  (Large 
brass)t 

Alexander,  the  successor  of  Heliogabalus.  IMP.  C  AES.  M.  AVR.  SEVERVS 
ALEXANDER.  AVG.,  laurelled  bust;  called  before  Alexianus  Marcellus,  born  in 
Phoenicia.  Reverse,  the  allegorical  goddess  Peace ;  in  whose  temple  the  sacred  vessels 
of  the  Temple  of  Jerusalem  were  preserved,  after  its  destruction  by  Titus.  PAX. 
AVGVSTI.  S.  C.  In  her  right  hand,  an  olive  branch,  in  the  other  a  caduceus.  This 
prince  was  noted  for  his  piety,  moderation  and  justice.  He  worshipped  our  Saviour, 
and  also  the  patriarch  Abraham  among  his  Lares  or  private  Gods,  and  was  noted  for 
quoting  scripture ;  he  also  adjudged  a  Tavern,  which  was  a  subject  of  controversy, 
between  the  Christians  and  an  heathen  innkeeper,  to  the  former,  for  a  church,  saying 
that  it  was  better  to  serve  God  there  in  any  manner,  than  to  make  it  a  receptacle  for 
debauchery.  His  disposition  was  so  mild  and  benign,  that  in  fourteen  years,  no  pre- 
son  was  adjudged  to  the  punishment  of  death,     (v.  Herodian.)    Large  brass. 

New  Market.  Gratian  (pupil  of  the  poet  Ausonius,  A.  D.  367.)  who  was  the  col- 
league of  Valentinian  in  the  western  parts  of  the  Roman  empire,  and  the  predecessor 
of  the  great  and  illustrious  Theodosius,  whose  energy  made  him  the  last  sole  poten- 
tate of  the  vast  territories  of  that  sovereignty  ;  GRATIAN  VS.  P.  F.  AVG.  He  is  at- 
tired in  the  chlamys.    The  reverse  presents  the  figure  of  Gratian  drawing  after  him  a 

♦  On  the  Via  Flaminia,  with  an  inscription  to  him,  (near  the  Palazzo  SCIARR  A,)  where  itjoins  the 
Via  Lata. 

t  Commodus  first  used  the  conjoined  epithets,  Pius,  Felix;  after  him,  Caracalla  ;  Antoninus,  never. 


OP   BXBTBR*  39 

captive.  This  type  is  common  on  many  coins  of  that  period,  and  of  earlier  dtte,  and 
lometiraes  implies  the  subjo.ction  of  an  enemy.  In  the  other  hand  is  the  symbol  of 
Christ,  a  monogram  displayed  in  a  cavalry  standard,  the  ensign  of  the  votaries  of  the 
cross — who  then  predominated  without  danger  of  persecution,  GLORIA  ROMANO- 
RVM.  Also  M.  (Moneta)  SISCI,  on  the  exergue,  proving  the  coin  to  have  beea 
minted  at  Siscia,  in  Pannonia  Superior,  a  city  now  called  Shceck,  the  chief  town  of 
Croatia,  built  on  an  island  between  the  Savus  and  the  Colapis  rivers,*  42  miles  from 
Carlstadt,  near  the  borders  of  the  ancient  Pannonia  RipariensisA  On  the  area,  are 
the  letters  F.R.,  and  the  monogram  AR.,  which  I  interpret  Flaminis  Rationalis,  j^r- 
rarii  or  a  Rationibus,  the  official  or  deputy  of  the  priest,  who  presided  over  the  mint, 
being  a  sacred  person,  and  had  power  to  coin  or  assay  money — that  is,  unless  we  sup- 
pose he  was  also  appointed  public  collector  of  Accounts  to  the  emperor's  revenues  of 
Exchequer.  These  officers  were  under  the  comes  largitionum  in  the  provinces,  and 
also  the  comes  ni privata,  (see  Salmas,  ad  Scr.  H.  A,  torn  2,)  At  Rome,  in  the 
lime  of  Aurelian,  the  Monetarii  or  M inters  rebelled,  and  vitiatis  pecuniis  killed  the 
rationatis,  (see  Eutropius,  lib.  90  The  tribunes  of  the  Mrarium  or  Mint  had  the 
supervisal  of  all  the  monies  coined  in  the  city,  and  also  paid  the  soldiers — the  Quses- 
tors  having  the  care  of  all  the  taxes  coming  from  the  different  provinces,  (see  Calvin 
Lex.  Juridic.  in  voc.  Trib.  iErarii.)  The  Tribuni  Mrarii  or  Nummarii  Judices  were 
appointed  to  act  as  judges  in  minor  Law  cases,  which  were  in  subselliis,  public  seats  in 
the  Forum,  not  pro  tribunal!  jus  dictum,  pleadings  in  front  of  the  judgment  seat  itself, 
Tribunal  or  High  Court  of  Justiciary.  See  Alex,  ab  Alex,  on  7th  Satire  of  Juvenal, 
Gen.  Dier.  lib.  2:  c:  24: 

The  ^  on  coins  of  the  Ptolemies  is  said  to  have  been  a  monogram  of  Tyre  and  no- 
thing else,  and  is  on  the  silver  coins  of  Ptolemy  Soter.  It  means,  probably,  the  word 
XPHMA  money.  But  Constantino  and  his  successors  applied  the  monogram  to  a  far 
diflferent  purpose.  He  placed  it  both  on  his  coins  and  military  ensigns  as  the  name  of 
Christ,  as  also  the  star,  for  a  like  reason,  as  Gratian  did  after  him. 

IntheXew  Market.  A  Vespasian,  (AVG.  COS,  IIII.)  laureated;  eagle  with 
wings  expanded  as  before.  A  Domitian  (AVG. GERM.  COS.  XIIL  CONS. 
P.)  laureated.  The  effigy  of  the  goddess  Juno  Moneta,  or  tutelar  deity  of  the  Mint, 
clothed  in  the  stola  mvliebris^  or  matron's  robe;  her  hair  tressed  up  in  a  high  front  J 
S.  C.  MONETA  AVGVSTI,  with  the  balance  or  scales  (bilanx),  also  borne  by  the 
symbolical  divinity,  Equity,  though  not  always  happily  found  in  conjunction  with 
monetary  or  minting  matters.  She  also  bears  the  cornucopia  of  fruit,  or  horn  ot 
abundance,  an  emblem  common  to  most  of  the  virtues  on  Roman  medals,  in  her 
left  hand— (money  being  supposed  to  supply  all  things,  while  the  balance  in- 
dicates that  justice  is  necessary  in  buying  and  selling;)— which  custom  is  supposed  to 
arise  from  the  form  of  this  emblem,  as  more  seemly  to  the  left  side,  and  admitting 
more  grace  in  the  figure  from  the  attitude  of  the  right  arm.  Antoninus.— Fortuna, 
Obsequens,  (as  in  Le  Vaillant,  Dextra  temonem  prorse  navis  impositum,  sinistra  cornu- 
copis,  COS.  IIII.  see  Num.  Prast.)  with  the  stern  or  rudder  of  a    ship,  and   the 

*  Saw  and  Kulpa. 

t  Polwhele  Imagined  the  SISC.  on  inch  colni.  to  be  Signata  ItcS,  coined  at  Exeter  ! !  I  noticed 
(Ua  to  him  (on  page  194,  Cap.  2.,  Rom.  Brit,  period.)  the  year  previoui  lo  hi«  deceaae.  as  improbable' 

L 


40  ROMAN    ANTIQUITIES 

cornucopia,  S.  C„  first  religiously  venerated  by  Servius  TuUius  (who  erected  a  temple 
to  her),  and  also  the  companion  of  Fides ;  and  it  was  a  saying— Cwm  Fortuna  manet, 
vultum  servatis  amici ; — alluding  to  the  conduct  of  mankind  to   those  in   prosperity. 

Probus,  small,  IMP.  C.  PROBVS  P.  F.  AVG,  in  armour— rarf.  The  little  god 
or  genius  Telesphorus,  son  or  grandson  of  ^sculapius,  in  his  frock  or  sagum  clausum, 
tutulatuSy  or  with  a  cap.  His  statue  at  Smyrna,  on  a  tripod,  with  his  father  and  Hy- 
giea  (see  Aristid.  Orat.  Sacr.  3  and  4.)  Emblematic  ol  health,  with  some  herb,  or  the 
Caduceus,  the  symbol  of  convalescence,  or  recovery  from  sickness,  either  of  the  em- 
pire or  sovereign  ;  SALVS  AVG.  Probus  was  a  warlike  emperor,  and  he  is  said  to 
have  planted  the  vine  in  Gaul  and  Britain.  The  temple  of  the  goddess  Salus  was  on 
the  Quirinal  Mount,  at  Rome.  On  the  area  a  single  letter  or  notation  C.  Coraitialibus 
Diebus  ?  Allectus,  296  A.  D.  small,  IMP.  C.  ALLECTVS.  P.  AVG.  in  his  cui- 
rass— radiant — bearded.  Reverse — a  handsome  galley  or  Liburna  (Trirevnis  cum 
gubernatore  ad  puppimj  with  five  oars  ;  so  called  from  the  Liburni,  a  people  of  Illy- 
ricum.  VIRTVS  AVG,  A  ship  in  full  sail  generally  implies  joy,  felicity,  good  suc- 
cess, and  assurance.  I  have  noticed  one  of  this  type  before,  of  Allectus,  with  refer- 
ence to  his  maritime  prowess* 

September,  Quinarius  of  Severus,  greatly  defaced— a  female  on  reverse,  detri- 
ted,  A  large  copper  coin  of  Hadrian,  COS.  III.  bearded  and  laureated  ;  armed  figure 
holding  the  hasta.  In  good  preservation.  Claudius  2nd  (or  Golhicus)  radiated, 
a  denarius  eereus  or  washed  with  silver.  Successor  of  Gallienus,  and  called  Gothi- 
cus  from  his  victories  in  lUyricum  and  Macedonia.  Gothas  hello  adortus,  incredibili 
strage  delevit.  Jornandes.  Consecrated,  and  a  statue  of  massy  gold,  with  a  shield  of 
the  same  material  erected  in  the  senate,  and  another  in  the  Capitol,  10  feet  high ;  on  it 
an  inscription,  Victori  ac  triumph,  semper  Augusto  Divo  Claudio  Gothico.  Small 
Const ANTiNE  as  before,  PXR. 

South  Street,  behind  the  Deanery.  Vespasian,  large  brass  as  before— eagle.  Two 
large  coins  of  Constantine  ;  on  one,  Mars  with  a  spear  and  shield,  marching,  MAR- 
TI PROPVGNATORI ;  (Plate  II,  No  27.)  on  the  other,  an  altar  BEATA  TRAN- 
QVILLITAS.  Two  others  also,  3rd  brass,  on  one  of  which  two  captives  with  their 
hands  tied,  at  the  base  of  a  military  standard,  expanded—  P.  LON. ;  on  the  other  an 
altar  (VOTIS  XX.)  withfire  burning  on  it,  BEATA  TRANQVILLITAS.  PTR.  (see 
Akerman,  Roman  British  Coins.  Page  65,  1836.) 

October.  Gallienus  (AVG.)  small— much  corroded— reverse,  a  female  (perhaps 
Salonina,  his  Empress,  daughter  of  Attalus)  as  Peace  with  olive  branch.  (Plate  II, 
No.  28,)    PAX   (Augusti.) 

VicToniNus,  (small)  Reverse,  variona  plants  and  flowers,  symbols  of 
a  bundance,    and  store  of  provision,   (Folic)  ITAS    AVG.    Constantine,  SOLI. 

•  This  vessel  seems,  by  its  grace,  and  the  ease  with  which  it  floats  on  the  waves,  to  recall  the  verses 
of  the  famous  French  poet  Beranger  : 

Reine  des  flots— sur  ta  barque  rapide 

Vogue  en  chantant,  au  bruit  des  longs  cchos  ; 

Les  vents  son  doux,  I'onde  est  calme  et  limpide, 

Le  ciel  so  urit— vogue  reine  des  flots  I 
We  must  not  forget  the  muse  of  Mr.  J.  Burrington.  our  talented  townsman,  on  the  >«m«  subject,  the 
"Pirate  Bark"  set  to  music ;  and  the  "  Ocean  Bird"  also. 


OP    EXETER.  41 

IN  VICTO  COMITI,  as  before.  T.  F.  in  Ihe  field  ;  ditto  of  his  son  by  Fausta,  IVN. 
NOB.  as  before,  Rev.  TRS.  in  exergue,  and  Gloria  ExercitQs.  A  large  iron  instrument, 
like  the  coulter  of  a  plough,  was  found,  and  two  foundations  of  walls,  of  Roman  ma- 
sonry, as  hard  as  stone  itself,  and  powerfully  cemented  ;  also  an  immense  quadrangular 
Portland  stone,  with  a  square  cut  in  its  centre,  above  which  was  a  mass  of  oyster 
shells,  and  a  layer  of  gravel  and  stones.  There  was  a  great  quantity  of  Roman  tiles, 
bricks,  and  coarse  red  pottery  also  thrown  up.  An  immense  number  of  human  bones, 
of  later  date,  amounting  to  many  waggon  loads,  and  apparently  deposited  there  on 
cleaning  out  some  ancient  Cemetery,  were  cleared  away  from  this  spot.  They  formed 
a  complete  charnel  house,  or  Necropolis,  but  had  nothing  to  do  with  the  coins,  nor 
any  reference  to  Roman  burials,  sepulchres,  or  cremation,  nor  to  any  sacrifices  to  the 
Alanes  (v.  Part  Srd.)  An  ancient  well  was  also  brought  to  light,  but  not  of  Roman 
date  ;  there  were  neither  wells  of  chalk,  nor  walls  of  that  mateiial  discovered,  as  in 
London,  in  the  line  of  King  William  Street. 

1836. 

January.  Near  the  Cemetery  in  Bartholomew  Yard,  in  forming  the  present  cata- 
combs, on  the  crest  of  the  ancient  ^riaci*  of  the  city  fortifications.  Antoninus  Pids 
(AVG.  PIVS.  PP.  TR.)  lauieated  bust;  reverse,  the  Dea  Si/ria  or  goddess  Salus, 
■wife  of  ^sculapius,  in  subseUiOy  feeding  a  serpent  out  of  a  sacred  platter  or  patera, 
being  a  sacrifice  for  health,  or  "  little  cake  kneaded  with  oil  and  wine,  put  into  the  ser- 
pent's mouth,  to  sanctify  and  envirtue  it  for  the  recovery  of  the  sick."  The  serpent 
was  the  emblem  of  vigilance,  needful  in  superintending  a  patient ;  and  the  knotty  club 
(bacillum  nodosum)  of  the  god,  signified  the  difficulty  of  acquiring  a  proper  knowledge 
of  pharmacy  and  the  healing  art.  The  noble  Socrates  alludes  to  the  usual  sacrifice  of 
a  cock  to  ^sculapius,  when  he  takes  the  hemlock  at  Athens.  The  most  famous  anci- 
ent schools  of  medicine  were  at  Smyrna,  of  which  Zeuxis  and  9  other  physicians  ap- 
pear on  coins.  Rhodes,  Crotona,  Cos,  ( the  birthplace  of  Hippocrates)  and  Cnidos  were 
also  celebrated.  Valerian  (LlC.  VALERIAN);  reverse,  a  winged  victory  leaning 
on  a  shield  in  her  right,  her  left  holding  a  laurel  or  palm  (alata  victoria  stans,  dextrd 
scutum^  sinislrdlaureatn*  )  A  coin  ill  preserved  of  P.  L  Valerianus,  father  to  Gal- 
Uenus.  He  commenced  the  8th  persecution  against  the  Christians,  A.  D.  259,  and  is  me- 
morable for  his  ill  success  against  tlie  Persians  and  being  ultimately  flayed  alive  by 
tlieir  puissant  monarch,  Sapores.  This  barbarous  act  was  revenged  by  Odenatus,  the 
prince  of  Palmyra,  the  great  huntsman  of  the  East,  and  husband  of  Zenobia,  who 
checked  the  inroads  of  that  scourge  of  the   Roman  power.    The  legend  on  reverse 

VIC AVG.  appears  to  allude  to  this  emperor  and  his  son,  who  was  his  colleague 

in  the  empire.     Constantius  (small)  laureated  (P.  F.  AVG.)  as  before— horseman. 
&c.  (te)MP(orura  re)  PARAT (io).    In  possession  of  Mr.  G.  Carter. 

New  Market.  A  minute  coin  of  the  Tetrici  (PIVES)  with  plants  and  flowers 
(spica  et  papavera  propria  Cereri)  emblems  of  the  fertility  of  a  province. 

February.  An  Antonine,  with  female  in  subselliOf  near  Fore  street  hill.  Clau- 
dius, the  second,  ttadiant,  and  another  small  coin  with  the  helmeted  head  of  some 
emperor,  both  found  at  the  depth  of  20  feet,  in  the  Mermaid  Yard ;  while  digging  for 
foundations  there* 

•  L«V»Ul»nt. 


42  ROMAN   ANTIQUITIES 

New  Market.  At  the  depth  of  seyen  feet.  Claudius,  venerated  by  the  Britons  as 
the  Dhus  Claudius  (TI.  CLAVD.  CAfiSAR)*  as  before  with  the  warlike  legionary 
in  a  fighting  attitude,  S.  C.  Many  such  found  here  being  the  pay  of  his  legions,  and 
therefore  coeval  with  A.  Plautius,  who  was  his  Lieutenant  in  Britain,  and  the  conquests 
of  Vespasian  in  the  West,  A.  D,  43.  Nero  (CAESAR  AVG.)  A  victory  winged, 
handsomely  attired  in  the  silken  stola,  or  transparent  female  robe  of  his  time  (Coa 
vestis)  holding  a  globe  on  which  S.  P.  Q.  R,  in  token  of  the  empire  of  the  world. 
Coined  perhaps  after  8ne  of  his  successful  contests  at  the  Olympic  games,  and  the 
same  as  his  Dupondius  in  large  brass. 

Near  St.  Paul's  Church.  Claudius,  in  tolerable  preservation,  with  a  military  fig- 
ure on  reverse,  galeatm,  seemingly  in  one  hand  a  patera,  but  indistinct ;  in  his  left  a 
spear,  S.  C.  the  cloak  called  lacerna,  or  vestis  militaris  exterior  (ad  pluviae  frigoris- 
que  injurias  propulsandas)  entwined  round  the  right  arm.  I  consider  this  to  be  the 
emblem  of  Constancy^  or  firmness,  holding  out  the  right  hand,  "  as  afBrming  some- 
vphat."  Some  foreign  brown  pottery,  with  the  date  1632,  inscribed  ICII  BRINDER 
HERS  LEBSTENVM,t  &c. 

St.  Paul's  Church  was  rebuilt  about  a  century  ago,  and  is  chiefly  noted  for  a  costly 
monument  of  white  marble  to  the  memory  of  Sir  Edward  Seaward,  son  of  J.  S.of 
Clist  St,  George's  Court,  (6curi§,Clistensi  divi  Georgii)  who  died  in  1703,  aet.  70; 
adorned  with  chubby-faced  cherubs,  and  swelling  with  "sculptured  stones," 

''Arms,  angels,  epitaphs,  and  bones," 
he  having  been  Mayor  of  this  city  sometime^  as  well  as  Alderman,  The  inscription  is 
placed  so  high  up,  that  it  was  evidently  not  intended  to  be  read  very  often  without  a 
telescope,  but  it  is  given  in  Po/nj^c/e.  One  part  of  it  describing  the  virtues  of  this 
Mayor,  says  Excellebat  abstinenttd,  v?hich  proves  even  in  those  degenerate  days 
it  was  not  the  current  custom  to  "eat  ones  way  into  popularity  by  civic  feasts." 
Opposite  the  church  a  Roman  or  British  edifice  formerly  stood,  (noticed  by  Stukely 
in  Itin.  Curios.)  called  in  ancient  times,  the  house  or  palace  of  King  Athelstan,  (on 
which  stood  the  premises  of  the  late  Mr.  J.  Pidsley,  extending  to  the  city  wall)  and  here 
it  was  that  he  held  councils,  and  established  laws,  after  subduing  the  Britons  of  Corn- 
wall, whom  he  drove  beyond  the  Tamar,  after  expelling  them  out  of  Exeter,  about  940, 
A.  D.  The  western  Britons  thus  removed,  he  rebuilt  the  city  walls  on  the  old  Ro- 
man foundations,  and  added  turrets,  all  of  square  stone,  as  William  of  Malmesbury 
has  recorded. 

In  digging  a  conduit  in  Lo  ngbrook  street,  31  feet  below  the  surface.  A  small  coin 
of  the  emperor  Valent  INI  AN  the  first,  (corona  gemmata)  who  ruled  the  Western 
part  of  the  Roman  world,  A.  D,  364,  VALENTINIANVS  P.  F.  AVG.  On  the  re- 
verse, GLORIA  ROMANORVM  and  Valentinian  in  a  military  habit,  drawing  after 
him  a  young  man,  to  show  the  necessity  of  reform  commencing  in  early  life ;  in  bis 
left  hand  a  Labarum  or  standard,  with  the  monogram  of  our  Saviour  XP  on  it  (Chris" 
tus)  being  two  Greek  letters,  the  commencement  of  that  name.|  Thus,  as  Blair  has 
observed,  the  Cro£«  and  the  name  of  the  Redeemer  of  mankind  became  the  ensign  of 
victorious  armies,  after  the  time  of  Constantino,  in  days  when  the  memory  of  Pilate  and 

•  Query.    Worshipped  in  Idol  Lane  f 
\  I  bum  the  lovely  heart,  (tc. 
t  V.Page  39. 


0!!'    EXfiTfiR.  4S 

Herod  was  accursed,  aad  the  ancient  people  of  Solyma  became  exiles  on  the  face  of  the 
globe.     It  supplanted  the  idolatrous  banners  of  the  heathen  legions,  and   Jovian,  the 
predecessor  of  Valentinian,  first  obliged  the  army  to  declare  itself  cluistian,  forbidding 
also  idolatry  and  magic.     PS.  LVO.  on  the  exergue  shews  the  coin  to  have  been  mint'- 
ed  at  Lyons  (the  ancient  municipium  Lvgdunum)  in  France,  where  there  are  still  re- 
mains of  Roman  grandeur,  and  where  I  have  witnessed  many  curious  Roman  antiqui- 
ties, among  which,  while  in  that  oily  in  1921,  1  visited  the  remains  of  the  temple  dedi-^ 
cated  to  Augustus  by  L.  Munatius  Plancus,  governor  of  Celtic  Gaul^  who  had  been  a 
firm  adherent  to  that  emperor,  after  abandoning  the  cause  of  Antony  at   the  battle  of 
Actium.    They  are  to  be  found  in  the  Eglise  Azsnay,  which  is  built  on  its  ruins ;  two 
Egyptian  columns  which  have  been  cut  into  four,  still  supporting  the  naTe,  and  a  Mo>- 
saic  pavement  and  inscription  still  exist  near  the  altar  of  the  church.*     Lugdunensem 
prim^im  Lugdunus  omat.  Amm.  Marc.    The  discovery  of  this  coin  so  far  below  the 
present  surface  of  this  city  demonstrates  the  great  congestion  of  substance  through  nu- 
merous ages  above  the  site  of  the  ancient  Isca  of  Dunmonium*     And  it  is  also  impor- 
tant in  another  point  of  view  ;  for  as  I   have  already  observed  in  another  place,  a  Ro- 
man road  proceeded  from  Longbrook  street  over  Stoke  hill,  by  the  anciect  camp,  and 
crossed  the  river  by  a  ford  near  Pi/nes    house  ;  from  this  another  branch  by  the  Mary- 
pole  and  Black  Boy  Lanes,  communicated  with  the  two  great  roads  towards  Heavitree, 
one  of  which  was  the  Ikenild  street  from  Dorsetshire,  which  at  nine  miles  from  Exe- 
ter met  the  great  Fosseway  running  from   Somerset    to   Seaton,  (Moridunum)   and 
Hembury  Ford,  and  along  the  old  Taunton  road.  Valentinian  is  noted  for  re-establishing 
Britain  from  its  decayed  and  enfeebled  state,  and  that  part  of  it  which  was   recovered 
in  his  time  from  the  Scots,  Attacotti,  and  Picts,  (the  last  of  whom    Aramianus  called 
Dic«/idoni7  and  Fecfuriones^  by  the  valour  of  the  great  Theodosius,  was   called   by 
this  prince's  order  Valentia,  after  himself,  being  situated  between  the  stone  wall  of 
Severus,  (6S  miles  long)  and  the  Friths  of  Clyde  and  Forth,  which  had  been  connected  by 
the  turf  wall  of  Antoninus  Pius,  constructed  by  the  2nd  legion,  and  vexillations  ot  the 
6th  and  20lh,  aided  by  some  foreign  tioops,  on  the  track  of  Agricola's    chain  of  forts* 

Valentia  thus  included  all  the  Southern  part  of  Scotland,  commonly  called  the  Low- 
lands, and  was  a  consular  government  under  the  vicegerent  of  Britain.    He  is  by  Ani' 

mianus  called  at  first  the  Scholce  secunda  scutariorutn  tribunus,  and  was  the  prede- 

•  Lugdunnm  or  Lyons,  the  birth  place  of  the  Emperor  Claudius,  was  anciently  famous  for  its  rhe- 
torical contests,  and  for  the  Lugdunentis  Ara,  or  altar  of  Augustus,*  noted  by  Suetonius  In  his  life  of 
Caligula,  (being  an  academy  or  Athenaeum  on  the  site  also  of  the  church  Aisnay)  where  the  unsuccess- 
ful candidates  were  forced  to  lick  off  their  compositions  with  their  tongues  or  be  thrown  into  the  Rhone, 
( Juv.  Sat.  I.  44.)  Its  museum  contains  many  Etruscan  and  Egyptian  penatet.  and  many  Roman  uten- 
sils, arms,  lachrymatories,  and  Images  :  one  of  Its  mosaics  represents  a  circus,  and  a  quadriga  with  Its 
four  horses,  overset  an  d  broken ;  another  the  strife  of  Pan  and  Cupid  surrounded  by  birds,  and  the  fore- 
leg of  a  famous  bronze  horse  taken  out  of  the  Rhone,  is  much  admired.  An  adoration  of  the  Magi  by 
Rubens,  with  other  pieces  by  Perugino  and  Snyders  adorn  its  walls.  In  the  gallery  of  inscriptions  I 
saw  an  altar  to  the  austere  and  rigid  Pertinax,  another  to  Antoninus  Plus  and  others,  commemorating 
Tauribolia  or  sacrifices  of  oxen,  one  of  which  to  the  Deum  Matrit  Magna  Idaa  (D.  M.  I.  D.),  or  great 
goddess  Cybele,  for  the  health  of  Hadrian  and  Antonine.  Another  to  the  Nuniina  Aug.  totiusque  domus 
dlviaae  et  SITVCCC.  AVG.  LVGVD,t  by  the  Dendrophorl  (or  wood  cutters  or  carriers)  in  some  religi- 
ous procesiioa. 

t  Civitali$  coloniw  eopia  Claudim  AugutUf  Lugdun^ntit. 
M 


44  ROMAN    ANTIQUITIES 

cesser  of  Gratian;  is  noted  by  Zosimus  lib  iv,  for  his  fiery  and  cruel  disposition,  which 
historian  gives  a  detail  of  most  of  his  nnilitary  transactions,  as  well  as  those  of  his  col* 
league  in  the  East,  Valens.  In  the  vestibule  of  the  Gallery  of  Paintings  at  Parma, 
in  Italy,  I  transcribed  an  inscription  to  these  two  empeiors  as  follows:  "iEternis  vene- 
randis  O  (optimis)  que  principibus  D.D.  N.N.  Valentin,  .o  el  Valer.ti,  victoribus  ac 
triurafatoribus,  semper  Augustis  bono  R. P.  Natis."  This  was  probably  after  his  victo- 
ries in  Gaul,  Germany  and  Africa. 

March.  A  small  coin  of  the  Lower  Empire,  found  near  the  Western  Market,  at 
some  excavations  near  a  tavern,  presents  an  emblematical  figure  with  cornucopia  and 
patera;  GENIO  POP(uli)ROM(ani)  head  mutilated,  probably  a Maximian,  S.P.  {Sa- 
ci^apecuniaj  on  the  area.  The  G.P.R,  or  Genius  of  the  Eoman  People  is  generally  de- 
picted with  other  symbols,  but  this  was  probably  devised  in  adulation  to  the  Emperor, 
conceiving  him  to  be  the  genius  of  the  commonwealth.  The  genius  presiding  over  ci- 
ties was  invoked  into  a  statue  by  sacrifices  and  conjurations,  and  the  astrologers  found 
out  a  fortunate  position  of  the  heavens  under  which  to  lay  the  iirst  stone,  which  may 
perhaps  have  led  to  the  deposition  of  the  coin  here  described.  Some  coarse  fragments 
of  sepulchral  urns  of  black  sun-baked  clay,  accompanied  the  coins  in  the  New  Market ; 
probably  the  funeral  repositories  of  the  ashes  of  Romans,  or  Romanized  Britons,  interred 
at  Isca,  within  the  city,  near  their  domestic  hearths.  Also  a  small  fragment  of  Samian 
pottery,  part  of  a  j;aiera,  on  which  is  depicted  the  water  lily  or  lotus  of  Egypt,  being 
the  calyx  of  its  flower  above  the  stem,  commonly  dedicated  by  the  Egyptians  to  Isis 
or  Damater  as  Goddess  of  the  Earth,  and  supplying  the  form  of  a  column,  its  base  and 
capital  at  Esneh,  or  Latopol is  (noted  by  Strabo)  on  the  18  pillars  of  the  portico  of 
her  temple  in  that  ancient  city,  along  with  the  tufts  of  palm-trees  in  bud  and  branches 
of  the  vine,  papyrus,  or  water-reed,  &c.  the  products  of  Egypt,  as  an  homage  of  its 
gratitude  to  Isis,  who  presided  over  the  entry  of  the  Nile  into  the  canals,  which  fer- 
tilized that  land.  The  vessel  was  dedicated  (it  wou  Id  ajipear)  to  this  deity,  who  was 
also  the  BonaDea  of  the  Romans,  the  Sicilian  Ceres,  the  German  and  British  Neha- 
lennia,  and  indeed  t  he  first  female;  pantheistic  Deity  of  all  nations — for  these  vessels 
as  well  as  most  medals,  fiequently  alluded  to  sacred  transactions  and  divinities,  and 
bore  sacred  symbols, 

A  copper  coin. of  the  Emperor  Valens,  the  predecessor  of  the  great  Theodosius, 
dug  up  close  under  St.  Paul's  Church.  On  the  obverse  he  appears  jj>a/Mrfafws  and 
with  the  corona  gemmata,*  DN  (Dominus  noster)  VALENS.  P.  F.  AVG,— Reverse, 
Figura  slans— REST iTVTOR  REIPVBLICAE— On  the  Exergue— P.  LVG. 
(Percussa  Lugduni,)  struck  in  Celtic  Gaul,  at  the  Roman  mint  in  Lyons.  He  ruled 
the  Eastern  World,  about  371  A.  D.  and  was  deeply  imbued  with  the  Arian  heresy, 
persecuting  the  Orthodox  Christians  and  monks,  and  fell  at  last  in  battle  with  the 
Goths,— -as  we  are  informed  by  Paulus  Diaconus,  .Fornandes,  and  others,— being  burnt 
alive  in  a  cottage,  after  sustaining  a  total  defeat  from  the  Barbarians,  and  receiving  a 
severe  wound  from  an  arrow  in  the  action.  Called  in  Zosimvs  'OvoKrjg  a  Bamlivg 
and  leaving  to  the  noble  and  virtuous  Theodosius  the  glory  of  humbling  the  Goths, 
and  intimidating  the  enemies  of  Rome. 

A  beautiful  coin  of  Claudius,  with  the  Goddess  Ceres  or  Damater,  insubscllio, 
bearing  ears  of  corn,  and  in  her  left  hand  a  torch.    CERES.     On  Exergue  S.  C. 

•  Beaded  Crown. 


OP    EXETER.  45 

(Plate  III,  No,  29.)  Coinsd  on  the  celebration  of  the  Cereales  tiuli  (Prid.  Idus  Aprilis) 
by  the  Koman  Matrons.  Fragments  of  Sepulchral  Urns  of  Coarse  inaaufactuie,  made 
with  sand  and  grit,  memorials  of  cremation. 

Friars  Walk.  A  Quinarius  (Good  silver)  of  Dioclesian,  (Plate  II,  No.  30.) 
Obverse,  DIOCLETIANVS  AVG.  Reverse,  four  soldiers  sacrificing  before  the 
gate  of  the  Prsetorian  Carap.  Exergue  R,  A,  Legend  Victories  Sartnaticcs,  (43, 
Akerm.  Des.  Cat.  Vol.  2,  p.  133,)  Sarmatis  victis,  Eutrop.  alludes  to  his  victories 
over  nations  beyond  the  Euxine.     (in  possession  of  Mr.  Larkworthy,  Jun.) 

At  the  New  Market.  Two  small  coins,  one  of  Constans,  ad  pectus  cumtoricd*  (co- 
rona ffetnmata)  Constantinople  and  Rome  as  two  victories,  VICTORIAE  DD  AVG- 
GO  NN  (Dominorum  Auyustorum  Nostrorum)  T.R.S.  (Treriris  sigruita.)  Noted 
for  his  victories  over  the  Gets  and  Sarmatee,  and  his  kindness  to  the  orthodox  bishops. 
The  other  of  Gratian — (corona  gemmata)  as  Nob.  Caesar,  or  heir  to  the  Empire; 
Jigura  puerulum  secum  trahens,  gestans  sinistrd  vexillumf  GLORIA  (novi)  SAE- 
CULI.  Struck  during  his  minority,  in  the  time  of  his  father  Valentinian  the  first  ; 
famous  for  his  victory  over  the  AUemans,  near  the  town  of  Argeniaria,  (Colmar 
of  Heylyn,)  of  whom  30,000  were  slain,  and  whose  colleague  Tlieodosius,  defeated  the 
Huns  at  Constantinople,  and  drove  the  Goths  from  the  borders  of  Thrace,  as  Zoslmus 
and  others  relate.  Britain  was  allotted  to  him  as  his  share,  along  with  Spain,  and  the 
nations  of  Gaul,  by  Valens. 

Lower  Market— -Valess  (DN.  VALENS.  P,  F.  AVG.)  cor.  gem.  Rev.  Victoria 
Stans,  dcxtrd  lauream  SECVRITAS  REIPVBLICAE.  PLN.  (Percussa  Lugduni.) 
Probably  during  the  period  after  the  rebellious  Procopius  was  defeated,  and  this  Em- 
peror foolishly  imagined  the  Goths  who  had  been  driven  southward  by  the  Huns  be- 
yond the  Danube,  and  received  by  him,  sine  ulla  foederis  pactione^  would  become 
peaceable  vassals  to  the  Roman  domination — so  much  for  security ! ! 

In  digging  under  some  old  Alinhouses  in  Bartholomew  Yard.  Titus,  son  and  col- 
league of  Vespasian  (9nd  brass)  obverse,  TI.  CAES.  IMP,  AVG.  F.  TR.  P.  COS. 
VI.  CENSOR  the  title  of  Censor  first  adopted  by  Claudius,  and  Doraitian  called  him- 
self C'e«sor  Perpetuus,  Reverse,  S.  C,  Rome  as  a  female  in  handsome  drapery 
graceful,  apparently  a  young  figure,  "  to  shew  its  perpetuity  and  eternal  vigour/ '  with 
a  helmet  on  her  head,  "armed also  for  strength."  N.B.  This  coin  has  been  presented 
to  ihe  Atheneeum  of  this  city  by  a  scientific  gentleman. 

April.  Bedford  Circus.  Fl,  Jul.  Crispus  (son  of  Constantine)  Civic  Wreath, 
VOT.  V.  CfiBsarum  Nostrorum. 

HighJ'treet.    Magnentius  ;  rev.    Soldier  with  Victoriola  and  standard,  Fe^iciias. 

Near  Broadgate,  laying  Pipes.  Four  of  Constantine,  Wolf  and  children,  PTR, 
Carausius  (Plate  III,  No.  31.)  Reverse,  female  with  the  hasta—'m  area  F,  O.  (Fla- 
minis  ofllcialis  ?)  exergue,  C,  perhaps  Catterick  in  Yorkshire  (Calteractonium)— 
where  he  had  a  Mint. 

Western  Market.  Constans,  Firton'a,  DD.  AVGG.  NN,  (S.  T.)  Also  a  Faustina. 

Butcherow,  Lower  Market,  April  25.  In  this  Forum  Roartum, perha ps  au  ancieat 
Alacettumy  we  find  some  strong  traces  of  the  Romans. 

Claudius  again  appears  as  before  in  two  coins,  one  as  fitting  to  a  corn  market, 
with  the  goddes3  Ceres  seated  in  the  curule  chair,  with  her  Eleusinian  torch  and 
•  guirtised.  t  h*  VaillaQt. 


46  ROMAN    ANTIQUITIES 

little  sample  of  corn,  as  the  Damater,  or  Is  is,  (yellow  copper)  CERES.  She  occu- 
pied the  centre  niche  of  the  Sacrarium,  or  private  chapel  of  the  great,  with  a  cane- 
phora,  bearing  votive  basket.  Another  much  abraded  by  time,  with  Minerva  proma- 
chos  and  her  cegis— the  emblem  of  military  prudence ;  the  first  struck  on  the  Ides  of 
April,  in  memory  of  the  famous  games  called  Cerealia, 

CoNSTANTiNES  eldcst  son  by  Fausta,  yaleatus,  AVG  (small)  Two  captives  bound, 
sitting  under  a  labarum  or  standard — being  his  father's  pagan  rivals,  Licinius  and 
Maxentius  ;  (virtus  Ex)  ERCITVS,  the  memorials  of  the  victories  gained  in  the 
fields  of  Hadrianople  and  Chalcedon,  over  the  former,  and  of  the  overthrow  and  de- 
struction of  the  latter  on  the  Ponte  Molle  (Milvius)  near  the  eternal  city,  which 
scene  has  been  immortalized  by  the  efforts  of  one  of  the  noblest  artists  of  Italy—and 
where  still  roll  the  deep  and  turbid  waters  of  the  yellow  Tiber,  as  they  did  then,  where 
Maxentius  was  drowned.  On  the  Labarum,  are  the  characters  VOT  XX.  (votis 
vicenaZiius)  implying  that  the  people  with  joyful  acclamations  wished  the  Emperor 
might  flourish  20  years,  or  4  lustrums^  on  the  anniversary  of  public  games  to  be  then 
celebrated  by  them.  The  coin  appears  to  have  been  struck  at  Aries,  where  he  was 
born,  312  A.  D.,  (ARL)  cr  Arelatum,  in  Gaal  Narbonensis,  called  by  the  poet  ^u- 
soniust  the  Rome  of  France,  (Sextanorum  Arelate,  P.  Mela,  lib.  2.)  anciently  a  Roman 
colony,  and  now  the  see  of  an  Archbishop,*  which  had  the  privilege  of  a  mint,  and 
still  displays  an  amphitheatre  and  obelisk  among  its  antiquities,  being  so  highly  prized 
that  this  Constantine  (the  younger,)  after  being  chosen  Emperor  by  the  British  legions, 
intended  to  have  made  it  the  imperial  seat  in  the  decline  of  the  empire.  Another  coin 
of  this  Emperor's  father,  with  the  two  little  soldiers,  and  military  ensigns  and  (Gloria') 
ExERCiTus,  is  a  memorial  of  the  elder  Constantine,  and  seems  to  have  been  coined 
at  the  noted  mint  (RT)  of  Treves  or  Triers,  in  Germany,  the  metropolis  of  the  Tre- 
viri  of  Caesar,  or  Tribori  of  Ptolemy,  in  Belgica  Prima,  (Thesaurus ;  v,  notit.)  said 
to  have  been  founded  130  years  before  Rome  j  and  latterly  the  residence  of  the  Vicar 
or  Lt.-General  for  the  whole  province  of  Gaul.  Treviricse  urbis  solium,  imperii  vires 
quod  alit,  Auson.     Tpij3«poi  Zozim,  lib.  3, 

A  Trajan.  (Nerv)  A  TRAIAN    AVG AES.     Reverse— defaced.      The 

head  of  Trajan  is  encircled  by  the  fillet,  or  light  chaplet, /as  cia  or  viltay  of  the  priest- 
hood, called  «^ro;7/}u$  sacerc^ofaZzs,  seen  sometimes  on  the  coins  of  Cos,  round  the 
head  of  the  bearded  Jupiter — "quod  pro  insigni  ponebatur  in  capitibus  sacerdotum'* 
(termed  by  Vossius  and  Scaliger  funiculum)  also  called  torulus,  being  often  made  of 
ringlets  of  hair — as  for  instance  in  the  Prologue  to  the  Amphitryo  of  Plautus,  "  Meo 
patri  autem  torulus  inerit  aureus  sub  petaso,"  spoken  by  Mercury;  and  in  Am,  Mar- 
cellinus,  1.  29.  we  find  one  who  used  magical  incantations  in  aid  of  Theodorus,  a  secre- 
tary or  notary  who  aimed  at  the  empire  of  Antioch,  in  the  reign  of  Valens,  adorned 

*  Gallula  Roma  Arelas  per  quern  Roman!  commercia  snsclpis  orbis.  Auson.  Clarce  urbes.  It  is 
memorable  in  Ecclesiastical  History  for  being  the  seat  of  a  council,  at  ■which  it  is  said  in  313,  that 
Restituiut,  Bishop  of  London,  and  other  prelates  of  the  British  church  assisted— situated  in  a  marshy 
spot  on  the  mouth  of  the  Rhone,  and  selected  for  the  royal  residence  of  the  ancient  French  Kings  of 
Burgfundy,  hence  called  Kings  of  Aries.  It  is  also  noted  for  the  deep  channel  cut  by  the  famous  C. 
Marius,  for  the  conveyance  of  provisions  to  his  camp,  in  his  campaign  against  the  Cimbri,  by  Ptolemy, 
called  Fossa  Marrianna.  (noticed  by  Mela,  lib.  2,  cap.  5,)  by  the  natives  Catnargue,  a  corruption  of 
the  name  of  the  illustrious  Roman.  Boson,  £.  of  Ardenne»  about  900  4>  D.  'was  created  by  CharU* 
U  Qrot,  the  fint  King  of  Aries  and  Bargundy.— Its  arms,  Anun-'tk  cat,  Arg,  armed  Qvk*^ 


OF    EXETER.  47 

with  this  wreath — Torulo  capite  circumfiexo  —and  e\sewherOy4ilQ»  Chonodomarius, 
kingof  the  Alleraans,  who  was  defeated  by  Julian  near  Colmar,  is  decorated  with 
ihc  Jlammcus  torulus  vertici.  So  also  on  coins  of  Cn.  D.  Ahenobarbus  the  Consul. 
A  silver  coin  or  denarius  of  Sbverus  (PERT.  SEV.)  Reverse,  female  in  subsollio. 
A  little  copper  weight,  part  of  the  Roman  itncia  (or  EngMsh  avoirdupois  oz.)  weigh- 
ing S  dwts.  5  gis.;  anciently  divided  into  7  f/e/ia»'ii  and  8  drac/im^.t  It  is  of  the 
age  of  Carausius,  and  bears  a  galley  or  trireme.  (Plate  III,  No.  32.)  Postumus,  a 
denarius  cereus,  or  washed  with  sWsav— Radiant  IMP.  C.  (Cassius)  POSTVMVSi 
reverse,  a  female  with  two  standards,  FIDES  MILITVM,  or  the  military  oaih  of  fi- 
dt'lity.  Perhaps  the  2nd  legion,  sometimes  called  Exercilus  Iscamicus  quartered  at 
Caerleon,  or  hca  Silurum^  in  Wales.  He  was  one  of  the  thirty  tyrants,  about  26a, 
A,  D.,  by  nation,  a  Gaul. 

May  6.     Nero,  (Plate  III,    No.  33.)     Found  in  the   Wesern   Market,   (a  coin 
considered  rare)  in  excellent  preservation,  not  Radiant*      Ancient  public  monu- 
ments certainly  give  to  the  reverses  of  medals  a  peculiar   beauty,    particularly    when 
they  mark  some  historical  eveat.    The  temple  of  Janus  and  port  of  Ostia,   in  Nero's 
medals  for  instance,  are  more  rare  than  the  Macellum,  although  their   structures  are 
not  by  any  means  so  handsome.    Of  these,  one  denotes  andrecords  the  universal  peace 
granted  by  him  to  the  empire.      But  the  Macellum   only   informs  us  that  he  built  a 
public  shambles,  or  butcher  market  for  the  accommodation  of  the  people  of  Rome,  and 
their  carnivorous  propensities.     The  inscription  is  MAC.   AVG,  with   S,  C.  on  each 
side  of  the  scales,  or  steps  leading  up  to  the   stately  building,   which  is  of  light  archi- 
tecture, composed  of  a  double  peristyle  of  Corinthian  columns,  8  on  the  second  story, 
and  7  on  the  upper,   the   whole    surmounted   by  a  small   bell-shaped   cupola.     Being 
found  in  the  ancient  Butcher  row  of  this  city,  there  is  a  striking  coincidence,   not  in- 
appropriate to  such  a  medal.     It  appears  that  at  Rome,  the  church  of  St,  Vitis,  which 
is  near  the  archof  Gallienus  (of  which  the  great  arcade  and  the  two   Corinthian 
pilasters  are  all  that  remain)  was  built  on  the  site  of  the  ancient  Macellum  Livianum, 
where  meat  and  fish  were  exposed  to  sale.     It  was  afterwards   called  Macellum  Mar- 
ti/rum  ^  from  the  execntion  o(  &  great  number  of  early  christians,  by  their  heathen 
persecutors,  on  a  stone  still  preserved  in   this  church. — The  name   was  derived    from 
one  Macellus  whose  goods  had  been  confiscated  (bonis  publicatis)  and  himself  executed 
on  account  of  his  crimes  ;  (nequam  et  criminosus,  qui  in  ganeo  et  lustris  vitam  egerat 
propter  latrocinia  sordesqua  vitae,  capital!  supplicio  poenas  dedisset,    V.  Alex.   ab. 
Alex.  lib.  3,  cap.  23.)     A  public  shambles  was  erected  on  the  site  of  his  house,  by  the 
censors    Aemylius   and   Fulvius — ubi   obsonia  vendcrentur ;   although  the  ancient 
forum  olitorium  at  Rome  for  roots,  sallads,  &c.,  was  said  to  have  once  been  the  old 
shambles,  and  stood  near  the  theatre  of  Marcellus,  (now  the  splendid  palace  of  the 
OasiNi  family,)  not  far  from  the  old  gate  called  Carmentalis,   built  by  Romulus  ;  so 
named  from  Carmenta,  the  prophetess,  mother  of  Evander  the  Arcadian,  once  King  of 
that  part  of  Italy.     Suetonius  speaks  of  the  public   works   which  were  executed  by 
Nero,  whose  hobby-horse  seems  to  have  been  at  one  time  a  rage  for  building,  (formam 
eedificiorum  urbis  novam  excogitavit)  and  by  whom  many  edifices   and  public  under- 
takings were  patronized.    Pity  he  lived  not  in  a  rail-road  age  !  I    We   are  therefore 

r  ThU  weighs  3  dwts,  18  grs.,  Troy—probably  the  Sicilius~the  SextuU weighed  3  dwU.  Troy. 

N 


48  ROMAN   ANTIQUITIES 

to  suppose  that  he  rebuilt  the  edifice  thus  recorded,  to  please  the  fickle  citizens,  whose 
faTOur  he  sought  in  the  beginning  of  his  reign,  by  various  public  acts  of  imperial 
munificence,  omnium  aemulus,  qui  quoquo  modo  animum  vulgi  moverent.  Svet.  (Ma- 
cellaro  is  a  butcher  in  Italian.)  It  is  said  that  he  performed  this  act  of  public  service 
soon  after  the  appearance  of  prodigies,  which  terrified  him.  On  this  medal  he  some- 
times appears  radiated;  in  this  instance  only  with  the  laurel. 

A  prodigious  quantity  of  Roman  Pottery  of  various  kinds  was  also  found,  including 
a  great  variety  of  very  beautiful  Terra  cottas  of  the  ancient  celebrated  red  Samian, 
or  perhaps  Hetruscan  ware— adorned  with  curious  arabesques  and  subjects  from  the 
mythology,  and  of  the  chase  ;  gladiators  fighting— fauns  dancing — Diana,  the  huntress 
queen — Orpheus  charming  the  wild  beasts  with  his  lyre — Mercury,  the  merchants 
deity,  with  his  purse  and  cap— (the  footman  of  the  gods)  the  trident,  emblem  of  aqua- 
tic fecundity — birds,  hares,  lions,  griflins,  boars,  dolphins,  curious  scored  wavy  tiles, 
&c.  Corns  ad  libitum.  Const2Lntine-^  Victorice  Leeta  principis  perpetui,  Sfc,  3id  brass. 

The  coin  of  Nero  with  the  MaceUum,  is  engraved  in  the  work  of  Donatus  de  Urbe 
RomS,,  p.  306,  (ed,  1738.)  Varro  says  another  Macellum  stood  near  the  Via  Sacra, 
ad  Corneta^  or  near  the  grove  of  cornel  trees.  la  very  ancient  times  the  Romans  had 
no  Coqui,  or  cooks,  at  home,  but  procured  them  from  the  Macella.  Thus  in  the  Au- 
ZMZaria  of  Plautus.  "  Postquam  obsonavit  herus  et  conduxit  coquos,"  and  Pliny, 
lib.  18,  cap.  XI.  Nee  coquos  vero  habebant  in  servitiis,  eosque  ex  macello  conduce - 
bant.  In  later  times  they  had  private  cooks,  (v.  Martial)  Alex,  ab  Alexandro,  says 
there  was  a  forum  Cupedinis,  called  macellum  at  Rome,  "  quod  Cupedinarium 
dicunt,  cujus  generis  in  Thessalia,  et  omni  Grsecia  frequentia  fu6re.  It  was  a  place 
where  made  dishes  and  -dainty  fare  were  prepared  by  cooks,  for  the  palates  of  the 
gastronomes  of  the  age. 

Nero.  Large  brass.  Rev.  Decursio,  in  excellent  preservation  (as  before.) 
A ntonia,  mother  of  Claudius  and  wife  of  Drusus.  (Sueton  in  Claud.  I.)  Antoni- 
nus Pius,  radiated  crown,  Faustina,  &c.  A  coin  with  youth  naked,  holding  the 
horn  of  plenty,  Genio  Populi  Romani.  Obverse  defaced.  Claudius  the  2nd.  Gothi- 
cus,  (3rd  Brass.)  The  bronze  crescent,  or  Ephippium,  and  a  quantity  of  Samian 
Ware  with  Cupids,  lotus^  and  bacchanalian  symbols,  and  ovolo  mountings  were  found 
with  these. 

Claudius,  as  before.  Tetricus  Junior ;  Gratian,  coined  at  Siscia,  in  Pannonia, 
small  QwrnariMs,  of  Trajan,  IMP.  CAES.NERVA.  TRAIAN  AVG.GERM.  with 
COS.  nil,  on  Reverse  much  defaced. 

MAXiMiAN,in  excellent  preservation  D.N.  {Domino)  MAXIMIANO  FE (;2ci)S (tam- 
per) AVG(ms«o)  laureated.  (Plate  III,  No.  34.)  Reverse,  GENIOPOP(«Zi)ROM(anl) 
A  genius  naked,  on  his  head  the  corn  bushel  of  Serapis,  in  his  right  a  patera  ;  the 
Emperor  being  estimated  the  genius  of  the  nation,  animated  by  the  Gods.  A  CornU" 
copia  on  the  left  arm,  in  exergue,  the  Lyons  mint  mark,  PLN.*  Most  probably  Max- 
imian  as  Serapis,  the  Egyptian  god,  (like  Severus  and  others)  who  was  the  same  as 
the  Patriarch  Joseph,  who  preserved  the  Egyptians  from  famine,  by  his  providence 
and  intelligence,  (as  we  read  in  Genesis.)  His  wife  Asenath,  the  mother  of  Manasses, 
was  indisputably  Isis,  and  daughter  of  the  Jnd  personage  in  the  state,  (Potipherah)  the 

«  Sometimes  London. 


OF    BXBTBR.  49 

priest  of  ON,  (the  city  Heliopolis,)  or  high  priest  of  the  sun,  lie  had  a  noted  temple 
at  Abydos,  where  Osiris  was  interred,  and  one  at  Memphis.  From  Tertullian,  we 
find  his  worship  was  brought  to  Rome,  146,  A.  D.  Symbolized  as  an  ox  (leader  or 
teacher  in  Hebrew)  so  were  Manasses  and  Ephraim  his  sons,  to  the  last  of  whom  the 
priests  of  Egypt  for  mysterious  reasons  consigned  the  ocean.  The  mysteries  of  Apis 
(the  sacred  ox,  dedicated  to  Osiris  or  the  Sun)  as  Scrapis,  are  said  to  be  the  most 
ancient  known,  and  entered  into  all  the  religious  dogmas  o(  the  primeeval  nations. 
The  He&o  of  Campania  and  Naples,  (Bacchus  and  Baccapeus)  was  the  same  deity, 
being  the  sun  typified  as  an  ox  with  human  face.  It  is  supposed  that  from  ych,  oich, 
och,  and  ox,  (water,  ocean,)  this  animal  was  adopted  as  a  symbol,  by  the  Phoenicians 
and  other  maritime  people. 

Maonentius. — Two  victories  (with  VOT.  V.  MVL.  in  a  wreath,)  (Gloria) 
EXERCITVS. 

June  5.  A  large  medallion  of  Domitian  ;  strong  outline  of  features,  radiated 
Rev.  S.  C.  defaced.  Several  large  coins  of  Nero,  with  victory  on  Rev.  and  others  of 
the  TV^rfw,  CoNSTANTiNES,  &c. 

CoNSTANTius. (Plate  III,  No.  35.)  small;  Fel.  Temp,  (reparatio.)  Exergue  PLC. 
(Lyons.)  Trajan,  (1st. brass)  IMP.  CAES.  NER.  TRAIANO  OPTIMO  AVG. 
GER  DAC  PARTHICO  on  obv.  The  rev.  presents  two  trophies  and  Trajan  standing 
between,  probably  those  of  the  Daciansand  Sarmatians  conquered  by  him,  S.  P.  Q.  R. 
at  length.  (Plate  III,  No.  36.)  Commodus,  (beautiful  execution)  Rad.  Bust  j  reverse, 
a  genius  sacrificing  before  an  allar— below,  COS.  VI.— above,  S.  C.  TRP.  XII.  In 
the  possession  of  Mr.  Jenkins.  Caracalla  (quinarius)  Nfc.Ro,  Victory  as  before; 
Medallion  of  Trajan.  Antoninus  Pius,  Mars  armed  descending  to  Rhea,  who  lieg 
on  the  ground.  (See  Akerman  Des  Cat.  p.  259.)     (Plate  III,  No.  37.) 

Leather  Money.  (jDe  Corio,  Sf^e  Notit,  de  Rebus  Bellicis,  1552.  Tab.)  A  coin 
of  Buffalo's  hide,  very  ancient,  with  three  wheels  or  stars.  (See  Joubert,  also  Alex,  ab 
Alex  lib.iv.cap.  15.)  Plate  III,  No.  38.  Possibly  a  Roman  or  British  scorteus  numtnus, 

July  25.    Post  Office  Inn,  High  Street.    Vespasian— Eagle  on  a  globe,  COS.  IIII. 

Facing  Cathedral  Yard,  or  Close,  (behind  Pilbrow's  Repository,  now  a  Bank.) 
Claudius,  defaced.  Hadrian,  laur.  SALVS  AVG.  a  priest  sacrificing  ;  in  exergue, 
CON,  implying  acongiarium  or  donation  to  the  people.*  Fragments  of  Samian  pot- 
tery with  ovolo  mouldings  ;  with  skulls  and  bones  and  sculptui  ed  fragments  of  tomb 
stones,  belonging  to  the  ancient  cemetery  in  the  Close. 

August  12.  Bartholomew  Yard.  Valens,  small,  D.  N.  &c.,  Gloria  Romanorum, 
Gratian,  ditto,  Gloria  Reipublicee,  Antoninus,  much  defaced.  Faustina,  AVG. 
PII.  AVG.  FIL(ia)  (quinarius)  as  the  goddess  Concord,  in  subsellio,  with  cornucopia, 
CONCORDIA.  The  temple  of  Concord  is  mfentioned  by  Juvenal,  Sat.  I,  115.  Quae- 
que  salutato  crepitat  Concordia  nido,  alluding  to  the  storks  which  used  to  build  on  its 
roof,  (V.  Politian.)  While  at  Rome  I  have  seen  galley  slaves  employed  to  excavate 
on  its  site  in  the  Forum,  which  is  on  the  right  of  the  temple  of  Jupiter  Tonans.  After 
being  burnt,  it  was  restored  by  Vespasian,  and  parts  of  its  cella  and  handsome  columns 

♦  Donations  or  largesies  were  often  given  to  the  populace,  and  money  scattered  among  them,  to  win 
their  fivor.  The  Congius  was  the  8th  part  of  the  Quadrantale  of  Wine,  (a  measure  said  to  be  of  £80 
value)  whence  these  donatives  were  called  Conglaria.  Distributions  of  corn  were  also  frequent,  as 
well  as  these  Congii,  and  called  Aodoqsi. 


50  ROMAN    ANTIQUITIES 

have  been  lately  laid  open .  Caraillus  was  the  first  who  vowed  a  temple  to  this  deity ;  one 
entirely  of  brass  was  fabricated  by  Cn.  Vlavius  in  the  Greecostasis  or  spot  allotted  for 
ambassadors.  Julia  Domna,  wife  o^  Severus,  hair  plaited  j  rev.  as  Cybele  or  the  great 
Mater  Dcum,  at  the  feasts  called  HiVarm  (25th  March)  HILARITAS.S.  C.  She  bears 
the  cornucopia  and  the/r  tree  sacred  to  Gybele.  (Plate  3,  No.  39.)  J  ulian  the  apostate 
DN  FLAV.  (died  A,  D.  363)  corona  gemmata^  spear  and  buckler;  reverse,  within  a 
civic  wreath  VOX.  X,  MVLT.  XX.  coined  at  Antioch  (ANl'A  in  imo)  died  valiantly 
atthe  ageof  33,  of  a  lance  wound  received  in  Persia  (Am.  Marcellin.lib.  25.)  Constan- 
TiNUS  2nd.  Junior  Nohilis,  ad  pectus  cum  loricd;  reverse,  an  altar  VOTIS  XX,  P. 
L:)N.  (London  mark)  F.  E.  (area)  BE  ATA  TR  ANQVILLITAS,  perhaps  F.  E.  the 
Equiria  Festa  on  the  CB.\en<\a.i  ;  celebrated  horse  races  in  the  Campus  Martins,  on 
27th  of  Feb,  instituted  by  Romulus.  (3rd  brass)    (Akerm.  Rom.  Brit.  Coins,  p,  64.) 

August  18.  Western  Market.  Thus,  son  of  Vespasian  ;  on  obv.  TI.  CAES.  IMP. 
AVG.  F.  TR.  P.  COS.  CENSOR  ;  reverse,  a  victory  on  the  prow  of  a  vessel,  and 
palm  branch  VICTORIA  NAVALIS,  supposed  to  commemorate  his  naval  exploits 
and  his  victory  over  the  Jews,  on  the  Lake  Genesareth  (through  which  the  Jordan 
runs,  on  its  course  to  the  Dead  Sea)  recorded  in  Josephus  Ant.  2.  (Erizzo,  p.  247.) 
Rev.  S.  C.  COS.  VIII.  (Aker.,  p.  196,  vol.  1.)  rare,  Vespasian,  AVG.  Goddess  FWes, 
in  a  loose  robe,  with  cornucopia  and  patera,  FIDES  PVBLICA  (albo  velata  panno 
Hor.)  or  public  credit  and  allegiance.  Her  temple  (of  which  the  first  was  by  Numa) 
and  that  of  Terminus,  were  near  the  Capitol.  Divinos  honores  meruit.  V.  Hor.,  ode 
35.  Juv.  Sat,  i,  I  )5.  Alex  ab  Alex,  &c.  (Plate  III,  No  40.)  Crispus,  son  of  Con- 
stantine  by  Minervina,  NOB.  C  an  altar,  on  which  VOTIS  X.  MVLT.  XX.  Beata 
Tranquillitas.  Ex.  P.  LON.  In  area  C.  R.  Qy.  ?  Copiarum  Rationalis,  or  Co- 
mes Rcmunerationum  ?     (3rd  brass.) 

Sept.  24,  A  small  coin  of  the  usurper  Tetricus,  found  masoned  up  in  an  old  chimney, 
mixed  up  of  course  with  mortar,  originally  made  on  the  spot,)  and  a  Constantius, 
found  close  to  the  kvel  of  the  street,  DN.  CONSTANTIVS  PF.  AVG.  paludatus  : 
FEL  (ix)  TEMP  (orum)  Reparatio.  Some  Samian  Pottery.  Constantine  the 
Second  ( Jun.  Nob.)  Radiated,  an  altar  ;  Votis  XX.  P.  LON.  with  F.  R,.  area.  Beata 
Tranquillitas,  struck  in  the  London  Mint,  under  the  direction  of  the  flattonaii*  of 
the  Flamen  or  Priest.  Constantius— P.  F.  AVG.  On  Ex.  PS.LG.  (from  the 
Lyons  Mint.)  Reparatio.  Two  other  Constant ines— one,  VICTORIA,  TR.  P. 
on  Ex.  (from  Treves)  ;  the  other,  SARMATIA  DEVICTA,  defaced,  a  gazette  of  the 
defeat  of  the  ancient  Russians.  Another,  SOLI  INVICTO  COMITJ,  rare.  Another 
Constantinopolis,  and  a  Victory.  A  Valentin  ian.  A,  D.  364,)  P.  F.  AVG  Cor. 
Gem,,  Gloria  Reipublicae — OF.  II  (the  2nd  Minting  Office,)  rare;  made  Caesar  by 
the  Array,  after  the  death  of  Jovian.  This  coin  is  memorable  from  the  circumstance 
of  the  celebrated  1  heodosius  having,  during  the  reign  of  this  Emperor,  personally 
visited  our  Island— when  he  restored  the  cities  destroyed  by  barbarian  incursions, 
repaired  all  the  Forts  and  Camps,  and  re-established  for  a  time  the  prosperity  of 
Britain,  **  Instaiirabat  urbes  et  prasidiaria  castra,''  &c,  V.  Amm,  Marc.  lib.  28, 
cap,  3,  CoNSTANS  P,  F,  AVG.  small^  cor.  gem.  Two  Victories  Victorice  DD. 
(Dominorum)  AVGGQ.  (AugustorumqueJ  NN.  (Nostrorum)  D,  area,  Decurionesi* 
October,  Western  Market.  A  copper  coin  of  Antonia;  supposed  to  be  the  mo- 
*  Qy,  ?  Minting  Office,  No.  4. 


Ot    EXETER.  51 

Iher  of  Claudius,  and  sister-ill-law  to  Tiberius.  Rev. — a  female,  or  priestess,  as  a 
Canephora,  or  basket-beaier,  attired  in  the  stola  mutiebris,  or  female  garment.  The 
Canephoria  were  supposed  to  be  fcstirals  in  honor  of  Bacchus  and  Juno. — Persffipe 
velui  qui  Junonis  sacra  terret. — Horat.  Serm.  lib.  i.  3. — And  Cicero  says  they  were 
.solemnized  by  the  votaries  of  Diana,,  when  such  women  as  were  of  nubile  years  offered 
small  baskets  of  reeds  to  that  deity,  the  patroness  of  chastity,  and  piobably  in  refer- 
ence to  her  functions  as  Lucina^  or  Juno  Pronuba,  who  presided  over  marriages- — 
The  Panalhencea,  at  Athens,  in  honor  of  Minerva,  are  supposed  to  have  been  the  same 
as  the  Roman  Quinquatria,  continuing  five  days,  and  celebrated  on  the  21st  of  March 
(quinto  post  Idus  Martias)  with  sacrifices,  gladiatorial  combats,  and  processions.  At 
these  festivals,  a  party  of  the  noblest  virgins  or  ladies  of  distinction  were  called  KAN- 
H<I»OPOI,  from  carrying  baskets  containing  the  sacred  matters  pertaining  to  the  rites. 
While  at  Milan,  I  transcribed  an  inscription  from  the  vestibules  of  the  church  of  St. 
Ambrogio,  recording  a  bequest  of  four  (H.S.IIII.N.)  *c«<cr«iiwuw»»wi  (about  9d.  of 
our  money)  to  the  College  of  Cannofori  there,  by  the  Albucia  family.  The  inscription 
is  TI.  CLAVDIVS  S.C.  on  this  reverse  of  Antonia.  Another,  female— coin  defaced. 
Valens,  small,  a  victory — ReipublictB—liVG  .FS,  (Lyons  mint.) 

November  7.  In  digging  the  foundations  of  the  New  County  Bank,  opposite  the 
Guildhall,  A  quantity  of  Samian  Ware,  Potter's  Impresses  &c,  and  15  Coins,  mostly 
of  Claudius,  all  in  very  bad  preservation,  including  one  of  the  lower  Empire,  much  de- 
faced, PRO(videntia).  Also  a  handsome  coin  of  Nero, — laureated  bust,— to  the  left, 
Rev.  IMP.  NEROCAESAR  AVG.  P.  MAX.  TR.  PPP.  Victory  winged,  S.C. 
Victoria,  AVGVSTI.*  Another  Claudius,  as  before,  defaced.  A  small  copper 
weight,  which  if  Roman  might  be  the  SiciliuSy  or  quarter  of  their  Uncia  (about  4  dwts. 
13  grs.  Troy.) 

In  Waterbeer  or  Theatre  street.  A  Quinarius  of  Trajan,  trophy  on  Reverse, 
Nine  small  CoNSTANTiNES.  Pottery  &c.  Hadrian,  HADRIAN  VS  AVGVSTVS— 
laureated  bust  to  the  right — Rev.  S.C.  Goddess  Salus  feeding  a  serpent  out  of  a  platter. 
Another,  much  detrited. 

In  taking  down  an  old  house.  Two  of  the  plated  quinarii,  or  billon  coins  of  Pjtonus 
(Plate  IV,  No.  41.)  Radiated  Bast,  paludatus,  IMP.  CM.  AVR.  PROBVS  P.  F. 
AVG— Rev.  RESTITVT.ORBIS.  In  area,  A.  XXI.  or  Collegium  Undeviginti, 
probably  of  Sisceck,  in  Pannonia,  his  birth  place.  The  A  is  the  mark  of  the  quinarius 
or  vicloriatuSf  here  clearly  debased,  (worth  3|d  of  our  money)  See  Alex.  ab.Alex. 
in  Probo^    The  other  bears  H  in  area,  and  XXI.  in  exergue. 

New  County  Bank.  Copper  coin  of  Nero,  As^  (detrited)  Bust  to  the  left.  .CLAVD. 
CAESAR;  reverse,  Nero  as  Apollo,  playing  on  the  lyre— S.  C.  and  PONTIF.  MAX* 
PER.  This  coin  makes  good  the  authority  of  Suetonius  (in  vitS.Neron.  25)  Item  sta- 
tuas  suas  citharoedico  habitu:  qua  notS.  etiam  NUMMUM  percussit— signifying  that 
he  placed  his  own  statues  in  the  dress  of  a  harper  or  musician  on  the  Palatine  Mount, 
in  Apollo's  temple,  and  struck  a  coin  (to  commemorate  his  feats  in  music)  on  which  he 
was  represented  in  that  habit.  This  coin  was  minted  after  his  return  from  the  Olympic 
games  in  the  Peloponnesus,  where  he  was  the  first  to  introduce  premiums  for  those  who 
excelled  in  MUSIC  at  those  noble  and  solemn  festivals.  He  appears  dressed  in  the  paUa 

•  Vide  Frontlipiece. 
O 


52  ROMAN    ANTIQUITIES 

(a  purple  and  variegated  robe)  or  long  garment,  peculiar  to  musicians  or  citharcedi  at 
feasts.    Large  coin  of  Trajan— AVG,  GERM.  &c. 

Copper  Coins,  found  in  laying  Gas  Pipes,  in  Fore  Street.  Vespasian,  with  eagle, 
S.C.  Galerius  Maximianus  (about  311,  A.  D.)  made  Csesar  by  Dioclesian,  Genio 
Populi  Romani.  Carausius,  the  great  naval  chieftain  of  Britain;  near  Broadgate 
(where  others  of  his  and  perhaps  the  only  ones  hitherto  have  been  found.)  An  excellent 
coin,  IMP.  C.  CARAVSIVS.  P.  F.  AVG.  Radiated,  Rev.  The  figure  of  Peace;  in 
one  hand  an  olive  branch,  in  the  other  a  spear,  PAX.  AVG, — S.C,  alluding  probably 
to  his  reconciliation  with  his  colleagues  Maximian  and  Dioclesian,  after  his  usurpation 
of  the  purple  in  Britain,  290,  A. D.  by  means  of  his  powerful  fleet.  (Plate  IV,  No.  43.) 
This  coin  is  one  of  those  alluded  to  by  Le  Vaillant,  vol.  i,  page  65,  Mulier  oled,  sin- 
istrd  hastam,  8fc.  who  considers  his  copper  coins  as  very  rare,  Non  obviisunt:  This 
officer  had  the  command  of  the  Roman  fleets  against  the  Frank  and  Saxon  pirates,  who 
infested  the  British  seas  about  the  end  of  the  3rd  Century,  and  was  one  of  the  most  un- 
daunted of  the  Roman  admirals  ;  supposed  to  have  be^n  of  Irish  extraction,  from  Jfen- 
apia,  (Waterford.)  Ossian  has  immortalised  him  as  sovereign  of  the  Seas,  and  "King 
of  Ships"  (vol  i.)  and  the  following  line  in  Gaelic  and  Latin  (Femora)  alludes  to  him, 
(Ed.  1807,  by  Macfarlane.) 

