Full text of "Sylva; or, A discourse of forest-trees, and the propagation of timber in His Majesties dominions. As it was deliver'd in the Royal Society, the XVth of October, CI)I)CLXII ... To which is annexed, Pomona; or, An appendix concerning fruit-trees in relation to cider, the making and several ways of ordering it"

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"By the Conncii of the ROYAL SOCI-
ETY 0/ London for Improving of
Natural Knowledge.

OKderedy That the Book^ written by John E'velyn Efq^
Fellow of this Society^ Entituled
STLVA-i Or a Vifconrfe of ForeJi'Trees, and the
Propagation of Timber in His Majefties Dominions : To
which is annexed JP MO N/^ , Or an Appendix concern-
ing Fruit-Trees in relation to Cider, the Making and fe-
veral ways of Ordering it, be printed by John Martyn
and James AUeJiry, Printers to the faid Society.

I 6 d i.

SYLVA

Or A DISCOURSE Of

FOREST-TREES,

AN9 THE

Propagation of Timber

In His MAJESTIES Dominions.

]^7. E, Efqi ~

As it was Delivered in the KOYAL SOCIETY the xv''^ of
oSebeTy CIOIDCLXII. upon Occafion of certain g>u£ries

Propounjlcd to that JUujlr'tms Afftmbly^ by the Honorable the Principal
O^cerSy and Commiffioneri of the Navy,

To which is annexed

P JUO HA OfjAn Affenclix concerning Fruit-Trees in relation to CIDER ^

The Mating and (evcral ways of Ordering it,

Tublijhed by exfrefs Order of the RQYAL SOCIETY.

ALSO

KALEfJDARlVM HORTENSE-j Ox, Card'mrs Almanac -^
DireSing vcbat he is to do Momtbly throughout the Tear.

• ■ Tibi res antu]H£ laudit & arm

Ingredior^ tantoi aufus recludert fonteis. Virg.

LONDON, Printed by Jo. Martyn, and Ja.AUeiirj/y Printers to the Rojal

I be fold at their Shop at tne BcU in S. TauPs Church-yard,

Soeittj^ and are to 1

MDCLXIV.

L ' » 4 it

/ •

TO THE

KI^QJ Moft Sacred <JMJf8STr

Charles the Second.

•lv:j^,.

0%jro whom. Sir, mth equal right
ought I to Trefent this Tuhli^
Fruitof ^ourKor A L So ciRTY^
thentottsKoy3XFOV:JXpS%]
and this Difcourfe of Trees, then to
your Sacred }A^]^diY^ tanquam NEMORUMc^'^'deRfi.
VINDICI ? As of old they payd their Devoti- 3L/.W
onsHERCULI(3cSYLVANO,./«c^.^3'S.
You are our etu i^uit, Nemorenfis Rex , as ha^ NeLjiifJ'
ving once your Temple, andComi too under that ^j'^ ^j""-
Holy^Oak vphich you Conjecrated with your Pre'iib.4.
fence, and We celebrate with jufl Acknowledg-
ment to God for your Prefervation.

'I'ut your Majefty has yet another Title to this
Work, and to all it pretends to * as having (Jil^e
another Cyrus^ hy your od^/j'Z^o^^/ Example, fx-
ceeded all your PredecelTors in the Plantations
which ycu have already made, and now defign, be-
yond (^l dare affrm i(') all the Monarchs ofthts
Nation fmce the Conqueft of it' Jnd indeed,
what is there more Auguft, more worthy of your
Majcrfty, or more becoming our Imitation /* then
whiljlyou are thm folicitom for o«r In ftrudtion,
we furfue your Majefties great Example with
that Veneration which is due to it ? and by culti-

A 3 vaiing

V-^A

The Epiftle Dedicatory.

vating our decaying Woods;, contribute to jour

Povver,^j to ourgreatejl Wealth and S^kty -fince^

vphi/es jour Majefty is furni(h'd to fend forth

mtfamou? ^^^A ^%^^t ^^^ Trojan Horfcs, about this your

Ihevflonf ^fl^"<^) ^^^ ^^^ ^^ f^^^ nothing from mthout it • and

ojiOak, tvhilejl We remain obedient to jour Commands

and great Example, nothing from mthin it : For,

as no Jewel in jour Majejiies refplendent Crown

can render j6u fo much Luftre and Glory as jour

regards to Navigation ^ fo, nor can any thing im^

peach jour Navigation, and the Reputation of

That, yiphiles jou continue thus. careful of jour

Woods and Forefts. I /hall add no more Sir to

This, then to f up flic ate jour Maj efties graciout

Acceptance of mj Obedience fo A Commands

of your SOCIE TY, vpho imposed this Province

on,

sfK,

Your Majeflies ever Loyal,

%^y%\ "^°^ 0^^^/>«f, and Faithful

' ^ ^ 3- SubjeB, and Sernjant

f. EVSLY3^

r^.

TO THE

READER.

iFter what the Frontijpecc and Porch of this
Wooden Ed/ fee prefents you, I (hall need
no farther to repeat the Occafion of this
following Vifcomfe : I am only to acquaint
you , 7 hat as it was deliver'd to the
ROYALSOCIETY by an unworthy Member there-
of, in obedience to thtir Commands^ by the fame it is now
publifh'd without any further Profpc^. And the Reader
is to know. That if thele dry fiic]{s afford him any Sap,
it is one of the leaji and mcaneji of thofe fteces which
are every day produc'd by that lUujirious Ajjembly^ and
which enrich their CoUeSiions^ as fo many Monmnents of
their accurate Experiments^ and Publique Endeavours, in
order to the produftion of real and ufeful Theories^ the
Propagation of "Natural Science^ and the honour of their
Infiitution. If to this there be any thing fubjoyn'd herc^
which may a while bcfpcak the patience of the Reader,
it is only for the Encouragement of an Induflry, and
worthy Labour, too much in our days negle£ied, as haply
eftecm'd a confidcration of too fordid and vulgar a na-
ture' for Noble Perfons and Gentlemen to bufie themfelvcs
withal, and who oftner find ways to fell down and de-
ftroy their Trees and Plantations, then cither to repair or
improve them.

But what fhall I then fay of our late prodigious
Spoilers, whofe furious devaftation of fo many goodly
Woods^zv\di Forejis have left an Infamy on their Names and
Memories not quickly to be forgotten ! I mean our un-
happy 'Vfurpers, and injurious Se<juejlrators *, Not here
to mention the deplorable neceflities of a Gallant and
Loyal Gentry, who for their Compofiiions were (many of
them) compell'd to add yet to this Wafle, by an inhu-
mane and unparallel'd Tyranny over them, to prcfervc
the poor remainder of their Fortunes^ and to find them
Bread. Nor

Yb the "Racier.

Nor was it here they defiftcd, when, after the fate of
that beautiful Grove under Green-wich Caflk, the Royal
yyalk^ of Elms in S' James's Fark^,

Mr. WMtfs ^ jfj^f living Gallery of aged Trees.,

St. James's

P^'^' (as our excellent Toet calls it) was once propofing to the

late Council of State to be cut down and fold, that with
the reft of His Majefties Houfes already demolifh'd^
and mark'd out for defl:ru£tion, His Trees might likewife
undergo the fame define, and no footfteps of Monarchy
remain unviolated. This is a Truth ■■, which coming by
chance to hear of, I fo conjur'd a powerful Member of
it (and one who was to ftrike a principal firoal{e in this
barbarous Execution) that if my Authority did not rcfcue
thofc Trees from the Ax., fure I am, my Arguments did
abate the Edge of it ^ nor do I ever pafs under that Ma-
jeftical Jhade but methinks I hear it falute me as once the
Hamadryad did the good Kinaldo,

7ajJo,Cant. Ben caro ginngi in quejie cjjiofire amene.

Ouejia felva^ che diatt'X.i era fi negrdj
Vediche tutto al tuo venir / allegre-^
E'n pik leggiadre forme e revejiita.

It is from hence you may calculate what were the
Dcfigns of thofe excellent Reformers, and the care thefc
great States-men took for the prefervation of their Coun-
trey, when being Parties in the Boo/)/ themfelves, they
gave way to fo diflionourable and impolitic a ivajie of
that Material , which being left intire , or husbanded
with difcretion, had prov'd the beft fupporc and defence
of it. But this (fay they) was the effeft of War, ;and in
ig^ the heighth of our Contentions^. No, it was a late and

cold deliberation , and long after all had been fubdu'd
to them i nor could the moft implacable of Enemies
have exprefs'd a more barbarous Refolution.

We read of the great Xerxes .^that pafling Conquerour
through Achaia, he would not fuft'er his Army to^ violate
fo much as a Tree of his Adverfaries ^ it being obferv'd

»#'

Uus

To the %eader,

by the Ancients^ that the Gnds did never permit him to

efcape unpunilh'd who was injurious to Groves, tanquam

facros ex vetujiate : What became of Agamemnons Hoft

after his fpoil of the Woods at Aulis ? Hijiories tell us

Cleomenes died mad ; the Tamajfaean Genim became fro- lemejfe.

<verbial '■, and the Mighty C^far himfelf carried (^'iisGrnimade-'

thought^ the malediction of the incenfcd Gauh to his "'*

Fnaeral Pile^ for the havock he committed at Majftlia^

when he fejrd dovyn thofe goodly Oah^ before the face '

of the fuppliant Priejisj and the cnrfing People :

Quis enim Ltfos impune putaret ^^^^ ^^

Ejfe Deos f

But left this be charg'd with Superftition^ bccaufe the
Inflames are heathen •■, It was a more noble and remark-
able, as well as recent Examphy when at the Siege of
Breda, the late famous General Spinola commanded his
Army, not to violate a Tree of a Wood belonging to the
Prince of Orange there, though a reputed Traytor, and in
open defiance with his Majier. To be fliort, we read.
That when Mithridates but deliberated about the cutting
down of fome ftately Trees which grew neer Patara^ a City
of Lycia, though neceflitated to it for the building of
Warlike Engines with them, being terrified in a Vifion ,
he defifted from his purpofe. It were to be vviflied Thefe,
or the like Examples^ might have wrought fome EffeSis
upon the facrilegious Purchafers, and difloyal In<vaderSy
in this Iron-age amongil: us, who have lately made fo pro-
digious a fpiol of thofe goodly Forejisj Woods, zndTrees
(to fatisfie an impious and unworthy A^varice) which be-
ing once the Treafure and Ornament of t\\\s'Nation, were
doubtlefs rcfcrv'd by our more prudent Ancejiors for the
repairs of our floating Cajiles, the fafeguard and boaft of
this renouned Ifland, when Neceffity, or fome imminent
Peril fliould threaten it, or call for their Affiftance i and
not to be devour'd by thefc Improvident Wretches, who,
to their eternal Reproach, did (with the Royal Patriifiony)
fwallow likewife Godsois^n Inheritance j but whofe Sons '^"^^

and Nepherps we have liv'd to fee as haftily difgorge

B them

To the ^Header,

^xtibi fa- them again •, and with it all the reft of their Purchafes^
aorum Fxnas ^j^^^|j othcrwife they might fecurely have enjoy'd : But
w/jre tHo. jj^jg^^^^^^^^^^^ (^nly, and for caution to Fofierity ; whil«
Vatkinor:^- j jgavc the Guilty to their proper Scorpions^ and to their
ndtMet.u. Erifichthonian fatc^, or that of the inexorable Far^bim^

JpfVm. 1.2.

rgonattt. frofiemit Qnercum funeftam quam fibi Nympha
fionorihUsque fufs fecit ~

the vengeance of the Dryads^ and to their tutelar better

Genius^ if any yet remain, who love the folid Honour and

Ornament of their Country. For what could I fay lefs,

* At Wot- 'tm-^^j, and * Wood-born as I am, in behalf of thofe facred

ton in Sur- Shades^ which both grace our Vvpellings^ and proteft oar

"^' -Nation?

But to turn this juft Indignation into frayers^SLndi addrcfs

my fclf to our bctter-natur'd Country-men: May fuch Woods

as do yet remain iimre be carefully Frefer'v'd^ and fuch as

are deftroy'd, feduloufly Repair d. It is what every Pcrfon

who is Owner of Land may contribute tcand with infinite

delight, who arc touch'd with that laudable Ambition o(

imitating their moil: illuftrious JncefiorSj whofe Names we

find mingl'd amongft Kings and Philofophcrs^ Patriots and

V'l.Vttranh.^ooA Commonwealths-Men: For fuch were of old Solo-

de Kerned. ^^^^^ Cyrtfs^ and Nnwa i Licinim fir-named 5"/^/^, Cato^ and

fnrturr^^ li.i. CtncinnatHS , the Pifoes^ Fabii^ Cicero^ Flinies^ and a thou-

dia). 57. i^jj^^ more whom I could ennunierate, that difdain'd not

to excrcife themfelves in thefe Rii/J/V/Viej*, as eftecming it

the greateft acceilion of Honour to dignifie their lafting

Names with fuch Rural marks as have confecrated their

Memories^ and tranfmitted them to us through fo many

Ages and Vici^tudes of the World.

Let none thert fore repute this Indujiry beneath him,or
as the leaft indignity to the reft of his Qualities^ which Co
great Perfons have honour'd and cultivated with that af-
MhIu tmm fe^^ion and ingen uity .

i^arHm Af. The famous Anjrver which Cyrm gave to Lyfander will
mTnu iZI f 'ft^cicntly jiiftifie that which I have faid, and what I far-
p/<f: Cyrus ther recommend to iuch Gentlemen asrefolve to be Flan-
Ocn^txke. '^''^' '^'^' ^^^^^ ^^^^y do not cafily commit themfelves to

noph. the

To the %eader*

fole Pi5/4/ejof their ignorant H/Wj- and Ser'vants^ who yug^cur-
are (generally fpeaking) more fit to Learn then to In- tiHm,\.y.&c.
ftruft. Male agitur cum Domino quern VilUcU'S docet, was
was an Obfervation of old Cato's ; and 'twas Ifchomachtts
who told Socrates (^difcourfing one day upon a like fiib-
^eft) Tihat it was far eafier to Make then to Find a good
Husband-man : I have often prov'd it fo in Gard'ners j
and I believe it will hold in moft of our Country Employ-
ments : We are to exa£l Labour ^ not ConduSl and Keafon,
from the greateft part of them '-, and the bufinefs of
Tlantin^ is an Art or Science (for fo Varro has folemnly 'DeK.Ki
defin'd it^ and That exceedingly wide of Truth, which
(it feems) many in his time accounted of it ; faciUimam'
ejfe^ nee idlim acuminis Kuflicationem^ an cafie and infipid ^

Study. It was the fimple Culture only, with fo much
difficulty retriv'd from the late confufion of an inteftinc *^

and bloody War\\\^c Ours^ and now put mKeputation
again, which made the noble Poet write

Verbis ea ifincere magnum Gcorg.t;

Quam fit^ d^ angujiis hunc addere rebus honorem.

erant
enato-

Seeing, as the Orator does himfelf cxprefs it. Nihil eft ^"''^^f

. => ' , , _,, . 1.1 1 • *««<^ Senate

homino libera dignms \ There is nothing more becoming ra. cic. de
and worthy of a Gentleman. Seneft.

And thus you have in part what I had to produce in
extenuation of this my Ad'venture^ that Animated with a
Command^ and Aflifted by divers Worthy Perfons (whofe
Names I am prone to celebrate with all juft KefpeSis) I
have prefumed to caft in my Symbol •■, and which, with the
reft that are to follow, may (I hopej be in fome degree
ferviceable to /?«/;/ (who e' re the happy Per/ow be) which
fhall oblige the World with that com^kzt Syjieme oi Agri-
culture^ which as yet feems a defiderate, and wanting to
its perfection. It is (I allure you) what is one of the
Principal D.^fe/zx of the ROYAL SOClE^Ty not
in this Particular only, but through all the Liberal and
more ufeful Arts i and for which (in the eftimation of all
equal Judges) it will merit the grcateft of Encourage-
ments y that fo at laft wl at the Learned Columella has

B 2 witu\Y

To the %eader:

wittily reproach'd,and complain'd of, as a dcfe£i: in that
Age of hfSj concerning AgriiHlture in general, and is appli-
cable /jcre, may attain its dcfired Kemeciy and Confnmmation

Fa adP ^" ^^^^^ °^ OurS.

Sjiv'tum ; ' Sola enim Res Rujika^ qux fine dnhitatione proxima, ^
which I car- ^j/^y? confangHtnea Sapienti^ eft , tarn difcentibus egeaty
commcTid to qnam mttgiftris : Adhuc in Scholis Khetornm, C^ Gegmetra-
thefeiious ruffi^Muficorumque '-, Vel quod mack mirandum eft ^ contemn
ou™G£«°r». ptijpf^fomm <vitiomm o^cinits^ gulofths condiendi ctbos^ C^
Et mihi ad luxurtofius fercnld ftruendi^ capitumqne ^ capiUorum con-
u^T ^ime ^^""'^f^^^^ ^^^ folnm ejfe aHdifi^ fed d^ ipfe i^idi j Agri-
vUtturacce- colationjs neque DoSlores qui fe profiterentur^ neque Dtfci-
dere. Cic.de p^los cooito'vi. But thisi Icavc forour Gallants to Inter-
pret , and fliould now apply my felf to the DireSii've
Part, which I am all this while befpeaking, if after what
I have faid in the feveral Paragraphs of the enfuing Dif-
courfe upon the Argument of IVood, it might not feem fu-
perfluous to have ^r^w//e<^ any thing here for the Encou-
ragement of fo becoming an Induftry : Let me be per-
mitted to fay, There is fufficient for InftruBion^ and more
then is extant in any ColhSiion whaifoever (abftt -verba in-
i>id/a) upon this fubjeSl ', abftraf^ing things FraSiicabhy
of foiid ufe, and material, from the O^entati'm and im-
pertinences of Writers ; who receiving ail that came to
hand on truft, to fwell their monftrous Volumes, have
hitherto impos'd upon the credulous JVorld^ without con-
fcience or honefty. I willnot exafperate the Adorers of our
ancient and late Naturalifts, hy repeating of what our Veru-
lam has juftly pronounc'd concerning their Khapfodies(bc-
caufe I likewifc honor their painful Endea-vours-Sii^d am ob-
liged to them for much of that I know)nor will [(w^'' fome)
reproach Pliny, Porta,Cardan,Mi'i.aldm,Curfrm, and many
others of great "Names (whofe Writings I have diligently
confulted) for the Knowledg they have imparted to me on
this Occalion \ but I muft deplore the time which is ^for
the moflpart^ fo mifcrably loft in purfuitof their Specu-
lations, where they treat upon this Argument : But the
^<?rWisnowadvis'd, and (blc/Ted be 6^f/) infinitely re-
d -em'd from that bale and fcrvile fubmitlion of our
nobleft Faculties to their blind Traditions. This, you

will

To the Reader,

will be apt to fay^ is a haughty Period •■, but whiles I af-
firm it of the f^?/?, it juftifies and does honor to the Fre-
fent Indu/lry of our Age^ and of which there cannot be
a greater and more emulous Injiance, then the Paffion of
His Majejiy to encourage His SithjeSis in all that is lauda-
ble and truly emolumental of this nature.

It is not therefore that I here prefume to infiruft Him
in the management of that great and auguft Enterprife of
refolving to Plant and repair His ample F(?re^j-, and other
Magazines of Timber^ for the benefit of His KoyalNa'vy,
and the glory of His Kingdoms ; but to prefent to His
Sacred Perfon^ and to the Worlds what Ad'vifes I have
received Irom others, obferved my felf^ and mojft Indu-
ftrioufly ColleSied from a ftudious propcnfity to ferve as
one of the leaft Intelligences in the ampler Orb of our Illu-
firious Society, and in a fVor1{^ Co Important and Necef*
faiy.

f.E.

SYLVA:

Amico charifsimo fohanni Evetyno Armfgero^

e Societate Regali Londini. J. BeaIe,»S'. P. P.

In Sylvam.

FAre age quid cauf^ eft quod tu Sylveftria fangii^
Inter Sylvanos, capripedefque Dcos ?
Inter Hamadryadas Utfis^ Dryadafque pudicas,

Cum tna Cyrrhseis fit Chelys apt a modk !
Scilicet hoc cecinit MHmerofus Horatius olim,

Scfiptorum Sylvam quod C horns Omnis amat.
Eft locus ille Sacer Mufis^ ^ Apollinc dignuSy

Prima dedit Snmmo Tcmpla Sacranda Jovi.
Hinc qnoque nunc Fontem Pontus non rejpuit ingenf,

Stringitur Occ3Lnus^ corripitHrqneSalum.
Hinc no<VHS Hcfperiis emerfit mundhs in oris^ Gm.i.c.i".

Effudttque auri flnmina larga probi.
Hinc exnnda'vit diflento Copia cornu,

Qualem ^ Amalthaeac non habuere fmus,
Sylva tibi curde eji^ grata (^ Pomona refundit

Auriferum^ rofennt^ purpHrcHmque nemus.
lUa famcmqne fitimquc abigens expirat odores^

Qudles nee Medus, nee tibi mittit Arabs.
Ambrofiam pr^bent modb coSla Cydonia, Tantnm

Comprime, NeSiareo poma liquore fluunt.
Progredere^ O ScEcli Cukor memorande futuri,

Ftf/ix Horticolam fie imitereGenm.

A TABLE Of the C H A P T E R S.

S Y L V A.

CHAP. Pag.

Introdu&ion. I

i' of the Seed. 4

2 Of the Seminary. i 6

3 Of the Oak, .r; ^

4 (y/^e £/z». 16

5 Of^Ae 5eef^. 20

6 OftheAp. 22

7 Of the chef -mt. 24

8 Of the Wall-nnt. 25
^9 Of the Service. 28
-10 OftheAIaple. 28

II of the Sycamore. 29

■12 of the Horn-beam. 29

13 of the Lime-tree. ' 30

14 of the ^ick-heam. 31
150/ the Birch. 32
160/ //le H^Je/. 34

17 0//Ae Ptfjp/<«r. 36

18 Of the Alder. 38
190/ ^^e W^V^/^j Sallovp^ 0%ier^

and Willovp. 3 9

20 Of Fences, ^ickrfets^Scc. /^$
'21 Of the Fir, Pine, FinaUer,
Pitch-tree,Si.c. 5 r

22 Of the Larch, plat anus, Lo-
tus, ^c. 57
"2^ of the Cypref-tree, and Ce-
dar. 58
240/ the Cork^, Mater nuf, Phi l-
lyrea, Granad, Myrtil, Jaf-
mine,Si.c. 62
250/ the Acacia ^Arbutus, Bays,
Box^ Eugh, Holly, Juniper, and
Laurel-trees. 64

26 of the Infirmities of trees. 6%

27 of Copfes. 71

28 of Pruning. 73

29 Of the Age, Stature, and Fel-
ling of Trees. 78

^O Of Timber, the Seajoning and
vjes ^ and of Fuel. 93

3 1 Aphorifms5<?r certain general
Praecepts, ofufe to the forego-
7»g Chapters. 105

3 2 Of the Laws d«c? Statutes/<?r
the Prefervation and Im-
provement o/Woodsj&c.io/

CHAP. Pag-

jAe Paranejis andConcluftou,

P O M O N A.

CHAP. Pag.

The Preface. \

1 of the Seminary, 5

2 Of Stocks^ . -7
^ Of Graffs and Inpions. 8

4 Of Variety and Jmpr0vementt,

5 Of *^e P/rff e <?»«/ Or^er. 1 5

6 OfTran^lanting and Difiance,

7 Of Fencing. 18

8 0/ Pruning , rf»«/ //"e »/e ^

Fruit-Trees. 19

CIDER.

Aphorifms concerning Cider ^
j^. Beale. 21

sir Paul Niele'j Difcourjl of Ci-
der. 30

Obfervations concerning the Ma-
king and Prefer ving of Cider,
by John Newburgh, EJ^', 41

Concerning Cider, by D^ Smith.

Of Cider, by Capt. Taylor. 47

KALENDARIUM HORTENSE.
Introdu&ion. 55

'January. 58,59

February. 60, 6 1

March. 67,6^

April. 64365

May. 66, 6 J

June. 68, 6^

July. 70,71

AuguB. 72,73

September. 74, 75

ottober. 76, 77

November. 78, 79

December. 80, 8 1

tAc Catalogue <?/ Plants,c^£'. ifo
/»e7^^ into the Conferve, or
othermje defended in Winter.

SYLVA:

DISCOURSE

O F

Foreft-Trees,

AND

The Propagation of Timber in His MAJESTIES

Dominions, c^c.

Tuque ades^ incepiumque una decurre laborettt.,
decits^ b fam<£ merito pars maxima nojir^e
C AKOLI D E^ pelagoq'^ <volans da 'velapetenti :
Dafacilem curfnm^ at que audacibHS annuc coeptis :
Ig navofque 'V ict mecum miferatm a^rejies'
Ingredere^ ^ 'votis jam nunc ajfuefce 'vocari.

The Introduction.

Ince there is nothing which feems more fatally j^roJH&ion,
to threaten a WeaEning, if not a Diflblution
of the ftrength of this famous and flourilhing
Nation^ then the fenfible and notorious de-
cay of her fVooden-Tvalls, when either through
timCy negligence, or other accident, t\\c prefent
N^z^ftiall be worn out and impair'd ^ it has
been a very worthy and fcafonable Advertifement in the Honour-
able the principal officers and Commijjioners, what they have late-
ly fuggefted to this Illujiriottf Society, for the timely prevention
and redrefs of this intollcrablc defedt. For it has not been the late
increafe ofshipping alone, the multiplication of Glaf?-vpork.fi Iron-
Furnaces, and the like, from whence this im-politick diminution
of our Timber has proceeded j but from the difproportionatc

B fpreading

A Difcourfe of Forefl-Trecs.

fpreading o^THUge, caufed through that prodigious havock made
by fuch as lately profeffing themfclves againfc Root and Braaeh
Ceith^r to be rc-imbaurs'a of their holy purchafes, or £ot Ibme
other fordid refpeft ) were tempted , not only to fell and cut
down, but utterly to grub up, demolifh, and raze, as it were,
all thofe many goodly iVoeds^ and Forejis^ which our morepru-
^ent Aftcejiorslek ftanding, for the Ornament, and ferviceof thdr
Country. And this devaftation is now become fo Epidemical, that
unlefs fome favourable expedicMt offer it felf, and a way be fe-
rioufly, and fpeedily r^fol/d upon,for the future repair of this im-
portant ^/c/«5?, one of the mort glorious, and confiderabic Bml-
tparks oi this Nation, will, within aihorttime be totally wanting

to it.

2. To attend now afpontaneousfupply of thefe decay'd M-itc
r/4/j (which is the vulgar, and natural way) would coft(beiide$
the Inclofure) fome entire jiges repofe of the Ploiv : Therefore,
the moft expeditious, and obvious Method, would (doubtlefs) be
by one of thefe two ways. Sowing, or Planting. But, firft, it will
be requifite to agree upon the Speciet i as what Trees are likely to
be of greateft Vfe, and the fittcft to be cultivated j and then, to
copfider of the Manner how it may beft be effefted. Truly, the
Tvajie, and dejiruilian of our Woods, has been fo univerfal, that I
conceive nothing left then an univerfal Plantation of all the forts
o{ Trees will fupply, and well encounter the defed 5 and there-
fore, I (hall Acre adventure tofpeak fomething in general of them
all -J though I chiefly infift upon the propagation of fuch only as
foemtobe the moft wanting, and ferviceable.

3. I diftribute them, therefore, into thefe two Clajfes, the Drj^
and the Aquatic-^ both of them applicable to the fame civil ufes
of Building, Vtenftls, Ornament and Fuel 5 for to dip into their
Medicinal vittues is none of my Province.

Among the drj/,l efleem the more principal, and folid, to be the
Oak^, Elnte, Beech, Ajh, Chefs-nut, Wall-nut, &c. The lefs princi-
pal, x!^e Service, Maple, Lime-tree, Horn-beam, ^ick:beam,Bircb^
Hafel,&c. together with all their jaA-tf/^^rWiir^e, and feveral kinds.

Sed neque qukm piultae^ecies, tiec nomina qtue {int
Ejinumeritf, Geor.

Of the Aquatical, I reckon the Poplars, Ajp, Alder, Willow, Sal-
low, Ofier, e^c. Then I (hall add a word or two, for the encou-
ragement of the planting of Fruit-trees , together with fome lefs
vulgar, but no lefs ufefulTrecs, which, as yet are not endenizon'd
amongfV us, or (at leafV) not much taken notice of : And in purfu-
ance hereof, I fhall obferve this order ; Firit, to fliew how they
are to be Raifed,and then to be Cultivated : By Raiftng,\ underftand
the Seed and the Soil ^ by Culture the Planting, Fencing, Waterings
DrejfiMg, Pruning and Cutting -, of all which briefly.

And

A Dlfcourfe of Foreft-Trees. g

And firft for thdr Raijf»g, (bme there are

— — — tiullk hominttm cogentibus^ipfa

Sfonte fita vettiunt Specifying according to the various

difpofition of the Air^ and Soil.

Tars autem pqfito furgttnt defemine. As the Oak^^ Chef-tJUtj
Ajb^&c.

Pullnlat ab rddice aim denfijjima Sylvd. As the i.lme^ AU
Jer, &c. and there are others

Hilradicis egent Growing without any fuch Roots^

as Willovps 3 and all the Vimineous kinds , which are raifed of
Sets only.

Hos tiatura modes primut^ dedit — ■ — For thus we fee there are
more ways to the PFood then one 5 and Nature has furnifti'd us with
Variety of expedients.

4. But it has been flifly controverted by fbme, whether were
better to raife Trees for Timber^ and the like ufes, from their
Seeds and firft Rudmentsj or to TranjplafJt fuch as we find have
either rais'd themfelves from their Seeds^ or fpring from the Afo'
tbcr-roots. Now, that to produce them immediately of the Seed
is the better way, thefe 2fe<«/tf»j may feem to evince.

Firfi^ becaufe they take fooneft. Secondly^ bccaufc they make
the ftraighteft, and moft uniform (hoot. Thirdly, becaufe they
will neither xgc^xxwq fiaki»g, nor watering (which are two very
confidcrable Articles') and lafily, for that all tranf^lantitig (though
it much improve Fruit'trees)\xT\\e& they are taken up^he firft
Year, or two, is a confidcrable impediment to the growth of Ftf-
reji-trees. And, though it be true that divers of thofe which are
found in Woods, efpecially Oaklings, young Beeches, Afh, and fbme
others, fpring from the (elf-fown mafi and k^ys j yet, being for
the moft part dropp'd, and difleminated amongft the half-rotteri
fticks, mufty leaves, and perplexities of the mother-roots, they
grow fcraggy ^ and being over-dripp'd become fqualid and moi-
fie, which checks their growth, and Caufes them to dwindle :

Crefcentique adimttnt fetus ^ nrMtitqueferentem,

Nor can their roots expand, and fpread themfelves as they would,
do if they were fown, or had been planted in a more open, free,
and ingenuous Soil. And that this is fo, I do affirm upon Expe-
rience, that an Acorn fown by hand in a Nurfery, or ground where
it may be free from thefe encumbrances, ftiall in two or three
Years out-ftrip a Plant of twice that age, which has either been
fclf-fown in the Woods, or removed 5 unlefs it fortune, by fbme
favourable accident, to have been fcatter'd into a more natural,
penetrable, and better qualified place : But this difproportion is
yet infinitely more remarkable in the Tine, and the Wall-nut-tree,
where the Nut fet into the ground (hall certainly overtake a Tree
of ten years growth which was planted at the fame inftant 5 and
this is a Secret fo generally mif-reprefented by moft of thofe who
have treated of thefc Ibrt of Trees, that I could not fuffer it to

C 3 pafs

Seed.

A Difconrfe ef Foreft-Trees.

pafi over without a particular re/ftarkh fo as the noble Poet (with
pardon for receding from fo venerable Authority) was certainly
miftaken, when he delivers this obfervation as nniverfal^ to the
prejudice of Sowirtg, and raifing Woods from their Rudiments :

Ham qu£ feminibus ja£tk fe fufiulit arbos -

Tarda venit^ ferkfa&uranepotibm nmbram.

Geor. /. 2.

CHAP. I.

Of the Seed.

I. T^Utto commence with the Method ^xo^o^'di : Chufe your
JTj S^^<^ of that which is perfeftly mature , ponderous and
found -^ commonly that which is eafily (haken from the boughs,
or gathered about November^ immediately upon its fpontaneous
fall, is beft, and does (for the moft part) dired to the proper fea-
fon oi interring^ &c. according to the Ivjiitution of Nature her felf :

Namjpecimenfationif, C^ infitionis origo
tpfafuit rerumprimnm naturacreatrix :
Arboribus quoniam bacc£^glandefque caducs
Tempejiiva dabant puUorum examinafubter^ €^c.

Lucret./. 5.
Yet this is to beconfider'd, that if the place you. few in be too
cold for an Autumnal femination, your Acorns, Maji, and other
Seeds may be prepared for the Vernal by being barrell'dj or pot-
ted up in moift Sand or Earth firatum S. S. during the Winter ; at
the expiration whereof you will find them Jr^w^c*^, and being
committed to the Earth, as apt to tak^ as if they had been fown
with the moft early : by this means, too, they have efcaped the
Vermtne (which are prodigious devourers of Winter fowing) and
will not be much concern'd with the increafing heat of the Sea-
fon^ as fuch as being crude, and unfermented are newly fown in
the beginning of the Spring 5 efpecially in hot and loofe
Grounds ^ being already in fo fair a progrefs by this artificial pre-
paration 5 and which (if the provifion to be made be very great)
may be thus manag'd. Chufe a fit piece of Ground, and with
boards (if it have not that portion of it felf) defign it three foot
high j lay the firft foot in fine Earth, another of Seeds, Acorns,
Maji, Keys , Huts , Haves , Holly-berries, ^c. promifcuoufly , or
feparate, with (now, and then) a little Mould fprinkled amongft
them ; The third foot wholly Earth : Of thefe preparatory Maga-
7.ines make as many, and as much larger-ones as will ferve your
turn, continuing it from time to time as your Jiore is brought in.
The fame may youalfo do by burying your Seeds in Sand, Barrel-
ling

A Difcmrfe of Foreft-Tree«.

Uftg them (lis Ifaid)in Tuh, or laid in heaps in (bme deep Cel/ar
where the rigour of the Winter may leaft prejudice them ; and I
have fiU'd old Hampers ^ Bee-hives^ and Boxes with' them, and
found the like advantage, which is to have them ready for your
Seminary, as before hath been fliew'd, and exceedingly prevent
the feafon.

2. But to purfuethis to fome farther Advantage , as to what
concerns the eledion of your Seed , It is to be confider'd, that
there is vaft difference in Trees even of the lame growth and bed^
which I judge to proceed from the variety and quality of the
Seed : This, for injiance^ is evidently feen in the heart, procerity
and ftature of T/w/'cr ^ and therefore chufenot your Seeds sXvjzys
from the moft Fruitful-trees, which are commonly the moft y^ged^
and decayed 5 but from fuch as are found mo(tfolid and fair :
Nor, for this reafon, covet the largeft Acorns, ^c. (butasH«J^
band-men do their Wheat) the moft weighty , clean and bright :
This Obfervation we deduce from Fruit-trees, which we leldom
find to bear lb kindly, and plentifully, fiom a found ([ock^ Jmooth
Rind, znd firm Wood, as from a rough, lax, zndnntovpardTreQ^
which is rather prone to fpend it felf in Fruit, the ultimate effort,
and final endeavour of its j'moft delicate Sap, then in Iblid and
clokfuhjiance to encreafe the Timber. And this fhall fuflice,
though fbme haply might here recommend to us a more accurate
Microfcopical examen, to interpret their moft fecret Schematifmes^
which were an over nicity for thefe great Plantations.

9. As concerning the medicating, and infuccation of Seeds, or
enforcing the Earth by rich and generous Compojis, d^c for Trees
of thefe kinds, lam no great favourer of it; not only, becaufe
the charge would much dilcouragethe Workj, but for that we find
it unnecefTary , and for moft of our t'oreji-trees, noxious 5 fince
even where the Ground is too fertile, they thrive not fb well 5 and
if a Mould be not proper for one fort it may be fit for another t
Yet I would not (by this) hinder any from the trial, what advance
fuch Experiments will produce : In the mean time, for the fimple
Imbibition o( (bme Seeds and Kernels, when they prove extraor-
dinary dry, and as the Seafon may fall out, it might iiot be amifs
to macerate them in Milk, , or Water only, a little impregnated with
Covp-dung, d^c. during the fpace of twenty four hours, to give
them ajpirit to fprout, and chet thefboner 5 efpecially, if you have
been retarded in your forcing without our former preparation.

4. Being thus provided with Seeds of all kinds, I would ad-
yife to raife Woods by fowing them apart, in feveral places deftin'd
for their growth, where the yI/(7«/^ being prepar'd(as I fhall fbew
hereafter) and lb qualified (if eleftion may be made) as beft to
fuitwith the nature of the .y/jem/, they may be {own promijcuoufiy, '
which is the moduatural and Rural j or inftraight and even lines,
for Hedge-rows, Avenues, and Walks, which is the more Ornamen-
tal : But becaufe fome may chufe rather to draw them out of
Nurjeries ; that the Culture is not much different , nor the hin-
derance confiderable (provided they be early, and carefully Re-
moved)

A Difcourfe of Forcft-Trees.

moved) I will finifh what I have to fay concerning thefc Trees
in the Seminary , and (hew how they are there to be Raifed^
Tra»Jblaf/ted, and Govern d till they can (hift for themfelves.

CHAP. II.

Of the Seminary.

I, /^^ViVineam^ ml Arbtijiumcoitfiituere volet ^ Seviwariafriui
Semtr-y. V.^/'*^^''^ delehit , was the precept of Columella, l.^.c^.
fpeaking of Vineyards and Fruit-trees : and, doubtlefs, we cannot
purfue a better Courfe for the propagation of Timber-trees : For
though it fecm but a trivial defign that one ftiould make a Nurfery
of Forejiers 5 yet is it hot to be imagin'd, without the experience
of it, what prodigious Numbers a very CmaWjpot of Ground well
Cultivated, and deftin'd for this purpofe would,be able to furnifh
towards the fending forth of yearly Colonies into all the naked
quarters of a Lordjhip, or Demeafnes ^ being with a pleafant In-
dujiry liberally diftributed amongft the Tenants^ and difpos'd of
about the Hedge-rovps,2itidiOt\itr tVajie^za^. uncultivated places, for
Timber, Shelter, Fuel, and Ornament, to an incredible Advantage.
This being a cheap, and laudable Work, of fo much pleafure in
the execution, andfo ccvtamproft in the event 5 to be but once
•well done (for, as I affirm'd, a very fmall Nurfery will in a few
Years people a vaft extent of Ground) hath made me fometimeJ
in admiration at the univerfal negligence.

^ 2 . Having therefore made choice of (bme fit place of Ground,
vfcM Fenced, veUpcding the South-eaji, rather then the full .S^«M,
and well protcded from the North and Weji , let it be Broken uf
the Winter before you fow, to mellow it, efpecially if it be a Clay,
and then the furrow would be made deeper 5 or fo, at leaft, a«
you would prepare it for Wheat : Or you may Trench it with the
Spade, by which means it will the eafier be cleanfed of whatfo-
ever may obftruft the putting forth, and infinuating of the ten-
der Roots : Then having given it a Cecondjiirring, immediately
before you fow , caft, and difpofe it into Ril/s, or fmall narrow
Irenches of four, or five inches deep, and in even lines, at two foot
interval, for the more commodious Runcation, Harving, and dref-
fing the Trees : Into thefe Furrows ( for a Confeminea Sylva )
throw your Oak_, Beech, Jp, Nuts, all the Glandiferous Seeds,
Mafi, and Key-bearing kinds, fo as they lye not too thick, and then
cover them very well with a Rak§, or fine-tooth'd Harrow, as they
do for Feafe : Or, to be more accurate, you may fet them as they
do Beans (efpecially, the Nuts and Acorns) and that every
Species by themfelves, which is the better way : This is to be done
at the latter end of October, for the Autumnal fowing , and in the
lighter ground, about February for, the Vernal.

3. Your f/<i«^/ beginning now to peep Ihould be earthed up,

and

A Difcomfe of Forcft-Trees|?;^ .

and comforted a little ^ efpecially, after breaking of the greatet
frofis^ and when the fweliing mould is apt to fpue them forth ,
but when they are about an inch above ground you may, in a
moifi fesiioni draw them up where they are too thic^^ and fet
them immediately in other lines, or Beds prepared for them j ot
you may plant them in double fojjer, where they may abide for
good and all , and to remain till they are of a competent ftature
to be Iran^lanted ^ where they Ihould be fet at liich difiances as
their feveral kjnds require ; but if you draw them only for the
thinning of your Seminary^ prick them into fbme empty Beds at
one foot mtvrval, leaving the reft at two or three.

4. When your -See^^/z/Tg/ have ftood thus till ^'"^e, beftowahalf
digging upon them, andfcattera little /««»g^, half rotten L/^fer,
Fearn^ Bean-hame, or old Leaves^ among them, to preferve the
Roots from fcorching , and to entertain the moifture ^ and then
in March following ( by which time it will be quite confum'd
and very mellow J you (hall chop it all into the earthy and mingle
it together: Continue i\\\sfroceji for two or three years fuccef-
fively, and then for before, if the ftatute of your young Impes
invitej you may plant them forth, carefully taking up their Roots^
and cutting the ^/e«/ within an inch o^ the ground ("if the 4?W,
of which hereafter, fufFerthe J^w/e^ let them where they are to
continue : Some repeat this, the fecond Tear, and after March Cthe
Moon decreasing) re-cut them at half a foot from the jkrface 5 and
then meddle with them no more ; but this (if the procef be not
inore fevere then needs) muft be done With a very fharp Injirii^
ment, and with care, left you violate, and unfettle the Root 5
which is likewife to be praftis'd upon all thofe which you did not
Tranjplant, unlefs you ftnd them very thriving Trees 5 and then
it ftiall fuftice, toprxne off the Branches, and fpare the Tops ; for
this does not only greatly eftablifti your Plants, by diverting the
Sap to the Roots ^ but likewife frees them from the injury and
eoncufiions of the Winds, and makes them to produce handlbme,
ftraight j&fl<?*/, infinitely preferable to fuch as are abandoned to
nature, and ^faV/ie«^, without this difcipline : By this means the
Oak^ will become excellent Timber , Ihooting into ftraight and C\n-
glcjients: The Chef-nut, Ajf), &c. multiply into Foles, which
you may reduce tojtandards at pleafure.

5. The Author of the Natural Hiftory, Pliny, tells us it was a
vulgar Trrf<j/z//(7«, in his time, that no Tree (hould be Removed un-
der two years old, or above three : Cato would have none TranJ^
plantcdXtk then five fingers in diametreh but I have (hew'd why
we are not to attend fo Iong,for fuch as we raife oi Seedlings: In thd
interim, if thefe direftions appear too bufie, or operofe , or that
the Plantation you intend be very ample, a more compendious'
Method will be, the confufed fowing of Acorns, c^c. in Fnrroves^
two foot afunder, covered at three fingers depth, and fo for three^
years cleanled, and the firft Winter cover'd with fearn, without-
any farther culture, unlefs you Tr4»||>/rf«^ them ; but, as I (hewed
before, in Nurferies they would be cut an inch {rom the Ground,

and

S A Difconrfe of Foreft-Trces.

and then let ftand till Anarch the fecond year,when it (hall be fuffi-
cient to disbranch them to one only (hoot ^ whether you fufFer
them xofiand^ or remove them elfevvhere. But to make an Efjay
what Seed is moft agreeable to the Soil^ you may by the thriving
of a promifcuous Semination make a judgement of it , Tranf-
planting thofe which you find leaft agreeing with the f lace 5 or
elfe, by Coffwg the Jiarvling in the places where thej^ are new fown,
caufrrtjem fometimes to overtake even their untouch'd contem-
foraries. But I now proceed to particulars.

CHAP. III.

Of the Oak:

Oiki I. Y Have fometimes confider'd it very ferioufly, what fiiould

I move rliny to make a whole Chapter of one only Line^ which
is lefs then the Argument of moft of the reft in his huge Volnmn :
but the weightinefs of the Matter does worthily excufe him,
who is not wont to fpare his Words^ or his Reader. Glandi-
feri maxime generis omnes^ quibus honos apud Romanos perpetuus,
^^ Maji-bearing-trees were they principally which the Romans
" held in chtefeji reputation^ \\. 6. cap. :^. And in the following
where he treats oichaplets^ and the dignity of the Cives's Coronet^
it might be compos'd, of the' Leaves or Branches of any Oal^, pro-
vided it were a beari»g^_^Tree, and had Acorns upon it. ft is for
the efteem which thefe wifi^ and glorious people^ had of this Tree
above all others, that I will ftrft begin with the Oak.

2. The 04)^ is of /<'«n4tlnds i two of which are moft common
with us '■) the §^ercus urbana^ which grows more up-right, and be-
ing clean, and lighter is fitteft for Timber : And the Rebur or ^er-
cusSylvefiris^ which isofan hard, black grain, bearing a fmaller
Acorn^ and afFcfting to fpread in branches^ and to put forth his
Roots more above ground ^ and therefore in the planting, to be al-
low'd a greater diftance 5 viz.. from twenty five^ to forty foot ^
whereas the other ftiooting up jmore ercdt will be contented
yj'nh fifteen: This kjnd is farther to be diftinguifti'd by his fullnefs
of leaves^ which tarnijl)^ and becoming yellow at the fall^ do com-
monly clothe it all the Winter, the Roots growing very deep and
ftragling. The Author oi Britannia Baconica fpeaks of an Oak , in
Lanhadren Park in CornwalI,^fihK\\ bears conftantly leaves fpeckl'd
with White j and of another call'd the r^/T^^c^s^-t?^)^, which I only
mention here, that the variety may be compar'd by feme ingenious
perfon thereabouts, as well as the truth of the £jita\ pr£-admonition
of Oaks bearing ftrange leaves. It is in the mean time the propa-
gation of this large fprcading, &c.

3. Oak., which is elpecially recommended for the excellency of
the Timber J and that his Majejiies Forcfts were well and plenti-
fully

A Difcourfe of Foreft-Trecs. ^

fully ftor'd with them; bccaufethey require room, andfpaceto
amplifte and expand themfelves, and would therefore be planted
at more remote diftances, and free from all encumbrances : And
this upon confideration how Jlowly a full-grown Oak. mounts up-
wards, zndhow jpeedil)/ they fpread, and dilate themfelves to all
quarters, by dreffing and due culture 5 fo as above fertjj/ears ad-
vance is to be gain'd by this only Induftry : And, if thus his Ma-
jejiies Forefts, and chafes, were ftor'd ; vi%. with this ^reading
tree at handfome Intervals, by which Gr<?!2i;»g might be improv'd
for the feeding of Deer and Cattel under them, benignly vilited
with the gleams of the Sun, and adorn'd with the diftant Land--
skjfs appearing through the glades, and frequent Vallies

Cternla dijlinguens inter plaga currere pojjit
Per tumnlos, ^ convalles, campofqueproptfi .*
1}t nunc ejje vides vario diflinSa tepore
Omnia, qu<e pomis interflta dulcibus ornant
Arbufifque tenent felicibus ohfita circum.

As the Voet incomparably defcribes his Olive-groves,

' betwixt

Whole rows the azure shje is feen immix'd,

With Hillocks, Vales, and fields, as now you fee

Diftinguifti'd with a fweet variety ^

Such places which wild Apple-trees throughout

Adorn, and happy yZirw^j grow all about.

Lucret.XT^o. 5.
(For fo we might alfo fprinkle Fruit-trees amongft them (of which
hereafter) for Cider and many lingular ufes) we lliould find fuch
goodly Plantations the boaft 6i our Rangers, and Forefls infinitely
preferrable to any thing we have yet beheld, rude, and negleCied
as they are : I fay, when his Majefy (hall proceed (as he hathde-
fign'd) to animate this laudable pride into fafhion, Forefls and
IVoods (as well as Fields and Inclofures) will prefent us with ano-
ther face then now they do. And here I cannot but applaud the
worthy Induftry of old Sir Harbotle Grimflone, who (I am told)
from a very fmall Nurfery of Acorns which he fow'd in the negleft-.
ed corners of his ground, did draw forth fuch numbers of Oaks of
competent growth ^ as being planted about his Fields in even, and
uniform rows, about one hundred foot from the Hedges j bufti'd,
and well water'd till they had fufficiently fix'd themfelves, did
wonderfully improve both the beauty, and the value of his De-
meafnes. But I proceed.

4. Both thefe kjnds would be taken up very young, and Tranf-
planted about oBober 5 and though they will grow tolerably in
moft grounds ^ yet do they generally afteft thejound, black., deep
zndfafl mould, rather warm then over wet and cold, and a little
ri(ing ;, for this produces the firmeft Timber , and fo our former
Naturaiift

D — iff

lo A Difconrfe of Foreft-Trees.

— — ^itt montemfHccederejylvas

Cogebant.

Lucret.
though my L. Bacon prefer that which grows in the ntoifier
grounds for Ship-timber, as the inoft tough, and lefs fabjeft to
rift : but let us hear Fliny. This is a general Rule, faith he 5
" What Trees foever they be which grow tolerably cither on
*' Hills, or rallies, arife to greater ftature, and fprcad more amply
*' in the lower ground : But the Timber is far better, and of a finer
^^ grain, which grows upon the Mountains ^ excepting only Apple,
*' and Tear-trees, And in the 39. cap. lib. 16. TheTifftber of thofe
*' Trees which grow in moift and fiadj/ places is not fo good as
" that which comes from a more expos'd fituationjnor is it fo clofe,
" fubftantial and durable 5 upon which he much prefers the Tim-
" ber growing in Tufcanj, before that towards the Venetian fide,
*' and upper part of the Gulph : And that Timber fo growing was
in greateft efteem long before Fliny, we have the ^ear of Aga-
memnon

"-^ f;)^«^ *ce;ttoTft?Jf Sfx*^' '^>^ >'• from a Treefo ex-
pos'd 5 and Dydimus gives the reafon. T* ya.^ I* ^'ri/x^ (fays he)
irKuty yvfivdL^o/i'ijei •/'tr/gst, r»f«*, &c. For that being continually wea-
ther-beaten they become hardier and tougher.

5. But to difcourage none. Oaks profper exceedingly even in
gravel, and moift Clays, which moft other Trees abhor j yea, even
the coldeft c/tf^ grounds that will hardly graze : I have read, that
there grow 0<«;^x(fome of which have contain'd ten loads apiece)
out of the very Walls of Silcefier in Hantfiire, which foem to
ftrike root in the very Stones. It is indeed obforv'd, that Oakj
which grow in rough, fiony grounds, and obftinat clays, are long
before they come to any confiderable ftature^ for fuch places,*
and all fort ofClay, is held but zjiep-mother toTrees ^ but in timfe
they afford the moft excellent Timber, having ftood long, and got ^
good rooting : The fame may we affirm of the Yighted fands^
which produces a fmoother-grain'd Timber, of all other the moft
ufeful for the Joyner. What improvement the fiirring of the
ground about the roots of Oaki is to the Trees I have already hin-
ted j and yet in Copjes where they ftand rearm, and fo thickn'd
with the under-wood , as this culture cannot be praftis'd , they
prove in time to be goodly Trees.

6. That the Tranfplanting of young 0^4r gains them fe» years
Advance fome happy perfons have affirmed : from this belief,! have
dcfir'd to be cxcufed, and produc'd my Reafons for it : Nor Icfs are
they mijiaken, who advife us to plant Oaks of a great bigneji, which
hardly make any confiderable progref in an Age : Yet if any be
defirous to make /r/W of it, let their Stems be of the fmootheft,
and tendereft Bark.-^ for that is ever an indication o^ youth, as
well as the paucity of their Circles, which in difbranching, and
cutting the head off, ztftve ovfix foot height (a thing, by the way,
which the French ufually fpare when they Tranjplant this Tree)

may

A DifcoHffe of t'oreft-Trees, it

may ( before you ftir their Roots ) ferve for the tnore certain
Guide ; and then plant them immediately, with as much Earth as
will adhere to them, in the place deftin'd for their Jiation 5 abating
only the tap-roots, which is that doWn-right, and ftubby part of
the Roots (which all Trees rais'd of Seed^ do univerfally produce)
and quickning fome of the reft with a iharp k»ife (but fparing the
Fibrous, which are the main Suckers and Mouths of all Trees)
(pread them in thefof, or pit which hath been prepar'd to receive
them. I fay in the/<?/, unlefs you will rather tre»ch the whole
Field, which is incomparably the beft , and infinitely to be prc-
fcrr'd before narrow pits and holes (as the manner is) in cafe you
plant any number confiderable , the Earth being hereby made
loofi, eajier and penetrable for the Roots j about which you are to
caft that Mould which (in opening of the Trench) you took from
the Surface, and purpofely laid apart ; becaufc it is fweet, mel-
low, and better impregnated : But in this IVbrk^, be circumfpeft
never to inter your Stent deeper then you found it ftanding 5 for
profound burnings very frequently deftroys a Tree j though an Er-
rour feldom obferved : If therefore the Roots be fufficiently co-
vered to keep the Body fteady and erreft, it is enough ^ and the
not minding of this trifling Circumjtance does very much deceive
our ordinary Wood-men : For moft Roots covet the Air (though'
that of the §>uercus urbana leaft of any ;

■quod quantum vertice ad auras

^thereof, tantum radice ad tartar a tendit)

And the perfeftion of that does almoft as much concern the
profperity of a Tree, as o? Man himfelf, fince Homo is but Arbor
imierfa -^ which prompts me to this curious, but important Ad-
vertijement 5 That the Poftion be likewife feduloufly obferved.

7. For, the Southern parts being more dilated, and the pores ex-
pos'd (as evidently appears in their Horizontal Se6fions)hy the
ConOant Excentricity of their Hyperbolical Circles j being now on
the j«<^<^e»5and at fuch a feafon converted to the North, doesjierve,
and deftroy more Trees (how careful foever men have be;en in or-
dering the Roots, and preparing the Ground) then any other Acci-
dent whatfoever (negled: oijiaking, and defending from Cattle ex-
cepted) the importance whereof caufed the beft oiFoets, and
moft experienc'd in this Argument, giving advice concerning this
Article, to add

^inetiam Cceli regionem in corticeftgnani,
Vtquo qu^eque modojieterit, qua parte calores
Aujtrinostulerit, quaterga obverterit axi
Rejiituant : Adeo in teneris confuefcere multum eji.

Gt0r.li.i4
Vi/hich Monition, though F//>y, and fome others think good to
negleft, ot edeetn Indifferent j lean confirm from frequent loffes
of my own, and by particular trials j having fometimes Tranf-

D a planted

4 V'tfconrfe of. Foreft-Trees.

plant edgx^sx trees at Mid-fomer with fuccefs (the Earth adhering
to the Roots) and mifcarried in others where this Circutftjiance
only was omitted.

To obferve therefore the €oalf^ and fide of the ftock, efpeci-
ally of ermi-trces )■ is not fucli a trifle as by Ibme pretended :
For if the Air be as much the Mother or l^urfe, as Water and Earth,
(as more then probable it is) fuch bloflbming Plants as court the
motion of tht Meridian Sun ^ do as 'twere evidently point out the
advantage they receive by their pojltion : And the frequent mojji-
fiefof moft Trees on the oppofite fide does fufficiently note the
unkindnefs of that Jjpe&^ ; and which- is moft: evident in the W^
of Oaks white and fmooth i The Trees growing more kindly on
the South fide of an Hil/, then thofe which are expos'd to the
Norths with an hard, dark, rougher, and more moflie Integument.
I have feen (writes a worthy Friend to me on this occafion) whole
Hedge-rows of Apples and Fears that quite perifli'd after that {bel-
ter was remov'd : The good Husbands expefted the contrary,
and that the Fruit (hould improve, as freed from the predations
of the Hedge ; but ufe and cuft:om made that (belter necefiary 5
and therefore (faith he) ajiock^ for a time is the weaker,' taken
out o£ a Thicl{ety if it be not well protected from all fudden and
fierce invafions either of crude Air or Winds : Nor let any be
deterr'd, if being to remove many Tresx, he fhall eft;eemittoo
confumptive of time , for with a Erufh dipped in any white co-
lour, or Oaker, a thoufand may be marked as they ftand, in a mo-
ment 5 and that once done, the difficulty is over. I have been
the larger uponthefe two Remarks , becaufe I find them fo mate-
rial, and yet fo much neglefted.

8. There are other jR»/ej- concerning the///«<!i^/<>« of Treej 5 the
former Author commending the JSIorth-ea^f-windhoth for theflou-
rilhing of the Tree, and advantage of the Timber t, but to my ob-
lervation, in our Climates^ where thofe ftiarp winds do rather/<j«-
k§r then blow fully oppofite upon our riantations, they thrive
beft 5 and there are as well other Circumstances to be confidered.as
they refpeft Elvers and Marpes obnoxious to unwholfom and poy-
IbnousF^^i-^ Hi//s, and -S"e<«y, which expofe them to the weather ;
and thok jjlvifiagi venti, our cruel, and tedious Western winds 5 all
which I leave to obfervation , becaufe thefe accidents do fo uni-
verfally govern, that it is not eafie to determine farther then that
thcTimheris commonly better qualified which hath endur'd the
colder Afpedts without thefe prejudices : And hence it is, that
Seneca obferves Woods moft: expos'd to the Winds to be the moft:
Jirfing^indfolid, 2ind that therefore C/»/>tf» made Achilles's Spear of
a Mountain-tree ^ and of thofe the beif which grow thin , not
much (helter'd from the North. Again, Thcophraffus feems to have
Ipecial regard to places ; exemplifying in many o£Gre$ce,wh\ch ex-
ceeded others for good Timber , as doubtlefs do our Oaks in the
Ftfrei? of Deana\[ others of England: and much certainly there
may reafonably be attributed to thefe advantages for the growth
of limber, and of almoft: all other Irees, as we daily fee by their

general

A Difcourfe of Fo reft- Trees. 12

general improfperity where the ground is a hot gravely and a loofe
earth : An Oal^or Elme in fuch a place (hall not in an hiwdred
years overtake one oi fifty planted in its frofer foil ; though next
to this, and (haply) before it, I prefer the good Air : But thus
have they fuch vaft Juniper t in Spain j and the Ajhes in fome parts
of the Levant (as of old neer Troy) fo excellent, as it was after
miftaken for Cedar ^ fo great was the difference ^ as now the Can-
tahrian or Spanish exceeds any we have elfe in all Europe.

9. But before we take leave of this r^rrf^r^ipA, concerning the
Tranjplanting of great Trees, and to (hew what is poffible to be
effeded\nt\\\s kind, with coft, and induftry. Count Maurice (the
late Governour of Brazil for the Hollanders) planted a Grove neer
his delicious Paradife of Frihurge , containing fix hundred Coco-
trees of eighty years growth , and fifty foot high to the neereft
bough : thefe he wafted upon Floats^ and Engines, four long
miles, and planted them fo luckily, that they bare abundantly
the very firfl: year 5 as Gajpar Bar Ideas hath related in his elegant
Defcription of that Princes expedition : Nor hath this only Suc-
ceeded in the indies alone 5 Monjieur de Fiat (one of the Marfials
of France) hath with huge Oaks done the like at de Fiat : fhall I
yet bring you neerer home ? My Lord Hopton planted Oaks as big
as twelve Oxen could draw, to fupply fome dcfed in an Avenue
to one of his houfes in Devon/Jnrei as the Right Honourable
Sir Charles Barclay, Treafurer of His Majejiies Houpold, affur'd me 5
who had himfelf likewife praftis'd the Removing of great Oaks by
a particular addrefi extreamly ingenious, and worthy the commu-
nication.

10. Chuie a Tree as big as your thigh, remove. the earth from
about him ^ cut through all the col/ateral Koots, till with a com-
petent ftrength you can enforce him down upon one fide, fo as to
come with your Axe at the Tap-root j cut that off, redreft your
Tree, and ib let it fi:and cover'd about with the mould you loofen'd
from it, till the next year, or longer if you think good 5 then
take it up at a fit feafon; it will likely have drawn new tender
Roots apt to take, and fufficicnt for the Tree, whereloever you
(hall tranfplant him : rZ/Vy notes it as a common thing, to re-erta-
bliih huge Trees which have been blown down , part of their
Roots torn up, and the body profi:ratei and^inp rticular, of a
F7>, that when it was to be tranjplanted had a tap-root which went
no lefs then eight cubits perpendicular ^ and to thefe I could fu-
peradd , but I proceed. To facilitate the Removal of fuch mon-
ftrous Treej-, for the Adornment of Ibme particularp/^^fe, or the ra-
rity of the Plant, theic is this expedient. A little before the hard-
eft: Fr^j- furprize you, makeafquare Trench about your Tree, at
fuch dift:ance from the Stem as you judge lufficient for the Root ,
dig this of competent depth, fo as almoft: quite to undermine it 3
by placing blocks, and quarters of wood, to fuftain the Earth x, this
done, caft in as much Water as may fill the Trench, or at leaft fufE-
ciently wet it, unlefs the ground were very moift before. Thus
let it ft:and, till fome very hard Fro^ do bind it firmly to the

Roots,

A Difcourfe of Forcft-Trees.

Hoctf, and then convey it to the pit prepar'd for its new ftation ^
but in cafe the mould about it be fo ponderous as not to be re-
mov'd by an ordinary force j you may then raife it with a Cram or
p*Z/y hanging between a Triangle, which is made of three ftrong
and tall Limhs united at the top, where a Pul/ji is faftned^as the Ca-
hies are to be under the quarters which bear the earth about the
Roots : For by this means you may weigh up , and place the
wliole weighty Clod upon a trundle to be convey'd, and Replant-
ed where you pleafe, being let down perpendicularly into the
place by the help of the forefaid Engine. And by this addrefyoM
may TranjplantTTeeso(zwondet(\ilJiature, without the leaftdif-
order , and many times without topping, or diminution of the
kead, which is of great importance where this is praftis'd to fup-
ply a DefeB, or remove a Cnriofity.

11. Someadvife, that in planting of O^^fs ^(- fi»f> ox five be
fuffer'd to ftand very neer to one another, and then to leave the
moft profperous, when they find the reft to difturb his growth 5
but I conceive it were better to plant them at fuch dijiances, as
they may leaft incommode one another : For Timber-trees^ would
have none neerer xhtr\ forty foot where they ftand clofeji 5 Speci-
ally of the fpreading kind.

12. Laftly, Trees of ordinary ftSit.meTranj^lanted(hc\n^ firft
well ir/e/er'^Jmuft befufEcientlyJ?<«)^ei/, and Bup'd about with
thorns, or with fome thing better, to proteft them from the con-
cuflions of the Winds, and from the cafual rubbing, and poyfo-
nous brutting of Cattle and sheep, the oylinefof whofe WooU\s al-
fo very noxious to them; till being well grovpn^ and/xe<i (which
hyfeven years will be to fome competent degree) they ftiall be able
to withftand all accidental invaftons, but the Axe ; for I am now
come to their Pr»»/»5 and C»^^/«5, in which work the <ye<»/^»x are
of main importance.

13. Therefore, if you would propagate Trees for Timber, cut
not off their heads at all, nor be too bufie with lopping : but if
you defire Shade, and Fuel, or bearing of Maji alone, lop off
their Tops, fear, and unthriving Branches only , If you intend an
out-right/e^z»5, expeft till November , for this premature cutting
down of Trees before the Sap is perfeftly at reU will be to your
exceeding prejudice, by reafon of the Worm, which will certain-
ly breed in the Timber which is felled before that period : But in
cafe you cut only for the Chimney, you need not be fb pundualas
to the time ; yet for the benefit of what you let fiand obferve the
Moons increafe. The Reafon of thefe differences is 5 becaule thk
is the beft feafon for the groxoth of the Tree which you do not fell,
the other for the durablenef of the Timber which you do : Now
that which is to be burnt is not fo material for laliing, as thegroveth
of the Tree is confiderable for the Timber.

« 14. The veiyjiumps of Oak, efpecially that part which is
dry, and above ground being well ^rw^^W, is many times worth
the pains and charge, for fundry rare, and hard works; and
where Tmher is dear : but this is to be praftis'd only where you

delign

A Difconrfe of FovcHi-Trees. 15

defign a final extirpation 5 for fome have drawn fuehrers even from
an o\d Jiuh-root 5 but they certainly perifh by the Adof which in-
vades them, and are very fubjeft to grow rotten. P/z»^fpeaks
of one Root which took up an entire jicre of Ground ; if fo, his
^r^«z«e»* may hold good, for their growth after the Tree is come
to its period.

15. There is not in nature a. thing more obnoxious to deceit,
then the buying of Treesjianding, upon the reputation of their
Appearance to the ejie, unlefs the Chapman be extraordinarily judi-
cious 5 fo various are their hidden, and conceal'd J^/S-^/i^/ex, till
they he fell' d, zv\d fawn out : fo as if to anything applicable, cer-
tainly there is nothing which does more perfeftly confirm it then
the moft flourifhing out-fde of Trees, Fronti nulla fides. A Tim-
ber-tree is a Merchant Adventurer, you (hall never know what he
is worth, till he be dead.

16. Oaks are in fome places (where the foil is ^ecial/y qualified)
ready to be cut for Cops in fourteen years and fooner j I compute
from the drikjemination ; though it be told as an inftance of high
encouragement (and as indeed it merits) that a Lady in Northam-
ptonfiire fowed Acorns, and liv'dtocut the Tree j prod uc'd fi-om
them, twice in two and twenty years 5 and both as well grown as
moft are in |7x?ee« or e/_gA*ee«. This yet is certain, that Acorns
fetin He^^^e-r^jvi' have in thirty years born ajiem of a foot diame-
tre. Generally, Copps-wood fhould be cut cloje, and at fuch In-
tervals as the growth requires; which being feldom conftant, de-
pends much on the places, and the kinds, the mould and. the air,
and for which there are extant particular Statutes to direft us, of
all which more at large hereafter. Oak for Tan-barkjnay be fell'd
from April to the laft of June, by a Statute in the i Jacobi.

17. To enumerate now the incomparable l^jofthis Wood,
were needlefs ; But fo precious was the efteem of it, that of old
there was an exprefs Law amongft the Twelve Tables concerning the
very gathering of the Acorns though they fhould be found fallen
into another mans Ground : The Land and the Sea do fufficiently
fpeak for the improvement of this excellent material '-, Houfes, ana
ships. Cities and Navies are built with it; and there is a kind
of it fo tough, and extreamly compad, that our (harpeft Tools
will hardly enter it, as fcarcely the very Fire it felf, in which it
confumes but flowly, as feeming to partake of a ferruginous, and
metallin fhining nature proper for fundry robuft Ufes. That
which is twin'd, and a little wreathed (eafily to be difcern'd by
the texture of the Bark.) is beft to fupport Burthens, for Tofis, Co'
bimns. Summers, ^c. for all which our Englijh Oak^ is infinitely •
preferrable to the French, which is nothing lb ufeful, nor compa-
rably fojirong ; infomuch as I have frequently admir'd at the fud-
den failing of moft goodly Timber to the Eye, which being im-
ploy'd to thefe Vfis docs many times moft dangeroufly flie in fon-
der, as wanting that native jj^ring, and toughnef, which out Englifl)
Oak is indu'd withall. For Shingles, Pales , Lathes, Coopers ware.
Clap-hoard, &c. the fmalleft and ftraighteft is beft ; difcover'd

like-

i6 A Difcourfe of Forcft-Trees.

likcwife by the upright ienor of the Bark-i as being the moft pro-

Eer for cleaving : The kfwttieji for IVater-workj.^ VJles and the like 5
ecaufe 'twill drive beft, and lafl: longeft. Were planting of thefe
Woods more in ufe, we lliould baniOi our hoop of Hafel^ ^c, for
thofe of good Oak^^ which being made of the yonngev poots, are
exceeding tough and ftrong : One of them being of Ground Oa^
will out-lafty7x- of the beft Jp. The fmaller trunchions, and jf^>vy,
make Billet^ Bavine and Coals ^ and the very Bark^k of price with
the Tanner and Dier ^to whom the very Saw-duji is of ufe, as are the
Jfies and lee to cure the roapipnej^ ot PVine.TheGround-OakjwhWe
young is us'd for Foles^ Cudgels and Walkjng-flaff's^ not to forget
the Galls ^ Mijjktoe, and many other ufeful Excrejcencies : Pliny af-
firms that the Calls do break out altogether in one night about the
beginning oijune, and arrive to their full growth in one daji :, this
I recommend to the experience of fome extraordinary vigilant
Wood-man. What benefit the Maft does univerfally yield for the
fatting of Hogs and Deer I ftiall (hew upon another occafion, be-
fore the conclufion of this Difcourfe; in the mean time, the
very Acorns themfelves were heretofore the Food of Men (as well
as other ProduCfions of the earth) till their luxurious Palats were
debauched-^ and even in the Romans time, the cuftom was in Spain
to make njecondfervice of Acorns and Maji^ (as the French now do
o(Marrons, and Chef-nuts') which they likewife ufed to roft under
the embers. Oaks bear alfo a kl^nr^ full of a Cottony matterjof which
they Antiently made Wick^ for their Lamps and Candles v, and
among the SeleBiora Remedia of "jo. Pravotius there is mention
of an Oyl e quemaglande Chymically extraHed, which he affirmes
to be or the longeft continuance, and leaft confumptive of any
others whatfoever, for fuch lights, ita m uncia fingulis menjibus
vix abfumatur tontinuo igne. To conclude, M. Blith makes
Spars and fmall building Timber of Oakes of eleven years
growth 5 this is indeed a prodigious Advance , but I fufped
the figure.

CHAP. IV.

Of the Elm.

'S'lm '• C^ *^^ ^'^ there are four, or five forts , and from the

V_^ difference of the Soil and Air divers j^urious : Two
of thefe kinds are moft worthy our culture, -viz,, the Mountain
Elm, which is taken to be the Oriptelea of Theophrafius > being of
a lefs, jagged and fmaller leaf; and the Vemacula or Trench Elm,
whofe leaves are thicker, and more florid, delighting in the low-
er, and moifter grounds, where they will fometimes rife to
above an hundred toot in height, and a prodigious growth, in lefs
then an Age 5 my lelf having feen one planted by the hand of a

Countef

A DifcoHrfe of Forcft-Trees.

Counted yet living, which is neer twelve foot in campaf^ and of an
height proportionable •■, notwithftanding the numcvons progeny
which grows under the (hade of it, fbme whereof are at Icaft a
foot in Diameter^ that for want of being feafonably tranjplattfed
muft needs have hindered the procerity of their ample and indul-
gent Mother.

•2. Both thefey^r^j are rais'd oiAppendicei or Suckers (as anon we
(hall defcribe) but this latter comes well from the Santera or Seeds,
which being ripe about the beginning of March will produce
them ^ as we fee abundantly in the Gardens of the Thnylkries,
and that of Luxembourg^ at Taris^ where they ufually fow thetti-
ftlves, and come up very thick ^ and fb do they in many places of
our Country ^ihovi^ fo feldom taken notice ofjasthat it is efteem'd
a Fable by the lefs obfervant and ignorant P'nlgar. To raife them
therefore of their .5ce^/ (being well dry'd a day or two before)
Iprinkleit in Be^/ prepared of good earths fiefting fomeofthe
fineft mould thinly over them, and watering them when need re*
quires. Being rifen an inch above ground (refrelh'd, and pre-
ferv'd from the fcraping of Birds and Poultry) comfort the tender
feedlings by a (econd fiefting of moje fine earthjto eftablifh them 5
thiis keep them clean weeded for the fir ft tvpo years 5 or till beifig of
fitting ftature to Remove , you may thin, and Tran^Unt them in
the fame manner as you were dircfted for young Oakj 5 only they
fliall not need above one cutting where they grow left regular and
hopeful. But becaufe this is an Experiment of fome curiosity, ob-
noxious to many cafualties, and that the producing them from thtf
.Mother-roots oi^xedAcx'Xvecs is very facile and expeditious (be-
fides the numbers which are to be found in the Hedge-rows^ and
Woods, of all plantable fizes) I rather advife our Forejier to fucnilh
himfelf from rhofe places.

3. The Suckers which I fpeak of are produc*d in abundance
from the Roots, whence being dextroufly feparated , after the
Earth has been well loofen'd, and planted about the end ofo^tf-
ber^ they will grow very well : Nay, thejiubs only, which are
left in the ground after a FtUing (being fenced in as far as the
/Joofj extend) willfurnilh you with plenty, which may be Trdnf-
flanted from the firji year or two fucceflively, by flipping theiri
from the Roots ^ which will continually fupply you for many years
afterthat the body of the Mother Tree has been cut down : And
from hence probably is fprung that (I fear) miftake of Salmafius
and others, where they write of the growing of their Chips Q.
fuppofe, having fome of the bark on) fcatter'd in hewing of their
Timber > the Errour proceeding from this, that after an Elm-tree
has been Fell'd, the numerous Suckers which {hoot from the re-
mainders of the latent Roots fecm to be produced from this diC-
perfion of the Chips : Let this yet be more accurately examin'd 3 for
I pronounce nothing Magijterially.

4. But there is alfo another Artifice to produce them fooner,
which is this ^ Bare fome of the Majier-roots of a vigorous Tree,
within a/o(?f of the Trunks or thereabouts, and with your Axe

E make

i8 A Difcourfe of Forc/l-Trees.

makcfeveriil cAops, putting afmallj?«?«e into every cleft, to hinder
their clofure, and give accefs to the ivet:, then cover them with
three or four i»f A thick oi Earth : and thus they will fend forth
Sitckgrs in abundance, which after two, or three lean, you may
Separate, and plant in the Vlmarwm, or place defign'd for them ^
and which if it be mplu»/ps (as they call them) within ten or
twelve y<i'<?^ of each other, or in Hedge-rows, it will be the better ;
For the El»t is a Tree of Confort, Sociable, and fo affecting to
grow in Company, that the very beft which I have ever fecn do
o\tno^ touch one another : This alfo proteds them from the Winds^
andcaufcs them to (hoot of an extraordinary height ; fo as in lit-
tle more th^n forty years they even arrive to a load of limber 5
provided they be fcdulouily and carefully cultivated, and the
toil propitious. For an Elfit does not thrive fo well in the Forefi^
as where it may enjoy (cope for the Roots to dilate and fpread in
the fides, as in He^^e-r<?B'/ and Avenues, where they have the -rf/r
likewife free.

