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SYNOPSIS
OF THE
gaye 8 Ses Oe hy
BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA
OF
NORTH AMERICA.
Ko I %
PART L +g
By EDWARD D. COPE,
CORRESPONDING SECRETARY OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.
PHILADELPHIA:
McCatia & Stavety, Printers, 237-9 Dock STREET.
Avaust, 1869.
QE
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COT oe
1970 &
dete Mies bl.O NS
OF THE
AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY.
S YNORs Es
OF THE
EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA.
BY EDWARD OD. COE Be
Read September 18, 1868, and April 2, 1869.
PREFACE.
Ir is not designed in the present essay, to give descriptions of the known remains of
the Batrachia, Reptiles and Birds, which have been more or less fully made known by
others. This is left for the day when our knowledge shall more nearly approach complete-
ness. While the subject is in its infancy, I have thought best to describe only those
species and types which are new, and those portions of imperfectly known forms which
will throw additional light on their relations and affinities. Im adhering to this plan, I
have been able to add no little to the history of the Reptiles already described by my
predecessors, Leidy, Owen, Dawson, Wyman, Lea, etc. Where, however, I have had
nothing to add, I have referred to their published descriptions, which are numerous and
well-known. ‘The literature of the subject will then be found under the respective specific
heads.
The present Memoir was originally prepared under the title of “Contributions to the
History of the Vertebrates of the Mesozoic Periods in New Jersey and Pennsylvania,”
and presented to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, for publication, Fifth
Month, 14, 1867. The more important parts of its contents were at the same time
embodied in a series of remarks before the Academy. ‘This essay was withdrawn, owing
to delay in the publication, and the remarks made were not printed. An abstract of part
AMERI. PHILOSO. SOC.—Von. XIV. 1
2 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
of them was, however, published in the Proceedings of the Academy for the same year,
page 234.
Additional material was shortly afterwards sent to the writer, and the important con-"
tributions on the Batrachia of the coal measures, and on the Elasmosauride, written.
The Palaeophis and some of the Testudinata and Pythonomorpha were also added.
In the course of these investigations, prosecuted during the past six years, with
reference to the structure and relations of the extinct Reptilia, the followmg general con-
clusions have been attained to, besides many of lesser significance.
First: That the Dinosauria present a graduated series of approximations to the birds,
and possess some peculiarities in common with that class, standing between it and the
Crocodilia.
Second: That serpents exist in the Eocene formations of this Country.
Third: That the Chelydra type was greatly developed during the American Cretaceous,
and that all the supposed marine turtles described from it, are really of the first named
eroup.
Fourth: That the Reptilia of the American Triassic are of the Belodon type.
Fifth: The discovery of the characters of the order Pythonomorpha.
Sixth The development of the characters of numerous members of the Batrachian
Sub-order Microsauria in the United States.
I must express my obligations to Prof. Geo. H. Cook, of the Geological Survey of
New Jersey, who kindly placed the specimens procured during the Survey at my disposal.
I am also particularly indebted to Prof. John S. Newberry, of Columbia College, New
York, and director of the Geological Survey of Ohio, for the loan of the unique and
important material from the carboniferous beds at Linton, Ohio, contained in his private
collection. I am under similar obligations to Wm. R. Webb, Superintendent of the Land
Office at Topeka, Kansas, for the important type specimens of Polycotylus latipinnis,
and to Prof. Agassiz, for the freedom of study and description of the unequalled Mosa-
sauroid material in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge. Also to Philip P.
Tyson, of Baltimore, for similar advantages, and to Dr. Theophilus M. Turner, of Fort
Wallace, Kansas, for the discovery of that extraordinary reptile, the Elasmosarus pla-
tyurus, and its shipment in unusually good condition. Dr. E. R. Showalter. of Uniontown,
Alabama, has placed me under obligation, in sending -the beautiful fossil of Clidastes
propython. I must also express obligations to Prof Marsh, of Yale College, Dr. Lock-
wood, of Keyport, New Jersey, and to other friends.
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA, 3
SYNOPSIS OF THE PRIMARY TYPES EMBRACED IN THIS ESSAY.
Tue Classes Aves, Reptilia, and Batrachia are those over which the present review
extends. The classes of veretebrata not included are: the Dipnoi, Pisces, Elasmobranchi,
Dermopteri, and Leptocardii and the Mammalia.
The Aves, Reptilia, and Batrachia are characterized and distinguished from all the
_ other classes as follows: the points wherein they differ from each other are italicized.
BATRACHIA.
Axial element of the brain chamber a single membrane bone, the parasphenoid ; occipital
condyles two, on the exoccipitals.
Mandible compound, supported by quadratum.
A distinct coracoid bone.
Limbs when present ambulatory, attached anteriorly to a scapular arch which is free from
the cranium.
Nervous System. Cerebral hemispheres larger than optic lobes, not covering the optic
thalami, and with the lateral ventricle on their inner side.
Fornix and arbor vite none; medulla oblongata straight ; olfactory lobes terminal, sessile.
Circulatory System. Heart with two and three chambers.
Three or more aorta bows ; aorta with two roots from a ductus communis and bulbus
artervosus.
REPTILIA.
Azis of brain case, the basi-occipital and sphenoid elements developed in the primordial
cartilage, the first with exoccipitals bearing one condyle.
Mandible compound, supported by quadratum.
Coracoid bone distinct.
Limbs the anterior attached to a scapular arch which is free from cranium.
Metatarsals and metacarpals distinct; carpals and second row of tarsals also distinct ;
usually the first row of tarsals also.
Pubis not in contact with ischia distally.
=
+ ; THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
Nervous System. Cerebral hemispheres larger than optic lobes, extending over and con-
cealing optic thalami, and with the lateral ventricles on their outer side.
Fornix and arbor vite none; medulla oblongata abruptly curved ; olfactory lobes terminal
pedunculate.
Circulatory System. Weart with three or four chambers.
Aorta with two roots, and rarely an additional bow ; no bulbus arteriosus.
AVES.
Osseous structure as in Reptilia, except metatarsal and usually metacarpal bones are con-
fluent with each other, and with the carpal and second series of tarsal bones ; first series
of tarsals confluent with tibia.
Pubis turned backwards and more or less confluent with ischium.
Nervous System. Cerebral hemispheres larger than optic lobes, and concealing optic
thalami with the lateral ventricle.
Fornia and arbor vite present ; medulla oblongata bent; olfactory lobes inferior sessile.
Circulatory System. WWeart with four chambers.
Aorta with one root turning to the right, no bows, and no bulbus arteriosus.
Class I.—-BATRACHIA.
¢
The vomer is double, and usually bears teeth in this class; the premaxillary is single
or double.* Teeth never planted in deep alveoli.
There are six orders, as follows:
‘’
TRACHYSTOMATA.
Caudal vertebra and frontal bones distinct. Inferior pelvic elements not confluent.
O. o. maxillaria, prefrontalia, palatina and pterygoidea wanting; nasalia present.
Ethmoid, two lateral pieces, each forming part of palate.
Mandible toothless, condyloid, teeth pleurodont. No “postorbital and supertemporal
bones.” First pair ceratohyals distinct.
* Two premaxillary bones are usually ascribed to the Batrachia, but in many Salamanders they are confluent.
Thus while they are double in Salamandra, they are single in Hemisalamandra, Triton and Diemyctylus. In
Amblystomide they are double. Among Plethodontide, they vary. Of Plethodontine genera Batrachoseps and
Stereochila (Cope gen. noy. for Pseudotriton marginatus Hallow) have them single, and Plethodon double. Of
Spelerpine forms, Manculus (Cope gen. noy. for Salamandra quadridigitata Holbr.) Oedipus and Spelerpes have but
one, and Geotriton and Gyrinophilus (Cope gen. noy. for Salamandra salmonea Storer Pseudotriton salmoneus Bd.)
have two premaxillaries. Desmognathus and Amphiuma have single premaxillaries.
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 2)
PROTEIDA.
Caudal vertebre and frontal bones distinct. Inferior pelvic elements not confluent.
O. o. maxillaria, prefrontalia and nasalia wanting; palatina and pterygoidea present.
Ethmoid* a vertical plate on each side the cerebral lobes.
Mandible toothed, teeth pleurodont. Ceratohyals, first pair connate.
No “postorbital and supertemporal bones.”
URODELA.
Usual cranial bones present, but pterygoids reduced or wanting.
No “postorbital or supertemporal bones.”
Caudal vertebre and frontal bones distinct.
Ethmoid, a vertical plate on each side.
Mandible dentigerous; teeth pleurodont.
Inferior pelvic elements horizontal, in contact; no osseous pubis; ilium suspended to a
sacral rib.
(Mostly no quadratojugal.)
GYMNOPHIDIA.
Usual cranial bones present and distinct, including frontals and pterygoids.
Caudal vertebree distinct. /
No “postorbital or supertemporal bones.”’+
Ethmoid annulus surrounding cerebral lobes.
Mandible dentigerous; teeth anchylosed by their bases.t
(A quadratojugal.)
* Erroneously called orbitosphenoids by me. Journal Acad. 1866, (on Anura.)
+ When the temporal fossa is overarched, it is by expansion of the maxillary and quadratojugal. (Stannius says,
““Squama temporalis.’’)
t+ The teeth of Cecilia are compressed with a trenchant posterior edge, which is crenate after the manner of
Megalosaurus, Carcharias, etc. Thus to the numerous genera of Saurians and Selachians possessing this character,
must be added a Batrachian.
AMERI. PHILOSO. SOC.—VOL. XIV. 2
6 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
STEGOCEPHALI.
Usual cranial elements distinct, including frontals and pterygoids, and adding “postor-
bitals and supertemporals.”
Caudal vertebre?
Orbitosphenoids normal.
Inferior pelvic elements distinct.
Mandible dentigerous; teeth with anchylosed bases, or in shallow alveoli.
Ethmoid. ?
(A quadratojugal.)
ANURA.
Frontal and parietal confluent, nasals wanting or rudimental; other cranial bones present.
Postorbital, supratemporal, and usually nasals wanting.
Ethmoid an annulus (usually complete above) surrounding cerebral lobes.
Caudal vertebre represented by an elongate compound style.
Inferior elements of the pelvis consolidated into a single vertical mass; ilium attached
immediately to sacral vertebrae.
STEGOCEPHALTI.
XENORHACHIA.
The vertebral centra not ossified; the teeth simple; no branchial hyal bones; occipital
condyles.
MICROSAURIA.
Vertebral centra ossified; no branchial hyoids; teeth simple or with slightly inflected
enamel of the basis; occipital condyles.
GANOCEPHALA.
Vertebral centra cartilaginous; branchial hyoids present; teeth with inflected enamel,
anchylosed by their bases. No ossified occipital condyles.
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 7
LABYRINTHODONTIA - Vera.
Vertebral centra osseous; no branchial hyoids; teeth with much inflected enamel,
anchylosed in shallow alveoli. Occipital condyles.
Our knowledge of these forms is as yet in many cases too incomplete, to enable us to
assert positively as to the structure and position of the teeth, and the preceding arrange-
ment is designed to shadow out the true system, rather than to define the groups exactly.
They may be arranged further in the following manner, with reference to the dermal
armature.
I. Three large pectoral plates.
« Abdomen with numerous short or long bony scales in close series.
® A bony sclerotic ring.
Teeth simple. Xenorhachia. Amphibamus.
Teeth complex. Ganocephala. Archegosaurus.
4? No bony ring.
Colosteus n. gen.
Pholidogaster.
Pteroplax.
Microsauria. Ceraterpeton.
Urocordylus.
Il. No pectoral osseous shields.
« Abdomen with oblique series of long or short scales.
Microsauria. Sauropleura.
(Estocephalus.
Lepterpeton.
Ophiderpeton.
Hylonomus.
Dendrerpeton.
«¢ No abdominal scales known.
Pelion.
Molgophis.
SS EN @ Eye ALS Ee AY
This order I proposed for the reception of the genus Amphibamus Cope, in 1865. I
proposed to regard as one of its characters, the existence of opisthoccelian vertebree. Such
impressions were observed in the matrix in which the fossil was preserved, as to induce a
8 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
belief in the existence of such vertebrae, and the existence of these in a well ossified con-
dition, in the apparently nearly allied genus Raniceps Wyman strengthened such belief,
There were actually, however, only osseous neural arches present, and I am now decidedly
of the opinion that the vertebral centra were either cartilaginous or annuliform, as in
Archegosaurus. 7
AMPHIBAMUS, Cope.
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1865. 134.
AMPHIBAMUS GRANDICEPS, Cope.
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1865, 134. Palentology, Ill. State Survey, Tab.
Carboniferous; Lower Coal Measures; Morris County, Illinois.
IVE = @ 3 © SAS a EeASs
This suborder was established by Prof. Dawson for small lizard-like vertebrates from
the Coal Measures, which he thought presented points of affinity to the Saurium reptiles,
at the same time recognizing Batrachian characteristics.
These creatures form, in fact, a series closely resembling or parallel with what was
probably an immature stage of the Labyrinthodontia. They are, Labyrinthodonts,
with simple, or very slightly inflected enamel of the teeth, and with the extent of the
exostosis of the cranial bones much reduced. ‘This character has been much overrated
by some authors. In the Dendrerpeton obtusum Cope the grooving and pitting exists
only on the posterior parts of the cranium, and gradually disappears anteriorly. In the
Alligator mississippiensis the same is the case.
The only species, included in this tribe, in which inflections of the enamel have been
described is the Dendrerpeton acadianum, and here it is only at the base of the tooth.
It is, however, not impossible that this genus should not be associated with Hylerpeton, -
Cistocephalus, ete.
The genera Urocordylus, Ceraterpeton, Lepterpeton, Ophiderpeton, and others
recently described by Prof. Huxley, also belong here.
The genus Brachydectes m. is established on portions of the crania only, while
Sauropleura m. is known from portions of all the skeleton except the cranium. There is,
therefore, a possibility of a double emploi in this case, though not in respect to the
species.
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 9
PELION, Wyman.
Proc. Acad. Natl. Sci. Philadelphia, 1868, p. 211. Raniceps, Wyman Amer. Journal Sci. and Arts, 1858,p. 158.
Not of Cuvier, (Pediculati.)
PELION LYELLII, Wyman. Raniceps-lyeelii, Wyman, 1. c.
This animal differs from the genus Amphibamus, in the well ossified vertebral axis;
no remains of a tail with elevated neural spines exist in the type specimen, nor have
ventral scales or sclerotic bones been seen.
Middle Coal Measures, Jefferson county, Eastern Ohio.
HY LONOMUS, Dawson.
*
This genus embraces the smallest species of the order. They all pertain to that
interesting Batrachian fauma of the Coal Measures of the Joggins of Nova Scotia, eluci-
dated chiefly through the exertions of Principal Dawson, of Montreal. This fauma
embraces six of the Microsauria and one true Labyrinthodont. Of the former, the
Hylerpeton dawsonii Owen, is the largest species, the Dendropetons next, and the
Hylonomus wymanii is the smallest. As Dr. Dawson has described these curious
animals in the “Canadian Naturalist,” in detail, I will not repeat them here, but add a
list expressing some peculiarities of dentition, which are highly important in the deter.
mination of species. This, giving the number of teeth in a line of 1-12th of an inch, has
been furnished me by Prof: Dawson.
HYLONOMUS LYELUII, Dawson.
Loc. Cit. VIII., 167, Coal Measures of Nova Scotia.
HYLONOMUS ACIEDENTATUS, Dawson.
Loe. Cit. VIII., 258, . Coal Measures; with the last.
HYLONOMUS WYMANITI, Dawson.
Loe. Cit. VIII., 270, Coat Measures ; with the last.
No. of Teeth in Line.
Dendrerpeton acadianum.
Outer series of teeth, 4 teeth in one line to 1} line.
Inner do. 4 in 24 lines.
D. oweniti.
Outer Series, 4 in one line.
Inner do. 4 in two to 23 lines.
Hylerpeton dawson, 4 in five lines.
Hylonomus lyelli, 12 in two lines.
H, wymanit, 12 in 1} lines.
AMERI. PHILOSO. SOC.—VOL. XIV. 3
10 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
PARIOSTEGUS, Cope.
Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1868, p. 211.
This genus is represented by a large part of the cranium of a batrachian from the
triassic coal measures of Chatham -county, North Carolina. If not a batrachian, it could
only belong to a Ganoid fish, but though some of its characters are somewhat ichthyic, it
lacks the following important elements of the Ganoid structure, 7. e. post and suborbital
bones; postnareal cavities, branchiostegal, and arched branchihyal bones. On the other
hand it has a large preorbital, bounding the frontal and maxillary to the nares, and the
inner border of the orbit, as in Stegocephalous Batrachia; also a postorbital element,
contributing to the formation of an extended supratemporal roof.
Contrary to what has been found the case in most genera of Stegocephali? the
maxillary appears to extend posteriorly to a free termination, as in modern Salamanders,
and the supratemporal bone presents a very prominent, obtuse, arched margin. ‘This
margin extends from the orbits on each side, and is inclined towards the posterior part of
the cranium. ‘There is therefore no quadratojugal piece.
The maxillary and mandibular pieces are slender, flat bones, as in Menopoma; the
form of the posterior or articular portion of the latter cannot be ascertained from the
specimen. The more or less exposed part of the median region of the latter, exhibits a
succession of shallow transverse notches, enclosing thirteen obtuse elevations. The
former resemble rudimental lateral alveolae for minute pleurodont teeth. A few other
similar minute ribs, and, perhaps, a minute curved cone without sculpture, are the only
other indications of dentition.
The bones of the upper surface of the cranium are more readily interpreted by
reference to those of Menopoma. A pair of narrow nasals, acuminate behind, penetrate
between the frontals as far posteriorly as the posterior margins of the orbits. The suture
between these is very distinct, and entirely straight. The preorbitals extend to above
the orbit, and then appear to cease with a transverse suture. Between these and the
nasals a broad triangular element enters on each side, not attaining the probable position
of the nostrils. Each is divided bya longitudinal groove, which is probably a suture, and
which would then divide the frontals from the parietals. The frontal would then divide
the parietals entirely, as they do in Menopoma, for the anterior half of their length. This
would give the frontals a narrow form, acuminate in front, and bounded behind by a
regular coarse, zig-zag transverse suture. The cranium behind this point is rugose, and
the surface not well preserved, and it can only be said, that two peculiar grooves converge
to a point between the posterior extremities of the frontals, like the boundaries of the
supraoccipitals. The posterior boundary of the cranium with the condyles cannot be
AVD AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 1k
readily determined. When the postorbital roof bone is raised up, the meeting of two
eular dermal bones, as I interpret them, is seen. One of these is a plate directed
backwards and outwards, bearing minute radiating lines on its upper surface. It meets a
similar flat plate directed forwards and outwards with similar lines radiating to the
circumference. ‘The inner margins of these plates were not seen.
The orbits are remarkably small, and situated probably near the middle of the
longitudinal measurement of the cranium. ‘The external nares are not defined, but
symmetrical depressions in the position they usually occupy in Salamanders are distinct.
The general form recalls Menopoma, particularly the small orbits. A slender curved
bone with a slightly dilated and truncate extremity, lying by the cranium in connection
with the mandible, is ike a branchihyal of that genus. Nevertheless it cannot be
positively assigned to that genus, as numerous cycloid scales of fishes are on the same —
block.
PARIOSTEGUS MYOPS, Cope.
The surfaces of the cranial bones are little sculptured ; there are small tuberculiform elevations on the parietal
and more numerous ones on the preorbitals. The postorbitals show the strongest markings of elongated pits, which
radiate to their circumference, leaving a smooth obtuse border. The nasals present a series of small warts at a little
distance on each side of their common suture, and transverse to it. The surface of the maxillary is marked with
longitudinal grooves and shallow pits.
No suture separating maxillaries and premaxillaries can be traced with certainty, though the bones of the jaw
are interrupted at the usual place of suture, opposite the nostril.
Measurements. Lines.
Length of specimen (including mandible), 18
Width between outer convexities postorbitals, 17
Do. do. inner borders orbit, il
Do. of same without preorbitals, 8
Do. of nasals at middle, 2.5
Do. of orbit, 1.5
Length of frontal and nasal premaxillary, 11
Do. of supposed branchihyal, 12
The name is derived from the roof-like postorbitals with free lateral margin.
Locatiry.—Coal bed of the Keuper Triassic, Chatham county, North Carolina. The
species was discovered by Prof. Jos. Leidy, who handed it to me for description. It is in
the Museum of the Academy Nat. Sciences of this city.
1? THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
DENDRERPETON, Owen.
Journal Geological Society, London, 1853, p. 81.
In the form of the cranium this genus differs from Brachydectes and cestocephalus
much as Menopoma does from Amphiuma. ‘Two species appear to have left their remains
in the coal measures at Linton, Ohio.
There is an internal as well as an external suries of maxillary teeth in this genus, and
a vomerine patch, according to Dawson. ‘The skin was ornamented with osseous scales
of an oval form, some of which were longer than others, and formed crest-like series along
the side. In a specimen of the mandible of the D. acadianum, kindly sent me by Prof.
Dawson, the inflection of enamel at the base of the tooth is readily observed, but it appears
to be as smooth as in any other type of the Microsauria above the alveolar margin.
DENDRERPETON OBTUSUM, Cope
Fig. 1. This species is known by a partially preserved cranium. The
superior surface is exposed, the outlines of the jaws and orbits are
well preserved, with the occipital condyles. The os quadratum is
US, naps se directed obliquely backwards, and the angle of the mandible extends
ie M i wy rer to a line a little behind that of the occipital condyles. The
zygomatic arch exists in a position similar to that in which it may
be seen in a few genera of Anura, as Discoglossus and Pelobates.
It extends downwards and forwards from the supra-squamosal to the
maxillary region, but whether it is homologically syuamosal or
malar the specimen cannot show. The postorbital is present as
well, and with the last, and the supratemporal, forms the bony roof
of the temporal fossa. A piece which may be the pre and post
frontals combined, borders the inner superior margin of the orbit, it
widens posteriorly, where it has contact with the parietal, etc., and
narrows in front. Supraoccipitals form together a broad triangle
on the upper plane of the cranium, of less extent than the adjoining
supratemporal. These elements are pitted, and towards their
margins radiate grooved. These sculpturings grow less on the
margins of the supratemporal, and the portions of the surface of the more anterior elements remaining, are so slightly
marked as to give the impression that the sculpturing in this species is much less than in others of the genus. A few
beaded ridges are all that remain on the parietals and postorbitals; the maxillaries have a slightly stronger sculpture
seen in a few spots.
The general form of skull is elongate behind, and much shortened in front of the orbits. The orbits are thus
altogether in front of a line equally dividing the cranium transversely, while in the D. acadianum they are in the
middle of the skull. The outline of the muzzle in our species is then broad, rounded, as in the Menopoma alle-
gheniensis, while in the latter it is ovate and produced. It therefore resembles also in its proportions the genus
Herpetocephalus Hux], from the Irish Coal Measures. ‘
The parietal bones extend to opposite the posterior margins of the orbits, are then gradually contracted, and
form an acuminate prolongation on each side the wedge-shaped frontals. The prefrontals are thickened on each side
the front, behind the external nares. The sutures defining the frontals anteriorly, the nasals, and the premaxillaries
behind cannot be made out. The median longitudinal suture is a marked and zigzag one, and can be seen as far
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 13
posteriorly as the anterior margin of the orbits. The external nostrils are large and opposite the inner margin of
the orbit on each side. This separation of the nares is associated with a greater transverse extent of the premaxil-
laries than in some of the genera. These have been set with numerous teeth, judging by their small impressions ;
no larger ones have left traces, and no traces of any on the maxillaries. The teeth of the genera before described
are all much larger relatively, indicating still further the diversity between them.
A fragment of mandible remains, but without teeth or external surface. It shows a large internal canal.
Measurements. Lines.
Total length cranium, 25.5
Width do. three lines behind orbits, 24
Do. between orbits, hed
Do. do. nares, 5
Do. occipital condyles, 2.2
Do. of supraoccipital bones, 6
Do. of right parietal, 6
Extent of premaxillaries, 8.7
Length orbit, 6
From the Coal Measures at Linton, Columbiana county, Ohio. Discovered by Dr.
Jno. 8. Newberry. When the remainder of the skeleton of this species is known, its
generic relations will be better established.
Another cranium accompanies the collection, which belongs to a species distinct from
the last. The muzzle is not so broadly rounded and the premaxillary teeth are relative-
ly much larger. ‘The sculpture is more delicate with the ridges more acute. The orbits
and nares are not defined. The maxillary is well preserved for a length of an inch; its
teeth are smaller than the premaxilliries; I count four in a line; crown simple conic.
External surface of maxillary not very strongly sculptured.
This species cannot be referred to its genus without further material. I therefore do
not name it.
DENDRERPETON ACADIANUM, Owen.
Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. X., 1853, 81. Dawson, Loc. Cit.
Coal Measures. Joggins, of Nova Scotia.
DENDRERPETON OWENII, Dawson.
Canadian Naturalist and Geologist, VIII., 161.
Coal Measures : as the last.
HYLERPETON, Owen.
HYLERPETON DAWSONI, Owen.
6
12.
Journ. Geol. Loc. Lond. Loc. Cit. Dawson, Canadian Naturalist and Geologist, VIII., 2
Carboniferous Coal Measures. The Joggins, Nova Scotia.
AMERI. PHILOSO. SOC.—VOL. XIV. 4
14 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
BRACHYDECTES, Cope.
Proceed. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1868, 214.
This genus is indicated by two rami of a mandible and a portion of a premaxillary
only. These, when compared with those of Csstocephalus, and Dendrerpeton, from the
same locality, and with others described by authors, are so much stouter, 7. e., shorter
and more elevated, that they evidently belonged to a genus not hitherto known. The
genus further differs from Oestocephalus, in having the teeth of equal size to the poste-
rior parts of the series, that is, to the base of the elevated coronoid process. The teeth
are elongate cylindric cones, with their acute tips turned a little posteriorly. The frac-
tured ones display a large pulp cavity. The three premaxillaries preserved are similar,
but without curvature of the tips. They do not exhibit striz or any other sculpture.
So far as the remains known go, the genus is nearer Hylerpeton than any other.
According to Dawson that genus is provided with a large canine-like tooth, at the ante-
rior extremity of the maxillary, on the inner row, which is inserted into a distinct socket.
No such tooth appears among those of this genus. The latter does not give any indica-
tion of the very elevated coronoid process of Brachydectes, though the external portion
of the dentary bone in that region being lost, little can be said about it. Prof. Owen’s
plate indicates a ramus whose depth at the last tooth enters 85 times the total length.
In our species this depth enters about 5 times. 7
BRACHYDECTES NEWBERRYI, Cope.
This species is represented by one nearly perfect ramus mandibuli, one dentary bone, and one premaxillary, prob-
ably not complete.
The dentary bone appears to have been attached by suture to the articular and angular, as its free margin has
very much the outline of that suture in Amphiuma and lizards. The coronoid process would also seem to be a part
of the same bone as in Amphiuma and Menopoma, and not composed of a coronoid bone as in lizards. It rises im-
mediately behind the last tooth, and displays no suture.
The lower portion of the dentary is prolonged into an acute angle. This is separated by a deep and wide con- -
cavity from the superior posterior prolongation, which is obtuse and rises at once into the coronoid process. Teeth
on this dentary seven ; the same number is on the preserved ramus; this number is suspected to be complete or
naerly so. The teeth terminate at the obvious termination of each ramus, which is, it is true, slightly obscured.
These teeth are the longest of the Microsauria in relation to the depth of the ramus, equalling the largest in Gste-
cephalus. They are doubtless exposed, as are some of those of the last named genus, by the splitting away of the
outer parapet of the dentary bone. As no traces of alveoli have been thus rendered visible, I suspect the dentition
to have been acrodont, as in some existing Batrachia.
No external surface of the mandible remains, but there are no impressions of sculpture on the matrix. A little
external face of the premaxillary displays none.
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. i
Measurements. Lines.
Preserved length of ramus (imperfect), 11
Depth at last tooth, 2
Length of exposed tooth, en
Length dentary, 7.5
Depth at coronoid, 3.5
Do. at first tooth, 1.3
In the mandibular ramus of the Hylerpeton dawsoni, there are according to Owen at least nine teeth ; in the
present species there are but seven.
SAUROPLEURA, Cope.
Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1868, p. 215.
This genus embraces a single species only, as I at present understand it. The
extremities are well developed, and the body is stout and lizard-like. It is represented by
but one individual which has been spread over a surface of the coal slate, exhibiting ventral
armature, dorsal region with ribs, and anterior and posterior limbs. Of skull and caudal
vertebre nothing remains.
The dermal riblets are arranged as in Urocordylus, 7. e. in parallel lines directed
obliquely forwards and continuous on the median line, forming there a chevron directed
forwards. ‘The strize are not so closely placed as in O. pectinata, but are separated by
erooves wider than themselves.
The humerus, ulna and radius, are rather stout, and of a size relative to the body, as
in common types of existing sauria; the ulna and radius separate. There is no carpus,
but five well developed digits have phalanges in the followmg numbers, commencing on
the inside, 3, 4, 5,6, 5. The last phalange of the second is obscured, and it is not
positive that the number is as given; it is more probable than that it should have been 3.
The outer toe has been more slender than the others; the distal phalanges of all the toes
are short conic, as in Salamanders. Thus this form differs much from Amphibamus,
where the numbers are 3, 3, 4, 5, 4, showing a lower development of limbs.
The ribs are long and curved as in Reptiles, and judging by their distances the
vertebree are short; the latter are not well defined but there is no indication of prominent
spines of any kind.
The pelvic bones and portions of those of the hind limbs are present, but so obscured
and confused as not to be made out. Enough remains to show that the hind limbs are
considerably longer than the anterior.
16 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
SAUROPLEURA DIGITATA, Cope.
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1868. 216.
This species had a length of body about equal to that of a fully grown Chameleo vulgaris of the largest size or
of a half-grown Menopoma. Thirteen ribs on one, and several on the other side, are preserved; where they
terminate, probably at the pelvic region, some small or rudimental ribs project from the two or three first caudals.
Three ribs and their interspaces extend over five lines. The humerus is broken, but its length can be clearly made
out to be seven lines ; it has no condyle, and is dilated at both extremities. The ulna and radius are distinct,
truncate, hollow, and dilated at the ends. Length of ulna 5.1 lines, distal width 1.8 lines. Carpus not ossified.
The fourth toe is considerably longer than the others, the fifth is next ‘and reaches the basal third of the antepenult
phalange of the fourth ; the third is very little shorter ; the first is not quite so long as the first two of the third.
The bones of the hind limb are not readily distinguished. They are evidently much longer and larger than the
anterior ; no part of a foot is preserved.
This form is probably allied to Urocordylus. It has relatively much stronger ribs in relation to the vertebrz
than we have seen in that genus, and there is no evidence of the existence of the vertebre characterizing the latter.
The limbs are relatively much stronger than in Qistocephalus, and it lacks the peculiar dermal armature of
that genus.
CSTOCEPHALUS, Cope.
Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868. 218. ?
This genus is represented by a more complete series of remains than any other of the
Linton bed.
As before remarked, it represents in many respects, the Ophiderpeton of Huxley, and
has been alluded to by Dr. Newberry as allied to it. It however, differs markedly in
the narrow lanceolate form of the head, with probable accompanying peculiarities of
detail, and in the presence of limbs, which have not been found in the Irish genus. The
form of the head is somewhat nearer that of Lepterpeton Huxl., but the remarkable
form of the spines of the caudal vertebrae so characteristic of the American genus, are
not found in Lepterpeton. In this latter respect it is allied to the Urocordylus of
Huxley, recently discovered in the Coal Measures in Leinster, Ireland. It differs only in
the presence of elongate lizard-like nbs and in the absence of “ oat shaped scales” of the
lower surfaces.
It is a matter of much interest in American Paleontology that this remarkable type
should be found to occur in our Coal Measures. It was first announced by Dr. Newberry
at the meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science for 1867.
(See p. 144), as an ally of Urocordylus and Ophiderpeton.
The forms discovered by Dr. Newberry have-an interesting relation to those of
Ireland, such as types of the present period frequently present.
The characters of Oestocephalus are: neural and hemal elements of the caudal
vertebra, elongate, distally, dilated and grooved, attached by contracted bases. Ventral
aspect defended bya close series of oblique dermal rods on each side, which meet anterior-
AVD AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 1
ly on the median line. Limbs distinctly developed. Ribs long, well developed. Scales
none.
In more detail, we have an elongate lanceolate head with little or no sculpture of the
external surface of the bones. ‘The angles of the mandibles are much prolonged
backwards as in Apateon and frogs, and the well developed ribs commence but a short
distance behind the head. ‘The vertebre are slender, and furnished with well developed
diapophyses.
The neural spines of dorsal vertebrze in O. remex are flattened and expanded in the
line of the vertebral column, and weakly grooved to their superior margin. ‘Their char-
acter has not been observed in the other species.
The neural and haemal spines of the caudal vertebre are prolonged, and remarkably
sculptured by longitudinal grooves, which are most distinct towards their terminations.
They are much flattened to support an oar-like tail.
Anterior limbs have been seen in two species, and posterior in one other. Though
they all probably possess two pairs of limbs, this point is not entirely established, leaving
the homogeneity of this genus still somewhat uncertain.
A pair of symmetrical bones whose impressions are seen posterior to the occipital bone
appear to be the coracoid, and one of them is followed by a second element, which is
probably the humerus. A third piece follows, which is ulna, or radius; the second bone
of the forearm is lost, but some impressions, which appear to be those of a digit, are
visible.
The skin has been occupied by a great number of closely packed, curved, spine-
shaped scales. They have occupied the ventral integument, passing from the median line
of the belly outwards and posteriorly, having acute tips which may or not have penetrated
the skin on each side. No such tegumentary spines protected the dorsal region.
The three sculptured dermothoracic plates common to so many of this order, have not
been seen in this genus.
As compared with Sauropleura, this genus is more elongate and snake-like, and with
much weaker limbs; these characters are not sufficient to distinguish it alone, but as no
dilated neural spines nor similar abdominal armature are discoverable in the former, I
prefer to keep them separate for the present.
OESTOCEPHALUS REMEX, Cope.
Suuwropleura remex, Cope. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., Philada., 1868, p. 217. Ocestocephalus amphiuminus, Cope,
1. c. p. 218.
Additional specimens received from Dr. Newberry enable me to combine the caudal
vertebree described as above under the genus Sauropleura, with the remainder of the skel-
AMERI. PHILOSO. SOC.—VOL. XIV. 5
18 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
eton which was the type of the present genus. The species thus constituted is
represented by five specimens and their reverses, and a fifth may be added with much
probability.
They indicate an animal of the average size of the Amphiuma means.