Airchliu  aig  sruth  fuaimar  Charuinn. 
De  ejus  fama  ad  flumen  sonorum  Carronis, 
alluding  to  the  battle  of  Oscar  against  Caros,  supposed  to  be  Carausius.       Constan- 
TiNE  the  Great,  laureatedy  and  with  the  cuirass,    A  Roman  soldier  holding  two  of  the 
military  ensigns,  and  the  rare  legend — COMMEA(lus  D(atus  MILIT(ibus,)  commem- 
orating some  largess  or  provision  of  corn  to  the  British  Legions.    PLN  (Mark  of  Lon- 
don Mint)  Percussa  Londini.  A  star  in  the  area  denoting  Christ  (as  Julian  observes) 
or  the  Vota  Decennalia,  in  his  tenth  year  probably.     (Plate  III,  No.  43.) 
In  an  Alley,  Postumus,  (17  feet  deep)  3rd  brass  ;   Laetitia  AVGG,  &c. 
Westgate   Quarter.      Alexander  Severus.      Lawrca^erf  bust  to  the  right.     Rev. 
S.  C.  Mars,  a  soldier  with  two  military  standards,  marching.     VIRTVS  AVGVSTI, 
A  large  coin.     A  smaller  coin,  with  a  bust  on  each  side,  much  detrited  ;  perhaps  of 

Alex.  Severus  and  his  empress  Memmia PALEX,  &c.  but  uncertain. 

Exrvick  F/^Zc?*.— Faustina  the  Elder.  Diva  Faustina,  Rev.  Aeternitas^  S.  C.  The 
Empress  in  the  long  stola  or  gown. 

1837. 
January.     In  digging  to  lay  gas  pipes  in  High  Street.     Four  small  Coins   of  Con- 
stantine,  Valentinian,  &c. 

February.  (Annona)  coin.  An  interesting  neat  brass  coin,  of  the  Emperor  Nero 
was  discovered  near  the  village  of  Ide.  (Plate  IV,  No.  44.)  It  is  now  in  the 
possession  of  Mr.  Larkworthy,  Jun,,  of  this  city.  It  commemorates  a  largess  of 
corn  or  congiary,  given  to  the  people  of  Rome  by  the  munificence  of  the  Emperor,  and 
bears  the  bust  of  Nero,  laureated,  to  the  right;  NERO  CLAVD.  CAESAR  AVG. 
GER.  P.  M.  TR.  P.  COS.  II,  Rev.  The  Goddess  Ceres  or  Damater  of  mankind  in 
subse llio-— (proha.h\y  one  of  his  Empresses  as  Messalina  so  depicted,)  in  her  left  the 
torch  emblematic  of  the  Eleusinian  mysteries  and  rape  of  Proserpine  ;  with  her  right 
she  is  in  the  act  of  dispensing  corn  to  two  persons  in  the  Roman  ordinary  garb,  between 


OP    EXETER.  53 

whom  and  the  deity  is  a  cornucopia  or  horn  of  abundance.  V.  Virg.  Oeorg.  1,  34)0. 
for  honors  paid  to  Ceres,  The  legend  is  ANNONA.  AVGVSTI.  CEIIES.  In  the 
exergue  is  S.  C.  Tiio  coin  is  evidently  of  that  soit  noticed  by  Walker,  p.  17.,  as  of 
red  copper,  and  has  been  silvered  over,  or  its  surface  mingled  with  tin,  as  studs  or 
nails  sometimes  are  at  present.  The  ^nnona  populaiis  in  pane  (/radii i,  or  aWovr- 
ance,  so  called  from  the  steps  from  which  it  was  received  by  the  populace,  seems  to 
be  the  distribution  of  corn  here  commemorated.  The  Annonce  were  of  Ave  kinds, 
civil,  to  tlie  civil  magistrates ;  military,  the  monthly  allowance  to  the  soldiers  ;  ex- 
pedilional,  when  the  army  was  on  its  march,  as  rations  of  bread,  wine,  vinegar, 
bacon,  and  caro  vervccina,  or  wether  mutton,  which  Hesychius  calls  2ITHPE2I0N  ; 
civic,  to  those  who  were  really  Roman  citizens,  and  popular,  as  on  this  medal,  to  the 
public  in  general.  But  there  were  also  Palatine  annonee,  to  the  Ministers  and  great 
officers  of  State,  constituting  part  of  their  allowances  from  the  crown,  if  we  may  so 
term  it.  (V.  Guther  do  domo  Aug.  1672.)  In  Julius  Caesar's  time  two  Patrician 
€tdiles,  called  Cereales,  superintended  the  Annona  forensis  and  the  management  of 
the  public  provisions.  Roman  coins  having  been  already  found  at  Ide,  in  particular 
one  (in  my  collection,)  of  Antoninus  Pius,  in  1833,  (with  the  goddess  Libertas,')  it 
is  probable  that  the  communication  to  it  can  be  traced  from  Goulds  Hays,  over  the 
Exe,  the  old  ford  under  St.  David's  Hill,  opposite  Cleeve,  across  the  Whitstone 
road,  by  the  lane  debouching  at  Little  John's  Toll  Bar,  into  the  Moreton  road.  This 
is  directly  in  the  line  of  the  chain  of  Posts  from  Exeter,  by  Cranbrook  Castle,  &c., 
towards  Dartmoor  (that  is  the  Jugum  Ocrinum  of  antiquity)  to  Hartland,  where 
the  great  N.  road  is  supposed  to  terminate.*  In  the  vicinity  of  Ide  we  must  not 
overlook  the  encampment  on  the  borders  of  Dunchideock  and  Dunsford,  called  Cotley 
Wood,  in  Holcombe  Burnell.+  Ide  in  Domesday,  terra  Episcopi  Exon,  was  probably 
so  called  from  a  local  saint  of  that  name.  It  is  a  perpetual  cure  and  a  peculiar  of  the 
Dean  and  Chapter  of  Exeter . 

Digression  on  Roman  Bread  and  Biscuits. — Few  persons  who  are  partial  to  this 
ordinary  sort  of  nutritive  diet,  are  aware  of  the  real  origin  of  it.  Our  round  biscuitf 
or  double-baked  cakes  {biicotto  or  biscoctutn)  are  derived  from  the  bucellatus  panis 
of  the  Romans,  The  Emperor  Aureliam,  who  reigned  in  the  year  270  of  the  Chris- 
tian sera,  was  the  first  who  gave  this  description  of  bread  to  the  people  as  a  largess  or 
donative,  made  up  in  the  present  circular  form,  to  resemble  an  imperial  crown,  he 
being  the  first  Emperor  who  wore  a  diadem.  We  find,  however,  that  long  previous 
to  this,  another  Emperor,  Pescennius  Niger,  the  rival  of  Severus,  a  man  of  very  au- 
stere habits,  not  only  forbad  wine  to  his  soldiers,  but  also  the  bakers  to  follow  the 
army — considering  biscuits  sufficient  for  them.  To  the  inhabitants  of  a  city  like  this, 
where  so  many  coins  of  Constantinb  are  found,  it  may  be  interesting  to  remark  that 
this  Emperor  followed  a  different  line  of  conduct  with  respect  to  the  soldier's  rations, 
giving  them  biscuits  (frumentum  bucellatamj)  every  two  days  in  the  week,  but  on  the 
third  day  bread.  Wine  was  also  served  out  to  them  and  vinegar,  each  on  alternate 
days,  as  also  bacon  and  wether  mutton.     They  apparently  lived   well — the   vinegar 

*  It  is  thought  by  some  to  pass  through  Drewsteignton  over  Wbiddon  Down,  (where  coins  have 

b«en  foaod)  to  Stratton  only. 

f  Most  likely  Danish. 

{  BuecUa'^^  buccA,  a  piece  or  rragment  of  bread. 


64  ROMAN    ANTIQUITIES 

mixed  with  water  was  called  posca,  and  was  their  ordinary  drink  ;  and  the  Emperor 
Hadrian  was  not  ashamed  to  live,  we  are  told,  on  the  ordinary  diet  of  the  soldiers — 
bacon  and  cheese,  with  the  addition  of  this  to  us  rather  unsavoury  beverage;  as  did 
Scipio,  the  conqueror  of  Carthage,  and  Metellus  also  in  former  ages.  The  Romans 
were  fond  of  bread  baked  with  oysters,  and  called  ostrearius  panis. 

The  Bucellatum  is  mentioned  in  Amm.  Marcellinus,  lib.  14,  and  in  that  useful 
work,  L,  Nonni  de  Re  Cibaria,  p.  23.  dnrvpog  diae^OoQ,  also  in  Guther,  lib.  2,  of 
Dom.  Aug.  and  Pancirolus,  Rerum  memor.  It  was  called  dnrvpov  and  "^Vajfiiov  by 
the  Greeks  ;  Zosiraus,  Oxon,  lib.  1,  p.  61,  (de  Probo)  alludes  to  the  baking  of  bread, 
(^TTExfjavreg  aprag)  The  panis  secundanus  was  inferior  bread,  Siliginosua  the  whitest. 
The  wheat  which  was  grown  in  Campania,  Varro  says  was  the  very  best,  V.  Alex, 
ab.  Alex.  Lib  v.  Gen.  Dier. 

The  opsonia  were  military  annonse  or  monthly  rations,  (v.  Polyb.)  O-^iavia,  in 
Romans  6,  v.  23,  incorrectly  rendered  wages, 

Feb,  An  excellent  copper  Coin  of  NERVA  was  dug  up  while  sinking  foundations 
under  the  glacis  of  Northernhay,  on  the  ground  of  Mr.  Coleridge.  Laureated  bust 
to  the  right ;  IMP.  NERVA.  CAES.  AVG,  P,  M.  TR.  P.  II.  COS.  IIII.  Reverse— 
the  Goddess  Libertas  holding  the  pileus  or  manumitted  slave's  cap — the  badge  of 
freedom  ;  LIBERTAS  PUB  LICA  S.  C.  This  piece  of  money  was  coined  98  A.D. 
the  year  that  the  Emperor  Nerva  (one  of  the  restorers  of  the  grandeur  of  Rome)  died, 
-—he  only  reigning  28  months,  and  in  his  72nd  year.  His  coins  are  uncommon  at  Exe- 
ter.—(Zosim,  NEFOYAS.)  (Plate  IV.  No.  45.) 

Cathedral  Yard, — A  Valentinian  (coronO,  gemmatS,)  Securitas  Reipuhliccem  P, 
CON.  Also  a  little  Urbs  Roma,  with  Mars  Gradivus,  the  tutelar  Deity  of  Rome  ; 
T,  PR.  (Treves)  Lower  Empire.  Vetranio  ?  deposed  by  Constantius  in  Pannonia 
(small.)  Tetricus  (Pivs)  Post  Office  Lane,  &c. 

Ide. — The  Annona  Medal. — As  a  further  illustration  of  the  Roman  Cereal  or  Corn 
Medal  of  Nero,  ploughed  up  at  Ide,  and  other  coins  before,  it  may  be  observed  that 
the  connection  from  ancient  Isca  may  also  possibly  be  traced  from  the  hills  overhang- 
ing Ide  (to  which  we  arrive  after  passing  St  Thomas's  fields)  to  the  entrenchment  at 
Cotley  Wood  in  Holcorabe  Burnell  ;  both  being  commanding  points,  such  as  the  Ro- 
mans might  not  neglect  to  seize,— in  the  vicinity  of  the  great  winter  station  at  Exeter* 
The  silly  tradition  of  the  Britons  having  attempted  a  city  on  the  site  of  this  camp,  be- 
fore they  built  on  the  shores  of  the  Exe,  is  not  worth  a  moment's  attention.  The  camp, 
with  its  fosse,  now  covered  with  coppice,  if  not  thrown  up  by  the  Romans,*  may  have 
been  a  Saxon  or  Danish  work, as  almost  circular ;  whether  or  not  so,  it  evidently  points 
to  Penhill,  near  Haldon  House,  from  which,  under  the  Belvidere,  an  ancient  and  a  very 
bad  Roman  road  leads  through  the  village  of  Trusham,  towards  Hennock  ;  from  which 
it  is  imagined  by  Antiquaries,  a  communication  may  be  traced  by  Ashburton  to  the 
Camp  at  Hembury  Fort  in  Buckfastleigh,  supposed,  unless  Totnes  was  meant,  to 
have  been  the  Durio  Amne  of  the  16th  Iter  of  Richard  of  Cirencester.  Both  on 
Great  and  Little  Haldon  are  various  camps,  and  the  ancient  way  that  led  from  Exeter 
to  Totnes,  through  Newton,  after  passing  the  Ford  at  Kenton  (the  Vercenia  of  Bax- 
ter,) no  doubt  communicated  not  only  with  that  near  Dawlish,  but  also  with  the  en- 
trenchment in  Lord  Clifford's  Park,  at  Ugbrook,  and  by  the  numerous  cross  roads  and 
*  Originally,  and  occupied  in  after  times. 


OP   EXGTERt  55 

eoombes  from    Raldon  towards  Ide  and  its  adjoining  camp  or  fort.     Roman  coins  are 
sometimes  found  in  barrows  or  tumuli  on  Haldon.* 

April  25,  in  the  Cathedral  Yard.  Small  leaden  coin,  (ancient  forgery)  or  Quina- 
rius  of  Julian  the  Apostate,  nephew  of  Constantino  the  Great,  who  ruled  the  Roman 
world  after  the  death  of  Constantius,  and  lost  his  life  in  Persia,  A.D.  3G3,  in  a  cam- 
paign against  Sapor,  after  passing  the  Tigris,  FL,  (Flavius)  CL.  IVLIANVS.  P.  F. 
AVG.  Reverse, a  civic  crown,  VOTIS.  V.  MVLT.  X.,  signifying  the  solemn  games 
and  rejoicings  vowed  to  be  celebrated  in  the  fifth  and  tenth  year  of  his  reign.  This  coin 
was  struck  at  Lyons,  in  France,  (LVG.)  the  ancient  Lugdunum.  Quinquennalia  cele- 
brated at  Vienna  by  him. 

Coffin's  Estate,  High  Street.  The  old  Town  house  of  the  Abbot  of  Newenham, 
near  Axminster,  (Abbey  dc  Novo  Manso.)  Above  the  substratum  of  the  grauwacke 
was  a  solid  foundation  of  Roman  masonry,  of  the  usual  materials,  near  which  were 
found,  at  nine  feet  deep,  a  coin  of  Domitian,  DOMIT.  AVG.  GERM.  COS.  XIII.; 
and  another  of  Vespasian  ; — Reverse,  with  an  altar,  and  female  or  priestess  sacrificing 
to  Peace,  to  which  deity  a  famous  temple  was  dedicated  by  him  at  Rome,  containing 
the  sacred  vessels  of  the  Jewish  temple,  and  burnt  afterwards  in  the  reign  of  Commodus 
with  its  library  and  the  works  of  Galen.  Also,  a  Nuremberg  token,  with  a  griffin 
holding  a  book;  an  abbey  piece,  and  farthing  of  Charles  I,  the  first  base  currency,  the 
latter,  small  coin  of  "  poor  fabric."  Silver  penny  of  Edward  II.  Civitas  Cantor.  ED- 
WAR.  ANGL.  DNS.  HIB.  The  Griffin  on  the  token  perhaps  imitating  the  winged 
Lion  of  St,  Mark,  of  the  Venetians — winged  to  show  their  promptness  in  execution, 
and  holding  a  book,  supposed  the  Gospel  of  that  Saint — Siegenanl^  to  shew  they  are 
wise  and  pacific.  See  Akerman,Num.  J.  8.  page  207.  The  Graswinckle  of  Delft» 
made  Knight  of  St.  Mark  by  the  Venetians  about  1660,  may  be  the  origin  of  this* 
Hans  Krauwinkle's  name  occurs  on  many  found  continually  at  Exeter. 

A  massy  coin  of  Faustina  the  younger,  the  consort  of  M.  Aurelius  the  philosopher, 
was  found  solidly  imbedded  in  the  cement  of  an  old  Roman  foundation  in  the  Mint,  by 
labourers  laying  gas  pipes.  Cains  of  earlier  date,  particularly  of  Claudius,  I  have  seen 
repeatedly  found  in  the  lower  masonry  of  the  old  city  walls,  or  "  Rampiers,"  near 
Northernhay,  which  probably  formed  the  curtains,  in  later  days,  of  the  Castle  Towers, 
or  epaulements,  after  Athelstan  repaired   the  walls,  on  the  old  Roman   foundations. 

*  The  Fitz-Bumards  at  the  Conquest,  and  afterwards  the  Ddnnis  family,  as  long  ago  as  Henry  VI. 
(succeeding  Kaul  and  Brookes,  about  1430.)  were  lords  of  the  parish  of  Holcombe  Bumell  which 
is  in  the  Deanery  of  Dunsford,  and  called  in  Domesday  terra  regit  Holecumhe,  and  appears  to  have 
been  part  of  th  e  patrimony  of  Walter  de  Dowai  and  Ralph  de  Pomeroy,  two  of  his  followers,  the  last 
•  great  favorite,  who  then  h  eld  a  great  many  lordships  in  Devon .  The  family  of  Pomerojf  is  of  Norman 
origin.  Ralph  de  Pomeroy  had  a  grant  from  the  Conqueror,  of  fifty  eight  lordships  in  Devon,  and  others 
In  Somerset  His  descendants  were  summoned  to  parliament  as  Barons,  and  were  possessed,  for  centu- 
ries, of  Berry  Pomeroy.  In  the  county  of  Devon.  A  branch  of  this  family  was  seated  at  Engesdon,  in 
the  county  of  Devon,  which  settled  in  Ireland,  of  whom  we  find  Henry  Pomeroy.  Viscount  and  Baron 
Harberton.  of  Carbery.  county  of  Kildare.  F.  S.  A .,  in  the  peerage  of  our  own  days.  The  ancient  Denys> 
or  Dennis  race,  was  a  Junior  branch  of  the  family  of  Sir  J.  Dennis,  (1  Edward  II.)  afterwards  settled 
•t  Bicton.  by  heiresses.  SirT.  of  Holcombe,  was  recorder  of  Exeter.  Another  Chancellor,  temp 
UMry  VIII..  4ic. 


66  ROMAN    ANTIQUITIES 

These  would  refer  raost  likely  to  the  sera  of  the  conquests  of  Vespasian,  one  of  Ihe  lieu- 
tenants of  Claudius,  Strong  marks  of  a  communication  by  St.  Mary  Arches,  and  the 
New  Cemetery,  over  the  ancient  glacis  or  slope  under  Snail  Tower,  may  be  traced  by 
coins,  &c.,  to  the  ancient  vadum  or  ford  opposite  Cleeve,  ifnot  to  the  temple,  supposed 
from  the  bronze  lamp  found  in  1757  to  have  been  dedicated  to  Diana,  near  St.  David's 
Hill.  Rev.  A  female  in  the  long  robe  or  stola  rauliebris,  S.  C,  perhaps  \(  Acternitasj 
refers  to  her  consecration. 

Opposite  Castle  Street.  Constantine,  Soli  Invicto  Comiti,  This  type  is  ordinary 
at  Exeter.  It  proves  that  however  this  Emperor  may  have  proscribed  Paganism, 
the  great  veneration  for  Tsabaism  or  the  Mithraic  sacred  fire,  was  hardly  yet  extin- 
guished at  Rome.  He  constantly  appears  as  the  genius  of  the  Sun,  Radious,  or  with 
rays  on  his  head,  a  mark  of  adulation.  The  S.  F.  in  the  area,  which  occurs  on  the 
coins  of  Carausius  and  Dioclesian,  was  supposed  by  Stukely  and  others  to  be  sacris 
faciundisy  they  being  struck  in  the  temples,  and  by  sacred  persons.  The  meaning  of 
these  marks  however  is  extremely  uncertain,  and  often  refers  to  days  in  the  Roman 
Calendar  when  the  coins  were  struck.  This  might  be  stativis  Feriis,  marked  in  the 
Fasti.  The  Sun  or  Solar  fire,  (Solem  Mithren  sacrum  et  sternum  ignem,  of  Claudian) 
the  same  as  the  Tyrian  Hercules,  the  Phcenician  Beelsamen,  the  Egyptian  Osiris  and 
Thoth,  the  Baal  and  Bel  of  Scripture,  and  the  Budha  and  Seeva  of  India,  was  among 
our  British  ancestors,  worshipped  as  Beltucadder^  in  Cumberland  and  other  Northern 
Counties.*  Camden  enumerates  several  altars  to  him,  one  at  Kirkby  There,  two  at 
Elenboro'  (p.  286,  Brit.)  and  another  elsewhere,  Deo  Soli  Invicto  Beltucaddro  t  Thus 
in  Apul,  Met  lib.  xi.  Invicti  Osiris  sacris,  &c.,  and  Mithras  was  honored  as  Sol.  Invic- 
tus,  at  Rome.§  The  rites  were  clearly  of  Druidical  origin,  and  then  accompanied  with 
human  sacrifices,  and  the  raost  barbarous  superstitions.  At  St.  Just  and  Sennor  in 
Cornwall,  the  Druid  fires  may  yet  be  traced,  which  heathen  rites  were  common 
among  the  Canaanites,  anvl  are  proscribed  by  Jeremiah  as  referring  to  the  worship 
of  Moloch,  in  the  idolatrous  days  ofalienated  Judah. 

Apiil,  New  Golden  Lion,  Market  Street.  Licinius  (a  Dacian)  colleague  of  Con- 
stantine, laureated  LICINIVS  P.  F,  Rev.  a  genius  (of  the  commonwealth  probably) 
Genio  Pop(uli)  Rom(ani)  Put  to  death  at  Thessalonica  by  his  order,  after  repeated 
rebellions,  324,  A.  D,,  aged  64.  Constantine,  small,  galeatus,  much  patined,  Tet- 
Ricus,  Rad.    Two  military  vexilla,  and  female,  on  reverse. 

April  22nd.  Domitian,  much  detrited,  DOMIT.  AVG.  GER.  A  Nero  (victory) 
excellent.  Severus,  quinarius.  PIVS.  AVG.  Reverse,  Libertas,  AVG  ;  and 
two  smaller  coins  much  defaced,     A  sort  of  glass  Bulla,  or  Amulet  was  here  found. 

*  Bel,  the  Sun  (originally  in  Celtic  and  Irish)  Dhu,  (God,  in  many  languages)  Cadhr,  Cornish  (strong, 
powerful.)  Bel  Implies  a  Lord,  and  the  heavens  or  Jupiter.  Cadei.  Brit,  a  fortress  or  bulwark.  So 
in  Irish,  Kathaer.    Cadur  metulluk  (Persian)  omnipote«t. 

t  ''  Towov  0«ov  «vo/u»Uov  /Liovov  oojjavou  Mu^ioy,  BsiXo-of-ttp'  KoXcuvrtf,  o  $rr$  iretfa  Oo<yt{>  Ktfiov  oufavoo,  Ziu J 

ffof'  E^Xjxn."  Philo  apud  Euseb.  Prasp.  Evang.  lib.  i.  c.  10.  B«X»v  i»xaXou«  vovnv,  a-t^ova-tn  virts<puMi, 
Avo»Mvai  uvM  fdfXovTc;.  Belem  vocant  indigense.  magnaque  eum  religione  colunt,  Apollinem  interpre' 
tantes.    Herodian.    Joseph.  contiaApionem  lib.  i.—P  Danet  on  Bel  us. 

§  There  was  a  statue  to  Jul.  Caesar,  in  the  habit  of  Mara  or  Quirinus,  inscribed  Deo  Invicto,  Walkn , 
page  162. 


OP    BXBTfltl.  Sy 

*Also  t  handsome  Roman  Fibula  of  bronze,  complete  and  perfect,  being  the  buckle 
with  which  the  Ancients  fastened  their  graceful  gown  or  Toga  ;  which  being  serai- 
circular  and  without  sleeTes,  was  thus  confined  over  the  right  slioulder  by  the  Acus, 
as  in  this  specimen,  cum  (ereofilo^  with  its  brazen  tongue  or  thread,  a  crescent  at 
the  top.    The  Chlamys  or  military  vesti  was  also  thus  fastened,  as  in  Virgil, — 

Aurea  purpuream  subnectit  fibula  vestem, 
as  well  as  the  Belt  or  Girdle  of  the  soldier.  And  the  Flamens  or  priests  wore  a 
splendid  kind  of  purple  Chlamys  or  double  gown,  fastened  by  such  a  clasp  round  the 
neck,  which  gown  was  called  Lcena,  Three  of  these  FibulcB  have  been  found  here  of 
late  years,  and  all  belonged  to  the  plebeian  or  lower  class  of  Romans.*  Infimi  ex  sere 
aut  ferro,  says  the  learned  Pancirolus  (Hamb,  16  12,  Rerum  Memor.,)  whose  treatise 
on  the  Fibula  and  the  dress  of  the  ancients  is  the  best  of  its  kind.  The  nobility  and 
rich  persons  used  such  buckles  as  were  of  gold  only  ;  those  of  the  second  grade  silver  ; 
so  did  the  soldiers,  although  Aurelian  allowed  them  to  use  gold.  The  Emperors  had 
buckles  adorned  with  gems— forbidden  to  all  others  by  a  severe  penalty  :  Augustus 
fancied  one  of  these,  it  is  said.  Some  Samian  Ware  was  found  in  this  obscure 
corner, — the  hand\e  o(  nn  Amphora  or  Wine  Jar;  and  several  fragments  of  Sepul- 
chral Urns;  probably  a  family  bury ing-place,  the  ^ftw/a  above  being  buried  with  the 
ashes  of  the  deceased,  as  a  small  vault  was  found  near  the  spot,  with  ossements.  Also 
a  Li^«/a,  spoon  or  skimmer  of  lead.    V.  Battely,  Antiq.  Rutup.  P.  120. 

TiTus,  son  of  Vespasian.  Bust  to  the  right.  TI.  CAES.  IMP.  AVG.  F.  (iliusj 
TR.  P.  COS.  VI.  CEN..  Rev,  Judaea  sitting  under  a  Palm-tree  captive;  behind  her 
aheap  of  spoils — shields,  military  ensigns, — typical  of  the  Conquest  of  the  Jews  by 
him.  (Juda)  EA  CAPTA.  S.C.  A  memorable  coin,  evincing  the  fulfilment  of  the 
prophecy  in  Isaiah  concerning  that  people.  The  palm  tree  is  the  attribute  of  Phoenicia, 
of  which  Judeea  formed  a  part.  This  coin  is  the  third  relating  to  the  subjugation  of  Ju- 
daea I  have  seen  here.  The  lastTitus  found  here  (last  August  18)  records  the  Victoria 
Navalis  over  the  Jews  on  the  Lake  of  Gennesareth  or  Tiberias.  (V.  Joseph.  Ant.  2.) 
•  In  an  ancient  sewer.  Medal  of  Trajan,  the  handsomest  and  most  perfect  type  of 
Antiquity  as  yet  found  in  Exeter;  as  fresh  as  if  only  now  from  the  Mipt,  with  the 
"bloom  of  the  die  yet  on  it.  IMP  CAES.  NERVAE  TRAIANO  AVG(w*/o)  GER 
imanico)  DAC(tco)  P.  M.  TR.  P. COS.  V.  P.  P.  (PatH  Patriae  Laureated  bust  to 
the  right.  1  he  reverse  presents  Trajan,  javelin  in  hand,  in  a  military  costume  and  on 
a  fiery  courser,  (shabrack  and  phalerts  complete,)  stridingovera  vanquished  foe,  pro* 
bably  a  Pannonian ;  for  his  victory  over  which  people,  and  sending  a  crown  to  Nerva, 
he  was  by  him  adopted  in  the  ten-pie  of  Jupiter  Cflpitolinus.  The  coin  would  seem 
lo  be  minted  on  Trajan's  accession,  98  A.  D.,  being  as  above,  in  his  5th  Consulship, 
which  was  with  Orphitus,  (V.  the  Chronicon  of  Cassiodorus,)  and  almost  immediately 
preceding  the  death  of  Nerva,  his  patron  and  predecessor.  But  as  his  victories  over 
Daci A  and  Scythia  did  not  take  place  till  his  6ih  Consulship  was  past,  I  conjectuie 
COS.  V.  to  be  an  error  in  the  die,  unless  struck  in  anticipation •  The  epithet  Dacicus 
seems  to  corroborate  this.  The  Mintmaster  was  clearly  in  error,  probably  using  a 
die  that  had  not  been  altered*    The  horse  is  excellent,  and  the  medal  could  hardly 

*  Gibton'i  Camden  records  a  curious  one  found  at  Caerleon.  the  city  of  the  Legion,  in  Wales,  p.  60S. 
It  was  of  braas,  and  chequered  in  red  and  blut  enamel  on  the  back. 


58  ROMAN   ANTIQUITIES 

have  circulated,  from  the  state  it  is  in.    S.P.Q.R.  OPTIMO.  PRINCIPI.     Exergue 
S.  C.  Bulla  on  Trajan's  breast,  badge  of  triumph.  V.  Macrob.  4,  Sat.  H.  Frontispiece. 

Gandy  Street,  opposite  the  New  Market.— Large  Medal  of  Nbro — Bust  to  the  right 
—laureated,  TR.  P.  IMP.  P.  P.  (Plate  4,  No.  46.)  Bare ;  a  memorial  of  that  remark- 
able  specimen  of  Roman  industry — the  Portus  Ostiensis,  the  triumphal  Arch  at 
Ostia,  or  as  some  suppose  the  Arches  over  the  Trench  or  Canal  he  endeavoured  to 
cut  between  Avernus  and  Ostia.  The  Poit  was  begun  by  Claudius,  but  completed  by 
him — thus  noticed  by  Suetonius — Fossam  ab  Averno,  Ostiam  usque,  ut  navibus  nee 
tamen  mari  iietur. — The  harbour  has  however  long  been  choked  up  with  sand.* 
Erizzo  calls  this  the  arch  erected  for  his  Parthian  victory,  p.  219.  Claudius,  with 
Ceres  in  subsellio,  &c. 

Maximianvs  Galerius,  (about  304  A.  D.)  P.  AVG.  laureated—GENlO,  POP- 
VLl.  ROMANI.  As  a  Youth  naked,  with  Cornucopia  and  Patera,  the  tutelar  deity 
of  Rome.    T.R.  (Treves),    (Plate  4,  No.  47.) 

New  Market.— HER  (Herennia)  ETRVSCILLA  AVG.  (usta)  Wife  of  Em- 
peror Decius  (a  coin  of  Billon  or  alloyed  metal,)  rare  type  when  in  gold,  Aker.  Vol. 
I,  p.  497.  (Plate  4,  No.  48.)  Crescent  Bust,  Reverse,  Pudicitia  AVG.  or  Female 
Chastity.  Seated+  covered  as  usual  with  a  long  veil,  &c.  (249  A.  D.)  Emperor  Gra- 
TiAN  (small)  383  A.  D.  predecessor  of  the  Great  Theodoslus— Const ans  defaced. 

Cathedral  Yard. — Antoninus  Pius  (spiked  or  radiated  Crown)  Libe'ralitas  Aug. 
— Memorial  of  a  donative  or  public  gift. 

Cemetery.  Trajan.  OPTIMO  AVG  (usto)  GER  (manico)  DAC  (ico.)  This 
coin  is  a  gazette  or  record  of  the  subjugation  of  Parthia  by  this  warlike  Emperor,  who 
appears  seated  in  the  curule  chair  on  a  tribunal  or  suggestum,  in  the  act  of  imposing 
a  sovereign  on  that  hitherto  invincible  people,  placing  a  crown  on  a  figure  personifying 
the  King  nominated,  and  Parthia  kneeling  before  him  below.— Rex  Parthis  Datus — 
S.  C.  Rare  in  1st.  brass,  Akerm.  vol,  1,  p.  221.  The  Medals  of  Trajan,  respecting 
his  Parthian  victories,  relate  to  the  taking  of  Susa,  their  chief  city  on  the  Choaspes 
(the  Ulay  of  the  prophet  Daniel,)  in  honour  of  which  he  instituted  the  famous  games 
called  Trajanalia.  He  also  recovered  Armenia  from  that  powerful  nation,  so  famous 
for  its  horsemanship  and  archery,  and  of  which  the  badge  was  the  bow  and  quiver, 
which  had  often  previously  overpowered  the  chivalry  of  Rome. 

May  1.  Laying  gas-pipes  in  Fore  Street.  A  large  brass  of  Antoninus  Pius.  P.F. 
TR.  P.  COS.  III.,  much  patined* — Also  a  small  Constantine  (Constantinopolis) 
Victory ;  S.  T.R.  Signata  Treviris  :  both  coins  about  3  feet  only  under  the  level  of 
the  street. — Double-headed  Constantine;  Marti  Conservatori  (Market.)— Copper 
coin  of  Antoninus  Pius,  in  Summerland  Street,  TR,  POT.iJ:— Quinariw*   (silver)  of 

•  The  Porta  Trigemina  was  the  Gate  on  the  road  leading  from  Rome  to  Ostia.  Aurelian  walled  the 
channel  of  the  Tiber  with  bricks  from  Rome  a  great  way  towards  that  Port . 

t  Pope  Adrian  I.  rebiii't  the  Church  of  St.  Maria  in  Cosmedin,  728  A.  D.,  on  the  ruins  of  Pudicitia' 9 
temple,  or  sacellum,  which  stands  in  one  of  the  ancient  cattle  markets  at  Roue,  where  also  were  a 
circular  temple  of  Hercules,  and  one  of  Matuta,  the  Goddess  •'  of  the  Morning."  A  street  is  also  on 
record,  where  stood  the  altar  of  Plebeian  Chastity.  Eight  columns  of  the  temple  still  r  eraftin,  of 
Greek  marble  and  fluted. 

X  Mars  armed  descending  to  Rhea.    V^Akerm.  p.  259,  vol.  1 ,  Des  Cat. 


OF   BXBTBR.  59 

ditto  ;  the  Emperor  In  the  Paludamentum,  PM.  TRP.  II.  COS.  II.  P.  P.  Allec- 
Tus,  a  rare  coin  ;  IMP.  C.  ALLECTVS,  P.  F.  AVG.,  radiated  crown  ;  Rev.  PAX. 
AVG.  Area  S.  A.  Sacrum  JEs  ;  M.  L.  Mark  of  London  Mint.  3rd  brass.  The  successor 
of  the  great  Carausius,  whom  he  murdered ;  reigned  three  years,  andkilled  near  South- 
ampton, A. D.  298. — The  two  last  found  opposite  Mr.  Anning's  Grocer,  corner  of 
Mary  Arches  Street,  undsr  the  shop  doors. 

May  17th.  Mr,  Sanders',  Gandy  Street,  opposite  the  New  Market.  A  large  Cereal 
coin  or  Annona  of  NERO—Bust  to  the  left— laureated— Pont.  Max.— TR.  POT.  P. 
P.,  &c.  Commemorates  a  Congiary  or  donative  of  Corn,  Rev.  Annona  Aug.  Ceres, 
S,  C.  This  type  is  nearly  similar  to  the  one  found  at  Ide  lately  ;  exhibiting  on  Rev. 
a  Ceres ^  or  Messatina^  his  last  wife  as  one  perhaps,  (a  torch  on  left  arm)  dispensing 
corn  to  a  female— probably  Rome — in  front  of  her.  A  Cornucopia,  poppy,  ears  of 
Corn,  all  emblematic  or  sacred  to  Ceres — the  great  Rhea,  Tellus,  and  Damater  of 

Antiquity— introduced. Dioclesian— In  the   Cuirass,   Rev.  GENIO,  POPVLl. 

ROMANI.    A  figure    with  horn   of  abundance— in  his   right  apatera^  the  genius 
of  the  commonwealth  personified  by  him.    (Plate  IV,  No.  49.) 

June  6th.  Carausius,  the  great  Irish  naval  emperor  of  Britain— radiated,  (086  A. 
D.)  P.  F.  AVG.*  This  coin  records  the  services  of  the  18th  Legion,  then  attached  to 
this  usurper  ;  it  seems  the  Roman  Legions  were  all  distinguished  by  various  appella- 
tions, e.  g.  the  4)th  would  be  sometimes  called  Macedonica  from  its  services  under  C. 
Metellus  or  Paulus  Emilius  in  Macedonia,  the  5th  Parthica,  the  7th  Galbiana  or  Clau- 
diana  (quartered  at  Gloster  under  Carausius)  the  20th  Victrix,  21st  Rapax,  &c.  The 
ensign  of  this  Legion  appears  by  the  coin  to  have  been  a  Capricorn  or  fabulous  mon- 
ster, half  goat,  half  fish— the  legend  is  LEG.  IIXX.  PRIMIG(enia)  (Plate  IV,  No. 
60.)  perhaps  raised  when  the  sign  Capricorn  or  sea  goat  commences  the  winter  solstice 
in  the  Zodiac,  or  alluding  to  the  naval  prowess  of  Carausius,  and  the  piece  was  minted 
at  London  by  the  letters  ML.  The  18th  Legion  (Primigenia)  was  quartered  in  Gaul, 
(V.  Itin.  Antooini)  and  sided  with  Carausius  in  Britain.  It  appears  on  the  Billon  of 
Gallienus,  in  whose  time  it  bore  the  same  Ensign,  with  VI.  P.  VI.  F.  (Akerman.  Cat. 
Vol.2,  p.  28.)  In  1839  Mr.  C.  Roach  Smith,  discovered  a  similar  one  to  this  of 
Exeter,  at  Strood,  in  Kent.  The  badge  or  ensign  of  the  4th  Legion  of  Carausius 
(Flavia)  was  a  Centaur,  that  of  the  7th  a  Bull,  (at  Gloster,)  thus  of  our  2nd  or 
Queens,  a  Lamb,  3rd,  or  Buffs,  a  Dragon,  6th,  an  Antelope,  8th,  White  Horse,  &c. 
The  18th  Legion  quartered  at  Durocortorum  (Rheims)  Sidoloucum  (27  miles  from 
Autun)  and  Noviomagus,  Nizeux  in  Normandy,  v.  Itin.  Antonini.  Exeter  lays  claim 
to  the  first  discovery  of  its  coin.  Nero,  Securitas  Augusti  ;  Security  as  a  female 
seated  reposing  on  one  hand— A  little  Constantino,  &c.  Some  Samian  Pottery  also 
or  Roman  red  ware.  Opposite  Trehane's,  78,  Fore-street,  Constantius.  Fel(tx) 
Temp(orum)  Rep(ara£io.)  In  South  Street,  laying  gas,  Vespasian  FoHun^?  Redueit 
JuuANthe  Apostate,  (Gaieatus)  Valentin ian  (small.)  Goldsmith  street,  Clau- 
dius ;  15  feet  deep  (defaced.)  North  Street,  Bridge,  Hadrian  (large  brass)  and 
on  Rev.  Equitas, 

June  20.  New  Market.  Constantine.  D,  V.  (Divus)  P.  T.  (Pater)  AVGG. 
(Augustorum)  ;  Quadriga,  (Plate  IV.  No.  61.)  small.  TheEmperorin  a  chariot,  hold, 
tng  up  bis  hand  towards  another  out  of  heaven.     S.  N.  N.  S.  (Sacer  Nutnmus  Novtu 

•  Unpublished  before. 

Q 


60  ROMAN    ANTIQUITIES 

S^^Ma^ll*)  generally,  but  on  this  SMKT,*  This  rare  and  interesting,  though  mintit^ 
type  of  Constantine  the  Great,  head  veiled  (velato  capite)  perhaps  to  intimate  the 
dazzling  splendour  of  his  actions,  or  the  act  of  sacrificing,  is  one  of  those  recorded  by 
Eusebius  in  his  life  of  that  Emperor  ;  lib.  4,  cap.  73.  The  coin  is  innch  imtinatedf 
but  on  its  reverse  is  a  chariot  as  above.  In  Ans.  Solerius  (Arast.  \Q72)  de  Pileo  or 
on  the  hat  or  head  covering  of  the  ancients,  this  type  is  engraved  and  reference  given 
to  a  learned  note  of  Octavianus  Sada,  on  A.  Augustinus,  a  well  known  medallist  and  Abp, 
of  Tarragona  in  Spain,  Ambassador  to  England  in  1554.  It  is  supposed  to  have  been 
coined  by  order  of  the  sons  of  Constantine,  in  honor  of  their  deceased  parent,  exhibit- 
ing hiro,  imploring  the  aid  of  the  Almighty  (^summi  quasi  numinis  opem)  not  with- 
out hope  of  success— (mo»  caswra  in  irritum  vota.)  Unless  the  emblem  of  an  ap- 
otheosis or  of  being  called  into  heaven,  for  his  support  ot  Christianity  ;  other  com- 
mentators suppose  the  coin  to  represent  the  ordinary  opinion,  both  of  the  Christians 
and  Heathens  (who  all  esteemed  him  for  his  great  actions,)  viz.,  that  he  was  happy 
and  beatified,  dear  to  the  gods,  and  as  such  taken  up  by  Jupiter  into  the  abodes  of  the 
blessed,  by  his  hand  reached  out  to  him.  He  is  drawn  in  the  chariot,  from  the  idea 
perhaps  of  ancient  philosophers,  that  the  Soul  is  the  charioteer  of  the  body,  or  I  sup- 
pose from  the  doctrine  of  Epicurus — that  which  the  soul  declares  in  it,  by  its  senses 
and  affections,  its  acting  and  suffering  something  ;  the  motions  by  which  it  impels  the 
members,  and  from  within  governs  the  whole  animal  substance,  turns  it  about,  trans- 
ports it  into  dreams,  and  mixes  in  one  coaipound  with  the  grosser  matter,  or  what  is 
termed  the  body.  Although  in  itself  a  most  tenuious  or  subtile  substance,  not  incor- 
poreal, though  composed  of  the  most  subtile  particles.  The  ancients  generally  wenj 
bareheaded,  or  covered  themselves  with  their  robe  or  pallium  (V.  Plutarch)  except  in 
cases  of  grief,  travelling,  &c.  V,  Pancirolum  de  fibula,  R,  M.  p.  352.  The  early 
christians  certainly  did  so.  In  Hippocrates,  Pericles,  Taiquin,  Augustus,  we  how- 
ever find  exceptions  to  this  rule,  not  to  name  many  others. Idol  Lane.    Philip. 

Reverse,  PAX.  AETERN,  (a  plated  or  billon  coin)  spiked  crown.  IMP.  M.  IVL. 
PHILIPPVS.  The  figure  on  Reverse  bears  caduceus  of  Mercury,  and  an  olive  branch 
jn  the  right.  An  Allectus,  as  before,  with  PAX.  AVG.  S.  P.  on  Reverse, 
(Sacra  Pecunia)  Sacred  money.    Four  coins  of  Claudius,  Nero,  &c.,  defaced,  from 

the  Cemetery,  and  several  small  ones  of  Valens  and  Valentinian. George-street, 

Magnentius,  who  killed  Constans  his  benefactor,  near  the  Pyrenees,  A.  D.  354. 
Seized  on  Gaul  and  Britain.      Rev.   an  armed  man  holding  a  little  Victory  and  an 

Ensign,   REIPVB.  and  R.  (Rationalis)  Mint  Mark. Crispvs,  son  of  Constantine. 

Altar  ;  VOTIS.  XX.  BEATA  TRANQVILLITAS  P.  LON.  London  Mark. 
(Plate  IV.  No.  62.)   small. 

June  27.     A  Quinarius,  (uncertain)  defaced,  a  hole  through  it. The  Emperor 

Maximian,  (about  304  A.  D.)  P.  F.  AVG.  laureated,  bust  to  the  right.  Reverse, 
GENIO  POPVLI  ROMANI.  A  youth  naked,  with  horn  of  abundance,  and  patera, 
Maximian  as  the  Genius  or  tutelar  Deity  of  Rome.  Flowers,  wine  and  frankincense 
were  offered  to  the  good  genius.  Floribus  et  vino  Genium.  Horat.  lib.  2,  ep.  Magne 
Geni,  cape  thura  libens,  Tib,t  T.  R.  (Exergue)  mark  of  the  Treves  Mint,  A.  (area) 
•  Mint  Mark  of  Karnuntura. 

t  The  most  sacred  oath  among  the  Heathens,  was  by  the  Genids  of  the  Emperor.  V.  Tertull,  Apol. 
fort>e  Christians. 


OP    EXETER.  61 

OJJicina  Prima. At   tho  New   Cemetery,  M.   Aukelius   (the  Philosopher)  who 

came  to  tho  throne  A.  D.  169.  ANTONINVS.  AVG.  Rev.  a  Female  seated,  pro- 
bably Roma  ;  a  round  buckler  by  her  side,  in  her  right  appears  to  hold  a  little  vic- 
tory S.  C.  IM.  (Plate  IV,  No.  63.)— Valentinian  370  A.  D,  Securitas  Repubticce, 
Victory  with  Palm  branch  R.  AR.  mark  of  Quaestor  of  the  mint.  SCISC  Mint 
Mark  of  ^mcia,  a  town  in  Pannouia.  (small)  The  Hadrian  found  at  North-street 
Bridge,  near  the  Crown  and  Sceptre,  was  of  bright  yellow  copper.  The  Reverse 
presents  Equity  (or  Moneta)  with  a  cornueopia  in  the  left  hand,  as  usual  with  most 
of  the  virtues,  to  represent  that  plenty  which  is  their  attendant  or  effect.  A  graceful 
figure  and  with  a  Balance  in  the  left ;  it  being  consideied  that  Rome  was  built  under 
Libroy  and  that  its  people  had  therefore  a  stronger  inclination  to  Equity  than  most 
other  nations.  The  wall  of  Adrian  across  the  Isthmus  from  Solway  Frith  to  Tyne- 
niouth,  composed  of  turf,  (between  Carlisle  and  Newcastle,)  and  completed  by  Severus 
from  sea  to  sea,  was  built  A.  D.  121.  S.  C.  and  GVSTI  is  on  the  Rev.  A  Nero,  lately 
found  opposite  the  New  Golden  Lion,  Market  Street,  bears  on  Reverse  a  winged  Vic- 
tory marching  to  the  left,  which  holds  a  globe  S.  P.  Q.  R.  with  S.  C.  The  Obverse  has 
IMP.  miliO(sic)  CAESAR  AVG.  P,  MAX.  TR.  P,  PP.  Such  coins  of  his,  which 
are  very  numerous  at  Exeter,  may  hava  possibly  then  been  distributed  to  the  Soldiery 
in  Britain,  to  remind  them  of  the  national  glory,  after  the  notable  Victory  in  Nero's 
reign,  gained  over  Boadicea  Queen  of  the  Iceni,  by  the  14th  Legion,  and  the  vexilla- 
lions  or  flank  Companies  of  the  20th  near  Verulam.  In  the  commencement  of  her  in- 
surrection, Tacitus  informs  us  that  the  image  of  the  goddess  Victory,  at  Camalodunum, 
had  without  any  visible  cause  dropped  down  from  its  pedestal,  and  in  falling  turned 
downwards,  as  if  yielding  to  the  enemy.  A  sad  omen  of  the  ensuing  destruction  of 
the  Roman  Citizens  and  their  confederates   in  Britain  at  that  period. 

Quinarius  of  Domitian,  (found  at  Pocorabe,  near  Exeter,  on  the  Rev.  J.  Colly ns' 
property.)  Bust  to  the  right,  IMP.  CAES.  DOMIT  AVG.  GERM.  P.M,  TR.  P. 
VIII.  Reverse,  Minerva  Promachus.  IMP.  XVII.  COS,  XIIII.  CENS.  P  (erpetuus) 
P,  P  (pater  patrice,)  A  Quinarius  of  Trajak,  was  also  found  at  Exeter  about  thii 
time CAES.  NERVA  TRAIANVS.     Rev.  Victory  PM.  TR.  P.  COS. 

In  Fore  Stieet,  on  pulling  down  an  old  House,  Emperor  Licinius,  (Sen.)  born  in  Da- 
cia,  now  Transilvania,  A.  D.  263  ;  he  reigned  15  years.  IMP(erator)  C.  (Caius)  VAL 
(erius)  LioiN(ianus)  LICIN  (ius)  P.  F.(Pius  Felix)  AVG.  (Augustus,  small.  Reverse 
Jupiter  standing,  naked,  to  the  left— in  one  hand  a  little  victory;  at  his  feet  an  Eagle, 
bearing  a  laurel  wreath  in  his  beak  j  on  the  other  side  is  a  captive;  JOVI  CONSER, 
VATORI,  i.e.  Jupiter  the  guardian,  protector  or  preserver  of  the  Empire.  Exergue, 
S.M.  K.A.  Sacra  Moneta  Karnutensis,  Sacred  Money  of  the  city  Carnuntum,  in  Pan- 
nonia,  or  Hungary,  where  Galerius  Maximianus  created  Licinius  Emperor.  They 
sometimes  appear  together  holding  a  globe,  as  partakers  in  the  government,  with  a 
victory  upon  it,  (Area)  X.the  Vota  Decennalia,  or  solemn  vows  inhis  tenth  year — II 
(Officina  Secunda)  F.  (Flamen  or  sacred  person  who  issued  the  piece.)  By  sacred 
money  is  meant  coins  struck  in  the  temples,  the  persons  having  authority  to  strike 
money  being  sacred  persons,  •  as  the  Pontifex,  Flamcn,  Rex  Sacrorum,  Ac,  like  the 
shekel  of  the  sanctuary  among  the  Jews  issued  by  the  authority  of  the  Priest.  The 
place  where  the  coin  was  struck,  the  Carnuntum  or  Carnus  of  Antoninus,  stood  near 
the  Danube,  and  is  the  modern  city  of  Presbiwg,  in  Upper  Hungary,  38  miles  from 


62  ROMAN    ANTIQUITIES 

Vienna,  and  famous  for  its  Gothic  Castle  on  a  high  mountain.  It  is  on  the  borders  of 
Austria,  and  long  called  by  the  name  of  Posonium  by  the  moderns,  seated  in  a  fertile 
and  salubrious  country  on  the  river  Lyet,  which  flows  into  the  Danube.  The  Castle 
was  the  ordinary  residence  of  the  Emperors  as  Kings  of  Hungary,  and  after  the  ta- 
king of  Buda  by  the  Turks,  under  Solyman  the  Magnificent,  in  1529,  being  protected 
by  the  vicinity  of  Austria,  it  was  made  the  metropolis  of  Hungary.  In  1618,  Ferdi- 
nand H.  of  Gratz,  afterwards  Emperor  and  then  Arch-Duke  of  Austria,  besieged  this 
place  and  lost  Count  Dampieri  before  its^walls,  in  attempting  to  reduce  the  Hunga- 
rians his  subjects,  to  their  allegiance,  Licinius  became  Monarch  of  the  East  after  the 
defeat  of  Maximin,  and  marrying  the  half  sister  of  Constantine  at  Milan,  was  partne' 
in  the  sovereignty ;  he  however  proved  so  faithless  to  him,  that  after  a  long  series  of 
wars  and  defeats,  being  overpowered  at  last  at  Chalcedon,  Constantine  was  under  the 
necessity  of  putting  him  to  death  at  Thessalonica  in  Macedonia.  Several  of  his  coins 
have  lately  been  found  at  Exeter.  Constantine — beaded  or  gemmated  crown. 
CONSTANTINVS  MAX(imus)  AVG(ustus.)  Reverse,  two  Soldiers  and  Standards^ 
Gloria  Exercitus,  Glory  of  the  Army.  Exergue,  TR.  S,  Treveris  Signata.  Treves 
mint  mark.  (Small.) 

In  Summerland  Street,  September  1837.  Probus.  IMP.  M(arcus)  AVR(elius) 
VAL(erius.)  Radiated  or  spiked  crown.  Denariu&  eereusy  or  of  copper  washed  with 
tin.  He  reigned  about  A*  D.  275.  This  is  one  of  his  numerous  coins  of  Billon,  being 
alloyed  or  rather  washed  metal.  Four  of  this  substance  have  been  found  in  Exeter 
this  year,  and  three  of  these  were  of  this  warlike  Emperor,  who  after  reigning  seven 
years,  and  performing  the  utmost  prodigies  of  valor  and  conquest  against  the  barbarous 
nations  which  infested  the  empire,  (Goths,  Scythians,  Germans,  Sarinsstge,  Franks, 
&c.,)  fell  a  victim  to  the  irritation  occasioned  by  the  over  strictness  of  discipline  he 
laboured  to  enforce  among  the  soldiery,  at  Syrmium,  in  Hungary.  Among  wine 
drinkers  his  name  will  ever  flourish,  from  his  being  the  fiist  to  plant  the  Vine  in  France, 
by  the  iron  hands  of  the  Legions,  as  well  as  the  olive  in  Africa.  That  he  quelled  or 
suppressed  an  insurrection  in  our  own  Island,  we  are  also  informed  by  Zosimus,  the 
historian,  lib.  I,  EHAYSE  KAI  EHANASTASIN  TH  BPETTANIA,  &c.  He  did 
not,  however,  visit  this  part  of  his  dominions.  Reverse,  CLBMENTIA.  TEMP. 
(femporum,)  Two  figures  joining  hands,  one  seemingly  intended  for  the  Emperor, 
the  other  probably  Clemency,  has  a  sacrificing  dish  and  a  sort  of  thyrsus,  (like  the 
sacred  basket  of  Ceres,)  at  the  end  of  which  appear  garlands  of  flowers  ;  perhaps  al- 
ludes to  his  kindly  rebuilding  of  ruined  cities,  or  to  the  peace  purchased  for  the  Em- 
pire by  his  numerous  victories,  Magnentius,  a  horseman  riding  over  a  fallen  enemy. 
GLORIA  ROMANORVM  EX  .A.  P.  L.  C,  supposed  Lyons'  Mint  Mark. 

Mermaid  Inn.  Carausius.  PAX.*  AVG.  Nero,  Genio  Augusti.  St.  Sid- 
well's.  Nbrva,  spiked  crown  (ditto.)  Three  of  Tetricus  Junior,  small,  with  Spes. 
Augg.  ;  sacrificial  emblems  ;  Pietas  AVG.  A  Trajan,  &c.  Red  Pottery,  with  figures 
of  wild  beasts,  and  AVSTRI.  of  (ficina.)  Milk  Lane,Two  Neros.— Of  these  the  first, 
an  excellent  coin,  finely  patined,  P.  MAX;  TR,  P.  PP.  had  VICTORIA  AVG- 
VSTl  on  Reverse,  and  the  goddess  Victory  ;  the  other  more  inferior,  Securilas  Aug- 
usti,  with  security  seated  la  her  arm  chair,  and  her  staff  of  lauisl,  the  passport  against 
danger,  in  her  hand. 


OF    EXETER.  63 

October.  St.  Stephen's  Church.  In  digging  a  vault  near  the  chancel,  some  massy 
Norman  pillars,  with  foliaged  capitals,  of  Portland  stone,  supporting  the  ancient 
CRYPT,  were  discovered  buried  between  five  and  six  feet  in  the  ground.  A  Nurem- 
burg  token  was  found  here.  The  present  church  was  re-built  in  1664,  and  the  tower 
and  crypt  are  all  probably  that  remain  of  the  old  structure,  except  its  venerable  Saxon 
arch,  under  the  chancel.  The  monument  of  James  Rodd,  of  Bedford  House,  "who 
died  1678,"  on  the  South  wall»  records  his  marriage  with  a  daughter  of  Sir  John 
Bampfield,  of  Poltimore,  who  was,  says  Sprigge,  '*  a  worthy  member  of  the  House  of 
Commons,"  and  a  rigid  Parliamentarian,  who  gave  up  his  house  at  Poltimore,  as  an 
outpost  or  garrison  for  Sir  T.  Fairfax,  in  the  Civil  Wars. 

At  Diiryard,  a  summer  Camp,  or  Aestivum  of  the  Romans.  A  copper  coin  of  Sa- 
Bi.NA,  (daughter  of  Matidia,  sister  of  Trajan,)  wife  of  the  Emperor  Hadrian,  about 
188  A.  D.  Bust  to  the  right ;  hair  elegantly  plaited,  SABINA  AVGVSTA  HA- 
DRIANI  AyQ(usta.)  Reverse  somewh at  defaced — a  female  seated,  or  in  s«6»e//io, 
seemingly  with  a  little  image  or  palladium  in  her  left  hand,  in  the  right  a  staff — 
probably  a  Vesta.  S.  C. — Silver  coins  commemorating  this  excellent  Princess,  have 
been  found  already  in  Devon,  among  40  others  on  the  lands  of  Mr.  Melhuish,  of 
Poughill,  near  Woolfardis worthy,  in  the  spring  of  last  year.  Concordia^  Venus 
feliXy&c.  appear  on  them  ;  which,  however,  seem  ill  to  accord  wiih  the  sequel  of 
the  nuptials  of  Hadrian  and  Sabina,  who,  although  a  heathen,  was  a  virtuous  and 
grave  woman,  and  much  offended  with  the  partiality  of  her  husband  for  that  wretched 
favourite  Antinous. 

Vespasian.— C^psar  Vespasian,  AVG.  Rev.  S.  C.  square  gate  of  that  noble 
structure  erected  by  him,  the  Temple  of  Peace,  in  the  Roman  Forum.  PROVI- 
DEN  (lia.) 

W.  Market.  Two  of  Valentinian.  (corona  gemmata)  ;  Securitas  Reipublicce.  On 
Exergue,  Se-cu/ida  (Mint  Mark.)  About  370  A.  D.  Much  patined.  New  Market. 
CoNSTANTiNK,  much  dcfaccd.  Rev.  The  Sun,  radiated,  or  with  rays  on  his  head, 
COMITl  AVGVSTI.  The  heathens  supposed  the  Sun  to  be  the  companion  of  their 
Emperors.-— Another  coin,  radiant  Crown  ;  IMP.  defaced  and  broken.  Opposite 
Baring  Crescent.  Constans.  Victoriae  D.  D.  (Dominorum,)  AVGGQ.  (Augus- 
lorumq,)  N.  N.  (Nostrorum.)     All  small  brass. 

Bartholomew  Yard,  Domitian.— AVG(u«/t)  F(ilius)  DOMIT.-^S.  C.  Crispus 
son  of  Constantine,  by  Minervina.  Rev.  an  Altar,  supporting  a  Globe,  VOTIS.  XX. 
Beata  Tranquillitas. —  41so  a  large  Silver  Coin  of  one  of  the  early  Edwards.  Long- 
brook  Street,  A  small  Constantine.  Constantinopolis,  P.  TR.  with  Head  of  Mars^ 
In  Paris  Street,  Some  Samian  Vl^'are,  with  foliage,  &c.  Also  a  Nero,  with  a  victory 
on  Reverse.  Constans,  (small)  Gloria  Exercitus  ;  PLC.  (Lyons'  Mint  mark,) 
Standard  and  Soldiers. 

December  20th.  Milk  Lane.  In  digging  about  eight  or  ten  feet  below  the  level  o^ 
the  pavement,  three  copper  coins,  all  much  defaced,  and  the  reverses  quite  obliterated^ 
Nero,  lauraated  bust  to  the  right.— Vespasian.... SIAN  ;  ditto.— Domitian.. 
MIT.  AVG.  GERM.  COS.  XI.... Struck  during  one  of  his  latter  consulships,  of 
which  Suetonius  informs  us  there  were  seventeen.  They  seem  to  have  been  embedded  in 
lime,  and  were  much  calcined.    From  these  relics  being  so  often  found  directly  under 

R 


64  ROMAN   ANTIQUITIES 

the- basements  of  the  shops,  we  are  led  to  conclude  that  the  shape  of  the  ancient  city 
corresponded  much  with  its  present  site.    Some  Saniian  Ware,  or  pottery,  was  found 
near  the  same  spot,  but  none  entire. — Valens  (about  370  A,  D.)  small;  laureated  and 
ad  pectus  cum  loricd,  or  attired  in  the  military  cuirass  ;  reverse,  a  Victory  to  the 
left;  OF.  I.  O^cina  PWwia,  or  Minting  Office,  No.  1.     Gloria Reipublicee, — Small 
coin  of  the  Lower  Empire,   probably   Victorinus,  much  defaced.     Another  coin  of 
Nero,  was  afterwards  dug  up  near  the  same  spot,  in  a  good  state  of  preservation, 
supposed  an  As,    The  Semis,  or  ^  As  bears  a  table,  Vase,  2  griffins,  &c.    Certaraen 
quinque.  Rom.  Co.  pillar  and  helmet,  tree  on  Rev.  owl  on  an  altar.     Bust  to  the  right 
and  NEHO  CLAVD.    CAESAR   AVG.    GERMANICVS    on  the  obverse ;    the 
reverse  presents  that  Emperor  as  playing  on  the  lyre,  and  dressed  in  a  long  robe  pe- 
culiar to  musicians,  or  citharcedi.    His  passion  for  music  was  so  great,  that  he  even 
struck  such  coins  to  commemorate  his  proficiency  in  that  science.    (Suetonius  in  vit^ 
26.)    We  also  find  in  Alexander  ah  Alexandra  (Gen.  Dies.  lib.  iv.  cap,   15)  a  notice 
of  this  coin,  as  follows :  '*  Quare  Nero   Casar  in  habitu  citharcedi  se  nummo  in- 
culpsitr    The  legend  is  PONTIF.  MAX.  TR.  POT.  IMP.  P.  P.  (Pater  Patrice.) 
It  is  singular  in  the  19th  century  to  find  Nero's  money  at  Exeter,  reminding  us  of  his 
talents  in  music,  or  his  love  for  singing    and  playing,  1770  years  ago. — An  oblong 
coin,  supposed  of  Nerva,  much  patined ,     Only  TR.  POT,  legible  on  reverse. 

Castle-yard.  Constans  (350  A.  D.)  at  a  great  depth.  Beaded  crown,  and  dress- 
ed in  the  chlamys,  DN.  CONSTANS.  P.  F,  AVG.  Rev,  Constans,  in  a  small  gal. 
ley  or  skiff,  steered  by  a  Victory,  holds  a  labarum  or  standard  with  the  Greek  mon- 
ogram of  Christ^  on  it.  FEL(i:r)  TEMP(orMm;  REPARATIO.— Alludes  to 
the  renovation  ofthe Empire  under  the  Christian  Emperors,  (small)  Acoinof  Domitian 
was  found  under  a  foundation  stone  ofthe  Heavitree  Breccia.  IMP.  CAES.  DOMIT, 
AVG.  COS.  XIII.  CENS.  PERP.  Reverse,  Pallas  marching  to  the  right  (S.  C.) 
with  spear  and  parazonium^  VIRTVTI,  AVGVSTI. 

1838. 
February.  In  laying  gas  pipes,  on  Fore  Street  Hill.  Claudius,  (bust  to  th& 
left,)  much  detrited. — Rev.  Pallas .  Milk  Lane,  Hadrian  of  orichalcum  or  yellov? 
brass.  Rev.  defaced,  Paul  Street,  Victorinus,  the  elder,  (P.  P.  AVG.)  on  ReVr 
Providentia,  AVG.  with  the  globe  and  other  symbols,  (small)  260  A.  D.  Sun  Lane^ 
Const ANTiNE  the  Great,  (MAX,  AVG.)  beaded  crown,  (Plate  4,  No.  64,)  Reverse^ 
two  legionaries  and  ensigns— between  which  a  laurel — Gloria  Exercitus. — S.  CONS. 
(Constantinople  Mint  mark,)  a  small  coin,  great  numbers  of  which  appear  to  have 
been  evidently  distributed  to  the  soldiers  as  part  of  their  pay,  inclinante  Imperio  f 
and  of  probably  the  same  relative  value  as  the  cents  of  the  United  States,  a  sort  of 
specie  warranted  probably  by  the  urgent  public  neeessity-of  the  times,  and  struck  out 
of  small  globular  pieces  of  metal  of  the  size  of  our  large  S.S.G,  Mould  or  duck  shot, 
(15  to  1  oz.)  it  is  supposed. 

March.  In  repairing  one  of  those  beautiful  and  imposing  ornaments,  the  minarets- 
of  the  mighty  structure  which  adorns  Exeter,  &  Dupondius  or  doubled*  of  Nero, 
was  found  imbedded  in  the  solid  masonry.  How  this  Pagan  memorial  of  a  Roman 
Emperor,  with  the  goddess  Victory  on  it,  came  to  be  thus  sublatus  in  altum,  and  to 
have  so  long  held  its  idolatrous  position  on  the  pinnacle  of  a  Christian  fane,  like  the 
tempting  Fiend  who  '*  smitten  with  amazement,  fell  at  fair  Solyma*s  holy  city. 


OF   EXETER.  (»5 

*• where  the  glorious  temple  rear'd 

Her  pile,  far  off  appearing  like  a  mount 

Of  Alabaster,  topp'd  with  golden  spires,'*— Par.  Regd. 
is  matter  of  speculation.  The  wonder  can  only  be  accounted  for  by  supposing  the 
coin  to  have  become  incorporated  or  mix'd  up  with  the  ca/x  or  lime  used  in  the  origin- 
al masonry,  and  to  have  been  near  the  sui  face  where  it  was  made.  In  the  Lower 
Market  a  smaller  one  of  the  Lower  Empire  was  in  like  manner  found  in  the  stone  work 
of  a  chimney.  This  Nera,  now  in  the  possession  of  Mr.  Ellis,  Fore-street,  and  in 
good  preservation,  is  of  the  numerous  ordinary  class  of  Dupondii  (which  generally 
weighed  229  grs. ;  the  As  weighing  106  grs.  ;)  and  has  the  winged  victory,  with  the 
globe  and  S.  P.  Q.  R.  frequently  found  at  Exeter.  I  suppose  them  to  have  been  dis- 
tributed to  the  troops,  as  mementos  of  the  national  glory,  after  the  famous  victory 
gained  by  Nero's  Lieutenant,  Paulinus,over  Boadicea,  queen  of  the  Iceni,  near  Veru- 
tam,  A.  D.  61.  The  unlucky  omen  of  the  goddess  Victory*  having  fallen  from  her 
pedestal,  at  Camulodunura,  is  well  known  in  the  beginning  of  the  revolt  of  Boadicea, 
a  warlike  princess,  who  like  Seroiramis  in  Assyria,  Cleopatra  in  Egypt,  and  Zenobia 
in  Syria,  was  of  a  spirit  superior  to  her  sex,  and  noticed  by  Xiphilin  (in 'Nerone) 
as  BovvSoviKa,  yvvrj  Bpcravtf ,  yivovg  rov  Ba(Ti\«iov,  &c.+  and  the  worst  foe  the 
Romans  ever  had.  The  S.  P.  Q.  R .  on  the  Roman  ensigns  is  considered  to  be  the 
♦*  abomination  of  desolation,'*  as  referring  to  the  sacking  of  the  Temple  by  Titus,  But 
in  our  times,  although  like  Satan  it  has,  (but  only  "  used  for  prospect,")  as  it  would 
«eem  *' .— on  the  tree  of  life 

The  middle  tree  and  highest  there  that  grew 

Sat  like  a  cormorant.'* 
The  circumstance  is  simply  a  matter  of  numismatic  interest,  and  we  cannot  but  rejoice 
«t  seeing  the  edifice  survive  net  only  those  of  the  Polytheism  of  Pagan  Rome,  but  even 
the  errors  of  the  days  of  munificence,  in  which  the  piety  of  a  Leofric,  a  Warlewast, 
«nda  Peter  Quivil,  contributed  to  erect  and  beautify  these  venerable  piles. 

April  6,  Ih  excavating  a  cellar,  (No.  86,  Fore  Street.) — Severus,  2nd  brass,  a 
massy  coin,  much  detrited,  3  feet  under  the  pavement.  Magnentius,  excellent,  bust 
to  the  right ;  reverse  defaced.  Constans,  small,  Victoria,  DD.  AVGG.  NN.  Small 
•CoNSTAMTiN E—Co»s<a»li»opo^ts — helmed  head  to  the  left.  Some  Samian  Ware,  on 
which  a  Gladiator  appears,  with  the  short  apron  or  subligaculum^  garlands  of  flowers, 
>&c.     Also  part  of  a  small    Roman  «a^'x   or   cup. 

April  24.  Post-Office  Lane,  Valentiniam,  corond  gemmatd,  (small)  father  of 
the  Emperor  Gratian,  (about  370,  A.  D.)  DN.  VALENTINIANVS  PF.  AVG,  ; 
Reverse,  GLORIA  ROMANORVM.  Emperor  drawing  after  him  a  captive,  in 
the  left  band  a  La  bar  um  or  ensign,  with  the  monogram  of  Christ,  XP — SMAOS. 
CPlate  IV,  No.  55.)  Signata  Monela  Osiice  ;  Mint  Mark  of  Ostia,  at  the  entrance 
of  the  Tiber.  A  rude  Crucifix  of  ancient  execution  was  also  dug  up:  Also  a  Roman 
scored  tile.  Near  Congdon's  Subscription  Rooms,  Two  small  Constantines,  as 
usual,  with  the  soldiers,  &c.  Gandy  Street,  laying  Gas-pipes,  near  Mr.  Pye's, 
Coin  of  the  usurper  Decentius,  (brother  to  Magnentius,)  about  350,  A.  D.,  DN. 
DECENTIVS.    (Plate  IV,  No.  56.)     Reverse  two  Victories,  between   which  is  a 

•  Aiiir(Mto«  of  Britain.    (Dio.; 
t  Boadicea,  a  British  Lady  of  regal  lace.  Ice. 


66  ROMAN    ANTIQUITIES 

wreath,  VOT.  V.  MVL  X.,  or  vows  of  5  first  and  many  10  years  after.  On  the 
area,  S. ;  on  exergue  Lyons'  Mint  mark,  thus,  jSLG.  Inscription  as  on  Conslans 
above.  Killed  himself  at  Sens,  in  France.— Small  ('onstantine,  in  Market  Street, 
PLG.  (Lyons.)— QwinariM*,  (silver)  of  Severus,  PIVS.  AVG.  Furcated  beard. 
Reverse,  helmed  figure  seated,,.  arTaed,..VTOR.  AVG.  P.— Roman  Acus  Crinalis^ 
or  bronze  Crisping  Pin,  (sometimes  of  ivory  or  gold,)  for  the  female  toilette.  Martial 
Ep.  lib.  2,  ^^  "  Inserta  non  bene  fixus  acu."* — Perforated  Coin  or  Amulet — Samian 
fragment,  with  aquatic  bird,  &c. — Vespasian,  AVG.,  &c,,  near  Castle  Street. 
Behind  County  Gaol,  small  Constans,  P.  F.  AVG.— Ditto  Valens,  OF.  II.  CON,, 
a  Victory.     Sec.  Reipublicce, 

June.  Bartholomew  Yard,  Domitian,  Fortuna,  COS.  XVII. — In  the  Close, 
Vespasian,  radiated,  paiined^  Fortunes  Reduci,  Shilhay,  A  Domitian,  AVG. 
GERM.  COS.  XIV.— Valens.  (small)  &c.  High  Street,  Valentinian,  Con- 
stans, GRATIAN,  2.  Market  Street,  Constantius,  2.,  Fel.  Temp.  Rep.  (small). 
Cathedral  Yard,  Victorinus,  SALVS.  AVG.  South  Street,  Constantine, 
Sarmatia  Devicta.  Gratian,  AVGG.  AVG(r'are).  Circus,  Valentinian,  LVG. 
SP.  (Lyons.)  (Plate  V.  No.  57.)  Market  Street,  Quinarius  of  Gallienus,  much 
debased  and  alloyed,  being  of  Billon^  or  base  silver.     Reverse,  a  male  figure  standing. 