5. Of all the Trees which grow in our Woods, there is none
which does better fufFcr the Tran^lantation then the Elm ^ for you
may remove a Tree of twenty years growth with undoubted luc-
cefe : It is SLuExperiment I have made in a Tree almoft as big more
as my wafte 5 but then you muft totally dkhranch him , leaving
only the Summit intire 5 and being careful to take him up with as
much Earth as you can , refrefti him with abundance of water.
This is an excellent and expeditious way for great Verfons to
plant the Accejfes of their Houfes with ^ for being difpos'd at Jmc-
teen, ot eighteen foot Interval, they will in a few years bearg«X)d*
ly heads, and thrive to admiration. Some that are very cauti-
ous entplafier the wounded head of fuch over-grown Elms with a
mixture of c/rf;', and horfe-dung, bound about them with a wi^ of
Hayot fine MoJ^, and I do not reprove it. But for more ordinary
plantations, younger Trees, which have their hark, finooth and
tender, about the fcantlingof your leg, and their heads trimm'd
at five ox fix foot height, are to be preferr'd before all other. Cato
would have none of thefe forts oi Trees to be removed till they are

^ve oxfix fingers in diameter ^ others think they cannot take them
too young-^ but experience (the beft Mi [irifi) tells us, that you
can hardly plant an Elm too big. There are who pare away the
£/w^ within two fingers of thejiem, and quite cut off the tkad^
but I cannot commend this extream fcverity , no more then I do
the ftrewing of Oats in the pit 5 which fermenting with the moi-
fture, and (xequent tf>aterings, is believed muchtp accelerate the
putting forth of the Roots , not confidering, that for want of air
they corrupt, and grow mufiy, which more frequently fufibcates
the R/)ots, and endangers the whole Tree.

6. The EUtt delights in z found, fvreet and fertile Land, fome-
thing more inclin'd to moifture, and where good Pajture is pro-
duced; though it will alfo profper in the gravelly, provided there
be a competent depth of «?^«W,and be refrefti'd with fprings:in de-
ft^ of which, being planted on the very furface of the ground (the

Jhcarth

A DifcoHrfe of Forefi-Trees. i^

fioarth par'd firft away, and the earth ftirred a foot deep or more)
they will undoubtedly fucceed 5 but in this Tr/W, let the Roots be
handfomly fpread, and covered Afoot, or more in height, and
above all, ^vnAyjiak^d. This is pradicable alfo for other Trees,
where the Soil is over moift, or unkind : For as the Elm does not
thrivein too ^r^jySW^ or Atf? grounds, no more will it abide the
cold and Jpuffgj/ :, but in places that are competently fertile, or a
little elevated from theie annoyances 5 as we fee in the Mounds,
and cartings up of ditches, upon whofe banks the Femal fort does
more naturally delight.

7. The Elm is by reafbn of its afpiring, and tapering growth
(unlels it be topp'd to enlarge the branches, and make them fpread
low) the leafl: offenfive to Corn , and Pajiure-gronnds, to both
which, and the Cattel, they afford a benign Jhade, defence, znd
agreeable Ornament.

8. It would be planted as fljallow as might be ; for, as we no-
ted, deep interring of Roots is amongft the Cd^^oZ/V^Miftakes 5
and oEthfs, the greatefi to which Trees are obnoxious. Let new
planted Elms be kept moi^ by frequent refreihings upon fome
half-rotten Fern, or Litter laid about the foot of the jiem ; the
earth a little ftirred and deprefted for the better reception, and
retention of the water.

9. Laftly, your Plantation muft above all things be carefully
preferv'd from Crf^^e/, and the concuffionsof impetuous Winds^
till they are out of reach of the one, and fturdy enough to encoun-
ter the other.

10. When you lop the £/» (which may be ahant January ijot
the fire, and more frequently, if you defire to have them tall-^ or
that you would form them into Hedges (for fo they may be kept
flalhed, and thickned to the higheft twig; affording both a mag-
nificent, and auguft Defence againft the Winds and Sun) I fay,
when you thus trim them , be careful to indulge the Tops 5 for
they proteft the body of your Trees from the wet, which always
invades thofe parts firft, and will in time/»er//S themto the very
heart ; fo as Elms beginning thus to decay, are not long pro-
fperous. Sir Hugh Tlat relates (as from an expert Carpenter) that
the boughs and branches of an Elm fliould be left afoot long next
the trunk, when they are lop'di but this is to my certain obferva-
tion a very great mijia^e either in the Relator, or Author : for I
have noted many Elms fo diftjranch'd , that the remainingji^w^j
grew immediately hollow, and were as Co many Conduits, or Pipes,
to hold, and convey the Rain to the very body, and heart of
the Tree.

1 1. There is a Cloyfler of the right French Elm in the little Gar-
den neer to her MajefUes the ^Mothers Chappel at Somerfet'houfe^
which -were (I fuppofe) planted there by the induftry of the F F.
Capuchines, that will perfeftly direft you to the incomparable ufe
of this noble Tree fory&4f/e and £/e%Af 3 into whatever Figure you
will accuftom them. I have alfo heard of graffing Elms to a great
improvement of their heads, and it would be try d.

E 2 12. When

A Difcourfe of Foreft-Trees.

124 When you would Fellltx. the Saf be perfedly in repofe ; as
'tis commonly about November or December^ after the fioji hath
well nipp'd them : I have already alleadg'd my reafon for it ; and
I am told. That both Oak^ ana Elm fo cut, the very Saplings
(whereof Rafters^ Spars^^c. are made) will continue as long as
the very heart of the Tree without decay. In this work, cut your
kfrfg near to the ground ; but have a care that it fufFer not in the
fal/, and be ruined with its own weight .' This depends upon your
fVood-Mans judgment in dkbranchitig , and is a neceflary caution
to the Felling of all other Timber-Trees. If any begin to doat,
pick out fuch for the Ax, and rather truft to its Succejfor.

13. Elmlsa. 7V«/^crofmoft Angular Vje '^ efpecially where it
may lie continually dry, or ivet in extreames ^ therefore proper for
Water-works, Mills, Pipes, Tumps, ship-planks beneath the Water-
line j and fome that has been found buried in Boggs, has ttirn'd
like the moft polifti'd, and hardeft Ebony, only difcern'd by the
grain : Alfo for Wheel-xorights , Kerbs of Coppers, Featheridg and
Weather-boards, Drejjers and fundry other imployments. It makes
alfo the fecond fort of Charcoal 5 and finally (which I muft not
omit) the ufe of the very leaves of this Tree, efpecially of the fe-
male, is not to be defpis'd j for being fuffered to dry in the Snn
upon the Branches, and the ^ray ftirip'd off about the decreafe in
Augufi (as alfo where the fuckers znafiolones are fuper-numerary,
and hinder the thriving of their Nurfes') they will prove a great
relief to Cattel in Winter, when hay and fodder is dear 3 they will
eat them even before Oates , and thrive exceedingly well With
them 'j remember only to lay your Boughs up in ibme dry, and
fweet corner of your Barn : It was for this the Poet prais'd them,
and the Epithete was advis'd,

mfecHnd<e fondibm Vlmi. Georg. 2 .

In fome parts of Hereford-pire they gather them in Sacks for
their Swine, and other C^i^^e/ according to this husbandry.

CHAP. V.

Of the Beech.

j^y i.'T'^He Beech, {FagmyiVLVdhxeA amongft the glandiferous Trees,

X I r^"k here before the martial ^j, becaufe it commonly
grows to a greater ftature. There are of thefe Fagi two, or three
}{inds with us j the Mountain,-w);nch. is the whitcft,and moft fought
after by the Turner ; and the Campefiral or wild, which is of a
blacker colour, and more durable. They are both to be rais'd
from the Mafl, and govern'd like the 0<«4, of which amply ; and
that is abfolutely the beft way of furniftiing a Wood ; But they are

likewife

A Difcourfe of Forcft-Tf ees. 31

likcwife to be planted of young feedli/tgs to be drawn out of the
places where the fruitful Trees abound. In Tranjplanting them cut
offonly the boughs and bruifed parts, two Inches from the Jiem^
to within a jfardo£ the top 5 but be very fparing of the Root:
This for fuch as are of ^vetty jiature. They make Ipreading Trees,
and noble shades with their well furnifh'd and gliftering leaves,
being fetat forty foot diftance; but they grow taller and more
upright in the Forejis, where I have beheld them at eight and ten
foot, fioot into very long poles j but neither fo apt for Timber,
nor Fuel : In the Vallies (where they ftand warm, and in confort)
they will grow to a Hcxx^endsoxasprocerity, though the foil be ftony
and very barren : Alfo upon the declivities', fides and tops of
high HiUs, and chalkje Monntains efpecially ; for they will ftrange-
ly infinuate their Roots into the bowels of thofe feemingly impene-
trable places, not much unlike the F/r it felf, which, with this lb
common Tree, the great C^far denies to be found in Britahny,
Materia cujufque generis , ut in GaUia,pr£ter Fagum ^ ahietem : but
certainly from a grand miftake.

2. The 25eec/> ferves for various t^je/ of the Houje-mfej with it
the Turner makes DiJIies, Trajs,Eowls, Ritnbs for Buckets, and other
Utenfils, Trenchers, Drejfer-boards, d^c. likewife for the Wheeler,
Jcyner, and VpholUer for Sellyes, Chairs, Stools, Bed-jieads, d^c. for
the Bellovps-maker, and Husbandman his Shovel and Spade-graffs-^ for
Fuel, Billet, Bavin and €oal though one of the leaft lafting : Not
to omit even the very shavings for the fining of Wines. Of old
they made their Fafa Vindimiatoria and Corhes MeJfori£ (as we our
pots for Strarv-berries) with the Rind of this Beech > and that cu-
rioufly wrought Cup which the shepherd in the Bucolickj wagers
with all, was engraven by Alcimedon upon the Barks>i this Tree :
You would not wonder to hear me deplore the fo frequent ule of
this Wood, if you did confider that the induftry of France fur-
niflies that Country for all domeftic Vtenjils with excellent Wall-
nut 5 a material infinitely preferrable to the beft Beech 5 which is
indeed good only (or Jhade and for Fire ^ as being brittle, and ex-
ceedingly obnoxious to the fFbr»^.- But whil'fl: we thus condemn
the Timber, we muft not omit to praife theMaff, which fats our
Swine and Deer, and hath in fome Families even fupported men
with bread : Chios indur'd a memorable Siege by the benefit of
this Maji : and in Ibme parts of France they now grind the Buckjn
Mills ; it affords a fweet Oyl which the poor people eat mofl: wil-
lingly : But there is yet another benefit which this Tree prefents
us i that its very leaves which make a natural, and moft agreeable
Canopy all the Summer 5 being gather'd about the fall, and fome-
what before they are nwxchfioji- bitten, afford the beft and eafieft
Mattrejfes in the world to lay under our quilts inftead of Jiraw 5
becaulc, befides their tendernefs and loofe lying together, they
continue fweet for feven or eight years long ; before which
time^r^ip becomes muHy, and hardj They are thus ufed by di-
vers perfons of ^ality in Dauphine, and in Switzerland I have

fom«-

22 A DifcoHrfe of Foreft-Trces.

fbmetimes lain on them to my great refrcftiment : fo as of this
Tree it may properly be faid,

'-—.yhadoMUf^ cubiliafrondes. Juvenal.

Sn>me may be driven to Maff about the end oiAuguSf.

CHAP. VI.

Of the AJh.

AJh. I. /"^Rnus the Ajh is with us Male and Femak, the one afFedlii^

V_y the higher grounds :

' '■ ' Sterilesfaxojfs montibus ortii. Geor. 2.

The other the plainsj of a jpAiVer wood, and rifing many times to
a prodigious nature i fo as in forty years froiTi the Key, an Afi
hath been fold for thirty pounds sterling : and I have been credi-
bly inform'dj that one perfoft hath planted fo much of this one
fort of Timber in his life time as hath been valu'd worth fiftj/ thou-
fafid founds to be bought. Thefe are pretty encouragements, for
a fmall, and plealant induftry.

2. The Ke^i being gather'd when they begin to fall (which is
about the end of O&ober , and the enfiiing Moneth) are to be
fow'd 5 but not altogether fo deep as your former Maiis : Thus
they do in Spain : A very narrow Seminary will be fufficient to
ftore an whole Country : They will lye a full year in the ground
before they appear 5 therefore you mufl: carefully fence them all
that time and have patience : But if you would make a confidera-
ble Wood of them at once. Dig or Vloro a parcel of ground, as you
would prepare it for Corn^ and with the Corn (or what other
Grain you think fitteft) fow alfo good ftore of Keys^ Ibme Crab-
kernels, &c. amongft them : Take off your crop of Corn, or Seed
in its Seafon, and the next year following it will be cover'd with
young 4/&ej-, which will be fit either to ftand, or heJranJpUnted
for divers years after ^ and thefe you will find to be far better
then any you can gather out of the Woods ( efpecially Suekers
which are worth nothing) being removed at one foot ftature (the
fooner the better) provided you defend them well from Cattel :
The reafon of this hafty tranfplanting, is to prevent their obfti-

nate,and deep rooting » tantm amor terr£ which makes them

hard to be taken up when they grow older, and that being re-
rnovM, they take no great hold till the fecond year, after which
they come away amain : Yet I have planted them of five and ^\yi
inches diametre, which have thriven as well as the fmaller wands.

Cut

A Difcoiirfe of Forefi-Trec5. 2 a

Cut not his Head at all, nor (by any means) the fibrous part of the
Roots^ only, that down-right, or Tap-root (which gives our Htif-
handmen (0 much trouble in drawing ) is to be totally aba-
ted : But this work ought to be in the increafeof O&ober, or No-
vember^ and not in the Spring. We are (as I told you) willing to
(pare his head ; becaufe, being yet young, it is but oi z j^ongy^nh-
ftance ^ but being once well fixed, you may cut him as clofe to the
earth as you pleafe ; it will caufe him to (hoot prodigioufly ^ fb as
in a few years to be fit for Pike-Jiaves. In South Spain (where
are the beft) after the firft drefling, they let them grow till they are
fobig, as being cleft into four parts, each part is fufEcient to make
a Pikejiaff: I am told there is a Flemijh Jp planted by the Dutch-
men in Lincolnpnre^ which in fix years grows to be worth twentj
Jbil/ings theTree--, but I am notafliir'd, whether it be the Ajl), or
Meek , either of them were, upon this account, a worthy encou-
ragement. From thefe low Cuttings come our Ground-aJIdes^ fb
much fought after for Arbours^ Ejpaliers, and other Pole-Wovks :
They will fpring in abundance, and may be reduced to one for a
Standard-tree^ or for Timber^ if youdcfign it 5 for thus, HyJm like^
a Cronnd-cut-aJI}

Per damna^ per cades^ ab ipfo
DncJt opes anirnkm^ ferro. Hor^

3. It is by no means convenient to plant Afh in Plovp-lands 5 for
tKe Roots y/'iW be obnoxious to the Coulter 5 and the Jhade of the
Tree is malignant to Com when the head and banches over-drip
it 5 but in Hedge-rovps^ and Plumps^ they will thrive exceedingly,
where they may be difpos'd at nine ot ten foot diftance, and
Ibmetimes neerer : But in planting of a whole Wood of feVeral
kinds of Trees for Timber^ every third^* at leaft would be an Ajk.
The beft Afi delights in the beft Land (which it will foon impo-
verifh) yet grows m any , fo it be not over-wet, and approaching
to the Marpjy, unlefs it be firft well drain'd : By the banks of
fweet and cryftal Rivers and Streams I have obferv'd them to
thrive infinitely.

4. The ufe ofAp is (next to that of the Oak. it felf ) one of the
moft univerfal : It ferves the Souldier — —C^ Fraxinus utilk
bafiis. Ovid. The Carpenter^ Wheel-roright^ Cart-rvright, Cooper ^
Turner and Thatcher : Nothing like it for our Garden Palifdd-
iedges , Hop-yards , Poles and Spars , Handles, Stocks for Tools^
Spade-trees, S^c. In fum , the Husband-man cannot be without
the Ajl} for his Carts, Ladders, and other tackling : From the Pik^,
Spear and Bow (for of Afl) were they formerly made) to the Plot» i,
in Peace and War it is a wood in higheft requeft : Laftly, the
white and rotten dottard part compbfes a ground for our Gallants
Srveet-powder, and the Truncheons make the third fort of the moft
durable Coal, and is (of all other) the fweeteft of our Foreji-fuel-
ling, and the fitteft for Ladies Chambers : To conclude, the very
dead-leaves afford (like thofe of the Elm) relief to our Cattel in

Winter ^

A Difcourfe of Foreft-Trees.

muter- but the fhade of them is not to be endur'd, becaufe it
produces a noxioxxs InJeS j and for difplaying themfelves fovcry
Ute and falling very c^r/^, not to be planted {or VmLrage, otOr-
namtnt j efpecially neer the Garden , fince (befides their preda-
titious Rootf) the deciduous leaves defcending with fo long a
Stalk, are drawn by clufters into the Worm-holes^ which foulthe
Allies mth. their falling Keys^ and fuddenly inieft the ground.

CHAP. VII.

Of the Chefi-ttHt.

Cbefs-nut. I* 'T" He next is the Chef-mt^ [Cajianea'] of which Plhiy reckons
J[ many kinds, efpecially that about Tarefitum and Naples 5
but we commend thofe oirortugal. They are rais'd beft hy fovcing ^
previous to which, let the Nnts be fitft Ipread tojiveat, then cover
them'in fandj a Moneth being paft, plunge them in Water ^ rejeft
the Sroimmers ; being dry'd for thirty days more , find them
again, and then to the vcater-ordeal as before. Being thus treated
till the beginning of Spring, fet them as you would do Beam .-
r///y will tell you they come not up, unJefs four or five be pil'd to-
gether in a hole i but that is falfe, if they be good, as you may
prefume all thofe to be which pafs this examination 5 nor will any
of them fail : But being come up they thrive beft unremov'd, ma-
king a gxeatjiand for at leaft two years upon every Tran^lanting 5
yet if needs you muft alter their Station , let it be done about
November, and that into a light friable ground, or moift Gravels,
however, they will grow even in Clay , Hand^ and all mixed
foils , upon expos'd and bleak places , as more patient of cold
then heat.

2. If you defire to fet them in Winter, or Autumn, I counfel
you to inter them within their hmks , which being every way
arm'd are a good proteftion againft the Mouje, and a providen-
tial integument : Some fow them confufedly in the Furrow like
the Acorn, and govern them as the Oalt^-^ but then would the
ground be broken up 'twixt Hovemher and February j and when
they fpring be cleanfed at two foot afunder, after two years
growth : Likewife may Copfes of Chef-nuts be wonderfully in-
creaied and thickn'd by laying the tender and young branches y
but fuch as fpring from the Nuts and Marrons are belt of all, and
will thrive exceedingly, if being let ftand without removing, the
ground be flirr'd and loofcn'd about their Roots for two or three
of the firft years, and the luperfluous wood pruned away : Thus
will you have a Copfe ready for zfelling within eight years, which
(befides many other ul'es) will yield you incomparable poles for
any work of the Garden, Vineyard, or Hop-yard, till the next cnt-
ting: And if the Tree hke the ground, will in ten or twelve

years

A Difcourfe of Foreft-Trees. 25

years grow to a kind of Timber, and bear plentiful fruit.

3. I have feen many Chef-tfut-trees tranfplanted as big as my
arm, their heads cut off at five and fix foot height ^ but they came
on at leifure ; In fuch Plantations, and all others for Avenues, you
may fet them from thirty to ten foot diftance, though they will
^row much neerer, and (hoot into poles, if (being tender) you
cultivate them like the Jf).

4. The chef-nut being grafted in the Wall-nut, Oak, or Beech,
(I have been told) will come exceeding fair, and produce incom-
parable Fruit > for the Wall-nut it is probable » but I have not as
yet made a full attempt ; In the mean time, I wi(h we did more
univerfally propagate the Horfe-chef-nut, which being eafily in-
creas'd from layers grows into a goodly Standard, and bears a
mofl: glorious flower, even in our cold Country : This Tree is
now all the mode for the Avenues to their Countrey palaces
in France, as appears by the late Superintendents Plantation at
Vaux.

5. The ufe of the Chef -nut is (next the Oak^) one of the moft
fought after h-'j t\\G Carpenter a.n^'joyner : It hath formerly built a
good part of our ancient houies in the City of London, as does yet
appear. I had once a very large Barn neer the City fram'd intirely
of this Timber : And certainly they grew not far off ^ probably
in fome Woods neer the Town : For in that defcription of London
written by Fitz-Stephens, in the Reign of Hen. 2. he fpeaksof a
very noble and large Foreji which grew on the Boreal part of it :
Proxime (fays he)fatetforeJia ingens, faltus nemorofi ferarum, late-
hr£ cervorum, damarum, aprorum, ^ taurorum Syhejirium, €^c.
a very goodly thing it feems, and as well ftor'd with all forts of
good Timber,as with Venifon and all kind of cA^.The Chef -nut af-
fords the befl: Stakes and Poles for Palifades and Hops, as I faid be-
fore j and being planted in Hedge-rows €^ circa agrorum itinera,
or for Avenues to our Country-houfes, they are a magnificent and
royal Ornament : But we give that fruit to our Smne in England,
which is amongfl: the delicaces of Fr/»cex in other Countries ; and.
being of the larger Nut, is a lufty, and mafculine food for Rujiics
at all times. The beft Tables in France and Italy make them a.fer-
vice, eating them with Salt, in Wine, being firft rofted on the
Chapplet i and doubtlefs we might propagate their ufe, amongft
owx common people, at left (as of old the B«tAa>'oip*>o/) being a. Food
fo cheap, and folafting. Finally,

CHAP. VIII.

Of the Wall-nut .

He Wall-nut is to be elevated like the Chef-nut ,'hemgWail-mt.
planted of the Nut , or fet at the diftance you would

F have

a5 A Difconrfe of Foreft-Trees.

have him ftand s, for which they may be prepared by bedding
them (being dry) mfand^'or good earth, till March^ from the time
they fell, or were beaten on the Tree : Or if before they be fet
with A;Kf A.and all upon tliem , for the extream bitternefs thereof
is moft exitial and deadly to worms : Some fupple them a little
in warm Cows-milk^'-^ but being treated as before, you will find
them zheady Jprouted^ and have need only to be planted where
they are to abide ^ bccaufe (as we faid long fince) they are moft
impatient of tranfplanting : But if there be an abfolute neceffity
of removing, let your 7ree be about four years old, and then by
no means touch the head with your k»ifc, nor cut away fo much
as the very Tap-root , fince being of a pithy and hollow Tubftance,
the leaft diminution, or bruife, will greatly endanger the killing.

2. The Wall-vut delights in a dry, found and rich land > cfpeci-
ally, if it incline to a feeding cA<i/A., ox Mark ; and where it may
be proteftedfrom the cold , as in great Pits, Vallies, and High-
way fides •■) alfo in Stony-grounds, and on Hills efpecially Chalkje :
likcwifc in Corn-fields : Thus Burgundy abounds with them, where
they ftand in the middeft of goodly Wheat-lands 2it fixty and an
hundred foot diftance ^ and it is fo far from hurting the crop^ that
they look on them as a great preferver, by keeping the grounds
warm; nor do the roots hinder the Plow. Whenever they fell
a7r«e(which is only the old, and decay'd) they always plant a
young one ncer him ; and in feveral places 'twixt Hanavp and
Frandfort ivi Germany^ no young F^rw/er whatfoever is permitted
to Marry a Wife^ till he bring proof that he hath planted, ,and is a
Father of fuch a ftated number o(fVall-nut-trees, as the Law is in-
violably obferved to this day for the extraordinary benefit which
this Tree affords the Inhabitants : And in truth, were this limber
in greater plenty amongft us, we (hould have far better Vtenfiles
of all forts for our houfos, as Chairs^ Stools^ Bed-Heads^ Tables^
Wainfcot, Cabinets^ C^c. in ftead of the more vulgar Beech^ fubjeft
toth&vporm^ weak and unfightly.

3. They render moft graceful Avenues to our Country dwel-
lings, and do excellently m hedge-roxvs j but had need be planted
at forty, or fifty foot interval 5 for they affedt to fpread both their
roots and branches. The Bergjiras (which extends from Heidel-
berg to Darmiiadt) is all planted with Wall-nuts-^ for fo by another
ancient Lavp the Bordurers were oblig'd to nurfe up, and take
care of them ; and that chiefly for their ornament and ftiade; fo
as a man may ride for many miles about that Country, under a
continu'd Arbour^ oxClofe-VPalk^'-^ The Traveller both refrefli'd with
the Fruity and the shade : How would fuch publick Plantations
improve the glory and wealth of a Nation! but where ftiall we
find the fiirits amongft our Country-men ? Yes, I will adventure
to inftance in thofe Plantations of Sir Richard Stidolph^ upon the
Downs ncer Lether-head in Surrey ; and fo about Cajjauhon^ where
many thoufands of thefe 'Irces do celebrate the indu^iry of the
Owners ; and will certainly reward it with infinite improvement^
as I am afll^ur'd they do in part already, and that very confiderably;

befides

A Difcourfe of Foreft^Tfees. 47

befides the Ornament which they afford to thofe pleafent "tra^f,
forfome miles in circumference. I remember Monjieur Sorbiere,
in a Sceptical difcourfe tb A^onfeur di Martel , fpeaking of the
readinels of the People in Holland to furnifti, and maintain what-
Ibever may conduce to the publick. Ornament, as well as Cenveni"
ence 5 tells us, that their Plantations of thefe, and the like :Trees
even in their very Roads and common High-ways are better pre-
ferv'd, and entertain'd (as I my felf have likewife been often an
eye witnefs)then thofe about the How/ex and Gardens of fleafurt
belonging to the loobies and Gentry of mofl: other Countries : And
in effect it is a moft raviihing objedl: to behold their amenities in
this particular : With us fays he (fpeaking oiFrance) they make
a jcfi: at fuch political Ordinances , by ruining thefe publick and
uleful Ornaments, if haply fome more prudent Magistrate do at
any time introduce fhem. Thus in the Reign oiHenry the fourth,
during the Superintendency of Monjieur de Sulli, there was a relb-
lurion of adorning all the High-ways of Trance with Elms, C^f. but.
the rude and mifchievous fay fans did fo hack, fteal, and defiroy
what they had begun, that they were forc'd to defift from the
through profecution of the defign ^ fo as there is nothing more
expos'd, wild, and lefs pleafant then the common Roads oi France
for want o^Jliade, and the decent limits which thefe fweet, and
divertiflant Plantations would have afforded j not to omit that
Political uCe (as my Lord Bacon hints it where he fpeaks of the
Statues, and Monuments of brave men, and fuch as had^wcU de-
ierv'd of the Publick., erefted by the Romans even in their High-
vays,) (ince doubtlefs, fuch noble and agreeable objefts would
exceedingly divertjcntertain and take off the Minds and Difcourfes
o^ Melancholy people, and penfive Travellers, who having nothing
but the dull and enclos'd ways to caft their eyes on, are but ill
Cenvcrfation to themfelves, and others.

4. What univerfalufe the French make of' the Titnber oi t\i\s
fole Tree for domeftic affairs may be feen in every room both of
poor and rich : It is of fingular account with the Joyner, for the
beft grain'd and colour'd Wain-fcot ^ with the Gun-fmith for
Stocks X, the Drum-maker for rimbs : the Cabinet-maker for Inlay-
ings, efpecially the firm and clofe Timber about the Roots, which
is admirable {ox fleclCd and chambletted works , and the older
it is , the more eftimable ^ but then it ftiould not be put in
v>ork. till throughly feafon^d j becaufe it will (brink beyond ex-
peftation : Befides thefe ufes of the Wood, the Fruit is (or preferv€s,
for Oy I And Food j and the very hufks and leaves being macerated
in warm water, and that liquor poured on the Carpet oi Walks and
Bowling-greens, does infallibly kill the Worms without endangering
the grafs ; not to mention the Dye which is made of this Lixive
to colour Wool/, Woods, and Hair, as of old they us'd it. That
which is produc'd of the thick.Jhel/ becomes beft Timber ^ that of
the thinner, better Fruit. Columella has fundry excellent rules
how to afcertain, and accelerate the growth of this Tree, and to
improve its qualities, which I recommend to the farther Induftri-
ouSj and pafs now to the lef principal. Fa CHAP,

a8 ^ Pifcourfe of Foreft-Trees.

CHAP. IX.

Of the Ser'vice.

Service. I. ^TpHe Service-tree is rais'd of the Sorhs, or Berries, which
J_ being ripe (^thditis) rotten about September, may befown
like Beech-maji : It is reported that the Soveer never fees the fruit
of his labour; either for that it bears only being very old; or
that Men are commonly^S before they think of planting Trees :
But this is an egregious njiftake ; for thefe come very foon to be
Tr'eei, and being planted young thrive exceedingly ; I have like-
wile planted them as big as my arm fuccefifuUy : The beft way is
therefore to propagate them of Suckers or 'Sets i they delight
in reafonable good ground , rather inclining to cold then over
hot 5 for in places which are too dry they never bear kindly.

2. IheTimber isufeful for the Joiner, and being of a very de-
licate Crain, for divers curiosities : Alfo it is taken to build with,
yielding Beams of confiderable fubftance : The fhade is beau-
tiful for Walks, and the Fruit not unpleafantj and in fome cafes
Afedicinal.

CHAP. X.

Of the Maple.

Maple, t. ^Tp^He Maple [_yicer'] (pi viMich Authors reckon very many
X kinds) was of old held in equal eftimation almoft with the
CHton 5 efpecially the Erufcum, the French-Jldaple, and the Feacocks-
tail-Jidaple,wh\ch is that fort fo elegantly undulatedjand crifped in-
to variety of curies : They are all produced of the Kejis, like the
j^ 5 and like to it, affeft a found and a dry mould 5 growing
•^ both in fVoods and Hedge-roves, efpecially in the latter ; which if

rather hilly then low affords the faireft Timber. By fhreading
up the boughs to a head I have caus'd it to fhoot to a wonderful
height in a little time ; but if you would lop it for the Fire, let it
2^ be done in January. The Timber is far fuperiour to Beech for all
ufes of the Turner, who feeks it for Dipes, Trays, Trenchers, ^c.
isthe Joyner for Tables, Inlayings, and forthedelicatencfsof the
grain when the kf»irs and nodofities are rarely diapred, which does
much advance its price : Alfo for the lightnefs (under the name
>*yerj imploy'd often by thoie who make Mujical-injiruments. But
there is a larger fort, which we call the Sycamor.

CHAP.

A DifcoHrfe of Fore/l-Trees, jjp

CHAP. XI.

Of the Sycamor.

I, '"jr^^cSycantor is much more in reputation for itsjhade then ^J'c<"««'"»

X itdeferves^ for the Leaves which ^11 early (hke thofe
of the yiP) turn to a Mucilage^ and putrifie with the firft moifture
of the feafon > fo as they contaminate ^flj^mar our Wal^f, and are
therefore (by my confent) to be banifh'd from all curious Gardem
and Avenues : There is in Germany a better fort of Sycamor then 3.
ours, wherewith they make Saddle-trees, and divers other things
of ufe j our own is excellent for Cart and Plovp-timber, being lightj
toughj and not much inferiour to Ap it (el£

CHAP. XII.

Of the Horn-Beam.

I,'' h'^UeHorn-heam, in Latifte the Carpiftuf, is planted of ^efj- 5 Eom-beiin^

X. though it may likewife be railed from the Seeds, which
being mature mAugnft ftiould be fown in 05?(?/>er ; but the more
expeditious way, is, by Sets of about an inch diametre, and cut
within half a foot of the Earth : Thus it will advance to a confi-
derable Tree. The places it chiefly defires . to grow in are in cold
hills, and in the barren and moft expos'd parts of Woods.

2 . Amongft other ufes which it ferves for, as Mills (for which it
excels either Tevp or Crab) Xoakztimher (whence of old 'twas call'd
lyTitt ) heads of Beetles , Stock/ , and handles of Tools ( for all
which purpofes its extream toughnefs commends it to the Huf
handmau) being planted in fmall Fojfes, or Trenches, at half a foot
interval , and in the fingle row it makes the nobleft and the
ftatelieft Hedges for long Walks in Gardens, or Farks, of any Tree ^^

whatfoever whofe leaves are deciduous, and forfake their branches
in Winter ; becaule it grows tall , and fo fturdy as not to be
wronged by the Winds : Befides, it will furnifli to the very foot of
the Jiem, and flourilhes with a gloffie and polifti'd verdure which
is exceeding delightful,, of long continuance, and of all other the
harder Woods the fpeedieft Grower^ maintaining a (lender, up-
ri^tjiem, which does not come to be bare, and (Vicky in many
years. That admirable Ejpalier-hedge in the long middle walk
of Luxembourg Garden at Park (then which there is nothing more
graceful) is planted of this Tree , and fo is that Cradle or Cloje-
tvalk^, with that perplext Canopie, which covers the (eat in his Ma-
jejiies Garden at Hampton-Court, Thefe Hedges are tonple j but
where they are maintain'd to fifteen or twenty toot height(which is

fK, very

*'.

2-ir

-Q A Difcourfe of Foreft-Trees.

very frequent in the places before mention'd)they are to be cut,
and kept in order with a Sythtoi four foot long, and very little
falcated i this is fixd on a long fneed or ftreight handle , and
does wonderfully expedite the trimming of tbefe and the like
Hedges.

CHAP. XIII.

" ** ■■
Of the Lime-Tree.

Limutrte, '• 'TPHe Lme-Tree^ {Tilia} is of two kinds ^ the Male^ which is
JL harder, fuller of knotSjand of a redder colour ^ but pro-
ducing neither Florver, nor Seed, as does the Female, whofe Blof
foftte is very odoriferous perfuming the Air : The Wood is likewife
thicker, of fmall pith, and not obnoxious to the Worm. We fend
commonly for this Tree into Flanders and HoUand, toourexcef-
five coft, whiles our own Woods do in (bme places (pontaneouily
produce them, from whence I have received many of their Ber-
ries 5 fb as it is a Ihameful negligence, that we are no better pro-
vided of Nurferies of a Treeio choice and univerfally acceptable.
For ft) they may berais'd either of the seeds in OSfober 5 or (with
better fuccefs) by the Snckers, and Plants, after the fame Method,
and in as great abundance as the Elme^ like to which it (hould be
cultivated.

a.The Lime-tree afFefts a rich feeding Soil;In ftich Ground their
growth will be almoft incredible for fpeed and fpreading. They
may be planted as big as ones Leg 5 their Heads topp'd at about

iV'^'i'*^'^' fvaioot hole j thus it will become (of all other) the moft proper

and beautiful for Walks, as producing an upright Body, fmooth and

even Bark_, ample Leaf, fweet Blofom, and a goodly fiade at di-

ftance of eighteen or twenty foot. The Prince Kleitor did lately

'* remove very great Lime-Trees out of one of his Forejis, to a ftcep

rj^ i^Tvt hill exceedingly expos'd to the heat of the Sttn at fiidelhourg ^ and

that in the midft oi Summer : They grow behind that ftrong
Tower on the South-weji, and moft torrid part of the eminence 5
being of a dry reddilh barren earth j yet do they profper rarely
well : But the heads were cut off, and the pits into which they
were tranfplantcd were(by the induftry and direftion of one Mon-
fteur de Son, a Frenchman') fiU'd with a compofition of Earth and
C<;»-^«/;^ which was exceedingly beaten, and fb /^//w^e^^ with wa-
ter as it became almoft a liquid pap : It was in this that he
plunged the Roots, covering the furface with the turf : A Angular
example of removing fo great Trees at fuch zfeafon^ and there-
fore by me taken notice of here exprefly.

4. The Timber of a well grown Lime is convenient for any ufe
that the WiUoTv isibut much to be preferr'djas being both ftronger,
and yet lighter > whence l^irgil alls them t/lias leves 5 and there-
fore

A DifcoHrfe of ForcH'Trees. 31

fore turnd into Boxes for the Apothecaries ^ and Columella com-
mends Arculas tiliaceas : with the Tveigs they made Baskets^ and
Cradles j and of the finoother fide of the bark Tablets for Wri-
ting ; for the antient Fhilyra is but our Tilta. The Gravers in
wood dofometimesmake uleof this fine A/^^erz^/j and even of
the courfeft membrane, or (livers of the Tree growing 'twixt tiie 724?,

WA, and the main body, they now twift into Baf-ropes ; Befides
the Truncheons make a far better Coal for Gun-powder then that of
^/^er it felf : and the extraordinary candor and lightnejShSiS digni-
fi'd it above all the Woods of our Forest in the hands of the Right
Honourable the white-fiave Officers of his MajeSiies Imperial
Court. Thofe royal Plantations of thefe Trees in the Parl{s of
Hamfton-Court, and St. James's will fufficiently inftruft any man
how thefe (and indeed all other Treej which ftand fingle) are to
be govern'd, and defended from the injuries of 5e<«/?j-j and fome-
times more unreafotiable Creatures, till they are able to proteft
themlelves. Jn Hol/and (where the very high- ways are adorn'd
with them) they frequently clap three or four Deal-boards (in
manner of a clofe trunk) about them ; but it is not fo well ; be-
caufe it keeps out the air which (hould have free accefs, and in-
tercourfe to the bole, and by no means be excluded from flowing
freely about them, or indeed any other Trees j provided they
are (ecur'd from the violence of impetuous winds, &c. as his Ma-
jejiies are without thofe clofe Coffins ^ in which the Dutch-men feem
rather to bury them alive : In the mean time, is there a more ra-
vilbing, or delightful objedt then to behold fome vatxxefireets^
and whole Towns planted with thefe Trees, in even lines before
their doors, fo as they feem like Cities in a wood .<? this is extream*
lyfrefh, and skreens the houfes both from Wr»<^j-, sunaadDuJi^
then which there can be nothing more defirable where fl:reets are
much frequented.

CHAP. XIV.

Of the Qukh^Beam.

I. -np^He ^ickzbeam^Ornuf] or(as others term it)the Whitchen^ ^Uk-beam,

JL is dijpeciesoiWild'Afh. The Berries which it produces in
oSober mzy thenbefown^ or rather the ^e^/ planted : Itrifesto
a reafonable ftature , {hoots upright, and (lender ^ and confifts of
a fine fmooth bark. It delights to be both in Mountains and
Woods, and to fix it felf in good light ground. Befides the ufe of 2.
it for the Hmbandmans Tools (as once by a Statute of Hen. 8. for
Bows} and for fuel, I have not yet obferved any other , fave that
theBloJJoms are of an agreeable fcent.

CHAP.

o 2 A Difcourfe of Foreft-Trecs.

CHAP. XV.

Of the Birch.

Bircb.

I, 'nr^He Eirch [Betula] is altogether produc*d o£JMcl^rs(thovi^
_l it flieds a kind of S a»ier a ahoMt the Spring) which being
planted at four or five foot interval, in fmall twigs, will fuddenly
rife to Trees 5 provided they afFeft the ground , which cannot
well be too barren 3 for it will thrive both in the dry, and the
Avet , Sand and Stony, Marpet and Bogs 5 the water-galls^ and
uliginous parts of Forejis that hardly bear any grafs, do many
times (pontaneoufly produce it in abundance whether the place
be high, or low, and nothing comes amifs to it.

Plant the fmall ttvigs^ otfuckgrs having rootj^ and after the firft
year cut them within an inch of the furface 5 this will caufe them
to fprout in ftrong, and lufty tufts^ fit for Copfe^ and Spring-woods 5
or, by reducing them to one Jiem, render them in a very few
years fit for the Turner. For though Birch be of all other the
worft of Timber , yet has it its various ufes, as for the Hffsband-
mant Ox-yoakj -, alfo for Hoops, Taniers , Brooms, Wands, Bavin
and fuel--) great and fmall-ceal, which laft is made by charkjng
the flendereft bru^}, and fitmmities of the twigs , as of the tops
and loppings M. Howards new Tanne : Laftly , of the whiteji
part of the old wood, found commonly in doating Birches, is made
the grounds of our Gallants Sweet-powder 5 to fay nothing here of
the Magifterial Fafces, for which antiently the Cudgels were us'd
by the Li&or ; as now the gentler Rods by our tyrannical
P^dagognes.

g. I ftiould here add the ufes of the water too, had I not alrea-
dy protcfted againft tampering with the Medicinal virtues of Tree/,
in the entrance of this Treatije : But if the fovereign effeds of
the juice of this defpicable Tree fupply its other defefts (which
makes fome judge it unworthy to be brought into the Catalogue of
Woods to be propagated) I may for once be permitted to play the
Empiric, and to gratifie our laborious Wood-man with a draught of
his own Liquor : And the rather , bccaufe thefe kind of Secrets
are not yet fufficiently cultivated 5 and ingenious Planters would
by all means be encourag'd to make more trials of this nature, as
the Indians, and other Nations have done on their Palmes, and
Trees of feveral kinds, to their great emolument. The Myftery
is no more then this : About the beginning of March (when the
buds begin to be proud and turgid) with a Chisel And a MalJet cut
a (lit almoft as deep as the very pith, under fome bough, or branch
of a well fpreading Birch:, cut it oblique and not long-wajs(^isa.
good Chirurgion would make his orifice in a Vein) inferring a fmall
jione or chip, to keep the lips of the wound a little open : Sir Hugh
Plat, giving a general rule for the gathering oi jap, and tapping
of 7rf e/jwould have it done within one foot of the groundjthe firft

rind

A Difconrfe of Foreft-Trees. 33

rind taken off, and then the white bark flit over-twhart, no far-
ther then to the body of the Tree : Moreover, that this reottitd
be made only in that part of the /'^D^which refpeds the Sonth-
tpeli^ or between thofe quarters^ becaule (fays he) little, or no
lap rifeth from the Northern.

In thisjlit, by the help of your kp^fi to open it, he direfts that
a leaf of the tree be inferred, firft fitted to the dimenlions of the
flit,from which the fap will diflill in manner o£filtration:takG away
the leaf, and the bark^w'iW clofe again, a little earth being clapped
to the flit : Thus the Knight for any Tree : But we have already
Ihew'd how the Birch is to be treated ; Faften therefore a Bottle^
or fbme fuch convenient Vejfel appendant : this does the effeft bet-
ter then perforation or tapping : Out of this aperture will extil a
limpid and clear water, retaining an obfcure fmack both of the
tajtg and odor of the Tree ^ and which (as I am credibly inform'd}
will in the fpace of twelve or fourteen days preponderate, and out-
weigh the whole Tree it felf, bodj/ and roots ^ which if it be con-
ftant, andjtf happen likewife in other Trees, is not only ftupendi-
ous , but an experiment worthy the confideration of our pro-
foundeft Philofophers : an exfola aquafiunt Arbores .<? whether wa-
ter only be the principle of Vegetables, and confequently of Trees :
For evident it is, that we know of no Tree which does more co-
pioufly attraft, be it that fo much celebrated Jf^/ri^ of the World
(as they call it) inform of water (as fome) or a certain jpecifque li-
quor richly impregnated with this Balftmical property : That there
is fuch a Magnes in this fimple Tree as does manifeftly draw to it
fclf Hotnm occult , and wonderful virtue , is notorious 5 nor is
conceivable, indeed, the difference between the efficacy of that
liquor which diftills from the bole or parts of the Tree neerer to the
Root, ( where Sir Hugh would celebrate the Incifon ) and that
which weeps out from the more fublime Branches : But I refer
thefe difquifitions to the learned 5 efpecially, as mention'd by that
incomparable Philojbpher, and my mofk noble Friend, the honoura-
ble M'. Bojile, inh'is fecond part of the ufefulnefs of Natural Phi lo-
fophy : Seh, 1 . Ejfay 3''. where he fpeaks of the Manna del Corpo,
Or Trunk-manna , as well as of that Liquor from the bough fo
of the Sura which the Coco-trees afford i and that Polonian fe-
crct of the Liquor of the Wall-nut-tree root , with an encourage-
ment of more frequent Experiments to educe Saccharine fub-
ftances upon thefe occafions ; But the Bookhexng publifli'd fb long
fince this Difconrfe was ready, I have only here the liberty to re-
fer the Reader to one of the befl Entertainments in the world.

4. In the mean time, the liquor of th\s Tree is efteem'd moft
powerful for the diflblving of the Stone in the bladder : Hel-
mont fhews how to make a Beer of the water ; but the Wine is a
moft rich Ctfr^/ii/, curing (as I am told) Confumptions, and fuch
interiour difeafes as accompany the Stone in the Bladder or Reins :
This Wine, exquifitely made, is fo ftrong, that the common fort of
fione-hottles cannot prefer ve the jJ'/r/Yj, fo fubrile they are and z'*?-
latile--)and yet it is gentle,and very harmlefs in operation within the

G Body,

54 A Difconrfe of Forefl-Trces.

Body, and exceedingly (harpens the Appetite^ being drank aMte pa-
jium : I will prcltnt you a Receipt, as it was Ibnt me by a fair Lacfy.

To every gallon of Birch-voater put a quart of Hotiy well ftirr'd
together •-, then boil it almofl: an hour with a few Cloves, and a
little Limon-pecl, keeping it well fcumm'd : When it is fufficient-
lyboil'd, and become cold, add to it three or four fpoonfuls of
good Ale to make it work (which it will do like new Ale) and
when the Teji begins to fettle, bottle it up as you do other veiny li-
quors. It will in a competent time become a moft brifk and fpiri-
tousDr;«4, which (befides the former virtues) is a very power-
ful opener, and doing wonders for cure of the Fthifick.: This Wine
may (if jwu pleafe) be made as fuccefsfully with Sugar in (lead of
Hony, tfej. to each Gallon oi Water 5 or you may dulcifie it with
Raiftns, and compote a Raifin-wine of it. I know not whether
the quantity of the fweet Ingredients might not be fomewhat re-
duc'd, and the operation improv'd : But I give it as receiv'd.

But befides thefe. Beech, Alder, Ap, Elder, &c. would beat-
tempted for Liquors : Thus Crabs, and even our very Brambles
may poffibly yield us «?c^/V<«/ and ufefulir/z?ej. The Poplar was
heretofore efteem'd more phyfical then the Setula. The fap of the
Oak, juice, ordecoftionof the inner bark cures the Fapions, or
farcy, 3i virulent and dangerous infirmity in Horfes, and which (like
Cancers) were reputed incurable by any other Topic, then fomc
aftual, or potential cautery : But, what is more noble 5 a dear
friend of mine aflur'd me, that a Country Neighbour of his (at
lesifcfourfcore years of age)whohad lain fick of a bloody Strangury
(which by cruel torments reduc'd him to the very article df death)
was, under God, recover'd to perfeft, and almoft ntiraculout
health, and ftrength (fo as to be able to fall ftoutly to his labour)
by one fole draught of Beer, wherein was the decoHion of the in-
ternal bark^oi the Oak-tree ^ And I have fecn a compofition of an
admirable ^^^tfr/^'c, and diuretic for all afFeftions of the Liver ou^
of the lik§ of the Elm, which might yet be drank daily as our
Cophee is, and with no lefs delight 5 but packing is not my trade :
I fpeak only here as a plain Husband-man, and a fimple Forejter^
out of the limits whereof I hope I have not unpardonably tranl-
grefs'd. Tan was a Phyfician, and he (you know) was Prejdent of
the Woods. But I proceed.

CHAP. XVI.

Of the Hafell.

Haftl. I. ^npHe Hafell is bert rais'd from the Nuts, which you fhall

X fow like Maji in a pretty deep furroxp toward the end of

February : Light greund may immediately be fown imdharrorv'd

in very accurately ; but in cafe the mould be clay, plow it earlier,

* and

A DifcoHrfe of Foreft-Trees. 25

and kt it be fufficiently mellow'd with the)rtfii?x5 and then the
third year cut your Trees near to the ground with a (harp Bil/, the
Moon decreafing.

2. But if you would make a Grove for pleafure, plant them in
Fofesat a. yard diftance, and cut them within half a foot of the
earth, drefling them for three or four Springs, and Autumns, by
only loofning the Mould a little about their roots. Others there
are who fet the N«^x by hand at one foot diftance, to be tran^lant-
ed the third year at a yard afunder : But this work is not to be ta-
ken in hand lb foon as the Nuts fall, till Winter be well advanc'd ;
becaufe they are exceedingly obnoxious to the fiofis 5 nor will
they fprout till the Spring : Befides, Vertmne are great devourers
of them : Preferve them therefore moiji, not mouldy, by laying
them in their own dry leaves, or in Smd, till January.

Tlantk df dura Cory li nafcuntur- —

3. Hajels are likewife propagated o{ Sets, and Suckers '^ from
whence they thrive very well, the Jfioots being of the fcantlings
of fmall tvands, and Jivitches, or fbmewhat bigger, and fuch as
have drawn divers hairy twigs, which are by no means to be dij^
branch' d, no more then their Roots, unlcfs by a very fparing and
difcrcet hand. Thus your Coryletum or Copfe of Hafels being
planted about Autumn,ma.y (as Ibme praftife it)be cut within three
or four inches of the ground the Spring following, which the new
Cion will fuddenly repair in cluftersand tufts offairpo/ex of twen-
ty, and fometimes thirty foot long : But, I rather fhould (pare
them till two, or three years after, when they (hall have taken
ftrong hold , and may be cut clofe to the very earth ^ the impro-
fperous , and feeble ones elpecially. Thus are likewile Fil-
berts to be treated , both of them improv'd much by tranf-
planting.

4. For theplace, they above all affeft cold, barren, dry and Jat/dy
grounds ^ alfo Mountains, and even rockje foils produce them ;
but more plentifully if fomewhat moift, dankilh, and moflie, as
in the frelher Bottoms , and (ides of Hills , and in Hedge-rows.
Such as are maintain'd for Copjes, may after twelve years befel/'d
the firft time 5 the next at feven or eight, di^c. for by this period
their Roots will be compleatly vigorous. You may plant them
from oBoher to "January, provided you keep them carefully jveeded
till they have taken faft hold.

5, The u(e of the Hafel is for Poles, Spars, Hoops, Hurdles,
Forks, Angling-rods, Faggots, Coals -J alfoforW^z^/>*J and bands, up-
on which I remember Pliny thinks it a pretty Speculation, that a
wood (hould be ftronger to bind withall being bruis'd and divi-
ded, r'^ien when jr/)tf/e and ew^zre^ laftly, for nding Switches Siwd.
Dtvinatory Rods for the detecting and finding out of Minerals ;
atle.'fl:, if that tradition be noimpofture.

There is a compendious expedient for the thickning of Copfes
which are too tranjparent, by laying of a Sampler, or pole of an

G 2 hafel^

3^ A Difcourfe of Foreft-Trecs.

Hafel, yip, TopUr^&c. of twenty, or thirty foot in length (the
head a little loppM) into the ground, giving it a chop neer the
foot to make it fuccumb ; thh faftned to the earth with a heoksx
two, and cover'd with fome frefti mould at a competent depth
(as Gard'mrs lay their Carnations) will produce a world oifiukgrs^
thicken and furnifti a Copfe fpeedily. But I am now come to tte
WaUr-Jtde •■, let us next confider the Aquatic.

CHAP. xvir.

Of the Poplar.

Poplar. I. T Begin this fecond C/^/? ( according to our former Diftri-
X button) with the Ptf/'/dr, of which there are feveral kinds ^
white. Blacky, <&€. befides the Afpen : The rohite is the moft ordi-
nary with us, to be raie'd in abundance by every^e^ ox flip : Fence
the ground as far as any old Poplar roots extend, they will furnifti
you v/\ihfl(ckert innumerable, to be flip'd from their mothers, and
tran^lanted the very firft year. You (hall need no other Nurferji.
When they are young their leaves are fomewhat broader , and
rounder then when they grow aged. In moift, and hoggjf places
they will flourifti wonderfully, fo the ground be not j^ewing j but
cfpecially neer the Margins and banks oiRivers,

Fopulffs influvifs Virg.

Alfo*r««<:A/<7»Jof feven, or eight foot long, thrufttwo foot into
the earth , when once rooted , may be cut at fix inches above
ground , and thus placed at a yard diftant they will immediately
turnilh a kind of Copfi. But in cafe you plant them of rooted-
trees, or fmallcry?*/, fix them not iodeep'^ for though we bury
the Trunchions thus profound ; yet is the root which they ftrike

2. Afpen, commonly but (hallow. The Jjpen only (which is that kind of
Vfhitc Poplar bearing a fmaller, and more tremulous leaf) thrufts
down a more fearching foot, and in this likewife differs, that j6e
takes it ill to have his head cut off : Pliny would have (hort trun-
chions couched two foot in the ground (but firft two days dry'd)
at one foot and half diftance, and then moulded over.

a. Abele. 3" There is fbmething a finer fort of White Poplar which the

DutchcdWAbele, and we have much tranfported out oi Holland:
Thefe are alio beft propagated oi flips from the Roots, the Icaft
of which will tat^, and may in March, at three, or four years
growth be tranfplanted.

4. In F/rfWer/ (not in France, as a late Author /'^e^eW/ J they
have large Nurferies of them, which firft they plant at one foot
diftance, the mould light, and moift j but, as I (aid, they muft be
interrdpietty deep, and kept clean by pruning them to the mid-
dle

A Difcmrfe of Foreft-Trees, 57

dlepoot for the firft two years, and fo till the third or fourth :
When you Tratjj^lant^ place them at eight, ten or twelve foot In-
terval : They will likewife grow oiLayen, and Q\Qnoi cuttings f
In three years they will come to an incredible altitude 5 in tivelve,
be as big as your middle •■, and in eighteen^ or tvpenty^ arrive to full
perfection : A j^ecimen of this advance we have had of an Abele
Tree atsion^ which being lopp'd in Febr. 165 1, did by the end
o£o3eber 52. produce branches as big.as a mans ncr//?, zndfiveH-
teen foot in length : As they thus increafe in bulk.^ their vabte and
price advance likewife 5 fo as the Dutch look upon a Plantation of
thefe Trees as an ample portion for a Davghter, and none of the
leaftefFedsof their good Hufbandry , which truly may very well
be allow'd, if that calculation hold, which the Knight has afler-
ted, who began his Plantation not long fince about Richmond ;
that 30 //. being laid out in thefe Plants, would render at thelcaft
ten thoufandponnds in eighteen years : Every Tree affording thirty
Plants, and every of them thirty more, after each feven years im-
proving tveehe pence in growth, till they arriv'd to their acnte.

5. The Blacky Poplar grows rarely with us, it is a ftronger, and
*«Zfer Tree then the White, the leaves more dark, and not fo am-
ple. Divers ftately ones of thefe I remember about the banks of
Pom Italy, which River he'mg the old EridanMs Co celebrated by

the Poets in which the temerarious Phaeton is (aid to have been pte- <

cipitated, doubtlefs gave argument to that/SFw» of his (ad Sifters
Metamorphofis into thefe Trees ^ but for the Amber of their preci-
ous tears I could hear of no fuch matter, whiles paffing down
that River towards Ferrara I diverted my feif with this ftory of
the ingenious Poet.

6. The beft ufeof the Poplar, and Abele (which are all of them
hojpitable Trees, for any thing thrives under their fljades) is for
Walks, and Avenues about Grounds which are fituated low, and
neer the water, till coming to be very old they are apt to grow
knurry, and out of proportion : The Timber is incomparable for
all forts of white WooddenVejjels, asTrays, Borvls and other 7»r-
ners ware j likewife to make Carts, bccaufe it is exceeding light 5
for Vine, and Hop-props, and divers viminiom works. The lop-
pings in "January are for the Fire '■, and of the tvpigs (with the
leaves on) are made Brooms. The Brya or Catkins attraft the Bees,
as do alfo the leaves more tenacious of the Mel-deves then moft
other Foreji-trees, the Oak^ excepted.

Of the Ajpen our Woodmen make Hoops , Fire-wood and
Coals, ^c.

CHAP.

28 A Difcourfe of Foreft-Trees.

CHAP. XVIII.

Of the Alder,

Aldtr. I. /- |"^He Alder is of all other the moft faithful lover of wa-

X. *^^y fiod boggy places, and thofe moft delpis'd weeping
parts 5 or vpater-gaUs of Forejit , — — crafjis^ paludihus Aim.
They are propagated of Trunchions^ and will come of Seeds (for
fo they raife them in Flanders^ and make wonderful profit of the
rlantations) like the Toplar , or of Roots^ which I prefer, being
(et as big as the fmall of one's leg^ and in length about two foot 5
whereof one would be plunged in the wud. This profound fix-
ing of Aquatic-trees being to preferve them fieedjf, and from the
concuffions of the rpinds, and violence of tvaters, in their liquid
and flippery foundations. They may be placed at four, or five
foot diftance > and when they have ftruck root, you may cut them,
which will caufethem to fpring in clumps, and to fhoot out into
many ufeful /»<?/e/. But if you plant fmallerye^j, cut them not
till they are arriv'd to ibme competent bignefsj and that in a proper
Jeafon 5 which is, for all the Aquatics, not till Winter be well ad-
vanc'd, in regard of their pithy fubftance. Therefore fuch as
you (hall have occafion to make ufe of before that period ought
to be well grown, and felTd with the earlieji, and in the firft quar-
ter of the increafing Moo» 5 that fo the fucce&vepoot receive no
prejudice.

2. There area Hoxtoi Husbands who take excefEve pains in
Jiubbing up their Alders where-ever they meet them in the boggy

places of their grounds, with the fame indignation as one would
extirpate the moft pernicious of IVeeds 5 and when they have
finifti'd, know not how to convert their beft Lands to more profit
then this(feemingdefpicable)/»/<««^ might lead them to, were it
rightly underftood : befides, thepadovp of this Iree does feed and
nour iih the very graj? which grows under it.

3. You may cut ^^«<i^/f-*reej every third, or fourth year, and
fome more frequently, as I ftiall (hew you hereafter. They (hould
alfo be abated within half a foot of the principal head, to prevent
the perifliing of the main Jiock^-^ and befidts, to accelerate their
fprouting. Infettingthe Trunchions it were not amifb to prepare
them a little after they are fitted to the fize, by laying them a
while in water j this is alfo prafticable in Willows, &c.

4. Of old they made Boats of the greater parts of this Tree

tunc alnos primumfluviifensere cavatas.

Georg. I.
Nee »on (^ torrentem undam levis inn at at alnus
Mijfa Pado 2 .

And as then, fo now ^are over-grown Alders frequently fought after,

for

ADifiOUrfeof Forejft-Trees. 5P

for fuch Buildings us lye continually under water, where it will
harden like a \cvyJione , whereas being kept in any miconftant
temper it rots immediately : Vitruvius tells us, that the Moraffes
about Ravenna in Italy wevepil'd with this Timber^ to fpfperjtru^
upon, and highly commends it.

5. The Poles oi Alder are as ufefulas thofe oi WiUoros 5 but
the coals far exceed them ^ efpecially for Gun-port>der : The fVood
is likewife ufeful for riles, rumps , Water-pipes , Troughs, Sluces^
Wooden-heels, and the fwelling bunches which are now and then
found in the old Trees, afford the Inlayer pieces curioufly chamlet-
/c<5^andvery hard,^^:. but \\\e.Fagots better for the^re then for
the draining of Grounds, by placing them (as the guiie is) in the
Trenches 5 • which old rubbilh of flints. Stones, and the like grofs
materials, docs infinitely exceed , becaufe it is for ever, preferves
the Draines hoUow, and being a little moulded over will pro-
duce ^ood grap, without any detriment to the iiround > but this is
zjecret, not yet well underftood, and would merit an exprefs
Paragraph, were it here feafonable,

'^ jam nos inter opacas

Mufa vocat Salices-

CHAP. XIX.

Of the Withy ^ Sally^ Ox^ier, and Willow.

I. OInce Cato has attributed the third place to the Sali&um, pre- Withy,

^ ferring it even next to the very Ortyard-^ and (what one
would wonder at) before even the Olive, Meadow, or Corn-field it
felf (for Sali&uvi tertio loco, nempe poji vineam, C^c.) and that we
find it fo eafily raised, of fo great and univerfal Vfe, I have
thought good to be the more particular in my Difcourfe upon
them i e^ecially, fince fo much of that which I (hall publifli con-
cerning them, is deriv'd from the long experience of a moft learn-
ed and ingenious perfon, from whom I acknowledge to have re-
ceiv'd many of thefe hints.

Not to perplex the Reader with the various names,Greel{,Gallic,
Sabinic, Amerine, Vitex, &c. better diftinguifh'd by their growth,
and bark§ , and by Latine Authors all comprehended under that
of Salices , I begin with the Withy. The Withy is a reafpna-
ble large Tree, and fit to be planted on high banks ^ becaufe they
extend their roots deeper then either Sallyes or WiUovps. For this
reafon you {hall plant them at ten or twenty foot diftance^ a-nd
though they grow the iloweft of all the twiggy Trees ; yet do
they recompence it with the larger croph the wood being tough,
and the twigs fit to bind ftrongly 5 the very peelings of the
branches being ufeful to bind Arbour^^^oXmg, and in Topiary works,
yineyards,EJpalier-p-uJt,and the like. 2. There

^o A Difconrfe of Foieft-Trecs.

2. There are two principal forts of thefe IVit hies, the koary, and
the red Withy which is the Cree\'^ tougheft, and fitteft to bind
whiles the twigs are flexible and tender.

Salhtf. '• ^^^y^^ grow much fafter, if they are planted within reach of

n>ater, or in a very moorijh ground, or fiat plain 5 and where the
foil is, by reafon of extraordinary moifture, unfit for Arable, or
Meadew ; for in thefe cafes it is an extraordinary improvement ••
In a word, where Birch, and Alder will thrive.

3. Beforeyoup/tfw* them, it is found beft to turn the ground
with a Spade j efpecially, ifyoudefign them for aflat.

3. We have three forts of Sai/ys amongft us : The vulgar,
which proves beft in dryer banks, and the hopping Sallys which re-
quire a moiflier foil, growing with incredible celerity : And a
/Air (^ kind, of a different fflA?»r from the other two, having the
twigs reddijb, the leaf not fo long, and of a more dufky green j
more brittle whilfl: it is growing in troigs , and more tough
when arriv'd to a competent fize : All of them ufeful for the
Thatcher.

4. Of theje, the happing Sallys are in greatefl efteem, being of
a clearer ter^e grain, and requiring a more Jucculent foil; beft
planted a foot deep, and a foot and half above ground (though
fome will allow but a foot) for then every branch will prove ex-
cellent for future fetlings. After three years growth ( being
cropp'd the lecond and third) the firji years increafe will be 'twixt
eight and twelve foot long generally ; the fecond years growth
ftrong enough to make Rakes and Pike-fiaves 5 and the third foj-
M, Elithes's trenching Plow, and other like Vtenfils of the Huf-
bandman.

5. If ye plant them at full height (as fome do, at four years
growth, fetting them five, or fix foot length, to avoid the bi-
ting of Cattel) they will be lefs ufeful foK {ira.\ghtjiaves, and for
fetlings, and make lefs fpeed in their growth , yet this alfo is a
confiderable improvement.

6. Thefe would require to be planted at leaft five foot diftance
(fome fet them as much more) and in the ^incunx order : If
theyaffe6tthe)2ii/, the leaf w'lW come large, half as broad as a
mans hand , and of a more vivid green, always larger the firft
year, then afterwards : fome plant them floping, and crofs-wifo
like a hedge -^ but this impedes their wonderful growth 5 and
(though PUny feems to commend it, teaching us how to excorti-
cate {owe p]zceso( each fet, for the fooner produdion of (hoots)
it is but a deceitful Fence, neither fit to keep out Swine, nor sheep j
and being fet too neer, inclining to one another, they foon deftroy

• each other.

7. The worft Sallys may be planted fo neer yet, as to be in-
ftead oijiakes in a hedge, and then their tops will fupply their
dwarfiflinefs ; and to prevent Hedge-breakers many do thus plant
them ; becaufe they cannot eafily be pull'd up, after once they
have ftruck root.

8. If fome be permitted to wear their tops five or fix years,

their

A Difconrfe of Foreft-Trees.

their ralms will be very ample, and yield the firft, and moft
plentiful relief to Bees^ even before our Abricots bloflbm.

The hopping Sallys open, and yield their Talms before other
Sallys J and when they are hlown (which is about the exit of May^
or fometimes 7"*^) the Valms are four inches long, and full of a
fine Cotton : A poor Body might in an hours (pace gather a
pound or two of it , which refembling the fineft J//^, might
doubtlefs be converted to fome profitable ufe by an ingenious
HoHfe-wife.

9. Of thefe Hopptiig Sallys^ afi:er three years rooting, each plant
will yield about a fcore of Jiaves of full eight foot in length , and
(b following, for ufe, as we noted above : Compute then how
many fair Tikfi-Jiaves^ Perches, and other ufeful Materials, that
will amount to in an Acre, if planted at five foot interval : But a
fat, and moift foil requires indeed more fpace then a lean or
dryer ; namelyj7x or eight foot diftance.

10. You may ^lantfet lings of the very firft years growth 5 but
thejecond year they are better, and the thirdyear better then the
fecond^ and the fourth as good as the third; efpccially, if they
approach the water. A bank at a foot diftance from the rvater
is kinder for them then a Eog, or to be altogether immers'd in
the water.

11. Tisgood to new-mould them about the Roots every fe-
cond or third year > but Men feldom take the pains. It feems
that Sallys are more hardy then even Willows and Oziers, of
which Columella takes as much care as of Vines themCelves. But
'tis cheaper to fupply the vacuity of fuch accidental decays by a
new plantation, then to be at the charge of digging about them
three times a year, as that Author advifes ; feeing ibme of them
will decay , whatever care be ufed.

12. Sallys may alfo be propagated like Fines, by courbing, and
bowing them in Arches, and covering fome of their parts with
mould, c^f.

i^. For fit lings, thofe are to be preferr'd which grow neereft
to the Jiock^, and fo (confequently) thofe worft which moft ap-
proach the top. They (hould be planted in the firft fair, and
pleafant weather in February, before they begin to bud. They
may be cut in spring for F«e/; but beft in Autumnfovufi , but in
this work (as of Poplar) leave a tivig or two > which being twifted
Arch-rrife will produce plentiful grouts , and fuddenly furnifti
a head.

14. \£\noviX Copfes one in four were z Sally ^tt, amongftthc
feft of varieties, the profit would recompence the care.

1 5. The fwift: growing Sally is not fo tough, and hardy for fome
ufis as the /lower, which makesjiocks for Gard'ners Spades , but
the other are proper (ov Rakes, Pikes, Mops, Si.c. Sally-coal is the
fooneft confum'd ; but of all others the moft accommodate for
Painters to defign their Work., zx\6firji draught or\ paper v/\th, C^c.
as being fine, and apt to flit into Pencils.

16. To conclude, there is a way oi grajfing a Sally trunchion y

H take

4 2 4 Difconrfe of For eft-Trees.

take it of two foot and half long as big as your wrj/? 5 Graff at
both ends a Figne, and Mulberry Cion of a foot long, and fo (with-
out clayifjg) fet xhtfiock^io far into the ground as the plant may
be three or four inches above the earth : This will thrive exceed-
ingly thcfirji year, and in three be fit to tran^lant. The feafon
for this curiofity is February.
Q . I. Oz./er J are commonly diftinguifh'd from Sallyes^ as Sallejs

zxeixomlVithiesj being fo much fmaller then the Sallyes ^ and
Ihorter liv'd^ and requiring more conftant moiflure^ and yielding
more limber, and flexible tvpigs for Baskets^ Flaskets, Hawperty
chairs. Hurdles, Stages, Bands, ^c. likewife for filh Wairs, and
tofupportthe Banks of impetuous it/z^erx : In fine, for all Wick$r
and Ttpjggy Works ;

VmJnibus Salices

2. But thefe fort of Oz^iers would be cut in the new JI)oot ^ for
if they fVand longer they become more inflexible •-, cut them dole
to the head (a root or fb above earth) about the beginning of
O&ober j unlefs you will attend till the cold be pafl, which is
better ; and in the decreafe , for the benefit of the Workman 5
though not altogether for that of the Jiock., and fucceedingy&oo* .*
When they are cut, make them up into bundles, and give them
fhelter , but fuch as are for White-rf>ork.(zs they call it) being thus
faggotted, (hould be fet in water, the ends dipped ; but for blac\,
and unpeel'd, preferv'd under covert only : The peelings of the
former are for the ufe of the Gard'ner.

5. We have in England thefe three z^«i^(?r forts ^ one of little
worth, being brittle, and very much refembling the fore-menti-
on'd Sally, with reddifh twigs, and more greenifh, and rounder
leaves : Another kind there is, call'd Perch, of limber and green
twigs, having a very flender leaf^ the thirdCovt is totally like the
Jecond, only the twigs are not altogether fo green, but yelbwijb,
and neer the Popinjay : This is the very beii for Vje^ tough and
hardy.

4. Thefe choicer forts of Oziers, which are ever the fmalleSi 5
alfothe^<>We»-^e//<?n'andn'/'i^e which is preferr'd for propagation
and to breed of, ihould be planted oi Jlips of two, or three
years growth, a foot deep, and half a yard length, in Moorijh
ground, or Banks, or elfe in Furrows 5 fo as the roots may fre-
quently reach the water 5 for Fluminibus Salices and at three,

or four foot diflance.

5. Thefiajbn (or planting is in mid-February -^ hut Cattel being
exceffively licorifh of their leaves and tender buds, fome talk of
^graffing them out of reach upon Sallys, and by this to advance
their fprouting 5 but as the i*'*?/*^, would conlume time , fb have I
never feen it ^cceed.

6. Some do alfb plant Oziers in their Eights like ^ickrfits,
thick, and (neer the water) keep them not more then half a foot
above ground 3 but then they muft be diligently cleani*d from

A Difconrfe of Forcft-Trecs. 45

Mof^ slab and Ou%e^ and frequently prun'd (efpecially the fmallcr
fpires) to form fingle (hoots ; at lead, that few, or none grow
double : Thefe they kead every fecond year about September, the
Autumnttl cuttings being beft for ufe : But generally

7. You may cut Withies, Sallys, and IVillows at any mild and
gentle_/erf/<?» between leaf and leaf even in Winter 5 but the moft
congruous time both to plant and to cut them is Crefcente Luni
Vere, circa calendas Martias ^ that is, about the new Moon, and
firft open weather of the early Spring,

8. It is in France, upon the Loire, where thefe Eights (as we call
them) and Plantations of Oziers and Withies are perfeftly under-
ftood -f as it feems in fome places alfo of our own Country, where I
have heard twenty pounds has been given for one Acre. To omit n,
nothing of the culture of this ufeful Ozier, Pliny would have the
place to be prepar'd by trenching it a foot and half deep, and in

that to fix thefits or cuttings of the fame length at fix foot inter-
val. Thefe ( if the (ets be large) will come immediately to be
Trees ^ which after the firll: three years are to be abated within
two foot of the ground. Then, in April, he advifcs to dig about
them : Of thefe they formerly made Vine-props, and one Acre hath
been known to yield props fufficient to ferve a Vineyard of twenty
five Acres.

10. John Tradefcan brought a fmall Ozier from St. Omers in
Flanders, which makes incomparable Net-tvorks, not much inferi-
our to the Indian twig or Bent-works which we have feen j but if
we had them in greater abundance, we ftiould haply want the
Artificers who could imploy them.

I. Our common Willarv of the woodier Covt delights in Meads fV3jn>.
and Ditch-fides, rather dry, then over wet (for fo they laft longeft)
and would be planted offtakes as big as on's leg, cut at the length
of five or fix foot, and fix'd a foot or more into the earth j the
hole made with an Oaken-ftake and beetle,or with an Iron-cr0w(^Comc
ufe a long Augur) fo as not to be forced in with too great vio-
lence : But firft, the Trunchions ftiould be a little flop'd at both
extreams, and the biggeft planted downwards : To this, if they
aie JoalCd in water two or three days (after they have been fiz'd for
length, and the twigs cut off ere you plant them) it will be the
better. Let this be done in February. Arms of four years
growth will yield fubftantialje?/ to be planted at eight or ten foot
diftance 5 and for the firft three years well defended from the Cat-
tel, who infinitely delight in their leaves, green or wither'd. Thus 2.
a ^r?//<>w may continue twenty, or five aodtwenty years, with good
profit to the induftrious Planter, being headed every four or five
years, fome have been known to fijoot no lefs then twelve foot in
cm yi^AT, after which the old, rotten Dotards may he felPd, and
eafily fupplied. But if you have ground fit for whole Copjes of
thii Wood, caft it into double <^/A?j-, making every /^/ neer three
foot wide ; two and half in depth ; then leaving four foot at leaft
of ground for the earth (becaufe in fuch Plantations the moifture
ftiould be below the roots, that they may rather fee, then feel the

H 2 water)

A4 A Difcourfe of Foreft- Trees.

water) and two Tables of Sets on each fide, plant the Ridges of
thefe Banks with but one fingle TabJe^ longer and bigger then the
Cal/atcral,t'iZ" three, four, five or fix foot high, and diftant fi-om
2. each other about two yards. Thefe Batiks being carefully kept
xoeeded for the firfl: two years, till the Plants have vanquilh'd the
Gra^-^ every Jcreat eleven, or twelve years growth, may yield
you neer an hundred load of wood : Cut them in the Spring for
drefling 5 but in the Fall for Timber and Fuel : I have been in-
form'd, that a Gentleman in Ejjex has lopp'd no lefs then 2000
yearly, all of his own planting.

4. There is a fort of WiUore of a flender and long leaf, refem-
• blkig the fmaller 0%ier ; but rifing to a Tree as big as the Sally 5
full of kftots, and of a very brittle j^i^ay, only here rehears' d to
acknowledge the variety .

5. There is likewife the Garden-n>illovp , which produces a
fweet and beautiful flower, fit to be admitted into our Hortulan
ornaments, and may be fet for partitions oifquares-^ but they
have no affinity with other. There is alfo in shropfiire andther
very odoriferous kind.

6. What moft of the former enumerated kinds differ from the Sal-
lys,\s indeed not much confiderable,they being generally ufeful for
the fame purpofes ; as Boxes, fuch as Apothecaries and Goldfmitbs
ufe •-, for Cart-Saddle-trees, Harrows ,shooe-makfrs Lajis, Heels, Clogs
for Fattens, Fearches, Hop-poles i, Ricing of kidny-beans, and for
Supporters to Vines , when our Englip Vineyards come more in re-
*queft : Alfo for Hurdles, Sieves, Lattices 5 for the Turner, Coals
and Bavin. T\iewood being preferv'd dry will dure a very long
time 3 but that which is found wholly p«^r/^'<^ , and reduc'd to a
loamy earth in the hollow trunks o( fuperannuated Trees, is, of
all other, thefittefttobe mingl'd with dne mould for the raifing
our choicefl: Flowers, fuch as Anemonies, Ranunculus's, Auriculas,
and the like j for

G^id majorafequar .<? Salices, humiles^ genijite
Aut illipecorip'ondem, autpa^oribus umbram
Suffciunt, Jepem^fatif, d^pabula melli.

Georg. 2.
7. Now by all thefe Plantations of the Aquatic Trees, it is evi-
dent the Lords of Moorifti Commons , and unprofitable WaSies,
may learn fome improvement, and the neighbour Bees begratifi'dj
and many Tools of Husbandry become much cheaper. I conclude,
with the learned Stephanus's note upon thefe kind of Trees, after
he has enumerated the univerfal benefit of the Sali£tum : Nulli/^
enim tutior r edit us, minor ifve impendii, aut tempejiatts fecurior.