The extremities of the vertebre are deeply concave, but the centra are so long as to prevent the concayities en-
tering more than one-fifth of the latter, each. The diapophyses are behind the middle, and are broad, curved back-
wards, and acuminate asin Amphiuma. The centra have a prominent median line below, with a longitudinal con-
cavity on each side. Five of them a little exceed an inch in length. Neural spines moderate. The hu-
merus is longer than the coracoid, and is considerably dilated distally ; the coracoid slightly dilated at its superior
extremity. 'Thedermal armature commences immediately behind the head, and forms a band of 14 lines in width ;
measuring across the spine-like scales, in a width of a line, four cylinders may be counted. The external portions
are curved backwards, the interior nearly straight, those of the anterior series more delicate than the posterior.
The head is wedge-shaped, with regularly acuminate sides. The top of the cranium is somewhat broken in the
specimen; the portions preserved are smooth, and the longitudinal suture is distinct for a considerable distance.
The angle of the mandible is produced considerably behind the occiput, and is enlarged and rounded. The end of
the muzzle is broken away, and the region of the orbits so fractured as to render their precise location uncertain.
The superficial layer of the cranial bones is nowhere clearly visible, so that it cannot be ascertained whether it is
sculptured or not. The quadrate bone projects well posteriorly. Some fragments indicate small cylindric teeth, as
in Amphibamus, but they are not characteristic.
Measurements. Lines.
Length cranium without muzzle, 17.3
Width do posteriorly, 11.5
Length of the coracoid, 2.1
Length humerus, 2.5
Length of sixth vertebra from skull, : 3
Extent diapophyses, 3.5
Width centrum, 1.5
The characters of the genus are further shown by a part of another individual in the same coal slate matrix.
The cranium and anterior portion of the vertebral column only are preserved, the latter so much injured as to render
the vertebral characters very obscure. As in the other, the bristle-like scales extend along the dorsal region to
near the cranium. The anterior 2 of the ventral side shows a large number of oval scale-like bodies, which
belonged undoubtedly to the animal, and were probably dermal scales. They are, however, neither regular in
from nor position. Close behind the head two or three long bones of the fore limbs have been exposed. They are
slender and similar to those of the last specimen.
The cranium, though without the muzzle, shows its long wedge shape. The maxillary bone cannot be distin-
guished, nor can the orbits be made out. One ramus mandibuli is pretty well preserved ; it shows no coronoid pro-
cess. Thirty-one teeth may be counted on a portion a little more than one-third its length. The anterior eleyen of
these are abruptly longer and stouter than the others. They are all, except a few most anterior, in pairs, @ ¢., with
a slight vacancy between every two. The larger ones where broken at the bases exhibit a moderate pulp cavity ;
the smaller, a large one extending to near the lip. Several, though not all of the larger teeth, display a shallow
groove on the external face to near the tip, which is probably owing to pressure and a partial crushing. The
points of the larger teeth are more abruptly acute, and turned abruptly backwards. A portion of their inereased
length (.35) is to be attributed to the splitting off of the external dentary margin, and the exposure of the roots.
No alveoli are shown, and the dentition is probably by anchylosis of expanded base as in true Labyrinthodonts.
A third series, Nos. 26, 29, Mus. Newberry, of dorsal vertebre is without head or limbs. The yertebr are
elongate, three of them extending over 2.10 mm. The neural spines are longer than high, and are nearly in
contact at their margins; each is marked by about five obtuse vertical ribs. A fractured section of the abdom-
inal dermal spines in place, displays at least six superimposed layers of them.
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 19
This species is larger than the O. pec-
tinatus, and about equal to the Urocor-
dylus wandesfordii Huxl. The caudal
spines differ in the greater attenuation of
the neural series, and the presence of a
basal lamina on the haemal. The caudal
region is represented by a portion of the
vertebral column three inches in length.
In this space may be counted twenty-four
vertebre. Such of the latter whose out-
lines are visible, display centra character-
istic of the genus; their terminal concavi-
ties conic, with apices meeting in the
centrum, medially; zygapophyses rudi-
mental if present.
Characteristic of the species are the
remarkable length and slenderness of the
fan-shaped neural and haemal spines, and CAUDAL VERTEBR&, NAT. SIZE.
the absence of an acute serration on their margins. In this species the spines have a laminiform expansion at the
base in their plane. In the other species here described these spines are not only relatively broader and more fan-
shaped, but they are acutely serrate on the margin and constricted at the base.
In C. remex the dilate haemal spines are a little more than three times as broad distally, as they are long,
while the neural spines are a little narrower. The haemal spines stand about the middle of the centrum. The
basal half is furnished with an anterior ala, which leaves the anterior margin rather abruptly and extends to the
next spine in advance. It returns gradually to the centrum and is separated from the articular face of the latter
by a notch. A similar ala exists on the posterior margin of the haemal spine, which extends for a shorter distance
above the base, and is narrower than the anterior. Each spine presents a median groove on its surface, which
extends half way to the base or further; on each side of this are some three other grooves which extend but a
short distance ; surface otherwise smooth. The ends of the grooves slightly notch the truncated end of the spine.
The neural spines are on the posterior portions of the centra, and not in contact with the bases of those adjacent. —
They are without. the dilatations of the haemal spines, and are directed rather more obliquely backwards. They
are similarly grooved, though without that so distinctly median, seen in the haemal series.
Both neural and haemal spines become stronger towards the anterior part of the vertebral column. There
appear to be no zygapophyses nor diapophyses, nor rudiments of ribs. The centra are rather stout and somewhat
constricted medially. There are no traces of dermal armature of any kind.
Measurements. Lines.
Length of a posterior centrum, 1.2
Depth do. dao. do. 1
Length haemal spine of adjoining vert., 4,4
Basal width, 1.4
Median width, -9
Distal width, 1.1
Length of a more anterior haemal spine, 4.3
Distal width do. do. do., 1.5
Length anterior neural spine, 4
Width do. do. 1.4
From the Coal Measures, the Bituminous basin at Linton, Columbiana County, Ohio, near the Ohio River.
Prof. J. 5. Newberry.
20 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
C(ESTOCEPHALUS PECTINATUS, Cope.
Sauropleura pectinata, Cope, loc. cit., 1868, 218.
This species is represented by portions of the vertebral columns of four individuals. In two of these, vertebral
centra are discoverable, in one quite definitely. They are slightly constricted medially, and without ridge or
process.
The neural and haemal spines of superior and inferior lines are similar, and in the specimens undistinguishable.
The dilated portions form nearly equilateral triangles, which stand on moderately short pedicels. They are weakly
ridged, and each ridge is prolonged into a narrow acute tooth, beyond the margin of which eleven may be counted
on one of the best preserved. The longitudinal striae are terminated near the pedicel by two others which cross
obliquely from each side and meeting present an appearance similar to an overlapping of each margin. The
edges of the spines form a continuous line.
As in the other species, there are no indications of other processes, nor of dermal scales.
The smallest of the specimens shows that in front of the region furnished with the peculiar spines described, the
body is furnished with a mass of bristle or hair-like scales. The grooved neural spines are slightly displaced
anteriorly, and the bristle-like mass looks like a continuation of their striae, and it is not easy to find any line of
demarkation between them. The serrate spines are further forwards on one side than the other. These
livear scales were arranged as in other genera, in lines which converge forwards to the median line. They are
somewhat obscured in the specimen, but it cannot be determined that they are continuous on the median line.
Whether this is the posterior or anterior portion of the body cannot positively be determined from the specimen ; it
is, however, most likely the posterior, for near the posterior portion of the striate surface a weak pair of
limbs is given off on each side. On the right, a moderately stout femur is followed by a broken tibia
and fibula, and by five slender, closely oppressed metatarsals. The last are about 2-5 as long as the space
between them and the femur: beyond them a few slender phalanges are moderately distinctly defined. The
tibia is more distinct on the left, but no tarsus or phalanges; some of the metatarsals are preserved here
also. Length of limb to end of metatarsals equal to five vertebre in juxtaposition, measured along the edges
of the neural spines. The limb has been slender, especially the hand.
The above specimen enables me to assign as the ventral armature of this species a closely packed series of
Y-shaped grooves which lie in connection with an obscure vertebral column, on the block containing one of the typical
specimens of this species. They are not continuous with any of the series exhibited on other parts of the block:
some of these at least are the doublings of the slender animal, and this ventral portion has been displaced. The
grooves are like the impressions of haemapophysial rods, vastly more numerous however than the number of
vertebre ; they are really the dermal armature. Huxley figures a portion of this as on the block with the
Urocordylus wandesfordii, but does not refer it to a precise relation to the animal. A few well developed ribs are
preserved with this portion, the only ones I can refer to this species. The vertebre are partly enclosed in matrix,
partly impressions. The neural spines, though expanded anteroposteriorly, are less elevated than in the caudal region,
and have left no traces of their characteristic ribs or serration.
The number of spines in the type specimens is six in a half inch ; in the smallest, just described, ten in the same
distance. The height of the spine in the former 1.15 lines.
MOLGOPHIS, Cope.
Loc. Cit. 1868, 220.
This genus is established on remains represented by three specimens, which are two
series of dorsal vertebrae with ribs, and a series of caudals. One of the dorsal series
embraces sixteen vertebre, the other fourteen, the caudal series, twenty-two.
From its serpentine form this genus may be compared with the Dolichosoma of
Huxley, though a close relation does not exist between them. In the Irish genus, the
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA, ml
series of caudal vertebre is quite short, and the ribs are short and but little curved. In
Molgophis the tail has been lke that of an elongate serpent, and the ribs are as well
developed as those of many reptiles.
Though no limbs or arches can be certainly found, a rather quadrate, parallelogrammic
piece, about as long as the diameter of a vertebra, may be found. This is however very
doubtful.
The characters of the genus are: a long serpentine body, without dermal armature, so
far as discoverable ; the vertebra large and broad with very prominent zygapophyses and
moderate neural spine, those of the caudals without narrowed bases (and grooved or
serrate edges, most probably). Limbs and cranium unknown.
This genus differs from Urocordylus in its caudal vertebree, and from Ophiderpeton in
its dorsals: the latter in their zygapophyses projecting laterally resemble those of Amphi-
uma. It differs from Céstocephalus in the absence of ventral dermal bands and in the
longer body, without indication of limbs. The size of the vertebrae would indicate a body
of the size of a rattlesnake, (C. horrida,) and therefore too large for the species named
Brachydectes newberry?.
The ribs are long, and though the lead is not bifurcate, there appear to be both
tubercle and head on the dilated extremity. They show themselves where crushed to
have a large median vacuity.
MOLGOPHIS MACRURUS, Cope.
The neural arches viewed from above have a posterior V-shaped outline, from the fact that the broad zygapo-
physes meet on the median line, and spread out distally over the broad anterior ones adjoining. The latter appear to
be somewhat concave, and to border the former exteriorly as well as inferiorly. The base of the neural spine extends
to the posterior emargination, but not quite to the anterior. The breadth of the dorsal vertebra above is equal from
the emargination behind to the anterior margin of the anterior zygapophysis.
The caudal series must have been very long, as there is very little diminution in the size of the vertebre through-
out the series preserved. They present much the same form as the dorsals, but are more contracted medially, and
the zygapophyses have a more transverse direction. There may indeed be a diapophysial element beneath these, but
the two cannot be distinguished if so. They are connected by longitudial impressions, indicating the existence of
the tendinous bands in the longitudinal muscles seen in Amphiunna, or the osseous spicules in the same situation in
birds. The neural spines indicated by their narrow bases, occupied the length of the neural arch, and remind one of
Amphiuma.
The ribs are long for a Batrachian, but shorter than in a reptile. They are well curved, chiefly near the proximal
extremity. The longest I can find measured by a chord, equals two vertebre and two-fifths. Three vertebre
measured along the median line above equal eleven lines; one of these is 3.6 lines in width above ; width of a (?)
posterior caudal 3 1.
This animal has been like Amphiuma a snake-like Batrachian, but probably of even more elongate form. How
near its affinities to this genus may be, cannot be ascertained, owing to want of important parts of the skeleton, but
it differs in the important feature of the large, well developed ribs.
AMERI. PHILOSO. SOC.—VOL. XIV. 6
NS)
THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
GNOCEPHALA.
COLOSTEUS, Cope.
This genus is proposed for Ganocephala, allied to Apateon ( Archegosaurus ) but differ-
ing as follows:
There are no traces of vertebral centra or spines, or of ribs, in portions of six individ-
uals preserved. No sclerotic bones can be found in one cranium partially preserved.
There appears to be two pairs of very short limbs. The usual three sculptured pectoral
bones are present, consisting of a rhombic medial, and a pair of half rhomboid laterals.
The abdominal region is protected by series of scales which extend obliquely forwards to
the medial line, where they meet, forming chevrons. They are closely approximated,
and are composed of rhomboidal scales which have a convex external and internal face,
in transverse section, and which overlap at the extremities, and are in contact by faces
which are oblique in both the longitudinal and transverse directions.
The exact form of the muzzle cannot be made out. It is, however, not elongate, nor
yet of the broad rounded form of Pelion. Several teeth are preserved. ‘There are
two kinds, which occupy the margins of the maxillary and dentary bones. The
anterior teeth appear to be longer than the posterior, though the latter are mostly
broken off. Most of the teeth are coarsely mecised sulcate for perhaps their basal half.
Two long teeth behind their distal extremity of the dentale, are on the other hand very
finely and sharply striate for their basal half; the tip is subcylindric, and very prolonged
and acute. A small, dagger-shaped tooth near the base of one of the posterior, may be-
long to the successional, or to a small outer series. A series, of four elevated tooth bases,
with a broken crown, of much smaller size than those of the jaws belongs to the vomerine
or a palatine series. The row is single and uniform.
The superior face of the cranium is injured, but the component bones appear to have
possessed a radiating sculpture of no great distinctness.
The form of the body seems to have been long and fish-like, with little contraction near
the limbs. Caudal extremity is not preserved. ‘There were probably two pairs of very
weak limbs, of which three metacarpals of the anterior are preserved. A narrow longi-
tudinal bone extends posteriorly from the lateral pectoral bone. Its extremity is broken,
but a flat, narrow, longitudinal bone, with a dilated extremity curved outwards, may be-
long to it, or be the humerus. I find no distinct traces of branchial arches.
The affinities are thus obviously to Apateon, and it is not beyond possibility that future
investigations may prove it is the same, though this is not probable at present.
Portions of seven individuals of one species, and of one individual of another, were
discovered by Prof. John S. Newberry at Linton, Ohio. They differ as follows :
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 23
Pectoral bones with strong elevated radii and very weak reticulation in the centre of
the median. The abdominal scales thick, many in a transverse series.
C. CRASSISCUTATUS.
Pectoral bones nearly as above; the abdominal scales slender, not more than three in
a lateral transverse series.
Cc. MARSHITI.
Pectoral bones—the lateral finely pitted, the pits becoming elongate towards the
margin.
Cc. FOVEATUS.
COLOSTEUS CRASSISCUTATUS, Cope.
One of the specimens of this species consists of a supero-lateral view of a crushed cranium and anterior part of
the body. The median pectoral bone appears as a sagittiform plate with thin edges, rounded lateral angles and a
thin median prolongation behind. The greater part of the borders of the right orbit are distinct, and display the
continuity of the malar and supratemporal regions. The ramus mandibuli is longer than the cranium proper. The
number of the teeth cannot be determined, but they are rather large, and traces of their existence do not extend
behind the orbits. The length of the long anterior mandibular tooth is .5mm., and the diameter at the base .1mm.
Diameter of base of a superior maxillary .2mm. The approximate length of the mandibular ramus is .0715m. long ;
longitudinal diameter of the orbit 72mm. ; length of median pectoral plate .036m. ; width of same .019m.
Other specimens (Nos. 4 and 10 coll. J. S. Newberry) show that the abdominal scutellation commences
immediately behind the pectoral bones. Those near the median line are similar to the external, and they unite in a
zigzag line. The depth of these scales is oblique, and is somewhat greater than the width. Thus one angle
projects, and gives the surface a somewhat ribbed rather than continuous character. The following measurements
express their dimensions relative to other portions of the body.
M.
Width of median pectoral, .0138
Do. three pectorals restored, 054
Do. scale band, 064
Scales in .01m. transversely to series, 0.2
Do. longitudinally do., 1.75
Radii of lateral pectoral crossed by .01m., 7
Length ulna and radius, 0108
Do. metacarpus, -006
The above measurements express the small size and weakness of the fore limb. Another specimen (No. 18) in
which the impressions of the scales are of the same size as those of the preceding, the impression of what may be
femur and ulna and radius are visible, which are of considerably smaller size than the one above mentioned. They
are but doubtfully these elements.
M.
Length proximal element, 004
Do. two distal do., . 0038
A median pectoral plate of a seventh and much larger individual than the preceding is prolonged anteriorly
and posteriorly. The broad posterior portion is transversely ribbed, the ribs weaker and interrupted medially.
Length .063m.; with .04m.
This very interesting form is part of the unique and important collection made by Prof. J. 5. Newberry, at
Linton, Columbiana County, Ohio.
HAs THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
COLOSTEUS FOVEATUS, Cope.
A very elegant sculptured median pectoral plate represents this Batrachian. It is larger than most of
those of C. radiatus, but smaller than the one last described. The posterior and median parts of the plate
are pitted to the number of six in five mm. The pits are separated by sharply defined ridges. They elongate
towards the anterior parts of the plate, resembling elongate hexagons, and the ridges approaching radii, though
not more elevated than the cross septa. The bevelled margins are rugose also, except at the edges.
; M.
Length of the bone, 045
Greatest width, 025
Width posterior margin, .021
From Linton, Columbiana County, Ohio. Prof. J. 8. Newberry, Coll. No. 20.
COLOSTEUS MARSHII, Cope.
Sp. nov.
This species is represented by a specimen of very much smaller size than either of the preceding. That it is not
the young of C. crassiscutatus is indicated by the peculiar form of the dermal ventral scales, and by the greater
anterior prolongation of the median ventral dermal bone.
The specimen is lying on its back, displaying the yentral armature somewhat disturbed, and broken through in
some places, where the vertebize and ribs would be discerned if they existed. The head is turned abruptly to one
side, and is apparently right side up. Several of its elements are scattered on adjacent portions of the block.
The head is of an elongate lanceolate form, The upper surface of the frontal bones is punctate-rugose in relief, -
with short radii towards the margin. The distal two-thirds of the mandible is narrow wedge-shaped ; the external
surface is coarsely pitted. There are no teeth preserved. The sutures of the cranial bones are of the squamosal type
or fish-like.
The three thoracic shields are considerably displaced. The lateral are subtriangular, and are strongly ridged
towards the inner margin. The median shield is short spatulate, the narrow portion directed anteriorly ; the posterior
rounded. It is coarsely pitted medially, and coarsely and strongly radiate ridged to the margin. Immediately behind
these plates the dermal armature commences. It consists of elongate, narrow, subeylindric scales, which are arranged
end to end, in series which meet on the median line, converging anteriorly, as in the other types here described. At
first sight they resemble the long rod-like pieces of (Estocephalus, and careful examination is needed to detect the
interruptions caused by the sutures of the scales. The latter are several times as long as wide, and appear to be
terminated by oblique faces as in the typical species.
The trace of limbs is only seen in a short impression resembling that of a humerus behind the thoracic buekler.
Nothing can be found pertaining to posterior limbs, but some laminae and impressions in the position of pelvis, but
not immediately connected with the other portions of the skeleton, may belong to the latter arch.
Measurements. MM.
Length of body to buckler, 4,2
Width of ventral armature, 8
Impression of humerus, (or coracoid,)
Length median thoracic plate, 1°15
Width ce Kc te 51
Length fragment under jaw, 75
Depth do. at middle, 15
Width end muzzle, 29
This species, like the preceding, is from Dr, Newberry’s collection, (No. 13,) and from the Linton coal bed, South-
eastern Ohio. I have dedicated it to Prof. Othniel C, Marsh, Professor of Paleontology in Yale College, Connecticut.
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 25
LABY RIN TEODONTIA.*«
DICTYOCEPHALUS, Lezdy.
DICTYOCEPHALUS ELEGANS, Leidy.
Proc, Ac. Nat. Sci., 1856, 256, Emmons’ Geology Nor. Amer. p 59. Tab.
Triassic Coal Beds, Chatham County, North Carolina.
BAPHETES, Owen.
BAPHETES PLANICEPS, Owen.
Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Lond., X., 1853, Tab. (XI notes.)
Carboniferous Coal Measures of the Joggins, Nova Scotia.
EUPELOR, Cope.
EUPELOR DURUS, Cope.
Mastodonsaurus durus, Cope. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1866. 249.
A portion of the table of the cranium of a large labyrinthodont accompanied other fragments of the same in a bed
of hard black shale, according to Wheatley’s section of the Trias at Phcenixville, Pa., (in Silliman’s Journal Sci.
Arts, 1861, 45.) about 181 feet from the top of the series, while a tooth formerly described with it is from near 83
feet higher, in “the Plant bed.”” The Belodon comes from the same as the last.
The largest fragment is eight inches long and eight and one-half wide, and is a portion of the table of the
cranium exhibiting the usual medial depression and embracing portions of the postorbital and parietal bones ; one
of the former is four inches six lines long; both are pitted medially (about 34 pits in an inch) and marked
with short coarse sulci posteriorly. The parietals are two inches nine lines wide behind, and four inches wide
between the anterior parts of the postorbitals. On what is probably the posterior part of the interorbital region
(a small part of the posterior margin of the left orbit is preserved) commence two smooth, shallow sulci 1 in. 2 1. apart,
which are probably the posterior extremities of the superficial channels of the face of the Labyrinthodonts. Between
them the surface is pitted (four or five to the inch). The parietal bones are throughout longitudinally suleate (four
and one-half to the inch), with obtuse ridges between. The parietal fontanelle was not discoverable, nor could the
form of the orbits be certainly determined, though they were probably not large.
From the Triassic Red Sandstone near Phoenixville, Chester County, Penna. Discovered by Charles M.
Wheatley.
Teeth subcylindric, with large pulp cavity at the basis only: external surface without grooves ; dentine divided
by numerous flat vertical lamine of a dense substance, probably enamel, which radiate from very near the pulp
cavity to the external enamel layer.
I have been much puzzled with the teeth which I described (J. c.) in the above language, as typical of this genus.
Their constitution has been chemically altered, and the section exhibits the radii of a denser material which unites
at right angles with a sheath of the same substance which envelopes the tooth externally.
The teeth are of various sizes, sometimes two inches long and more slender in proportion to the length than those
of the Mastodonsaurus jegeri and salamandroides; they are cylindrical, gently curved and acuminate without
external sulci: of the minute sculpture little can be said, but the casts of the surface are smooth. The roots exhibit
a short conic pulp cavity. In a few weathered sections the denser radii are well displayed.
They are not convolute as in Labyrinthodonts, but perfectly straight and convergent to a minute central vacuity.
In a tooth four lines in diameter there appear to be five principal radii, which though exceedingly delicate may some-
times be seen in longitudinally fractured specimens.
*The Centemodon sulcatus Lea which I referred here in my synopsis of Extinct Batrachia, Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1868, may be placed among the
Thecodonts. I was induced to place it here by Lea’s ascription of sulci and pulp cavity to the tooth, which I did not understand properly.
AMERI. PHILOSO. SOC.—VOL. XIV. 7
26 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
These I suspected to indicate the positions of inflections of enamel, as it is difficult to imagine such regularly
radiating fractures. I cannot however, be entirely sure that this is the case. Under a low power neither the
radii nor interspaces exhibit any structure ; the small pulp cavity is filled with the sandstone matrix in which the
tooth isenclosed. It may be supposed that the relatively denser structure of the enamel has been preserved in the
slow alteration which the composition of the tooth has undergone. They thus project on weathered or ground surfaces.
The species to which these teeth pertain was originally described by the writer as a Mastodonsaurus. The
latter genus however exhibits external grooves where the inflections of enamel enter and separate the dentine. These
inflections, as is well known from the figures and descriptions of Professor Owen, are more or less convoluted, some
of them very highly so. The laminz of the teeth of the Eupelor cannot be looked upon as inflections of enamel, but
rather as branches. They are exceedingly thin, and our sections do not demonstrate them to be double. If they are
double, they are very much more attenuated than the external enamel stratum. They may be distinguished ina
section of the wall of the pulp cavity at the base of the root as well as elsewhere. :
The fluted tooth referred to in my original description, in which this structure is observable, belongs apparently
to a Thecodont, perhaps to Belodon : other teeth of this genus which I have seen present the same peculiarity. As the
tooth from which the description of Eupelor was derived, is from the same stratum as the Belodon and Clepsysaurus,
and some distance above the horizon of the cranial bones described, after an examination of the series in possession
of Wheatley, I am disposed to refer all these teeth to the Thecodonts, and restrict the name Eupelor durus m. to the
cranial bones only.
Class duals. 2, Beeb oe beAS:
The following preliminary table exhibits the more essential characters of the orders
of Reptilia, as understood by the writer :*
I. Supratemporal and postorbital bones present; extremital portions of limbs not
differentiated ; quadrate bone united by sutures.
ICHTHYOPTERYGIA.
II. No supratemporal or postorbital bones; extremital portions of limbs differentiated.
A The quadrate bone united by suture to the prootic, the opisthotic and the quadra-
tojugal bones. :
a The scapular arch continuous, including the sternum, which is anterior and simple.
ARCHOSAURIA.
aa Scapular arch not continuous, sternum inferior, extending posteriorly, composed of
at least eight elements: dorsal vertebrae sacrum-like.
TESTUDINATA.
AA 'The quadrate bone not united with the prodtic, and articulating freely with the
opisthotic ; no quadratojugal. (Streptostylica.)
Sacrum from three to five vertebrae; anterior extremities excessively elongated for
flight; acetabulum complete; pubes longitudinal, distinct ; exoccipital not distinct.
PTEROSAURIA.
* Many of these groups correspond with those proposed by Prof. Owen.
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. Q7
Opisthotic united with exoccipital; brain case not closed before prodtics; palatines
united all round; sacrum of two or one vertebra; pubes transverse.
LACERTILIA.
Opisthotic distinct and distally free from the cranium; brain case partly closed before
prootic, palatines united.
PYTHONOMORPHA.
Opisthotic distinct, free from cranium except proximally; brain case nearly closed
anteriorly, palatines attached behind only.
OPHIDIA.
ICHTHYOPTERYGIA.
Elements of the limbs beyond the humerus not differentiated, in indefinite number.
Postorbital and supertympanic bones over the temporal fossa.
Quadratum solidly united by suture with the prodtic opisthotic and quadratojugal.
Sacrum none.
Pubes and ischia transverse and in contact. Neural arches free.
Premaxillary divided.
ARCHOSAURIA.
Elements of the limbs, of the pes and manus differentiated, in definite number.
* Postorbitals and supratemporals ” of Owen wanting.
Quadratum immoveably united by suture with opisthotic, prootic and quadratojugal.
Sacrum of from one to six vertebre.
Neural arches attached by suture in most.
Premaxillary divided.
Cranial walls cartilaginous anteriorly.
Palatine bones in contact with maxilliaries, and united by suture with them.
Circulatory System (known only in the Crocodilia). Heart with complete septum of the
ventricles ; a communication between aorta roots.
Nervous System (known only in the Crocodilia). Cerebellum with small lateral lobes and
weak plicae.
TESTUDINATA.
Parts of limbs differentiated.
Dorsal vertebre without mobility: no clavicle, a procoracoid continuous with scapula:
ilium vertical, acetabulum complete.
Sternum not in connection with coracoid, composed at least of eight or more bilateral
elements, and extending posteriorly to beneath the pelvis.
28 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
Teeth none.
Quadratum immovyeably fixed by articulation with the large pro and opisthotics.
Cranial cavity not ossified anteriorly; no ali or orbitosphenoid.
Palatine bones attached anteriorly.
No postorbital or supratemporal elements.
Two sacral vertebree: ischia and pubes more or less transverse, the latter sometimes not
in contact.
Costal and vertebral elements usually united into a dorsal shield: dorsal corium ossified.
Circulatory and Nervous Systems, much as in Lacertilia.
PTEROSAURIA.
Limbs differentiated, one digit excessively elongated for aerial progression.
Postorbital and supratempoial roof wanting.
Sacrum of from three to five vertebre. .
Inferior pelvic elements distinct, the pubes set parallel, directed forwards and not joined.
Neural arches consolidated.
Palatine elements united; one premaxillary.
LACERTILIA.
The distal parts of limbs differentiated ; no supratemporal or postorbital bones.
Quadratum not in contact with prootic, articulating freely with opisthotic; no quadrato-
jugal.
Opisthotic sessile not distinct.
Sternum composed of but two elements, which are continuous with remainder of scapular
arch,
Cranial cavity not ossified anteriorly to prodtic.
Palatine bones solidly attached to maxille; a symphysis mandibuli.
Squamosal usually present; premaxillary usually single.
Limbs ambulatory, when present.
Sacrum of two vertebra, when present ; ribs single headed.
Neural arches not united by suture, chevron bones present.
Pubes and ischia transverse, united in pairs.
Circulatory System. TWeart with imperfect septum atriorum, no communication between
aorta roots.
Nervous System. \ Cerebellum without lateral lobes or plicae.
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 29
PYTHONOMORPHA.
Characters of skeleton as the preceding, except: opisthotic distinct, prolonged from the
cranial walls as suspensorium of the quadratum.
No symphysis mandibuli.
Squamosal present ; premaxilliary single.
Cranium with alisphenoid and parietal developed in front of prootic.
Limbs inflexible, natatory ; sacrum none ; chevron bones,
Neural arches not attached to centrum by suture.
Pubes and ischia wanting. (?)
OPHIDIA.
Characters of Lacertilia except: opisthotic free, distinct from the cranium except proxi-
mally, supporting quadratum ; no squamosal.
Cranial cavity largely ossified anteriorly.
Palatine bones free from other elements except pterygoids.
No symphysis mandibul..
Sternal and pelvic arches wanting; no limbs except rarely rudiments posteriorly ; no
sacrum.
Vertebree united by double articulation ; neural arches continuous with centra; no chev-
ron bones.
Circulatory and Nervous Systems, in wmportant features as Lacertilia.
ICHTHYOPTERYGIA.
ICHTHYOSAURUS, Conybeare.
Leidy says with reference to the species here described, “They have an affinity to
Ichthyosaurus and Eosaurus, nor am I prepared to prove that they do not belong to one
of these.”
ICHTHYOSAURUS GRANDIS, Leidy.
Ohonespondylus yrandis, Leidy. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philada., 1868 —178.
Humboldt Co., Nevada.
AMERI. PHILOSO. SOC.—VOL. XIV. 8
30 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
EOSAURUS, Marsh.*
This genus, as suggested by Huxley, may be the type of a peculiar division of the
Batrachia. There appears to be some probability of this being found to be the case, though
present evidence is in favor of Prof. Marsh’s location here.
EOSAURUS ACADIANUS, Marsh.
Amer. Jour. Science, xxxiv. 1862, 1 Tab. I, II.
Coal measures: Joggins of Nova Scotia.
ARCHOSAURIA.
This great order of Reptilia corresponds with the Monimostylica of Miller, without
the Testudinata. The latter differ too much in the vertebral and sternal structure to be
retained in it.
The important feature which characterizes the order, the close sutural attachment of
the quadrate bone, may be readily understood by comparison of the accompanying figures
of Nothosaurus from the Muschelkalk of Germany, and Mecistops intermedius Graves,t}
recent, from the Orinoco, with the plate of Clidastes propython, at the end of the volume.
The order embraces that large series of forms which seem to be equidistant between
all the extremes of the Reptilian type. It therefore is not a strictly homogenous group ;
yet its subdivisions do not appear, with present knowledge, to be sufficiently marked, to
render it proper to esteem them of equal value with the other orders here enumerated.
This is a usual difficulty of classification ; we express it, and do not remove it, by admitting
the existence of a protean type in a genus of species, a family of genera, a class of orders,
etc., etc. The suborders are as follows:
Limbs without flexible articulation; natatory; no femoral trochanters; no sacrum.
A procoracoid united with scapula; a distinct episternum.
Ribs single headed. |
* The following species have been described by Leidy, who refers them to Reptilia with doubt, and says they may
be fishes. As this point remains undecided, I can only allude to them here.
CYMBOSPONDYLUS, Leidy.
Proceedings Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philada., 1858.—178.
CYMBOSPONDYLUS PISCOSUS, Leidy, . c.
? Triassic of Humbuldt Co., and of the Toiyabe Range, Nevada.
CYMBOSPONDYLUS PETRINUS, Letdy, 1. c.
? Triassic ; Humboldt, Nevada.
+ This cut is taken from the type specimen of Mecistops bathryhynchus, in Mus. Academy. The Nothosaurus is
the N. andriani or a nearly allied species. I am not quite positive that the number of alveoli on the maxillary bone
is exactly correct.
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 31
NOTHOSAURUS ? ANDRIANI.
External nostrils posterior.
Pubes entering acetabulum, transverse, united medially.
Vertebree with zygapophyses only. .
Ribs single-headed. Chevron bones present.
SAUROPTERYGIA,
THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
EAA
MECISTOPS INTERMEDIUS.
Limbs ambulatory, no third trochanter.
Sacrum of two vertebre.
No procoracoid or clavicle.
Ribs mostly double-headed.
External nostrils anterior.
Pubes longitudinal, not entering acetabulum ; free distally.
Zygapophyses only; chevron bones
CROCODILIA.
Limbs ambulatory; a third trochanter on femur.
Sacrum of two or three vertebre ; acetabulum entire ; pubes united.
Ribs double-headed.
External nostrils posterior.
Zygapophyses only and chevron bones.
THECODONTIA.
Limbs ambulatory or prehensile.
Ilium horizontal, supporting a long sacrum of five or six vertebra, the anterior derived
from the lumbar series.
The acetabulum thrown forwards, and not complete, but perforate.
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 30
Ischium long longitudinal, posterior, supporting the pubis in front on a process.
Ribs free, double headed.
Neural arches united by suture; chevron bones present.
DINOSAURIA.
Limbs ambulatory.
External nostrils anterior.
Inferior pelvic elements in contact transversely, acetabulum imperforate.
Sacrum of six vertebre.
Neural arches attached by suture.
Premaxillary single or double ;
Teeth wanting or represented by a pair of tusks, or canines.
No columella. ANOMODONTIA.
Limbs ambulatory.
External nostrils anterior.
Inferior pelvic elements in cantact transversely.
Sacrum of two vertebre.
A columella.
Clavicle, episternum and xiphisternum present, united.
Chevron bones. RHYNCHOCEPHALIA.