June  10.  Fore  Street,  Faustina,  (large  brass,)  DIVA.  FAVS.  (defaced  Rev.) — 
Cathedral  Yard,  (late  Chave's)— Two  well  preserved  coins  of  Nebo  and  Vespasian, 
(2nd  brass)  ;  also  a  Valens,  (small.)  High  Street,  Two  of  Gratian,  (rare)  Gloria, 
&c.  on  obverse,  AVGG.  AVG.  (Plate  V,  No,  58.)— Domitian,  patined.  South  Street, 
Constantine,  Sarmatia  Devicta.  Broad  Gate,  Greek  Coin,  with  Digamma, 
Shilhay,  Allectus,  Rev.  PAX.  AVG.,  in  area  S,  P.,  well  preserved.  Another 
Ditto,  galley  and  rowers  on  Reverse,  l^irtus  Aiigusti,  in  exergue  Q.  C,  A  Tetri- 
cus,  small,  &c.  (Plate  V.  No.  59.)  In  Mr.  Luke's  Garden,  near  the  Castle,  Con- 
stantine,  Soli  Invicto  Comilu    Another,  Gloria  Romanorum,  small. 

August*  In  digging  up  the  Fore  Street,  (Guildhall)  Antoninus  Pius  (2nd  brass) 
laureated  bust  to  the  right— TR.  P.  COS.  III.  Reverse,  S.  P.  Q.  K.  OPTIMO 
PRINCIPI  S.  C.  within  a  garland,  across  the  field  (patined.)  In  other  spots,  a 
Nero  much  patined,  female  with  Cornucopia.  A  Tetricus,  the  elder,  (small)  Vic- 
tory standing,  holding  a  palm  branch  and  a  garland,  COMES  AVG.  A  Valentinian, 
(beaded  crown)  &c.  Barnfield,  Faustina  (the  younger)  AVGVSTA,  large  brass, 
and  a  small  octagonal  earthen  patine  or  vessel  of  red  clay.  New  Market,  Valen- 
tinian, small,  Securitas  Reipuhlicce,  SMNOS,  mint  mark  of  Ostia.  High  Street, 
Six  of  Lower  Empire.    Potjers  Impress,  PRlM(itivus-) 

September:  In  lowering  the  gas-pipes  in  High-street,  near  the  Guildhall,  Three 
small  coins  of  the  Constantine  dynasty,  two  galeated,  Constantinopolis,  the  other  of 
Constantius,  Gloria  Exercitus,  TRS.  (Treves  mark.)  A  second  brass  coin  of  the 
Emperor  Tacitus,  who  was  elected  in  the  year  of  Rome  1028,  or  of  our  aera  275,  and 
died  after  a  reign  of  about  seven  months.  He  succeeded  A urelian.  Radiated  bust, 
IMP.  Cl,{audius)  TACICVS  {sic,  by  a  fault  of  the  mint  master  for  Tacitus)  AVG. 

*  The^ciw  Crinalis,  a  Pin  sometimes  of  ivory  or  gold,  was  much  nsed  by  the  unmarried  Roman 
Ladies,  to  confine  tlieir  curls.  Vide  Jsidor,  16,  Orig.  Martial,  Ep.  lib.  14.  Prudentius,  Psychom, 
Crinalis  Acus,  &c.  The  matrons  used  another  sort  of  a  curved  form,  to  keep  their  hair  divided  on 
the  forehead,  by  which  fashion  they  were  distinguished  from  the  "  maiden  "  ladies.  V.  TertuUian, 
Ovid.  Met.  5,  32. 


OP    EXETER.  67 

Tho  reverse  presents  the  god  Mars  Gradivus,  naked,  with  atrophy  and  spear,  march- 
ing, in  the  area  B  and  tlie  legend  MARS  VICTOR,  around  liiin  two  sacrificing  im- 
plements, the  colter,  knife,  or  secespita,  and  libatory  vase,  also  the  leaf  of  the  plant, 
quich  or  dogs  grass,  sacted  to  him,  supposed  to  grow  on  fields  of  battle,  (gramen  cani- 
num,  or  triticum  repens,  class  Triandria  Monogynia.)  Inhis  short  reign,  as  Zoslmus 
informs  us,  the  Scythians,  who  had  crossed  the  Palus  Maeotis  or  sea  of  Azoph,  and. 
invaded  the  Roman  provinces  Pontus  and  Cilicia,  were  subdued.  He  however,  it 
appears,  fell  by  assassination  at  Tyana,  in  Cappadocia,  soon  after,  at  the  age  of  65, 
leaving  behind  him  a  character  for  prudence,  wisdom,  and  valour.  In  High- 
Strcet,  Aktoninus  Pius,  radiated  crown,  PP.  TR.  P.  XVIIl ;  reverse,  Liberty, 
standing,  S.  C.  Libertas  COS.  IIII.  North  Street,  a  Claudius  Csesar,  much  defaced, 
A  CoNSTANTius.  NOB.  C,  and  two  very  small  coins  of  the  same  family.  Opposite 
the  Grammar  School,  Constans,  small  ;  reverse,  Victorise,  in  area  MA  monogram. 
Sept.  In  lowering  gas-pipes  in  Fore-St.  a  small  rare  coin  of  the  Empress  Theodora, 
(unnoticed  in  Akerman.)  Flavia  Maxima  or  Maximiana,  wife  of  Constantius  Chlorus 
(about  A.  D.  292,)  and  daughter  of  the  Emperor  Maximian,  who  forced  Constantius 
to  repudiate  Helena  on  investing  him  with  the  purple.  It  appsars  that  at  her  death, 
he  received  Helena  again,  and  died  at  York,  (306,  A.  D.)  FL.  MAX.THEODORAE 
AVG.,  on  reverse,  Pietas  Romana;  Theodora  nursing  a  child;  in  Exergue  TRP. 
in  area  a  cross,  probably  adopted  after  gaining  a  victory  over  the  Caledonians  or  Picts. 
The  cross  was  most  likely  added  by  her  husband,  who  is  much  commended  for  his 
piety  and  adherence  to  Christianity,  rejecting  the  superstition  and  impiety  of  worship^ 
ing  the  heathen  Gods,  and  whose  good  consort,  Helena,  suppressed  idols,  and  erected 
a  famous  church  at  Jerusalem.  Also,  a  Constantius  2nd,  (FL#  IVL.)  Gloria  Ex- 
ercitus,  and  TRS.  A  Const AKTius,VictorieB,  DD.  AVGGQ.  NN.  (small)  Dupondius 
or  double  As  of  Nero,  near  the  Guildhall ;  goddess  "Victory,  S.C.  (defaced.^  In 
Waterbeer  Street,  Constantius,  beaded  Crown,  as  above.  In  Barnfield,  Claudius, 
with  Minerva  Promachus  on  Rev.,  &c.  Vespasian,  AVG.  COS.  VIII.  PP.  Rev 
an  eagle  expanded,  S.C.  'volant.  This  is  an  ordinary  type  at  Exeter,  and  was  coined 
in  the  latter  part  of  his  reign.  Gratian,  a  rare  coin,  (3rd  brass)  DN.  GRATIANVS 
A  VGG.  AVG.  Military  figure  with  standard  of  the  cross  and  resting  his  hand  on  a 
buckler,  A.  D,  383.  Rev.  Gloria  Novi  Seeculi.  In  area  OF.  II.  in  exergue  CON. 
some  Samian  Ware,  &c.    Favstina  the  Younger,  a  massy  coin  muchjdcfaced. 

October  26,  a  copper  coin  of  Const ahtine  the  Great,  was  found  by  a  la- 
bourer in  the  river  Exe,  imbedded  in  gravel,  behind  Mr,  Bodley's  iron  works,  near 
the  Shilhay.  It  bears  the  helmeted  head  of  that  Emperor,  and  on  reverse,  two  victo- 
ries holding  a  shield  or  garland  over  a  Cippus,  inscribed VOT.  PR.  {Vota  Perpetua.) 
The  legend  on  the  reverse  is  VICTORIiE  LiETiE  PRIN(cip<s)  PER(petui.)  In 
Exergue  B.  SIS.  the  minting  house  No.  2,  of  Siscia,  in  Pannonia,  where  the  Romans 
had  a  well  known  mint  for  striking  money.  A  similar  type  in  gold  is  considered  rare, 
by  numismatists.  A  Dupondius  of  Nero,  in  tolerable  preservation,  was  found  in 
Guinea  Street,  also  some  remains  of  powerful  Roman  masonry.  On  Northernhay, 
a  Vespasian  ;  Carausius  PAX.  AVG,  Const antime,  Constantius,  and  Valbns, 
small;  Opposite  the  Guildhall,  a  small  coin  with  ConstantinopolU%  A  Constans 
and  aTxTRjcus  junr.  (small.) 

S 


6S  ROMAN   ANTIQUITIES 

In  lowering  the  pavement  of  Goldsmith  Street,  coin  of  Augustus,  badly  preserved 
and  much  defaced  ;  obverse,  head  of  Augustus  to  the  left,  inscription  efFaced  ;  reverse, 
an  altar,  over  which  two  Victories  extend  their  wings,  (V.  Akerman,  Desc.  cat.  Vol. 
1,  p.  146.)  the  inscription  below  ROM  et  A VG.  erased.  High  Street,  Valens  ; 
beaded  crown,  Reipub,  &c.  Small  Greek  coin,  defaced.  Silver  Consular  coin,  with 
helmed  head  of  Pallas,  and  on  reverse  Bf^r^,  or  chariot,  inscription  defaced.  (Plate 
V,  No.  60.) 

October.  In  removing  the  earth  near  the  opening  in  the  City  Wall,  on  Northernhay* 
opposite  the  Gaol,  two  coins  in  excellent  preservation  :  one  Vespasian,  AVG.  COS 
Illi  Bust  to  the  right.  Reverse  figure  of  Security  seated  in  her  arm  chair,  as  usual 
SECVRITAS,  below,  S.C.  The  piece  evidently  minted  in  the  70th  year  of  our  aera^ 
The  other  is  of  Hadrian  ;  laureated  bust,  IMP.  CAESAR.  TRAIAN.  HADRIA- 
NVS.  AVG. :  on  Rev.  a  female,  Inscr.  PONT.  MAX.  TR.  POT.,  attired  as  piety, 
the  right  arm  extended  ;  across  the  field  PIE.  AVG.  beneath  S.  C,  supposed  to  per. 
sonify  either  Sabina  his  Empress  or  Matidia  his  Mother-in-law,  daughter  of  Marci- 
ana,  sister  of  Trajan,  who  both  appear  on  medals  with  such  attributes.  The  city  walls 
at  this  spot,  faced  with  blocks  of  volcanic  subilance,  lava  and  tufa,  being  a  consoli- 
dation of  volcanic  mud  and  ashes,  like  the  travertine  of  Italy,  are  of  remote  antiquity* 
A  fragment  of  Roman  Ware,  inscribed  CA  (Potters  Mark)  was  also  found. 

December.  Magnentius;  Victories  DD ,  &c.  Two  a*se*  of  Nero  ;  a  Constans, 
Fel.  Temp.  Reparatio,  and  Constantine,  altar,  Deata  Tranquillitas.  (small) 

At  Exwick  Mills,  Vespasian  ;  Victory  marching.  In  Exeter,  Trajan,  S.P.Q.R. 
(Optimo  Principi,)  both  of  orichalcum,  A  small  copper  coin  of  the  Emperor  Const  an. 
TINE  the  Second  ;  it  is  of  the  numerous  class  of  those  which  were  struck  at  London 
during  that  period,  A.  D.  337,  and  the  countenance  or  portrait  of  this  prince  on  all 
these,  varies  much  from  those  of  the  others  of  the  family  ;  CONSTANTINVS  IVN 
NOB.  On  reverse  a  square  Altar,  inscribed  VOTIS  XX  supporting  a  Globe.  In 
exergue  P.  LON,  the  London  Mint  mark ;  and  the  inscription  is  BEATA  TRAN- 
QVILLITAS,  shewing  that  peace,  religion,  and  their  concomitant  blessings,  then 
seemed  to  pervade  the  world,  typified  by  the  Globe.  This  prince  reigned,  however, 
only  3  years,  his  share  being  Spain,  Gaul,  Germany,  and  Britain.  By  a  quaint  old 
author  he  is  said  to  have  been  of  a  peaceable  disposition,  **  very  bold,  if  not  rash,  yet 
ambitious  of  honour  and  loving  wine."  In  fact  he  is  said  to  have  been  killed  while 
in  a  state  of  inebriation,  in  a  battle  against  his  brother  Constans,  at  Aquileia,  on 
the  Adriatic. 

In  digging  under  the  spot  where  the  stiff  unmeaning  statue  of  a  blue  coat  boy  now 
appears  perched  on  an  as  inflexible  block  of  granite,  at  St.  John's  Hospital,  a  small  coin 
of  one  of  the  sons  of  Constantine  (3rd  brass)  was  found,  IVN.  NOB,  CAES.,  being 
Flavius  Claudius  Julius,  who  reigned  about  340  A.D.  Four  skulls  and  many  oss- 
ments  were  also  found,  the  spot  being  a  place  of  interment  to  the  Hospital  of  St  John, 
founded  1238,  by  Gilbert  and  John  Long,  merchants  of  Exeter, 

1839. 

January.  Paris  Street.  Emperor  Julian  (IsXiavogj  Zosira,  lib.  3.)  This  ancient 
relic  is  the  second  found  here  of  late  years,  of  this  Prince,  one  being  dug  up  in  our 
Cathedral  Yard,  April  1837,  struck  at  Lyons  In  France  ;  he  was  grandson  to  Constan 


OP   fiXGTBR.  69 

tine  the  Great,  and  surnamed  the  Apostate.  It  is  a  leaden  Quinarius,  D.N.  (Domi- 
nus  Noster,)  FL.  (Flavius)  CL.  (Claudius,)  IVLIANVS  PP.  AVG.  Bearded  bast 
to  the  right.  Reverse,  VOX.  X.  MVLT.  XX.  within  a  wreath;  in  Exergue  CONST, 
the  mint  mark  of  Constantinople.  The  Inscription  on  the  reverse  refers  to  the  solemn 
TOWS  and  public  games  vowed  to  bo  solemnised  in  the  tenth  and  twentieth  years  of 
the  Emperor's  reign,  (decennalia  and  vicennalia,)  which  did  not  always  signify  that 
they  were  fulfilled;  Julian  unfortunately  losing  his  life  in  a  skirmish  with  the  Persians 
at  the  age  of  83,  after  reigning  about  6  years  and  8  months,  863,  A.D.  He  is  well 
known  in  history  for  his  abortive  attempt  at  rebuilding  Jerusalem,  in  despite  of  the 
prophecy  which  forbade  it  ;  for  although  ho  studied  Theology  and  was  intended  by 
his  father  for  the  Church ,  he  had  Paganism  in  his  heart,  and  placed  greater  faith  in 
magic  aud  neciomancy,  although  at  another  period  he  professed  Arianism,  but  never- 
theless restored  the  Heathen  Altars  and  Temples,  and  tried  with  all  his  might  to  sow 
dissension  among  the  early  Christians*  In  the  early  misfortunes  of  his  youth  he  bears 
a  strong  resemblance  to  the  great  Frederick  of  Prussia,  who  had  also  no  small  tinge 
of  the  Sceptic.  His  expedition  against  the  Persians  is  brilliantly  set  forth  in  the  24th 
and  2dth  books  of  Ammianus,  and  of  Zosimus, Jib.  3,  through  Mesopotamia  and  As- 
syria, and  bears  with  it  that  tincture  of  romance  which  we  are  accustomed  to  attribute 
to  the  exploits  of  a  Richard,  a  Roland,  a  Dunois,  or  a  Peterborough,  and  here  he 
closed  his  hopes  and  his  life.  His  route  was  through  many  noted  cities  of  those  pro- 
vinces, of  wich  Greek  coins  are  found  in  our  ancient  city. 

February.  Nero's  Annona.  A  magnificent  brass  medallion  of  Nero,  neatly  pa- 
tined,  was  discovered  in  lowering  the  surface  of  the  street  near  that  part  of  Barthol- 
omew-yard, opposite  the  entrance  arch  to  the  Cemetery.  On  the  obverse  a  laureated 
bust  to  the  right,  finely  executed,  and  evidently  from  one  of  the  best  Roman  dies«  The 
reverse  bears  the  legend  ANNONA  AVGVSTA  GERKS,  as  before;  a  female  seated, 

dispensing  corn  to  another ;  Statins  silvce  1.  6.  Hunc  Annona  diem  superba  nescis 

Two  patrician  eediles  in  Julius  Caesar's  time  superintended  the  annona  forensis  and 
management  of  the  public  provisions. 

March.  In  Castle  Street,  a  Neho,  (Plato  V.  No.  63)  with  a  Victory  on  reverse, 
and  a  little  Constantine,  vvith  helmed  head,  a  Victory  also  on  reverse,  in  Exergue 
TR,  a  branch  and  E.  (Treves  Mint  mark.)  in  Bartholomew  Yard;  CONSTANTI- 
NOPOLIS  round  the  head.  A  silver  Quinarius  of  Helena  ;  F.  HELENA  AVGVS- 
TA, Securitas  republicsB,  (PTR)  Treves.  Friars  Walk,  Second  brass  coin  of  Trajan, 
radiated  bust,  female  seated  with  cornucopia,  SENATVS  POPVLVS  ;  in  Exergue 
FORT(un«)  RED(i<w).  Hadrian,  (Plate  V,  No.  64)  ranch  patined,  radiated 
bust,  SALVS  AVG. ;  Goddess  of  health  with  patera  &c.,  S,  C.  The  silver  coin  or 
Quinarius  of  Helena,  is  not  of  the  mother  of  Constantine  the  Great,  as  at  first  supposed, 
but  of  Flavia  Helena,  also  called  Maximiana,  a  wife  and  aunt  of  the  Emperor  Julian, 
and  daughter  of  Constantine  by  Fausta.  She  died  A.  D.  360,  in  the  Christian  faith, 
Akerman  (Descr.  catal.)  notices  a  gold  coin  of  this  Empress  which  fetched  23/.  at  a 
sale,  but  no  silver  ones.  The  copper  ones  are  common.  The  reverse  generally  as  in 
the  one  alluded  to  is  a  woman  In  the  stola,  standing,  a  branch  in  her  hand  inverted- 
April  6.  St.^John's.Bow,  Nero,  Magnentius,  with  Victoriee,  and  also  VOT  MVLT 
XX.  Sumraerland  Street,  Trajan.  Vespasiam,  Duryard  Turnpike.  Constantius, 
Bartholomew  Yard,    (small.) 


70  ROMAN    ANTIQUITIESS 

April  22.  The  following  were  dug  up  in  various  parts  of  this  city.  At  Clifton 
Place,  Gratian,  DN.  GHATIANVS  AVGG  AVG.  ;  reverse  Gloria  Novi  Saeculi. 
In  exergue  7  CON.  A  warrior  armed, (small.)  Salutary  Place,  St.  Sidwell's,  Constans 
(small)  Military  Standard  between  two  Legionary  Soldiers,  Gloria  Exercitus.  On 
the  standard  the  letter  M  the  initial  of  the  designation  of  some  Legion,  as  Martia, 
Minervia,  Macedonica,  &c. 

May.  Barnfield,  Valens,  Reipublicce.  Barbarous^  coin,  oval  ;  scored  tile,  Ac 
Bonhay,  Hadrian  and  Vespasian.  Near  the  Post-ofRce,  eight  feet  deep  in  making  a 
sewer,  Numerianus  ;  a  curious  coin  of  the  third  brass  of  this  Emperor,  quite  a 
inedallic  gem.  (Plate  V.  No.  65)  Obverse,  radiated  bust  to  the  right,  attired  in  the 
cuirass  or  lorica ;  IMP  NViMERIANVS  AVG.;  reverse,  Jupiter  standing,  naked, 
holding  a  victory  and  the  hast  a  or  spear,  an  eagle  at  his  feet,  lOVI  VICTORL  In 
the  exergue  KAB.  This  type  is  rare  oh  coins  of  the  same  size  of  his  father  Carus, 
and  the  place  where  this  one  was  minted  was  probably  the  city  Cadomum,  or  perhaps 
otherwise  Karnuntura  in  Pannonia,  which  stood  near  the  Danube,  and  is  the  modem 
city  of  Presburg  in  Upper  Hungary,  S8  miles  from  Vienna.  It  is  noticed  in  the  Itin- 
erary of  Antonine  ami  in  the  Notitia  also,  as  th^i  place  where  the  14th  Legion  (Gemina) 
was  in  Garrison  as  marines  serving  in  the  fleet  of  light  ships  on  the  Danube  (Libur- 
narii.)  Nuraerian  was  the  younger  son  of  Carus,  and  made  Augustus,  after  a  victory 
over  the  Sarmatae  or  ancient  Russians,  and  accompanied  his  father  in  his  expedition 
against  Persia.  On  his  return  from  the  taking  of  Babylon,  he  was  murdered  in  his 
litter,  by  Arrius  Aper  his  father-in-law,  the  Praetorian  Prefect,  in  Thrace,  A,  D.  284. 
He  was  an  excellent  poet  and  orator,  and  gave  promise  of  great  virtues,  but  was  a  sad 
enemy  to  the  christian  converts.  In  the  Bonhay,  in  levelling  the  ground,  a  Vespasian, 
much  patined,  radiated  bust  to  the  right,  VESPASIANVS  AVG.  COS. ;  reverse* 
Victory  marching  to  the  left,  S.  C.  (defaced.)  This  relic  is  similar  to  one  found  at 
Exwick  Mills.  Small  coin  of  Crispus,  son  of  Constantine,  by  Minervina,  bom  at 
Aries  in  France,  CRISPVS  NOBIL  C. ;  helmeted  head  and  attired  in  the  military 
cuirass;  reverse,  BEATA  TRANQVILLITAS  ;  a  Globe  charged  with  three  stars 
over  an  altar  inscribed  VOTIS  XX  ;  in  the  field  F.  R.  the  title  of  the  supervising 
minting  officer  •,  in  the  exergue  P  LON  evidently  the  mint  mark  of  the  Roman  British 
colony,  and  struck  at  London.  The  Bonhay  was  no  doubt  formerly  a  marsh  or  swamp, 
and  afterwards  part  of  the  manor  of  Bxe  Island.  lu  ancient  times  tradition  says  the 
tide  flowed  up  as  far  as  Pynes,  near  which  an  anchor  was  in  later  days  dug  up  in  the 
marsh  adjoining.  From  its  low  situation  near  the  river,  the  Bonhay  was  no  doubt 
frequently  inundated  ;  in  fact  its  ancient  neighbour,  the  old  Church  or  Chapel  of  St. 
Thomas  the  Martyr,  on  the  opposite  bank,  which  is  much  higher,  was  destroyed  or 
rendered  useless  by  the  floods,  and  soon  after  th6  reformation  the  present  Church  was 
built.  The  site  of  Cowick  Priory,  a  cell  to  Tavistock  Abbey,  is  opposite  the  Bonhay, 
and  three  of  the  venerable  yew  trees  still  remain  close  to  the  river.  I  was  shewn  in 
1838,  at  the  Victoria  Inn,  in  the  Island  (Exe  Island)  adjoining,  a  Maximian  (ori- 
chalcum)  a  Postumus,  Victoria  Aug„  a  Viclorinus,  Spes  Publica,  and  a  Constantine, 
found  there, 

June.  On  the  Friars'  Walk.  A  thick  massy  coin  of  the  elder  Antoninus,  AVG, 
PIVS  PP.,  laureated  bust  to  the  right ;  reverse,  a  woman  (perhaps  Italy)  standing,  in 
her  left  hand  the  hasta,  at  her  feel  a  globe  S.C.  TR,  POT,  XIX,  the  19lh  year  of  his 


OF    EXETER.  71 

tribunitiai  office,  which  was  iu  his  4th  consulship,  comnencing  the  143rd  year  of  the 
Christian  era.  If  we  suppose,  therefore,  the  coin  to  have  been  struck  that  year,  which 
it  undoubtedly  was,  it  will  give  us  1696  years  as  its  exact  age.  (Plate  V,  No.  67.) 
Also,  in  High  Street,  opposite  Mr.  Damerel's  ironmonger,  in  clearing  a  sewer  of  the 
depth  of  8  feet,  the  lower  part  of  a  black  terra  cotta  sepulchral  vessel,  or  bowl,  was 
found,  probably  to  pour  libations  to  the  mane«  of  the  dead,  and  ornamented ;  many  other 
fragments  of  black  sepulchral  pottery  and  a  piece  of  red  or  Samian  ware  were  found. 
The  spot  was  clearly  a  burying  place. 

July.  In  lowering  the  entrance  to  the  New  Market  from  the  High  Street,  near  the 
Swan  Tavern. — (The  ground  here  appears  to  have  been  very  infructuous  of  antiques, 
and  was  a  mere  mass  of  bricks,  filth,  and  rubbish,  shovelled  in  at  some  remote  time  on 
this  spot.  The  old  Fish  Market  noticed  by  Clarendon  in  his  rebellion,  book  9,  was 
probably  held  in  the  main  street,  opposite  St  Martin's  Lane.  He  tells  that  when  Lord 
Goring  was  governor  for  the  king,  the  soldiers  used  to  plunder  the  fishmongers,  and 
when  complained  of,  the  General  said  that  the  injury  was  done  by  the  citizens  accusing 
bis  men  of  great  swearing,  for  if  they  swore,  said  he,  "  it  was  well  known  that  they 
could  catch  no  fish."  His  licentiousness  and  indolence  here  did  great  damage  to  the 
king's  cause  in  the  West,  and  his  subsequent  defeat  by  Fairfax,  at  Langport,  was  the 
precursor  of  still  greater  misfortunes  to  the  Royalist  party.)  Valerianus,  IMP.  C, 
((BsarJ  P(ublius)  JjlC(inius)  VALERIANVS  AVG.  Radiated  bust  to  the  right. 
A  coin  of  billon^  or  rather  of  copper  washed  with  silver,  being  the  base  currency  of 
the  times.  The  reverse  is  much  defaced  and  patined,  but  presents  two  figures  standing, 
meant  for  Valerian  and  Gallienus,  his  son.  The  inscription  now  efi'aced  was  probably 
Concordia  AVGG.  This  emperor  assumed  the  purple  in  2«54,  A.D.,  and  is  well  known 
in  history  for  his  defeat  in  Mesopotamia  by  the  Persians  ;  and  subsequent  captivity, 
when  taken  by  their  powerful  king  Sapores  the  First  (or  Shahpour,)  who  flayed  him  a- 
live.  He  persecuted  the  Christian  proselytes,  and  was,  it  appears,  justly  chastised. 
Zosimus,  who  calls  him  OuaXipiavof,  tells  us  that  Sapor  craftily  got  possession  of 
his  person  under  pretence  of  attending  a  conference,  lib.  i.  His  misfortunes  how- 
ever were  finally  retrieved  by  Odenatus,  his  ally,  husband  to  the  famous  Zenobia  of 
Palmyrene,  called  the  great  huntsman  of  the  East.  Constans,  (very  small)  TRt*., 
Gloria  Exercitus,  struck  at  Treves,  or  Triers. 

September  2.    On  Fore  Street  Hill  on  the  right,  opposite  St.  John's  Bow,   a  coin 

of  Hadrian,  of  yellow  copper  ;  bust  to  the  right RIANVS  AVG.  ;  reverse 

(much  defaced.)  Rome  and  the  Emperor  standing.  It  is  of  the  class  of  those  with 
Adventus  Augusti,  rare  in  gold  and  silver.  Under  Northernhay,  coin  of  Antoninus 
Pius  (fourth  Consulship)  ;  reverse  a  female  figure,  much  defaced  and  patined.  Ex- 
cellent base  silver  or  billon  coin  of  Postumus  ;  radiated  bust  bearded;  IMP  C. 
POSTVMVS  P  F  AVG.  ;  reverse  a  galley  or  Trireme,  with  rowers,  LAETITIA 
AVG.  evidently  struck  on  the  llth  of  February,  sacred  to  Pan,  a  festive  day,  and  to 
the  genius  of  the  Emperor  reigning.  This  type  is  rare  on  the  brass  medallions  and 
first  brass  of  the  usurper  Postumus,  who  was  one  of  the  thirty  tyrants,  a  native  of 
Gaul,  about  260  A.  D.,  and  is  called  by  an  old  writer  the  most  illustrious  of  them  "a 
valiant  and  experienced  Captain,  an  excellent  statesman  and  true  justicer,"  chiefly 
noted  for  his  wars  against  the  Emperor  Gallienus.  High  Street,  No.  66,  a  small  Con- 
st antine  (defaced.) 

T 


72  ROMAN    ANTIQUITIES 

In  laying  gas  pipes,  near  the  Guildhall,  Antoninus  Pius,  Radiated  bust  to  the  right, 
AN..NINVS  AVG,  Reverse,  Goddess  Salus,  feeding  a  serpent  at  an  altar,  out  of  a 
patera  or  sacrificing  dish,  evidently  implying  a  sacrifice  for  health ;  probably  also  allu- 
ding to  the  annual  custom  of  presenting  a  cake  or  tart  in  the  sacred  grove  at  Lanuvium 
to  a  dragon  or  serpent,  by  the  Roman  single  ladies,  about  which  practice  there  are 
some  romantic  stories  recorded,  (admitting  of  much  latitudCj)  one  of  which  is  that  the 
serpent's  acceptance  of  the  cake,  was  a  test  of  purity  on  the  part  of  these  young  fe- 
males. There  was  no  doubt  abundance  of  room  for  scandal,  nevertheless,  even  in  the 
coteries  of  those  remote  times,  although  superstition  had  the  ascendant.  The  serpents 
were  no  doubt  beguiled  in  their  turn,  to  serve  the  purposes  of  those  who  could  best  af- 
ford to  fee  the  attendant  priests . 

In  laying  gas  pipes  near  St.  Johns's  Bow,  Carausius,  293  A.D.  (Plate  V,  No  66.) 
Radiated  head  of  the  Emperor  to  the  right;  lower  part  of  the  coin  broken  ofi*,  IMP. 
C  ARAVSIVS  AV.  Reverse,  L  AETIT  AVG,  a  woman  standing ;  in  her  right  hand 
a  wreath,  in  her  left  an  anchor  or  perhaps  an  inverted  javelin  j  below  C.  This  type 
was  before  undiscovered,  certainly  unpublished.  Two  Constantines  accompanied 
the  above  coin  of  Carausius,  who  reigned  over  Britain  for  several  years  in  great 
splendour,  and  was  famous  for  his  fleets  and  also  for  the  general  improvement  he 
conferred  on  our  island,  building  it  is  said,  among  other  works,  the  city  of  Cambridge 
(Granta)  and  making  the  Akeman  road  from  thence  to  Bath.  The  coins  were  all 
deposited  in  depths  varying  from  two  to  four  feet.  A  coin  of  Nero  much  defaced,  and 
another  Constantimb,  were  also  dug  up,  on  laying  pipes  opposite  the  entrance  to  the 
new  market.  There  is  no  doubt,  in  accounting  for  the  number  and  constant  occurrence 
of  these  coins,  that  the  main  street  of  Exeter  was  a  burial  place  to  the  Roman  legion 
or  colony  planted  here.  There  was  also  a  neat  coin  of  the  younger  Constantine, 
VOT  V  CAESARVM  NOSTROKVM,  found  under  Northernhay,  and  four  others, 
including  a  Claudius,  Hadrian,  and  a  Constantine,  VIRTVS  EXERCIT  (two 
captives  seated  under  a  labarum  or  standard  PTR,)  but  all  in  woeful  preservation. 

November  4,  in  re-laying  the  gas  pipes  by  the  new  company,  in  the  Fore  and  High 
Streets,  Claudius  C^sar,  much  defaced  and  worn.  Near  the  Guildhall,  a  large 
brass  coin  or  medallion  of  Hadrian,  much  oxidised,  and  imbedded  in  a  solid  mass  of 
the  red  loamy  coarse  soil.  This  coin  on  being  first  dug  out,  was  so  incrusted  with 
dirt  that  it  appeared  nothing  better  than  a  coarse  pebble  stone.  On  repeated  cleans- 
ing and  applying  a  mild  solution  of  acid,  it  displayed  a  bust  of  Hadrian  to  the  right, 
with  the  legend  IMP.  CAESAR  TRAIANVS. ...  and  on  its  reverse  are  the  letters 
(P)  ON  MAX.. . .  the  rest  is  covered  with  rust.  Near  the  Western  or  Lower  Mar- 
ket, a  large  brass  coin  of  Trajan,  beautifully  patined  and  preserved.  Bust  to  the 
right,  IMP.  CAESAR  NLRVAE  TRAIANO  AVG(usto)  GER(manico)  DAC(ico) 
PM.  TR,  P.  COS.  V.  P.  P.  (pater  patriae.)  Reverse  a  Victory  winged,  holding  a 
buckler,  probably  inscribing  DACIA  on  it ;  S.  C.  and  the  famous  legend  S:[P.  Q.  R 
OPTIMO  PRINCIPI.  In  his  fifth  consulship,  his  patron  Nerva  died  and  the  coin 
was  struck  that  year,  which  was  the  98th  of  the  Christian  aera.  His  triumph  over 
the  Dacians  and  Scythians  did  not  however  take  place,  till  the  following  year 
DoMiTiAN,  (Plate  V,  No.  68)  (third  brass,)  perhaps  the  only  one  of  small  size  found 
here,  DOMIT.  AVG.  GERM.  COS.  P.  P.    Reverse  a  bird  or  eagle  on  a  thunder- 


OF    EXETER.  73 

holt ;  below  S.  C.  Small  coin  of  the  third  brass  of  the  Emperor  Gratian,  who  was 
the  colleague  of  Valentinian  I,  succeeding  him  in  the  Western  parts  of  the  Roman 
Empire,  A.  D.  375.  Reverse,  Gratian,  drawing  after  him  a  captive,  which  type  is 
common  on  this  and  many  others  of  an  earlier  date,  and  sometimes  implies  the  sub- 
jection of  an  enemy ;  in  the  right  hand  he  holds  a  labarum  or  standard.  A  small 
CoNSTANTiNB  much  pailned,  with  two  Victories,  &c.  Two  others  struck  at  Treves, 
(Plate  V,  No.  69)  TRS.,  with  Romulus  and  Remus  nursed  by  a  wolf;  of  the  Lower 
Empire.  Another  ditto  GONSTANTINOPOLIS,  helmeled  head.  Reverse,  Victory 
marching  to  the  left  PLC.  (Mint  mark  of  Lyons  in  France)  in  exergue.  Constan- 
TINE  the  Great,  a  beautiful  coin.  Reverse,  the  Sun  standing  with  rays  on  his  head, 
the  right  hand  elevated,  the  left  holds  a  globe,  SOLI  INVICTO  COMITL  In  area, 
S.  F.  (sacris  faciundis)  in  exergue  PLN.  London  Mint  mark,  (third  brass.)  This 
type  though  rare,  is  often  found  at  Exeter.  Small  coin  of  Claudius  IL,  A.  D.  270, 
(Gothicus.)  Reverse  an  altar,  CONSECRATIO  (rare.)  Coin  of  Maximianus  Her- 
cules, the  colleague  of  Dioclesian,  A.  D.286,  patined,  Reverse,  a  Genius  standing 
with  cornucopia  and  patera,  the  corn  bushel  or  raodius  of  the  god  Serapis  on  his  head, 
GENIO  POPVLI  ROMANL 

In  the  Island,  Trajan, radiated  bust  to  the  right,  inscription  much  defaced— OP- 
TIMO AVG  GER.,..  Reverse,  a  female  as  the  goddess  Victory  standing,  at  her 
feet  a  buckler,  in  the  left  hand  the  spear  or  hasta.  Small  Const antine.  helraeted 
bust,  &c.  defaced.    In  laying  gas  pipes  opposite  the  London  Inn,  small  coin  of  Con- 

STANTius  the  Second,  FL(auiMs)  I VL(iMs)  CONSTANT Bust  of  this  Prince  in 

a  military  habit,  to  the  left  ;  reverse  (Providen)  TIAE  CAESS  ;  a  building  or  city 
gate,  below  PTR  (Treves  Mint  mark.)  He  was  born  317  A.D.  being  the  second  son 
of  Constantino,  and  died  at  the  age  of  44;  he  was  the  predecessor  of  the  Emperor  Jul- 
ian, the  idolator  and  apostate,  to  whom  he  gave  his  sister  Helena  in  marriage,  and 
whom  he  associated  in  the  empire  with  himself  during  his  life  time  to  defend  its  west- 
ern part*  against  the  barbarians  of  Germany,  or  Allemans,  veho  had  invaded  Gaul. 
They  were  most  signally  routed  and  cut  to  piecet  by  Julian,  near  Colmar,  then  named 
Argentaria,  Constantius  who  was  a  weak  Prince  and  much  governed  by  favourites, 
was  a  great  supporter  of  the  Arian  heresy  or  controversy  which  arose  in  his  days. 
He  disdat  Mopsucrene,  in  Cilicia,  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Taurus, of  fever,  aged  44. 

In  laying  gas  pipes  near  Summerlands,  a  Trajan,  much  patinated  ;  reverse  a  war- 
like figure  marching  between  two  trophies — (Senatus  Populusque)  ROMANVS,  coin 
ill  preserved.  Paris  Street,  coin  of  Licinius  (third  brass)  about  324  A.D.,  brother, 
in-law  of  Constantine  the  Great,  whoso  sister  he  espoused  at  Milan,  IMP  CVAL 
LICIN  LICINIVS  P  F  AVG  ;  reverse,  Jupiter  standing,  an  eagle  at  his  feet, 
holdinga  wreath  in  its  beak,  lOVI  CONSERVATORI  AVQJr  (ustorum.)  By  the 
ALE  in  the  exergue,  the  coin  appears  minted  at  Alexandria  in  Egypt,  and  in  the 
field  or  area  the  letters  Q  E  N  are  supposed  to  refer  to  the  solemn  festivals  on  the 
17th  of  February  called  Quirinalia,  sacred  to  Romulus,  as  the  1st  of  that  month  was 
to  the  birthday  of  Hercules,  and  the  23rd  dedicated  to  the  god  Terminus,  who  presided 
over  the  boundaries  of  lands,  and  received  o  blations  of  wheaten  cakes  and  the  first 
fraits  of  the  fields  on  that  day  from  the  country  people.  The  festivals  of  the  goddess 
Fornax,  who  presided  over  ovens  and  the  baking  of  bread,  took  place  at  Rome  on 
the  same  day  as  the  Quirimilia,  with  otTcriogs  of  barley  and  barley  cakes,  the  former 


74  ROMAN    ANTIQUITIES 

sprinkled  with  salt  according  to  the  Pythagorean  rites  of  Numa,  barley  being  the  first 
grain  used  for  food,  till  superseded  by  wheat.  Whoever  neglected  the  festivals  of 
this  goddess  was  bound  to  attend  the  Quirinalia  and  go  through  the  process  of  expia- 
tion there.  The  E.  N.  is  generally  understood  to  signify  the  Endotercisi  or  Intercisi 
dies,  which  were  a  sort  of  half-holy  days  partly  common  to  the  gods  and  to  men,  the 
courts  being  then  open  on  some  hours  and  not  on  others.  This  type  is  only  rare  in 
gold. 

Good  Eating. — Contrast  of  Christianity  and  Paganism. — The  ancient  Romans  were 
forbidden  by  their  king  Numa  from  shedding  the  blood  of  animals  in  sacrifice  ;  he  only 
offered  cakes,  flour,  fruits,  or  salted  barley  meal  to  the  gods,  following  the  doctrines  of 
Pythagoras,  who  only  approved  of  the  most  pure  and  innocent  oblations.  What 
shall  we  think  however  of  our  British  ancestors  who  were  forbidden  by  law  from 
either  eating  the  flesh  of  the  fowl,  goose,  or  hare,  at  their  tables,  or  offering  it  in  sa- 
crifice 1 1  We  have  indeed,  were  it  only  as  gastronomes,  gained  on  our  ancestors.  It 
is  lucky  we  live  in  an  age  when  such  fallacies  are  exploded.  What  would  our  gour- 
mands say  were  they  debarred  all  these  niceties,  or  the  "  tumult  of  fish,  flesh  and  fowl" 
which  now  smoke  on  every  table? 

December.  In  excavating  a  sewer  behind  the  houses  lately  erected  by  Mr.  Luke, 
in  St.  Leonard's  parish,  at  the  depth  of  seven  feet,  a  coin  of  the  billon  or  base  silver, 
of  the  Emperor  Gallienus,  who  reigned  A.  D.  253.  It  was  probably  a  quinarius  (at 
first  equal  to  five  Roman  ases,  or  pieces  of  three  farthings,  afterwards  to  eight )  of 
the  value  of  3|d.  English  money,  and  is  much  patinated  and  incrusted  with  the  green 
mantle  of  antiquity.  It  bears  the  bust  of  Gallienus,  bearded  to  the  right,  AVG,  and 
on  reverse  that  sacred  animal  the  goat,  with  the  legend  lOVI.  CONS.  AVG,  (lovi 
Conservatori  Augusti.)  This  coin  is  in  the  list  of  rare  reverses  in  Akerman's  De- 
scriptive Catalogue,  vol.  2.  p.  26,  and  the  reverse  alludes  to  the  favourite  goat  of  Am- 
althffia,  daughter  of  Melissus,  King  of  Crete,  which  is  well  known  in  the  mythology, 
as  having  nurtured  the  infant  Jupiter,  when  exposed  in  a  cavern  on  the  sacred  recess- 
es of  Mount  Ida,  in  consequence  of  which  the  deserving  animal  (some  say  the  lady 
herself  as  a  goat^  was  afterwards  made  a  star  or  constellation,  one  of  its  horns  the 
famous  cornucopia  or  horn  of  abundance,  and  with  its  skin  the  Aegis  or  shield  of  Min- 
erva was  covered.  Strabo  (lib.  x.)  seems  however  to  infer  that  the  cornucopia  was 
the  horn  which  Hercules  broke  off  the  forehead  of  the  river  Achelous,  in  his  contest  for 
the  hand  of  the  fair  Deianira  at  the  court  of  Oeneus,  King  of  ^tolla,  and  which  he 
presented  to  the  father  as  a  nuptial  present.*  Gallienus  was  fond  of  making  the  gods 
his  preservers,  for  which  reason  we  find  the  names  of  Apollo  with  a  centaur  shooting 
to  preserve  him  from  the  arrows  of  the  Parthians,  Diana  with  her  stag,  the  Sun  with 
an  ox,  on  his  coins.  The  goat  considered  also  as  an  animal  of  good  omen,  was  adopt- 
ed by  Domitian  on  his  coins,  with  a  crown,  probably  yielding  to  the  flattery  of  his 
courtiers  by  wishing  to  represent  himself  a  Jupiter.  The  origin  of  the  word  trage  dy 
is  said  to  arise  from  the  Greek  word  for  the  he  goat,  anciently  the  successful  actor's 
prize.  The  goat  appears  on  the  money  of  several  ancient  Grecian  commonwealths  or 
cities,  viz.,  of  Aega  in  Macedonia,  Parium  in  Mysia,  and  of  Edessa  in  Syria.  With- 

«  Rivers  were  supposed  to  have  horns,  from  the  rapidity  of  their  cnrieots,  and  Virgil  Aen.  lib.  8, 
calls  the  Tiber  Cokniobb,  or  horned,  V.  Turnebum,  Adv.  24,  on  these  rivers  Bftcchus  wfts  represented 
With  boms  for  many  reasons,  especially  as  the  sun,  and  with  its  rays. 


OF   EXBTBR.  7^ 

out  going  into  all  tlie  mysteries  connected  with  this  useful  animal  in  the  worship  of 
Bacchus  and  Pan,  among  the  Egyptians  and  Greeks — we  know  it  was  used  in  sacrifice  . 
to  Diana,  Minerva,  Aesculapius  and  Juno,  and  connected  with  the  first  rude  origin  of 
comedy  at  Athens,  one  part  of  the  performance  of  which  was  the  dancing  on  inflated 
goatskins  made  slippery  with  oil,  by  the  actors.  It  may  be  remarked  that  at  Mendes 
in  Egypt,  female  goats  were  adored  and  held  sacred  as  emblems  of  the  passive  gen. 
erative  attribute,  and  herein  the  reason  why  on  Oreek  monuments  we  find  allusions  to 
that  extraordinary  worship,  originating  probably  from  the  same  source.  (Strabo,  lib. 
17,  Herodotus  Euterpe  46,)  On  his  statues  the  god  Pan  was  represented  for  mysteri- 
ous reasons  as  a  goat,  and  considered  by  the  Egyptians  as  the  true  emblem  of  fecun- 
dity, for  which  and  other  remarkable  qualities  he  was  supposed  to  possess  as  the  gen- 
eral principle  of  every  thing,  they  devised  that  mysterious  symbol  which  formed  the 
monstrous  combination  of  a  being,  half  man,  half  caprine,  who  was  also  the  guardian 
of  the  fields  and  shepherds,  and  to  whom  in  his  temple  on  the  Palatine  mount  at  Rome, 
the  dog,  the  reputed  enemy  of  the  wolf,  and  protector  of  sheep,  was  always  sacrificed 
on  the  I5th  of  February,  at  the  famous  feasts  called  Lnpercalia.  Human  victims 
were  oflFered  to  Pan  and  /upiter  Lycceus  by  the  Arcadians,  and  in  Egypt  on  coins  of 
the  Mendesian  Nome  or  province,  the  goat-headed  type  of  Amoun-Ra,  is  said  to  refer 
to  the  great  deity  Chonouphis  or  Kneph,  the  chief  of  the  gods  of  that  interesting 
country. 

1840. 

April  24.  In  St.  Mary  Arches  Street,  laying  gas  pipes,  Carausius  (third  brass,) 
but  in  a  very  imperfect  state  of  preservation,  (Plate  V,  No.  71.)  It  was  probably 
one  of  the  ordinary  PAX  types,  Rev.  A.V.G.  defaced  and  badly  struck,  Carausius, 
the  chief  benefactor  of  Britain,  celebrated  the  Roman  seecular  games  and  the  palilia^ 
or  birth  day  of  Rome,  also,  it  is  said,  at  York,  about  298,  A.D.  In  sifting  or  screen- 
ing the  earth  which  formed  part  of  the  wooden  and  clay  (vulgd  rab  and  dab,)  party 
wall  of  a  house  in  North  Street,  a  coin  of  Vespasian,  made  its  appearance.  Reverse 
totally  defaced,  but  the  obverse  presents  the  bust  of  that  Emperor  to  the  right,  IMP. 
CAESAR  VESPASIAK  AVG.  in  tolerable  preservation.  The  coin  is  of  yellow 
copper,  and  much  worn.  It  must  have  become  mixed  up  with  the  cob  or  clay 
originally. 

May  1 840,  in  Waterbeer  Street,  small  coin  of  Const antine  the  Great.  Reverse 
Victory  treading  on  a  captive,  records  his  victory  over  the  Sarmatians  ;  SARMA- 
TIA  DEVICTA.  TRO  Treves  mint  mark.  A  minute  coin  of  Constans,  in 
Gandy  Street,  near  the  entrance  into  Paul  Street  (formerly  Fish  Street  and  Corry  Lane. 
V.  Stukely,  Itin,  Curiosvrm,  1724.)  Reverse,  two  soldiers  and  a  standard,  much 
worn.  At  Stoke  Hill,  a  large  coin  much  patined  and  defaced,  was  found  in  a  quarry 
on  the  right  of  the  old  road.  This  may  probably  have  reference  to  the  large  circum- 
vallation  or  camp,  with  a  deep  Fosse ,  which  stands  opposite  to  Pynes,  and  overlooks 
the  adjoining  hills,  supposed  to  have  communicated  with  an  ancient  road  from  Long- 
brook  Street,  and  to  have  been  a  Roman  summer  camp  to  the  Exeter  garrison.  There 
appears  to  have  been  another  field  work  lower  down,  where  the  road  probably  crossed 
the  river  opposite  Pynes  House.  Milk  Lane,  Severus  II.  NOB(ilis)  CAESAR. 
This   coin,   lately  found  near  the  Lower  Market,  proves  to  be  one  of  those  assigned 

U 


76  ROMAN    ANTIQUITIES 

to  Flavius  Valerius  Severus,  commonly  designated  the  II. ;  a  nativeof  lUyria, 
proclaimed  by  the  Empeior  Maxiraian,  A.  D,  306.  He  was  sent  into  Italy  with  an 
army  against  Maxentius,  who  however  as  we  are  infoimed  by  Zosimus  (lib.  2)  bribed 
his  troops,  chiefly  Moorish  levies,  and  forced  him  to  take  refuge  in  Ravenna.  Being 
cajoled  from  this  stronghold  by  the  treacherous  overtures  of  Maxentius,  he  was  cir- 
cumvented and  strangled  at  a  place  called  the  Three  Taverns*  near  Rome.  The  coin 
which  is  rare,  is  noticed  in  Akerman,  vol.2,  p.  201 ;  the  features  bear  however,  a 
strong  resemblance  to  Caracalla. 

In  Gandy  Street,  a  Quinarius  of  Julian  the  Apostate,  (about363,  A.D.)  baso 
silver,  was  dug  up  in  laying  a  new  pavement.  It  is  of  the  class  of  two  others  found, 
(one  in  the  Cathedral  Yard,  in  April  1837,  the  other  in  January  1840)  and  is  chiefly 
composed  of  lead,  being  like  its  two  predecessors,  a  very  ancient  fabrication.  The 
Inscription  is  DN.  FL.  CL.  IVLIANVS  P.  F.  AVG.  The  one  found  in  1837,  was 
of  the  Lyons  mint,  of  which  the  conductors  are  supposed  to  have  carried  on  a  clan- 
destine mintage,  in  periods  when  the  coin  was  debased,  profiting  by  the  leduction 
in  silver.  Caracalla  issued  pieces  of  lead,  gilt,  Dio.  lib.  77.  These  fabrications  were 
winked  at  by  the  later  Emperors,  who  had  greatly  debased  the  coin  and  permitted 
copper  washed  with  silver,  and  even  tin,  to  pass  as  legal  tender  •'  under  the  rose," 
in  those  perturbed  times.  Aurelian  however  attempted  to  stop  the  practice  of  falsify- 
ing the  coin,  in  consequence  of  which  the  Monetarii  or  minting  officers  excited  a 
dangerous  rebellion  and  murdered  the  Raiionalis  or  chief  officer  of  the  Roman  mint, 
Felicissimus,  procurator  Fisci,  i^  e.  of  the  Emperor's  revenues  or  Exchequer,  for 
which  reason  an  army  was  marched  against  them  by  Aurelian,  and  they  were  after 
a  severe  struggle,  put  to  the  sword.t  We  are  however  told  by  others  that  this  officer 
who  answered  probably  to  our  master  and  worker  of  the  mint  and  comptroller  and 
assayerof  the  coinages,  was  himself  the  cause  and  leader  of  the  tumult,  and  doubtless 
had  great  interest  in  debasing  the  ancient  coin  X 

In  Jac.  Gutheri  de  Procuratoribus  Monetae  cap,  19,  of  the  Off.  Domus  Aug.  lib.  3, 
Lipsiee  1672,  (an  excellent  work,)  we  are  informed  that  the  Minting  Officers  belonged 
to  the  Largitiones  SacrcB^  or  Royal  Treasury  of  the  Emperors,  and  that  their  procura' 
tors  or  Rationales  Monet arum^  were  officers,  six  of  whom  in  the  train  or  acting  in  the 
bureaUf  if  we  may  so  speak  of  the  Countof  the  Sacrorum  Largitionum,  who  was  Treasurer 
General  of  the  Imperial  Largesses  or  Revenue.}]  The  Emperor  Theodoric  used  to  ob- 
serve that  the  liberal  conduct  or  bounty  of  the  Prince  was,  through  the  agency  of  those 
officials,  alluding  to  this  functionary,  much  enhanced  and  adorned  ;  meaning  that  the 
countenance  of  the  reigning  emperor  should  be  thereby  faithfully  impressed  on  the  cur- 

*  These  Taverns  had  a  longrua  of  business,  Tur  we  find  St.  Paul  on  his  journey  to  Rome,  there. 
Acts  28,  15y..  and  again  in  Zosimus,  the  T^  Kjaim>jna.  still  in  being  two  centuries  and  a  half  after  the 
days  of  Nero. 

t  Suidas.  MovcT^tM  6t  m^  yo/uMo-Ma  rtXynau,  oi  v^i  AvplKteant  iu^ofciy  ro  v'oiMryut.  <DlX)))(i(n/MO  v  aveXoyre;  &C 

J  Aur.  Victor  et  Voplscus. 

jl  His  jurisdiction  extended  over  the  mines,  the  mints  and  public  treasuries  of  the  most  important 
cities,  foreign  trade,  and  linen  and  woollen  manufactories.  A  receiver  general  was  under  the  one  who 
served  in  Britain  and  a  Prsepositus  Thesaurorum  Augustensium  or  Lord  Treasurer,  as  also  an  officer 
who  superintended  the  Oynegium  at  Winchester,  whtre  was  a  manufaetory  for  the  rich  clothing  o 
the  Emperor  and  his  troops. 


01^   EX£TBR.  77 

rent  coins,  and  such  coins  should  be  struck  as  would  remind  future  nges  of  what  took 
place  in  reigns  which  had  passed  away.  V.  Cassiodori,  lib.  6,  var.7.  The  Rationales 
summarum,  or  Receivers  general  of  the  Provinces,  superintended  the  minora  terariOy 
or  provincial  Kxchequers,  and  were  also  called  Procurators,  and  the  officers  were 
most  various,  as  connected  with  the  mint  and  treasury,  both  at  Rome  and  abroad. 
In  our  own  mint  we  have  had  however  at  the  present  day,  a  master  and  worker,  his 
deputy  also,  a  comptroller,  king's  clerk  of  copper  coinage,  king's  assayer,  probationer 
ussayer,  masters  assay  master,  masters*  1st.  and  2nd.  clerk,  meltcr  and  refiner,  pro- 
bationer meller,  weigher,  teller  and  stamper  of  money  weights,  provost  of  the  moneyers, 
&c.  &c.  Among  them  are  no  doubt,  many  officers,  analogous  to  the  grander  Trium- 
viri, A.A.A.  F.F.F.  (ffiris,  argenti,  auri,  flando,  feriundo,  faciundo)  and  the  host  of 
minting  officers  down  to  the  flatuarii  or  Jlatores,  who  blew  the  folles  or  bellows  of 
the  melting  furnaces,  the  mallcatores  moneta,  who  prepared  the  rude  masses  of  gold 
and  silver,  the  optiones  fahricce  or  monitors,  exactores,  who  watched  the  workmen, 
signatores,  who  with  the  hammer  stamped  the  coin  with  the  Impression  of  the  die, 
and  were  aided  by  the  suppostores,  who  placed  the  metal  in  its  prepared  form,  and 
withdrew  the  coin  after  being  struck ;  Aequatores^  who  judged  of  its  proper  weight, 
and  lastly  the  Xummularii,  who  decided  whether  the  current  coins  were  genuine,  of 
proper  fineness,  quality,  of  just  weight,  and  standard  or  counterfeit. 

June.  An  impression  of  the  coin  of  Sevebus  IT.,  found  in  this  city,  was  forwarded 
to  Mr.  C.  itoach  Smith,  of  the  Numismatic  Society,  a  distinguished  antiquary.  That 
gentleman  remarks  they  are  by  no  means  common,  although  there  are  not  many  differ- 
ent reverses.  Their  general  character  or  design  and  style,  resemble  those  of  Max- 
imian  and  Dioclesian,  and  one  was  once  bought  at  a  dealer's  in  London  for  a  Max- 
im ian  among  other  coins.  In  Bartholomew  Cemetery,  making  a  walled  grave,  a  coin 
(of  the  first  brass)  ofCoMMODus,  in  excellent  preservation,  finely  patined.  Bust  to 
the  right,  handsomely  bearded,  U.  COMMODVS  ANT..  FELIX  AVG.  BRIT, 
Commodus  was  exceedingly  ambitious  of  bearing  the  title  of  Britannicus  or  British, 
to  which  he  however  had  no  title,  having  never  visited  this  province,  nor  performed 
the  mighty  works  which  gave  that  title  to  his  predecessors  Hadrian  and  Antoninus 
Pius.  He  was  entirely  given  up  to  his  pleasures,  and  to  charioteering,  gladiatorial 
sports,  &c.  In  his  reign,  however,  the  Caledonians  (or  Scottish  barbarians)  who  had 
broken  through  the  turf  wall  of  Antoninus,*  were  defeated  and  driven  back  by  his 
Lieutenant  or  Propraetor,  Ulpius  Marcellus,  an  officer  of  great  conduct  and  vigilance, 
inured  to  warlike  toils  by  hardihood  and  abstinence,  and  who  if  we  are  to  believe 
historians,  lived  only  on  stale  bread  brought  all  the  way  from  Rome.t  The  reverse 
is  8.  C.  and  Hygeia  seated,  offering  a  sacrifice  for  health,  feeding  a  serpent  out  of  a 
platter  or  sacrificing  dish.  The  legend  is  (P.M.)  TR.  P.  XVIII  IMP.  VIII  C... 
by  which  the  date  may  be  assigned  to  192  A.D.,  when  he  was  strangled,  this  coin 
being  evidently  struck  in  anticipation  of  his  eighth  consulship,  of  which  only  seven 
are  recorded,  and  probably  commemorates  the  cessation  of  the  plague  which  raged 
violently  in  his  dissolute  reign.  In  Longbrook  Street,  Constantinb  the  Great, 
PROVIDENTIiE   ATG.,  d  building  &c.,  very  perfect.    In  Westgate  Quarter,  Gal  - 

•  Between  the  Friths  of  Forth  and  Clyde  in  the  traclr  of  Agricola's  chain  of  forts  (39  miles  7S6  pac«s 
long.) 

T  Dlo.72. 


7S  ROMAN    ANTIQUITIES 

MENUS  ditto.  The  Sun  standing,  ORIENS  AVGG  (rare  in  gold  and  first  brass,) 
CoNSTANTiNE  II.,  GLORIA  EXERCITVS,  and  coined  at  Treves  (TRSO  ;  all 
three  small. 

Found  near  the  ancient  Conduit  by  St.  Lawrence's  Church,  a  Trajan,  large  brass, 
(young  head.)  Rev.  defaced — a  female  sitting  COS.  II.  A  Constantine  II. ; 
two  soldiers  and  standards,  GLORIA  EXERCITVS  ;  struck  at  Treves.  The  re- 
mains of  the  well  or  tank  and  water  course  or  main  duct,  were  discovered  on  this 
spot.  They  formerly  supplied  the  citizens  with  water  in  days  of  siege,  near  three 
cecturies  ago. 

August.  Northern  hay  ,  In  excavating  for  the  site  of  the  New  Dispensary,  opposite 
the  City  Gaol,  two  coins,  the  one  a  Claudius  Caesar,  of  the  same  kind  so  often 
found  in  this  city,  with  Minerva  Promachus  and  S.  C,  the  other  a  Vespasian,  CAES 
VESPASIAN....  bust  to  the  right,  and  on  reverse  S.  C.  an  elegant  figure  of  Vic- 
tory, winged,  marching  to  the  left,  VICTORIA  AVGVSTI,  both  much  patined  and 
detrited.  AUectus  (third  brass)  a  galley  with  a  mast  and  six  oars,  VIRTVS  AVG.  5 
in  exergue  Q.  C.  On  obverse,  IMP....ECTVS  P.F.  AVG.  (Plate  V.  No.  72.) 
From  the  same  spot  and  taken  out  of  the  city  wall,  where  its  base  rested  on  a  sort  of 
zigzag  pitching  of  pebble  stones,  (probably  to  drain  off  the  water,)  two  coins  of 
Claudius,  as  above.  The  Roman  solid  concrete  or  rubble  masonry,  was  visible  in 
several  parts,  in  removing  the  facing  of  volcanic  or  tufa  stone  whfch  shielded  the  out- 
side of  the  wall,  and  was  a  conglomerate  of  chrystallized  volcanic  mud  and  scoria  os 
ashes. 


Antiquities^  Sfc,  of  Exeter 


FOUND    AT    EXETER    AND    ITS    NEIGHBOURHOOD. 

It  is  an  iodispatable  fact  that  among  many  numismatic  curiosities  dug  up  in  this 
ancient  city,  a  number  of  coins  have  of  late  years  come  to  light,  from  the  autonomous 
Greek  Colonial  Cities,  in  Syria  and  Asia  Minor,  as  also  a  very  great  many  from  Al- 
exandria in  Egypt.*  I  was  at  first  extremely  sceptical  on  this  point,  but  my  doubts 
became  at  last  entirely  removed,  by  the  repeated  appearance  and  undoubted  authenti- 
cation of  these  coins.  1  will  not  venture  to  assert,  positively,  with  some  old  writers, 
(Izacke,  &c.)  that  Exeter  was  in  existence  1451  years  before  Christ,  (and  in  the 
2855th  year  of  the  mundane  sera)  or  with  others  some  centuries  later,  but  I  firmly 
believe  that  it  was  considerably  older,  as  a  city,  hamlet,  or  habitation,  than  London, 
and  the  primary  Emporium  of  the  tin  trade  in  early  ages.  I  will  not  pretend  to  swear 
roundly  with  the  Saxon  Chronicle,  that  the  Danmonii  originally  came  from  Armenia, 
after  the  confusion  of  tongues,  or  with  Richard  of  Cirencester,  that  the  Belgce  emi- 
grated here  from  Gaul  in  the  year  3650,  A.  M.  I  believe  there  is  however  suflScient 
proof  that  the  Dunmonians,  who  were  a  mercantile  people,  traded  for  ages,  perhaps 
one  thousand  yea,rs  before  the  Christian  aera,  with  the  Phoenician,  Carthaginian,  and 
Greek  Merchants.  A  colony  of  Belga  came  from  Gaul  into  South  Britain  three 
centuries  and  a  half  before  the  Roman  Conquest.  The  Phoenicians  and  Gauls  had 
traded  with  the  Cornish  previously  to  this.  Byron  says,  he  had  stood  upon  "  Achil- 
les' tomb  and  heard  Troy  doubted,"  and  that  time  would  doubt  of  Rome.  We  well 
know  that  many  of  the  Roman  auxiliary  corps  were  composed  of  Greek  levies,  as  the 
Thracian  and  Dalmatian  Horse  and  Infantry  of  the  Notilia  sufficiently  prove,  and 
from  the  same  important  document  (Sect.5S,)  we  find  that  the  Equites  Syri,  who 
also  spoke  Greek,  were  in  garrison  in  the  interior  of  the  Province,  under  the  Count 
of  Britain  (who  bore  the  title  of  specta6i7t*  or  honourable) t    A  Syrian  Legion  in* 

•  What  Is  still  most  remarkable  is  that  many  Copper  Coins  of  the  Ptolemies,  some  of  very  early 
date,  weie  dug  up  hero  and  in  the  vicinity  ;  these  were  generally  found  at  great  depths,  some 
twenty  feet  below  the  surface  ;  fourteen  or  fifteen  of  these  have  come  under  my  inspection  la  a  per- 
fect state. 

+  The  1st.  Cohort  of  the  Hamian  Archers  recorded  on  an  Inscription  by  Camden,  of  Apamea,  were 
from  CoBle  Syria  and  Hamah,  or  Epiphania,  on  the  Orontes,  near  Aleppo.  The  detachment  of  Pa- 
censes  (numerus  Pacensium)  v.  Notit.  63,  stationed  at  Pierce  Bridge,  Magae  of  the  NotUia,  under  the 
coatroul  of  the  Hon.  the  Duke  of  Britain,  came  from  Develtum  rCol.  Flav.  Pacif.)  in  Thrace.  The 
Thracian  2nd  cohort  was  at  Newcastle  and  Gateshead,  that  of  the  Dalmatians  at  Carvoran,  tiieir  horse 
at  Broughton  and  also  at  Brano aster,  in  Norfolk. 

U 


80  GREEK    ANTIQUITIES 

troduced  the  pantheistic  worship  of  the  female  genius,  recorded  on  coins  of  Byblus,  o^ 
the  great  goddess  Belisaraa  or  Astarte,  (which  they  had  probably  at  first  in  common 
with  the  Assyrians  and  Phoenicians,  and  the  Greeks  and  Africans  of  later  times,)  the 
presiding  male  and  female  deity  of  Hierapolis.  (Pausanias  His.)  typified  as  a  human 
figure  with  the  Bull's  head,  into  Britain.  She  was  the  same  as  Europa  and  Venus  at 
Sidon,  and  so  on  coins  of  Nero.  There  are  two  Greek  Altars  in  the  British  Museum, 
found  at  Corbridge  in  Northumberland,  in  the  Townley  Gallery,  one  of  which  is 
dedicated  by  Pulcher  to  Astarte,  (ACTAPTHC  BQMON  M'ECOPAC  IIOYAXEP 
M'ANEGHKEN)  and  was  twice  engraved  in  the  Archaologla.  The  other  has  the 
secespita,  a  bull's  head  and  inscription  to  the  Tyrian  Hercules,  by  the  Arch-priestess 
Diodora,  of  which  Deity  Herodotus  records  an  ancient  temple  at  Tyre.  Camden  re- 
cords (p.  926,  ed.  Gibson)  from  the  work  of  Solinus,  called  Polyhistor,  that  a  votive 
altar,  inscribed  with  Greek  characters,  was  set  up  in  North  Britain  in  honor  of 
Ulysses,  this  may  however  be  questionable,  but  that  great  writer  seems  not  to  doubt 
its  authenticity,  the  Greeks  being  great  travellers  both  by  sea  and  land.  The  Mer- 
chants of  Dunmoniura  in  particular  had  been  long  familiar  to  the  Greeks,  having 
traded,  it  is  said,  for  ages  to  the  Mediterranean,  before  the  invasion  of  the  Romans ; 
and  in  Borlase,  (Cornwall, )  mention  is  made  of  a  tin  patera,  found  in  1756,  at  Bossens 
in  that  county,  dedicated  to  Mars,  with  an  inscription.  (Livius  Modestus  Driuli  filius 
Deo  Marti)  partly  Greek  and  partly  Latin  characters.  The  former  were  X,  ^,  A,  SIi 
and  }},  and  the  other  letters  common  to  both  nations,  it  is  thought,  should  be  ascribed 
*o  the  former,  as  the  rest  **  are  purely  Grecian  property."  Another  patera  and  a  vase 
or  prafericuium,  were  found  along  with  it,  both  of  tin,  and  the  discovery  was  made 
by  a  farmer,  who  driving  his  team  from  the  field,  the  foot  of  one  of  the  oxen  striking 
into  the  earth,  uncovered  a  perpendicular  pit  in  which  they  were  found.  Mixed 
letters  of  this  kind  have  been  found  on  other  inscriptions  in  foreign  countries.  I 
transcribed  one  in  1821,  at  Florence,  in  the  Palace  of  the  Riecardi,  to  Pomp.  Proclus^ 
a  sepulchral  tablet,  in  which  the  words  PROCAO  MIA  and  SVAAIA  (Longina) 
appeared.  The  learned  Horsley,  (v.  Gibson's  Camden,  vol.  3,  p.  122)  has  preserved 
two  Greek  inscriptions  as  found  in  Britain,  one  of  which  was  in  the  county  of  Durham, 
Greek  on  one  side  and  latin  on  the  other  ;  and  Pliny  informs  us  that  Britain  was  fam- 
ous for  Greek  Monuments,  long  before  the  arrival  of  the  Romans.  The  Gauls  used 
Greek  letters  in  Caesar's  time,  in  their  records  and  registers  of  soldiers  and  their  fam- 
ilies, so  did  the  Druids,  most  probably,  and  such  frequently  appear  on  those  extra- 
ordinary specimens  of  art,  British  and  Gaulish  coins,  as  may  be  seep  by  the  tables 
published  of  these  in  the  Numismatic  Chronicle.* 

Junius,  (Anim.)  calls  the  Gauls  <^iXtWTjv£g,  but  says  the  Belgians  possess  more 
Greek  words. 

Strabo  says,   Geog.  lib.    3,  n^^oy  fjuy  Sv  *«vi«j-  luivw   t»iv  ufj/iro^iav  IjIW^v    TaOnst  ex  Twv  raSsifuiv, 

•  A  great  many  Greek  words,  more  in  proportion  Indeed  than  Latin  ones,  have  been  traced  in  our 

language,  V.   Camden's  Remanes,  p.  25,  ed.  1605,    and   also  as  a   learned  writer  observes,    in  that 

of  the  present  Inhabitants  of  Bunmonium,  Cornwall  particularly  ;  (V.  Borlase)  Devon  had  of   course 

become  more  mixed  up  with  her  Saxon  conquerors. 