CHAP.

A Dijconrfe of Foreft-Trees. ±t»

CHAP. XX.

Of Fences J Qmck^fetSjlkc.

i./^^Ur main F/4»?(«?7<7« is now fiuifli'd, and our F<7re/? adorn'd F«»ceA

V^ with a juft variety : But what is yet all this labour,but lofs
of time^ and irreparable expence, unlefs our youngs and (as yet)
tender Tlants be fufficiently guarded from all external injuries ^
for, as old2«/7erj

3f( Cartel, 0? Conp map enter to crop,
^ouns C)ak ij3 in Danger of loGng Ot0 top*

But with fomething a more polifh'd/^/Ve, though to the fame pur-
pofe, the beft of Toets^

Texend^fepes etiam^ ^ pecus omne tenendum ei? .•

Tr£cipue^ dumfrons tenera, imprudens^ laborum 5

Cui^fuper indignoi hyemes^folem^ potentem,

Syhejires Viri ajfidu}, capre<e^Jequaces

Illudunt : Pafcuntur Oves^ avid£^juvenc£,

f rigor a nee tantum cana concretapruina^

Aut gravis incttmbens fcopnlk arentibus <ejfas

^antumillinocueregreges, durijj venenunt

Dentjs^ d^ adfnorfajtgnata injiirpe cicatrix.

Ceorg. I.
2. For the reafon that (b many complain of the improfperous
condition oi their fVood-lands, and Plantations oil thiskmd, pro-
ceeds from this negle£f ^ though (s^eep excepted) there is no im-
ployment whatfoever incident to the Farmer, which requires lefi
expence to gratifie their expeftations ; One diligent, and skilful
Man will govern^W hundred Acres : But if through any accident
a IBea^ (hall break into his Afajiers field ; or the wicked Hunters
make a gap for his dogs and horjes^ what a clamor is there made for
the difturbance of a years Crop at moft in a little Corn .<=" whiles
abandoning his young Woods all this time , and perhaps many
years, to the venomous bitings and treading of Cattel, and other
like injuries (for want of due care) the detriment is many times
irreparable : Young Trees once cropp'd hardly ever recovering :
It is the bane of all our moft hopeful Timber. But Ihall I provoke 3.
you by an infiance ? A Kins-man of mine has a Wood of more then
60 years ftanding 5 it was , before he purchas'd it, expos'd and
abandon'd to the Cattel for divers years : fbme of the outward
(kirts were nothing fave fin-ubs and ir\\(txdh\efiarvlings } yet ftill
the place had a difpofition to grow rvoody ^ but by this negled
continually fupprefs'd. The induftrious Gentleman has Fenced in
fome^trej-of this, and cut allclofe to the ground ; it is come in
eight or nine years to be better worth then the v^ood o^ffxty j

and

* V

A Dffi(^ff^fc of Forcfi-Trecs.

and will (in time) prove mod incomparable Timber, whiles the
other part fo many years advanc'd^ {hall never recovery and all
thfs from no other caufi, then preferving kfenc'd : Judge then by
tbff how our Woods come to be fo decried : Are five hundred
sheep worthy the care of a Shepherd .<? and are not five thoufand
Oaks worth the Fencing, and the infpedion of a Hayvpard^

Et dubitant homines ferere, at^ impendere cur am .<"

Let us therefore j&»^ up what we have thus laborioufly/^/^wf^^,
with fome good ^ickrfet hedge.
&!<ickJcts. !• The Whitc-thorne which is the befl: for Fencing, is either
rais'd of Seeds or Tlants 5 but then it muft not be with dejpair,
becaufe fometimes you do not fee them peep the firji year , for
the Haw, and many othery?^^/, being inverted with a very hard
Integument, will now and then fufFer imprifonment two whole
years under the earth , and impatience of this does often fru-
ftrate the expectation of the rejitrreition oi' divers feeds of this na-
ture 5 fo as we frequently dig up, and difturb the beds where
they have been forvn, in dej^air, before they have gone their full
time 5 which is alfo the reafbn of a. very popular miftake in other

2. feeds : efpecially, that of the Hol/y, concerning which there goes
a tradition, that they will not fprout till they be pafs'd through
the MavD of a Thrujh ; whence the faying, Turdus exitium fuum cs-
cat (alluding to the Vifcuf made thereof, not the MijUeto of Oak^y
but this is an errour, as I am able to teftifie on experience 5 they
come up very well of the Berries, and patience j for (as I afhrm'd)
they wWl Jleep fometimes two entire years in their Graves ^ as will
alio the feeds of Ten', Sloes, Phjilerea^anguJiifoUa, a.nd{ar\dry others^
whofe fi}clls are very hard about the fmall kernels 5 but which h
wonderfully facilitated, by being (as we diredted) prepar'd in
beds, and magazines of earth or find for a competent time, and
then committed to the ground before the /«//in March, by which
feajon they will be chitting, and fpeedily take root : Others bury
them deep in the ground all Winter, and fow them in Februarji ;
And thus I have been told of a Gentleman who has confiderably
improv'd his Revenue, by fowing Harps only, and raifmp Nnrferiei
of ^ickrfets, which he fells by the hundred far and neer : T}»:s
is a commendable indujirj/ j any neglcftcd corners uf groand will

S' fit this Plantation : But Columella has another expedient tor the
raifing of our jpinetum, by rubbing the now m?ture Hips and
Harps into the crevices of baf -ropes, and then burying them in a
trench : whether way you attempt it, they muft (fo foon as they
peep, and as long as they require it) be feduloufly cleans'd of the
TPeeds -J which, if in beds (or tranjplantation, had need be at the
leaft three or (onr year j by which time, even your feedlings v/ill
be o(Jiature tir to remove ; for I do by no means approve of the
vxd^iXprtzntAture planting of /e^x, as is generally us'd throughout
England , which is to take fuchonly as are the very fmalleji, and
fo to crowd them into three or (our files, which are both egregi-
ous mi slakes. * Where-

A Diftourfe of Forcft-Trees. 47

4. Whereas it is found by conftant experience , that plants
as big as ones thumb , fet in the pofture , and at the diftance
which we fpake of in the Horn-beam j that is, SiXmoi^i perpendicular,
and fingle, or at mod: not exceeding a double row, do prolper in-
finitely, and much out-ftrip the denfeft, and clofeft ranges of our
trifling -Se^i-, which make but wezk poots, and whofe roots do but
hinder each other, and for being couch'd in that pojiure on the
(ides of Banks and Fences (efpecially where the earth is not very
tenacious) are bared of the mould which fliould entertain them,
by that time the Rains and Storms of one Winter have paiTed over
them. In Holland, and Flanders (where they have the goodlieft
Hedges of this kind about the Connter-fcarps of their invincible
Fortifications, to the great fecurity of their Muskgtiers upon oc-
cafion) they plant them according to my defcription, and rai(e
Fences fo fpeedily, and fo impenetrable, that our be^ are not to
enter into the comparifon.

6. Your Hedge being yet j/oung, fhould be con(ia.nt\y weeded,
though fome admit not of this work after Michaelmas, for Rea-

fons that I approve not : It has been the practice o^ Herefordshire, in
the plantation of g^ickrfet-hedges, to plant a Crab-Jiocl^ at every
twenty foot diftance ^ and this they obferve fo Rcligioujly, as if
they had been under fome rigorous Statute requiring it : But by
this means they were provided in a ftiort time with all advantages
for the graffing of Fruit amongft them, which does highly recom-
penfe their induftry.

7. Whenyour He<5?^e isnowaboutof fix years (kutnte, ptajlj it
about February or October 5 but this is the work of a very dex-
trous and skilful Husbandman , and for which our honeft Coun-
try-man M.Markam gives excellent direftions j only I approve
not fo well of his deep cutting, if it be poffible to bend it, ha-
ving fufFered in fome thing of that kind : It is almoft incredible to
what perfection fome have laid thcfe Hedges, by the rural way of
plajhing,better then by clipping-^ yet may both be ufed for ornament,
as where they are planted about our Garden-fences, and fields neer
the Manfion. In Scotland by tying the yonngfiwots with bands of
hay, they make thejiems grow fo very cloie together, as that it en-
clofeth Rabbets in Warrens inftead of pales.

8. And now fince I did mention it, and that moft I find do
greatly afFedt the ordinary way of picking ( that this our Dif
courfe be in nothing deficient) we will in brief give it you much
after Geo. Markams defcription, becaufe it is the beft: and moft:
accurate.

In a Ground which is more dry then met (for watry places it ab-
hors) plant your g^uick^ thus : Let the firft row of Sets be placed
matrench of about half a foot deep, even with the top of your
ditch, in fomewhat a (loping, or inclining pofture : Then having
rais'dyour/'^»4.n^er a foot upon them, plant another ron?, fo as
their tops may juft peep out over the middle of the j^aces of your
fir^ row ; Thcfe cover*d again to the height or thicknefs of the
other , place a third rank, oppofite to the firii, and then finifti

your

a8 a Vifcottrfe of Foreft-Trees.

your bank to its intended height. The diftances of the ploKfs
would not be above one foot -^ and the feafon to do the work in
may be from the entry of February till the end of March ; or
elfe in September^to the beginning of December.

When 'this is finifti'd, you muft guard both the top of your
Ba»k^and ontmoft verge of your Ditch with a fufficient dry-bedpt^
interwoven from^«4« to Jiake into the earth (which commonly
they do on the bank) to fecure your ^ick. from the fpoil of Cat-
tle. And then being careful to repair fuch as decay, or do not
fpring5by fuppling the dead, and trimming the reft ^ you (hall af-
ter three ^e^rj- growth Iprinkle fome Tiatber-trees amongd them ^
fuch as 0^)^, Beech^Ajlj^ Maple, Fruity or the like 5 which being
drawn young out of your Nurferies ^ may be very eafily in-
ferred.

But that which we affirm'd to require the greateft dexterity in
this work, is the artificial/'/^Jz«g of our Hedge when it b now ar-
riv'd to aj/x or feven years head.

In February therefore, or O&ober, with a very fharp Biff cut
away all fuperfluous fprays and Jiraglers which may hinder your
progrefs, and are ufelefs. Then fearching out the principal_/r<;«?/,
with a keen and light Hatchet cut them Jlant-vpjfe about three
quarters through, and fb lay it from you Jlopwg as you go, fold-
ing in the lefler branches which fpring from them ; and ever with-
in a five, or fix foot diftance, where you find an upright Je* (cut-
ting off only the top to the height of your intended hedge) let it
fland as ajiake to fortifie your work, and to receive the twimngt
of thofe branches about it. Laftly, at the top (which would be
about five foot above ground) take the longeft, moft flenderand
flexible twigs which you refer ved (and being cut as the former
where need requires) bind in the extremities of all the reft, and
thus your workxs finifh'd : This being done very clofe, and thick,
makes an impregnable Hedge, in few years ; for it may be repeat-
ed as you fee occafion , and what you fo cut away will help to
make your dry-hedges for your young Plantations, or be profita-
ble for the Oven, and make good Bavin.

9. The Pyracanth, Paliitrus, and like pretiofer forts of Ti?i^r«c
might eafily be propagated into plenty fufficient to ftore even
thefe vulgar Vjes were Men induftrious 5 and then how beautiful,
ana fweet would the environs of our Fields be ? for there are
none of the (pinouf fiorubs more hardy, nor fitter for our defence.
Thus might Berberies now and then be alfb inferred among our
hedges, which with the Hips, Hares, and Cornel-berries, do well in
light lands, and would rather be planted to the South then North,
or fVeif, as ufually we oblerve them.

10. Some mingle their very hedges with Oaklings, Ap,^r\d Fruit-
trees fown, or planted, and 'tis a laudable improvement.

1 1. In Cornwall they fecure their Lands and Woods with high
Mounds, and on them they plant Acorns whofe roots bind in the
loo fer mould, and fo form a double, and moft durable Fc«cc, in-
circling the Fields with a Coronet of Trees. They do likewife

(and

A Difcourfe of Foreft-Trees. ^^

(and that with great commendation) make hedges of our GenWa
Spitiofa, prickly Furzes^ of which they have a taller fort, fuch as Fwrzex.
the French imploy for the fame purpofe in Britatgn^ where they
are incomparable husbands.

15. It is to hejbrvn (which is beft) or planted of the roots in a
furrow : If fown, weeded till it be ftrong : both Tonftle, and to
be diligently clipd, which will render it very thick, an excellent
and beautiful hedge : Otherwife permitted to grow at large, 'twill
yield very good Fagot.

14. Thus, in fome places, they Jbw in barren grounds (y/hen
they lay them down) the laft crop with thisjeed, and fo let them
remain till they break them up again , and during that in-
terim, reap confiderable advantage : Would you believe (writes
a worthy CorreJ^ondent of mine) that in Hereford/hire (famous for
plenty of jvood) their Thickets of Furzes (viz.. the vulgar) (hould
yield them more prop, then a like quantity of the belt fFheat
land of England .<? for fuch is theirs 5 and in Deponfljire (the Jeat
of the beft Husbands in the World) they fow on their worft Land
(yveWploiv'd) the feeds of the rankeft Furzes, which in four or five
years becomes a rich Wood : No provender makes horfes fo har-
dy, as the young tops of thefe Furzes 5 no other Wood fo thick,
nor more excellent Fuel ^ and for fome purpofes alfo, yielding
them a kind of Timber to their more humble buildings, ^viA a great
refuge for FovpI and other Game : I am affur'd, in Britaign 'tis
fometimes fown no lefs then twelve jards thick, for a fpeedy, pro-
fitable, and impenetrable ^(?«»<5^.- If we imitated this A^sr^^Wr^
in the barren places of Surrey, and other parts of this Nation, we
might exceedingly fpare our woods 5 and I have bought the beft
fort of French fed at the ftiops in London.

15. This puts mem mind of the Broom 5 another improvement Broom,
for Barren grounds, and faver of more fubftantial Fuel : It may be
fown Englijh, or (what is more fweet, and beautiful) the Spanip,
with equal fuccefs.

1 6. In the Weftern parts of France, and Cornwall, it grows with
us, to an incredible height (however our Poet give it the epithete
of humilk) and fo it feems they had it of old5as appears by Gra^
tius his Genifite Altinates, with which (as he affirms) they us'd to
make Jiaves for their Spears, and hunting Darts.

17. Laftly, a confiderable Fe»ce may be made of the Elder, Elder.
let of reafonable lufty trunchions 3 much like the Willow, and (as I
have feen them maintain'd) laid with great curiofity, and far ex-
celling thofe extravagant plantations of them about London,whev.e

the lops are permitted to grow without due and (kilful laying.

18. There is a fort of Elder which has hardly any Pith 5 this
makes exceeding ftout Fences, and the Timber very ufeful for Cogs
of Mills, and fuch tough employments.

1 9. The American Lucca is a harder plant then we take it to be 5 •
for it will fuffer our fliarpeft Winter, s^s I havefeen by experience,
without that trouble, and care of fetting it in Cafis in our Confer-
vatories for hyemation ^ fuch as have beheld it in Flower (which is
not indeed till it be of fome age)muft needs admire the beauty

I of

50 A Difconrfe of Forcft-Trees.

of it ^ and it being cafily multiplied, why ftiould it not make one
of the beft and moft ornamental Fences in the world for our
C<trdc»s^ wirhits nAtmal palifados, as well as the more tender,
and impatient of moifture the j4loef does for their Vineyards in
Langnedoc^ &c. but We believe nothing improvable^ fave what our
Grand-fathers taught us.

And thus, having accomplifli'd what (by your Commands J I
had to offer concerning the propagation of the more Solid^ Materi-
al, and ufeful Trees, as well the Dry, as Aquatical 'j and to the
beft of my talent fenced our Plantation in, I ihould here conclude^
andfet a Bound likewifeto my Difcourfe, by making an jipologie
for the many errours and impertinencies of it ; did not the %eal^
and ambition of this lUuBrious Society to promote and improve
all Attempts which may concern the Fublick^ ntility or Ornament^
perfwade ilfe,that what I am adding for the farther encouragement
to the planting of fome other ufeful (though lefs Vulgar) Trees,
will at leaft obtain your pardon, if it mifs of your Approbation.
Fruit-Trees. !• To difcourfe in this Jiile of all fuch Fruit-trees as would
prove of greateft emolument to the whole Nation, were to defign
a juft Volume •■, and there are dire3ions already fo many, and fo
accurately deliver'd and publifi'd (but which cannot beaffirm'dof
any of the former Clajjes of Foreji-trees and other remarkes, at the
leaft to my poor knowledge and refearch) that it would be need-
left to Repeat.

2. I do only with fupon the profoeft , and meditation of
the univerfal Benefit ) that every perfin whatfoever, worth tett
pounds per annum, within his Majefiies Dominions, were by
fome indifpenfable statute oblig'd to plant his Hedge-rows with the
beft and moft ufeful kinds of them j efpecially, in fuch places of
the Nation, as being the more in-land Counties, and remote from
the Seas and Navigable Rivers, might the better be excus'd from
the planting of Timber , to the proportion of thofe who are
more happily and commodioufly fituated for the tranf^ortati-
on of it.

3. Undoubtedly,ifthiscourfe were taken efreftually,a very f<>«-
fiderable part both of the Meat and Dr/»4, which is fpent to our pre-
judice might be faved by the Countrey-people,even out of the Hedges
and Mounds, which would afford them not only the p/e^^re and
/»r<?^> of their delicious Fruit, but fuch abundance of Cider and
Ferry as fhould fuffice them to drinks of one of the moft wholefim
and excellent Beverages in the World. Old Gerard did long fincc
alled^ us an example worthy to be purfu'd ^ I havefeen({2i\th he,
fyes.kin2o£ Apple-Trees, Itb.:^. cap. 101. ") inthePadmes and Hedg-
rows about the Grounds of a Worjhipful Gentleman dwelling two
miles from Hereford, called M^ Roger Bodnome, fo many Trees of
al/ibns that the Servants drinks for the moft part no other drink^but
that which is made of Apples .' The quantity is fitch, that by the re-
port of the Gentleman himfelf the Parfon hath for Tythe many
HoeJJjeads of Cider •• The Hogs are fed with the fa/lings of them^
which are fo many that they make choice of thofe Apples they do eat,
who will not tajie of any but of the beji. An Example doubtlefs to he

followed

A Difconrfe of Fore/l-Trees. 1 1

foUowed of Gentlemen that have Land and Living ^ but Envy faith
The Voox TPtU breaks dovpti our Hedges, and rvejljall have the leafi
part of the Fruit > but forward in the Name of Cod^ Graff, Set
Plant, and nourijl) uf Trees in every corner of your Ground i the
labour // fmall^ the coft is nothings the commodity »• great ; your
felves paU have plenty , the poor pall have fomevphat in time of
want to relieve their neceffity^and God Jhall reroardyour good minds
and diligence. Thus far honeft Gerard. And in truth with how
fmall a charge and infinite pleafure this were to be effefted, every
one that is Patron of a little Nurfery can eafily calculate : But by
this Expedient, many thoulands o£ Acres, fow'd now yearly with
Barley, might be cultivated for Wheat, or converted into Pajiure
to the increafe of Corn, and Cattel: Befides theTimber which the
Pear-tree affords, comparable (for divers curious Vfes") with any
we have enumerated. But of this I am to render a more ample
Accompt in the Appendix to this Dijcourje.

4. I would farther recommend the more frequent planting and
propagation of Fir, Pine-trees and feme other beneficial Materials
both for Ornament znA. profit 5 efpecially, fince we find by experi-
ence, they thrive fo well, where they are cultivated for Curio-
fity only.

CHAP. XXI.

Of the Fir, f*ine, Pinafter, Pitch-tree, C^c.

I. ' I "^Hey are all of them eafily rais'd of the Kernels, and Nuts^ p.

X which may be gotten out of their Cones and Clogs, by "'*
cxpofing them a little before the^re till they begin to gape, and
are ready to deliver themfelvesof their burthen.

2. There areof the Fir two principal Jl^e«ex 5 the ^-«le 'which
is the bigger Tree, and of a harder wood ^ the Female, which is
much the fofter, and whiter. They may be fown in beds, or
cafes, at any time during March ^ and when they f ee/>,carefully de-
fended with Furzes, or the like fence from the rapacious Birds,
which are very apt to pull them up, by taking hold of that lit-
tle infecund part of the yee^/ which they commonly bear upon
their tops : The Beds wherein you fow them had need be uiel-
ter*d from the Southern AJpeSs with fome screen of Reed, or
thick hedge : Sow them in Ihallow rills, not above half-inch-
deep, and cover them with fine light mould : Being rifen a finger
in height , eftablifti their weak. Jialks , by fiefting fome more
earth about them 5 efpecially the Pines, which being more top-
heavy are more apt to fwag. When they are of two, or three
years growth, you may tranj^lant them where you pleafe i and
when they have gotten good root they will make prodigious
ihoots 3 but not for the three or four firft years comparatively.

I 2 3. The

^2 A Difcourfe of Foreft-Trccs.

Fines. 2. The Titie is likcwife of both Sexes ^ whereof the Male

growing lower, hath its tpoocI more knotty and rude then the
Female. They \<^ould be gather'd in jf»»e before they gape, and
Ctrltivated like the Fir m moft refpefts 3 only, you may bury the
Hulls a little deeper. By a friend of mine they were rolled in a
fine compo^ made of Sheep t-dttng, and fcatter'd in Fehrnary, and
this way nfever fail'd 5 ¥0' and Pine 5 they came to be above Inch
high by ^rf;'-" this were an expeditious pr<?fe/? for great Plant at i^
iHs : unlefs you would rather fet the Pine as they do Peafe j but
at wfder diftances, that whtn there is occafion of removal, they
might be taken up with earth and all i becaufe they are (of all
oihet Trees) the moft obnoxious to mifcarry without this caution 5
and therefore it were much better (where the Nuts might be com-
modioufly fet, and defended") never to remove them at all, it gives
this Tree lb confiderable a check.

4. I am affur'd (by a perfon moft worthy of credit) that in the
t^ritory of Al%ey (a Country in Germany^ where they were mi-
ftrably diftreffed for ^otff/, which they had fo deftroy'd as that
they were reduced to make ufe of Stravp for their beft Fuel) a
Verf large Trdii beihg newly plowed, but the Wars furprizing
them, not fuffer'd to fow , there fprung up the next year a whole
Foreft of Pine-trees^ of which Ibrt of IVood there was none at all
within lefs then fonrfcore miles 5 fo as 'tis verily conjeftur'd by
fome, they might be wafted thither from the Country of Wejira-
fta^ which is the neereft part to that where they grow : If this

be true, we are no more to wonder, how, when our Oak^vpoadt
are grubb'd up. Beech and Trees of other kinds have fre-
quently fucceeded them : What fome impetuous Winds have
done in this nature I could produce inftances almoft miraculous : ■
I ftiall fay nothing of the opinion of our Mafter Varro, and the
learned Theophrafitii , who were both of a faith that the feeds
of Plants drop'd out of the Air : Pliny in his 16. Book.^ Chap. 33*
upon difcourfe of the Cretan Cypreji^ attributes much to the indoles
and nature of the foil, virtue of the Climate, and Imprejjions of
the Air : And ihdeed it is very ftrange what is affirmed of that
Pitchy-rain, repdrted to have fallen about C^re«c, the year 430.
U. C. after which, in a ftiort time fprung up a whole wood of the
Trees of Lajerpitium, producing a precious Gum not much infe-
riour to Ben%oih, if at leaft thejiory he warrantble .• But of thefe
Aerial irradiations, yzt'ions conceptions znd equivocal ^iod\x^ions
withouty^e^^, €^c. upon another occafion, if life and leifure per-
mit me to finifh what has been long under the hand, and file to
gratifie our Horticultores : This prefent Treatije being but an im-
iperfecl limb of that more ample Wori{.

5. In tranfplanting of thefe i?e/M?^re<!>*!f, and C(>«//er(?*!f Trees,
you muft never diminifh their heads, nor be at all bufie with
tht'ir roots, which pierce deep, and is all their foundation, unleft
you find any of them bruifed, or much broken : Neither may
you dif branch them, bufwith great caution, as about March or
before, orelle in September^ when I advifeyou to rub over their

wounds

A Difcourfe of Forefi-T^ecs. ^5

rvonnds with a mixture of Cow-dung 5 the negleft of tbis coft me
dear, fo apt are they to fpend their Oum.

6. Some advife us to break, the (hells of Fines to faeilitate their '
delivery^ and I have effay*d it 5 but to my loft 5 Nature does ob'

jietricate^ and do that ofhceof her ielf when it is the beft feafon^
neither does this preparation at all prevent thole which are fb bu-
ried, whiles their hard Integuments protect them both from rotting,
and the Vermine.

7. The domeflic Fine grows very well with us 5 but the Fina- Finafitri
Jier or wilder beft for Walks ^ becaufe it grows tall, and proud,
maintaining their branches at the fides, which the Fine does lefi
frequently.

8. The fir grows talleft being planted reafonable clofe toge-
ther '^ but fuffers nothing to thrive under them. The Tim not fo
inhabitable ^ for (by Flinies good leave) it may be fown with any
Tree, all things growing well under its P)adei and excellent ki
Woods, hence Claudian,

Et com it em quercum Finus arnica trahit*

9. They both affeft the cold, high and rockie grounds } yet
will grow in better j but not in over rich, and pinguid. The
worft land in Wales bears (as I am told) large Fine 5 and the Fir
according to his afpiring nature , loves alfo the Mountain mDre
then the Valley 5 though they will alio defcend, and fucceed very
well in either 5 being delirous of plentiful waterings till ?they ar-
rive to feme competent ^4t«re , and therefore they do not pro-
fper fo well in an o\er fandy, and hungry foil, or gravel, as in the
very entrails of the Rock/, which afford more drink.to the Roots,
that penetrate into their meanders, and winding receffes. But
though they require this rejhjhing at firft 5 yet do they perfeftly
zhhov aWJiercorationj nor will they much endure to have the
earth open'd about their roots for Ablaqneation, or be difturb'd.
This is alfo to be underftood of Cypre^. A Fir for the firft half
dozen years feems to ftand, or at leaft make no confiderable ad-
vance; but it is when throughly rooted, that it comes away mi-
raculoufly. That Honourable Knight Sir Norton Knatchbull
(whofe ddiciousFlantationo^ Fines, and F/rx I beheld with great
fatisfaftion) having aflur'd me that a Fir-tree of his raifing, did
fhoot nolefs then 60 foot in height in little more then twenty years,
is a pregnant inftance, as of the fpeedy growing of that material:,
fo of all the encouragement I have already given for the more fre-
quent cultivating this ornamental, ufeful and profitable Tree.

10. The Ficea is another Ibrt of Fine, and to be cultivated I'ttchi
like it

'Fice£tantHm, taxi^ nocentes

' •--— '" 3 jf

Inter dum, ant eder£ pandnnt Ve^igia nigra.

Ceorg. 2.
to (hew in what unprofitable foils they grow j And therefore i

t± A Difcourfe of Forcft-Trees.

am not fatisfied why it might not profper in fome tolerable degree
in Efiglandi as well as in Germany^ Rujfiay the colder Tra&s^ and
abundantly in France : It grows on the Alpes among the Pit/e ^
but neither fo tall nor fo upright.

11. Thereisalfo the P/ferfi?er, out of which the greateft ftorc
of Pitch is boyl'd. The Teda likewife, which is a fort more un-
duous, and more patient of the warmer fcituations.

12. The Bodies of thefe being cut, or burnt down to the
ground, will emit frequent fuckers from the Roots 5 but fi will
neither the Pine nor Fir.

13. That all thefe, efpecially the F/r, and Pine, will profper
well with us is more then probable, becaufe it is a kind of Demon-
jiration that they did heretofore grow plentifully in Cumberland^

Chejhire, Stafford, and Lanca^jire, where multitudes of them are
to this day found intire, buried under the Earth, though fuppos'd
to have been ©'rethrown and cover'd fo ever fince the univerfal
Deluge : For we will not here trouble our Planter with M. Camb-
den's §^£rie. Whether there be not (ubterraneous Trees growing
under the ground^ though fomething to be touched anon might
feem to excufe the prefumption of it 5 befides that divers Earths,
as vfQMzslVaters, have evidently a quality oi petrifying wood bu-
ried therein.

14. In Scotland there isamoft beautiful fort of Fir growing
upon the Mountains ^ of which from that unhappy Perfon the late
Marquefs of Argyle I had fent me fome feeds, which I have fown
with tolerable fuccefi.

15. For the many and almoft univerfal ufe of thefe Trees both
Sea, and Land mil plead.

■dant utile Lignum

Navigiff Pinos ~-

They make our befl: Afaji, Sheathing, &c. heretofore the whole
Feffel. It is pretty (faith Pliny) to confider that thofe Irees which
are fo much jought after for Shipping fhould moji delight in the high-
eji of Mountains, as if it fied from the Sea on purpofe, and were
afraid to dejcend into the Waters. With Fir we likewife make
IVainfcot, Floors, Laths, Boxes, and wherever we ufe the Deal-^ nor
does there any Wood (o well agree with the glew as it, or fo eafieto
be wrought : It is alfb excellent for Beams, and other Timber-work.
in Houjes, being both light, and exceedingly ftrong, where it may
lie dry everlafiing, and an extraordinary faver of Oak_ where it
may be had atreafbnab]efr/fe. I will not complain what an in-
credible mafs of ready Money is yearly exported into the Northern
Country s for this (ble commodity, which might all be faved were we
indujirious at home. Likewilc from Fir we have the rnofl of our
Pot-aflies.

The Pine, and PiceahnxxeA in the earth never decay : From the
latter tr an jiudes a very bright and pellucid Gum-^ hence we have
V\kemk Rofmi alfo ot the Pine zrexnzde Boxes, and Barrels for

A Difcourfe of Forcft-Trees. 55

dry Goods 5 yea, and it Is cloven into Jbwgles for the covering of
houfes in feme places 5 not to forget the ksrnels^ of fuch admirable
ufe in Emulp>ns : In fum, they are Tlantations which exceedingly
improve the Air by their odoriferous and balfamical emifEons
and for ornament create a perpetual fpring where they are propa-
gated.

16. But now whiles I am reciting the t^^j of thcfe beneficial
Trees, Mr. Winthorp prefents the Royal Society with the Vroceji
of making the Tar and Titch in Nevp England , which we thus
abbreviate.

Tar is made out of that fort of Pine-tree from which naturally
Terpentine extilleth ^ and which at its firft flowing out is liquid
and clear 3 but being hardned by the 4/>, either on the Tree, or
where-ever it falls, is nor much Unlike the Burgundy Pitch j and
"We call them Pitch-pines out of which this gummy fubftance tran-
fudes : They grow upon the moft barren />/4/«j-, on rocl{s alfo and
hills rifing amongfl: thofe plains^ where feveral are found blown
down , that have lain lb many ages as that the whole bodies,
branches and roots of the Trees being pcrilhed, fome certain knots
only of the boughs have been left remaining intire (thele kitots
are that part where the hough is joyn'd to the body of theTreeJ ly-
ing at the fame diftance and pofture as they grew upon the Tree
for its whole length. The bodies of fome of thefe Tree/ are not
corrupted through age, but quite confum'd and reduc'd to afhes
by the annual burnings of the Indians^ when they fet their
grounds on fire ; which yet has, it feems, no power over thefe hard
\nots beyond a black Icorching 5 although being laid on heaps
they are apt enough to burn.

It is of thefe kpots they make their T^r in New England and the
Country adjacent, whiles they are well impregnated with that Te-
rebinthine , and Refinous matter, which like a Balfam preferves
them folong i^wmputrifaifioa. The reft of the Tree doe indeed
contain the like Terebinthinefap, as appears (upon any flight in-
cifion of bark on the ftem, or boughs) by a fmall cryftaline pearl
which will fweat out J hut thk, for being more watry, and undi-
gefted by reafon of the porofity of the wood, which expofes it to
the impreffions of the air and rvet^ render the Tree more obnoxi-
ous 5 efpecially, if it lye proftrate with the barton, which is a
receptacle for a certain intercut aneous worm that accelerates its
decay. They are the k^ots then alone which the Tar-makers
amafs in heaps^ carrying them in Carts to fome convenient place
not far off, where finding clay ox loam fit for their turn, they lay
an Hearth of fuch ordinary ftone as they have at hand : This they
build to luch an height from the level of the ground, that a Vef-
fcl may ftand a little lower then the Hearth to receive the Tar as it
runs out : But firft, the Hearth is made wide according to the
quantity of knots to be fet at once , and that with a very fmooth
floore of clay J yet fbmewhat defending or dipping from the ex-
tream parts to the middle, and thence towards one of thejides,
where a gullet is left for the Tar to run out at. The Hearth thus

finifti'd

e6 A Difcottrfe of Foreft-Trees.

finifti'd, they pile the kpots one upon another, after the very lame
manner as our Colliers do their rpood for Char-ioal ^ and of a
height proportionable to the breadth of the Hearth ; and then
cover them over with a coat of loam or clay (which is beft) or in
defedt of thofc, with the beft, and moft tenacious earth the place
will afford j leaving only a imzW j^iracle at the top whereat to
put the /re in 5 and making fome little holes round about at feveral
heights , for the admiiuon of fo much air as is requifite to
keep it burning, and to regulate the /re by opening, and flopping
them at pleafure. The procef is almoft the lame with that of ma-
king char-coal, as will appear in due place -, for when it is well
on fire, that middle ^<?/e is alfo ftopp'd, and the reft oftheiSe^i-
^erj- fo govern'd as the kpots may keep burning and not be fuifo-
cated with too mnch fmoal^, whiles all being now through-heated,
the Tar runs down to the Hearth together with fome of the
more watry jrfp, which hafting from all p<ir?x towards the middle
is convey a by the foremention'd gutter into the Barrel, or l^effel
placed to receive it : Thus the whole Art of Tar-making is no
other then a kind of rude diftillation per defcenfum, and might
therefore be as well done in Furnaces of large capacity, were it
worth the expence. When the Tlirisnow all melted out, and
run , they ftop up all the vents very clofe 5 and afterwards find
the k*iots made into excellent Char-coal preferr'd by the Smiths
before any other whatfoever which is made of wood 5 and no-
thing fo apt to burn out when their blaU ceafeth ; neither do they
jparkle in the fire as many other forts of Co^i/ do; foas, in defed
o£ Sea-coal, they niake choice of this as beft for their ufe, and give
greater />r/Ve/ for it.

Of thefe k»ots likewife do the Planters fplit out fmall firvers
about the thicknefs of ones finger, or fomewhat thinner, which
ferve themto burnin fteadof C^»^/ej5 giving a very good light.
This they call Candle-vpood, and it is in much ufe both in Nevo Eng-
land, Virginia, and amongft the Dutch-planters in their Villages 5
but for that it is fomething offenfive by reafon of the much fuligi-
nous Jmoak which comes from it, they commonly burn it in the
chimney-corner upon a flat fione , or Iron ; except , occafionally,
they carry a iin^e Jiickjn their hand, as there is need of light to
go about the houfe.

It muft not be conceiv'd,by what we have mention'd in the for-
mer defcription of the kfiots, that they are only to be feparated
from the bodies of the trees by devouring time ; or that they are
the only materials out of which Tar can be extrafted : For there
are in thefe TraEts millions of Trees which abound with the fame
fort of knots, and full of Terpentine fit to make Tar : But the la-
bour oi felling thefe Trees, and of cutting out their k"<'ts, would
far exceed the value of the Tar 5 efpecially in Countries where
Workjften are fo very dear .* But thofe kpot^, above mention'd,
are provided to hand, without any other labour then the gather-
ing only.

There are fometimes found of thofe fort of Tine-trees the

loweft

A Difcourfe of Forcft-Trees. 57

loweft part of whofe ftems towards the root is as full of Terpen'
tine as the kpots 5 and of thefe alfo may Tar be made : but luch
Trees being rarely found, are commonly preferved to fplit into
Candle-wood > becaufe they will be eafily riven out into any
lengths, and fcantlings defir'd, much better then the k»ots.

There be who pretend an art of as fully impregnating the body
of any living Pine-tree for fix or eight foot high : and fome have
reported that fuch an art is pradtis'd in Norway : But upon leveral
experiments hy girdling the Tree (as they call it) and cutting fome
of the W)^ round, and a Wttlc into the wood oi the Tree, dyz. or
eight foot diftant from the ground, it has yet never fucceeded ;
whether the jn^feafon of the year were not obferv'd, or what elfe
omitted, were worth the difqmjition , if at leaft there be any fuch
Jecret amongft the Norwegians, Swedes, or any other Nation.

0(Tar, by boiling it to a fufficient height, h Fitch made : and in
fome places where Rojin is plentiful, a fit proportion of that may
be diffolved in the Tar whiles it is boiling, and this mixture is
Ibonefl: converted to Pitch 5 but it is of fbmewhat a differing
kjnd from that which is made of Tar only, without other com-
pofition.

There is a way which fome ship-Carpenters in thofe Countries
have us'd to bring their Tar into Pitch for any fiidden ufe 5 by ma-
king the Tar fo very hot in an Iron-kettle, that it will eafily take
fire, which when blazing and fet in an airy place, they let burn fo
long, till, by taking out fome fmall quantity for trial, being cedd^
it appears of a fufficient confijience : Then by covering the Kettle
dole , the fire is extinguijh'd , and the Pitch is made without
more ceremony.

There is a procef of making RoJinzKo out of the fame kffots,
by fplitting them out into thin pieces, and then boiling them in
Toater, which will educe all the Refinous matter, and gather it
into a body which (when cold) will harden into pure Ro^n.

CHAP. XXII.

Of the Larch, Platanus, Lotus, ^c.

I. ID^t why might we not hope as well of the Larch from 1,^^^},^ ^

XJ whence that ufeful drogue -^gdw is gather'd. Ireadeof
Beams of nolefs then 120 foot in length made out of this good-
ly Tree which is of fo fi:range a cotnpofition that 'twill hardly
burn, as Ctefar found in a Cajile he befieg'd built of it : yet the
Coals thereof were held far better then any other for the melting
oilron. That which now grows fome where about Chelnsford
in Effex, arriv'd to a flourilhing, and ample Tree, does fufficient-
ly reproach our negligence and want of induffry as well as the in-
comparahie and ihady Platanns , that fo beautiful and precir

K. ous

^S A Difcourfe ef Foreft-Trecs,

ous Tree which we reade the Romans brought out of the Le-
vant, and cultivated with fo much induftry and coft, for its ftate-
ly and proud head only , that they would irrigate them with IVitte
in ftcad of IVater 5 and fo priz'd the vevypadoxv of it, that when
afterwards they tranfplanted them into Fraute, they exafted a
Tribute.oi any of the Natives who fhould prefume but to put his
head under it-* Flitty tells us there is no Tree whatfoever which fi>
well defends us from the heat of the Sun in Summer , nor that ad-
mits it more kindly in Winter.
TlatattH^' '• There was lately at Bafil m Sn>itz,erland an ancient goodly

Vlatanetum : and they may with us be rais'd of their feeds with
care,in a moift foil, as here I have known them ; But the reafondT
our little fuccefs is, that we very rarely have them fent us ripe ^
which (hould be gather'd late in Autumn , and brought us from
fome more Levantine parts then Italy.

1. They come alfo of L^^cr/ abundantly 5 afFefting a frefli and
feeding ground ; for fo they plant them about their Rivulets^ and
Fountains.

Igf^ I. Thefameopinionhavel of the noble Lotus^ whidx'm Italj

yields both an admirable j?We, and Timber immortal.

2. The offer of Crajfus to Domitius for half a dozen of thefc
Trees growing about an houfe of his in Rome^ teftifies in what
cfteem they were had for their incomparable beauty and ufe.

CHAP. XXIII.

Of the Cyprcfs-tree and Cedar.

CypTtft. I. TF we (bould reafon only from our common experience, even
J the Cypref-tree was, but within a few years paft, reputed fo
tender, and nice a Plant, that it was cultivated with the greateft
care, and to be found only amongft the Curious ^ whereas we foe
it now, in every Garden, rifing to as goodly a bulk and ftature, as
moft which you (hall find even in Italy it felf ; for fucfa I remem-
ber to have once feen in his late Majefiies Gardens at Theobalds^
before that Trincelyiesx was demolith'd. I fay, if we did argue
from this Topic : Methinks it (hould rather encourage our Country-
men to add yet to their Plantations other Forreign and ufefulTrees,
and not in the leaft deter them , becaufe many of them are not as
yet become endenizon'd amongfi: us:

'4. We may read that the Peach was at firft accounted fo tender
and delicate a Tree, as that it was believ'd to thrive only in Perjfa ;
and even in thedaysofG^/e* it grew no nearer then Egypt, of all
the Roman Provinces, but was not feen in the City till more then
thirty years before Pliny's timei whereas there is now hardly a
more common and univerfal in Europe : Thus likewife the Avel/a-
na from Pontus in Afia ^ Thence into Greece, and fo Italy, to the
City of Abellino in Campania. Vna

A Difcourfe of Foreft-Trecs. cc?

Vna. tantum liter a. immutata , Avellina dici^ qua prius
Abellina.
I might affirm the fame of our Damafco Plum, g^tiince^ Medlar^
Figue, and moft ordinary Pears^ as well as of feveral other Peregrme
Trees, Fruit-bearers, and otherf. It was 680 years after the foun-
dation of Rome ere Italy had tafted a Cherry of their own, which
being then brought thither out of Fontus (as the above-mention'd
Filberts were) did afterwards travel ad nlttmos Britannos.

3' Jofephus tells us, That the Cedar/// ]\xde3i was fir U planted
there by Solomon , who doubtlefs try'd many rare Experiments of
this nature -, and none more Kingly then that of Planting to Pojie-
rity. I do not fpeak of thofe which grow on the Mountains of
Libanus, in the colder and Northern tracts of Syria : But, as I am
informed by a curious Traveller, there remaining now not above
twenty four of thoie ftately Trees in all thofe goodly Forejis, where
that mighty Prince fet fourfiore thoufand Hewers at work for the
Materials of one only Temple and a Palace^txs a pregnant Example
what Tzwe and NegleU \^\\\ bring to ruine, if due and continual
care be not taken to propagate Timber.

4. Nor is it any wonder if we find the whole Species of fome
Trees fo totally loft in a Countrey as if there had never been any
fuch planted in it : Be this therefore applied to Fir, Pine, and ma-
ny others with us,fince it was fo long ere Rome was acquainted with
them, or indeed with any of the Pitch bearers.

5. We had our firft Myrtils out oi Greece, and Cyprefs from
Creete, which was yet a meer ftranger in Italy, as Pliny reports,
and moft difficult to be raifed ^ which made Cato to write more
concerning the culture of it then of any other Tree : Notwith-
ftanding we have in this Countrey of ours no lefs then three forts,
which are all of them eafily propagated, and profper very well if
they are rightly ordered 5 and therefore I ftiall not omit to dif-
clofe one fecret, as well to confute a popular Errour, as for the
Inftruftion of our Gardners.

6. The Tradition is. That the Cyprefs (being a Symbol of Mor-^
tality, they ftiould fay of the contrary^is never to be cut for fear of
killing it. This makes them to impale and wind them about like
fo many ^Egyptian Mummies 5 by which meaps the inward parts
of the Tree being heatedjfor want oiAir and Refrelhment,it never
arrives to any perfeftion , but is exceedingly troublefome, and
chargeable to maintain ^ whereas indeed there is not a more ton*

Jile and governable Plant in nature .* For the Cyprefs may be cut to
the very Roots, and yet fpring afrefli : And this we find was the
husbandry in the Ijle of Mnaria, where they us'd to fell it for Copfi, :
For the Cyprefs being rais'd from the Nurfery of Seeds fown in Sep-
tember ("or rather March), and within two years after tranfplanted,
fhould at two years ikanding more, have the majier ftem of the
middle Ihaft cut off fome hand-breadth below the y»w«/;>, the

fides and imaller fprigsftiorn into a conique or pyramidal iorm, and
fo kept clipp'd from Jpril to September, as oft as there is occafion ^
and by tins Regiment they will grow furniffd to the foot, and be-

K 2 come

^o A Difcowfe of Foreft-Trces.

come the mofl: beautiful Trees in the world, without hind'iKg or
Stake '■) ftill reinembring to abate the middle ftem, and to bring up
the collateral branches in its ftead to what altitude you pleafe :
Thus likewife may you form them into Hedges and Topiary works,
or by (owing the Seeds in a (hallow furrow^ and plucking up the
fupernumeraries where they come too dole and thick : For in this
work, it (hall fuffice to leave them within a foot of each other , and
when they are ri(en about a yard in height (which may be to the
half of your Palifado) cut o(F their tops^ as you are taught, and
keep the (ides clipp'd, that they afcend but by degrees, and thicken
at the bottome as they climbe. Thus they will prefent you in
half a dozen or eight years with incomparable hedges^ preferable
to all others what(bever, becaufe they are perpetually green, and
able to re(i(t the Winds better then any which I know, the HoUj
only excepted, which indeed has no peer.

7. When I (ay Winds, I mean their (ierceft gujis, not their cfildi
For though it be (aid, Bruma^ ilUfa Cuprejfuf, and that indeed no
fiofi impeaches them(for they grow even on the Jhowji tops oilda^
yet our cruel Eajiern winds do (bmetimes mortally invade them
which have been late clipp'd, feldometheuntouch'd, or that were
drejfed in the Spring only : The e(fedl:s of this laft March and yipril
Winds,accompanied with cruel Frofts and cold blajis^^or the fpace
of more then two moneths night and day, did not amongft neer a
thoufand C)'/?re^/(growing in my Garden^ kill above three or /tf«r,
which for being very late cut to the quicks, (that is, the latter end
of O&ober") were raw of their wonnds^'took cold, and gangreen'd^
fome few others which were a little fmitten towards the tops^
might have efcaped all their blemilhes, had my Gard'ner capp'd
them but with a wif^ of hay or iiraw^ as in my abfence I command-
ed. As for the froH of the paft Winter (then which I believe there
was never known a more cruel and deadly piercing (ince England
had a name) it did not touch a C^pre/ of mine till it joyn'd forces
with that deftruftive Wind : Therefore for caution, clip not your
Cyprejfes late in Autumn, and cloath them againft thefe veinds 5
for the fiojis they only difcolour them, but feldome or never hurt
them, as by long experiencel hove found.

8. If you afFeft to fee your Cyprefs in Standard, and grow wild
(which may in time come to oe of a large fubftance, fit for the
moft Jimmortal of Timber ) plant of the Male fort ; it is a Tree
which will profper wonderfully ^ and where the ground is hot,
and gravelly, though he be nothing fo beautiful.

9. There is Wkew'iCe the Tar entine Cypref,io much celebrated by
Cato : I do not mean our Savme , (which (bme erroneoufly take
for it) both that, and the Mile(ian,3iYe worthy our culture.

ic. I have already Ihew'd how this Tree is to be raisdfrom the

feed > but there was another Method amongfl: the Ancients, who

(as I told you) were wont to make great Tlantations of them for

their Timber : I have pradhs'd it my felf, and therefore de-

(cribc it.

II. If you receive your feed in the Nuts, expofe them to the

Su»

A Difcourfe of Foreft-Trees. ^i

Suft rill they gape, or neer a gentle fire, by which vn^Ans the feedt
will be eafily Ihaken out 5 for if you have them open beforCj they
xio not yield you half their crop.

About the beginning of yipril (or befoi*e , if the weather be
jhowerj/) prepare an even Bed, which being made of fine earthy
clap down with your Spade , as Gard'ners do for Purfelain-feed :
(of old they roU'd it with fome Stone or Cylinder) Upon this ftrew
your feeds pretty thick ; then fieft over them fome more mould for
almoft an inch in height : keep them duly rvatered after Sun-Jet^
unlefs the feafon do it for you 5 and after one j/ears growth (for
they will be an inch high in little more then a Moneth) you may
tranjplant them where you pleafo.

12. What the Vjes of this Timber are , for Cheffs and other
Vtenfils ; as heretofore for fupporters of Finer, Poles, Rails, and
Flanks, (refifting the Worm, Moth, and all putrefafliion to eter-
nity) the Venetians fufficiently underftand 3 who do every twenty
year, and oftner (the Romans every thirteen) make _^a confidera-
ble Revenue of it out of Candy : And certainly a very gainful
commodity it was, when the Fell of a Cyprefetum was heretofore re-
puted a good Daughters P<>r^ztf», and the F/<t«*<i*w«it felf call'd
DotemJih£.

13. The Timber of this wood was of infinite efteem with the
Ancients : That lafting Bridge built over the Euphrates by Semi-
ramjs was made of this wood , and it is reported, Plato chofe it
to write his Laws in before Bra^ it felf, for the diuturnity of the
matter: It is certain, that it never «y>x, or i'/e^t/e/, but with great
violence '■> and the bitter nefo( its juice prefer ves it from all worms ^
and putrifaction. To this day thofe of Creet, and Malta make
ufe of it for their buildings ; becaufe they have it in plenty, and
there is nothing out-lafts it : Finally, (not to forget even the very
chips of this precious wood, which gives that flavour to Mufca-
dines and other rich Wines) I commend it for the improvement
of the Air, as fending forth moft fweet, and aromatick^emiG\on$,
when ever it is either clipp'd, or handled : But,

^id tibi odorato refer am Judantia ligfto,
if I forget

The Cedar .<? which grows in all extr earns: In the moift Barbados^ ^^
the hot Bermudas, the cold New England 5 even where the Snow Cedar.
lyes (as I am aiVur'd) almoft half the year .• Why then it fhould
not thrive in Old England, I conceive is from our want of indn-
Jiry : It grows in the Bogs o( America, and in the Mountains of
Aiia : It leems there is no place affrights it 5 and I have frequent-
ly rais'd it oi the feeds, which I fet like the Bay-berries ^ and we ^,
might have of the very besi kind in the World from the Summer
Ijlands, though now almoft utterly exhaufted there alfo, and fo
the moft incomparable of that facred wood like to be quite de-
Jiroy'd by our Negligence, which is by nature almoft eternal :

3. Thus I reade that in the Temple of Apollo at Vtica there was
found Timber of neer two thoufand years old 5 and in Sagunti of
Spain a beam in a certain Oratory confecrated to Diana, which bad

been

62 A Difcourfe of Foreft-Trees.

been brought from Zant 200 years before the deftruftion oiTroy :

4. The Sjttim mention'din holy Writ isbeliev'd to have been
a kind oi Cedar ^ of which the moft precious Vtenftls were form'd ;
fo that when they faid a thing was ctdro digfta, the meaning was,
vporthy of eternity.

CHAP. XXIV.

Of the Cork, Alaternus, Phillyrea, Granad,
Myrtil, Jafmine, &-€.

Cork '• nr*'^^ Cork^[_SHber~\ grows in the coldelf parts of i5//c4/y(,and in

2^ X. the North ofNerv England : Why fhould we delpair ? That

the great Ilex thrives well enough, his Afajejiies Privy-gardens at
IVhite-hall would once have ftiew'd, where ftood a goodly Tree,
of more then fourfcore years old 5 though there be now but an
Jwpe of it remaining. I wonder Carolm Stephanus^ and Benedi&ns
CurfiHs ftiould write fo confidently there were no Corkctrees in
Italy, where I my felf have travell'd through vaft Woods of them
about Pifa , and Aquin , and in divers other places between
Rome and the Kingdom of Naples : That there were none in
France indeed Fliny is exprefs^ Nat. Hilf. 1. 16. c. 8.

3. I (hall not need rehearfe the Vfes of the Bark^ of this Tree, it
is fo well known , the Timber is elfe inconfiderable.
Alaumui. I. The Alaternus^ which we have lately received from the hot-
teft parts of Languedoc (and that is equal with the heat of almofl:
any Country in Europe) thrives with us in England, as if it were an
Indigene and Natural.

7. I have had the honour to be the firft who brought it into
Vje and reputation in this K/»§«/tf«» for the moft beautiful, and
ufcful of He^afge/, and Verdure in the world (^the Jbiftnef o{ the
growth confider'd) and propagated it from Cornwall even to Cum-
berland : The feed grows ripe with us in Auguji ^ and the hony-
breathing Blojfomes afford an early and marvellous relief to
the Bees.
Fhtlljrea. I. All the Phil/yrea's are yet more hardy '^ which makes me

wonder to find the AnguHifolia planted in Cafes, and fo charily
fct into thcjioves, amongft the Oranges and Lemmons ^ when by
long experience I have found it equal our Hol/y in fufFering the ex-
treameft rigours of oui cruelleft Fronts , and Winds , which is
doubtlcls (of all our Englip Trees) the moft infenfible and ftout.

2. They are ( both Alaternus and this ) raifed of the feeds
(though thole of the Phillyrea will be long under ground) and be-
ing tranfplanted for Ejpalier hedges, or standards, are to be go-
vernM by the Jhears, as oft as there is occafion : The Alaternus
will be up in one Moneth after it is fown : Plant it out at two years
growth, and clip it after rain in the jpring, before it grows fticky,

and

A Difcourfe of Foreft-Trees. ^3

and whiles the (hoots are tender 5 thus will it form an hedge
(though planted but in fingle rows and at two foot diftance) of a
yard in thicknefs, twenty foot high (if you defire it) and furnith'd
to the bottom : But for an hedge of this altitude, it would re-
quire the friendftiip of fome Wall^ or a Frame of lufty foles^ to
fecure againft the Winds one of the mofl: delicious objefts in na-
ture : But if we could have ftore of the Fhillyrea folio leviterfer-
rato (o( which. I have rais'd fome very fine Plants from the feeds)
we might fear no vpeather, and the verdure is incomparable.

I. The culture of the Granade does little differ from that Granade.
of the Alaternus , of which we might raife confiderable hedges
on all our Southern M^^dis : They have fupported thislaftmoft
unmerciful Winter without any artifice 5 and if they yield us their
fioTcers for our pains of weWfruning (for they muft diligently be
purged of their wood) it is a glorious recompence : I plant them
in my Hedge-rows even amongfl: the ^ick-

1. Tiie vulgar //4//d» wild il/yr/// (though not indeed the moft Mjrtil.
jragrant) grows high, and Supports all weathers, I know of one
neerfifty years old, which has been continually expos'd :, unlefs

it be, that in fome exceeding y^i^rp feafons a little /^r<?u' has been
thrown upon it i and where they arejhtitten, being cut down
neer the ground, they put forth and recover again ^ which many
times they do not in Pots^ and Cajes, where the roots are very ob-
noxious to perifti with mouldinef. The (helter of a few Mats^
and StratVy (ecur'd very great Trees (both leaf and colour in per-
feftion) this laft Winter alfo, which were planted abroad , whiles
thofe that were carried into the Conferve were mofl: of them lofl:.
Myrtils may be rais'd o£ feeds, but with great caution J and they
feldom prove hardy, nor is it worth the time being fo abundantly
encreafed of Layers : But,

2. I produce not thefe particulars, and other antcenaviret a al-
ready mention' 6, as fignifying any thing to Tirw^er, the main de-
fign of this Treatife (though I reade of fome fo taU, as to make
make Spear fiafts ) but to exemplifie in what may be farther
added to Ornament and Pleafure by a cheap, and moft agreeable
indufiry.

The common white and yellow Jafmine would flower plenti- Jifmlm,
fully in our Woods, and is as hardy as any of the Periclimena-^
(how it is propagated hyfubmerjion^ov layers,every Gard'ner skills ^
and if it were as much imploy'd for Noje-gays, d^c. with us, as it is
inFranceanA Italy, they might make /»<7»e;' enough of the F/<7n?-
ers : One forty tree in Paris, where they abound, has been worth
to a poor woman neer twenty (hillings in a year.

CHAP.

^4 A. Difcourfe of Foreft-Trees.

CHAP. XXV.

Of the Acacia, Arbutus, Bays, Box, Yew, Holly,
Juniper, and Laurel-trees.

Acacia. I. ^~T^He French have la4:ely brought in the Virginian Acacia^
X which exceedingly adorns their Walkj : The Tree is har-
dy againft all the invafions of our Iharpeft feafons, but our high
mnas > which by reafon of its brittle nature it does not (b well re-
fift.5 and the Roots (which infinuate and run like liquorice under
ground) are apt to emaciate thejbil, and therefore haply not Co
commendable in onv Gardens^ as they would be agreeable for va-
2. riety of Walks and (hade : They thrive well in his MajeBies new
Plantation in St. James's Park.
Arbutus. I. But why do we thus negled the Arbutus^ and mak^ that

fuch a rarity^ which grows fb common, and fo naturally in Ire-
land^ It is indeed with fome difficulty rais'd from theyee«/j j but
it may be propagated from the Layers, grows to a goodly Tree,
and is patient of our fevereft weather. -
tap. I. iS^yj are encreas'd both of their Suckers, znd Seeds, which

fhould be dropping-ripe ere gather 'd : Pliny has a particular /)ro-
cef for the ordering of the feeds, and it is not to be rejected :
Which is, the gathering the Berries dry, 'mJanHary,and fpreading
them till their Iweat be over : then he puts them in dung and fows
them. ; As for the fteeping in tvine, water does altogether as well ;
others wafti the feeds from their mucilage, by breaking and brui-
fing the glutinous Berries ^ then fow them in March by fcores in a
heap •■) and indeed lb they will come up in cluSiers, but nothing
fo well, nor fit for tranjplantation, as where they are interr'd with
a competent fcattering , fo as you would furrow Peaje : Both»his
way , and by fetting them apart ( which I moft commend ) I
have rais'd multitudes, and that in the berries without any far-
2. ther preparation ; only for the firfl: two years they would be de-
fended from the piercing vpinds which frequently deftroy them 5
and yet the fcorching of their tender leaves ought not make you
d'pjpair, for many of them will recover beyond expeftation.

3. This aromatic Tree greatly loves the fiade, yet thrives
beft in our hotteft Gravel, having once pafs'd thofe firfl: difficul-
ties : Age and Culture about the roots wonderfully augment its
growth , fb as I have feen Trees ncer thirty foot high of them ;
and almoft two foot diameter. They are fit alfoboth for Arbour
and Palifade-Tpork., lb the Gard'ner underftand when to prune, and
keep it from growing too woody.
Box. I. The Box which we heg\n to profcribe our Gardens, (hould

not yet be banifh'd from our care 5 bccaufe the excellency of the
wood does commute for the unagreeablenefs of its fmell ; there-
fore, let us furnilh our cold, and barren Hil/s, and declivities
with this ufeful shrub : It will increale abundantly oijlips fetin
March. 2. The

A Difcourfe of Foreft-Trees* 6<^

2. Tht Turner^ Ingravtr^ Mathematical-InjirHment^ Comb and
Pipe-makers give great prizes for it by tveight, as well as meafure >
and by the feafomngy and divefs manner of cutting, vigorous infi-
latiotis, foliture and grinding^ the Roots of this Tree (as of even
QUr common, and negleded Thome) do furnifh the InUyer and
Caiinet-mak^rs with pieces rarely uudulated, and full of variety;
. 3. The Chymteal oyl of this wood has done the feats of the beft
Gtfajacum (though in greater quantity) for the cure of Venereal
difeafeSj as one of the moft expert FbyfitiaMs jn Europe has confefs'd.

1. Since the ufe of JdWJ is laid afide amongft us, the propaga- E»g6.
tio(iofthe£»^i&-*recis likewifequite forborne but the negleft of

it is to'be deplor'd 5 feeing that (befides the rarity of it in Italy ^
and France, where but little of it grows) the barreneft grounds,
and coldeft of our mountains (for

• Aquilonem €^ fiigora taxi) might be profitably

repleni(h*d with them : I (ay, profitably, for, befides the ufe of
the wood for Bows

>Ityreostaxi torquentur in arcus. The foremen-

tion'd ArtiUs in Box moft gladly impjoy it : And for the cogs of
Mills, foils to be fet in moift grounds, and everlafting Axle-trees,
there is none to be compar'd with it, likewife for the bodies of
LAtes , iheorboi, &c. yea, and for Tankards to drink out of^^
whatever ?liny report of its Jliade, and fatal ^«/* in Spain, FtOfte^^
zrid Arcadia. ; ;. *

2. The /^Jjf/V quality was certainly in the liqvor which thofe
good FvUovps tippld out of thofe bottles, not iin the nature of thtf
wood.--^ which yet he affirms is cur'd of that Venenom quality by-
driving a hra%en veedge into the body of it : This I have never
tri'd, but that of thcj&4£/e and fiuit I have frequently, without
any deadly, or noxious efFefts : fo that I am of opinio^ that Tree^.
which Sefiius calls Smilax, and our HiSiorian thinks»-to be eur
Ehgh, was fome other Wood, ^ *■ y

9. ThisTreeiseafily produc'dofthejee^/, wafti'dand cleans'd
from their mucilage ; and hurried in the ground like Havos ^ It *'
will commonly be the fecond Winter ere they peep, and then*
they rife with their caps on their heads : Being three years old vou
may tran^lant them , and form them into Standards , Knobs,
Walkfi Hedges, &c. in all which workg they fiicceed mSrVelloi^
well, and are worth our patience for theiFperewwa/t/er^wre, aHa "
durablenef.

4. He that in Winter (hould behold fe)meof our higheft Hil/s in
Surrey clad with whole Woods of thefe two laft fort of Trees, for
divers Afiles in circuit, (as in thofe delicious Groves o^ t\\tv£\, be- ■''
longing to the Honourable my noble friend Sir Adam Brown of
Bech-tPorth-Calfle, from Box-hill, and neer our fainous Mole or
Swallow) might without the leaft violence to his Imagination, eafi-
ly phanfiehimfelf tranfported into fome new or enchanted C<7«»-
try ^ for, if in myj^ot of England,

, Htc ver perpetmtm, atque alienk men^bus dflas.

L 'tis

^6 A Difcojtrfe of Foreft-Trees.

Tis here

Eternal Spring, and Summer all the year.

H,ff^. I . But, above all the natural Greens which inrich our home-

born ftorc, there is none certainly to be compar'd to the Holly ^
infomuch as I have often wonder'd at our Curiofity after forreign
Plants, and expenfive difficultict, to the negleft of the cultttre of
this vulgar y but incomparable Tree ; whether we will propagate it
for Vje, and Defence -^ or iovftght and ornament.

2. Is there under heaven a more glorious and refrefhing objed
of the kind, than an impregnable Hedge oi one hundred and fixty
foot in length, feven foot high, and five in diameter, which I can
ftiew in my poor Gardens at any time of the year, glitt'ring with
its arm'd and vernifh'd leaves ? the taller Standards at orderly
diftances blufhing with their natural Cor all: It mocks at the ru-
deft afl'aults of the Weather, Beajis, or Hedge-breaker,

Et ilium nemo impun} lacejfit.

,3. I have already (hew'd how it is to be rais'd of the Berries,
Mfhen they are ready to drop : Remove them alfo after three or
four years i but if yoU plant the Sets (which is likewife a. com-
mendable way , and the fFoods will furnilli enough ) place 'em
Northwards, as they do ^icl{. Of this might there lining Pales
and Enclofurcs be made (fuch as the Right Hondurable my Lord
Dacres, fomewhere in Sujfex, has a Park, almoft environ'd with,
able to keep in any Game, as I am credibly inform'd) and cut into
fquare Hedges, it becomes impenetrable, and will thrive in hottejt
as well as the coldcji places. At Dengenejfe in Kent they grow na-
turally amongft the very beach, and pibbles : And this rare Hedge,
the boaft of my Villa, was planted upon a burning gravel, ex-
pos'd to the meridian Sun.

4. True it is, that time muft bring this Tree to perfedion ; it
does fo to all things elfe , & pofleritati pangimus. But what if a
little culture about the Roots (not dunging, which it abhorrcs)
and frequent ftirring of the mould doubles its growth ? We ftay
et^e« ^e/«r/ for a tolerable ®«/c)^, it is worth ftaying it thrice for
thk, yN\\\c\\\\AS no Competitor.

5. And yet there is an expedient to efFedt it more infenfibly, by
planting it with the ^ick.: Let every fift or fixt be an Holly-fet,
they will grow up intallibly with your ^ick^, and as they begin
tolpread, make way for them, by extirpating the White-thorn,
till they quite domineer : Thus Vizsmy Hedge^x9i planted, with-
out the leaft interruption to the Fence, by a moft pleafant Meta-
morphofis. But there Is alfo another, not lefs applauded, by lay-
ing along of well rooted Sets (a yard or more in Ic'ngth) and
itripping off the leaves and branches : thefe cover'd with a com-
petent depth of earth will lend forth innumerable Suckers which
willfuddenly advance into an Hedge.

6. The

A Difconrfe of Foreft-Trees. 6y

6. The timber of the Hol/j/ is for all fturdy ujes 5 the Mill-
Wright, Turner and Engraver prefer it to any other : It makes the
beft handles^ And flocks for Tools^ and of the Bark^ is compds*d our
Bird-lime.

1. Of Juniper we have tnpojbrts, whereof e?«e is much taller, juniper,
and more fit for Improvement ; The wood is yellove^ andfipeet as
Cedar, whereof it is accounted a dwarfifi fort.

2. I have rais'd them abundantly of \hevc feeds, which in two
m.oneths will peep, and being govern'd like the Cyprejje, apt for
all the employments of that beautiful Tree : The difcreet loofen-
ing of the Earth about the Roots alfo makes it ftrangely to prevent
your expedations by fuddenly fpreading into a bup fit for a thou-
fend pretty Employments ^ for coming to be much unlike that
which grows wild, and is fubjeft to the treading and cropping of
Cattle, (^c. it may be form'd into moft beautiful and ufeful
Hedges : My Brother having cut out of one onely Tree an Arbour
capable for three to fit in ; It was at my laft meafuring [even foot
fquare, and eleven in height ; and would certainly have been of
a much greater altitude and farther fpreading, were it not conti-
nually ke^tjhorn : But what is mofl confiderable is the little time
fince it was planted, being yet hardly ten years, and then it was
brought out of the Common a flender Buff) of about two foot highj
But I have experimented a proportionable improvement in my
own Garden, where I do mingle them with Cyprejfc, and they per-
feftly become their ftations.

3. The Berries afford (befides a tolerable Pe/'per J one of the
moft univerfal Remedies in the world to our crazy Forefleir j and
the Coals, which are made of the IVood, endure the longeft of
any : If it arrive to full growth it is Timber for many curious
works '-, the very chips render a wholefbm perfume within doors,
as well as the dufly blojfoms in Spring without.

1. But to Crown all, I will conclude with the Laurell, which Launt.
by the Vfe we commonly put it to, fecms as if it had been only
deflin'd for Hedges , and to cover bare Walls ^ whereas, being
planted upright, and kept to the Standard, by cutting away the
collateral Branches, and maintaining one jiem, it will rife to a ve-
ry confiderable Tree j and (for the firfl twenty years) refem-
bling the moft beautiful headed Orange in Jhape and verdure, ar-
rive in time to emulate even fome of our lufiry Timber-trees , fb

as I dare pronounce the Laurel to be one of the moft' proper and
ornamental Trees for Wal^s and Avenues of any growing.

2. Pity it is they are fo abus'd in the Hedges, where the lower
Branches growing Jiickie and dry , by reafon of their frequent
and unfeafonable cutting (with the genius of the Tree, which is
to fpend much in Wood) they never fucceed after the firft J/x or
feven years 5 but are to be new planted again, or abated to the
very Roots for a [reihpade.

3. But would you yet improve the Standard which I celebrate,
to greater and more fpeedy exaltation ? bud your Laurel on the
Black:Cherry-jtock^to what height you pleafe; if at leaft the re-

L 2 port

^8 A Difcourfe of Foreil-Trees.

port be true, which I had from an ocular teftimony, and am now
making an eflay of, becaufe I am more then fomewhat doubtful
of iuch Allyanccsy though fomething like it in Palladium fpeaks it
not fo impoffible -,

Inferitur latiro Ceraftfs^ p^^f^§r ^o^^'^
tiitgit adoptivus virgink ora, pudor.

4. They are rais'd of the seedi or Berries vs^ith extraordinary
facility, or propagated by Layers and ettttings where-ever there is
(hade and moifture. I have finifti'd now my Tlanting : A word
or two concerning their Prefervation , and the Cure of their In-
firmities.

CHAP. XXVI.

Of the Infirfftities of Trees.

Inprmtties. ^~l~^He Dijeafes of Trees are various, affeding the feveral parts :
X Theie invade the Roots 3 Weeds^ Suckers^ Fern, Wet, Mice,
and Moles.

1. Weeds are to be diligently pull'd up by hand after Rain,
whiles your Seedlings ale very young, and till they come to be
able to kill them with jhade and over-dripping : And then are you
for the ob^inate to ufe the Haw, Fork_, and Spade, to extirpate Dog-
grafi. Bear-hind, Sec.

2. Suckers (hall be duly eradicated, and with a (harp jpade
dexteroufly leparated from the Mother-roots, and Tranfplanted
in convenient places for propagation, as the Seajon requires.

5. Fern is beft deftroy'd by /^r/;^/»^ off the Tops, as Tarquin
did the heads of the Poppies : This done with a good wand or
cudgel, at the decreafe in the Spring, and now and then in Summer,
kills it in a year or two beyond the vulgar way of Mowing, or
burning, which rather encreafes then diminifhes it.

4. Over-much Wet is to be drain'd by Trenches, where it infefts
\k\Q. Roots of fuch kinds as require drier ground : But if a drip do
fret into the body of a Tree by the head, (which will certainly de-
cay it) cutting firft the place fmooth,/i^<?;? and cover it with loam
and hay till a new harh^ fucceed.

Thefe infeft the Bark, Barkcbound, Teredo, or Worm, Conys,
Moj?.^ Ivy, &c.

5 .The Barkcbound are to be releafed by drawing your kpife rind-
deep from the Root, as far as you can conveniently ; and if the
gaping be much, filling the rift with a little Cow-dung ^ do this
on each fide, and zt Spring, February or March -^ alfo cutting off
fome branches is profitable , efpecially fuch as are blalied or light-
ning-druck.

6. The

A DifcoHrfe of Foreft-Trees. §p

6. The teredo, CoJJiy and other Worms, lying between the Body
and the Bark.-, poyfon that paffage to the great prejudice of fome
Trees 5 but the holes being once found, they are to be taken out
with a light Ittcifwu.

7. Conies and Hares by barking the Trees in hard Winters fpoil
very many tender Plantations : Next to the utter deftroying them
there is nothing better then to anoint that part which is within
their reach with jiercus humanum, tempered with a little Water or
Vrine, and lightly brttfied on 5 this renew'd after every great Rain.

8. Moji is to be rubb'd and fcrap'd off with fome fit inftrument
of Wood^ which may not excorticate the Tree, or with a piece of
Hair-cloth after a fobbing Rain : But the moft infallible Art of
Emufcation is taking away the caufe, which is fuperfluous moijiure
in cUyie and Ipewing grounds.

9. Ivy\s deftroy'd by digging up the Roots, and loofhing its
hold : Mifsleto, and other Excrefcences to be cut and broken off.

10. The Bodies of Trees are vifited with Canker, Hollownefs,
Hornets, Earveigs, Snails, ^c.

1 1 . Cankers (caufed by fome ftroak or galling J are to be cut out
to the quicks the fears enfplaijired with Tar mingled with Oil, and
over that a thin fpreading of loam j or elfe with clay and Horf-dnngj
or by laying Wood-apes, Nettles, or Fern to the roots,c^f .

12. Hollovpnejrxs contrafted when by reafon of the ignorant or
careleft lopping of a Tree the wet is fuffer'd to fall perpendicularly
upon a part, efpecially the Head : In this cafe if there be fuflBcient
(ound vpood cut it to the quicks and clofe to the body, and cap the
hollow part with a Tarpaulin, or fill it with good ftiff loam and fine
hay mingled. This is one of the worft of Evils, and to which
the Elm is moft obnoxious.

i^. Hornets and Wa^s, d^c. by breeding in the hollownefs of
Tree/ infell: them, and are therefore to be deftroy'd by flopping
up their entrances with Tar and Goof-dung, or by conveying the
fumes of brimjione into their Cells.

14. E^rjf/^j- and -y^^i/j- do feldomeinfeft Fore^-^reex, but thofe
which are Fruit-bearers, and are deftroy'd by enticing them into
fweet waters, and by picking the Snails off betimes in the Morn-
ing, and rainy Evenings. Laftly,

Branches, Buds, and Leaves extreamly fuffer from the Blaffsj
Jaundies, and Caterpillars, Rooks,^c.

15. The blajied parts of Trees are to be cut away to the quick.':,
and to prevent it, fmoak. them in fufpicious weather, by burning
moiji Jiran> wk\\ the jvind, or rather the dry and fuperfluous c«/-
tings of Arromatick plants, fuch as Rofemary, Lavender, "juniper,
Bays,%Lc.

. Mice, Moles, and Pifmires caufe the Jaundies in Trees, known by
the difcolour of the Leaves and Buds.

16. The Moles may be taken in Tr^^/Ji-, and kill'djas every Wood-
wan knows : It is certain that they are driven from their haunts
by Garlick. for a time, and other heady fmells buried in their
paflages.

17. Mice

70 A Difcourfe of Foreft-Trees.

17. Mice with Traps, or by finking fome Vejfcl almoft level with
the furface of the ground, the Veffel half full of Water, upon
which let there be ftrew'd fome huh or chaff of Oates ; alfo with

Ba»e.

18. Deftroy Pifmres with fcalding water, and difturbing their

hills.

1 9. Caterpillars, by cutting off their vpebs from the twigs be-
fore the end of February, and burning them , the fooner the bet-
ter : If they be already hatched wafh them off, or choak and dry
them with fmoak.

20. Rookj do in time,by pinching off the buds and tops of Trees
for their Nejis, caufe many Trees and Groves to decay.

Thefe (amongft many others)are the Infirmities to which Foreji-
Trees are fubjed whilft they are ftanding , and when they are
fell'd , to the IVorm ; efpecially if cut before the Sap be perfeftly
at reft .• But to prevent or cure it in the Timber, I recommend this
Secret as the moft approv'd.

21. Let common yellow Sulphur be put into a cucurbit-glafi,
upon which pour fo much of the ftrongeft Aqua-fortis as may cover
it three fingers deep : Diflil this to drynefs, which is done by two
or three Re&ifications : Let the Sulphur remaining in the bottom
Cbeing of a blackifli or fad red colour J be laid on a Marble, or put
into a Glafs, where it will cafily diflblve into Oil : With this anoint
what is either infeUed or to be preferved of Timber. It is a great
and excellent Arcanum for tinging the Wood with no unplealant
colour, by no Art to be waftied out 5 and fuch a prefervative of all
manner of Woods, nay of many other things ^ as Ropes, Cables,
FiJJnng-nets, Mafis of ships,c^c. that it defends them from putrefa-
Sion, either in Waters, under or above the earth, in the Snoiv,Ice,
Air, Winter or Summer ^c.