The important modification in the mode of articulation of the quadrate bone, which
characterizes this order has been overlooked in most of the systematic arrangements of
the extinct and living Reptilia. The subordinate forms differ in important points, but the
groups Sauropterygia, Thecodontia, and Crocodilia, appear to be related by a close bond,
as for example the marine, the terrestrial, the Sphargid, and the Pleurodire tortoises. The
extremities are modified for all modes of progression, except that of flight, in both; while
as much gradation between these types is seen in one as in the other. In the characters
of the anterior and posterior nasal openings, there is a great range in these types, but
the transitions in these respects occur successively from Crocodilus to Teleosaurus,* to
Belodon, to Plesiosaurus and Nothosaurus.
An important definitive character is found in several types of the Archosauria. ‘The
pterygoid bones are prolonged anteriorly between the palatines, and frequently as far as
the vomer, completely separating the palatines. The latter then he exterior to the
pterygoids and between them and the maxillaries. When they bear teeth the latter
form a series within and parallel to that of the maxillary bone.
This structure occurs in Sauropterygia, as Nothosaurus, (see fig. 4,) and in Rhynchoce-
*See Huxley on relations of Plesiosaurus to Teleosaurus, Journ. Geol. Soe. Lond.
AMERI. PHILOSO. SOC.—VOL. XIV. 9
34 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
phalia (Sphenodon Hyperodapedon.) I have not observed it in any of the Crocodilia,
but the palatal roof of several genera of this order is unknown. No such structure is
known among the Streptostylicate Reptilia.
This order appears first in time, in its Sauropterygian and Thecodontian representatives
in the Trias, and in the genus Protorosaurus Meyer, even in the Kupferschiefer, a member
of the Permian. At the same time it is the only one of the characteristically extinct
types, which remains to the present day. ‘This it does in the Rhynchocephalia and
especially the Crocodilia, the most persistent reptilian type. It must also be observed
that the Trias of Scotland has yielded a type (Leptopleurum), which Huxley refers to
the Lacertilia.
SAU ROPTERY GIA.
POLYCOTYLUS, Cope.
This genus is established on a series of vertebrze with portions of pelvic arch and pos-
terior extremity, discovered in the upper Cretaceous of KanSas by W. E. Webb, Superin-
tendent of the land office in Topeka, Kansas. The point at which the remains were
found is about five miles west of Fort Wallace on the plains near the Smoky Hill river,
Kansas, in a yellow Cretaceous limestone.
The animal thus indicated is of interest in American vertebrate paleontology, as the
first true Plesiosauroid discovered within our limits. That its affinities are nearer to
Plesiosaurus than to Elasmosaurus will be apparent from the following description.
There are wholes or portions of twenty-one vertebre, of which but two retain their
neural arches, and six are represented by neural arches only. Four centra may be referred
to the caudal series, the remainder to the dorsal; there is nothing to indicate the characters
of the cervical vertebre. All of these vertebrae, except the distal caudals, are remarkable
for their short anteroposterior diameter and deeply concave articular faces. ‘This concavity
is not however of an open conic form, as in Ichthyosaurus, but is flattened at the fundus,
thus exhibiting a small slightly disciform area. ‘The usual pair of venous foramina appears
on the under side of the centum. ‘The neural arch is continuous with the latter, and
exhibits no trace of connecting suture. ‘The diapophyses arise from the neural arch in all
the dorsals; they are compressed and vertical in section. ‘The arch is of course narrow
anteroposteriorly, and presents a pair of moderately prominent zygapophyses in each
direction, the posterior as usual articulating downwards, the anterior upwards. On some
of the vertebra they become closely approximated. ‘The neural spines are narrow antero-
posteriorly, but much stouter transversely than in Elasmosaurus ; they are strongly grooved
at the base, both anteriorly and posteriorly, most so posteriorly.
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 39
The caudal vertebre are anteriorly quite as large as the dorsals. Two anterior caudals
present on the latero-inferior part of the posterior margin, a pair of widely separated artic-
ular surfaces for chevron bones. A portion of one of the latter remains; it is narrow and
sub-cylindric at the base. ‘The diapophyses are situated on the upper part of the centrum,
and are continuous with it, and without trace of suture. There are two distal cervicals,
which are much smaller than the preceding. They are solidly codssified and have been
broken from one anterior to them, with which they have been also anchylosed. Processes
in the position of diapophyses have disappeared, while a strong infero-lateral process
projects from the middle of each, similar in position to the parapophyses (or whatever
they may be) of the Elasmosaurus. ‘These processes are decurved and much thickened
and rugose; they may be described as more or less elongate conic. ‘The neural canal of
these vertebre is well marked, though small. ‘The codssification of cervical vertebre is a
remarkable character, and very unusual. It does not seem probable that these specimens
represent a diseased condition, since they are symmetrical, and the inferior surface and for-
amina are unaffected. The rugosity is much that of a ligamentous articulation. Their
size indicates a remarkably slender neck as in Plesiosaurus, but even more so, and perhaps
as elongate as in Elasmosaurus.
That the portions of an extremity alluded to, belong to the posterior, is rendered prob-
able by the presence of part.of an ilium, and by the fact that the portions of the vertebral
column secured, are chiefly median and posterior. The fragments consist of the extremity
of the femur, the tibia, several tarsal bones, and numerous phalanges. The whole limb is
of great size compared with that of the vertebral column, and indicates powerful natatory
capacity in its possessor. What the relative length of the femur may be, cannot be ascer-
tained, as the proximal portion is wanting, but if it were like the tibia, it was characterized
by stoutness rather than by length. ‘The portion remaining is flattened, and presents
distally two distinct articular faces for ulna and radius, instead of the uniformly convex
outline characteristic of most of the species of Plesiosaurus. ‘The tibia is broader than
long, and not emarginate externally. The fibula is wanting. One of the tarsal bones is a
flat unequally hexagonal disc, of less thickness than the tibia and the tarsals which appear
to connect with it. One of the latter is transverse parallelogrammic, with three faces of
broad plane articulations and the outer rounded in section. Another tarsal or metatarsal
is a parallelopipedon, except that one extremity presents two faces meeting at a right
angle. Another is similar, but oblique, 7. ¢., rhombic in section; one of the longitudinal
angles is also prolonged.
Of the phalanges there are individuals from three series. Portions of flat bones,
perhaps, belonging to the pelvic arch, indicate, as do all the other pieces, that the bony
structure in Polycotylus is more massive than in Elasmosaurus, if the only known species
36 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
has not attained such huge dimensions as some of the latter. These fragments do not
throw much light on the structure of the pelvic arch. a
The structure of the bones is, like that in the order generally, of the coarsest descrip-
tion. ‘There are no medullary cavities, but the medullary cells are large, and extended
everywhere in the direction of the axis of each bone.
The characters which separate this genus from Plesiosaurus may be derived from the
preceding as follows:
First ; the deeply biconcave, and very short vertebral centra.
Second ; the tibia broader than long, resembling those of Ichthyosaurus.
Third; the coalescence and depression of some of the cervicals.
Fourth ; the continuity of the neural arches.
Fifth ; the continuity of the diapophyses of the caudals.
The only genus with which this genus compares nearly, is the Thaumatosaurus of
Meyer. This is known but by a few fragments, and of these, but few are present in the
Kansas animal. The character on which I rely at present to distinguish them, is the
much less concavity of the dorsal vertebrae in Thaumatosaurus. This is however, not
entirely satisfactory. 'Thaumatosaurus oolithicus Meyer is from the lower oolite of South
Germany.
The bones are thoroughly mineralized, and the adherent matrix is a light yellow
chalky limestone, similar to that which yielded the fine fragments of the Macrosaurus
proriger. This, Dr. Leconte informs me, is probably Meek and Hayden’s upper Cretaceous
No. 3, and is a higher horizon than that near Fort Wallace from which Dr. Turner
procured the Elasmosaurus platyurus. The specimens were all taken out under the
direction of W. E. Webb, of Topeka, from the same spot; from every point of view there
is reason to believe that they belong to the same animal. | 3
.
POLYCOTYLUS LATIPINNIS, Cope.
The anterior dorsal vertebree have the centra slightly compressed or vertically oval, while the posterior are more
rounded. The anterior caudals appear to have been round or nearly so; they are somewhat distorted by pressure.
The sides of the centrum are slighly concave in the longitudinal direction; below, there is no carina, but at least two
venous foramina. There is another large foramen on the side of the centrum, usually not far from the neural arch ;
there are usually other smaller foramina below this. The bases of the diapophyses are longitudinally grooved
behind, and separate a concavity of the arch in front of them from one behind. In the most median, the most
elevated diapophysis stands about equally on the neurapophysis and the neural spine above it. The diapophysis
are vertically compressed, and the costal articulation of the only one preserved, is in the same plane. The margins
of the external surfaces are not coarsely striate as in many Sauropterygia. The venous foramina of the distal
coissified cervicals are in pairs, and of a large size. In the proximal caudals the diapophyses are above the middle of
the sides of the centra. In one the basis of a chevron is preserved. It is eylindrie and striate. The zygapophysis
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 37
on the hinder aspect of a dorsal has a disciform articular surface directed ontwards and downwards : the prominence
of its upper face is continuous with the lateral ridge of the neural spine. The anterior uplooking surface is equally
small and little divergent.
Inches.
Vertical diameter centrum dorsal, 3.42
Transverse ‘‘ OE ae ee os 2.7
Antero-posterior diameter centrum dorsal, (below, ) 1.85
Vertical diameter centrum dorsal, (poster, ) 2.98
Transverse ‘‘ a os 2.9
ge Oe neural canal, .86
Longitudinal diameter base neural spine, 1.22
ue ss ‘¢ diapophysis 1.2
Length between extremities zygapophyses, (dorsal,) 2.26
Depth of cup of vertebre, -63
Length centrum anterior caudal, 1.73
Distance between bases chevron bone, (caudal. ) 2.58
Length two coossified caudals, 2.9
Width anterior in front, Si
Depth a ee 9
It may be observed the anterior caudals have a nearly round articular extremity; one of them is a little wider
than high, but they are too much distorted to furnish reliable measurements.
The portion of ilium preserved is an extremity. Itis flat on one side and convex on the other. The shaft is
solid. The articular extremity is oblique. and presents a truncate extremity, which is at right angles to a short
recurved margin, which has been an insertion or articulation ; the flat surface is rugose distally. Long diameter of
extremity, 2in. .70; of shaft, 1.9in. The articular faces of the extremity of the femur are at an open angle with
each other, and are strongly concave in transverse section. The femur is here very flat, with narrow margins; it
becomes stouter with diminishing width. Distally the surface is marked by grooves and small foramina. What may
be tibia is the basal frustrum of a wedge ; the articular faces broad, the outer margin narrowed ; the faces slightly
concave. The inner margin is shorter than the outer, and the distal part of it presents a broad articular face. Some
of the tarsal bones have been already described. There are thirteen metatarsals and phalanges. They are of stout
proportions and are considerably constricted medially. Those of one series are square in section; those of another,
transverse ; those of the third transverse with one edge thinned or acuminate in section. Some of each form are
more elongate than others.
Inches.
Width femur at extremity, (restored, ) 8.
Depth “ Gs (median, ) 1.3
Width ‘ four inches from extremity, 6.
Thickness femur ‘‘ He MY 1.95
Width tibia, 3.88
Length externally, 2.6
Width tarsi tibiale, 2.48
Thickness ‘‘ ee 1.52
Length parallelopiped phalange, 1.56
Width ce HE 1.2
Thickness a cs 1.2
bd depressed oe il
Width ee OC 1.4
Length He Cb 1.9
AMERI. PHTLOSO. SOC.—VOL. XIv. 10
38 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
These powerful extremital pieces indicate a body to be propelled, of not less than usual proportions. If this be
the case the number of dorsal vertebra is considerably greater than in the species of this order in general, and
approaching more the Ichthyosauri. I do not intend to suggest any affinity between the latter and the present genus,
as none exists. What the extent of cervical vertebre may have been is uncertain. The caudals have probably been
numerous, though not probably so extended as in Hlasmosaurus.
The size of the species can be approximately estimated from the proportions furnished by Owen (Reptiles of the
Liassic Formations) for Plesiosaurus rostratus. The skeleton of this species measures 11 feet 8 inches, and the
dorsal vertebrez are of less vertical and equal transverse diameter compared with those of the present Saurian. We
may therefore suppose that the latter exceeded the former in dimensions.
William E. Webb of Topeka discovered the specimens on which this species rests, and liberally forwarded them
to me for examination and description.
ISCHYROSAURUS, Cope.
Ischyrotherium Leidy. Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. 1860, 150.
This genus has been referred by Leidy to the Mammalia, and to the order Sirenia,
with doubt. Having access to a part of the remains on which it was established, I have
arrived at the conviction that it really represents an aquatic Saurian more or less distantly
related to Plesiosaurus. My reasons for regarding it as Reptilian and not Mammalian
are: first, the articulation of the neural arch with the centrum; second, the absence of
epiphyses ; third, the absence of articulation for the head of the rib on the centrum ;
fourth, the lack of tuberculum on the ribs.
With respect to the first of these characters, it may be remarked that it never exists
in mature Mammalia, and disappears at an early period of the development of all; except
in certain seals and the Echidna, where the consolidation of the neural arch is a little
delayed. As to the epiphyses, there is no trace of their suture to be found on fractured
surfaces, supposing their existence to be indicated by the series of foramina extending on
the inferior surface of the centrum near each articular extremity. These foramima
are, I believe, merely the ruptured coarse cells, which can be found near the articular faces
in the vertebree in all Sauropterygia. ‘They are unusually small in this genus, appropri-
ately to the denser structure of the bones as compared with other sea saurians. ‘The
articulation of the rib takes place at the extremity of a long diapophysis, and there only,
there being no pit for the capitulwm. ‘This does not occur in Mammalia, but is highly
characteristic of the lower groups of the Reptilia, especially the Sauropterygia. ‘The lum-
bar series in Cetacea presents a somewhat similar structure. The vertebra in question are
referred by Leidy to this position, but they are clearly median dorsals, from the elevated
position and length of the diapophyses. The simple form of the ribs, some of which are
from the same part of the column, is quite unknown among Mammalia.
There are other significant characters of less value, which point to the saurian affini-
ties of this genus, and confirm the preceding. These are the very small size of the neural
canal, the cylindric or thickened form of the neural arch, and the strong venous foramina
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 39
penetrating the centrum, which, though not wanting in such mammals as Basilosaurus and
its allies, are neither so numerous nor situate so near the neural arch as here. (See Leidy’s
i UE)
The ribs, as remarked by Dr. Leidy, are remarkably dense. He observes that “ from
the solidity of structure and cylindroid form of the ribs, I suspect IJschyrotheriwm to be
more nearly allied to the Manatee than to any other animal.” This consideration does
not affect the affinities here accepted as true. ‘The structure is remarkable, and differs
from that of Manatus and Squalodon much as Reptiles do from Mammals, in its homoge-
neity, or when interruption of the same occurs, in its appearance as irregularly disposed
cells, and in the lack of a concentric structure of any kind. In the Mammalian genera in
question, as well as in Basilosaurus* this concentric structure is eccentric in relation to
the circumference of the rib. ;
The genus Mesosaurus Gervais, according to plate X LIT of his Zoologie et Paleontol-
ogie Generale (the letter press has not yet reached me), presents ribs of similar form to
those of Ischyrosaurus, but whether of similar structure I cannot ascertain.
Leidy concludes his description of this genus with the following remarks: “ Although
I have supposed the remains es to indicate i * an animal allied
to the Manatee, i . I have suspected that they have belonged to an aquatic
reptile unlike any known.” i Entertaining the opinions that I do respecting
the relations of the genus, I have thought that the name applied by Leidy, which is appro-
priate only to a mammal, should be changed. I therefore call it Ischyrosaurus, maintain-
ing the first etymology so far as practicable.
I refer it to the Sauropterygia, as the parts resemble Plesiosaurus more nearly than
those of any other American genus. The density of the osseous structure and the cylin-
dric form of the ribs, will distinguish it from Plesiosaurus; from Polycotylus the ‘form of
the vertebre separates it at once.
I suppose that this type may have been of estuary habits, and took its food in proxim-
ity to land. ‘The density of the bones is not known in, nor is it appropriate to, animals
of the open ocean. ‘The presence of Hadrosaurus (‘Thespesius) occidentalis in the same
beds, is further evidence of the proximity of land.
ISCHYROSAURUS ANTIQUUS, Leidy.
Ischyrotherium antiquum, Leidy. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phila., VIII, p. 89. Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. 1860, 150
Tab. X, figs. 8-17.
The dorsal vertebrz of this species present plane articular extremities. The centrum is not constricted medially,
but presents a shallow concavity round its median portions. The sutural articulation of the neural arch is shallow,
sub-ovate, and extends throughout the length of the centrum. The diapophyses are compressed cylindric. The
* See Owen on this genus.
40 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
articular face is a transverse oval. The size of the animal is similar to that of the Plesiosauri of medium dimensions,
perhaps ten feet in length, admitting elongate neck and tail, of which there is no evidence.
Position.—Bed Q. Hayden’s Section of Great Lignite basin of Nebraska. (Trans. Am. Philos. Soc., 1860, 135.)
perhaps of the Cretaceous age; from the Moreau River.
PLESIOSAURUS, Conyd..
I refer the following species to this genus provisionally, and with doubt.
PLESIOSAURUS LOCKWOODII, Cope.
This reptile is represented by but few remains, which are in the private collection of Dr. Samuel Lockwood, of
Monmouth County, N. J. A single dorsal vertebra, which he kindly lent me for description, presents characters which
are so marked when compared with other marine Sauria as to require notice.
The centrum is of the general form of Plesiosaurus and Cimoliasaurus, and the arch has a sutural attachment as
in the former. The suture is the surface of a sub-round pit, almost like that of Ichthyosaurus, and not like that
typical of Plesiosaurus, or the young of Cimaliosaurus magnus. In the latter the suture is an oval concavity which
extends throughout the length of the centrum. The pit in this species measures little more than one-third the
length of the centrum. The floor of the neural canal is quite flat. The sides of the centrum are strongly and
regularly concave, rather less strongly below than laterally. The margins flare regularly, and are not striate
grooved or ribbed as in many species. There is a strong venous foramen a short distance below the neural arch and
two medially below.
The species is further characterized by the regularly concave articular faces, without median plane or prominent
portion, as in Cimoliosaurus species. They are more concave than those of the Elasmosauri also. The form of the
surface is entirely circular.
In. Lin.
Width articular surface, 2 8
Depth ey ae 2 7.8
Width pit neural arch, 8.4
Length centrum, 1 11.6
This species I have dedicated to its discoverer, Dr. Lockwood, who has contributed in various ways to the
progress of Natural Science.
It is the earliest sea saurian from this country, as it was derived from the clays which underlie the lower green
sand bed. It was dug from a brick clay pit near Matteawan, Monmouth County, N. J.
CIMOLIASAURUS, Leidy.
Cimoliasaurus and Discosaurus, Leidy. Proceed. Academy Nat. Sci., Phila., 1851, 8325—1854, 72, tab. ii, figs. 4, 5,
6, and 1851, 326; Cretaceous Reptiles, 22 and 25, tabs. IV., V., VI. Brimosaurus Leidy, Pr. A. N. Sci., Phila., 1855, 472.
This genus has been chiefly illustrated by Leidy, who has described remains of its
species from the cretaceous deposits of many of the States east of the Mississippi. It has
remained for the discovery of Elasmosaurus to prove that the two supposed genera named
by Leidy, are really one, his supposed caudals of Discosaurus* being really caudals of Cim-
* This genus was originally proposed on two vertebra from Georgia, and a vertebra from New Jersey described
by Dekay. He afterwards added vertebrae from Alabama, Mississippi and New Jersey. Some of these were regarded
as cervicals; they are, however, anterior caudals. As Leidy observes, there are several species among them, and it
may be, several genera, but as the genera cannot be distinguished by the caudal vertebra, it appears to me that Dis-
cosaurus cannot be preserved. While distinguishing the genus from Cimoliasaurus, Leidy adds, ‘*The supposed cau-
dals of Discosaurus I have suspected to be anterior cervicals, notwithstanding the apparent provision for the articula-
tion of chevron bones. If all the vertebrae be viewed as belonging to one animal, they represent cervicals, dorsals and
lumbans of Discosaurus, otherwise they represent a cervical and caudals of the latter, and dorsals and lumbars of Cim-
oliasaurus.”’? In case of their identity, it may be observed, Leidy refers them all to Discosawrus. Cimoliasaurus was,
however, proposed first.
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 41
oliasaurus, the supposed caudals of the latter proving to be its cervicals. Characters dis-
tinguishing it from Plesiosaurus have never been pointed out, and it is here retained apart
from it on the supposition that its scapular arch is constructed on the same principle as
that of Elasmosaurus, a point, however, which has not been ascertained.
This genus is not as well known as Elasmosaurus, owing to the fragmentary condition
in which it is usually found. Its marked character is its short depressed cervical region,
as compared with the excessively long and compressed one of Elasmosaurus. It also dif-
fers from it in the apparent continuity of the series of diapophyses from the dorsal to the
cervical series. In Elasmosaurus these processes are wanting on the anterior dorsals.
They are very elongate on the other hand, on the posterior dorsals of Elasmosaurus ; in
Cimoliasaurus we have as yet no evidence as to their length, as they are broken in our
specimens.
Riese 13, Ue Fig. 14. Fig. 16.
The rapid diminution in dimensions of the cervical series in Cimoliasaurus indicates
a short neck, and far less slender general form. Leidy suggests from the absence
of sacral characters, that posterior limbs have been probably wanting in this genus: the
same vertebral characters are seen in Elasmosaurus, but it has a large pelvic and scapular
arches; the presence of limbs in it cannot be doubted. The femur of Cimohasaurus is
described below, and is the only limb bone yet assignable to a species of this genus. It
resembles that of Plesiosaurus. It is thicker and shorter however than in any species of
the latter genus, and is quite short. ‘The distal extremity is thick, and presents pits for
the attachment of the articular cartilage ; the faces for both ulna and radius are extensive,
and indicate a large manus and elongate limb. ‘The rotundity of the head indicates ex-
tensive rotation; and we may be satisfied that the animals of this genus were furnished
AMERI. PHILOSO. Soc.—VOL. XIv. 11
42 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
with powerful propelling flippers. The preceding cut illustrates its form and size in rela-
tion to the posterior dorsals from nearly the same position in the C. magnus and Elasmo-
saurus platyurus. .
The general characters of the cervical and dorsal series are very similar to those of
Elasmosaurus, but they all exhibit considerably larger neural canals. In the immature
individual, the neural arch of the dorsal vertebrae is not coossified, but is separated by
suture as in Plesiosaurus.
That there are several species of this genus is suggested by Leidy, and seems probable
to the writer. As one of these has been already named, the characters of those which
appear distinct may be pointed out.
Anterior caudals, articular faces with rounded margins; antero-posterior diameter
greater, 2 in., width, 2in. 71. Pit of diapophysis 1 in. 3 1.
C. VETUSTUS.
Anterior caudals, articular faces with acute marginal angle, antero-posteriorly shorter
lin. 71. by 2 in. 6 1. in width; pit111. Cervical with straight sides and broader form ;
width 31.2 1. by 24.5 long, the tdiapophysis narrow and stout.
C. MAGNUS.
Anterior dorsals shorter and higher than in C. magnus, the posterior cervicals, there-
fore shorter than in the same; diapophysis of first dorsal longer.
C. GRANDIS.
Posterior cervical with neural canal as large as C. magnus, but centrum four times as
large, and a strong longitudinal ridge half way between pleurapophysis and neural arch,
giving pentagonal section: 45 1. long by 521. wide; hence longer.
E. ORIENTALIS.
CIMOLIASAURUS VETUSTUS, Leidy.
Discosaurus Leidy, Proc. Acad. N. Sci., 1851, 326. Cretaceous Reptiles, N. A., 22. Plestosawrus, DeKay Ann.
Lyc., N. Y., 1828, 165, Tab.
If the vertebre from Alabama from Jos. Jones, described by Leidy in the Cretaceous
Reptiles as No. 1, are typical of this species, they present certain peculiarities which distin-
guish them from those of an individual of C. magnus which I describe below; perhaps
the species are distinct.
Cretaceous Alabama, ? Mississippi and ? New Jersey.
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 43
CIMOLIASAURUS MAGNUS, Leidy.
Pr. A. N.§., Phila., 1851, 325, 1854, 72. Cretaceous Rept. N. A. 25, tab. 00.
This species has hitherto been known from vertebra only. In connection with vertebre of this species, I pro-
cured a long bone which has a near resemblance to the femur of Plesiosaurus. It indicates a paddle for motion in the
water, as has already been mentioned.
The distal breadth is equal to 1% the length. It is distal compressed, but thick and with rounded margins.
The proximal portion is slightly reverted to the condyle, and compressed nearly at right angles to the distal extremity.
The condyle is flattened convex and oval in circumference. The tibial and fibular articular faces form a strong angle
with each other, and are pitted rugose for the cartilaginous articulation.
In. Lin.
Distal breadth, 4 o
Breadth at neck, 2. 8.5
Diagonal across condyle, 3
9 iil.
Length,
It is seen, therefore, that this bone is remarkably robust, much more so than in the Plesiosauri of adult age.
That the individual to which it pertained is not mature, appears from the dorsals accompanying, in which the neural
arch is not fully codéssified to the centrum. We can regard the species as a robust and powerful animal, in which bulk
is more prominent than length.
Anterior dorsal, length centrum, 2. 5.1
Width do., 3. le
Depth do., 2. 10.
Length articulation for neurapophysis, ile 11.
Width do. do., 1. ile
The centrum is much constricted medially and the diapophyses are given off from the neurapophyses, the lower
margin corresponding with that of the bottom of the neural canal. This specimen is from Barnesboro, and was
submitted to me by Prof. Cook, State Geologist.
Locality: the Cretaceous Green Sand of New Jersey; upper bed.
CIMOLIASAURUS GRANDIS.
Brimosaurus grandis, Leidy, Proceed. Ac. Nat. Sci., 1854, 72; tab. I., II.
From Cretaceous of Clark County, Arkansas (near Greenville).
I have not seen any part of this, the largest species. It is, from Leidy’s figures and description, distinguished
by the relatively greater width and height of its vertebra, and has been therefore a shorter and more massive animal
than its congeners. As nothing beyond Leidy’s description is known of it, I append the latter.
It was represented by vertebre from near Greenville, Clark County, Arkansas. They had been kindly loaned by
W. T. Roberts, an agent of the Arkansas Mining Company, who had discovered them with numerous others. Dr.
L. stated that, in his visit to St. Louis, Mr. Alb. Koch, the industrious collector of fossil remains, had exhibited to
him a collection of bones from the same State, and apparently of tlie same animal, which he was on the eve of
sending to Berlin. The specimens are remarkable for the robust transverse processess, which project laterally
from the lower part of the body, and terminate in a large facet for the articulation of a rib. The bodies are
cylindroid, and are terminated by slightly concave or nearly flat articular surfaces. The sides of the body are moder-
ately concaye, and haye an acute margin at the articular surfaces. On each side of a median prominence of the under
side of the body a large vascular foramen exists. These vertebra resemble those of Cimoliasaurus magnus from the
44 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
green sand of New Jersey, described previously in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, but in that
_ the large transverse process is cylindrical, while it is compressed cylindroid in the Ark. saurian, and probably the
latter belongs to a distinct genus, for which the name Brimosaurus is proposed. The bones are imbedded in a hard
limestone with mollusca, and they probably belong to the cretaceous or to the eocene period. One of the most perfect
of the vertebrz presents the following measurements:
Inches.
Length of the body, 33
Depth articular surfaces, : 5
Breadth do. do., 6
Length of the neural arch, 8
Dr. Leidy proposes to consider this species as the type of a genus distinct from the present, because its diapophyses
are compressed in section, while those of Cimoliasaurus are cylindroid. I think this difference depends on the posi-
tion in the vertebral column. These processes descend on the anterior part of the column and become more flattened,
until they resemble diapophyses of ordinary cervicals. This vertebra therefore was an anterior dorsal.
ELASMOSAURUS, Cope.
Leconte’s notes on Geology of the route of the Union Pacific Railroad, 1868, p. 68. Cope, Proceed. Acad. Nat.
Sciences, 1868, p. 92.
This genus has been more completely preserved to us than any other American repre-
sentative of the order, and hence may be accepted as most clearly expressive of its char-
acters. In the interpretation of these, however, considerable difficulty has been experi-
enced, as the structure form appears, at first sight, to reverse to a remarkable degree,
the usual proportions of known reptiles.
The determination of the anterior extremity of the vertebral column has been rendered
certain by the fortunate completeness of the cervical series, as the extraordinary length
of the latter, equalling three times that of the body, renders the most careful scrutiny
necessary.
The neural arches are every where continuous with the centra, without sign of suture,
and are externally plane. ‘The neural canal is exceedingly small for the size of the
vertebra, especially on the lumbars and caudals.
The dorsal vertebrae are remarkable from the fact that the diapophyses disappear on
the anterior part of the series, and gradually diminish in length from behind forwards to
the point of disappearance. On the median and posterior parts of the series they are
very elongate, and rise for a short distance from the basis of the neural arch. Ante-
riorly, they descend and shorten, and finally remain only as the slightly elevated borders
of rib-pits. ‘Throughout the whole of the anterior portion of the column to the cervicals,
the neural spines are of great elevation, and of such antero-posterior extent as to be
nearly continuous.
‘The cervical vertebra are not only more numerous, but become anteriorly much smal-
ler and more attenuated than in its allies of the same family. They are remarkably com-
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 45
pressed, the centra much longer than deep, and deeper than wide, and with smooth con-
cave sides.
The ribs of the anterior cervico-dorsal region are inserted directly in the vertically
oval pits of the centrum. Immediately at the point where these cease, thin transverse
processes appear to arise from the lower edges of the rib pits. They form a continuous
series with the ribs, and soon rise from the plane of the lower face of the centrum, and
are directed obliquely downwards. At the end of the cervical series they are directed
nearly vertically downwards. ‘The number of these vertebre is very great, the anterior
diminishing to a very small size, the whole measuring a little more than half the total
length.
Most of the cervicals possess two venous foramina below; the dorsals two, and most
of the caudals one.
The resemblance of the caudals to the usual type of Plesiosaurus, is seen in the fact
that each bears near its posterior articular aspect, on the inferior face, a pair of articular
surfaces, for chevron bones. Similar vertebra had been described by Leidy as the caudals
of a genus he called Discosaurus; the study of the present genus shows that they are
really of the caudals of the allied genus Cimoliasaurus,
The ribs are simple headed; the abdominal ribs seen in Plesiosaurus are possibly
wanting, as none were found by the discoverer of the fossil, after a careful search.
The end of the muzzle, with symphysis mandibuli, was preserved. This is flat, the
symphysis rather short, the premaxillary grooved at the intervals between the dental alve-
oli. The teeth are deeply implanted, with small pulp cavity, are cylindric and furnished
with nearly straight elongate conic crowns, which are minutely but sharply striate to the
tip; the ridges, straight, continuous. There are no indications of nostrils, so that these
were probably posterior and near the orbits, as in Plesiosaurus.
The pelvic arch is more extended than the scapular, and strongly resembles the pelvic
arch of other Plesiosauride. ‘The scapular arch is peculiar; the claviculi are broad flat
bones resembling the pubes of certain tortoises, while the coracoids are much like the
coracoids of Plesiosaurus.
The scapular arch is remarkable for the resemblance of coracoids to those of Plesio-
saurus. The clavicles have a greater transverse extent than the former, and have a very
extensive line of union medially, and a narrow posterior prolongation which meets a simi-
lar anterior one of the coracoids, separating the intervening foramina, ‘They appear to
form about one third of the walls of the glenoid cavity, and have a constricted base as in
some Plesiosauria, applied to the extremity of the coracoid. The form of the glenoid
cavity cannot be readily ascertained from the absence of the scapula. What we have of
AMERI. PHILOSO. SOC.—VOL. XIV. 12
46 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
it would suggest the existence of a fore limb, of comparatively little power, though no
remains of such have been found. ‘The acetabulum is smaller than the glenoid cavity ;
this point, with the obvious source of propulsive power in the tail, renders it probable that
the posterior limbs were the weaker of the two, if any existed. But there is no trace of
sacrum nor of any modified diapophyses for support of an ilium.
The ischia are flat, subtriangular bones with a long median line of junction, and
communicating anteriorly with the posterior prolongation of the pubic plate. Their
postero-exterior margins project well backwards. ‘The pubes are broad plates, whose
anterior margins diverge from each other. ‘They are broader than the ischia, and form a
broad shallow basin for the support of the viscera. ‘The suture defining these elements
is obliterated ; they are continuous, and form a weak inferior keel on the median line.
A simple curved ilium has been preserved, for which there appears to be a smooth articu-
lar surface on the pubis to which it was attached.
The acetabular portions of these elements are flattened and furnished with convex
articular surfaces. The supposed ilia are short curved bones, resembling that of Plesio-
saurus latispinus Ow., or of some of the other species of that family. The shank is flattened
cylindric, the distal extremity, dilated rounded and flattened. The proximal extremity
sub-truncate, or truncate in two or three unequal planes, and with a median pit. It fits
well when applied to a concavity on the articular surface of the pubis. The vertebre
above the pelvic arch were furnished with elongate, sub-cylindric diapophyses.
The question as to the presence of posterior limbs remains unsolved. Dr. Turner
having made a second careful search, and renewed excavations at the original locality,
failed to find any bones which can be assigned to humerus, ulna, radius, carpus or phalanges,
or similar elements of the hind limbs. This is the more remarkable, as the pelvic and
scapular arches were further completed, and an additional number of ribs obtained. The
inferior and lateral regions of the trunk, being then so abundantly discovered, what are
we to think of the entire absence of the usually numerous elements of extremities? The
glenoid cavity is a rather angular cavity, and both were filled with solid argillaceous
matrix. The acetabula are not cup-like, but merely exposures of the marrow, plane ex-
tremities of the pubes and ischia; they were covered with thin layers of gypsum; the
pieces of the ilia were found imbedded in the mass of matrix which occupied the pel-
vic arch. .
The allied genus Cimoliasaurus Leidy possesses a femur, as described under head of
that genus; it is of shorter and thicker form than in most Plesiosauri.
The skeleton so nearly complete would indicate no violent disturbance of the carcass ;
but if there were, it would be an unusual accident that all of the four limbs should have
been removed from their sockets, without leaving even fragments.
t) oD (o}
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 47
This genus is well distinguished from Plesiosaurus by the peculiarity of the scapular
arch. The mesosternum appears to be codssified with the claviculi, and the three ele-
ments form a broad breast-plate. If the claviculus was ever united with the scapula as in
Plesiosaurus, no evidence of it can be seen in the specimen. Both the clavicular and me-
sosternal elements are broader and more extended anteriorly.
The American genera of Elasmosauride may be compared as follows :
Posterior cervical vertebre without diapophyses: cervicals longer, compressed, neck
very elongate.