No  doubt  the  Gauls  who  sent  bodies  sf  troops  into  Asia  Minor,  to  the  assistance  of  Nikomedes 
king  of  Bithyma,  and  finally  settled  iu  Galatia,  and  became  Greeks,  kept  up  some  correspondence  with 
their  inother  land  from  thence  at  times.    If  the  Snd  legion  (400  years  in  Britain)  as  Ptolemy  informs 


OF    EXCTBR.  81 

Mfimwttt  «rcwTiv»xw.  The  Phoenicians  of  Tyre  and  Sidon,  and  their  Spanish  colonists 
did  thus,  we  know,  for  three  centuries  B.  C.  at  least,  carry  on  an  extensive,  though 
clandestine  traffic  from  Gades  in  Spain  with  the  Cassiterides  (Sygdiles  or  Scilly 
Isles,  Sulleh,  rocks  consecrated  to  the  sun,^  which  Islands  are  supposed  not  only  to 
have  included  those  of  Scilly,  but  also  all  Cornwall  and  Devon,  which  the  more  an- 
cient navigators  may  have,  (from  the  Bristol  Channel,  partly  encircling  them  ontheone 
side,  and  what  is  now  called  the  English  Channel  on  the  other,)  deemed  one  entire 
large  Island ;  the  Start  Point  or  promontory  was  probably  that  of  Astarte.*  This 
trade  is  indisputable,  and  the  commerce  was  exclusively  for  tin  and  lead,  and  perhaps 
skins,  hides,  or  wool,  while  their  imports  were  salt,  pottery,  and  brass  or  iron  ware 
probably  also  such  trinkets  and  toys  as  would  please  a  barbarous  nation,  like  the  N.  A. 
Indians  at  present.  It  appears  that  excepting  from  some  few  places  in  Lusitania,  and 
the  N.  of  Spain,  all  the  tin  of  the  ancient  world  was  brought  from  our  island,+  although 
Pliny,  who  lived  in  Nero's  time,  seemed  to  know  very  little  about  it,  (A.  D.  66.)  It 
was  exceedingly  precious  when  first  known,  and  served  in  later  times  as  well  as  lead  and 
lapis  caliminariSy  to  temper  the  copper  used  in  forging  weapons,  for  the  use  of  iron 
came  late  into  the  Western  parts  of  Europe,  and  the  ancients,  particularly  the  eaily 
Romans,  the  Lusitanians,  Gauls,  Cimbri,  &c.  made  their  swords,  arrow  heads,  and  spear 
points  of  brass  ;  so  did  the  Britons  and  Danes.  It  is  called  by  Pliny  (lib.  34,  c.  16) 
pretiossissimum  candidum  plumbum,  and  it  is  supposed  by  learned  men  that  the  two 
vessels  of  fine  copper,  among  tha  treasures  of  the  temple  "  precious  as  gold,"  enumer- 
ated in  Ezra,  (8,  v.  27)  were  of  this  highly  esteemed  material.  1  deeply  regret  that 
the  treatise  of  Polybius  respecting  this  commerce  and  the  preparation  of  Tin  is  lost ; 
the  only  document  of  importance  known  to  bear  on  that  express  subject.  He  flourish- 
ed about  170  B.  C,  at  which  time  the  Greeks  aresupposedto  have  been  first  acquaint- 
ed with  our  Island  ;  but  all  that  remains  of  his  remarks  on  it,  is  contained  in  one  brief 
sentence.  The  ignorance  of  the  people  of  Marseilles  concerning  Britain,  when  ques- 
tioned by  Scipio,  was  co  doubt  feigned,  (Strabo,  4.)    Herodotus,  who  lived  about  the 

us,  was  quarte  red  ia  Exeter,  might  not  some  of  its  auxiliaries  h ave  i ntroduced  their  native  coins  into 
the  station  and  its  neighbourhood  ?  Greelc  letters  had  long  before  this  been  introduced  by  colonists, 
into  Massilia  (or  Marseilles.)  They  had,  by  the  testimony  of  Caesar,  been  taught  to  the  Helvetians  or 
Swiss,  and  came  thence  into  Germany,  where  Greek  monuments  existed  in  early  times,  (v.  Tac.  Mor, 
G«rm.)  and  Marsigli  found  some  of  later  date.  Many  coins  of  Athens  were  dug  up  ia  Kent  some  years 
since,  as  Mr.  C.  R.  Smith  Informs  me  ;  it  is  possiole  students  sent  froiii  Britain  may  have  taken  the 
tourof  study  of  rhetoric,  grammar  and  philosophy,  to  Athens,  Alexandria,  and  Rome,  this  is  how- 
ever merely  a  conjecture.  Bladud,  king  of  Britain,  the  founder  of  Bath,  son  of  Rudhudibras.  the  buil- 
der of  Caer  Kent,  on  the  Watling  Street,  is  said  to  have  studied  at  Athens,  if  we  are  to  believe  the 
chronicles  ;  while  there  he  was  informed  of  the  death  of  his  father.  He  was  fond  of  literature,  founded 
Uciversities  at  Stamford  and  Bath,  and  engaged  professors  from  Athens.  The  fragments  of  the  Tem- 
ple of  Sul-Minerva,  at  Batii,  are  said  to  resemble  the  Friezes  of  the  Parthenon.  3085,  A.  M.,  was  the 
nra  of  Bladud. 

•  I.  Sam.  chap.  31,  v.  10,  Ashlaroth. 

t  The  Tin  collected  in  the  sand  or  by  stream  works,  on  being  cleared  from  dirt  with  water,  was 
probably  fused  in  rude  furnaces,  and  beaten  into  cubic  forms  or  squares,  the  otf^aiyaKun  pAfjun  ofDiodorus. 
Probably  the  Phoenicians  used  Tin  as  a  non  colouring  retentive  ingredieut  to  fix  the  colour  given  by 
the  shell-fish  dye  to  their  costly  and  elegant  purple,  as  our  scarlet  dyes  in  £ngland,  and  superfine 
broad  ulothi  were,  by  the  retentiveness  of  the  finest  grain  Tin  dUsolved  In  aqua  fortis. 


82  GREEK    ANTIQUITIES 

time  of  the  Peloponnesian  war,  446,  A.  D„ expressly  tells  us  (lib.  3.)  that  he  positive- 
ly knew  nothing  of  the  Cassiterides,  from  which  tin  was,  he  knew,  exported  into 
Greece.  He  was  aware  that  there  was  a  river  in  Europe  called  the  Eridanus,  (the 
Po)  whence  amber  was  brought,  but  had  tried  in  vain  to  meet  with  any  eye-witness  who 
could  swear  to  the  truth  of  the  existence  either  of  the  one  or  the  other  ;  he  therefore 
lumps  both  together  as  fables  of  the  poets,  discovers  the  Eridanus  of  Italy, 
to  have  a  Greek  name,  and  therefore  to  be  suppositious,  the  people  there  being 
barbarous,  and  sits  down  contented  in  the  belief  that  our  Scilly  Islands  never  existed, 
and  that  the  Po,  (well  he  might)  that  runs  into  the  Gulf  of  Venice,  was  very  unlikely, 
as  he  was  told  it  did,  to  discharge  itself  into  the  Northern  Ocean,  that  is,  the  Baltic 
coast  of  Germany,  whence  amber  came.  So  profound  a  secret  did  the  wary  Phoeni- 
cians, settled  in  the  lovely  clime  of  Baetica,  keep  their  intercourse  with  our  European 
shores.  The  cat  was,  however,  at  last,  let  out  of  the  bag,  for  it  appears  that  the  His- 
pano-Phoenician  trade  with  Britain  ceased,  about  170  B.  C.  and  the  Greeks,  probably 
those  of  Marseilles  first,  of  Ionian  origin,  succeeded  in  supplanting  that  enterprising 
and  intrepid  nation  in  the  traffic,  which  must  have  been  carried  on  long  before  450  B.C. 
by  those  great  adventurers  at  sea,  the  first  navigators  and  builders  of  ships,  and  the 
first  that  brought  Astronomy  and  Arithmetic  to  proper  systems  and  method,  and  are 
even  supposed  to  have  had  the  use  of  the  mariner's  compass,  Hodogeta  or  Pyxis  Mag- 
netica,  which  they  kept  a  profound  secret.  In  fact  that  learned  Antiquary,  Sir  W. 
Betham,  R.  I,  Academy,  has  by  the  interpretation  of  characters  on  some  ancient  bra- 
zen tablets,  at  Gubbio,  14  leagues  N.  of  Spoleto,  in  Italy,  thrown  great  light  on  the 
probability  of  their  discoveries  beyond  the  Columns  of  Hercules,  also  of  their  knowledge 
of  the  properties  of  the  magnet,  which  is  doubted  as  whether  known  to  Solomon,  to 
the  ancient  Egyptians,  who  have  left  no  signs  of  it  on  hieroglyphics,  to  the  Tyrians,  or 
the  Arabs  of  Mosambique,  as  in  that  very  curious  book  of  Martinus  Lepenius,  Navi- 
gatio  Salomonis  Ophiritica  illustrata.  (1660,  Halle,)  in  my  possession. 

Sir  W.  Betham,  moreover,  maintains  in  his  Gael  and  Cymbri,  (p.  426)  that  the 
Phoenicians  after  trading  with  the  Britons  for  some  time,  finding  both  islands  rich  in 
metals  and  other  produce,  took  hostile  possession  of  thera,  and  drove  the  aborigines 
out.  He  also  supposes  that  they  got  possession  of  Celtic  Gaul  soon  after,  and  main- 
tains these  adventurers  to  be  Kelts  or  Phoenician  Gael  in  origin.  The  people  of  Kerry 
about  Killarney,  where  there  are  ancient  silver  mines,  have  certainly  a  Spanish  air  and 
appearance,  and  are  much  superior  to  the  Milesian  breed  of  Irish,  who,  however,  un- 
doubtedly came  from  Spain  also  ;  there  was  no  doubt  an  admixture  of  the  Phoenician 
blood  settled  and  matured  in  Baetica  for  centuries,  in  both.  By  the  6th  and  7th  Eu- 
gubian  tables  mentioned  above,  and  found  in  1444,  Sir  W.  B,  collated  the  Etruscan 
with  the  Irish  Celtic,  and  the  little  Pointer,  from  which  the  Phoenico-Etruscans  de- 
rived such  benefits  in  crossing  the  sea  in  a  certain  track,  is  distinctly  recorded  in 
them,  by  which  the  sea  became  shortened  in  space  and  trades  highway.  Some  Islands, 
evidently  Britain,  are  also  commemorated  as  fertile,  abounding  in  sheep,  cattle, 
black  deer  and  fish.  The  Celtic  and  Phoenician  languages  are  identified,  and  the  celebrated 
Cabiri  sect,  or  sacred  Blacksmiths'  Lodge,  was  confined  to  thera  and  their  colonies. 
These  mysterious  characters,  who  were  the  same  as  the  Telchines,  Idaei  Dactyli  of 
Phrygia,  Curetes  of  Crete,  and  Corybantes,  enveloped  the  arts  of  navigation,  mining  and 


OF   EXETER.  83 

astronomy,  in  mystic  fables  and  allegories,  to  conceal  them  from  the  vulgar,  and  there- 
by succeeded  in  securing  the  sovereignty  of  the  seas  and  entire  commerce  and  wealth  of 
the  world,  by  this  species  of  Freemasonry.  They  certainly  taught  the  use  of  tin  and 
of  iron  and  copper,  feeding  of  flocks,  use  of  honey,  and  moreover  of  hunting,  and  last- 
ly the  arts  of  civility  and  polite  conversation.*  As  these  adventurers  most  likely 
carried  on  their  commerce  and  business  by  barter,  and  were  probably  anxious  to  con- 
ceal from  whence  they  came,  it  is  likely  they  prohibited  the  circulation  of  raooey  here 
for  kit  least  tliey  should  be  discovered  by  that  means.  Few  or  do  authenticated  coins 
indeed  of  the  Phoenician  traders  are  extant  in  our  Island.  Polwhele  notes  one  as 
found  at  Teignmouth,  which  is  probable,  when  we  consider  the  ancient  stream  works. 
It  is  possible  that,  as  Camden  observes,  both  that  people  and  the  Greeks  concealed  the 
value  and  usefulnessof  money,  (Brit.  Walker.V.  Obs.)  I  have  heard  of  such  being  found 
on  Dartmoor,  but  have  never  been  able  to  ascertain  the  correctness  of  the  assertion. 
Others  were  exhibited  by  the  Rev.  T,  Rackett,  F.  S,  A.  to  the  society  of  Antiquariet 
in  London,  May  16,  1839,  but  they  were  considered  of  suspicious  appearance. 

The  repeated  discoveries  in  Exeter  and  its  vicinity,  of  Egypto-Greek  Coins  of 
Roman  Emperors,  (Trajan,  Adrian,  Antoninus,  Severus,  &c.)  all  of  the  Alexandrian 
Mint,  which  are  the  most  numerous,  as  also  of  many  others,  some  coined  at  Antiochi 
others  at  Hierapolis,  Sidon,  Zeugma  on  the  Euphrates,  Clazomenee  in  Ionia  ?  Chalcis 
&c.  have  awakened  a  new  spirit  of  speculative  conj  cture  respecting  the  ancient  world. 
These  are  supposed  to  have  found  their  way  into  Britain  during  the  great  Tin  travie, 
from  that  immense  emporium  of  riches,  Alexandria,  the  second  city  of  the  E.npire,  and 
scarcely  inferior  to  Rome  itself,  which  city  it  supplied  4  months  in  the  year  with  corn 
and  the  choicest  mushrooms  which  Africa  could  afford.  It  probably  had  as  much 
coin  at  one  period  in  circulation,  as  Rome  in  its  days  of  splendour. 

*  The  learned  Bochart  says,  that  the  Phoenician  Hercules  is  reported  to  have  conquered  Antsut 
the  giant.  King  of  W.  Arrica,  more  than  300  years  berore  the  expedition  of  tl;e  Argonauts  to  Colchis* 
•bout  1263  A.  D.  and  suspects  the  Phoenicians  to  have  come  as  far  as  Tingis  for  Tangier,)  in  Africa* 
•bout  the  time  of  Joshua,  which  is  confirmed  by  Eusehius  about  some  Canaanites,  who  Bed  along  the 
Mediterranean  Sea  from  Joshua,  and  settled  at  Tripoli,  commemorating  their  flight  by  an  inscription 
on  two  piliars  at  the  Straits.  A  temple  was  also  erected  to  the  Tyrian  Hercules  at  Tartessus,  by  some 
•apposed  Gades,  or,  Cadiz,  by  others  Tari^a.  The  Sun  worship  of  Phoenicia,  which  was  one  of  the 
earliest  idolatries  (for  in  fact  the  descendants  of  those  saved  in  the  ARK,  became  Tsabaists  or  adorers 
of  the  Sun,)  was  established  in  Britain  by  these  foreign  merchants.  Ninus  deified  his  father Nini- 
rod.  (the  Bel.  SUN,  or  Belus  of  Chaldaa,  aud  Zohalt  and  Amar  Pel  of  Persia)  and  was  honoured  ai 
the  Chaldaean  Jupiter  and  Assyrian  Hercules.  The  intercourse  between  Britain  and  Tyre  and  tht 
Tyrian  Colonies  of  Tarshisb  and  Carthage,  caused  the  religion  of  Britain  to  resemble  much  that  of 
Canaan,  and  Phoenicia,  where  the  SUN  was  called  Lord  of  Heaven,  (v.  Philo  apud  Euseb.  praep.  Evang. 
Bm^«-(4m>iv.  Hercdian.  lib.  8;  Joseph  contra  Apionem.)  by  the  comparison  of  idolatrous  rites,  sepuU 
chres  and  fragments  of  Punic  Language,  patriarchal  pillars  and  altars  also,  and  the  Rock  idols.  Logan 
stones  kc.  still  extant,  and  described  by  Borlase  in  his  Cornwall.  The  ancient  Druid*  were  Kelts,  aud 
hftd  rites  common  no  doubt  to  the  Priests  of  Egypt,  Brachmans  of  India,  astrologers  of  Babylon  and 
disciples  of  Zoroaster,  the  fiie  worshipper  and  King  magician  of  Bactria.  They  also  believed  in  the 
metempsychosis  or  Pythagorean  transmigration  of  souls.  The  chief  Keltic  deity  was  the  Mercury  of 
Caesar.  Teut  of  Druidism,  or  Teutatet,  to  whom  as  well  as  Hetus,  human  sacrifices  were  offered — (Lucani 
Phars.  I.  V.  445)  the  Egyptian  I^otA,  Latinized — originally  a  stone,  but  altered  into  the  airy  god 
Eerme*  by  the  Greeks.  The  Kelts  came  from  the  Hyperborean  ocean,  and  the  Palus  Maeotis  or  Sea 
of  Azoph,  communicating  with  the  Cimmerian  Bosphorus,  and  were  the  original  progenitors  of  great 
-part  of  the  W.  World. 

X 


84  GREEK    ANTIQUITIES 

PoIybi«s,  in  a  fragment  of  his  34tli  book,  gives  a  brief  geographical  notice  of  this 
place,  and  particularizes  the  three  distinct  branches  of  its  population,  the  acute,  witty, 
and  politics-loving  Fgyptian,  the   wealihy,  insolent,  and  purse  proud  foreign  merchant, 
and  the  less   contaminated   but  more   superior  descendant  of  the  Greeks,  originally 
planted  here,  now  blended  with  the  dense  multitude.    We  must  also  recollect  that  the 
Romans  maintained  a  trade   for    silk,  cotton,   and  spiceries,  with /ndia,  from  that 
great  city  of  Egypt,  by  Cosseir,  (JMyos  or  Hormos)  and  Berenice,  down  the  Red  Sea, 
which  employed    120  Ships  yearly,  of  the  computed  freight  of  1,200,000  crowns,  and 
Is  said  to  have  brought  in  an  immense  and  hundred-fold  revenue  to  their  treasury.*   i 
What  was   to  prevent  the  Romans  shipping  our  Tin  to  Egypt,  and  thence  if  required  \ 
to   India,  where  we  know  it  was  actually  exported  by  them  ?    Tin,  except  in  a  few  j 
straggling  places   of  Portugal   and  Gallicia,  was  never  procured  in  a  large  quantity 
any  where  else  but  in  Devon  or  Cornwall.     Pliny,  (de  Rerum  Invent.)  says,  Lead  was 
first  brought  from   the   Isle   Cassiteris  by  Mediacritus,  who  probably  introduced  it 
into  Greece.    Strabo  is  very  perspicuous  about  the  trade.     Wilkinson,  in  his  work  on 
Egypt,  never  made  a  greater  error  than  when  he  speaks  of  the  Ancients  working  the 
Tin  Mines  of  Malacca,  where  none  exists,  and  those  of  the  I.  of  Banca,  have  only  been 
known  for  half  a  century.    Of  course,  when  the  Vandals,   Goths,  Lombards,  and 
.  Moors  combined  to  tear  the  Empire  to  pieces,  all  commerce  ceased  between  civilized 
nations,  and   consequently   the  Tin  trade  with  India   also,  for  which  diamonds  and 
precious  stones  were  exchanged,  as  Pliny  informs  us  plainly  enough,  (lib.  34,  Cap,  17, 
Hist.  Nat.)    The    Tin   trade  with  Europe  was  however  afterwards  renewed,  and  the 
Indian  and  Arabian  spices  and   commodities  were  conveyed,  partly  by  land,  partly  by 
water,  to  Caffa,  or  Theodosia,  in   the  Taurica  Chersonesus,  or  Crimea,  belonging  to 
the  Genoese,  who  held   that   port  from   1266,   till  1474.    Afterwards  the  principal 
Mart  was  Trebisond,    in  Asiatic  Turkey,  and  in  later  times  Samarcand,  in  Zagathay, 
(the  mother  land  of  Timour)   where  we  are  informed  the  merchants  of  Turkey,  India, 
and  Persia,  met   to  barter  their  wares.     The  Turkish  merchants  conveyed  their  goods 
to  Damascus,  Beyrout,  and  Aleppo,  from  whence  the  Venetians  transported  them  to 
their  own   city,    and  made  that  the  common  Emporium  of  Christendom,  and  opulent 
seat  of  the  monopoly  of  commerce,   till  the  discovery  of  the  Cape  by  the  Portuguese, 
under  Vasquez  de  Garaa  in  1499.    The  riches  of  the  Asiatic  Continent  were  also  taken 
by  another  route  up  the  Peisian  Gulf,  by  the  Tigris,  to  Bagdad,  and  across  the  sandy 
deserts   to  the  ruins  of  the  stately  Palmyra,  then  an  entrepot  to  the  Mediterranean. 
The  Passage  by  the  ports  of  the  Red  Sea,  was  restored  for  the  last  time,  by  the  Sol- 

•  Ptolemy  Philadelphus,  277,  B.  C,  was  the  first  who  commenced  this  Navigation.  Cosseir  being 
the  ordinary  Haven  from  which  his  mariners  sailed  for  India,  and  to  which  they  returned  with  their 
freights,  which  were  thence  conveyed  by  land  to  Coptos  (Gennah)  and  so  along  the  Nile  100  leagues 
to  Alexandria,  at  which  tho  Custom  House  yielded  in  the  Feign  of  Ptol.  Auletes.  51,  B.  C,  7 J  millions 
of  gold  annually.  The  Roman  Conquerors  of  Egypi  enhanced  the  Customs  to  double  that  sum.  In 
the  time  of  Constantius,  Batna,  (v.  Amm.  Marc)  in  Mesopotamia,  on  Euphrates,  (Zosim.  lib.  3rd.  p,  160, 
ed.  Oxon.j  was  the  principal  place  of  trade  with  the  Indi  and  Seres  for  silk,  which  probably  indeed  from 
the  days  of  Alexander  to  those  of  Justinian,  was  most  highly  valuaole,  and  as  well  as  byssus,  or  cotton 
wool,  was  brought  into  W.  Asia,  probably  by  caravans,  into  Bactriana  and  N.  India  also,  the  cotton 
being  the  Sanscrit  ftarpasam  or  x«{ir«o"ef  of  Arrian,  and  Xa/i's  Car Ja*««  of  Lucretius,  for  covering 
th«  Theatres. 


OP   EXETER.  85 

dans  of  Egypt,  of  the  Circassian  or  Mameluke  race,  1300,  A.  D.,  but  discontinued 
entirely  soon  after  the  discovery  of  the  Cape.  The  spice  trade  from  India  to  Egypt 
must  have  been  of  remote  antiquity,  and  perhaps  as  early  as  Joseph's  time,  when  the 
spice  merchants  of  Midian,  boidering  on  Arabia,  traded  into  Egypt.  In  the  tombs  of 
Tliebes,  bottles  of  Chinese  manufacture,  and  with  inscriptions  in  that  language,  were 
lately  found.  On  some  was  the  Chinese  sentiment  "  1  he  Flower  opens  and  behold  1 
another  year."  Amethysts  and  lapis  lazuli  have  been  found  at  Thebes,  which,  pre- 
vious to  the  removal  of  the  Court  to  Memphis,  was  adorned  with  Temples,  PalaceSf 
Colossal  statues,  and  the  tombs  of  the  early  Pharaohs,  to  say  nothing  of  its  100  gates, 
its  Meranonium  built  by  Ramcses  2nd.  (A.  M.  2751)  or  of  its  being  the  royal  residence 
of  Busiris  or  Orus  2nd.  who  ordered  the  male  children  of  Israel  to  be  slain.  Rosellini 
and  Lord  Prudhoe  were  witnesses  to  these  discoveries.  Porcelain  Seals  with  Cliinese 
characters  found  in  Ireland,  were  submitted  to  the  Irish  Academy,  March  14,  1840,  by 
Mr.  J.  Ilubard  Smith.  They  most  likely  found  their  way  there  with  the  Buddhists  of 
Persia  and  India,  who  were  driven  out  by  the  followers  of  Brahma,  and  came  to  Erin 
or  the  sacred  Isle.  In  accounting  for  the  introduction  of  these  Greek  Colonial  Coins 
into  Britain,  it  may  be  observed  that  the  Romans  who  were  so  exceedingly  rapacious 
and  grasping,  and  took  such  pains  to  drain  the  conquered  provinces  of  their  produce 
and  revenues,  would  hardly  permit  any  foreign  nation  to  be  participators  with  them 
in  the  TIN  trade  of  Britain.  They  probably,  however,  permitted  traffic  of  other 
descriptions.  That  they  worked  the  mines  themselves,  is  evident,  from  the  quantities 
of  Roman  Coins,  chiefly  of  the  lower  Empire,  found  at  Karn  Bre,  in  the  parish  of  II- 
logan,  and  at  St.  Agnes  Bal,  and  other  Cornish  Tin  works.  This  profitable  trade,  and 
which  they  first  aimed  at,  when  P.  Crassus  was  sent  to  explore  the  mines  in  the  Greek 
times,  induced  them  no  doubt  to  engross  it  all  to  themselves  from  Italy,  and  to  seize 
upon  the  mines,  the  sources  of  riches,  (metalla  pretium  victorise)  provided  with  such 
excellent  harbours  as  Falmouth,  Hamoaze,  Helford  Haven,  and  Fowey.  They  also 
worked  the  lead  mines  of  Derbyshire,  as  is  evident  from  the  pigs  of  lead  with  the 
names  of  Emperors  and  private  persons  on  them,  found  in  that  county.*  This  was 
however  all  under  fiscal  restraints,  probably.  Little  is  known  unfortunately  of  the 
social  improvements  iittroduced  by  the  Romans  into  Britain,  or  of  the  advance  of  in- 
tellect of  its  inhabitants,  under  their  yoke,  and  unlike  Spain,  Africa,  and  Gaul,  all 
fertile  of  literary  characters,  of  such  men  as  Seneca,  Martial,  Terence,  Ausonius,  Apu- 
leius,  Lucan,  and  Mela,  there  is  actually  no  Romanized  British  genius  on  record,  al- 
though Agricola  thought  that  people  did  more  by  wit,  than  the  Gauls  by  study  (Tac. 
in  vita.)  The  original  Tin  trade  into  Gaul,  that  is  to  Marseilles  and  Narbonne, 
noticed  by  Diodorus,  ceased  probably  soon  after  the  Roman  Conquest  by  Claudius. 
I  do  not  mean  to  say,  however,  that  there  was  no  resort  of  Mediterranean  merchants 
to  our  coasts  after  that  period.  The  mutilated  histories  which  remain,  do  not  seem 
to  furnish  any  direct  evidence  of  such  being  the  case,  but  the  Britons  we  know,  did 
carry  on  an  extensive  foreign  trade  in  the  Roman  times  (v.  Henry  Hist.  Vol.2.)  pro- 
bably under  fiscal  regulations   to   Egypt,  and  other  provinces,  as  well  as  to  Gaul.| 

•  Dr.  Musffrave  gives   a  plate  of  a  leaden  Slab  or  Tablet  to  Claudius,  IMP.  XVI.  DE  BRITAN 
which  be  calls  a  Tropseum,  found  near  Wookey,  Somerset.    Belg.  Bilt.p.  181. 

t  la  the  Notitia,  wo  find  luch  officers  as  the  following,  under  the  Comt$  $aerarum  LargUionum,  or 


86  GREEK    ANTIQUITIES 

They  may  have  done  so  with  Phoenicia  at  that  period,  that  maritime  country  being 
merely  reckoned  as  part  of  Syria,  andof  its  five  provinces,  in  the  days  of  the  Em- 
perors, to  whose  armies  Syria  furnished  a  Contingent  of  soldiers,  like  other  tributary- 
states.  Coins  of  Sidon  were  indeed  found  at  Exeter,  with  a  great  many  others  in 
1810,  in  making  the  main  city  sewer — they  bore  a  galley  on  reverse,  and  had  the  In- 
scription SIAQN02  GEA2.+  None  of  Tyre  have  however  been  found,  which  was 
thought  by  many  authors  to  have  been  a  Sidonian  colony,  and  excelled  its  predecessor 
in  splendour  and  power,  and  particularly  so  as  it  appears  from  the  time  of  Salmanazar 
(v.  Joseph  Antiq.  lib,  9,  cap.  14.)  although  both  aspired  to  the  title  of  metropolis  of 
Phoenicia.  Sidon  was  actually  in  early  time  the  mother  of  Tyre,  as  appears  by  a 
coin  published  by  A,  Reland  (Palest,  page  104)  once  in  the  French  King's  Cabinet, 
and  a  duplicate  of  it  in  others.  It  appears  that  after  the  Romans  had  settled  in  Britain, 
the  imports  became  more  various  and  valuable,  the  consequence  of  the  natives' imita- 
ting their  conquerors  in  luxury  and  ways  of  living,  which  increased  the  demand  for 
the  productions  and  manufactures  of  the  continent.  This  we  are  told,  entailed  on 
them  a  heavy  debt,  the  foreign  imports  exceeding  the  goods  exported,  in  value.  As 
the  trade  of  Britain  gradually  increased,  the  shipping  did  consequently  in  the  like 
proportion,  as  it  also  did  in  every  other  trading  and  maritime  province  of  the  Empire 
(v;  Codex.  Theodos.  tom.  6, 1.  13,  tit.  5.)  The  Emperor  Claudius  conferred  privileges 
by  law  on  such  ships  of  burden,  as  could  carry  a  freight  of  10,000  Roman  Moclii,  or 
312  quarters  of  corn,  English  measure.  From  Zosimus  the  historian,  lib.  3,  we  find 
that  800  British  bottoms  exported  corn  to  the  Rhine,  and  into  Germany,  by  command 
of  the  Emperor  Julian,  359,  A.  D.,  who  had  ordered  these  ships  to  be  constructed 
from  the  forests  on  the  Rhine,  for  that  purpose,  when  the  German  provinces  were  de« 
Tastated  by  famine,  and  the  vicissitudes  of  war.  These  fleets  were  convoyed  by  armed 
vessels  or  ships  of  war,  command  ed  by  an  officer  styled  the  Archigvhernus  Classis 
Bri7ann*^,  or  Lord  High  Admiral,  of  which  rank  we  find  Seius  Saturninus,  in  the 
reigns  of  Hadrian  and  Antoninus  Pius  (V.  Seldeni  Mare  Clausum^  1664,  in  reply  to 
Grotitts's  Mare  Liberum.  Leyden  1663;  in  defence  of  the  rights  of  British  Navigation 
and  fisheries,)  on  the  British  Seas.  The  Emperor  Claudius  maintained  a  fleet  on  the 
Coast  of  Britain,  after  his  Conquest  of  the  Island, 

It  appears  that  the  Frank  and  Saxon  pirates,  who  swarmed  on  our  coast  at  the  end 
of  the  3rd  Century,  and  occasioned  the  throwing  up  of  so  many  maritime  camps  and 
forts  on  our  more  exposed  line  of  seaboard,  were  opposed  by  a  powerful  British  fleet, 
which  became  very  formidable,  under  the  usurper  Carausius,  and  his  successor  AUec- 
tus,  giving  the  former  power  to  assume  the  purple,  and  set  the  reigning  Emper- 
ors at  defiance.  Roman  Ships  or  gallies  repeatedly  appear  on  their  Coins.  Southamp- 
ton,  (then   Clausentum,  and  piobably  Bittern,)     was   supposed    at  that   time  to 

Administrator  of  tiie  imperial  revenues  or  exchequer,  viz,  the  Rationalis  Summarum  Brittaniarum, 
Deputy  Receiver  General  of  the  taxes  of  Britain  ;  Praepositus  Thesaurorum  Augustensium  in  Britan- 
uls ;  Registrar  of  the  public  monies  there,  Procurator  Gynegii  in  Britannis  Bentensis.  or  Superintendantof 
the  manufactery  of  imperial  vestments  of  silk  interwoven  with  gold  at  Winchester, 

+  Two  others  near  Broadgate  in  1823.  Rev.  a  Rhomboidal  figure  or  Tripod  Gate  with  fi&hes.  zONIi 
(retrograde.) 


OF    EXBTBR.  ^7 

have  been  a  place  of  considerable  commerce  from  its  excellent  marine  situation,  its 
vicinity  to  tlie  Tin  Countries  and  to  tiie  Isle  of  Wight,  from  which,  though  I  much 
respect  the  authority  of  Diodorus,  who  so  very  accurately  describes  the  stream  works 
of  Dunmonian  I5ritain  in  his  notice  of  its  Tin  Mines,  I  must  certainly  doubt  the  trans- 
mission of  the  Tin  ore  into  Gaul,  conveyed  in  waggons  at  low  water  to  some  Island, 
(St.  Michael's  Mount,  probably)  supposed  by  the  name  Iclis  to  be  the  Isle  of  Wight, 
from  the  improbability  of  the  Western  Britons,  who  had  excellent  harbours  on  their 
own  shores,  going  so  far  out  of  their  way  to  transport  their  wares.  Ictis  was  some 
Island  on  the  Coast,  not  now  clearly  ascertained.*  Richboro  or  Uuiupice  in  Kent, 
was  a  great  Seaport  and  place  of  trade  at  the  same  period  ;  we  have  only  to  refer  to 
Battely's  admirable  worlc  (Antiq.  Rutup.)  and  the  observations  of  Camden  (Britannia, 
p.  201,  ed.  Gib,)  for  particulars  respecting  its  importance,  being  the  Partus  Trutu- 
lensis^  where  the  Roman  fleets  arrived  from  the  Continent,  and  whence  they  sailed 
out  of  Britain,  and  for  which  they  embarked  their  numerous  bodies  of  Troops  for  the 
defence  of  the  Province.  It  was  the  port  in  fact,  from  which  the  Romans  on  most 
occasions,  generally  departed  for  the  Continent,  and  for  the  Portus  Iccius,in  Gaul  es- 
pecially, and  where  they  landed  on  their  return  ;  and  was  a  place  of  note  even  in  the 
Saxon  times,  for  it  is  said  that  Ethelbert,  the  first  christian  King  of  Kent,  had  a  palace 
there.  He  reigned  between  661  and  617,  A,  D,  At  Winchester  was  a  manufactory 
expressly  for  the  texture  of  the  Imperial  garments,  the  *'  auratffi  ac  sericee  paragaudee 
auro  intextffi,"  inlaid  with  gold  and  silk,  and  those  of  the  army.  V,  Notitiam,  Guther, 
de  Domo  Aug.  p.  120,  ed.  Lips.  1672.  Camden,  Brit.  p.  118.  London  and  Verulam 
were  rich  and  populous  cities  (v.  Tacit,  lib.  14,  c.  83)  and  the  former  was  probably 
founded  in  the  time  of  Augustus,  by  the  merchants  of  Gaul  and  Britain.  But  Exeter, 
which  was  in  the  centre  of  the  TIN  trade,  producing  not  only  so  great  a  quantity  of 
the  usual  current  coin  of  this  island  (part  of  the  mass  of  treasure,  needful  for  the  pay  of 
the  Roman  Soldiery  in  a  long  coarse  of  years)  but  exhibiting  Syrian  and  Alexandrian 
coins,  of  Asia  Minor,  and  even  of  the  Ptolemies  of  a  much  earlier  eera,  bears  a  direct  evi- 
dence perhaps  of  an  extensive  commerce  with  Egypt  and  the  coasts  of  the^Mediterranean, 
«t  a  very  early  period,  which  was  evidently  continued  by  the  pacific  inhabitants  of  this 
commercial  County  in  later  times,  probably  by  all  the  Western  Britons.  The  Phoe- 
nicians of  Tyre  were  ousted  from  the  traffic,  as  I  have  observed,  by  the  Greeks,  about 
170,  A.  D.,  or  perhaps  a  little  earlier.  Notwithstanding  their  acuteness,  the  latter 
seem  to  have  then  stepped  into  their  shoes,  and  probably  would  have  served  them  in  the 
same  style  as  our  Drake,  Raleigh,  and  the  Buccaneers  of  America,  did  the  wealthy 
settlements  on  the  Spanish  Main,  to  a  certain  degree,  in  spite  of  the  severities  exercised 
by  Spain,  on  those  who  ventured  into  the  auriferous  Pacific,  or  on  that  famed  El  Dorado 
the  forbidden  shores  of  the  New  Continent  t  The  Greeks  clearly  frequented  the  Island  for 

•  Pliny  (quoting  Timseus)  probably  meant  one  of  the  CassUerid^,  where  he  mentions  ifieft*  as  an 
Island,  six  days  sail  Trom  Britain,  producing  white  Lead.  Strabo  made  no  blander  in  saying  that  these 
Islands  were  further  off  from  Spain  than  they  were  from  the  coast  of  Britain. 

t  They  were  in  fact  superseded  by  the  crafty  Greeks,  pretty  nearly  the  same  as  their  own  Tyrlaa 
purple,  the  rich  or  royal  dye  of  princes,  procured  from  the  murex  shell-fish,  was  by  tbecochineal  insect 
of  America  in  later  times.  Pennant  considers  the  English  patella  or  Ump9t,  which  produces  \h9  purpl* 
dye.  analogoaa  to  that  of  the  ancleaU.    Zool.  vol.  iv.  p.  119  20. 

Y 


§8  6REBK   ANTIQUITIES 

trade,  and  it  is  doubtful  whether  they  made  any  permanent  settlement,  but  the  Romans 
engrossed  the  TIN  to  themselves,  and  proclaimed  the  first  Stannary  laws.  The  operations 
were  carried  on  by  shoding  and  streaming,  and  these  ancient  stream  works  or  Moina- 
staine,  noticed  by  Diodorus,  are  still  to  be  traced  on  Dartmoor,  at  Bovey  Heathfield, 
Manaton,  Kingsteignton,  Teigngrace,  and  in  Ilsington,  the  level  country  through 
which  the  river  Yealrae  flows,  &c.  In  the  fissures  of  the  granite  on  Dartmoor,  are  two 
varieties  of  TIN,  Stannum,  with  black  columnar  chrystals,  intermixed  with  decayed 
feldspar.  The  other,  Stannum  amorphum,  rufonigricans,  (Polwhele*)  Gold  and  silver 
are  also  said  to  have  abounded  in  those  times.  In  St.  AusteWs  parish,  Cornwall,  are 
vestiges  of  alluvial  operation,  being  diluvial  beds  containing  TIN  ore,  generally  met 
with  in  deep  Tallies  where  rivulets  flow,  and  in  separating  the  ore  from  common  peb- 
bles or  stones,  by  its  inferior  specific  gravity.  Pentewan  Streamwork  has  a  lower  bed 
consisting  of  pebbles,  gravel  or  tin  ore,  and  rests  on  the  solid  rock  ;  above  this  bed  was 
a  stratum  of  black  vegetable  matter,  supposed  remains  of  an  ancient  forest.  The 
streams  in  Devon  are  of  different  breadths,  and  often  (v.  Polwhele's Hist. Devon, 
vol,  1.)  "  scattered  in  different  quantities  over  the  whole  extent  of  a  moor,  bottom  or 
valley."  They  are  "  composed  sometimes  of  loose  stones,  sometimes  a  furlong  distant 
from  Iheir  lodes,  making  a  course  from  one  to  ten  feet  deep."  Tin  was  originally 
found  in  greater  quantities  in  Devon  than  in  Cornwall,  even  to  the  period  of  the  reign 
of  our  "good"  King  John,  who  farmed  the  tin  of  the  former  on  Dartmoor  and  its 
neighbourhood,  for  100  pounds  sterling,  the  latter  only  100  marks.*  The  Greek  Coins 
came  here  evidently  by  the  foreign  auxiliary  troops  in  the  Roman  Armies,  or  other- 
wise by  the  merchants  who  traded  for  the  natural  products  of  Britain.  They  did  not 
certainly  come  by  blind  chance.  The  early  coins  of  the  Ptolemies  were  probably  in- 
troduced either  by  the  Phoenician  sea  captains,  or  those  of  the  Greeks.  We  know  that 
Ptolemy  the  1st.  or  Soter,  reigned  over  Egypt  323  B.C.  and  Philoraetor  180,  B.  C. 
The  Phoenicians,  who  seem  to  ha^e  been  the  general  carriers  of  Nations,t  may  cer- 
tainly have  introduced  some  of  these  into  Britain,  instead  of  their  own,  bearing  horses, 
fishes,  &c.  ;  the  coasting  trade  of  Palestine  and  to  Alexandria,  would  tend  to  put  such 
coins  in  circulation  among  the  mariners  of  their  fleets.  They  had  however  commenced 
trading  with  us  for  more  than  a  century  before  the  first  Ptolemy,  and  perhaps  earlier 
than  460,  B.  C,  which  was  18  years  before  the  Peloponnesian  war:  this  trade  was 
however  superseded  about  the  period  of  the  reign  of  Philometor.  As  coins  of  both 
these  raonarchs  are  found,  however,  it  is  doubtful  whether  the  Greeks,  who  as  Camden 
observes,  arrived  here  160  years  before  Julius  Caesar's  invasion  (which  period  was 
during  the  2nd.  Punic  War^  and  which  is  corroborated  by  Polybius,  who  flourished 
about  168,  B.  C.  had  not  some  hand  as  well  as  the  Phoenicians,  in  introducing  these 
and  others  of  earlier  date,  which  have  also  been  exhumed  in  this  ancient  city,  viz,  of 
Agrigentum  in  Sicily,  of  Hiero  I,  King  of  Syracuse,  about  460,  B.  C,  of  the  city  Syra- 
cuse, (of  which  a  massy  silver  one  was  also  dug  up  in  a  mine,  at  Truro)  and  several 

•  In  the  Roman  times  the  Tin  may  have  been  conveyed  Into  their  Imperial  storehouses  or  magazines 
by  the  Propositi  Baatagarum,  of  which  officers  in  the  Notitia.  we  find  one  appointed  to  superintend 
the  merchandise  of  Gaul,  the  name  implying  a  sort  of  waggon  train  or  civil  commissariat. 

t  We  even  find  men  of  Tyre.  rNehemlah  13,  v.  16.)  who  brought  fish,  and  "  all  manner  of  ware  "  io 
•ell  at  Jerusalem,  about  454,  B.  C.    V.  Herodotum,  lib.  I,  cap.  1. 


bF   fiXETfilt.  6d 

smaller  with  the  Capricorn  and  helmed  head  (perhaps  Anazarbas)  &c.  of  high  antiquity.* 
The  later  Colonial  coins  of  the  Proconsular  Asia,  of  Syria  and  of  Egypt,  uodei  the 
Romans,  which  are  Tery  numerous,  are  accounted  for  either  by  merchants  or  by  the 
Intercourse  of  the  Roman  Legions  and  auxiliaries,  for  it  is  just  as  likely  that  Syrian  and 
Egyptian  troops  were  in  South  Britain,  as  the  4th.  Wing  of  British  Horse  (?.  Notit.) 
in  Egypt,  and  their  26lh  Cohort  in  Armenia,  and  a  detachment  of  Moors  were  also 
at  Aballaba  or  Watch  Cross,  on  the  wall  of  Severus  in  Westmoreland,  at  the  beginning 
of  the  5th  century,  as  well  as  the  Syrian  Cavalry  in  the  interior  of  the  Province.  As 
Ptolemy  Soter,  however,  conquered  Pho8nicia  and  Syria  in  320,  his  coins  might  just 
as  likely  have  been  introduced  by  the  new  Phoenician  tributaries,  as  by  their  Greek 
successors.  Great  scepticism  ensued  among  the  literary  characters  of  London,  as  to 
the  authenticity  of  these  discoveries.  In  the  Metropolis,  which  was  far  removed  from 
the  Westerly  Emporiums  of  TIN,  but  few  of  such  coins  had  been  known  to  be  found, 
while  thousands  of  pieces  of  Roman  money,  and  quantities  of  their  Samian  Ware,  and 
other  pottery,  were  of  frequent  occurrence  in  particular  spots.  Two  of  the  vast  Medals 
of  Ptolemy  Soter  had  however  been  dug  up  in  the  Watling  Street  of  London,  which  is 
well  known  to  antiquaries  as  an  old  Roman  Way,  running  from  S.  to  N.  from  Dover 
to  London,  through  the  street  bearing  its  name,  to  Holborn,  Paddington,  Edgeware, 
Ellestrie,  St.  Albans,  and  Dunstable,  at  which  last  place  it  was  traversed  by  the 
mighty  IKENILD  Street,  which  crossed  the  Island  from  E.  to  W.  ;  is  the  main  street 
of  Exeter  now,  and  was  the  2nd  great  Roman  Military  Road  in  Britain,  also  com- 
municating with  ISC  A  from  Dorchester  and  Sarum.  Another  vast  medal  of  the  same 
prince  was  dug  up  in  a  field  near  Cirencester,  the  Corinium  of  the  Romans,  by  a  far- 
mer, and  given  to  my  Friend,  Mr.  J.  Campbell,  of  Exeter,  whose  exertions  in  rescuing 
such  curious  matters  from  oblivion  and  ignorant  hands,  cannot  be  sufficiently  lauded 
and  approved.  He  is  also  in  possession  of  two  beautiful  coins,  commemorative  of 
Alexander,  found  in  cutting  a  road  a  few  years  since,  at  Bays  hill,  between  Chelten- 
ham and  Gloster.  One  of  these  is  a  silver  coin,  or  Tetradrachmon  Stater,  bearing  the 
bust  of  that  Prince,  strong  contoui  of  countenance,  AAEJ27ANAPOY  on  its  Reverse,  and 
the  usual  figure  of  Jupiter,  seated  in  a  peculiar  kind  of  chair  or  subsellium,  in  front  2. 
The  other,  smaller,  is  of  copper,  and  in  front  of  the  seated  god  is  a  sort  of  bayonet 
shaped  symbol, t  Mr.  Campbell  saw  both  of  these  coins  dug  up,  and  got  them  for  a 
mere  trifle  from  the  excavator.  The  same  Gentleman  also  procured  five  Greek  copp^jr 
coins  of  Alexandria.^  of  Probus,  Dioclesian,  Aurelian,  Philip  and  Claudius  Gothicus, 
at  Usk,  in  Monmouthshire,  the  Burrium  of  the  Romans  ;  they  were  dug  up  in  the 
vicinity  of  Ragland  Castle,  and  will  be  described  in  another  place.  A.  J.  K.  a  lear- 
ned antiquary,   took  up  the  matter  in  the  Gent's.  Magazine,  in  August  1837,  proving 

•  It  must  be  also  observed  that  although  before  the  reign  of  Alexander,  money  of  the  coins  of  Persia 
was  struck  in  Phoenicia,  yet  their  numerals  and  the  name  of  the  town  of  Acca  or  Ptolemais,  appear  on 
certain  gold  and  silver  coins  of  that  prince  (v.  L'Abbe  Barthy)  Also  it  appears  that  the  city  Laodicea 
or  Ramitha  (Step;«  Byz.)  in  Syria,  originally  Phoenician,  was  rebuilt  by  Seleucus  Nicator(StrabO, 
lib.  16.)    They  had,  it  it  elter,  sufficiently  ample  correspondence  with  their  Greek  brethren. 

t  Baldulnus,  de  Calceo,  cap.  17.  tells  us  that  these  coins  of  Alexander  were  worn  on  shoes,  not  only 
for  ornament,  but  also  for  good  luck  by  the  ancients,  and  at  Antioch  especially. 

X  Small  brass.  Two  of  Ziuoma,  one  found  at  Oundle,  (near  the  Nen)  an  d  the  other  at  Chester 
House,  WeUiflgboro,  Northamptonshire.    [Mr.  E.  Pretty,  (Northton)  correspondence  of  the  Author] 


90  GREEK    ANTIQUITIES 

the  discovery  of  a  Greek  coin  ia  an  ancient  sepulchral  spot,  near  Chatham.  In  Sep  t , 
a  long  account  of  our  Exeter  discoveries  appeared  in  the  same  publication,  pp.  291-3, 
to  which  was  appended  a  list  of  nearly  20  of  these  coins— a  previous  one  was  published 
in  August  and  September,  1S36.  The  first  coin  that  was  a  genuine  Colonial  Greek  one, 
was  a  Julia  Mammsea,  found  in  January  1836,  informing  the  Catacombs  of  the  present 
Cemetery  in  Bartholomew  Yard ;  it  was  bought  by  Mr,  Carter,  Silversmith,  in  the 
High  Street,  who  soon  after  procured  the  Greek  Lucius  Verus,  of  Amphipolis,  on  Eu- 
phrates, a  little  bronze  imperialiraage,  and  a  Roman  Coinof  Berylus(of  Severus,  with 
Caracalla)  in  Phoenicia,  from  the  Westgate  Quarter,  about  the  12th  of  March. 

In  the  year  1810.  it  appears,  in  making  the  great  Cloaca  Maxima  of  Exeter,  or 
main  Sewer  (in  the  Fore  Street  which  is  the  Ikenild,)  which  extends  to  the  river,  and 
is  20  feet  below  the  level  of  the  present  pavement,  in  the  middle  of  the  street,  an  im- 
mense quantity  of  ancient  coin  was  found  in  ground  never  before  disturbed ;  in  particu- 
lar between  Broadgate  and  Milk  Lane,  a  great  number  of  Greek  coins  of  Egypt,  among 
which  8  of  the  Ptolemies  already  alluded  to,  and  a  number  of  the  Imperial  ones,  among 
which  were  some  of  the  following  autonomous  cities. — Alexandria,  Cyrrhus  or  Cyrr- 
hestica,  (in  Syria,)  Chalcis,  in  Coele  Syria,  Zeugma  on  Euphrates,  Amisus  on  Euxine, 
Antioch  on  Orontes,  Hierapolis,  Sidon,  Clazomence?  Cyzicus  ?  Samosata,  Rhegium, 
(Italy,  of  Hadrian.)  Alsoof  Antiochus  IX.Cyzicenus  (Philopator.)  There  were  8  Nm- 
mismata  serrata,  of  Syria  (one  with  hare  and  ox  head,  anothei-.  Elephant's  head  and 
horse)  two  British  coins,  on  one  awheel,  the  other  a  horse — many  small  brass  Im- 
perial Alexandrian  coins,  8  of  Antioch,  (A.  E.  S.  C.,)  two  Roman  Weights,  or  Asses 
LibraleSf  and  a  small  consular  or  family  coin,  washed  with  silver  (Bigae.)  Many 
Bezants  or  coins  of  the  Lower  Greek  Empire,  were  also  dug  up,  and  these  are  found 
occasionally  in  Exeter,  in  company  with  Roman  brass  coins,  which  proves  to  me  that 
most  of  these  pieces  of  money  were  in  circulation  centuries  after  they  had  been  intro- 
duced. For  many  ages,  and  most  probably  in  the  decay  of  the  Empire,  a  coin  was  a 
coin,  and  passed  for  such,  whatever  it  was,  like  the  casks  of  Birmingham  tokens  du- 
ring the  war,  or  in  fact  any  circular  piece  of  copper,  were  it  but  a  button  without  the 
shank!  in  some  of  our  Colonies,  (Canada especially)— Metal  was  Metal,  as  a  pair  of 
shoes,  whether  they  fitted  or  not,  was  still  a  pair  of  shoes  I 

Cleverer  heads  than  ours  would  be  puzzled  to  tell  by  what  magic  they  all  got  crammed 
20  feet  under  ground  into  this  subterrene  Babylonish  spot,  this  byrsa  rec^alis  ot  ISCA  I 
Mr.  Jenkins,  the  historian  of  Exeter,  who  was  on  the  spot  at  the  time,  succeeded  in 
preserving  nearly  1000  of  these  rarities,  Greek  and  Roman,  now  in  the  possession  of 
his  son,  who  takes  great  delight  in  numismatic  researches,  and  has  a  noble  collection. 
His  book,  a  valuable  production,  appeared  in  1807,  three  years  previously,  and  had  he 
been  a  numismatist  of  the  present  day,  it  is  probable  he  would  have  published  something 
which  threw  light  on  old  theories  and  speculations,  amid  the  mass  of  information  which 
he  collected — the  truth  of  the  matter  was,  that  nobody  gave  themselves  any  concern 
about  all  this  old  Metal,  so  apparently  downright  useless  and  inexplicable,  which 
nobody  could]explain,  and  of  which  the  legends,  as  Greek  colonHtlcoinS)  even  the  sage 
Erizzo  in  1671,  could  hardly  read,  A  great  quantity  of  this  ancient  money  was  sold 
it  appears,  to  brass  founders  and  tinkers,  while  the  silver  went  to  the  fining  pot  or  the 
crucible.  Much  of  the  copper  was  of  that  worn  out  description,  which  never  could 
J»ave  been  originally  imported  to  this  Country,  to  dignify  collections  which  never  ex- 


OP   EXETER.  91 

Isied.  In  fact  I  have  seen  many  of  the  Urge  Imperial  brass,  of  the  Emperors,  struck 
at  Alexandria,  which  without  a  numismatic  eye,  might  well  be  deemed  only  fit  for 
old  metal,  to  mend  the  kitchen  bellows,  the  laundresses'  old  tea-kettle,  or  stop  the  holes 
in  the  cauldrons  or  saucepans  which  stand  on  kitchen  ranges.  So  worn  and 
worthless  looking  were  the  Ptolemies  and  Trajans,  and  the  small  brass  of  Alexan- 
dria. Tantum  sBvi  longinqua  valet  mutare  vetustas  !  Hamlet  never  said  anything  more 
appropriate  than 

"  Imperious  Ceesar,  dead  and  turn'd  to  clay. 
Might  stop  a  hole  to  keep  the  wind  away.' ' 
And  Alexander  himself  in  this  guise,   instead  of  '*  patching  a  wall  "  or  stopping  a 
bung  hols,  might,   (thirsty  soul  as   he  once  was  I)  be,  mayhap,  transformed  into  a 
•pigot  for  the  beer  barrel  !  ! 

In  June,  1838,  a  small  copper  coin  with  the  Digamma,  and  which  I  ascribed  to 
Elis,  in  the  Morea,  was  offered  me  for  sale.  It  was  dug  up  near  that  mine  of  Nu- 
mismatic wealth,  the  site  of  the  old  Broadgate,  at  the  entrance  to  the  Cathedral  Yard, 
in  1823,  which  was  erected  by  royal  charter,  in  Edward  Ist's  reign,  at  a  gate  to  the 
Close,  apparently  on  ancient  foundations,  in  later  times.  The  labourer  who  found  it  sold 
it  to  another  man  for  a  gallon  of  Cyder,  (9d.  worth  ;)  it  was  deemed,  as  well  it  might, 
something  uncommon.  A  Caracalla,  from  Milk  Lane,  (of  Antioch)  was  also  exhum- 
ed, in  .4pril,  1838,  and  the  excellent  Aurelian  of  Alexandria  (4th  size)  was  dug  up  ia 
North  Street  the  same  year.  This  Broadgate  has  produced  several  curious  coins  of 
Carausius,  in  my  time.  In  excavations  under  the  old  gate,  1823, 120  coins  of  Constantine 
were  found,  and  of  the  lower  empire,  and  several  Greek  coins,  two  of  which  of  the 
Ptolemies  (2nd  and  3rd  brass)  four  of  Hiero,  one  of  Syracuse,  two  of  Sidon,  two  bi- 
gated  coins,  a  double  headed  coin  (supposed  of  Augusta,  in  Cilicia)  and  several  others 
came  into  the  possession  of  the  Rev,  (Subdean)  Barton  at  the  time,  and  afterwards  of 
another  noted  medallist,  and  finally  into  that  of  Mr.  Carter,  Silversmith,  of  this  city. 
This  spot  is  close  to  the  place  where  the  famous  Roman  Penates  were  found,  in  July, 
1778,  by  that  learned  Antiquary,  Dean  Milles,  under  Mr.  Upham's  house,  and  describ- 
ed in  the  Archaeologia,  being  Ceres,  Mercury  (2,)  Mars  and  Apollo,  accompanied  by  a 
bronze  cock,  the  emblem  of  Mercury  (of  the  god  Lunus,  and  one  of  Rachel's  teraphim) 
various  fragments  of  Urns,  Samian  Ware,  horns,  bones,  teeth,  cinders,  oyster  shells, 
&c.  An  ancient  Temple  might  have  stood  on  this  spot,  like  that  of  Saturn  at  Rome, 
alike  devoted  to  piety  and  to  public  treasures.  Perhaps  the  Roman  Qucestorium  ex- 
isted here,  where  the  pay-masters  of  the  Legions  resorted,  or  the  place  of  Exchange, 
the  Basilica,  or  Forum  Nundinarium,  probably  of  ancient  Exeter,  for  the  aryentarii 
or  Mensarii,  cashiers  and  bankers,  and  Numtnulnrii,  and  Chirographi  or  bond  hold- 
ers, rationales  Summarum  of  S.  Britain  and  Procuratores  fisci,  and  all  the  host 
of  Roman  officials,  connected  with  money  matters,  perhaps  resorting  to  transact  busi- 
ness.*    I  recollect  a  dozen  of  small  Constantines   being   found  there  in  laying  water 

•  The  difference  of  coin  might  be  accounted  for  from  the  money  changers  or  Nummularii  (NvLm- 
morum  permutatores)  who  gave  small  change  for  the  more  precious  pieces,  or  new  coin  for  the  old 
worn  ones.  In  Greek  they  were  called  KoX>u^»fa»  an d  TfairidiTOJ  (Qui  majoris  prctll  nummls  acceptii, 
mlnasculam  monetam  leddunt,  quique  vetiret  nummot  mutant  cum  recentlbus  et  asperis,  V.  Gutheri 
de  off.  Dom.  Aug.  lib.  8,  Lips.  1672,  quoting  Gloss.  Pbiloxenl  et  CiOacii  lib.  10,  cap.  14)  The  sum  they 
rtceived  for  thU  tort  of  commission  was  called  Atperatura,  the  new  C6ia  l>eing  $harp  and  well  struck. 

Z 


92  GREEK    ANTIQUITIES 

pipes,  in  June  1S36,  and  one  of  Carausius  PAX.  AVG.  (and  F.  O.  in  the  fieldj  in 
company,  A  great  quantity  of  Samian  Ware  was  carted  away  as  useless,  from  this 
spot,  some  years  before  I  came  to  Exeter.  Five  Roman  coins  were  found  in  North 
Street,  the  year  Broadgate  was  removed,  under  a  house  belonging  to  Mr.  Arthur,  of 
Northernhay  j  this  house  stands  at  the  corner  of  Waterbeer  Street,  and  is  in  the  line 
of  the  Broadgate  and  Milk  Street  discoveries,  which  I  consider  the  Egyptian  quarter, 
and  the  site  of  the  founderies  adjoining  is  supposed  to  be  the  site  of  a  Roman  Prseto- 
rium  of  Isca.  Mr,  Flood  informs  me  that  in  removing  an  ancient  house,  which  stood 
(opposite  the  statue  of  St.  Peter)  directly  at  the  top  of  North  Street,  several  rudely 
executed  Roman  busts  were  found,  many  years  ago;  although  of  a  period  which  mark- 
ed the  decline  of  the  arts,  the  citizens  were  bound  to  preserve  them,  but  40  years  since 
such  things  created  no  interest,  no  attention  was  paid  to  them  ;  the  only  thing  of  the 
kind  in  Exeter,  is  the  Colossal  bust  of  Julia  Domna,  dug  up  near  Bath,*  in  the 
portico  of  Mr,  Luke,  Solicitor,  at  the  extremity  of  P»Iusgrave's  Alley,  looking  into 
his  gardens,  and  a  Sepulchral  inscription  to  Ulpia,  a  Roman  matron,  in  the  same 
place,  noticed  by  Stukely,  as  belonging  to  the  famous  Dr.  Musgrave,  physician  and 
antiquary,  both  preserved  by  being  masoned  into  the  walls,  for  which  the  proprietor 
deserves  the  utmost  praise. 
Julia  looks  the  proud  arrogant  old  woman  to  the  life,  but  is  well   sculptured  never- 

The  barbarians  did  not  withdraw  the  currency  of  Rome..  It  is  probable  that  a  great  quantity  of  this 
old  coin  was  shovelled  into  the  vaults  of  the  building  as  useless,  and  neglected  in  after  times.  The  bar- 
barous  tribes  who  invaded  the  Roman  empire  in  its  decay,  neglected  and  despised  the  copper  coins,, 
and  only  troubled  themselves  about  the  gold  and  silver;  hence  probably  it  remained  among  us  in  such 
quantities.  It  is,  however,  a  little  surprising  that  in  both  the  deposits,  one  of  1810,  in  making  the 
main  sewer  of  Exeter,  and  that  found  near  Poltimore,  in  1838,  many  copper  Bezants  were  found  of  the 
periods  527,  565  A.  D.  r Justinian)  610,  (Phocas)  668,  Constans  2d.  and  969,  (Niceph.  Phocas)  in  the 
former.  In  the  latter  two  only,  one  of  Justin  2nd,  and  the  other  apparently  of  the  age  of  Isaac  Com~ 
nenus  and  Constantine  XIII,  thus  giving  more  than  six  centuries  circulation  after  the  departure  oE 
the  Romans. 

Ruding  remarks  (Annals  of  the  Coinage,  Vol.  1)  that  the  Anglo-Saxon  money  bears  not  either  iiK 
form,  type, or  weight,  the  least  resemblance  to  those  coins,  which  at  that  time  were  the  current  specify 
of  the  Island.  This  must  necessarily  have  been  composed  of  Roman  Money,  with,  possibly,  a  smali 
intermixtura  of  the  British,  neither  of  which  could  have  been  the  prototype  of  the  Saxon. 

The  Saxons  (Mr,  Akerman,  however  observes.  Num.  Manual,  p.  226)  travestied  the  effigies  of  the- 
Lower  Empire  in  a  barbarous  manner,  on  their  "circular  thin  pieces  of  metal,  previously  punched 
out,' '  and  that  there  are  two  of  their  pieces  extant,  imitations  of  the  very  common  little  brass  of  Con- 
stantine, with  the  wolf  on  reverse.  This  and  many  others,  no  doubt,  circulated  in  the  country  long, 
after  the  Romans  had  quitted  it.  Are  we  not  to  suppose,  therefore,  with  Messrs.  Ruding  and  Akerman's 
guidance,  that  the  hoards  of  coins  found  in  making  the  sewers  of  Exeter,  and  those  found  near  Polti- 
more, were  part  of  the  current  specie  which  had  not  became  disallowed  as  a  circulating  medium,  when 
Cerdic  and  Kenbic,  Ckauline,  Kynegils,  Ina,  Aethklwaed,  and  Beorhtric  swayed  the  sceptre 
of  the  West  Saxons  ?  Some  of  these  monarchs  ruled  in  troubled  times,  over  a  fierce  and  insurrection- 
ary people,  who  heeded  not  their  sway,  and  used  the  monies  peculiar  to  their  former  conquerors,  and 
no  coins  are  known  of  the  West  Saxons,  save  the  pennies  of  Aethelward  and  Beorhtric,  in  the  8th 
century.  # 

*  Dr.  Musgrave  conceived  this  bust  to  be  of  the  Phrygian  Andromache,  and  actually  wrote  an  essay 
on  it  called  "  de  Andromache  Britanno  Belgica,"  which  appaars  at  the  end  of  his  work,  the  Belgicum 
JSri/anntcum,  1719,  printed  at  Exeter.  The  seal  bearing  the  bust  and  nsane  ot  Severius  Pompeyus ,, 
was  also  found  near  this  spot.  The  style  of  drsssing  the  hair  of  the  Empress,  seems  like  the  Corym- 
bion,  a  sort  of  conical  tower  or  peruke—of  antiquity.  V.  Petron. 


OF   EXETER.  93 

theless,  worthy  mother  of  such  a  cub  as  Caracalla  ;  her  hair  is  twisted   behind  into  a 
sort  of  conical  knot..    The  inscription  is  the  only  one  of  old  Isca  extant, 

D.  M. 
CAMILIVS 
SATVRNALIS.   CA 
MILIE.  NATV.  VLP.  PAT. 
RONE.  MERENTISSIME. 
FECIT. 
Published  by  Dr.  Musgrave.     It  was  found  near  this  spot,  which  is  close  under  the 
precinct  of  the  castle.*    In  the  garden  wall  are  two  heraldic  remains  of  later  monu- 
ments, on  one  a  chevron,  in  chief  alien  couchant.    On  the  other,  on  the  Dexter  quar- 
ter 6  Annulets,  8,  2  and  1,  Or,  the  Musgrave  arms,  which  were  borne  by  the  name  also 
of  Vypount,  on  a  field  gules,  and  quartered  by  the  ancient  Earls  of  Cumberland. 

Leland,  who  lived  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII,  in  his  Itinerary,  mentions  two  frag- 
ments of  Roman  Inscriptions,  in  the  city  wall,  near  where  Southernhay  now  stands  ; 
they  have  both  disappeared,  unfortunately,  long  since,  having  been,  probably  carried 
away  by  some  plundering  Antiquary.  It  appears  that  nobody  wrote  or  took  notice  of 
these  rarities.  No  one  dreamed  of  Egyptian  coins,  and  the  case  will  not  appear  ex- 
traordinary, when  we  consider  how  few  individuals  can  read  even  the  simplest  Roman 
coin  correctly,  or  know  what  the  letters  in  the  areas  and  exergues  mean  ;  in  fact  no 
person  seems  to  have  cared  about  them,  or  had  any  taste  for  the  investigation. 

In  Mr.  Jenkins'  Collection,  dug  up  between  Broadgate  and  Milk  Lane^  in  the 
Fore  Street,  Exeter,  1810,  in  making  the  Main  Sewer ,  20  feet  below  the  level  of 
the  present  pavement, 

Ptolemy  the  1st.  {Lagus  or  Soter.  See  Frontispiece,  No.  8)  one  of  Alexander's  Gen- 
erals who  founded  the  kingdom  of  Egypt,  after  Alexander's  death,  (as  Seleucus  that  of 
■S^ria,  Aniipater,  Macedonia,  and  Antigonus  all  Asia  Minor)  and  reigned  at  Alex- 
andria, 323  B.  C.  died  aged  84,  B.  C.  in  the  1st  year  of  the  124th  Olympiad,  and  of 
the  world  5689.  Carried  off  the  embalmed  body  of  the  *'  Great  Emathian  Conqueror," 
his  master,  in  Syria,  on  its  way  to  interment,  and  transported  it  to  his  newly  founded 
<:apital  in  Egypt,  where  it  received  divine  honours,  instead  of  allowing  it  to  be  carried 
to  the  Temple  of  Ammon,  (erected  as  is  fabled  by  Bacchus,  and  now  supposed  to  be 
the  ruin  of  OM-BEYDA,  in  the  Oasig  of  Amun  or  Sivah.  See  note,)  Fought  the 
battle  of  Ipsns,  with  his  4  confederates,  against  Antigonus  and  Demetrius,  301  B.  C. 
extended  his  power  over  Cyprus,  into  Cyrenaica,  and  made  himself  master  of  Phoeni- 
cia and  of  the  city  of  Jerusalem.  This  is  one  of  the  vast  Egyptian  pieces  noticed  by 
Pinkerton,  p.  240,  vol.  2,  and  is  almost  equal  in  magnificence  to  that  of  Mr.  J.  Camp- 
bell's  found  near  Cirencester,  In  the  Bodleian  Collection,  at  Oxford,  is  a  similar  one 
(majoris  moduli,  Aquila  fulmini  insistens  cum  cornucopia,  v.  Catal.  Num.)  Obr. 
head  of  Jupiter  IIammon,or  Amun-Ra,  (one  of  the  great  Arkite  Deities,  whose  Ly- 
bian  oracle  was  celebrated  in  antiquity)  bearded  to  the  right,  IITOAEMAIOY  BA2 
lAEQ..  with  Rev.  eagle  and  thunderbolt,  left  wing  expanded,  and  bearing  a  cornuco- 
pia, the  symbol  of  the  fertility  of  Egypt,  The  eagle  and  thunderbolt  is  a  supposed 
hieroglyphic  for  King  or  Pharaoh  ;  this  bird  of  Jove,  as  Suidas  tells  us  (Aayog)  being 
said  to  have  protected  and  nurtured  Lagus  (an  improbable  story)  when  exposed  by 
•  V.  Stukely'8  Itijierarium  Cariosum.  1723. 


94  GREEK    ANTIQUITIES 

his  mother,  Arslnoe,  on  a  brazen  shield  (trr'  aff'iridog  xaXfi/g)  in  the  woods.  Ptolemy 
is  by  many  supposed  to  have  been  half  brother  to  Alexander,  and  actually  son  of 
Philip,  of  Macedon.  The  ^eagle  is,  however,  the  supposed  emblem  of  Orus  or  Bac-^ 
chus,  sons  of  Osiris  (Mwraim,  of  Genesis)  and  grandson  of  Cham,  as  the  Stjrijp,  or 
avenger  of  his  father,  on  his  restoration  to  the  throne,  (after  the  death  of  the  murderer 
Typhon)  by  his  ancle  Lehabim.  Herodotus  tells  us  that  Orus  was  Apollo,  and  Os- 
iris Bacchus  (lib.  2.)  Sebastiano  Erizzo  (Venice,  1671,  p.  455)  says  that  the  eagle 
was  the  emblem  of  regal  power  and  majesty,  among  the  Egyptians,  being  the  bird  of 
Jove  ;  the  thunderbolt  also  implying  the  far  spreading  reputation  of  princes,  which 
flies  with  speed  through  the  world,  and  gives  auspices  of  great  and  illustrious  deeds. 
The  portrait  of  Alexander  by  A  pel  les  the  painter,  m  the  Temple  of  the  Ephesian 
Diana,  had  one  of  thase  bolts  in  his  right  hand,  perhaps  alluding  to  his  mother's  dream 
recorded  in  Plutarch.  (For  this  symbol  see  Numis.  Chron.,  Jan.  1839,  p.  187.) 
It  was  an  ordinary  device  on  the  medals  of  Pyrrhus,  of  Epirus  (v.  Al.  at  Alex  2,  11) 
of  the  Antiochi,  Kings  of  Syria,  and  of  many  cities  of  that  kingdom  or  province,  of 
Dia  in  Bithynia  j  on  Roman  coins  of  Nero  and  Antoninus  Pius,  and  of  many  of  the 
smaller  brass  of  Alexandria,  and  of  Antioch  and  Emesae,  the  eagle  appears  in  a  simi- 
lar position,  though  not  always  with  the  fulmen  or  bolt.  When  treading  on  a  snake 
it  implies  the  conquest  of  Thessaly,  byAmyntas,  (v.  Jac*  Wilde,  Num.  Ant.  1692) 
AreuSj  King  of  Sparta,  writes  to  Onias,  the  High-priest,  with  a  seal  of  this  impression 
(v,  Joseph,  1. 13,  Ant,  Jud.  Kirkman  de  annuliSf  1657)  See  also  Cicero  de  Divin.lib.  1. 
Claudiao,  Bellum  Gildon  C476  V.)  on  Honorius  triumphing  over  Gildo,  in  Africa. 
On  the  enmity  between  the  eagle  and  serpent,  see  Leon  Augustin  and  Boissard,  on 
Sicilian  coins,  sepulchres,  &c.  Of  the  ancient  writers  Pliny  may  be  also  cited,  like- 
wise Homer's  Iliad.  12 ;  Horace,  lib.  4,  Od.  9,  in  reluctantes  dracones  Egit  amor 
Pugn8e,&c. ;  also  Virg.  Aen.  11,  751.  Utque  volans  alte  raptum  cum  fulva  Draco- 
nem.  See.  ;  Ovid.  Met,  4,  Silius  Ital.  lib.  12,  B.  Pun.  We  may  also  consult  the  The^ 
riaca,ofNicander,  of  Colophon,  and  St.  Ambrose,  Bishop  of  Milan,  de  Salomone,  cap. 
4.  &c.  Further  observations  on  this  Rev,  will  be  found  in  my  notice  of  the  coins  of 
Antiochus  IX,  further  on. 