It were fuperfluous to defcribe the procefs of the Aqua-fortis '^
It (hall be fufficient to let you know. That our common
Coperoi makes this Aqua-fortis well enough for our pur-
pofe , being drawn over by a Retort : And fd^r Sulphur the
Jjland of S^Chrijiophers yields enough (which hardly needs any
Refining) to furnilh the whole world. This Secret (for the Curious)
I thought fit not to omit ; though a more compendiotis three
22. or (our anointings with Linfeed Oil, has prov'd very effeftual : It
was experimented in a Wall-nut Table, where it deftroy 'd millions
of Worms immediately, and is to be praftis'd for Tables,Tubes, Ma-
thematical InHruments, Boxes, Bedjicads, Chairs, Rarities, &c.
0//of Wall-nuts will doubtlefs do the fame, is fweetcr, and a bet-
ter Vernjfi) , but above all is commended Oyl oi Cedar, or that of
"juniper.

Hitherto I have fpoken of Trees, their kinds, zwd propagation in
particular .• Now a rvord or two concerning their ordering in ge-
neral, as it relates to Copfes, Lopping, Felling,S>cc.

Then I (hall add fomething more concerning their Vjes, as to
Fevpel, &c. and caft fuch accidental Lefibns into a few Aphorifms,
as could not well be more regularly inferred.

Laftly,

A Difcourfe of Foreft-Trees. 7 '

Laftly, I (hall conclude with fome more ferious obfervationi iti
reference to the main Dejign and project of this Difcourfe, as it
concerns the Improvement o£ His MajeSiies Forefis, for the honour
and fecurity of the whole Kingdom.

CHAP. XXVIL

Of Copfes,

I. ^Tlva dedua is as well Copfe to cut for Fevpel as for ufe of Copfix.

i^' Timber -^ and we have already ftiew'd how it is to be
rais'd, both by "Sowing and Planting. Our ordinary Copfes are
chiefly upon Hafel, or the ^/Vf A ^ but if amongft the other kinds
ftore of -Afl) and Sallow (at leaft one in four') were fprinkled in the
Planting, the ;7r<?^it would (bon difcover a difference, and well re-
compence the Indufl;ry. Others advife us to plant (hoots of Sal-
low, Willow, Alder, and of all the fwift growing Trees, being of
feven years growth, floping off both the ends towards the ground
to the length of a Billet, and burying them a reafbnable depth in
the earth. This will caufe them to put forth feven or eight bran-
ches, each of which will become a Tree in a (hort time, efpecially
if the foil be moift.

2. Copfes being of a competent growth, as of twelve or fifteen
years, are efteem'd fit for the^x^ but thofe of twenty .years
(landing are better, and far advance the price. Some of our old
Clergy Spring-woods heretofore have been let reft till twenty five
or thirty years, and have prov'd highly worth the attendance 5
for by that time even a Seminary of Acorns will render a confide-
rable advance, as I have already exemplified in the Northampton-
fiire Lady. And if Copfes were fo divided as that every year there

might be Ibme fell'd, it were a continual and a prefent profit .*
Seventeen years growth affords a tolerable Fe//;,fuppofing the.Copfe
of feventeen Acres, oQe Acre might be yearly fell d for ever 5 and
fo more, according to proportion.

3. As to what Numbers and Scantlings you are to leave on every
Acre, the ^r<zf«?e/ are our generall ^«/<^ej', at leaft the legal. It is
a very ordinary Copfe which will not afford three or four F/>^j-,that
is, Bejis-j fourteen Seconds-^ twelve ihirds -^ eight Wavers, Sic.
according to which proportions thefzes of young Trees in Copfing
are to fucceed one another. By the statute of 35 Hen. 8. in Copfes
or Vnder-woods fell'd at twenty four years growth, there were to
be left twelve Stand/Is, or ^ores of O.?^ ^ upon each Acre j in dcfcft
of fo many Oaks, the fame number of Elms,Ap, Ajp, or Beech :, and
they to be fuch as are of likely Trees for Timber, and of fuch as
have been fpar'd at fome former Felling, imlefs there were none,
in which cafe they are to be then left, and fo to continue without
Felling till they are ten inch fquare within a yard of ground.

Copfes

'*- y^ A Difcojirfe of Foreft-Trecs.

Copfes above tK\sg,rowth fell' dy to leave 12 great 04j^f^ or in
defei^t of them other Tmber-trces (as above) and fo to be left
for 20 years longer, and to be enclofed feven years.

4. In fumme, you are to fpare as many likely Trees for Tiaiitr
as with difcretion you can. And as to the felling, (begintiing at
one fide,that the Carts may enter without detriment to what you
leave ftanding) the Under-wood may be cut from January at tiie
lateft, till mid- ntarch^ov^prill ov (torn mid-September, tillne«
the end of November i fo as all be avoided by Midfomer at dtc
lateft, and then /e«ce<5^ (Where the Rorces and Briip lye longer
unbound or made up, you endanger the lofs of a fecond Spru^y
and not to ftay fo long as ufually they are a clearing, that the
Tomg, and the Seedlings may fuffer the leaft interruption,

5. It is advis'd not to cut off the Brewfe-voood of Oakj in p//?',
but to fuffer it to fall off, as where Trees ftand Very clofe it M&f
ally does: I do not well comprehend why yet it (hould be /pared
fo long.

6. When youefpy a clujier of Plants growing as it were all in
a bunch, it fhall fuftice that you preferve the faireft Sapling, oat-
ting all the reft away. And if it chance to be a Chef -nut, Service^
or like profitable Tree, cleer it from the droppings and incunt-
brances of other Trees, that it may thrive the better : Then as
you pafs along, prune, and trim up all the young If avers, cover-
ing fuch Roots as lye bare and expos'd with frefti mould.

7. Cut not above half a foot from the Ground, and that flope-
wiie^ jirippiug up fuch as you j^are from their extravagant
Branches, Water-boughs, &c. that hinder the growth of others :
Always remembring (before you fo much as enter upon this
work) to preferve fufliicient Plafh-pole about the verge and bounds
of the Copfe for Fence, and fecurity of what you leave; and £cx
this (bmething Icfe then a Rod may fuffice : Then raking ymir
Wood deer of sprawl. Chips, and zW Incumbrances, Ihut it up from
the Cattle ; the longer the better.

8. By the Statute men were bound to enclofe Copfes after Fr/-
/;i/^, of or under 14 years growth for 4 years; Thofe above 14.
years growth to be 16 years Enclosed : And for Woods in common^
a fourth part to be fhut up; and at Felling the like proportion
of great Trees to* be left, and 7 years Enclos'd : This was enlarged
by 13 Eliz,.

Your elder "Under-woods may be graz'd about jf«/y.
Then for the Meajnre of Fuel thefe proportions were to be
obferv'd.

9. Statutable Bil/et (hould hold three foot in length, and fivem
inch'andhalf ftf**/?*/}; 10 or 14 as they are counted for i, 2, or
3, &c.

KJiack^oi Wood (which is the boughs and offal.oi the Trees to
be converteAto charcoal) h/s^ yards long, three foot and half \\i^^
(in fome places but a yard) and as much over : In other places
the Cord is 4 foot in height and 4 foot over ; or, ("to fpeak more
Geometrically) a Sold made up of three dimenfwns, 4 foot high,

four

A Difeourfe of Forcft-Trees. 7j

four broad, a;id eight foot long ; the content iq8 cubique feet.

Fagotf ought to be a ful] ^ard in length, and trt>o toot in «>-
cumference, made round, and not )?<«/ 3 for fo they contain le(s
f we/, though equal in the bulk appeiaring. But of thefe particu-
lars when we come to fpeak exprefly of Fuel.

10. In the mean time it were to be wilh'd, that fome ap-
prov'd Experiments were (eduloutly try'd fwith the advice of
(kilful and ingenious P/yj;fz^»0 for the making of Seer without
Hops j as poffibly with the white Marruhium fa Plant "of Angu-
lar virtue) or with dry'd Heath-tops (viz. fh&t fort which bears
no Berries) or the like, far more wholefom, and lefs bitter then
either Tamarkk^, Carduus, or Broom, which divers have ellay'd 5
it might prove a means to fave a world oi Fuel, and in divers
places young Tiniher and Copfe-wood , which is yearly fpent for
foles 5 efpecially in Countries where Wood is very precious.

CHAP. XXVIII.
Of Pruning.

1. T^Runing I call all purgation of Trees from what is fuperflu- Trming,{

i ous. The ^««e»f J found fuch benefit in Pruning, that
they feign'd a Go^e/? praefided over it, as Arnobius tells us : And
in truth, it is in the difcreet performance of this Work^ that the
Improvement of our Timber and Woods does as much confift as in .
any thing whatfoever. A fkilful Planter mould therefore be early
at this work : Shall old Cratius give you Reafon and Direction ,«'

Nun^uam Jpontefua procerus ad vera termes
Exiit, inque ipja cnrvanturjiirpe geniji£.
Ergo age luxuriam primo fetufque nocenteis
Detrahe : frondofas gravat indulgentiafilvas.
Poji ubi procerus generofajiirpibus arbor
Se dederit, teretefqueferent ad^dera virg£,
Stringe not as circum, (j^ gemmanteis exige verfus.
Hk, fi qujs vitium nociturufjuficit humor,
Vifceribusphit, C^ venas durabit inertes. Gra. fal.

Cynjeget.
And his incomparable Interpreter thus in Englijh.

Twigs of themfelves never rife ftrait and high.
And Under-woods are bow'd as firft they (hoot.
Then prune the boughs -^ and Suckers from the root
Difcharge. The leavji wood fond pity tires '-,
After, when with tall rods the tree alpires,
And the round ftaves to heaven advance their twigs.
Pluck all the buds, and ftrip off all the fprigs ,

M Thefe

jA A V'fcourfe of Foreft-Trces.

Thefe iffues vent what moiftuie ftill abound.
And the veins unimploy'd grow hard and found.

IVafe,
' Vijk For 'tis a miftry to fee how our faireft Trees are defac'd, and
mangl'd by unikilful Wood-men^ and mifchievous Bordurers, who
go always arm'd with (hort Hand-bills, hacking and chopping off
all that comes in their way ^ by which our Trees are made full of
kfiots, boils, cankers, and deform'd bunches, to their utter deftru-
ftion : Goad husbands (hould be afham'd of it. As much to be
reprehended are thofe who either begin this work at unfeafonable
times, or fo maim the poor branches, that either out of lazinefs,
or want of fkill, they leave moft of them y?K/>i-, and inftead of
cutting the Arms and Branches clofe to the boale, hack them off a
foot or two from the body of the Tree , by which means they
become hoUoro and rotten, and are as fo many conduits to re-
ceive the Rain and the Weather, which perifties them to the ve-
ry head , deforming the whole Tree with many ugly botches,
which fhorten its life, and utterly marre the Timber.

3. By this Animad-verjion alone it were eafie for an ingenious
man to underftand how Trees are to be govern'd ; which is in
a word, by cutting clean, fmooth, and cloje, making the ftroke
nprvard, and with a (harp Bill, fo as the weight of an untrafta-
ble boKgh do not jblice, and carry the bark, with it, which is
both dangerous and unlightly.

4. The proper feafon for this work is a little after the change
in January :

Tnnc fringe comas, tunc brachia tonde :

■ Tunc deniqne dura

Exerce Imperia, df ramos compefiejiuenteif.

But this ought not to be too much in young Fruit-trees, after
they once come to form a handfom head , in which period you
fhould but only pare them over about March, to cover the
Jiock the fooner, if the Tree be very choice : To the aged, this
is plainly a renewing of their Touth , and an extraordinary re-
frelhment ; Belides, for Interlucation, exuberant branches, d^ j^ijjie
nemorum coma, where the boughs grow too thick and are cum-
berfome, to let in the Sun and Air, this is of great importance.

5. Divers other precepts of this nature I could here enume-
rate, had not the great experience, faithful and accurate defcri-
ption how this neceflary fVork. is to be perform'd, fet down by
our Country-man honeft Lavpfon (Orchard, cap. i\.^ prevented
all that the moft Inquifitive can fugged: : The particulars are fo
ingenuous, and highly material, that you will not be difpleas'd
to read them in his own ftylc.

9!l agCj8 (laith he) bp Rules ant) experience 1)0 tOnfent toa
pruning, ant lopping of Trees: ^ct W^notanpttJat 3( fenOtJJ

prftribeDuntoujjCtjcteptmijarfe, anO general too|5}j()to^at, o?

A Difconrfe of Foreft-Trees. 75

to&tflj tiu ttjofc fupf rfluGUfif boughs, iDftfc!) toe muft tafe? atoap 5
anDthati0tf)cmoQtt)ief, anD moantttfulpomttobefenutonm
lopping. 9nD toe map toell affure our felbesCaistn all orfjec
Arts, Co tn tt)i0) tfjerc t0 a bantage,anD Uc)cteritp br fkill > an ba*
bit bp piatttce cut of experience, m tb^ performance berecf, fo?
tbe p?o8t of manfetnD : ^et Do 3 not bncto < let me fpeafe it
toitb patience of our xunntng Arborifts)anp tbtng toitbm tb^
compafisof fcumane affair« fonfcelTarp, anbfo little cegarDeUi
notonlpm Orchards, bUt alfo in all OtOeC Timber-trees, to^ere,

ogtobaifaetJjr*

Now to our purpofe :

!|)oto manp Forefts, anO Woods, ttfbereinpou %d^\ batje fo?
on« libelp ti)?it)tng Tree, four (nap tanietimeiat tto^ntp four) ebtl
tb^ibing, rotten anb bptng Crfir^, eben tobtle0 tbep Itbe > anU
tnlieab of Crfejt, tbnufanbg Of bulhes anb (hrubs? tobat rot*
ten^fs i tobat bollotonef^ i tobat DeaD armg ? toitbcr'u top^e
curtail'O trunks f tobat loab^ of Mode > bjouping b .ugb^ *
ano Dping b?ancbe0 «l>all pou fee eberp tobere i anD tbofe tbat
lifeetn tbi0 fo?tare in a manner all unprofitable baugbiK, can-
kcr'darmjs, croobeD, ItfleanD Qjo^tboaU. SBbat an infinite
number of buQjfiei, ll»?ub0, anb jjbcagis of Hafels , Thomes anD
otber profitable tocoD, tobtcb m*'gbt be biougbt bp D?rffing to be*
come great, anD gcoblp tree« i ConfiDer noto tbe Caufe.

tlbe Icffer Wood batb beenfpoil'D "miW) tarelef^, un?bilfuf,
anD untimelp ftotoing > anD mucb alfo of tbe gceat Wood.
%\it greater <!tr^)S at tbe fira tifing babe fiU'D anD oberlaDett
tbemtilbeg toitb a number of toaffefuU boughs anD fuckers,
tobtcb b^be not onlpD?aton ib^'iap from tbe boai, but alfo babe
maD? it fenottp, anD tbetnf^ Ibpjs, anb tbe boal moffie, fc? toant of
D? (TinJ^i to^crea0, if in tb^' p?ime of grototb tbepbaD btenta*
bra atoap c'^f? , all but one top , anD clean bu tbe bulb, tbe
ftrengtb of all tbefap filjou'D babe gone to tbe bulb, anu fo be
to.'fio babe recobereo, anD caber>bi0 bnot0, anD babe out
fo|tb a fiir, lon3 anDflntgljr body, fa? Timber pjofiidble, buge
great of feu^b, anD of mSnite laft*

3[f aU Timber-trees to^re fucb (toill fom?fap) biJto dJDulD toe

babe crooked toCOD fo? Wheels, Coorbs,&c?

Anfw. SD^efeallpou tan, anDtberetotllbe enougb crooked
foirfi ftufe^*

^o?efbentbi0> in mod places tbep groto fi thick, x^nt net*
tbec tbemfelbee, no? eartb. no? anp tbing unDer 0? neer tbem
can tb?tbe) no? Sun, no? Rain, no? Air cm Do tbem, no? anp.
tbing nfer, o?unDertb?m, anp p?o6t 0? tomfn?r*

2 ffe a nutrbrr of Hags, tobere out of on** rnnt pou (ball fee
tb?fe 0? four (nap mn??, f^cb 10 men« im^btlful atepbinf f^x, to')o
Defivingmanp, b^ib? none gooD)p7citp Oaks, o?Ailies, (iratgtit
anD taili becaufe tbercotattbeerQvi)CDtg(be0fipamxm: but "
if oneonlp of t^<^m migbr be ftifer'd to groto, anD ibat toell,
anD cIeanlpp?un'D, all to t)i0 bcrp top, tobat a Tree iiwuru toe

M 2 bat>J

7^ A DiftoHrfe of For eft -Trees.

fiabcinttmc? ^nDtxitCfrbptDoCeraitgtonttnuaHp, anU plenty
fullp Cpjing^ng, nottDittjAanDing Co Oeatlp twounDeD , totjat a

tommoDir J) ftOUlD ari(e to t\)t Owner^ anO t\)t Commonwealth

if ujooD wtrc c!)ertC()eD, anD o^Derlp 0?ef8*o. Cljc toafte boughs
tlofclp , anD jibilfullp tafeen aWap , tooultj gibe ugt fto?e of

Fences, 8nt) Fuel i anD tlje bulfe Of tbc Tree in time tBOUlD

gcoti) of l^uge lengtD anD bigncf^ : Xut bere (metljinfee) 3
. beat an Unjsfetlful Arborift tap, tijat %tm babe tbeir feberal

forms, eben bP nature > tbe Pear, tbe Holly^ tbe Afpe, See. grotiJ

long tn bulfe, tottb ftbJ anD little armejs* €be Oak bp nature
bmb, anD (utb libe* 311 tbtis 31 grant: TSut grant me alfo,
tbattberetjs a profitable enD anDufeof eberpTree, fromtobttb
■ if it Decline (tbougb Dp Nature) pet Man bp Art map map mutt;
to?re(t it* il3ob3 otber enD of Trees 3 neber toulD learn, tban
gcoD Timber, Fruit mutb anDgooD, anD pleafure : WLk» Phyiical
bintier notbing a gooD fo?m,

JQeitbtr let anp Man eber To mucb Si» tbinfe, tbat it im unpjo-
bable, mutbjlefe unoofeible, to refojm anp Tree of tobatfeinb
foeber : IFo? (Deliebe me) 3 babe trieD it : j tan b^ing anp Tree
(beginning bp time) to anp fo?m» tlOe Pear, anD Holly map
be maDe fpread, anD tbe Oak to clofc.

Thus far the good Man out of his eight znd forty years expert-
etice concerning Timber-trees : He defcends then to the Orchards 5
which becaufe it may likewife be acceptable to our induftrious
rlaftter, I thus contract.

6. Such as ftand for Fm^j fhould be/»<«r^e^from within two
foot (or thereabouts) of the earth i fohigh, as to give liberty to
drefs the Root, and no higher-i becaufe of exhaufting the Cap that
(hould feed his Fr«i* .• For the boal will be firft, and beft ferved
and fed, being next to the rvot, and of greateft fubftance, Thefe
fhould be parted into two, three, or four Jrms , as your graffs
yield twigs 5 and every .Arm into two, or more Branches, every
Branch into his feveral Cj/ons : ftill fpreading by equal degrees 5
fo as his lojvef} fpray be hardly without the reach of a mans hand^
and his highefi not paft two yards higher : That no /jr/g f efpeci-
ally in the middeftj touch his fellow , let him fpread as far as his
lift without any mafter-bough, or top, equally 5 and when any
fall lower then his fellows (as they will with weight o{ Fruit)
eafe him the next jpring of his iupernuous tvpigs, and he will rife :
When any amount above the reft , top him with a nip between
your fingers, or with a kpife : Thus reform any Cyon-^ and, as
.your Tree grows mjiature, and Jirength, lb let him rife with his
tops, hmfiovply, and early --, especially in the middeft, and equal-
ly in breadth alfbj following him upward, with lopping his un-
dicr-growth, and vpater-botighs, keeping the fame diftance of trvo
yards, not above three, m any wifc^ betwixt the loweft and
higheft twigs.

I. Thus Ihall you have handfome, clear, healthful, great and
lafting Irees.

2. Thus

A Difcourfe of Forcft-Trees. 77

2. Thus will they grow fafe from Winds\ yet the top
Ipreading.

5. Thusfliall they bear vaxxch Fruit -^ I dare (ay, one as much
as five of your common Trees, all his branchesloaden.

4. Thus '{hall your Bod being low defraud the branches but
little of theiryS/j.

5 . Thus (hall your Treesl be eafie to dref, and as eafie to gather
the Frnit from, without bruifing the Cyons^j&c

6. The fitteft time of the Moon for Pruning is (as of Graffing)
when the fip is ready to ftir ("not proudly ftirringj and fo to co-
ver the wound. Old Trees would be prun'd before young Plants :
And note, that wherefoever you take any thing away, the fap the
next Summer will be putting : be fure therefore when he puts to
bud in any unfit place, you rub it off with your finger ; Thus be-
gin timely with your Treet, and you may -'bring them to what
form you pleafe. If you defire any Tree fliould be taller, let him
break,, or divide higher : This iox young Trees : The old are re-
formed by curing of their dijeajes, of which we have already dif-
cours'd. There is this only to be confider'd, in reference to Fo-
reliers, out of what he has (poken concerning Fruit-trees } that
where Trees are planted for (hadow , and meer ornament, as in
Walks, and Avenues, the Browfe-vpood ( as they call it ) fliould
moft of it be cherifliedi whereas in Fruit, and Timber-trees ( Oak,
excepted J it is beft to free them of it : As for Foliar ds fto which
I am no great friend becaufe it makes fo mzny fcrags and dvparfes
of many Trees which would elfe be good Timber, endangering '
them with drips and the like injuries') they (hould not be headed
above once in ten or twelve years, at the beginning of the J^ring,
or end of the FaU.

7. For the improvement of the (peedy growth of Tree/, there is
not a more excellent thing then the frequent rubbing of the Boal or
Stem, with fome piece of hair-cloth, or ruder ftutf, at the begin-
ning of Spring : fome I have known done with Seales-skin > the
more rugged bark with a piece of Coat oiMaile, which is made of
fmall TPyres ^ this done, when the body of the Trees are wet, as
after a (baking Rain ; yet fo, as not to excorticate, or gall the Tree^
has exceedingly accelerated its growth, by opening the pores ,
freeing them of mofs, and killing the tvorm.

8. Laftly, Frondatien, or the taking off (bme of the luxuriant
branches, and fprays, of fuch Trees , efpecially whofe leaves arc
profitable for Cattel(whexeoi already) is a kind of pr«/7/»^ .• and
fo is the fiarifying, and crofs hatching of fome Fruit-bearers, and
others, to abate that (^vn^oyL^viA which (pends all the juice in the
leaves to the prejudice of the reft of the parts.

9. This, and the like, belonging to the c^re of the ^'W-jp^r^i
will mind him of his continual duty 5 which is to walk about, and
furvey his young Plantations daily 5 and to fee that all Gaps be im-
mediately ftopp'd ^ trefpafling Cattle impounded ^ and (" where
they are infeftedj the Deer chaled out, d^c. It is moft certain that
Trees prelerv'd, and govern'd by this dijlipUne, and according to

the

j8 A Difcourfe of Forc(}-Ti"ce«t.

thc2i«/c/mention'd, would increafe the beauty of f<jrfi?j, and
value of Timber^ more in ten, or twelve years, then ail other
imaginable Vlantations (accompanied with our ufual negleft) can
do in forty or fifty.

lo. To conclude, in the time of this Work would our ingeni-
ous Arhorator frequently . incorporate , mingle , and unite the
Ar/ffs and Branchet oi ibmc young and flexible 7rec/ which grow
in confort^ and neer to one another ; by entering them into their
mutual /"(irA/ with a convenient itifition: This, efpecialiy, about
Fields, and Hedge-rovps (ot Fence and Ornament i alio* by bowing,
and bending of others, efpecialiy Oakland Jjl) ^\nio virions flexures,
curbs and pojiures, oblig'd to ply themfelves into different Jldodes^
which may be done by humbling and binding them down with
tough bands and withs, till the tenor of the j^/?, and cuftom of
' being fo conftrain'd,did render them apt to grow fo ot themlelveSj

without power of redreffing 5 This courfe would wonderfully ac-
commodate Materials for Knee-timber and shipping, the Wheel-
vpright and other ufes , conform it to their Moulds, and lave inh-
nite labour, and abbreviate the work ot hevping and wajie,

adeo in tetierk confuefcere multum eSi.

the Foet, it feems, knew it well, and for what purpofes.

Continue in Sylvjs magna vi flexa domatur

In burim, (^ curviformam accipit Vlmus aratri : Geo.i.

fo as it'Cven half made the FIovp to their hands.

CHAP. XXIX.

Of the Age^ Stature^ and felling of Trees.

Ftllinz. I • 1 T is riot till a Tree is arriv*d to his perfeft Age, and full vigor,
J. that the itfr^/ of the Foreif (hould conlult, or determine
concerning a Felling. For there is certainly in Trees fas in all
•things elfe) a time of Increment, or growth ; a Status or fealbn
when they are at be^ (which is alfo that of Felling) and a ^«:re-
we/?^ or j^enW when they decay.

To the firfV of thefe they proceed with more, or lefs lelocity,
as they confift of more ftrict and compaftcd particles, or are of
.a (lighter, and more Inxed contexture--^ by which they receive a
fpeedier, or flower dejiuxion of Al.ment : This is apparent in
Box, and WilJovp :, the one of a harder , the otl cr of a more
tender Jabllance : hat as they proceed, fo ^^^Y likewife
continue.

By the Jiate of Trees I would fignifie their utmoft effort, growth,

and

A Difcourfe of Foreft-Trecs. 79

and maturity,which are all of them different as to if/we, and kjfid:,
yet do not I intend by this any period or inftant in which they do
not continually either Improve or Decay (the etid of one being
ftill the hegiftmng of the other') but farther then which their Na-
tures do not extend 5 but immediately (though to our lenfes ifftfer^
cepibly') through fome infirmity (to which all things fublunary be
obnoxious) dwindle and impair, either through Jge^ defeft of
HoHrijhmetit ^ by jicknefs, and decay of principal farts 5 but efpeci-
ally, and more inevitably, when violently invaded by mortal and
incurable Infirmities^ or by what other extinftion of their native
heat^ jkbjtrvUion ^ or obHrn^ion of Air and JUoisiure , which
making all motions whatfoever to ceafe and determine, is the caufe
of their final deftruftion.

2. Our honeft C^w^^re^-man, to whofe Experience we have been
obliged for fomething I have lately Animadverted concerning the
Truning of TreeSjdoes in another Chapter of the fame Treatife fpeak
of the Age of Trees. The Difcourfe is both learned, rational, and
full of encouragement .• For he does not fcruple to affirm. That
even fome Fruit-Trees may poffibly arrive to a thoufand years of
Age •■) and if fo Fruit-tree f whoie continual bearing does fo much
impair and (horten their lives, as we fee it does their form and
beauty 5 How much longer might we reafonably imagine fome
hardy and flow-growing Foreji-trees may probably laft ? I remem-
ber Pliny tells us of fom.e Oa^f growing in his time in the Hercynian
Foreft, which were thought co-evous with the World it felf 5 their
roots had even raifed Mountains, and where they encounter 'd
fweird into goodly Arches likejthe Gates of a City : But to our
more modern Author s calculation for Fruit-trees ( I fuppofe he
means Pears.^ Apples^ &c.) his allowance is three hundred years for
growth, as much for their jiandQ^s he terms it), and three hundred
for their Decay, •whiich does in the total amount to no left then nine
hundred years. This conjefture is deduced from Apple-Trees grow-
ing in his Orchard,wh.\ch having known for fourty years, and upon
diligent enquiry of fundcy aged Perfons of eighty years and more,
who remembred them Trees all their time, he finds by comparing
their growth with others of that A?W, to be far fhort in bignels
and perfediion, (wz,. by more then two parts of thrccj yea al-
beit thofe other Trees have been much hindred in their ftature
through ill government and ordering.

9. To eftablifh this he ailemblcs many Arguments from the age
of Animals, whole jiate and decay double the time of their in-
creafe by the faine proportion : If then Claith he) thofe fiail Crea-
tures, tvho/e bodies are noihing (in a manner) but a tender rotten-
nefs, may live tp that age, I fee not but a Tree of afilidfubflance, not
damnified by heat or Qo\i\,capable oi and fubjeU to any b^nd of order-
ing or drejjing^feeding naturally ^and from the beginning dfsburthen'd
of all jupcrjiuities, eafed of, and of his oxen accord avoiding the cau-
fei that may annoy him, pould double the life of other Creatures by
'Very many years. He proceeds, IVhat elfe are Trees in comparijon
with the Earth, but as haiis to the body c/Man ? And it is certain,

that

8o y^ Pi/fOHr/c 0/ Foreft-Tiees.

that (without fiste diJieMper, or forcible caufe) the hairs dtire with
the body, ""^ are ejieem'd excrements but from their ftiperfluous
grorrth : So as he relolves upon good Reafon, that Fruit-trees wtU
ordered may live a thoufand years^ and bear Frw/t, and the longer
the more, the greater^and the better (for which an Injiance alio in
M^Beak*s Hereford-J})ire Or chards, f 4^.21,22.) becaule liis vigour
is prohd and itronger, when his years are many. Thus (hall you
lee old Trees put forth their Buds and Blofomes both fooner and
more plentifully then young Trees by much i And I fenftbly perceive
(faith he) my youngTteesto enlarge their Fruit as they grow great-
er ^d^c. And if Fruit-Trees continue to this Age^ how inany Ages
is it to be fuppofcd ftrong and huge Timber-trees will laft ? whofe
maffie bodies require the years of divers MethufaWs before they
determine their days » whofe Sap is ftrong and bitter t, whofe Bark^
is hard and thick, and their fubftance folid and ftiff 5 all which
are defences of health and long life, ^htiv ftrength withftands all
forceable Winds ^ their Sap of that quality is not fubjeft to Worms
and tainting ; their Bark, receives feldome or never by cafualty
any wound ; and not only fb, but he is free from Removals ^ which
are the death of millions of Trees ; whereas the Fruit-tree (in
comparifon) is little, and frequently blown down ; his ^<aip fweet,
eafily and foon tainted 5 his Bark_ tender, and foon wounded 5 and
himfelf ufed by Man sls Man ufes himfelf , that is, either unskil-
fully ^ or carelejly. Thus he.

4. I might to this add much more, and truly with fufficient
probability, that the Age of Timber-trees^ efpecially of fuch as
, be of a com pad, refnovs, or balfamicalnztnve (for of this kind are
the Eugh, Box, Horn-beam, White-thorn, Oak., Walnut, Cedar, Juni-
per, df^c") are capable of very long duration and continuance.-
thofe of largeft Zlo<?*x, longer liv'd then the y?»<?r?er ^ the ts^ry, then
the Jvet 'j and the gummy, then the veatry : For not to conclude
from Vliny*s Hercynian Oaks, or the Terpentine Tree of ldum£a^
which Jofephus rankes alfo with the Creation : I read of a CypreS
yet remaining fome where in Perjia neer an old Sepulchre, whole
jtem is as large as fiVe men can encompafs, the bough? extend-
ing fifteen paces every way , This muft needs be a very old Tree,
believ'd by my Author little lefs then 2 500 years oi age : The par-
ticulars were too long to recount. The old Platanus fet by Aga-
memnon, and the Herculean Oaks, the Laurel neer Hippocren, the
Vatican Ilex, and old Lotus Trees, recorded by Valerius Maximus,
were famous for their age.* St Hierome affirms he faw the sycomore
that Zaccheus climb'd up, to fee our LORD ride in Triumph to
Jerufalem : And now in the Arentine Mount they (hew us the Ma-
lus Medica, planted by the hand of S^ Dominic : To which add
thofc fuperannuated 7z//rf'j- now at Bajil, and that of Aujpurg, un«
der whofe prodigious fiade they fo otten feafi, and celebrate their
Weddings ; becaufe they arc all of them noted for their reverend
Antiquity 5 for to fuch Trees it feems they paid Divine honours, as
the neareft Emblems of Eternity, & tanquam Jacros ex vetujiate, as
3)Hintiltan {peaks : And like to thefe might that be which is

celebrated

A Difcottrfe of Foreft-Trees.

celebrated by our Foet'j neer to another Monument,

■ juflaqne antiqua Cttprejfus

Relligionefatrnm miiltosfervatafer annos. ^n. 2*

5. But we will fpare our Reader, and refer him that has a defire
to multiply examples of this kind, to thofe undoubted Records
our NatttraiiB mentions in his ^^,Che^. Lib. 16. where he ftiall
read of Scipio Jfiicanus's Olive-trees i Dianas Lotus 5 the over-
grown il/yr^^/i xh^e Vatican Wolm^ thoCe o^ Tybertine, andelpeci-
ally, that neer to Tufculum, whofebody was thirty five foot about ;
befides divers others which he there enumerates in a large Chapter :
And what (hall we con)edur« of the age oiXerxes*s huge Flatanus^
in admiration whereof he ftaid the march of fo many hundred
thoufand men for fo many days : by which the wife Socrates was
us'd to [wear .<? And certainly, a goodly Tree was a powerful attra-
ftive, wher? that prudent Conful Pa(ftenus Crij^us fell in love with
a prodigious Beech of a wonderful age and ftature.

6. We have already made mention of Tiberius's Larch, and
that of the Float which wafted Caligulas Obelises out o(jSgjipt^
four fathoms in circumference : We read alfb of a Cedar growing
in the Ifland of Cyprus which was 130 foot long, and 18 in diame-
ter'^ of the Vlane va Athens whofe roots extended 36 Cubits far-
ther then the boughs , which were yet exceedingly large ; and
fuch another was that moft famous Tree at Veliterntts^ whofe arms
ftretch'd out 80 foot from the ftem : But thefe wexcjolid : Now
if we will calculate from the hollow, befides thofe mention'd by
Pliny in the Hercynian Foreft > the Germans (as now the Indians)
had of old fome Punti or Canoes of excavated Oal{_ which would
well contain thirty, fome fourty perfons : And the Lician Plata-
nus recorded by the NatHralili , and remaining long after his
days, had a room in it of eighty one feet in compals, adorn'd
with Fountains,(i2Ltely Seats and Tables\o£ ftone , for it feems it was
fo glorious a rree both in body, and head, thsit Licinius Mutianus
(three times Conful, and Governour of that Province) us'd to feaft
his whole Retinue in it, chufing rather to lodge in it, then in his
golden-roofed Palace.

7. Compare me then with thefe that nine-fathom'd deep tree
fpoken of by Jofephus a Coila ^ the MaUick^tree feen and mea-
fur'd by Sir Francif Drakf, which was four and thirty yards in cir-
cuit j and for prodigious height the two, and three hundredfoot
unparallel'd Palms-royal defcrib'd by Captain Ligon growing in
our Plantations of the Barbados ^ or thofe goodly MaSis of Fir,
which I have feen, and meafur'd, brought from New England j not
to omit the vaft, and incredible bulk of fome Oakj ftanding lately
mWeiiphalia, whereof <?»e ferv'd both for a C4i?/e and ftfr^ 5 be-
caufe in this refention we will endeavour to give a tafte of more
frefli obfervarions, and to compare our modern Timber with the
Ancient, and that, not only abroad, but without travelling into
forreign Countries for thefe wonders.

N 8. What

§2 A Difcourfe of Foreft-Trees.

8. What goodly Trecj were of old ador'd^ and confecrated by
the Dryads I leave to con)cdture from the ftories of our ancient
Britaifts, who had they left Records of their prodigies in thiskind,
would doubtlefs have furnilh'd us with examples as remarkable for
the growth zndjiatureof Trees, as any which we have cTcduc'd
from the Writers of forreign places, fince the remains of what
are yet in being (notwithftanding the havock which has univer-
fally been made, and the little care to improve our Woods)
may ftand in fair competition with any thing that ^ntiquitj can
produce.

9. There is fomewhere in W^4/e/ an I«/fr7p*/tf« extant, cut into
the wood of an old Beam, thus

SEXAGINTA PEDES FVERANT IN STlPItE NOSTRO,
EXCEPTA COMA ^JE SPECIOSA FVIT.

This muft needs have been a noble Tree, but not without later
parallels i for to inftance in the feveral jpecies, and fpeak firft of
the bulks of fome immenfe Trees 5 there was ftanding an old and
decay 'd Chef-nut at Fr ailing in Ejjex, whofe very ftump did yield
thirty fizable load of Logs , I could produce you another of the
fame kind in GloceSierJhire which contains within the bowels of it a '
pretty wain-fcotted Room inlighten'd with windows,and furnilh'd
with feats, €^c. to anfwer the Lician Platanus lately mention'd.

10. But whileft I am on this period j fee what a Tilia that moft
learn'djand obliging perfon, D. Brorvn of Norwich, defcribes to me
in a Letter jufl: now receiv'd.

An extraordinary large, andfiately Tilia, Linden or Lime-tree,
there grojveth at Depeham in Norfolk, ten miles fiom Norwich
Tohofe meafitre is this. The compaf in the leaB part of the Trunk or
body about tn>o yards fiom the ground is at leaB eight yards andhalf:
about the root nigh the earth, fixteen yards '■, about half a yard above
that, neer twelve yards in circuit : The height to the uppermost
houghs about thirty yards, vphich fur mounts the famous Tilia <7f Zu-
rich in Switzerland j and uncertain it is whether in any Tilicetum,
flr Lime-walk abroad it be confiderably exceeded : let was the fir ^
motive I had to view it not Jo much the largenefof the Tree, as the
general opinion that no man could ever name it '^ hut I found it to be
a Tilia faemina ; and (if the diJiinCfion of Bauhinus be admitted
fi-om the greater, and lejferlenkf) aT'ilh Platuphyllos or Latifolia j
fime leaves betngthvee inches broad -^ but to dijiinguip it from others
in the Country, / call'd it Tilia Coloflaea Depehamenlis. Thus
the Doftor.

A Poplar-tree not much inferior to this he informs me grew late-
ly at Harlingly Thetford, at Sir William Gawdies gaf e, blown down
by that terrible Hurrocan about four years (ince.

11. lam told of a very Withy-tree to be feen fomewhere in
Bark:fljire which is increafed to a moft ftupcndious bulk : But
thefe for arriving haftily to their Acme, and period, and generally
not fo confidcrable for their ufe 5 I pafs to the Afi^ Elm, Oak., C^^ •

There

A Difconrfe of Foreft-Trees. 8^

There were ofthe/ri? of thefe divers which meafur'd in lengtH
one hundred and thirty tmofoot^ fold lately in Effex : And in the
Manor of Horton (to go no farther then the Parijh of Bbjham in
Surrey, belonging to my Brother Richard Evelyn Efq.) there are
Elms now ftanding in good numbers, which will bear almoft three
foot fquare for more then forty foot in height, which is (in my
judgement) a very extraordinary matter. They grow in a moift
Gravel, and in the Hedge-roves.

Not to infift upon Beech, which are frequently very large ^ there
are Oaks of forty foot high :^~and five foot diameter yet flouriftiing
in divers old Vark^ of our Nobility and Gentry.

A large and goodly O^j^ there is at Reedham in Sir Richard Eer-
neys Park of Norfolk , which I am inform'd was valu'd at forty -
pounds the 7z/»^er, and twelve pounds the lopping wood.

12. Nor are we to over-pafsthofe memorable Trees which fo
lately flouriflied in Bennington Tark^ neer Newberry : amongft
which three were moft remarkable from the ingenious Planter,
and dedication (if Iradition hold^ the famous Epglifh Bard, Jeofiy
Chaucer-^ of which one was call'd the K/wg/, another the ^ee»x,
and a third Chaucers-Oak: The fir^ of thefe was fifty foot in
height before any /»tfKg^ or )^«tf* appear'd, and cut five foot fquare
at the butt end, all clear Timber. The ^eens was fell'd fince the
fVars, and held forty foot excellent Timber, ftraight as an arrow
in growth and grain, and cutting four foot at the Jtub, and neer a
yard at the top ; befides a fork of almoft ten foot clear timber
above the (haft, which wascrown'd with a ftiady tujioi boughs,
amongft which, fome were on each fide curved like Rams-horns^
as if they had been fo induftrioufly bent by hand. This Oak^wzs
of a kind fo excellent, cutting a grain clear as any Clap-board (as
appear'd in the Wainfcot which was made thereof ) that a thoufand
pities it is {omejeminary of the Acornshad not been propagated,
to prcferve the.fpecies. Chaucer s Oak^, though it were not of
thefe dimenfions, yet was it a very goodly Tree ; And this ac-
count I receiv'd from my moft honoured friend Phil. Packer Efq.
whofe Father (as now the Gentleman his Brother) was proprietor of
th\s Park,: But that which I would farther remark, upon this oc-
cafion, is, the bulk, sit\djiature to which an 0^;^ may pofiibly ar-
rive within lefs then two hundred year, fince it is not fo long that
our Poet flourifh'd (hc'mg'm the Reign of Ring Edi^ard the fourth)
if at leaft he were indeed the Planter of thofe Trees, as 'tis confi-
dently afiirm'd. I will not labour much in this enquiry '■, becaufe
an implicit faith is here of great encouragement 5 and it is not to
beconceiv'd whatTreexof a goodkind, andapty^//, will perform
in a few years ^ and this (I am inform'd) is a (oxtoi gravelly clay
moiftn'd with finall and frequent fprings.

13. There was in Cuns-burrow (fometimes belonging to my
Lord of Dpver ) fevcral Trees bought of a Confer, of which he
made ten pound per yard' for three or four yards, as I have beert
credibly afliir'd : But where (hall we parallel that mighty Tree
which furnifh'd the AJain-ma§i to the Sovereign oi oxxi Seas ^ which

N 2 • being

§4 ^ ADifcourfeof Forcfi -Trees.

being one hundred foot long fave one, bare thirty five inches dia-
meter. Yet was this exceeded in proportion, and ufe, by that Oak^
which furnilli'd thole prodigious beams that lye thwart her. The
diameter of this Tree was four foot nine inches^ which yielded
four-fquare beams offonr and forty foot, long each of them. The
Ortj^grew about Framingam in Sujfolk.-^ and indeed it would be
thought fabulous, but to recount only the extraordinary dimen-
fions of fome Timber-trees growing in that County 3 and of the4ex-
ceffive fizes of thefe materials^ had not mine own hands meafur'd
aTable (more then once^ of above ^iie foot in breadth, nine and
an half in length, and J?ac inches thick, all intire and clear ; This
plank cut out of a Tree fell'd down by my Fathers order, was
made a Pajiry-board , and lyes now on a frame of folid BrickcVPork^
at Wolton in Surrey^ where it was fo placed before the room was
finifti'd about it, or wall built, and yet abated by one foot (hotter,
to confine it to the intended dimenfions of the place : for at firft,
it held this breadth, full ten foot and an half in length.

14. To thefe I might add that fuprannuated Eugh-tree growing
now in Eraburne Church-yard , not far from Scots-hall in Kent 5
which being "S^foot 1 1 inches in the circumference, will bear neer
twenty foot diameter, as it was meafur'd firft by my felf imperfeft-
ly, and then more exaftly for me, by order of the Right Ho-
nourable Sir George Carteret, Vice-Chamberlain to his Majefiy, anil
Treajurer of the Navy : not to mention the goodly ffanksy. and
other confiderable .pieces df fquar'd, and clear Timber, which I
obferv'd to lye about it, that had been herv'd, and farvn out of
fome of the Jrms only, torn from it by impetuous winds. §lich
another Moniier I am inform'd is alfo to be feen in Sutton Church-
yard neer WincheSier : But thefe fwith infinite others, which I am
ready to produce^ might fairly fuffice to vindicate, and affert our
Proportion, as it relates to modern examples, and fizes of Tifnber-
free/, comparable to zny o£ the Ancients, remainjiig upon laudable
and unfufpefted Record •-, were it not great ingratitude to conceal
' a moft induftrious, and no lefs accuvnte Mcompt , which comes
juft now to my hands from M'. Halton , Auditor to the Right
Honourable, the moft Illuftrious , and Noble, Henry Hovpard of

Norfolk^

In Sheffield Lord/hip.

The names of j ^ jj, ^ j^g jq^i^ Par k.,r\eer unto Rivelin,(tood an Oak which had
f P^ "^ eighteen yards without bough, or knot , and carried zyard and
7elli^me of fi^ inches fquare at the faid height, or length, and not much big-
t/'epartjcu- g^^ neer the root : Sold twelve years ago for 11 li. Conjider the
lars. .diftance of the place, and Country, and whatfb prodigious a Tree

Ed.Rawfon. vpould have been worth neer London.

In Firth's Farme within Sheffield LordJJjip, about twenty years

fince, a Tree blown down by the wind, made or would have made

C t> R II k ^^° Forge-hammer-beams, and in thofe,and the other wood of that

"' ' ' Tree,there was of worth,or made 5 o //. and Godfrey Frogat (who is

now

A Difcourfe of Forefl-Trees. 85

now living J did oft fay, he loft 30 li. by the not buying of it.

A Hammer-beam is not left then j\ yards long, and 4
foot fquare at the barrel.
In Sheffield Par k^^ below the iW^wr, a Tree was ftanding which
was fold by one Cijfard ffervant to the then Countef o£ Kent) for
2 li. 10 s. to one Nich. Hicks 5 which yielded of fawn Wair four-
teen hundred, and by eftimation, twenty Chords of wood.

A Wair is two yards long, and one foot broad, fixfcore Ed. Morphyj
to the hundred : fo that, in the faidTVee was ioc8o Wood-ward,
foot of Boards ^ which, if any of the faid Boards were
more then half-inch thick, renders the thing yet more
admirable.
tn the upper end oiRivelin ftood a Tree, call'd the Lords-Oak,^
of twelve yards about ^ and the top yielded twenty one Chords cut
down about thirteen years fince.

\nS.heffiddPark^An. 16 46 .ftood above 100 Tree/ worth 1000 li.
and the.reare yet two worth above 20 li. Jiillnote theplace, and
market.

In the lame Vark.^ about eight years ago, Ralph Archdall cut a
Tree that was thirteen foot diameter at the Kerf^ or cutting place
neer the Root.

In the fame Park two years fince M^ Sittvpell^ with Jo. Magfon
did chuie a Tree, which after it was cut, and laid afide flat upon a
level ground, Sam. Staniforth n Keeper^ and Ed. Morph^yhoth on
hor(e-back, could not lee over the Tree one anothers Hat-crowns.
This Tree was afterwards Ibid for 20 li.

In the lame Fark.-> neer the old foord,is an Oakztree yet ftanding,
of ten yards circumference.

In the fame Fark. , below the Conduit Plain, is an Oakrtree which Jo.Halton,'
bears a top, whole boughs (hoot from the boal fome fifteen, and
Ibme fixteen yards.

Then admitting i 5t yards for the common, or mean
extent of the boughs from the boal^ which being dou-
bled is 3 1 yards } and if it be imagin'd for a diameter^
becaufe the Ratio of the diameter to the circumference
is||iit follows 113.355 :; ^1.97 V^^y^^d-s which is
the circumference belonging to this diameter.
Then farther it is demonftrable in Geometry, that half
the diameter multiplied into half the circumference
produces the ^re^or quantity of theCircle, and that
will be found to be 754 ^il which is 755 fquare yards
fere.
Then laftly, if a Horje can be limited to three fquare
yards of ground to ftand on Cwhich may feem a com-"
pctent proportion of three yards long, and one yard
broad) then may 251 HorJe be well faid to ftand un-
der the (hade of this Tree. But of Scotch Cattle cer-
tainly, more then twice that number.

W^ork^

85 A Vifcourfe of Foreft-Trces.

Workfopp-Park.

16. In this FrfrA.5 at the corner of the Bradjhaw-xsW^ lyeth the

^tf/f/of an Oak-tree which is twenty nine foot about, and would

Kenhdm be found thirty, if it could be juftly inealur'd 5 becaufe it Iyer h

Homer. upon the ground ; and the length of this boal is ten foot, and no

^' arm, nor branch upon it.

In the fame Park^ , at the White-gate, a Tree did ftand that was
1 %ji r from bough end to bough end (that is, from the extream ends of
Geo. Hau!* ^^° oppofite boughs) 180 foot ; which is witnefs'd by Jo.Magfon
and Geo. Hal/, and meafur'd by them both.

Then becaufe 1 80 foot, or 60 yards is the ^M»/e*er ; 30
• yards will be the femidiameter : And by the former
Analogies 113. 355 :: 60. 188;-

and
I. go : ; 94?. 2827T
That is, the Cotftent of ground upon which this Tree
ferpendicnlarly drops , is above 2827 fquare yards,
which is above half an Acre of ground : And the aG-
figning three fquare yards (as above) for an Horfe,
there may 942 be well faid to ftand in this compais.
In the lame Park, f after many hundreds fold, and carried away)
To M pf there is a Tree which did yield quarter-cliff bottoms that were a.
° ' yard fquare : and there is of them to be leen in worksopp, at this
day, and Ibme Tables made of the faid quarter-cliff likewii^e.

In the fame Park, in the place there call'd the Havpks-neff, are
Tree forty foot long of Timber which will bear two foot fquare at
the top-end or height of forty foot.

If then z fquare whofe fide is two foot, be infcribed in a
Circle, the proportions at that Circle are

feet
Diameter 2 : 8284

Circumference 8 : 8858
Area 6 : 2831

And becaufe a Tun of Timber is faid to contain forty fb-
lid' feet : one of thefe Columns of Oak. will contain
above fix Tun of Timber and a quarter : in this com-
putation taking them to be Cylinders, and not taper-
ing like the fegment of a Cone.

Welbeek-Lane.

17. The 04)5^ which ftands in this Lane call'd Grindal-Oakhsith
at thefe feveral diftances from the ground thek Circumferences

foot foot inch
at I 33 ; 01

at 2 28 : 05

at 6 25 : 07

The breadth is from bcugh-end to bough-end (i.) diametri-
cally

A Difcourfe of Foreft-Trees. 87

cslly 88 foot j the height from the ground to the top-moft bough
8 1 footQthis dimension taken from the proportion that a Gnomon
bears to the fliadovv^ there are three Arms broken off and gone,
and eight very large ones yet remaining, which are very freih and
good Tmher,

88 foot is 29T yards, which being in this cafe admitted

for the diameter oi z. circle^ the jquare yards m that

circHmference will be 6'j6 jfere ^ and then allowing

three yards (as before) for a beaft, leaves 225 beafts,

which may poffibly ftand under this Tree.

But the Lords-Oak.that ftood in Rivelin was in diameter xhxet

yards,and twenty eight inches ^ and exceeded this in circumferenct

three feet at one foot from the ground. •

Shire-Oak.

Shire-Oak^ia a Tree (landing in the ground late Sir Ji6<7. Heivefx, ^^^^ j^^^^,
about a mile frpm Wor^sopp-Park.^ which drops into three shires^
viz. Tork^, Nottingham^ and Derby, and the diftance from bough-
end to bough-end is ninety foot and thirty yards.

This circumference will contain neer 707 fquare-yards,
fufficient to (hade 235 horfe.
Thus for the accurate M. Halton.

18. Being informed by a perfin of credit, that an Oak^ in Shef-
field-? ark., caird the Ladies-Oak.-, fell'd, contain'd forty two Tun of
limber, which had y^rwj- that held at Ipft four foot fquare for ten
yards in lengih •-, the Body fix foot of clear libber: That in the
fame P<«r^ one might have chofen above 1000 Trees worth above
6000 //'. another 1000 worth 4000 //". c!^fic de csteris : To this
M. Halton replies, That it might poffibly be meant of the Lords-
O^^alreadymention'd to have grown mRivelin: For now Rive-
lin it felf is totally deftitute of that ifliie (lie once might have glo-
ried in of Oak? '■) there being only the Hall-park adjpyning which
keeps up with its number of Oa}{s. And as to the computation of
1000 Tree/ formerly in Sheffield-? ark^woxth. 6000 //. it is believ'd
there were a thonfand much above that value ■, fince in what is
now inclos'd, it is evident touching 100, worth a thoujand pounds.

My worthy friend Leonard Vinckpey Efq. fir(t Ckrk^i. his Ma-
jefties Kitchin (from whom I received the firft hints of many of
thefe particulars) did aflure me, that one "john Garland built a ve-
ry handfome Barne containing five Bates, with Pan, ToBs, Beams,
Spars, 8cc. of one fale Tree growing in IVorl^op-park- But thefe
(hall fuffice, I (hould never fini(h to purfue thefe InUances through
our once goodly Magazines of Timber for all uiis, growing in this
our native Country, comparable (as I faidj to any we caff produce
of elder times j and that not only f though chiefly) for the encou-
ragement of Planters , and Prejervers of one of the mod: excel-
lent, and neceflary Materials in the World for the benefit of Man ;
but to evince the continu'd vtgor of Nature, and to reproach the

want

^8 A Difcottrfe of Forcft-Trees.

wan.t of InduHry in this Age of ours ; and (that we may return to
the Argument of this large Chapter) to aflert the procerity andfia-
ture of Jrees from their very great Antiquity : For -certainly if
that be true, which is by divers affirmed concerning the ^err:e?»/»
of Mambre, recorded ' by Eufebim to have continued till the time
of Goujiantim the Great, we are not too prejudicatcly to cenfure
what has been produc'd for the proofs of their Antiquity ; nor for
my part do I much queftion the Authorities ; But let this fnfficc 5
. what has been produc'd being only an hiftorical jpecuUtion^ of
more c»ctf«r^^e«/c«^ haply then other w/ejbut fuchas was pertinent
to the fubjeif under confideration, as well as what I am about to
add concerning theTexture andjimilar parts of the body oiTrees^
which may ako hold in jhrubs^ and other lignout plants, becaufe
it is both a curious and Rational account of their Anatomization^
and worthy of the fagacious Inquiry of that incomparably learned
Perfon D' Goddard^ as I find it entered amongft other of thofe
precious CoUeHions of this Illustrious Society.

1 9. The Trunk^oT bough of a Tree being cut tranjverfely plain and
fmooth, (heweth fcveral Circles or Rings more ot lefs Orbicular^
according to thd external figure, in fome parallel proportion, one
without the other, from the centre of the Wood to the infide of the
Bark^^ dividing the whole into fo many circular {paces. Thefe
Rings are more large, grofs, and diftinft in colour and fubftance in
fome kind of Tree/, generally in fuch as grow to a great bulk in a
ftiort time, as Fir^ Ajh^^c. fmaller or lefs diftinft in thofe that
either not at all or in a longer time grow great, as ^ince. Holly ^
Box, Lignum-vit£, Ebony, and the like lad coloured and hard
TPoods 5 fo that by the largenefs or fmallneft of the Rings , the
quicknefs or flownefs of the growth of any Tree may perhaps at
certainty be eftimated.

Thefe jj'^fex are manifeftly broader on the out. fide then on the
other, elpecially the more outer, to a double proportion5or more,
the inner being neer an equality.

It is afl'erted,that the larger parts of thefe Rings are on the South
and funny fide of the Tree (which is very rational and probable)
infomuch that by cutting a Tree tranfverfe,2ind. drawing a diametre
through the broadeft and narroweft parts of the Rings,a. Meridian
line may be defcribed.

The outer fpaces are generally narrower then the inner, not
only on their narrower fides, but aUb on their broader, compared
with the fame fides of the inner / Notwithftanding which, they
are for the moft part, if not altogether, bigger upon the whole
account.

Of thefe fpaces, the outer extremities in Fir^ and the like woods,
that have them larger and grofler, are more denfe, hard, and com-
paft^ the inner more foft and fpungy^ by which difference of
fubftance it is that the Rings themfelves come to be diftinguilhed.

According as the bodies and boughs of "Trees, or feveral parts
of tlie fame, are bigger or leffer, fo is the number as well as the
breadth of the circular fpaces greater or lefs j and the like accord-
ing to the rfge,efpecially the number. It

A Difconrfeof Fore/l-Trees. ^p

It is commonly and very probably aflcrted. That a Tree gains
a fievp one every year. In the body of a great Oak^ in the Nerv-Fo-
rei/jCut tranfverjly even (where many of the Trees are accounted
to be fome hundreds of years old) three and four hundred have
been diftinguifh'd* In a Fir-tree, which is faid to have juft fo
many rows of boughs about it as it is of years growth, there has
been obferved juft one lefs immediately above one row, then im-
mediately below : Hence fome probable account may be given of
the difference between the outer and the inner parts of the Rings,
that the outermoft being newly produced in the Summer, the ex-
terior fuperficies is condensed in the Winter.

20. In the young branches and twigs of Trees there is a fith in
the middle, which in fome, as Jfi, and efpecially Elder, equals or
exceeds in dimenfions the reft of the fubftance, but waxes lefs as
they grow bigger,and in the great boughs and trunk fcarce is to be
found •• This gives way for the growth of the inward iS/«^/,which
at fiVft were lefs then the outer (as may be feen in any flwot of the
firft year) and after grow thicker, being it felf ahjHm'd, or per-
haps converted into Wood ^ as it is certain Cartilages or GriUles are
into bones (in the bodies of Animals') from which to fenfe they
differ even as much as pith from Wood.

Thefe Rings or fpaces appearing upon tranfverfe SeUion (as they
appear elliptical upon oblique, and ftrait lines upon direft Se&ion)
are no other then the extremities of fo many Integuments invefting
the whole Tree, and (perhaps) all the boughs that are of the fame
age with any of them, or older.

In the growth of Trees Augmentation in all dimenfions is acqui-
redjnot only by Accejfionoi a new Integument yearly, but alfo by
the Reception of nourifhment into the Vores, and fubftance of the
reft, upon which they alfo become thicker 5 not only thofe to-
wards the middle, but alfo the reft, in a thriving Tree ; Yet the
principal growth is between the B^ir^and Body, by Accejjion o£ a
new Integument yearly,as hath been mentioned .• Whence the cut-
ting of the Bark of any Tree or Bough round about will certainly
kill it.

The Bark o£ a Tree is diftinguifhed into Rings or Integuments
no lefs then the Wood, though much fmaller or thinner, and there-
fore not diftinguifhable except in the thick barks of great old
Trees, and towiLrd the infide next the Wood j the outer parts dry-
ing and breaking with innumerable fijjures, growing wider and
deeper, as the body of the Tree grows bigger, and mouldering
away ou the out fide.

Though it cannot appear by reafbn of the continual decay of
it upon the account aforefaid ^ yet it is probable the Bark^ of a
Tree hath had fucceflively as many Integuments as the vpood j and
that it doth grow by acquifition of a new one yearly on the infide,
as the wood doth on the out-fide, fo that the chief way, and
conveyance of nouriftiment to both the Wood and the Bark^, is be-
tween them both.

The leaft Bud appearing on the body of a Tree doth as it

O were

po A Difcourfe of Foreft-Trees.

were make perforation through the feveral If/fegHme»ts to the
middle, or very neer j which part is, as it were, a Root of the
bough into the body of the Tree ^ and after becomes a kfiot,
more hard then the other wood : And when it is larger, manifeft-
ly (hewing it felf alfo to confift of feveral Integuments^ by the
circles appearing in it, as in the body : more hard, probably 5
becaufe ftreightned in room for growth ; as appears by itsdifl:end-
ing, buckling, as it were, the J»/fg««/e/;?j oixhewood about it ^
fo implicating them the more 3 whence a knotty ^itct oi wood\s
(6 much harder to cleave.

It is probable, that a Cience or Bud, upon Graffing, or Inocula-
ting^ doth, as it were, Root it fclf into theftockjn the lame manner
as the branches^ by producing a kind of knot. Thus far the ac-
curate DoHor.

20. To this might be fubjoyn'd the vegetative motion ofPUnts,
with the diagrams of the Jefuite Kercher, where he difcourfes of
their ftupendious Magnettfms, &c. could there any thing mate-
rial be added to what has already been fo ingenioufly inquir'd in^
to : therefore let us proceed to their felling.
„„. 21. It fliouldbeinthis^<?^«/, vigour and perfeftion of Trees,

' ^"^' that a felling fliould be celebrated \ fince whiles our Woods are
growing it is pity, and indeed too foon i and when they are decay-
ing:, too late : I do not pretend that a man (who has occafion for
Timber') is obliged to attend fo many ages ere he fell his Trees 5
but I do by this infer, how highly neceflary it were, that men
Ihould perpetually be /?/4»/^i»^j that fo ;><7i?erz^^ might have Trees
fit for their fervice of competent, that is , of a middle growth
and age, which it is impoffible they Ihould have, if we thus con-
tinue to deftroy our fVoods, without this providential /?/4»^/«g in
their ftead, and fel/ing what we do cut down, with great difcreti-
on, and regard of the future.

22. Such therefore as we (hall perceive to decay arefirflto be
picked out for the-^jf^ and then thole which are in their J?(«/e, or
approaching to it 5 but the very thriving, and manifeftly impro-
ving, indulg'd as much as polTible.

23. The time of the year for this deflruftive wor kis not uliially
till about the end of j4pril Cat which feafbn the bark^ does com-
monly rife freely) though the opinions and praftice of men have
been very difTerent: Vitruvius is for an Autumnal Fall-^ others ad vife
December and January : Cato was of opinion Irees (hould have lirft
born their Fruit, or, at leaft, not till full ripe, which agrees with
that of the ArchiteS : And though Timber unbarkfd be indeed
more obnoxious to the Worm, and to contraft fomewhat a dark-
er hue (which is the reafon fo many have commended the feafon
when it will mod: tieely Jtrip) yet were this to be rather confi-
der'd for fuch Trees as one would leave round, and unj?ptar'd j
fince we finde the wilde Oal{^, and many other forts , fel/'d
over late, and when the fap begins to grow proud, to he very
fubjeft to the worm J whereas being cut about mid-»'/«*er it nei-
ther cajis, rjfts, nor tvoines 3 becaule the cold of the winter does

both

A Difcourfe of Foreft-Trees. 9 1

both dry, and confblidate 5 whiles injf^r/wj^, and when pregnant,
fo much of the virtue goes into the leaves and branches : Happy
therefore were it for our T/w^er, fome real Invention of tanning
without fo much Bark^(jx% the Honourable M"' Charles Howard has
moft ingenioufly ofFer'd) were become univerfal , that Trees be-
ing more early fell'd, the Timber might be better feafind and
condition'd for its various Vfes, But as the cuftonj is , men have
now time to fell their rpoods^ even frotn mid-winter to the j^ring 5
but never any after the Summer Svljiice.

24. Then for the-^^^e of the Moon, it hasT religioufly beenob-
ferv'd J and that Dianas prefidency in Syhis was not fo much ce-
lebrated to credit the ^fi??(?»j of the Poets -J as for the dominion
of that moift Planet, and her influence over Timber : For my
part, I am not fo much inclin'd to thefe Criticifms, that I fhould al-
together govern a Felling at the pleafure of this mutable Ladj/ j
however there is doubtlefs fome regard to be had,

Necfruffrajignorum obitus ^eculamur df ortus.

The old Rules are thefe :
Fell in the decreafi, or four days after conjun&ion of the two
great Luminaries ^ fome the laft quarterof it ; or Qis Pliny) in the
very article of the change, if poffible, which hapning ffaith he)
in the laft day of the Winter SolBice, that Timber will prove im-
mortal: At leaft (hould it be from the twentieth to the thirtieth day,
according to Columella: C^^o four days after the Fw//, as far bet-
ter for the growth : But all viminious Trees filente Luna. 5 fuch as
Sallies , Birch , Poplar, &c. Fegetiuf for Ship-timber , from the
15th, to the 25th, the Moon as before, but never during the In-
fre(«/e. Trees being then moft abounding with moifture, which is
the only fource of putrifadtion.

25. Then for the Temper, and time o^ day : The wind low,
neither Eafl nor IVeii , neither in fio^y, wet or dewy weather 5
and therefore never in a Fore-noone. Laftly, touching the J^e-
cies 5 Fell F/> when it begins to fpring i not only becaule it will
then beft quit its coat and ftrip 5 but for that they hold it will ne-
ver decay in water '^ which howfoevcr TbeophraUus deduce from
the old Bridge made of this material over a certain River in
Arcadia, cut in th\^ feafon^xs hardly fufficient to fatisfie our inquiry.

26. Previous to this work of Felling is the advice of our
Country-man Markham, and it is not to be rejefted : Survey
(faith he) your Woods as they ftand immediately after ChriUmas,
and then divide x}i\ef^ecies in your mind ^ (I add, rather in fome
Note Book, or Tablets) zxydi confider for what purpofes every fe-
veral kind is moft ufeful : After this, reckon the bad and good to-
gether, fo as one may put off the other, without being forc'd to
glean your IVoods of all your beft Timber. This done (or before)
you ftiall acquaint your felf with the marketable prices oi the Coun-
try where your Fell ismade, and that of the feveraiy^r/i- :, as what
fo many inches, oxfootfquare and long,\s worth for the feveral im-
ployments .• What planks .<? what other fcantlings for fo many

O 2 Spoakfi

a'2 A Difcourfe of Foreft-Trees.

Spoakj, Naves, Rings, Pales , Spars, c^c. allowing the tva^e for
the charges o( Felling, &c. all which you {hall rompute with greater
certainty, if youhaveleifure, and will take the pains to examine
fome of the Trees either by your own Fathom 5 or (inore accurate-
ly) by girting it about with z firing, and lb reducing it to the
jquare,^c. by which means you may give a neergueft: or, you
may mark fuch as you intend to fell -.^ and then begin yom /ale
about Candlemas till the Spring 5 before which you mud not (ac-
cording as our Cujiom is) lay the Ax to the Root 5 though ibme,
for particular imployments, as for Timber to make TIovps, Carts,
Axel-trees, Haves, Harrows, zn&th& Vik/& Husbandry-tools, do fre-
quently cut in October.

Being now entering with your Workcnten, one of the firft, and
mofl: principal things is , the skilful disbranching of the Boaloi all
fiach Arms and Limbs as may endanger it in the Fall , wherein
much forecaft and skill is requir'd of the Wood-man 5 fo many ex-
cellent Trees being utterly fpoiled for want of this only confidera-
tion ; And therefore in arms of Timber which are very great,
chop a nick^ under it clofe to the Boat, fo meeting it with the
down-right ftrokes, it will be cut without J[|'/»Vi«g.

27. Some there are who cut a k§rfe round the body, almoft to
the very pitch, or heart, and fo let it remain a while i by this
means to drain away the moifture, which will diftill out of the
wounded Veins, and is chiefly good for the moiSler fort of Trees :
And in this work the very Ax will well tell you the difference of
the Sex 'j the Male being fo much harder, and browner then the
Female : But here fand wherever we fpeak thus o( Plants) you are
to underftand the analogical, not proper diftinftion. Fell as clofe to
xht ground as poffible may be, if you defien a renafcency from the
roots ; unleis you will grub for a total deuruftion, or the ufe of
that part we have already mention'd, fo far fuperiour in good-
nels to what is more remote from the Root. Some are of opini-
on, that the Jeedling Oak^ihonld never be cut to improve his Boal^
becaufe, fay they, it produces a reddifh wood not fo acceptable
to the Work^man ^ and that the Tree which grows on the head of
his Mother does feldom prove good Timber : It is obferv'd, indeed,
that one foot of Timber neer the Root (which is the proper k§rfe,
or cutting place) is worth three farther off •* And haply, the fuc^
ceffor is more apt to be tender, then what was cut off to give it
place ^ but let this be inquir'd into at leifure.

28. When your Tree is thus proftrate, ftripoff the Barkj, and
fet \tfo as it may beft dry ^ then cleanfe the Boal of the Branches
which were left, and J2n)c it into lengths for thefqnaring, to which
belongs the Meafure, and Girth (as our Workc^ien call it) which I
refer to the Buyer, and to many fubfidiary Books lately printed,
wherein it is taught by a very familiar and eafie Method : A Tun
of Timber is forty folid feet, a load fifty.

29. If you arc to remove your Timber, let the Den>he firft (^/f,
and the South-wind blow before you draw it ; Neither fhould you
by any means put it to ufe for three, or four moneths after, unleis

great

A Difcourfe of Foreft-Trees. 93

great neceffity urge you , as it did DHiUuf^ who in the Phujc War
built his Fleet of Timber before it wasfeajond , being not above
two moneths from the very Felling to the Launching : and as
were alfo thofe 2V^z';>j' of H/^»'<? after forty days 5 and that of 5«-
pio^ in the third Carthaginem War, from the very Fore§i to the Sea,
July is a good time for bringing home y out fell'a Timber.

90. To make excellent Boards and Planks, *tis the advice of
fome, you (hould Barkyoxiv Trees in a fit (eafon, and (b let them
ftand naked a. full year before the felling j and in fome cSfes, and
grounds, it may be profitable : But let thefe, with what has been
already laid in the foregoing Chapters of the feveral kinds, fuffice
for this Article : I (hall add one Advertifement oi Caution to thofe
Noble perfons, and others who have Groves and Trees of orna*
ment neer their houfes, and in their Gardens in London, and the
Circle of it 5 e^ecially , if they be of great fiature , and well
grown •■) fuch as are the Groves in the feveral Inns of Court 5 nay,
even that (comparatively, new Plantation) in my Lord of Bed^
fords Garden, &c. and wherever they ftand in the more interiouv
parts of the City ^ that they be not over hafty, or by any means
perfwaded to cut down any of their old Trees, upon hope of new,
more flourilhing Plantations 5 thickning, or repairing deformi-
ties 5 bccaufe they grow fo well when firft they were ftt : It is to
be confider'd how exceedingly that perniciousjw/o^^^of the Sea-taal
is increas'd in and about London fince they were fiviii planted, and
the buildings environing them, andinclofing it in amongft them,
which doesfouniverfally contaminate the Air, that what Planta-
tions of Trees (hall be now begun in any of thofe places will have
much ado, great difficulty, and require a long time, to be brought
to any tolerable perfection ; Therefore let them make much of
what they have ; and though I difcourage none, yet I can animate
none to cut down the old.

CHAP. XXX.
Of Timber the Seafoning and \\(qs^ and of Fuel.

WE have before (poken concerning fome preparations o£ Seafonm
j?tf»^z»g Tree/ defign'd for T/wkr, by a half-cutting, dif-
barking, and the feafons of <^r4W7»g, and»/»^it.

1. Lay up your Timber very dry, in an airy place (yet out of
ihcWtnd, 01 Sun) ^viA not ftanding upright, but lying along one
piece upon another, interpofing fome ihoxt blocks between them,
to preferve them from a certain mouldinef which they ufually *
contraft while theyfweat, and which frequently produces a kind
oi fungus, efpecially if there be any fappy parts remaining.

2. Some there are yet, who keep their 7z«//'er as moift as they
can, by fubmergingk in IFater, where they let it imbibe to hinder

the

94 A Difcoitrpe of Foreft-Trees.

th e cleaving ••, and this is good in F/r, both for the hettcrjirippi»g
:i.ad feafotiing. ■ •

2. Some again commend Bnryitigs in the Earth 5 others in
wheat 5 and there be feafonings of the Fire^ as for the Icorching
and hardning of Files which are to ftand either in the vpater^ or
the earth : Thus do all the Elements contribute to the Art of
Seafoning.

4. And yet even the greeneft Timber is fometimes defirable for
fuch as Carve and Turn 5 but it choaks the teeth of our Saws i, and
for Doors ^Windovps^ Floors^ and other clofe Works, it is altogether
to be rejefted i efpecially where Walnut-tree is the material^ which
will beJure to {brink : Therefore it is beft to chufe fuch as is of
tvoo or three yesLVS feafoning, and that is neither moift nor over-
dry i, the mean is beft. Sir Hugh Plat informs us that the Veneti-
ans ufe to burn and fcorch their Timber in a flaming /re ^ continu-
ally turning it round with an Engine, till they have gotten upon
it an hardjblackjf tf^/y cruft^and the Jecret carries with it great pro-
bability i for that the wood is brought by it to fuch a hardnefs and
drinefs, ut cum omnif futrifa^io incipiat ab humido, nor earth nor.
water can penetrate it 3 I my fclf remembring to havefeen Char^
coals dug out of the ground amongft the mines of ancient build-
ings, which have in all probability lain cover'd with earth above
1500 years.

5. Timber which is cleft is nothing fo obnoxious to rift and
cleave as what is hcvpn 5 nor that which is fquar'd , as what is
round ^ and therefore where ufe is to be made of huge and maifie
Columns, let them be /"tf/iret/ through from end to end 5 it is an ex-
cellent prefervative from fplitting5and notun-philojbphical j though
to cure this accident, the rubbing them over with a wax-cloat his
good , Painters Putty, d^c. or before it be converted, the fmearing
the Timber over with Cojv-dung, which prevents the effefts both of
Sunund ^ir upon it, if of neceffity it muft lye expos'd : Butbe-
fides the former remedies I find this for the clofing of the chops
and clefts of ^ree« Timber, to anoint and fupple it with the fat of
powder d-beef -broth, with which it muft be well foak'd, the chafm's
fiU'd mthjpunges dipt into it , this to be twice done over : Some
Carpenters make ufe of greafe andfaw-duji mingled j but the firft is
fo good a way (fays my Author) that I have feen Wind-flwckctim-
ber fo exquifitelyclofed, as not to be difcerned where the defeds
were ; This muft be us'd when the Timber is green : Finally,

6. I muft not omit to take notice of the coating of Timber in
Worky us'd by the Hollanders for the prefervation of their Gates,
'P'ort-cnUis's, Draw-bridges, S luces, and other huge Beams and Con-
tignations of Timber expos'd to the Sun, and perpetual injuries of
tht Weather, by a certain mixture of P/^f A and T^r, upon which
• they ftrew Imall pieces of Cocl^le and ether fiells, beaten almoft to
powder, and mingled with Sea-fand, which incrujis and arms it
atrer an incredible manner againft all thefe aflaults and foreign
invaders.
Vfes. 7. For all ufes that Timber is efteem'd the beft which is the

moft

A Difconrfe of Forcft-Trees. ^'.

mofk light, without ^w/J", yet firm, and free from //p'^ which is
that fatty, whiter, and fifter part, call'd by the Aneients Alburnum,
which you are diligently to hew away : You (hall perceive fome
which has a /If/r^i/ convolution of the veins ^ but it is a vice pro-
ceeding from the (everity of unfeafonable Winters, and defed of
good nutriment.

8. Moreover,it is expedient that you know \Vhich is the Grain,
and which are the Veins in Timber j becaufe of the difficulty of
working againft it : Thofe therefore be the veins which grow (
latgeft, and are fofter for the benefit of cleaving and hewing ,/
that the Grain which runs in waves, and makes the divers and
beautiful chamfers which fome woods abound in to admiration*
The Grain of Beech runs two contrary ways, and is therefore to be '
wrought accordingly.