ELASMOSAURUS.
Posterior cervical vertebrae with diapophyses: cervicals quadrate, shorter, depressed,
rapidly diminishing in size, hence the neck shorter.
CIMOLIASAURUS.
Prof. Owen figures and describes (Reptiles of the Cretaceous, Palaeontogr. Soc.) a
vertebra which very closely resembles the cervical of Elasmosaurus. He considers it to
be the cervical of a peculiar Plesiosaurus, which he calls P. constrictus, remarking, at
the same time, its remarkably inferior pleurapophyses. This I believe to be a species of
Elasmosaurus or an ally, and to be called for the present Elasmosaurus constrictus.
4
ELASMOSAURUS PLATYURUS, Cope.
Leconte’s Notes loc. cit. Proceed. Acad Nat. Sci., 1868, 1. c. 92.
Discosaurus carinatus, Cope. Leconte’s Notes, 1. c.
This, after Mosasaurus the most elongate of the sea saurians yet discovered, is represented by a more than
usually complete skeleton in the Museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences in this city. It was found by Dr.
Theophilus H. Turner, the physician of the garrison at Fort Wallace, a point situated 300 miles westward from
Leavenworth on the Missouri river, and some distance north from the Smoky Hill Fork of the Platte river. Portions
of two vertebre presented by him to Dr. Leconte when on his geological tour in the interest of the U. S. Pacific
Railroad Company, were brought by the latter gentleman to the Academy, and indicated to the writer the existence
of an unknown Plesiosauroid reptile. Subsequent correspondence with Dr. Turner resulted in his employing a
number of men, who engaged in excavations, and succeeded in obtaining a large part of the monster. Its vertebrae
were found to be almost continuous, except a vacancy of some four feet in the interior dorsal region. They formed
a curyed line, a considerable part of whose convexity was visible on the side of a bluff of clay shale rock, with seams
and crystals of gypsum. The bones were all coated with a thin layer of gypsum, and in some places their dense layer
had been destroyed by conversion into sulphate of lime.
The scapular arch was found in large part adhering to the bodies and neural spines of a series of the anterior dor-
sal vertebre, and was detached from it at the Academy. The pelvic arch had been slightly crushed, and the lumbo-
sacral vertebre forced into contact with the ischia, where they remain. A broken extremity of the supposed ilium
was forced into the matrix which supports the ischia. Many of the dorsal and caudal vertebre were sent, and remain
in continuous masses, so that the succession is readily traced, and the true relations of the extremities preserved.
In removing the matrix from beneath the vertebra, scales and teeth of some six species of Physoclyst and
Physostomous fishes were found, including an Enchodus and a Sphyraena, the latter indicating a new species, which
I have called S. carinata. These animals had doubtless been the food of the Elasmosaurus,.
48 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
The end of the muzzle was broken from a part or the whole of the cranium, which has not been rediscovered,
though Dr. Turner has made careful search. It was found in front of the vertebra here regarded as cervical, at some
distance from them.
x
The whole skeleton has been under considerable pressure, so that most of the ribs have been pressed flat on the
vertebre; the long parapophyses of the cervicals have most of them been fractured at their bases and compressed,
those of opposite sides thus approaching more nearly in the form of chevron bones than they otherwise would have
done. The proximal cervicals are obliquely flattened by the pressure; the other cervicals have the bodies naturally
flat, with the articular surfaces much less so than the median portion. Some of the caudals are obliquely distorted.
Description— Vertebre.—The neck may be safely assumed as a point of departure, as it consists of above sixty
mostly continuous vertebre, which graduate to an atlas of very slender proportions. Most of them preserve more or
less developed parapophyses. At the posterior extremity of this series, sixteen are perfectly continuous, and in this
portion a great gradation in form is apparent. The anterior are narrow, compressed, and similar to the more distal
cervicals in the elevated position of the lateral angle; the anterior are subquadrate, thick, and with lower lateral rib,
and stronger ?pleurapophysis. In these respects the latter resemble the dorsals which follow, towards what I believe
to be the tail. Four anterior dorsals are in one mass (figured in plate 3); in this series the lateral angle first approach-
ing, is finally lost in the margin of the rib-pit, the posterior thus resembling other dorsals. There can be so far little
doubt that the anterior and posterior extremities of the masses are correctly interpreted.
In a series of four anterior dorsals, which like the preceding, are in their original continuous mass, those of one
extremity have centra rounded in section, with inferior rib-pits; those of the other have quadrate centra and elevated
diapophyses; the former have the character of the first dorsals, the latter of the median dorsals. The posterior dor-
sals and anterior caudals form in like manner a continuous series of eleven vertebra, fractured in four places. In
them the diapophyses steadily descend, reaching the inferior plane in the last, thus with the reduction of the venous
foramina to one, at the seventh, indicating the point of transition from dorsal to caudal series. The zygapophyses
preserve the usual arrangement, but are much compressed, so that the posterior or down-looking, are confluent, and
scarcely separated by an emargination.
The neural spines at their bases have a slight posterior obliquity, and the superior portion leans strongly in the
anterior direction. The inferior limbs of the cervical pleurapophyses appear to be entirely wanting. The articular
faces for the chevron bones are seen at the extremity of the inferior rib of the caudal.
Of the cervicals there are both axis and atlas. Of the caudals, probably the distal half, at least, is lost. A single
vertebra near the middle does not relate to either of those anterior or posterior to it. There are, therefore, at least
four lost from that region also.
There is a considerable interruption immediately anterior to the last dorsal vertebra. Three large vertebra, with
long diapophyses, belonging here, were imbedded in the hard matrix which protected the pelvic arch. These
are far from relating immediately to the vertebre preserved before and behind them. I estimate the number missing
as follows: Seven of the fourteen dorsals preserved have more or less elongate diapophyses. In the Plesiosauri,
vertebre of this character, are much more numerous; in P. homalospondylus Owen gives seventeen. If we add
ten to the series in the present species it will give the abdominal space between the adjacent margins of the o. 0. pubis
and coracoidea an extent equal to the length of the pelvic arch. This is relatively shorter than in the Plesiosauri.
Dr. Turner found that a space of “three or four’’ feet intervened between the two portions of the skeleton, which was
otherwise continuous. I think ten an average number to represent safely the missing dorsals.
From the cervical proximal regions probably three vertebree are missing from two interruptions. The remainder
of the cervical series exhibits three interruptions. Most of the proximals have been broken medially, leaving the
ticulations solid, an advantage in determining their continuity. Three vertebre and one-half are thus found to be
missing in this region.
The whole number of vertebra preserved and lost, with the relative lengths of each, may be stated as follows:
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 49
Present. Lost. Total
E | Wo. | Length In. | No. | Length In. | lengths.
Cranium, | 24 24
Cervicals, | 685 | 257.5 | 33 22.3 | 279.8
Dorso-lumbars,| 14 | 55.10 | 10 37.6 | 98.4
Caudals, 21 | 60.4 30 60. | 120.4
= = ites
Total, 1033 | | 432 | 517.6
This gives the total length to the animal of forty-three feet, two inches, which, increased by the amount taken
up by intervertebral cartilages, will give roundly about forty-five feet. Of this, twenty-two feet must be reckoned to
the neck. i
Measurements.
The cervical vertebra from the sixty-sixth to the thirty-ninth are all longer than the dorsals; they commence four
inches in length, increase to five, and diminish to four again.
In. Lin.
Length of sixty-third cervical, 1 9.2
Depth articular face of the centrum, 3 8.
Width oy if 3 10.2
Total elevation ninth do., 2 9.
Length ninth caudal, 1 7.5
Transverse diameter articular face, 1 6.
Vertical ee articular face do., 1 27.
Length head of rib, 1 9.7
Wadthiie a 1 3.
ne shaft ‘ 1 10.5
Many of the ribs preserved have been pressed upon the vertebrz and crushed.
The first dorsal is that vertebra which first presents a distinct articulation for a rib. The diapophyses are never
much elevated above the centrum and are longest on the thirteenth (inserting seven supposed to be lost). Their form
is stout and much depressed, and distally expanded. They diminish gradually, and on the third are represented by a
longitudinal, slightly concave articular surface, somewhat similar to those of the caudals. This surface is bounded
above and below by a longitudinal, angulation; the superior is first distinct on the first, and bounds the articular sur-
face last on the third. They give the transverse section of the posterior cervicals a pentagonal form; that of the an-
terior dorsals is nearly circular. The latter are strongly constricted medially, and the articular faces are slightly con-
eave. The external surface near the included angle is coarsely ridged, in conformity with coarse cellular texture of
the spongy bone. The venous foramina gradually become more widely separated, approaching each other again on
the posterior cervicals. On the dorsals they occupy the bottom of a more or less pronounced concavity. These con-
cavities, on the posterior dorsals, are bounded externally by a strong obtuse longitudinal angulation, giving a quad-
rate outline to the section of the centrum in this part of the series.
The posterior cervicals are not readily distinguished from the anterior dorsals. In the latter the ribs appear to be
present, of reduced length, judging from the smaller size of the remaining heads. The articular pits continue to de-
scend till their lower marginal ridge is the inferior lateral angle of the vertebra. Onsuch vertebre the inferior surface
is flat. The neural spines on dorsals and posterior cervicals are of great height as well as antero-posterior width, and
they allow a very narrow interval between them.
: In. Lin.
Antero-posterior diameter ?12th dorsal, 3 7.2
Transverse diameter articular surface, 4 10,
Vertical do. do., 4 Rib
Neural canal and spine (latter broken), 5 3.5
Length diapophysis 12th dorsal, 4 :
Width diapophysis at middle, 1 10.
AMERI. PHILOSO. SOC.—VOL. XIV. 13
30 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
In. Lin.
Antero-posterior diam. ?11th dorsal, 3 4.5
Transverse posterior of articular face, 5 3.
Vertical do. do. do., 3 10.
Transverse posterior of neural canal, 10.2
Transverse posterior of articular face, 3d dorsal, 5 2.5
Hlevation centrum, arch and spine, 2d dorsal, 11 9 :
Elevation upper edge zygantrum 2d dorsal, 6
Length zygantrum, upperedge, do., 1 10.2
Length centrum, last cervical, 4
Width centrum articular face cervical, 5 3.
Elevation neural arch and spine cervical, a 9.
Antero-posterior width neural spine of cervical at zygapophysis, 3 7.
The cervical vertebre are assumed to commence where the rib pits cease, and the continuous lateral processes
commence. This point is ascertained with difficulty on the specimen. It is, however, perhaps the same point where
the longitudinal lateral ridge leaves the upper margin of the rib pit; and it was to the series of vertebra which pass
this point, the scapular bones,—the clavicle and coracoid were found attached. On the anterior dorsals the inferior
margin of the rib pit is most prominent, and is finally produced in a flat thin process which is directed obliquely
downwards. Both these and the posterior ribs are crushed on the centra and project obliquely below them; their mode
of attachment is thus rendered rather obscure. A similar structure exists in the posterior cervicals of Cimoliasaurus,
while on the anterior dorsals or where the rib-origins are on the lower plane, short thick diapophyses support the ribs.
The proximal cervicals are remarkable for their compressed and elongate form. They are for a considerable distance
longer than any dorsals. The lateral longitudinal ridge rises successively nearer to the neural arch and disappears.
The articular surfaces are vertically oval, flattened above and below. ‘The inferior faces are slightly grooved in line
with the venous foramina. These vertebre diminish in length, and after the posterior third of the series, materially
in depth. They diminish to terminal ones of very small size. In most the decurved ?pleurapophyses are broken near
the base, but the basal portion of various lengths generally adheres. They are as wide as a rib; and scarcely half as
thick. On some of the most anterior vertebra, they are quite short and broad antero-posteriorly. They have much
greater antero-posterior extent on the terminal than the proximal cervical centra, having a base five-sixths the length
of the latter. The zygapophyses have relatively a larger size on these than any other vertebre. In such the centrum
is less compressed, though with concave sides, and with a section rather quadrate.
The caudal vertebra have slightly concave articular surfaces, which are not bounded by groove or ridge. The
neural arches have flat sides, and there is no longitudinal ridge above the diapophyses. The neural spines are
elevated, the margins of those of the adjacent vertebra close together. The diapophysis is very short and wide,
terminating in a large oval concavity for the pleurapophyses. Each limb of the chevron bone is attached to an
articular surface on the lower posterior face of the vertebra, at the extremity of a strong inferior ridge. These inferior
ridges are rather close together, and distinguish the vertebree from those of Cimoliasaurus magnus, where they are
wanting. They are absent on the anterior seven of the caudal series. The diapophysis is nearer the anterior than the
posterior face of the vertebra. The venous foramen is single and median, on all but the last six cervicals.
In. Lin.
Antero-posterior diameter of fourth caudal, 2 4
Transverse do., 3 10.5
Total elevation, 8
Vertical diameter centrum, 3 1.5
Anterior-posterior diam, diapophysial pit, 1 9.2
do. do. third cervical, 2 2.
Transverse do. do., 2 Tale
Heads of fourteen 77s are preserved, and a great number of shafts. The heads are simple, with elongate oval
articular face. They are oblique in the narrow direction, and frequently in their length also; the margins are
somewhat everted. The extremities of the diapophyses of the larger dorsal vertebra are transverse, some flattened,
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 51
the others more oval, the more anterior are sub-triangular, and the rib pits on the first dorsals are sub-round or
vertically oval. Thus the heads of the ribs also vary. The shafts are all flat, probably more so from pressure. They
are frequently curved in the direction of the compression, which suggests a vertical head. They however are probably
more or less distorted, and the plane of compression changed. No well defined distal extremity of a rib can be made
out, nor have anything like abdominal ribs been preserved.
The scapular arch is remarkable for its large clavicles (or procoracoids). As preserved, the latter are quite con-
vex downwards both antero-posteriorly and transversely, while the coracoids are equally concave in both directions.
Fig. 7.
xy.
Scapular Arch.
The clavicles have a remarkable external flat projection, which is separated from the glenoid cavity by a deep sinus.
The glenoid cavity is bounded by an elevated ridge, which sends a branch along the claviculo-coracoid suture to the
precoracoid foramen. This foramen is relatively of small size, and is a longitudinal oval; the two are separated by
an isthmus composed equally of processes of clavicle and coracoid. The coracoids are very thin except in a transverse
52 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
portion, which extends across behind the precoracoid foramina; a strong elevated rib extends across the posterior face
at this point. The outer margin of the coracoid is thickened, rounded and slightly concave.
In. Lin.
Greatest antero-posterior length scapular arch, 33 6.
es a0 “* clavicle, 14 9
a gu “« glenoid cavity, 6 9.
of Ms «¢ precoracoid foramen, i 3.
Transverse extent of claviculi, 27
ch ef coracoidea, 16
From acetabulum to foramen, 7 6.
The form of the posterior margin of the coracoidea is unknown, and they are much broken on the inner margin.
They may have been considerably longer than in the accompanying cut.
The greater part of the pelvic arch appears to be preserved. From the obliquity of the median suture and
from the form of the pubes as they are preserved on a large nodule of indurated clay, it is evident that they have
formed a boat-shaped support to the abdominal viscera, with an obtuse keel on the median line below. The following
diagram will explain the relation of its parts.
In. Tin.
Greatest antero-posterior length, 25
6 a Bo pubis, 18 6. i
Antero-posterior median length to notch of ischia, 7
Length coracoids behind notch, 4 6.
Greatest width pubes, 27 6.
f *¢ —ischia, ‘ 21
The anterior and lateral portions of the pubes are very thin, as are also the median posterior portions of the
ischiadie plates. The pubic bones are thickest on the posterior margin; they present a downward projecting median
convexity near the anterior end. Depth of the articular face, 2 in., 8 lin.
The superior surface of this arch was brought to light by the exertions of my friends, B. Waterhouse Hawkins and
Wm. M. Gabb, who removed a large mass of matrix which fortunately accompanied and protected it. This presents
a transverse thickening extending across it, and continuous with the posterior margin of the clavicles. A median
longitudinal thickening extends from this to the anterior emargination, embracing in its angle with the transverse,
a shallow concavity. The posterior projection which is continuous with the median part of the ischia, is strongly de-
flexed behind the transverse rib, and is continuous with the basin-like concavity formed by the united pubes. The
glenoid surface of the pubes is a sigmoid, while that of the ischia is regularly convex. The articulation of the ilium
has been exclusively with the former. .
Of the pleurapophysial portion of the two arches nothing appears to be preserved except two lateral symmetrical
long bones. One was found imbedded in the mass carrying the pelvic arch, and they articulate well with the pubes;
but the articular extremity is too short to articulate with ischia at the same time. Though they resemble the inferior
view of the procoracoids, they represent the ilia of Plesiosaurus. The head is subdiscoid, rather flat, slightly pro-
jecting excentrically with a ligamentous pit. The articular surface is very oblique to the axis of the shaft, and is
separated from the surface by a marked angle all around. Nothing like a trochanteric ridge is apparent in this bone.
In. Lin.
Length in middle of curve, 9 9
Diameter at head, 3 3
ee distally on curve, 6
My “straight,
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. D3
Pelvic Arch.
The shaft is flattened cylindric; much flattened nearest the proximal extremity. The latter is very oblique to
the shaft and slightly convex near the proximal margin.
The end of the muzzle preserved, includes also the symphysis and parts of the rami of the mandible. The parts
have been crushed together, and the ends of the teeth broken off. The alveoli of the two jaws incline at a narrow
angle to each other, hence the teeth which alternate, cross each other near the middles of the crowns. The parts
preserved appear to belong to the premaxillary bone, though no suture can be found, and the bony walls are so thin
as to render their obliteration a probability. There is a keeled ridge along the middle line above, which is not
continued to the margin of the bone. The form of the muzzle is narrow, the sides subparallel near the tip, which is
elongate rounded. The mandibular symphysis, however, is not very elongate, as the rami are given off at three inches
from the tip. The latter appear to have been quite slender from various small sections or pieces sent with the muzzle,
The premaxillary border of 4 in. 7 lin. exhibits eight teeth, or their alveoli, of which the median two are close
together, and not separated by any mandibulars. The sections of the teeth are round or oval, and their sizes are
irregular probably on account of differing age, and degree of protrusion: the diameters at alveolar margin vary from
6 lines to 3. Their form is slender conic, or with the root slender fusiform, and the pulp cavity is small and median,
AMERI PHILOSO. SOC.—VOL. XIV. 14
54 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
sometimes cylindric, and somtimes narrowed. The surface from a short distance above the alveolar margins to the
tip, is marked with acute thread-like ridges, which are sometimes interrupted, and some-
times furnished with short branchlets. They are more or less undulate, and do not unite,
but simply cease as the tip of the tooth is approached. The latter is smooth without lateral
cutting edges. The width of the mandible at the commencement of the rami is 3 in, .00
lin.; of the muzzle of the seventh tooth 3 in. 7.5 lin.; at the third tooth 2 in. 4.2 lin.
General Re narks.—The tail is a powerful swimming organ, more or less compressed in
life, hence the specific name, which means flat-tailed.
The danger of injury to which such an excessively elongate neck has been exposed, would
render the recovery of a perfect specimen like the present, an unusual chance. The neural
spines of the dorsal region are so elevatéd and closely placed as to allow of little or no vertical
motion of the column downwards, while those of the cervical and caudal region being nar-
rower, the elevation of the head is quite possible, and an upward flexure easy.
The habit of this species, like that of its nearest known allies, was. raptorial, as evinced
by the numerous canine-like teeth, and the fish remains taken from beneath its vertebre.
The general form of this reptile, whether it was furnished with large posterior limbs or
not, was that of a serpent with a relatively shorter, more robust and more posteriorly placed
body than is characteristic of true serpents, and with two pairs of limbs or paddles. It pro-
gressed by the strokes of its paddles, assisted by its powerful and oai-like tail. The body
was steadied by the elevated keel of the median dorsal line, formed by the broad, high neural
spines. The snake-like neck was raised high in the air, or depressed at the will of the animal,
now arched swan-like preparatory to a plunge after a fish, now stretched in repose on the
water or deflexed in exploring the depths below.
Differences from other Sauropterygia.—The only genus with which it is necessary to com-
pare this present one is Cimoliasaurus. The following may be noted as generic distinctions: The
series of cervicals rapidly diminishes in Cimoliasaurus in absolute size and in relative length of the vertebra,
which are not compressed. In the present genus they maintain a similar length for a considerable distance,
diminish in length very gradually and are much compressed. The diapophyses of the dorsal vericbra,
as they descend, in Cimoliasaurus, continue well developed until they attain the inferior planes of the
centrum, and have there a downward direction. In Elasmosaurus they cease while yet on the middle of
the centrum, and are replaced by pits throughout the remainder of the length.
The neural canal is everywhere markedly larger in Cimoliasaurus.
As the characters of lesser significance may be added, that in Cimoliasaurus magnus the dorsals
with elevated diapophyses are considerably larger in the centra than those in which they are situated
lower down. In E. platyurus these vertebree are of relatively equal length.
The cervical pleurapophyses in C. magnus are anteriorly considerably stouter and less flattened; the
same applies to more anterior vertebrze, where they are flatter in both.
In comparing this species with the Cimoliasaurus grandis, Leidy, from Arkansas, we observe, first,
the generic character of the strong inferior diapophyses in the latter. That species marks itself also
as a preéminently shortmecked form, as these anterior dorsals are even shorter than in ©. magnus, being nearly twice
as wide as long. The depth of the articular faces is also relatively greater than in the E. platyurus.
ITistory.—The determination of the extremities of this species was rendered difficult from the fact that Leidy in
his descriptions of Cimoliasaurus, reverses the relations of the vertebre, viewing the cervicals as caudals and lum-
bars, and describing the caudals as belonging to another genus. Not suspecting this error, I arranged the skeleton of
Elasmosaurus with the same relation of extremities, and the more willingly as the distal cervicals present
an extraor-
dinary attenuation, even for this type, and also as the discoverer assured me that the fragments of cranium were
found at the extremity which is properly the caudal. Viewed in this light many details of the structure were the re-
2 AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. DD
verse of those ordinarily observed among reptiles, whence I was induced to consider it as the type of a peculiar
group of high rank. This view is, of course, abandoned on a correct interpretation of the extremities. Leidy
_ detected the error in this arrangement, and the correction extends to Cimoliasaurus as well.
ELASMOSAURUS ORIENTALIS, Cope.
. This species is indicated by two vertebre. The first resembles both the twelfth from the first dorsal of the cervi-
cal series of Cimoliasaurus magnus, or the fifth from behind, of the same of Elasmosaurus. Its large size, lateral
longitudinal angle and small neural canal refer it with more probability to the latter genus.
It appears to belong to
a species possessing some of the peculiarities of the Cimoliasaurus magnus, having the quadrate form of the median
cervicals of that animal, and lacking entirely the compression of the centrum and lateral concavity of the E. platyurus.
The parapophyses are stronger and slightly more descending than in the fifth cervical of the latter, again resembling
the more posterior vertebra of C. magnus Leidy. The bases of the parapophyses are more elongate than in the cor-
responding vertebra of C. magnus; the process was directed downwards at an angle of 459, from the plane of the in-
ferior aspect. The inferior plane is slightly concave, with two venous foramina, each in a strong groove on each side
of a narrow median rib. The lateral surface is nearly vertical and slightly concave to the strong longitudinal angle.
Above the latter the face is oblique concave for a width equal to that below. The articular faces
and slightly concave; their margin not prominent, nor ribbed on the lateral faces.
are transverse ovals
Lines. Lines.
Length, 45 | Width canal, Tot
Width, 52 | Length basis of parapophysis, 25.
Depth to canal, 36
If we estimate this vertebra by the position of the lateral ridge to be about the eighth anterior to the last rib-
bearing, which I call cervicals in this genus, the transverse diameter of this vertebra in C. magnus is
two-thirds that of a dorsal with diapophyses near the middle of the centrum. Should the proportions haye been
similar in this species, the diameter of that dorsal would measure 6} inches, indicative of the largest of American
saurians. As, however, in the genus Elasmosaurus the disproportion between the sizes of the caudals and the dorsals
is less than its ally, the latter have probably presented a diameter more like the same in E. platyurus.
A second vertebra from near the same part of the column of a much larger individual was obtained by Dr. Samuel
Lockwood, superintendent of schools of Monmouth County, N. J., from Wm. Conoyers’ pit in the lower bed, near
Marlboro, in that county. The diapophyses are directed downwards at an angle of 45°. The margins of the articular
faces are not everted, while the inferior presents an open emargination medially. The two inferior foramina are very
large. The measurements are as follows:
In. Lin.
Width of articular surface, 5
Depth do. do.,
Length centrum,
The name is not given under any supposition of restricted habitat, which may have been similar to that of the
E. platyurus, but in view of the probability of its greater abundance where its remains haye been found than
elsewhere.
Our knowledge of this species is unfortunately confined to the two yertebre above described. The first is
from the lower cretaceous greensand bed, from near Swedesboro, Gloucester County, New Jersey. It was found ina
tailor’s shop used as a block to secure a door.
.
06 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
Incertae sedis.
PIRATOSAURUS, Leidy.
PIRATOSAURUS PLICATUS, Leidy.
Cretaceous Rept. N. Am., 29, 30, Tab.
Cretaceous of Red River Settlement, Lat. 49 deg., Northern Minnesota. Described from a tooth.
TEECODONTIA.
Owen in part.
In this suborder we have a singularly generalized group, combining characters of
lizards, crocodiles and Sauropterygians. The neural arch of the vertebree united by suture
and the slightly biconcave centrum, resemble the last two, so also the abdominal ribs.
The limbs are rather crocodilian, the position of the nares, Plesiosaurian. ‘The clavicle is
lacertian, while the three vertebrae of the sacrum and the femur are between these and
the Dinosauria.
The most important characters distinguishing these animals from the Sauropterygia
are the presence of an elongate sacrum and the more ambulatory form of limbs.
Our knowledge of the order is almost confined to Belodon Meyer, and is derived from
that author’s descriptions of those large and remarkable reptiles derived from the Keuper
of Wirtemburg, the Belodon kapfii Meyer, B. plieningeri Minst., and B. planirostris
Meyer.
The American species of the order are known only from the valuable collections made
by Wheatley at Phoenixville, Pa., and by Emmons at Deep River, in Chatham county,
in North Carolina, The former are in my hands for examination and description, and
will be the subject of an appendix to this work.
BELODON, Meyer.
Although this genus does not present the swimming extremities of Plesiosaurus and
Nothosaurus, its structure in this respect is not much more different from them, than
that of the marine turtles is from the terrestial families of the same order. The
structure of the sphenoidal region, the peculiar position of the external nostrils, almost
above the orbits, with the rhizodont dentition, are points in which they agree. The
position of the exterior nares cannot be regarded as an ordinal character, simce we see
what remarkable differences of position it exhibits in the existing family Varanide.
There is is every probability that these animals were aquatic. The posterior position of
the nostrils, like that in many other marine animals, enabled them to plunge the long
muzzle beneath the surface of the water or mud without interfering with respiration.
The dentition of the posterior parts of the mouth has been shown by Von Meyer to
be quite different from that of the anterior regions; the latter are prehensile, that is
elongate conic, the former cutting, 7. ¢., flattened, broader and with trenchant edges.
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 57
On teeth of the latter kind Emmons established his Paicwosaurus carolinensis and P.
sulcatus; and Leidy, Compsusaurus priscus and Eurydorus serridens. On teeth of the for-
mer kind Emmons based his Clepsysaurus pennsylranicus in part; his Rhytidodon caro-
linensis and It. sulcatus; Leidy’s Omosaurus perplexus and Lea’s Centemodon sulcatus had
a similar origin. ‘The names based on the lenticular teeth accompany, as prior to, or
synonymes of, the latter series. There is much difficulty in collating them, but I may
follow Emmons at present, in seeing in the two styles of smooth and fluted teeth, those
representing different species.
In this way I have attached to the fluted toothed Rhytidodon carolinensis, Emmons,
the Falweosaurus sulcatus of the same author. Emmons does not offer any grounds of
separation for his R. sulcatus, nor Lea his Centemodon sulcatus; neither can I find aught
in Leidy’s Omesaurus perplexus by which it can be separated. Leidy represents it to be
an “ Knaliosaurian,” while Emmons says (North American Geology, 67-79-82), that it is
the same as his Clepsysaurus and Rhytidodon, citing Leidy as authority for this close ap-
proximation. If this be the case, the form is a shore-loving Belodont, and not nearly
related to the marine reptiles included under the old name of Enaliosauria.
To the smooth toothed type belong posterior teeth named by Emmons, Paleosaarus
carolinensis, and by Leidy, Compsosaurus priscus and Hurydorus serridens, and anterior
teeth referred, erroneously in part,as I believe, to Clepsysaurus pennsylvanicus, Lea. The
first mentioned name cannot be used, as it has been already applied to a member of this
genus. The third was based on a specimen from a very remote locality, and its proper
application remains uncertain. ‘The second specific name may be employed in the uncer-
tainty, though its describer included both fluted and smooth teeth in the same species.
Specimens in the Academy Mus., from Montgomery Co., N. Ca., consist of vertebree,
tarsal bones, etc., and parts of cranium with dermal bones of this species. A tooth in
place in the extremity of the ramus of the mandible, is as smooth as those from more pos-
terior positions in the jaw, figured by Emmons, N. Am. Geol., p. 69, fig. 42, which in
some measure supports Emmons’ hypothesis of the uniformity of the characters of the sur-
face sculpture. ‘The cranial fragments indicate a Belodont, and the vertebre are different
from those of Clepsysaurus.
The vertebre, (No. 5) from the coal of Chatham Co., N. Ca., were accompanied by
teeth of the fluted character, though they were not on the same block. As the former
indicate a species distinct from that from Montgomery Co., I have regarded them as pro-
bably pertaining to Emmons’ Phytidodon carolinensis.
The remains, (No. 6) from Pheenixville, include vertebra, bones of the pelvic arch and
posterior limb, with dermal bones, but no teeth, ‘They indicate an animal distinct from
either of the preceding.
AMERI. PHILOSO. SOC.—VOL. X1V. 15
08 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
Emmons describes a species Clepsysaurus leati, from the coal strata of Dan River,
from near Leakesville, N. Ca., which appears to be distinct from the Rhytidodon caro-
linensis. It is represented by a cast of a block of sandstone containing 14 vertebre, etc.,
which indicate a species different from any of those above mentioned.
Finally, although the Hurydorus serridens, Leidy, from its locality (Pheenixville,
Pennsylvania), may indicate a fifth species, there is nothing in the type specimen, nor in
the description, to determinine any reference. It cannot safely be regarded as the same
as the Belodon here described, from the same locality, since the strata in which the two
occur, are separated by a vertical thickness of 187 feet of rock.
Having satisfied myself of the existence of four distinct species of Belodonts in our
Triassic beds, their generic relations come next in order for consideration.
In his Manual of Geology, Prof. Emmons figures the cranium of a Reptile (fig. 157,
page 179), which bears a near resemblance to that of the Belodon plieningeri, Meyer.
The cast of this cranium in the Museum of the Academy Nat. Sci., confirms the reference
to this genus, and presents no characters by which it can be distinguished from it. The
specimens (No. 4) consist in part of the short frontal bones with part of the orbits and
cranial cavity, and a portion of the ramus of the mandible, of a saurian near the genus
Belodon, perhaps the same. The ilium figured by Emmons (N. Amer. Geology, p. 77,
fig. 47,) and the femur, (fig. 48), with portions of mandibular ramus (fig. 42), obviously
indicate Belodonts.
Of the Pheenixville saurian, portions of the ilum and ischium are preserved, which
indicate that the animal is neither a Dinosaurian nor a Dicynodont, nor yet a Crocodile.
The portion of ilium answers to that of Belodon, as figured by Meyer and Emmons.
The Dan River species is referred to the same group without entire certainty. The
only teeth occurring in the same strata are, according to Emmons, identical with those of
the smooth toothed Belodont from Deep River. ‘The cervical vertebra are quite similar
to those of the Deep River species.
I can as yet find no generic characters by which to distinguish these species from the
Belodon of Meyer, neither in the cranial, dental, pelvic nor extremital regions. Meyer
describes and figures numerous teeth, both smooth and sulcate, without distinguishing the
two forms specifically, though it is certain that three species of the genus came under his
observation. He figures ilia of two species, one of which cannot be distinguished gener-
ically from that figured by Emmons (I. ¢. fig. 47).
This genus was referred by Owen to the Thecodontia, along with some other little
known genera. Some of the latter, especially Bathygnathus and Clepsysaurus, are in
our opinion Dinosaurian, while others, as Belodon, represent a family of the present order.
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 59
BELODON CAROLINENSIS, Emmons, Cope.
Proceed. Ac. Nat. Sci., 1866, 249. Rutiodon (Rhytidodon) carolinensis Emmons’ N. Amer. Geology, p. 82.
Geol. Sury. North Carolina. Palacosaurus sulcatus, Emmons loc. cit. (posterior maxillary teeth), Fig. Emmons
Manual of Geology, p. 179. Centemodon sulcatus, Lea. Proceed Ac. Nat. Sci., Phila, 1856, 78. Cope, 1868, 221.
?Omosaurus perpleaus, Leidy, Proceed. Ac. N. Sci., Phil., 1856, 256.
This reptile I find on examination of the type specimen to belong here. Teeth of the same are in Wheatley’s
collection at Pheenixyille. I do not consider that any ground of specific distinction between this animal and the (.
sulcatus has been pointed out, but leave the discussion of the relations of these Triassic forms for a future essay.
Lea has called my attention to the fact that through some error in reading the scale, the measurements of the
type tooth published are double the correct ones. The specimen consist of the distal half of a slightly curved conic
tooth, and does not display any pulp cavity; the allusion to this in the original description having reference to frac-
ture. The tooth cannot be called sulecate, but is rather weakly ridged or fluted. The original description may
therefore be amended to read thus:
Tooth slightly curved, with low trenchant edges, rounded on the exposed face, openly fluted on the lower
(median) portion near the fracture, covered with very minute distinct striae from the point to the base, which strize
cross to the flutings in oblique lines. Length, eight-twentieths of an inch; greatest breadth, two-twentieths; pulp
cavity minute or none.
The enamel of the teeth of B. carolinensis is rarely preserved; when this is the case its stri, fluting, etc., are
as ascribed in C. sulcatus.
Coal Measures of the Keuper Trias. Chatham Co., N. Carolina.
BELODON PRISCUS, Leidy.
Paleosaurus carolinensis, Emmons, Geological Survey N. Ca., 1856, p. 80. N. Amer. Geology, 1857, 86, figs. 57-8
60. nec Rhytidodon carolinensis supra. ?Compsosaurus priscus, Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1856, 165.
Clepsysaurus pennsylwanicus, ‘‘lea,’? Emmons in parte, Geol. Survey N. Carolina, 1856; North Amer. Geology, 1857,
pp. 67-71-38; figs. 87 to 50 nec Leaii.