Ptolemy  VI,  or  Philometor  (detrited)  double  eagle,  or  rather  two  eagles  on  Rer. 
(Plate  6,  No.  1.)  He  reigned  about  180,  B.  C.  for  24  years  over  Egypt,  being  son  of 
Epiphanes  by  Cleopatra  Cocce,  whose  coins,  as  we  11  as  those  of  his  brother  Physcon, 
and  his  own  (as  in  the  present  instance)  have  on  them  two  eagles,  there  being  two 
sovereigns  reigning  then,  conjointly  in  Egypt,  at  times.  Double  eagles  appear  also 
on  coins  of  Ptolemy  Auletes,  with  the  lotus,  crinon  or  coloquint  flower.  Noted  for  his 
abominable  cruelties,  and  was  made  for  a  time  monarch  of  Cyprus;  Physcon  afterwards 
being  placed  on  the  throne,  while  Philometor  was  a  prisoner  in  the  hands  of  Antiochus 
(Epiph.)  of  Syria,  afterwards,  for  a  short  period  reigned  along  with  him,  although 
subject  to  continued  feud  and  dissension.    He  succeeded  his  brother  145  B.  C. 

Another  coin  ;  eagle  ;  OAEM,  B A2IAEQS    (Plate  6,  No  2.) 

Another,  ditto  ;  eagle ;  BACIAEQC. 

Another,  ditto;  a  Female  head,  uncertain,  probably  of  Berenice,  queen  of  Ptolemy  1 , 
(immortalized  by  Theocritus  Idyll  XVII.)  which  are  rare ;  unless  of  some  later  prin- 
cess of  the  LagidsB,  or  of  Berenice,  daughter  of  Auletes  or  Arsinoe^  whose  fuli>faced 
busts  also  occur  in  some  collections, 


OP  EXBTER.  95 

Large  coin  or  raadal ;  sparrow  hawk  or  eagle. 

Two  smaller  coins  ;  hawk  or  eajle  ;  bolh  Ptolemies,  but  defaced. 

Small  head  of  Hararaon  ;  Rev.  Victory  to  right  ;  BACIA62C. 

Imperial  GRBEK  COINS  of  Alexandria.  Pinkerton  observes,  that  all  Egyptian 
coins  of  Trajan,  Hadrian,  and  Antoninus,  are  Common;  so  also  the  small' brass  of 
many  Emperors  struck  in  Egypt,  which  proves  the  immense  quantities  minted  at  Alex- 
andria, which  no  doubt  stamped  nearly  as  much  coin  as  Rome  itself,  at  one  period. 

Trajan,  (1st  brass)  C6B  only,  (defaced)  (r6/3a«roT,  or  AVG. 

Another  ditto  ;  much  detrited;  Rev.  Cynocephalus,  or  emblem  of  truth,  perfect, 
being  Akubis,  the  Jackal  or  dog-headed  God,  the  Mercury  of  Egypt,  and  supposed 
companion,  with  his  standard,  on  which  was  painted  a  dog,  (V.  GuHlim's  Heraldry,) 
of  Osiris,  in  his  Indian  expedition.  On  coins  of  Hermopolis  is  this  type,  (V.  Num, 
Chron.  Oct.  1839,  S.  Birch,)  said  to  be  an  emblem  of  the  moon,  and  the  lunar  Thoth, 
having  on  its  head  a  disk,  (V.  Lucan  8,  V.  231,  Alex,  ab  Alex.  4.  &c.)  also  by  Bruce 
considered  the  Dogstar,  the  symbol  of  the  Niles*  fertility  which  begins  to  swell  when 
the  Constellation  Sirius  appears.  The  class  of  Kvvonoptpoi,  jackal,  or  dogheaded  de- 
ities (v.  Walsh)  appears  on  many  ancient  gems,  as  on  a  Basalt  and  bloodstone  in  the 
collection  of  Lord  Strengford,  which  is  one  of  the  Gnostic  remains  ;  sometimes  with 
two  heads.  Anubis  was  the  keeper  of  the  temples  and  guardian  of  the  mighty  prin- 
ciples of  heat,  humidity  and  fecundity,  even  as  the  Mercury  of  the  Gauls,  who  appears 
on  a  com  of  Albinus,  as  such,  with  the  trident,  and  on  the  fragment  of  Samian  Ware 
which  will  be  described  in  my  account  of  the  Pottery  found  in  our  Western  Market. 
In  fact  be  was  the  same  deity,  and  therefore  called  by  Plutarch  HermanubiSy  and  ap- 
pears on  mummies  painted  red,  with  the  black  jackal  head,  as  ruling  the  ghosts  of  the 
departed.  Was  also  supposed  to  guard  the  Tropics  and  prevent  the  sun  from  passing 
beyond  them,  to  which  Milton  seems  to  allude  (Par.  Lost.  lib.  x.  671.)  where  the 
agency  of  the  Angels  is  beautifully  introduced  to  regulate  the  motions  of  celestial 
bodies,  "some  say  the  Sun  was  bid  turn  the  reins  from  the  Equinoctial  road,  np  to  the 
tropic  crab,"  "  to  bring  in  change  of  seasons  to  each,"  Strabo  lib.  16,  speaks  of  real 
cynocephali,  sphynxes,  &c.  in  Ethiopia ! !  Sometimes  he  appears  on  sculptures  with 
his  foot  on  a  crocodile  and  a  star  above,  in  allusion  to  the  Nile  and  Dogstar,  the  cro- 
codile emblem  of  Sebek,  or  the  Egyptian  Saturn.  In  the  new  sporting  Magazine  for 
November  1838  (Spiers)  I  published  a  paper  called  "  Fugitive  notices  of  the  Dog," 
in  which  I  remarked  that  Procyon  (or  Anti-Canis)  the  Shepherd's  dog  in  the  constel- 
lation Gemxnit  which  rises  in  July,  was  the  origin  of  dogs  being  consecrated  to  the 
Lares  or  household  deities,  the  earliest  of  which,  as  Stukely  observes,  were  the  Ante- 
diluvian Jabal  and  Jubal,  guardians  of  a  house,  of  whom  the  first  was  the  magna  Pales 
of  Virgil  and  god  of  shepherds .    V.  Plate  6,  No,  3. 

Another  ditto.  Square  Temple.    Qy.  Serapium  ?  of  Alexandria. 

Another  Ditto.  AYT  TPAIAN.  Two  Centaurs.    Plate  6,  No.  4. 

Hadrian.  AYT  KAIC  (ap)  AIA  AAPIAN.  Rev.  Female  to  the  right.  L.GNNG. 
AKA  (ticaroT)  I9th  year. 

Another  ditto.. .AIAN  AAPIAN.  Rev.  Minerva  helmeted  ;  to  the  right— in  one 
hand  a  shield,  in  the  other  some  plant,  perhaps  olive ;  Z.  seventh  year,  in  the  field. 

Another  ditto,  Quadriga  (or  Chariot)  AYT  AlA 

2a 


9^6  GREEK    ANTIQUITIES 

Another  ditto.  AYTK.  KAIC.  TPAIAN  AAPIANOC  C  GB  (aQog)  Rev.  LiH  in 
the  field  (I8th  year)  Pharos  of  Alexandria  (Isle  and  Tower)  A  Watch  Tower  or 
Light  House  built  by  Ptolemy  Soter  on  an  Isla  nd  opposite  to  Alexandria,  once  a  mile 
distant,  but  joined  to  the  Continent  by  the  craft  of  Cleopatra,  who  out-manoeuvred  the 
Rhodians  thereby.  In  front  is  a  Female,  Isis  Faria  perhaps,  or  merely  representing 
that  city  personified,  with  the  aKpogoXiov  or  Prow  (or  as  some  say,  Sail,  Qy,  inverted 
jib  or  gaff  top  sail  ?)  of  a  ship  in  her  hand.     Plate  6,  No.  13. 

Another  ditto.  Rev,  Minerva  with  Palladium,  armed;  in  the  field  A  (year  4)  the 
rest  defaced. 

Another  ditto.,  the  same, 

Another  ditto.  Osiris  or  Canopus,  reclining  on  a  Crocodile^  the  emblem  of  the  Sun, so 
imagined  (v.  A  chill.  Tat,)  from  the  supposition  that  it  has  365  teeth  and  is  a  personifica- 
tion of  time,  indicating  a  solar  revolution.  On  Gnostic  gems,  (v.  Walsh)  it  appears  a 
composite  symbol  with  2  heads,  one  that  of  a  harvJCf  also  representing  the  sun  or  Osi- 
ris. It  was  likewise  the  emblem  of  the  evil  genius  Typhon.  Herodotus  tells  us  that  on 
Lake  Moeris  and  at  Thebes,  tame  crocodiles  were  worshipped,  decorated  with  earrings 
of  gold  and  precious  gems,  with  chains  on  their  forelegs,  and  interred  in  sacred  coffins 
after  death.  The  crocodile  was  the  living  emblem  of  the  Egyptian  Seb,  Sebek  Ra,  or 
Saturn,  father  of  Osiris  and  Isis,  and  worshipped  more  particularly  at  Ombos ;  he 
generally  appears  on  a  pedestal  or  seated  on  a  throne  with  two  other  deities.  The 
famous  coin  with  this  animal  chained  to  a  palm  tree,  of  Nismes  in  France,  is  well 
known  to  antiquaries.*  Aelian  says  a  tame  one  was  the  favourite  of  Ptolemy  Auletesj 
H.  An.  lib.  8.  The  deity  holds  an  Egyptian  plant  in  one  hand,  perhaps  the  lotus* 
though  some  may  designate  it  a  bull  rush. 

Two  others,  same  type,  (delrited.) 

Twelve  others,  much  defaced,  one  of  which  is  a  double-headed  coin  of  Hadrian  and 
Trajan, 

Antoninus  Piiis,  (elderly  bust)  with  the  Rev.  of  the  Pharo  s,  as  in  that  of  Hadrian 
above;  The  inscription  on  Obv.  is  AYTKT,  AIA.  AAP.  ANTwNINOC  CGB  (agog) 
G^C  (tvffe^rig)  that  is  Pius.  In  the  field  L(annus)  under  the  female  AQAeKATOC, 
(12th  year.) 

Another  ditto  ;  L.  Z.  (7th  year)  Pharos  as  above. 

Another  ditto;  splendid  Quadriga  LIH,  (  year  18.) 

Another,  ditto ;  Charioteer,  Quadriga,  and  groom  at  Horse's  heads  ;  AYTK.  M, 
AY.  ANTQNeiNOC  C6  (^agog.)    Plate  6,  No.  6,  LIH  (year  18.) 

Another  ditto  ;  Isis  suckling  Orus,  on  Rev. ;  the  Egyptian  Ceres,  and  general 
emblem  of  maternal  and  vegetable  fecundity.  On  coins  of  Hadrian  she  often  appears, 
suckling  Orus,  with  a  waterpot  behind  her,  water,  the  emblem  of  fecundity,  consisting 
in  moisture. 

Another  ditto.  Rev.  Eagle  with  legs  and  wings  expanded,  as  the  Colossus  of 
Rhodes  was,  K  A,  (year  21)  in  the  field.  On  the  obverse,  laureated  elderly  bust,  to  the 
right.     AYTKT.  AIA,  AAP.  ANTwNINOC. 

*  Very  like  the  Boar  iu  Guillim's  Heraldry ;  armed,  grilled,  collared,  and  chained,  OR,  tyed  to  a 
Holly  Bush  on  a  mount  in  base,  both  proptr.    (Arms  of  OWEN .) 


OF    EXBTBR.  9J 

Another,  daFaced.  Female  with  trid?nt,  and  a  long  Egyptian  plant,  or  Mub  pro- 
bably, in  her  hand. 

Severus,  bearded,  and  Caracalla  on  Rev.  (Double  faced  coin)  Obv.  Ir  (13th  year) 
Rev.KAIC(ap)  CGB(i;po<r)  for  Sc/Sjypof,  His  Egyptian  coins  rare.  V.  Pinkerton,  p. 
299,  vol.  2. 

Zbnobia,  called  also  Septimia«  once  the  unwilling  vassal  of  the  haughty  Aurelian  ; 
Queen  of  Palmyra.  V.  Pinkerton,  vol.  2,  p.  256  (small  brass)  Ruled  over  Egypt  and 
Syria  as  well  as  Palmyra  (the  Aram-Zobah  of  Scripture)  Her  Egyptian  coins  RRR. 
Head  of  Zenobia  to  the  right.  Rev.  Head  of  Odenatus  her  husband,  or  Gal lienusl 
AYT.  Indistinct  inscription  on  obverse  ..NwBIA  seemingly.  Her  coins  are  all 
rare,  and  all  of  Alexandria.  For  Encomium  v.  Gibbon,  also  Gent.  Mag.  1776,  p.  366* 
"  She  was  descended  from  the  Macedonian  kings  of  Asia,  equalled  in  beauty  her  an- 
cestor Cleopatra,  and  far  surpassed  that  princess  in  chastity  and  valour.*'  How  came 
she  to  expose  the  excellent  Longinus  to  destruction,  to  save  herself  from  the  retribution 
of  Aurelian  ?    Plate  6,  No.  6. 

Small  brass  of  Alexandria  and  some  uncertain  cities. 
Sbverus  and  Caracalla   (3rd  size)  Severus  with  unicorn's  horn,  CON,,  ..RM,... 
on  the  field,  Ir  (I3th  year)  a  pig  and  Caracalla's  head  on  Rev.  (probably  a  weight) 
Small  coin  of  Caracalla,    AYTK.  AYP.   ANT.     Rev.  turreted  head .   QNAP, 

Another.  AYTKT.  AYP.  ANT turreted  female  head,  QP.    Macrinus  ;  bust 

to  the  right,  C.  M  AEP.    Rev.  turreted  head.    Two  coins,  turreted  female  heads,  de- 
faced. 

Claudius  Gothicus,  AYT,  KAAYAIOC.  C6B:  Fortuna  with  her  cornucopia 
and  rudder.    Another  ditto.  Sparrow  Hawk  LB,  (2nd  year) 

Probus.  Rev.  Eagle  and  Thunderbolt.  Cornelia  Supera,  wife  of  Aemilianus 
(v.  Eckhel)  about  254,  A.  D.  KOPNHAIA  CeB(acij)  Rev.  Female  LIB.  (12th 
year)  rare.  Seventeen  others  of  Alexandria,  of  Claudius  2nd,  Dioclesian,  (Hawk,) 
. .  NOC.  Aurelian  (Fortuna.)  Hadrian  (female  in  subsellio)  small,  an  Amazon  or  Di- 
ana, lEPA.  Another  coin ;  laureated  head  to  the  right  j  Rev.  a  figure  seated,  some  ani- 
mal alongside  PHAHPO.  Severus  and  Caracalla,  the  latter's  head  within  a  square  or 
rotunda.    Also  another,  (uncertain.)    Pharos  of  Alexandria,  AAEfiJAN.  &c. 

Imperial  Greek  Colonial  Coins, 

Cybrhus  in  Syria,  (Quart)  Commodus,  small  (join  ;  young  head,  KOMMOAOC 
CGB.  Re?.  Jupiter  sealed;  a  thunderbolt  at  his  feet.  eGoC.  KAT6  Cj3aroe)  ev- 
idently of  Cyrrhus,  ox  Cyrrheslica^  in  Syria,  of  which  the  coins  bear  Kt/ppj/^wv  as 
their  legend.  (V.  Akerman,  Num.  Journal  8,  p.  225,  on  stone  worship  of  the  ancients.) 
One  of  these  was  dug  up  near  Broadgate,  in  1823. 

Antioch,  inSyria,  (ad  Orontera)  built  by  Seleucus  \{Anta1cia)  Riblah,  and  Hamath  of 
Scripture,  Riblata  of  Josephus,  Epidaphne  and  Theopolis  of  others.  Elagabalus  ?  two 
coins.  (3rd  brass)  On  one  of  these  (bust  to  the  right)  M.  AYP.  ANT.  ;  Reverse  a 
Female  turreted  head  to  the  right  ,...ANAA  (A  &  A  ligature  or  monogram)  VeX 
above,  COL,  MET.  ANT.  Colonia  McrpoTroXtwc  AvrC£iwX"ava.)  (Qy.  AV€X  for 
AAGX,  transposed.)  Jhe  other  is  much  mutilated ;  the  words  ANT. ...  visible  on  its 
reverse.    Plate,  6.  No,  9, 


98  GREEK    ANTIQUTIES 

A  cofnofAntioch,  among  others  (with  the  above  of  Cyrrhus  &c.)  was  dug  up  in  1823 
near  Broadgate,  and  came  into  the  possession  of  T.  Northmore,  Esq.  of  Cleeve.  I 
have  seen  it  ;  it  bore  the  inscription  ANTIOXEQN  EHI  KOYAaPATOY,  which 
Quadratus  was  governor  of  Syria  in  the  time  of  Nero — also  ET  A6.  10th  year.  Ram 
running  to  the  right,  and  star. 

Massy  coin  of  Chalcis  in  Coele  Syria,*  (Chinserin)  (supp,  of  Trajan)  Rev.  across 
the  field  *A.  XAAKIA6QN,  thus,  that  is,  Flaviensium  Cfialcidensium.  It  was  situated 
E.  towards  Damascus,  and  gave  the  title  of  King  to  Ptolemy  Mennseus^  and  his  son 
Lysanias ;  afterwards  Herod  Agrippa,  4th»  King  of  Judea,  was  entitled  King  of  Chal- 
cis. Erizzo  mentions  a  coin  of  this  city,  which  he  erroneously  ascribes  to  Euboea, 
There  are  some  of  this  place  in  the  Bodleian  collection,  of  Trajan  and  Hadrian,  with 
KE.  &c.     (year  25.) 

SiNGARA  in  Mesopotamia,  on  the  Tigris  (Sinjar)  (Gordian  3rd.)  The  reverse  pre- 
sents a  turreted  female  head  to  the  left,  above  a  Centaur  shooting  (AYP.  SGII)  KOA 
CINrAPA.  This  strong  fortress  vras  a  Colony  of  Severus,  and  called  Aurelia  Sep- 
imia  on  coins.  Gordian,  we  are  told  by  Zosimus,  on  his  Parthian  expedition,  was 
at  Carrae  and  Nisibis,  in  the  vicinity  of  Singara,  This  fortress  was  captured  by  the 
Persians,  in  the  early  part  of  the  reign  of  Julian,  after  a  noble  defence  by  its  garrison 
and  the  two  legions  (Ima  Flavia  and  Ima  Parthica.)  V.  Amm.  Marc.  lib.  20.  Sin- 
gara also  appears  on  coins  of  the  Gordians,  seated  on  a  rock,  veiled,  holding  ears  of 
corn— a  Centaur  above.    Obv.  M.  AN.  rOPAIANOC.  C6B. 

Zeugma  in  Syria  Commagene,  on  Euphrates,  {Zekme,}  Obv.  bearded  head  to  the 
right  ....ITIAKOY.  Rev.  Castle,  tetrastyle  Temple,  or  Tower  of  Zeugma,  on  a 
mount ;  ladder  or  staircase  each  side.  SGYrAIATeaN,  (Coins  of  this  City  RR.Goltz.) 
Plate  6,No,  10.  Zeugma  is  mentioned  four  times  in  the  Itinerary  of  Antoninus,  and  was 
a  strong  city  and  Castle,  near  the  borders  of  a  vast  desert,  on  a  passage  over  Euphrates. 
It  had  a  Temple  on  a  high  Rock,  first  built  by  Vespasian,  and  repaired  by  Caracalla* 
Pliny.  34),  c.  16,  mentions  a  mighty  chain,  with  which  Alexander  it  was  said,  fastened 
the  bridge.  V.  also  Ammian.  Marc.  18.  8,  Statius  Sylv.  5.  3.  v.  187.  Zeugmate 
Persen.  &c.  Another  of  Zeugma,  detrited,  (supp.  Elagabalus)  Bust  to  the  right, 
and  the  castle  or  Temple  on  Rev.  as  before.  This  city,  well  recorded  by  Strabo,  lib. 
16,  Geog.  Another  of  ditto,  M,  Aurelius,  Rev.  within  a  wreath.  zEYrMATEiiN.  In 
the  field  r  (year  3)  within  a  wreath,    Plate  6,  No.  8. 

Amisus  on  Euxine,inPonto  Galatia  (Amid.)  Plate,  6,  No;  7.  This  city  struck  many 
coins,  and  the  present  one  is  similar  to  that  in  the  Bodleian  collection  (gazS.  BodleianS)  at 
Oxford,  bearing  a  beardless  head  hooded  or  helmeted  {caput  imberbe,  cucullatum  sive 
galeatum)  and  on  Rev,  a  column  or  quiver,  probably  (cui  simulachrum  ut  videtur  im- 
positum)  with  an  image  on  the  top,  AMISO.  In  silver,  an  Eagle,  a  Pegasus  and 
quiver,  appear  on  its  reverses  (v.  Wise,  nummi  Urbium  et  Popm,  Scriniis  Bodleianis 
recondm.  1760.)  In  Arrians'  Periplus  of  the  Euxine,  this  city  is  noted  as  an  Athenian 
Colony,  IloXt?  EXX»|vt^  *AdijvaiMv  airoiKor,  It  stood  900  stades  from  Sinope.  Stra- 
bo calls  it  'A/iiflro<r  a^ioXoyof,  or  worthy  of  commmemoration,  lib.  12,  Pliny  mentions 
it  lib.  6,  cap.  3,  and  Mela  1,  19,  as  a  city  of  the  Chalybes,  who  abounded  in  Iron 
mines.    Its  mint  or  officina  monetariaf  noticed  by  Poly cenus  7,  c.  21,    Petit  in  his 

*  Cbalcidene. 


^     ■         <.-  i*TA 


OP   SltBTER.  99 

excellent  work  on  the  Amazons,  or  warlike  female  tribes,  on  the  Euxlne  and  Thermo- 
don,  (Amsterdam,  1687)  dilates  largely  concerning  this  city,  and  gives  us  a  coin  from 
Car.  Patinus,  representing  it  under  the  guise  of  an  Amazon,  with  the  double  axe  or 
tomahawk,  joining  hands  over  an  altar  with  another  female,  who  personates  the  neigh- 
bouring  city  Amastris,  with  the  inscriptions  AMICOC  and  AMACTPIC.  The  Ama« 
cons  are  fabled  to  have  first  built  it. 

HiERAPOLis  in  Syria  Cyrrhestica,  Bambuk  (supp.  Hadrian.)  Sephar-vaim  of 
scripture.  Rer.  GEAC  CYPIAC  IGPAHO.    Commemorative  of  Astarte. 

Antioch  in  Syria,  ad  Orontem  (Antakia,)  Obv.  Jupiter  seated,  spear  and 
thunderbolt.    Rev.  ANTIOXq  MHTPOnOA,  across  the  field. 

Antioch.  Caracalla  (Four.)  Obv.  AVTOKPATOP  ANT....  Rev.  S.  C.  in  large 
letters  within  a  wreath — below,  Eagle ;  above,  A.  6.  for  StjfiapxiKrjg  •c^ecrtac  (or 
populi  jussu,  Trib,  Pot,  &c.)   Implying  the  coin  was  minted  by  public  authority. 

Another  of  Gallibnus,  S.  C,  A.  £.  the  same.  Four  others  of  uncertain  Princes,  (all 
of  Antioch.)  Clazombn^  (now  Vourla,  between  Smyrna  and  Scio)  or  more  likely  An- 
tioch. (Three.)  Obv.  Turreted  head.  Rev.  a  Ram  running  to  the  rights  • . .  QN  ;  a  star 
aboYe.  (Probably  of  Antioch  if  not  of  this  city.)  Cyzicus  ?  {Chizico)  Bust  to  the  right. 
Rev.  a  Lion.  Another,  a  cow.  Sidon,  male  and  female  Bust  to  the  right.  Rev.  a  Galley 
(2)  lAQNOS  eGAS,  small  concave  or  oval  coin.  Another  ditto.  Galley.*  Samosata, 
(Scempsai)  capital  of  Syria  Commagene,  Aram  Maachah  of  scripture.  (Uncertain  on 
what  ffira)  small  ;  head  of  Cybele  (much  detrited.)  Coin  of  Severus  or  Caracalla ;  Rev. 
of  some  Barbarian  king,  ally  to  the  Romans  (perhaps  of  Edessa  or  Osroene,  like  Ab- 
garus)  in  a  high  grenadier  fur  cap,  or  tiara,  with  sceptre.  Rhegium  in  Italy,  (Reggio) 
(Adrian)  colonized  from  Messenia,  723,  B.  C,  nine  years  after  Syracuse  was  from 
Corinth.  Rev.  Lyre  of  Apollo,  PHFINQN.  A  Cohmodus  ;  Rev.  Female  figure,  (un- 
known, the  legend  defaced)  Antiochus  IX.  (Cyzicenus)  of  Syria,  Philopator,  1 12, 
B.  C,  uncle  of  Seleucus  VI.  (Pinkerton  2,  p.  244)  killed  himself  93,  B.  C.  Rev.  a 
Thunderbolt  ANTIOX...  ^lAoHAToPoC.  Another  do.  S  above  P  in  the  field. 
A  3rd.  do.  Another,  perhaps  of  Evergetes.  Rev.  Cap  of  Osiris  and  two  horns.  In 
J.  Wildes' Num.  Ant.  (p.  [37,  1692)  this  King  of  Syria,  Philopator,  is  noted  as  the 
son  of  Antiochus  Evergetes,  or  Sidetes,  by  Cleopatra,  and  brother  of  Antiochus  Gry- 
phus,  or  Philometor  ;  called  Philopator  on  medals,  bat  Cyzicenus  by  writers.  He  was 
conquered  by  Seleucus,  son  of  Gryphus,  96,  B.  C.  (V.  Joseph.  Ant.  Jud.  lib.  13,  c.  21— 
Trogi.  P.  Proleg.  lib.  40)  With  respect  to  the  Thunderbolt,  I  will  here  add  that  at  Se- 

*  A  Phoenician  coin  has  been  noticed  by  Poiwhele  as  f  onad  at  Teignraouth.  The  one  here  noticed 
of  Sidon.  is  a  memorable  one,  belonging  to  the  most  ancient  maritime  city  of  Phoenicia,  and  the  no^ 
themmost  of  all  those  which  were  assigned  to  the  tribe  of  Asher,  beyond  which  the  country  opens  to 
the  East  into  a  rich  and  fertile  valley,  with  mount  Libauus  on  the  North  and  Anti-Libanus  on  the 
South,  and  named  from  Sidon,  son  of  Canaan,  or  as  imagined  by  others,  from  Sida,  daughter  of  Belus. 
Greek  ones  of  this  city  have  already  been  found  however  at  Exeter,  with  a  rude  galley,  the  words 
XIAANOZ  eSAZ,  and  were  to  be  seen  in  another  collection.  Two  others  were  found  at  Broadgate  in 
1823.  This  city  was  the  mother  of  Tyre,  noted  for  the  skill  of  its  inhabitants,  called  (Zechariah, 
Chap.  9.  V.  2)  the  wise  Sidonlans,  from  whom  Solomon  and  Zorobabel  chose  their  ablest  artificers  for 
the  temple.  The  Phoenician  trade  to  these  parts  for  tin,  lasted  for  three  centiwies  at  least,  per- 
baps  from  450  B.  C.  tiU  the  Greeks  came  here,  110.  B.  C.,  and  ExeUr  waa  a  trading  city  for  ages  before 
London. 

2  B 


100  GRBEk    ANTIQlTTlES 

leqcia,  a  ooble  city  of  Syria,  it  was  the  favourite  symbol,  appearing  upon  an  altar,  on 
its  coins,  and  was  consecrated  and  adored  as  Jove  himself.  Appian  of  Alexandria,  in 
his  Syriaca,  (cap.  125)  tells  us  that  after  Seleucus  Nicator,its  founder,  was  sacrificing 
on  Mount  Casius,  and  consulting  the  auguries  about  a  felicitous  spot  for  building  a 
City,  he  followed  that  of  a  thunderbolt  falling  in  a  certain  region,  called  Pieria,  in  the 
Mediterranean,  where  Jupiter  was  worshipped  under  the  name  of  Ceraunus,  in 
after  times.  On  coins  of  Elagabalus,  of  that  city,  the  symbol  appears  as  above,  C6- 
AeVKeON. 

Serkata  Numismata,  of  Syrian  princes ;  eight ;  on  one  is  a  hare  head  and  horse's  head, 
which  last  is  the  symbol  of  a  maritime  people  and  of  Carthage  ;  on  another.  Elephant's 
head,  and  horse,  Jobert  alludes  to  these  saw  edged  coins,  which  he  calls  dentelez.  Calf, 
oxhead  and  oval  weights  or  weight  money,  are  known  of  great  antiquity.*  Coin, 
Imperial  bearded  head,  laureated  ;  Rev.  female  sittiug,  PHAHPO.  A  very  ancient  coin, 
with  a  Bull  standing  to  the  left  on  Rev.    (Qy  ?   of  Gela,  Parium,  or  Euboea  ?) 

British  ".Coins  (two)  on  one  a  wheel,t  the  other  a  horse.  Roman  Consular  coin,  of 
copper  washed  with  silver  ;  Rev,  Bigae,  or  chariot ;  (uncertain  of  what  family.)  Roman 
weight  or  As  LibraliSf  as  usual  with  the  Janus  Geminus,  on  obv.,  and  Galley 
and  7  Roma  on  reverse.  (V.  Akerman,  Descr.  Cat.  vol.  1,  p. -3)  being  the  J  s  or 
piece  of  12  uncite.  Another,  large  laureated  head,  inscribed  on  Rev.  (as  in  the 
Plate  9,  No.  1.)  The  characters  seem  to  be,  ist  letter,  Oscan  ligature,  R  T,  next, 
MAX,  CI ;  the  5th  is  the  Samnite  and  Oscan  M.  ',  6th  III,  Oscanand  Samnite  ligature, 
the  last,  L,  Etruscan,  Oscan,  and  Samnite.  Among  the  very  many  Roman  coins,  found 
along  with  this  hoard  of  Grecian  money,  I  shall  only  notice  an  Aelia  Flacilla,  3rd. 
brass  (corona  gemmatS)  first  wife  of  Theodosius  ;  Rev.  Salus  Reip. ;  A  victory  or  sto- 
lated  female.  Rare.  (V.  Akerman,  Des.  Cat.  vol.  2,  p.  335.)  A  Tacitus,  dementia 
Temp,  Radiated  bust,  CMCL.  Mars  Pacifer  with  olive,  spear  &c,  Carinus,  €  xxi. 
exergue  ;  Two  figures.  Virtus  Augusti.  Several  of  Philip,  Valerian,  &c.  one  of  the 
former  of  which,  with  Milliarinm,  above,  COS.  and  S.  C.  (SARM.  in  the  field.) 
Copper  Bezants,  or  coins  of  the  Roman  Eastern  Empire,  from  Constantinople. 

DN.  IVSTINIANVS  on  Obv.  DN,  Dominus  Noster.        CM 

.    Aera  of  Justinian  or  Phocas.    (3rd  brass)  Effigy  of  Christ,  full  faced  with  the  wim- 
6m*  on  the  head  IC.  JXC.  the  Greek  Initials  and  termination  of  J.  Christ.  Rev.  Mono- 
gram of  the  Cross.    Another  do, 
Phocas,  (610  A.D.)  standing— holds  a  globe,  (A,)  and  the  hasta.  Rev,  C  A 

A  coin  defaced ;  CANT,  XX,  Rev.  a  Horseman  galloping  to  the  right.  Nimbus  round 

♦  H.  Brandreth  Esq.  observe*,  on  Stycas.  "  The  Ishekel  or  shekel  of  the  Jews  means  a  weight,  such 
as  were  used  in  Egypt,  in  the  reign  of  Thothmes  3rd,  1495,  B.  C.  It  also  means  an  Ox,  probably  the  rea- 
son why  weights  took  the  names  and  forms  of  calves  and  ox  heads,  and  is  the  diminution  of  EK,  TK, 
or  Ych :  in  the  Welsh  tongue  Eekel  might  mean  cattle.  The  calf  weight  was  a  pound,  ox  head,  half 
a  pound,  and  oval  balls,  3  oz.  each,  origin  of  As,  Semi- As,  and  Quadrans  of  the  Bomans. 

f  Wheel  Money.    V.  Akerraaii's  Manual,  p.  217. 


Justinian  I.,  Nephew  of  Justin,  died  565,  A.  D.  Rev. 


OP  BXETBR.  101 

Uie  head.  Barbarous  fabric.  (Phocas ?)  Justin  2nd. (678  A.  D.)  Re?.  NlV/r  g 

A    A     O 

CoNSTANS  2nd.  and  his  sons  Heracllus  and  Tiberius.    (Son  of  Heraclius  and  Gre- 

goria,  668,  A.  D.)  Diadem  surmounted  by  a  Cross.  Rev.  ^-_"*'_.v 
Coined  in  the  20th  year  of  his  reign.  N  IV/r 

o  e  ^ 

CONSTAMS.  I   C     I     X  C 

(Jesus  Christ  conquers)  N  I   )    KA 

Coin.   Large  bust  to  the  right.     Rev.  in  large  characters,  IjjSUS  XRISTUS,  BACl- 
AGUS  BACIaGwN. 


W 


t 


Some  other  coins  thus :  ^BS^  aT  K  I  IVTk 


M    E 


N  icephorus  Phocas  ?  (969  A.D.)  ^ 

NIC  on  obv.  with  bust.  ^ 

2  Thus,  and  on  Rev.  ^ 

50 


4t4 


1812. 
Greek  Coin  of  Agrigentutn,  in  Sicilif. 

A  coin  of  this  ancient  City,  was  dug  up  close  to  the  Castle  wall.  It  bore  the  usual 
type  of  an  eagle,  driving  or  tearing  a  hare,  and  the  reverse  of  a  Crab.  Also  the  large 
countermark  of  a  head,  something  like  Mionnets  ietes  barbares  or  Gauloises^  Which 
some  have,  though  erroneously  supposed  to  be  the  head  of  a  British  Prince,  when  re- 
issued for  circulation  in  our  Island,  whence  it  may  have  found  its  way  to  our  Tin  Marts 
here  from  Sicily,  Mr.  Akerman  asserts,  that  such  coins  occur  on  the  site  of  Agrigen- 
tum,  with  this  countermark,  (V.  Corresp.  Num;  Chron.  July,  1838.)  This  coin  is  in 
the  possession  of  the  Re/.  F.  V.  I.  Arundel  1,  of  Landulph,  near  Devonport,  and  was 
communicated  to  the  Editor  of  the  Num.  Journal,  at  the  request  of  T,  Burgon^  Esq., 
one  of  our  ablest  Numismatists.  It  was  not  considered  by  Mr.  A.  of  decided  proof^ 
but  other  coins  of  Sicily  v/ere  dug  up  in  1823,  near  Broadgate,  which  prove  this  was 
not  the  only  one.  The  Crab  alludes  to  the  steep  and  rugged  rocks  of  Mount  Agragasorof 
the  neighbouring  coast;  and  the  eagle  to  the  unrelenting  spirit,  perhaps,  of  the  inhab- 
itants of  this  great  City.  In  Lord  Northwick's  collettion,  is  a  beautiful  medal  of  this 
City,  with  two  Eagles  over  the  Hare.  The  temple  of  Jupiter,  miscalled  that  of  the 
Giants,  is  the  principal  Agrigentine  ruin  of  interest  remaining.  The  people  of  this 
ancient  city,  now  Girgenti,  60  miles  from  Palermo,  said  by  some  to  be  a  colony  from 
Rhodes  or  Ionia,  were  so  magnificent  and  luxurious,  that  it  was  reported  of  them, 
"that  they  built  as  if  they  should  never  die,  and  ate  as  if  they  were  sure  to  live  no 
longer."    They  traded  with  Tyre,  SidoUj  and  Africa,  as  well  as  parts  of  Sicily. 

1823. 

Coins  found  after  taking  down  Broadgate,  acar  which  were  also  dug  up  120  coins, 


102  GRBBK   ANTIQUITIES 

of  the  lower  Empire,  and  Constantines,&c.    Dynasty  of  Ptolemies,  kings  of  Egypt. 

Copper  coin ;  Obv.  head  ofa  Ptolemy ;  laureated,  BASlAEOSto  the  right.  Rev.  Eagle, 
(uncertain  which.) 

A  smaller  do.  (  3rd  brass.)  head  ofa  Ptolemy,  to  the  left,  laureated.  Rev.  Eagle, 
Hiero  I.  king  of  Syracuse,  brother  of  Gelon,  prince  of  Gela.  Obv.  bearded  head  fillet- 
ed, to  the  left.  Rev,  IEPQN0S;3under,  a  horseman  curvetting,  spear  couched;  alludes 
to  his  victories  at  the  Olympic  games,  which  inspired  the  muse  of  Pindar,  He  was 
unpopular  with  his  subjects  from  covetousness,  and  died  467,  B.  C. 

Two  others  ditto,  (3rd  brass.)  A  4th  ditto,  a  horse  pawing  up  the  ground. 
All  of  Hiero. 

A  double  headed  coin.  Obv,  a  large  head.  Rev.  another  busf^  countermarked 
AVR.  monogram  or  ligature,  A.  and  V. 

Small  massy  coin  of  Syracttse ;  within  a  wreath  of  ears  of  corn ;  SYPAKOSIQN. 
Obv.  female  head . 

A  silver  coin  of  this  city,  of  massy  fabric,  most  likely  a  Didrachmon,  was  found 
at  Truro,  (Cornwall,)  in  the  mines  at  Mopas ;  in  the  2nd  syllable,  H  for  A,  in  the 
name  of  Syracuse,  was  the  difference.  (  SYPHKOSIQN.) 

Sidon.'  Two  massy  coins,  one  2nd,  the  other  3rd  Brass.  Two  fishes  on  each  side 
ofa  Tripod,  gONQ  (AI  g)  retrograde,  A  thick  coin;  obv.  Bearded  head.  Rev.  Bi" 
gee.  C.  A  smaller  dp.  Bigcs;  obv.  a  female  head,  evidently  Roman  Consular  or  Fa- 
mily coins. 

Several  small  coins  with  the  helmeted  head,  apparently  [of  Pallas,  and  on  Rev.  the 
Sign  Capricorn,  probably  of  that  famous  city  Anazarbus  in  Cilicia,  called  also  Dia 
Caesarea,  and  Caesar  Augusta,  and  repaired  by  Augustus.  We  are  aware  that  this 
composite  sign  or  symbol  was  the  Dagon  of  scripture,  the  same  as  the  Neptune  of  the 
Philistines  at  Ashdod  or  Azotus  *' upwards  man  and  downwards  fish,"  when  the  "  cap 
tive  ark  maimed  his  brute  image.*"  V.  1,  Sam.  cap.  5.  It  was  the  Osiris  of  Egypt,  the 
goddess  Dirceto,  half 9t;omara,  half  Jtsh,  and  the  Vishnu  of  India.f  (Also  is  on  the  coin»^ 
of  Augustus  and  Vespasian,  who  as  well  as  Cosmo  de  Medicis  and  Charles  V.,  were 
all  supposed  to  be  born  under  this  horoscope.)  Pan  was  changed  into  Capricorn-  V» 
Walker,  p.  245,  on  coins  of  Carausius  and  Gallienus,  for  Capricorn. 

Coins  in  the  possession  of  Mr.  Jos.  Gard,  of  High  Street,  found  in  the  excavations 
above  St.  George's  Church,  in  Southgate  or  South  Street  in  1833. 

Trajan.  Large  brass  coin  of  Alexandria;  obv.  AYTOK, TPAIANeiA... . , 

CGB.  Rev.  the  River  Nile  as  Osiris  or  Canopus,  reclining  on  a  Crocodile  with  the 
lotus,  offspring  of  the  waters,  and  the  Cornucopia.  L.    AwAfiK  (12th  year,)  V,  Plate 
6,  No.  11. 

Nic-EA,  (supposed,^  near  Sangarius  River,  in  Bithynia?  (Isnik)  on  Lake 
Ascanius,  issuing  from  the  Propontis,  (217  A.  D.)  Obv.  a  defaced  bust,  (apparently.) 
Rev.  C.  AYT  {'avrovonoq)  NIK6«N  KOA,  The  type  as  on  coins  of  Samosata,  occurs, 
of  Cybele  sitting  on  a  rock,  under  her  a  man,  as  Euphrates,  son  of  Arandax,  with  his 
head  and  arms  above  water,  as  some  antiquaries  assert,  the  river  Euphrates  in  which 
he  drowned  himself,  and  gave  name  to  it.  A.  epoch  of  reign.   It  is  clearly  of  some  au~ 

•  MUton.  Par.  Lost, 
t  Magog  and  Atergates  ofHierapolU,  PUn.  H,  N. 


Op  BXETteR.  103 

tonoraous  city,  and  the  same  reverse  appears  on  coins  of  Antloch,  typifying  the  Orontes. 
It  generally   represents  a  city  sitting  on  the  banks  of  a  river.  For  Nicaea  v.  Strabo 

Geog;  12.    Large  thick  coin  (of  bright  copper.)    Bust  defaced, O.. ,  BA- 

CIAGOC,  probably  another  coin  of  the  Ptolemies  and  of  Alexandria. 

DiocLESiAN,  of  Alexandria,  (small  brass)  AK(IMP.)  r(raioc).  VA(/mu*) 
/^lOKAlTIAN  (oc)  Fortune  with  cornucopia  and  rudder.  Aurelian,  AYPHAIAN- 
OC.  Rev.  defaced.  Claudius  Gothicus,  269  A.  D.  AYT(Imp)  M.  KAAVaIOC 
C€B.  An  Eagle  standing,  L.  B.  year  2nd.  Philip,  (defaced)  Rev.  Dis  or  Pluto, 
crowned,  perhaps  the  ludi  Saculares,  to  Pluto  and  Proserpine,  1000  A.  U.  C.  43 
years  after  Severus.  Mr.  J.  Y.  Akerman  says  it  is  an  emblem  of  the  city,  and  a  fe- 
male. L.  S.  in  the  field,  year  6  ?  Another,  ditto ;  AK.  M.  lOYAl.  *IA.  Hev.  a 
victory.    In  the  field  L.  r.  3d.  year. 

A  coin  of  some  African  colonj,  much  defaced.  Elephant  treading  on  a  scorpion ; 
Symbolical  of  Africa,  there  being  also  many  Numidian  cities  of  note  that  were  Roman 
Colonies.  Samosata,  in  Syria,  (detrited)  supposed  of  Alex.  Severus  ;  Cybele  or  Rhea 
turreted  y  go&t  Araallhsea  above,  MHTPO.  K0MM(ay)7Vi?C.)  In  the  field u.  E. 
and  S.  C.  (7th  legion  there.  V.  Notit.)  Coin  bearing  a  cow,  perhaps  Cyzicus  in  Mysia 
(cow  sacred  to  Proserpine  )  A  coin  of  some  King  of  Syria,  a  Numisma  serratum 
or  dentel6e.  There  were  also  the  following  found  at  the  same  time.  Copper  Bezants. 
Justinian  I,  666  A.  D.  (24th  year.)  The  Capital  I  supposed  to  indicate  the  number  of 
small  pieces  ioto  which  it  was  divided.  (Jobert.) 

O 

NTX 
NlXt 

A    nil 

Theophilus,  829  A.  D.  (probably)  IjjSuS  KRISTi;S.  A.  H.  on  Rer.  Also 
Antoninus,  (M.  Aur.)  S.C.  Faustina,  his  wife,  (Augusta)  Hilaritas,  S.  C.  Cybele, 
with  fir  branch  of  Atys.Constantine,  Rev.  the  sun  radiant ;  also  Gloria  Exerciius,  P. 
ARL.  (coined  at  Aries)  Constantius,  P,  F.  AVG.  Rev.  Reparatio.  {Fel.  Temp,) 
SMNA  (Sacra  moneta  Antiochena.)  Another  Ditto,  Cora,  gema*  Glt)%\  Rom.  ANIA 
(Antloch)  Licioius  the  younger,  FL.  VAL.  LICIN.  LICINIVS,  Rev.  Jovi  Conservato- 
ri,  Jupiter  with  Victory  and  wreath.  M.K,  (Moneta  Karnutensium)mintofCtor<re*, in 
France,  (now  Eure  and  Loire  department)  Constans  P.  F.  AVG,  three  soldiers, 
Glor.  Rem.  AN  T  A.  Antloch.  Constantius,  VOT.  XX.  and  S.M.  ANT.  in  exer- 
gue, all  small  brass.  Three  of  Valcns,  (cor.  gem.)  Victory  with  a  wreath,  and  Se. 
euritas  Reip.  Virtus,  Gloria  Rom.,  all  struck  at  Antioch.  Theodosius,  very  small, 
(cor.  gem.^  l^ev.  supp.  Concordia.  Also  three  Arabic  or  Cufic  coins.  In  April  1839, 
one  of  these  being  found  in  Exeter,  in  company  with  a  Vespasian,  I  was  induced  to 
publish  the  following  notice  of  these  Arabic  or  Saracenic  relics,  some  suspicion  having 
been  cast  on  the  authenticity  of  coins  found  in  company  with  them,  as  it  appears  that 
they  are  often  met  with  by  Coin-hunters  in  Syria  and  Asia  Minor,  along  with  Greek 
Coins.*    Did  these,  as  well  as  the  Bezants,  come  over  with  the  Crusaders  1 

*  N«ar  the  Post  Office,  coin  of  Vespasian,  much  defoced.  Rev.  a  Caduceus  between  two  Cornu- 
copiae,  or  horns  of  abundance,  a  very  common  type,  always  emblematic  of  Felicity.  Another  coin 
much  defaced,  also  with  Arabic  or  Cuphic  characters,  was  found  In  company  with  the  preceding* 
Many  such  pieces  of  moaey  havfaig  l>een  dug)  up  In  Bzeter  l>eloft,  must  hav«  been  introduced  into 

2c 


104  GREEK    ANTIQUITIES 

Greek  Coins  found 
1834. 

Near  the  Cemetery,  Bartholomew  Yard,  in  January,  in  forming  the  Catacombs,  on  the 
ancient  glacis  of  the  city. 

Julia  Mamm^ea  C2nd  brass)  mother  to  the  Emperor  Alexander  Severus,  priest 
of  the  sun,  with  Elagabalus,  before  he  accepted  the  purple,  (V.  Herodlan.)  She  was 
daughter  to  Julia  Msesa,  and  sister  to  the  2nd  wife  of  the  first  Severus,  who  was 
daughter  of  the  Priest  of  the  Sun,  at  Emesa,  in  Syro  Phoenicia,  famous  for  its  Temples 
of  the  Sun,  Mammaea  was  wife  of  V.  Genecius,  a  Syrian,  and  by  some  said  to  be  a 
pupil  of  Origen,  and  a  christian  convert.  Obv...  .  .Bust  of  Mammsea,  AIA.  MAM6A. 
C6b.  Rev.  Female  with  cornucopia,  holding  a  rudder  and  reclining  as  it  appears  on 
the  prow  of  a  Ship,  AQN.  name  of  the  province  or  city  effaced,  all  except  these  three 
final  letters.  I  am  unable  to  assign  the  place  to  which  the  coin  belongs.  Zosimus, 
lib,  1,  calls  her  Mamaia,  She  was  assassinated  with  her  son,  by  Maximin,  after  hold- 
ing  a  principal  sway  in  the  court,  for  nearly  14  years.  This  coin  was  in  the  posses- 
sion of  Mr.  Carter,  of  High  Street,  Silversmith. 

March  12th,  Supposed  Greek  coin  of  Mseonia,  or  Lydia ;  New  Market.  A  cast 
of  this  coin  was  transmitted  by  me  to  my  Antiquarian  correspondent,  C.  R.  Smith, 
Esq.  London.  He,  however,  supposes  it  to  be  an  attempt  at  coinage  by  the  Roma- 
nized Britons.  The  Obverse  is  certainly  that  of  Britannicus,  and  the  Reverse, 
evidently  blundered ,  has  the  figure  of  Mineira  Promachus^  so  usual  on  the  Reverses 
of  Claudius,  struck  retrograde,  with  the  S.  C.  thus  q.  cc  The  inscription  seems  to 
be  i\[EIO^AlQN,  as  far  as  the  eff'orts  of  a  bad  Mint-master,  and  of  a  cast  or  molten 
coin  can  make  any  thing  certain  or  discernable  on  this  Reverse,  The  coin 
was  brought  to  me  by  a  labourer,  of  the  name  of  Moore,  with  an  ordinary  coin  of 
Claudius,  found  ten  feet  under  an  old  foundation, 

December  10th.  In  the  Westgate  Quarter,  along  with  a  small  bronze,  of  Julius 
Caesar,  which  will  be  described  elsewhere,  and  some  other  Roman  coins,  one  of  which  of 
Alex.  Severus.  A  Lucius  Verus,  of  Amphipolis  ;  (1  assigned  it  to  that  of  Syria,  on  the 
Euphrates,  or  confines  of  Arabia,  as  Syrian  coins  abounded  at  Exeter,  although  others 
may  be  induced  to  consider  it  of  Macedonia.  The  Syrian  city  rose  out  of  the  ruin» 
ofThapsacus,  (Plutarch  in  Alexandro)  and  was  opposite  to  the  Chaluaean  shores, 
near  the  Palmyrean  desert ;  KAI(SAP)  A( Lucius)  APYH  (Aurelius.)  He  was 
colleague  of  M.  Aurelius,  A  D.  161.    Rev.   AM$in(oXir«v)  NEQ(K)o(pw)N— r- 

Europe  about  tbe  year  1300,  a.d.,  by  Traders,  when  the  Soldans  of  Egypt,  of  the  fifth  dynasty  or  Cif' 
cassian  and  Mameluke  race,  (who  succeeded  the  Caliphs  or  Turkish  kings)  restored  the  oTerland 
passage  by  the  Red  Sea  to  India.  Unless  we  are  to  imagine  that  they  came  from  the  Saracens,  (ori- 
ginally Arabs  of  Petreea)  who  had  extended  their  empire'over  Persia,  Syria,  Egypt,  Africa,  and  Spain 
before  832,  ad.  For  in  fact  they  had  also  then  conquered  Sicily,  and  introduced  the  pointed  arch  of 
architecture  (falsely  styled  Norman)  every  where.  Cuphic  characters  are  traced  on  Churches  in 
Palermo  in  Sicily,  built  of  stones  from  Saracenic  buildings,  erected  when  Arabic  was  commonly  spo- 
ken there;  on  the  NUometor  of  Cah-o,  (  859  )  the  Mosque  of  Teyloun.  (ST9)  and  of  Hakem,  (1003.) 
The  pointed  arch  was  also  carried,  into  Persia,  Syria,  India  and  Constantinople  by  the  Saracens. 
Their  Inscriptions  are  still  to  be  seen  at  Palermo  in  Sicily,  and  at  Pozzuolli  near  Naples.  The  coins 
with  Cuphic  or  Arabic  charaeters  must  have  came  to  England  from  them,  by  traders  for  the  Tin  o 
Devon  aud  Cornwall,  for  it  was  found  na  where  else. 


^fPITj. EXETER.  105 

A  figare  seated,  or  in  subscttio  witfi  a  goatskin,  as  it  would  seem,  on  its  left  arm,  in 
its  right  a  Patera'    The  Neocori  were  cities  privileged  to  have  sacred   games  and 
devotions  to  their  gods   end  the  reigning  Emperors,  literally  in  the  Greek,  2Vmp/e 
Sweepers^  but  really  one  of  the  highest  honours  ihey  could  enjoy,  (V.  Acts  19,  v.  36, 
ofEphesuSfin  many  respects  a  useful   Numismatic  reference,)      A  Phceniciau  coin, 
Berytus;  although  not  wilh  a  Greek  inscription,  I  have  placed  it  here,  being  Colonial 
and  of  as  great  importance  as  any  other  of  that  description.    Severus  and  Caracalla  ; 
not  Conjugate,  but  with  the  two  busts  fronting  each  other;  SEPTIMIVS  SEVER.,.. 
JCev.  an  ancient  Temple  or  Rotunda,  within  is  a  small  Victory,crowning  an  image,  pro- 
bably Security.     On  each  side  of  the  steps  of  the  Temple  COL.  BBR.     Berytus  ^as 
a  colony  on  the  coasts  of  the  Mediterranean,  near  Sidon,  re-edifled  and  called,  iFelix 
Julia,  by  the  Romans,  and  noticed  by  Pliny,  and  by  Mela  1,  12,  as  Berytos.  It  was  also 
known  as  Colonia   Berytus,  L.  V.  (Legio  Quinta.)      Pinkerton,  vol.  2,  p.  271,  Col. 
Aug.  Pel.  Ber.  &c.    It  is  now  well  knovrn  as  Beyrouty  or  Barutti,  and  was  originally 
Geris,  from  Gergeshi,  5th  son  of  Canaan,  but  took  its  new  name  from  Berith,  a  Phoe- 
nician Idol,  adored  by  its  inhabitants,  (V.  Heylyn  Syria,  1660.)*   The  inscription  on 
this  Rev.  is  ANTONINI  COS.  Ill,  alluding  to  Caracalla,  assumed  as  colleague  in 
the  Empire,  with  Geta,  by  their  father,  with  whom  they  made  a  campaign  into  North 
Britain,  where  he  died,  A.  D.  211.    Tryphon  destroyed  this  city,  as  we  are  told,  in 
the  Maccabsean  Wars,  between  the  Syrians  and  Jews  ;  but  it  was  honoured  with  the 
privileges  of  a  Roman  City,  by  Augustus,  and  both  Herod  and  Agrippa  took  pains  to 
bring  it  into  notice.     Berytus  also  struck  money,  in  honour  of  Elagabalus,  and  became 
an  Episcopal  see,  in  the  christian  times,  and  a  mercantile  city.    (Lately  captured  by 
o  British  force.)    In  Mr.  Carter's  collection. 

1838. 

April  6.    Milk  Lane.    Young  Caracalla,  (3rd  brass.)    Antiocfa  ;    Obv.  bust  to 

the  right  CC.  AYTK.  M.  A NOC.    C Rev.  S.  C.  within  a  laurel 

wreath,  above  A  6  for  ^t^/x.  c^scr.  below  an  eagle. 

In  June.  Broadgate.  Supposed  coin  of  Elis,  (Achaean  league,)  or  of  some  city, 
bearing  among  other  symbols  on  Rev.  a  Digamma,  or  double  F  of  the  ancient  iEolians. 
Edm.  Dickinson,  mhis  Delphi  Phcenidzantes,  1865,  has  most  ably  explained  how 
the  Romans  took  Vesta,  vinura,  vesper,  ver,  and  other  words  from  the  Greeks,  chang- 
ing the  aspirate  for  the  .^olic  digamma. 

April  23.  Hoard  of  Greek  and  Egyptian  coins,  found  on  a  spot  near  Poltimore,  by  a 
labourer,  digging  in  a  potatoe  field,  and  collected  by  Mr.  J.  Campbell,  t  of  St.  Sidwells . 
Unfortunately  several  others  previously  found  had  been  disposed  of.  They  may  have 
been  hoarded  in  the  Saxon  times. 

*  ^Judges  8,  33. 

t  From  the  poiition  of  these  relics,  directly  in  advance  of  the  Ro  man  summer  camp  at  Khisbton, 
«nd  poinllng  towards  the  Black  Down  Hills  and  Hembury  Ford,  to  which  the  old  road  ran  by  the  way 
of  Broadclist  Heath,  it  Is  clear  that  such  memorials  must  refer  to  some  subordinate  oatpost  or  picquet 
of  the  Roman  garrison  at  Exeter,  in  advance  of  their  forts  at  Duryard  and  Killerton,  and  near  to  Pol- 
timore. They  are  also  in  the  line  of  the  famous  Roman  road  called  the  Fossbwat,  (from  Somerset- 
ahlre),  running  by  Talewater,  Talaton  common,,  and  Whimple.  to  which  the  old  B  roadelist  road  mtist 
have  communicated.  Some  of  the  old  villagen  had  preserved  other  coins  of  the  above  description, 
lor  some  years,  as  pocket  pieces. 

The  ezteosion  of  the  Greek  language  all  ov«r  th*  Roman  fimpUe,  is  well  kiioWD,.«ad  the  fact  of  its 


166  GRBEfe    ANTIQtJlTrES 

Alexandria.  Female  Bust*  (I  assign  these  three  first  to  Cleopatra  3rd,  frotn  the 
likeness  of  the  Busts)  to  the  right ;  hair  cirrated  on  the  neck  ;  a  stroppus  or  garland 
round  the  head  ;  if  of  Cleopatra  in  reality,  they  remind  us  of  a  Princess  whose  charms 
and  policy,  by  her  alliance  with  Julius  Ceesar  and  M.  Antony,  preserved  and  aggran- 
dized the  kingdom  of  Egypt.  Much  limed.  Rev.  Eagle  to  the  left,  HTOAEMAIOY 
BACIAEOC.  A  second  ditto,  much  delrited;  same  Inscr.  Eagle.  A  third  ditto; 
on  the  field,  62,  Same  Inscr.  Eagle.  A  fourth  coin  ;  male  bust  to  the  right.  Rev, 
Eagle;  Climed,)  HTOAEMAIOY,  in  the  field ;  a.  Fifth  year. 

Antiochus  IX,  of  Syria.  Philopator  and  Cyzicenus.    Rev.  Thunderbolt.  *IAo- 
IIAToPoS;  above  OX. 
Two    large    brass    Medallions,    of   Alexandria. — Adrian;    bust    to  the  right, 

APIAN.    Rev.   two  soldiers  or  warriors  with  spears  and  the  Military  cloak  or 

lacerna  on  their  shoulders,  probably  Adrian  and  Antonine,  after  the  adoption  of  the 
latter.    Antoninus  Pius  ;  Laureated  bust  to  the  right.    Rev.  Eagle  with  wings  and 

legs  expanded.  AYTKT.  AIA.  AAP. 

Roman  Colonial  or  Imperial  Coins. 
Marcus  Aurelius,  Samosata  in  Syria  Commagene,  on  Euphrates.  (Arata  Maa- 
chah)  Obv.  bust  to  the  right,  filleted;  AVT.  KAI.  MAP.  AVR.  Rev.  Head  of 
Cybele,  turreted  to  the  right;  in  front  a  star;  above  a  goat  (Amalthsa)  eGAC^ 
KOM  (nayrfviov)  K6QN  (NtoKOfiwv)  Another,  much  detrited,  the  same.  It  was  Head 
Quarters  of  the  7th  Legion  in  later  times.  Double  headed  coin  of  Severus,  (small)  Obv. 
bust  to  the  right,  AYTK.  Rev.  Head  of  some  barbarian  Ally  of  Rome,  as  Abgarus  of 
Edessa,  or  some  king  of  Armenia,  who  aided  the  Romans  with  their  archers  against 
the  Parthians  ;  he  wears  a  high  fur  cap  or  tiara,  like  a  grenadier's  cap,t  and  bears  a 
sceptre  in  front :  the  legend  is  CYGGVC — but  of  whom  is  unknown.  C^sarea,  in 
Cappadocia  (now  Kaisar.)    Gallus,  (killed  A.  D.  254,  at  Interamna  in  Urabria.) 

•  Similar  busts  are  ascribed  to  Tryphen a,  daughter  of  Ptolemy  Auletes,  by  Baudelot  de  Bairval, 
Hist,  of  Auletes,  p .  148,  1698. 

The  Greek  kings  of  Egypt,  who  succeeded  Alexander,  a  Iways  appear  on  their  medals  in  the  Grecian 
style,  but  on  Egyptian  monuments  in  an  Egyptian  dress,  the  former  not  always  indicating  the  indi- 
vidual. Themedalof  Clbopa.tr A  is  said  to  be  of  no  value  as  a  portrait.  V.  Rossllxni  Jconografia 
Greca. 

tQy.  Kuzzilbash  ?  of  the  East. 

reaching  by  inscriptions  from  the  valley  of  the  Nile  and  the  Delta,  to  the  obelisk  of  Axum,  in  Abys- 
sinia, and  established  by  the  works  of  art  belonging  to  the  Ptolemaean  age  and  that  of  the  Romans, 
proves  how  intimately  that  nation  became  blended  with  the  Egyptians,  till  at  last  the  Greeks  of  Egypt, 
and  Romans  also,  mingling  in  Isiac  worship,  almost  forgot  their  primitive  character.  Levies  of  such 
foreign  troops  in  various  parts  of  the  Roman  Empire,  would  probably  lead  to  this  strange  amalgamation 
of  Syrian  and  Egyptian  coins  in  Britain,  which  seems  to  have  been,  except  in  a  few  instances,  confined 
to  our  county  and  city.  At  any  rate,  many  of  them  must  have  been  long  in  circulation  as  specie  from 
the  difference  of  the  epochs,  even  perhaps  in  the  Saxon  times.  The  outpost  was  probably  kept  up 
subsequent  to  the  departure  of  the  Romans  from  Britain ;  and  as  we  find  that  the  4th  wing  of  British 
horse  served  in  Egypt,  under  the  Romans,  and  the  26th  cohort  in  Armenia,  we  are  equally  justified  in 
supposing  that  Egyptian  and  Syrian  soldiers  guarded  the  South  of  Britain  at  the  same  period,  as  the 
Syrian  horse  we  find  were  in  the  interior  (v.  Notit.)  of  the  province,  and  a  detachment  of  Moors  at 
Abaliab^,  or  Watch  Cross,  in  Westmoreland,  on  the  wall  of  Severus.  both  in  the  beginning  of  the 
5th  Century.  The  W.  Saxons  may  have  howflver  used  these  coins,  from  a  paucity  of  their  own  circu- 
lating mediunt, 


OF    SXBTBR.  107 

Obv.  bust  to  the  right,  AYTOK.  K  (aioap)  OYlB  (Vibius)  T  (Taioc,  Caius)  TP(7B 
(onianus)  TAAAOC  ;  Rev.  Eagle  with  expanded  wings  (in  exergue  S.  C.  below.) 
Between  his  legs  Z  (off  7ma.)  and  the  inscription  is  the  Greek  for  Trib.  potest. 
AHMAPX  esOYCIAC.  Gallus  or  Trebonianus  reigned  3  years.  Small  Egyptian 
coio.    Obv.    Galeated    head    to  the  right;  also  laureated,  seemingly  of  Constantino. 

nOAIC.    Rev.   Frog   between  a  wafeMilly,  and  bull  rush,  or  bi/blus,  AN- 

TONIMA .MGT.    Maecenas  used  a  Krog  as  a  Seal,    (v.  Plin.  Alex.  ab.  Alex. 

Kirkmande  Ann.)  Its  entrails  used  in  divination  by  the  3/r/^t,  and  it  was  one  of  the  Ten 
Plagues.  Bryant  notices  the  Frog  worship  of  Egypt;  it  was  like  the  lotus,  emblemati- 
cal of  the  productive  qualities  of  the  waters. 

Found  in  preceding  years,  on  the  same  ground  and  about  the  fields,  Constantius, 
Fel.  Temp.  Reparatio,  Horseman  &c.  exergue  ANT.  area  T.  Another  ditto,  Two 
Captives.  Constaotine;  .Jovi  Conservatory  CAESS.  NN.  at  his  feet  a  bird,  in  exergue 
PLN.  Small  ditto;  Fel.  Temp.  Rep.  ANA.  Valentinian,  Gloria  Reipublicse,  Va- 
lens.  Gloria  Rom.  (Antloch)  all  small  brass.  Also  Antoninus  Pius.  Radiated  bust. 
TR.  POT.  XXir.  COS,  II.  and  on  Rev.  S.  C.  Female  with  thyrsus,  on  a  staff,  a 
wreath  inscribed  inside  VIC.  Gordian  3rd.  Pius.  Bust  to  the  right,  IMP.  GORDI- 
ANVS.  PIVS.  FEL.  AVG.  Rev.  P.  M.  TR.  P.  III.  COS.  P.P.  Female  with  staff 
and  pa'.era,  sacrificing.  S.  C.  (about  244  A.  D.) 

Imperial  Egyptian  Coins ; 

Trajan  (large  brass)  bust  to  the  right,  defaced.  Nile  as  before,  reclining  on  a  Cro- 
codile (defaced   coin.)     Adrian.  AYTK.  KAIC.  TPAIAN  AAP bust   to 

the  right;  laureated.  Rev.  defaced  ;  Female  (Alexandria)  with  Prow  of  Ship  to  the 
right.  A  Coin  with  a  sort  of  cinque  foil  on  both  sides.     Also  of  Roman  coins.  Adrian, 

(large  brass)  bust  to  the  right RIAMVS  AVG,  Rev.  two  figures,  shaking  hands. 

Trajan.  Radiated  bust   to  the  right: A  NO.  AVG.  GERMANICO,  &c.     Rev. 

S  P  Q  R  (Optimo  Principi.)  Carus.  IMP,  C.  M,  AVR.  CARVS,  P.  F^  AVG. 
(A.  D.  2tt3)  Rev.  Two  figures  standing,  holding  a  victory.  Clementia  Temp,  A  in 
the  field.  Bezant;  obv.  IC,  XC.  Effigy  of  Christ,  seated,  wimftMs  round  the  head. 
HA.  (unknown  cf  whom,  probably  about  or  subsequent  to  the  8th  century.) 

Juno.  Coins  found  at  the  distance  of  a  field  from  the  last.  Hierapolis  in  Cyrrhes- 
tica,  (Bambuk.)  of  Antoninus  Pius.  Bearded,  bust  to  the  left,  ANTwNINOC,  Rev. 
within   an  oaken   wreath,   GGAC  CYPlAC  IGPAHO  (Xtrwv)  in  the  field  B.*  Ditto, 

bearded,   bust   to  the  right  AYTKT.  AIA.  AAPI N€INOC.  Rev*  ditto. 

IGPOIIO  in  a  wreath  of  oak.  Carrh.«  in  Mesopotamia.  (Kappai,  Zosim.  lib-  3.)  of 
Alexander  Sevfrus,  (235  A.  D.)  AYTK.  M.  A.  C.  (Severus)  AAESANaPOC. 
Rev.  (KAP)PHN<.»N,  A  sort  of  Landscape,  perhaps  representing  the  Altar  on  which 
sacrifice  was  offered  to  Gordian,  as  Mars  Rotnanus^  or  to  the  Dea  Syria,  at  Carrha^ 
which  had  also  a  famous  temple  to  the  Moon,  near  which  Herodian  tells  us,  Caracalla 
was  assassinated.  Carrhse,  afterwards  a  colony  from  Macedon,  near  the  Ur  of  the 
Chaldees  or  birth  place  of  Abraham,  was  the  Haran  of  Scripture,  Mesopotamia  being 
the  Aram  Naharaim  of  Psalms  60,  and  1  Chron*  19,  6v.  andof2adSam.  10,  16v. 
It  was  a  frontier  garrison  town  of  the  Romans,  and  famous  for  the  visit  of  the  Emperor 
*  Commemoratinir  the  worablp  ofth*  great  Dw  Bfria  AttarU,  in  that  City. 

2d 


108  GREEK    ANTIQUITIES 

Julian.  V.  Amm.  Marc.  lib.  23,  and  for    the  defeat  of  Crassus  by  King  Orodes  in 
earlier  times.  (Xappav*  v.  Acts  7,  2-4v,)    Piin.  lib.  6,  cap.  24. 

CoMMODus.  Antioch.  AK.  M.  AN.  Bust  to  the  right ;  Rev.  S.  C.  in  the  field  A, 
and  in  Exergue  A.  g.  dijfi.  i^ov.  all  in  a  laurel  wreath.  An  Alexander  Severus,  was 
also  found,  C;  ALEXAND.  Rev.  a  Temple  or  rotunda,  and  within  it  an  image,  (Pro- 
Tide)NTlA.  A VG.  a  Lozenge  shaped  coin.  Two  Bezants ;  the  first,  Obv.  two  figures 
seated,  Justin  and  Sophia.  DN.  |VS.  Rev. 


.V 


Elected  Emp.  of  East,  A.  D.  665.  O^^R  > 
V.  Akerm.  Vol.  2,  des.  Cat.  p.  404 

Another  Obv,  an  Emperor  and  the  Virgin  Mary,  standing,  holding  a  cross  between 
thero,DNI.  Rev.  full-faced  efligy  of  Christ,  standing,  T€M,  around  his  head  the 
nimbus f  (uncertain.)  Thirteen  small  brass,  mostly  of  Constantine  and  Valentinian, 
and  including  two  of  Arcadius,  were  found  near  the  same  spot. 

Here  ends  Mr.  J.  Campbell's  collection  from  Poltimore,  which  village  is  three  miles 
from  Exeter,  near  the  princely  domain  of  the  Bampfylde  family,  settled  there  since 
the  time  of  Edward  I. 