♦ 9. For the p/<t<:e of growth, that Tir«//'er is efteem'd beft which .
grows moft in the «y»»,and on a dry and hale ground •-, The Climate
contributes much to its ^»<«//^)', and the N<?r^^er» fitnation is pre- ,
ferr'd to the reft of the quarters ; fo as that which grew in Tufcany .
was of old thought better then that of the Venetian fide, and <
Irees of the vpilder kind, and barren, then the over much culti- '^
vated, and great bearers : but of this already. - \

10. To omit nothing, Authorsh^ve fumm'd up the »4/are/ of V
Timber i as the hardeft Ebeny , Box , Larch , Lotus , Terebinth,
Eugh, &c. which are beft to recGi\epoliJhing ^ and for this Lin-feed, <^
or the (weeter Nut-oyl does the effed beft : Plinji gives us the Re-
ceipt, with a decoftion of IValnut-Jhales, and certain rvild-pears :
Next tothele, Oak^£or ships, and Houfes-^ Cornel, Holly, S"c. for
Tins, Wedges, &c. Chef-nut, Horn-beam , Poplar, ^c. Then for
Bucklers, and Targets, were commended the more foft and moift ^
becaufc apt to clofe, (well, and make up their wounds again ; fuch

as Willovp, Lime, Birch, Alder, Elder, Jp, Poplar, 8cc.

The Robur, or Wild-oak.Tiinhev, beft toftand7« ground; the
^ercHs without.

Pinet^ Pitch, wilder and Elm, are excellent to maktPumps and
Conduit-pipes, and for all Water-work/, &c. Fir for Beams, Bolts,
Bars -J being tough, and notfo apt to break as the hardeft Oak,' In
fum , the more odoriferous Trees are the more durable and
lafting.

11. We did, in C^d!/>. 2 1 . mention certain Subterranean Trees,
which Mf Cambden fuppofes grew altogether under the ground :
And truly, it did appear a very Paradox to me, till I both law
and diligently examin'd that piece (^Plank^, Stone, or both (hall I
naa)ek)oi Lignum fojfile taken out of a certain ^arry thereof
at Aqua Sparta not far from Rome, and fent to the moft incompa-
rably learn'd D' Ent, by that obliging Virtuofo Cavalier dal Pozzo.
He that (hall examine the hardnef, and feel x\\e ponderoufnefi oVn,
firking \n water, d^c. will eafily take it for ajione--, but he that
(hall behold its ^r^/», fo exquifitely undulated, and varied,^' toge-
ther -vith its colour, manner of hewing,chips, and othef moftper-
feft rcfemblances, will never fcruple to pronounce it arrant vpood.

Signor

95 A Difconrfe of Forcll-Trees.

Signor Stdluti (^An It ali an )h&s publifh'd a whole Treatife expre^-
ly todefcribethis^ieat curiojity : But, whiles others have Vhil&'
J^/>/j7z,V according to their manner upon thefe extraordinary Ctf«-
chttonsi, fee what the mofl induftrious, and knowing M.Hook^^
Curator of this Royal Society^ has with no lefs Reafon, but more
fuccinftnefs, obferv'd from a late Microfcopical Examen of another
piece of petrifi'd-wood •■, the Defcription, and Ingenuity whereof
cannot but gratifie the Curious^ who will by this InJiaKce, not on-
V ly be inftrufted how to make Inquiries upon the like occafiotts 5
N but fee alfo with what accuratevejf the Society conftantly pro-
ceeds in all their Indagations^ and Experiments ; and with what
Candor they relate, and communicate them.
/ 1 2. " It refembl'd Wood^ in that

" Firft, all the parts of the petripd fubftance feem'd not at all

"diflocatedj or alter'd from their natural pofition whiles they

^ " were rvood ^ but the whole piece retain'd the exaft (hape of

" Tfood, having many of the confpicuous pores of wood ftill re-

l " tna'imngpores^ and (hewing a manifefk difference vifible enough

^^ " between the^r4z«of the tvood and that of the Barl^-j efpecially,

, " when any fide of it was cut fmooth and polite ; for then it ap-

/ " pear'd to have a very lovely grain, like that of fome curious

■ ^'^ c\o(e wood.

" Next (it refembled wood) in that all the fmaller and (if fb I
" may call thofe which are only to be feen by a good glafs) «/z-
" crofcopical pores of it, appear (both when the fubftance is cut and
" polilh'd tranfverjly, and parallel to the pores) perfedly like the
*' Microfcopical pores of feveral kinds of wood, retaining both the
" fhape, and pofition of fuch pores.
" It was differing from wood.

" Firft, in weighty being to common water, as 3? to i. where-
" as there are few of our Englifi woods that, when dry, are found
" to be full as heavy as water.

" Secondly , in hardnefs , being very neer as hard as a
" Flint, and in fbme places of it alfo refcmbling the grain of a
'^'^ Flint : it would very readily cut G/^/, and would not without
" difficulty (efpecially in fome parts of it) be fcratch'd by a black
" hard Flint : it would alfo as readily (inke fire againft a Steel, as
" alfo againft a Flint.

" Thirdly, In the clofenefs of it , for, though all the micro-
" fiopical pores of thcB'tftf^^were very confpicuous in one pofition,
" yet by altering that pofition of the polifh'd furface to the light,
'' it alfo was manifeft that thofe pores appear'd darker then the
" reft of the body, only becaufe they were fill'd up with a more
" dufky fubftance, and not becaufe they were hollow.

" Fourthly, in that it would not hum in the Fire ^ nay, though
" I kept it a good while red-hot in the flame of a Lamp, very in-
" tenfly caft on it by a hlaji through a fmaWpipe'^ yet it feem'd
not at all to have diminiib'd its cxtenfion ; but only I found it
" to have chang'd its colour, and to have put on a more dark, and
" dufky brown hue. ■ Nor could I perceive that thofe parts which

" feem'4

cc
<c

' A Difconrfe of Forcfl-Trees. py

" feem'd to have been Wood at firft, were any thing wafted, but
" the parts appear'd as folid, and clofe, as before. It was farther
" obfervable alfo, that as it did not confume like wood , fo neither

did it crack and fly like a Flinty or fuch like hardjiofte i nor was

it Ions; before it appeared red- hot.
" Fiftly, in its diflblublenefs ; for putting fome drops of dijiil-

led Vinegar xx^on the Jione^ I found it prefcntly to yield very
*' many bubble f, )uft like thole which may be obferved in jpirit of
*' Vinegar when it corrodes Coral ; though I guefs many of thole
*' bttbbles proceeded from the fmall parcels of Air^ which were
" driven out of the pores of this petrif'd fubftance, by the infinu-
" ating liquid z«e«i?r««/«.

" Sixthly, in its Rigidnef, and jriability 3 being riot at aWflexi-
'^ hle^ but brittle like a Flint ^ infomuch that with one knock of a
" Hammer IbrokeofFa fmall piece of it, and with the fame ham'
" mer quickly beat it to pretty fine powder upon an Anvil.

** Seventhly, it feem'd alfo very differing from voood to the
*'^ touch, feeling more cold then veood ufually does, and much like
'' other clofe Stones and Minerals.

" The Reafons of all which Phsnomona (eem to be.

** That thispetrifi'd wood having lain in fome place where it was
*' well foaked -with petrifying water ("that is, fuch a water as is well

impregnated withjiony and earthy particles) did by degrees le-

parate, byjiraining and filtration, or perhaps hy pnecipitation,

co-bapon OTco-agulation, abundance of J?<'»;'p4rfzr/e/ from that

Sermeating water, which^^^jw^ particles having, by means^oftrhe
uid Vehicle, convey'd themfelves not only into the microfcopi-
'' cal pores, and perfedly ftop'd up them i but alfo into the />tfrcx,
which ihay perhaps be even in that part of the Wood which
t\\xo\x^thc microfcope appears moft folid^ do thereby fo aug-
ment the weight of the wood, as to make it above three times
heavier then water, and perhaps fix times as heavy as it was
when wood : next, they hereby fo lock up and fetter the parts
of the wood, that the /re cannot eafily make them fly away, but
*' theaftion of the Fire upon them is only able to Char thofe parts,
"as it were, like as a piece of wood'xi it beclofed very fiifl up in
" clay, and kept a good while red-hot in the fire , will by the heat
"^of the fire be charr'd, and not confum'd 5 which may perhaps
" be the Reafon why the petrifi'd fubfiance appear'd of a Wakifh
"^ brown colour after it had been burnt. By this intruiion of the
" petrifi'd particles it alfo becomes hard , and fi'iable '-, for the
*' fmaller pores of the wood being perfeftly ftufied up with thefc
'^Jiony particles , the particles of the wood have few, or no pores
*' in which they can refide, and confequcrftlyjno^ejx-r^jwor yield-
" ing can be caus'd in fuch afttbBance. The rcmainmg particles
" likewife of the wood among thefiony particles may keep them
*' from cracking and flying, as they do in a Flint.

Finally, for the ufe of our Chimneys, and maintenance of fire. Fuel,
the plenty of wood for Fuel, rather then the quality is to be locked i,
after ; and yet are there fome greatly to be preferr'd before

P others.

^8 A Difconrfe of Foreft- Trees. '

others, as harder, longer-/df//»^, better heatings and cheerfully
burning i for which we have commended the Aflj^ c^c. In the
foregoing Paragraphs, and to which I pretend not here to add
much, for the avoiding repetitions ^ though even an HiSiory of
2. the beft way of Charking would not mU-become this Difiourfe.
S' But in this penury of that dear Commodity, to incite all ingenious
perfons, ftudious of the benefit of their Country, to think of ways
how onr Woods may be prefer ved, by all manner of ^irts which
may prolong the lafting of our Fuel, I would give the beft encou-
ragements. Thofe that (hall ferioully confider the intolerable mi-
fery of the poor Cauchi, the then inhabitants of the Lore-Countries
deicrib'dby Tliny, lib.i6.cap.i. (how opulent fbever their late In-
duiiry has render'd them J for want only oirvood for F«e/,will have
realbn to deplore the exceffive decay of our former ftore of that
ufefiil Commodity , and by what ftiifts our Neighbours the Hol-
landers do yet repair that defeft, be invited to exercife their inge-
nuity : For befides the Dung of BeaSis^ and the Turf for their
chimneys, they make ufe of Stoves both portable, and ftanding j
and truly the more frequent ufe of thofe Inventions in our great,
wafting Cities fas the cuftom is through all Germany) as alfo of
thofe new, and excellent Oz^e»j invented by Dr ZCCj^er, for the in-
comparably baking of Bread, c^c. would be an extraordinary ex-
pedient of huft)anding our Fuel-^ as well as the right n^ingling,
and making up of Char-coal-duB, and loam, as 'tis hinted to us
by Sir Hugh Plat, and is generally us'd in MaSfricht and the
Country about it ; then which there is not a more (weet, lafting
and beautiful Fuel •-, The manner of it is thus :

4. Take aboirt one third part of the fmalleft of any Coal, Pit,
Sea or Char-coal ; and commix them very well with loam (where-
of there is in (bme places to be found a fort fomewhat combufti-
ble) make thefe up into balls, as big as an ordinary Cannon-bullet
or fomewhat bigger , or if you will in any other form, like bricl{-
bats, c^c. expole thefe in the air till they are throughly dry ; they
will be built into the moft orderly fires you can imagine, burn
very clear, givea wonderful heat, and continue a very long tinae.

Two or three Ihort Billets cover'<l with Char-coal laft much
longer, and with more life, then twice the quantity by it felf,
whether Char-coal alone, or Billet 5 and the Billets under the
Char-coal being undifturbM, will melt as it were into Char-coals of
fucha lafting fize.

If Small-coals be fpread over the Char-coal, where you burn it
alone, 'twill bind it to longer continuance j and yet more, if the
Small-coal be made of the roots oiThornes, Briers and Brambles.
Confult L.Bacon, Exp.jy^.

The Sea-weed which comes in our Oyfier-bafrels laid under
Nen>-C ait le-coal to kindle it (as the ufe is in fome places) will (as I
aminform'd) make it out-laft twogreat/rejof fimpleftftf/j, and
maintain a glowing luculent heat without wafte : It was not try'd
by my Friend, what it would do as to Fuel burnt by it felfi
but, that it adds much life, continuance and aid, to our fullen Sea-
coal

A Difcourfs of Forcft-Trees. p^

coal£\iQ\ i and if the main Ocean fhould afford Fwe/, (^s the Ber-
ttacles and Solatid-Geefe are faid to do in fome parts of ScotUnd
with the veryjiick/ of their Neifs) we in thefe Ijles may thank our
felves if we be not warm : Thefe few particulars I have butmen-
tion'd to animate Improvements^ and ingenious Attempts of de-
tecting more cheap, and \x(Q.i\x\froceJfes^ for ways oicharking-coals.
Peat , and the like fuliginous materials 5 as the accomplifh'd
M. Boyle has intimated to us in the Fift of thofe his precious Ejfays
concerning the ufefulneji oi Natural Philojbphy, Part 2. cap. y.C^c.
to which I refer the curious,

6, By the Preamble of the Statute 7, Ed. 6. one may perceive
(the Meafures compar'd) how plentiful Fuel was in the time of
Edward the 4th to what it was in the Reigns of his Succejjors :
This fuggefted a review of Sizes, and a reformation of Abufes ;
in which it was Ena&ed, that every Sack of Coals (hould contain
four Bnfiels : Every Talejhide to be four foot long, befides the carfi,
^nd\i nam'doi one, marked one, to contain 16 inches circnmfe-
rence, within a foot of the middle : If of two marks, 25 inches ,
of 3. 28. of 4. 35 ; of 5.38. inches rfi.'w?, and fo proportionably.

6. Billets were to be of three foot, and four inches in length :
thefingletobe 17 inches and an half about; and every ^zZi'e^ of
one caji (as they term the mark) to be ten inches about : of two
caft, fourteen inches, and to be marked (unlefs for the private
ufe of the Owner) within fix inches of the middle .' of one caft
within four inches of the end, d^c.

Every bound Fagot thould be three foot long ; the band twenty
four inches circumference, befides the knot.

In the 43.£/zz,.the fame Statute (^wh'ich before only concern'd
London and its Suburbs) was made more univerfal ; and that of
Edw. 6. explained with this addition : For fuch Talejhides as were
ofnecefllty to be made of cleft -wood, if of one mark, and half
round, to be 19 inches about; if quarter-cleft, 18 inches t: Mark-
ed two, being round it ftall be 2 3 inches compafs : half-round 2 7 :
quarter-cleft 26 : marked three, round 28 : half-round 33 : quar-
ter-cleft 32: marked four, being round 33 inches about: half- .
round 39 : quarter-cleft 38 : marked five round, 38 inches about :
half-round 44: quarter-cleft 43 : the meafure to be taken within
half a foot of middle of the length mention'd in the former Statute.

Then for the £i//ef every one nam'd a f/»g/e ; being round to
have 7 inches t circumference ; but no fingle to be made of cleft
wood : If marked one, and round, to contain 1 1 inches compafs :
if half-round 13 : quarter-cleft \2\.

If marked two, being round, to contain 16 inches : half-
round 19 : quarter-cleft 181 : the length as in the Statute of
King Ed. 6.

7. Fagots to be every ftick of three foot in length, excepting
only one ftick of one foot long, to harden and wedge the binding
of it : This to prevent the abufe Ctoo much praftis'd) of filling
the middle part, and ends with trafii, and (hort flicks, which
had been omitted in the former statute : concerning this and of

P 2 the

100 A D if coHrfe of ¥ or cd-Trees.

the diMetipMs o£ wood mtht StacJ^^ fee Chap. 27. to direftthe
lefs inftruded Pnrchafer : and I have been the more particular
upon this occafion i becaufe then our Fuel bought in Billet by the
Votch Cas they call it in London) there is nothing more deceitful 5
for by the vile iniquity of fome Wretches^ marking the Billets as
they come to the Wharfs Gentlemen are egregiouily cheated. I
could produce an inftance of a Friend of mine (and a Member o£
this Society) for which the Wood-monger has little caufe to brag 5
fince he never durft come at him , or challenge his Money for
the Commodity he bought [5 becaufe he durft not ftand to the
meafitre.

8. But I will now defcribe to you the Myjiery of Charking
(whereof fomething was but touch'd in the Procef^of extrafting
T'/troutof theF7»c/3 ^^^ receiv'dit fromamoftinduftrious/jer/itw,
and fo conclude the Chapter.

There is made of Char-coal ufually three forts, viz. one for
the Iron-xvorks, a fecond for Gun-porpder, and a third for London
and the Court^ befides Small-coals^ of which we (hall alfo fpeak in
its due place.

We will begin with that fort which is us'd for the Iron-roorks^
becaufe the reft are made much after the fame manner, and with
very little difference.

The beft Wood for this is good OaK^cwt into lengths of three foot,
as they fize it for the^^^ci^.- This is better then the Cord-vpood,
though of a larger meafure, and much us'd in Snffex.

The Tpood cut, and fet mjiackf ready for the Coaling ; chufe
out fome level place in the Copfe, the moft free from ftubs, &c.
to make the Hearth on: In the midft of this ^re^ drive down a
ftake for your Centre, and with apole, having a ring faftn'd to one
of the extreams (or elfe with a Cord put over the Centre) defcribe
a Circumference from twenty, or more ketfemidiameter^ accor-
ding to the quantity of your wood defign'd for coaling, which be-
ing neer may conveniently be charked in that Hearth , and
which at onetime may be 12, 16, 20, 24, even to ^ojiacl^: If
12 therefore be the quantity you will coal, a Circle whofe diame-
ter is 24 foot, will fufEce for the Hearth ; If 20 ftack, a diameter
of 32 foots j If 30, 40 foot, and fo proportionably.

Having thus marked out the ground,with Mattocks, haws and fit
inftruments, bare it of the Turf, and of all other combuftible ftuft
whatfoever, which you are to rake up towards the Peripherie, or
out-fide of the f/rf««f/erc«fe, for an «/e to be afterwards made of
it ; plaining, and levelling the ground within the circle : This
done, the wood is to be brought from the neereft parts where it is
Jiackid, in wheel-barrows 5 and firft the fmalleft of it plac'd at the
utmoft limit, or very margent of the Hearth, where it is to be fet
long-ways, as it lay in the Jiack.'^, the biggeft of the wood pitch,
or (et up on end round about againft the Jhiall-wood, and all this
within the circle, till you come within five, or (ix foot of the cen-
tre 5 at which diftance you Ihall begin to fet the wood in a Trian-
gular form (as in Fig. 2. A ) till it come to be three foot high :

Againft

A Difcourfe of Foreft-Trees. loi

Againfl: this again place ^^our greater wood almoft perpendicular^
reducing it from the triangular to a circular form, till being come
within a yard of the centre you may pile the wood long-ways, as
it lay in thejiack^^ being careful that the ends of the wood do not
touch the Pole^ fwhich mufl: now be erefted in the centre^ nine foot
in height, that fo there may remain a round hole, which is to be
form'd in working \x^ the flackc^ood^ for a tunnely and the] more
commodious^r7»g of the pit, as they call it. This provided for,
go on to pile, and fet your wood upright to the other, as before ;
till having gain'd a yard more, you lay it long-ways again us was
ftiew'd: And thus continue the work, ftill enterchanging the />t»-
(itioH o£ the wood till the whole ^re<« of the Hearth and Circlebe
fiird, and pil'd up at the leaft eight foot high, and fo drawn in by
degrees in piling, that it refemble the form of a copped brown Houf-
hold-loaf, filling all inequalities with the fmaller trunchions till it
lye very clofe, and be perfeftly, and evenly fliaped. This done,
then takeflraxp, haume ox feme, and lay it on the out-fide of the
bottom of the heap or -wood, to keep the next cover from falling
amongft the fticks : Upon this put on the turf, and caft on the
du^ and ruhhifj which was grubb'd and raked up at the making
of the Hearth, and referved neer the circle of it 3 with this cover
the whole heap of wood to the very top of the pit, or tunnel, to a
reafonable and competent thicknefs beaten dole and even, that fo
the /re may not vent but in the places where you intend it , and
if in preparing the Hearth, atfirft, there did not rile fufficientfwr/
and rubbifi for this work,fupply it from fome convenient place neer
to your heap : There be who cover this again Vf'ith a fandy, or finer
mould, which if it clofe well need not be above an inch or two
thick : This done , provide a Screene , by making light hurdles
w'\th flits, rods, and Jirarv of a competent thicknefs, to keep ^^ the
wind j and broad, and high enough to defend an oppofite fide to
the very top of your pit, being eight or nine foot 5 and fo as to
be eafily remov'd as need (hall require for the luing o£ your pit.

When now all is in this pofture, and the wood well rang'd, and
clos'd, as has been direded, Cetjireto your heap : But firft, you
muft provide you of a Ladder to alcend the top of your pit : this
they ufually make of a curved Tiller fit to apply to the convex
Ihape of the heap, and cut it full of notches for the more com-
modious fetting their feet whiles they govern the fire above 5
therefore now they pull up, and take away the Jiake which was
erefted at the centre to guide the building of the pile, and cavity
of the Tunnel. This done, put in a quantity of Char-coals (about
a peck^) and let them fall to the bottom of the Hearth , upon them
caft in coals that are fully kindled 5 and when thofe which were
firft put in are beginning to fink, throw in more fuel 5 and fo, from
time to time,till the Coals have univerlally taken /re up to the top ;
Then cat an ample, and reafonable thick turf, and clap it over
the hole, or mouth of the Tunnel, flopping it as clofe as may be
with fome of the former duft and rubbifh. Laftly , with the
handles of your ilrfA?r/, or the like, yo\xrmxi!(.va.zkeVent-holes,ox:

Registers

103 4 Difcoitrfe of Foreft-Trces.

RegHfers (as our chymiUs would name them) through the ftufF
which covers your heaf to the very rpood, thefe in ranges of two
or three foot diftance quite round within a foot (or thereabout)
of the top, though (bme begin them at the bottom : A day after
begin another row of holes a foot and half beneath the former 5
and fo more, till they arrive to the ground, as occafion requires.
Note, that as the Pit does coal and fink towards the centre^ it is
continually to be fed with (hort, and fitting roood^ that no part
remain unfir'd > and if it charts fafter at one part then at ano-
ther, there clofe up the vent-holes^ and open them where need is :
A pit will in this manner be burning off, and Charking^ five, or fix
days, and as it coals t\\tfmoak^ixoi'n thick and grofs clouds will
grow more blew, and livid, and the whole mafs fink, according-
ly 5 fo as by thele indications you may the better know how to
ftop, and g6vern your j^?r<«c/ej. Two or three days it will only
require for cooling, which Cthe vents being ftopp'd) they affift,
by taking now off the outward covering with a Rabtl or Rubber 5
but this not for above the fpace of one j^ri^ breadth at a time 5 and
firft they remove the courfefi-, and grolicll: of it, throwing the
finer over the heap again, that fo it may neither cool too haftily,
nor endanger the_ burning and reducing all to Apes^ fliould the
vvholep/* be uncover'd and expos'd to the air at once 5 therefore
they open it thus round by degrees.

When now by all the former Symptoms you judge it fully
charlCd, you may begin to draw ; that is, to take out the Coals^
firfi: round the bottom, by which means the Coals, Rubbifi and
Dufi finking and falling in together may choak, and extinguifti
the fire.

Your Coals fufficiently cool'd, with a very long-tooth'd Rake,
and a Vann, you may load them into the Coal-wains, which are
made clofe with boards, purpofely to carry thijin to Market : Of
thefe Coals the grofler lort are commonly refer v'd for the Forges,
and Iron-works, the middling and fmoother put up infacks and
carried by the Colliers to London and the adjacent Towns j thofe
which are i/'^ir)^*^ of the roots, ifpick'd out, are accounted befi:
for Chymicaliitcs, and where a lafting, and extraordinary /i/^il/ is
requir'd.

9. Coal forthe Powder-mills IS made of Alder-wood (hut lime-
tree were much better had we it in that plenty as we eafily might)
cut, Jiack^d, UDd fet on the Hearth like the former : But firfi: ought
the wood to be wholly dkbarlCd (which work is to be done about
M/d-fummer before) and being throughly dry it may be coaled in
the fame method, the heap or pits only fomcwhat fmaller, by rea-
fonthat they feldomCtf^/ above five, or Hxjiack^, a time, laying it
but two lengths of the wood one above the othetjin form fomewhat
'flatter on the top then what we have defcrib'd. Likewife do they
fling all their rubbijh and dufi on tXietop, and begin not to cover
at the bottom, as in the former example. In like fort, when they
have drawn up the fire in the Tunnel, and ftopp'd it, they begin
to draw down their duU by degrees round the heap ; and thi? pro-

portionahly^

A DifcoHrfe of Foreft-Trces.

fortionably as k fires, till they come about to the bottom ? all which
is difpatch'd in the fpace of two days. One of thefe heaps will
char threefcovejacks of Coal, which may all be carried at one time;
in a Waggon i and fome make the Court-coals after the fame man-
ner, Laftly,

lo. Small-coals diXt made of the J^^Trf^, and hrnfi-VPOodyNhxchis
fliripped off from the branches of Copfe-vpood, and which is fome-
times bound up into Bavins for this ufe 5 though aUo it be
as frequently f^^r^e^s^ without binding, and then they caW it coom-
ing it together : This they place in fome neer fioor^ made level,
and freed of incumbrances, where fetting one of the Bavins or
part of the jpr ay, oi\fire, two men ftand ready to throw on Bavin
upon Bavin (as faft as they can take fire, which makes a very
great and fudden blaze) till they have burnt all that lyes neer the
place, to the number (it may be) of five, or Rx hundred Bavins :
But ere they begin to fet fire they fill great Tubs or Vefiels with
water, which ftand ready by them, and this they dafti on with
a great difii or [coup fo foon as ever they have thrown on all
xk\e\x Bavins, continually plying the great Ae4/> of glowing Co^/j-,
which gives a fudden ftop to the fury of the/re, whiles with a
great Rak/^ they lay, and fpread it abroad, and ply their cafting
of Toater ftill on the Coals, which are now perpetually turn'd by
two men with great Shovels, a third throwing on the water : This
they continue till no more fire appears, though they ceafe not
from being very hot : After this, they Jhovel them up into great
heaps, and when they are throughly cold, put them up in fack/ for
London , where they ufe them amongft divers Artificers, both
to kindle greater fires, and to temper, and aneal theif feveral
Works.

The beft fea(bn for the fetching home of other Fuel, is from
"June '■) the ways being then moft dry, and paffable.

103

B the central-pole the place
of the tunnel.

f////,. A the Wood laid in triangle.

1 1. And thus we have fcen how for Houfe-boot, and ship-boot,
Tlovp-boot, Hey-boot and Fire-boot, the Planting, and Propagation

I04 ^ DifcOHrfe of Forcft-Trees.

of timber and Foreli-trees is requifite 5 fo as it was not for no-
thing, that the very name (which the Greeks generally apply 'd to
Timber) i^'^h, by Senechdoche^y^zstsken always pro Materia 5 fince
we hardly find any thing in Nature more univerfally ufeful 5 or, in
comparilon with it, deferving the name oi Material.

9. To ium i*p all the good qualities then, and tranfiendent per-
feftions of Trees ^ let us hear the harmonious Foets^ in this con-
fort of their Elogies :

dant utile lignum

Havigik pinos^ domibus cedrofqus cupreffofque ;
Hinc radios trivere rotis^ hinc tympana plauHrif
AgricoU^ C^ pandas ratibus p»fitere carinas.
Viminibusfalices^ faecundsfioondibui Vlmi :
At Myrtus validis haUilibus^ & bona bello
Cornm : Ityreos Taxi torquentur in arcus.
Nee Tili£ leves, ant torno rajile Buxum,
Nonformam accipiunt ferroque cavantur acuto.
Nee nan c^ torrentem undam in levis innatat Alnus
Mijj'a. Pado 5 nee non ^ apes examina condunt
Corticibufque cavk, vitiofie^ llieif aho : Georg. 2.

and the moft ingenious Ovid^ where he introduces the miraculous
Grove rais'd by the melodious Song of Orphem,

—non ehaonk abfuit arbor.

Non nemm Ueliadum, non frondibua <ejculus dltif.
Nee Tilia molles^ nee Fagus, d^ innuba Laurus^
Et Corylifiagiles, €^ Fraxinus utilis haStk 3
Enodifque Abies, eurvataque glandibus Ilex, '
Et Platanusgenialis, Acerque eoloribus impar,
AmnicoUqueftmulSalices, ^ aquatiea Lotos,
Terpetuoque virens Buxus^ tenuefque Myriea^
Et bicolor Myrtus, & baeeis earula Fieus.
Vos quoqueflexi-pedes Heder£ venijiis, c^ una
Fampine£ Vites, d^ amiB<e Vitibus Vlmi,
Ornique, ^ Piee£, Pomoque onerata rubenti
Arbutus, C^ lent a vi^oris pr<emia Palnta,
Et juceinBa eomoi, hirfittaquevertieePinus
Grata Deum matri, dfc. Met. lO,

as the incomparable Poet goes en, and is imitated by our divine
apencer, where he brings his gentle Kmght into a fhady Grope
praifing i

'the Tree/ (b ftraight, and high.

The failing Pine, the Cedar proud, and tall,
The Vine-prop Elm, the PopUr never dry
The builder Oali, fole King ot toreiis all 3

The

A Difcourfe of Forcft-Trees.

The jijpine, good £or Jiaves 5 the C/pre/ffuneral :
The Laurel, meede of mighty Conquerours
And Poets fage , the Fir, that weepeth ftill 5
The fVil/ojv, worn of forlorne Paramours ;
The E»gh, obedient to the benders will 5
The Birch for fhafts ^ the Sal/ovp for the Mill 3
The Myrrhe fweet bleeding in the bitter wound 3
The war-like Beech 3 the .Ajh for nothing ill 3
The fruitful Olive, and the Tlatane round 3
The Carver Holm 3 the Maple, feldom inward found.

Canto. I,
And in this Symphony might the noble Tajfo bear likewife his part 3
but that thefe are fufficient, d^ tria funt omnia. What now re-
mains concerns only fome general Pr£cepts, and Direlfions appli-
cable to moft of that we have formerly touched 3 together with
a Brief oi what farther Lavps have been enaded for the Improve-
ment, and prefervation of Woods 3 and which having dilpatch'd,
(hall with a (hort Paranejis touching the prefent ordering, and dif^
pofing of his Maje^ies Plantations for the future benefit of the N<«-
tion, put an end to this ruftick Difcourfe.

X05

CHAP. XXXI.

Aphorifms, or certain general Praecepts of nfe to the
foregoing C!hapters.

I. '"TT^Ry all forts of Seeds, and by their thriving you fliall beft
X difcern what are the moft proper ki»ds for Grounds,

grippe Jblo naturaJitbeU •

and of thefe defign the main of your Plantation.

2. Keep your newly {own Jeeds continually frelh, and in the
JhadeQsis much as may bej till they peep,

5.' KM curious feeds, and plants are diligently to be xveeded till
they are ftrong enough to over-drop or fupprefs them : And you
fliall carefully haw , half-dig, and ftir up the earth about their
Roots during the firft three years 3 efpecially in the Vernal, and
Autumnal Mc^uinoxes : This work to be done in a moiU feafon for
the/ri? year to prevent the dufi, and the fuffocating of the tender
buds 3 but afterwards in the more dry weather.

4. Plants rais'd from feed, {hall be thinn'd where they come up
too thickji and norie fo fit as you thus draw to be ttan^lanted into
Hedge-rows 3 efpecially, where ground is precious.

5. In transplanting, omit not the placing of your Trees towards
their accuflom'd AJpeCf.

6. Remove xhejofteii wood to the moijiefi grounds,

Q, , Divife

io6 A Vifconrft of Forefl-Trce^.

Divipe arboribus patri£ •■- *

7. Begin to Tranfplant Foreji-trees when the leaves faS after
Mchadmas ^ you may adventure when they are tarmjh'd^ and
grow yellow : It is loft time to commence later^ and for the moft
part of your Trees, early Trattf^lanters feldom repent ; for fome-
times a tedious band of Frofi prevents the whole^e^j^^, and the
haldnef of the Tree is a note of deceipt ; for fome Oaks , and
moft Beeches , preferve their dead-leaves till new ones puih
them off.

8. Set deeper in the lighter grounds than in the Jiroftg'j but
fhalloweft in Claji : five inches is fufBcient for the dryeft, and
one or two for the moift, provided you eftablifti them againft
ivinds.

9. Flant forth mwarm^ and moifi feafbns ^ the ^/r tranquil artd
ferene 5 the rvind weftcrly ; but never whiles it aftually freezes^
rains^ or in mijiy weather 5 for it moulds, and infefts the Roots.

10. What you gather, and draw out of JVoods^ plant imme-
diately, for their roots are very apt to be mortified by the winds
and cold air.

11. Tree/ produc'd from feeds muft have the Tap-roots zhzteA.
(the Walmt-tree , and fome others excepted ) and the bruifed
parts cut away ; but fparing the fibrous^ for they are the princi-
pal feeders 5 and thofe who cleanfe them too much, are punifti'd
for the miftake.

12. Injuring rub off fome of the Collateral Buds, to cheek the
exuberancy o(fap in the Branches , till the Roots be well efta-
blifli'd.

13. Tranjplant no more then you well Fence ^ for that negledi-
ed. Tree-culture comes to nothing : Therefore all young fet Trees
(hould be defended from the xcinds, and Sun 5 efpecially the Fajiy
and Norths till their roots are fixed 5 that is, till you perceive them*
Poot ^ and the not exaftly obferving of this Article is caufe of the
perilhing of the moft tender Plantations '-, for it is the invafion of
thefe two aflailants which does more milchief to our new fet, and
lels hardy Trees ^ then the moft fevere and durable Frojif o{ a.
whole Winter,

14. The properefty^i/, and moft natural, apply to diftinft Spe-
cies^ Nee vero terr£ ferre omnes omnia pojfunt. Yet we find by
experience, that moft of our ForeU-trees grow well enough in
the courjeji lands ^ provided there be a competent depth of mould :
For albeit moft of our n>ild plants covet to run juft under they«r-
face , yet where there is not fufficient depth to cool them, and
entertain the A^oijiure and Influences, they are neither lafting, nor
profperous.

15. IVood well planted will grow in Moorijh, Boggy, Heathy,
and thejionieii grounds : Only the white and bkw C/ay (which is
commonly the bcft Pajiure) is the worft for wood , and fuch gcod
Timber as we find in any of thefe (^Oaks excepted) is of an

cxcef-

A Difcoitrfe of Forc/l-Trees. lot

eiccefllve age, requiring thrice the time to arrive at their ftature.

1 6. If the yerfy^*/; require it, all new Plantations are to be plied
with waterings, which is better pour'd into a circle at fbme di-
ftance from the Roots, th:it percolating through a quantity of earth
it may carry the nitrous virtue of the foil with it 5 and by no
means at the jiem 5 becaufe it wafhes the mould from the Root,
comes too crude, and endangers their rotting : But,

17. For the cooling, and refrefliing Tree-r^*?^/, thecongeftin^
of Flints, or Pibbles neer three foot of the/ife«?, is preferable to all
other i and fo the Poet,

Aut lapidem bibnlufM, aut fqUallentets infode conchas.
Inter enim labentur aqn<e, tenuifquejitbibit
Halit/fs Ceorg. 2.

18. Cut no Trees when either heat, or cold are in extreams ^
nor in very rvet, or fnowy weather ; and in this work it is pro-'
fitable to difcharge all Trees of unthriving,broaken,wind-ftiaken,
brovpfi, and fuch as our Lave terms Cablicia, and to take them off
to the quick,

ne parsjincera ti-ahatuf.

Many more ufeful Obfervations are to be colleded , and added
to thefc, from the diligent experience of Planters,

CHAP. XXXII.

Of the Laws and Statutes for the Prefervation, and |
Improvement of Woods, c^c.

I. '' I ^O letpafs the Laws, and civil Conjlitutions o( great An-
1 tiquity, by which -S^erz;/^ informs us *t was no lefs then
Capital , alienas arbores incidere , the lex Aquilia. , and thofe
of the xii. Tabb. mention'd by Paulus, Cajus, Julianus and others / ^

of that Robe repeated divers more. The wife Solon prefcribed ■'^tj'L.. A

Ordinances for fhe' very dijiances of Trees i as the divine Plato 'v»n.<o^J:

did againfl- ftealing of fruit, and violating of Plantations : And
the interdiftion de Glande legenda runs thus in Vlpian, AIT PRJE-
TOR, GLANDEM, gtVM EX ILLIVS AGRO IN TWM CA-
DIT, giVO MINVS ILLI TERIIO ^Og^VE DIE LEGERE
AVFERRE LICEAT, VIM FIERI VE'IO. but it is not here that
I dehgn to enlarge, as thofe who h^ve philologiz^d on this occa-
fion de Sycophantis, a^id other curious Criticijmes t, but pafs on,
andconhne my felf to the prudent SanHions of our own Parlia-
ments, which I deduce in this Or<^er.

2. From the tiche of Edward the fourth, were enafted many

Q_ 2 excel-

-ru/Z

to8 ADifiOttrfeof Foreft-Trees.

exceWent Lan>sSov the planting, fecurif7g^ cutting, and orderiffg o^
f^'oods, Copfcs, and Vnder-vpoods ^ as then they took cognizance
gf them ; together with the feveral penalties upon the Ififrittgers ^
oCjecially from the 2^.o( Hen. B.ij.^c. confirm'd by the 15.
ajtui, 37. of Qi £//!&. <•/»/'. 25. 19. c^f. which are diligently to be
confuited, revived, put in execution , and enlarg'd where any
defeft is apparent j as in particular the JCf of exempting of Tim-
ber of 22 years growth from T/the, for a longer period, to render
Jficompleat, and more effedual to their Improvement : And that
XiJir repealed, by whichWil/owsy Sal/ows, OziersySic. which they
term Sub-bois, are reputed but as Weeds.

3. Sc\ exci punipments have lately been ordain'd againft our
Wood-flealers, deftroyers of young Trees, ^c. I cannot (ay they
are {harp ones, when I compare the feverity of our Laws againft
Mare-Jiealers :, nor ami by inclination the leaft cruel j But I do af-
firm, we might as well live without Mares , as without ships^
which are our tVooden, but no lefs profitable Horfes.

4. I have heard, that in the great Expedition of 88, it was ex-
pT^fly enjoyn'd the Spanijh Commanders of that fignal Armada. 5
that if when landed they (hould not be able to fubdue our Nati-
on, and make good their Concfneji '^ they (hould yet be fare not
to leave a Tree (landing in the Forefi of Dean : It was like the Po-
licy of the Philijiines, when the poor Ijraelites went down to their
Enemies Smiths to fharpen every man his Tools 5 for as they ("aid,
leji the Hebrews make them Swords, or Spears -^ fo thefe, kji the
Englifj bmidthem Ships, and Men of War : Whether this were fo,
or not iy certain it is, we cannot be too jealous for the prefervati-
on of our Woods ^ and cfpecially of thofe eminent, and with care
inexhauftible Magazines : I dare not fuggeft the encouragement
of a yet farther rejiraint, that even Proprietors them(elves (hould
not prefume to makehavock offome of their own Woods , to
feed their prodigality, and heap/«e/ to their vices 5 but it is wor-
thy of our obfervaiion, that (in that in-imitable Oration, the fe-
cond philippic) Cicero does not fo (harply reproach his great Anta-
goniji for any other of his ex^rrfz^^ig^wf/e/ (which yet he there enu-
merates) as for his wajiefnl difpcfure of certain Wood-lands be-
longing to the Commonwealth , amongft his jovial Bravo' s, and
Icud companions ; tua ijia detrimenta Junt (meaning his £>e*
bauchts) ilia nojira ^ fpeaking of the Timber.

5. But to the Laws : it were to be wi(h'd that our tender, and
improvable Woods, (hould not admit of Cattle,hy any means, till
they were quite grown out of reach ^ the Statutes which connive
at it, in favour of Cujiom, and for the (atisfying of a few clamo-
rous, and rude Commoners, being too indulgent ^ (ince it is very
evident that lefs then a 14 or 15 ye^xx^enclojurc is, inmoft places,
too foon i and our moft material Trees would be of infinite more
worth and improvement, were the Standards fu(fcr'd to grow to
Timber, and not (o frequently cut , at the next Felling of the
Wood^ as the general cuf^om is. In 22. Edw. 4. the liberty ar-
riv'd but to feven years after a felling of a ForeH or Purlieu , and

but

A Difcourfe of Forefi-Trees. lo^

but three years before, without (pecial licenje : This was very
narrow --, but- let us then look on England as an over-grown
Country.

6. Wood in Parks was afterwards to be four years fenced upon
felling : and yearling Colts ^ and Calves might be put into incloled

Woods after two ; By the 13. Eliz,. five years , and no other Cattle
till fix, if the growth was under fourteen years 5 or untill eight,
if exceeding that age till the hUfel/ing : All which Statutes being
by the y^f/ of Hen. 8. but temporal, this Parliament of £/zz,. thought
fit to vciT^Vt perpetual.

7. Then to prevent the deftruftive razing and converting of
Woods to Pafiure : No wood of two Acres, and above two fur-
longs from the Manjion houfe,lbould be indulg'd : And the prohi-
bitions are good againk Afar ts made in Forelis, (^c. without li-
cence : The penalties are indeed great ^ but how feldom inflidled ;
and what is now more eafie, then compounding for fuch a licenfe .<?

In {ovcvcpxrts of Germany, where a fingle Tree is obferv'd to be
extraordinary fertile, a conftant, and plentiful Maji-bearer } there
are Laws to prohibite their felling without fpecial leave: And it
was well EnaHed amongft us, that even the. Owners oi Woods
within Chajes (hould not cut down the timber without view of
officers ^ or if not within Chafes, yet where a Common-perfon had
liberty of Chafe, c^c. and this would be of much benefit, had the
Regarders performed their duty, as 'tis at large deicrib'd in the \
Writ of the 1 2 . Articles 5 and that the Surcharge ot the Forejis had
been honeftly infpefted with the due Perambulations, and ancient
Metes : Thus fhould the JuBices of Eire difpo(e of no Woods
without exprefs Commijfion, and in convenient places : Minuti
blaterones quercuum, culi, ^ curbi, as our Law terms wind-falls,
dotterels, firags, C^c. and no others.

8. Care is likewife by our Laws to be taken that no unneceffary
Imbez,elment be made by pretences of Repair of Paling, Lodges-
Browje (or Deer, Sue. Windfalls, Root-falls j dead, and Sear-trees,
all which is fubjedt to the Infpeftion of the Warders, JuiJices, c^c.
and even trefpafles done de f^'iridi on boughs of Trees, Thtckett
and the like ^ which (as has been Ihew'd) are very great impedi-
ments to their growth and profperity , be duly looked after, and
punifhed; See Confuet. d^ Ajfif. Foreji. Pannagium, or Pajturape-
corum ^ de Glandibus, Fleta, d^c. Man-woods Foreji-Laws : Cook^
pla.fol. ^66. It. 8.fol. 198.

9. Finally, that the exorbitance, and increafe of devouring
tron-mills were looked into , as to their diiiance , and number
neer the Seat, or navigable Rivers 5 And what if fome of them
were even remov'd info another World ^ 'twere better to pur-
chafe all our Iron out of America , then thus to exhauft our
Woods at home, although (I doubt not) they might be io or-
der'd, as to be rather a means of conferving them. There was
a StatuteixOide by Queen Eliz,. to prohibite the converting of Tim-
ber-trees 'to Coal, or other Fuel (or the ule oi Iron- mills , if the
Tree were of one fopt Iquare, and growing within 14 miles of

the

no A DifcOttrfe of Forcft-Trees.

the Sea^ or the greater Rivers, &c. 'tis pity fome of thofe places
in Kent, Sujfex and Surrey were excepted in the Frovifo, for the
reafon exprcfs'd in a Statute made 23.£//z..by which even theim-
ploying of any under-veood, as well zs great Trees, was prohibited
within 22 miles of London, and many other navigable Rivers,
Creeh,znA other lefler diftances from fome parts of Sujjex Dovphs,
Cinque-forts, Havens, &c.

10. And yet to prove what it is to manage Woods difcreetly 5
1 reade of one M' Chrijiopher Darell a Surrey Gent, of Nudigate,
that had a particular Indulgence for the cutting of hk Woods at
pleafure , though a great Iron-ntajier > becaufe he fo order'd his
Works, that they were a means of preferving even his Woods 5 not-
vvithftanding thofe unfatiable devourers : This may appear a Pa-
radox, but is to be made out > and I have heard my own Father
(whofe jF///<*e was none of the leaft vpooded'm England) affirm, that
a Forge, and fome other Mills, to which he furnifti'd much Fuel,
were a means of maintaining, and improving his Woods > I fup-
pofe, by increafing the /Ww/^r;' of ))/4«^7»^j and care 5 as what he
has now left ftanding of his own planting, enclosing and cherip^ing
in the pojjejfion of .my moft honour'd Brother, Geo. Evelin of Wot-
*o« in the lame County, does fufficiently evince; a moft laudable
Monument of his Jndtijiry, and rare Example.

11. The fame AH we have confirmed, and enlarg'd in the 17th
of the faid ^ee», for the preferving oi Timber-trees, and the pe-
nalties of impairing Woods much increafed 5 the tops, and offals
only permitted to be made ufe of for this imployment : But let us
fee what others do.

12. The King of Spain has neer Bilbao fixteen times as many
AcresofC<7/>ye-n'Was arefittobe cutforC<74/in one year; (bthat
when 'tis ready to he fell' d , an Officer firft marks fuch as are like
to prove ship-timber, which are let (land, asfo munyfacred, and
dedicate Trees : But by this means the Iron-works are plentifully
fuppliedin the fame place, without at all diininifliing the ftock of
Timber. Then in Bifcay again, every proprietor, and other, plants
three for one v/hich he cuts down ; and the Law obliging them is
moft feverely executed. There indeed are few, or no Copfes ;
but all are Pollards ; and the very lopping (I am aflur'd)doesfur-
ni(h the Iron-works with fufficient to fupport them.

13. What the practice is for the maintaining of thefe kind of
Plantations in Germany, and France, has already been obferv'd to
this Illujiriouf Society by the learned D' Meret j viz. that the Lords
and (tor the Crown-lands) the Kings Commijjioners, divide the
Woods, and Forejis, mto eighty partitions ; every year felling one
of the divifions ; fo as no Wood is fell'd in lefs then fourfiore years :
And when any one partition is to be cut down, the officer, or Lord
contrafts with the Buyer that he (hall at the diftance of every
twenty foot (which is fomewhat neer) leave a good, fair, found
and fruitful Oak, ftanding. Thofe of \w\xt forty, and jifty years
they reckon for the beft, and then they are to fence thele Irees
from all forts of Be/f/if/, and injuries, for a competent time 5 which

being

A DifcoHrfe of Foreft-Trees. i 1 2

being done, at the feafon^ down fall the Acorns^ which (with the
Autumnal rains beaten into the earth) take root, and in a Ihort
time furniOi all the Wood again, where they let them grow for
four, or five years^ and then grub up fome of them (or Fuel, or
tranjplantioNs, and leave the mo^ provable of them to continue for

Timber.

14. The French King permits none of his Oak:woods, though
belonging (fome of them) to Monjieur (his Royal Brother ) la Appe-
nage, to be cut down ; till his own Surveyors, and Officers, have
firft marked them out -, nor are any fell" d beyond fuch a circuit :
Then are they fufficiently/e»c'^ by him who buys 5 and no Cattle
whatfoever fuffer'd to be put in, till the very Jeedlings which
fpring up of the Acorns are perfeftly out of danger. And to thefe
I might fuperadd divers others, but I haften to an end.

The Parsnefis, and Conclufion.

.1. Since our Forejis are undoubtedly the greateft Magazines of
the wealth, and glory of this Nation j and our Oaks the trueft
Oracles of the perpetuity of our happinef, as being the only fup-
port of that Navigation which makes us fear'd abroad, and flou-
rifh at Home 5 it has been ftrangely wonder'd at by fome good Pa-
triots, how it comes to pafs that many Gentlemen have frequent-
ly repair'd, orgain'da fudden Fortune, with ploxving part of their
Farh, and (etting out their fat grounds to Dutch-gar d'ners, dfc,
and very wild IVood-land ipzrceh (as may he injianc'd in feveral
places) to drefTers of Hop-yards, d^c. whiles the Royal portion lyes
folded up in a Napkin, uncultivated, and neglected j efpecially,
thofe great, and ample Forejis ^ where though plowing, andfirving
has been forbidden, a Royal command, and Design, may well dif-
penfe with it, and the breaking up of thofe Intervals advance the
growth of the Trees to an incredible Improvement.

2. It is therefore infifted on, that there is not a cheaper, eafier,
or more prompt expedient to advance ship-timber, then to folicit,
that in all his Majejiies Forejis, Woods, and Parks, the fpreading Oak,
(which we have formerly defcribed) be cherilh'd, by plowing,
and fowing Barley, Rye,&c. (with due fupply of f «/?«re, andfoit,
between them) as far as may (without danger of the Plorv-Jhare)
be broken up. But this is only where thefe Trees are arriv'd to
fome magnitude, and ftand at competent diftances ^ a hundred, or
ffty yards (for their Roots derive relief far beyond the reach of
any boughs) as do the Walnut-trees in Burguttdy , which ftand in
their hci\ plorv'd- lands.

3. But that we may particularize in his Majejiies Forejis ofDean,
sherejvood,&c.ar\d in fome fort gratifie the ^£ries of the Honour-
able the principal Officers and Commijjioners of the Navy j I am ad-
vis'd by fuch as are every way judicious, and of long experience in
thofe parts ythat to enclofe would be an excellent way : But it is to
be confider'd, that thepeople, viz. Forejiers and Bordurcrs, are not
generally fo civile and reafonable, as might be wilhed , and ,there-

• fore

112 A Difcourfe of Forcft -Trees.

fore to defign a folid Jtftprovewetit in fuch places, his MajeBy muft
aflert his/^'wtT, withahrme and high Refolution to Ke^»ce thefe
men to their due obedience^ and to aneceffity of fubmitting to
their ovpti^ and the;'«/'//cA.utility ^ though they preferv'd their in-
duUry this way at a very tolerable rate upon that condition,
whiles tome perfono^trnU, and integrity did regulate, andfu-
pervife the Mounds and Fences, and deftine fome portions fre-
quently fet a partj for the.raifing, and propagating oi Woods, till
the whole 'Nation were furnifti'd (or pojierity.

4. And which work if his Majcfiy Ihall refolve to accomplifhjhe
will leave fuch an everlafting obligation on his people, and raife fuch
a Monument to his Fame, as the Ages for a thoufand years to come
ftiall have caufe to celebrate his precious memory, and his Royal
Succejfors to emulate his Virtue. For thus (befides the future ex-
pectations) it would in prefcnt be no deduftion from his Majejties
Treafure j but (bme increafe , and fall in time to be a fair, and
worthy Accejjion to it , whiles this kind o^ propriety would be
the mofl: likely expedient to civilize thofe wild and poor Bordur-
ers 5 and to fecure the vaft and fpreading heart of the Foreji,
■which with all this Indulgence would be ample enough for a
Princely Demeafnes : And if the difficulty be to find out who
knows, or acknowledges what are the Bordures j this Article were
worthy, and becoming of as ferious an Inquifition, as the J^egijla^-
five power of the wrfiole Nation can contrive.

5. The Sum of all is 5 get the Bordures well Tenanted, by long
Terms, and eafic Rents, and this will invite and encourage 7al{^
ers -J whilft the middle, moft fecure, and interiour parts would
be a Royalportion. Let his Majejiy therefore admit of any willing
Adventurers in this vafl: Circle for fuch Enclofures in the FrecinBs j
and rather of mor-e, then of few , though an hundred, or two
fhould joyn together for any Enclofure offive hundred Acres more,
or lefs 3 that multitudes being thus engaged , the confideration
might procure, and facilitate a full difcovery of latter Encroch-
ments, and fortifie the recovery by favourable Rents, Improve-
ments and Reverfions by Copy-hold, or what other Tenures and Ser-
vices his Majeiiy fhall pleafe to accept of.

6. Now for the planting of Woods in fuch places (which is the
only defign of this whole Treatife) the Hil/s, and rough Grounds
will do well 5 but they are the rich fat Fales, and Jiats which do
beft deferve the charge of ^F^i^x , fuch as that jpot affords, and
the Haw-thorn well plafh'd Cfingle or double ) is a better, and
more natural Fence then unmorterd walls, could our indviftry ar-
rive to the making of fuch, as we have defcrib'd : befides, they
are lafting, and profitable; and then one might allow fufficicnt
bordnre for a Mound of any thicknefs, which may be the firfl:
charge, and wellfupportcd, and rewarded by the culture of the
Land thus enclofed.

7. For Example, fuppofe a man would take in 500 Acresi of
good Land , let the Mounds be of the wildefi: ground, as fittcft
for wood : Two hedges with their Valations, and Frenches will be

requifite

A Difcourfe of Foreft-Trees. 113

requifite in all the Round ; viz. one next to the Enclojkre^ the
other nhont the Thicket to fence it from Cattle. This between the
two hedges (of whatfbever breadth) is fitteft for Plantation : In
thefe hedges might be tryed the plantation ofjiocl{s 5 in the inter-
vals all manner of wood-feeds Ibwn (after competent plowings) as
Acorns^ Maii^ Fir^ Pine, Nuts^f^c. the firji year chafing away
the Birds, becaufe of the Fir and Pine feeds, for reafons given 5
thefcond year loofning the ground, and thinning the fupernume-
raries, &c, this is the mofl: frugal way : Or by another Method
ihefVaJie places of Forejis and Woods (which by through experi-
ence is known and tried) might be perfedirly extirpated , and then
allowing two or three plomngs, well-rooted (locks be fet , cut
and trimm'd as is requifite ^ and that the Timber-trees may be ex-
cellent, thofe after wards copfed, and the choicefl: ^o c^*" kept
fhreaded. If an Enclojure be Ibw'd, the Seeds may be (as was
direfted) of all the Jpecies, not forgetting the beft Pines, Fir^ ^c.
whiles the yearly removal of very incumbrances only will repay
the lVork:men, who fell the ^icK-, or referve it to ftore other En-
clofures, and foften the circumjacent grounds to the very great
improvement of what remains.

9. And how if in fuch Fencing-vporks we did fbmetimes imitate
\ihzt ^int us Cur tius, lib. 6. hzs xecox^edioi the Mar dor um gens ^
necr to the Confines of Hyrcania, who did by the clofe planting
of Trees alone upon the bordures give Ho ftrange a check to the
power of that great Conqueror Alexander ? They were a barba-
rous people indeed, but in this worthy our imitation ; and the
work fo handfomly and particularly defcrib'd that I (hall not
grieve to recite it. Arborcs denfefunt de indujtria conft<e, quarum
teneros adhuc ramos mamt fle&unt^ quos intortos rurfitf inferunt
terr£ : Inde velut ex alia radice Utiores virent trttnci : hos^ qua na-
turafert, adolefcere nonjinnnt : quippe alium alii, quaft nexu confe-
rtint : quiubimultafrondevejiitifnnt, operiunt terram. ttaque oc-
culti ramorum velut laquei perpetua fepe iter claudunt, (^c. The
Trees (faith he) were planted fo neer and thick together of pur-
pofe, that when the boughs were yet young and flexible, bent and
wreath'd within one another,their tops were bowed into the earth
Cff vpefubmerge our Layers) whence taking fre(h roots,they (hot up
new ftems, which not being permitted to grow as of themfelves
they would have done, they fo knit and perplex'd one within ano-
ther, that when they were clad with leaves, they even cover'd the
ground, and enclofed the whole Country with a kind of living
net, and impenetrable hedge, as the Hiftorian continues the de-
fcription. fuch works as thefe would become a Cato, or Farro in-
deed, one that were Pater Patri£, nonjibifoli natus born for Po-
fterity , but we are commonly of another mould,

^fiuges confumere nati,

10. A fair advance for fpeedy growth, and noble Trees ("efpe-
cially for Walks and Avenuesjmay be afl'uredly expefted from
the Crajjing of young Oakj, and Elms with the beft of their kinds i
and where the goodliefl of thefe laji are growing , the ground
would be plom'd, and finely raked in the feafon when the Scales

R. falls

1 1 J. A Difcourfe of Forcft-Trecs.

fall t, that the ftiowers and dews faftning the Seed where the wind
drives it, it may take root, and haften(as it will) to a fuddea
Trecj efpecially, if feafonable fl^reading beappli'd, which has
fometimes made them arrive to the height of twelve foot by the
firft three years , after which they grow a main. And if fuch
were planted as necr to one another as in the Examples we have
alledg'd, it is ahnoft incredible what :i fating they would be to
our mo(t expos'd F/rf«^<T^;>»/ mounting up their wooden vpalh to
the clouds : And indeed the fhelving and natural declivity of the
GroHtid more or lefs to our unkind JJpeSt, and bleak Wittdi does
beft direft to the thickning of thefe proteftions , and the benefit
of^/i^^foon appear, and recompenceour induftry in thefmooth-
neisand integrity of the Plantations fo defended.

11. That great care be had of the -Sec^^/ which we intend to low
has been already advifed ; for it has been feen that Woods of the
fame age5planted in the {amefiil dilcover a vifible difference in the
Timber and growth -j and where this variety (hould happen if not
from theyee<5^ will be hard to interpret j therefore let the/Z^ce, 7^'/
^nd growth of fuch Trees from whence you have your feeds be dili-
gently examin'd j and why not this, as well as in our care ofAm-
mals for our breed and ftore ?

12. As to the Form, obey the natural j?^c, and fubmit to the
feveral guizes ^ but ever declining to enclofeH/^A-o'^^/ zndi Com-
mon-roads as much as pofTible. For the reft, be pleafed to re-
fledt on what we have already faid to encourage the planting of the
large fpreading 0<?/Labove all that j|)e<:/ex; the amplitudeofthe J/-
^iance which they require refign'd to the care of the Ferderer for

. grazing C<«^^/e, Deer^d^c. and for the great, and mafculine beauty
which a wild ^incunx, as it were, of fuch Trees would prefent
to your eye.

13. But to advance his Majeiiies Forejis to this height of per-
feftion, I fhould again urge the removal of fbme of our mofi: mis-
chievous plac'd Iron-mills i if that at leaft be true which fome
have afhrm'd, that we had better Iron,at)d cheaper from Foreigners
when thofe Workj were {grangers amongft us. I am inform'd that
the Netv-EngliJI} (who are now become very numerous, and
hindred in their advance and profpeft of the Continent by their
fulfeit of the Woods which we want) did about twelve years fince
begin to clear their High-vpays by two Iron-mills : lamfure their
zeal has fafficiently wafted our ftately Woods, and Steel in the
bowels of their Mother old England-^ and 'twere now but expedi-
ent their Brethren (hould haftcn thither to fupply us with Iron for
the peace of our days ^ whilft His Majefty becomes the great So-
vereign of the Ocean, free Commerce, Nemort/m Vindex & Infi aura-
tor magnui. This were the only way to render both our Coun-
tries Art/>it^/,/e indeed, and the fitteftj^fr;/rc for \hcRoyal-Oahs,7ixA
their Hamadryad's to whom they ow more then a flight fubmiffion.

14. Another thing to be recommended ( and which would
prove no lefs then thirty years, in fome places forty, and general-
ly twenty years advance^ were a good, (if well executed aU) to

fave

A Difcottyfiof Foreft-TrceS. I15

lave our Standards and bor during Trees {torn the Axe of the
Neighbourhood : And who would not preferve Timber when
within fo few years the frice is almoft quadrupl'd .<? I affure you
ftandardsof 20,30,or40 years growth are of a long day for the
concernments of a Nation.

15. And though we have in our general Chapter of Copfes de-
clar'd what by our Laws^ and common ufage is expefted at every
Fell (and which is indeed moft requifite till our ftore be otherwife
fuppli'd) yet might much even of that rigor be abated by no un-
frugal permiffions to take do\yn more of the Standards for the
benefit of the Vnder-vpoods ( especially where by over-droppings
and (hade they interrupt the kindly dews, rains and influences
which nourifti them) provided that there were a proportionable
number of Timber-trees duly, and throughly planted, and pre-
ferved in the Hedge-roves ■ix\A Bordiircs of our grounds : in which
cafe even the total clearing of fome Copfes would be to their great
advance , as by fad experience has been taught fome good Huf-
bandsj whofe neccffities fometimes forced them to violate their
Standards, and more grown Trees during the late Tyranny.

16. Nor will it be here unfeafonable to advife, that where Treei-
are manifeftly perceiv'd to decay ^ they be marked out for the
Axe that.fo the younger may come on for a fupply '■, efpecially,
where they are chiefly Elms •-, becaufe their Jitccejfors haften to their
height and perfeftion in a competent time •-, but beginning once
togrow fickofrfgc, or other infirmity, fuddenly impair, andlofe
much of their value yearly : befides that the increafe of this, and
other fpeedy Timber would fpare the more O^i^for Navigation and
the fturdier u(es»

How goodly a fight were it if moft of the Demefnes of our
Country Gentlemen were crown'd and incircl'd with fuch ftately
rowsof L//«ex, F/rx, £/«;/ and other ample, fliady and venerable
Trees as adorn Uew-Hall'm Ejfcx, the Seat of that Sufolk^Knight neer
Tarmouth y and our neighbouring Paftures at Earnest Yet were
thele Plantations but of late years in comparifon : It were a noble
and immoTtnl providence to imitate thefe good Husbands in larger
andmore auguft Plantations of (uch ufeful 7reex for Timber and
Fuel, as well, as for (hade and ornament to our dwellings,

1 7. But thefe incomparable undertakings will befl: of all become
the In^e&ion and care of the Honorable Lieutenants, and Rangers,
when they delight themfclvcs as much in the goodlinefs of their
Trees , as other men generally do in their Dogs , and Horjes,
for Races and Hunting •-, neither of which Recreations is compa-
rable to that o£ Planting, either for virtue or pleafure, were things
juftly confider'd according to their true eftimation : Not yet
that I am of fo morofe an humour, that I reprove any of thofe
noble, and manly Diverjions fcafonably us'd •■, but becaufe I would
cowxx. the In du^ry oi great, and opulent perfons to profitable zuA
permanent delights : For luppofe that Ambition v/ere chang'd
into a laudable emulation who ihould befr, and with moft artifice,
raife a Plantation of Ines that ihould have all the proper orna-

R 2 ments

J 5 A DifcoHrfe of Foreft-Trees.

ff/ents, and ferfe&ions their nature is fufceptible of by their diredi-
on and encouragement^ fuch as jElian fums up lib. 25. c. 14.
}^%tC'n cJ xArt'/o/, )Li n KOjKB ctoaaJ, &c. kind and gentle Lit.ths^ plenty of
large leaves , an ample and fair body , profound or fpreading
roots, ftrong againft impetuous wjtjds (for fo I afieft to read it}
extenfivc, and venerable ^ade^ and the like: Methinks there
were as much a fubjedt of glory as could be phancied of the kind ;
and comparable , I durft pronounce , preferable, to any of their
Recreations ^ and how goodly an Ornament to their Demejnes
and Dvpellings, let their own eyes be the judges. But I now pro-
ceed to inore general Concerns, in order to the glories, and firft
to the proportion.

18. It were but ju(V, and infinitely befitting the miferable needs
of the whole Hat ion, thdit every twenty Acres of Faifure made an
allowance for half an Acre of Timber, to be planted in a clnmp,
well preferv'd, and fencdiox 14, or 15 years : And where the
young Trees ftand too thick, there to drave, and tranfplant them
in the Hedge-rovps, which would alfo prove excellent fielter for
the CattU .- This H$nbandry would more efpccially become North-
amptonJhire,Lincolnpire, Cornwall, and fuch other of our Countries
as are the moft naked of Timber, Fuel, &c. and unprovided of
covert : For it is rightly obferv'd, that the mod fiuitfulplaces leaft
abound in vpood, and do moft ftand in need of it.

19. Such as are ready to tell ye their Lands are fo wet that
their Woods do not thrive in them , let them be converted to Pa-
Jiure 3 or beftow the fame induftry on them which good husbands
do in Meadows by draining : It is ajloathfulneji unpardonable ^ as
if the pains would not be as fully recompenc'd in the growth of
their Timber, as in that of their ^r/?/ * Where poor hungry Woods
grow, rich Corn , and good Cattle would be more plentifully
bred 5 and it were beneficial to convert Ibme Wood-land (where
the proper vertue is exhaufted) to Pajiure and Til/age y provided
that frefti land were improved alfo to wood in recompence, and td
balance the other.

20. Where we find «%?»o«j and ftarv'd places (which fome-
times obey no Art or Induftry to drain, and of which our pale
and fading Corn is a fure indication) we are as it were courted to
obey Nature j and improve them for the propagation of Sallyes,
Willows, Alders, S eye amor e, A^ine, ^/rf/j, and the like hafty and
profitable grawers , by ranging them , cafting of Ditches,
Trenches, d^c. as before has been taught.

2 1. In the mean while 'tis a thing to be deplor'd, that (bme per-
fons beftow more in ^r«^^/»g, and dreffing afeyf Acres which has
been excellent wood, to convert it into wretched pajiure, not
worth a quarter of what the Trees would have yielded, well or-
der'd, and left ftanding ; fince it is certain, that Z><irre« /<r»^ plant-
ed with wood will trebble the experce in a (hort time : This I am
able to confirm by inftancing a nolle perfon, who (a little before our
unhappy Wars') having fown three or four Acres with Acorns, the
fourth year tranfplanted them which grew too thick ail about his

Lordpip

A Dijcoitrfe of Foreft-Trees. 117

Lordjhip : Thefe Trees are now of that fiature^ and fo likely to
prove excellent Timber^ that they are already judg'd to be almoft
as much worth as the whole Demefites 5 and yet they take of no-
tliing from other frtT^jfj-, having been difcreetlydifpos'dof atthe
firft deftgnment. The Prince Ele£for Fredric I V, in the^e^r 160^,
fow'd a part of that moffc barren Heath oi Lambertheim with
Acorns after phrpwg^ as I have been inform'd 5 it is now likely to
prove a moft goodly Foreji , though all this while miferably neg-
ledtcd by reafon of the Wars.

The Right Honorable my Lord Vifcount Monntague has planted
many thoufands of Odks^ which I am told he draws out oiCoffes^
big enough to defend themlelves '■, and that with fuch fuccefs as has
exceedingly improv'd his fojjejjiom j and it is a worthy example.
To conclude, I can (hew an Avenue planted to a houfe ftanding in
a barren ?ark^ the foil a cold Clay 5 it confifts totally of Oaks^ one
hundred in number ; The/»er/o« who firfl: (et them fdying very
lately) lived to fee them fpread their branches 123 foot in com-
pafsj which at diftanceof 24 foot mingling their fbady trejesfox:
above 1000 in length, form themfelves into one of the moft ve-
nerable and ftately ArboMr-Walks that in my life I ever beheld :
This is at Baynards in Surrey, and belonging to my moft honour'd
Brother Cbecaufe a moft induftrious Planter of woodj Richard
Evelyn Efq. The Walk is broad 56 foot, and one Tree with ano-
ther containing by eftimation three quarters of a load of Timber
in each Tree, and in their lops three Cord of fire-wood ; Their
bodies are not of the talleft, having been topped when they were
young to reduce them to an uniform height 5 yet is the Timber
moft excellent for its fcantling, and for their heads few in England
excelling them : where fome of their contemporaries were planted
lingle in the Vark^ without cumber^ they fpread above fourfcore
foot in arms.

22. I have produced thefe Examples becaule they are conspi-
cuous, full of encouragement, worthy our imitation ; and that from
thefe, and fundry others which I might enumerate , we have
made this obfervation, that almoft anyjo// is proper for fome pro-
fitable Tiw^r-^ree/ or other which is good for very little elfe.

23. The bottoms o^ Downs and like places well /jW^, and
foven will bear lufty Ti»//'er, hemg broken up, and let lye till ^/<^-
fummer, and thenjiirr'd again before fomng about November : fo
likewife in moft craggy, uneven, cold and expofed places, not fit
(ox Arable, as mBifiay, ^c. And it is truly from thefe Indicati-
ons, more then from any other whatfoever, that a broken, and
decaying Farmer is to be diftinguifti'd from a fubftantial Free-
holder , the very Trees fpeaking the conditions of the Majier : let
not then the Royal Patrimony bear a Bankrupts reproach ; But to
defcend vet lower ;

24. Had every -^rre but three, ox four Trees, and as many of
Fruit in it as would a little adorn the Hedge-rorvs, the Improve-
ment would be of fair advantage in a few years ^ for it is a ftiamc
that Turnep-planters (hould demolilh and undo hedge-roros necr

ton den J

7 1 8 A D/fcourfe of Forcft-Trees .

Lottdoti, where the Mounds and Fcmccs are ftripp'd naked to give
Sun to a few niUcrable Roots, which would thrive altogether as
well under them being skilfully jpr«»'<^ and lopp'd : Our Gardners
will not believe me , but I know it to be true, though Plwj
had not affirm'd it : As for Elms (faith he) thenjliade is fo gentle
, and berfTgne, that it nourishes whatfoever grows under it : and (lib.

1J.C.72.) it is his opinion of all other Trees (very (cw excepted)
provided their branches be par'd away, which being difcreetly
done, improves the Timber as we have already ftiew'd.

25. Now let us calculate a little at adventure, and much within
^^ - what is both J^jj^c, and very polfiblc -^ antl we fhall find, that

fffur Fruit-trees in each Acre throughout England, the produft fold
but at (Ixpence the Bufiel, will be worth above a Million yearly :
What then may we reafonably judge of Timber, admit but at the
growth of four pence per Acre yearly, (which is the loweft that can
be cftimated) it amounting to neer tvpo Mil/ions ? if (as 'tis fup-
pos'dj there may he five or/w and twenty Mil/ions of fquare Acres
in the Kingdom (^befides Fens, High-rvays, Rivers, d^c. not count-
ed J and without reckoning in the Maji, or loppings j which who-
foever (hall calculate from the annual Revenue the MaJi only of
Wejiphalia , a fmall and wretched Country in Germany does
yield to that Trince , will conclude to be no delpicable Im-
provement.

26. In this poor Territory, every Farmer does by ancient cu-
Jiom plant fo many Oaks about his Farme as may fuffice to feed.

his Stvine: ToefFedthis, they have been fo careful, that when of
late years the Armies infefted the poor Country, both Imperialijis^

f^ , and Protejiants, the only Bifhoprick of MunBer was able to pay

eight hundred thoufandlZrownsper menfem (which amounts of our

fXj. fnoney to 25000 //. Starling) befides the ordmary entertainment of

their own Prince and private Families. This being incredible to
be prafris'd in fo extream barren a Country I thought fit to
mention either to encourage, or reproach us ; General Me-
lander was wont to fay. The good Hufbandry of their ^wcei/cyj-
had left them this (lock pro facta Anchor a 5 confidcring how the
People were afterward reduc'd to live even on their Trees when
the Souldiers had devoured their Hogs-^ redeeming themfelves
from great extremities by the Timber which they were at laft
compeil'd to cut down , and which, had it continu'd , would
have proved the utter defblation of that whole Countrey. I
have this InBance from my mofl: worthy and honourable Friend

**• Sir William Curfius ( His MajeSiies Refident in Germany, ) ■

who receiv'd this particular from the mouth of Melandcr
himfelf : In like manner the Princes , and Freedoms of Hejfe,
Saxony, Thuringia, and divers other places there , make vaft in-
comes of their ForcB-fuit (befides the Timber) for Swine only.
I fay then, whofoever fliall duly confider this will finde plant-
ing of Wood to bo no contemptible Addition } befides the Pajiure
much improv'd, the cooling of fat, and heavy Cattle, keeping
them from injurious motions, difturbancc and running as they

A Difconrfe of Fore/1-Trees. j Id

do in Summer to ^ndefielter from the heat, and vexation o^Flyes.

27. But I have done, and it is now time for us to get out
of the Wood 5 and to recommend this , and all that we have
propos'd to His mcft Sacred Majeliy, the Honourable Parlid-
tnent , and to the Priticipal Officers , and Commijjioners of the
Royal Navy 3 that where fuch Improvements may be made, it be
fpeedily, and vigoroufly profecuted , and where any defe&s ap-
pear, they may be duly reformed.

28. And what if for this pur po(e there were yet fome addi-
tional office conftitutcd 5 which ftiould have a more univerfal
Injpe&ion , and the charge of all the Woods and ForeBs in His
Maje^ies Dominions ? This might eafily be perform'd by De-
fHties in every County , Perlbns judicious , and skilful in Huf-
bandry x, and who might be repair'd to for advice and diredti-
on : And if fuch there are at prefent (as indeed ok\x Laves feem
to provide ) that their Tower be fufficiently amplified where
any thing appears deficient j and as their zeal excited by wor-
thy encouragements ^ (b might neglefts be encountered by a
vigilant and induftrious Checquc. It fhould belong to their
Province to fee that fuch proportions of Timber, €^c. were plant-
ed, and fet out upon every hundred, or more of Acres, as the
Honorable Commijjioners' have fuggeft'd 5 or, as might be
thought convenient, the quality, and nature of the places pru-
dently confider'd : It fhould be their office alfo to take notice
of the growth, and decay of Woods, and of their fitneji for pub-
lick ufes and fale, and of all thefe to give Advertifements, that all
defefts in their ill governing may be fpeedily remedied ; and the
Superiour officer, or Surveyor ftiould be accomptable to the Lord
Treafurer, and to the principal officers of Uh Majesties Navy for
the time being : And why might not fuch a Regulation be worthy
the eftablifliing by fome Solemn, and publick AB of State beco-
ming our glorious Prince SOVEREIGN OF THE
SEAS, and his prudent Senate this prefcnt Parliament ?

29. We find InJriJiotles Politics the Conftitution of Extra-'
urban Magijirates to be Sylvarum Cujiodes, and fuch were the Con-

fularesSylv£ which the great C^far himfelf (even in a time when
Italy did abound in Timber) inftituted -, and was one of the very
firji things which he did at the fetling of that vaft Empire after the
Civil Wars had exceedingly wafted the Country : Suetonius re-
lates it in the life oi^ Julius ^ and Peter Crinitus in his fifth Book De
honefia difciplina, c. 3. gives this reafon for it, Vt mater ies (faith
he) non deeffet, qua videlicet Navigia publica pofent a pr£fe&uris
Fabrum confici : True it is, that this office was fometimes call'd
Trovincia minor ^ but for the moft part annex'd and joyn'd to
fome of the greateft Confuls themfelves •■, that facetious^rr^^
of the Comedian (where Plautus names it Provincia caudicaria)
referring onely to fome under-O^W fubfervient to the other :
And fuch a charge is at this day extant amongft the noble Vene-
tians , and other prudent States 5 not to importune you with
the exprefs Laws which Ancus Martius the Nephew of liuma,

and

tao A Difrourfe of Foved-Trecs.

and other Tritices long before C<efar did ordain for this very pur-
pofc 5 fince indeed the care of fo publick and honourable an
Enterprize as is this of Flanting , and Improving of^ Woods , is a
right Moble and roj/al undertaking j as that of the foreji of
Dean, &c. in particular (were it bravely manag'd) an iMperial
dejign , and I do pronounce it more worthy of a Prince who
truly confults his glorj in the higheft Intereji of his SubjeSs,
then that of gaining Battels , or fubduing a Province : And if
inlaying lb, or any thing elfe in this ruftic Difcourfe, I have us'd
the freedom of a plain Forejier ; it is theperjhn you command me
to put on, and my ;>/e<» is ready,

Ibeocrm Afuis TdfiffHS irS( driig ^uKivilai.