Represented by numerous specimens from the Triassic of Chatham and Montgomery counties, N. Carolina. Teeth
not fluted; caudal vertebree with articular faces broad as long, and centrum little compressed. Size medium.
BELODON LEAII, ZLmmons.
Olepsisaurus leavi, Emmons, Geol. Survey N. Ca., 1856; N. Amer. Geology, 1857, p. 79, fig. 51, Pl. 8, figs. 1-4.
Emmons states that this species is smaller than the last, and that the centrum is longer than broad. Cervical
vertebre short, compressed, extremities strongly concaye. The Trias of Dan River, N. Carolina.
BELODON LEPTURUS, Cope.
Spec. nov.
Represented by wholes or parts of fourteen vertebre; a left femur and fibula; a phalange; imperfect ilium and
ischium attached; with numerous ribs and dermal bones, from several blocks of bituminous shale from the bone bed in
the tunnel at; Phoenixville, Penna.
The fragments indicate the largest species of the genus, one of the vertebrae with spine, measuring eight inches
in total elevation. The centra of the dorsals are wider at the articular faces than long; in the other two species the
length is greater than or equal to the width. The caudal vertebrae are much compressed, not subcylindric as in B.
priscus. The femur restored measures thirteen inches in length. Ischium sending a process forwards bounding the
acetabulum below in part, largely excavated by the obturator foramen, which is very externally situated.
The bones were enclosed in five slabs of black, bituminous argillaceous rock of the Phoenixville section, and they
were taken out from the same immediate proximity by the workmen engaged in the work in the tunnel. One slab
contained three dorsal and two caudal vertebrae with chevron bone. The second, one and part of another dorsal ver-
60 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
tebree and the head of the femur; the third a nearly perfect vertebra and diapophysis of another, with dermal bones;
the fourth the greater part of the femur, with fibula and dermal bones; fifth, ribs and dermal bones, with pelvis.
Seven vertebre present centra, and are more or less nearly perfect. There are probably no cervicals, but there are
three forms of diapophyses which indicate different positions in the vertebral column.
That which I suppose to represent the most anterior, has a short, wide diapophysis with tubercular articular sur-
face, and a short knob with capitular articulation at the base of the anterior aspect of the neurapophysis, with its su-
perior margin on the plane of the diapophysis. In the next, the diapophysis is short, wide, and closely connected at
the base with a capitular articular tubercle, for the rib, the extremity of the diapophysis furnishing the tubercular
surface. In the first of these the diapophysis is as long as the elevation of the anterior zygapophysis above the cen-
trum, and the capitular knob measures the middle of the latter space with its superior margin, being in the plane of
the diapophysis. In three others the elevated position of the capitular articulation is visible. The second form of
diapophysis is seen in a nearly perfect vertebra in immediate connection with that first described above, but probably
in abnormal relation. The process is narrower, but flat, and without capitular process at base, nor is there any cap-
tular articulation on the centrum. Its position is much lower than in those just described, being opposite to the
middle of the centrum. Its extremities are imperfect, probably broken off. I suspect that their condition is indicated
by an isolated diapophysis, which is accompanied by tubercular articular face at a distance of 18 lines from its extrem-
ity, and probably at some distance from its base, which is, however, lost. The third type of diapophysis is seen in two
examples; one, in normal relation to its centrum, etc. This is quite slender and elongate, compressed at base, and
cylindric throughout most of the length. On the posterior face of the extremity is a slightly concave articular face;
the extremity proper appears also to have borne the tubercular face. That these are the combined tubercular and ar-
ticular facets is rendered altogether probable by their wider separation on the second example of this form. This is
an isolated diapophysis, of slender cylindric form, which, at a distance of an inch from the extremity dilates into a
right-angled flat process, whose distal side bears a narrow capitular articular face. The extremity is subcylindric,
bearing the tubercular facet.
This arrangement of the vertebra is confirmed by the arrangement seen in other species, where vertebra similar
to those first described are evidently dorsal. It is probable from the above, that the capitular articulation rises from
the centrum very soon in this type, as in the Crocodilia, perhaps very few dorsals retaining it on that portion; and
differing from the Dinosaurian type, where this facet is on the margins of the centra and not elevated on a pedicel.
This form differs from the Crocodiles in the narrowing and final cylindric form, as well as descent on the centrum of
those diapophyses on which the two facets approach and unite.
One objection to the position assigned to the last form of vertebra, is the fact that the only one with perfect cen-
trum presents an oblique truncation on the posterior margin on each side, which looks much like a capitular articular
face. There is a precisely similar vertebra in the Museum of the Acad. Natl. Sciences, from Chatham Co., N. Ca.,
which is ascribed to the B. carolinensis. Their surface is concave in this specimen, but seems too large for the head
ofarib. In both, the vertical diameter is one-half the transverse width of the articular face of the centrum. I can-
not assign the place or use of this facet with certainty, but the following light is thrown upon the point by another
specimen in the Museum Academy, also from Chatham Co., N. Ca., presented by Prof. Emmons.
It consists of five consecutive vertebree on a block of coal slate, of which the anterior two present the capitular
tubercle elevated to the base of the short flat diapophysis, without being confluent with it in the first, but closely
united to, and of equal length with the shortened second. On the third, the rib-diapophysis becomes abruptly very
much wider, and occupies a position a little lower down on the centrum. The diapophysis is preserved on one side of
the block. It is flat, a little narrowed beyond the middle, then dilated, and with an open emargination opening pos-
teriorly and outwards, at the distal extremity. With the extremity it bears a narrow articularsurface. These I sus-
pect to represent capitular and tubercular articulations. The fourth and fifth vertebra bear each, a greatly dilated
and thickened diapophysis, which I have little doubt represent the sacral supports of the ilium. Their expanded
bases are somewhat lower in position than the diapophyses of the vertebra in advance, and they oceupy a broad arti-
cular face of their proper vertebra, and a distinet facet of that preceding, leaving an articular face on its posterior
margin. I suppose the peculiar vertebre already alluded to in the B. lepturus and specimen from North Carolin,
are, therefore, the last lumbars.
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 60—A
From the above, four points may be derived: 1. That the ribs are continued to the sacrum in this type, a char-
acter not before pointed out among its representatives in this country or Europe, and one in which it differs from the
Crocodilia from the Cretaceous to the present period inclusive. 2. That the sacral diapophyses articulate with two
vertebre instead of one, a point similarly exceptional with the last point. 3d. That in both these points this type
‘approaches the Dicynodontia and Dinosauria, as it does in some others. 4th. That the B. lepturus belongs to a dif-
ferent species from that from N. Carolina, last described, in having at least three diapophyses with double articulation
near the extremity instead of one, and to a different genus from the same, because several of these are cylindric in the
former, and broadly flattened in the latter.
Which genus is distinct from Belodon is difficult to ascertain. If we suppose B. carolinensis to represent it, as it
certainly does in cranial characters and other respects, the North Carolina specimen will represent another genus,
since a sacral vertebra of B. carolinensis presents all the characters of that of B. lepturus.
The centra of the vertebre are very much compressed, and the articular faces flared out at the margins. The
faces are wide vertical ovals and distinctly concave. The posterior face of the supposed last dorsal is flattered, and
presents two slightly swollen triangular planes, each from the facet of the margin.
The neural spines of the anterior vertebrz are shorter and wider, of the posterior more elevated and narrower.
The rib supporting the anterior zygapophysis is very prominent in all, as is that defining the margin of the neural
arch. They include a short vertical concavity between them, giving the vertebre a marked character.
The caudals are very much compressed, more so than in B. ? priscus, though since they are median in the series,
and those of the latter are proximal, there would probably be a greater resemblance between the homologous ones.
The articular extremities are vertically oval, and but little flared at the margins. The neural arch with its apophyses
is compressed. The diapophyses project just below the base of the arch, and are depressed and stout.
Measurements. M.
Vertebra 1st type, 0.18
Do. height neural spine from canal, 0.10
Do. length diapophysis, 0.026
Do. «¢ centrum, 0.05
Do. diameter centrum middle, 0.021
Do. ee a articular face, 9.055
Do. SS ahah ea vertical, articular face, 0.059
Total elevation type 2d, 9.1951
Do. neural spine from canal, : 0.122
Do. width do., 0.04
Do. length centrum, 0.05
Do. diameter (transverse) centrum middle, 0.023
Do. os es fs artic. face, 0.054
Do. a vertical sf Ce 0.06
Do. elevation type 3d, : 0.186
Do, neural spine from canal, 0.11
Do. length centrum, 0.049
Do. diam. (transverse) centrum at middle, 0.032
Ore ne £6 artic. face, 0.061
Do. ‘ vertical oe Ob 0.062
Do. expanse anterior zygapophyses, 0.07
Do. diameter neural canal, 0.02
Length diapophysis, 0.082
The neural canal in the vertebra first described, is narrower and more elevated than in the last dorsal.
A chevron bone has nearly cylindric limbs and short common junction of the same. Their proximal extremities
are considerably expanded, but not so as to meet on the median line. They are very oblique backwards and inwards.
Distal extremity strongly striate.
60—B THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
Mas ; M.
Length, 075 Inner, 005
Proximal expanse, outer measurement, .052
The portion of the pelois preserved consists of the proximal halves of left ilium and ischium, the anterior portion
of the latter being broken away. This fragment is not Dinosaurian; the longitudinal expansion forbids the reference
of the ilium as the ischiopubis of a Dicynodont, and the ischium is too different to be regarded as the scapula of a
Belodont. It presents a broad shallow concavity as acetabulum, which on the inner face is grooved and ridged at the
inferior margin, as though united to the ischium by suture. This is well shown in Emmons’ figures of the same bone
of another species, in North Amer. Geology, Pl. VI. The upper plane of this element is abruptly curved backwards
and then broken away. ‘The supposed ischium presents a marked acetabular articular face at its posterior connection
with the ilium. Its posterior margin is much thickened, and becomes decurved towards the symphysis, which is lost.
It sends a limb anteriorly along the line of union with the ilium, and apparently terminates in a narrow obtuse ex-
tremity with rugose margins. Its supposed obtruator margin is thickened along this process; the main body of the
bone is flattened at a strong angle with the posterior margin, and turned away anteriorly like the ilium of a Dicyno-
dont, and includes an incomplete oval foramen with the acetabular process. The two pelvic elements are crushed
nearly into one plane.
M. M.
Length of fragment, 0.167 Width ischium at foramen, -055
as ilium to posterior process, 0715 Thickness ‘ distally, 021
es iliac suture of ischium, .092
The mode of attachment of the pubis is not indicated in this specimen, but it was evidently quite different from
that in the Crocodilia.
The femur is that of the left side; it is perfect, except that the portion usually supporting the third trochanter is
broken out; say two inches. The head is Crocodilian, 7. ¢., without neck and compressed in one plane. Its extrem-
ity is stightly convex inwards, the inner extremity thickened, convex and decuryed; the extero-posterior thinned and
curved backwards slightly. The margin continued from the latter is therefore thinned, though obtuse edged, and
encloses a wide shallow groove with the inner, thickened margin. There are no distinct trochanters. The shaft is
quite slender, obliquely spherical triangular in section, with an inner ridge in front, and outer behind. The medul-
lary cavity is very small. At the distal third the shaft is flattened antero-posteriorly. The trochlear groove is wide
and shallow, and the condyles project less posteriorly than is usual; they have, however, been under considerable
pressure. The inner is wider and shallower, the outer narrower and deeper. Their extremital faces are separated by
an open notch.
The fibula is a long slender bone, having a slight sigmoid flexure, and ridges twisted round the flattened shaft.
The extremities are more flattened, both in the same plane; the proximal is broken away; the distal is obtuse, one end
terminating in a point; the surface rugose. Its form is Lacertilian.
M. M.
Length femur, restored, 0.34 Diameter condyles, inner, fore and aft, 0.045
Diameter head, antero-posterior, 0.09 Length fibula, broken, 0.24
a «¢ transverse (greatest), 0.044 - Diameter perfect extremity, 0.035
OG shaft at middle, 0.045 Ct imperfect ‘* 0.042
bt condyles, transverse, 0.083 ec shaft, 0.025
What is doubtfully referred as a distal phalange, resembles that ascribed to a species of the genus by Meyer, but
as I cannot find lateral grooves, and the proximal articulations are concealed by matrix, it may not be such. One
‘Jateral margin is obtuse, the other acute; body thinned out to tip, flat in cross section below, concave in longitudinal,
as wide distally as proximally.
M, M.
Length, 035 Depth proximally, 0165
Width distally, 017
Surface striate-rugose; lines of the upper surface converging toward a median point from the base.
Several more or less broken, and one complete 77) are preserved. The two heads are distinct. The perfect rib
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 61
is perhaps a posterior dorsal. It is but slightly curved, has a vertically broad oval section proximally, and a depressed
trigonal one distally; there is little trace of a medullary cavity.
M. M.
Length, 0.23 Vertical diameter at distal third, 0.014
Do. from head to tubercle, 0.93 Transverse do., 0.155.
I find no abdominal ribs, such as are abundant in the North Carolina specimen described on a preceding page.
This species has been distinguished from B. priscus by the form of its caudal vertebre. The measurements given
by Emmons and Leidy, of the other species, differ in the greater elongation of the vertebral centra. The length of
the latter is in each case greater than the width of the articular face, instead of less. They are also smaller in all
their dimensions. We shall not go very far wrong in estimating the length of this species on the basis of the gavial
of the Ganges, as furnished by Cuvier. This would give to the Belodon lepturus a length of about ten feet, and a
habit stouter than that of the Crocodiles of the present day.
This species was discovered by Chas. M. Wheatley, proprietor of the lead and zine mines at Pheenixville, Penna.
He obtained the remains from the ‘‘Bone bed”’ of the Trias, where exposed by the Pheenixville Tunnel of the Read-
ing Railroad. This stratum is, according to Wheatley, 6 ft. 6 in. from the top of the series; 52 ft. 6 in. lower down
is a stratum rich in plants and Saurian remains, and 995 ft. deeper occur bituminous shales with caprolites and bones.
CRO COD EEE A-.
The constitution of the cranium in this order is very characteristic and peculiar. The
basal cranial bones are forced backwards, so that they occupy a more or less vertical posi-
tion, and the sphenoid is almost concealed in many. The quadratum is immoveably
embraced by the exoccipital, prodtic and opisthotic. ‘The pubes do not enter into the
walls of the acetabulum as in Mammalia and Reptilia, but originate from the inferior
pelvic arch. They form no common suture, but extend sub-longitudinally, thus differing
from pubes generally. ‘The latter relation of true pubes occurs among Reptiles only in
Chelys, Pelomedusa galeata, and Sternotherus, among the Chelonia, and in Pterosauria.
An anterior process from the ischium occupies the usual position of the origin of the
pubis, as a support for the latter.
There are at least two well marked types in the class, defined as follows:
Vertebre procoelian, 7. e. with anterior cup and posterior ball; the sphenoid bone
little visible on the base of cranium.
PROCOELI.
Vertebree concave or nearly plane at both extremities; sphenoid bone with larger and
more horizontal exposure on base of cranium.
AMPHICOELI.
The only genus of Amphicceli known in this country is Hyposaurus; the Procoelian
genera are the following:
4 The teeth composed of several enclosed cones of dentine.
« The cervical vertebra with very rudimental or split hypapophyses.
_ A large fossa or foramen issuing between the prefrontal and lachrymal bones of the
face ; muzzle long, slender, teeth equal.
THORACOSAURUS.
AMERI. PHILOSO. SOC.—YOL. XIV. 16
62 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
No facial foramen; muzzle long slender.
HOLOPS.
aa 'The cervical vertebree with long simple zygapophyses.
Muzzle long narrow, with long symphysis; teeth very unequal.
THECACHAMPSA.
Muzzle broad short, symphysis short.
PLERODON.
4A Teeth crowns a single dentinal cone with enamel sheath.
Cervical hypapophyses rudimental ; muzzle broad.
BOTTOSAURUS.*
Cervical hypapophyses elongate, simple.
EXISTING CROCODILIA.
Species of this order have been abundant in North America from the beginning of the
Cretaceous period to the end of the Miocene. At present they are confined to its extreme
southern regions.
The Cretaceous period was more prolific in them than any later one, for then the
Reptilian type in all its representatives reached its fullest development in the numbers,
variety and size of its members. Then our sea coasts, estuaries, and fresh waters
swarmed with them, an indication of the prolific lesser life on which they preyed or
otherwise vented their powers of destruction.
THECACHAMPSA, Cope.
Proceedings Academy Natural Sciences, 1867, p. 148.
This genus was characterized from a few teeth from the Miocene of Maryland,
Since then additional material has enabled me to construct its characters more fully.
Muzzle elongate, slender, as in Gavialis, the symphysis of the mandible elongate ; den-
tal series interrupted by larger canine-like teeth. Dentine of the crown arranged m
concentric cones. Enamel thin, with a delicate anterior and posterior cutting ridge near
the tip of the crown. Cervical hypapophyses elongate, simple.
The concentric structure of the dentine in this genus is quite the same as in Thora-
cosaurus. I do not discover in it sections of the teeth of Gavialis, Mecistops and Croco-
dilus. ‘The cones readily separate and fall out in the fossil specimens. ‘Their existence
would indicate a periodical cessation of activity in the secretory vessels on the wall of the
pulp cavity of the teeth, with intervening increase of deposit of dentine. In a shed tooth
of this genus four such cones may be counted.t
*Probably the thin crown in this genus is composed of several attenuated cones.
+A supposed affinity of this genus to Mosasaurus, which I inserted in the original description, at the suggestion of
a friend, I do not now recognize.
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA, 63
This genus presents the same peculiarity of dentition as the Plerodon Meyer (Diplocy-
nodus Pomel) of the European Miocenes. The P. plenidens, and P. ratelii are both of
the Crocodilian type of cranium, the rami of the mandible with curved extremity and
short symphysis, while Thecachampsa is a gavial, with very long symphysis and slender
muzzle. I have seen but one cervical vertebra from American tertiaries, and that is of the
type of Thoracosaurus ; hence this character cannot be certainly ascribed to Thecachampsa.
Three species appear to exist in our Miocene beds. The T. sicaria indicates in its
slender mandible one character of the genus; it shows the surface to have been ridged
and pitted as in other Crocodilia. The T. antiqua Leidy indicates in its dorsal vertebra,
a smaller hypapophysis than in the known species of Crocodilus. T. sericodon Cope is
only known from its teeth. The teeth of the three species may be thus distinguished. It
must be mentioned that I have but one tooth of T. sicaria, three of T. antiqua and six of
T. sericodon. In the first the tooth has a lenticular section a short distance below the tip,
owing to the great development of the lateral cutting ridges,and the compression of the
crown at their bases. In the other two, these ridges are much less developed; in T.
antiquus they exist only towards the tip on the inner or concave face of the tooth, while
in 'T. sericodon they extend more than half the length of the crown towards the base, on
the inner side.
THECACHAMPSA SICARIA, Cope.
Proceed. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1869, 8.
This species is represented by a lumbar vertebra, an imperfect crown of a tooth, and a portion of the under jaw.
They were submitted to me by Philip T. Tyson, State Geologist of Maryland, who procured them from near the
mouth of the Patuxent River, along with the remains of Eschrichtius, Physeter, and other Cetacea.
The portion of mandible indicates an animal of a size considerably exceeding both the Gavial of India and the
Thoracasaurus of the Cretaceous of this country. It contains all or parts of alveolae of six teeth. Opposite the
fourth alveolus from the front, the margin diverges slightly from the median line, indicating the position of the
distal extremity of the splenial bone. The slight degree of this obliquity indicates an extensive contact of these
elements, and not a symphysis formed merely by union of the dentary elements as in Mecistops and Crocodilus. As
no curvature appears at the anterior extremity of the fragment, and the alveolae are similar to those succeeding, it
has evidently not been broken from tke anterior portion of the symphysis. The nutritious canal of the ramus is thus
nowhere exposed, but is enclosed in the long symphysis.
The upper face of the ramus is convex, most so anteriorly. Its lateral and inferior face is more convex than in
other Gavials which I have noticed, especially posteriorly. Its surface is coarsely sulcate, and with numerous small
foramina. A larger space than elsewhere is seen between the two median alveole, which is occupied by a deep con-
cavity for the reception of a large tooth of the maxillary series. This indicates an irregularity in the size of the
teeth of that series, as in the Crocodiles, and not an equality as inother Gavials. On placing the fragment in position
the teeth are seen to have diverged at an angle of 45°.
The specimen had laid sufficiently long in the Miocene ocean bottom to have been fixed upon by barnacles and
oysters, as a place of abode. That it had not remained unburied very long is evident from the small size which these
parasites had attained ; and that it was buried in Miocene deposits and not worn by a more modern sea, is testified
to by the Miocene shells (Turritella, etc.), whose fragments were removed from its cavities with the sandy clay of its
place of burial. The teeth have been broken off in this rough contact with the elements, but I procured a large and
characteristic portion of the crown of a successional tooth whose apex had attained to the level of the edge of the
64 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
alveolus, and whose development had occasioned the absorption of half the fang of the functional tooth. On the basis
of this tooth I am enabled to determine the distinctness of this crocodile from the T. antiqua. ‘The crown, instead of
being like that species, a cone with a circular section, with a narrow cutting longitudinal ridge rising abruptly from
the surface on each side, in this tooth has a lenticular section, with the cutting ridges on the acute opposite angles.
The external face is strongly convex, though not so much so asin T. antiqua. The edges are crenate, but not so as
to produce a serration of the margin. Enamel finely obsoletely striate.
The vertebra preserved is a posterior lumbar. The entire codssification of the neurapophysis indicates that the
animal is adult ; their upper portions are lost. The diapophyses have had an oblique basis, rising anteriorly, their
middle being opposite the plane of the neural canal, the whole length standing on the anterior two-fifths of the length
of the centrum. The cup is subcircular, wider transversely ; the centrum is depressed ; below broad, with a median
longitudinal concavity ; sides vertical. As compared with the dorsal vertebre of T. antiqua, the latter are much
more compressed in the centrum ; and although the posterior lumbars are always more depressed than the dorsals,
yet the present seems too much so to have pertained to the same species. It differs from those of T. antiqua also,
in that the floor of the neural canal is entirely plane and smooth ; in the latter it is deeply grooved, in consequence of
the non-coalescence of the expanded bases of the neurapophyses.
Ft. In. Lin.
Length fragment of mandible, 8 4.
Diameter of alveolus, nlale
Axial width from margin alveolus to symphysis above, 1 4
do. do. do. do. below, 8
Greatest width to median line (behind), 3 3
Long diameter erown, at middle of length, 8.
Width muzzle, 2 8
Estimated length cranium, 69 5
do. total length, Bb) 4
Length lumbar vertebra (centrum), 3 10.5
Width cup, 2 3.5
2 0.8
Height cup,
The above estimate of length is based on the proportions of the Gavialis gangeticus as given by Cuvier.
THECACHAMPSA ANTIQUA, Leidy sp.
Crocodilus antiquus, Leidy. lL. c. 1851, 307. Journ. Ac. N. Sci., IL, 185. Tab. ?Thecachampsa contusor, Cope.
Proc. A. N. Sci., 1867, 143.
This species continues as yet to be represented only by the specimens on which it was based, viz., two teeth, two
vertebra, an ungueal phalange, and a rib. These indicate a large species ; the vertebra are even larger than that of
the last, and the teeth will not enter its alveolae. It is probably the largest of the known Crocodiles of this country.
Fig. 16. I have noticed only two dentinal conés in the two teeth we possess.
The accompanying outlines are those of sections of the teeth of the present species,
A) ) @) and the T. sicaria C. Fig. A represesents the former and fig. B the latter.
C \ “ys
(YI \ The peculiar form of the tooth on which 7’.contusor was based, is due I find to attrition
4 and partial destruction of the enamel.
B A “ Kocene”’ of Eastern Virginia from the banks of the Potomac.
THECACHAMPSA SERICODON, Cope.
Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philad., 1867, p. 143.
This species was established on fragments of three teeth from the Miocene of Maryland. Four additional and
much more perfect teeth, with fragments of jaws, from New Jersey, presented by my friend, Dr. H. ©. Wood, Jr.,
elucidate the characters of both species and genus.
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 65
The most perfect tooth is slender and curved, and bears much resemblance to those of Holops obscurus.
The section of both root and crown circular, the latter regularly acuminate, and furnished with delicate cutting
ridges. Terminal half smooth, basal half with a silky striation. Fang as well as crown strongly curved. Cutting
ridge descending as far on the posterior, as the anterior aspect of the crown. Ina fractured New Jersey tooth, I
count three dentinal cones. In one from Maryland, four. The inner cone is weakly fluted in both, but it scarcely
affects the form of the enamel.
The typical tooth of this species, as compared with the T. antiqua, is more slender and curved. Ina length of
crown and fang slightly exceeding the largest of the latter, the diameters are all about one-half the same. ‘Teeth
from other portions of the jaw are but litle stouter.
In. Lin.
Length of tooth from New Jersey, (on curve, ) 3 8.
Diameter at base crown, 6.6
Length of Maryland specimen 16.5 lines. Base of crown, 9 lines.
Miocene of New Jersey and Maryland.
THECACHAMPSA SQUANKENSIS, Marsh.
Sillim. Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1869, p. 391.
The enamel of the crowns of the teeth, is in this species quite rugose. The cutting edges are short, and promi-
nent ; the general form cylindric and but little curved.
Miocene of Squankum, Monmouth Co., N. J. Mus. O. C. Marsh.
THECACHAMPSA FASTIGIATA, Leidy.
Crocodilus fastiyiatus, Leidy. Proc. A. N. S., Phil., 1851, 327.
From Eocene of Eastern Virginia.
BOTTOSAURUS, Agassiz.
The characters of this genus have never been pointed out to the knowledge of the
writer. In the general form of the under jaw and teeth it does not seem to differ from
Alligator. One character which separates it from that genus appears to be similar to
that which distinguishes Thoracosaurus from Gavialis, 7. ¢., the absence of long simple
hypapophyses on the cervical vertebra, and their substitution by low transverse or divided
elevations. It also appears that the great external foramen which separates the angular,
dentary and articular bones was closed up.
- BOTTOSAURUS HARLANI, Meyer.
Crocodilus harlani, Meyer Palaeologica, 1832, 108. Crocodilus macrorhynchus, Harlan. Jour. Ac. N. Sci., Phil.,
1824, 15 (name pre-occupied). Bottosaurus harlani, Agassiz. Leidy, Cretaceous Rept. N. Am., 12-14, Tab.
The teeth of this species are similar to those of Alligator in the short obtuse crowns. The pulp cayity is remark-
ably large and extends into the crown, leaving the dentine and enamel at the apex little thicker than the sides.
Besides the remains described by Leidy, portions of a smaller, perhaps younger, individual have been presented to
the Academy of Natural Sciences by Dr. Ashhurst, from near Birmingham, N. J. They consist of various fragments
of cranium with dermal plates. A tooth is compressed, but has a short conic acute crown, such as has not before
been seen in this species.
The interorbital region is strongly pitted medially, and exhibits on each side a deep, short groove. There are no
marked crests.
AMERI. PHILOSO. SOC.—VOL. XIV. 17
66 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
The dermal plates are about the size of Holops obscurus, but have smaller pits, wider intervals, and one margin
without pits, but smooth and thinned out.
Lines.
Width ramus where tooth series turns from inner to outer margin, 14.5
‘¢ ‘interorbital space, 14.
“articular facet of mandible, é 19.
Length dermal bone, 25.
It is difficult to refer vertebre to this species with certainty, as they resemble so closely those of Holops. The
species is less abundant than those of the latter, and being found with them the vertebre, are easily confused. It is
not impossible, for instance, that those referred to H. tenebrosus belong to this animal, as teeth of the latter were
found near the same time and place. There have, however, come under my observation some vertebre different from
those of any of the Holopes, which correspond in size and rarity with the present crocodile. A description is
therefore appended.
First—These are a fourth cervical vertebra, and some long bones, which were presented together to the Burling-
ton County, N. J., Lyceum, and were procured at Gaskill’s excavations near Birmingham in the same county.
The vertebra differs much in form from other species here described, and though absolutely larger than those of
T. neocaesariensis, the neura] arch was not coéssified with the body, indicating the immaturity of the individual.
The body is but slightly concave between the planes of the parapophyses, which are not at all directed down-
wards; the latter are very short, and their articular faces are directed posteriorly and outwards anteriorly, the
posterior portions being connected by a high erescentoid ridge, whose anterior margin approaches within three lines
of the rim of the articular cup ; behind, a weak median keel connects it with the body plane, which is succeeded by
a prominent tuberosity close to the posterior shoulder. The anterior parapophysial articular surface extends without
constriction to the rim of the cup. The floor of the posterior half of the neural canal is broken away, revealing a
wedge-shaped chamber, which extends posteriorly and outwardly nearly to the shoulder.
In. Lin.
Total length, Dime:
Length to shoulder, Die pels:
Width of cup, il 8.
Vertical diameter of cup, il 6.75
ae ne to edge of parapophysis, 2
Width between parapophyses near cup, Hee:
gp Hf fit at posterior angle, 2 ik
Length from post. angle parap. to shoulder, 1 1.25
Length from post. angle parap. to cup, 1 2.5
The radii of the median area of articulation are numerous, (34), fine and equal; the transverse rugae of the
anterior area are also fine, thirteen in number.
Portions of femur, tibia, humerus, and ribs were in the same lot with the above described vertebra; they
resemble the cervical vertebra in color and in the bright green of the matrix which adheres to them externally, as
though they had been wet ; their size relates so as to render their appertainance to the same animal probable. They
indicate an animal of large size.
The shank of the femur is cylindrical at its middle ; the prominence of the anterior flexure is situated well below
the head, while the head itself is not as broad as in some species (e. g. Crocodilus biporeatus). An obtuse ridge
runs from behind forwards and downwards across the outside face of the shaft, transferring the position of the
steepest face from the back to the front aspect. On the inner face the trochanter is small, and the surface is swollen
near the upper edge at the flexure.
Compared with the shank of the femur of Hyposaurus rodgersi, the present is less depressed and lacks a longi-
tudinal concavity, with obtuse elevated margins, near the superior flexure, which is characteristic of that species.
For a considerable proximal portion of the femur, the medullary cavity is quite small; at the middle it is much
larger, and the walls quite thin: measurements are,
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 67
=
a
Length of portion of femur,
were HB De Pp Ww ep s
ron)
Oo
Largest diameter below head,
Convex extent of head,
Circumference of shaft,
Diameter of tibia two inches below head,
Length of condyles of humerus,
Diameter of inner condyle, 10.
$6 region between condyles, 6.
ef shaft 2.5 inches above condyles, 4
Greatest diameter of head of rib,
Second—aA fifth cervical, two lumbars and fragments of long bones from Birmingham, N. J. The cervical is con-
siderably larger than the last, and has the arches codssified ; its total length is 244 lines, and is appropriate to the
adult condition of this animal. The lumbars indicate further the difference between this species and the Hol.
obscurus. The cups and shoulder are more expanded latterly than in any species here enumerated, even near the
sacrum, and the centrum more depressed, and with concave sides. A very obtuse rib extends along the inferior
face.
Total length, 3
Length to shoulder, 2.
Width of cup, 1
«« shoulder, 1
Both of these specimens represent the Crocodilus basitruncatus of Owen, and should
their reference to the Bottosaurus by Leidy prove erroneous, will indicate a species under
that specific name.
From the Cretaceous greensand of New Jersey.
HOLOPS, Cope.
This genus, which appears to differ from Thoracosaurus only in the absence of lach-
rymal fossae, has probably been represented by several species during the Cretaceous period
in New Jersey. Vertebrae of two species have been described by Leidy as pertaining to
the genus Crocodilus. All of them differ from the species of the existing six genera of
Crocodilide in the absence of elongate hypapophyses on the cervical vertebra, and their
replacement by bified or simple often transverse tuberosities. As observed by Leidy, the
T. macrorhynchus from the cretaceous of France presents a similar character.
The student should also notice that in this genus the axis is the longest vertebra, and
the third cervical the most constricted. The third cervical vertebra, as well as the axis,.is
also in Alligator mississippiensis and Crocodilus biporcatus slightly more constricted
than the succeeding vertebra. The cups widen above to the fourth dorsal; from
this point to the sixth the centra narrow rapidly, presenting more difference than in the
same distance elsewhere. The eighth begins to widen again, though still narrowed.
.
68 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
The lumbars grow widest as respect the centrum, to the sacrum. The two sacral vertebree
are the broadest and most depressed and their cups and balls are flattened.
The parapophyses rise from the atlas till they stand truncated above by neurapophysial
suture on the fifth dorsal. On the sixth dorsal they stand just above the suture, and on
the seventh on a level with anterior zygapophysis (H. brevispinis). Among modern Croc-
odiles, Caimans and Gavials, Cuvier found hypapophyses on the anterior five or six dorsal
vertebre ; on the Holopes and Thoracosaurus these processes are visible on the eighth,
and probably on the ninth in H. brevispinis Cope.
The teeth in this genus are much curved. They have long conic crowns with minute
lateral cutting edges and minute striz of the enamel, but no proper ridges as in Hypo-
saurus. The teeth in T. neocaesariensis are blunter than in the others. In the H.
glyptodon, the teeth are coarsely fluted, and the surface everywhere, finely and sharply
striate.
As the vertebre of the species of this genus are very numerous, and the crania are
usually much mutilated before coming to the hands of students, I give a synopsis of their
characters, including those of Thoracosaurus and Bottosaurus.
I. Cervicals with deeply bifid hypapophyses, and transversely oval cup.
Dorsals with transverse oval cups.
T, NEOCAESARIENSIS.
Il. Cervicals with short united transverse hypophyses, slightly bifid posteriorly ;
anterior extremities more or less quadrate.
Smallest species, vertebree 16 lines long (without ball) ; cups of all transverse oval.
H. BREVISPINIS.
Large; dorsals about third and fifth, with subcordate outline and thin margins; 2. e.,
widened above, narrowed below, wider than deep; centra 20-25 lines; cervicals with
subquadrate cup.
H. CORDATUS.
Large, centra 20-25 lines long; dorsals about seventh, etc., much compressed; cups
deeper than wide, third and fourth regularly round or oval, not cordate, with thick lips;
cups of cervicals round or transverse oval.
H. OBSCURUS.
III. Posterior cervicals with hypapophyses scarcely traceable, and well separated.
Large species; dorsals near seventh, with transverse oval cup, with thick margins;
cups of cervicals subquadrate, bodies little keeled below ; centra 20-25 lines long.
H, TENEBROSUS.
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 69
IV. Cervicals with a thick obtuse transverse ridge connecting parapophyses in place
of hypapophyses.
Large; cup quadrate. BOTTOSAURUS HARLANI.