Coin  of  AuRELiAN,  found  the  Autumn  of  the  same  year  ; 

An  Imperial  Greek  Coin,  struck  at  Alexandria  in  Egypt,  (fourth  size)  of  copper, 
in  beautiful  preservation,  dug  up  by  Goldsworthy,  one  of  Mr.  Harvey's  men.  at  the 
depth  of  nine  feet,  in  making  the  sewer  under  Mr.  Froom's,  Druggist,  North  Street. 
This  coin  was  struck  in  the  sixth  year  of  Aurelian,  or  276  A.  D.,  and  bears  a  sparrow- 
hawk  on  Reverse,  standing,  with  the  Aspic  or  snake,  the  emblem  of  invincible  power, 
transfixed  by  an  arrow.  Inscription  on  Obverse  ;  AK  (Imperator,  avroKparwp)  A 
(Lucius)  AOM  (Domitius)  AYPHAIANOC  CEB  (SejSaffrog  or  Augustus.)  on  Rev. 
in  area  S,  with  on  the  internal  margin,  the  legend,  ETOYC,  year,  signifying  the  sixth 
year  of  Aurelian,  the  year  he  was  slain  by  Mucapor  near  Byzantium.  A  small  Greek 
coin,  much  defaced,  was  also  dug  up  in  High  Street,  about  the  same  time  ;  bearded 
head.t 

*  The  people  of  Carrhae  had  the  epithet  ot  (HKofufjuuoh  lovers  of  the  Romans. 

t  The  frequent  occurrence  of  these  Alexandrian  coins,  in  this  part  of  Britain,  proves  that  Egypt 
more  than  half  fulfilled  the  designs  of  Alexander,  after  whose  settlement  it  became  thickly  peopled,  not 
only  with  Greeka.  but  also  with  strangers  from  all  parts  of  the  adjacent  continents,  and  was  as  famous 
for  merchandize,  as  for  wit,  learning,  and  philosophy.  From  the  time  of  this  great  invading  luminary 
of  the  ancient  world,  the  history  of  Egypt  may  be  considered  as  confined  solely  to  the  new  capital 
Alexandria,  the  foundation  of  which  produced  an  entire  change  in  the  national  character,  becomint; 
as  Strabo  calls  it.  fdytfcy  i/txirogioy  rrit  otxaixivrts,  the  greatest  mart  and  mercantile  emporium  of  the  Universe 
and  styled  by  Ammianus  "  vertex  omnium  civltatum,"  the  birth-place  of  the  beauteous  Hypatia.  noted 
for  the  salubrity  of  its  climate,  for  its  inestimable  libraries,  and  for  the  learning,  science,  and  music 
•fits  citizens.  In  the  reign  of  Philadelphus.  Egypt  was  the  first  power  by  sea,  and  had  great  pre- 
ponderance by[land,  V.  Theocrit,  Idyll  7.,  in  praise  of  Philadelphus,  of  his  father  Lagus,  and  mother 
Berenice.  The  old  glories  of  this  realm  fprior  to  the  invasion  of  Cambyses)  the  memory  of  Rameset 
ted,  and  the  Memaonium,  the  lofty  car  of  Sesostris,  and  the  enterprising  policy  of  Necho,  were  all 
merged  la  the  new  versatile  and  mighty  Entrepot  of  the  Lagidas. 

The  commerce  of  that  city  of  infinite  riches ,  (juKrto^weuiiy  v^,  xoit  avie^ttycv,  Polyb  34.)  Alexandria, 


OP  EXETER.  109 

Clouted  Cream  of  Devon.  The  thickened,  conspissated,  or  curdled  cream,  com- 
•moii  in  all  our  Farm-houses,  is  of  Egyptian  origin,  (acor  jucundus  of  antiquity)  it  is 
supposed.  A  late  trav«ller  of  distinction,  and  an  Egyptian,  M^ho  yisited  our  city,  ex- 
claimed on  seeing  it  at  the  table  of  his  worthy  host,  '*  Why  that  is  the  same  as  what 
we  make  in  Egypt,  and  call  it  the  cream  of  the  Pyramids ! !"  Our  cob  walls  are  also 
supposed  to  be  of  the  same  origin. 


was  divided  into  three  principtl  branches.  The  land  trade  over  Asia  and  Africa,  and  the  maritime  la 
the  Mediterranean,  which,  probably,  brought  her  seamen  acquainted  with  the  British  shores,  as  well 
M  with  Rhode!!,  Corinth,  Carthage,  and  Gades,  in  Spain.  Lastly,  the  maritime  trade  in  tlie  Arabian 
Ouir.  and  also  the  Indian  Ocean.  One  or  the  chief  routes  of  the  first  merchants  was  over  the  distant 
Ozus  and  Caspian,  to  the  mighty  Euxine,  and  their  Caravans  extended  throngh  the  adust  plains  of 
Syria  and  Mesopotamia,  to  the  busy  Phoenician  ports,  and  the  numerous  wealthy  Emporiums  of 
Asia  Minor.  The  intercourse  with  Africa  was  by  Cyrene  and  into  Ethiopia,  for  the  purpose  of  pro- 
curing elephants  and  ivory.  That  with  India  I  have  already  described  from  Cosseir  and  Berenice  ; 
and  the  total  revenue  averaged  4  millions  sterling,  exclusive  of  the  imposts  paid  in  grain.  The  city 
was  situated  to  the  West  of  the  Delta,  and  on  a  Promontory,  opposite  what  was  once  the  Island  of 
Pharos,  the  sea  covering  it  on  one  side,  and  the  lake  Mareotis  on  the  other,  to  which  its  smaller  har- 
boar,  the  busy  seat  of  commerce,  was  united  by  a  Canal,  and  another,  proceeding  from  the  lake.  com> 
manicated  with  the  Nile.  Steam  boats,  carriages,  and  railroads,  were  all  that  was  wanting  to  com- 
plete its  commercial  developements.  printing  and  newspapers,  for  its  epigrammatic  denizena,  and 
gunpowder  and  rifles,  to  protect  its  commercial  travellers. 

Oasis  qf  AmmoH,  Note  to  page  93. 

Mr.  O.  A.  Hoskins.  in  1837.  visited  this  part  of  Libya.  While  at  Thebes  he  went  to  the  propylaeum 
of  Karnak  and  resided  in  the  tomb  of  Rameses  the  5th.  among  the  tombs  of  the  Kings.  He  then  visited 
the  great  Oasis  from  the  summit  of  Hazel  Bel  Badah.  125  miles  from  the  valley  of  the  Nile,  and  came 
to  the  hieroglyph ical  Temple  of  El  Khargeh.  The  Oasis  of  Alexander  is  that  of  Amun  or  Si  wah ;  in  march- 
iag  against  it  the  army  of  Cambyses  perished  in  the  sands,  and  its  oracle  was  famous  in  the  anoient 
world.  Browne  discovered  it  in  1792.  and  Hornmann.  CaiHand,  Drovetti  and  Minutel  penetrated 
there  also.  It  is  6  miles  long  by  5  broad,  bounded  by  mountains,  and  is  Ailed  with  date  trees,  and 
fruits  of  all  kinds,  vine,  fig.  plantain,  banyan.  &c.  Its  population  8000,  and  its  commerce  to  Barbary 
and  Egypt,  is  by  Caravans.  The  Temple  of  Hammon  is  supposed  the  ruin  OM-BEY  DA,  close  tft 
Ohanny.  and  S.  E.  o  f  Siwah-Kibur,  150  to  160  feet  in  length,  constructed  of  calcareous  stone  and  ala« 
baster  blocks.  The  ^divinity  sits  with  the  Ram's  head,  (as  Amun-Rah)  with  jackal  headed  staff,  and 
eras  aniata  in  bis  hands,  which  figure  is  often  repeated.  On  the  W.  is  a  grove  of  Palm,  and  a  fountain 
aupposed  of  the  Sun.  Fragments  of  columnar  shafts  and  capital  i  of  the  /o/a#^form,  art  scattered  about 
«b«  Temple,  the  inolosure  of  which  is  390  feet  long,  and  S30  wide. 


FigiiUne  Antiquities 


The  Roman  Pottery  and  Samian  fVare  found  at  Exeter. 

THE  DRAWINGS  ARE  FROM  THE  PENCIL  OF  MISS  E.  BIONELL, 
MOUNT  RADFORD. 


The  great  quantity  of  fragments  of  Roman  Red  Ware,  especially  of  tliat  beautiful 
description,  known  to  the  ancients  by  the  generic  term  of  Samian,  is  not  by  any  mean* 
the  least  interesting  of  the  curiosities  dug  up  in  the  city  of  Exeter,  of  late  years.  It 
has  been  remarked,  with  respect  to  Pottery,  and  the  Potter's  art,  that  vessels  of  va- 
rious kinds  for  containing  and  preserving  liquids,  are  so  needful,  that  they  have  been 
invented  in  all  countries  at  an  early  period.  In  Italy,  in  the  tombs  of  Peru,  in  Mexico, 
in  Egypt,  in  India,  Potter's  vessels  similar  to  those  of  the  ancient  Samian  workmanship, 
are  found.  Our  ancient  Isca  produces  the  same  Antique  Ware,  of  Roman  origin,  cal- 
led Samian,  as  Bath,  Castor,  and  London,  (for  that  found  in  the  Metropolis,  I  refer 
my  readers  to  Mr.  C.  R.  Smith's  observations,  Archaeol ,  vol.  27.)  As  clay  is  found 
in  every  place,  is  easily  moulded  into  form,  and  naturally  hardens  in  the  sun,  fire  or 
kiln,  it  has  been  universally  adopted  in  making  vessels  for  different  purposes,  some 
for  honour,  others  for  dishonour  ;  among  the  Romans  we  find  some  for  sacred  pur- 
poses only,  or  the  tables  of  the  great,  as  the  Samian  Ware,  others  for  culinary  prepara- 
tions, for  crucibles,  pipkins  ;  some  for  containing  liquids,  varying  from  one  quart  to 
two  gallons,  or  congii;  others  again  for  Sepulchral  Urns,  for  Etruscan  vases,  lachry- 
matories, or  tear  bottles,  simputo,  or  little  libatory  vessels,  ffutti  or  gutturniaf  for 
oils,  amphora,  for  wine,  tnortaria,  for  preparing  corn,  or  as  Mr.  R.  Smith  very 
;aptly  remarks,  unsuited  for  trituration,  hut  adopted  for  a  variety  of  culinary  uses. 
Borlase,  (Cornwall,  page  307,)  speaks  of  a  "  plain  fair  Urn,"  of  the  finest  red  clay, 
found  in  an  arched  vault,  near  the  Mansion  House  at  Kerris,  in  the  parish  of  Paul,  and 
there  are  other  evidences  of  such  Urns  made  of  that  sabstance,  being  found  under  simi- 
lar circumstances. 

It  is  well  known  that  the  ancient  Britons  were  provided  with  earthen  vessels,  by  the 
Phoenicians,  in  very  early  and  remote  periods,  and  the  same  barbarous  natives,  it  is 
probable,  learnt  to  make  rude  utensils  of  a  similar  kind,  for  their  own  purposes  at 
home.  In  our  Southern  Britain,  Borlase  (p.  236,  Cornwall)  records  many  Urns 
found  in  barrows  ;  and  Polwhele,  and  others,  bear  testimony  to  several  found  in  the 
Haldon*  tumuli,  of  sun  baked  clay,  manufactured,  no  doubt,  by  our  British  ancestors  ; 
such  indeed  of  the  shape  of  rude  butter  crocks^  have  been  exhumed  there,  and  at 
Gollwa  and  other  parts  of  Cornwall.  The  elegant  and  beautiful  forms  of  common 
*  A  lofty  range  of  Hllli  on  tho  Plymoath  Rond,  from  Ezottr. 


/im»9nrt<mtj[^th  Eimdrr 


NO  J. 


FOLATE.  !////. 


NO  IV. 


reMif^rmic  uthcc   S*erf/f 


AT'fr^iHMun'*  c/7J<  ex^-rf^ 


or  feXBTAR  111 

Utensils  in  pottery,  are  an  eyidence  of  social  refinttnent,  and  are  niet  with  in  the  ruins 
of  Egyptian  ciiies.  An  enormous  quantity  of  broken  Pottery  is  found  about  the  sites 
of  old  Egyitian  towns,  also  of  those  of  ancient  cities  in  India.  No  nation,  it  is  remark- 
ed (Egypt.  Antiq.  Brit.  Mas.)  *'  can  be  low  in  the  scale  of  social  refinement,  where 
the  forms  of  their  furniture  and  utensils  are  such  as  have  obviously  been  designed  with 
the  view  of  giving  pleasure  to  the  age."  In  the  tombs  and  sculptured  monuments  of 
Egypt,  ample  proof  is  gi  ven  **  of  the  beautiful  form  given  to  the  common  pitcher,  as  well 
as  to  more  elaborate  articles  of  luxury."  Gibson's  Camden,  p.  607,  notices  the  cu- 
rious earthen  vessels  dug  up  at  Caer  Leon,  the  city  of  the  (2nd)  legion,  where  so 
many  valuable  inscriptions  were  found  in  his  time,  as  well  as  in  our  own,  (for  which  last, 
I  am  indebted  to  the  industry  aad  research  of  my  correspondent,  C.  W.  King,  Esq.^ 
the  same  with  those  red  patella,  or  plates  discovered  in  other  parts  of  England.  Hey- 
lyn,  p.  673,  Cosmographie,  16G0,  speaking  of  Samos,  says  the  chief  commodity  is  a 
medicinal  earth,  useful  for  chirurgery  and  physick,  of  which  in  former  times  were 
those  vessels  made,  called  Vasa  Satnia,  in  great  request  among  the  Romans.  Apicius 
(de  Artecoquio.)  in  dressing  what  he  calls  conchicla,  a  savoury  dish  made  of  beans, 
tells  the  cook  to  use  a  clean  Cumaean  red  earthen  dish,  or  patella.  And  from  Vitru- 
vius  8,  cap.  7,  it  appears  that  for  purity  of  taste,  the  ancients  preferred  earthen  vessels 
to  silver.    The  Cumana  patella  is  celebrated  by  Martial  in  his  Apophoreta. 

The  Greek  Island  of  Samos,  was  so  celebrated  for  its  red  pottery,  that  it  might  be 
aptly  termed  the  China  of  ancient  Greece  and  Rome.  It  bore  a  high  price  in  the  Impe- 
rial city,  and  must  have  been  of  value,  as  I  have  seen  pieces  of  it  found  at  Exeter,  which 
had  been  riveted,  as  too  valuable  to  be  thrown  away  when  broken.  The  TeT^a  Cotta 
or  baked  earth,  as  the  modern  Italians  style  many  of  these  fictile  productions,  may 
be  considered  a  suit  of  generic  terra,  and  also,  in  my  opinion,  made  to  include  the 
Samian,  which  at  least,  although  fabricated  in  many  cities. 

*'  Ex  luto  Samio  in  rubrum  colorem  vertente.*' 
still  bore  a  generic  name,  like  the  China  or  Porcelain  of  modern  days,  and  included 
the  Spanish,  or  Saguntine  calices,  of  Martial  and  his  ru&tcunda  ^e^ta  of  Cnmee.  It 
was  known  at  Rome  as  early  as  the  reign  of  Augustus,*  and  the  manufacture  was  in- 
troduced into  Sicily  and  Magaa  Grscia,  long  before  it  was  established  in  Etruria. 
Ths  only  authenticated  Roman  Pottery  in  Britain,  is  that  of  Potter  Heigham,  in  the 
county  of  Norfolk,  and  was  a  Roman  manufactory  of  Urns,  as  proved  by  the  Archseologia 
vol.  23,  p  373.  The  coarse  Roman  Rritish  Ware,  found  at  Exeter,  is  always  of  a 
rough  gritty  quality,  and  whity-brown  colour,  distinct  from  the  Samian, 

On  the  site  of  St,  Michael's  Crooked  Lane,  London,  (Archseol,  vol,  24,  p.  198,^  an 
immeraorially  ancient  consecrated  site,  antique  pitchers,  cups,  palines,  similar  to  ours 
at  Exeter,  were  found  in  abundance  in  1831,  and  in  forming  the  North  or  City  en- 
trance to  the  New  London  Bridge.  Mr.  C,  R.  Smith  discovered  many  similar  curiosi- 
ties in  Wellbrook,  Prince's  Street,  and  near  the  Bank,  subsequently.  The  Romans 
much  affected  the  use  of  Earthen  Ware,  in  sacrificing,  and  often  of  the  coarsest  kind, 
in  imitation  of  the  primitive  rites  of  Numa,  who  instituted  the  7th  College  or  company 
of  Potters,  at  Rome  ;  (Plin.  35,  Juv.  Sat.  6.  Cic.  lib.  I,  Paradox.)  Great  numbers  of 
Potter's  names,  on  Samian  Ware,  have  been  procured  from  St.   Michael's    site,   from 

*  At  tibi  lata  trahant  Samias  convivia  testa.  FicUqu*  Comaaa  lubrlca  inn  rota.  Tibnllat,  tad 
OTid  Fait.  Ub.  3.    It m  Rabtai  Cr»t«r,  4io. 

2p 


113  ANTiatJlTtKS 

Prince's  Street,  and  Lothbury,  and  from  the  Pan  Rock  off  Margate,  the  Kaunos  of 
Ptolemy,  vrhere  a  vessel  freighted  with  this  prec'ous  Ware  is  supposed  to  have  been 
stranded.  Numbers  also  in  Lombard  Street  and  Birchin  Lane,  in  1781^,  and  others  re* 
corded  by  A.  J.  Rempe,  as  found  under  London  Bridge.  Batleiy,  in  his  Antiq.  Rutup. 
records  a  Potter,  Primitivus^  (whose  name  occurs  at  Exeter)  Marsi  M.  and  soma 
others,  and  gives  a  plate  of  Samian  Ware,  p.  105 ;  these  potters'  names  or  marks  are 
valnable,  as  proving  dates,  (Archaeo.  26,  620)  the  hinges  of  argument  and  almost 
a  real  locality. 

Pliny  the  naturalist,  proves  that  the  Samian  Ware  was  much  used  by  the  Romans 
of  the  higher  order,  at  their  feasts,  both  sacrificial  and  social  ;  Samiain  Esculis  lau- 
antur,  lib.  35,  cap.  46.  Per  Maria  terrasque  ultro  citro  Portantur,  that  they  were 
exported.  The  smaller  dishes  might  ha^e  served  for  plates,  salt  cellars,  &c.  Gar- 
lands were  much  worn  by  the  ancients  at  all  their  feasts  and  festivals  ;  hence,  probab- 
ly the  prevalence  of  vine  leaves,  ivy,  or  myrtle,  garlands  of  vervain  and  rosemary, 
(which  last  was  the  emblem  of  rejoicing,  and  in  christian  days  of  "  wisdom,  love  and 
loyalty,"  in  married  persons,  and  borne  at  weddings,)  on  this  ware,  woven  together  with 
bended  twigs  or  cords,  from  which  acorns  and  festoons  of  grapes,  or  vine  tendrils  depends 
Many  of  these  refer,  most  probably,  to  the  Bacchanalian  feasts  of  antiquity.  Sacred 
vessels  and  utensils  were  not  only  made  of  gold  and  silver  and  brass,  and  of  precious 
gems  and  porphyry,  or  of  asbestos,  as  tha  canf/eZa6rMm,  in  the  Temple  of  Venu  s, 
(Isidore,  lib.  16,)  and  of  the  most  valuable  crystals  and  glass,  ofthe  fragrant  mitr- 
rhine  or  porcelain,  which  bore  enormous  prices,  (murrhinis  crystallisque,)  in  the  Tem- 
ples ;  they  were  even  fabricated  of  wood  and  osiers,  as  the  sacred  pipes  or  ti6i«  were  also  of 
box-wood,  and  at  the  games,  of  silver  or  of  mirabile  dictu,  the  leg  bone  of  an  ass;  (tibia? 
asininseosse,  Gyraldus  Synt.  V.  also  Cheuliura  17,  p,  499.)  The  vessels  of  fictile 
ware  are  alluded  to  in  Tibullus  (JEleg.  lib.  1,  iv.  37)  and  were  used  by  poor  and  rich. 
Adsitis  Divi  !  nee  vos  e  paupere  mensS, 
Dona,  nee  e  puris  spernile  fictilibus.     Implying 

Be  present  ye  Gods  I  despise  not  offerings  from  the  poor  man's  table,  nor  the  un- 
gullied  purity  of  vessels  of  clay. 

And  alluding  to  the  ancient  custom. 

Fictilia  antiquus  primura  sibi  fecit  agrestis 
Pocula  de  facili  composuitque  luto.   Or  that 

The  countryman  first  made  to  himself  vessels  of  Pottery  Ware,  and  formed  them  of 
easily  tempered  clay. 

In  Persius  (Sat.  2,  v.  60)  Vestales  que  Urnas  et  Tuscum  fictile  mutat.  A  Roman 
Amphora  of  yellow  Pottery,  the  only  one  found,  it  is  said,  in  England,  of  that  colour, 
has  been  noticed  in  the  Archaeologia,  25. 

The  Simpula  or  Si/mpuvia  (small  vessels  for  libation)  and  patene  or  libafory 
cups  and  dishes,  buried  frequently  in  the  Busfa  of  the  deceased  Heathens,  were  very 
often  made  of  the  Samian  Ware,  (ex  terrS,  Samia)  prescribed  for  the  service  of  the 
Roman  sacrifices.  Thus  Plautus  (Captivi)  Ad  Rem  divinam  quibus  est  opus,  Samils 
vasis  utitur.  It  is  said  •'  there  is  this  difference  between  the  Red  Pottery  and  the 
:  .al  Samian,  that  the  one  is  glazed  and  the  other  uniformly  unglazed,  for  the  fine 
materialof  the  latter,  like  the  French  porcelain,  did  not  re^^uire  glazing,  while  the 


of   EXETER.  US 

other  formed  of  native  clay  was  washed  and  glazed  with  salt  and  a  small  portion  of  lead." 
Archseol  25.  p.  19.  The  best  certainly  did  come  from  Saraos,  (V.  Alex,  ab  Alex.)  As  for 
the  Myirhine  vases,  noticed  by  Javenal,  Sat. 6,  v.  156.  Martial.  Apoph.  III.  which  were 
sold  among  the  Romans  at  vast  prices,  and  gave  a  nobler  taste  to  their  Falernian 
wine,  one  of  which  was  bought  by  Nero,  for  the  enormous  sum  of  300  talents  (Plip. 
lib.  .37,  cap.  2)  or  nearly  of'00,000  of  our  money,  being  only  a  capis,  or  drinking  cup 
with  handles  ;  I  will  only  observe  that  they  came  from  the  East,  and  if  we  are  to 
credit  Propertius  (Lib.  4,  Kleg.  6)  were  made  in  Parthia.  This  porcelain  was 
odoriferous,  and  presented  a  variety  of  colours,  white,  purple  and  flaming,  all  varie- 
gated and  resembling  the  rainbow.  The  fragility,  as  Seneca  observes  (de  Benef.  7,  9) 
exalted  its  price  in  the  eyes  of  opulence,  and  the  very  odour  it  exhaled,  quite  as 
much.  Pliny  seems  inclined  to  think  it  was  made  in  Caramania  (adjoining  Parthia) 
and  which  I  consider  is  either  the  modern  Beloochistan,  or  adjoining  it,  and  was  the 
scene  of  the  drunken,  or  Bacchic  revels  of  Alexander,  on  his  return  from  India.  Its 
ancient  inhabitants  were  the  posterity  of  Sabtah,  son  of  Chus,  who  colonized  the 
country  from  the  Coast  of  Arabia  Felix,  and  the  Island  of  Sophta,  in  the  Persian 
Galf.     Their  chief  city  was  the  Sabis  of  Ptolemy. 

The  flat  Samian  utensils  or  dishes  found  at  Exeter,  were  probably  sacriflcial 
pater<e,  or  platters,  and  some  of  them  of  the  class  used  to  serve  up  meat  or  vegetables 
(Paropsides  leguminis)  mentioned  by  Suetonius,  or  the  ctUini  of  Horace.  Thus 
Juvenal,  muUa  magnaque  paropside  cenaty  and  Martial  lib.  2,  Ep.  Gaudens  ancilloe 
paropside  rubra,  Apicius  p.  151,  ed.  1709.  The  flat  plates  or  disci,  sometimes  with 
figures  embossed,  were  not  palerie,  but  answered  to  the  Apophoreta^  of  Isidorus, 
being  plain  dishes,  in  which  fruits  and  viands  were  carried  to  table,  and  were  some- 
times of  brass,  (V.  Fulvii  Ursini,  app.  ad  Ciacconium  1664,  Hildebrand  Ant;  p.  34.) 
The  cah'/iMs,  we  are  told  by  Ursinus,  was  a  fictile  vase  or  vessel  "in  quo  apponitur 
piscis  fertlibus  aliquot  in  antiquo  marmore  cenis,*'  in  which  fish  were  served  up  at 
the  feasts,  in  honour  of  the  dead,  as  appears  by  ancient  sculptured  marbles,  and  lie 
bays,  it  was  used  by  the  poorer  sort,  not  only  for  fish,  but  also  for  fowls  and  other 
victuals.  "  non  tantum  ad  pisces,  sed  ad  pullos  etiam  et  alia  obsonia,"  V.  Horat. 
Serm  1, 11.  Juvenal,  Sat.  6,  notices  one  of  dark  clay,  nigritm  catinnm,  &c.  The 
^ifphi  were  larger  Jugs  or  Bowls,  and  the  large  platter  for  meat  or  mazonomum,  is 
ineniioned  by  Horace,  at  the  feast  of  the  wealthy  Nasidienus  Sat.  2,  8.  We  find,  in 
Ausonius  Epig.  8.  Fama  est  fictilibus  coenasse  Agathoclea  Regem. 

At  que  abacum  Samio,  ssepe  onerasse  luto. 

If  Kings  therefore  would  condescend  to  use  our  Samian  Ware  on  their  tables,  as  ear» 
!y  as  Agathocles  of  Sicily,  who  reigned  in  the  year  8653,  of  the  mundane  aera,  himself 
a  Potter,  we  may  excuse  the  Spartans  at  their  sacred  feasts,  for  serving  up  their  first 
fruits  of  the  soil,  cakes  and  meal,  libaqne  etfarra  (Alex,  ab  Alex.  lib.  4)  in  fictile 
vessels  (fictili  Urna  et  catino  aut  simpulo^  it  being  a  principle  of  ancient  belief  that  the 
gods  were  best  pleased  with  such  simple  vessels,  as  looking  to  the  piety,  religion  and 
sincere  prayers  of  the  supplicants,  not  to  their  wealth  or  circumstances.  A  similar 
custom  is  recorded  of  Cufius  I>entatus,  whose  simplicity  preferred  a  beechen^uf<K«,  or 
oil  vase  in  sacrificing,  and  his  earthen  ware  to  the  golden  bribes  of  the  Samnite  chiefs 
Terra  Cotta  statues  were  at  one  period  more  revered  than  golden  ones  {auro  taneiiora 


114  ANTXQUltlBS 

Plin.)  and  one  of  them  was  found  some  few  years  since  at  Corneto^  on  the  site  of  the 
ancient  Tarqidnii  in  Etruria.  At  Naples  in  1821,  I  saw  several  statues  in  red  clay, 
of  Jupiter,  Juno,  Indian  Bacchus,  a  masked  actor,  &c.,  in  the  Muaeo  BorhonicOy  all 
from  Pompeii.  The  first  image  of  Jupiter,  set  up  in  the  Capitol,  which  was  byTar- 
quinius  Priscus,  was  of  Terra  Cotta  and  named  Fictilis  (v.  Plin.  35.  Justus  Rycqui- 
us  de  Capitolio,  cap.  18,  Leyden,  1669)  that  of  Hercules,  of  wood,  called  iWaferi- 
arius.  Lastly  it  is  to  be  remarked  that  for  Emasculation,  the  Samia  testa,  or  fragment 
was  generally  used,  as  practised  by  the  Galli,  or  priests  of  Cybele.  V.  Gent.  Mag.» 
June  1839,  p.  605.  Saubert  de  Sacrif,  1699,  quoting  Luci).  Sat.  6,  Pomp.  Leet.  Pliny, 
35.  Juv.  Sat.  6,  Mart.  Ep.  81,  lib.  3. 

1833. 

August  24.  A  Roman  Patera  of  Saniian  Ware  was  found  on  Bel-Kill  in  South-street, 
(Qy.  from  God  Belus  ?  Bel-tucadder  of  Britain,)  on  the  same  spot  as  the  tesselated 
pavement,  discovered  some  time  before,  and  the  Bath  on  Mr.  Godolphin's  premises. 
It  was  imperfect  on  one  side,  but  what  remains  is  curious,  from  its  neatly  fluted  rim, 
concave  shape,  and  still  more  from  the  letters  (S)ILVAN  within  a  circle  in  its  bot- 
tom or  centre.  SUvanus  was  a  potter  of  note,  and  his  name  appears  more  than  once 
on  the  fictile  vessels  of  ancient  Exeter.  The  patina  or  patera,  was  not  only  a  goblet 
or  species  of  bowl,  but  sometime!  also  a  broad  platter  to  receive  the  blood  of  the  Sa- 
crifice. 

lepidumq.  cruorem  accipiunt  pateris.  Virg.  JEn.  Also  to  sprinkle  wine  between 
the  horns  of  the  victim,  an!  perform  the  libatio^  Ipsa  tenens  dextra  pateram,  &c  Mn, 
4  Ovid,  Fast.  1.  It  generally  appears  on  coins  in  the  hands  of  the  deities,  and  also  of 
Princes,  to  mark  the  divine  honours  due  to  the  former,  and  the  sacerdotal  office  com- 
bined with  the  power  of  thelatter.     This  patera,  is  7  inches  in  diameter. 

In  a  Roman  Bath,  South  Street, 

Fragment  of  Red  Pottery  inscribed  REGINI.  M.{Manu)  I  had  at  first  hoped  that 
this  legend  referred  to  the  Regini,  who  may  have  been  auxiliary  Rhetian  Troops, 
quartered  at  Isca,  and  from  Reginum  (now  Ratisbon,  formerly  Regensberg,  in  Lower 
Bavaria)  or  Rhatopolis,  the  chief  city  or  metropole  of  Rhaetia  Secunda,  which  city  is 
recorded  in  the  Itinerary  of  Antonine,  "  per  ripam  Pannoniae,  a  Tauruno  in  Gallias,*' 
ad  Leg.  XXX  usque  (page  55,  Ed.  1600.)  This  Iter  proceeded  from  near  Belgrade, 
through  Augsburg,  Strasburg,  and  Cologne,  to  the  head  quarters  of  the  30th  Legiou 
(Ulpia)  at  Vetera  Castra,  now  Santem  in  the  Dutchy  of  Cleves.  Reyinus  was  how- 
ever nothing  more  than  a  potter's  name,  and  that  it  was  well  known  among  the  an- 
cisnts,  we  may  gather  from  Le  Vaillant,  Num.Graec,  Imp.  p.  35.  Reginus,  vox 
Latina  viri  noraen,  ut  in  Antistise  fam.  nummo.  Antistius  ^e^fmu*  III  Vir.  Also 
*•  in  nummo  Hadriani "  EHI  AYP.  PHFINOY.  MIAHSIQN,  on  a  coin  of  Hadrian. 
Vide  App.  Nurara.  Bodl. 

Fragment  of  a  large  Samian  Vessel,  either  a  catinus  or  a  patera,  inscribed 
RVTHENI.  M.  This  relic  was  found  the  same  month  in  digging  under  the  house  of 
Mr.  Downe,  Plumber,  in  South  Street,  on  the  spot  where  the  hilt  of  the  dagger  of  the 
Roman  Tribune  of  the  Frisian  Cavalry  was  dug  up,  mentioned  in  its  place  among  the 
bronzes.  Many  pieces  belonging  to  the  tame  sort  of  vessels,  were  found,  some  with  a 
handsomely  worked  circle  in  the  centre,  but  all  broken,  and  the  ruins  of  a  black  se- 


OP  EXETER  115 

pulchral  Urn  in  baked  clay,  with  many  tiles,  was  also  turned  up  along  with  a  skeleton, 
and  many  coins.  Like  the  foregoing,  I  had  lio[)ed  that  the  Inscription  commemorated  an 
auxiliary  Cohort  at  Isca — Ruthenus  was  however  only  the  name  of  a  Potter,  and  had 
nothing  to  do,  I  imagine,  with  any  vexillation  of  the  Rutheni  of  Gaul,  who  inhabited 
what  is  now  called  Ruvergne,  in  the  old  province  of  Guienne  ;  this  was  in  the  Aveiron 
department,  still  retaining  the  ancient  name  of  the  Arverni,  who  were  neighbours  to 
the  Rutheni,  and  conquered  by  Ceesar,  and  which  still  retains  the  name  of  a  river  flow- 
ing by  Rhodez  (the  ancient  Segodunum  or  Rutena)  its  capital  city,  and  Villefranche, 
and  meets  the  Garonne  below  Montauban,  20  miles  from  Toulouse.  This  Potter  might 
however  have  been  originally  of  that  nation,  whose  city  was  in  Aquitania  Prima,  and 
of  whose  people  Camden  observes  that  "  lying  farthest  to  the  West  they  are  most 
lusty  "  ;  comparing  them  to  the  natives  of  Cornwall,  and  the  Batavi  of  Germany,  for 
firmness  of  constitution. 

Pennant  observes  that  several  fragments  of  Earthenware,  were  found  at  B«rre»«, 
in  the  north  of  England,  bearing  the  impress  of  the  Tungrian  cohorts,  or  soldiers  of 
Liege,  (at  Ilousesteeds)  who  so  greatly  distinguished  themselves  in  the  conflict  on 
the  Mons  Grampius  (Tac.  Agric.)  one  of  which,  with  part  of  a  Boar  beneath  a  tree, 
perhaps  alluding  to  the  Caledonian  forest,  (if  not  an  emblem  of  ancient  German  super- 
stition) above  which  was  the  Inscription  II.TVN,  and  another,  SAC.  EROR;  (Qy. 
Sacrorum  Erogationum  Rationalis  ?)  It  is  very  probable  that  the  domestic  utensils  of 
the  troops  were  often  made  by  the  Fabricenses  or  Fabri,  who  accompanied  the  Ro- 
man armies,  and  were  the  artificers  of  the  famous  tesselated  pavements,  found  in  the 
provinces.  Except  in  a  very  few  instances  it  however  unfortunately  happens,  that  I 
cannot  with  any  degree  of  satisfaction,  assign  any  of  these  impresses  at  Exeter  to 
Roman  soldiers  quartered  in  the  Island.  Reginus,  if  of  Reginura,  may  have  possibly 
borrowed  his  name  from  his  native  city,  of  which  the  name  was  altered  from  that  of 
the  original  colony  of  Tiberius,  Augusta  I'iberii  or  Tiberina. 

Rhodez,  noted  for  its  fairs  and  cloth  manufactures,  is  placed  in  the  Nomenc.  Geog. 
of  an  edition  of  C«esar,  Leyden  1681,  in  \}\q  Seneschaussee  de  Rover gne,  and  called 
an  Episcopal  city,  Rodais  et  Segodunum,  which  was  its  Keltic  name.  In  Joannes 
de  Laeis  (of  Antwerp)  Comm.  de  Regno  Galliae  (Elz,  16*29)  p.  65,  Ruthenorum 
Provincia  yu\g6  Rovergne  occurs,  and  among  the  Bishoprics,  p.  42:1,  we  find  XIV. 
Rutenensis  Rodes  Segodunum,  subject  to  the  Tribunal  Tholosanum  amplissimum,  or  Su- 
preme Council  of  Toulouse.  Also  noticed  in  Cluv.  Geog.  P.  Bertius,  Brevra.  Ter- 
rarum,  and  other  authors .  The  Potter  may  have  taken  the  name  of  his  country,  and 
I  shall  say  more  on  the  subject  in  another  place. 

March  12,  1836.  New  Market.  Some  coarse  fragments  of  black  sun  baked  clay. 
Urns  were  dug  up,  accompanying  some  coins  of  Claudius  ;  probably  the  funeral  re- 
positories of  the  ashes  of  Romans  or  Romanized  Britons,  interred  at  Isca,  within  the 
city,  near  their  domestic  hearths.  Also  a  small  fragment  of  Samian  pottery,  on  which 
is  depicted  the  water  lily  or  ^<u«  of  Egypt,  being  the  calyx  of  its  flower  above  the 
stem,  commonly  dedicated  by  the  Egyptians  to  Isis  or  Damater,  as  goddess  of  the 
Earth,  and  supplying  the  form  of  a  column,  its  base  and  capital  at  Esneh  or  Latopolis* 
noticed  page  44  of  this  work.    The  foliage  pods  of  the  lotus  often  occur  on  our  Exeter 

2e 


116  ANTIQUITIES 

pottery,  and  it  was  the  probable  derivation  of  the  Corinthian  Capitals,  with  their  delicacy 
and  effeminate  refinement,  V.  Herodot.  lib.  2,  p.  121,  Gron.  fid.  The  flower  was 
the  Egyptian  emblem  of  immortality. 

Sepulchral  Antiquities. 
Many  fragments  of  rude  Roman  Sepulchral  Urns,  memorials  of  spots,  where  the  fu- 
neral pyres  of  those  who  waved  the  Chalybean  blades  of  the  legions,  once  raged,  (ubi 
ustulatum  erat  cadaver  corpus  inane  rogo)  were  turned  up  in  the  New  Market. 
The  rims  are  generally  perfect,  the  composition  much  intermixed  with  sea-sand  and 
gritty  substances.  Had  they  contained  the  ashes  of  the  Scipios,  or  the  dust  of  Aemilius* 
they  would  be  treated  with  the  same  unconcern — for  here  the  tomb  seems  to  have  as 
usual,  levelled  all — **  A  calm  unstormy  wave  which  oversweeps  the  world," 

"  Varied  above,  but  rough  and  gross  below. 

The  urn  may  shine,  the  ashes  will  not  glow." 
Cleopatra's  mummy,  and  Alexander's  tomb,  arealike  uncertain  and  unknown,  in  spite 
of  the  "madman's  wish,  and  Macedonian's  tear!"  It  was  customary  to  break  the 
vessels  used  by  the  deceased,  and  throw  them  with  other  articles,  ornaments,  &c.  used 
by  him,  into  the  pyres,  with  coins  of  the  reigning  sovereigns,  (arraa,  aurum,  vestes 
aliaque  pretiosa  rogo  injicere.)  V.  Caspar  Bartholini  de  Inaur,  148.  Roman  coins 
are  often  taken  out  of  urns  found  in  Tumuli,  particularly  in  Cornwall,  for  instance,  at 
Karn  Bre,  and  Illogan,  in  various  barrows  there,  in  the  parish  of  Paul,  and  at  Gold- 
vadneck.  Such  urns  contained  the  remains  of  the  veterans  of  Claudius  and  Vespasian, 
whose  obsequies  were  celebrated  at  Exeter,  and  here  sleep  the  relics  of  those  who  were 

fired  by  glory's  lust,  who  left  behind  "  their  freed  spirit,  and  their  fettered  dust," 

in  Dunraonian  climes  ;  of  the  conquerors  of  Britain,  whose  golden  eagles  glittered  in 
the  sun,  now  passed  like  "  a  meteoric  gleam"  and  leaving  not  even  a  name  behind, — 
who  once  dragged  the  rude  and  painted  islanders  to  the  foot  of  the  tribunal  of  Vespa- 
sian, and  the  triumphal  car  of  A.  Plaulius,  and  drove  the  sons  of  Cunobelin  from 
Buckingham  to  the  Isle  of  Dogs. 

*  Sepulchral  Remains,  or  Vasctjla  Cineraria.  Sir  Thomas  Browne,  in  his  Hydrotaphia 
speaking  of  "  urnal  interments,  and  burnt  relics."  which  lie  not  in  fear  of  worms,  or  to  be  an  heri- 
tage for  serpents  like  carnal  sepulture,  observes — "  To  be  gnawed  out  of  our  graves,  to  have  our  skulls 
made  drinking  bowls,  and  our  bones  turned  into  pipes,  to  delight  and  sport  our  enemies,  are  tragical 
abominations,  escaped  in  burning  burials ;  for  instance,  Cin  E"gypt)  mummy  is  become  merchandize, 
Mizraim  cures  wounds,  and  Pharaoh  is  sold  for  balsams  ! !"  Also,  "  he  that  looks  for  urns  and  old 
sepulchral  relics,  must  not  seek  for  them  in  the  ruins  of  temples,  where  no  religion  anciently  placed 
them."  These  were  found  in  a  field  according  to  ancient  custom,  in  noble  or  private  burial ;  urn 
burial  was  copied  from  the  eastern  nations  by  Rome.  The  urns  alluded  to,  lately  found  in  the  New 
Market,  by  their  rims  seem  to  have  imitated,  "a  circular  figure  in  a  spherical  and  round  composure.'' 
Ancient  frugality  was  not  so  severe  as  not  to  permit  coins  to  be  interred  with  them,  for  "  rings,  coins, 
chalices,"  lamps  and  lachrymatories,  are  often  found  in  such  urns.  Earthen  pots,  some  containing 
two  gallons,  with  ashes  and  bones  in  small  pieces,  and  charcoal,  are  frequently  found  in  barrowst 
(many  of  which  in  Cornwall)  and  in  company  with  Roman  coins  and  utensils  of  various  kinds,  and  i' 
possible  the  tomb  was  always  placed  near  a  road.  The  street  of  tombs  at  Pompeii,  which  I  visited 
in  1821,  opposite  the  beautiful  suburban  villa  of  Diomedes,  is  noted  for  the  sepulchral  memorial  of 
this  person  with  two  ci'ppi  erected  to  his  son  and  daughter;  this  street  is  paved  with  solid  blocks  of 
lava.  There  is  also  a  funeral  Triclinium  for  the  celebration  of  feasts,  in  honour  of  the  c'ead,  and  a 
sepulchral  chamber  with  urns,  and  lachrymatories  in  recesses  around  it,  called  erroneously,  the  tomb 
of  the  Gladiators,  to  say  nothing  ofttie  handsome  ci/'f  u«  of  Scaurus,  and  the  monument  of  the  priestess 


OP    EXETER.  117 

On  Bartlow  hill,  April  1833,  on  Lori)  Maynard's  property,  a  tumulus  was  opened 
containing  a  chest,  with  an  urn  of  red  clay,  a  glass  urn  with  bones,  and  a  glass  vase, 
holding  liquor  of  a  straw  colour,  seemingly  water,  wine  and  oil  mixed.  There  were 
also  a  thuribulum  and  lamp  of  bronze,  2  patera  of  Saraian  Ware,  and  2  incense  dishes. 
Similar  relics  were  found  in  a  Tumulus  at  Thornboro*,  Bucks,  and  were  removed  to 
Stowe  House  in  1839. 

Mr.  Roach  Smith,  in  observations  on  Roman  Remains  found  in  Lonc'on,  (Archeeo- 
log.,  vol.  27)  remarks  many  such  vessels  of  the  common  brown  and  hlack  earth,  mostly 
in  a  fractured  state,  near  St.  Clement's  Church,  in  London.  He  considers  them  of 
**  general  use  among  the  Romans  for  domestic  purposes,"  and  of  colonial  manufacture, 
usually  met  with  wherever  Roman  Remains  are  discovered.  It  is  also  to  be  observed 
that  "  wherever  the  ground  was  moist,  highly  impregnated  with  vegetable  and  animal 
matter,  and  of  an  inky  blackness  in  colour,"  as  Mr.  R.  Smith  observes,  in  Prince's 
Street  and  Wallbrook,  London,  so  also  in  Exeter,  the  same  sort  of  places  abounded 
with  Roman  remains,  evidently  anciently  Cess  pools,  latrinse,  &c.,  and  here  m  the 
Lower  Market  the  Samian  Ware  most  abounded. 

It  is  to  be  regretted  that  a  few  years  before  I  carae  to  reside  near  Exeter,  a  great 
quantity  of  Samian  Ware  was  carted  away  from  that  spot  near  the  Close,  so  replete 
with  Antiquities,  Broadgate,  as  useless  rubbish,  on  the  excavating  of  a  cellar.! !  ! 

Such  was  the  abundance  of  this  ware  brought  me  by  the  labourers,  and  also  of  the 
coarse  black  Pottery,  that  I  was  forced  to  keep  a  qoantily  of  it  in  my  garden,  out  of  the 
way,  as  all  ray  drawers  and  repositories,  in  a  small  house  certainly,  were  crammed 
with  it.  There  I  also  placed  a  large  Imbrex  or  ridge  tile,  bricks,  tiles,  with  handles  of 
Amphora f  Bind  in  fact  whatever  was  of  least  i  merest  and  bearing  no  maiks  or  em- 
bellishments. 

In  the  Western  Market,  many  pieces  of  the  ancient  red  Samian  Ware,  curiously 
figured,  were  found,  seemingly  hunting  subjects — on  one  of  which  a  hound  in  the  act 
of  pinning  a  fugitive  hare  ;  on  another  is  a  regular  Seeho  {ot  four  legs,  as  we  call  it 
in  Devon)  or  puss,  squatting  on  her  form — '  in  some  lone  seat  retired — the  rushy  fen 
— the  ragged  furze — the  stubble  plat— the  thick  entangled  broom.*  Foliage,  thyrsiy 
indicative  of  Bacchanalia,  the  feast  of  the  jolly  god  '  what  rides  '  astride  the  wine- 
cask  at  the  tavern  door.  Also  the  Eagle  or  bird  of  Jove  ;  placed  among  the  con- 
stellations, which  nurtured  the  infancy  of  Jupiter  in  the  caves  of  Crete  and  on  the 
sacred  hills  of  Ida,  when  3fa^na  Mafer  Rhea,  consigned  him  'her  prattling  joy'  to 
the  care  of  the  priests  of  Cybele.  Specimens  of  flo/na»cA-^ue  interspersed  with  birds 
of  the  duck  species,  and  flowers  resembling  those  of  the  laburnum  are  frequent.  Tlie 
hare  is  well  known  as  the  mystic  emblem  of  the  god  Osiris,    but   ths   frequent  occur- 


Mamia,  also  the  Uttrina,  where  the  bodies  were  burnt  ;  none  like  those  are  however  traced  at  Exeter. 
All  we  can  say  here  is  desunt  multa,  respecting  many  of  these  matters,  like  "the  ruins  of  Pompey," 
scattered  all  over  the  globe. 

Sir  Thomas  B.  observes  "the  open  magnificence  of  antiquity  ran  much  in  the  artifice  of  clay,  of  which 
the  house  of  Mausolus  was  built,  and  such  as  declined  burning  or  funeral  urns  affected  coffins  of  clay, 
according  to  the  modaof  Pythagoras,  and  was  preferred  by  Vairo."  Copper,  silver,  gold  and  porphyry 
urns  "  circttmscril)«d  tlie  fpirit*  of  the  great." 


118  ANTIQUITIES 

rence  of  this  timid  animal  of  the  chase,  '  with  head  couched  betwixt  her  liairy  feet/ 
on  pottery,  would  almost  make  us  believe  that  the  military  occupants  of  that  thickly 
populated  part  of  old  Isca,  delighted  in  field  sports,  or  perhaps  kept  a  well  organized 
pack  of  harriers  in  the  vicinity,  like  some  of  our  modern  squirearchs.  That  the  Ro- 
mans were  partial  to  such  treats  at  their  sumptuous  banquets,  may  be  gathered  fiom 
the  ostentatious  feast  of  the  lich  gastronome  Nasidienus  in  Horace,  given  to  the  luxu- 
rious Maecenas,  to  cite  one  instance  of  many: 

Et  leporum  avulsos,  ut  multo  suavius,  armos, 
Quam  si  cum  lurabis  quis  edit, 
the  wings,  strange  to  say,  being  preferred  at  table  to  other  parts,   and  they  were 
brought  in  here,  in  the  last  course,  with  the  savoury  titbits  of  a  crane,  and  the  liver  of 
a  white  goose  fed  on  figs,  on  the  great  dish  ca.\\ed  mazonomum.  Hares  or  rabbits  appear 
on  Egyptian  monuments  and  pictures,  and  were  used  for  food  by  that  people.  The  great 
estimation  of  the  hare  may  be  also  deduced  from   Martial,  who,  while  he  considered 
thrushes  the  best  eating  birds,  gives  the  palm  to  the  hare  among  quadrupeds. 
Inter  quadrupedes  gloria  prima  Lepus, 

Also  mentioned  in  Isidorus  \\h.  12  originum^  Varro  de  Re  Rustica,  Pliny  lib. 
2S,  and  foolishly  supposed  by  the  ancient  Romans,  who  fattened  their  animals  in 
leporaria  or  inclosed  feeding  places,  to  induce  beauty  inthe  countenances  of  those  who 
fed  largely  on  them,  as  was  said  of  Alexander  Severus — 

Pulchrum  quod  vides  esse  nostrum  regera 
Venatus  facit  et  lepus  comesus,  &c. — Lamprid. 

We  may  commend  the  ancients  for  some  taste  in  cookery,  (V.  Martialem,  Xenia  lib. 
13)  but  when  we  find  their  epicures  delighting  in  such  dishes  as  young  puppies,  the 
ubera  of  the  pregnant  sus  or  swine,  eels  dressed  with  beets,  entrails  of  animals  in 
ragouts,  garum  sauce  made  of  the  foetid  entrails  of  fishes,  we  are  ready  to  thank  our 
*  stars  '  for  the  benedictions  of  a  Glass,  an  Ude,  a  Kitchiner,  or  any  other  modern 
Apicius.  Hares  were  exhibited  at  the  Florales  Ludi  or  feasts  of  Flora.  Juv.  Sat. 
On  the  tomb  of  Scaurus  at  Pompeii,  the  hunting  feats  practised  in  the  Amphitheatre, 
occur  on  the  bas  reliefs  of  the  lower  frieze,  and  in  the  upper  part  are  hares  pursued 
by  a  dog  ;  beyond  is  a  wounded  stag  also  pursued  by  hounds,  and  a  boar  and  bull  are 
also  transfixed  by  the  6es(iam  or  huntsmen,  which  makes  me  imagine  these  terra- 
cottas relate  to  the  same  public  sports. 

Potters  marks  OF.  RAN.,  VR.  and  OF.  MOD.  (officina  Modesti)  of  which 
Modestus  specimens  were  lately  found  at  Langres  in  France,  and  in  different  parts 
of  England.  (V.Gent.  Mag.  for  1836,  proving  that  much  of  the  ancient  pottery 
was  imported.)  The  ancient  Figuli  or  potters  had  their  collegia  or  companies  as 
other  trades,  {secundum  artijicia  sodales,)  the  Tibicines  (pipers)  sutores,  (cord- 
wainers,)  Coriarii,  (tanners  and  curriers)  &c,  On  another  fragment  NE^O.  FEC 
(it)  inverted  R.  This  potter's  name  in  the  old  Sabine,  meant  strong  or  warlike.  On 
a  large  Patera  OF.  PRIML*  On  another  OF.  MVRRAN.  Also— OF.  AQV.  (Offi- 
cina Aquitani)  OF.  CRESTIO.  SVORNTED.  OF.  (the  NTE  monogram)  pottei's 
workshops.    Many  coins  were  also  found. 

♦  Frimltivus,  a  famous  Potter.  V,  Battely.  Ant.  Rutup.  105,  Archseol.  24.  Also  Petavium  in  An- 
tiq.  Supellect.  Smetium  Ant  Noviom.  p.  166, 1678.    A  patera  of  his  was  found  at  Beculvw,  Kent. 


Oi^    EXBTBR.  119 

W.  Market,  June.  Ancient  redSaraian  Pottery,  Ac.  Small  fragment  with  Priest  of  Isis» 
in  his  long  white  vest  (cand^Jo  linteaminecinctum  pectorale,  Apul.  XI,)  and  close  sha- 
ven head,  (grege  linigero  et  calvo  Juv.)  a  memorial  of  the  universal  goddess,  or  nature 
impersonated.  Another  with  the  bestiariits  or  huntsman  overpowered  by  a  wolf^ 
yrho  seizes  him  by  the  abdomen  ;  the  former  being  of  that  class  of  combatants  who 
entered  the  arena  at  the  Amphitheatre,  to  contend  with  the  wild  beasts  when  let  loose, 
as  is  now  praclisedat  Rome  and  in  Spain,  at  the  bull  fights — i  perilous  pastime. 
Similar  scenes  are  traced  on  the  tomb  of  Scaurus  at  Pompeii.  Other  pieces  with  very 
rich  tracery  and  foliage,  Cupids,  stags,  hares,  dogs  ;  a  wild  bull  as  hunted  at  the 
public  games,  (Martial  Ep.  lib.  1,  21-S3)  rushing  forward  ;  aquatic  birds  ;  stars  or 
wheels;  foliage  and  festoons  of  flowers.  Plate  7,  No.  K  Plate  9,  No.  4.  On  a  large 
Patera,  nearly  entire,  OF.  NIGRI.  (V.  Aichtsol.  Lombard  Street  marks.)  It  is  9 
inches  in  diameter,  and  was  in  3  pieces,  but  united  by  the  skill  of  the  late  Mr.  Barbery. 
A  large  Sci/phus  or  bowl,  adorned  with  curious  tracery,  rosemary,  and  mouldings, 
and  beautifully  embossed— OF.  MODES+*  (officina  Modesti  ;  IT  monogram.)  V. 
Saubertum.  p.  670,  cap.  24-.  Scyphi  were  offered  to  Juno  and  Bacchus.  (Samian  ware.) 
A  handsome  Cwjj,  (calyx  or  cyathus)  O?.  MOD.  I  have  already  spoken  of  Mo- 
destus  as  a  potter  elsewhere.  Plate  8,  No.  4.  On  another  piece  of  pottery  aLLO  RAM 
to  be  read  from  right  to  left  like  Hebrew  or  Punic  ;  (  Marcellus  (3aTpo<l>r}dov.)  (Samian 
mare.)  Plate  10,  No.  3. 

Ancient  Vessels.  Of  the  sort  called  sessilis^  an  amphora  or  wine  jart ;  the  upper 
part  perfect,  which  may  have  contained  "Opiraian  wine  or  draughts  of  consulary  date  j" 
and  two  glass  LachrymatoriesX  (ampullae  vitrea)  or  tear  bottles,  sacred  to  the  manes 
of  the  dead,  or  lemures  (Frontispiece,  No.  4.)  An  unguent  vase  or  urn  of  the  smallest 
size,  of  red  clay.  These  last  v.ere  evident  indications  of  funerals,  and  of  the  manner 
in  which  surviving  friends  celebrated  the  obsequies  of  the  departed,  with  ointments  for 
their  corpses,  and  hired  or  purchased  tears  in  lachrymatories  or  vials,  (women  being 
hired  to  weep)  which  they  deposited  in  the  husta  after  burning  or  cremation  ;  utensils 
of  mourning  which  had  attended  the  funeral,  with  articles  used  during  the  life  of  the 
deceased,  (among  the  politer  nations  of  antiquity,)  and  vessels  of  Jiquors,  such  as  were 
found  in  many  ancient  tombs.  1  he  dii  manes  or  spirits  of  the  deceased,  were  the  de- 
functorum  genii,  I'lato  says  that  the  souls  of  men  were  Daemones,  formed  after 
death  into  the  lares  of  towns  and  cities,  if  their  merits  were  good,  but  larvce  or  Im- 
mures if  bad.  But  that  they  were  manes ,  only  when  uncertain,  whether  good  or  bad. 
Their  worship  I  suppose,  arose  from  the  custom  of  the  Romans  of  burying  in  their  houses, 

♦  Modestusalso  occurs  on  the  tin  patera,  found  in  1756,  at  St.  Erth,  in  Cornwall,  near  St.  Michael'* 
Mount,  (V.  Gent.  Mag.  1160.  Borlase's  Cornwall.)  dedicated  to  Mars  by  Liviut  Modettus  DruHifiliut- 
Virtues  often  gave  names  to  persons  ;  V.  Horsley.  Brit.  Rom.  P.  E,  ModestuB.  pi.  15,  41.  C.  Muniug 
Mod,  Miles,  pi.  71, 11 .    (Comes)  Modestus.  Amm,  lib.  19. 

t  The  Goddess  Abundaniia  sometimes  appears  with  an  amphora. 

Juv.  Sat.  V.  30.  In  these,  wines  weie  sometimas  I'eposited  far  a  century,  the  mouths  being  stopped 
with  pitch  end  gypsum,  and  labelled  at  the  top,  diligenler  gypsatee.  Petron.  Several  of  these  aie  in  th* 
cellars  of  Diohkdbs  at  Pompeii.    Amphora  nigri.  sed  longe  fracta,  Falern).  Mart.  Lib.  II..  ep.  9. 

J  Recollect  the  Royal  Psalmist— "  Put  thou  my  tears  into  thy  bottle."  These  vessels  are  of  high 
antiquity,  and  one  «xftctly  similar  was  found  lately  in  the  I.  of  Milo,  In  Greece.  Ucaotictd  by  most 
clMtie  writtrs. 

2p 


120  ANTiaUITIBS 

which  they  nndoubtedly  practised  to  a  great  degree  in  ancient  Exeter^  and  the  spirits 
of  the  dead  were  supposed  to  be  continually  hovering  near  the  inmates  for  their  pro  - 
tection.  V.  Apul.  de  Deo  Socratis.* 

Lamps.  (Vide  Nos.  1,  and  2,  Frontispiece.)  June  5,  two  beautiful  Roman  Sepul- 
chral Lamps  were  found,  exactly  like  those  dug  up  at  Herculaneum.  The  custom  of 
burying  lamps  with  the  dead  originated  in  Egypt.  These  are  of  brown  terra  cotta^ 
and  of  the  utmost  interest  and  importance.  On  one  is  a  galley  or  trireme,  (with  three 
oars^  and  the  Carchesium  above  the  sail  yard,  (like  the  ship  with  one  mast,  on  coins  of 
Carausius  and  AUectus,)  nearly  the  same  as  the  6a*  relief  on  the  tomb  of  Ncsvoleia 
Tyche,  at  Pompeii,  in  the  street  of  tombs,  perhaps  "  allegorical  of  the  arrival  of  the 
tossed  bark  of  life,"  in  a  quiet  haven.  This  ship  has  the  formidable  rostrum  df  a  war- 
like vessel  ;  rudentes,  clavus  or  rudder,  one  large  yard,  and  a  square  sail  set.  On 
the  other  lamp  a  Lioness  running,  perhaps  relating  to  the  ga»es.  The  Lion  was  wor- 
shipped at  Heliopolis  in  Syria,  as  the  God  Genseus  or  the  sun.  These  lamps  orLychni 
were  found  at  the  depth  of  15  feet,  in  a  mass  of  black  crumbling  earth,  Cevidently  adven- 
titious, or  human  mould,)  and  a  cavity  or  subterraneous  crypt,  in  which,  accompanying 
them,  was  the  blade  of  a  Roman  soldier's  sword,  and  a  quantity  of  pieces  of  ancient  glass 
vessels,  with  the  Cup  and  large  Bowl  above-mentioned.  The  ornaments  of  these 
sepulchral  lamps  are  immensely  numerous  and  various.  They  were  suspended  and  lighted 
in  tombs  by  the  Egyptians,  Greeks  and  Romans,  and  Eusebius  says  the  people  of  Egypt 
were  the  original  inventors.  They  were  used  in  funeral  processions,  and  the  piety  of 
surviving  friends  deposited  them  in  the  family  burying-place.t  The  religious  horror 
of  these  spots  was  increased  by  the  glimmering  liglit  cf  such  a  lamp  and  altars  burn- 
ing ;  the  magical  sacred  rites  to  the  Dii  manes  performed  at  night,  and  the  dark  sanc- 
tuaries of  the  oracles  of  Delphi,  Dodona,  and  Trophonius,  all  abounding  in  secret  ar- 
cane and  mystic  prodigies  and  terrors,  were  alike  appalling  and  terrific.  .The  famous 
story  of  the  disconsolate  Ephesian  matron  in  Petronius^  by  whose  appearance  in  the 
dismal  vault  while  watching  the  corpse  of  her  husband,  even  a  soldier  was  at  first  ter- 
rified, as  if  he  had  seen  some  phantom  by  the  light  of  the  lamp  burning  inside,  confirms 
this  practice.  Although  rather  a  severe  satire  on  the  conjugal  love  and  chastity  of  the 
fairer  portion  of  the  sex  in  widowhood,  they  are  (we  hope)  not  all  so  easily  persuaded, 
quite  so  readily  to  throw  off"  their  weeds  as  this  Grecian  lady,  even  to  enjoy  the  com- 
pany of  a  gay  and  gallant  son  of  Mars.  Lamps  it  is  said  have  been  found  burning  in 
such  tombs  for  centuries;  that  of  the  Athenians  was  said  to  be  inextinguishable  on 
their  citadel ;  so  was  that  of  Jupiter  Ammon  ;  of  Antioch  in  Venus's  temple  ;  so  of 
the  Aetneeao  Vulcan,  of  Edessa,  burning  for  500  years.  The  body  of  Pallas,  found  in 
1601,  at  Rome,   was  entire  with  a  lamp  supposed  to  have  been  kindled  with  perpetual 

*  The  Lares  or  Penates  presided  over  the  hearth,  and  were  the  protecting  genii  of  every  house.  This 
practice  was  co:nmon  in  Egypt,  and  the  Romans  borrowed  the  worship  of  the  Lares  from  that  Country 
The  Catholics  in  lilce  maimer  interred  with  their  priests,  chalices  and  patines.  and  sometimes  wax 
tapers,  crossed  on  the  patine,  as  found  at  Hereford  Cathedral,  1836,  and  in  Bishop  Brewer's  tomb,  ia 
the  choir  of  Exeter  Cathedral. 

t  In  the  Christian  tombs  at  Rome,  Lamps  in  the  form  of  a  ship  have  been  found,  symbolical  of  the 
calling  of  Peter  and  Andrew.    V.  de  la  Chausse,  Antiq.  Rom.  (Causeus.) 

In  S»rcophae;o  cum  ciaeribas  et  urna  recondite.    V.  Saubertum.  cap.  16,  p.  326— de  Sacrif. 


OF  EXETER  121 

fire  for  more  than  2000  years,  and  the  lamp  in  the  sepulchre  of  TulUola,  Cicero's 
daughter,  on  the  via  Appia  is  said  to  have  been  lighted  1500  years  (V.  Kircheruro. 
Licelum  &c.)  So  also  the  Lamps  found  in  the  jTAcrm*  of  the  Emperor  Titus — V; 
de  la  Chausse/  de  lucerois  Antiq.  But  these  may  be  fictions ;  even  with  the  agency  of 
bitumen,  naphtha,  amia^tus  and  asbestos  wicks,  and  a  powerful  imagination.  V.  Sau- 
bertura,  cap.  10,  p.  327.  De  Lucernis  et  Larapadibus  perpetuis,  Gisb.  Voetium, 
Part  1,  Seleclar.  Disp. 

One  of  these  eternal  lamps  we  are  told,  was  found  burning  in  the  Paduan  territory 
by  some  rustics,  about  1500  A.  D.  near  Atheste,  in  an  earthen  vessel,  accompanied  by 
two  phials.or  ampuUce,  one^sllver,  the  other  gold,  filled  with  some  very  clear  liquor. 
Polwhele  notices  a  bronze  lamp  with  a  crescent  attached,  as  found  on  St.  David's  Hill, 
Exeter,  Sept.  1757,  similar  to  one  represented  in  Montfaucon,  and  supposed  to  have 
belonged  to  a  Temple  of  Diana.  The  bones  of  oxen  and  pieces  of  pottery  were  found 
with  it.  ll  came  into  the  possession  of  Mr.  J.  Treralett,  of  Exeter.* 

Post  OSice  Inn.  Small  sepulchral  unguent  Vase,  or  ampulla,  of  dark  blue  clay.t 
The  following  letters  are  rudely  inscribed  on  it:  NAMELIE  (ME  &  LI  monograms.)  Oa 
a  sepulchral  urn  broken — XINI  VMXA  (VM.  monogram)  of  some  infant,  if  we  are 
to  suppose  VMX.  vixit  menses  decern,  A  coin  of  Constans,  with  a  Phoenix  burning  herself 
on  a  rock,  and  Fc/tjr  Tempornm  Reparatio,  was  found  in  company.  Also,  several  frag- 
ments of  Samian  Pottery  relating  to  the  sports  at  the  amphitheatre,  (Venalio.)  The 
Huntsman  or  Bestiarius,  (with  his  veil)  contending  with  an  enormous  Panther  or  Tiger, 
.whom,  while  making  the  fatal  spring,  he  skilfully  baffles  by  throwing  himself  on  the 
ground  under  the  enraged  animal,  who  springs  over  him.  Also  the  central  portion  of 
a  Patera. 

*  Th«  origin  of  the  use  of  lamps  ia  sacred  cere  monies  of  the  ancients,  arose  from  the  rape  of  Pro- 
serpine (the  Cora  of  Sicily)  which  gave  rise  to  the  Eleusinian  mysteries,  first  introduced  into  Attica  by 
Eamolpus  the  Hierophant,  1556  B.  C.  On  the  5'.h  day  of  those  myaieries,  lamps  and  torches  wer« 
carried  about,  in  memorial  of  Ceres,  mother  of  Proserpine,  having  lighted  her  torch  from  the  flames  of 
Mount  i£tiia,  while  in  sparch  of  her  daughter,  carried  o£f  by  Pluto  in  Sicily.  This  was  called  the  sacred 
day  of  lamps  and  torches.  J^imps  were  also  used  in  purifications  or  lustrations ,  childbearing,  mar- 
riages, triumphs  after  military  and  naval  expeditions,  in  baths,  at  feasts,  and  especially  in  funeral  pro- 
cessions. The  early  Cbristiaus.  who  abolished  these  superstitious  observances,  are  said  to  have  insti- 
tuted in  iheir  stead,  the  festival  of  the  purification  of  the  Virgin  (called  by  the  Germans  iic/itmrte) 
with  lamps  and  lighted  wax  tapers.  Before  the  Council  of  Toledo,  the  us9  of  these  lights  is  said  to 
have  been  unknown  in  the  old  Church,  and  for  600  years,  until  Pope  Sergius  2nd,  (\.  D.  844)  In- 
troduced them  on  the  solemn  procession  day,  in  Feb.,  called  the  HyTpapantai.  (V.  Stochausen  de 
Culto  et  usu  Luminum  ;  Ant.  Hunnius  in  Apostas.  Eccles.  Roman.)  It  appears  that  they  were  how- 
ever, used  at  an  earlier  period,  on  Easter  Day,  as  early  as  the  year  417,  and  this  practice  was  con- 
firmed by  Theodore,  Pope  of  Rome,  in  641.  The  OrcituB  Nuptur.  or  mysteries  observed  by  the  Hea- 
thens, in  memory  of  the  marriage  of  Pluto  with  Proserpine,  were  celebrated  at  night  witk  lamps  and 
torches.  Of  the  different  species  of  lamps,  we  find  some  for  chambers,  cukicularia,  others  pendulous 
or  suspended  in  houses  and  temples,  others  made  to  place  on  the  table.  Some  had  several  wicks  or 
lights,  and  were  callid  «-oXuXuXv<»>  others  only  one.  A  lamp  called  Trr^auMjicti,  d  with  4  burners,  wa» 
carried  about  in  the  festival  called  pom;>a  *o/*mni«  Couastokuh;  another  with  12  burners  noticed 
by  Kircher,  was  found  in  a  tomb  or  crypt,  consecrated  to  the  memory  of  the  12  Egyptian  Princes,  it  if 
supposed,    who  were  deified   after    death.      Herodotus    (Euterpe)  speaks  of  the  curious  lamp  of 

♦  Thucydid  'Ayy*  tv^Mtra.  V.  Sauber(iun«  Cap.  24,  p.  358,  561,  Perfumes  were  used  with  the 
vials.    Nani'ia,  a  pctt«r's  namt. 


122  ANTIQUITIES 

A  bronze  Roman  Fibula^  or  buckle  of  elegant  shape  and  -workmanship— the 
makers  initials  M.  on  it;  Infiraiex  sere  aut  ferro,  Panciroli,  R.  Mem.  p.  314,  1612.The 
l&stjibula  found  here  was  dug  iip  in  Bedford  Circus,  Sept.  20,  1834.,  one  at  Ingsdou, 
(V.  Polwhele,  Camden,  Brit.  p.  697.)  Many  have  been  found  at  Caer  Leon,  "  the  city 
of  the  Legion,"  and  in  London — they  shew  that  the  Roman  toya  obtained  among  the 
painted  Britons  at  last,  A  scored  tile  with  circles — probably  the  Abacus  of  an  urn — 
detached  pieces  of  Saraian  ware,  sepulchral  urns,  and  eoruvie?  of  men  and  animals-^ 
the  last,  offerings  to  the  Manes,  or  wandering  spirits  of  the  dead  ;  *'  they  joined  them- 
selves to  Baalpeor  and  ate  the  sacrifices  of  the  dead,"  (as  occurs  in  scripture)  at  the 
LEMVRALIA  or  EOPTAI  THgE^TIAg.*  Psal.  106,  v.  28. 

Western  Market. — Mortarium  for  preparing  corn,  of  baked  white  clay,  small 
gravel  or  grit  intermixed  to  facilitate  trituration.  The  Roman  soldiers  received  an 
allowance  of  wheat  and  barley,  as  rations.  For  one  of  these  Mortaria  or  oval  cir- 
cular dishes,  V.  th«j  plates  of  the  Archaeologia,  vol,  24,  p.  199,  found  with  other  relics 
on  the  site  of  St,  Michael's  Church,  Crooked  Lane,  "an  immemorially  ancient  con- 
secrated site."  In  forming  the  N.  or  city  entrance  to  the  now  London  bridge,  1831, 
pottery,  cups,  and  patines  similar  to  ours,  were  found  there  in  abundance.  Cupids 
aieto  be  seen  on  walls  at  Pompeii  making  bread.  The  goddess  Fornax  presided 
oter  the  oven,  but  bread  was  not  of  early  date  ;  corn  was  first  sodden  into  a  sort  of 
poiridge,  and  eVen  after  its  invention,  the  grain  was  pounded  or  brayed  in  mortars, 
although  the  use  of  a  sort  of  rude  stone  mill  was  known,  as  seen  at  Pompeii.  In  Pro- 
Terbs  chap.  27,  v.  22,  is  an  illustration  of  this  very  ancient  triturating  custom. 

25th  July,  there  was  found  in  the  Western  Market  a  small  cup  or  chalice  of  Samian 
Ware,  unique  in  its  kind,  most  likely  used  for  libations  ;  inscribed  OPA ..  Fragments 
of  other  vessels  with  hunting  subjects,  hares,  dogs,  a  griffin,  naked  youth^  foliage,  lo- 
tus, &c, 

6th  August.  Roman  Patera — Aquitanus  and  Masculinus,  potters.  There  was  dis- 
covered a  patera^  of  Samian  Ware,  in  the  Western  Market,  in  the  old  line  of  road 
leading  to  the  Butcher  Row.  The  inscription  on  it  is  very  curious,  being  read  from 
right  to  left,  after  the  ancient  bull  turning  or  Bovgpofrjdov  fashion.  It  is  IfiQAi 
Lucius  Aquitanus — the  second  of  that  Potter's  found  here,  of  these  in  London  AQIT 
OF  AQVITANI,  OF  AQVIT.  occur.  (V.  C.  R.  Smith,  Roman  Remains.)  By  theneg- 

Mycerinus,  King  of  Egypt;  this  had,  probably,  many  lights,  and  it  appears  that  others  curiously 
work  ed,  were  placed  in  front  of  the  bull,  in  which  he  inclosed  the  corpse  of  his  daughter,  which  was 
in  the  city  of  Sais,  in  lower  Egypt,  and  was  to  be  seen  in  the  age  of  Herodotus.  Some  lamps  were 
adorned  with  hieroglyphics,  others  represented  funeral  rites,  some  sepulchral  ones  supported  an 
altar  or  column,  on  which  fire  was  lighted  to  the  Dii  Manes.  On  some  are  the  effigies  of  Victory  in 
the  chariot  race,  the  sun,  moon,  and  the  constellation  Charles'  Wain  !  !  Vesta  with  her  torch,  Venns 
liaked.this  last  chiefly  in  lamps  pertaii:ing  to  lupanaria.  or  brothels.  There  were  also  lamps  which 
bore  the  figure  of  tl:e  sacred  Ox,  in  the  temple  of  Apis,  others  a  Sphynx.  Typhon,  &c.  Of  phallic 
Lamps,  I  saw  several  in  the  Camera  Oscena  of  the  Museum,  at  Naples,  the  predominant  attribute 
fashioned  in  the  shape  of  a  dog's  head,  with  weights  or  pendants,  or  figured  like  a  lion,  a  snail 
creeping  out  of  his  shell.  &c. 