Sco.vide A-

dagtMm. Prafinte Quercu ligna qnivk coUigif.

for who could have fpoken le^ upon fo ample a SubjeS .<? and
therefore I hope my zeal for it in thefe Papers, will (befidcs your
Injunctions) excufe the prolixity of this Digrejjion, and all other
the Imperfe&ions of my Services.

Si canitnus Sylvas, Sylvs fiint Confule digns.

FINIS.

POMONA,

OR AN

APPENDIX

CONCERNING

FRUIT-TREES,

In relation to

C I D E R,

The Making and feveral ways of Ordering iu

V I R G. Eclog. ix.

-~ ..— . Cai'pent ina Voma nepoles.

t.1

LONDON,

Printed by John Martyn and James Allejlry^ Printers to the Koyat

Society , and arc to be fold at their Shop at the Bell in

S' Frf«rs Church-yard. MDCLXIV,

To the Right Honorable

THOMAS

Earl of SOVTHJMTTO^J^,

Lord HIGH TREASURER

ENGLAND,&c

My Lord,

-F great Examples did not fupport
it, the dignity and grearnefs of
your Terfon would foon have gi-
ven cheque to this prcfumption :
But fincc Emperours and Kinas
have not only gratefully accept-
ed IVorkj of this nature, hut ho-
nor'd them likewife with their
own facred hands, that Name of
yours (which ought indeed never to appear but in In-
flruments oi State and fronts oi Marble , confecrating
your Wifdom and Vertues to Eternity) will be no way
lefTen'd by giving Patronage to thefe appendant RhJU-
cities. It is from the Prote£^ion and Chcrifhment of
fuch as your Lordjhip is, that thefe Endeavonrs of ours
may hope one day to fucceed and be profperous. The
hoblefl: and moft ufeful Struftures have laid their-
FdundatioDS in the Earth : if that prove firme here (and
firmel pronounce it to be, if your Lordf ip favour itj
We fhall go on and flourifli. I fpeak now in rela' ion to
the Koyal Society, not my felf, who am but a Str'vantoi it
only,andaFw«er in the IVorkj. But beitt,/!rfe what it will,
' Yobr LdrdJJjjp, who is a Builder, and a lover of a.]\jviag-
nificences, cannot be difpieas'd at thefe agreeable Acccf-

fories

The Efifile Dedicatory.

foAes of Planting, and oi Gard'ning. But, myLordj I
pretend by it yet fome farther fervice to the State then
that of mccrly profit, if in contributing to your diver-
a tifement I provide for the Puhlkk^healtb, which isfo pre-

cious and neceffary to it in your excellent Ferfm.
Vouchfafe POMONA your Lordjhips hand to kifs,
and the humble Prefenter of thcfe Papers the honor of be-
ing cfteem*d,

tsc...;-.-. .' *^ A

My Lordy

JTourmoft humble, and moft
obedient Servant

J, EFELrN.

POMONA

P O M O N Ai

Or An Appendix Concerning

FRUIT-TREES,

In relation to

CIDER:

The Making, and feveral ways of Ordering it.

THE PREFACE.

At Quercus was the Proverb 5 and it is none time to tc>alk^<t^^^^ j, ^^ ,
out of Me Woods into the Fields a little^ and to confi- ineos^quin-
der what Advancement may be there Hkewife made by USo viSufw-
tbe flauting «?/ F R U I T-T R E E S. Far after the dido,ad ek^
Earth is dtdy cultivated, and pregnant with a Crop ofj"""'"'^/

torem

^ Grain; it is onely by the Furniture of fuch Trees as ^J"*^'^^^'
^e<ir Fruit, that it becomes capable of any farther \xn- ^^
proyement. If then by difcovering how this titay belt be effeCfed I can but
raife a worthy emulation in our Countrey-men ; this addition of noble
Ornament, as well as <?/ Wealth and Pleafure, Food and Wine, may (I
preJume')obtainfome grateful admittance amongji a// promoters oflndujiry.
Ent before I proceed, Imu§t, and do ingenuoufy acknowledge, that I
prefent «iy Reader here with very little of my own, fave the pains of
collefting and digefting a few dijpers'd Notes (butfuch as are to me ex-
ceedingly precious) which I have receiv'dj Come, from worthy, and
molt experienc'd"^ Vx\ev\As of mine '^ and others, from the well-fur- *ErpedalIy
fjijlj'd Regiftcrs , and Cimelia of the ROYAL SOCIETY, from the '
Ef^ecially, thofe Aphorifms, and Treatifes relating to the Hiftory of 1"°^ ^^cd-

Cider, which by exvrefs commands they have been pleas' d to injom I j",7 !^^T"
a. ij\, Lin, -.LCI edMr.Bea/r,

Jhouldpubhjhwjth my Sylva. _ ofreaviirm

It is little more than an Age, fince Hopps (rather a Medical, than Somerfet-
Alimental Vegetable) tranfmnted our wholefome Ale into Beer , which ,lhire,z Mem-s
doubtlefs much alter d our Conftitutions : That one Ingredient ( by ber of the

fame not unworthily Juj^e^ed')preferving Drink indeed,and fo by cujiom Royal Sod-
made agreeable ; yet repaying the pleafure with tormenting Difeafes, ^^^'
and aporter life, may dejervedly abate our fondnefs to it ; e^ecially, if
with this be conjider'd likewife , the cafualties in planting it , as fel-
dom fucceeding more than once in three years -^ yet requiring conjiant
charge and culture 5 Bejides that it is none of the leati devourers of

young Timber.

Andwhat if alih^ CTiXe, or indeed one quarter of it, were (for the

future) converted to the propagation tff Fruit-trees, in all parts of this
Nation J as it is already in fome, for the benefit of Cider ? (one Shire

A alone

The PREFACE.

dlone n>it bin tvrcnty wiles c&m^afs, making fu> lefs,yo»rly ^ thaffFi&y
tho*ftnd Hogftieads) the commutniioR vpould (If^rj-a^ade My feif)
rob MS of fM great Advantage ^ hut prefint «x with one cf the moli deli-
cious and wholesome Beverages in the World,

It was by the plain Induftry t^ one Harris ^a Fruiterer to King Hen-
ry the Eighth) that the Fields, and Environs of about thirty Towns, in
Kent omly^ vpcre planted with Fruit, to the nniverfal benefit^ and general
Improvement of that County to this day ^ as by the noble example of my
Lord Scudamor, and of fame other publickjpirited Gentlemen in thofe
parts, all Hcreford-lhire // become^in a manner, but one intire Orchard :
And when his Majefty jZuZ/^»f e be pleas'd, to command the Planting but
of fome Acres, for the beS Cider-fruit, at every of his Royal Manfions,
amongU other of his molt laudable Magnificences \ Noblemen, weal-
thy Purchafers, and C'mzens wi// (doubt lefs^fol/oiv the Ex3imY>\e, till
the preference ^ Cider, wholefome, and more naturalDnnks, do quite
vanquijh Hopps, and banijh all other Drogues of that nature.

5»^ fAij Improvement (fay fome) would be generally obHru&ed by
the Tenant and High-lhoon-men, who are all for the prefent profit ;
their expectations jeldome holding out above a year or two at moit.

To this 'tis anfwer'd ^ That therefore pould the Lord of the Mannour
xot enely encourage the Work by his own Example, and by the Applaufe of
jkch Tenants <ts can be courted to delight in thefe kjndes of Improve-
ments 5 hut pould alfo oblige them by Covenants to plant certain Pro-
portionr /^f them, and to preferve them beingplanted.

Tofortijie this profitable Defign, It were farther to b« defir'd, that an
Kdiof Parliament might be procur'dfor the Setting but of two or three
Trees in every Acre of inclos'd Land, under the Forfeiture of Six-pence
per Tree, for fome publick and charitable Work, to be levfd on the De-
faulters. To what an innumerable multitude would this, in few years, in-
fenfibly mount i, afjording infinite proportions , and variety of Fruit
throughout the Nation, which now takes a Potion /tfr a refrejhment,and
drinks its very Bread-corn !

Ihavefeen a Calculation of twenty Fruit-trees to every F'lvc-pounds
of yearly Rent '-ifourty to Ten -^ftxty to Fifteen ^ eighty to Twenty j and
Jo according to the proportion. Had all our Commons, and Wafte-lands,
one Fruit-tree but at every hundred foot distance, planted, and fenc' d at
thepuhlickcharge, for the benefit of the Poor, (whatever might dy and
mifcarry') enough would efcape able to maintain a Stock, which would af-
ford them a moli incredible relief. And the Hedg-rows, and the Cham-
pion-grounds, Land-divifions, Mounds, 4»<5/ Head-lands (where the
Plough not coming, 'tis ever abandon d to Weeds and Briars) would
addyet conftderably to thefe Advantages, without detriment to any man.
As touching the Species, if much have been faid to the preference of
the R.ed-fi:rake before other Cider-Apples, thk is to be added -^ That as
the beji Vines, of richeji liquor, and greateji burden, do not jpend much
in wood and unprofitable branches 5 Jo nor does this Tree ; for though
other Cider may Jeem more pleafant (Jince we decline to give Judgment
of what k unknown to us^ we yet attain our purpofe, if This pall appear
beJi to reward the Planter, of any in prefent pra&ife ^ ej^ecially, for the
generality ^ bccaufe it will fit the moji parts which are addiHed to thefe
Liquors, but mifs of the right kinds, and prove the moJi fecure from
external injuries and Invaders.

Hot

The PREFACE. -^

Ndtto refine upon therareeffe&sof Cider, which if abohe all the moji
eminent., foberly to exhileraU the Spirits of us Hypochondfiacal Kland-
ers^ and by a. fpecific quality to chafe away that unfociabk Spleeo
roithout excefs \ the very Bloliome of the Pruit perfumes^ and purifies
the Ambient Air, tphich (as M. Beale well obferves in his Hereford- flii re
Orchards^ is conceivd conduces fo much to the conflant Health and
Longevity, for vphich that Country has been always celebrated^ fencing
their Habitations 4»<5^yn'ee? R.ecefles/r(?w Winds, andV^'mtcx-inva^-
ons^ the heat of the Sun, and his unfufierable darts : And \( (faith he) Hereford.fi}:
we may acknowledge grateful trifles^ for that they harbour a conftant Orch. p. 8.
Aviary of fweet Singers^ which are here retain'd without the charge
<£ Italian wires : To which I cannot but add his following option^ That
if at any time we are in danger of being hindred from Trade in For-
reign Countries^ our Englijh Indignation may (corn to feed at their
Tables^ to drink of their Liquors, or otherwife to borrow or buy of
Thefn, or of any their Confederates , fo long as our Native Joy le does
fupply us withluch excellent Neceiiaries.

Nor is all this producd to redeem the Vi(\\\or from f^e fuperftition,
prejudice, and opinions of thoje Men rvho do fo much magnifie the juice
pf the Grape above it : If Experiments from undenyable fuccefs (in fpite
pf Vintners, and Bauds to mens PalatsJ were fufficient to convince us,
and reclaim the vitiated ^ or that it were pojfible to dijpute of the plea-
fantnefs, riches, and precedency of Drinks and Diets, and fo to pro-
vide for fit, competent, and impartialjudges:^ when by Nature, Nati-
on, or Climate (as well as by Cuftom and Education) we differ in thofe
Extreams.

Moji parts of Africa, and Afia prefer Coffee before our Nobleji Li-
^uorsi, India, the Roots and Vhms before our beji Cooled VeniConj
Almoji all the World crude Water, before our Country Ale and Beer 5 and
we Englifh being generally more for inlipid, lufcious, and gwfs Diet,
then for the fpicy, poignant, oylie, and highly rdiih'd, (witnefs our
univerjal hatred of Oy]s,FreT\ch-wine, or Rhenifh without Sugary our
doating on Curraus, F'lggs, Plum-pottage, Pies, Pudding, 4»^ Cake)
render yet the difficulty more arduous. But to make good the Experiment.

About thirty years fmceone M Taylor (a perfon well l^norvn in Here-
iord-^xxc) chaUeng' d a London-Vintner (finding him in the Country)
ihat he would produce a Cider which flwuld excel his befl Spanifli or
French-wine .' The Wager being depofited. He brings in a good Red-
fi:rake to a private Houfe : On that Scene, all the Vintner could call to
be Judges jpr(?«tf««ce againfl his Wine ^ Nor would any man there drinks
French-wine (without the help o/Sugar^ nor endure Sack for a full
draught ^ and tolhofe who were not actujiomed to either, the more racy
danafics were no more agreeable then Malaga, too lufcious for the repeti-
tion.But this Wager being lofi,our Vintner renews his Chartel,w/'p» thefi
exprefi terms , of Competent and Indifferent Arhhvators: The Gentle-
man agrees to the Articles :, and thus again after mutual engagements it
mufi be debated who were Competent Judges, and abfolutely Indifferent.
M T aylov propojes Three, whereof the odd Number fiifould by Vote
determine : They mufi be of the fittefi Ages too, or rather the fittefi of all
Ages, and fiich as were inurd neither to Cider nor any Wine 5 and fb
it was agreed. The Judges convene ^ viz. A Youth of ten years old, a
Mzn of thirty, and aJhiid of fixty -^ and by All theik alfo our V'mtnex:

A 2 loft

^ The-PREFACE.

M the Battel. But thk is not enough ^ 'Tis affa/d again by Nim Judg-
es the Ternary thrice over 5 and there 'tif loji alfo. And here I will
conclude f, for Ithink^never rf as fairer Duel ^ nor can more be reafona-
hly pretended to vindicate thk Blefling of God, and onr Native Liquor
from their contempt^ and to engage our Propagators of it.
let vmeficiis lo fnm up all : If Health be more preciom then Opinion, / vpijh our
flacere cogi- Admirers of Wines, to the prejudice of Cider, beheld but the Cheat
tur^& mira^ themfelves ; the Sophiftications, Transformations, Tranfmutations,
mMT ""'f'^w Adulterations, Baftardizings, Brewings, Trickings, 4»<^ Compaffings
^e Vinnm . ^ ^^^ Sophijiicated God they adore , and that they had as true an In-
As"'ris moft i^ciXionintothofe hxczn^i Lucifera, vehich the Prieftso/A^- Temples
ingenioufly (our Vintners /» their Taverns) do prai^ije 5 and then let them drinks

cited by D' freely that rvi II j 'Aj/rar fS^ I'J'^p; Give me good C/<:/er.

Charleton,'m jf is noted in our Aphorifms horv wuch this Beverage jvas ejieemed by
his excellent j^^ /^^^ Majefty, and Court, and there referfd to all the Gentry of the
^^'^^AJIt ^"'^^^<^"'"g Country, (no!/ rangers to the beji Wines J ivhenfor fever al
\ations V^' Summers'/w ^Ae City <?/ Hereford (fo encowpafd with iiore of it, and
Wine enter- brought thither without charge, or extraordinary lubdudtionsj it was
cd into the fold for fixpence the Wine-quart, not for the fcarcity, but the excellen-
Regifter of cy of it : And for ^)6e Red-ftrakc, that it has been feen there hundreds
the Knjal oj' times (with vehement and engaged competition) compar'd with the
f''"^ 'h r Ci<i^i" of other the moji celebrated Fruit, when after a while of vapour, no
other moV ^^''" ^'^""^ /*"* ^"^ "*^^'' liquor in comparifon.

ufefiil Piece/ But it is from thefe Inftances (may fame fay) when the World pall
fubjoyn'd) have multiplied Cider-Trees, that it will be time enough to give Inftru-
worthy to ftions for the right Preffing, and Preferving of the Liquor. The Obje-
be publifh- £fi0„ jg j'air : But there are already more Perfons better furnijlfd with
^^' Fruit, then with Direftion-s how to ufe it as they fiould ^ when in plen-

tiful years fo much Cider is impair d by the ignorant handling, and be-
comes dead and fowr, that many even furfeit with the Blefling ; it be-
ing rarely feen in moji Countries, that any remains good, to fupply the
defers of another year » and the Royal Society would prevent all this
hazard by this free Anticipation.

It now remains, that Ifwuld make fome Apology for my felf, to ex-
tenuate the tumultuary Method of the enfuing Periods. Indeed it was
not intended for a queint or elaborate piece of Art 5 nor is it the defign
of the Royal Society to accumulate Repetitions when as they can be
avoyded 5 and therefore in an Argument fo much beaten as is that of
drejfingihe Seminary, Planting, rf»<^»Wej- <j/Graffing, it has been with
Indujiry avoided •-,Juch rude, and imperfeB draughts being far better in
their ejieem(and according to my Lord Bacon'j) thenfuch at are adorn d
with more pomp, and ojientous circumftances, for a pretence to Per-
feftion. The lime may come when the richr\e{s, and iuWneis of thei0
Colleftions may worthily invite fome more Indujirious Perfon to ac-
complifh that Hiftory 0/ Agriculture, of which thefe Pieces (like the
limbs of HippolytusJ ^i^e but fcattered parts .• And it is their greateji
ambition for the Publique Good, to provide fuch Materials, as may
ferve to Raife, and Beautifie that moji defirable Strufturc.

POMONA.

CHAP. I.

Of the Seminary.

E had not the leaft intention to enlarge upod
this Title , after we had well reflefted on the
many and accurate Diredtions which are alrea-
dy piibliftiedj as well in our French-Gardiner^
as in fundry other Treat ijes of that nature, had
not a moft worthy Member of the Royal Society Mr. Beale of
Cto whom we have infinite Obligations) fur- Yeavil in
nifti'd us with fome things very particular and Somerfet-
refftarkjihle , in order to the improvement of our Seminaries , "^^'"^•
Stocks^ &c. which are indeed the very Ba^s and Foundation of
Cider-Orchards. It is from thofe precious papers of hk^ and of
fome others (whofe Obfervations alfo have richly contributed to j\f^^ Buck-
this Enterprise) that we (hall chiefly entertain our Planter in moft land,
of the followin g Periods.

Whofoever expefts from the kernel of a rich or peculiar yipple or
Tear to raile Fruit of the Jame kind^ is likely to find many obftru-
ftions and difappointments : For the Wildings (Crab or Pear^ Po-
mus Sylveftrk^ being at the beft the natural produdt of the found-
eft kernel in the firmeft land, and therefore the guft of the Fruit
more ftrongly auftere, fierce, and ftiarp, and alio the Fruit Icls and
more woody ^ and the plcafanter or plumper and larger Apple be-
ing the efFed of fome inteneration, which inclines to a kind of re-
batement of the natural ftrength of the Tree 5 the beft choice of
kernels for Stocks indefinitely, (and on which we may graff what
we pleale) ftiould be from the foundeft Wilding. For,

A kernel taken from any graffed-Apple, as Pepin, Pear-main, &c.
does moft naturally propend to the wildnefs of the Stock, on which
'twas inferred, as being the natural mother of the kernel, which
is the very heart of the Apple j and alio from a more deep and fe-
cret Reafon, to be hereafter unfolded.

Apples and Pears requiring rather a vulgar and ordinary Field-
^ land, then a rich Garden-mould, (as has been often extrafted by
frequent Obfervations) it has been found that kernels fowed in a
very high compoji, and rank earth, have produced (/d:^j;e indeed)
but 7»/?jp7<5/ Fruit, haftily rotting on the Trees, before alt the parts
of it were mature. Vid.Aphor.^^.

And fometimes when they feemed in outward figure to bear the
(hape of grafFed Apples, from whence the kernels came, yet the
guft did utterly deceivCjWanting that vivacity and pungent agree-
ablenefs. B If

POMO NA:

If the ksrneU of natural Apples (or of ungraffed Trees) ftiould
produce the iame, or fome other variety of Apples, (as fdmctimcs
It fucceeds) yet would this care be feldom oper£ pretium^ jthd at
beft but a work of Chance, the difappointment falling out fo often
through the ficklenefs of thtSotl : Or admit that the moft proper
and conftant, yet would the very dews and rain, by various and
mutable Seafons, and even by the Air it lelf, (which operates be-
yond vulgar perception, in the very changes as well of the mouldy
as of the feeds and fruit) create almoft infinite alterations ; And
the choice having been in all places (apparently for fome thoufands
of years) by propagating the moft delicate of Fruits by the Graffs,
'tis almoft a defperate task to attempt the raifing of the like, or
better Fruit from the rudiments of the Kernel.

Yet fince our defign of relieving the want of JVine, by a Succe-
daneum of Cider, (as lately improv'd) is a kind of Modern Inven-
tion, We may encourage and commend their patience and dili-
gence who endeavour to raife feveral kinds of Wildings for the
tryal of that excellent Liquor , efpecially fince by late experience
we have found, that Wildings are the more proper Cider-Fruits 5
fome of them growing more fpeedily , bearing fooner, more con-
ftantly, and in greater abundance in leaner Land, much fuller of
juice, and that more mafculine, and of a more Winy vigour.

Thus the famous Red-jirake of Hereford-Jhire is a pure Wilding,
and within the memory of fome now living firnamed the Scuda-
tnores Crab,and then not much known fave in the Neighbourhood,S(.c.
Yet now it would be difficult to (hew that Red-Jirake which grew
from a l^rnel in that whole Traif, all being fince become graffed
Treeis. Thus 'tis alfo believed, That the Blonisbery Crab (which
carries the fame in fome parts of Glocefier-fbire) and many of the
White Mujis, and Green Mujls, are originally Savages 5 as now in
Somerfct-Jhire they have a generous Cider made of promifcuous
kp'nels, or ungraffed Trees, which fills their confidence that no
other Cider does exceed it ; and 'tis bdeed ftrong, and fufficiently
heady.

Nor dare we pofitively deny, but that even the beft of our Ta-
ble-jruit came alfo originally from the kernel : For though it be
truly noted by my L. B«ftf», Thai ^Ae Fruit does generally obey the
Graff, and yields very little to the Stock , yet fome little it does.

The famous Eezy de Hery,^n excellent Musky Pear, was brought
into the be{\. Orchards o£ France (rom zForeJi in Bretainy, where it
grew wild, and was but of late taken notice of.

But now to the deep Reajbn we lately threatned : We have by
an Experiment found fome neer affinity between the Kernel of the
Apple and the heart or interiour of the Stock.: For Ifaw ffays M'
Beale) an old rotten Kernel-Tree bearing a delicate Summer-fruit,
yielding iJore of fmooth Cider, ('/»• call'd ?Ae French-Kernel-Tree,
and if alfo a Dwarf, as is the Red-ftrake j ) and examining divers
¥L.Qxx\c\s,many years fuccejfively, of thathollovp and decayed Tree, I
found them always very fmaU of growth, and empty, meer sh^ns of
Kernels, not unlikf to the emafcuUted Scrotum of an Eunuch , ano-
ther

Or, An Appendix comer nimg Fruit-Trees,^c.

thcr younger Tree, iffiiing from the founder fart of a. Root of the
fame old Tree, had full and entire Kernels.

And from feme fuch Obfervation might the produftion of Ber-
beries, &c. without Stones, be happily attempted 5 an thjirumenP
fitted to take out the marrow or pith of the Branches,(^as thi. fame Mr
Beale perform'd them ; ) for from the numericalBnQj of that Fruif
he found fome Branches produce Berberies that had no {ioncs,others
which had ^ and in fearching for the cauje of the effe^, perceived,
that the pith or heart was taken from the radicat,ox main Branches,
as the other was full of pith, and confequently the fruit in perfedti-
on^ofall which(he writes me word)he made Icveral tryals on other
fruit, but left the place before he could fee the event. But he adds ^

Thefe many years (almoji twenty) I have yearly tri'd Kernels in
Bedds of clean Earth, Pots and Pans, and by the very leaves (as
they appear d infirji j^ringingfor one moneth) I could dijcern hove far
my Eflays had civiliz'd 'em : The Wilder hadfiorter, fiiffer, brown,
or fox-colour d leaves : The more xn^enwoxis had more tender, more
jpreading leaves, and approaching the lighter verdure of the Berbery
leaf when it firji appears. He adds,

Some Apples are cal/'d Roie-Apples, Rolemary-Apples, Gilly-
flower-Apples, Orange-Apples, with feverdl other adjun&s, deno-
minating them, from what Reafbn / know not. But if we intended
to try fuch infujions upon the Kernels (as (hould endeavour to alter
their kinds') we (hould not approve of the bedabbling them with
fuch infufions, (for over-moijiure would rather enervate then
ftrengthen them) but rather prepare the Earth the year before, with
fuch infuccations, and then hinder it from producing any Weeds,
till ready for the Kernels, and then in dewy times, and more fre-
quently when our Climate were furcharg'd with rain,cover the Beds
and Tots with the fmall leaves oi Rofemary, Gillyflowers, or other
oderiferous Bloffomes, and repeat it often, to the end the detes may
meteor i'Le,2Xidi draw forth their finer Spirits,^c. And thus alfo we
are in this -4g^ of ours provided of more vigorous Ingredients for
^r/rf/j then were known to the ^««e»^x. Finally,

From what has been deduc'd from the Wilding of feveral parts,
it may manifeftly appear, how much more congeneal fome foil is
then other, to yield the beft Cider-fruit from the Kernel ^ and the
hazzle ground, or quicker mould, much better then the more ob-
kinatc clay or ranker earth.

CHAP. II.

' Of Stocks.

THe former thus eftabHfh'd, after all humours and varieties
have been Efficiently wearied, we fhall find the Wilding to
be the hardieft and moft proper Stockjor the moil delicate Fruit :

B 3 This

g" ' POMONA:

This confirm'd by Varro, lib. i.cap. 40. In quamcnnqm arborem in^
feras, &c. and 'tis with reafon : However they do in Hereford^
ftiire^ both in praftice, and opinion, limit this Rule ^ and to preferve
theguftof any delicate ^/?/>/e (as of the Tear-main^ ^ince-Appk^
fitockt»»^c.') rather grafFupona Gennet Moykox Cyder Stock, fas
there call'dj then a Crab-fiock.j but then indeed they conclude the
Tree lafts not fo long > and 'tis obfery'd. That Apples are better ti-
ded from a clean, light land, &c. then from ftifFer clay of the more
pinguid andi^xurious foil.

Thus in like manner our Mafter Varro, loco citato concerning
f'ears 5 Si in Pyfnm Syhaticam, &c. The Wild-flock^ does enliven
the dull and phlegmatic Apple , and the Stock of a Gennet-Moyte
fweeten and improve the Fepin, &c. or may rather feem to abate
at leaft fome Apple over-tart and fevere.

Your Cr4^//<7£A. would be planted about Ofif^kr, at thirty two
Foot diftance, and not graffed till the third Spring after, or at leaft,
hot before the fecond.

But if your defign be for Orchard only, and where they are to
abide , an interval of fixteen Foot ftiall fuffice , provided the
ground be yearly turn'd up with the Spade, and the diftance qua-
drupled where the F/<»«56 has priviledge^ this being the moft ex-
pedite for fuch as have no Nurjery ground.

Crab-flocks are better then Sets of Apple Kernels to graff on, be-
caufe they impart a more juicy and tart relifli , and fo are to be
preferred for moft forts of :^pp/e/.

CHAP. III.

Of Grafts and Infitions.

MAke choice of your Graffs from a conftant and well-bearing
Branch.

And as the Stock, hatha more verdant rind, and is capable to
Vield more plenty of Jnice, fo let the Graff have more Eyes or
iudds : Ordinarily three or four Eyes are fufficient to give iflue to
the Sap :, but as well in Apples, and Pears, as in Vines, thofe Graffs
or Cions are preferr'd in which the budds are not too far afunder,
or diftant from the foot thereof: And fuch a number of buds
ufually determining the length of the Graff', there may divers Ci-
ons be made of one Branch, where you cannot procure plenty of
them for feverals.

As to the fuccefs ofgr^ing, the main skil/ is, to joyn the inward
part of the Cion to the Jappy part of the Stock., clofely, but not
too forceably ; that being the beft and moft infallible way, by
.which moft of the quick and juicy parts are mutually united, efpe-
dalW towards the bottome*

If the Stock, be fo big as to endanger the pinching of your Graff,

when

Or, An Appendix concerning Fruit-Trecs, &c.

when the rvedge is drawn out of the cleft ^ let the inner fide of the
Graffs which is within the wood of the stock^^ be kft the thicker^
that lo the woody part of the Cion may bear the ftrefsjand the fiffy
part be preierved from bruifing.

Choofe the ftreightefl: and fmootheft part of the Stocks for the
place where you intend to graff: If the Stocky be all knotty (which
fome efteem no impediment) or crooked, reftifie it with thefitteft
pofture of the Gn^.

For a Graff covet not a Cions too flender j, for the Shh and tVind
will (boner enforce it to wither ; Yet are we to diftinguifti, that
for Inoculation we take the Bud from a fprig of the laft years
ftioot 5 and moft allow that the Cions ftiould alio have fome of the
former with it, that it may be the ftronger to graff ^ and abide to
be put clofe into the Stock.^ which is thought to advance it in
bearing.

In Hereford'pire they do frequently choofe a Gr/ij^ of fcveral
years growth; and for the graffing of fuch large stockf as are taken
cut of the Woods or Nnrferies^ and fitted into rows for Orchards^
they choofe not the Graffs fo fmall as in other Countries they re-
quire them 5 which has, it feems, occafion'd fome complaint from
them that underftand not the Reafon of the firft branch of this
Note. Once for all. The ftumpy Graff will be found much fu-
periour to the flender one, and make a much nobler and larger
Shoot. This upon experience.

Graff your Cions on that fide of theJftock.'wheYC it may receive
the leaft hurt from the South-ireji Wind, it being the moft com-
mon, and moft violent that blows in Summer 5 fo as the wind may
blow it to the stocky, not from it : And when the Zephyres of th«
Spring are ftirring, choofe that Seafon before all others for this
work.

Some there are who talk of removing the Stocky about Chrifimas^
and then alfo graff it ; which there be that glory they can liiccef-
fully do even by the fire fide, and fo not be forc'd to expcd a two
or three years rooting of the stock,h But in this Adventure 'tis
advifeable to plunge the Graff three or four inches deep in the
Stock,. Laftly,

Be careful that the Rain get not into the clefts of your young
graffed Stockj : Yet it has been noted, That many old Trees (quite
decay'd with an inward hollownefs) have born as full burdens,
and conftantly, as the very foundeft, and the Fruit found to be
more delicate then ufually the fame kind from a perfect and more
entire Stock.

Except fome former Cafe requires it, leave not your Graffs above
four, five, or (at moft) fix inches of length above the stpckh for
by the length it draws mote feebly, and is more expos'd to the
fhocks of the Wind^ or hurt by the Birds ; and you fhall frequent-
ly perceive the fummities and tops of fiich young Graffs tO be mor-
tified and die.

Now for encouragmeht in tranfporting Cr^^ at great diftance^
'^e find that with little care (their tops uncut and unbruis'd) they

Wift

io '• rOMOSA:

will hold good , and may fupport the tranfportation by Sea or
Land from oHohcr or November to the very end of Aiarch : see
Sir H. Flat's Offers^ Paragr. 75. To which may be added, That if
the Graff receives no hurt by lying in the Stock, cxpos'd to all rain,
dews, and feverities of Winter , frofts from December to Spring,
(as has been experimentally noted) ^ then ("by a ftronger prefum-
ption) in oyled, or rather waxen Leather, it may undoubtedly
efcape. Some prefcribe, That the ends (hall be ftuck in a Turnip :
And many excellent Grajfers (Gentlemen fome of very good cre-
• dit) have allured us, That the Graffs which fecmed withered, and
fit to be caft away,have proved the beft when tri'd. Thus in honeft
Barnaby Googes noble Heresbachius you will finde it commended
to gather your Cions in the vpane of the Moon, at leaft ten days be-
fore you graff them ; and Conjiantine gives this reafon for it, That
the Graff a little withered , and thirfty , may be the better
received of the Stockj: There are alfo other inducements for this
praftice, as Simon Harwood, pag. 4. has (hew'd us ^ but none be-
yond our own experience, who. have known Graffs gathered in
December thrive and do perfeftly well.

CHAP. IV.

Of Variety and Improvements.

TF any man would have variety of unexpefted and unknown
Apples and Fears, for the improvement of Cider, or Falate-
fruit, thore is more hope from Kernels rais*d in the Nnrfery (as has
already been directed) then from fuch tryals oigraffings as we have
yet feen in prelent ufe.

Bur if we would recover the patience, andthefedulity of the
Antient (of which fome brief account will follow) or liften to
fome unufual Propofals, then may we undertake for fome variety
by Injttions.

To delude none with promifes, we do much rather recommend
the diligence of inquiring from all Countries the beft Graff's of
fuch Fruits as are already found excellent for the purpofe we de-
fign : As from the Turgovians for that Pear of which Mr. Pe^ gives
fo good and weighty informations.

But as fome forts are to be inquired after for the Falate and the
Table, fo 'tis now. our main bufinefs to fearch after fuch as are excel-
lent for their Liquor, either as more pleafant, more winy, or more
lafting ; of which fort the Bosbury bare-land-Pear excels. The
Red-jlrake, Bromebury-Crab, and that other much celebrated Wild-
ing ciW'd the Oaken-pin, as the beft for Cz^/er 5 though for fuffici-
ent reafons none of them comparable to the Red-Jirake.

But to purfue the diligence of the Antients, we diredt the eye
• to a general expedient for all kinde of varieties imaginable, and

which

Or, An Appendix concerning Fruit- Trees, &c. li

which we hold far better then to prefent the World with a Liji of
the particulars either known, or experimented : For who indeed
but a Fool will dare to tell Wonders in this fevere Age^ and upon
an Argument which isfo cnviron'd with Iwpojiure in moft Writers,
old or new ! Much lefs pretend to Experiments which may fail to
lucceed by default of a happy Agent, when the conclujion muft be#
Tenes Anthorem jit fides !

And truly men receive no fmall difcouragement from the ugly
affronts oi Clowns, and lefs cultivated perfons, who laugh and fcorn
at every thing which is above their underftanding : For example j
J kpevp a man Cwrites Mr. Beak to mej md he a. moji diligent Plan-
ter and GrafFer, vpho for thirty or fourty years made innumerable
Effays to produce feme change of an Apple by grafEng •• It feems he .
was ambitious to leave his Name onfuch a Fruit , //he could have
obtain d itj but always fail'd'^ for he perpetually made his Trials
«po« Crab-ftocks, orfuch (at leaji) as did not greatly differ from the
kind ; and he ever found that the Graff would predominate- And
how infinitely fuch Men having loft their own aims, will defpifc
better Advice, we leave to obfervation.

However, let us add. That where nothing is more facile then
to raife new kinds o£ Apples (in infinitum") from Kernels : Yet in that
Apple-Country (Co much addided to Orchards') we could never en-
counter more then two or three perfons that did believe it : But in
other places we meet with many that, on the other fide, repute
Wildings, or (as they call them) Kernel fruit, at all adventure, and
without choice, to be the very befl of Cider-fiuit , and to make
the mofl noble Liquor. So much does the common judgment dif-
fer in feveral Countries, though at no confiderable diflanc^, even
in matters of vifible Fai^, and epidemical experience.

It was our excellent Friend Mr. Euckjand who fent us word of
one in Somerjet-pire, who by graffing any White Apple upon an Elm
changes the Apple, and particularly to a red colour : He direfts us
where we may be eye-witneffcs of the proof, and alfo to a Clergy-
man hard by, who loft his labour in the fame Attempt, by the pe-
rifhing of the Graff's ^ fo as by his Advice we are not over-haftily
to ereft Hercules's Pillars ^ and renders his Rcafons, encouraging
our Experiments.

To gratifie yet the Ingenious, inftrud others, and emancipate
us all from thefc bafiinado-Clowns, we are furnifh'd with many Ar-
guments and proofs to affiire a good fuccefs, at leaft for variety
and change, if not for infinite choice : Two or three antient Refe-
rences being duly praemis'd > namely, Firft,

1. That 'tis in vain to expeft change of Apples from graffing
upon diftering Stocks of Crabs^ or Apples.

2. In vain alfo are we to look for a kind Tree from a very much
differing Stock.:) as an altered Pear to grow kindly on a Crab or Ap-
ple-Jtock., d^ contra. There go about indeed fbme_/K^5//»^j", but
wedifdain to name them.

It is one thing tofinde the kindeft Stock^Cox the Improvement
bf any Fruit , as the Crab-Jiock, for the delicate Apple, the Wild or

Black:

la POMONA;

Black-Cherry-Stock^ior the graffs of the faireft Cherries ; tlie largeft
Vifie, ("whole root makes beft (hift for relief J to accept the Graff
of the more delicate Vine, &c. And another thing it is to feek the
Stock, which begets the wonder, variety, and that fame tranfcen-
dent and particular excellency we inquire after .' For this muft be
at more remote diftance ^ and we offer from the Ancients to (hew,
how it may be at any diftance whatfoever : But this is falved by
Sir H. Pto's expedient, r^^r^'^r. 72. viz. If two Trees grorv together^
that be apt to be graffed one into another^ then let one branch into
another, rporknianly joyning Sap to Sap. This our Gardiners call
Gr offing by Approach.

But in this Rule he is too narrow for our purpofe, and far (hort
of old experience : As alfo in Parag. 69. where he affirms, fVe may
tiot graff a contrary Fruit thereon. Againft thk we urge 5 That
any contrary Frwif may be adventured, and any Fruit upon any
fruitlefs Stocky growing neer in the fame Nnrfcry, : If it be not only
affirm'd, but feriouOy undertaken, and experimentally proved by
the fober CohtnieUa, in feveral of his Treaf lies ^ Turn to the ele-
venth Chapter of his ffth Book, (Stephens Edition :) Sed cum Aw
tiqui negaverint pofje omne genus furculorum in o»inem Arborem in-
feri, C^ illam quail jinitionem, qua nos paulo ante hji fumus, veluti
quandam legem fanxerint, eos tantum Jurculos poffe coalefcere, qui
pnt cortice, ac hbro, C^ fruBu coftjimiles iis arhorihus quibus inje-
runttir, exifiimavimus errorem hujm opinionis difciitiendiim, tra-
dendamque pojierk rationem^ qua pojjit omne genus fur culi omni ge-
iteri Arboris inferi. And the example follows in a Graff' of an
olive into a Fig-jiockhy Approach (as we callit^J which he alfo re-
peates in the twenty feventh Chapter of his Book De Arboribuf^
without altering a fyllablc. But poffibly in this check, at the Anci-
tnt he might aim at old Varro, whom we ftnde thrcatning no left
then thunderbolts and Blajis to thofe who fliould attempt thefe
ftrange Marriages, and did not fort the Graff with the Tree ^ con-
fult lib. I. cap. 40. Bu thus you fee this Art aflum'd by Columella
for his own invention f 1500 years fince) to be no news to Varro
200 years older 5 where he goes on, Bfi altera Jpecics ex arbore in
arborem inferendi nuper aftimadverfa in arboribus propinquis. Sec.
Though here again we may qucftion our Mafters mtper animad-
verfa too i fince before he was born Cato relates it as ufual to Graff
Vines in the manner by them prefcribed, cap. 41. Tertia infttio ejt :
Terebra vitem quam injeres,&cc. Which makes us admire how the
witty Walchius in his Difcourfe De vitrbus fru&uarifs,ip2g. 265.
could recount the grafing of Vines amongft the wonders of Mo-
dern Inventions.

But it feems Varro and his Contemporaries did extend the pra-
ftice beyond Cato ^ and Columella proceeded further then Varro^
even to all forts of Trees, however differing in nature, quality,
barke, or feafon : And then Valladius afliimes the refult, and gives
us the particulars of the fuccels in his Voem, De Infitionibus. And
to thefe four as in chief (no phantaftical or counterfeit perfons^ we
refer the Induftrious.

But

Or, An Appendix concerning Fruit- Trees,c^c. 1 3

But be pleas'd to take this note alfb .' As foon as your Graff hath
prepar'd a jecond, or at farthefl: a third years growth, take it off
the Stocl{, and then grafFit upon a Stoc^^ of a more natural kind :
For in our own Triah we have found a graff profper the fecond
year exceeding well ; yet the third the whole growth at once bla-
fted quite to the very Stocl{_^ as if Varro's Augurs had faid the
word.

To this add, the making ufe of fuch Stocks as in this Experiment
may contribute fome fpecial aid to feveral kinds of humane /»/&•-
mities : As fuppofe the Birch Tree for the Stone , the Elm for
Fevers^ &.c.

Moreover, To graff rather the Wildings or Crab, then the Pe-
pin^ becaufe the Wilding is the more natural ^ and Nature docs
more delight in progrefs^ then to be Retrograde and go backwards*
I {houldalfoexped far more advance from sl move pungent Jap,
then from Injipid > as generally we fee the beft and vigorous juices
tofalute our Palats with a more agreeable piquancy and tartnefi 5
forfowe find the veWidi of the Stocking- Jpple, Golden Pepin, Pear-
mam, Eliot y Harvy, and all ("but RuJJetings and Greenings') to be
more poignant then of others.

But we muft note from Palladius, That the Ancients had the
fuccefs which we all, and particularly Sir H. Plat does fo frequent-
ly deny, as in the particular of graffing the Apple on the Pear, ^
contra. Let us hear him de Porno.

Injita procerk pergit concrefcere rantk,

Et fociam mutat malus arnica Pyrum :
Skqueferosfylvis hortatur linejuere mores,

Et partu gaudet nobiliore fiui.

Pallad. de Infitionib. //^. 14.

And this will (hew us, That Virgil, and Columella, in feveral of
his wonderfoU Relations of thefe kinds of mixture, Cwhich but for
the prolixity we might now recite) did not fo far effeft Wonders as
to defert the truth.

You may alfo obfervc. That as well the French Gardiner, and
our Modern Planters, have found more benefit from the Stock, of
the ^ince |hen old Palladium did, it feems, difcern.

Cum prajiet cun&is fe fulva cydonia pomk,

Alterius nullo creditur hojpitio.
Roborjf externi librum ajpernata Juperbit,
Scit tantum nullo crejcere pojje deem.
'•■- Sed propriis pandens cognata cubilia ramk,

'- . Stat, content a Juum nobilitare bonum.

Pallad. de Malo Cydonio.

Laftly, We did by unexpefted chance find the facility of graf'
fng the very youngeft Stock/, even of one years growth, by the
Root : At a fecond removal of the Stocks ("being then of two years

C growth)

14 FOMONA:

growth^ we obferved fomc Roots fo faft clofed together into one,
as not to be divorced : Hereupon we concluded. If cafualty, or
negligence, chance of fpade, or oppreffion of neighbourhood did
this, by ^rt it might be done more efFeftually, and poffibly to
fome defirable purpofe 5 for that then the Stocky was more apt to
receive a maftering Impreifiom, and any Garden Plant whatfoever
might by this frocef interchange and mingle their Roots.

And thus we have prefented our diligent Cideriji with what Ob-
lervations and Arguments of Encouragement, grounded on fre-
quent Experience, we have received from our moft ingenious Corre-
jpondents, efpecially the Learned and truly Candid M"^ Beak, in
whofe Perjon we have fo long entertain'd you : And to thefe we
could add fundry others,were it not now tirne (whiles we difcourfe
of pojfibi lit IBS') to conclude with fomething certain , and to fpcak
of what we have.

For the kinds then of Cider-Apples in being ; Glocejter-jhire af-
feftsthe Bromsbury Crab j It affords a fmart, winy Liquor, and is
peculiarly hardy, but not fo proper for a cold and late-bearing
Climate, it being not ripe in hot Land till the end of Autumn, nor
fit to be ground for Cider till Chnjimas^ lying fo long in heaps and
preparation.

It is in the fame Shire that they likewife much efteem of the
jphite and red Mitji- Apple, the fwceteft as well as fowreft Tepin, and
the Warvji- Apple, which (being boyl'd) fome prefer to the very beft
of all Ciders.

But about London, and the more Southern 'I'ralis,xht Tepin,and
efpecially the Golden, is efteemed for the making of the moft de-
licious of that Liquor, moft wholeibm, and moft reftorative 5 and
indeed it may (in my poor judgment) challenge thofe perfe^ions
with very good reafon.

By others the Fear main alone is thought to come in competition
with the beft ; but the Cider is for the moft part found of the weak-
eft, unlefs encourag'd with fome agreeable Pepin to infpirit it.
Some commend the Fox-JVhelp j and the Gennet-Moyle was once
preferr'd to the very Red-Jirake, and before the Bromsbury-Crab 5
but upon more mature confideration, the very Criticks themfelves
now Recant, as being too effeminate and foft for a judicious
Palate.

The Redfirake then amongft thefe accurate Tajiers hath obtain-
ed the abfolute praeeminence of all other Cider-fruit, efpecially in
Hereford-Jhire, as being the richeft and moft vinous Liquor, and
See Aph. 42. now with the more earneftnefs commended to our pradice, for
45- 37- its celerity in becoming an Orchard, being ordinarily as full of
Frnit at ten years growth as other Trees are at twenty ^ the Pepin
or Tearmain at thirty : And laftly, from that no contemptible
quality. That 'tis fo wicked a Fruit upon the Iree as needs no Pri-
dpus for protedtor, fince (as beautiful as 'tis to the eye) it has fo
curfed a tafte in the Mouth till it be converted into Cider.

In fum. The Red-Jira^e will at three years graffing give youfair
hopes, and laft almoft an hundred years : And the Gennet-Moyles

haften

Or, An Appendix concerning Fruit- Trees,d^c. i 5

haften to an Orchard for Cider without trouble of Art or Graffing :
But note. That this Tree is very apt to contract a bnr-kpot neer ^^\ ^'-JP"
its Trunk, where it begins to divide^ and being cut off under /• /c
that bofs^ commonly grows ("if fo fetj and becomes (pcedily a jgj.
Tree, except it encounter an extraordinary dry Summer the firft
year to give it check. And though the knack oi graffing be fb ob-
vious, yet this more appearing facility docs fo pleafe the lazy
Clowns, that in fome places they neither have nor defire any other
Orchards 5 and how^ this humour prevails yoii may perceive by the
hafty progrefs of our Kenttjb Codlin in moft parts of England.

But to advance again our Red-Jirake,eyen above the Pepin, and
the reft (befides the celerity of the improvement and conftant bur-
then) confidcr we the moft incredible produft, fince we may ex-
peft from each Jppk more then double the quantity , fo as in the
feme Orchard, under the fame culture, thirty Red-ftrake Trees ftiall
at ten years gracing yield more Cider J^cnz. hundred of thoCe Pe-^
fins, and (urmount them in proportioi^uring their period at leaft
fixty or feventy years : So that granting the Cider of the Golden-
Pepin ftiould excel, (which with fome is precarious J yet *tis in no
wile proper for a C7<^er-0rfA<ir<^, according to our general defign,
not by half fo foon bearing, nor fo conjiantlj/, nor in that quantity^
nor fulnefs or fecurity.

Concerning Perry, the Horfe-Pear and Bare-land-Pear are re-
puted of the beft, as bearing almoft their weight of fpriteftil and
vinous Liquor. The Experienced prefer the tawny or ruddy fort, ^pj, .1
as the colour of all other moft proper for Perry : They will grow Aph! 34!
in common-fields, gravelly, wild, and Jiony ground, to that large-
nefs, as one only Tree has been ufually known to make three or four
Hogpieads : That of Bosbury , and fome others, are fo tart and
harih that there is nothing more (afe from plunder, when even a
Swine will not take them in his mouth. But thus likewife would
the abundance preferve thefe Fruits, as we fee it does in Normandy.

CHAP. V.

Of the Place and Order.

WE do ferioufly prefer a very wild Orchard,zs mainly intend-
ed for the publick utility, and to our purpofe of obliging
the People, as with a fpeedy Plantation yielding ftore for Cider •
Upon this it is that we do fo frequently inculcate, how well they
thrive upon Arable , whiles the continuing it fo accelerates the
growth in almoft half the time: And if the Arable can be fo le-
veird, (as commonly we fee it for Barly-hnd) then without detri-
ment it may aflume the Ornament of Cyrus, and flourifh in the
^incunx.

If it be fallow Land, or muft be rais'd with high Ridges, then

C 2 'tis

i6 - rOMONA:

'tis neceflary to have more regard of planting on the tops of thofe
eiTHnencies, and to excufe the unavoydable breach of the dea^Jis,
as my Lord Verulam excufeth the defeft of our humane phanjles in
the Cotijiellations^ which obey theOntnipotent order rather then
ours : Add to this the rigour of the Jio_yal Society ^v^hich approves
more of plai»»efs and ufefulncfs , then of nicenefs and curiofity ;
whiles many putting themlelves to the vaftchagre of levelling their
groundsjoftentimes make them but the worfe^ fince where the pla-
ces are full of gaftly inequalities,there may be planted fomc forts of
Cider-Fruity which is apt by the great burden to be prefs'd down to
the ground, and there (whiles it hides Irregularities^ to bear much
better, and abundantly beyond belief; for ib have been feen ma-
ny fuch recumbent Pe^r-^reex bear each of them tjrfi, three, yea,
even to Jw or more Hogpeads yearly.

And for this Cider , whiles we prefer fome forts of Wildings
which do not tempt the paj^e of a Jhief^by the caution we (hall not
provoke any man to repem his charge from the neceffity of richer
and more referv'd Enclofures ; Though we have frequently feen
divers Orchards fuccesfully planted on very poor Arable^ and even
in ftony Gleab, gravel, and clay, and that pretty high, on the fides
and declivities of Bills, where it only bears very (hort grafs, like
to the mofl: ordinary Common, not worth the charge of Tillage ;
And yet even there the Tenants and Confiners fometimes enclole it
for the Fruit, and find their reward, though not equally to fuch
Orchards as are planted on better ground, and in the Vallies.
Hence we fuggeft. That if there be no statute for it, 'twere to be
wiflicd there were a Law which fhould allow endeavours of this
Qature out of the Common-field,to enclofe for thefe Encouragemmts^
fince both the Vublick^mnd. the Poor ("whatever the clamour is) are
advantaged by fuch Enclojures, as Tuffer in his old Rhimcs, arid all
indifferent obfervers apprehend^with good reafon.

True indeed it is. That all Land is not fit for Orcharding, fo as
even where to form juft Inchfures, being either too jhallovp and dry,
or too TPet and fierving : But this f faith the judicious M' Buckland)
we may aver. That there are fevo Parifhes or Hamlets in England
vehere there are not fome fat and deep Headlands capable of Rows
of Trees ; and that (as hath been faid) theraifed Banks of allln-
doCmes generally by the advantage of the depth, fatnefs, and health
of their Mould, yield ready opportunitie for planting ; (yea,- and in
many Countries multitudes of Crab-ftocks//? to be grafted j)7» which
latter Cfaith he^ / have frequently observed very goodly Fruit-bear-
ing Trees, when in the fame foil Trees in Orchards have been poor
and worth nothing. To conclude.

If the foil be very bad and unkind, any other Fruit fwhich it
may more freely yield without requiring much depth, and lefi
Sun^ may be planted in (lead of Apples.

CHAP. VL

Or, An Appendix concerning Fruit-Trecs, &c. 17

CHAP. VI.

Of Tranfplanting, and Diftance.

THe mofl: proper feafon for Tran^lanting is before the hard
frofts of Winter furprize you, and that is a competent
while before Chrijimas : And the main point is, to fee that the
Roots be larger then the Head , and the more ways that extends
the better and firmer.

If the Stock^feetns able to ftand on its own three or four legs
Cas we may call 'em), and then after fettlement fome ftones be
heaped or laid about it, as it were gently wedging it faft, and fafe
from winds, (^wh'ich Jiones may after the fecond or third year be
removed J it will falve from the main danger : For if the Roots be
much (haken the firft Springy it will hardly recover it.

You may tranfplant a Fruit-Tree almpft at any tolerable feafon
of the re«r, efpecially if you apprehend it may befpent before
you have finifti'd your work, having many to remove : Thus let
your Trees be taken up about Jllhallontide, (or as fbon as the leaf
begins to fall) , then having trimm'd and quickned the Roots, fet
them in a Pit, fourty, fifty, or a hundred together, yet fo as they
may be cover *d with mould, and kept very frefti : By the Spring
they will be found well cured of their wounds, and fo ready to
ftrike root and put forth , that being Tranj^lanted where they are
to ftand, they will take fuddenly, and feldom fail 5 whereas be-
ing thus cut at Spring, they recover with greater hazard.

The very Roots of Irees planted in the ground , and buried
within a quarter of an Inch, or little more, of the level of the Bed,
will fprout, and grow to be very good Stocks. This and the other
being Experiments of our own, we thought convenient to mention.

By the oft removal of a Wild-jiocli, cutting the ends of the
Roots, and dif-branching fc»newhat of the Head at every change
o( place, it will greatly abate of its natural wzWzfe/?, and in time
bring forth more civil and ingentiom Fruit : Thus Gilljfiorpers do
(by oft removals, and at full-Mom efpeciallyj increafe and mul-
tiply the leaves.

Plant not too deep 5 for the over-turf is always richer then the
next Mould. How material it is to keep the coafl or fide of the
Stock., as well in Fruit-trees as in Foreji, we have fufficiently dif-
culs'd 3 nor is the Negative to be prov'd.

For the dijiance in Fields,thej may be fet from thirty tvpo to fixty See Aph. 3^.
Foot, fo as not to hinder the Plough, nor the benefit of manure
and Ibil 5 but in hedg-rows as much nearer as you pleafe. Sun
and Air confidered.

CHAP. VII.

[8 POMONA;

CHAP. VII.

Of the Fencing.

SEeing a Cider-Orchard is but a wild Plantation, beft in Arable
well enclos'd from Beafis.^znA yet better on the Tops, Ridges,
and natural Inequalities, (though with fome lofs of Order, as we
fhew'd,) one of the greateft difcouragements is the prejerving of
our Trees being planted, the raifing of them fo familiar.

We have in our Sjilva treated in particular of this, as of one of
the moft material objiacles j wherein yet we did purpofely omit
one Expedient, which came then to our hands from the very Indu-
ftrious Mr. Buckland to the Learned Mr. Bert/: You fhall have it in
his own words.

This ofFtncmgfingle Trees ufeth to be done by Rails at great char-
ges ^ or by Hedges and Bulhcs, which every other year m»ji be re-
vevp'd^and the materials not to be had in all places neither, I there-
fore prefer and commend to you the enjuing form of Planting and
Fencing, which is more cheap and eafie, and vphich hath other Ad-
vantages in it, and not commonly kfioven. I never farv it but once,
and taat imperfeCfly perform' d-^ but have pra&is'd it my felf jp/^A
fucceft : Takf it thus.

Set your Tree on the Green-fwarth, or five or fix inches under it
if the foil be very healthy ^ if moift or weeping, half a foot above it 5
then cut a Trench round that Tree, two foot or more in the cleare
from it : Lay a rank_ofthe Turfs, with the grafs outward,upott the irv-
ncr Jide of the Trench towards your Plant, and then a fecond ranf^
upon the former, and Jo a third, and fourth, all orderly p lac d, (^ as
in a Fortification) and leaning towards the Tree, after the form of
a Pyramide, or larger Hop-hill .■ Always as you place a row of Turfe
in compafs, you muji fill up the inner part of the Circle with the loofi
Earth of the fecond {^\t which you dig out of your Trench, and which
is to be two foot and half wide, or more, as you defire to mount the
hillock, which by this means yon will have rais'd about your Plant
near three foot in heighth. At the point it needs not be above two
foot or eighteen inches diametre, where you may leave the Earth in
form of a Uifti, to convey the Rain towards the body of the Tree 5
and upon the top of this hillock pricks up five or fix; fmall Briars or
Thorns, binding them lightly to the body of the Plant, and you have
finifij'dthe work.

The commodities of thts kif^d of Planting are,

Firft, Neither Swine, nor Sheep, nor any other fort of Cattel can
annoy your Trees.

Secondly, Tou may adventure to fit thefmaller Plants, being thus
raifed, andfecur'd from the reach of Cattel.

Thirdly, Tour Trees fafi en in the Hillock againji violence of
Winds, without Stakes to fret and canker them.

Fourthly,

Orl An Appendix concerning Fruit-Trccs, &c. 19

Fourthly^ If the foil be wet it k hereby made healthy.

Fifthly, If very dry, the hillock defends from the outward heat.

Sixthly, It prevents the Couch-grafs,n'/)7f A for the ftrft years in"
finjibly robs moji plants in fandy grounds apt to graze. And,

Laftly, The grazing bank rvi// recompence the nigardly Farmer for
the vpafie of his Ditch, vphich othervpife he will forely bethink.

In the fccond or third year (by what time your Roots jpread") the
Trench, if the Ground be moiji, or Seafons wet, will be neer p'll'd
up again by the treading of Cattel:^ for it need not be cleanjed '■, but
then you muji renew your Thorns: Tet if the Vlanter be curious , I
fiiould advije a cajiing of fame fmall quantity ofx\c\\ Mould into the
bottome of the Trench the fecond year, which may improve the growth,
and invite the Roots to fpread.

In this manner of Planting, where the foil is not rich, the exaU
Planter fitould add a little quantity to each Root of Earth from a fre-
quented Hi^h-waj, or Yard where Cittel are kept--. One Load will
juffice for jix or feven Trees 5 this being much more proper then rot-
ted foil or loofe Earth 5 the fat Mould beft agreeing with the Apple
Tree.

7he broader and deeper your Ditch is,the higher will be your Bank,
and the fecurer your Vcvcf^but then you muji addfome good Earth in
the fecond year, as before.

I mufi fubjoyne, 7hat only Trees of an upright growth be thus
planted in open grounds •■, becaufe Jpreading of low growing Trees
TPill be Hill within reach /j/'Cattel as they encreafe : Nor have I met
with any inconvenience in this kjnd of Tranfplanting, (which is ap-
plicable to all forts of Trees) but that the Mole and the Knt may find
ready entertainment the firfi year, and fometime impairs a wea^
rooted Plant ^ otherrvife it rarely mijcarries. Injum,

This manner of Fencing is foon executed by an indifferent Work-
man, who will eafily Jet and guard fix Trees in a Winter day. Thus
far M"^ Buckland: To which we fhall only add. That thofe which
are planted in the Hedg-rows need none of thefe defences 5 for (I
am told J in Hereford-fhire in the Plantations of their ^ick:fets,
or any other, all men did fo Juperjiitioujly place a Crab-jiock^at eve-
ry twenty foot diftance, as if they had been under fome rigorous
Statute requiring it.

CHAP. VIII.

Of Pruning, and life of the Fruit- Trees.

THe branches are to be lopp'd in proportion to the bruifes of
the Roots, whofe fibres elfe fhould only be quickned, not
altogether cut off nor intangled .* For the Top, let a little of each
arm be lopp'd in Cider-fruit only 5 but for the Pears, cut two or
three buds deep at the fummities of their afpiring Branches, juft

above

20 rOMONA:

above the eye flanting > this will keep them from over-hafty
mounting, reduce them into fiapc^ and accelerate their bearing.

To this we add again out of M^ Seals Hereford-Jfjire Orchards,
pag. 23. In a graffed plant every Bough jhould be loafed at the very
tops, in Apples and Pears, not in Cherries and Plums.

In a natural Plant the Boughs Jljould not at all be lopped, hut
fome taken off clofe to the Trunk, that the Root at firji Tranfplan-
tation be not engag'd to maintain too many Suckers. And this muji
be done vpithfnch difiretion, that the Top-branches be not too clofe
together-^ for the natural Plant is apt to grovp fpiry, and thereby
fails offiuitfulnefi. Therefore let the referved Branches be divided
at a convenient roundnefs.

TAe Branches that are cutoff may befet^ and tpHI grow, though
flotply.

If the Top prove fpiry, or the fiuit unkind, then the due remedy
mufi be in re-graffing. See Chap, xxviij. in Sylva.

Befides the Perrys, dri'd and preferv'd Fruit, nfeful k the Pear-

Tree (and befi the moji barren) for its excellent colour d Timber,

(feldom or never worm-eaten) ejpecially for Stools, Tables, Chairs,

Cabinets, and very many works of the Joyner and Sculptor .• And

fi if likevfije both the Black-cherry and the Plum-Trec.

APHORISMS

ANIMADVERSION.

IF fome of the foUorving DifcourfeS feem lefs con-*
Jiant, or (upon occafion) repugnant to one anothery
they are to be confiderd as relating to the fe'z/eral
gufts, and guides of pcrfons and Countries; and not
to be looked upon as recommended Secrets, much lefs im-
pos'd, farther then upon Tryal they may pro've grateful to
the Publick, and thedijferent inclinations of thofervhoaf-
feSi thefe Drinks : nor in reafon ought any to decry what is
propos'dfor the univerfal Benefit ; fince it cojis them nothing
but their ci^vility tofo many obliging Perfons. If the 'Title
<?/ Aphorifms (which indeed was intended but for ihejirft
Sheets ofM^ Beiile ^though y by a miHah^ of the Printers, con-
tinnd O'ver the reft of the Difcourfes}y^ew to point atfome-
thing more dogmatical, or arrogant *, let the equal Reader
pleafe to h^ow , that there is nothing lefi intended by the
R. Society ^then {o to pronounce concerning any their moft aC'
curate Experipients \ Thefe being but occafonal Papers en-
ter d into their Rcgifter, and thrown into this form as Re*
pofitories more apt and at hand', and becaufe ( as If aid) they
do not pretend to fine, and elaborate Methods, but to the
Things as they may be ofufe, and are in their kjnd confidet-
able.

J. E,

APHORISMS

CONCERNING

CIDER:

ByM'B 8JL 8.

JE that would treat exaftly of Cider and Ter-^
ry muft lay his foundation (b deep as to be-
gin with the Soyl ; For as no Culture or
Graffs will exalt the French Wines to com-
pare with the Wines of Greece^Canaries, and
Montefiafco 5 fo neither will the Cider of
Bromyard and Ledbury equal that of AUenf-
more^ Ham-lacy^ and Kings-Capell , in the
lame fmall County of Hereford.

1. Yet the choice of the Graff ox. Fruit hath fo much of pre-
valency, that the Red-Jiral^e-Cider will every where excel common
Cider, as the Grape of Frontignac, Canary, or Baccharach, excels the
common Frengh Grape ; at leaft, till by time and traduftion it de-
generateth.

3. I cannot divine what Soil or what Fruit would yield the beft
Cider ^ or, how excellent Cider or Perry might be if all Soils in
common and all Fruit were tried ^ but for thirty years I have
tried all forts of Cider in Hereford-fiire, and for three years I have
tried the beft Cider in Somerfet-jhire 5 and for fome years I have
had the hc9i Cider oi Kent and Ej[ex at my call i yet hitherto I
have always'found the Cider of Hereford-Jhire the beft, and fo ad-
judged by all good Palates.

4. I cannot undertake to particularize all kind o£soil, no more
than to compute how many jyllahles may be drawn from the Al-
phabet •■, the number of Alphabetical Elements being better known
then the Ingredients and Particles of Soil, as Chalky Clay, Gravel,
Sand, Mark, (the tenacioufncfs, colour, and innumerable other
qualities,ftiewing endlefs diverfities-,)and the Fruit oiCrabs, Apples,
and Pears, being as various as of Grapes, Figs, and Plums.

5. Yet in grofs, this I note:, That as Bacchi amant colles, and
a light ground, fo our beft Cider comes from the hot Rie-lands :
In fat wheat-land it is more iluggifl: ^ and in white, ftiff Clay-
land ("as in Wool/hope in Hereford-Jkire") the common Cider retains
a thick whey-colour, and not good : Only fuch as emergeth there

D (by

2 2 Aphoriftns concerning Cider.

(l)y the diligence of fome Art of the Inhabitants) is bright and
clear, and fo lively, that they are apt to challenge the beft.

6. Some Cider mixeth kindly with fVater in the Cider-mill^ and
will hold out a good fmall Wive, and lefs inflaming, all the follow-
ing Summer. Some Cider (as of Longhope, a. kind of four Wood-
land Coumxy o( Herefordfkire)^Nl\\not bear any mixture o( Watery
but foon decay,and turn more harfti and lour: And thus we noted
in France, fome courfe Wines ftuck like paint on the Clafs, unwil-
ling to incorporate with the Water : Fin d' Aye, and other delicate
Wines, did Ipread themfelves more freely, as gald is more duSile
then hzCer ntetals.

J. Some would, for a fit, extol the Cider of Vearmains, fome
of Pepins ^ fand of Pepins I have found a congenial Liquor, lefs af-
^\€img^kmticl{ perfons, as in mine own experience I conceived :)
And S' Henry Lingen once extolled the Cider of Eleots (as richly
bedewing the Glafs XikeheH Can/tries ,) and full Hogfheads of the
Stocking- Apple have been tried amongft us, but difappointing our
expeftation, though perhaps by evil ordering : Yet M' Gritten
highly boafted a Mixture of Stocking- Apples and May-Pears% tried
fas I take it^ by himfelf : After many years trial of thofe and
many other kinds, the Redjirake carried the common fame, and
from moft of thofe reduced admirers. The Gennet-Moyl Cider was
indeed more acceptable to unskilfiil and tender PaLas j and it will
require Ctfftom and Judgment to underftand the preferrency of the
Red-jirake, whofe mordicant fweetnefs moft agreeably gives the
farewelj endearbg the rellilh to all underftanding Pallas 5 which
both obliges, whets, and iharpens the fiomach with its mafculine
and vpiny vigour 5 and many thoufands extol it for exceeding the
ordinary French-Wine : But grant it ftiould not be fo ftrong as
Wine 3 let me ask how many fober perfons abroad addid them-
felves to meet Wine ? Then compare this with diluted Wine, as
ufually for temperate men, and then let the trial be made, whe-
tlier the Pepin-Cider or Red-jirake will retain the winy vigour
in greater proportion of Water. Add to this, That they com-
monly mingle Water in the Prefs with Apples (a good quantity)
whiles they grinde the Apple 5 and the Water thus mixed, at that
time, does fo pleafingly incorporate in the grinding, fermentation,
and maturity of Veflelling, that 'tis quite another and far more
pleafant thing then if fo much or half fo much Water were mingled
in the Cup at the drinking time^ as Salt on the Trencher will not give
teef, Porke, or Neats-tongue, half that lame rellifh which duly/>i?ii'-
derd and timely feafon'd.

8. I did once prefer the Gennet-moyl Cider, but had only the
Ladies on my fide, as gentler for their fugary palats, and for one
or two fober draughts; butlfaw caufe to recant, and to confefi
the Red-jirake to warm and whet the Stomach, either for meat or
more drink.

9. The fight Cider-fiuit is far more Jucculent, and the Liquor
more eafily divides from the pulpe of the Apple, then in beft lahle-
fiitit,\n which juice and the pulp feem friendly to diflblve together
on the tongues end. 10. The

Apborifms concerning Cider. a 3

lOi The Liquor of beft Cider-jruit in the yipple, in beft feafon
of ripenefi, is more brisk and fmart than that which proves duller
Cider : And generally the fierceft Pears , and a kind of tamer
Crabs, ("and fuch was the Red-fir ak^ called in my memory) makes
the more winy Cider.

11. TaUadius denieth Terry to bear the heat of ^w^^^^er ; but
there is a Tear in Boshury, or thereabouts, which yields the Liquor
richer the ficond year then the firfi, and fo by my experience very
much amended the third year : They talk much higher , but that's
beyond my account.

12. As Cider is for fbme time a fluggard, foby like care it may
be retained to keep the Memorials of many Confiils , and thefe
fmoaky bottles are the nappy Wine. My Lord Scudamore feldome
fails of three or four years ; and he is nobly liberal to offer the
Trial.

13. As red Apples, fo red Pears (and amongft them the red Horf
pear next to the Bosbury") have held out befk for the ftomach and
durance .* But Pears do lefs gratifie the ftomach then -Apples.

14. The (eafon of grinding thefe harp Pears is after a full matu-
rity, not till they have dropt from the Tree, and there lain under
the Tree, or in heaps, a wee^L, or thereabouts.

15. And (b o£ Cider-Apples, as of Grd|pe/5they require full matu-
rity, which is beft known by their nztnval fragrancy -^ and then
alfo, as ripe Grapes require a few mellowing days, fo do all Apples,
as about a week or little more, fo they be not brui^fed, which loon
turns to rottennefs 5 and better found from the Tree then rotten
from the heap.

16. That due maturity, and fome reft on the heap, does make
the liquor tafte rather of Apples then n'7»;', hath no more truth, (if
the Cider be kept to fit age) then that very old cheefe doth tafte of
SiPpfet.

17. The harfher the vcild-fi-uit is, the longer it muft lye on
h^aps ; for of the fame fruit, fuddainly ground, I have tafted good
Ver - juice •-, being on heaps till neer Chrifimas, 2\\ good fellows called
it Rhenijh-wine.

18. TheGrinding'xs fomewhat confidcrable, rather too much
then too little ^ here I faw a Millm Somerfetjhire which grinds half
a Hogjhead zt a grifi, andfo much the better ground for the fre-
quent rolling.

19. Soon after ^r/W;/;^ it fhould be/>re/?, and immediately be
put into the VeJJel, that it may ferment before the fiirits bedifli-
pated J and then alfo in fermenting time the Vent-hole ftiould not
be fo wide as to allow a prodigal wafte of thej^irits -^ and as foon
as the ferment begins to allay, the VeJJels ihouldhefil/ed o( the fame ^
and well ftopped.

20. Of late 'tis much commended, that before it he prefi the
Liquor and Af/tfi ftiould for four and twenty hours ferment together
in a Fat for that purpofe, covered, as Ale or Beer in the T^-vat,
and then tunned up. This is faid to enrich the liquor, and to
give it fomewhat of the tinSure of fome red Apples, as I have feen,
and very well approved. D 2 21. A»

5 A Aphorifnts concerning Cider.

21. hsSiilphnr hathfomcufe in Wines ^ fo fome do lay Brim-
Jione on a ragge^ and by a wire let it down into the Cider-veJJel
and there /re it ^ and when the Veflel is full of the^^^o^i^the liquor
fpeedily poured in ferments the better. I cannot condemn this,
for Sulphur is more kind to the Lungs than Cider ^ and the impuri-
ty will be difcharged in the ferment.

2 2. Apples over-long hoarded before grinding will for a long
time hold the \\(\\xox thick h and this liquor will be both plealant,
and as I think, wholefome , and we fee fome rich Wines of the la-
ter Vintage^ and from Greece^ retain a like craffitude, and they arc
both meat and drink.

y^. I have feen thick harfli Cider the fecond Summer become
clear and very richly pleafent j but I never faw clear acid Cider
recover.

24. /FAe<i^ or Lez/e« is good and kind in C/<^er, as in Beer 3 'ju-
niper-berries agree well and friendly for Coughs^ weak Lungs, and
the aged, but not at firft for every Palate : The moft infallible
and undifcerned improver, is Mujiard a Pint to each HogJheaJ,
bruifed, as for fauce, with a mixture of the fame Cider , and ap-
plied as fbon as the Veflel is to be doled after fermenting.

25. Bottleing is the next />/pr<j«;er, and proper for C/Jer 5 fome
put two or three Raifins into every Bottle, which is to feek aid
from the Vine. Here in Somerfetfhire I have feen as much as a
Wal-nut of Sugar J not without caufe, ufed for this Country Cider,

26. Crabs do not haftenthe decay of Perry, butpreferve it, as
Salt preferves flejh. But Pears and Crabs being of a thoufand
kinds require more Aphorifmes.

27. tieKthet wheat, Leven, Sulfhur,nor Muftard, ate ufed but
by very feWj, and therefore are not neceffary to make Cider laft
well, for two, three or four years.

28. The time of drawing Cider into Bottles is beft in March,
it being then clarified by the Winter, and free from the heat of
the Sun.

2 9. In drawing, the beji is neereft the heart or middle of the VeP
fel, as theTe/4,in the Egge.

30. JKetf/-^r<i4«" are of divers kinds, but the name is in Here/JjrJ-
Jhire appropriated to one kind, which is fair and large, of a high
purple colour, the fmell Aromatical, the Tree a very Jhrub, fome
bearing a full burthen, and feldom or never failing till it decays,
which is much fooner then other Apple-trees. 'Tis lately (prcad
all over Herefordfiire j and he that computes fpeedy return, and
true Wine , will think of no other Cider-apple , till a better be
found.

31. I faidthe Red-fir ak§ is a fcnzW jhrub, 'tisof fmall growth
where the Cider proves richeft, for ought we have yet (een in
Herefordjhire, viz. in light quick land > and if the land be very
dry, jejune and (hallow, that and other Cider-fiuit (efpecially the
Cennet-mojile )-w\\l fufpendthe ftore of fruit alternatively every
other year •■> except fome Blafis or furprifing Frojis in the Spring
alter that Method j for two bad years feldom come together,
very hardly three. 32. In

Afhoriftns concerning Cider. ac

32. In good foil, \ mean oi common field (^^oxhthnd. ishotbeft
for Cider fruit , but common arable) I have feen the Trees of
good growth, almoft equalling other Cider-trees^ the Afple larger
and feldom failing of a good burthen : thus in the f^ales of Wheat-
lands^ in drong Glebe or Claji, where the C/Wtr is not fo much extol-
led : but ftill Sack is Sack,:, and Canary differs from Claret j fo
docs the Red-Jirake-Cider of the Vale excell any other Cider of the
forcible foil.

53. Yet this diftindion of 5oi/ requires much experience, and
great heed, if weinfift upon accurate directions ^ for as Lauren-
burg faith, in pingui folo non feruntur omnia re&e, neque in macro
nihil. And for Gardens, Flowers and Orchards , I would chufe
many times fuch lands as do not pleafe the Husbandman, either for
wheat or fweet Pajiure, which are his chief aims ; and thus Lau-
renburg. In Arida & tenui terra falicitfs proveniunt Rut a. Allium,
Petrofelinum, Crocus, Hyjfopus,Cappark, Lupini, Satureia, Thymus^
Arbores quoque tenue c^ macilentum folunt amant j itemquefiutices
plerique Humidi arbores, Jcil. Pomi , Pyri , Cerafus , Prunus, Per-
Jfca, Cotonea, Mori , Juglans , Coryli, Staphylodendrum, Alejpilus,
Ornus, Cajianea, c^c. Frutices,fcil. Vitis, Berber is, Cenijla, Junipe-
ries, Oxyacantha, Periclymenum, Rofa, Ribejium, Vva, Spina, Vacci-
nia, ^c.