HOLOPS BREVISPINIS, Cope.
Thoracosaurus brevispinis Cope. Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1867, p. 39. Geological Survey N. Jersey,
Appendix C.
The specimens on which this species are established are, a cervical vertebra in the Museum of the Academy of
Natural Sciences, procured by Timothy A. Conrad at St. George’s, Delaware, and one cervical, six dorsal, four
lumbar, one sacral and four caudal vertebre from the Greensand of Burlington County, N. J., which have been
liberally placed at my disposal by the Burlington County Lyceum of Natural and Civil History. The last series
is from the same individual apparently, and is more complete than that of any other cretaceous Crocodile hitherto
brought to light. Also on a seventh dorsal, two lumbars and a humerus from the marl excayations of Samuel Engle,
near Medford, Burlington County, New Jersey.
The last are from anadult, while the more perfectly preserved is not fully grown, since the neural arches of many
of the dorsal vertebre have separated at their sutures, yet its approach to maturity is indicated by the persistence of
this arch of the third cervical, of some dorsals, lumbars and caudals. The species is the smallest of the genus, and
will furnish reliable date for the estimation of the dimensions of other extinct crocodilia. The vertebre are relatively
more slender than those of the Alligators, and the general proportions are more probably those of the T. neocae-
sariensis and of the Gavials. This will give a basis of estimation for the head and tail.
Inches.
Length of cervical series, : 7.75
« dorsal up 115),
<< lumbar ‘“* 6.25
«sacral ie 2.33
Total body, 31.33
Caudal series (part estimated), 35.
Head (estimated), 13.
Total, 6 ft. 74 inches.
Cervical vertebre.—Characteristic of the two of these before us, is the deep concavity of the inferior aspect of the
centrum with only a trace of a keel, and the steep elevation of the same surface to the rim of the articular cup. The
latter does not form a well defined ridge, but rather a plane, connecting the anterior extremities of the parapophyses,
which, in the sixth, supports two short accuminate hypapophyses. In both cervicals the parapophyses look outwards
at right angles to the centrum, but as in existing species, possess shorter articular surfaces on the third, whose
body is also rather more elongate behind them. In the sixth, which will be typical of the posterior four of the series,
from the crest of the posterior shoulder to the posterior outline of the parapophysis, is one-half the distance from the
latter point to the margin of the anterior cup, and somewhat less than the articular face of the parapophysis. The
posterior shoulder is elevated in both, and the articular globe is contracted and projecting.
The vertical diameter of the neural canal of the third is four-fifths the same as the anterior cup. The latter is
small, its vertical diameter being only double the depth of the osseous elevation between the parapophyses. The
neural spine is little elevated, compressed, its anterior margin subacute, and obliquely turned backwards to a
posterior apex.
AMERI. PHILOSO. SOC.—VOL. XIv. 18
r
70 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
Measurements. In. Lin.
Third cervical, total length, 1 5.
Crest of shoulder to outer angle parapophysis, ue GE
Last point to plane of cup rim, 6.5
From middle ball to apex neural spine, 1 Me
Least width of base of centrum, 6.25
Sixth cervical (larger individual), length, 1 7.5
Vertical diameter between rims of cup, 10.5
The expanded bases of the neurapophyses leave only the cariniform epapophysis between them.
Dorsal vertebre.—The first, third and fourth with the parapophysis on the centrum have lost only their neural
arches. The parapophyses have convex articular surfaces, which have a very posterior direction and are followed by
a deep deoression in the side of the centrum ; in the first they are a little behind the middle of the side of the body.
The hypapophyses of all are distinguished by their lack of compression and their obtuseness. They are directed
vertically downwards, the anterior face posteriorly. That of the first is bifid as broad as long, the others simple,
longer than broad on the third. They are preceded by a depression behind the rim of the cup, and succeeded by
a second, simple, small hypapophysis near the shoulder, which is finely many-grooved; it exists as a trace on the
third, which of all the dorsals, may alone be said to present a very obtuse carina below. The surface in the first
three is striate next the rim of the cup ; on the shoulder on the first two. The sixth dorsal is more compressed and
smoother : its cup is more produced upwards and outwards, while that of the first is more nearly round, and the
others are intermediate. /
The articular cups of dorsals near the seventh and eighth are nearly round, slightly deeper than broad. The
horizontal width of the diapophyses is considerable, and the transverse extent of the articular (inferior) surface of
the posterior zygapophysis is equal one-half the length of the centrum between shoulder and cup.
The seventh dorsal of the adult is perhaps twice as large as the above, without being half as large as the same
in the H. obscurus. Though the centrum is as much compressed as that of the sixth, the cup is still broader than
deep vertically. The centrum has a lateral longitudinal obtuse ridge. The hypapophysis is remarkably large for the
position in the vertebral column. It is trigonal in profile with truncate planes before and behind, the anterior
concave. The costal articular face is half way to the extremity of the diapophysis on its anterior margin. It is
transverse, not vertical as in the sixth in H. tenebrosus.
Sacral.—The first exhibits a longitudinal concavity on the posterior half of the centrum below.
Caudals.—The body of an anterior caudal is not compressed, those of three others, but slightly so; the
cup of the first is round ; those of the others deeper than broad. Three have stout diapophyses; of these the two
posterior have a concave inferior face separated by a strong angle from the sides, while there is an additional lateral
angulation on the anterior part of the side of the more anterior. In the two anterior, the neural spine is twice
constricted from base probably to near apex, leaving an anterior laminiform portion, and a median much stouter. In
the caudals the suture of the neural arch is much obliterated.
Measurements of Vertebra.
Of Adult. In. Lin.
Seventh dorsal; total length, 1 8.
depth articular cup, 10.5
width, 12.
longitudinal width neural arch (greatest), 1 8.
“ “* diapophysis, il.
Of Young. In. Lin.
Sixth dorsal ; total length, 1 5.
length to shoulder, 1 1.5
depth neural canal to end hypapophysis, 1 1.5
“¢ articular: cup, 9.25
width we As als We
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. FL
Measurements of Vertebra.
Of Young. In. Lin.
Eighth? dorsal ; total length, 1 5.
length to shoulder, 1 ile
longitudinal line between zygapophyses, I 5.5
horizontal base of neural spine, 11.
depth of neural canal, 4.5
<e ** articular cup, 9.5
width of se ee 9.5
neural suture to nearest diapophysis, 3.
Third ? lumbar; total length, 1 a.
length to shoulder, 1 ile
longitud. line between zygapophyses, 1 6.
horizontal base of neural spine, 1
depth neural canal, 4.75
*« articular cup, ; 4).
width s =e it
First sacral ; length, 1 2.75
anterior width centrum, 1 By (3)
posterior ‘‘ 6G 10.
depth neural canal, 4.75
“¢ articulation of diapophysis, Hite
length re es oe
width neural arch between diapophyses, 1 2.5
Anterior caudal; length, 1 5.
“¢ to shoulder, 1 1.5
depth neural canal, 4.5
*¢ articular cup, 8
width oe oe 8.75
width inferior plane, 4
Distal caudal; length, 1 5.5
ae to shoulder, 1 3.25
depth cup,* 6
width ‘ 5.
3.75
length base diapophysis,
None of the vertebre exhibit a constriction of the neural canal by a ridge on each of its sides, as is seen in the H.
tenebrosus.
This specimen is named from the short longitudinal and vertical extent of its hypapophyses.
A right humerus accompanying three vertebre of the adult, has the same color and mineralization, and was
found with them ; it probably belongs to the same animal. Compared with a humerus of H. obscurus of medium
size, it is three-fifths the length and has more strongly marked articular faces. The head is more transverse, less
rounded, and more strongly divided into the scapular and coracoid faces. The width of the head is one-fourth the
length, and reaches the summit of the deltoid crest. This crest is lower down in H. obscurus, the above width only
reaching its proximal base. The anterior face above the crest is concave in H. brevispinis, nearly flat in H. obscurus.
There is a moderate internal tuberosity distally, and the condyles are moderately prominent. Coronoid fossa well
marked.
+ Measurements of the articular cup are always made from middle to middle of the rim.
72 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
a
In. Lin.
Length, 6 8.
‘“¢ to middle of deltoid crest, 1 8.5
Width of head, 1 ae
& shank at middle, 8.5
od condyles, 17.5
A mass of induarted marl, with vivianite and oxide of iron from Monmouth County, N. J., submitted to me by
Prof. G. H. Cook, contains the posterior part of the cranium of this species, with cervical, dorsal, lumbar and caudal
vertebre, dermal plates and coracoids. The individual was immature, as shown by the non-anchylosis of the centrum
of the atlas, the neural arches, ete.
The cervical has the small hypapophysis composed of two small separated tubercles slightly prominent. The
dorsal, with a prominent hypapophysis which is trincate in front and at the end, has the round cup characteristic of
this species and the H. tenebrosus. The dermal plates are large, elongate-quadrate, considerably exceeding the
frontal region in width. Their fossae are in some deep, wider than the interspaces, in others smaller, the plate with
a broad smooth bevelled border.
The cranium exhibits the specific and generic characters very well. The muzzle is broken off at the anterior
extremity of the pre-frontal bone, showing that there is no foramen as in Thoracosaurus. The acute posterior
extremities of the nasals remain. At the anterior border of the orbits the lachrymal is wider than the pre-frontal,
and the pre-frontal wider than the frontal.
The pre-frontal suture does not extend further back than opposite the middle point of the diameter of the orbit,
No part of the orbital margins are everted, except for a shorter distance on the malar bone. The temporal or crota-
phite fossae are of about the same area as the orbits. The width separating them is very little less than one-half the
distance between the orbits. The anterior wall of the foramen is not quite vertical as in H. tenebrosus, nor very
oblique as in another species. The sculpture is less marked than in the latter, and though it would become perhaps
more profound with age, it is quite different in pattern from these. There are small pits near the orbital margins,
and shallow grooves which incline backwards towards the median line, whichis almost smooth. There are no grooves
or pits on the interparietal region. In H. obscurus there are large deep pits all over the frontal, which is concave,
and broad smooth margins and a median line of pits on the parietal bone. In the the third species (figured by Leidy
Cret. Rept., II., 8,) the pits are more numerous and the interparietal wider, and with marginal grooves. The ante-
rior face of the crotaphite fossa is very oblique, or thickened inwards below, while it is vertical in the H.
obscurus. z
Postfrontal Frontal Parietal
suture, width. width. width.
H. brevispinis, 52 1.23 6
H. obscurus, 8 2. 5d
H. ? sp., Ul 1.95 68
The surfaces of the malar, postfronto-parietal and post-temporal arches are marked with distant shallow pits.
The superior concealed insertion surfaces of the supraoccipital are largely exposed, and rugose.
The basioccipital, sphenoid and pterygoids are more or less exposed. The first is vertical, with latero-inferior
processes directed upwards. The sphenoid has a very narrow exposure, but this is horizontal. The posterior-inner
processes of the pterygoid lie closely appressed to the sphenoid and basioccipitallaterally. This arrangement is much
as in the living Gavialis gangeticus. The posterior nares are more anterior, however, and the septum not completed.
Their plane is perhaps a little above that of the orifice of the eustachian tubes. The lower extremity of the basi-
occipital, has a well-marked posterior keel.
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 73
Measurements.
In.
Length (median above, ) to apex prefrontal, 5.5
« (axial) to front of orbit, 4.15
ce oe ne crotaphite foramen, DB
Width between extremities quadrata, 6.2
ss o¢ postfroutal angles, D.
‘* muzzle at point frontal, 3.32
Length dermal scutum, 2.3
“* cervical vertebra (to ball), Lent
Width crotaphite foramen, 1a
This species furnishes the generic characters. I have not been able to ascertain the non-existence of the pre-
frontal foramen in the following species, but as they bear more resemblance in the cranial sculpture and in size to
this species, than to Thoracosaurus neocaesariensis, I refer them at present to Holops.
HOLOPS CORDATUS, Cope.
Of this species I have only two cervical, two dorsal, and three lumbar vertebra of one individual, all in a good
state of preservation. They present characters similar to those of H. obscurus in the cervical vertebre, and inter-
mediate between those of that species and the H. tenebrosus in the dorsals. While the fifth dorsal in the former is
deeper than wide in its articular cup and slightly quadrate, the present species presents a broadly cordate cup to the
fifth, narrowed below, yet considerably wider than deep ; the H. tenebrosus presents a regularly round or transversely
oval cup in the same position, much as in H. brevispinis. The accompanying cut exhibits the difference between
this species and the H. tenebrosus. The cordate form is distinct on the fourth dorsal, where in H. obscurus the cup
is regularly oval. The cervicals are not different from those of H. obscurus, except that the cup is rather more pro-
longed below, or subquadrate. 5
The cervical vertebre referred to this species may be known by the outlines of the anterior extremity outside the
cup, of which the latter partakes, which is between quadrate and cor-
date ; by the distinct inferior concavity between the parapophyses, and Fig. 18.
by the gradual but complete lateral eversion of the latter. In the
types the posterior shoulder is remarkably prominent. The inferior
carina is little marked on the fourth, while the hypapophyses are
small and united. Ina fifth, judging from the more posterior position
of the parapophysis, it is formed of two partly confluent subacute
elevations.
The dorsal vertebrae, from their nimeralization, condition, and
time and place, of discovery probably belong to the same animal as the
cervicals above described. The breadth of the cup of the fifth is a
little greater than the length to the posterior shoulder, it differs from
Leidy’s figure of the sixth of tenebrosus, T. III., f. 13, in its large
hypapophysis, which stands on nearly the entire centrum, and is very
prominent, and concave in front ; the sides of the centrum are concave
from cup to shoulder. In the third dorsal but a narrow space exists behind and before the hypapophysis, and the
vertical diameter of the cup is less than the transverse, and exhibits the same cordate outline. As usual some (the
anterior) lumbars, are deeper than wide, and in others the bodies are subquadrate in section, and the transverse
diameter of the cup greater. Measurements are as follows :
AMERI. PHILOSO. SOC.—VoL. XIv. 19
74 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
line. Ibi
Third cervical : length to shoulder, 2 0.75
a We “¢ opposite posterior angle parapophysis, 1 4.5
ee i width between latter points, > 055
fie ‘¢ least width behind parapophyses, 1 2
‘« vertical diameter cup, i 5.20
transverse diameter cup, above, 1 5.20
es a EG «¢ below, if
Fourth cervical : length to shoulder, 2
cs ce ri end parapophysis, 1 2.25
Third dorsal: length to shoulder, 23.
og ee es opposite posterior angle parapophysis, 10.5
36 ie “* of basis of hypapophysis, , 14.25
fs se width between ends of parapophyses, 33.75
oe a ** of neural arch just behind diapophyses, 26.
oe ec ‘< of anterior cup, 22.5
es acep ‘¢ of neural arch, 5.25
*¢ vertical diameter neural arch, 7.0 a
ef a ee cup, 19:
Fifth dorsal: length to shoulder, 21.
Oe ne «¢ basis hypapophysis, 14.
oy ‘© width of centrum at middle, 12.25
4 ee ee cup, 21.25
ua OG vertical diameter at middle, 18.
Lumbar : length to shoulder, 25.5
s vertical diameter cup, 20.
ae transverse, 19.
Portions of the frontal and parietal bones of a gavial are figured by Leidy (III., fig. 8). They are shown under
the head of H. brevispinis not to be referable to the cranium of that species, or of H. tenebrosus ; whether they can
be referred to H. obscurus, H. cordatus, or H. glyptodon is as yet uncertain.
This species is no doubt a gavial-like animal, very near the T. obscurus. It is sufficiently different in vertebral
structure ; probably other differences will be found where other bones are known.
HOLOPS GLYPTODON, Cope.
Thoracosaurus glyptodon Cope. Geol. Survey of New Jersey, Appendix C.
This species is indicated by a few teeth only, but they are of so marked a character as to render their recognition
and arrangement proper.
The best preserved specimen indicates a slender, subeylindrical strongly curved crown, with the acute ridge
which divides the planes extending to its base. There are probably nine obtuse ridges on the inner or concave face,
each about as wide as each interval. Both ridges and grooves are covered with sharp fine longitudinal striae, which
are continually interrupted and irregular.
The pulp cavity, as on others of the genus, is rat her small. Length of crown, 12 lines; diameter at base, 4.5 1..
The apexis slightly compressed and smooth. In an older specimen the minute striz are less distinct, leaving the
fluting.
From Barnesboro, Gloucester Co., N. J. Not found with or near any of the preceding specimens, but with
dermal plates not distinguishable from those of H. obscurus.
+t
dt
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA,
HOLOPS OBSCURUS, Leidy.
Thoracosaurus obscurus, Cope, Geol. Sury. N. J., App. C. Crocodilus obscurus, Leidy, Smithson. Contrib., 1865,
p. 115. Tab. Il, fig. 4. Undetermined crocodile; teeth tab. I, f. 7, 8, 9.
This species was established by Prof. Leidy on vertebre from Barnesboro, Gloucester Co. and Arneytown, Bur-
lington Co., New Jersey. I have procured numerous vertebre from the former locality, which were associated with
a cranium, which was nearly destroyed before reaching my hands. Enough, however, has been preserved to indicate
with certainty that it is a gavial, and probably of the same genus as that to which Cook’s Monmouth County skull
belonged. Numerous dermal plates were procured at the same time, which however are not more certainly to be
ascribed to the T. obscurus than to the T. tenebrosus, of which several portions were discovered in the same excay-
ations.
The vertebre from Barnesboro in my possession have apparently pertained to two individuals ; two cervicals, a
second and fifth dorsal, with six other dorsals and lumbars and a caudal, of the one, and a first and fifth dorsal with
eleven other dorsals and lumbar vertebre, of the other individual.
In addition to these, I have examined two cervicals found with muzzle and long bones at Barnesboro; a fine
series of vertebrae and other bones in the Museum of the Academy from near Birmingham; three fine series in
possession of Prof. G. H. Cook,{ the Mount Holly Lyceum Natural History, and Prof. 0. C. Marsh of Yale College,
all from Birmingham ; portions of two individuals in my own collection from the same place, and a set of eight verte-
bre from Mullica Hill in my possession. Numerous ether specimens of this species have fallen under my examination.
Hence it is obvious that this is the most abundant gavial of the New Jersey Cretaceous.
A series of cervicals from Birmingham is instructive, showing the differences in the characters of the respective
vertebree, The axis, which as usual is codssified with part of the body of the atlas thereby much increasing its
length, has parapophyses represented by two crests directed downwards and separated by a deep longitudinal cavity;
they are united in front. An obtuse ridge onthe side of the centrum separates two longitudinal concayities. The
third cervical is also deeply concave below, since the parapophyses descend much below the plane of the centrum,
and are united by an arched connection in front, which is not separated from the rim of the cup. As usual the para-
pophyses continue to rise, till on the sixth they are a little above the plane of the centrum. They also become more
posterior, till on the sixth their centre is opposite the middle of the centrum without ball: on the seventh this
point is behind the middle. The first dorsal is readily distinguished by the small size and posterior direction of the
articular face of this parapophysis ; its middle is a little below opposite the middle of the cup. On the third dorsal
the same point is just above opposite the middle of the cup.
On the fourth cervical a trace of median inferior keel exists ; it is quite strong, but thin and concave on the fifth,
while on the sixth it is thicker, and does not separate deep concayities, but only slightly concave planes. It is still
more elevated on the seventh, and increases beyond. On the third there is no distinct hypapophysis. On the fourth,
a transverse elevation on the anterior arch connecting the parapophyses marks it; on the next it appears in the same
place as two small longitudinal tubercles with groove between. On the sixth they are similar but stronger. On the
seventh it is much more elevated, the groove between its halves being now a transverse plane. On the first dorsal it
is a simple, large process, extending over half the centrum with a small knob behind it: on the third it has a longer
base, but on the second the longest, extending the whole length of the centrum. On the fifth it is thick, with
rounded edge below, and with a truncate triangular face in front. It is apparent on the eighth, as an obtuse eleya-
tion in front.
From the fourth posteriorly the characters are drawn from other series, which show many of these vertebre.
The cups of the third to fifth cervicals look a little more truncate below, owing to the prominence of the trans-
verse ridge. They are almost perfectly round thence to the second dorsal, where the transyerse diameter begins to
exceed the vertical a little. First on the fifth dorsal the cup assumes some of the narrowed form of the centrum.
The yery numerous lumbars present nothing peculiar. As in other species they are more or less striate grooved
at the bases of the cups and balls.
The series first mentioned as from Barnesboro presents typical characters of the cervical hypapophyses.
+ The types of T. obscurus preserved in the museum of Rutgers College have been kindly placed in my hands by John Smock, Asst. State Geologist.
76 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
It is in the third a short acute transverse crest truncate in front, gradually inclined behind ; fourth, a similar crest
curved into a crescent quite as in Leidy’s plate* above cited under T.obscurus. In the fifth they are two weak
elevations, much less marked than in the above in my possession. All the above exhibit a well marked constriction
between the parapophyses and the rim of the cup. The dorsals with hypapophyses are distinguished by the less
cordate form of the articular cups, they being relatively broader below, and in the second to fifth, narrower above
than in the T. cordatus. Their neural arches have on the iner faces a ridge constricting the neural canal slightly.
The hypapophysis of the two-fifths in my possession are rather short, broad and obtuse.
The cervicals may also be known by their strong posterior shoulder, and constriction of the body behind the para
pophyses, where the width enters the length (exclusive of ball) twice: the relation is 1:1.5 in T. neocaesariensis.
The parapophyses are most -abruptly turned out, and are directed downwards, thus embracing a median concavity
which is divided by a rather narrow carina. Separated from the rim of the cup by a narrow transverse plane, a hypa-
pophysial elevation extends transversely between positions in front of the parapophyses: this is less elevated medially
than exteriorly, the latter position being marked by a prominent angle.
The articular cup of the first dorsal is a slightly transverse oval. The lumbar yertebree exhibit little to distinguish
them from those of other species. An anterior caudal is more depressed than that from near the same position
in T. brevispinis. The cup is broader than high, and the inferior plane broad and concave.
Measurements. In. Lin.
Fifth cervical ; total length, 2 o:
length to shoulder, 2 1.5
width of neural canal, 9.
“ between ends diapophyses, 2 8.5
ot se «¢ parapophyses, i 9.5
lateral depth of body in front, il Sh
median Gi BG ee 1 8.
depth articular cup, 1 4,
6é ce ce 1 4, 75
Seventh dorsal ; total length, 2 Tie
length to shoulder, 12 10%
width newral canal, 6.25
depth anteriorly, with hypapophysis, Tis ality
width of cup, i 6.75
depth ‘*§ il 6°25
Posterior dorsal ; length to shoulder, 24.25
vertical diameter cup, 20.75
transverse ‘‘ as Si
The mandible preserved, indicates an animal of considerable size. Estimated according to the proportions of
existing Gavials its length would have been :—
In.
Head, 28.70
Body, 92.85
Tail, 69.64
Total, Dep day Felhoes ality)
In. Tin.
Length of mandible preserved, 13.
a symphysis, 11.5
UG splenial in front of fork, 4.6
*TI, fig. 4
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA.
1
=i
In.- Lin
Width at anterior point of splenial, 2.
‘¢ near extremity, 1.9
‘¢ an inch behind fork, ile 4
«« between rami at same point, 13
Teeth opposite symphysis, 13.
The larger teeth are all broken, but one with fang exposed, would probably measure when complete 1 in., 10 lin.
The form of some of the smaller is well represented in Leidy’s figures above cited; they are acuminate, strongly
ineurved, of a full lenticular section, with an anterior and posterior raised cutting ridge, in the transverse plane of
the crown. The sides present numerous narrow weakly defined facets, and are in a half protruded one, finely striate.
The alveoli do not open on the horizontal plane of the inside of the mandible, but the latter is raised above them
for the posterior half of the symphyseal portion of the jaw; the latter is more depressed towards the extremity.
Teeth from other specimens and localities exhibit marked characters. They are all much curved and slender conic,
and subcylindric ; the tip smooth, the remainder more or less extensively minutely striate, but not fluted or ridged.
The fang is slightly flattened. In T. neocaesariensis the crowns are relatively shorter, less curved and more obtuse;
in both the anteroposterior dividing ridge is well marked. Part of the teeth attributed by Leidy to Hyposaurus
belong here ; see synonymes.
The muzzle of a larger individual from Birmingham, accompanied vertebre of this species, with a smaller gavial
cranium in fragments ; and a cervical vertebra similar to that described under Bottosaurus harlani. Its reference to
this species is not certain, but I give a figure of it.
The lateral maxillo-premaxillary suture is not preserved, so the number of premaxillary teeth cannot be exactly
ascertained; there are four to the line of the posterior margin of the large incisive foramen, of which the anterior is
quite small. The posterior palatal suture of the same element is prolonged in a narrow chevron on the median line
below, to opposite the eighth alveolus from the front; there are nine alveoli behind this point, to the broken
extremity. A noteworthy character consists in the presence at the posterior part of the series of deep fossae
between the maxillary alveole for the reception of the mandibular teeth, showing that the latter did not project
externally between the former, as in the existing gavial. The same structure appears in the smaller cranium which
accompanied it,* but is not found in the Thor. neocaesariensis.
* The fronto-parietal region of this one is described under head of H. brevispintis.
AMERI. PHILOSO. SO0C.—VOL. XIV. 20
78 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
Measurements. In. Tin.
Length of muzzle to 16th tooth, 16 0.5
a ut “< extremity of premaxillary bone, 7 Ie
Be os ““ to posterior edge incisive foramen, 2 4.5
ae CH *“ to anterior “‘ a sf il 7.5
Humerus.—This, with a femur, belongs to the right side of the series from Birmingham, first described. Its
characters are indicated under the head of T. brevispinis. The shaft is rather slender and curved outwards; the
head is strongly curved backwards ; its articular face is narrow, and remarkably convex. The condyles are broken
away, leaving the comencement of the coronoid fossa :
Length (restored), Se)
“¢ to summit deltoid ridge, 2 11
Width head, 2 3
Circumference shaft (least), 2 1
Femur.—This piece is perfect; two distal ends from Barnesboro, besides numerous proximal ends, have also
come into my hands. It is more slender than in the caimans and crocodiles of the present day. The inner trochanter
is quite prominent, the articular face of the head very convex. The shaft is sigmoidally bent anteroposterioly, and
is bowed extero-internally, with a subordinate abrupt incurvature below the head. ‘The latter is largely caused by
a prominent thickening on the inner side. The outer condyle is twice the size of the inner, and they are continued
into obtuse crests on the upper face of the bone, of which the outer is much more elevated. Below their sides spread
apart,
In. Lin.
Length, 10 i
ve of head (straight), 2 1
« (transverse) of condyles, 2 3
Least circumference of shaft, 3 5
Of dermal bones, those of two species, perhaps of more, were procured from the excavations that produced four
species of Gavials, with Bottosaurus,* and to which they are to be referred is not.very clear. In the one, the pits
or fovea are very large and are separated by narrow elevated partitions ; in the other they are small and are separated
by flat intervals wider than themselves. In the former the fovea extend to the edges of the plate on the bevelled
edges; in the latter, the bevelled edges are without fovae. lLeidy says of those of this type, ‘‘plates coarsely
foveated.”” The first described belong to the median series of the present species, as they usually accompany its
bones when they occur alone; and the latter to the external series.
Parallelogrammic dermal bones without pits, and with very high longitudinal crests, standing on more than‘half
the length, frequently accompany remains of this species. They are cervical or nuchal bones, and are of relatively
large size, equalling those of the dorsal region. The crests are oblique in the direction of their length. Such bones
belong to this species, perhaps to H. cordatus also.
HOLOPS TENEBROSUS, Letdy.
Orocodilus tenebrosus, Leidy. Cretaceous Reptiles U.8., 115. Tab. IIL., figs. 12-15. TZ'horacosaurus tenebrosus
Cope. Geological Survey of New Jersey, Appendix C.
This species is as yet little known. Leidy’s type is represented by two cervicals, a seventh dorsal, a caudal, and
portions of humeri ; on account of their close resemblance, and marked specific separation from H. obscurus, I regard
as the same an animal of which a cervical and three lumbars are preserved in my collection. The dorsals exhibit a
«
* Several simple coprolites which accompanied these remains, probably belonged to the same species.
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 719
‘
round cup with thick edges. In the cervicals the hypapophyses are represented by rudimental elevations separated
by a space, except on the third, where there is the usual anterior cross ridge, followed by a concavity. I refer here a
dorsal, kindly lent me by Prof. Marsh, where the cup is more transverse oval than in T. obscurus.
The lumbars from Barnesboro are characterized by a form more slender than those of the T. tenebrosus, more
nearly resembling some from the series of T. obscurus. Measurements of :
In.
Fifth cervical ; length to shoulder, 21.
“« posterior angle parapophysis, 15.
WS wchanreratere | 43 st 6.
width to posterior angle parapophyses, 19.25
‘¢ behind the parapophyses, 13.25
‘© of cup above, 15.
“« vertical diameter cup, 15.25
«* neural canal, 8.
Lumbar: length to shoulder, 24.
vertical diameter cup, 18.
width of we ae iL
«« neural canal, 5.
‘¢ basis of neural arch in front, 15.
Specimens of an adult from the pits of the West Jersey Marl Co., near Barnesboro, Gloucester County.
THORACOSAURUS, Leidy.
Cretaceous Reptiles, Smithson. Contrib., XIV., 5. Pr. Ac. N. Sci., Phila., 1852, 35.
This genus adds to the characters of Holops, a pair of large prefrontal foramina
similar to those characteristic of Teleosaurus, and Plesiosaurus. ‘The other cranial char-
acters, as well as the vertebral, are very different from those of Teleosaurus, which is
amphicoelian, and are rather those of the existing Gavialis. The teeth and cervical
vertebra, however, differ from those of the latter genus.
What is not seen in Gavialis or Holops is the character here presented, of a strong
septum dividing the posterior nares most completely; the latter open inferiorly and oppo-
site the hinder part of the crotaphite foramina.
A species, the T, macrorhynchus, occurs in the cretaceous of France, as observed by
Leidy.
THORACOSAURUS NEOCAESARIENSIS, Dekay.
Leidy. Smithsonian Contributions, XIV., 1865, 5. Tab. I.
Gavial Dekay Ann. Lyc. N. York, 1833, 156. Tab. II1., fig. 7-10. Gavialis neocaesariensis Dekay. Zool. New
York, 1842, pt. IITI., 1844, 82. Orocodilus s. Gavialis clavirostis Morton. Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1844, 82.
Giebel Fauna y. Vorvelt, 1847, 122. Crocodilus basifissus Owen. Journ. Geol. Soc., London, 1849, 381, Tab. X.,
f. 1,2. Palaeontology, 1860, 277. Pictet Traité de Palaeontolgie I., 1853, 482. Crocodilus dekayi Leidy. Journ.
Acad. Nat. Sci., II., 1385. Sphenosaurus Agassiz. Proceed. Ae. N. Sci., Phila., 1849, 160. Thoracosaurus grandis
Leidy. Proc. A. N. Sci., Phila., 1852, 35.
Cretaceous limestone of Vincentown, Blackwoodtown, and Big Timber Creek ; sandstone of Navesink ; green-
sand of Blackwoodtown, Barnesboro, and Monmouth County, New Jersey.
80 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
Several individuals of this, the largest of our cretaceous species, have been found, but only fragments preserved.
The cranial bones are smoother than those of the species of Holops, and the posterior nares are separated as above
mentioned.. The cervical vertebre of this species are distinguished among those of its congeners by the lack of
inferior concavity, breadth of basal carina, complete bifurcation of low hypapophyses, and posterior and transverse
position of parapophyses.
AMPHICOELIA.
HYPOSAURUS, Owen.
Journ. Geol. Soc., London, Y., 3838.
This genus is as yet the only known representative on this continent of the Amphi-
coelian Crocodiles. It belongs, says Owen, to the Teleosauridae, from which the great
size of the parapophysis distinguishes it. Its remains are quite abundant in the New
Jersey cretaceous; stratigraphically its position is the latest of its family. Thoraco-
saurus being the earliest of the Procoelian Crocodilia, the interesting spectacle is pre-
sented of the coexistence in America in large numbers, of two types which, in the old
world, are separated by the whole period between the Jurassic and Tertiary.
As might be supposed then, there is some approximation in structure between these
two extreme genera of their series. The hypapophyses of the cervical vertebra in Thor-
acosaurus are of the Teleosauroid type. Both are alike slender-nosed genera, as I have
been able to ascertain for the first time for some of them.
As a Teleosaurian reptile the bassioccipital does not present the vertical position usual
among the Procoeli, but is horizontal. The sphenoid is also more horizontal in its expo-
sure, and much wider, and with a straight anterior margin, not incised to accommodate
the posterior nares. The frontal bone is marked with longitudinal shallow grooves.
The teeth of Hyposaurus are more compressed than in the last genus described, some
of them are from the shortening of the crown almost triangular in outline, but most are
elongate; the enamel is thrown into a few fine continuous ridges.
The cervicals may be distinguished from those of the other gavials of New Jersey, in
addition to the form of the articular faces, by the earlier appearance of a strong keel-like
hypapophysis, that is, on the fourth of the series; at first it is most prominent at the
anterior end.
HYPOSAURUS ROGERSII, Owen.
Loc. Cit. Leidy, Cretaceous Reptile N. Am., p. 18, Tab. III, 4-21.
Vertebre.—The neural spines of the cervical vertebre are acuminate, of considerable—finally, of great—height,
the anterior standing transversely on the neural arch, the median subtetragonal, the posterior, as usual,
longitudinal in section. In an anterior cervical vertebra, length 2 in., the spine is 2 in. 101. above the ceiling of
the arch, and is acute ; it receives a strong lateral wing from each posterior zygapophysis, which does not disappear
till near the tip. These enclose a deep groove on each side behind, with a strictly perpendicular posterior median
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 81
rounded rib ; in front a narrow keel extends from the tip to the neural canal; the lateral ale are curved backwards.
On a more posterior cervical, the lateral ale are very heavy, short and rounded, and enclose no groove with the
slightly projecting posterior vertical rib, while the anterior keel has become a strong compressed wing, dividing two
shallow anterior grooves ; breadth and length equal in section. In a last cervical, length 2 in. 121., the longitudinal
section (equal about aninch) is longitudinal cuneiform, owing to the projection of the anterior ala. In an anterior
dorsal the section is longitudinal (1 in. 5 1.); the lateral ribs remain at the base only, and the posterior carina is
strong and sharp ; it is acuminate, and was probably subacute, but is broken at tip ; if restored would measure 4 in.
6 1. at least.
Humerus.—This element is relatively much shorter than in Thoracosaurus or modern Crocodilia ; it is also stouter
and more curved than these, and furnished with very largely developed deltoid crest and condyles. One specimen
accompanying femur from the same—the right side, and many other elements from near Birmingham, Burlington
County, N. J., have been submitted to me by Prof. Cook.