•  Also  called  Jn/erite  and  Exequise,  (V,  B<>roaId,  SchoK  in  Suet.  Neron)and  attended  with  numer- 
ous ceremonies.  Quibut  inferis,  defunctisque  ofScia  ferebantur.  Sauberti  de  Sacrif,  cap  v.  and  xxv. 
Sheep  were  sacrificed  to  the  spirits  of  the  deceased,  and  blood  with  milk  or  wine  poured  over  the 
t*mb*~ad  radioes  tunnuli,  to  appeas*  them . 


OF  EXETER  123 

llgent  disposition  of  the  letters  on  many  of  these  sacrificial  ?essels,  found  at  Exeter, 
it  would  appear  that  the  flguline  types,  if  not /usiVe,  were  at  least  moveable.  It  is 
singular  that  the  Romans,  whose  foresight  engraved  on  their  coins  and  Pottery,  fthe 
last  by  far  more  durable  than  the  triumphal  arch,  temple,  altar,  or  bas-relief,)  indeli- 
ble and  everlasting  records  of  their  power,  declaring  to  latest  days  how  "joined  the 
reign  of  Glory  and  of  Crime  "  !  and  mocking  *'  oblivion's  sway/*  while  princely  fa- 
brics crumbled  into  dust — that  these  illustrious  men,  so  fond  of  leaving  colossal  em- 
blems of  their  power,  should  never  have  thought  or  dreamed  of  a  printing  press,  or 
stamping  letters  on  their  papyri,  palimpsests,  or  parchments,  while  the  slow  and 
hireling  profession  of  the  scribe  was  the  only  vehicle  of  learning,  with  his  clumsy  and 
uncial  letters.  It  is  equally  true,  as  here,  even  on  the  meagre  showing  of  a  potter, 
that  the  shortest  letter  which  man  uses  instead  of  speech,  may  form  a  lasting  link  of 
ages  and  "  make  thousands,  nay  millions,  think." — On  another  patera  OF.MASCVI 
(MA  monogram),  Ihe ojfficina or  workshop  of  Masculinus. 

August  ISlh.  Western  Market. — Much  Saraian  Pottery  and  Roman  Glass,  or 
hyalus,  thick  and  opaque,  and  of  a  silvery  or  opal  appearance  ;  a  lachrymator}', 
scored  tiles,  and  sepulchral  urn  fragments,  o n  oneof  which MINAY Minutius  Luciusi 
On  the  rim  of  another  (broken)  the  letter  M  ;  portions  of  the  names  of  the  deceased 
whose  bones  and  ashes  they  contained,  after  combustion  by  pious  hands  on  the  funeral 
pile.  Greek  and  Roman  letters  are  often  intermixed  on  inscriptions  of  later  date. 
The  glass,  some  of  which  is  very  fine  and  transparent,  belonged  to  small  vases  or 
unknown  vessels— a  valuable  commodity  among  the  ancients  ;  vitrum  ductile,  V.  Pan- 
cirolum,  p.  238,  Apul.  Met.  (chrystallum  impunctum.)  I  lament  these  are  not  entire. 
Nero  is  said  to  have  given  the  value  of  df30, 000  for  two  small  cups  with  handles  or 
ears,  of  the  Ampholis  genus  (utrinque  aurita.)  Quae  modicos  calices  quos  ap- 
pellabant  pterotos  H.  S.  VI.  millibus  venderet,  Pliny  lib.  36.  Bibis  vitro,  says 
Martial  of  the  rich  Bassus.  Ep.  9.  Fulvius  Ursinus  notices  these  glass  vessels 
(App.  ad  Ciaccon),  and  quotes  Pliny  to  prove  their  value  in  the  time  of  Ti- 
berius, p.  361.  Gallienus  however  thought  proper  to  despise  glass  goblets,  and 
would  only  drink  out  of  gold.  Besides  many  pieces  of  blaclilcinerary  sepulchral  urns, 
and  other  funeral  vessels, — among  which  at  a  great  depth  were  found  a  maxilla  and 
several  bones  of  canine  sacrifices  to  Proserpine  and  Hecate  ?~a  quantity  of  glazed 
Samian  Ware,  exceedingly  handsome,  was  dug  up,  some  of  it  tastefully  figured  with 
bended  twigs  or  cords,  from  which  depend  acorns  and  oak-leaves,  the  convolvulus  or 
nasturtium  and  rosemary  ;  a  naked  youth  also  appears,  &c.  Garlands  were  much 
used  by  the  ancients  at  their  sacrificial  and  social  feasts.  (V.  Horace,  Od.  23  and  86, 
lib.  1.  Od  7,  lib.  2),  Decorations  of  this  nature  would  tend  to  prove  the  use  of 
these  vessels  at  the  table.    Beechen  cups  were  thus  adorned.    Virg.  Eclog,  3. 

PoTiERs'  Marks.— Of  these  there  are  two— ADVOCIS,  a  foreign  name  roman- 
ized.  F.  (Fecit)*  barbarous  enough  and  probably  Gaulish,  if  we  are  to  imagine  the  D 
to  be  merely  a  Celtic  prefix,  which  it  undoubtedly  is  in  many  ■  words,  as  in  Dur 
water,  and  Dect  the  hill-stream.    It  is  supposed  to  be  the  Coptic  h  ieroglyphic  of  the 

•  This  Potter  is  noticed  in  Wlilttaker's  History  of  Manchesler,  1771— supposed  to  have  been  » 
master  Potter  to  the  Frisian  Cohort  stationed  there.  A  bowl.  Of  Samian  ware,  found  in  the  Cattl* 
field  there  bears  his  name— —-preserved  at  Worsley; 

2a 


124  ANTIQUITIES 

Delta  or  inundated  land  of  Egypt.  Aduatica  is  now  the  city  of  Tongres  on  the  Maese, 
Ptol.  ATsaKSTOv,  Caesar  Coram,  There  are  many  such  words,  as  the  mountain  of 
Belgic  Gaul,  Vogesus  (Caesar  4^,  now  the  Mont  de  Faucilles,  in  tho  department  of 
the  Upper  Rhine,  and  that  of  Vosges  ;  Vocetius  was  also  part  of  the  Jura.    The  other 

OF,  CELA Officina  Cela the  rest   has  been  lost — it  is   arcanum  cda 

indeed. 

Nov.  7,  Saraiian  Pottery  found  in  High  Street,  in  digging  the  foundations  of  the  new 
County  Bank,  opposite  the  Guildhall.  A  quantity  of  this  ancient  red  ware  was  found 
in  a  line  with  the  street,  at  a  great  depth.  Some  was  also  dug  up  in  excavating  a 
sewer  in  front  of  the  Lower  Market. 

The  fanciful  borders  of  plants,  ovolo  moulding  and  garlands  of  various  leaves  and  flow- 
ers, such  as  were  used  by  the  ancients  at  their  feasts,  as  has  been  observed,  and  also 
employed  to  crown  their  Lares  or  household  gods,  and  to  grace  the  festivals  in  honour 
of  their  deceased  friends,  prevail  as  usual  on  all  these  terra  cottas,  with  hares  and 
hunting  scenes.  They  prove  that  the  Romans  did  not  always  affect  the  use  of  coarse 
earthen  ware  in  sacrificing,  according  to  the  primitive  rites  of  Numa,  but  preferred  the 
more  elegant  fictile  manufactures  of  Arezzo  and  Surrentium,  in  Italy,  and  of  the  Sagun- 
tine  and  Asiatic  potteries,  both  at  table,  as  specimens  of  domestic  convenience,  and  at 
the  sacrifices  to  their  deities,  on  account  of  the  purity  of  the  taste,  although  gold  and 
silver  ones  abounded. 

As  affording  particular  evidence  of  the  sites  they  occupied  here,  we  may  be  certain 
that  the  original  form  of  the  High  Street  has  been  but  little  altered,  and  like  Chester, 
ancient  Exeter  was  of  an  oblong  or  parallelogram  form,  like  a  Roman  camp,  which 
form  it  still  preserves  in  all  the  purity  of  the  Hiberna  of  the  2nd  Legion.  Some  large 
fiat  Roman  tiles  were  also  dug  up,  inscribed  with  the  arch  of  a  circle,  and  about  fifteen 
copper  coins.  There  were  also  some  Potter's  Marks  found  under  this  Bank,  one  of 
which,  on  the  bottom  of  a  small  chalice  or  cup,  DIOCHV.,  was  probably  of  some 
Grecian  Artist,  or  of  Greek  origin — we  may  suppose  Deiochus,  as  the  I  seems  a  sort 
of  monogram  compounded  with  E,  unless  meant  for  the  JEoUc  digamma  (which  the 
Romans  adopted  instead  of  the  aspirate,)  but  not  very  likely  to  be  so.  The  other 
IVIII,  unless  IVLLI,  might  be  the  workmanship  of  the  j€<;wZi  or  potters  attached  to 
the  Eighth  Legion  (1st  Cohort)  whose  ensign  was  a  Ram  or  Bull,  and  served  under 
the  Emperor  Carausius,  of  naval  memory,  in  our  Island,  about  2S8,  A.  D.,  being  en- 
titled Victrix  and  Hispanica,  as  well  as  Classica,  Pia  Fidelis,  and  Gemina  Felix. 
Another  MOD.  of  the  noted  Modestus.  The  coins  were  mostly  in  very  bad  preser- 
vation, all  evidently  of  the  Emperor  Claudius — with  the  exception  of  a  smaller  one 
(PRO  WdcMtio  AVG,)  of  the  Lower  Empire,  but  quite  obliterated,  excepting  some 
faint  remains  of  the  types  and  legends.  Some  curious  pieces  of  bottle*  with  escut- 
cheons, probably  from  the  Vine  Tavern  near  this  spot.    A  skeleton,  &c. 

County  Bank,  High  Street,  Potter's  Mark,  MAR  CELLI.  VIII.  on  the  lower  part 
or  bottom  of  what  had  been  a  chalice  or  small  bowl.  Are  we  to  suppose  that  this  is 
the  8th  Legion,  and  that  the  hardy  Legionaries  in  peaceful  times,  worked  at  their  re- 
spective trades,  like  the  French  soldiers  in  Cantonments,  or  the  Foot  Guards  in  London 
at  present  ?  If  they  or  the  FABRI  of  the  different  Cohorts,  as  we  from  good  autho- 
rities also  know,  made  bricks  and   tiles,  such  as  we  find  here,  and  tesselated  pave- 


OF    BXBTER.  125 

raents,  why  not  aUo  pottery?  of  whicli  last  a  coarse  description  is  often  met  with  at 
Exeter,  an  imitation  perhaps  of  the  better  kind  imported  from  abroad  (Pliny  35,  c.  46) 
and  was  possibly  manufactured  heie.  They  may  have  know*  a  potters'  clay  much 
superior  to  that  found  in  the  parish  of  Fremington,  and  also  near  Honiton.  I  mention 
this,  because  it  is  stated  (Archeeol.,  vol.  23,  p.  373),  that  the  only  ancient  pottery  in 
Britain  was  Potter  Heigham,  county  Norfolk.  Pennant  mentions  the  marks  of  the 
Tungrian  cohorts  (or  soldiers  of  Liege)  on  their  vessels,  found  at  Burrens,  in  the 
ncrth  of  England  ;  and  we  may  have  traced  similar  memorials  of  other  troops  at  Exe* 
ter.  That  in  the  Lower  Market,  IIX.  V.  II,  M.,  was  very  probably  one  of  the  8th 
also.— CfiBsar  figuli  tua  castra  sequantur.  Juvenal,  Sat.  iv,  135.  What  a  pity  we 
cannot  get  hold  of  a  Ro.uan  Squad  Roll,  as  we  possess  their  Notitia. 

County  Bank. — Roman  Jar,  Lagena,  or  Wine  Vase. — The  Roman  vessel,  or  coarse 
Vase,  found  under  the  foundations  of  this  house,  belongs,  in  my  opinion,  to  the  dwarf- 
ish class  of  vessels  called  Lagena,  (probably  a  stone  bottle  or  flagon,  for  wine  or  other 
liquids,)  which  poetically  were  sometimes  designated  OsBiC,  of  which  we  find  Sessilis 
066a  in  Persius.  Thus  also  in  Juvenal,  Saguntina  lagena ;  and  Martial,  Mixto 
Lagenah  ad  pedes  replet  vino.  It  is  of  the  same  coarse  Roman-British  composition 
as  the  MoRTAuiUM  for  prepaiing  corn,  found  in  our  Lower  Market,  and  holds  the 
Roman  liquid  measure  called  the  Conglus  or  six  sextaries,  about  seven  pints,  old 
English  measure. 

Potter's  Mark,  on  a  fragment  of  a  Patera.  NICEPH(orus),  evidently  a  Greek  pot- 
ter, or  of  Greek  extraction  ;  NIKH*0P02,  means  Victorious  ;  perhaps  he  was  from 
one  of  those  foreign  cities  ennobled  by  Pliny,  insignibus  rota  officinis  (lib.  35,  12), 
for  their  c/i^d'tswrres  of  figuline  art.  The  Praenomen  of  Nicephorus  was  common 
to  three  of  the  Eastern  Emperors,  from  802  to  1081,  A.  D.  Samian  vessels  were 
used  for  sacred  purposes  in  Greece  long  before  the  subjugation  to  the  armies  of 
Macedon. 

Waierbeer  Street. — A  quantity  of  fragments  of  Samian  Ware ;  some  with  the  usual 
alto-relievos  in  hunting  scenes  ;  Diana  with  her  bow,  and  the  hart  or  stag  (yenatrix 
Dea),  the  hare,  and  other  animals;  two  bears  in  the  act  of  contending  under  a  tree 
(allusion  to  the  public  sports)  ;  rude  figure  of  Venus,  (or  some  sea  nymph)  perhaps 
as  AnadyomenCy  or  rising  from  the  sea,  with  her  veil,  &c. ;  Romanesques,  Cupids, 
rosemary,  and  other  garlands— An  Imbrex  ^  or  large  Roman  Ridge  Tile  of  a  Com- 
p^uvtum,  or  Eaves.  It  has  two  segments  of  a  circle  inscribed  on  it. — Two  handles 
and  mouth  of  a  coarse  Amphora  or  wine  vase  ;  broken  sepulchral  urns,&c.  (Mr.  Snell's) 
Bedford  Circus. — A  large  piece  of  a  red  Samian  vessel.  The  devices  and  orna- 
ments were  rather  of  coarse  workmanship,  but  they  displayed  the  figures  of  three 
sword-players  or  gladiators  of  the  Samnite  order,  such  as  used  to  figure  at  the  funerals 
of  the  great,  to  propitiate  by  their  blood  the  departed  manes,  and  at  the  public  shows 
in  the  Circus  and  Amphitheatres  of  ancient  Rome,  to  glut  the  barbarous  taste  of  the 
fickle  Quirites. 

Tier  above  tier,  those  circling  seats  arise, 
Whence  erst  'mid  shouting  throngs,  Imperial  pride 
Look'  d  down  unpitying— while  her  children  died— 


126  ANTIQUITIES 

What  time  the  white-rob'd  Vestal's  stern  command 
Bade  Hero  Ruffians  lift  the  hireling  hand. — 

The  Coliseum. — Oxford  Prize  Poem, — Ormerod. 

Between  these  Satnnites,  on  separate  compartments,  appear  the  infuriated  forms  of 
two  wild  bulls,  evidently  relating  to  the  hunting-scenes  at  the  Amphitheatres  (  Venatio) 
and  the  feats  of  the  Bestiarii  or  huntsmen,  (Plin.  8.  45)  in  those  dangerous  pastimes.* 

A  Potter's  Mark  near  this  spot  also,  on  the  upper  part  of  another  fragment,  perhaps 
of  the  same  vessel,  bears  the  legend  SENNIVS  F  (ecit)  Qy.  S.  ENNIVS  ?  ;  and 
might  be  of  some  city  in  Calabria,  such  as  Rudice,  on  the  Gulf  of  Tarento,  (and  claim 
kindred  with  the  poet  Ennius,)  red  pottery  being  made  in  those  parts  of  Magna  Grae- 
cia  in  very  early  times.  Two  of  the  Gladiators  had,  however,  already  appeared  on 
a  piece  of  Samian  ware  found  in  the  Lower  Market  last  May,  which  will  be  now 
briefly  described  for  the  first  time. — These  figures  on  the  larger  pocula  are  exactly  si- 
milar to  those  on  the  frieze  of  the  bas  reliefs  of  the  tomb  of  Aricius  Scaurus  at  Pofn- 
peiif  in  the  Street  of  Tombs.  Combats  of  these  fencers  or  swordplayers  were,  how- 
ever, seldom  seen  in  the  decorations  of  noble  houses,  but  in  dwellings  of  the  lower 
class  at  Pompeii.  (V.  Hor.  Sat.  7,  lib.  2.)  Our  Exonian  fencers  both  wear  Iielmets 
with  visors  and  plumed  crests,  and  have  the  square  shield  or  scutum  ;  the  first,  a 
Samnite,  in  particular,  wears  the  snbligaculum  or  short  apron  fixed  with  a  girdle 
round  the  waist  ;  on  his  legs  are  ocrece  or  greaves,  aad  he  wields  a  crooked  scymetar 
ovfalx  supina.  The  other  is  armed  more  after  the  Gaulish  fashion,  with  the  heavy 
sword  of  that  nation  and  the  Scutum  imbricatum,  or  oblong  buckler.  He  is  the 
MiRMiLLo  of  antiquity,  and  is  making  a  rapid  retreat  from  the  Samnite,  his  antagon- 
ist, having  it  would  seem  the  worst  of  the  fight,  although  he  bears  ofi"one  of  the  pea- 
cock's piume»[of  his  helmet,  which  marks  him  out  as  a  Pinmra/zMs,  or  one  whose 
dexterity  despoiled  the  crest  of  h  is  adversary — Lustravitque  fugS  medium  gladiator 
arenam.— Juv.  Sat,  2,  44.  (Plate  10,  No.  1.) 

Those  of  the  Bedford  Circus  have  a  sort  of  ccnical  helmet,  with  the  square  shield 
narrowing  at  the  base,  and  the    short  sword  or  Sica — not  to  forget  the  apron  as  above. 

Gandy  Street.— Two  small  fragments  of  a  vessel  of  Samian  "Ware,  en  one  of  which 
is  a  candelabrum,  by  way  of  ornament.  This  was  one  of  the  most  elegant  articles  of 
furniture  used  by  the  ancients,  originally  perhaps  only  a  rustic  reed  for  a  light  to  stand 
on,  then  a  socket  for  a  wax  candle,  (cereus),  or  plinth  for  the  more  luxurious  lucerna 
or  lamp  which  lighted  their  apartments.  The  workmanship  was  carried  to  the  high- 
est perfection,  as  those  found  at  Pompeii  clearly   demonstrate.    This  seems  to  stand 

♦  We  cannot  but  lament  the  ravages  of  age  on  all  these  ancient  vessels  of  the  Pagan  times,  very  few 
of  which  have  been  found  perfect :  they,  however,  are  often  more  interesting  than  even  the  Roman 
money,  and  record  the  rites,  manners,  games,  and  feasts  of  that  people.  The  public,  therefore 
must  talte  them  as  they  are,  after  IS  centuries  of  concealment  under  our  streets  and  houses,  to  say 
nothing  of  the  felon  hand  and  barbaric  sword  of  the  Danes.  Perhaps  the  "bigot  rage"  of  the 
early  Christians  may  have  smashed  these  frequent  concomitants  of  heathen  sacrificial  superstition  and 
idolatry,  from  the  same  angry  spirit  which  prompted  the  image-breakers  or  Iconoclasts ,  when  Christi- 
anity was  first  remodelled,  to  break  the  Medic  ean Venus,  and  throw  its  pieces  into  the  Baths  of  Cara- 
calla,  to  deface  the  handsome  statues  of  Idols,  "  or  Devils  adored  for  Deities,"  and  cause  the  ruined 
Temple,  with  its  "  channelled  triglyphs  and  dropping  base,"  to  nod 

O'  er  mouldering  fragments  of  its  prostrate  Gods. 


OF    EXBTBtl.  127 

on  two  feet»  something  like  dolphins'  heads  ;  the  stem  appears  to  throw  out  buds,  and 
to  be  formed  of  a  liliaceous  plant,  divided  Into  two  branches,  connected  by  tendrils. 

Orphbus. — He  appears  in  a  short  tunic,  and  bears  a  long  robe  or  paUa^  shaped 
like  the  palm  leaf,  which  was  sacred  to  Apollo,  the  patron  of  raasic.  The  idea,  per- 
haps, alluded  to  Nero*s  penchant  for  musical  studies,  if  the  vessel  was  of  his  time. 
In  the  3rd  Eclogue  of  Virgil,  v.  46,  we  find  the  two  cups  of  the  noble  artist  AlciraedoD, 
described  as  bearing  an  Orpheus. 

Orpheaque  in  medio  posuit,  silvasque  sequentes. 
This  allegorical  subject  is  frequently  introduced  on  tessellated  pavements  found  in 
our  island,  as  recording  the  aera  of  music.  At  Withington,  for  instance,  (nine  miles 
from  Cirencester,)  the  Corinium  of  the  Romans,  where  some  interesting  sepulchral 
monuments  were  lately  found.  At  Woodchester,  in  Gloucestershire,  and  at  two 
other  places  in  Lincolnshire,  one  near  Lincoln  {Lindum),  the  other  Winterton,  the 
Ad  Abum  of  the  Romans,  or  station  on  the  Humber,  (the  ABOS  of  Ptolemy.)  On 
our  pottery  he  is  evidently  charming  the  animals,  which  surround  him  with  the  magic 
spell  of  his  lyre,  by  which  all  nature  seemed  soothed  and  animated.  The  story  of 
Orpheus  and  his  beloved  Eurydice,  Is  immortalized  by  the  4th  Georgic  of  Virgil. 

Thee,  lovely  spouse,  thee  fated  to  deplore, 

He  mourn'd  melodious  on  the  desart  shoro  ;  « 

I'hee  when  the  day-spring  dawn'd,  with  tuneful  tongue, 

Thee  when  night  gljom'd,  he  solitary  sung : 

But  now  his  loye  an  awful  proof  intends, 

To  hell's  detested  shades  the  youth  descends — 

His  wondrous  lyre  charm'd  Erebus  around, 

And  raised  soft  raptures  with  the  magic  sound,  &c. 
Hares  and  rabbits  seem  to  abound  among  the  animals  introduced:  The  hare  is 
often  met  with  on  these  fragments  of  Samian  ware — it  was  the  emblem  of  Osiris,  as 
seeing  and  hearing  all  things,  identified  in  the  character  of  Bacchus  and  of  the 
Dionusus  Luaios.  V,  Num.  Chron.  Oct,  1839,  p.  103.  The  rabbit  implied  fecundity, 
(lepus  cuniculus,)  and  was  the  device  of  ancient  Spain,  where  these  animals  abounded. 
Plat*  9,  No.  2. 

Angelo  Poliziano  (or  Politian)  a  famous  Italian  poet  of  the  sera  of  the  great  Lo- 
renzo de  Medicis,  in  the  16th  century,  has  left  a  very  pretty  little  pastoral  tragedy  on 
the  pathetic  tale  of  Orpheus  and  Eurydice,  embodying  the  catastrophe  which  befell 
the  latter,  as  in  Virgil  above.*     It  is  called  "  Orfeo,"  and  is  well  conceived. 

Dancing  Fauns.  These  sylvan  men  seem  to  be  celebrating  or  assisting  at  the  lesser 
Dionysia,  or  feasts  of  Bacchus,  in  the  fields,  called  TA  K  AT  ArPOYS,  or  in  the  coun" 
try.  They  are  perfectly  naked— one  has  a  torch,  and  seems,  uno  sublevato  pede,  to 
step  with  his  left  foot  on  a^r  tree,  which,  as  well  as  the  vine  and  ivy,  was  sacred  to 

•  Che  seguendola  tin  giorno  per  amore. 
Fa  cagioD  del  suo  fato  acerb 0  e  reo, 
Perche  faggendo  lei  vicino  al  acque 
Una  lerpe  la  morse  e  morta  giacque 
Orfeo,  cantando  alio  Inferno  la  tolse.  Poliz. 

2  H 


128  ANTIQUITIES 

Bacchus.  The  Jir  was  also  consecrated  to  the  great  goddess  Cybele,  *'  mother  of  a  hun- 
dred gods,"  to  whose  towered  majesty  Atys  the  shepherd  is  often  a  companion,  re- 
clining on  the  /r,  into  which  it  was  fabled  he  was  transformed  by  the  goddess,  after 
she  became  enamoured  of  him  in  Phrygia.  (V,  Catull.  de  Berecynthia  et  Aty)  A 
hdLre  forming  on  her  seat  is  in  the  next  compartment. 

Hunting  Scenes.  Tha  presence  of  Diana  with  her  bow,  and  the  hind  ^r^re ,  the 
venatrix  Dea,  the  Luna  or  Isis  of  the  ancients,  and  Hecate  of  their  infernal  regions, 
indicates  a  variety  of  subjects  relating  to  the  chace  (venatio  )  like  those  also  on  the 
tomb  of  Aricius  Scaurus  at  Pompeii,  in  the  street  of  tombs,  and  which  adorn  the  steps 
supporting  the  Cippus  of  Scaurus.  They  probably  have  allusion  to  the  bestiarii,  or 
that  class  of  huntsmen,  like  the  Carpophorus  of  Martial,  the  Van  Anibergh  of  his 
days,  (Epig.  17,  de  Spectaculis,)  who  engaged  with  wild  beasts  on  the  arena  of  the 
amphitheatres  at  the  public  shows,  and  slew  the  boar,  the  lion,  and  the  pard,  the  buf- 
falo, bear,  and  bison.  Among  the  animals  we  distinguish  the  wild  boar,  stag,  lion, 
and  different  kinds  of  dogs;  also  an  abundance  of  the  more  timid  creatures  of  the 
hare  and  rabbit  kind.  Aquatic  birds  are  frequent  on  the  decorations,  and  a  great 
portion  of  the  ornaments  and  flowers  seem  clearly  to  allude  to  Bacchanalia.  The 
lotus,  emblematical  of  Isis,  and  a  sort  of  water  pimpernel,  or  aquatic  leaf,  is  most 
abundant  both  on  the  paterce  and  on  the  ornamental  parts  of  other  vessels.  A  cupid 
feeding  a  bird,  and  the  griffin,  sacred  to  Apollo,  are  among  othe  r  designs,  with  a 
priestly  figure  of  Egyptian  character,  which  seems  to  bear  a  lituus,  or  crooked  augural 
staff. 

The  vasafictilia^  or  vessels  of  red  ware  above,  were  no  doubt  part  of  the  furniture 
oiihQtricliniumt  or  chamber  of  some  wealthy  Rom  an,  officer  at  Isca  in  ancient  days, 
possibly  of  his  tomb. 

Mercury.  The  fragment  of  some  ancient  vessel  also  of  Samianware  or  red  clay, 
(seyphus)  the  workmanship  of  Silvanus,  on  which  is  the  figure  of  Hermes  or  Mer- 
cury as  a  beardless  youth,  naked,  his  petasus  or  winged  cap  on  his  head,  no  talaria 
on  the  feet :  right  hand  holds  a  loose  garment  or  cloth  over  the  pudenda  ;  left  a  purse, 
as  tutelary  god  of  merchants,  and  inventor  of  commerce.  He  has  a  roguish,  knowing 
look,  quite  Egyptian  (and  of  the  slave,)  and  is  undoubtedly  the  Hermes  of  the  Greeks, 
or  god  Thoth  of  that  superstitious  nation  the  Egyptians.  A  bird  appears  in  front  of 
him,  probably  a  stork,  sacrificed  to  him  in  Egypt,  or  an  ibis.  We  see  also  the  Trident 
of  Neptune,  (stolen  from  that  god  by  Mercury,)  to  indicate  the  fruit  fulness  derived 
from  water.  Plate  8,  No.  2. 

On  a  medal  of  the  Emperor  Albinus,  this  god  appears  as  the  Mercury  of  the  Gauls 
being  the  great  genius  of  the  world,  and  author  of  fecundity,  with  the  trident.  Inscr. 
SfBCulo.  Frugifero  Cos,  II.* 

*  Statues  of  Mercury,  of  wood  or  stone,  called  Hbrm^  by  the  Greeks,  were  placed  In  the  high 
Roads  and  porticoes  of  houses,  to  keep  off  other  thieves,  (of  which  class  he  was  the  deity)  these  had  no 
feet,  but  ended  in  a  quadrangular  base  or  epistyle,  nor  had  the  figure  any  hands,  it  was  however  as 
Herodotus  has  it;  lyriTafxtvo?  xcu  offl»a?wy,  that  is  fascino  erectO'  This  was  peculiar  to  the  statues  repre- 
senting him  as  an  old  man,  by  the  testimony  of  Plutarch.  Longinus  alludes  to  the  impiety  of  certain 
persons  who  had  mutilated  these  statues.  Those  who  had  committed  this  piece  of  sacrilege  at  Athens 
by  night,  were  called  ErmecopicUe.  (Mereurii  stattta  collis  et  veretris  cireumcisa.)  Thucyd.  Plu- 
tarch.   The  origin  of  the  name  of  the  god  was  fron»  mwcium  curd,  taking  care  of  merchandize  or  guati 


OF  BXETBR  129 

Two  of  the  Roman  Penates,  or  little  household  gods,  in  bronze,  found  near  Broad- 
gate,  Exeter,  in  1778,  proved  to  be  of  Mercury— one  4^,  the  other  4|  inches  long  ; 
each  held  a  purse,  one  had  the  petasus  and  talaria^  the  other,  wings  between  his  hair, 
instead  of  the  former,  and  a  long  loose  garment.  A  bronze  cock,  the  emblem  of  vigi* 
lance,  sometimes  dedicated  also  to  the  god  Lunus,  (supposed  by  Stukely  one  of  Ra- 
chaers  teraphim,)  accompanied  them.  The  Romans  sacrificed  to  Thoth,  the  Egyptian 
Mercury,  on  the  19th  Sept. 

On  the  other  fragments  appear  an  eagle,  and  divers  birds  of  the  duck  or  spoonbill 
tribe  ;  also  the  tail  of  a  dolphin,  and  small  Romanesques.  The  letters  (Sil)VANI  P. 
are  also  legible,  as  the  name  of  the  artisan.  The  workmanship  is,  apparently  of  the 
roost  perfect  eara  of  the  arts.  The  dolphin,  in  connexion  with  the  trident  already  men- 
tioned, marks  liberty  of  trade  and  the  empire  o^  the  sea.    Plate  9,  No.  3.* 

July  25,  1837.  A  Fragment  of  Roman  Pottery  and  Potter's  Inscription.t  found  near 
the  Western  Market,  evidently  belonged  to  a  Roman  bowl  or  vessel  of  the  scyphus 
class,  which  were  larger  jugs  or  bowls,  quite  different  from  the  flat  dishes  or  platters, 
which  often  however  answered  to  the  Apophoreta  of  Isidorus,  in  which  fruits  and 
viands  were  carried  to  table  and  were  distinct  from  the  paterse  used  in  the  sacrifices 
for  libations,  &c.  These  bowls  or  hollow  vessels  of  red  ware  are  illustrated  by  the 
Terra  rubens  Crater  of  Ovid  (Fast.  lib.  3)  and  TibuUus  (El.  lib.  2,)  Pocula  de  facili 
composuit  luto.  The  vessel  by  its  embellishments,  seems  devoted  to  the  chace,  being 
embossed  with  scenes  illustrative  of  the  sports  at  the  amphitheatres.  Such  have  been 
found  at  Exeter  before,  and  commemorate  the  public  games,  bull  fights  and  shows  of 
gladiators  in  ancient  Rome,  Here  we  see  an  enormous  wild  goat,^  (probably 
the  Rupicapra,  with  crooked  horns,  of  Pliny)  pursued  by  a  huge  animal  of  the  dog 
or  wolf  genus ;  a  lion  in  the  act  of  making  his  fatal  spring  on  the  other  side.  The 
other  decorations  are  cinque  foils,  &c.  and  the  name  of  the  artist  appears  above,  AVS- 


mtdiut  current,  because  tpeeehor  eloquence  ii  the  medium  of  communicatioa  between  man  and  man. 
He  was  the  same  as  the  Ttutatit  of  the  Gauls,  the  principal  of  the  Keltic  Deities  and  Hut  of  the  Druidt, 
|o  whom  human  sacrifices  were  offered. 

•  Veneration  of  ancients  for  Earthen  Vessels  in  Temples— /S»m/)tila.  Justus  Rycquius  de  Capito. 
lie  (p.  222.  ed.  1669.)  remarks  that  In  the  early  days  of  Home,  it  was  customary  to  swear  by  theix^ctile 
gods,  before  going  into  battle.  Libations  were  made  from  fictile  or  earthen  sympula,  in  preference  to 
those  of  crystal  or  myrrhine,  which  were  of  vast  price,  but  from  want  of  simplicity  not  so  pleasing  to 
tke  gods.  An  excellent  Essay  on  the  Sj/mpulum,  or  Sympuvium,  and  Samian  vessels,  is  in  Hadr.  Juni* 
nt,  Anlmadv.  lib.  2,  (Rotterdam,  1706)  and  this  is  considered  as  a  small  vase,  (often  of  different  shapes) 
or  cup,  notnnlike  a  little  pot  or  cyathus,  for  libationi  of  vrine,  and  the  origin  of  the  word  from  the 
Greek  o^yjivivav,  to  drink  in  company  with  another.  Capedinet  were  great  pitchen  and  Jugs,  with 
handles,  and  Cululli  vases  or  pitchers,  used  in  the  sacred  rites  of  the  Pontifices  and  Vestal  Virgins. 

t  That  the  namea  of  the  Roman  Artista  were  often  placed  on  thehr  articles  of  manufacture,  is  clear 
from  the  Aretine  Vase,  with  the  figure  of  Fame  bearing  the  name  ofNimis  the  maker  (v.  Martial  in 
Apophoretis)  and  of  Tuscan  workmanship.  Thus  also  Wedgewood,  Spode.  &c.  of  the  present  day. 
Appellari  enim  vasa  solita  esse  ab  artificibus,  ostendunt  Thericlea.  et  quod  ait  Juvenalis— auctotis  no. 
men  habentem.  V.Polv.  Uriini  App.  ad  Ciaccontum.  This  proves  the  vessels  to  have  been  also  fre- 
quently called  by  the  names  of  the  makers. 

}  Rapicapia :  Roach hasehana,  ^Jf^    Buccina Novl  Aaai.  V.  RelM^  Naa-  Sam.  p.  2tl. 


130  ANTiaUITTES 

TRI.  OF,  (offlcina)  the  workshop  or  manufactory  of  Auster.  He  is  the  first  of  the 
name  found  here,  bearing  the  designation  of  the  south  wind  called  also  Notus,  which 
wind  is  the  forerunner  of  heavy  rain  and  showers,  and  is  introduced  by  Virgil  to  wreck 
three  ships  of  ^Eneas.  To  propitiate  these  winds,  altars  were  erected  and  sacrifices 
performed  in  various  parts  of  Greece  and  Italy.  (Milton  Par.  Lost,  lib.  x.  Notus  and 
AFER  black  with  thunderous  clouds,  from  Serra  Liona.)  In  our  times  he  would 
have  been  styled  South.  Camden  in  his  remaincs  (1605)  says  the  first  imposition  of 
names  was  upon  future  good  hope  of  the  parents  for  their  children,  and  their  first  and 
principal  wishes  towards  them,  but  that  if  we  compare  the  Roman  names  with  our 
own  we  shall  find  even  the  great  names  of  Fabius,  Lentulus,  Cicero,  Piso,  andStolo, 
nothing  more  in  our  tongue  than  Beanraan,  Lentill,  Chick-pease,  Pease-codman, 
Branch,  &c.* 

Several  pieces  of  vases  and  relics  of  pottery,  evidently,  from  their  good  workmanship, 
by  tasteful  artists,  were  again  dug  up  on  the  site  of  the  Western  Market.  Fanciful  borders 
of  a  sort  of  ovolo  or  egg  and  tongue  moulding,  seemed  to  prevail,  resembling  the  upper 
ornaments  of  a  pratorium,  or  general's  pavilion  in  the  camp.  Circles  of  beads,  with 
flowers  and  festoons,  or  thyrsi,  most  of  them  indications  of  Baechanaliay  were  very 
frequently  met  with.  Among  these  flowers,  that  of  the  lolusy  as  on  the  tripod  at 
Pompeii,  evidently  Isiac,  audits  leaf,  greatly  prevails  ;  the  lily,  appropriate  to  Juno, 
as  well  as  the  poppy,  sacred  to  Diana,  Ceres,  and  Juno.  A  [plant,  resembling  nas- 
turtium, the  convolvolus  and  the  acorn  of  Jove,  also  appear,  but  the  lotus  ox  type  of 
the  Nile  seems  universal.  Vine  leaves,  ivy  or  myrtle,  garlands  of  vervain  and  rose- 
mary, birds  of  the  duck  kind,  probably  the  ibis  of  Egypt,  sacred  to  Mercury,  the 
dolphin,  sacred  to  Apollo,  cupids  disporting,  and  various  animals  of  the  chace,  are 
favourite  subjects.  Plate  8,  No.  3.,  Plate  9,  No.  4.  Two  of  the  ibis  birds  seem  to  be 
devouring  a  serpent,  which  they  hold  between  them  in  their  bills  :  that  bird  is  supposed 
to  have  been  a  species  of  curlew,  and  has  now  quite  deserted  Egypt.  Some  pieces 
belong  to  scyphi  or  poculayh&ng  drinking  vessels  :  others  to  patera,  or  flatter  dishes. 
There  are  also  fragments  of  walls  painted  in  fresco,  gene  rally  of  a  bright  green  colour. 

A  great  quantity  of  Roman  glass,  or  hyalus,  was  found  at  various  times.  In  Pom- 
peii, glass  vessels  of  the  kind,  called  o^i/6opAa  by  the  Greeks,  are  found — so  called 
from  the  liquor  issuing  out  guttatinif  or  drop  by  drop ;  also  glass  funnels  and  wine 
strainers,  and  once  also  a  siphon  or  wine  taster.  Quantities  of  pieces  of  black  cinerary 
sepulchral  urns  were  found  in  these  markets ;  as  also  of  pipkins  (cacdbi,)  dolia  and  other 
vessels  of  coarse  earth,  (catiniJictHes,)  which,  as  well  as  many  of  the  coins,  bore 
testimony  to  the  ravages  of  the  fires  of  the  pirate  Danes,  under  King  Sueno,  in  A.  D. 
1003.  Part  of  an  amphora  or  wine  jar,  C/avzs«a,^  being  the  cx)nical  base  of  such  a 
vessel,  ^the  pottery  evidently  of  British  clay,)  generally  used  for  libations  to  the  infer- 
nal gods,  to  wash  the  bones,  and  put  out  the  funeral  fires*  V.  Battely,  p.  108.  A 
bronze  urn,  evidently  a  prafericulum,  of  which  the  ama  or  handle  was  entire,  as 
also  its  mouth  and  bottom.  The  former  of  these  last  was  trigonal  or  three  cornered^ 
the  latter  orbicular,  containing  within  itself  a  number  of  concentric  circles,  "  orb  in 

*  Thus  also  Naso,  Bottle  Nose ;  Pansa,  Broad  foot ;  Crispus,  Curl-pate  ;  Pedo,  Longshanks  ;  Hor- 
tenslus,  Gardener;  Strabo,  Squint-eye ;  Labeo,  Blobber  Lip ;  Varus,  Bow  Legged ;  ScauruB,  Knobbed 
Heel. 


OF  EXETBR  131 

orbs."  It  was  broken  and  decayed  in  other  respects.  The  little  god  Orus,  as  a  naked 
child,  with  his  whip  in  the  right  hand,  appears  on  the  lower  part  of  the  ansoi  The 
large  fictile  vessel  or  discus,  ia  red  clay,  being  a  deep  broad  platter  or  patera,  ahready 
mentioned,  page  1 19,  was  found  at  a  short  distance  from  this  urn.  It  was  probably  the 
broad  patera  carried  before  the  priests  in  the  hands  of  the  officialis  or  attendant,  con- 
taining cakes,  inola  salsa^  (salt  meal,)  the  Simpulum  and  smaller  pateree.  Varro  de 
Ling,  Latin,  lib.  IV.,  says  that  Liquor  was  carried  in  it  on  festival  occasions. 
Such  are  generally  found  buried  in  the  busta  of  the  deceased.  In  its  centre  is  the 
potter's  mark.  OF.  \1GRI,  as  already  mentioned.  The  fantastic  and  imaginary  repre- 
sentation of  animals  and  foliage,  sometimes  called  Romanesque^  first  brought  from 
Egypt,  was  adopted  by  the  Greeks,  and  received  amongst  the  Romans  in  the  age  of 
Augustus  :  and  panels  of  rooms  with  flowers,  have  been  found  even  at  ancient  Thebes, 
in  Egypt.  Those  of  our  terracottas  may  have  been  of  the  Neronian  period.  Pliny 
says  that  the  Saniian  vessels  used  at  table  by  the  Romans,  were  manufactured  at  Ar« 
retlum  (Arezzo  ;)  Surrentum,  Asta,  Tralles,  and  PoUentia,  in  Italy;*  in  Spain  atSa- 
guntum.    V.  Martial, 

Sume  Saguntino  pocula  facta  luto.    Saguntina  lagena,  Jav* 
and  in  Asia  at  Pergamos  and  Mutina. 

Sept.  W.  Market.  Part  of  an  ancient  vessel,  the  rim  of  which  is  adorned  with  lotus 
leaves — most  likely  a  sacrificial  patera,  not  like  the  larger  ones,  to  receive  the  blood 
of  the  victim,  as  an  offering  on  the  altar,  but  probably  to  ofier  libations  of  water,  oil, 
and  wine,  or  to  be  used  at  public  feasts.  It  was  no  doubt,  when  entire,  of  proper  pro- 
portions and  beauty,  indicative  of  ancient  elegance,  {Latum  ac patens),  and  certain- 
ly not  a  flat  plate  or  discus,  as  the  Apophoreta  spoken  of  by  Isidorus,  for  holding 
apples  at  the  Saturnalia,  and  other  trifling  gifts,  and  in  which  fruits  and  other  luxuries 
were  carried  to  the  tables  of  the  great.  These  seemingly  trifling  cups  or  dishes  are 
sometimes  found  inscribed  to  a  peculiar  deity  ;  the  lotus  was,  we  know,  dedicated  to 
Venus  and  Apollo,  and  its  leaf  is  the  most  common  emblem  on  the  pottery  discovered 
at  Exeter.  The  ancient  Egyptians  gave  it  a  more  distinguished  place  in  their  theo- 
cracy, as  the  oflspring  of  the  waters,  and  implying  generation  ;  and  it  appears  from 
Herodotus,  that  it  constituted  a  considerable  portion  of  their  food — the  flower  was 
emblematic  of  immortality.  It  is  well  known  that  this  plant,  which  grows  in  abun- 
dance on  the  waters  of  Egypt,  was  particularly  consecrated  to  Isis,  with  the  vine, 
palm  and  papyrus,  as  visible  on  the  pillars  and  decorations  of  her  temple  at  Esneh  or 
Latopolis,  (in  gratitude  to  her  who  presided  over  the  entry  of  the  Nile  to  fertilize  their 
land) — the  portico  of  which  is  still  well  preserved.  The  river  Nile,  (worshipped  by 
them  as  Jupiter,)  which  irrigates  and  fertilizes  the  Delta,  appears  on  a  coin  of  Ves- 
pasian, with  towers  on  his  head  and  the  lotus  flower,  (in  reality  a  species  of  water  lily, 
and  its  leaf  like  the  water  plantain,^  of  which  part  they  actually  made  bread,  in  his 
hand.  So  also  on  our  Egyptian  medal  of  Trajan,  found  in  South  Street,  the  Nile  as 
Osiris  or  Canopus,  which  preserved  the  land  from  famine  by  its  annual  rise,  appears 
reclining  on  a  crocodile  with  the  lotus,  offspring  and  emblem  of  the  fecundity  of  the 

*  Rhegium,  Cos.aad  Comee  were  also  famoui  for  the  Samian  Ware.— Plin  35, 12. 

2i 


132  ANtlQUITlESJ 

waters,  and  the  Cornucopia,  This  is  of  Alexandria,  coined  in  the  12lh  year  of  Trajarii 
(L.  AojAEK)  Garlands  of  acacia,  bay  leaves,  and  lotus  are  found  on  the  heads  of 
mummies.  Canopus  was  supposed  to  govern  the  viraters,  and  the  genius  of  nature  con- 
sisted in  moisture.  And  on  a  coin  of  Hadrian,  Isis  appears  suckling  Orus  her  infant, 
(the  most  ancient  Apollo,)  the  3rd  King  of  Egypt  and  advancer  of  Joseph,  and  the 
emblem  of  the  Sun,  with  an  Urceolus  or  waterpot  behind  her.  This  denotes  tht  fe- 
cundity of  nature,  which  consists  in  moisture,  derived  from  her  the  omniparens  Dea, 
and  her  consort  Osiris ;  a  pot  of  Water  being  always  carried  in  their  processions,  like 
the  Roman  prcsfericula  or  vases  which  bore  the  holy  water  or  other  sacred  liquor  to 
the  altar;  Anacreon  (Od.  4),  speaks  of  theioius  and  fragrant  myrtle,  as  forming  a 
couch  to  the  lover  of  wine,  and  calls  in  Cupid  to  act  as  cupbearer,  like  an  Egyptian 
slave,  his  tunic  fastened  with  a  knot  of  the  papyrus.  The  God  Apis  has  a  lotus^owev  be- 
tween his  horns.  Isis  and  Canopus  appear  with  a  flower  larger  than  the  lily,  called  ABPO- 
TONON  by  the  Greeks.  The  Egyptians  symbolically  represented  the  supreme  divinity 
sitting  on  a  lotus  plants  which  attitude  was  supposed  to  signify  the  most  sacred,  im- 
mortal, and  venerable  of  beings  fore  perewwiV  as  utterly  at  rest,  reposing,  within  him- 
self. Water  being  supposed  by  them  to  be  the  first  principle  of  all  things,*  they  at- 
tributed great  honours  to  this  most  general  aquatic  plant,  which  the  father  of  history^ 
Herodotus,  lib.  2,  tells  us  they  used  for  food,  cooking  or  baking  its  central  part  in  the 
fire,  and  using  the  root,  which  was  bulbous  and  of  the  size  of  an  apple,  for  the  like 
purpose,  as  well  as  other  water  lilies,  and  the  byhlus  or  water  reed  also.  Pliny  also 
relates  thai  bread  was  made  of  the  seed  of  this  plant,  called  lotometra,  and  its  fruit 
which  was  of  the  size  of  a  bean,  was  very  pleasant  to  the  taste.  Its  flower  was  the  sup- 
posed distinction  on  coins  of  Auletes.  Venerating  this  water  plant,  they  therefore  imperso- 
nated Nature  as  the  offspring  of  water  or  moisture,  and  making  her  a  distinct  principle, 
deified  her  under  the  name  of  Isis,  the  most  universal  deity  of  antiquity,  and  the  same 
as  the  Juno  and  lo  of  Greece  : 

Cujus  Numen  unicum,  multiformi  specie,  ritu  vario,  nomine  multijugo,  totus  vene- 
ratur  orbis.    Apuleius  Met.  lib.  xi. 

The  difference  of  which  essence  from  her  consort  Osiris,  (the  Bacchus  Eugenes,  first 
parent,  or  Bui-lman  of  Greece,  and  the  Hiram  of  the  Freemasons,)  the  mind  or  rea- 
son, an  original,  unmixed,  pure  and  holy  principle,  resembled  that  of  the  Moon  from 

•  Cicero  (de  Natura  Deonim,  1,  cap.  25,)  considers  a  chaos  of  water  to  be  the  beginning  of  all 
things,  but  that  God  was  the  master  mind,  by  which  every  thing  was  made  from  water.  From  this 
opinion  of  the  heathens,  the  theory  took  its  rise  of  the  origin  of  atr,  fire,  and  light ;  also  of  love, 
and  an  invincible  or  Suprbmb  Wm,  from  the  union  of  Oceanus  and  Tethys,  both  powerful  marine 
deities.  In  Egypt,  the  precarious  state  of  agriculture,  dependent  on  the  rise  or  failure  of  the  waters 
of  the  Nile,  gave  rise  to  the  honours  paid  to  that  river,  and  to  watek  in  general.  Even  now,  under 
the  rule  of  the  famous  Mahomet  Ali,  the  value  of  land  in  Egypt  depends  on  its  level  above  the  Nile> 
as  on  that  depends  the  cost  of  the  cultivation,  the  irrigation  being  performed  by  mannal  labour,  and  is 
of  course  the  chief  expense  to  the  cultivator.  That  extraordinary  man,  lately  so  humbled  by  our 
arms,  still  sways  the  sceptre  of  the  Pharaohs,  and  governs  the  kingdom  of  the  Ptolemies  :  by  his 
genius  Egypt  has  again  risen  from  Its  ashes,  and  civil  arts  and  political  wisdom  have  awakened  from 
the  tomb,  and  in  spite  of  history,  and  almost  even  prophecy,  we  have  seen  this  once  obscure  servant 
of  the  Seraglio  wresting  the  sceptre  from  the  Sultan,  and  giving  commerce,  arts,  laws,  and  enterprise 
to  the  land  of  Cham,  of  him  the  "  serrant  of  lervants,  to  his  brethren,"  while  his  revenue  exceeds  four 
millions  yearly. 


01?   BXBTBR.  133 

the  Sun,  "or  fts  the  schoolmen  speak,"  of  natura  naturata^  from  natura  naturam. 
Her  diYine  ladyship  comprahended  the  pantheistic  universe  or  centre  of  the  arcane  re- 
ligion of  Egypt,  understood  only  by  its  priests,  who  possessed  all  the  sciences,  that 
they  m  ight  place  a  barrier  between  themselves  and  the  people,  and  wrapped  them  in 
emblem  and  my^itery  :  being,  as  Denon  observes,  the  slaves  of  abject  and  hypocritical 
despots,  for  which  reason  we  see  incessantly  temples,  but  no  other  public  edifice,  in 
their  now  ruined  cities,  that  could  have  resisted  the  ravages  of  time.  !No  royal  palace 
is  to  be  traced  there,  no  circus,  arena,  or  theatre  ;  for  pleasures  they  had  ceremonies, 
for  luxuries,  sepulchres  and  mummy  pits,  vases  containing  deceased  cats  and  Ibis 
birds.  Mahomet  Ali  in  our  own  days  only,  has  roused  Egypt  from  its  slumbers. 
Thus  were  the  arts  and  their  genius  borne  down,  and  the  clariflers  of  these  mysticisms 
are  only  found  among  a  few  of  the  moderns  of  our  own  days,  such  as  Salt,  Belzoni,  or 
ChampoUion,  and  Wilkinson.  The  universe,  as  in  the  Mensa  Isiaca,  their  general 
system  of  religion  and  superstition,  occupied  the  centre,  in  Isis  on  her  throne,  of  all 
their  ancient  secret  mysteries.  Her  priests  were  in  most  countries,  men  of  dignity  in 
the  empire,  powerful  and  rich,  dressed  in  white  vests,  (grege  linigero  et  grege  calvo, 
JuvO  and  eggs,  (the  emblem  of  generation,  and  by  Pythagoras  considered  a  symbol 
of  creation,  from  which  reason  an  egg-shaped  vehicle  may  be  traced  on  hieroglyphics 
with  the  first  man  and  woman  sailing  through  space,)  were  chiefly  used  in  the  expiations 
and  purifications  of  her  votaries.  The  Suevi,  between  the  Elbe  and  the  Vistula,  sacri- 
ficed to  her  ;  but  Tacitus  is  at  a  loss  to  know  how  her  worship  was  there  introduced- 
Among  the  Romans  it  was  very  general  till  the  time  of  Tiberius,  when  her  statue  was 
thrown  into  the  Tiber,  (V.  Joseph.  Ant.)  in  consequence  of  the  young  Mundus,  disguised 
with  a  mask,  or  dog's  head,  as  Anubis,  having  ventured  to  injure  the  virtue  of  a  Roman 
matron  of  rank,  (Paulina,  wife  of  Saturninus,  Governor  of  Syria,)  in  her  temple.  Her 
worship,  suppressed  from  the  debauchery  and  licence  attending  it,  but  reestablished 
by  Augustus,  was,  however,  restored  in  the  College  of  the  Pasthophori  at  Rome. 
Apuleius,  the  Philosopher,  who  was  a  member  of  it,  and  a  priest  of  this  deity,  gives  a 
full  account  of  her  religious  procession  at  CenchrecBy  near  Corinth.  (Met.  lib.  xi.)* 

When  at  Pompeii,  I  visited  her  temple,  still  very  entire,  and  with  its  lavacrum  or 
bath,  and  two  altars,  complete.  The  shrine,  or  secret  adytum,  still  exists,  in  which 
her  priests  dispensed  oracles,  or  mystic  words,  as  of  an  invisible  daemon,  conducted 
in  a  tunnel  by  two  apertures,  perhaps  by  the  potent  art  of  ventriloquism. 

April  6,  1837.  Roman  PRiEFERicuLUM,  or  sacred  Vase,  found  in  the  Western  Mar- 
ket. Unless  buried  in  the  tombs  or  6«s<a  of  the  dead,  this  bronze  vessel  and  others 
found  here,  may  be  said  to  mark  the  site  of  an  ancient  temple  on  the  spot,  probably  to 
the  universal  goddess  Isrs.  A  bronze  crescent,  or  iunute^pne a,  was  dug  up  there, 
perhaps  attached  to  a  lamp,  and  alluding  to  Diana  as  Isrs,  (symbolical  of  the  moon,  and 
feminine  gender,)  like  the  one  recorded  in  Montfaucon's  Antiquities,  unless  the  cphip- 
pium  or  ornament  for  the  trappings  of  a  war  horse,  such  as  we  see  on  the  column  of  Tra- 
jan at  Rome.  Plate  7,  No.  3.  Battely,  Ant:  Rut.  p.  131,  gives  a  notice  of  one  of  these 
found  on  the  shore  at  Reculver,  in  Kent.  The  prcefericulum  was  certainly  used  to  carry 
the  holy  lustral  water  to  the  altars  We  are  told  by  Cicero,  (pro  S.  R.  Amerino,)  that 
the  best  brazen  vessels,  (Brea  vasa,  of  this  description,  were  of  Corinthian  or  Delian 

•  The  Catholic  procession  at  the  Fflt  Ditu  is  apparently  a  strong  imiUtion  of  it. 


134  ANTIQUITIES 

workmanship.  On  coins  of  some  Emperors,  particularly  of  the  younger  Tetricus, 
this  vase  appears  in  all  its  beauty,  with  other  symbols  of  the  pontificate,  the  simpu- 
luniy  or  little  vessel  to  pour  wine  on  the  sacrifice,  water  sprinkle  or  aspersoriuniy  acer- 
ra,  or  incense  box,  and  also  secespita  or  sacred  knife. 

We  have  it  on  record,  (v.  Borlase  Cornwall,  Gent.  Mag.,  1760,  p,  322,)  that  one  of 
these  Vases,  made  of  tin,  containing  four  quarts  one  pint  wine  measure,  was  found  in 
Cornwall  in  1756,  at  Bossens,  in  the  parish  of  St.  Erth,  (  3  miles  N.  E.  of  St  Michael's 
Mount.) 

Three  bowls  or  paterse  of  fine  Granite,  were  found  also,  one  at  Ludgvan,  the  others 
at  St.  Just ;  also  a  Vase  of  the  same  in  the  glebe  at  Ludgvan,  finely  turned  and  po- 
lished. As  the  learned  Varro  informs  us,  (lib.  IV.)  such  pater ce  or  flat  vessels  were 
used  to  pour  out  libations  of  wine  and  blood  in  honour  of  the  deity  to  whom  the  sa- 
crifice was  offered,  and  at  feasts,  "in  publico  convivio  Antiquitatia  retinendae  causa," 

Triad,  or  antient  Triangle  Mystery.  Isiac  Vase  (above.)  What  Plotinus  of 
Alexandria,  the  Platonic  philosopher,  and  tutor  even  of  Porphyry,  the  arch  enemy  of 
Christian  Doctrines,  observes  in  his  5th  £»mead,  is  correct,  viz,  that  the  doctrine  of 
a  Trinity  (the  Elohim  of  Genesis,)  father,  mind,  and  soul,  is  not  a  recent  invention, 
but  a  very  ancient  tenet,  Cujusvis  est  err  are,  the  notion  of  a  Trinity  or  sacred 
Triad,  is  found  in  the  writings  of  many  ancient  heathen  philosophers,  being  an  idea  of 
three  divine  hypostases.  Authority,  light,  and  life,  seem  to  the  eye  of  reason  to  sup- 
port, pervade,  and  animate  this  mundane  system  on  the  one  hand,  while  in  the  micro- 
cosm here,  they  appear  preserving  soul  and  body,  enlightening  the  mind,  and  moving 
the  aflfections.  This  Vessel  was  probably  a  mystical  Isiac  Vase,  as  the  tergeminous  or 
triquetral  mouth  of  many  of  the  sacred  vases,  alluded  to  the  triangle  mystery,  enter- 
tained by  the  disciples  of  the  Platonic  school ;  Isis  being  nature  herself,  as  is  well 
known  to  every  man  of  letters,  and  the  most  universal  divinity  of  antiquity.  The  words 
*'  Hffic  e  plurimis  elementis  ad  unum  redacta  esse  ;  et  ignem  quidam  et  aera  et  aquam 
habere  originem  atque  principium  ex  Trigono  qui  sit  angulis  rect is  non  paribus." 
(Apul.  de  dogm,  Platonis.)  imply  that  fire,  air,  and  water,  arose  from  a  triangle  of  three 
unequal  right  angles;  The  earth  from  right  angles,  &c.,  "  directis  quidem  angulis"  : 
"  Trigonis  etvestigiis  paribus  esse."  Xenocrates  considered  the  Equilateral  Triangle, 
an  emblem  of  the  deity  :  Scalene,  of  mortal  man  :  Isosceles  of  deemons  or  spirits.  In  the 
administration  ef  all  things,  there  must  be  authority  to  establish,  law  to  direct,  and 
justice  to  execute — viz.,  the  first,  the  Fons  Deitatis,  or  grand  source  of  all  perfection; 
2ndly,  the  supreme  reason^  order,  or  AOrOS  Cadmitted  by  Plato)  ;  and  lastly  the 
spirit,  which  vivifies  or  inspires.  That  is,  we  are  imprimis^  from  the  Father;  irra-< 
diated  in  our  intellectual  powers  by  the  Son ;  and  moved  or  instigated  by  the  Spirit : 
bearing  analogy  to  the  Sun,  light,  and  heat,  or  principle,  mind  and  soul.  The  disciples 
of  Pythagoras,  and  the  wise  men  of  Egypt  ^nd  Chald«a,  entertained  the  same  tenets, 
although  of  course  unknowing  of  Revelation.  Many  of  the  greatest  philosophers  of 
the  Heathen  World  held  a  Trinity  in  the  Godhead,  being  a  great  TO  EN,  incorporeal 
and  pervading  all  nature  and  elements,  as  the  universal  hypostasis  ox  principle  in  the 
Divinity.  Also  an  universal  spirit,  author  of  all  life  and  motion  ;  and  a  mind  also 
universal,  irradiating  and  ordering  all  things.  The  first  being  the  Soul  of  the  World, 
and  of  ^hose  substance  they  considered  the  souls  of  mankind  (created  in  God's  own 


OF  EXETER.  135 

essence)  were  a  portion.  If  the  unenlightened  Heathens,  who  longed  in  vain  for 
"mightier  truths  than  Athens  ever  knew,"  could  thus  set  the  </oc<ri»i«  of  Unity  at 
nought,  it  may  appear  ridiculous  in  this  enlightened  age,  to  try  to  explain  away  by 
"  traditions  of  men,"  "  vain  wisdom  all  and  false  philosophy,"  and  worldly  conceits, 
that  which  is  considered  as  founded  on  the  Rock  of  Ages,  graven  by  words  that 
shall "  not  pass  away ;"  even  if  the  earth  and  the  works  that  are  therein  should  fade  from 
sight,  and  reek  once  more  on  that  funeral  pyre  which  would  consume  all  things. 

July  19,  1838.  A  quantity  of  the  beautiful  red  Samian  ware  or  Roman  pottery, 
was  lately  dug  up  opposite  Coffin's  estate,  Fore  Street,  evidently  an  ancient  place  of 
sepulture,  figured  very  tastefully  with  oak  leaves,  garlands,  and  festoons  of  flowers, 
&c.  ;  a  lion,  figures  of  ^eitit,  Hercules  killing  the  Lerneean  Hydra,  God  Pan,  &c. ; 
evidently  fragments  of  simpula  and  patercB^  vessels  buried  in  the  tombs  or  busta  of 
the  deceased  heathens  of  ancient  Isca,  as  nearly  a  bushel  of  pieces  of  black  sun-baked 
sepulchral  urns  were  found  in  the  same  spot,  in  the  red  clay  ;  and  many  handles-  and 
pieces  of  their  coarse  awpAor^p,  or  wine  jars.  Potter's  Mark,  METO..  imperfect, 
with  a  monogram.  The  letters  L.  SL.  P.  and  P.  AV.  R.  are  on  the  handles  or  ansa 
of  two  of  the  vases  or  amphorcB^  which  are  of  Roman  British  fabric.  The  other  de- 
corations of  the  Samian  ware  are — chariot  race  of  cupids,  as  on  the  cornices  of  the 
frigidaria  of  the  baths  at  Pompeii ;  panthers,  goats,  thyrsi,  vine,  grapes,  branches  of 
ivy,  rosemary,  birds,  (the  magpie,  sacred  to  Bacchus,)  all  memorials  of  the  Bacchana- 
lian revels  of  antiquity,  and  the  feasts  called  Dionysia  ;  stags,  lions,  and  other  wild 
beasts,  &c.  Genii  or  Cupids  are  numerous — they  flit  among  the  foliage  like  so  many 
Ariels  or  airy  spirits,  wild  and  fantastical,  so  many  Oberons  attendant  on  the  Queen 
of  the  fairies,  as  in  sublime  Spenser's  fanciful  poem,  or  the  Midsummer  Night's  dream 
of  our  illustrious  Shakspeare.   V.  Plate  7,  No.  2,  Plate  10,  Nos.  2,  4,  and  6. 

Samian  Ware.  Salii.  Two  of  the  Salii  or  dancing  priests  of  Mars,  first  instituted  by 
Numa^  performing  their  antick  dance  with  the  Ancylia,  or  sacred  shields;  so  called 
a  Saliendo.  (Plutarch  in  Num.)  One  of  these  fascino  ereclo^  the  other  has  a  brass 
helmet  peculiar  to  the  SaZii.    (W.  Market.) 

The  Apollo.  Two  fragments  of  a  large  drinking  bowl  (Scyphu$  or  trulla^)  were 
dug  up  at  a  great  depth.  Apollo  seated,  playing  on  his  lyre,  appears  on  one  of  the 
decorations,  and  also  a  lion,  (in  circuitu  brevibus  signisj  with  the  usual  ovolo 
mouldings. 

God  CABinus,on  Samian  ware. — A  figure  actively  employed  at  the  anvil,  evidently 
one  of  the  Cabiri,  Cor  Semones)  sons  of  Vulcan  and  Cabsera,  daughter  of  Proteus, 
who  were  the  same  as  the  IdiEi  Dactyli  of  Phrygia.  Sacred  blacks.iiiths,  whose  mys- 
teries were  confined  to  the  Phoenicians  and  the  colonies  of  that  people,  and  taught 
mankind  the  use  of  fire  in  working  metals.  Sec,  invented  the  Pyrrhic  and  Panoplian 
armed  dances  of  antiquity,  and  were  great  benefactors  to  mankind,  a  sort  of  freemasons 
of  early  times,  greatly  venerated  at  Samotbrace  in  the  Aegean  sea.    Do. 

In  Waterbeer  Street.  A  fragment  of  Samian  Ware,  which  records  a  quoit  thrower 
or  Discobolus,  who  appears  naked,  in  the  act  of  hurling  that  missive— (aerias  libratum 
in  auras,  Ovid)— immortalized  by  the  muse  of  Homer  and  many  other  poets,  and 
which  exercise  was  often  performed  in  the  Roman  circus.  The  other  ornaments  are 
the  head  of  Medusa,  with  its  serpent  locks,  thunny  fishes^  emblematic  of  the  productive 

2k 


136  ANl'iaUlTlE* 

qualities  of  the  waters,  and  a  common  generative  symbol  of  the  Phoenicians  ;  Cis/&  of 
baskets,  &c.  All  of  the  era  of  Nero.  The  figure  of  the  Athlete  is  stiff,  and  evident- 
ly not  a  copy  of  Myron,  or  the  gladiator  in  the  Townley  Gallery. 

Northernhay,  August,  1840. — Several  fragments  of  ancient  red  pottery  were  found, 
on  one  of  which  is  a  beautiful  Bacchanalian  figure  of  a  Faun  or  young  male  votary  of 
Bacchus  naked,  carrying  a  thyrsus  across  his  left  shoulder,  the  right  considerably 
thrown  back  bears  a  lighted  torch  ;  a  light  robe  of  fine  texture  flows  around  him,  pro- 
bably one  of  those  transparent  silk  and  cotton  scarfs  called  muUicia  and  galbana  by 
Juvenal,  Sat.  2  ;  in  front  of  him  a  bunch  of  grapes.  A  rosemary  pattern  adorns  the 
base  of  this  specimen,  probably  a  Roman  drinking  cup  or  scyphus.  The  scene  com- 
memorates the  Dionysia  or  feasts  of  Bacchus,  the  god  of  wine,  celebrated  in  the  night 
with  great  debauchery  and  licentiousness  by  the  ancient  heathens  (omnis  libidinis  et 
lascivice  seminaria)  called  also  Orgia  from  the  Greek  word  opyt]  fury,  because  fe- 
males worked  up  into  a  state  of  insanity  assisted  at  them,  and  Trieterica,  because  ce- 
lebrated with  greater  solemnity  every  third  year.  (V.  Ovid.  lib.  6,  Met.  fab.  8.)  In 
the  Roman  Kalendar  the  feasts  of  Bacchus  appear  to  have  been  in  November.  The 
thyrsus  was  a  Bacchanal  spear  or  pole,  encircled  about  the  point  with  ivy  or  grapes, 
the  symbols  of  the  presiding  deity  of  wine,  for  that  reason  also  called  Thyrsiger,  arm- 
ed with  which  and  provided  with  pipes,  drums  and  other  musical  instruments,  he  and 
his  followers  are  said  to  have  conquered  India  or  perhaps  Ethiopia  only,  in  early  times. 
This  spot,  directly  outside  the  City  Walls,  appears  to  have  been  an  ancient  fosse  or 
moat,  and  a  landing  place  for  rubbish,  for  perhaps  more  than  a  century  and  a  half. 
(Foundations  of  the  Dispensary.)  Plate  8,  No.  6. 

June  1840.  The  Mint,  The  upper  part  of  a  Roman  vessel  or  jar  was  dug  up,  which 
if  not  a  Praefericulum,  or  vase  of  that  description  used  to  carry  the  sacred  lustral  water 
or  other  liquor  to  the  altar,  was  most  likely  used  as  an  attendant  on  the  funeral  of 
one  of  the  departed  Roman  denizens  of  ancient  Isca.  It  was  of  black  clay,  of  Roman 
British  workmanship,  and  of  the  same  materials  as  the  ancient  black  sepulchral  ves- 
sels continually  dug  up  in  this  city  in  company  with  the  red  or  Samian  pottery.  The 
handle  or  ansa  is  broken  oflF,  and  the  neck,  which  is  exceedingly  narrow,  opens  into  a 
curious  hour  glass  shaped  mouth  with  two  apertures  of  a  broad  leaf  shape,  (similar 
to  the  figure  8,)  so  that  the  liquid  could  have  been  poured  out  of  either  when  used  as 
a  spout.  A  similar  double  spouted  mouth  piece  of  a  vessel  of  the  same  material  was 
dug  up  in  the  Lower  Market,  in  I83d — in  company  with  many  other  curious  relics. 
The  one  now  recently  found  in  the  Mint,  was  accompanied  by  a  small  embossed  frag- 
ment of  light  rose  coloured  Samian  ware,  of  the  shape  of  an  obtuse  angled  triangle, 
probably  a  portion  of  the  urn  which  contained  the  ashes  of  the  deceased  or  some  sacri- 
ficial vessel  interred  with  them.*  The  class  of  vessels  called  praefericula,  not  sepul- 
chral, contained  wine  for  libation,  as  well  as  the  lustral  or  purifying  water  ;  from 
them  it  would  appear  the  wine  was  poured  into  the  broad  deep  vessels  called  paterae 
at  the  sacrifices. 