34. But here alfo we muft diftinguifh, that Pears will bear in a
very fiony, hungry, gravelly-land, fuch as Apples will not bear in •-,
and I have fcen Pears bear in a tough binding hungry Clay, when
Apples could not fo well bear it (as the finooth rinds of the Pear-
trees , and the Mo^ie and cankered rinds of the Apple-trees did
prove)the root of a Pear-tree being it feems more able to pierce a fto-
ny and ftiff ground. And Cherries, Mulberries and Plums,czn rejoyce
in a richer foil, though by the fmallnefs of tht Roots, the fhallow-
er foil will fuffice them. And require a deeper ground,
and will bear with fome degrees of hungry land, if they be fupplied
with a due meafure of fucculency, and neighbouring moifture y
and the other firubs, according to the fmalnefs of their roots, do
generally bear a thinner land. I have fcen ajbilib much too rank
for Apples and Plums , that all their fruit from year to year were
always worm-eaten, till their lives were forfeited to the fire.

35. To take up from thck Curiojlties, the moft ufeful refiilt to
our purpofe i, we have always found thefe Orchards to grow beft,
laft longeft, and bear moft, which arc frequently tilled for Barley,
wheat or other Corn, ahd kept (by Culture and leafonable refl) in
due ftrength to bear a full crop. And therefore, whereas the Red-
firake might otherwife without much injury be planted ox fifteen or
twenty foot dijiance, and the beft dijiance for other Cider-fiuit hath
heretofore been reputed thirty or two and thirty foot , very good
husbands do now allow in their largeft Inclojures (as of 20 40 or
100 Acres) fifty or Jixty foot diftance, that the Trees may not much
hinder the Plow, and yet receive the benefit of Compoji 5 and a
Horje-teem well governed will (without any damage of danger)
plow clofe to the Trees.

36. In

26 Aphorifms concerning Cider.

56. In fuch foil as is here required, namely of good Tillage^ an
Orchard ot graffed Red-Jirakfs will be of good growth, and good
burthen, within ^e» or fwefoe ^e^rj, and branch out with good
ftore to begin an encouragement at three years graffing j and (ex-
cept the land be very unkind) will not yield to any decay within
^ty or eighty years ^ which is a mans age.

97. In fomey&eef J- 1 rendered many Reafons againft Mr. ^«/?/«
of Oxford, why we fliould prefer a peculiar Cz<5/er-jf«/^, which in
Herefordfiire are generally called Mttfls ; (both the Jpple and the
Lienor, and the Palpe together in the contufion) as from the Latine
Mujlum. ivhite-mujis of divers kindes , Red-cheekid and Red-
jiralCd Mujls of feveral kinds, Green-mufis called alfo Green-fillet^
and Bletp-jpotted : Why, I fay, we fliould prefer them for Cider,
before Table-jrHit, as Pepin f. Fear mains, €^c. and I do ftill infift on
them: i. The Liquor of thefe C/(^er-^«if / and of many kinds of
auftere fruit, which are no better than a fort of full fucculent
Crabs, is more fprightful brifli and roiny. For Effay, I fent up
many bottles to London, that did me no difcredit. Secondly, One
buftiel of the Cider-fiuit yields twice or thrice as much liquor.
Thirdly, The Tree grows more in three or four years then the
other in ten years, as I oft times remarked. Fourthly, The Tree
bears far greater ftore, and doth more generally efcape Blajis and
Frofls oimc Spring : I might add, that fome or thefe, andefpeci-
ally fuch Tears as yield the beft Ferry, will beft efoape the hand of
the Thief', and may be trufted in the open field^.

38. Bythe/r/i, fecond and fourth of thefe Reafons, I muft ex-
clude the Gennet-Moyle from a right Cider-fruit, it being dry and
very apt to tzkeffojiy blajis ; yet it is no Table-fiuit'Jont properly a
baking fruit, as the ruddy colour from the 02/e« fhews.

9 9. I faid that the right Cider-fiuit, generally called Mujis, and
deferving the Latine name MuUum, is or divers kinds 5 and I have
need to note more exprefly that there is a Red-Jirakid MuH (as I
have often feen) but not generally known, that is quite differing
from the famous Red-Jirake, being much lels, fomewhat oblong
and like fome of the white MuSfs in fhape, and full of a very
good »'/»;' liquor. I could willingly name the perfons and place
where the diftinft kinds are beft known : it was firft ftiewed me
by John Nafl) of Ajljperton in Herefordflme 5 and for fome years they
did in fome places diftinguiOi a Red-Jirake, as yielding a richer Red-
Jiral^d-cider of a morefulvottt or ruddy colour 5 but this difference,
as far as I could find, is but a choice of a better infolated or ruddy
fruit of the beft kind, as taken from the South-part of the Tre" or
from afoil that renders them richer. But my Lord Scudamore -
is fafely of the beft fort ^ and M. Whingate of the Grange in Dimoc,
and fome of King' s-capel, do beft know thefe and other differences,
Straked, Muji, right Red-Jirake, Red-red-Jirak^,&c.

40. The greenilb 7l/»/^, (formerly called in the Language of the
Country,theGreen-fil/et) when the Liquor \soi a kindly ripenefs,
retains a^ree»e/ equal to the /fAewT/S-^/zi/^ which I note for them
that conceive no Cider to be fit for ufe till it be of the colowr of old
Sack. 41. To

Aphorifms concerning Cider. ^7

41. To direft a little move caution, for inquiry of the right
Red'Jirake , I fhould give notice that fome Moneths ago, M. Phi-
lips oi Mnunt ague in SomerfetJIiire^ (hewed me a very fair large iie<^-

jirake Jppky that by fmell and fight feemed to me and to another of
Hereford/hire then with me to be the heik'Red-Jirake ^ but when we
did cut it and tafte it, we both denied it to be right (the other
with much more confidence then my felf ) but M. Phrlips making
Ci^sfer of it, this week invited me to it, afluring that already it ex-
cels all High-country-wines. It had not fuch plenty of juice as our
Bed-Jirakes with us, and it had more of the pleafantnefs of Table-
fruit, which might be occafioned , for ought I know , by the
richer foil.

42. I may now ask why we fhould talk of other Cider-fruit or
Terry^ if the beft Red-jiral^ have all the aforefaid pre-eminences of
richer and more veiny liquor, by half iboncr an Orchard, more con-
ftantly beariog, ^c An Orchard of Red-Jirakss is commonly as
full of fruit at ten years, as other Cider-fruit at tveenty years, or as
the Pepin and Pear main at thirty or thereabout.

43. But all J&z/j- bear not Apples x, therefore for Perry, which is
the goodlier Tree for a Grove, to Ihelter ahoufe and walks from
Summers heat and Winters cold winds, and far more lajiing , the
pleafenteft Cider-pear of a known name amongft them , is the
Horfe-pear. And it is much argued, whether the fF/>//e-/'<';j^-pe<ir,
or the Red-horje-pear be the better i where both are beji, within
two Miles they differ in judgement. The Pear bears almoft its
weight of fprightful winy liquor 5 and I always preferred the tareny
or ruddy Horfe-pear, and generally that colour in all Pears that ar^
proper for Perry.

44. I rejected PalladJMf againft the durablenefs of Perry j his
words are, Byeme durat,Jedprima acefcit ^Jiate, Tit.2').Febr, pofli-
bly lb of common Pears, and in hotter Countries j but from good
Cel/arslh&ve tided Si very brifk lively and tviny liquor of thefe
Borfe-pears during the end of Summer 5 And a Bosbury-pear I hav^
named and often tried, which without bottleing, in common Bogf
heads of vulgar and indifferent Cellars, proves as .well pieafanter
as richer the fecond year, and yet alfo better the third year. A
very honeft worthy and witty Gentleman of that neighbourhood
would engage to me that in good Cellars, and in careful cuftody, \%
paflcth any account of decay, and may be heightened to a kind of
j4qua-vit<e. I take the information worthy thejiile of our modern
improvements.

1 ne Pear-tree grows in common fields and WAdftony ground, to
the largenefs of bearing one, two, three or four Bogheads each
year.

45. TKisBosbury-tree, and fuch generally that bear the moft
lafting Liquor and veiny, is of fuch unfufferable tafte, thift hungry
Sveine will not J«/e^ to it ^ or i£ hunger tempt them to tafte, at
firft crufti they (hake it out of their mouths } ( I fay not this of the
Horfe-pear) and the Clowns call other Pears, of beft Liquor, Choakc
fears, and will offer money to fuch as dare adventure to tafte

them

^3 Aphorijms concerning Cider.

them, for then^ort 5 and then mouths will be morejiupified then
at the root of PVake-rohin.

46. A row of Crab-trees will give an improvement to any kind
of Perry ^ and fince Pears and Crabs may be of as inany kj»ds as
there are kernels^ or different kinds or mixtures oi foils j in a ge-
neral character I would prefer the largeft and fuUeft: of all auftcre
juices.

47. M. Lill of Marole (aged about 90 years) ever obferved this
Rule, to graffno vptld Pear-tree till he faw the fiuit ^ if it proved
large, juicy and brkli, it failed not of good Liquor. But I fee
caufe to (ay, that to graf a young tree with a riper graff, and
kpown excellency, is a ilire gain and haftens the return.

48. M. Sfeke (laft high sheriff oi Somerfetjhire) ihewed me in
his P<?r J^ (bme ftore oi Crab-trees, of fuch hugc^w/^, that in this
fertile year he offered a roager, that they would yield one or two
Hogjheads of Liquor • each of them , yet were they fmall dry
Crabs.

49. I have feen feveral forts of Crabs (which are the natural
Apple, or at worft but the Wild-apple) which are as large as many
forts of Apples, and the Liquor winy.

50. I have difclaimcd the Cuit oi "juniper-berries in Cider -.^ I
tried it only once for myjelf, and drank it before ChriB mas: pof-
fibly inrtnore time the rellilh had been fubdued or improved, as of
Hops \t\Jiale Beer, and of Rennet in good Parmafan. Neither was
the Cuji to iTie otherwife unpleafant then as Annije-Jeeds in Bread,
Tatherjirange then odious ; and by cuftom made grateful, and it
did haften the clarification, and increafe the brifknefs to an endlels
^arkiing : thus it indulgeth the Lungs, and nothing more cheap j
where Jumper grows a Girl may Ipcedily fill her lap with the
Berries.

\f Barbados G'mger be good, cheaper, and a morepleafant pre-
(erver of Beer, it muft probably be moft kind for Cider : For
firft, of all the improvers that I could name, bruifed MuSiard was
the beft , and this Ginger hath the fame quick, mordicant vigor, in
a more noble and more Aromatique fragrancy. Secondly, Cider
(as I oft complain) is of a fluggifh and fomewhat windy nature 5
and for fomc Moneths the beft of it is chain'd up with a cold liga-
ture, as we phancie the^re to be lock'd up in a cold Flint. This
will relieve the />rzp»er. And thirdly, will afiift the w/zry vigor
for them that would ufe it in ftead of a fparkling Wine. Fourthly,
'Tis a good fign of much kindnefs, and great friendfhip : it will
both enliven the ferment for fpeedier maturity, and alio hold it
out for more duration, both which offices it performs in Beer-

5 1 . Cider being windy before maturity , fome that muft not
wait the leifure of beft Seafon do put fprigs of Rofe-mary and
Bays in the Fejfel-j the firfi good for the head, and rtot unpleafant 5
the fecond , an Antidote againft Infections 5 but lefs pleafant till
time hath incorpor.ited the Tartcs.

52. And why may we not make mention of all thefe Mixtures,
as well as the Ancients of their Vinum Marrubii, Vinum Abrotonites^

Abfyntbites,

Aphorifms concerning Cider* 3^

Ahfynthites^ HyJ^opites, Marathites, Thymites, Cydotiites^ Myrtites^
Scillitcs^ Violaceum, So);bi, C^c.

.53. And, for mixtures^ I think we may challenge the Jftcients,
in naming the Red-rajpy ^ of which there is in this County a Lady
that makes a Bone/Id^ the beft of Summtr drinks. And more yet
if we name the Clova-july-florver , or other July-jlovpers, a moft
grateful! Ctfr<^/W, as it is infufed by a Lady in Staff'ordjhire, of the
Family of the Devereux's^ and by fomc 1,4^/ej of this Country.

54. I could alfo give (bme account of Cherry-vpine^ and Wine of
Tlums ^ their vaft ftore in fome places, under a/Jewy the pound, and
their expedite growth makes it cheap enough, and as in the other,
fo in thefe , the hrge EngliJJ} ox Dutch ibarp Cherry , and the full
black, tawny Plum, as big as a Walnut (not the kind of Heart-
cherries, nor the Plum which divides from the Jione) make the
fFine. Their dheapnefs (hould recommend them to more general
ufe at Tables, when dryed (an eafie art) and then wholefomer.

55. To return for Kei^^r^i^e ^ 'tis a good drink as foon as well
fermented, or within a fnoneth, better after fbme Frojis, and when
clarified ^ rich Winc^ when it takes the colour of old Sack. In a
good Cellar it improves in Hogjheads the (econd year •■, in Bottles
and fandy Cellars keeps the Records of late revolutions and old A£i-
joraltics. ^£re the manner of laying them up in fand-houjes.

56. I trictl fome Bottles all a Summer in the bottom of a
fountain \, and I prefer that way where it may be had. And 'tis
fomewhat ftrangeif theLandbe neither dry (ox a fand-houfe, nor
fountainous for this better expedient. When Cider is fetl'd, and al-
together, or almoft clarifi'd, then to make it jpriteful and voiny, it
fhould be drawn into well corked and well bound /"tf^^/e/, and kept
Ibme time injand or water ^ the longer the better, if the kind be
good. And Cider being prefcrv'd to due age, bottl'd and kept in
cool places, confervatories, and refrigerating Iprings) it does almoft
by time turn to Aqua-vit£ ^ the Bottles fmoak at the opening, and
itcatchesj/^wefpcedily, and will burn like j|'/r/^ of Wine, with a
fiery tafte ; and it is a laudable way of trying the vigour of Cider
by its promptncfs to bum, and take fire, and from the quantity of
jiqua-viix which it yields.

57. I inuft not prefcribe to other Palates, by aflerting how
good Cider may be made, or to compare it with Wines : But when
the late King (of bleflbd memory) came to Hereford in his diftrefs,
and fuchoftheOY/'/r^of Worcejierpire aswere brought thither as
Pri finer s t, both King, Nobility and Gentry, did prefer it before the
beft Wines thofe parts afforded ; and to my knowledge that Cider
had no kind of Mixture, Generally all the Gefitry of Hereford-
jhire do abhor all mixtures.

Yet if any man have a defire to try conclufions, and by an harm-
\ek Art to ccnveit C/V/er into rich Canary-ivine '^ let the Cider he
of tile former year, A/afiulinc and in full body, yet plcafant, and
well tafted of the Apple : into fiich Cider put a jj'oonful, or fo, of
the Jpirit of Clary, it will make the Liquor fo pcrtedtly to refemble
the very beft Canary , that few good and cxercis'd Palates \n\\ be
abletodiftinsuiih it. E SIR

DISCOURSE

O F

CIDER.

My Lord,

N obedience to the Csfttmands of this Honour abk
Society^ I have at length endeavoured to give
this brief Account of that little which I know
concerning the Ordering of Cider 5 and in that I
fhall propound to my felf j/x- things.

Firji, To (hew that Cider made of the beft
Eating-apples muik needs be tf«fe the beft ; (that
is to fay) the pleafanteft Cider.

Secondly, That hitherto the general opinion hath been other-
wife, and that the reafon of that miftake was the not apprehen-
ding the true caufe why the Pepin-cider, &c. did not retain its
fweetnefs, when the Hard- apple-cider did.

Thirdly, What is the true caufe that Pepin-cider, ufed in the or-
dinary method, will not retain its fweetnefs.
Fourthly, How to cure that evil in Pepin-cider.
Fiftly, A probable conjefture, how in fome degree by the (ame
Method to amend the Hard-apple-cider , and French-rvine,

Sixthly, That what is here propounded cannot chufe but be
wholfome, and may be done to what degree every mans Palate fhall

wifti.

Having now told your Lordpip, what I will endeavour to do
before I enter upon it , I muft declare what I will not ia the leaft
pretend to do.

I. I do not pretend to any thing concerning the /j/^w^?//^ and
graffing of Trees, C^c.

Nor what Trees will fooneft hear or laji longeft.

Nor whaty^r^i- of Trees are the beft bearers, and may with leaft
danger grow in Common fields.

Nor whatfirt oi fiuit will yield the greateft ftore oi Cider.

Nor what Cider will keep the longeft, and be the ftrongeft, and
wholefomeft to f/r/»A conltantly with meat.

The

Aphorifms concerni?tg Cider. 91

The only thing I (hall endeavour, being to prefcribe away to
make a fort of cider pleafant and quick of tafte, and yet whole-
fomcto drjnk.^ fbmetimes, and in a moderate proportion : For,
if this bean Herefie^ I muft confefs my felf guilty j that I prefer
Canary-wine^ Verdea^ the pleafanteft Wines of Greece, and the High-
cguntry-reines before the harjh sherries, Vin de Hermitage , and
the Italian and Fertngal rough Wines , or the beft Graves-wines 5
not at all regarding that I am told, and do believe, that thefe har^j
Wines are more comfortable to theJiomack_, and a Surfeit of them
lefe noxious, when taken } nor to be taken but with drinking great-
er quantities then can with fafety be taken of thofe other pleafent
Wines : I fatisfying my felf with this, that I Yiktlhc pleafant Wines
beft 5 which yet are lb wholefome that a man may drink a mode-
rate quantity of them without prejudice.

Nor (hall I at all concern my felf, whether this fort of Cider I
pretend to is fo vinous a liquor i and confequently will yield lb ,
much ^irit upon Dijiil/ation, or fo foon make the Country-man
think himfelf a Lord, as the Hard-apple-cider will do : nor whe-
ther it will laji fo long ■-, for it is no part of my defign to pcrfwade
the World to lay by the making of Hard-apple-cider J but rather in
a degree to Ihew how to improve that in point of pleafantnels,
and that by the making and rightly ordering of Cider of the beft
Eating-apples 'j as Golden-pepins, Kentijh-pepins , Pear-mains, <^c.
there may be made a more plealant liquor for the time it
will laft, then can be produced from thofe Apples which I call
Hard-apples , that is to fay , Red-Jirakes , Gennet-moyles , the
Broomsbury-crab, &c. which are fo harfh that a Hog will hardly
eat them.

Nor (hall I at all meddle with the making of Perry, or of any
mixed drink of the juyce of Apples and Pears ; though poffibly
what I (hall fay for Cider may be aptly applied to Perry alfo.

For the frji particular, I ajjerted that the beft Apples would
make the plcalanteft, which in my fence is the beft Cider , (and I
account thofe the be(V Apples, whofe juyce is the pleafanteft at the
time when (irftprefled, before fermentation) I (hall need (be(ides
the experience of the laft ten years) only to fay, that it is an unde-
niable thing in all Wines, that the pleafanteft Grapes make the
richeft and pleafanteft Wines 5 and that Cider is really but the
Wine of Apples, and not only made by the lame way of Comprejfi-^
on -^ but left to it felf hath the fame way of Fermentation 5 and
therefore muft be liable to the fame meafures in the choice of the
materials.

To my fecond Affertion , that this truth was not formerly
owned by reafon that in Hereford/hire, and thofe Countries where
they abound both with Pepins and hard-apples of all forts, they
made Cider of both forts, and ufed them alike ; that is, that as
foon as they ground'und prejjed the Apples undjirained the Liquor,
they put it into their Vefjels and there let it lye till it had wrought,
and afterwards was fetled again and fined ; as not thinking it
wholefome to drink till it had thus £as they call it) purg'd it felf,

£ 2 and

25 Jphoriffffs concerning Cider.

and this was the frequent ufe of moft men in the more Southern.
and IVelferit parts oi England alfo. Now when Cider is thus ufed,
it is no wonder that when they came to broach it, they for tlie
moft part found their Vepin-cider not fo pleafantas their MoyUat
Red-Jirake-cider -^ but to them itfeenieda wonder, becaufe they
did not know the reafon of it (which fliall be my next work to
make out) for till they knew the reafon of this efe£f, they had no
caufe but to think it was the nature of the feveral jippkt that
produced it '■, and confequently to prefer the Hard-appk-ci'
der, and to ufe the other Apples (which were good to eat ratp)
fortheTable : which was an ufe not lels neceflary, and for which
the hard-apples were totally improper.

To my third Aflertion, which is, that in HerefordJIme they knew
not what was the true caufe why their Tepin-Cider (for by that
name I fhall generally call all forts of Cider that is made of Apples
good to eat raw) was not, as they ufed it, fo good as the Cider
made o( hard-apples (for by that name, for brevities fake, I fliall
call the Cider oi Moyk^ Red-jirake, and all other forts of harjhAp'
pies, not fit to cat raw.) Firji, I fay, for all liquors that are Vinogs^
the caufe that makes them fometimes harder or left pleafant to the
tafte, then they were at the firft prefiing , is the too much^r-
menting : If Wine or Cider by any accidental caufe do ferment
twice it will be harder then if it had fermented but once \
and if it ferment thrice , it is harder and worfe then if it
had fermented but twice ; and Co onward, the oftner \t ferments
and the longer n ferments, it ftill grows the harder. This being
laid as a foundation , before we proceed further we muft firft con-
fider what is the caufe oi fermentation in Wine , Cider, and all
other Vinous Liquors. Which (in my poor opinion) is the grols
part of the Liquor, which fcapes in the ftraining of the Cider (for
in making of Wine, I do not find that they ufe the curiofity of
ftraining ) and which is generally known by the name of the
Lee of that (Wineot) Cider. And this Lee I (hall, according
to its thicknefs of parts, diftinguifh into the ^r^*/ Lee, and the fiy-
ing Lee.

Now, according to the old method of maJcing and putting up
of Cider , they took little care of putting up only the clear part of
the Cider into their Veflels or Caskj^ but put them up thick and
thin together, not at all regarding thisfeparation •■, for experimen-
tally they found that how thick foever they put it up, yet after it
had throughly wrought or fermented and was ferled again , it
would ftill be clear 5 and perchance that which was put up the
fooneft after it was prefled and the thickeft, would, wheo the fer-
mentation was over, be the cleareft, the brilkeft, and keep the
longeft. This made them confidently believe that it was not only
not inconvenient to put it up quickly after the prejjing, but in
fome degree neceflary alfo to put it up foon after the prejjing, fo
that it might have fo much of the Lee mixed with it, that it might
qcrtainly, foon, and ftrongly put it into ^fermentation, as the on-
ly means to make it Tpholfome^ clean and brisk,'-, and when it ei*
. ther

Aphoriffftf concerning Cider. 22

ther did not (or that they had reafbn to doubt) that it would not
work or ferment ftrongly enough, they have ufed to put in Mh*
fiard or lome other thing of like nature to increafe the fermen'
tation.

Now that which in Cider of Pefins hath been a caufe of greater
ferrhetitatmt then in Cider of hard-apples^ being both uied alter th«
former method, is this, that the Pepint being a foftcr fruit arc
in the Mil/ bruiled into (rnallcr ^^r^/c/e/ then the harder forts of
jlpples i, and confequently more of thofe fmali parts pafs the
(trainer in the Pepin-cidcr then in the Cider of hard-apples^ which
caufeth a (tronger fermentation , and (according to my former
principle) a greater lofs of the native fweetnefs then in that of
Hard-apple-cider -J and not only fo, but the Lee of the Hard-appk'-
cider being compounded of greater particles then the Lee of the
Pepin-cider^ every individual /^^rf/c/e is in it felfof a greater weight
then the particles of the Lee of the Pepin-cider 5 and confequently
lefs apt to rife upon fmall motions, which produccth this efFed 5
that when the fermentation of the Hard-apple-cider is once over,
unlcfs the Veflel be flirred, it feldom falls to a fecond ferment atif
on'^ but in re/)/«-«<^er it is otherwife : For if the gr^/? Lee be flill
remaining with the Cider ^ it needs not the motion of the VefTel
to caufe a new fermentation^ but every motion of the Air by a
change of jre^^Aer from dry to moift will cunfe anew fermentati'-
on, and ccxifequently make it Work till it hath deftroyed it felf by
lofing it's native fweetnefs. And this alone hath been the caufe,
why commonly when they broach their Pepin-cider they find it
fo unpleafant, that generally the Hard-apple-cider is preferred be-
fore it , although at firft it was not fo pleafant as the Pepin-cider.
Yet after this mifchief hath prevailed over the Pepin-cider, it is no
wonder to find the Hard-apple-cider remaining not onely the
ftronger, but even the more pleafant tafted. This to me feems
fatisfaftory for the difcovery of the caufi, why in Herefordjhire
the Hard-apple-cider is preferred before the Pepin-cider. But per-
haps it may by fome be obje&ed, that they have before the ten
years, in which you pretend you found this to be the caufe of fpoil-
ing the Pepin-cider, been in Herefordjhire, and tafted the befl Cider
that Country did afford 5 and yet it was not like the Pepin-cider
they had before then tafted in other parts. To this I do anfiner,
atprefent, briefly, that by fome miftake, or chance, the maker of
th\s Pepin-cider, which proved good, had done that, orfbmewhat
like that, which under the next Ajfertion I fhall fet down, as a
Method to cure the inconveniences which happen to Pepin-cider^
by the fuffering it to ferment too often, or too ftrongly 5 but till
that be explained it would be improper to fhew more fully what
thefe particular accidents might poflibly be, which (without the
intention of thofe perfons which made the Cider) caufed it to
prove much better then their expeftation, or indeed better then
any could afterwards make : they poflibly affigning the goodnefs
of that Cider to fomewht that was not really the canft of that
effea.

Aphorifms concerning Cider.

To juftifie my fourth Ajfertion^ and (hew a Method how to curt
the incoveniency which happens to Pepin-cider by the over work-
ing J I muft firft take notice oi fbme things which I have been of-
ten told concerning fF/«e, and which indeed gave me the Ught to
know what was the cauje which had made Pepin-cider that had
wrought long, hard when it came to be clear again. The thing I
mean, is, that in divers j?/<r^/, and even in France they make three
firts of fVine out of one and the fame Grapes 5 that is, they firft
take the juice of the Crapes without any more preffing then what
comes from their own weight in the Vat, and the bruifing they
have in putting into Vcflel, which caufeth the ripeft of thofe
Grrfpex to break, and the jrwite without any prefling at all makes
the pleafanteft and moft delicate IVine : And if the Grapes were
red, then is this firft IVine very pale. The fecond fort they pre(s
a little, which makes a redder Wine, but neither fo pleafant as the
firftj nor fo harfh as the laft, which is made by the utmoft pref-
fing of the very skjns of the Grapes, and is by much more harfti,
ana«f deeper colour then either of the other two. Now I pre-
fume the caufe of this (at leaft in part) to be, that in the firft fort of
Wine, which hath little of the fubftance, befidcthc very;«ife of
tht Grape, there is little Lee, and confequently \\tx\t fermentation'^
and becaufe it doth not work long, it lofeth but little of the ori-
ginal fweetnefs it had : The fecond fort being a little more prefted
hath fomewhat more of the fubftance of the Grape added to the
juice 5 and therefore having more of that part which caufeth fet'
mentation put with it, ferments more ftrongly, and is therefore,
when it hath done working lefs pleafant then the firft fort, which
wrought lefs. And for the fame reafon the third fort being moft
of all preffed, hath moft of the fubftance of the Grape mingled
with the iLz^wr, and worketh the longeft : but at the end of the
working when it fettles and is clear, it is much more harfti then
cither of the two firft forts. The thought of this made me firft
apprehend that thcfuhflance of the Apple mingled with the juice,
was the caufe oi fermentation, which is really nothing elfe but an
endeavour of the Liquor to free it felf from thofe Heterogeneous
parts which are mingled with it ; And where there is the greateft
proportion of thofe dijjimilar parts mingled with the Liquor, the
endeavour of Nature muft be the ftronger, and take up more
time to perfedt the feparation : which when finiftied leaves all
the Liquor clear, and the grofs parts fetled to the bottom of the
Vejfel ; which we call the Lee. Nor did this apprehenfion deceive
me i for when I began (according to the Method which I ftiall
hereafter fet down) to fcparate a confiderable part of the Lee from
the Cider before it had fermented, I found it to retain a very great
part of its original fweetnefs, more then it would have done if the
Lee had not been taken away before thefermentation 3 and this
•not once, but conftantly ioxfeven years.

Now the Method which I ufed, was this : When the Cider was
firft ftrained, I put it into a great F^^, and there let it ftand twen-
tyfour hours at leaft (fbmetimes more, if the Apples were more ripe

then

Aphorifms concerning Cider. 2?j

then ordinary) and then at a tap before prepared in the Vejjel three
or four inches from the bottonn I drew it into pails^ and from
thence filled the Hogfiead (or lefler Ve/fel) and left the grcateft -
part of the Lee behind ^ and during this time that the Cz^er ftood
in they at, I kept it as clofe covered with hair-clothes ox facks as
I could 5 that fo too much of the Jpirits might not Evaporate.

Now poffibly I might be alked why I did not, iince I kept it
fo clofe in the Vat, put it at firft into the Fe/fel ."? To which I anfwer,
that had I put it at firft into the VeJJel, it would poflibly (efpecially
if the vpeather had chanced to prove wet and warm) have begun to
ferment before that time had been expired , and then there
would have been no poffibility to have feparated any part of the
grofLee, before thefermentatton had been wholly finiftied ; which
keeping it only covered with thele clothes was not in danger ;
For, though I kept it warm in fbme degree, yet fome of the jpi-
rits had ftill liberty to evaporate ; which had it been in the Hogf-
head with th° Bung only open, they would not fo freely have
done 3 but in the firft lOf hours it would have begun to /erwe»f,
and lb my defign had been fully loft : For thoCe Jpirits if they had
been too ftrongly reverberated into the Liquor, would have caufed
a fermentation before I could have taken away any part of the
gro^ Lee. For the great myjiery of the whole thing lyes in this,
to let fo many of the jptrits evaporate, that the liquor (hall not
fermentbe€orethegroj^ Leebe taken away 5 andyetto keepj^'/r/^/
enough tocaufe a fermentation when you would have it. For if
you put it up as foon as it is jirained, and do not let fome of the
jpirits evaporate, and the groJ^Lee by its weight only to be fepara-
ted without fermentation, it will ferment too much and lofe its
fweetnefs , and if none be left, it will not ferment at allj and then
the Cider will be dead, fiat and fowre.

Then after it is put into the yejfel, and the Fejfel fill'd all but a
little (that is,about a Gallon or thereabout) I let it ftand (the Bung^
Afl/e being left only covered with a/^-st/jer, to keep out any duft or
filth that might fall in) for 24 A<?«r/ more 5 in which time the ^r^
ye/^ part of the lee being formerly left in the Vat, it will not fer-
ment, but you may draw it off by a Tap fome two or three inches
from the bottom of the Vefjel, and in that fecond Vefjel you may
ftop it up, and let it ftand fafely till it be fit to Bottle ^ and poffi-
bly that will be within a day or more : but of this time there is no
certain meafure to be given ; there being fo many things that will
make it longer, or lefs while before it be fit to bottle. As for Ex-
ample, If the Apples were over-ripe when you ftamped them, or
ground them in the Mill, it will be the longer before it will be
clear enough to Bottle 5 or if the reeather\^xoye to be warmer or
moiftcr then ordinary : or that your -^p/?/ex were of fuch kinds, as
with the fame force in the ftamping or grinding they are broken in-
to fmallerp^r^/V/e/ then other Apples \X\zt were of harder kinds.

Now, for knowing when it is fit to Bottle, I know no certain
Kule that can be given, but to Woacht!ne Vefjel with a fmall fiercer,
and in that hole fit a peg, and now and then ("two or time* in a

day)

25 Aphorrfms concerning Cider.

day J draw a little, and fee what finenefs it is of 5 for when it is
bottled it muft not be pcrfedly fifte •-, for if it be fo, it will not fret
in the hottle, which gives it a fine quickncfs, and will inakc it
mantle and fparkle in the gUfi when you pour it out : And if it
be too thick when it is bottled^ then, when it hath ftood fome time
in the bottles it will ferment fo much that it may poffibly eitbec
drive out the corks^ or break the bottles^ or at leaft be of that fort
(which fome call Potgun-drink) that when you open the bottks it
will fly about the houfe, and be fo windy and cnttitrg that it will be
inconvenient to drink : For the right temper oi Bottle-Cider is, that
it mantle a little and jparklc when it is put out into the glaf-^ but if
\t froth Audfl)/ it was bottled too (oon : Now the *c«/p£T of theCi-
der is fo nice, that it is very hard when you bottle it to foretell
which of thefe two conditions it will have : but it is very cafie
within a few days after (that is to fay, about a wee^ » or-ib) to find
its temper as to this point. For firft, if it be bottled too foon 5 by
this time it will begm to frrment m the Bottles^ and in that cafe
you muft open the Bottles, and let them ftand open two or three
minutes , that that abundance of jpirits may have yejtt , which
otherwife kept in would in a (hort time make it of that j^r^ I cal-
led before rot-guM-dri»k.j but being let out, that danger will be
avoided, and the C/^cr (without danger of breaking the bottles)
wi\l/{eep :ind frrmenty but not too much. Now this is focaltea
remedy, that I would advile all men rather to erre on th^aixl of
bottling it too foon, then ^gf it b^too//?e vi^hen they'/'<?f/^/e it ^ for
if fo, it will notfiet in the bottle at ail , and, confequently, want
that bi!;isk,nef which is defireable.

Yet even in this cafe there is a Remedy , but fuch a one as I am
always very careful to avoid, that fo I may have nothing (how lit-
tle focv^r) in the Cider but the juice of the Jpple : But the reme-
dy is, in cafo you be put to a neceffity to ufe it, that you open
every bottle after it hath been bottled about a week or fo, and put
into each /'tf/^;/e a little piece of white Sugar, about the bignefsof a
Nutmeg, and this will fet it into a little frrmentatioa, and give it
that brkkneji which otherwife it would have wanted. But the
other way being full as eafie, and then nothing to be added but
the juice of the Apple to be firaply the fubftance of yonx Cider ^ I
chufe to prefer the errour of being in danger to bottle the Cider
too foon, rather ^han too late: Nayfometimes in the bottling oi
one and the fa^e Hogfjead (or other Vejjel) oi Cider, there may the
firft part of it be too/wt' 5 thefecond partweZf'^ .and thelaft not
/^e enough : and this happens when it \s broached firft above the
middle, zi\d then below ^ and then when it begins to run low, tilted
or raifed at the further end, and fo all drawn out. But to avoid
this inconvenience, I commonly fet the bottles in the order they
were filled, and fo we need not open all to fee the condition of
the Cider ; Imt trying one at each end, and one in tlie mid-
dle, will llrvc thv turn ; And to prevent tiie inconvenien-
cy,, broach not at all above the middle, nor too low ^ and when
ypu have drawn all that will run at the Tap , you may be

fociue

Aphorifms concerning Cider. 27

(ecure it is fo far of the fame temper with the firfl: boHle. And
then tilt the Vejjelj but draw no more in three or four hours at
thelcafi: after, and fet them by themfelves, that fo, if you pleafe,
you may three or four days after pour them off into other bottles^
and leave thegroji behind : And by this means though you have a
lefs number of bottles of Cider then you had , yet this will conti-
nue good, and neither be apt to ^, nor have a ye^/«/e»/ in the
bottle, which after the firft^/<?/ is filled will render all the reft of
the bottle thick and muddy.

By all this which I have faid, T think it may be made out that
thofe perfbns which I mentioned in the end of the laft Parrdgraph,
that Ibmetimes had Pepin-cidcr better then ordinary, and indeed
then they could make again, were beholding to chance for it , ei-
ther that their Jpples were not fo full ripe at that as at other
times, and fo not bruifed into fo fmall parts --, but the fermentation
was ended in the ^ej/el, and the Lee being then groj^ fetled before
the Cider hadfermented Co long as to be hard .

Orelfe, byfome Accident they had not put itfb foon into the
Vejjel, but that in part it was fetled before they put it up, and the
grofleft part of the Lee left out of the Vejjel.

Or elfe, the Bnng being left open fome part of the j^irits evapo-
rated ; and that made the fermentation the weaker, and to laft
the lefs time.

Or elfc, they put it up in fufili afeafon that the weather conti*
nued cold and fiojiy till the fermentation was quite over s, and
then it having wrought the lefs time, and with the lefs violence,
it remained more pleafant and rich then otherwife it would
have done.

Now for the /7«/e of making Pepin-cider, I chufe to do it in the
beginning of November, after the Apples had been gathered and
laid about three weeks or more in the loft, that fb the Applet
might have had a little time to frveat in the houfe before the Cider
was made , but not too much ^ for if they be not full ripe before
they he gathered, and not fuffered to lye a while in the heap, the
Cider will not be fo pleafant; and if they be too ripe when they
zte gathered, or lye too long in the ibe^j? , it will be very difficult
to feparate the Cider from the gro^'^ Lee before the fermentation be-
gins : and in that cafe it will work fo long that when it fines the
Cider will be hard x, for when the Apples are too mellovo , they
break into fo CmdWparticks, that it will be long before the Lee fet-
tles by xt^voeight only: and then iS\e fermentation xn-x^ begin be-
fore it befeparated, and fodeftroy your intention of taking away
the grof Lee. And if the Apples be not mel/orv enough, theCider
will not be fo pleafant as it ought to be.

This being faid for the time of making the Pepin-cider , may
(mutatis mutandis) ferve for all other forts of Summer-fruit i, as
the Kentjfi-codling, Marigolds, Gilly-fowers, Summer-pearmains,
Summer-pepins , HoUand-pepins, Golden-pepins, and even fVinter-
pearmains. For though they muft not bemadeatthe (ixmetime
of the^e^r , yet they mufl be made at the time when each rc-

F fpedive

.«^■

58 Afhorifms concerning Cider.

fpe^ive^«/' is in the fame condition that I before direfted that the
Wittter-fepn fhould be. Nay, even in the making of that Cider^
you are not tied to that time of the year to make your Cider:,
but as the condition of that particular year hath been, you may-
make your Cider one , two, three or four weeks later ; but it
will be very feldom that you (hall need to begin to make Kentifb-
pepin-cider before the beginning of November, even in the moft
Southern parts of England.

The next thing I fhall mention, is, the ordering of your bottles
after they arc fil/ed ^ for in that confifts no fmall part of caufing
your Cider to be in a juft condition to drink.: For, if it does fer-
ment too much in the bottle, it will not be fo convenient to drinkjy
neither for the tafte, nor whoKomnefs ; and if it ferment not at
all, itwillwantthat little ^e* which makes it ^r4/ef«/ to moft Pa-
lates. In order to this, you muft obferve, firft, whether the Cider
were ^<?«/e<^ too early, or too late, or in the juft time : If too ear-
ly, and that it hath too much of the fiying Lee in it, then you muft
keep it as cool as you can, that it may not work too much, and if
fo little that you doubt it will not work at all, or too little , you
muft by keeping it from the inconvenience of the external air,
endeavour to haften and increafe the fermentation. And this I do,
by fetting it in find to cool, and by covering the bottles very
well with Jirarv, when I would haften or increafe the fermen-
tation.

And if I find the Cider to have been bottled in its juft time, then I
ufe neither, in ordinary weather ^ but content my felf that it ftands
in a clofe and coole Cellar , either upon the ground , or upon
jhelves'j faving in the time that I apprehend jr^j/if, I cover it with
fir aw, which 1 take ofFas foon as the weather changeth j and confe-
quently about the time that the cold Ea^ winds ceafe ^ which ufu-
ally, with us, is in the beginning oi April -^ Ifet my bottles into fond
up to the necks. And by this means I have kept Pepin-cider with-
out change till September , and might have kept it longer, if my
ftore had been greater ; For by that time the /!e4^j- were totally
over, and confequently, the caufeo£ the turn of Cider.

Having now declared what is (according to my opinion) to be
done to preferve Cider, if not in it's original fweetnefs, yet to let
it lofe as little as is poUible , I ftiall now fall upon my fifth jifirti-
on, which is, that it is probable that fbmewhat like the former
Method may in fome degree mend Hard-apple-cider, Perry, or a
drink made of the mixtures of Apples and Pears'^ and not impof-
fible that fcmewhat of the fame nature may do good to French-
wines alfo.

Firft, for French-wines, I think what I have in the beginning
of this difcourfe declared, as the hint which firft put me upon the
conf eit, that the over-fermenting of Cider was the caufe that it
loft of its original fweetnefs (vtz. the making of three forts of
fVine, of one (ort of Grapes) is a teftimony that the firft fort of
tfine hath but liulcof the^r^/JLee, and confequently, /er/«e»/^
but little, nor loleth but little of the original fweetnefs 5 which

•.] . makes

Aphorifms concerning Cider. 39

makes it evident that the fame thing will hold in Wine which
doth in Cider •-, but the great difficulty is (if I be rightly infor-
med) that they ufe to let the fVine begin to ferment in the Vat be-
fore they put it fnto the Hogpeads or other Fejfels ; and thus they
do, that the Husks and other Filth (which in the way they ufe, muft
neceOarily be mingled with the Wine) may rife in a skum at the
top, and ^o be taken off : Now if they pleafe, as fbon as it is
preffedy to pafs the Wine through ajirainer , without expefting
any fuch purgation, and then ufe the fame Method formerly pre-
fcribed for Cider, I do not doubt but the grofs part of the Lee of
Wines, being thus taken away, there will yet be enough left to
give it zfermentation in the bottles, or fecond vejfel, where it fhall
be left to ftand, in cafe you have not bottles enough to put up ^\
the Wine from which you have thus taken away the gro^ Lee.

This Wine I know not whether it will laft fb long as the other
ufed in^the ordinary way, or not 5 but this I confidently believe,
it will not be fb harfh as the fame would have been if it had been
ufed in the ordinary way ; and the pleafantnefs of Tafle, which is
not unwholfbme, is the chief thing which I prefer both in Wine
and Cider.

Now for the Hard-apple-cider, that it will receive an improve-
ment by this way of ordering, hath been long my opinion 5 but
this year an accident happened, which made it evident that I was
not mifl:aken in this conjedlrure. For there was a Gentleman of
Herefordfhire, this lafl Autumn, that by accident had not provided
C««yi^enough for the Cider he had made 5 and having fix or feven
Hogjheads o£ Cider for which he had no Casl^, hefentto Worce-
Jier, Glocejier, and even to Brifiol, to buy fome, but all in vain 3
and when his fervants returned the Cider that wanted Cask^ had
been fbme five days in the Vat uncovered 5 and the Gentleman he-
ing then difpatching a ^^r^ae for London whh Cider, and having
neer hand a conveniency of getting Gla^-hottles, refblved to put
fbme of it into bottles 5 did fo, and filled feven or eight Hampert
with the clearefl of this Cider in the Vat, which had then never
wrought,nor been put into any other Vejfel but the Vat , the Barque
in which his Cider came had a tedious pafTage ■, that is, it was at
leafl feven weeks before it came to London, and in that time moft
of his Cider in Cask, had wrought fb much that it was much har-
der then it would have been if it had according to the ordinary
way lain ftill in the Country, in the place where it was firft made
and put up, and confequently, wrought but once.

But the other, which was in Bottles, and efcaped the breaking,
that is,by accident,had lefs of the Lee in it then other bottles had,or
was not fo hard flopped, but either before there was force enough
■ from t\\Q fermentation to break the bottle , or that the Cork gave
way a little, and fothe ^ir got out 5 or that the bottles weue not
originally well corked , was excellent good, beyond any Cider
that I had tafled out o£ Herefordfiire -^ fo that from thh Experi-
ence I dare confidently fay, that the ufing Hard-apple-cider after
the former Method, prefcribed for Pepin-cider, will make it re-

F 2 tain

4o A^horifms concerning Cider.

tain a confiderable part of fweetnefs more then it can do after the
Method uCed hitherto in Herefordfhire. Nor do I doubt but my
Method will in a degree have the fame efFedt in Terry^ and the
drink (as yet without a name that I do know of) which is made
ofthe juice of fVardens, Pears and Jpples^ by feveral perfons, in
feveral proportions ^ for the Reafon being the fame, I have no
caufetodoubtj but the e^e^ will follow, as well in thole Dnwi^x,
as in Cider and Wines:

I am now come to my lafl: Ajfertion ; that Cider thus ufed can-
not be HMn>holfome, but may be done to what degree any mans
ralate defires.

t'irji, it cannot be unwholfome^ upon the fame meafiire that
Jiummed Wine is fo ^ for that unwholfomenefs is by leaving the
caufe of fermentation in the Wine^ and not fufFering it to produce
its effe^ before the Wine be drank, and h ferments in mans body :
and not only fo, but fets other A««/<?«r/ in the body mto fermenta-
tion ^ and this pre)udiccth their health that drink fuch Wines.

Now though Cider ufed in my method fhould not ferment at all,
till it come into the hottle , and then but a little 5 yet the caufe of
fermentation being in a great degree taken away, the reft can do
no confiderable harm to thofe which drink it, being in it felf but
little, and having wrought in the bottle before men drink it ; nor
indeed do I think, nor ever find, that it did any inconvenience to
my felf, or any perfon that drank it when it was thus ufed.

Secondly y becaufe the difference of mens palate sand conjiituti-
ons is very great 5 and that accordingly men like or diflike drink
that hath more or lefs of the^e* in it 5 and that the confequences
in point of health are very different, in the method by me former-
ly prefcribed : it is in your power to give the Cider juft as much
ftet as you pleafe, and no more j and that by feverall ways : for
cither you may bottle it fboner or later, as you pleafe ; or you
may bottle it from two taps in your Veffel^ and that from the high-
er Tap will have lefs^e^, and the lower inore : or you may bottle
your Cider all from one Tap^ and open ft)me of the bottles about a
week after for a few minutes^ and then ftop them up again 5 and
that which was thus ftop'd will have the \eCsfiet : or, if your Ci-
der be bottled all from one Tap^ if you will (even without opening
the bottles) you may make fome difference, though not fb confi-
derable as either of the former ways, by keeping part of the /"Of-
tles warmer, for the firft two moneths, then the reft 5 for that -
which is kept warmeft will have the moft fiet.

OBSEH-

Sir TAVL ^£ I L FS fecond Paper.

Mj Lord,

)He Paper which by the Command of the Rojial Society
I delivered in the laft year, concerning the order-
ing of Cider, I have by this years experience found
defedivein one particular, of which I think fit by
this to give you notice, which is thus : Whereas in
the former Paper I mention, that after the Fepn-cider hath ftood
24 hours in the Vat, it might be drawn off into pailes, and (o
put into the Veflel 5 and that having flood a fecond 24 hours in
that Veflel, it might be drawn into another Veflel, in which it
might ftand till it were fit to Bottle ; for the particulars of all
which proceeding I refer to the former Paper 5 and fhall now on-
ly mention. That this laft year we were fain to draw it off into
feveral Vefiels, not only as is there direfted, twice, butmoflof
onv Cider five, and Comejix times ; and not only fo, but we were
after all this fain to precipitate the Lee by fbme of thofe ways
mentioned by D' fVil/fs in the 7th Chap, of his Treatife De fer-
mentatione. Now though this be more of trouble then the Me-
thod by me formerly mentioned 5 yet it doth not in the leafl de-
flroy that Hypothecs which in the former Difcourfe I laid down^
( viz. ) That it was the leaving too much of the Lee with the
Cider, whichupon the change of air, fet it into anew /erzwe»*^-
tion, and confequently made it lofe the fweetnefs ^ for this change
by the indifpolition of the Lee to fettle this year more theri
others, hath not hindred the goodnefs of the Cider 5 but that
when it was at laft maftered, and the C/^/er bottled in a fit temper^
it was never more pleafant and quick then this year : but I find
that this year our Cider of Summer-Apples is already turned
Ibwre, athoughit be now but the firft of January^ and the lafl
year it kept very well till the beginning of March j which makes
me fear that our Pepin-cider will not Keep till this time twelve
moneth, as our Pepin-cider of the laft year doth till this day, and
ftill retains its original pleafantnefs without the leaft turn towards
fowrenefs.

And I am very confident, the difference of time and trouble,
which this year we found in getting the Cider to fine and be in a
condition to Bottle, was only the effcft of a very bad and wet
Summer, which made the Fruit not ripen kindly j and to make
it yet worfe, we had juft at the time when we made our Cider,
this year, extream wet and windy weather, which (added to the
unkindlinefs of the Fruit) was the whole caufe of this alteration :
And however my Hypothefu as yet remains firm, for if by taking
any part of the Lee from the Cider you can preferve it in its
original fweetnefs, it is not at all material whether it be always to
be done by twice drawing off from the Lee, or that it muft fome-

times

times be done with more trouble , and by oftener repeating
the fame Work i fo that finally it be done , and by the fame
means, that is, by taking away part of the lee, which other-
wife would have caufed too much fermentatjo/t 5 and cpnfequent-
ly have made the Cider Icfe part of its original fweetnefs.

My Lord, I fhould not have prtfumed to have given you and
the ^<?f7e/;' the trouble of p. rufing this Paper, but that, if poffi-
ble, I would have you fee, that what I think an errour in any
opinion that I have held, I am willing to own j and yet I de-
fire not that you (hould think my miftake greater then in
Reality it is.

4«

OBSERVATIONS

Concerning the

Making and Pref(

'§

erving

CIDER:

B Y

JOH^^BJVBV^gH Efq;

IF the Apfles are made up immediately from the
Tree, they are obferved to yield more, but not
fo good Cider ^zs if hoarded the fpace of a month
or fix weeks ^ and if they contract any unplea-
fing tafte ("as fometim^S 'tis confefs'd they do) it
may be imputed to the Room they lye in^which,
if it hath any thing in it either of too fweet or
unfavoury fmell, the v^;>/>/ei- ("as things moft fufceptible of impref-
fion^will beeafily tainted thereby.

Firfl^ therefore, Tis obferved by prudent Fruiterers to lay their
Apples upon clean mere made Reeds ^ till they grind them for Cider,
or otherwife make ufe of them : And if, notwithftanding this cau-
tion, they contraft any rottennefs before they come to the Cider-^
prefs, the dammage will not be great, if care be had ere the Apples
begrownd to pick out the finowed and the black-rotten^ the reft,
though fomewhat of putrefadticn hath put them into a periihing
condition, will not render the Cider ill conditioned, either in re-
ipeft of tafte or duration.

Secondly, If the Apples be abortive, having been (as it ufually
happens) Ibaken down before the time by a violent wind, it is ob-
ferved to be fo indifpenfably neceflary that they lye together in
hoard, at leaft till the ufual time of their maturity, that the Ci-
der otherwife is feldome or never found worth the drinking.

Thtrdljfy It matters not much whether the Cider be forc'd to
purge it felf by working downward in the Barrel, or upwards at
the ufual vent, fo there be matter fufficient left, on the top for a

thick

^2 Aphortfms concerning Cider.

thick skin or ///«,which will fometimes be drawn over it, as well
when it works after the vulgar manner, as when 'tis prefently
ftop'd up, with rpaceleft for fermentation, to bejperformed alto-
- gether within the Vcfl'el.

Fourthly^ No Liquor is obferved to be more eafily affeded with
the favour of the Vcflel then Cider 5 therefore Angular care is
taken by difcreet Cider-Mafiers^ that the Veflel be not only tafte-
lefi, but alfb well prepared fot the Liquor they intend to fill it
with, If it be a new Cask^^ they prepare it by fcalding it with
IVater, wherdm a good quantity of Jpple-fomice hath been boyl-
ed ; If a tainted Casl{_, they have divers ways of cleanling it : Some
boyl an ounce of Pepper in fo much Water as will fill an Hogfhead,
which they let ftand in a VefTel of that capacity two or three days 5
then wafh it with a convenient quantity oifrejh water ^ fcalding
hot, which (they fay) is an undoubted cure for the mofl dange-
rbufly infedted VefTel.

Fjfthljf, Others have a more eafie, and perhaps lefs effeftual re-
medy. They take two or three flones of qnicli^ lime^ which with
fix or feven Gallons of Water they fet on work in the Hogpeadsy
being clofe flop'd, and tumbling it up and down till the commo-
tion ceafe, it doth the feat. Of Vef fels that have been formerly
ufed, next to that which hath been already acquainted with Ci-
der ^ a white-wine or Vinegar Cas({, is efteemed the beft , Claret or
Sat\ not fo good. A Barrel to which fmall Beer hath been ten-
nant fuits better with Cider then a ftrong Beer VefTel.

Half a peck of ^un-ground Wheat put to Cider that is harfh and
eager will renew its fermentation, and render it more mild and
gentle : Sometimes it happens, without the ufe of any fuch means,
to change with the Seafbn, and becomes of Iharp and four, un-
expeftedly benign and plcafant.

Sixthly^ Two or three eggs put into an Hogpead of Cider that is
become fharp, and near of kin to Vinegar^ fometimes rarely lenc-
fies and gentilizes it.

One pound of broad figgs (\}t is fufficient to dulcifiean Hogfiead
of fuch Cider. A little quantity of- Mujiard will clear an Hog^oead
of muddy Cider. The fame virtue is afcribed to two or three rot-
ten Apples put into it.

The latter running of the Cider ^ bottled immediately from the
wring, is by fome efieemed for a pure, clear, fmall, well-relifh'd
Liquor 5 but fo much undervalued by them who defire fi:rong
drinks more then wholefom, that they will not fuffer it to incor-
porate with the firfl running.

Seventhly^ Cider is found to ferment much better in mild and
moifl: then in cold and dry weather ; every ones experience hath
taught him fo much in the late frofty feafon 5 if it had not wrought
before, it was in vain to exped its working or clearing then, un-
lefs by fome of the artificial means prae-mentioned, which alfb
could not be made ufe of in a more unfcafonable time.

The beft C/,^er-fruit with us in this part of Dorfet-Jhire (lying
necr to Bridport") next to Pepin and Pear main, is a hitter-Jwtiet, or,

Aphorifnis concerning Cider. 43

as wc vulgarly call them bitter'' feak^ of which for the firft years
Cider A'ery good is made unboyld, for two years keeping 5 being
boy led about an Hogfiead to half, it's exceedingly ftrong, but not
fo pleafant.

Eighthly, We have few Apples, befides this, that yield good Ci-
<5^er alone; the next to it is ^ Deans Jppkj and the Tleafantinel
think may be mentioned in the third place 5 neither of which need
the addition of other ^pp/cxto fet offtherellifh, as do the reft of
our choiceft fruits 5 Pepins, Pear mains and Gilly-jiovpers commixt
arc faid to make the beft Cider in the world. In Jerfey 'tis a gene-
ral obfer vat ion, that the more of re^ any Apple hath in his r/W,
the more appropriate to this ufe ; pale-fac'd Apples they exclude
as much may be from their Cider Vat. With us 'tis an obfervati-
on, that no {wcet Apple that hatha tough rindh bad for Ciders.

Mujtard made Wnh fack^ preferves boiled Cider, and fpiritsit
epregioufly : If you boil Cider efpecial care muft be had to put
it into the furnace immediately from the wring ; otherwife, if it
be let ftand in Vats, or veflels, two or three days after the pref-
fure, the beft and mod jpirituous part will afcend and fly away
in the vapours when fire is put under it 5 and the loQger your boi-
ling continues, the lefs of goodncfs, or vertue, will be left remain-
ing in the Cider.

1. One oi^ mine Acquaintance, when z child, hoarding ^/'/»/ej- in
a box where Roje-cakes, and other fweet wares were, their Com-
panions found them of fo un(avory tafte, and of fo rank a rellifti
derived from that perfumed gear which laytooneer, that even a
childifti /»4iWe(that feldom didikes any thing that looks like an
Apple) could uQt difpenfe with it.

2. A Friend of mine having made provifion [of y^/ip/ie/ for Ci-
der, whereof fo great a part of them were found rotten when the
time of grinding them came, that they did as 'twere wafti the
room with their juice, through which they were carried to the
wring , had Cider fi:om them not only paflable, but exceeding
good j but not without previous ufe of the prementioned cauti-
on i I am alfo affured by a Neighbour of mine, that a Brother of his,
who is a great Cider Merchant in Devonjhire, is by frequent experi-
ence fo well fatisficd with the harmlefsnefs of rotten Apples, that
he makes no fcruple of exchanging with any one that comes to his
Cider-pref, a Bulliel o( found-apples for the fame meafure of the
other. Herein 1 fuppofe (if in other refpefts they are not preju-
dicial) he m.ay be a gainer by the neer comprejjion of the tainted
Fruit -^ which, as we (peak in our Country Phrafe, willgoneerer
together then the other: His advantage may be the greater, if
the conceit which goes currant with them, be not a bottomlefs fan-
cy i that a convenient quantity of rotten Apples mixt with the
found is gre.ulyaffiftant to the work of /erAwe»^<<^zo», andnota*
bly helps to clarifie the Cider.

^. A Ne;^/j^(?«r told me, that making a quantity of C/V/erwith
wind-falls, which he let ripen in the /(tfar*^, neer a moneth inter-
ceding; the time of their decuflion, and that which nature inten-
^ ded

A A Aphorijms concerning CiJer.

dcd for their maturity 5 his Cider proved very good, when all his
hleighbours {who made up their untimely fruit) as foonas it fell,
had a crude, auftere undigefted liq»or, not worth the name of

Cider.

4, The thick skin, or leathern-coat, the Cider oftentimes con-
tracts as well after it hath purged it felf after the ufual manner, as
otherwife, is the fureft prefervative of its fpirits, and the beft fe-
curity againfl: other inconveniences incident to this and other
like vinous liquors, of which the DevonJIjire Cider Merchant f arc
Co fenfiblc, that befides the care they take, that matters be not
wanting for the Contexture of this upper garment by ftopping up
the veflel as foon as they have filled it (ippith the allowance of a
Gallon or two upon the (core o(fermentation)they caft in Wheateit-
hran, or duft, to thicken the coat, and render it more certainly air
proof. And I think you will believe their care herein not imperti-
nentjlf you can believe a ftory which I have to tell you of its won^
drous efficacy : A neer Neighbour of mine affures me,that his Wife ha-
ving this year filled a barrel withil/e<?<:/, which being fomwhat ftrong
wrought fomwhat boifterouily in the veflel, that the good-woman
carting her eye that way accidentally, found it leaking at every
chink,which afcribing to the ftrength of the liquor ^Vat thought im-
mediately by giving it vent to fave both the liquor and the vejfel-^xst
in vain, both the floppies being pulled out the leakage ftill con-
tinued, and the veflel not at all relieved ; till cafually, at length
putting in her finger at the top, ftie brake the prementioned/Zw^
which done, a good part of the Mead immediately flying out, left
the refidue in peace, and the leakage ceafed. It may feem in-
credible that lb thin a skin ftiould be more coercive to a mutinous
liquor then a Barrel with Oak§n ribs, and flrubborn hoops. But I
am fo well aflured of the veritablnefs of my neighbours relation,
that I dare not queftion it. The reafon of it let wife men de-
termine.

5. A Friend^ and "Neighbour of mine, herewith cured a veflel
of fo cxtream ill favour as it was thought it would little lefe thea
fojjon any liquor that was put into it.

6. A Ne/^A/'f?/*?" of my acquaintance aflured me, upon his credit,
that coming into a Parfonage honk mDevonJfnre^ where he found
eleven Hogfieads of Cider, being unwilling to fell what he ne're
bought , he was three years in fpending that fl:ore which the for-
mer Incumbent had laid in for him : and it greatly amazed him (as
well it might , if he remembred the old Proverb, He mends as
jvrorc Ale in Summer) to find the fame Cider which in Winter was al-

moft as fliarpe as Vinegar, in the Summer become potable, and good
natured liquor.

7. In Devonpire, where their wrings are (b hugely great tliat
an Hogfiead or two runs out commonly before the y^fpp/ei'luffer any
confiderable preflurc , they value this much what before the
other, after the rate which we fet upon life-honey (that which after
the fame manner drops fweetly out of the Comb\) above that
which renders not it felf without comprejfion. In Jerfcy they

value

Aphorifms concerning Cider. A«

value it at a crown upon an Hog/head dezrcr then the other. (This
I take from the relation of one of my Neighhours which fome-
times lived ill that i/7<^»(^3which (for Jpples^znd Cider') is one of the
moft famous of all belonging to his Majefties Dominions ) yet
even upon this, and their choiceft Cz^erx, they commonly beftow
a pail oivpdter to every Hogjhead^ being fo far (it feems) ofPindars
mind, that they fear not any prejudice to their moft excellent //-
q»ors by a dafh of that moft excellent Element. Infomuch that
it goes for a common faying among them, that if any Cider can be
found in their 7/?^»^ which can be prov'd to have no mixture of
Tpdter, 'tis clearly forfeited. It feems they are ftrongly conceited
that this addition of the moft ufeful Element doth greatly melio^
rate their Cider, both in refpeft of colour, tajie, and clarity.

8. About feven years fince I gave my felf the experience of bit-
ter fcale-cider, both crude, and boiled ; I call'd them both to an
account at twelve moneths end ; I then found the crude Cider feem-
inglyas good, if not better then the boiled ; But having ftop'd
up the boiled, I took it to task again about ten moneths after ; at
which time I found it fo exceflively ftrong , that five perfons
would fcarcely venture upon an ordinary glafsfuU of it. My
Friends would hardly believe but I had heightened it with fome of
xny Jpirits : the truth is, I do not remember that I ever drunk
any liquor, on this f\de jpirits, fo highly ftrong and fpirituous : But
wanting plcafantnefs anfwerable to its ftrength, I was not very
fond of my experiment.

9. A Neighbour hsivinga goodprovent of Fttrelings (pm ^pple of '
choice account with us) making up a good part of them to Cider,
cxpeftedrare//</»(7r^ but it proved very mean and pitiful Cider,
as generally we find that to be which is made without mixture.

10. My Dijiil/ations fufficiently inftruft me, that the fame /z-
^ffor which (after fermentation hath paft upon it) yields a plenti-
ful quantity of j|>/r/^, drawn off unfermented yields nothing at
all o£ jpirit. And upon the fame, it is undoubtedly certain, that
C/i/er boiled immediately from the'wring hath his fpirits comprcft,
and drawn into a narrow compafs, which are for the moft part
wafted and evaporated by late unfeafonable boiling.

CON-

4«

CONCERNING

CIDER,

By Dodtor SMITH.

)H E beft tiiTi£ to grind the jipfles is immediately
from the 'Iree^ fo foon as they are throughly ripe:
for, fo they will yield the greater quantity of Li-
quor, the Cider will drink the better, and laft long-
er then if the Afples were hoarded : For Cider made
of hoarded ^/^j/e/ will always retain an unpleafing tafte of the
u4pples, efpecially if they coutraft any rottennefs.

The Cider that is ground in a Stone-cafe is generally accufed to
tafte unpleafantly of the Rinds, Stems and Kernels of the Apples j
which it will not if ground in a Cafe of Wood, which doth not
bruife them fo much.

So foon as the Cider is made, put it into the Veffel (leaving it
about the fpace of one Gallon empty) and prefcntly flop it up ve-
ry clofe : This way is obferved to keep it longer, and to prelerve
its ^irits better then the ufual way of filling the Veffel q\\\it full,
and keeping it open till it hath ^otiC fermenting.

Cider put into a new Vcflel will often tafte of the Wood, if it
be pierced early ^ but the fame ftopped up again, and referved
till the latter end of the year, will free it felf of that tafte.

If the Cider be fliarp and thick it will recover it felf again :
But if fliarp and clear, it will not.

About March (or when the Cider begins to fparkle in the glafi)
before it be too fine, is the beft time to bottle it.

Cider \^\\\ be much longer in clearing in a mild and moift, then
in a cold and dry Winter.

To every Hogfiead of Cider, deiigned for two years keeping,
it is requifite to add (about March, thefirft year) a quart oi Wheat
unground.

The beft Fruit (with us in Glocefierjhire) for the firft years Ci-
der, axetheRed-Jirake-j theWhiteandKcd Mnfi-apple, thefweet
and foure Pepin, and the Harvey-apple.

Tearmains alone make but a fmall liquor, and hardly clearing
of it felf i but, mixed either with fweet or foure Tepins, it be-
comes very brisk and clear.

Miift-appk-cider (though the firft made) is always the laft ripe 5
by reafon that moft of the pulp of the Apple pafleth the firainer in
prefiing, and makes it exceeding thick.

The Cider of the Bromshury-Crab, and Fox-whelp, is not fit for
drinking, till thefecondyear, but then very good.

The Cider of the Bromsbury-crab yields a far greater proporti-
on o^fiirits, in thediftillation, then any of the others.

Crabs and Pears mixed make a very pleafing Liquor, and much
fooner ripe then Pears alone, O F

O F

CIDER

By Capt. T A 11 L %

fErefordJIjire affords fcveral forts o{ Cider-apples ^
as the two forts of Red-jirakes , the Gennet-
ntoyk^ the Summer-viokt or Fillet^ and the
Winter-fillet ; with many other forts which are
ufed only to make Cider. Of which fome ufe
each Cortfimply ; and others mix many forts
together. This County is very well ftored
with other forts of Apples 5 as Pepins , Pear-
ntains^ &c. of which there is much Cider made, but not to be
compared to the Cider drawn from the Cider-apples ; among
which the Red-jirakes bear the Bell j a Fruit in it felf fcarce edible 3
yet the juice being preded out is immediately pleafant in tafte,
without any thing of that rejiringency which it had when incor-
porated with the meat^ ovfiefl) of the Apple. It is many times
three moneths before it comes to its clearnef^ and fix moneths be-
fore it comes to a ripenefs fit for drinking ; yet I have taftedof it
three years old, very pleafant, though dangeroufly ftrong. The
colour of it, when fine, is of a fparkling yellow, like Canary, of
a good full body , and oyly : The tafie , like the Flavour or
perfume of excellent Peaches , very grateful to the Palate and
Stomach.

Gennet-moyles make a Cider of a fmallet body then the former,
yet very pleafant, and will laft zyear. It is a good eating plea-
fant (harp fruit, when ripe, and the beft Tart-apple (as the Red-
jirake alfo) before its ripenefi. The Tree grows with certain knot-
ty extuberancies upon the branches and boughs 3 below which knot
we cut oft boughs the thicknefs of a mans vpriji, and place the
knot in the ground, which makes the root ^ and this is done to
raife this fiuit ; but very rarely hy gracing.

0£ Fillets of both forts (viz. Summer andWinter) I have made
Cider of that proportionate tafte and fVrength, that I have decei-
ved feveral experienced Palates, with whom (iimply) it hath paf^
fed for white-wine j and dafijing it with Red-wine, it hath paifed
for Claret '^ and mingled with the Syrupe of Ra^'yes it makes an
excellent womans wine : The fruit is not fo good as the Gennet-
moyle to eat : The Winter-fillet makes a Ufiing Cider , and the

G 2 Summer

^g Afhorifvis concerning Cider.

Snmnier-fiUet an early Cider, but both very ftrong ^ and the j^fpks
mixt together make a good Cider,

Thefe Apples yield a ///^fwor more grateful to my Talate (and (b
efteemed of in Hereforcijbire by the greater Ciderijis) then any
made of Pfpi»i- and Pearm^s, of which forts we have very good
in that Cowtri\ and thof^alfo both Summer and Winter oi both
forts, and «S4vhich I have drank the Cider -^ but prefer the

other. ; ^,

Grounds feparated only with a Hedge and DifrA, by reafon of
the difference of Soils have given a great alteration to the Cider ^
notwithftanding the Trees have been graffed with equal care,
the fame Graffs^ and laftly, the fame care taken in the making of
the Cider. This as to the Red-Jirake j I have not obferved the
fame nicenejS in any other fiuit 5 for Gennet-moyles and Fillets
thrive very well over all Herefordjiiire. The Red-Jirake delights
mod: in a fat foil : Hamlacy is a rich intermixt foil of Red-fat-clay
and Sand j and Kings-capeU low hot fandy ground, both well de-
fended from noxious Winds, and both very famous for the Red-
firake-cider.

There is a Fear in Hereford and Worcefierpires, which is called
Bar eland-pear, which makes a very good Cider. I call it Cider
(and not Perry) becaufe it hath all theproperties of Cider. I have
drank of it from half a year old to two years old. It keeps it
felf without \Ktfpi»g (to which Verry i? generally inclined) and from
its tafte : M. Beal , in his little Ireattfe called the Herefordpire-
Orchard, calls it defervingly a Mafculine Drink > becaufe in tafte
not like the fweet lufcious feminine juice of Pears. This Tree
thrives very well in barren ground, and is a fruit (with the Red-
jirake) of which Srvine will not eat 5 therefore fitteft to be planted
in Hedge-rows.

Redjirakes and other Cider-apples when ripe (which you may
know partly by theblacknefs oi the Kernels, and partly by the co-
lour and fmell of the fruit) ought to be gathered in Baskets or
Bags, prelerved from bruifing, and laid up in heaps in the Orchard
tofrveat ; covered every night Jfrom the derp : Or elfe, in a Barn-
floor (or the like) with fome Wheat or Rye-ftraw under them, be-
ing kept fo long till you find, by their mellowing, they are fit for
the Mill.

They that grind, or bruife their Apples prefently upon their^4-
thering, receive fo much liquor from them, that between twenty
ox twenty two JB«/7je/j- will make a Hog JJje ad oi Cider: but this Cider
will neither keep fo well, nor drink, with fuch aflagrancy as is de-
fired and endeavoured.

They that keep them a moneth ox fix weeks hoarded , allow
about thirty bufhels to the making of a Hog^iead ^ but this hath
alfo an inconvenience , in that the Cider becomes not fine, or fit
for drinking, fo conveniently as a mean betwixt thele two will
affbrd.

Keep them then about a fort-night in a hoard, and order
them to be of fuch a cajt by this Mellowing , that about twen-
ty

Aphorifnjs concerning Cider.

ty five BvJIiels may make a Hogfieadf after which mellowing pro*-
ceed thus.

1 . Pick^ and clear your Jpples from their Stalks^ leaves, woazi-
ttefs, or any thing that tends toward rottennefs or decay.

2. Lay them before the ^one in the Cider-mill ^ov elle beat them
fmall with Beaters (fuch as Paviers ufc to fix their pitching) in deep
troughs oi Wood ox Stone^ till they are fit for the Prefs.

3. Having laid clean n>heat-Jiran> in the bottome of your Prefer
lay a heap of bruited Apples upon it, and fo with fmall handfuls
or vpi^s ofjirarv, which by twifting takes along with it the ends
of the iiravp laid firft in the bottome, proceed with the bruifed
Apples, and follow the heaps with your twifted //r^w, till it comes
to the height of two foot, or two foot and a half 5 and fowith
fome firarv drawn in by tvpijiing, and turned over the top of it
(fo that the bruifed Apples are fet as it were into a deep Cheef-vat of

Jirarp, from which the Country people call it then Cider-cheefe") let
the board fall upon it even and flat, and fo engage the force of
your skrerp or Prefs fo long as any Liquor will run from it. Inftead
of this Checje others ufe baggs of Hair-cloth.

4. Take this Liquor thus forced by the Prefs, andjirain it tho-
row a jirainer of hair into a Vat, from whence ftraight (or that
day) in pails carry it to the Cellar, tunning it up prefently in fuch
Vejjels as you intend to prelcrve it in ^ for I cannot approve of a
long evaporation o£Jpirits, and then a difturbance afirer it fettles.

5. Let your VeJ/els be very tight and clean wherein you put your
Cider to fettle : The bcft form is the Stund or Stand, which is fet

upon the lefler cndj^om the top
tapering downwards ; as fuppofe
the head to be thirty/ inches dia-
metre, let then the bottome be
but eighteen or tveenty inches in
diametre 5 let the 'Tun-hole or
Bung-hole be on the one fide out-
vpards, toward the top. The rea-
fon of the goodnefs of this form
of Vejfel is, becaufe Cider (as all
ftrong Liquors) zitev fermentati-
on and working,contra61:s a cream
or sk^in on the top of them, which
in this form of Vejfel is as it finks
contra&ed, and fortified by that contradtion, and will draw frefh
to the lafi: drop 5 whereas in our ordinary Vejjels, when drawn
out about the half or middle, this skin dilates and breal{s, and
without a quick draught decays and dies.

6. Referve a Pottle or Gallon of the Liquor to fill up the Ve£el
to the briin of the Bung-hole, as oft as the fermentation and work-
ing leflens the Liquor, till it hath'done its work.

7. When it hath complcated its v/ork, and that the Vejfel is fil-
led up to the bung-hole, ftop it up clofe with well mix'd clay, and
well tempered, with a handful o£Bay-falt laid upon the top of the

clay.

^o Aphorifnts cancernhiQ^ Cider.

cUy^, tp keep" it moift, and renewed as oft as need (hall require 5
for if the clay grows dry it gives vent to the fpirits of the LiquoTy
by which it fuffers decay.

I am againft either the boyling of Cider ^ or the hanging of a bag
of Spices in it, or the ufe of Ginger in drinking it ; by which
things people labour to correft that windineji which they fancy to
be in it; I think C/Wer noimndy-, thofe that ufe to drink it are
moft free from rvindineji •■) perhaps the virtue of it is fuch, as that
once ripened and mellowed, the drinking of it in fuch flrength
combates with that wind which lies infenfibly latent in the body.
The Cider made and fold here in London in Bottles may have that
Tpindinejs with it as Bottle-beer hath, becaufe they were never fuf-
fered to ferment : But thofe that have remarked the ftrength and
vigour of its fermentation^ what weighty things it will caft up
from the bottome to the top, and with how many bubbles and
bladders of vpind it doth vpork^ will believe that it clears it lelf
by that operation of all fuch injurious qualities.

To prcferve Cider in Bottles I recommend unto you my own
Experience^ which is. Not to bottle it up before fermentation^
for that incorporates the windy quality^ which otherwife would be
cjefted by that operation : This violent fuppreffion of fermenta-
tion xTiakes it v^indy in drinking, (though I confefs brisks to the
tajie^ and ^rightly cutting to the Falate : ) But after fermentati-
on:, the Cider refting two, three, or four Months, draw it, and
bottle it up, and fo lay it in a Repoftory of cool Jpringing voater,
two or three foot, or more, deep •■, this keeps the jpirits, and the
beft of the ^irits of it together : This makes it drink quick and
lively -J it comes into the glafi not pale or troubled, but bright
yellow^, with a fpeedy vanilhing nittinefs^ (as the Vintners call it)
which evaporates with a fparkjing and whi'z,%ing noiie j And than
this I never tafted either Wine or Cider that pleafed better : Info-
- much that a Noble-man tafting of a Bottle out of the tvater (him-
felf a great Cideriji") protefted the excellency of it , and made
with much greater charges, at his own dwelling, a vpater Repofi-
Jitory for his Cider , with good fuccefs.

Kalendarium Hortenfe:

OR, THE

Card ners Almanac;

Direding what He is to do

MONETHLY

THROUGHOUT THE

JL JlL A JV.

Columella de cult. Heru lib. lo.

Invigilate i/iri, . tacito nam leniporagrejjh
Diffugiunt^ nulloque fono con'vertitur annus.

LONDON,

Printed by J. Macoc\, for John Martin, and James Allejiry^ and

are to be fold at their Shop, at the fign of the Bell in S' Yanl'^

Church-yard. MDCLXIV.