The condyles are deeply divided, and project far before the coronoid fossa, which is little marked. The shaft is
nearly cylindric, strongly arched backwaids. The groove bounded by the deltoid crest is very deep. A portion
between the head and the crest is lost. The former is truncate above, with avery oblique coracoid face. The
medullary cavity is very small.
In. hin.
Total length (restored), 10
Length from condyles to deltoid crest, 6 The
“¢ across head (straight), 3 2.
‘¢ across condyles, 3 0.5
Least circumference of shaft, 4 2.
Femur.—The shaft of the femur is a most characteristic piece from the greensand of the Eastern States. It is
rather more than usually fattened intero-externally, and at the point of insertion of the adductor muscle is trilateral
in section from the elevation of the ridge of insertion, and the depression of the antro-inferior face into a shallow,
longitudinal concavity. The ridge and the surface behind it are rugose. The shaft below and up to the head is
longitudinally concave on the inner side, plane on the outer. The articular face of the head has a remarkable antero-
posterior extent, and is more obliquely produced upwards and forwards, in relation to the longitudinal axis of the
shaft than in the other species. To support it the end of the shaft is turned forwards and strengthened by thickness,
having a flat anterior face not seen in other species, and the articular face is bent downwards at right angles to it,
and to the course of the longer posterior portion. It is here widest also. This form gives an unusual anteroposterior
range of motion, and is appropriate to a powerful swimmer. The insertions for powerful muscles would indicate
the same.
The condyles of this femur are lost.
The teeth have some resemblance to the Polyptychodons in their strong ridges, but they have distinct anterior
and posterior cutting edges, dividing a larger external from a smaller internal surface, the anterior turning in towards
the latter, near the base of the crown. The section of the base of the crown is a broad oval, tip more compressed and
worn obliquely outwards by use. Internally eight, externally eleven strong, but fine ridges extending over the usual
half or two-thirds, alternating with shorter ones; all obsolete at base anteriorly. The color of the two teeth is
black at base, ochre at tip ; between, lined by both colors.
Lines.
Total length tooth, 22.5
ee crown, S).
Diameter antero-posterior at base, 4.
7
These teeth are in the alveolae of a distal portion of the maxillary bone, 4 in. long. Three in. one line includes
three alveolae, measuring between margins. The muzzle has been here very slender, as the measurements show,
made at the posterior tooth ; the anterior teeth issue successively higher up, and above the palatine plane.
AMERI. PHILOSO. SOG.—VOL. XIv. 21
82 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
Lines.
Width of palate, 18.5
Height of os maxillare at middle, 14.
Thickness of palatine suture of o. maxillare, 2.5
Cretaceous Green Sand of New Jersey.
HYPOSAURUS FRATERCULUS, Cope.
Spec. noy.
This small species seems to be clearly indicated by a portion of the ramus mandibuli containing three and half a
fourth alveoli, and two perfect teeth. These parts are less than half the size of those of the smaller individual of H.
rogersi, whose maxillary bone and teeth are described in the preceding article. The crowns of the teeth are shorter
and more compressed than those in the corresponding part of the jaws in H. rogersi; they are marked with a coarse
obtuse fluting to near the tip, with a finely striate enamel asin Holops glyptodon ; in those of H. rogersi, the enamel
is smooth and ridged by fine keels, which do not extend more than half the length of the crown.
That the animal of which I describe this fragment was not the young of the larger Hyposaurus, is, I think,
indicated by the deep grooving and strong ridging of the dense layer of bone of the ramus; by the minute pulp
cavity of the crowns of the teeth, and by the well developed successional tooth in the fang of one of the latter, whose
apex has nearly reached the alveolar margin. That the individual is not fully grown is probable, but that it is of
smaller species than the H. rogersi, there appears to be little room for doubt. ;
The ramus is scarcely flattened below, as is the case with most gavials, and the depth at the symphysis is equal
the width of each ramus. Sculpture in deep longitudinal grooves slightly inosculating. Teeth directed very little
outwards: their fangs and crowns are considerably compressed ; the antero-posterior cutting edge is stronger than
the ridges, and does not diminish to the base of the crown. Viewed from within the form is symmetrical and
straight ; from behind their crown is greatly incurved. The outline of the crown from within is an isosceles triangle,
the width, more than .66 the height. Ribs on the inner face, seven, on the outer, eight. A few teeth in the jaws
of H. rogersi are as short and broad as those here described, but they are not found in the middle of the series as in
this species, but probably belong in the posterior alveoli, as occurs in some alligators.
Lines.
Length of fragment, 19.3
Width at middle, 6.
No. of alveolae in an inch : three and half and interspace.
Length tooth above alveolus, 4.
‘¢ crown of tooth, 2.75
Width “ ‘¢ at base, 1.75
From the middle Green sand bed at Birmingham, Burlington, Co. N. J. Presented to the Academy by Judson -
C. Gaskill.
INCERTAE SEDIS.
The following species probably belongs to the Amphicoeli, but to what genus cannot well be determined, as
nothing but the teeth are known.
CROCODILUS HUMILIS, Leidy.
Trans. Amer., Phil., 1860, p. 146. Tab.
Bad Lands of the Judith River, Nebraska.
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA 83
APPENDIX TO THE CROCODILIA.
PEROSUCHUS, Cope.
Proc. Acad. N. Sci., Phila., 1868, p. 203.
Characters.—Toes 5—4, with claws two-three. No osseous nasal septum or bony eyelid. Belly protected by
series of osseous plates, as well as the back.
All the genera of Crocodiles hitherto known as living, are characterized by the possession of three claws on
the fore-foot. The present therefore offers a remarkable exception. The free fingers and half webbed toes, and the
bony abdominal buckler, together with the cartilaginous nasal septum, are points of strong resemblance to Jacare
(Gray including Caeman Gray) but it differs from these creatures in the lack of bony orbit. In specific characters it
differs from those of this genus which it most resembles—as J. nigra, in the absence of a transverse bony ridge
between the orbits. Another feature of importance is the relation of the canine teeth of the lower jaw to the upper.
On one side this tooth is received into a notch as in Crocodiles, on the others, it enters a pit of the maxillary bone,
within the border of the same as in Alligators! This remarkable combination may be abnormal eyen in this species,
but this cannot be now ascertained, as it rests at the present time on a single specimen only. As its affinities are
rather more Alligatorial, Iam disposed to anticipate that the dental arrangement of the latter animals will be most
common.
PEROSUCHUS FUSCUS, Cope.
Char. specificus. —Nuchal plates in a cross row of six ; cervicals in four cross-rows, all of four plates except the
last of two. Dorsal plates in six—in a few eight in each transverse row. No posterior crest on arm or leg. Tail
short with remarkably low crest. Muzzle broad flat, without any ridges; its width at the eighth tooth entering 1.4
in length from end muzzle to anterior margin of orbit.
Description.—The specimen in the Museum of the Academy is young, measuring only 2 feet 5 inches in length.
Of this the skull measures to the margin of the supra-occipital 2 in. 10.5 lihes; and the tail to the vent 13 in. 7 lin.
From groin to heel 3 in. 2.5 lin., and the hind foot 3 in. 7.5 lin. The muzzle is a broad ovate, the sides rather more
convergent anteriorly than in the Alligator méssissippiensis. There is a thickening in front of each orbit, and
84 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
between them on the middle line another which together enclose two shallow concavities. Superciliary margins
raised, the cranial table quite flat. The margin of the quadratojugal bone projects strongly. The scales of the
limbs are all smooth, and those of the dorsal region with very low keels. The sides have four longitudinal rows of
ovate scales separated by scarcely defined smaller ones. The abdominal plates are longer than broad, and are in
twelve longitudinal rows. Dorsals in seventeen transverse series from interscapular to crural region. The lateral
crests of the tail are only obtuse keels; they unite on the thirteenth annulus behind the vent inclusive. Color above
dark brown, almost black on the upper surfaces of the head. The tail is paler, of a light olive brown. Lower sur-
faces everywhere bright yellow, including the entire lower jaw and margin of the upper. Eyelids and a band through
ear yellow, the former with a black spot above.
Remarks.—This interesting addition to our knowledge of the Reptilia was made by Schulte Buckow of New
York, while on a visit to the interior part of the course of the Magdalena river in New Grenada. This naturalist
has also enriched our collections with other interesting vertebrata of that region, both living and dead.
OSTEOLAEMUS, Cope.
Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., XII, 550, 1860. Halcrosia, Gray Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1862, 273.
As this genus has been variously understood, since its first publication, I take the present opportunity of quoting
the original description, and adding such observations as are necessary to a full comprehension of the species
embraced by it.
‘‘Osteolemus, Cope, was characterized as a genus of Crocodiles presenting several points of analogy to the Alli-
gator. The nasal bones were prolonged anteriorly, and uniting with the short spine of the intermaxillary, divided
the external nasal orifice, as in the genus Alligator. The eyelids were entirely osseous as in Caiman. There was no
transverse bony ridge between the orbits. The dermal plates upon the tail, extremities, and the thorax, were more
or less completely ossified ; upon the gular region the ossification was most complete, the shields having a coarse
natural articulation.
“The digits of the posterior extremity were very slightly webbed.
‘¢ Cervical plates distinct from the dorsal.
“¢Mr. Cope alluded to the remarkable extent to which ossification was carried in this genus. The cranium was
much more rugose and pitted than in the adult specimens of much larger species, and the crotaphite foramina were
roofed over by bone. The latter peculiarity was sometimes observed in the genera Jacare and Caiman.
“The osseous gular and thoracic buckler was also similar to that exhibited by those genera, and by the
extinct ‘‘ Crocodilus”’ Hastingsize Owen, the existence of which has been shown by Professor Huxley.
‘Two specimens were exhibited : one a skin brought from the Ogobai-river, Western Africa, by Mr. P. B. Du
Chaillu ; the other, the skull of a half grown individual, obtained from the Museum of the Pennsylvania University,
““These Mr. Cope regarded as belonging to a species hitherto unknown, and which he proposed calling Osteolae-
mus tetraspes.”’
Several descriptions of species of this genus have been published under different names. It is a matter of
question whether all do not relate to one species. A young one was described by Murray, whose muzzle was of course
much broader in relation to its length than in the adult. An adult was afterwards described by Lilljeborg with the
relatively longer muzzle. It differed from that described by Murray in having but four rows of dorsal shields, and
but two pairs of cervicals ; in the latter there are three pairs of cervicals and six rows of dorsals. My type specimen,
brought from the Ogobai by DuChaillu possesses six rows of dorsals, and only four cervicals, thus combining the
characters of the two. Gray, however, who has seen Murray’s type, says there are but four rows of dorsal plates ;
in the Ogobai specimen one row has but five, and in three others the two outer are nearly united ; so I am disposed
to think that no great importance is to be attached to this character. Murray's specimen has the relatively enlarged
brain cavity of a young animal elongating the table of the cranium ; Lilljeborg’s, which is adult, maintains this
character more than our specimens do. Gray gives a figure of the cranium of the adult, which coincides with two
crania in our Museum, one of the above mentioned specimen, while both agree in the proportions of the muzzle with
that described by Lilljeborg. The last, however, differs from all these in having the table of the cranium but little
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 895
wider than long ; in our specimens and Gray’s figure it is nearly twice as wide as long. It also appears that the
nasal bones do not entirely divide the nasal meatus, which they do in the three specimens under observation. On the
whole I am disposed to think that these forms belong to one rather variable species. It is true that Gray says ‘‘hind
foot fringed,’’ but this I am inclined to think must be true to a very limited extent. There is only a keel in our
specimen, and Lilljeborg says there is no fringe in his.
OSTEOLAEMUS TETRASPES, Cope.
Proceed. Ac. N. Sci., Phila., 1860, 550.
Crocodilus palpebrosus, var. 2, Cuvier. Oss. Foss. iii., t. 2 f. 6 (part).
Crocodilus trigonatus (part) Curvier. Oss. Foss. iii., 65.
African Black Crocodile, Gray. Rept. British
Assoc., 1862, Zool. Section, 107.
Osteolaemus tetraspes, Cope. Proc. Acad. N.
8., Phila., xii., 550.
Crocodilus frontatus, A. Murray. Proc. Zool.
Soc., 1862, pp. 139, 213, fig. head, t. 29, by Ford.
Strauch, Syn. Cro., t. I., head (young).
Halcrosia frontata, Gray, Annand Mag. Nat.
Hist., 3d series, X., 277.
Halerosia afzelii Lilljeborg. Proceed. Zool.
Soc., London., 1£67, 715.
Habitat, Gaboon Ogobai (Duchaillu).
Calabar (Murray), Sierra Leon (Afzelius).
This species was originally characterized as
follows :
Proportions of the head somewhat similar to
those of Crocodilus trigonops, Gray, of India.
Breadth of muzzle at ninth tooth equal to the dis-
tance between the external nasal orifice and anterior border of the orbit, and to the width of the table of the
cranium posteriorly. <A short ridge in front of each orbit, directed obliquely inward.
Teeth 14, rather compressed. Four nuchal shields, in a single transverse series ; four cervicals in pairs; Dorsal
shields in six rows. Posterior extremities without fringe. Total length of the entire specimen, five feet.
In addition to the characters given above may be mentioned the strong concavity of the muzzle in the longitudinal
direction, and the prominence of the nares. The margins of the maxillary are very sinuous, being much contracted
behind the fourth and eleventh teeth. The derm of the head is thin and corneous, and divided into many segments,
which haye a fine sculpture of straight lines radiating from the centre in each. The bones of the cranium are very
strongly pitted. Seventeen transverse series of plates between nape and posterior line of femora, 12 to union of
lateral caudal crests, and 19 from that point to end of tail. Nineteen cross-rows of large plates from ankle joint to
groin, on anterior face of limb. Counting similarly on the fore limb, there are 13 series. Only the two lateral dorsal
keeled ; keels of the outer of the first eight caudal annuli, low.
Color everywhere black ; the plates occasionally with irregular olive lines. The young, according to Murray,
have olive bands on a yellow-brown ground, including two bands of plates, and separated by two bands. Totai
length, five feet ; muzzle to supraoccipital ridge, 8 in. 9 lin. ; do. to posterior margin thighs, 2 ft. 7.6 in.
Gray supposes this to be the “‘ Crokodil noir du niger’’ of Adanson, and hence cites as its earliest name Croco-
dilus niger Latreille. Dr. Strauch, however, shows that this is probably the Crocodilus cataphractus Cuvier, and I
have pointed out that it cannot be the species of Latreille.
AMERI. PHILOSO. SOC.—VOL. XIV. 22
86 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
DINOSAURIA.
The ilium extended horizontally forwards, and supporting a number of vertebra
anterior to the two sacrals of other Reptilia. Acetabulum perforate, and partly en-
closed peripherally by the ilium and pubis. Pubes elongate, parallel; ischia longitudinal,
in plane of ilium, elongate, with distinct head for pubis. Femur with transverse neck and
head, and third trochanter. ‘Cervical and anterior dorsal vertebra with par and diapo-
physes, for articulation with bifurcate ribs.” Neural arches of dorsal vertebra attached
by suture; of sacrals, shifted over the intervertebral sutures.
The structures presented by the Dinosauria have presented greater difficulty of expla-
nation than any other type of extinct vertebrates.* This has in part resulted from the
attempt so assign them to types already known, and to explain their structures in accord-
ance therewith; a course scarcely consistent with our present knowledge of the peculiari-
ties of the parts themselves. The type is a good illustration of the necessity of
interpreting extinct forms by a combination of the “law of successional relation,” with
“the law of types” or of morphological “ correllation,” and not by either alone.
The direction assigned to pubes in this order, is suggested by considerations explained
below. They have probably diverged forwards and downwards from the vertebral column
and their great length indicates a prominent abdomen. The only Dinosaurs where they
are preserved in place, the Stenopelix valdensis of Von Meyer, and Compsognathus
longipes of Wagner, justify this proposition. The ischium in Stenopelix and Teratosaurus
is a broad flattened bone slightly curved in the lateral direction, and of sufficient strength
with its fellow, to support the weight of the animal when in a sitting posture. The
pubes in Hadrosaurus and Compsognathus are much more slender and proximally dilated ;
as in the Crocodiles the chief support of each is derived from the articulation with an
anterior tuberosity of the ischium, The articulation with the ischium is probably wanting
or very slight and ligamentous, and the acetabulum was thus open, a large foramen being
included by the three bones which usually compose it.
The head of the femur is transverse to the direction of motion of the condyles, and
not oblique as in modern lizards. Hence the motion of this element was in a line paral-
lel with the axis of the body, and the limb could not: be directed obliquely from that axis
so as to allow the body to rest on the ground between them in the ordinary progression of
the animal, as is the case with Iguanas, Crocodiles, ete.
The fore limbs appear to have been weak, even when somewhat elongate, as in
Iguanodon. Their articulation with the scapula is a singular part of the structure. In
* For discussions of these relations see Proceed. Ac, Nat. Sci., Phila., 1866, 317, and Proceed. Amer. Philos.
Soc., 1869, 16.
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 87
Tguanodon and Hadrosaurus there is a very small sphaeroid condyle on the inner side of
a broad proximal extremity. If the condyle only articulated with the scapula, the rota-
tion of the humerus would be very limited; if the long narrow proximal articular surface,
which is the whole of the flattened proximal extremity of this bone the retation would be
still less. In Laelaps however I find no round condyle, only the long narrow articular
face of the proximal extremity, as in the Crocodiles. This would not allow of abduction
and adduction, but as in the bird, of only flexure and extension. ‘This is readily seen in
the movements of the Crocodile. I suppose the anterior limbs were more useful as sup-
ports when these animals placed the head near the ground, than for any other purpose,
especially in Laelaps and its allies.
The character of the articulation of the vertebral column by intervertebral discs, the
double headed ribs, the elongate sacrum and large medullary cavities of the long bones
have been cited by Prof. Owen in evidence of the Mammalian tendencies of the animals
of this subclass. Their reptilian features, the single occipital condyle, quadrate and
coracoid bones, with the median tarsal ginglymus, are equally shared by the Aves, though
most of the usual distinctions between the latter class and the Reptiles hold good here
also. Prof. Owen also points out a special bird-like tendency in the alternation instead
of superposition of the neural arches of the sacrum on their centra; and other points can
can now be added. Thus the reduction of the metatarsals to three in some of the genera,
and their close approximation and excess of length over the phalanges, brings to mind
these bones in the penguin. With the same reduction follows the confluence of the first
series of the tarsal bones, and the great diminution of strength of the fibula and its close
application to the tibia; the front limbs are much reduced, and the long bones more pneu-
matic. In the most extreme form in this direction known, the first series of tarsal bones
is entirely confluent with the tibia as in the birds, the three metatarsals are much elon-
gate, the cervical vertebre increase in number, and the pubes assume a position at right
angles to the vertebral axis, which is intermediate between their anterior position in most
Reptiles, and their posterior, in Birds,
These features indicate three perhaps suborders, which are defined below.
Quite as important, as indicating the avine affinity and remarkable character of this
order, is the evidence derived from the pelvis. And first, the support of this arch, the
femur, has been already alluded to. ‘The head and neck of this bone are at right angles
to the direction of the condyle. In other reptiles the axes of these are oblique to each
other, so that the femur does not move in the direction of the axis of the body, but
obliquely to it, thus permitting the body to rest on the earth. In the present case the
structure is the same as in the birds and Mammals; the femur could only move in a plane
parallel with the axis of the body. ‘The reduced length of the fore limbs of many Dino-
88 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
sauria, renders it impossible that they should have reached the ground, in progression, if
the posterior were at all extended, and suggests that these reptiles walked erect. That
this was the case is demonstrable from the materials at our disposal, I am inclined to
believe.
The ilium, instead of having a vertical position as in reptiles, is longitudinal as in
birds. That is, the small process which, in Lacertilians and Crocodiles, projects in advance
of the acetabulum, is largely extended and developed, while the lower extremity of the
posterior, or principal portion, is raised anteriorly, so that the two together constitute an
elongate element, embracing not only the two posterior or original sacral vertebree, but
a considerable number anterior tothem. The effect of this is to diminish the proportionate
number of lumbar or dorsal vertebre, to increase the length of the consolidated sacral
series, and to throw the acetabulum, and consequently the femur farther anteriorly, and
also farther upwards, than in the ordinary reptiles. All these features are characteristic
of the birds, and have direct reference to an upright position. ‘Thus it is readily per-
ceived that the consolidation of the sacrum, is related to the need of a greater strength of
support at a single point; its length, and that of the ilum, to the throwing forwards of —
that support to beneath the centre of gravity of the animal’s body.
The very elevated position of the acetabulum, and consequently of the usual point of
support of the pubes, renders it in the highest degree improbable that the latter bones
had the usual direction and position seen in the reptiles. That is, an anterior position
would not allow of space for the enlarged visceral cavity which these creatures probably
possessed. But it is obvious that in most of the Dinosauria, if not in all, the pubes were
not supported in the same manner as in most Reptiles. In Hadrosaurus and Iguanodon
there appears to have been absolutely no point of union between ilium and pubis, and in
Teratosaurus and Megalosaurus that union, if existing, must have been very slight. The
ischia of Stenopelix, Hadrosaurus, and Iguanodon furnish the substitute for this, in an
anteriorly directed process for the support of the pubis, a feature otherwise characteristic
of the Crocodilia only, among reptiles.
I conclude, therefore, that the pubes were not directed forwards and that they were
not directed backwards either, in those forms at least, where there is no preacetabular sup-
port for that bone. They must therefore have been directed downwards, and this is the
position they have in the extreme avine form Compsognathus.
Such ischia as we are acquainted with, are of a remarkably elongate form, simulating
those of birds rather those of reptiles, and indicating clearly the existence of a great pelvic
visceral cavity.
From these considerations as to the extent of the pelvic elements we derive further, that
the visceral cavity was mainly supported by them and that it was transferred so as to be
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA, 89
posterior to its position in ordinary reptilia. This, taken in connection with the anterior
position of the support of the body—the femur, rendered the erect progress of the Dino-
sauria possible.
Another approximation to the birds will probably be found in the sternum and
coracoids. ‘These elements are but little known, and that imperfectly; the best example
has been furnished by the great Teratosaurus suevicus Mey. Here, according to Plienin-
ger, the elements corresponding to the xiphisternum of Lacertilia is a large thin shield-
like bone, of elongate form. The coracoids are narrow, prismatic bones, and abut against
the anterior angles of the xiphisternum; being entirely different from the broad flat
element of the Lacertilia and other orders, which are usually extensively in contact with
each other or with the xiphisternum.
We have, however, among Dinosauria, as among Quadrumanous Mammalia, a series of
forms, from those constantly assuming the prone Lacertian position, to those that walked
exclusively erect like birds. Perhaps the most Lacertilian form known is the genus
Scelidosaurus of Owen: the greater equality in length of the limbs, and the numerous
toes, as well as lacertilian dentition assign it to this place. ‘Then we find forms like
Iguanodon and Hadrosaurus, the most gigantic of land animals, where a semi-erect atti-
tude was the natural one, as they like the Megatherium and Megalonyx, lived on vegeta-
ble food, and were necessitated to raise themselves on their hinder limbs to reach it. Here
the bird-like type is approached, in the reduction of the metatarsi to three, and the great
antero-posterior extent of the ilimm. In the genus Laelaps the position was probably
quite erect, and additional resemblances to the ornithic type are adapted to large animals
no longer requiring a vegetable diet, but procuring their living food by activity and
strength. They are accordingly organized so as to be entirely independent of extraneous
support, and furnished with great powers either of running or leaping.
Intermediate between this extreme, and the type of Ignanodon, comes a large carniv-
orous genus, the Megalosaurus of Buckland, the representative of types like Laelaps, in
the old world. In its longer fore limbs it differs from the most bird-like forms. A car-
nivorous type only known from teeth, is Aublysodon Leidy ; it is American.
The other herbivorous species, of less size than Iguanodon, which was furnished with a
dorsal series of dermal bones, is the Hylaeosaurus armatus Mantell, found in the Wealden
of England; while an allied form which was covered with long massive dermal spines,
has recently been discovered in the same formation in the Isle of Wight, and referred to
the genus Polyacanthus Owen. .
The sizes of the best known species of these genera are as follows :
AMERI. PHILOSO. SOC.—VOL. XIV. 23
90 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
Length ft.
Polyacanthus, Owen, 9
Scelidosaurus harrisonu, Owen, 12
Iguanodon anglicus, Meyer, 28
Hylaeosaurus armatus, Mant, 21
Hadrosaurus foulkei, Leidy, 28
Poecilopleurum bucklandii, Deslong, 25*
Megalosaurus bucklandii, Mant, 130*
Laelaps aquilunguis, Cope, 24
Teratosaurus suevicus, Meyer, 130
Ornithotarsus immanis, Cope, 1385
Prof. Owen suspects the animals of this order to have had the septum of the ventricles
of the heart complete as in the Crocodilia. It is an interesting inquiry whether there were
two aorta-roots or only one, and if one, whether the right or left remained. I have little
doubt that the Dinosauria further resembled Crocodilia in having the lateral lobes of the
cerebellum developed, and the vermis plicate.
The affinity to the modern Sauria, or Lacertilia, which some authors have allowed of,
is very shght; the Crocodilia, though somewhat removed, are the nearest living allies. If
we consent to a derivative relation between types, we must consider this order to have given
origin by divergence and metamorphosis to both the Mammaliaand Aves. The structure
and embryology of the last two classes forbid the idea that either could have been derived
from the other.
Besides the differences in the structure of the tarsus and metatarsus observed in this
order, there are marked differences in that of the tibia. Thus most of the order present a
very prominent spine and crest, of bird-like character; but Plateosaurus Meyer and Tera-
tosaurus Meyer both Triassic genera, appear to possess this character in a very slight
degree, the former scarcely at all. I have, therefore, not included them in the groups
following.
ORTHOPODA.
Cope Pree. Acad. Phila., 1866, 317. Therosauria Haeckel, 1865.
Proximal tarsal bones distinct from each other and from the tibia, articulating with a
tibia and with a terminal face of a well developed fibula. The ilium with a massive
narrowed anterior prolongation.
In the few genera of this suborder, of which the teeth have been discovered, a successive
divergence from the type of the Goniopoda is visible, in the shortening and increase in
* These estimates I have reason to think exaggerated,
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 91
number of the metatarsals. Thus so far as known, according to Owen, Hylacosaurus
Mant. had three closely approximate metatarsals. In Hadrosaurus they are elongate, but
their number is unknown. In Iguanodon, Owen represents a fourth, but rudimental
metatarsal, the hind foot being still three-toed, while in the more ancient genus Scelido-
saurus, the same authority gives four shortened metatarsals, of which the smallest supports
a digit; and a fifth rudimental metatarsus, which supports no digit. In Stenopelix there
appear to be five digit bearing metatarsals according to Von Meyer.
This order is then probably divisible into the following families:
I. Teeth in several rows forming a vertical pavement; metatarsals ? three.
HADROSAURIDAE.
Embracing the genus Hadrosaurus, Leidy.
Il. Teeth in a single row, cutting; three digit bearing metatarsals.
IGUANODONTIDAE.
Genera Iouanodon Buckl. Hylaeosaurus Mant. ? Palaeoscincus, Leidy.
fo) y b) ny
ILI. Teeth in a sinele row, cuttine: four digit bearing metatarsals.
g , 8; g g
SCELIDOSAURIDAE.
Genera Scelidosaurus, Owen. Stenopelix Myr. (?teeth). The last named genus is
known from a single skeleton, in which according to Von Meyer, the sacral vertebrae are
all distinct. It is perhaps an immature individual.
HADROSAURUS, Leidy.
Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, 218. Cretaceous Reptiles N. Am., 76. Tvrachodon, Leidy, L. C. 1856. ? Thes-
pesius, Leidy 1. c.
This genus embraces at least two species which are among the most gigantic terrestrial
animals of which we have any knowledge. They represent the Iguanodon of the old
continent, whose species is similar in bulk. The two genera, however, differ in many
details. The teeth, as above noted, are different. The spines of the dorsal vertebre,
instead of being flat anteriorly, are smaller and slender subcylindric.
Most of the characters of this genus have been given by Leidy in his description of
H. foulkii. I adda more complete examination into the characters of the scapular and
pelvic arches, which are but lightly treated of in the “ Cretaceous Reptiles of N. America.”
Scapula.—Here may be introduced a description of certain massive bones of two indi-
viduals of a species of Dinosaur. I had formerly admitted the possibility of their
pertinence to the pelvis of Hadrosaurus, but the discovery of that element in the H.
foulkei, indicates that another place must be sought for them.
92 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
There was when the bone was complete, a
double head, the anterior or superior apparently
for articulation with the coracoid; the inferior,
to receive the proximal end of the humerus,
whose condyle is adapted to it both in size and
shape. It isa flat bone curved in the direction
of its plane, which is vertical, and narrowed
distally, where it is broken off. It is expanded
proximally into two heads of which the support
of the inferior is in the general plane, while that
of the superior is obliquely transverse to that
plane: this head, which I believe to be the
anterior and attached to the coracoid, is broken
off. The inferior articular face is slightly con-
cave; it is rugulose for an articular cartilage,
and its plane is exactly transverse to the long
axis of the bone. Its form would be vertically
oval but for an expansion on what I suppose to
be the outer side. ‘The inner side is characterized by an obtuse longitudinal ridge, which
extends upwards and backwards from the anterior head and soon disappears. A simi-
lar ridge is seen in the ischium of Crocodilia. As this ridge disappears from the inner
side, a more obtuse one appears on the outer, and is in line with the subtransverse expan-
sion of the neck of the anterior head; it soon reaches the posterior margin of the bone,
which it thickens. Between this point and the posterior head, the margin is thin and
acute. A more imperfect specimen of the same element from the same side (the right) of
a rather smaller individual exhibits similar characters.
As compared with the scapula of Iguanodon, Hylaeosaurus and Scelidosaurus, a strong
resemblance is seen in the marked distinction of the outline of the glenoid cavity, and the
existence of a large distal depression of a subtriangular form. ‘The anterior expansion is
broken away, but from the indications at the fracture was probably well developed.
The proportions of the larger scapula indicate a gigantic animal fully equal to the
known Hadrosauri; the humeral support agrees with that bone in the latter. The
dimensions are as follows:—
In.
Length of fragment on posterior margin, 13.9
Depth proximally (greatest), 7.2
“distally, 4
4
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 93
In.
Depth of glenoid cavity, 3.4
WW huclitin eet <° ss 3.16
« “ anterior expansion, 4.22
—) <s trachunedsend: 1.8
Another fragment of an animal-of dimensions similar to the last was found at the same
time and at or near the same place, (Freehold,) in Monmouth county, New Jersey, but
cannot be associated with the above described scapula, as neither the place nor time of dis-
covery can be ascertained with sufficient accuracy. It appears to be the glenoid cavity of
a scapula from which the blade has been broken off, and from which a short subconic
procoracoid projects. The accompanying cut and measurements will furnish the requisite
information respecting it.
-
Inches.
Length from a to 8, 5.54
& SB Dato tc! 7.22
a6 ct a Toe, 4.71
Ue LONE 3.03
The fragment may belong to Mosasaurus.
Pelvis.—There is much difficulty in determining the true relations of the pelvic ele-
ments of these and other Dinosauria, owing to their unusual forms, our imperfect materials,
and the discrepancies between authors.
Iliwm.—One of our best clues is the skeleton of the Iguanodon discovered at Maid-
stone, and preserved on a block of rag, which has been described and figured by Professor
Owen. The bones mostly preserve a normal though much disturbed relation to each
other. An examination of the figure and description strongly suggests—
First, that the hooked superior prolongation of the ilium is the posterior, not the an-
terior, as described by Owen. ‘This is confirmed by Owen’s figure and description of the
ilium and sacrum of the same species in Wealden Reptiles, Pl. III. (Iguanodon), where
the thick hook-like process with its abrupt descent to the acetabulum, is also posterior.
The structure of Hadrosaurus, in which both caudal and lumbar vertebre have been
discovered, proves that this relation is the true one. The caudals have a greater trans-
verse diameter than the lumbars, which are comparatively quite contracted from side to
side. This is the reverse of what is usual among reptilia, where the caudals are usually
AMERI. PHILOSO. SOC.— VOL. XIV. 24
94 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
the most contracted. The wide caudals continue without contraction to the point where
the tail reaches the ground. They then begin to elongate. ‘The anterior vertebre thus
form a massive column, which no doubt supported the weight of these monsters. That
the ischia performed this function in part in Lelaps, is evident not only from their more
massive structure, but from the more elongate caudal vertebre, while the still more slender
caudals in the known Triassic genera, adds to the evidence derived from the ischia as to
their use.
In the ilium of Hadrosaurus the slender hooked process and the expanded tuberosity
both exist, and I am disposed to place the former posteriorly, and the latter anteriorly
and externally as the most probably correct relation. This, moreover, throws posterior to
the acetabulum, the more elongate articular face, where one might look for the ischiadic
suture with propriety. This arrangement, however, presents the apparent anomaly of
position, that the planes of the inner faces of the ilia are made to converge instead of di-
verge, thus rendering the interiliac cavity remarkably narrow. There can, however, be
no doubt that this is really their position in Iguanodon, judging from Owen’s figures
(above), III. and IV., and that the sacral diapophyses really rest on the convergent faces
of the ilia, whose planes are directed inwards as well as downwards. ‘This adds still fur-
ther to the peculiar ensemble of characters of these Dinosauria.
This relation has already been described as the true one, by Leidy.
The anterior prolongation of the ilium in Hadrosaurus appears to be less slender and
more plate-like than in Iguanodon and Scelidosaurus, where it is remarkably produced.
Nevertheless, in the accompanying cut, the restoration (by Dr. Horn) of the anterior por-
tion may be too much dilated, and is probably not long enough.
Pubis. This element of Hadrosaurus has never been described. I believe that I find
it in a proximal portion of a large bone, which occupies this relation very appropriately.
Its proximal superior subtriangular articular face is naturally associated with the already
assumed anterior articulation of the ilium, and when so placed, presents outwards the
smooth articular surface of the anterior part of the acetabulum. It also presents forwards
a narrowed process, and in line with the same posteriorly, a broad, vertical plate which is
soon broken off, but which I suppose to have been continued but a short distance. The
posterior process I suppose has been continued as the support of a slender pubis,* conform-
ing in this respect to the type of birds. ‘That there is very little trace of articulation for
ischium behind the acetabulum is obvious, so that it is to be supposed that this element
was small, vertically dilated proximally, and in contact with the pubis at the superior
processes on the supero-external margin of the latter.
* A suspicion which I at one time entertained, that the so-called pubis of the Crocodilia was homologous with
the marsupial bones, has been removed, by reading Rathke’s posthumous work on the development of the Crocodile.
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 95
Inches.