Vinaque  marmoreas  paterS,  fundebat  in  aras. — Ovid. Met.  v.  106* 

•  The  ancient  vessels  found  here  all  relate  in  my  opinion  to  burials,  and  (o  those  visionary  and  un- 
substantial proceedings,  the  ofiferings  to  the  Manes  or  wandering  spirits  of  the  dead  at  the  feasts  cal- 
led Lemuralia  (and  also  the  Inferiae  and  Exequise  or  funeral  solemnities)  attended  witli  numerous 
ceremonies.    Black  pottery  is  however,  at  times,  f^und  in  the  Roman  villas. 


of    EXETER.  137 

The  CRATEft,  in  the  opinion  of  the  learned  Scallger,  was  a  huge  wine  vase  wliich  was 
placed  on  the  middle  of  the  table,  from  which  wine  was  dispensed  in  cyathi  or  goblets. 
A  bronze  vase,  all  in  pieces,  except  the  mouth  and  handle,  on  which  was  the  effigy  of 
a  naked  youth,  supposed  to  be  the  god  Horus,  holding  a  whip,  has  been  already'no- 
ticed,  page  133.  There  were  other  vessels  for  the  holy  or  lustral  water  of  a  differ- 
ent kind,  called  Favissie  and  Futilia,  which  were  large  mouthed,  bat  so  designedly 
narrow  at  the  bottom  that  they  could  not  stand  on  end,  for  which  reason  they  were 
obliged  to  be  fastened  up  to  the  walls  of  the  temples  ;  to  prevent  the  expiatory  fluid 
from  being  contaminated  or  mixing  with  other  matters.  From  this  ancient  custom 
may  have  arisen  the  piscinae  for  holy  water  in  Catholic  Churches,  in  which  the  asper- 
sorium  or  water-sprinkle  of  the  heathens,  to  sanctify  the  altar,  vessels,  and  people,  is 
still  used.  It  appears  on  ancient  coins  in  company  with  the  vase,  secespita  or  sacri- 
ficing knife,  lituus,  or  crooked  augural  staff,  &c. 

In  1837,  a  massy  coin  of  Faustina,  the  younger,  was  found  embedded  in  the  solid  ma- 
sonry of  a  Roman  foundation  in  the  Mint.  The  mouldering  and  shattered  relics  of 
those  days  scattered  about  this  city,  may  excuse  their  being  here  recorded,  "not  mere- 
ly from  superior  excellence  or  long  and  venerable  age,  but  as  the  creations  of  a  heathen 
people  living  under  a  dispensation,  a  moral  economy  and  reason  distinct  from  uurs  ; 
but  whose  noblest  virtues  being  built  on  incorrect  views  and  erroneous  motives,  alien 
from  the  truth,  the  models  on  which  they  formed  themselves  have  long  since  crumbled 
to  the  dust  or  been  scattered  to  the  winds." 

Summary  of  ROMAN  POTTEWs  IMPRESSES  discovered  at  EXETER, 
OF.  CO^ciflO,  Workshop,)  M.  fJ!fan»J  F.  CPeeit.J 
SILVANl  F.  OF.  PRIMI  (tivi ) 

SILVAN.  ajJORAM   (MarcriUus  impressed  back- 

OF.  SEVER!  (VE  monogram  or  ligature.)    wards.)  M  and  A  monogram. 
OF.  MASCVI  (Masculini.)  CIFN.  M. 

OF.MVRRAN.  IflQA.. .  .j(Aquitanus) 

OF.  CRESTIO.  ....  ERF.  and  OF. . .  .RAN. 

OF.  NIGRI.  .ORA. :  and  . .  VR,  (fragments.) 

OP.  BASSI.  ARBO. . ..  (Plate  10,  No.  5J 

O.  DIO.  (officina  Dionysii  ?)  REGVIVES. 

OF.  MODESTI.  -NEhO.  FEC. 

OF.  AQV.  (Aquitani.)  L.  VARIV. 

OF.  NOV.  M.  VINIl. 

OF.  CELA ADVOCIS.F. 

OF.  MO(desti)  MOD.  DIAIXLIMV  (Divixtuli  ManU,   M  and  V 

SVORNTED.  OF.  (NTE  monogram.)  monogram.)  One  of  his  found  at  Albury, 

REG  INI.  M.  Surrey. 

RVTHENl.  M.  NAMILIA  (Cath.  Yard.  A  &  M  monogram . 

S.  ENNIVS.  F.  METO....  (E,  T,  and  O,   monogram  or 

MAR..  ligature.) 

NICEPH  (orus.)  DIOCHV. 

IIXVHM(Qy.  IIXLegioSva.  V  Vietrix.  IVIII  (or  perhaps  IVLLI.) 

H  HUpanica.)  AVSTRI.  OF. 

MARCELLI.VHI.  LIIF.  M. 


138  ANTIQUITIES 

Initial  Names  of  Potters,  on  handles  of  Amphorce,  of  coarse  gritty  composition. 
L.  FO.    Qy.  Lucius  Fonteius,  or  Fontanus  ? 

L.  SL.  P.  (if  any  where  but  on  a  Vase,  these  sepulchral  characters  imply  Locum  sibi 
libertis  posieris,) 

P.  AV.R.  (A  and  V.  ligature.    Qy.  Publius  Aurelius  Rufus  ? 
On  the  flat  handle  or  rim  of  a  coarse  Vase,  S.  VERIVS.  VERANIVS. 

The  name  of  Veranius  was  borne  by  greater  persons  than  mere  potters.  In  Tacit. 
Ann.  14,  we  find  a  proprsetor  of  Britain  of  that  name,  in  the  reign  of  Nero,  two  years 
previous  to  the  great  revolt  under  Boadicea.  He  warred  with  the  Silures  of  Hereford- 
shire, rather  unsuccessfully,  and  governed  this  province  two  years — another  is  ncticed 
Ann.  lib,  3,  as  opposing  Piso.  Verius  and  Verrius  were  most  probably  the  same ; 
one  of  that  name  was  tutor  to  the  grandchildren  of  Augustus.  The  present  instance  is 
however  only  the  name  of  an  artist,  probably  a  Roman  British  citizen,  and  the  vessel 
was  of  that  manufacture,  of  a  light  brovsnor  tawny  colour,  often  found.  A  large 
fragment  lay  about  the  rubbish  of  the  Lower  Market,  and  was  only  preserved  from 
oblivion  by  its  being  thus  inscribed.  It  was  most  likely  an  Urceus  or  Pitcher  for  water, 
if  not  a  culinary  vessel. 

Curious  Signet,  or  Seal  of  Severius  Pompeyus,  discovered  in  the  Gardens  6c- 
tween  the  end  of  Musgrave's  Alley  and  the  Castle  Walls.  Plate  7,  No.  4. 

This  antique  Seal  was  a  handsome  Cornelian,  which  came  into  the  possession  of 
Mr,  Hind,  formerly  proprietor  of  the  house  and  grounds  now  belonging  to  Mr.  Luke, 
Solicitor,  through  whose  kind  attention  we  are  enabled  to  give  the  annexed  plate,  from 
a  cast  which  was  taken  from  an  impression  in  wax,  now  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  Ellis, 
Silversmith,  of  this  city.  The  ancients  were  exceedingly  superstitious  about  engraved 
Seals,  attributing  many  virtues  to  them,  particularly  the  amethyst,  which  Pliny  tells 
us,  if  graven  with  the  name  of  the  Sun  and  Moon,  and  hung  round  the  neck  with  the 
hair  of  the  Cynocephalus,  or  the  swallow's  feathers,  was  an  antidote  to  poison.  His- 
tory is  silent  respecting  this  scion  of  the  house  of  the  great  Pompey  :  he  was  probably 
a  grandson  or  descendant  of  the  noble  conqueror  of  Mithridates,  and  vanquished  cham- 
pion of  Rome,  on  the  bloody  plains  of  Pharsalia.  The  Seal  bears  an  elderly  laureated 
bust  to  the  left,  and  over  the  right  shoulder  is  an  anchor,  which  stamps  the  affinity  to 
the  family.  It  was  a  plebeian  one  and  among  its  branches  were  recorded  the  Rufi, 
Magni  and  Fostuli.  Tacitus  notices  Longinus^  Propinquus  and  Urbicus,  of  this  race. 
There  are  33  varieties  of  coins  known  of  this  family.  (V.  Akerman  Des.  Cat.  vol.  I, 
p.  74)  in  gold,  silver,  and  brass.  Maritime  emblems  abound  on  many  of  these;  on  the 
reverse  of  one  of  silver,  is  a  sceptre  between  an  eagle  and  a  dolphin,  MAGN.  PRO, 
COS.  On  a  second,  the  prow  of  a  vessel,  and  on  another  of  Pompey  is  Neptune,  be- 
tween the  two  brothers  of  Catana  "  his  right  foot  resting  on  the  prow  of  a  vessel,  the 
figure  head  or  acrostolium  in  his  right  hand,"  PRAEF.  ORAE.  MARIT.  ET.  CLAS. 
S.  C.  Severus  and  Seveiianus  were  ordinary  names  among  the  Romans.  Sextos 
Pompeius,  the  gallant  son  of  the  unsuccessful  rival  of  Caesar,  is  noted  in  history  for 
the  stand  he  made  after  his  father's  death,  against  the  victorious  triumviri,  with  his 
powerful  fleet,  but  being  at  last  overpowered  by  the  combined  forces  of  those  great 
Rulers  of  the  ancient  world,  in  a  naval  tction,  it  appears  very  soon  after,  that  an  end 
vtras  put  to  his  prospects  and  his  life.    The  JBmerald  was  thought  by  the  Egyptians 


OF  EXETER.  ^  139 

as  well  as  the  Amethyst,  to  be  of  service  in  interviews  with  sovereigns,  and  to  avert 
hail  stooes  &c.  if  engraved  with  the  figure  of  an  eagle,  searabiEus,  or  beetle  !•  Among 
the  people  of  Cyrene,  these  seals  bore  a  great  price,  and  the  figure  of  a  man  graven  on  one 
of  them,  was  thought  to  be  more  valuable  than  the  man  himself;  Aelian,  Pliny,  lib.  37. 
If  the  proprietor  of  this  curious  relic  in  the  Roman  days  of  Isca,  was  an  officer  of 
rank,  preetor  or  proconsul,  bearing  the  name  here  inscribed  and  recorded,  we  have 
much  to  bewail  the  ravages  of  time,  which  have  left  his  bones  to  dust,  "  his  grave  a 
blank,"  hit  nation  to  be  sure,  but  as  for  his  station,  generation,  &c.  as  Byron  observes, 
it  is  "  A  thing  or  nothing,"  although  a  scrap  like  this,  ''  survives  himself,  his  tomb 
and  all  that's  his." 

Ancient  Roman  Therm.!:  or  Bath,  and  tesselated  Pavement,  discovered  in 
South  Street,  24th  August,  1833. 

The  spot  behind  the  Deanery  Walls  in  South  Street,  at  the  rear  of  the  late  prembei 
of  Mr.  Godolphin,  upholsterer,  which  attracted  public  attention  from  its  displaying 
an  elegant  encaustic  pavement,  adorned  with  crosses,  arabesques,  fishes,  Cthe  vesica  pis- 
ei$)  and  escutcheons,  is  now  indisputably  proved  to  hare  been  an  ancient  Bath,  and  the 
square  flat  ornamented  tiles,  of  which  this  is  composed,  are  clearl  y  of  Flemish  origin, 
and  imported  perhaps  about  the  year  1250,  (the  period  of  the  5th  Crusade)  when  the 
Bath  may  have  been  repaired  afresh,  by  individuals  seated  near  this  spot,  if  not  by 
the  adjoining  college  of  Vicars,  established  in  1338; 

The  flue  which  heated  these  Thertna  was  in  the  wall,  to  the  left,  proceeding  no 
doubt  originally  from  an  Hypocaust,  stove  or  furnace  outside,  and  close  to  it,  directly 
under  the  wall,  and  on  a  level  with  the  pavement,  was  found  a  small  coin  of  the  Low- 
er Empire,  supposed  of  one  of  the  usurpers  (Rad.  ^nd  Aug.)  in  the  days  of  Qallienus, 
but  in  very  indiflFerent  preservation,  probably  placed  there  to  mark  the  original  date 
of  the  walls,  which  are  partly  of  the  Heavitree  breccia  or  red  friable  stone,  and  partly 
of  brick.  It  is  more  than  probable  that  the  Monks,  brought  here  by  Athelstan,  who 
once  inhabited  some  old  buildings  near  the  Cathedral,  following  the  footsteps  of  the 
Romans  in  their  Therm*,  may  have  appropriated  this  bath  to  their  own  use  in  days 
long  prior  to  the  dissolution  of  religious  houses  and  even  their  own  removal  to  West- 
minster. I  submit  therefore  that  these  Tkernue  were  at  first  of  pure  Roman  origin,  as 
Roman  tetserce  were  found  in  great  numbers  on  the  same  spot,  indicating  the  existence 
of  a  lesselated  or  chequered  pavement,  probably  in  the  same  apartment.  A  large 
pavement  of  plain  tessera^  black  and  white,  embedded  in  fine  coacrete  was  uncover- 
ed close  by ;  also  fragments  of  Roman  sepulchral  Urns  of  black  sun-baked  clay,  in- 
termixed with  bones,  cinders,  and  pieces  of  red  or  Samian  ware  ;  on  one  of  which 
was  the  inscriptioo  REGINI.  M.  already  noticed.  On  further  researches  being  made 
great  quantities  of  Roman  Pottery  and  Glass  were  brought  tolight,  but  very  little  in  a 
perfect  state:  of  the  former  was  an  entire  Vase ,  oc  which  was  depicted  the  green  figure  of 
a  bird,  evidently  painted  on  its  exterior,  and  of  British  workmanship,  clearly.  If 
used  for  religious  purposes,  it  may  have  referred  to  the  Auspex  or  soothsayer,  who 
took  his  auguries  from  the  chattering,  singing,  or  playing  of  birds.  Two  pitchers  and 
an  earthen  pan,  with  a  circular  bole  in  it,   of  rude  workmanship,  and  the  iron  part  of 

*  A  ston*  reaembUnj[  the  Sardonyx,  found  on  Mt.  Drimyllus,  near  Euphrates,  was  an  antidote  to 
dimness  of  sight,  and  worn  in  the  diadems  of  Princes.    Pint. 

2l 


140  .  ANTIQUITIES 

some  instrument,  probably  a  large  axe  or  hammer,  were  also  dug  up.  These  vessels 
were,  it  is  most  likely,  the  original  concomitants  of  the  Bath,  for  we  read  that  it  was 
customary,  after  using  the  Slrigilesj  or  scrapers,  which  were  a  sort  of  smooth  curry  combs 
and  flesh  brushes,  made  of  gold,  brass,  ebony,  and  other  materials  (with  which  the  atten- 
dant slaves  skilfully  shampooed  their  custodiers,)  for  the  Bathers  to  be  washedfrom  head 
,  to  foot  by  pails  or  vases  of  water  poured  over  them.  The  Labuum  was  a  great  basin  or 
round  vase,  into  which  the  hot  water  bubbled  through  a  pipe,  in  its  centre,  and  served 
for  the  partial  ablutions  of  those  who  took  the  Vapour  Bath,  and  glass  pots  containing 
perfumes  and  odoriferous  unguents,  or  balsams  of  various  sorts,  were  used  to  anoint  the 
bathers  on  emerging  from  the  Bath,  which  was  generally  performed  by  Slaves  appoint- 
ed for  that  purpose,  these  vessels  being  kept  in  a  chamber  called  El^eothesium.  The 
Hypocaust  was  in  general  a  furnace  under  ground,  the  bottom  forming  an  inclined 
plane,  and  according  to  Vitruvius,  the  internal  side  sloped  gradually  to  that  part  of  it, 
or  prcefurnium,  where  the  fuel  was  inserted,  and  the  flues  all  proceeded  from  the 
back  or  roof  of  the  hypocaust^  which  was  supported  by  a  series  of  pillars,  of  brick  or 
stone,  two  feet  high,  A  quantity  of  bones,  evidently  belonging  to  birds,  was  found, 
a  sort  of  compromise  between  paganism  and  Christianity,  if  we  are  to  suppose  burials 
took  place  among  the  chaos  of  matters  found  combined  with  the  Bath.  On  referring  to 
Saubert  de  sacrificiis  (p.  526,  Lugd.  Bat.  1699)  we  find  that  cocks  were  offered  to 
Mars,  being  a  combative  bird,  and  to  Mercury,  for  vigilance;  also  to  the  Sun,  and  to 
Night,  to  the  Lares,  and  to  Aesculapius.  We  find  on  the  fragment  of  an  inscription, 
PRO.  GALLO.  HOLOCAVSTO.  X.I.Lo  (LuciiConlibertus?)*  Also  hens,  to  Aes- 
culapius, as  good  for  renovating  invalids,  and  those  which  had  yellow  legs  and  beaks 
were  always  rejected.  Of  othei-  birds,  sparrows  by  leprous  persons,  storks  to  Concord, 
crows,  swans,  and  a  sort  of  hawk  called  Perdicoteros  to  Apollo.  Quails  were  offered 
to  Hercules  by  the  Phoenicians,  Flamingos,  bustards,  guinea  hens,  pheasants,  were 
also  sacrificed,  and  the  partridge  was  sacred  to  the  goddess  Pudor^  or  chastity,  as  a 
bird  of  retiring  habits. 

A  Jews  harp,  which  was  a  very  ancient  instrument,  (probably  a  sort  ofsistrum)  and 
sometimes  met  with  in  Urns,  (v.  Sir  T.  Browne's  Hydrotaphia)  was  also  found 
among  the  debris.  The  large  Roman  Pavement  had  been  covered,  strange  to  say,  with 
a  lime  and  sand  floor ! !  which  stuck  pretty  tightly  to  its  superficies.  Polwhele  thinks 
that  bathing  was  fashionable  in  this  island,  probably  before  the  advent  of  the  Romans, 
and  that  the  warm  baths  of  Britain  attracted  the  notice  of  these  conquerors  as  early  as 
the  18th  year  after  their  first  wintering  in  it,  as  noticed  by  Dio.  He  also  asserts  that 
the  vdara  Oepfia  of  Ptolemy,  Thermce  of  Richard,  the  monk  of  Cirencester,  and  Aquce 
Solis  of  Richard  and  Antoninus,  all  at  Bath,  were  indisputably  British  before  the  Ro- 
mans visited  our  shores.  The  nine  hot  springs  of  Buxton,  in  Derbyshire,  also  greatly 
engaged  their  attention,  and  Camden  thinks  they  were  easily  known,  from  the  adjoining 
Roman  Causeway,  called  Bath  Gate,  extending  to  the  village  of  Burgh.  (V.  p.  494, 
Gibs;)  It  is  well  known  that  this  luxurious  nation  devoted  a  great  deal  of  its  time 
to  the  voluptuous  enjoyment  of  the  Bath.  An  excellent  account  of  Roman  Baths  is  to 
be  found  in  the  treatise  or  App.of  FulviusUrsinus,  ad  Ciacconium  de  Triclinio,  Amster- 
dam, 12mo,  1664.  At  Lavatrce  (Bowes)  in  Yorkshire,  it  appears  by  an  inscription  pre- 
served in  Camden  (page  767  Gibson.)  that  Virius  Lupus,  propraetor  of  Britain,  res- 
*  X.  I,  means  one  D^mus,  or  7jd.,  sacrificial  expences  for  cocks ! ! 


OF    EXETER.  141 

lorod   the   Balneum  or  Bath  for  the  benefit  of  the  1st  Cohort  of  tlio  lliraciaus,  in  gar- 
rison there,  after  being  bi.rnt ;  vi  ignis  exustum. 

Sepulchral  Urn,  1885. 

Adsint 

Plebeii  parvse  funeris  exequiee, — Propert. 
A  Roman  Sepulchral  Urn  was  found,  with  two  others  broken,  under  the  house 
of  the  gallant  veteiau  Mr.  Peter  Lisson,  of  the  Acland  Arms,  in  St.  Sidwells.*  It  is 
formed  of  coarse  black  cluy,  baked  In  the  usual  manner,  and  contained  a  considerable 
quantity  of  burnt  bones  nnU  ashes,  deposited  in  it  evidently  after  the  process  of  cre- 
mation. In  appearance  it  was  similar  to  many  before  found  in  this  city,  and  among 
the  bones,  there  were  some  of  the  vcrtehree  of  the  spine,  and  other  osseous  fragments, 
quite  perfect.  From  the  rudeness  of  the  workmanship  of  this  urn,  and  as  well  in  res- 
pect of  matter  as  fashion,  we  might  suspect  it  to  be  rather  Barbarian  than  Roman, 
although  it  has  been  well  observed,  that  we  cannot  well  define  how  unskilful  some  ar- 
tists among  the  Romans  might  have  been,  especially  in  this  more  remote  part  of  the 
province,  where  probably  few  jof  them  besides  military  persons  may  have  settled  at 
the  period  of  the  description  of  Uin  burial,  similar  to  the  one  now  discussed.  In  the 
times  of  Paganism,  the  rites  and  customs  in  religion  must  have  been  disseminated  from 
one  country  to  another,  and  therefore  there  is  as  great  a  probability  of  this  urn  being 
British,  as  of  its  being  that  of  a  Roman  or  Foreign  auxiliary  soldier.  Burning  is 
well  known  to  have  been  a  common  and  ordinary  practice  among  the  Romans,  as  well 
as  interring,  at  Exeter.  There  are  here  no  indications  of  pomp  or  useless  expenditure 
'^  of  wines  and  unguents  in  a  golden  vase,"  such  as  were  used  at  the  funerals  of  the 
great  and  opulent. — The  heathen  who  was  interred  under  the  jovial  hearth  of  Peter 
Lisson,  the  temporary  grave  of  many,  not  defunct  exactly,  although  perhaps  potation 
dead  for  a  time,  realizes  the  veracity  of  a  Young — (Night  Thoughts) 
O'er  desolation  we  blind  revels  keep, 
Whole  buried  towns  support  the  dancer's  heel — 
It  was  a  funus  vulgare — the  '■'minus  molestiarum  funus  taciturn"  of  Seneca  (de 
Tranq.  Anim.,^  like  those  buried  outside  the  Esquilian  gate  at  Rome ;  the  funeral 
garment  was  in  this  instance,  if  a  soldier,  his  military  cloak ;  if  a  civilian,  the  toga  he 
wore  when  allied  to  the  living;  he  was  carried  to  the  tomb  outside  the  walls  of  ancient 
IscA,  according  to  the  law  of  the  Decemvirs,  perhaps  deposited  in  a  spot  then  belong- 
ing to  a  private  family,  and  buried  in  some  part  of  a  field  or  garden  which  lay  contigu- 
ous to  the  public  road.  The  Urns  were  always  placed  near  these  roads,  and  the  Ro- 
mans kept  up  the  same  custom  at  Isca,  as  their  countrymen  did  on  the  Flaminian, 
Latin,  and  Appian  Way  at  home,  when  they  thus  buried  their  comrade  ;  namely,  to 
remind  the  passengers  of  ihoix  ultima  domus^  and  to  preserve  the  most  servipeable 
portion  of  the  land  intact.  Here  then  the  corpus  inane  rogoy  was  consigned  to  the 
flames  by  the  hands  of  pious  friends,  who  afterwards  gathered  up  the  bones  and[ashes 
with  careful  hands ;  here  the  funeral  oration  was  pronounced  over  the  dead,  who  has 
now  reposed  upwards  of  1600  years,  unpitied   and  unknown,  to  be  at  last  exhumed, 

•  Mr.  Lisson,  who  b«lo2igs  to  th«  5th  Regiment  of  foot,  was  at  the  storming  of  Badajoa,  and  in  most 
of  the  other  distinguished  actions  in  the  Peninsula.— His  house  is  famous  for  the  "  Queen's  Ale.  8t, 
Sidwelis  Is  au  extensive  suburb  to  Exeter,  so  named  from  Sativoia,  a  British  Lady  ofgrcat  piety, 
(and  a  martyr)  who  owned  part  of  its  lands. 


142  ANTIQUITIES 


we  say,  uader  "a  beer  bairel  ?"  The  tomb  of  the  departed  heathen  is  marked  by 
no commeraorating  stone;  no  coin  to  pay  his  ferry  over  the  gloomy  Styx,  to  the  "choirs 
of  infernal  inhabitants,"  accompanies  his  ashes.  We  regret  not  to  have  been  able  to 
tell  his  name. 

May,  1836.  RoraanSepulchral  Vault  at  Exeter,  being  an  ancient  Forwia:  or -4n<rMm 
concameratum.  A  Roman  family  Sepulchral  Vault,  seven  foot  square,  arched  over,  and 
containing  five  coarse  strongly  baked  cinerary  Urns,  arranged  in  niches  round  its  in- 
terior, was  discovered  behind  the  Threa  Tuns  Inn,  High  Street.  These  the  finders 
ignorantly  broke,  supposing  them  to  contain  hidden  treasure,  but  like  the  goose  that 
laid  the  golden  eggs,  in  the  fable,  the  Urns  yielded  nothing,  or  simply  bones  and  ashes, 
vacua  et  inania^  nothing  to  assuage  the  living  with  Sir  John  Barleycorn,  from  the 
dead,  for  the  ancient  undertakers  had  even  forgotten  old  Charons'  Fee— a  skull,  empty 
also  of  its  contents,  if  ever  it  had  any,  was  found  at  some  distance  from  the  Urns. 
The  Urns  were  evidently  those  of  a  family  burying  place,  and  were  arranged  in  colum- 
baria or  niches.  The  ancient  Roman  Houses  in  this  part  of  the  Ikenild,  (now  High 
and  Fore  Streets)  were  evidently  quarters  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Via  Quintana,  with 
gardens,  &c.  and  family  sepulchres.  On  the  adjoining  site  of  the  Post  Office  Inn,  the  frag- 
ment of  Samian  Ware,  with  panther,  &c.  was  found,  and  an  unguent  vase.  I  also  picked 
up  a  bronze  Jibula  there.  Nothing  can  match  the  Vandalic  spirit,  which  prompted  the 
wanton  destruction  of  the  Urns  at  the  Three  Tuns,  a  loss  not  to  be  repaired  again,  I 
fear,  in  our  ancient  Isca  ;  prompted  by  gross  indiscretion  on  the  one  hand,  and  the  vilest 
cupidity  on  the  other.  Borlase  (Cornwall,  p.  307)  records  a  vault  8  feet  long,  and  6 
high,  atKerris,  in  the  parish  of  Paul,  the  floor  paved  with  stone,  and  the  roof  arched, 
containing  an  Urn  of  fine  red  clay,  full  of  earth  or  ashes.  Also  at  Golvadnek,  in 
opening  a  Barrow  of  stones,  another  vault  and  a  chequered  pavement,  which  together 
with  the  Urn,  were  broken  to  pieces  by  the  workmen.  In  both  were  coins.  In  1733, 
(page  234t,)  he  notices  60  Urns  found  at  Chikarn  (St.  Just,)  in  removing  a  barrow, 
probably  a  family  sepulchre,  surrounding  a  central  one  finely  carved,  which  alone,  be- 
cause it  was  neater  than  the  rest,  was  preserved,  and  the  others  thrown  away  and 
broke,  as  of  no  consequence. 

1840.  Roman  Urn.  (V.  Plate  8.,  No.  1.)  An  Urn  of  coarse  black  clay, 
was  dug  up  at  the  depth  of  six  feet  in  front  of  Palmer's  almshouses,  Magdalene 
Street.  It  was  of  small  dimensions,  like  that  found  near  Bath  (v.  Musgrave,  p. 
192,)  and  holding  exactly  an  English  pint,  (the  Roman  sextary  nearly,*  and  sixth  pan 
of  the  ancient  congius  or  Gallon)  could  only  have  contained  the  ashes  of  a  child  of 
tender  years,  the  corpse  of  which  consisting  chiefly  of  fluid  and  evaporating  on  the  fu- 
neral pyre,  would  simply  leave  a  small  deposit  of  ashes  or  cinerary  matter,  with  the 

•  The  Roman  Sextarius  was  rather  more  than  our  Pint,  in  liquid  or  wine  measure;  the  Greek 
Sextaryor  Cotyle,  Hebrew  Log,  or  Roman  Hemina,  was  three  quarters  of  a  pint.  The  Hebrew  measure 
of  capacity,  in  scripture  KAB,  explained  by  Josephus  as  Sic-rvig  Sextary,  does  not  appear  till  the  reign 
of  Jehoram,  King  of  Israel,  (2  Kings  6,  25)  about  890  B  C,  anvl  then  as  a  dry  corn  or  fruit  measure  at 
Samaria,  and  about  two  pints  and  5-6  English.  The  Log  (Lev.  14,10)  properly  signifies  that  small 
measure  of  oil,  offered  by  Lepers  for  their  cure  at  the  temple,  and  was,  (says  R.  Kimchi,  and  other 
Jewish  writers)  of  the  quantity  of  six  eggs.  In  liquid  measure,  the  KAB  being  the  sixth  part  ofa  mo- 
dius  or  measure,  and  eighteenth  of  the  Ephah,  contained  three  pints  and  one  third  English.  The  Ro" 
man  Hemina,  singular  enough,  was  marked  with  a  character  the  same  as  the  Hebrew  Lamed,  and 
each  of  their  measures  had  a  distiogu/shing  symbol. 


OP  EXETER.  143 

exception  of  what  was  derived  from  its  bones.  Tlie  three  found  under  Mr.  P.  Lisson's, 
St.  Sidwell,  were  those  of  grown  persons,  and  evidently  of  the  lower  order,  as  little 
expence  or  taste  was  lavished  on  such  funerals  by  ancient  frugality.  That  these  urns 
as  well  as  the  one  lately  found,  were  those  of  Romans,  so  close  to  a  Roman  garrison, 
is  no  obscure  conjecture.  The  HoUoway  without  South  gate,  is  iraagioed  to  be  Ro- 
man, and  the  old  South  gate  itself  contained  a  circular  arch  of  the  Portland  or  Beer 
stone, supposed  long  anterior  to  the  Saxon  times.  From  Izacke  we  learn  (page  144) 
that  the  deep  way  between  Wynard's  Hospital  and  St.  Mary  Magdalen's  "  without " 
this  gate,  was  filled  up  and  paved  inl599,  and  Holloway  repaired  and  levelled  in  1606, 
(8rd  James  I,) 

December,  1836,  Westgate  Quarter.— A  small  Bronze  Figure,  supposed  of 
Julius  Csesar,  about  three  inches  in  height,  was  found  in  removing  some  old  walls.  It 
is  unique  in  its  kind  ;  and  was  evidently  modelled  from  some  ancient  statue  of  note. 
The  countenance  bears  a  young  resemblance  to  the  Divus  Julius,  and  a  laurel  en- 
circles its  bald  head  ;  it  is  covered  with  the  paludamentum,  (a  rich  military  gar- 
ment or  robe  of  purple  or  scarlet  interweaved  with  gold  and  rich  studs,)  or  Imperial 
Robe,  and  wears  the  military  vest  or  tunic,  and  a  sort  oicaligce  on  the  feet ;  the  right 
arm  curved  upwards,  has  the  globe  or  orb,  the  emblem  of  power,  and  the  other  grace- 
fully holds  what  I  should  call  the  perizonium  or  martial  baton,  thrown  back  over  the 
left  shoulder. — Mr.  G.  Carter  was  possessed  of  this  little /core  of  the  perpetual  Dictator, 
and  it  is  now  in  the  British  Museum. 

These  images  were  no  doubt  prized  in  later  times,  when  the  painted  Britons  were 
civilized  by  Roman  conquest,  and  left  their  woods  and  tangling  brakes,  to  cultivate 
the  arts  of  peace,  and  enjoy  the  municipal  rights  of  Roman  citizens.  The  one  here 
noticed  was  found  in  company  with  the  Greek  coin  of  Amphipolis  and  that  of  Severus 
of  Beryius,  elsewhere  described,  I  believe  this  to  be  the  only  bronze  of  note  found 
here,  besides  the  Dagger  Hilt  and  the  Penates  or  little  Gods  at  Broadgate,  in  1778, 
described  by  Dean  Milles,  Archseolog.  vol,  vi.     It  may  have  adorned  a  standard. 

A  Roman  vessel  of  the  class  ^mpwWa  oxGuttus,  used  in  baths  by  the  ancients, 
was  dug  up  in  Market  Street.  It  is  of  Roman  British  manufacture,  and  of  baked 
white  clay,  the  same  material  as  the  fragments  of  Roman  Amphora,  the  Mortarium 
for  preparing  corn,  &c.,  found  here.  It  is  of  a  bulbous  or  turnip  shape,  and  had, 
when  entire,  a  narrow  neck,  that  the  oil  might  drop  out  guttatim,  or  drop  by  drop, 
as  Varro  informs  us — ■*'  Ad  ungenda  corpora  post  lavationem  in  balneis."  V.  A.  Cell, 
17,  c.8.  Libatory  vessels  of  this  shape  were  used  in  sacrifices  to  moisten  the  entrails 
while  burning,  with  oil.  They  were  also  appointed  to  anoint  the  corpses  of  the  de- 
parted ,  and  hence  the  frequency  of  these  small  unguent  vases  in  the  sejmlchres  of  the 
deceased  Romans,  with  lachrymatories  or  tear  bottles,  &c.  This  was  no  doubt  se- 
pulchral, and  had  attended  the  obsequies  as  an  utensil  of  mourning. 

The  Hilt  of  the  Dagger  of  Mefitus,  the  Frisian,  (a  Roman  Pugiunculus  or  Par- 
azonium)  was  dug  up  under  the  foundation  of  the  house  of  Mr.Downe,  Plumber,  South 
Street,  in  1833.*  This  bronze  relic  was  handsomely  worked,  belonging  to  a  corps  of 
■German  Auxiliary  Troops  from  the  Rhine,  as  will  be  seen  by  the  name  of  the  military 
Tribune  who  owned  it,  and  who  ccmmanded,  it  would  appear,a  body  of  Frisian  Horse 

•  V.  Fronilsplece,  No.  5. 

2    M 


144  ANTIQUITIES 

in  those  days.  On  the  under  part  of  it  is  Ihe  iuscription  tolerably  plain,  g .  MEFIti* 
T.  EQ.  FRIs.  [EQ.  thus  Et7.]  Servii  or  Marcii  Mefiti  Tribuni  Equiium  Frisiorura. 
The  dagger  or  poignard  (sica)  was  worn  on  the  left  side,  the  legionary  sword  on  the 
right,  that  it  might  not  be  in  the  way  of  the  shield.*  It  is  here  rather  singular  to  see 
the  Greek  Sigma  used  for  S,  (unless  an  M  transposed,  which  I  think  it  is)  but  we  have 
evidence  from  the  *'alphabetumBoM<eror£i"  (eruditissirai)  that  it  often  appears  in  that 
way  as  well  as  in  9  different  other  shapes  on  ancient  coins.  There  were  ten  tribunes 
in  every  Legion.j  The  Frisones%  above  mentioned  who  now  inhabit  Fiiesland,  and 
were  a  hardy  race  of  soldiers,  were  the  ancestors  of  the  present  inhabitants  of  that 
part  of  Holland  and  Westphalia,  They  are  recorded  in  inscriptions,  but  not  in  the 
Notitia,  and  their  4th  cohort  of  foot  (quarta  Frisonum)  has  left  memorials  in  Britain.|l 
The  ancient  dagger  known  by  the  name  of  sica,  and  called  £y%£ipi^iov  J)y  ihe  Greeks, 
was  the  original  of  the  bayonet  of  modern  days,  and  that  weapon,  now  in  use  about 
150  years,  was  at  first  a  short  sword  or  d'nk  without  a  socket,  and  the  handle  was 
fixed  into  the  muzzle  of  the  firelock.  The  dagger  of  this  tribune  was  probably  his 
Parazoniwm,  peculiar  to  his  rank,  and  buried  with  him  in  his  quarters  in  South  Street. 
In  Tacitus  this  nation  is  called  trans  Rhenanus  Populus  and  trans  Rhenana  gens, 
and  very  often  mentioned,  particularly  respecting  their  frequent  rebellions  against 
the  Roman  power.  It  would  far  exceed  these  limits  to  go  into  their  general  history, 
or  even  what  he  says  of  them  in  his  Germania. 

Butler  in  Hudibras  has  so  humourously  touched  off  the  dagger,  that  we  cannot  but 
subjoin  a  few  verses,  v.  375. 

This  sword  a  dagger  had,  his  page, 

That  was  but  little  for  his  age  ; 

And  therefore  waited  on  him  so, 

As  dwarfs  upon  Knights  Errant  do. 

It  was  a  serviceable  dudgeon, 

Either  for  fighting  or  for  drudging  ; 

Toast  cheese  or  bacon,  thougli  it  were. 

To  bait  a  mousetrap  twould  not  care. 

It  had  been   'prentice  to  a  brewer, 

"When  this  and  more  it  did  endure. 
This  weapon,  of  which  the  iron  blade  was  destroyed,  was  of  the  class  called  Trapafit}' 
piafUrmaJ'emoralia,  et  gladioli  in  femore  penduli  (Julian),  7rapa/A»/pioi/pugionem  ver- 

•  But  In  Alexander  ab  Alexandre,  Gen.  Dier.  VI.  Etiara  Sica  Romanis  frequens  et  pecuUarig 
fuit :  quippe  Roman!  Milites  vfroque  latere  ferebant  sicas,  destrS  breviorem.  Sinistra  Longiorem. 
The  sword  was  t.TO  feet  long,  and  nsed  to  thrust  only,  puneftm. 

t  This  officer  is  denominated  in  Amm.  Marc.  EquUum  turtrue  tribunut,  The  IHsii  appear  on  a 
manumission  plate,  authenticated  from  the  Temple  at  Rome,  where  the  original  was  fixed,  "  in  muro 

Pa.  Templum  Divi  Ro minis,"  found  on  the  Rivilin  near  Sheffield,  as  discharged  legionaries 

who  settled  there,  part  of  Hadrian's  army.  I.  FRISIA.  M.  VETI.  SALIN.  The  plate  gives  the  Em- 
perors' titles,  the  names  of  the  soldiers,  their  commanders  and  services,  also  the  privileges  granted, 
and  names  of  persons  soliciting  the  favour. 

I  COHO.  I.  FRISIN  o(centuria)MA8AVONlSP  XXIII. 

II  The  l8t.  cohort  of  Frisians  was  at  Mancunium  or  Manchester  in  the  Castle  Field.  V,  Camden, 
Lancashire,  p.  7S7,  Mancunium  supp.  Alpark. 


OP    EXETER.  145 

tUPauDns   in   IIi<t.    Miscellan.  /ioroxovrirt  ( V.  Guthcri.  dc  off.  Domii>,  ib.  3, 

Lips.  l'»72  )  Thf  Spaiharia  or  nianufactuiiug  jrlaces  fur  sword  cutlciy  ci  ih?  Ro- 
mans, were  at  Lucca  in  Italy,  and  at  Rheims,  and  Amiens  in  Gaul,  (p  (y'.2,  idi  I  )•  It 
was  customary  at  the  funerals  of  the  ancients,  to  throw  the  helmet,  sw(ud,  swkI  spetr 
of  the  deceased  soldier  into  the  funeral  pyre,  as  in  other  cases  the  ornaments  o»  ihw  de- 
ceased, with  lamns,  lacrymatories,  &c.  If  the  body  was  not  burnt,  the  s.vcrd  which 
was  laid  under  the  head  would  be  found  entire.  V.  Borlase  Cornwall,  p.  23S,  of  Urn 
Burial.  Ilddebrand  Antiq.  Rom.  1713,  says,  minorem  gladium  LalinQ.voco  puyionem 
Grseci  parazonium  vocabant.  The  Parazonium  was  the  badge  of  the  Triounes.t 
The  Dirk  was  a  weapon  used  by  the  ancient  Caledonians,  as  we  learn  from  Dion 
Cassias,  speaking  of  the  expedition  of  Severus  against  that  people.  V.  Xiphilin  Epit. 
Dionis.  72.  The  Mattucashlash  was  the  arm-pit  dagge.-  used  by  the  Highlanders, 
besides  a  pistol  stuck  in  the  belt.     V,  Pennant's  Scotland. 

Keys.    Two   ancient   bronze  keys,  of  curious  mechanism,  accompanied  the  Roman 
relics  in  the  Western  Market  :  they  no  doubt  answered  to  very  intricate  locks,  which, 
could  they  be  now  found,  would  puzzle  Braham*s  patent  to  unriddle.    These  probably 
secured  the  sacred  treasures  or  mysteries  fro.u  the  gaze  of  profane  and  uninitiated  per- 
sons— that  is  if  we   are  to  imagine  that  a  temple  stood  there.     Such  keys  have  been 
however  found  in  burial  places,  belonging  to  chests  containing  Urns. — ^V,   Archeeoi. 
(Frontispiece,  No.  3,    and  Plate  9,  No.  v,) 
♦  FabriccQses  Armorum,  U  run  SrXwv  J>vuioofyo»,  Cedreno.    Tcxwrot  t^  S»Xw.    Isidor.  lib.  1,  c.  13. 
t  MilitisB  dccus  hoc,  et  grat!  nomen  konoris, 
Arma  Iribunicium  cingere  digna  latus. — Martial.  Apoph.,  30. 

An  inscription  occurs  at  tke  ancient  city  of  the  Volsci.^n^ino,  (noted  for  its  Cyclopean  remains.) 
to  the  Goddess  Mephitis,  who  preside.l  over  sulphureous  odours,  damps,  and  exhalations,  MEFITI. 
D.  D.  (V,  J^ionj*^  Viagii  nel  Lazio.)  She  is  alluded  to  by  Virgil,  Pliny,  and  by  Tacitus,  (Lib.  8, 
Hist)  at  Creniona,  where  she  had  a  temple,  and  also  on  the  Sulphureous  Lake.  Amsanctus,  near 
Capua.    Our  hero,  moat  likely,  was  named  after  her. 


^eatherstone,  Printer,   Exeter. 


ADDITIONS  AND  CORRECTIONS 

P.  1,  note,  for  "  Dumnonium,"  read  Dunmonium. 

P.  V,  line  2  from  bottom,  for  "  lales,"  read  latest. 

P.  VI,  line  Sofnote,  for"Ccetera"  read  Caetera.  After  Chiselboro  read  "  near  N.  Pelherton,  So- 
merset." 

P,  XII,  line  15  from  the  bottom,  "  in  or  near,"  read  imagined  in  or  near. 

P.  XIV,  line  16,  "  most  southerly,"  read  most  important  southerly, 

P.  XV,  line  25,  "the  Foss^vay"  read  S.  line  of  Fossway.    Line  26,  "  S  prefix,"  read  S,  prefix. 

P.  XVII,  after  8th  line,  insert  "  at  the  Tuik's  Head  Inn  it  is  very  conspicuous." 

P.  XVIII,  line  10,  for  "  11,"  read  all. 

P.  25,  note,  for  "  signyfying,"  read  signifying.    Ditto  for  "  Trsjan"read  Trajan. 

P.  30,  2nd  line  from  bottom.  Add  "  the  Roman  Aureus  v  aried  at  different  times  from  £1.  4s.  3id»  to 
16s.  IJd.  worth  within  3d.  of  the  English  guinea  at  first." 

P.  32,  line  17,  for  "  a  Hydraulic,''  read  an  Hydraulic. 

P.  49.  Lkather  Money.  For  wheel  money  and  coins  of  Marseilles  (Massilia)  V.  Alierman, 
Manual,  p.  217.  Guillim  (Heraldry)  gives  the  coat  armour  of  Sir  Payne  Rouet,  Knt.  of  Hainault, 
father-in-law  of  the  great  GeofFry  Chaucer,  and  of  John  of  Gaunt,  D.  of  Lancaster,  3rd  son  of  Ed- 
ward 3rd.    Gules,  3  wheels.  Or. 

P. 61,  line  26,  for"  QtJiNARius,"  read  Dkkarius. 

P.  74,  for  "  iEtoUa."  read  ^Etolla. 

P.  79,  line  2,  for  " the  autonomous,"  read  the  autonomous  and  Imperial.  Note  2nd,  1st.  line,  after 
Apamea,  add  "  by  some  now  called  Famiah" 

P.  80, line  6of  note,  for  "  Bithyma,"  read  Bithynia. 

P.  85,  line  8  from  bottom,  add  after  study,  "  it  is  Indeed  recorded  that  Am?hibilus,  who  was 
Bishop  of  Anglesey,  and  suffered  martyrdom  about  291,  A.  D.  under  Dioclesian,  was  a  native  of 
Exeter.  He  studied  at  Rome,  and  was  a  zealous  propagator  of  the  faith  among  the  Caledonians  as 
well  as  Britons." 

P.  89,  line  10  from  bottom,  after  Tetradrachmon  Stater,  add  "  in  intrinsic  value  worth  2s.  7d. 
of  our  money,  the  drachma  being  7|d,  and  didrachmon  Is.  Sjd.** 

P.  92,  line  8,  for  "Flood,"  read  Floud.  In  note,  2nd  line  from  bottom,  for  "  drsssing  "  read  dressing. 

P.  93,  line  19,  dele  "  B.  C."  after  84. 

P.  94,  line  4,  for  "  sons,"  read  son  of  Osiris.  Line  16.  add  •' also,"  after  Provkice.  line  18,  for 
"  Emesse,"  read  Emesa.    Line  38,  dele  "  afterwards." 

P.  95,  line  8  from  bottom,  add  "  Anubis  appears  on  coins  of  Julian  the  Apostate." 

P.  98,  line  12  from  bottom,  for  "  witiiin  o,"  read  within  the  wreath. — Line  11  from  do.,  after  No.  7,. 
( Amisus)  add '  •  3rd  Brass." 

P.  99,  line  18,  Sidon,  for  Bust  to  the  "  right,"  read  left. 

P.  100,  line  13,  for  "  sitting,"  read  sitting. 

TC  I  XC 

P.  101,  line  5,  i — L_r  add  "  these  are  the  characters  on  the  leavened  loaf  used  at  the  Eucharist  of 
Nl  I  KA 

the  Greek  Church." 

101,  line  2  from  bottom,  add  "  Pindar  has  celebrated  the  feats  of  Midas,  a  flute  player  of  Agrigentum, 
and  also  its  chariot  racers.    V.  Num.  Chron.,  Oct.  1840,  p.  78. 

P.  102,  last  line,  for  "  A,  epoch  of  reign,"  read  A,  mark  of  niintmaster. 

P.  103,  line  19,  after  Bezants,  add  "  Gttillim,  in  his  Heraldry,  remarks  that  these  coins  were  borner 
onabordure,  by  Richard  Plantagenet,  King  of  the  Romans  and  Earl  of  Cornwall,  son  to  King  John, 
and  brother  to  Henry  III.  Or,  abordure  Sable,  charged  with  Entoyrt  of  8  Bezants.  So  also.  Gules, 
3  bezants,  borne  by  John  de  Lylde,  18th  Bishop  of  Ely. 

P.  108,  for  E,  in  lines  3  and  4  from  bottom ,  read  "  6  "  Add  "  V.  Achill.  Tatium,  p.  257, £d.  1640." 
last  line  in  note. 

P.  113,  line  21,  for  "  anciVte,"  read  ancilla. 

P.  121,  line  15,  after  dark  blue  clay,  add  "  V.  Plate  10,  No.  7."  In  note,  after  Comastorum,  read 
"  feasts  of  Bacchus,  or  coetus  Baccho  ministrantium."'  For  such  orgies  V.  Alex,  ab  Alex.  lib.  VI. 
Gen.  Dier. 

P.  137.  line  22  for  "  POTTJEB't  Impresses,"  read  POTTERS'  Impresses. 


CONTENTS. 

Preliminary  DissEETATiON,  Page  iii.     Ancl^  .:  Exeter  In  the  Roman  times,  x. 
Roman  Stations   in  Devon  and  Cornwall,  and  their  connexion  with  the  great  Roman 
Roads  or  Military  ways,  called  the  Ikenild   or  Ikening  Street  and  the  Fosseway, 
xiv-xviii.     Additional  Remarks,     Roman  Camp  of  Isca,  with  plate  and  reference. 
Roman  Coins  found  in  1832,  pl9.  Adlocutio,ofDomitian,p20,  Constantino,  minted 
nt  Alexandria,  p  21.   Trajan,  with  Quadriga,  p  24.     Cuneus  of  brass,  p  25.    Delmatius 
and  AUectus,  p  27.     Constantine,  with  Rev.   of  Sun,  supposed  Horus,  p28.    Coins 
found  in  1834,  p  29.    Quinarii  of   Goidian3rd,   and   Maximus,  p  29.     Coins  found 
in  1935,  p  30,     Aurei  of  Nero,  Adloculio  of  Ditto,  p  31.    Claudius,  with  Civic  Crown, 
p  33.     Constantine— Terminaliafesta,  &c.  p  34-35.     Decursio  of  Nero,  p  36.    Gra- 
lian— Minting  Offices,  &c.  p   88-39.      Coins  found  in  1836,  p  41.     Valentinian— and 
notice  of  Lyons  Mint  mark,  p  42-43.    Constantine  2nd — Notice   of  Aries'  mint,  p  46. 
Macellum  of  Nero,  p  47.    Notice  of  Samian  Ware,  p  48.     Coins  found  in  1837,  p  52. 
Annona  of  Nero,  p  52-53.     Roman  bread  and  biscuits,  p  53.      Supposed  communica- 
tion from  Isca,  with  Ide,  &c.  p  53-54.     Constantine— Mithraic  woiship,  p  56,    Roman 
Fibula,  57.    Carausius,  unpublished  coin  of,  p  59.      Constantine,   veiled  head  and 
Quadriga,  p  59-60.    Licinius,  p61,    Probus,  p  62,      Sabina,  p  63,    Coins   found  in 
1938,  p  61.      Dupondius  of  Nero,  p   65.      Theodora,    unpublished  coin  of,  p  67. 
Coins  found  in  1839,  p  68.     Julian,  leaden   Quinarius   of,   p  68-69.      Nuraerianus, 
p  70,     Carausius,  unpublished  coin  of,  p  72,      Licinius,  Quirinalia,  p  73.    Gallienus, 
Quinarius  of,  p  74-75.    Coins  found  in  1840,  p  75.     Severus  2nd,  p  76-76.      Mint- 
masters  of  the  Roman   sra,  p  76-77;     AUectus,  p  78, 

Greek  Coins,  &c.  found  in  Exeter  and  its  neighbourhood,  p  79.  Remote  Antiquity 
of  Exeter  considered,  p.  79.  Roman  Auxiliary  Greek  Corps  in  Britain,  from  Sy- 
ria and  other  remote  provinces — Strong  corroboration  of  Greek  intercourse,  p  80, 
Ancient  trade  of  Dunmonium — Phoenician  trade,  p  81.  British  tin  extensively  used 
by  the  ancients— Discoveries  of  Sir  W.  Bethara,  on  the  Etruscan  and  Irish  Celtic 
languages,  p  92.  Sun  worship,  or  Tsabaism  of  Phoenicians  and  Druids— Ca6iri,  or 
sacred  Blacksmiths'  Lodge,  p  83.  Ancient  trade  in  the  Egyptian  and  Roman  times 
with  India,  p  84.  Working  of  the  Cornish  mines  by  the  Romans,  p  85.  Coins  of 
SidoD,  p  86.  Trade  and  commerce  of  Britons  under  the  Emperors— Probability  ot 
Clausentum  being  then  a  sea  port  of  eminence — Tin  mines  of  Dunmonium — The 
Greek  merchants  superseded  the  Phoenicians,  p  87.  Ancient  Stream  Works  in  Devon, 
p88.  Greek  coins  in  Mr.  Jenkins'  collection,  p  93.  Ptolemies  of  Egypt — God  Anubis, 
05.  Imperial  Greek  and  Colonial  coins,  95-101.  Greek  coin  of  Agrigentum,  p  101. 
Coins  found  in  taking  down  Broadgate,  1923,  p  102.  In  South  Street,  in  Mr.  Gard's  col- 
lection, p  102-3.  Greek  coins  found  in  1834,  (in  Mr.  Carter's  collection,)  p  104-5, 
Egyptian  and  Greek  coins  found  near  Poltimore.  p  105  8.  (In  Mr.  J.  Campbell's  collec- 
tion.) Aurelian  of  Alexandria,  and  trade  of  that  ancient  city,p  108.  Note  on  Oasis  of 
Ammon,  109. 

FiGULiNE  Anticuities,  or  the  Roman  Pottery  and  Samian  Ware  of  Exeter,  p  1 10. 
Great  and  important  use  of  fictile  vessels  among  most  ancient  nations — Generic  terra  of 
Samian— Urns  and  Urn  burial — The  IslandofSamos,  how  celebrated — Discoveries  of 
this  ware  in  London — Great  value  of  crystal  and  myrrhiue  vessels— Sacrificial  pateree, 
simpula,  &c. — Simplicity  of  earthen  vessels  pleasing  to  the  Heathen  deities— Used  by 
the  Gain  or  Priests  of  Cybele— Patera  of  Silvanus  found  at  Exeter  in  1833  p  114. 


CO^TENTS. 

Potter's  Impresses,  Reginusm\(!i  Ruthenus,  \\4>-\5.  Lotus  of  Egypt,  &c. — Sepul- 
chral Urns  dug  up  in  Newer  upper  Market,  p  116.  Great  discoveries  of  Samian 
Ware  in  W.  Market— Cookery  of  the  Romans,  p  117-18,  Lachrymatories  and  am- 
phorae— Large  Patera  of  Niger,  a  potter,  p  119.  Elegant  Calix  or  cup,  and  Scyphus 
or  bowl  of  Samian  ware,  the  workmanship  of  Modestus,  p  119.  Roman  terra-cotta 
Sepulchral  Lamps,  found  in  Lower  Market— Use  of  these  relics  in  funeral  rites,  p  120. 
Eternal  Lamps  of  the  ancients,  found  burning  in  sepulchres — Sacred  ceremonies  and 
Elusinian  mysteries,  how  connected  with  the  use  of  Lamps,  p  121-2.  The  Bronze 
Lamp  found  on  St.  David's  Hill,  1757— Unguent  Vase  and  fibula,  found  near 
the  Post  Office  Inn,  p  122.  Mortarium  found  in  Western  Market — Fragments 
of  patertFy  recording  Aquitanus  and  Masculinus,  potters — Roman  glass  found 
with  Samian  Ware,  p  123.  Potter's  marks  of  Aduocis,  Deiochus,  and  Marcellus, 
p  124.  Roman  Lagena,  Obba,  or  wine  vase— Impress  of  Nicephorus  ;  Gladiators, 
Orpheus,  Fauns,  Diana,  Mercury,  &c.  on  Samian  ware,  p  125-29.  Auster,  a 
potter — Notice  of  a  fragment  commemorating  the  public  sports  at  the  Amphi- 
theatres—Flowers, birds,  &c.  on  ancient  ware — British  pottery,  p  130.  Bronze 
prcefericulum  or  lustral  vase,  p  131.  Rim  of  an  ancient  vessel  deccrated  with  lotus 
leaves — Digression  an  the  Theocracy  of  Egypt — Ilonouis  paid  to  the  lotus — worship 
of  the  universal  deity,  Isis,  p  131-33.  Prcefei  iculuMy  how  used  in  sacred  ceremonies 
—Probability  of  the  sacred  Triad  or  Triangle  mystery  being  understood  by  the  an- 
cients, p  134-5.-  Great  deposit  of  Samian  ware  at  Coffin's  estate.  High  Street — 
Handles  or  ansee  of  amphorcB,  p  135,  Salii  or  priests  of  Mars,  Apollo,  Cabirus, 
Discobolus,  Faun,  &c.  on  Samian  ware,  p  135-6.  Bacchanalian  figure  on  Sa- 
mian Ware,  Northernhay,  p  136.  Upper  part  of  a  Roman  British  vessel— De- 
scription of  different  sacred  vessels  and  Summary  or  list  of  40  Roman  potters' 
impresses,  found  at  Exeter,  p  137,  Seal  or  Signet  of  S.  Pompeyus— Roman 
TAer»i«  or  Bath,and  tesselated  pavement.  South  Street,  p  138-41,  Sepulchral  Urn, 
found  in  St.  Sidwells,  141 ,  Vault  with  6  Urns,  at  the  Three  Tuns,  142,  Roman  Urn,  Mag- 
dalen Street,  p  142-43.  Bronze  icon  or  image  of  Julius  Caesar — Ampulla  of  Ronaan 
British  workmanship— Hilt  of  the  Dagger  of  MeJUus,  the  Frisian  Tribune— Roman 
Keys  in  Western  market,  p  143-7. 


List  of  Subscribers. 

Abbot,  A  Esq.  Exeter  Bidgood,  —  Esq.  Rockbeare  Court 

Abraham,  R  T  Esq.  Heavitree  Bluhm,  Mrs,  Brighton 

Acland,  Sir  T  D  Bart,  m.  p.  2  Copies  Bloxham,  M  Holbeche,  Esq.  Rugby       . 

Akerraan,  J  Y  Esq.  F. S.  A.,  London  Blunt,  Mrs.  Wonford  Hill 

Alexander,  Mrs.  Midway  Terrace,  Heavi-  Blunt,  the  Misses,  3  Copies 

fee  Blunt,  R  Esq. 

Atherley,  Rev  A,  Heavitree  2  Copies  Bond,  Rev  J.  Stoke  Canon 

Balle,  Mr  T.  High  Street  Bowring,  Mr  J.  St.  Thomas,  Exeter 

Barnes,  Rev  Dr.  Exeter  Boyd,  P  Esq.  Baring  Crescent 

Bartholomew,   Rev  J.  Morchard  Bishop  Boyne,  R  Esq. 

Baylee,  Capt  G.  Southampton  Bradfield,  W  B  Esq.  Winchester 

Beesley ,  A  Esq.  Banbury  Brandreth,  H  Jun. F.  S.  A.  London  2  Copic 

Bellew,  Miss,  Colleton  Crescent  Bristol  Institution 

Bellew,  Miss  Caroline  Browne,  Rev  C.  Whitstone 

Bidwiii,  J  G  Esq,  St.  Thomas,  Exeter  Browne,  W  H  Esq.  Lewisham 

Bird,  C  Esq,  Dix's  Field  Brown,  S  Cowper  Esq.  Alphington 


LIST    OF    SUBSCRIBERS. 


Buckland,  Rev  Dr.  C  CC.  Oxon 

Buljer,  Rev  iMr.  Penzance,  2  Ck>pie8 

Burn,  J  Esq.  London 

Burrington,  Mr  J.  High  Street 

Burrington,  Mr.  Q.  Ditto 

Butt,  Miss  M.Heavitree 

Barnes,  T  Esq.  M.  D.  Carlisle 

Cann,  W  Esq.  Exeter 

Campbell,  John  Esq.  St.  Sidwells 

Carter,  Mr  Q.  High  Street 

Chadwick,  Miss  R.  Littleton,  Tipperary 

Chadwick,  J  C  Esq.  Alphington 

Charles,    Sainl    Esq.   Trinity    College, 
Cambridge 

Charles,  T  Esq.  Chillinglon  House 

Clark,  Mr  Jas.  Paris  Street 

Clench,  Mr  J.  Exeter 

Cleeve,  Rev  J  K,  D  D.  Eneter 

Cockram,  Mr  G.  Exeter 

Collyns,  W  Esq.  Kenton 

Congdon,   Mr    J.    Royal   Subscription 
Rooms 

Conybeare,  Rev  W.  Axniinsler 

Cooke,  Jos.  Esq,  Brislington,  Bristol 

Cooper,  P  B  Esq.  Henley  on  Thames 

Cornish,  Rev.  Dr.  Ottery  St.  Mary 

Crabbe,  W  J  Esq.  Heavitree 

Ciewdson,  Mrs  Ellen,  Kendal 

Crewdson,  T  Esq.  Manchester,  2  Copies 

Crockett,  Miss  Frances,  Mount  Radford 

Croker  J.  Crofton,  Esq.  F.  S.  A,  London 

Cross,  Mr.  fore  Street 

Crowther,  P  W  Esq,  Heavitree 

Crooks,  Hon.  James,  Flaiaborough,  Up- 
per Canada 

Crooks,  R  Pilkington,  Esq.  Colonial  Club, 
St.  James'  Square,  London 

Davidson,  J  Esq    Secktor  House,  Ax- 
minster 

Daw,  —  Esq.  Bank,  Plymouth 

Deacon,  W  Head,  Esq. 

Deacon,  Saml  Esq.  Towcester 

Dennis,  J   Esq.    B.  A.  St.  Mary's  Hall, 
Oxford 

Dennis.    Saml    Esq.   Trinity   College, 
Cambridge 

Dennett,  J  Esq.  Newport,  Isle  of  Wight 

Delaraain,  Mrs.  Mount  Radford  Terrace 

Diamond,   W  Hugh  Esq.  F.  S.  A.  King 
Street,  Soho,  London 

Divett,  Mrs.  Claremont  Grove,  Mount 
Radford 

Divett,  E  Esq.  m.  p.  Bystock 

Dillon,  Mrs.  Windsor  Terrace,  Plymouth 

Dillon,  Miss,  Ditto 

Dymock,  Rev  F,  Hatch,  near  Taunton 

Dyraond,  J  Esq.  Devon  and  Cornwall 
Bank,  Exeter 

Dewdney,  J  S  Esq.  Western  Luminary 
Office 

Elliott,  W  H  Esq.  M.   D.  Mt   Rtdford 

Evans,  W.  M  D.  Tipperary 


Elgee,  Capt  R  A.  Lime    Park,  Sidraouth 

Ellis,  Mr.  High  Street 

Ellacombe,   Rev  H  T.  Vicarage,  Bitton, 

near  Bristol 
Ford,  James  Esq.  Heavitree 
Frazer,  W  Esq,  Cheltenham  2  Copies 
Pulford,  Baldwin,  Esq.  Fulford  House 
Fox,  Miss  T,  Stockton  upon  Tees 
Francis,  Mr  J.  St.  Thomas,  Exeter 
Eraser,  Mrs.  Baring  Crescent 
Gard,  Mr  J  R  Jun.  Exeter  2  Copies 
Glover,  J  Esq.  Stafford  Terrace,  Heavi- 
tree 
Gould,  Mr  C.  High  Street 
Gordon,  C  Esq,  Heavitree 
Godfrey,  Major,  Pennsylvania 
Grey,  T  W  Esq.  St.  Thomas 
Harris,  John  Esq.  Southernhay 
HartnoU,  T  Esq.  Exeter 
Harward,  C  Esq.  Hayne  House,  Plymp* 

ton 
Hay  don,  S  Esq.  Mount  Radford 
Hutchinson,  Mrs.  Sidmouth 
Huish,  Rev  J.  Exeter 
Huish,  Miss,  Ilfracombe 
Haffner,  T  P.  Esq.  Heavitree 
Harvey,  Mr  Robert,  Exeter 
Harding,  Major,  Tiverton 
Hill,  Jerem.  Esq.  Bristol 
Kenwood,  W  J  Esq.   F.  R.  S.  F.  G.  S. 

Penzance 
Hellins,  Rev.  W  B.  Victoria  Terrace 
Hirtzel,  G  Esq.  Exeter 
Hurle,  J  Esq.  Clifton 
Hoffham,  Mrs.  Brighton 
Hitchcock,  W  J  Esq.  Exeter 
Haines,  Mrs,  Summerlands 
HoUier,   R  Esq.  F.  S.  A.  Maze  HUl, 

Greenwich 
Hawkins,  W  Esq.  London 
Harvey,  Sir  T.  K  C  B.  Sholden   Lodge, 

Kent 
Harvey,  W  Esq.  Ditto,  ditto 
Harvey,  Miss,  Ditto,  ditto 
H  —  Miss,  Ilfracombe 
Jeanes,  Mr  E,  High  Street 
Jenkins, Mr  W,  St  Sidwells 
Jerwood,  J  Esq.  Southernhay 
Jessop,  —  Esq.  Dock  Yard,   Devonpott 
Johnstone,    W     Esq.   Salutary  Mount, 

Heavitree 
Kingdon,  D  Esq.  M.  D,  Exeter 
Kennett,  Mrs.  Dawlish 
King,  C  W  Esq.  Trinity  College,  Cam- 

bridge 
Llandaff,  the  Right  Rev.  the  Bishop  of, 

Hardwick  House,  Offwell,  Honiton 
Lawford,  Jas  Esq.  Alphington  Road 
Lee,  W  Esq.  Exeter 

Lloyd,  Miss,  Salutary  Mount,  Heavitree 
Lloyd,  Miss  J  A.  Ditto 
Ley,  E  Esq,  Penzance 


LIST    OP    SUBSCRIBERS. 


Letvis,  Mr  G.  Exeter 

Lister,  J  Esq.  F.  S.  A.  London 

Larkworthy,  Mr  L,  Exeter 

Lesm,  G  Esq.  R.  N.  London 

Luke,  G  P  Esq.  Musgrave  House,  Exeter 

Lucas,  R  H  Esq.  M.  D.  Exeter 

Luke,   Miss,   Claremont  Villa,    Mount 

Radford 
Matthews,  Mr  H.  Exeter 
Blills,  Rev  Dr.  Exeter 
Millward,  A  Esq.  4,  Northernhay 
Moore,  W  Denis,  Esq.  Exeter 
Moxhay,  Mr.  Wonford,  Heavitree 
Muller,  Mrs.  Mount  Radford  2  Copies 
Mullers  Miss,  Ditto  2  Copies 
Molesworth,  Miss  A.  Summerlands 
Monteitb,  Arch.  Douglas,  Esq,   Baring 

Place 
Mc  Taggart,  •—  Esq.  Bradninch,  2  Copies 
Mackay,  Capt.  Heavitree 
Millett,  MH  R  Esq.  Penzance 
Miles,  R  Esq.  Homefield  Place,  Heavi- 
tree 
Nichols,  Rev  Mi.  Rockbeare 
Nightingale,  B  Esq.  London 
Norman,  —  Esq.  Stoke,  Plymouth 
O'Dowda,  J  Esq.  Dix's  Field 
Oliver,  Rev  George,   3  Copies 
Owen,  T  Esq,  Jun.  Exeter 
Oxley,  —  Esq.  M.  D.  St  Sid  wells 
Patterson,  Lieut.  Gen.  Sir  W.   K.  G.  H. 

Heavitree,  2  Copies 
Parker,  Mrs.  Whiteway 
Parker,  Miss  C.  Mount  Radford 
Parker,  Jos  Esq.  Ditto 
Peard,  J  Esq. 

Peddar,  P  W  Esq.  Brighton 
Peddar,  Mrs  A.  Ditto 
Pennell,  J  Esq.  M.  D.  Exeter 
Ponsford  J  Esq.  Moreton 
Penzance  Natural  History  Society 
Penzance  Library 
Perkins,  S  S  Esq.  Holloway 
Pretty,  E  Esq,  Gold  Street,  Northampton 
Pilgrim,  E  T  Esq.  Magdalen  Hill 
Piper,  Mr  W.  High  Street 
Pope,  —Esq. 

Pope,  Miss,  Fant  House,  Maidstone 
Roberts,  Lady,  Victoria  Terrace 
Roberts,  C  Esq.  Bickington,  Barnstaple 
Rolfe,  W  H  Esq.  Sandwich,  Kent 
Rowe,  Rev  S,  Crediton 
Roberts,  Mr  P.  High  Street 
Roberts,  Mr  W  T.  High  Street 
Roe,  J  Esq.  Roesborough,  Tipperary 
Roe,  W  Esq.  Rockwell,  Tipperary 
Rudge,  J  Esq.  D.  D.  Hawkchurch  Rec- 
tory, Axminsler 
Rodd,  E  H  Esq.  Penzance 
Rainer,  Rev  G.  Northbourne  Vicarage 
Royse,  W  Esq.  R.  N.  South  Barracks, 

W  aimer 
Scott,  Capt,  London 


Slllifant,  J  Jun.  Esq.  Coombe  House 

Smith,  C  Roach  Esq.  F.  S.  A.  London 

Sawer,  T  Esq.  Bedford  Circus 

Sawer,  J  Esq.  Ditto 

Sclater,  Mr  J,  Summerlands 

Searle  F  Esq.  Devon  &  Cornwall   Bank 

Sheffield,  Mr  T,  Palace  Street,  2  copies 

Spreat,  Mr  W.  High  Street 

Sercombe,  Mr  C.  Exeter 

Stothard,  HEsq.  F.  S.  A.  London 

Smith,  Mr  W,  High  Street 

Skinner,  Mr  J,  High  Street 

Sanders,  R  R  Esq.  Exeter 

Snow,  T  Esq.  Franklyns 

Sheppard,  Major,  R.  A. 

Stuart,  Mrs.  Sidmouth 

Shapter,  T  Esq,  M.  D,  Exeter 

Shortt,  J  S  Esq.  4th,  or  Queen's  own,  3 
copies 

Swan,  Jos  Esq.  Royal  York  Crescent, 
Clifton 

Swan,  Miss,  Dublin 

Swan,  Miss  P.  Ditto 

Sadleir,  W  Esq.   Sadleir's   Wells,  Tip- 
perary 

Sadleir,   W  Esq.  88,    Gardner   Street, 
Dublm 

Salter,  J  Esq.  Exeter 

Sanders,  —  Esq.  Stockton  on  Tees 

Stevens,  J  Esq.  Topshara  Road 

Stuchbury,  S  Esq.  Bristol 

Tanner,  Mr  N  W,  High  Street 

Terrell,  Jas  Esq.  Exeter 

Towsey,  Capt  E,  Exeter 

Tyacke,  N  Esq.  M.  D,  Chichester 

Tripp,  Rev  R.  H.  Exeter 

Tonar,  Mr  J,  High  Street 

TuflFnell,  Joli£fe,  Esq, 

Tonkin,  Sir  W  H.  Chudleigh 

Tothill,  R  Esq.  Heavitree 

Trewman,  R  J  Esq.  High  Street 

Tupper,  F  Esq.  Albury,  Hants 

Tunstall,  Dr.  Dawlish 

Travers,  G  Esq.  Topsham  Road 

Taunton,  G  Esq.  Luminary  Office,  Exeter 

Templeton,  Mr  Jas.  Exeter 

Tanner,  Geo.  Esq.  Crediton 

Terry,  Capt.  Exeter 

Upham,  Mr  J    W  ^_ 

Vidal,  R  S  Esq.  Cornwood  House,  Bide* 
fold 

Wake,  Jas  Esq.  Heavitree 

Wilcocks,  J  C  Jun.  Esq. 

Wilcocks,  J  B  Esq.  Exeter 

White,  Mr.  J.  St.  Sidwells 

Winsloe,  J  Esq.   Elliott  Cottage,  Hoo- 
pern  Villa 

Winsor,  Mr., Cathedral  Yard  2  copies 

Woodford,  Major  Gen.  Sir  John,  Unit- 
ed Service  Club 

Wesley,  S  S  Esq.  Mus.  Doc.  Exeter 

Wigham,  Mr.  Stockton  on  Tees 

YoUand,  Rev  J,  Huxhara 


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