INTRODUCTION

TO THE

KALENDAR.

\S Paradife (though of Gods own Planting) had not
been Paradife longer then the Man was put into it, to Gen, 2. 15.
Drcfs it and to keep it , fo^ nor tpHI our Gardens (as
neer as w>e can contrive them to the refemblance of that
blejfed Abode) remain long in their perfeftion, »»/eJ?
they are alfo continually cultivated. For vehen n>e have fo much
celebrated the life and felicity of an excellent Gard'ner 't it is not
hecaufe of the leifure which he enjoys above other men '-, eafe and op-
portunity which minijiers to volupty , and inftgnificant delights ^
Jitch as Fooh derive fiomfenjttal obje&s : We dare hardily pronounce
it : there is not among fi Men a more labor iottt life then is that ofu
^<7<7<^ Gard'ners 5 but a labour full of tmnqmWity, ^»^ fatisfaftion 5
Natural 4»^ Inftruftivc, andfuch as (if any) contributes to Piety
and Contemplation , Experience , Health and Longsevity. In
fum, a condition it is^ furnijh'd with the moji innocent, laudable and
purest of earthly felicities^ andfuch as does certainly make the neer-
eji approaches to that Bleffed ftate, where only they enjoy all things
without pains j as thoje who were lead only by the light of Nature^
hecaufe they could phanfte none more glorious, thought it worthy of
entertaining the Souls of their departed Heroes, and moji deferving
of Mortals.

But to return to the Labour •■, becaufe there is nothing excellent
which is to be attain'd without it : A Gard'ners work^ is never at an
end : It begins with the Year, and continues to the next : He pre-
pares the Ground, and then he Sows it 5 after that he Plants, and
then he gathers the Fruits 5 but in all the intermedial fpaces he is care-
ful to dref it b foas Columella, j^e<«^///_g of this continual ajfiduity,
tells us, a Gard'ner is not only to conjider praetermiflas duodecim De R. R,
horas, fed annum periifle, nifi fua quaque quod inftat efFecerit : li.ix.
Quare, necellaria eft (fays he) Menftrui cujufque officii monitio
ea, quse pendet ex ratione fyderum coeli : forfo with the Poet,

tarn funt Arduri Sydera nobis.

Hoedorfimque dies fervandi, & lucidus anguis >

Quam quibusin patriam ventofa per squora vedis

Pontus, ScOftriferi fauces tcntanturAbydi. Geor. i.

All which duly weigh' d, how precious f^e time is, howpr£cipitous
the occafion , how many things to be done in their juji Seafon,

H 2 and.

cS IntroduSlion to the Kalendar.

and how intolerable a confujion vcillfucceed a [mall negleft, after onee
a Ground is in order ^ vpe thought vref}OHld not attempt an unaccepta-
ble Work, ;/ here rvc endeavour to prefent our Gardners zvith. a
compleat Cycle of what is requifite to be done throughout every
Moneth of the Year : We fay^ each Moneth •-, becaufe by dividing
it into Parts fb dijiinB^ the Order in which theyfmllfind each ^zx-
ticvldii difpos' d^may not only render the work more facile and delight'
feme 5 but redeem itfiom that extream confufion, which for want of a
canjiant, and uniform Method, we find does jo vniverfally dijiraB
our ordinary fort of Gard'ners. T^hey know not (for the mofi part)
the Seafons when things are to be done j and when at any time they
come to knoWy there cften falls out Jo many things to be done on the
fudden^ that fome of them mufl of necejjity be negleBedfor that whole
Year, which is the greateji detriment to ^A/fMyftery, and frequent-
ly irrecoverable. Well therefore did the experiencd Columella put
bis Gard'ner in mind of the fugacioufnef of the Seafons, and the
necejjity of being Induftrious, where he thus be jpeaks the men of our
Trofeijion.

Invigilate viri, tacito nam tempora greffu
DifFugiunt, nulloque fono convertitur annus.

Colum. de cult. Hort.Yib. 10.

Be watchful Sirs, the Seafons hafle them out^
And without noife the Year is whirl' d about.

We are yet far from impojing (by any thing we have alledg'd con-
cerning thefe Menftrual Periods) thofe nice and hypercritical Pun-
tiUos which fome Aftrologers, and fuch as purjue their Rules, Jeent
to oblige our Gard'ners to , as ifforfooth, all were loji^ and our pains
to no purpoje^ unlefs the Sowing and the Planting, the Cutting and
the Pruning, were perform'd in fuch and fuch an exalt minute of
, R '^^MOon.- In hacautemRurisdilciplinanondefideratur ejufmo-
I'b* 6 ' ^^ fcrupulofitas. 7here are indeed fome certain Seafons, andixx-
fpefta tempora, which the prudent Gard'ner otight carefully (as much
as in him lies') to prevent : But as to the reft, it Jhall be fufficient
that he diligently follow the OhCervatiom which (by great Indudry")
we have collected together, and here prefent him, as Jo many Sy-
noptical Tables calculated for his Monethly uje, to the end he may
pretermit nothing which is under his Infpeftion, and is ncceffary ^ or
difiraCt his Thoughts and Employment before the Seafons require it.

And now, however This may feem but a Trifle to fome who ejieem
Books by the bulk, and not the benefit t, let them not yet defpife theje
few enjiiing Pages • For never was any thing of this pretence Jo fully
and ingenuoujly imparted, Jj/jall not fay to the regret of all our Mer-
cenary Gar'dners, becaufe I have much obligation to fome above that
Epithete ^ Mr Rofe, Gard'ner at EfTex-Houfe to Her Grace the
Duchefs of Somerfet, and Mr Turner, formerly of Wimbleton in
Surrey ; who being certainly amongji the moji expert of their Pro-
fcffion in England, are no lefs to be celebrated for their free com-
munications

IntrodiiSi ion to the KAcndnr. 57

municatlons to the Publick, hj clivers Notes of theirs, which have
pirnip'd to this Defign. And it is ftom the Refult of very tnuch
E^X-vevii^f^ce, a»d aft extraorkiinary inclination to cherijh fo innocent
and laudable a. diverfion, and to incite an AfFeftion in the Nobles
of this '^■Mon towards it, that I hegm to o^en to them fo many of
the SecretSj and mofi firecioui Rules of this Myfterious Art, vpithout
Impofture, or invidious Referve. ihe very Catalogue of Fruits,
and Flowers,/tfr the Orchard and the Parterre, will gratifie the moft
innocent of the Senfes, a.nd whoever elfepallhe tofeek.arare and
ttniverfal choice for his Plantation .• But this is enough.

Touching the Method, it is fo obvious that there needs no farther
dire&ion-jandthe Confequent will prove fo certain, that aWork of
the bufieft pains is by this little Inftfument rendred the moji facile
and agreeable, as by which you foall continually prejerve your Gar-
den in that perfe&ion of beauty nnd luftre, without confufion or
prejudice.* Nor indeed couldwethink^of amore comprehenjive F,x^
pedient, whereby to ajjiji the frail and torpent Memory through fo
multifarious and numerous an Employment (^the daily fubjeft of a-
Gard'ners care^ then by the Oeconomy and Difcipline into which
TPe have here refolv'd it, and which our Indufirious Gardner may
himfilf be continually Imi^rov'mg from his own Obfervations and
Experience.

This Ralendar might be confiderably augmented, and recommend
it felfio amore Univerfal ufe, by taking in the Monethly Employ-
ments of all the parts of Agriculture, as they have been begun to
us in Columella, Palladius, de Serres, Auguftino Gallo, our Mark- Col. de R. K,
ham, and others}, efpecially 7/ well and ywd^ciovS^y applied to our \\h.it.ci,ii.
Climate tfWJez;er^/ Countries : but it were here befides ^wrlnfti- ?■«//. lib. i.
tution , nor would the Pages contain them ; what is yet found T^^^'^'
vacant has been purpofely /e/>, that our Gardner may fupply as he
finds caufi ^ for which reafon likewife we have ran^d both the Fruits
and Flowers in Prime after fomwhat a promifcuous Order, and not
after the letters of the Alphabet, that the Method might be pur-
fud with the leaji dij order. Lajily,

The Fruits and Flovvers in Prime are to be as well conjidered in
relation to their lafting and continuance, as to their maturity and
beauty.

J. E.

Kalendarium Hortenfe.

Note that for r rifes-o8 h-oo"" » K Hath Days >

/if Riling Sun J I January? w-s^oo*-

atid Setting K. (ets -04 -co S \. xxxi. 3

s/fie Sun,

"fl^^^^^ To be done

•/ the Day?,

7 compute t i /^ 7 1 1 /^ r

/row /i&e firft Ih the Orchard, and Olitory-Garden.

of every

Moneth, '" k Reneh the Ground, and make it ready for the Sprwg : pre-
Loiidon Eje- J| pai-g aifo ^^^/^ a^d ufe it where yow have occafion : Dig
vation. Borders^ ^c. uncover as yet Koots of Tree/, where JblaqHeatJoa is
requifite.

Plant ^ickzfitSj and Tranfplant Frnit-trees , if not finifti'd :
Set Vines t, and begin to /r«»e thetf/<^ ; f r»«e the branches of Or-
chard-fruit-trees 5 Naily and trim your Wall-fimt^ and Ejpaliers.
Cleanfe Tree/ of Afof, c^c. the IVeather moift.
Gather Cyons for Graffs before the buds fprout ; and about the
later end, Gr^^^them in th^Stock^: Set Beans, Peafe, d^c.
Sow alfo (it you pleafe) for early Colly-ffovpers.
So chervil. Lettuce, Radijh, and other (more delicate) Sal-
Ictings 3 if you will raiie in the Hot-bed.

In over wet, or hard weather, cleanfe, mend, parpen and pre-
pare Garden-tools.

Turn up your Bee-hives, and fprinkle them with a little warm
and fweet Wort 5 do it dextroufly.

Fruits in Trime^ and yet lading.
Apples.

KEniifi-pepin, Ruffet-pepin, Colden-pepin, French-pepin, Kirton-
pepin, Holland-pepin , John-apple , Winter-^ee«i«g, Mari-
gold, Harvey-apple, Pome-water, Pome-roy, Golden-Doucet, Reinet- .
ingy Lones-pearmain, Wmtci-Pearmain, ^c.

Pears.

"^xwX&c-Mmk^ (bakes well) Winter-N(7ra'/VA (excellently bak-
ed) '^'mx.tx-Bergamot, Wmtci-Bon-creJiicn, both Mural: the great
Surrein, d^c.

KALENDAKWM HOKTENSE. 59

(C rifes-o8''-oo'» » r Hath Days >

Sun J ? JANUARY ,| yong.8''-oo«

^fcts -04 -co y K. xxxi. y

To be done
In the Parterre , and Flower- Garden.'

SEt up your Traps for Vermin'-, efpecially in your Nurferies of Kernels
and Stones^ and amongft your Bulbous-roots : About the middle of this
Moneth^ plant your Anemony-roots^ which you will be fecure of, without co-
verings or farther trouble ; Preferve from too great, and continuing Rains
(if they happen) •S'wtfip, and Fr^/?, your choiceft ^we/^ow/'ex, and Ranunculus's
fow'd in September or 0Bi>ber for earlier Flowers : Alfo your Carnations^ and
fuch ^ee<^i- as are in peril of being waih'd out, or over chilled andfiozen j co-
vering them w'lthjhuts an^fielter^ and ftriking off the Snoiv where it lies too
weighty , for it certainly rots , and burfts your early-fet Anemonies and
JSjtnnncnlffs's^ C^c. unlets planted now in the Hot-bed ^ for now is the Seafon,
and they will flower even in London. Towards the end, earth-up, with frefh
and light mould, the Rodts of thofe Auriculas which the fiofls may have un-
cover'd 5 filling up the chinks about the fides of the fots where your choiceft
are let : but they need n<)t be hous'd i it is a hardy Plant,

Floneers in Prime, ot yet lajling.

Winter-Aconite , Ibme Anemonies , Winter-Cyclamen , Bhck-Hel/^hor,
Brumal-Hyacinth , Oriental-Jacynth, Levantine-NarciJ[/0 , Hepati-tv,
Frim-rofes , Laurus-tinus, Mezereon, PracoceTnlips^ ^c. efpecially, if rais'd
m the (Hot-bed.) Note,

That both thefe Fruits, and Flowers, are more early, or tardy, both as to
their prime Seafons o( eating, and perfedion o£ blowing, according as the Soil,
and Situation are qualified by Nature, or Accident. Note alfo.

That in this Recenjion of Monethly Flowers, it is to be underftood for the
whole period that any jUwer: continues, from its firft appearing^ to its final
withering.

6o KALENDAKIVM HOKTEMSE.

Sun? i FEBRUARY j Wo5"-2^-

Uets -04—45 y <■ xxviii. 5)

To be done
In the Orchard and Olitory-Garden.

PRune Fruit -tree s^^nA Vines^ as yet. Remove Graffs of former years Graf-
fng. Cut and lay ^ickcfets. Yet you may Trune fome WaU-finit Cnot
finifti'd before) the moft tender and delicate .• But be exceeding careful of
the now turgid buds and bearers ^ and trim up your Falifade Hedges, and Ej^a-
liers. Plant Vines as yet, other Shrubs^ Hops^ &€,

Set all forts oi Kernels and /if^^/y Seeds, Alfo fow Beans ^ ^^ofir> R^dijh, Tarf-
neps. Carrots^ Onions^ Garlicli, ^c. and plant Potatoes in your worft ground.

Now is your Seafon for Circumpofition by Tubs or Baskets of Earth , and
for laying oi Branches to take root. You may plant forth your Cabbage-plants.

Rub Mofs off your Tr^e/ after a foaking Rain , and fcrape and cleanfe
them of Cankers, &-€. draining away the vpet (if need require) from the too
much moiftncd Roots, and earth up tho(e Roots cf your Fruit-trees, if any
were uncover'd. Cut off the Webbs of Caterpillars, c^c.(^[vom the Tops of
Tji^igs and Treej) to burn. .Gather Worms in th^ £z;?«7«gj after Rain.

K/^cAe«-(?4r<^e« herbs may now be planted, zsfarjly, Spinage, and other
hardy Pot-hearbs. Towards the middle or latter ettd of this Moneth, till the
Sap rifes briskly, Graff in the Chft , and fo continue till the laft of March ^
they will hold Apples, Pears, Cherries, Plums, d^c. Now alfo plant out your
Colly-flowers to have early 5 and begin to make your Hot-bed for the firft Me-
lons and Cucumbers ^ but truft not altogether to them. Sow Aj^araguf. Laftly,

Half open your paffages for the Bees, or a little before (if roeather invite ,)
but continue to feed weak Stocks, &c.

Fruits in trime^ or yet lajiing.

Apples.

KEntifl), Kirton,Ruffet,Hol/and Peptns ; Deux-ans Winter Sneening, Harvey,
Pome-water, Pome-roy, Golden Doucet, Reineting, tones Pearmain^Wmtet
Tear main, &.c.

♦ Pears.

JSon-ChreJiien of Winter, Winter Poppering, Little Dagobert, &c.

KALENDARIVM HOKTENSE, 6t

e fets-04-45 S riLDnuAn.1 ^ j^j^jy _j

To be done
In the Parterre and Eloveer -Garden.

Continue Vermine Trapps, &c.
Sow jilatemus feeds in Cajes, or open beds^ cover them with thorns^
that the Poultry fcratch them not out.
Now and then air your Carnations ^\n warm days e{pecially,and m\A fhoveers.
Furnifti (now towards the endj your Aviarys with Birds before they
couple, &c.

Flowers in Tritne, or yet tajiing.

Winter Aconite ^fm^e Anentonies, and fome double. Tulips pr£coce^ Ver'
nal Crocus^ Black^Helkbore^ fingle Hepatic a^ Perfian Iris^Leucoiufn^Dens
Caninus three leav'd. Vernal Cyclamen white and redj Yellow Violets with
large leaves, early Daffodils^ &c.

6^ KALENDAKIVM HOKTENSE,

^""L I MARCH I ,^. W^^^^"*^

cfets— 05 -41 y V xxxi. j)

To be done
In the Orchard, and Olitory-Garden.

YEt Stercoration is feafonable, and you ftiay plant what trees are left,
though it be (bmething of the iateftj unlefi in very backward or mo^
places.

No# is yourchiefeft arid beft time for raifing oil the Hot-bed Jidelom^ Cu-
entfihers^ Gourds, C^v. which about the fixth , eighth or tenth day will be
ready for the Seeds ^ and eight days after j^wi^ them forth at diftances, accord*-
ing to the Method, &c.

If you will have them later, begin again in ten or twelve days after the
firft ; and fo a third time, to make Experiments.

Graff all this Moneth , unlefs the Spring prove extraordinary forwards.

You may as yet cut ^ickrf^ts, and cover fuch Tree-roots as you laid bare
in Autumn.

Slip and fet Sage, Rofemary, Lavender, thymej^c.

Sow in theheginmn^Endive,Sf{cc0rjf,Leek/,Radip,Beets, Chard-Beet, Scor-
zonera, Parjhips^, sk^rrets, Parjlej/, Sorrel, Buglefs, Borrage, Chervil, SeUerj^
Smalladge, Alifanders, &c. Several of which continue many years without re-
newing, and are moft of them to beyianch'd by laying them under /z>/er and
earthing up.

Sovvalfo Lettuce, Onions,Garlic^, Orach, PurJlaH,Turneps (to have early J,
monethly Peafe, &c. thefe annually.

Tranfplant the Beet-chard which you fow'd in Augujt, to have moft ample
Chards.

Sow alfo Carrots, Cabbages, Crejfes, Fennel, Major an, Bafil, Tobacco, c^c. And
tranfplant any fort of Medicinal Hearbs.

M\u.-March drefs up and firing your Straroberry-beds, and uncover your
A^aragm, jpreading and loofning the Mould about them, for their more
eafie penetrating : Alfo may you now tranlplant Aj^aragus roots to make new
Beds.

By this time your Bees fit 5 keep them clofe Night and Morning,if the wea-
ther prove ill.

Turn your Fruit in the Room where it lies, but open not yet the windovps.

Fruits in Prime, or yet lajiirtg.
Apples.

Golden Ducket, [^Doucet'] Pepins, Reineting, Lones Pearmain, Wbter Pear-
main, John Apple,C^c.

Pears.
Later Bon-ChreSiein : Double Blojjom Pear, &c.

KALENDAKIVM HORTENSE. 6^

Sun J I MARCH I Mong.ii''.22"

Cfcts— 05— 41 y K xxxi. y

To be done
In the Parterre and Flower-Garden.

STjj^f,and iiw^c up your weakeft Tlants and flowers againft the Windes, before they come
too fiercely, and in a moment profirate a whole years labour.

Plant Box^ &c. in Parterres. Sow Ti?iks^ Sreeet-WiUiams^ and Carnations, from the middle
to the end of this Moneth. Sow Vine-k^rmts.^ Firr-j'eeds, Rj)'/, AUternus , /'/'i/jre^jand mott
perennial Greens^ &c. Or you may ftay till fomwhat /^fer in the Moneth, Sow Auricula-
feeds in jpoJj or c^j/e/, in fine vpihrv earth, a little /oiimj ; and place what you fow'd in OUoher
now in the fhade^ and water it.

Plant fome Anemony roots to bear latCj and (ucceflively ; efpecially in, and about London^
where the Smoak^ is any thing tolerable ; and if the Seaj'on be very dry, water them well once
in »»(» or f^rec day?. FztroWf root?"may be ?>-.Jw/p/(Z?z(ei5; about the middle of this A/o«c//? ; fuch
lis Hepatica's y Primero^es, Auricula's, C.mmomile., Hyacinth T^uherofe, Matricaria, HeVebor znA.
Other Summer Flowers ; and towards the rnd Convolvulu's, Spanijh or ordinary Jajmim.

Towards the middle,or latter end of March Cow on the Hot-bed fiich Plants as are late bear-
ing Flowers or Fruit in our Climate ; as Balfamine, and Balfamum mas, Pomum Amor is, Datura,
Ethiopia AppleSyCome choice Amaranthus , 'Daiiylf,Geranium''s, HedyJ'arum Clipeatum,Humble,
and Senfitive Phn<S,Laitilcm,Myrile-berrics (ftecp'd a while), Ca/>/;c«m Indicum,CannaIndica ;
Flos Africanus, Mirabile Peruian: Nufiurtium Ind: Indian Phafenli, Volubilii, Myrrh, Carrobs,
Afaracoc , five Flos Paffjonis , and the like rare and exotic Plants which are brou?ht lis
from hot Countries. Note, That the Nafturtium hid. African Mary golds Volubilis rnd fonle
others, will come (though not altogether fo forwards) in the CoW-^p(!/ without Art: But the
refl require much,and conftant heat, and therefore feveral Hot-beds, 'till the common earth be
very warm by the advance of the 5w«,to bring them to adueftature,and perfect their 6cfi^j.

About the expiration of this Mmeth cany into the Jhade fiich Auriculas, Seedlings, or
Hants as are for their choictmfs refcrv'd in Puts.

Tranjplant 3l\[o Carnation feedlings, giving your Layers frc(h earth, and (etting them in the
fl)ade for a week,, then likewife cut off all the fick and infefted leaves.

Now do the farewell-frofls, and Eajierly-winds prejudice your chojceft Tulips, and ^^ot
them; therefore cover fiich with Mits or Cd;nw to prevent /rect/f/, and il>mc limes dcflrufti-
on. The fame care have of your moft precious Ammnjiies^AurieuWs, Cham £-iris ^Brumal Ja-
cynths, early Cyclamen, &c. Wrap your (horn Cyprcfs tops with Straw wijfs, if the Eajicrn
blafts prove very tedious. About the end uncover fome PLmts, but with Caution -, for i he tail
of (he Fro/// yet continuing, and (harp windes, with the Hidden darting heatof the 5z/;7,
firorch and deftroy them in a moment ; and in fuch weather neither fow^ iwr tranj^lant.

Sow Stocl^^illy-flower-Cecds in the Full to produce double flowers.

Now may you let your Oranges, Lemmmis, Mjrtils, Oleanders, Lentifcs, Dates., Aloes, Amo»
mums, and like tender Trees and Plants in thsPortico, or with the windows, znd doors of the
Green-houfes and Confervatvries open for eight or ten day? before April or carlier,if the Scjjon
invite, to acquaint them gradually with the Air -, buttruft not the Nights, unlefs the weather
be thorowly (etled. Laftly,

Bring in materials for the Birds in the Aviary to build their Ncfts wichall.

Flankers in Friwe., or yet lajiinn.

ANemonies, Spring Cyclamen, Winter Aconite, CrocUi, BcUis, white and black HiUcbor, fin-
gle, and double flpatica, Lcticoion, Cham£-iris of all colours, Dens Caninttf, Violets,
FritiUaria,Chelidonium(ma\\ with double Flower. Hermodaayls, InhercUf lrii,H\acmthZebnin,
Brumal, Oriental,&c. J tmquils ^s.rezx. Chalic'd. Dutch MiZereon, Per flan Irk, AiiricuWs, Nar-
cifltts with large tufts, common, double and (ingle. Primerofes, Pr^coce Tulips, Sp^wifh Tmrn-
pets or Junquilles y Violets, yellow Dutch Violets, Crown Imperial, Crape Flowers, Almonds and
Peach-bloffnms, Rubsu odoratus, Arbor Jud£,&c.

I 2 APRIL

«4 KALENDAKrUM HOKTENSE,

(T rife?-05»'- 1 8* ^ (C Hath Days >

Sun? > APRIL \ vlong-iji'Maj^,

tfets— 05 -42 3 ^ xxxi. y

To be done
In the Orchard^ and OUtary-Garden.

SOw CweetMajorafi, Hyjfop ^ Bafile, Thjif»e,Wmtev-Savory,Scffrvey-graf,
and all fine and tender -Sec^// that reqmr e the Hot-hed.

Sow alio Lettuce, PHr/la% Canllj-flower, Radip, &c.

Plant Artichcckcflip-i Sec.

Set Fre»ch-lea»s, Sec.

You may yet flip Lavander, Thyme, Roje-mary, 8cc.

Towards the middle of this moneth begin to plant forth yovir Melons, and
Cucumbers, and fo to the /^ifcr end 5 your Ridges well prepar'd.

Gather up W^tfr^j, and Snails, after evening j&tfB'erj, continue this alfo af-
ter all Summer-rains.

Open now your Bee-hives , for now they hatch 5 look carefully to tbeoi,
and prepare your Hives, ^c.

Emits in Vrime^ and yet lading.
Apples.

Epns , Deuxans , mji-henji-apple , Rufeting , Gilly-fiowcrs / fiat Rei-
net, &c.

Pears.
Later Bon-crepen, Oak^fear, &c, double Blojfom, &c.

KALENDAKIVM HOKTENSE. 65

(rrires-05''.i8i'A f Hath Days ^

Sun J I APRIL ^ Mong-i3''-23*

Cfets -05 -43 3 C xxxi. >

To be done
III the Parterre, and Florver-Garden.

SOw divers ^K««// to have F/^Wfri all Swrnwi^r ; as double Mm-go/t//, CyjBWiofallfort?,
Candj-tufts^ Garden fanjy^ Mufciptla, Scabious, &c.

Continue wfB', and frefti Hoi-beds to entertain fuch exotic plants as arrive not to their per-
feftion without them, till the Air and common-earth be qualified with fufficient warmth to
prefcrvethem abroad : A Catalogue of thefe you have in the former Moneth.

Tranfplant fuch Fibrous-rvots as you had not finifli'd in March ; as Violets ^ Hefatica, Trim-
rcfes, Heilebor^ Matricaria, &c.

Sow Finks, Oirnations, SrveeuWilliams, &c. to flotvtr next year : this after rain.

Set Lupines, &c.

Sow alio yet Vine-kernels, Tirr-feeds, Philjrea, Alaternus, and moft perennial Greens.

Now take out your IWidw 7uberofes, parting the O^/efj (but with care, left you break
, their/an?/^ then fot them in natural (not forc'd) Earth ; a layer of rich mould beneath, and
about this natural earth to ncurifii thepbers,but not fo as to touch the Bulbs: Then plunge your
pots in a H t-hed temperately rvarm, and give them no water till they firing, and then fet them
under a Snuth-vraV : In dry weather water them freely, and expeft an incomparable flower in
Aufuli : Thus likewife treat the Njrcijfus of Japan, or Garnfeji^ Lilly for a later ^ower, and
make much of this precious Direftion.

Wzter AnemonJes, Rj«K«c«te's, and PlantsinPjt/ and C<«/e/ once in two or three days, if
drouth require it. But carefully proteft from violent j^orw?/ of K<»iw, H«i/, and the too parch-
ing <^<7rfx of the 5«», yovrPennach^dTulifSy Ranunculuses, Anemonies, Auricula's^ covering
them with Mattrejfes fupported on cradles of hoops, which have now in readinefs. Now is
the Seafon for you to bring the choice and tender fhrubs, &c. out of the Conj'ervatory ; fuch
as you durft not adventure forth in March : let it be in a fair day ; only your Orange-trees
may remain in the hnuje till May, to prevent all danger.

Now, towards the end of April, you may Tranjfilant, and Remove your terfder Jhruhs, &c.
ZsSpaniJh J afinines, Myrtils, Oleanders, youns: Oranges, Cycldmen, Pomegranatsiic. but firft
let them begin to fpi-eut ; placing them afori-night in the Jhade : but about London it may be
better to defer this work till mid-^Kgwj?, VideAlCo May: Prune now your Spanijh Jafmine
withinaniwf/'ortwoof they?ffcl;,j but firft (ee it begin tojhoot. Mow Carpet-walks, and
ply Weedinir, &c.

Towards the f««? (if the cold winds arc paft) and especially aftery^oB'er/jClip Philyrea, Ala»
temus, Cypreji, Box, Myrtils, Burba Jovk^ and other topfile ftirubs, &c.

flowers in Vrime^ or yet lafling.

ANemonies, Ranunculus's, Auricula 1/rfi, Chamte-lrit, Crown Imperial, Caprifolium, CycU'
menj)ens Caninus, Friti/laria, double Hepatic* s^Jacynth ftarry,double Vaifies, Florence
7r»f, tufted N<im{/<tr, white, double and common, Ewe/i/fe double: Prime-rofe, Cow-flips, PuU
fatilla. Ladies. jmock^-ylulips medm,Kanunculus''s of Tripo/y,white Violets, Musk-Grape-flower^
Tarietaria Lutea, Leucoium, Lillies, Peonies, double Jonquils, Mufcaria reversed, Cochlearia^
Tericlymmum, Acanthus, Lila , Roje-mary, (,'herries, Wall-ptars, Almonds, Abricots, Peaches,
White-thernj Arbor Jud£ bloflbming, &c.

$6 KALENDAKIVM HOKTENSE,

^rifej-04''-25";) r Hath Days ^

Sun ^ } MAY ? Mong-i^'-op""

To be done
In the Orchard^ and Olitory -Garden.

SOw Svpeet-Jllajoratt^ Baftl, Thyme ^ hot and Aromatic Herbs and F/i(«^
which are the moft tender.

Sow Purjlaa, to have young : Lettice , largc-fided Cabbage, painted
Beans, d^c.

Look carefully t© your Mellons 5 and towards the end of this Moneth, for-
bear to cover them any longer on the Ridges either with Straw , or Mat-
trejfes, d^c.

Ply the Laboratory, and diftill Plants for Waters, Spirits, dfc

Continue Weeding before they run to Seeds.

Now fetyour Bees at full Liberty, look out often, and expcft Stvarms, ^c.

Fruits in Prime, or yet lafting.

Apples.

Epins, Deuxans or Johu-apples, Weji-berry-apples, Rujfeting, CiUy-flower-
apples, the Maligar, &c. Codling.

Pears.
Great Kairvil/e,'Wmtev-Bon-Cretienne, Double- Blofom-pear, &c.
' Cherries., c^c

The May-Cherry. Straw-berries, &c.

KALENDAKIVM HOKTENSE. 6y

(rrifes-04''-S5'" » r Hath Days ^

Sun^ t MAY 1 Mong-is^-op*

tfcts-o7-35i ivi rv * ^ j^j^^.^ ^

To be done
In the Parterre , and Flowper-Garden,

NOw brkig your Ormges^&c. boldly out of the Conjervatory ; 'tlsyoiir only Seafoh to
Irav^lant, and 'Remove them : let the Ca/f x be fill'd with naturaUearth (fiich as is
taken the firft half^i/, from juft under thtlurf of the beft TajiMre ground) mixing it with
one part of rotten Corv-dung^ or very mellow Soil (creen'd and prepar'd (bme time before ;
if this be too j?i]f fift a little Lime difcreetly with it : Then cutting the 'Routs a little, efpecially
at bottom, fet ytiur P/rfwf ; but not too deep'^ rather letfomeof the 'Roots appear; Laftly,
/itti< it with temperate watffr (not too much) having put fome rubbijh o( Brick;;-batt^ Lime-
fieneiyfireVs, or the like at the bottom of the Cafes, to make the moijiure paffagc, and keep the
tartb loofe : Then fet them in ihefljude for a/orf-»igfc*,and afterwards expofe them to the Stin.

Give now alfo all your /;i)»jV-/'/awi/ ir^G^ earth zt the furface^ in place of (bme of the old
earth (a hand-depth or fo) and loofiiing the reft with a/orJ^ without wounding the Roots : let
this be of excellent rich/«/,/uch as is throughly confum'd and will fift, that it may reap in the
Verrwe, and comfort the F!ant : Bru/h, and ckanfe them likewift from the duft contrafted dur-
ing their Enclofure : Jhefe ivpol.fl direQions have till novo been kfpt as confiderable Secrets
amongji our Gard'ners : vide Augufl and September.

Shade your Carnations and Gt^j^nwers after m'td-dsj about this Seafen : Plant alfb your
Stocf^gilly-flotfers in beds, full Moon.

Gather what Ammonj-feed you find ripe, and that is worth faving, prcferving it very dry.

Cut likewife the Stalkj of ftich Bulbous.florvers as you find dry.

Towards the end take up thofe Ittlip which are dri'd in the J?<i/^; covering what you find
to lie 64re from the <S»» ind Jhoivers.

blowers mT rime J Or yet lafiifig.

LAte fet Anemonies and RanuncuJm otnn.gen.Anapodofk>)lon,Cham£.irk Anguflifol.CyanlK,
Columbines, Caltha pahfirit, double Cotyledon, Vigitatis, Fraxinella, Gladiolm, Gerani.
nm, Horminum Creticum, yellow Hemerocallis, ftrip'd Jacynth, early BulboM Iris, Ajphodel, yel-
low Li/ie/, Lj'f/jni^, '«cej, Bf 7^ double, white and red, Miliefolium Imeum, LiliumConval-
lium, Span.piniJts, 'Deptford-fin'^e, Rofa common, Cinnamon. Guelder and Ctntifol. &c. Sy-
ringd's, Sedum\, iulips Serotin, &c. Valerian, Veronica double and fingle, Mmk^ Violets, La~
dies Slipper, Stoc'i.gilly-Jliivers, Spanijh Nut, Star-floreer, Chalcedons, ordinary Crow-foot, red
Martagon, Bee-flowers, CampjnuWf white arid blew, ferjlan Lilly ■, Hony-juckjes, Buglojfe, HaJ
mers Moly, and the ^f^h^ttoi'D'lnfcor'ldes, Panfys,Frunella,^iirple 'Ihal'iUrum, Sifymbrium double
and fimple, Leucoium bulbofum Jerotinum, Roje^mary, Stxchof, Barba Jovis, Laurttf, Satyrion^
Oxyaeanthus, lamarijcut, Appk-bloffoms, 8(c.

KALENDAKIVU HOKTENSE,

Sun

;rifes-03'-5i°
. fes -08—09

JUNE

; Hath Days-

XXX.

^long-^id-iy"

To be done
^ In the Orchard^ and Olitory-Gardett.

SOw Lettuce^ Chervil^ Radifl}, ^c. to have young, and tender SaUeting.
About the mid^ of jf««e you may Inoculate f caches^ Abricots, Cherrkf,
Plumsy Apples^ Pears, &c.

You may now alfb (or before) cleanfe Vinet of exuberant branches and
iendrels, cropping (not cutting) and flopping the 7<y«* immediately before
the Blojjbme, and fome of the under branches which bear no fiuit 5 efpecial-
ly in young Vineyards when they firft begin to bear, and thence forwards.

Gather Herbs in the Full, to keep dry 5 they keep and retain their virtue^
zndjweetfmel/, better dry'd in the Snn, then (hade, whatever fome pretend.

Now is your Seajon to diftill Aromatic Plants,' d>^c.

Water lately planted Trees, and put moift, and half rotten Fearn, d^c,
about the foot of their Stems.

Look to your Bees for Swarms, and Cafis 5 and begin to Jeftroy InfeBs with
Hoofes, Canes, and tempting baits, ^c. Gather Snails after Kain, ^.

Emits in Trhm^ or yet lajiing.

Apples.

JVniting ( firft ripe ) Tepins , John-apples , Robillard, Ked-Fennouil, &c,
. French
The Maudlin (firft npe) Madera, Green-Royal, St. Laurence-pear, &c.

Cherries, &c.
r Black.
Duke, Flanders, Heart /3.Qd.

((white.
Luke-ward '-, early Flanders , the Common-cherry , Spanijh-h\3ic]s. , Naples
Cherries, d^c.
Kasberries, Corinths, Straw-berries, Melons, &c.

KALENDJRIVM HORTENSE. 6p

c rires-03''-57'" i ^ Hath Days ^

Sun? ? TUNE I Mong-i6^i7"',

tfcts-oS-op j> •' C XXX. y

To be (lone
In the Parterre^ and F longer- Ganlen.

TRanlplant Jutumnal Cyclamens fiow if you would change their place,
otherwife let them jiand.

Gather the ripe/ee^j of F/tfUJer J- worth thefaving, asof choiceft Oriental
Jacj/nth, HarciJJm (the twolefler, pale fpurious D^^ij^e// of a whitilh green,
often produce varieties) Auriculas ^ Ranunculus's, &c. and preferve them dry ;
Shade your Carnations from the afternoons Sun.

Take up your rarefl: Anemonies, and Ranunculus's after rain (if it come
ieafonable)the/i<i/)^wither'd, and dry the ri^f'Jj well : This about the eW of
the moneth : In mid "junc Inoculate "jafmine, Rofes, and fome other rare pruhs.
Sow now alfo fome Anemony feeds. Take up your Tulip-bulbs, burying fuch
irnmediately as you find naked upon your beds ^ or e\fe plant them in fome
cooler place 5 and refiefi over parched beds with water. Plant your Narcijfi^
of Japan (that rare flower) in Poty^ c^c. Alfo may you noW take Up all fuch
plants aadF lower-roots as endure npt well outof thegroundjandrtf/'/rfw^ them
again immediately : fuch as the early Cyclamen, Jacynth Oriental, and other
bulbous Jacy nth s. Irk, Fritillaria, Crown-Imperial, Martagon, JUufcark, Dens
Caninus, &c. The Jlips oiMyrtil fet in fome cool and moiji place do now fre-
quently take root : Alfo Cytifus lunatus will be multiplied by ilips,fuch as are
an handful long of that Spring. Look now to your Aviary ; for now the Birds
grow jfc^of their Feathers 5 therefore afCft them with Emulfwns of the cooler
feeds bruis*d in their water, as Melons, Cucumbers, &c. Alfo give them Succory,
Beets, Groundfell, Chick:weed, &c.

Elorvers in Prime, or yet Ufliiig.

AMaranthus, Antirrhinum, Campanulla, Clematk Tannonica, Cyanus, Di-
gitalis, Geranium , Horminum Creticum, Hieracium, bulbous Iris, and
divers others. Lychnis var. generum, Martagon white and red, Millefolium
white and yellow, Najiurtium In di cum, Car nations, Tinks, Ornithogahtm,Panfy,
Thalangium Virginianum,Larks-heel early, Pilofella, Rofes^jhlafpi Creticum, &c.
Veronica, Viola pentaphyl. Campions or SuHans, Mountain Lilies white, red :
double Poppies, Stockcgilly-fowers, J afmines ^Corn-flag, Hollyhoc, Mujcaria, Ser-
fyllum Citratum, Phalangium Allobrogicum, Oranges , Rofe-mary , Lentifcus,
Pome- Granade, the Lime-tree, 8cc.

KALENDAKIVM HORTENSE.

f Hath Days %
Sm\ ^ I JULY 1 %ng-i5'V59-

Ucts -08-00 y <■ xxxi. J

To be done
In the Orchardy and Olitory-Garden.

SOw Lettuce, Radijf}, ^c. to have tendery4//e*/»^.
Sow later Peafi to be ripe fix weeks after Michaelmas.

Water young planted Trees, and Layers, t^c. and prune now Abricots, and
Peaches, faving as many o(the yoHftg WkeWetipoots as are well placed 5 for the
now Bearers commonly perilh, the »ejx> ones fucceeding : Cut cloje and even.

Let fuch Olitory-herbs run to feed as you would fave.

Towards the latter end, vifit your Vineyards again, C^f . andjisp the exu-
berant fioots at the Jecondjoynt above thtp-uit 5 but not [0 as to expofe it to
the Sun.

Now begin to ftreighten the entrance of your Bees a little •-, and help them
to j^7/ their Dr<7«ej if you obfervetoo many, iett\vi2,GlaJfes of Seer mingled
with Hony to entice the Wai^s, Flyes, d^c. which wane youvjiore : Alfo hang
Bottles of the fame Mixture neer your Red-Rof»an-Neliarittes, and other
temptingjrw/^jj for their deftruftion , elfe they many tihies invade your bcft
Fruit.

Look now alfo diligently under the leaves of Mural-Trees for the Snails 5
they ftick commonly fomewhat above the fiuit : pull not off^ what is bitten 5
for then they will certainly hegina fiefh.

Fruits in Prime, or yet lajiing.

Apples.

DEux-ans, Pepins, Winter Ruffeting, Andrew-apples, Cinnamon-apple, red
and white ^uniting, the Margaret-apple, &c.

Pears.
The Primat, Rujfet-pears, Summer-pears, green Chejil-pears, Pearl-pear, &c.

Cherries.
Carnations,Morella,Great-bearer,Moorocco-cherry,theEgriot,BigarreaHx,&ic.

Peaches.
Nutmeg, Jfabella, Perjtan, Nevpington, Viokt-mufcat, Rambouillet.

Plums, d^c.
Primordial, Myrobalan, the red, blew, and amber Violet, Damafc. Denny Da-
mage, Pear-plum, Damafc. Violet, or Chefon-plum, Abricot-plum, Cinnamon-plum^
the Kings-plum ^SpaniJh,Morocco-plHm,Lady Eliz. Plum,Tavpny, Damafcene,^c,
Rasberries, Goofe-berries, Corinths, Stravp-berries, Melons, &c.

KAUENDARIVM HORTENSE, jt

5 rUes-04''-oo'» \ ^ Hath Days ^

Sun J I JULY I JIong.i5''-59'"

tfcts— 08— oo y K xxxi. 3

To be done
In the Parterre, and Flower-Gardtin.

SLip Stnch^^ and other lignous Flantj and Flowers : From henceforth to Michaelmas you may
zlfo hy GiJlj-flomrs ind C'^mations (or Increafe, leaving not above two, cv three Jpindles
(orfloTvers^ viithfuppom^ cradles and koofes^ to eftablifh them againft winds, and deftroy
Earwigs.

The Layers will (in a moneth or Jrx weeks) ftrike ro»f, being planted in a %^t loamy earth
mix'd with excellent rotten foil znd fiefted : plant fix or eight in a /w* to fave roww in ff^inter s
keep them well from too much ^ains : But fiade thofe which l>low from the afternoons S^w,
as in the former Moneths.

Yet alfo you may lay Myrtils, and other curious Greens.

Water young planted Shrubs and Layers^ &c. as Orange-trees, Myrtils, Granads, Amo-
mum, &c. clip Box, &c. in Parterres, Knots, and Compartiments , if need be , and that it
grow out of order ; do it after Rain.

Graffby Approach, Inarch or Inoculate Jafmines, Oranges, znd. other your choiceftjferwi/.

Take up your early autumnal Cyclamen, Tulips and Bulbs (if you will Remove them, &c.J
before mention' d; Tranfflanting them immediately , or z Moneth after if you pleaft, and
then cutting off, and trimming the^^r£j-,fpread them to Air'm Come dry place.

Gather now alfo your early Cyclamen-feeds, and /on' it prefently in Pots.

Likewife you may tak^ up fonie Anemonies, Ranunculus's, Crocus, Crown Imperial, Perjian
Iris, Fritillaria, and Cslchicums, but plant the three laft as foon as you have taken them up,
as you did the Cyclamens.

Remove now T>(ns Caninus, &c.

Latter end of Julyfieft your Beds for Off.fets of Tulips, and all Bulbous-roots, alfb for Ane--
monies, Raruinculm''s,&c. which will prepare it (ov re-planting withfuch things as you have
ready in /"Of/ to plunge, or {et in wd%«/ earth till the next /ea/ow ; as Amaranths, Cannalnd.
Mirabile Peruv. Capfuum Ind. Nallurt.Ind.&cc. that they may not lie empty, and di{-furnifh'd.

Continuetoc«f rt^ thewiiher'd^<«/i^j- of your lower /cw^rj-je^c, and all others, covering
with earth the bared roots, &c.

Novf (in the driefifeafon J V!'nh Brine, Pat-a(heszndn^er, oradecoUinn o( Tobacco refufe,
water your Gravel-walks, &c. to deftroy both Worms and Weeds, of which it will cure them
for fome je<«rj-.

Flowers in Frime., or yet lajiing.

A Maranthus, Campanula, Clematis, Sultzna, Veronica purple and odoriferous; Vigitalisy
Eryngium Planum, Ind. fhafenlus. Geranium trifle, and Creticum, Lychnis Chalcxdon,
Jacea white and double, Nafiurt. Ind. Millefolium, Mufk^mje, Flos Africanus, Thlapfi Creti-
cum, Veronica mag. &parv a, Volubilis, Balfam-apple, Holy-hock, Snapdragon, Corn-flr. Alkf-
ks^gi. Lupines, Scorpion-graji, Caryophyllata om. gen. Stock-(nily-flo. Indian Tuberous Jacynth,
Limonium, Linaria Cretica, Panfim, Prunella^ Delphinium, Phalangium, Periploca Virgin. Flos
Pafjionis, Flos Cardinalis, Oranges, Amcmum Plinii, Oleanders red and white, Agnus Caftus,
Arbutus, Tucca, Olive, Ligufirum, Tilia, Sec.

K a

73 KALENDAKIVU H0KTEN5E.

ne
(rrifcs-04''-4j'"^ r Hath Days Tk

S"n] ? AUGUST I >long.i4''.3J»

c lets -07-17 3 t xxxi. y

To be done
In the Orchard^ and lit ory -Garden.

INiculate now wr/y, if before you began not.
Prune off yet alfo fuperfluous Branchesjindjhootscf t\\\s fecond firing ; but be careful not
to expofe the fruit, without leaves fufficient to skjetn it from the Sun j furnifhing^znd nailing
up what you will {pare to cover the defefts of your Wah. Pull up the Suckgrs.

Sow Raddijhy tender Cabages^ Cauly-fiorvers for Winter Tlantifiern-fallet^ Marygolds, Letuce,
Carrots, Tarjheps, Turneps, Sfinage^ Onions 5 alfo curl'd ^pdivCj Angelica^ Scurvy-grafs^ &c,

Likewife now pull up ripe Onions and Garlic^&c,

Towards the end fow Pttrflan^Chard-Beet., Chtrvile^&c.

Tranjplant (lich Letuce as you will have abide all Jf inter.

Gather your Orttory Seeds, and clip and cut all (uch Herbs and Plants within one handful
of the ground before the full. Laftly,

Vnbind and releafe the Buds you inoculated if taken, &c.

Now vindcmiate and take your Bees towards the expiration of this Moneth; unleG you fee
caufe (by reafon of the fVeather and Seafon') to defer it till mid'Seftember : But if your Stocki
be very /i^fct and weak, begin the earlier.

Make your Summer Perry and Cider.

Fruits in PriMCy or yet lading.

Apple?.

THe Ladies Loniingy the KirJ^ham Apple, John Apple ; the Seaming Apple, CuJhionApplCy
Spicing, May-flower, Shteps fnout.

Pear?.
Windfor, Soveraign, Orange, Bergamnt, Slipper Pear, Red Cathtriiie, King Catherine, "Denny
Pear, Pruf^a Pear, Summer Peppering, Sugar Pear, Lording Pearjdr.

Peache?.
Koman Peach, Man Peach, ^ince Peach, KambnuiVet, Musk, Vei^,Gtand Carnation, Form
tugal Peach, Crorvn Peach, Bourdeaux Peach, Lavar Peach, the Peach Ve-Spot, Savoy Malaco-
ton, which lafts till Michaelmas, &c.

Ncftarine?.
The Mwro) Nsftarine, Tii»n)i, Ked-Koman, little Gr«w Neftarine, C/«/?er Neftarine, Ttl-
lotF Neftarine.

Plums.
Imperial, Blew, WhiteVatcs, Yellow Pear-plum, Black Pear-plum, White Nutmeg, late
Piar-plum, Great Anthony, 7mk^ Plum, the Ja>ie Plum.

Other Fruit.
CluHir'grape, Mufcadine, Corinths, Cornelians, Mulberies, Figs, filbert s,Melens,&c.

KALENDAKIVM HOKTENSE. 73

^ ri{cs-04''.43'" \ r Hath Days ^

S"nL i AUGUST I . Jlong-H'-SS"

Cfcts— 07— 17 > C XXXI, y

To be done
In the FarterrCy and F lower-Garde f2.

NOtp (and not till new if you expeft Cuccefs') is the juft Seafon for the bndding of thd
Orange Tree ; Inoculate therefore at trie commencement of this Moneth.

Nowlikewift take up your bulbous IrWs ; or you mayfow t\\t\r feeds ^is alfo thoft of Lark/-
heely Candi-tuftSyColumbinef, Jr on-colour'' d Fox-glovts, Holly.hocks^ and fuch Plants as endure
Winter^ and the approaching SeafonSi,

Plant fome Anemony roots to \^3sefiorvers all IFinter, if the roots efcape.

You may now fow Narciffus, and Oriental Jacynths, and re-plant fiich as will not do Well
out of the Earth 1 as FritiUaria^ Iris^ Hyacinths^ Martagon, Dens Caninus.

Gilly-florverj may yet he flipped,

Cxjntinue your taking up of Bulbs^ Lilies^&cc. of which before.

Gather frorti day to day your Alaternus (eed as it grows black and ripe^ and fpread it to
fiveat and <:/r> before you put it up ; therefore wwe it lometimes vi'ith a. broom that the feeds
clog not together.

Moft other Seeds may noiv likevvife be gathered from jhrubs^ which you find ripe.

About miA-Aug. tranfplant Auricula's^ dividing old and lufty roots ; aKb prick out your
Seedlings : They beft like a loamy fand^ or light moift Earth.

Now you may (bw Anemony feeds, Kanuncultu''?, &c. lightly cover'd with fit mould in C^r-
/e/, (haded, and frequently refrejh'd: Alfo Cyclamen, Jaeynths, Iris, Hepatica, Frimrofes, Fri-
tiUaria,Martagon,Fraxinella,Tulips,&c. hut with patience- for fbme of them, becaufe they
fhrver not till three, four, five, fix, and feven years dfter, cfpecially the Tulips , therefore di-
fturb not their W/,and letthem be under {ome tparmphce^pjaded yet, tWl the heats arepafl,
left the feeds dry j only the Hepaticas, and Primerofes may be fbw'd in fbme left expos'd Beds.

Now, about B irtbnlometv~tide, is the on\y fecure feafon for removing and laying your peren~
nial Greens, Oranges, Lemmcns, Myrtils^ Fhilyreas, Oleanders, Jafmines, Arbutus, and other
rzre Shrubs, nsPome-^^ranads, Knfes, and whatever is moft obnoxious to fmjis, taking the
Jhoots and branches of the paft Spring and pegging them down in very rich earth and foil per-
fcftlyconfum'd, rpjterthem upon all occafions during the Simmer • and by this time twelve-
moneth they will be ready to remove, Tranjplanted in fit earth, (et in the padc, and kept mode-
rately »woi/?, not over wet, left the young; fibers rot ; after three weeks fet them in Come more
airy place, but not in the Sun till fifteen days more ; Vide our Obfervations in April, and May
for the reft of thefe choice P/rcfli<7«j-.

Tlorrers in Prime, or yet lajiing.

AMaranthui, Anagallu Lufnanica, Ajier AtticUf, Blattaria, Spanilh tells. Belvedere, Cam-
panula. Clematis, CjclamenVernum, I>atura Turcica, Eliochryfin^ Erjngium planum &
Amethjflinum, Geranium Creticum., and TrijiL Yellow Stock/, Hieration minus Alpefire, Tube-
rofe Hyacinch,Limonium, Linaria Cretica, Lychnis, Mirabile Peruv'an. YelloW Miliifol.Nafturt.
Jnd. Yellow mountain Hearts-eafe, Maracoc, Africanui fins^ Convolvulus's^ Scabicus, AJphudils,
Lupines, Colchicum, Leucoion, Autumnal Hyacinth, Holly'hoc,Star-tvert, Heliotrop, French Ma~
ry-gold, Vaifies, Geranium node olens. Common Panfies, Lark/Jjecls of all colours, NigeVa,
Lohells C'atch-fi\,lhlajpi Creticum, Kofeniary, Musk^'^nfe, MunethlyKofe, Oleanders, Sfanifh
Jafmine, Yellow Indian Jafmine, MjrtilSj, Oranges, Fomc-granads double, and (ingle flowers,
Agnit(CaJiHi,&c.

74 KALENDAKIVM HOKTENSE.

iP:

f rifc?-05».4 1 ■" T) f Hath Days ^

Sun? I SEPTEMBER l W12M7-

tfets-od-19 3 "l XXX. J

To be done
In the Orchard^ and Olitory-Garden,

GAther now (if ripe) your Winter Fruits^ as yippks^ Fears^ Vlumf^ ^c. to
prevent their falling by the great Winds : Alfo gather your Wind-ftlls

from day to day : do this work in dry weather-
Sow Lettuce, RadiJJj, Spinage, Parjheps, Skjrrets^^c. Cauly-fioveers^ Cabbages^

Onions, &c. Scurvy-graji, Anif-feeds, &c.

Now may you Tranjplant moft forts of Efculent, or PAjij/k'^/ plants, d^c,
Alfo Artichocks, and Aj^aragus-roots. *

Sow alfo Winter Herbs and JStfi^^/, and plant Straw-berries out of the Woods,
Towards the end, earth up your Winter Plants and Sallad herbs , and plant

forth your Cauly-porvers and Cabbages which were fown in Augufi.

No longer now defer the taking of •^OM.vBees, ftreightning the entrances oi

fiich Hives as you leave to a (mall paffage, and continue ftill your hojiility

againft Wajps, and other robbing Infers.
Cider-makjng continues.

Truits in Prime, or yet lajiing.

Apples.

THe Belle-bonne, the William , Summer Pearmain, Lor ding- apple. Fear-
apple, g^Hince- apple. Red-greening ribb'd, Bloody-Pepin, Harvey, Violet-
apple, &c.

Pears.
Hamdens BergamotX^^x^ ripe) Summer Bon Chrejiien, Norwich, Black. Worce'
jier, (baking) Green-field, Orange,Bergamot, the §^een hedge-pear. Levees-pear
(to dry cxceWent") Frith-pear,Arundel-pear (^a\fo to bake) Brunfrvick^pear, win-
ter Poppering, Bings-pear, Bijhops-pear, (bakingj Diego, Emperours-pear, CIh-
Jier-pear, Mejfire "jean, Rowling-pear, Balfam-pear, Be%y d' Hery, Sec.

Peaches, €^c.
Malacoton, and fome Others, if the year prove backwards, Almcnds, &c.
^inces.

Little B lew-grape, Mujcadine-grape, Frontiniac, Tarjley, great Slew-grape ,
the Vermyce-grape excellent for fauce, &c.
Berberries, &c.

KALENDAKIVM HORTENSE. 75

^ri(eS-05''-4i"' » (CHath Days;;k

Sun J J SEPTEMBER i Jlong-i2M7'"

<.fctS— Oi— 157 J* <. XXX. j)

To be done
In the Parterre and Flower-Garden.

P Lam (bmc of all the forts of/^MfOTOMiw after the firft R-jjh/, if you will have ^ower/ very
forwards • but it is fiirer to attend till Odober^ or the Moneth after, left the over moiftMre
of the Autumnal (eafbns give you caufe to repent.

Begin now alfo to p/^mfomeTa/i/?/, unlets you will ftay till the later end of OUobcr, to
prevent all hazard of rotting the Bulbs,

All FibniK Plants, fuch as Hefatica^ HeUebor^ Cammomilt, &c. AI(b the CapUaries ; Ma-
tricaria, Violet f^ Prim-rofei^ &ct may now be tranfj^anted.

Now you may alfb continue to fow Alaternus, Thiljrea (^or you may forbear till the Spring)
Irit^ Crown Imper. Martagon, Tulips^ Delphinium^ Nigella^ Candy-tufts^ ^oppy j and generally
all the Annuals which are not impair'd by the Frojis.

Your Tuberofes will not endure the wet of this Seafon • therefore fet the Pots into your
Conferve, and keep them very dry.

Bind now up your Autumnal Florvers^ and Flams to fiak^s^ to prevent (iiddcn Gufls which
will cMe proftratc all you have fb induftrioufly rais'd.

About Michaelmas ({boner, or later,as the Seafon direfts) the Weather /rfir, and by no means
foggy, retire your choice Greens, and rareft Plants (being dry) as Oranges, Lemmons, Indian^
and Span. Jafminefileanders, Barba-Jovis,Amomum Plin. Cityfui Lunatus, ChameUa tricoccos^
Ciftus Ledon Chtfij, Dates, Aloes, Sedun^s, e^c.into your Confervatory 5 ordering them with frefli
mould, as you were taught in May, viz. taking away (bme of the upmoft exhau(led earth, and
fiirrina^ up the reft, fill the Cafes with rich, and well confum'd/oi/, to wafh in, and nourifh the
Roots during Winter ; but as yet leaving the doors and rvindevps open, and giving them much
Air, lb the Winds be not fliarp, nor weather /ig^j ; do thus till the cold being more intenfe ad-
vertife you to enclofe them all together : Myrtils will endure abroad neer a Moneth longer.

The cold now advancing, Cet fuch plants as will not endure the Houfe into the earth ; the
pots two or three inches lower then the furface of fome bed under a Southern expolure : Then
cover them mthglajfes, having cloath''d them firft with (weet and dry Moji-^ but upon all Vi>arm,
and benipne emijfions of the Sun,znd fweetyfeower/jgivingthem air, by taking ofFall that covers
them : Thus you (hall preferve your cojtly and precious Marum Syriacum, Cifiui's, Geranium
mSe olens, Flos Cardinal is, Maracocs, feedling Arbutus's (a very hardy plant when greater)
choiceft Ranunculiu''s and Anemonies, Acacia JEgypt. &c. Thus governing them till April,
Secrets not till now divulg'd.

Note that Cats will eat, and dcftroy your U^arum Syriae. if they can come at it.

Florvers In Vrinte^ or yet lafiing.

AMaranthm tricolor, and others ; Anagaiii of Portugal, Antirrhinum, African fla. Amomum
Plinii, Ajier Attkut, Belvedere, BeUu, CampatiulJa's, Celchieum, Autumnal Cyclamen,
Chryfanthemum angujiifnl. Eupatorium o( Canada, Sun-florver, Stock^giU.flo. Geranium Creti-
cum, and no&e olens, GentianeVa annual, Hiey-acion minus Alpeflre, Tuberous Indian Jacynth,
Linaria Cretica, Lychnis Conftant. fingle and double ; Limonium, Indian Lilly Narcijf. Pomum .
Aureum, and Amoris, & Spimfum Ind, Marvel oiPeru, Mille-folium yellow, Narfturtium Indi.
cum, Ferfian autumnal Narcijfus, Virginian Phalangium, Indian Phafeolus, Scarlet Beans, Con-
volvulm d\\erC gen. Candy Tufts, Veronica, purple Volubilis, Ajphodill. Crocut, Garnfey Lily, or
Narcijfus of Japan, Poppy oisW colour?, fingle, and double, Malva arborefcens, Indian Pinks,
JEthiopic Apples, Capficum Ind. Gilly -flowers, Paffion.flower, Dature double and fing. Portugal
B.anuncului's, Spanijh Jajmine, yellow Virginian Jafmine , Rhododendron white and red.
Oranges, Mjrtils, Musk^ ^"fiy "Hid Monethly Kofe, &c.

76 KALENDAKIVM HOKTENSE,

Kv^cf'06^-26'^ 2 (CHaihDays^

Sun? I OCTOBER I W.ioh.47».

tfcts— 05 -24 y V. xxxi. y

To be done
In the Orchard., and Olitory-Carden.

TRench Grounds for Orchardings and the Kitchin-gardcn^ to lye for a Win- .
ter mellowing.

Plant dry Trees ( i. ) Fruit of all forts. Standard^ Mural^ or shrubs which
lo(e their /e^/e ; and that fo foon as it falls : But be fure you chufe no Trees ■
for the fVal/ of above trvo years Graffing at the moft.

Now is the time for Jhlaqueation^ and laying hare the Roots of old unthri-
"vingj or over /'/r/?^ blooming trees.

iI/<7<7» now decreafing , gather Winter-^uit that remains , weather dry ;-
take heed of bruijing, lay them up clean left they taint j Cut and Y>rune Rojet
yearly. •"

Plant and Plafh ^ic^fets.

Sow aWjiony^ and hard kernels andfieds^ fuch as Cherry, Pear-plum, Peach,
Almond-floues^ (^c. Alfo N«f / , Havot , ^j«« , Sycomor and Maple keys ^
Acorns, Beech-ma^, Apple, Pear and Cr^^ kernels, for Stocks 3 or you may de-
fer it till the next Moneth towards the later end.

You may yet fow Letuce.

Make Winter Cider, and Ferry.

fruits in Priaie^ or yet lafling.

Apples.

BElle-et-Bonne, William, Cojiard, Lording, Parjley-z^ples, Pearmain, Pear-
apple, Hony-meal, Apis, 8cc.

Pears.

The Caw-pear (baking) Green-butter-pear, Thorn-pear, Clove-pear, Roujfel-
pear, Lembart-pear, Ruffet-pear, suffron-pear, andfome of the former Moneth.
Bullff, and divers of the September Plums and Crapes, Pines, &c.

KALENDAKIVM HOKTENSE. 7?

frifes.od''-26'-;k (CHathDays^

Sun J I OCTOBER i. Jlong-io^;"

To be done
in the Parterre^ and Florver-Gardeit,

NOw your liyjcinthm'iuberofe not enduring the mt^ muft be fet into the hou[e,^nA pre-
ferved very dry till April.

Continue /oB'.'w^ what you did in 5'ef/. if you pleafe : Alfo,

Youmayp/^ntfome Anemmies, And Ranuncnlus^s, in frefhfandijheanh^ taken from under
thewrf ; but lay richer W6mW at the bottom of the bed, which the pres may reach, but not
touch the main roots^ which are to be cover'd with the natural earth two inches deep: and
(b foori as they appear, fecure them with Matj-, or Straw^ from the winds and j?-o/f/,giving them
air in all benigne intervals ; if poflible once a day.

Plant alfo B.anunculuf's of Tripoly^ &c.

Tlant now your choice lulips^ &c. which you feared to interre at the beginning oiSepem^
ber-^ they will be more fecure, and forward enough : but plant them in natural earth Coxae^
what impoverijh'd with very ^nefand; elfc they will foon lofe their variegations ; Come more
rich earth may lye at the bottom, within reach of the fibres : Now have a care your Carnations
catch not too much tvet^ therefore retire them to cower?, where they may be kept from the
rain, not the air, trimming them with frejh mould.

All forts of Bulbous roots may now alfo be fafely buried ; likewile Iris's, &c..

You may yet fow Alaterntu, and Thiljrea feeds : It will noW be good to Beat, Koll, and
CMoTv Carpet.n'alks, and Camomile ; for now the ground is fupple, and it will even all ine-i
qualities : Finifli your laft Weeding, &c.

Sweep inA clemCtyonr Walhj, and all other places, of Autumnal leaves fallen, left the
Worms draw them into their holes, and foul your Gardens, &c.

Flowers in Prime, or yet lajiing.

AMaranthus tricolor, ^c. Afier Alticus , Amomuni, Antirrhinum, Colchicum, Heliotrops^
StockcGillj.flo. Geranium trifle, Ind. Tuberofe Jacynth, Limonium, Lychnis white and
double, Tomum Amoris and JEthiop. Marvel of ?eru, MiUefol. luteum. Autumnal Narcijf. Pan-
fes, Aleppo NarciJf.Sphxrical Narcijf. Nafturt. Ferficum,Gilly-flo. Virgin. Fhalangium, Pilofella^
Violets, Veroniea, Arbutm, Span. Jafmine, Oranges, &c.

78 KALENDARIVM HOKTENSE.

(Crifer-o? "-? 4*" > f. Hath Days -^

SuhJ ? NOVEMBER ? Wos^jz-n

Cftts— 04-26 3 '^ XXX. y

To be done
In the Orchard^ and Olitory-Garden.

CArry CompoU out of your Mdon-ground^ or turn and «/i»g/e it with the
earth, and lay it in Ridges ready for the 6'pn»^ : Alfo trench and fit
ground for jirtichocks, d^c.

Continue your Setting and Tran^lanting of TVeex ^ lofe no time, hard
Frofii come on apace : Yet you may lay bare old Roots.

Plant young Trees Standards or Mural.

Furnifli your Nurferji with Stocks to graff" on the following year.

-y^n? andy?^ early Beans and Pe^/e till shrove-tide 5 and now lay up in your
Cellars ktx Seed, tobe tranj^lanted at Spring^Carrots, Parfneps, Tt^rneps, Cab-
bages, Caulji-flovpers, &c.

Cut off the tops of ^jparagHs, and cover it with long-dung, or make Be</f
to plant in Spring, ^c.

Now, in a <5/r;' day, gather your laft Orchard-finits.

Take up your Potatos for fT/w^er fpending, there will enough remain for
ftock, though never fo exaftly gather'd.

Fruits in Trime^ or yet lajiing. .

Apples.

THe Belle-bonne, the William, Sxxromtx Pearmain,Lording-apip\e, Pear-apple,
Cardinal, Winter Chef -nut, Short-Jiart, &c, and fome others of the for-
mer tvs>o laft Moneths, &c.

Pears.
Meffire Jean, Lord-pear, long Bergamot,Warden, (to bake) Burnt Cat, Sugar-
pear. Lady-pear, Lce-pear, Dove-pear, Deadmtns-pear, Winter Bergamot, Bell-
pear, &c.

Bullis, Medlars, Services.

KALENDARIVM HOKrENSE. 79

(T rifes-07''.34'" \ K Hath Days ^

Sun J I NOVEMBER l JIong.o8'-.52-

tfcts-04-26 y "^ XXX. j»

To be dont
In the FartenCj and F lower-Garden.

SOw Auricula feeds thus; prepare very rich earth, more then half dung,
upon that /?e/f fome very Vi^ht fandy faonld j and thenjtfip.- fet your
Cafes or Pans in the <y«« till March.

Cover your peeping Rafiuucnlm's, ^c.

Now is your beft feafon (the weather of en) to flatit your faireft Tw/ipJ- in
places ofjhelter, and under Ejpaliers j but let not your e<«r//> be too rich, vide
O&ob. Tratjj^lant ordinary Jafmifte, d>"c.

About the middle o£ this Monet h (or fooner, \i weather require) quite en-
clofe your tender Plants, and perennial Greens, shrubs, ^c. in your Conjerva-
tory, fecluding all entrance of cold, and efpecially (harp winds ; and if the
Plants become exceeding dry, and that it do not aftually^eez,e, refrefli them
j^aringly with qualified water (i.) mingled with a little sheeps, or Cow-duhg : If
the feafon prove exceeding piercing (which you may know by the freezing o£
a difi of water fet for that purpofe in your Green-houfe') kindle fome Char-
coals, and then put them in a hole funk a little into the fioor about the middle
of it : This is the (afeft Stove : At all other times, when the air is warm'd by
the beams of a fine day, and that the Sun darts full upon the houfe (hew them
the light 5 but eoclofe them again before the Sun be gone off: Note that you
muft never give your ^/oex, or Sedums onedropof JV/i^er during the whole
VfHnter.

Prepare alfo Mattrejfes, Boxes, Cafes, Potf, d>"c. (orjhelter to your tender
Plants and Seedlings newly fown, if the weather prove very bitter.

Plant Kofes, Alth^a Frutex, Lilac, Syringas, Cytifus, Peonies, &:c.

Plant alfo Fibrous roots, fpccified in the precedent Moneth.

Sow aKofiony -feeds mention'd in OCiob. "

Plant all Forefl-trees for Walks, Avenues, and Groves.

Sweep and cleanfe your Garden-walks, and all other places, oi Autumnal
leaves.

Flowers in Trwie., or yet lafiing. ■

ANemonies, Meadow Saffron, Antirrhinum, Stockrgilly-flo. BeJlk, Panpes,
fome Carnations , double Violets , Vetonica , SpaniJI) Jafmine , Musk:
Rofe, &c.

L 2

8o KALENDARIVM HOKTENSE.

^ rifey.oS''- lo*" ^ <-Hath Days >

Sun J I DECEMBER l Jlong.ojb-^jo^

cftts—oj -50 3 € xxxi. Jl

To be done
In the Orchard, and Olitory-Garden.

Pufie, and Nail Wall-fiuit^ and Standard-trees.
You may now plant F;«ex, d^f .

Alfo Stockj for Grapng^ c^c.

Sow, as yet. Pomace of Cider-prejfwgs to raife Nurfiries 5 and fet all forts of
Kernels^ Stones^ ^c.

Sow for early 5erf»/ and Pe^yi, but take heed of the FroUs 5 therefore^rci?
to defer it till after Chri^mas, unlefs thcWinter promife very moderate.

All this Moneth you may continue to Trench Ground, and dung it, to be
ready for Bordnres, or the planting of Fruit-trees, ^c.

Now feed your n>eak^Stocl{s.

Inrn and refiejli your Autumnal Fruit , left it taints and open the Windon^i
where it lyes, in a clear and Serene day.

Fruits in Prime, and yet lading.

Apples.

Oujfeting^ Leather-coat, Winter Reed, Chef -nut Apple, Great-belly, the Co-
no-further, or Cats-head, with fome of the precedent Moneth.

Pears.

The Squib-pear, Spindle-pear, Virgin, Gafcogne-Bergomot, Scarlet-pear, Stop-
pie-pear , white, red and trench Wardens (to bake or roft) &c.

KALENDAKIVM HOKTENSE. 81

jr rifcs-08 >>. 1 0' » „ (T Hath Days >

■-Sun J I DECEMBER | flong.o7".40*

tCets -03 -50 ^ C xxxi. 5*

To be done
In the Parterre , and Flower-Garden.

AS in January^ continue your hojiility againft Vermine.
Preferve from too much Rain and Froji your choiceft Anemonies^ Ra-
xunculus's^ Carnations^ &c.

Be careful now to keep the Doors and Windows of your Confcrvatories well
matted^ and guarded from the piercing Air : for your Oranges^ d^c. are now
put to the teji : Temper the cold with a few Char-'coal govern'd as direfted
in November, ^c.

Set Bay-berries, d^c. dropping ripe.

\.oo\ to yoMX Fount ajn-fipes, and cover them with frelh and tp arm Litter
out of the Stable, a good thicknef^ left the fiojis crack them ; remember it in
- time, and the Advice will lave you both trouble and charge.

Flowers in Trime, or yet lajlhtg.

ANemonies fome, Terfian, and Common winter Cyclamen , Antirrhinum,
BlackHellebor, Laurus tinus, fingle Frim-rofes, Stochcgilly-flo. Iris Clujii\
SnOTP jiowers or drofs, Tmca, &c.

82 KALE-NDAKIVU HOKTENSE.

FOr by fuch a Kakndar it is that a Royal Garden, or Platitathn may be
contriv'd, according to my Lord Verulatns deUgn, pro^ngnljs Anni Mem-:
Ji^i^3 for every A/oneth of the Tear.

But becaufe it is in this cold Seafon, that our Gard'ner is chiefly diligent
about preferring his more tender, rare, exotic, and cojilji shrubs. Plants nad
Flowers 5 We have thought fit to add the Catalogue, as it is (much after this
fort) coUeUed to our hands by the Learned, and Induftrious Dodtor shdrrocl^
(though with fome reformation and improvement^ oi^fuch, as according to
their different Natures do require more or leji indulgence : And thefe we
have diftributed likewife into the three following C/^^/e/.

I. CLASSE.

Being leaQ: patient oicold, and therefore to hefirjl fet into the
Confervatory, or other ways defended.

ACacia Mgyptiaca, Aloe Atherican. Amaranthm tricolor, Ajpalathuf Cret.
Balfamum, Helichryfon, ChameUa tricoccos, Naflurtium Indicum, Indian
Narciffttf^ Ornithogalon Arab. Ind. Phafeol. Capjicum Ind. Pomum JEthiop. Aure-
um, Spinofum, Summer Sweet Majoran, the two Marum Syriacum, DaCtyls^
Pijiacio's, the great Indian Fig, Lilac fio. alb. Lavendula Multif. Cluf.Ctjtuf
Ragufausfio. alb. Colutea Odorata Cretica, Narcijfus Tuberofifs, Styrax Arbor, b^c,

II. CLASSE.

Enduring the fecond degree of Cold, and accordingly to hejecur'd

in the Confervatory.

A Momum Plinii, Carob, ChameUa Alpejirif, Ciflus Ledon Cluf Citron, Ver-
/\ *^^l Cyclamen, Summer purple Cyclamen, Digitalis Hi j^an. Geranium trijicy
Hedyftrum Clypeatum, Ajpalathuf Creticus, Span. Jafmine, l^irgin.Jafmine, Suzs
Irk, Jacob£a Marina, Alexandrian Laurel, Oleanders, Limonium elegans, Myr-
tyls. Oranges, Lentijcus, Levantine tufted 'NarciJJits, Gill.fio. and choicefi: Carna-
tions, Phalangium Creticum, Afiatic double and lingle Ranunculus's, Narcijjitt
oi Japan, Cytifus rubra, Canna Indica, Thymus capitatus. Verbena nodi flo,
Cretica, &c.

III. CLASSE.

Which not perifiing but in exceffive Colds, are therefore to be la^ fet in 5

or Tether protected under Mattrejfes, and fleighter Coverings, abroad

in the Earth, Cafes, Boxes or Pots, &c.

ABrotonum maff£m. Winter Aconite, Adiantum Verum, Bellis Hijpan. Cal-
ceolus Mari£, Cappark, Cineraria, Cneorum Matthioli, Cytifus Maranth^^
rub. Lunatus, Eryngium planum totum deruleum , FritiUaria ntont. Genili*
Hijpan.po.alb.Pom-Granads, Oriental Jacynth, Bulbous Irk, Laurels, Cherry
Laurel , Lychnk double white ^ Matricaria double flo. Olives , Pancration,
Papaver j^inocijj'. Maracoc, Rofe-mary, sijynrichium. Turpentine-tree, Teucri-

KALENDARIVM HOKTEN^E. 83

um fffits Tithymal. Myrtifol. Vetonica. doub. flo. fingle Violets ^ Lavender^
Serpentaria trifol. C^c. Ornithogalon Arab, white and doub. Narcijjits of Con-
fiantinople^ late Pine-apples, Moly, Perjian Jafminefipuntia, or the fmaller Indi-
.an Fig^ J»cca, Sejeli JLthiop. Agnns Cabins, Malva Arborefcens^ Ciffus maf.Al-
th£a Frutex, Sarfaparilla, Cuprejits, Crithmum marinum, &c.

And to thefi might fome others be added i but we conceive them Jiffficient^
and more then (we fear) fome envious and mercinary Gardeners will ^»^«4. us
for 5 but they deferve not the name of that Communicative and noble Profef-

fion : However, thif, as a Specimen of our Affe^ion to the publicl{_ utility, and
inCommiferation o£ divers honourable, andInduftriousfer/3»i-, whole Inclina-
tion to this innocent Toil has made them Iparc no Treasure or Pains for the

furniture of their Parterres with variety, the mifcarriage whereof being
fometimes nniverfal to the Curious, has made us the more jreely to impart
both what we have experimentally learn'd by our own Obfervations , and
from others of undoubted Candor and Ingenuity : But of this we promile a
more ample Illujiration as it concerns thei intire Art, together with all its
Ornaments of VJe and Magnificence, as thefe Endeavours of ours fliall find
entertainment, and opportunity contribute to the Dejign.

FINIS.

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