Length iliac face pubis, 4.25
Wardle <o <6 es 2.9
Entire depth, 7.5
Width pubic process where broken, 2.
“« anterior process where broken, 4.6
gs acetabular face, 3.4
. \p =
pin
Ossa ischia. These lateral elements are not very different from those identified by
96 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
Owen in Iguanodon with clavicles, and by Leidy in Hadrosaurus with the pubes. The
Director in the British Museum has well pointed out the possibility of such a form of
clavicle being probable, after a comprehension of the variations presented by the modern
Sauria, and the not dissimilar form in Trachysaurus and Cyclodus. Leidy, however, is of
opinion that similar bones in Hadrosaurus resemble rather the pubic bones of Iguana, and
calls them pubes, with doubt. The writer sees a much greater resemblance between them
and the elements called ischia by Wagner in the Compsognathus, and which are homolo-
gous with the posteriorly directed bone so called in birds.
It is noticeable that in the great Dinosauria the supposed clavicles do not diminish in
length in the same proportion as do the humeri, as one would be led to expect were they
clavicles. The relative lengths in three species are as follows :-—
Inches.
Iguanodon anglicus; humerus, ad.
os ischium, 29.
Hadrosaurus foulkii; humerus, DIMES
os ischium, a1.
Laelaps aquilunguis; humerus, 12.
os ischium, 20.
Their density and strength in the last named species are not readily reconcilable with
the needs of such small fore limbs. Further, in Stenopelix Myr. and Compsognathus,
where similar elements exist in the position of pubes and ischia, no clavicles have been
preserved to us.
The more or less normal position in which these bones were found in the Maidstone
specimen of the Iguanodon, as given in the figure accompanying Prof. Owen’s monograph,
has been already alluded to; the ilia were lying parallel with each other, their extremities
similarly directed. The ischiadic bones lay across the ilia in their axes, the anterior dilated
extremities lying not far from the position of the lost pubes, the posterior directed far be-
hind the iliac crests, parallel to their axes. ‘The similarity of position in both, and the
preservation of relation between many of the other bones, renders it probable that their
identification with ischia also indicates their natural relation.
The direction of the ischia is a difficult point to determine, but may be best understood
' by reference to those of Megadactylus and Clepsysaurus. In Hadrosaurus (see Leidy’s
plate in Cret. Rept. U. 8.) this bone consists of a long slender subcylindric shaft with
dilated extremity. The dilated portion thin, a part in line with the shaft and truncate, and
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 97
separated by a concave margin from a larger portion at right angles to the shaft. The
latter bears an oblique surface for fixed articulation at its extremity.
In Megadactylus,* the distal portions of the ischia are united on the median line for a
considerable distance, and are styloid in form. ‘This portion is evidently distal, from the
lack of articular faces and the divergence and flattening of the other extremities. They
also resemble the distal extremities in Compsognathus. In Clepsysaurus, the shaft and di-
lated extremity are both preserved. ‘The former resembles that of Megadactylus, the latter
that of Hadrosaurus in some degree. If the shaft be posterior, the other extremity is an-
terior, and the larger dilatation extending at an angle to the shaft supports, no doubt, the
iliac articulation. ‘The trihedral shaft indicates a median line of junction. In Hadrosau-
rus no part of the shaft presents a face for contact with that of the other side, while in
Lzlaps such face is very distinct and elongate. From the above, I suppose that the larger
extension of the ischium is superior and bears the iliac articulation, that the concave an-
terior outline is that bounding the acetabulum, and that the lower dilatation was in con-
tact with but not united to the pubis. ‘This is the more probable, since it agrees nearly
with the arrangement in Iguanodon, as pointed out by Huxley.t It cannot be denied, how-
ever, that the supposed iliac articulation in the ischium in FEladrosaurus, bears a remark-
able similarity to the median suture presented by the union of the two supposed ischia on
the middle line below and distally, as in the pubes of Struthio. In that case, they would
be pubes. In a posterior direction and median approximation it will agree also with the
known pelvic elements of an interesting Saurian described by Von Meyer (Palaeonto-
eraphica) from the Wealden of Germany, the Stenopelix valdensis. No attempt has been
made, so far as I am aware, to refer this animal to its place. It appears to me in its ver-
tebral and pelvic features to be a small Dinosaur allied to Scelidosaurus Owen. ‘The
ischia, however, are remarkably prolonged posteriorly, and find a parallel in Compsog-
nathus Wagn.
Believing them to be ischia, the inferior pelvic arches of Hadrosaurus were light and
slender, the ischia parallel and light, and entirely incapable of supporting the weight of
the animal, as was done by Megadactylus. The tail was no doubt the great support when
the head was elevated.
* The large pneumatic foramina in the vertebre of this genus, together with those seen in the sacrum of Leelaps,
explain the character of similar vertebre described as os quadratum of Iguanodon by Mantell and Owen, and sacrals
of Hadrosaurus by Leidy. I regard the latter as indicative of a new genus allied to the Goniopoda.
+ Opportunity of reviewing this part of my essay having offered, I must point out the confirmatory evidence I
have derived from Prof. Huxley’s recent explanation of the structure of Hypsilophodon, with regard to my determin-
ation of the pubes in Hadrosaurus. He proves conclusively its posterior direction, which view LT adopt for Hadrosau-
rus, contrary to my former supposition.
AMERI. PHILOSO. SOC.—VOL. XIV. 25
98 “ THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
The figure 29 is the result of the preceding considerations, but it is not to be consid-
ered as completely demonstrated. ‘They all go to show the narrow and prominent form
of the abdominal region, which was associated with its posterior position, and the great
lengths of the femora. Fig. a is a front view of the pubis; 6 is an internal view of the
ischium of Clepsysaurus.
Dentition.—The teeth of this genus are very much smaller in relation to the size of
the animal than in Iguanodon. They bear enamel on one surface only, the external for
the inferior series as Leidy points out. Thus but one edge of the worn crowns is enam-
elled, and acts functionally like that of the anterior faces of the incisors of Rodents. They
produce shear-like edges, cutting the vegetable food by a horizontal transverse motion.
HADROSAURUS MIRABILIS, Leidy.
Proceed. A. N. Sci., Phil., 1868, 199.
Trachodon mirabilis, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., XI, 1860, 140. Tab.
Upper Jurassic Bad Lands of Judith River, Nebraska.
Known from teeth, and perhaps vertebra and phalanges.
HADROSAURUS FOULKII, Leidy.
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phil., 1858, 218, Cret. Rept. U. S. 76, Tab. XII to XVII.
Cretaceous green sand, New Jersey.
There are eight localities in the green sand of Cretaceous age in New Jersey, from
which I have seen portions of this species.
HADROSAURUS ?OCCIDENTALIS, Leidy.
T hespestus occidentalis. ‘Trans. Amer. Philoso. Soc., XI., 1860, 151, tab.
? Cretaceous Beds of Nebraska, between Moreau and Grand Rivers.
Of this supposed species, Leidy says, ‘*Had the remains of T’hespestus and Trachodon been found ina deposit of
the same age, I should have unhesitatingly referred them to the same animal, and I cannot avoid the suspicion that
future investigation may determine them to be the same.”’ In this he refers to Hadrosaurus mirabilis, which Hayden
discovered in the Jurassic of Judith River, while the types of Z’hespesius were found by the same geologist, in a bed
with other vertebrates, mostly reptiles, which he determined to be of Miocene age.
Now, the extreme improbability of this type occurring in a Miocene bed will occur to many palaeontologists, as
has tome. With the view of determining this point if possible, I instituted an examination of the forms brought by
Dr. Hayden from this locality, and first of that most characteristic animal, the Ischyrotheriwm, of Leidy. This, as
has appeared in the preceding pages, I believe to be a reptile, allied to Plesiosaurus, a conclusion which at once estab-
lishes the Mesozic age of the bed. It coincides with the presence of Hadrosaurus, in indicating Cretaceous or upper
Jurassi¢ age.
f=]
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 99
As Leidy has referred the eastern and western herbivorous Dinosouria to one on the same genus, and as there is
much doubt as to whether the present animal is not one of them, I refer the latter here as an expression of the
probabilities of the case.
PALAEOSCINCUS, Leidy.
This herbivorous genus is, as remarked by its describer, an interesting representative of the Hylaeosaurus of the
European Wealden.
PALABHOSCINCUS COSTATUS, Leidy.
Tr. Am. Phil. Soc., 1860, 145.
Upper Jurassic Bad Lands of Judith River, Nebraska.
ASTRODON, Johnston.
Amer. Journ. Dent. Sci., 1859.
ASTRODON JOHNSTONI, Leidy.
Cret. Rept. U. 8., 102, Tab.
Cretaceous greensand, Maryland, (near Bladensburg. )
To a genus nearly allied to the present, should be referred the animal represented by
a large tooth discovered by Thomas Wright in the Island of Wight, described and fig-
ured by him in the Annals and Magazine Nat. History, 1852, p. 89. The creature has
been of larger size than the Astrodon Johustoni, and apparently of a formidable nature.
GONIOPODA, Cope.
Proceed. Ac. N. Sci., Phila., 1866, 317.
Harpagmosauria Haeckel, 1866.
Proximal tarsal bones distinct from tibia; the latter closely embraced by the much
enlarged astragalus, on its inferior and anterior faces, forming an immoveable articulation.
Astragalus, with an extensive anterior articular condyle below, above in contact with the
fibula, which is much reduced, especially distally. Anterior part of the ilium dilated, and
plate-like.
This group is named from the abrupt flexure of the ankle in the middle of the
tarsus, preventing the foot from being extended in line with the leg.
It represents no doubt an early stage of developement of the Symphypoda, and is
remarkably similar in the same points in the structure of the posterior extremity, to the
embryo of the chick at about the ninth day. At that time the metatarsals of the bird are
distinct, proximally joined by a single tarsal element, which itself is separated by the artic-
ulation from a transverse piece composed of the confluent proximal tarsal series, ‘The
latter element is not at this time united with the tibia, but it is in contact with the fibula.
100 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
The fibula in latter stages withdraws from this connection, and becomes much shortened
and reduced.*
The genera which belong to this order are,
Laelaps, Cope ;
Poecilopleurum, Deslongchamps ;
Megalosaurus, Buckland ;
Coelosaurus, Leidy;
and perhaps,
Bathygnathus, Leidy ;
Aublysodon, Leidy.
LAELADPS, Cope.
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences, 1866, p. 275; 1. c., p. 316; 1. c. 1867, p. 284. American Naturalist, 1867, 27.
Dinodon, Leidy, Proc. A. N. Sci., 1868, 298, not Ibid., 1856, and Transac. Am. Phil. Soc., 1859.
LAELAPS AQUILUNGUIS, Cope.
Loe. Cit. Leidy. 1. c. 1868.
This species was described by the author from a number of bones and fragments derived from the top of tke
“‘chocolate’’ stratum of Cook & Smock’s upper bed of the Cretaceous Greensand of New Jersey, at a depth of
about twenty feet below the surface. They were found by the workmen under direction of J. C. Voorhees, Superin-
tendent of the West Jersey Marl Company’s pits, about two miles south of Barnesboro, Gloucester co., N. J. The
bones preserved were portions of the under jaw with teeth, portions of the scapular arch, ineluding supposed pubes
two humeri, left femur, tibia and fibula, with numerous phalanges, lumbar sacral and caudal vertebra, and numerous
other elements in a fragmentary condition.
The discovery of this animal filled a hiatus im the Cretaceous Fauna, revealing the carnivorous enemy of the
great Herbivorous Hadrosaurus, as the Aublysodon was related to the Trachodon of the Nebraska beds, and the
Megalosaurus to the Iguanodon of the European Wealden and Oolite.
In size this creature equalled the Megalosaurus bucklandii, and with it and Aublysodon, constituted the most
formidable type of rapacious terrestrial vertebrata of which we have any knowledge. In its dentition and huge
prehensile claws it resembled Megalosaurus. The species is now rediscribed with additional observations and with
figures.
? Zygomatic arch.—A. portion 6.5 inches in length is perhaps the malar portion of the arch rather than the
squamosal, since near the termination of its inner or concave face it is pierced by a large foramen, similar in position
to the suborbital foramen. The bone is slender, chiefly strengthened by a strong external, horizontal ridge, which is
probably the homologue of that noticed by Prof. Owen as dividing the face of the maxillary and malar in Scelido-
saurus. Alone and below this rib, the bone rapidly thins away. There is little curvature, indicating a long slender
zygoma perhaps as in Compsognathus. The foramen has not been closed above.
Lines.
Vertical depth inside of front of foramen, 18
Horizontal depth zygoma, 15
Maxillary bone.—A portion of the right maxillary displays parts of four alveole: three of these have a flattened
oval section, while the anterior is round, suggesting the presence of a canine-like tooth. One successional tooth in
place extends from the bottom of the alveolus to within .75 inch of the maxillary border; it stands obliquely in place,
*See Gegenbaur, l. c.
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 101
the posterior cutting edge being directed outwards. The anterior alveolus is shallower than the second, and this
shallower than the third, which gives an oblique slope to the fractured margin of the bone, and suggests the applica-
tion of another skeletal piece. This I suppose to be the premaxillary, as the bone is externally too flat to permit the
median premaxillary suture to occupy that position. The upper portion may be related to the margin of the nares.
A series of five foramina extends along the outer face of the bone opposite the middle of the depth of the alveole.
The alveole: are directed more anteriorly from behind forwards.
Lines.
Depth of alveolus, 34
Length crown of successional tooth, 20
Length piece embracing four alveole, 61
Mandible.—One portion from the anterior part of the ramus. The latter measure three inches in depth from the
outer alveolar border, which is a little more elevated than the internal, and 1.5 in. in thickness at the fractured edge.
A longitudinal series of vascular foramina extends along the middle of the external face. The teeth are implanted
in deep alveole, and had transversely oval compressed fangs; the sections of the crowns of teeth from different
portions of the ramus differ. Two from the anterior region are considerably recurved, the concave or posterior edge
deticulate to the base of the enamel, the anterior aspect minutely serrate, two fifths the length from the tip. Section
at this point lenticular, lower down the anterior face becomes broader and rounded, giving a rounded cuneiform
section. Throughout, one face is more convex than the other. A young posterior tooth yet in the alveolus (no. 3)
is less recurved, subacute, and of more lenticular section, having both edges denticulate to the base of the enamel.
Fangs hollow, the pulp cavity capacious but rapidly diminishing and short; the cast sulphide of iron and marl.
Inches.
No. 1; total length (fang broken), 2.33
length of enamel, 1.85
width below, .833
anterior diameter, 438
No. 2; length of crown (tip restored), 1.875
anterior diameter, of}
No. 38; length of crown, 2.125
width at base, .688
Larger teeth are indicated by fragments. The development of the teeth has apparently proceeded as in Megalo-
saurus. The development of the dental papilla takes place within a niche of the alveolus, between it and the inner
mandibular or maxillary wall. Small serate casps are found in this position beneath but a thin stratum of bone. In
one situation a second successional tooth occupies a position between the primary cusp and the functional tooth, and
is about intermediate in size between them. These successional teeth then increasing in size, by a horizontal move-
ment, transverse to the cranial axis, place themselves close to the fangs of the functional teeth, into whose places
they gradually rise. An absorption of the dental wall probably prepares the older tooth for shedding, at which time
the apex of the successional tooth is ready for use.*
Vertebr2.—No cervical or dorsal vertebrxe were preserved ; we have only as yet sacrals, and numerous caudals.
All are much constricted medially, or hour-glass shaped, the centrum cylindrical in section throughout in most of the
caudals, the anterior of the latter and the lumbars of deeper vertical than transverse diameter throughout. The
articular surfaces are moderately shallow biconcave in all, most strongly in the subproximial ecaudals. The neural
arches attached by permanent suture, and inferior surfaces for articulation of chevron bones. The caudals offer
indication of neural spines ; their traces are on the majority low, and of considerable longitudinal extent. Articular
* Deslongchamps figures a tooth as doubtfully belonging to Poecilopleurum. It resembles that of a Crocodilian, and probably belongs to a species of that
subclass. He states that Megalosaurus-like teeth occur inthe Strata in which Poecilopleurum was found. There is now much reuson to believe that the latter
are the true teeth of the genus in question.
AMERI. PHILOSO. SOC.—VOL. XIV. 26
102 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
surfaces for chevron bones were much narrowed anterior to the middle of series, so that we can infer that the tail
was proximally cylindrical. Zygapophyses turned upward, not outward.
The portions of the three sacrals preserved indicate that the centrum is very much compressed, as in other Dino-
sauria. The proximal caudals, or those with diapophyses, have also compressed centra, though this is less marked
than in the saecrals. The diapophyses come off from the neural arch above its union with the centrum in four such
vertebree preserved. In these the arch is not coéssified. In the remaining nine there is no trace of diapophysis
beyond a ridge visible in the anterior ones, and the arches are codssified. In the four anterior there is on the poste-
rior half of the median line below, a strong groove ; in the two median, a foramen penetrates the centrum ; in the
posterior the groove is less posterior in its position. In the posterior series of ten it is represented by an indistinct
plane. These vertebrze are relatively less compressed than the first, but have a more concave inferior outline. The
neural spines of these have been apparently curved upwards and backwards, judging from the direction of the lines
of ossific growth, as in Poecilopleurum. They originate a little anterior to the middle of the length of the vertebra.
Anterior to this point the neural canal is only partially roofed over, there being an opening into it just in front of the
base of the neural arch. Anteriorly the roof would appear to be composed by the union of two horizontal lamine of
the anterior zygapophyses. The articular faces for chevron bones are small.
In. Lin.
Dimensions of an anterior caudal; length centrum, 4, 3
depth do. from suture of neural arch, AL 0
width articular face (anterior), 3. 6
«centrum at middle, 2.56 0
Length of median caudal, 4.625
Breadth centrum, 2.375
Length base neural spine, 3.25
Length of a distal caudal (with neural canal), 2.875
Diameter centrum transverse, 1.125
us oa vertical, 875
Proximal caudal (with short diapophysis) length, 4.5
Depth centrum, ; 3.125
Width ee oy
Three separate vertebre appear.to be most probably sacrals, and indicate that this individual was not adult.
Their form is much compressed, and the articular surfaces are rather expanded and concave. ‘The superficial
layer of the latter is very thin, and covered with delicate raised strie, mostly transverse in direction. They present
the appearance of incomplete development, and would no doubt at a later period coéssify with those of the adjacent
vertebre, forming the long sacrum common to the order. Their exterior dense walls are remarkably thin, and the
internal structure of the centra is coarsely spongy or almost cavernous, being far less close and compact than that of
the cancellous centra of the caudals. The largest of these has a strong median groove aboye, probably that of the
neural canal: greatest elevation of articular surface 5 in. 2 lin., greatest width of same 4in. 2lin. The tissue of this
centrum is so coarse as to resemble the borings of Teredo. In another a large foramen marks the mouth of a canal
which enters the centrum just behind one of the articular surfaces, and above the thickest portion of the centrum.
It descends obliquely towards the middle of the centrum, but its course can be traced only an inch. Foramen .9 inch
in diameter.
The number of caudals preserved is fourteen. From interruptions in the series I imagine that ten have been
lost, probably a few more; I think the whole number can be estimated at twenty-five. Both distals and proximals
are preserved; the former are small and slender, the latter compressed, similar to the sacrals, and with diapophysis,
and neural arch not codssified.
This furnishes a remarkable contrast to Hadrosaurus, to which Leidy reckons fifty vertebre, and a depth of
tail of a foot and a half.
* They thus resemble in several ways, the bone referred by Mantell and Owen to the place of the os quadratum, with doubt, There is little probability
to my mind, of this reference proving other than erroneous; see the fig. in Pl. XI at the end of the volume.
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 1038
In comparing this series with those of Poecilopleurum,
so well illustrated by Deslongchamps, it is observable that
vertebre of similar proportions in the two are without diapo-
physes in the former, while they possess them in the latter.
Thus the diapophyses probably cease at a point in Laelaps
anterior to the same in Poecilopleurum. It is also noticeable
that while they are obliquely directed backwards in the latter,
those having them as well developed in the former exhibit
them transverse.
Humerus.—Both are preserved, but lack the distal con- Yn
dyle; about half the coronoid fossa of one remains, furnish-
ing an indication of the breadth of that extremity. They
are proximally much dilated, having a very strong postero- Yap =
\\
external ala and a shorter antero-internal dilatation. They
are not half the length of the femur; the shaft is flattened
antero-internally. Of the proximal articulating surface a
portion is lost, but a narrow surface continuous with it exter-
nally does not extend further out on the dilatation than oppo-
site to the middle of the shaft. JI find no trace of a globular
condyle, as is seen in Hadrosaurus. Coronoid fossa large and
well marked, not near to penetrating; medullary cavity of shaft
relatively smaller than in the bones of the leg.
In.
Length of humerus (restored), 12.
Greatest proximal breadth, 3.79
Distal breadth across coronoid fossa, 3
Circumference of shaft, Som
These humceri are relatively shorter than in Hadrosaurus
and Iguanodon, and the external ale do not pass so abruptly
into the shaft asinthem. They resemble most those of Poeci-
lopleurum. They differ from these in being much dilated dis-
tally, especially internally, and in having the coronoid fossa
much more pronounced.
Fore-limb.—In the lack of the necessary pieces, one can-
not go far wrong in estimating the length after that of Poe-
cilopleurum. In it the lower arm is three-fifths the humerus,
which gives for Laelaps a length of 19.2 in. to the wrist. If
we accept the Crocodile as the next nearest ally in the fore-
limbs, we find the carpus and hand to be .75 of the humerus.
The ungueal phalange preserved in Poecilopleurum is shorter
than in the Crocodile; if however we add 9 inches to the
length already estimated, we have for the whole 2 ft. 42
Ww
inches.
» tl
This is, as will be hereafter shown, a little more than one yy,
; ly
fourth (1-3.71) the length of the hind limb. =
104 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
Left Femur.—The head and summit of the great trochanter, and the posterior portions of the condyles, are broken
away. The shaft is rather slender, and is strongly arched forwards and slightly outwards. The third trochanter is
on the posterior face, is turned inwards, and marks one-third the length of the shaft from the supposed position of
the head. Just below it the shaft is cyclo-trigonal, while for a short distance above the condyles it is flattened ante-
roposteriorly. It is strongly concave between the condyloid ridges at the distal end. At this place the external face
is convex, the internal concave as high as a point a little more than a fourth the total length. The concavity is sepa-
rated from the anterior face by a strong ridge which is partly broken away. The anterior surface is turned posteriorly
to the external condyle, while it is concave and turned forwards to the internal condyle.
The posterior portions of the two condyles are broken away, so as to give their remaining portions almost exactly
the form of the head of the femur in Hadrosaurus and Iguanodon. The dense layer of the remaining portions is
much worn away, but enough remains to show that the external was rather the more prominent. The trochlear and
popliteal concayities approach much nearer together than in Megalosaurus, causing a greater attenuation of the
basis for the condyles. It cannot be ascertained whether the external condyle bore the small process behind seen in
Megalosaurus.
The neck is much compressed anteroposteriorly, and extends much interior to the line of the shaft. The poste-
rior face is regularly convex, and then turns into the transversely convex exterior, which is divided above by the
groove that separates the external trochanter. The broad posterior face narrows below this trochanter, and presents
a strong convexity posteriorly, opposite the upper portion of the third trochanter. ‘The outer trochanter has a flat
anterior face, and presents a sharp margin inwards. It is separated from the neck by a deep longitudinal concayity.
It is probably much shorter than the head of the femur, about asin Megalosaurus.
In.
Length of femur restored, 35.5
“actual, 32.
Transverse extent of condyles, 6.45
Posterior breadth of neck, 6.5
Anterior “of great trochanter, 3.20
Diameter neck and ‘“ ee 4.5
ef anterior groove between them (medially), 1.5
Circumference shaft at middle, lhe
This element, compared with that of Megalosaurus, differs in its considerably more slender form, and in its curva-
ture. The femur of the latter genus is very stout, and has a straight axis. The posterior prolongations of the
condyles are broken away, but if the external were as small as in Megalosaurus, it was more external, and the poplit-
eal concavity not so abruptly distinguished from the posterior face of the shaft above. This extremity of the bone
more nearly resembles that of the Poecilopleurum bucklandii, described and figured by Deslongchamps.
In my original description (Proc. A. N. Sci., 1866) I reversed the position of this bone, I believe incorrectly,
which has been observed by Leidy. As it stands broken, the distal extremity is almost identical with that of Hadro-
saurus, and the proximal with the trochanter furnishes a very good basis for condyles like those of Megalosaurus;
hence the error.
The relative lengths of the femur and humerus of certain genera of this order may be compared as follows:—
Humerus. Femur. Proportion.
Iguanodon anglicus, 19 33. -575
Hadrosaurus foulkei, 22.5 in. 41.5 04.2
Laelaps aquilunguis, 12 in. 35.5 .33.8
Poecilopleurum buckiandii, 13 38
Left Libia.—The tibia is more slender than that belonging to Megalosaurus described by Prof. Owen, and the
distal articular surface, instead of being lozenge-shaped, is cuneiform, the inner wide extremity oval rounded. Inner
transverse breadth of proximal head one fourth total length. Anterior crest very strong, much ineurved, disappear-
ing at between the proximal fifth and fourth of length; internal ridge on proximal half, strong, but not reaching
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SYNOPSIS
EXTINCT
BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA
OF
NORTH AMERICA.
PART IL.
By EDWARD D. COPE,
CORRESPONDING SECRETARY OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.
PHILADELPHIA:
McCatta & STAVELY, PrinrERs, 237-9 Dock STREET.
Aprit, 1870.
ae
24
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 105
condyles. Posterior condyles separated by a deep notch, inner larger than outer (outer larger, Megalosaurus buck-
landii). Shaft much compressed from before backwards, and distal articulation at right angles to proximal, concave
on its interior half. On the exterior face a strong crest extends along the proximal fourth of the length, not reaching
the head, which is the point of contact of the slender fibula, and is similar to the same in birds.
In.
Length of tibia, 30.75
Circumference proximal head, 15.
Anteroposterior diameter do. ay
Posterior transverse do. do. 5.5
Transverse length distal condyle, lite
Longitudinal inner breadth, 2.5
Circumference of shaft at middle, 10.5
These long bones are hollow, with thick walls of dense bone; diameter of medullary cavity at middle of tibia
1.5 inch.
Left Fibula.—Twenty-four inches preserved, proximally concave and dilated; condyle curved, narrow acuminate
oval, in profile concave, then rounded descending; length 6 in., median breadth 1.75 in. Just below the condyle on
the inside is 4 deep concavity with abrupt superior and lateral walls. Shaft less flattened below, but slender, reaching
a width of 1din. The fragment which occupied the most distal position which is preserved, is rather less flattened,
but quite convex on the outer face. It is not very unlike in general form the fibula of the ostrich, and like it is
continued to the tarsus, closely applied to the tibia. Its proximal half lies on a ridge of the tibia in Laelaps, but
when the distal end of the latter expands, the fibula continues directly across the expansion, appressed to the anterior
face, in a shallow groove.
I have given the fibula a relation the reverse of that assigned to Hadrosaurus and Iguanodon by Leidy and Owen
respectively, that is, I consider their inferior extremity the superior, and vice versa. This relation is coincident with
their bird-like affinities, which require a restriction of the fibula distally, not proximally. It also furnishes the
requisite extent of articular surface for the condyles of the femur in Laelaps and Hadrosaurus, as well as in Scelido-
saurus, according to Owen’s plate. The head of the tibia, alone, is too narrow for the femur in the two genera first
mentioned. This structure accords also with Compsognathus, where the fibula is reduced distally.
Tarsus and Metatarsus.—The distal extremity of the tibia is transverse, and much compressed, and does not ex-
hibit any of the usual appearances of an articular surface, neither the reptilian condyle, nor a cotyloid cavity sufficient
for an astragalus of the size necessary for an animal of such bulk. A bone, presenting a broad hour glass faced
articular surface was discovered with the other remains, and had puzzled the anatomists who had seen it. This
piece exhibits along its whole posterior aspect two faces, which form areéntrant angle for a fixed articulation: this
is found to have been applied to the extremity of the tibia exactly, and to have been fixed by strong articular liga-
ments. The medially constricted condyle presenting forwards and a little downwards exhibits an unusual modification
of the vertebrate astragalus.
The fibula presents a long and narrow articular surface at the knee, and fitting the tibia by the concavity of its
inner face, becomes greatly attenuated at its distal third, where it is, in consequence of an obliquity of its direction
applied to the anterior face of the former bone. It may then be supposed to extend to the outer margin of the
astragalus, and terminate at the small caleaneum which embraced the outer anterior extremity of the tibia, like an
epiphysis. In applying the astragalus, we see that a process projects from its superior margin, which when applied
to the face of the tibia occupies with its flat inner face a shallow longitudinal coneavity of that bone. This concavity
continues across the external expansion of the same, and is continuous with its outer margin in direct line with the posi-
tion of the fibula. ~ The continually increasing slenderness of the tibia as represented by a large fragment of its distal
portion, renders it extremely improbable that it spanned the concave outline of the tibia, to be in contact as in reptiles,
with the distal extremity of the tibia, in the usual position of the malleolus, especially as there is no face for contact
on the latter. Continued from its point of obvious contact with the external margin of the tibia, it falls nearly into the
shallow groove mentioned and into the line of the ascending portion of the astragalus. The latter is broken off at the
extremity, but presents a form not very different from the broken slender end of the fibula, and is of about the same size.
AMERI. PHILOSO. SOC.—VOL. XIV. 27
106 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
A reasonable inference is that they were continuous, and I[havetakenthis view. (Proc. Acad., 1866, p. 316.) There is
however an objection to this position. One is that the astragalus does not extend across the entire end of the tibia,
and presents a smooth surface, perhaps an articular, at its outer extremity. This must have been in contact with a
small astragalus or with a malleolar extremity of the fibula. The thin external expansion of the tibia could support
but little weight, and as the condyloid convexities of the astragaloid piece are nearly equal, there would seem to be
little need of additional condyloid face. Should however the fibula have descended to this point, its course must
necessarily have been alongside the ascending process of the astragalus, but not in contact with it. There is no trace
of such contact, as the process presents externally an obliquely rounded surface, ending in an angular margin with
a posterior flattened face.
Two other examples only of this structure are known in the vertebrata, one of which I find mentioned in Cuvier
Ossemens Fossiles, X, p. 204, Tab. 249, fig. 34-5. This author studied the distal extremity of a tibia with applied
condyloid astragalus, from Honfleur, which he was not able to assign to any known species or genus, but which he,
with usual sagacity, includes in the chapter devoted to Megalosaurus. He however regarded the face of the tibia
receiving the condyloid bearing bone, as the inner, instead of the anterior, stating that the tibia is laterally instead
of anteroposteriorly compressed, so anomalous is this structure among vertebrates. He regarded the bone as the
astragalus, and did not perceive any connection between its anterior ascending apophysis and a fibula, partly because
a fibula with distinct distal articulation was received with the same bones.
Gegenbaur’s demonstration of the nature of the ankle joint among birds and reptiles at once makes the nature
of the present case clear.*
This tibio-tarsal bone possesses an articular facet on its exterior extremity, probably for conjunction with a
caleaneum which supported a small second row tarsal and perhaps rudimental metatarsal and phalange. Its plane is
transverse and does not cover the whole extremity, the anterior margin and a knob on the anteroposterior part of
the extremity projecting beyond it. Exterior to the middle of the upper margin of this piece and at the internal
base of the ascending apophysis, it is perforate, as is the cavity above the condyles of the humerus in the higher apes,
and may have received a similar coronoid process of a scaphoides.
As compared with the species examined by Cuvier, this astragalus has a less elevated form; in Cuvier’s specimen
the ascending apophysis was flatter, broader, and directed toward the calcaneal facet instead of from it; it lacked
the submedian perforation. Its tibial face appears to have been rounded, not angulate. The tibia presented an
ascending ridge, to the face of which the ascending apophysis was applied; in the Laelaps aquilunguis there is
no ridge, the apophyses reposing in a slight concavity. This apophysis, like the slender portion of the fibula, is
composed of dense bone.
Cuvier describes at the same time a bone, of which he says ‘‘il ne serait pas impossible que Vos (fig. 39) fut la
tete supérieur du péroné du pied que je viens de decrire.”’ This piece has a shaft compressed at right angles to the
direction of its head, a form so unlike the fibule of known Dinosauria, including Megalosaurus and Laelaps, as to
render such a relation to the before-mentioned tibia, very doubtful. It is probably a metatarsus..
The second example of the clasping astragalus with anteriorly directed condyle is the Poecilopleurum of Des-
longchamps. Here the angle between tibia and metatarsus has been even greater than in Laelaps. The ascending
anterior ala is broader than in Laelaps, and appears to be complete and not continuous above with the fibula.
That it is in contact with the fibula he states thus: ‘‘its internal face is applied to the tibia, while its external was
without doubt covered in part by the inferior extremity of the fibula.’’ This, with identity of form between the
extremities of the fibula, and of the ascending process of the astragalus, in Laelaps, renders it probable that the rela-
tion is similar in the latter. I may add that I suspect that Deslongchamps like others has reversed the relations of
the extremities of the fibula. If both the extremities figured by this author belong to it, it is much less attenuated
than in Laelaps.
The tibiae figure by Cuvier and Deslongchamps appear to belong to different species. They differ in many
respects as figured. The former has a more contracted shaft than the other; its extremity is less oblique ; the infe-
rior plate of the astragalus thicker and less produced ; the anterior plate in every way smaller. The species should
be called Poecilopleurum gallicum. (Zaelaps gallicus m. Pro. Ac. N. Sci., Phil., 1867, 235.)
* See Gegenbaur, Carpus and Tarsus; tarsus of Chick ninth day, Tab.
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 107
The direction of the condyle in these genera indicates the articulation of the distal tarsal and metatarsal elements
to have been at a considerable angle with the shank of the leg, and that the direction of the whole foot was oblique
as in the birds. As the type is in respect to this articulation between that of Iguanodon and that of Compsognathus,
we may probably attribute to it a length of metatarsus intermediate between those possessed by these two, a proposi-
tion confirmed by the metatarsals of an allied species, L. macropus m, preserved in the Museum of Rutger’s College,
New Brunswick, and described by Leidy. These are double the length of the slender phalanges and near one-half
that of the tibia, slender and pneumatic. :
Among the remaining Dinosauria the two rows of tarsals are distinct and composed of several elements ; one of
the proximal series articulating with the largely developed fibula as in the Sauria proper. For this I have proposed
the name Orthopoda as the tarsal and metatarsal elements do not seem to have been capable of the same degree of
flexure on each other as in the Goniopoda and Symphypoda.
Phalanges.—No. 1. An ungual phalange of remarkable size and destructive use. The depth at the proximal
articulation is about the same as in Megalosaurus bucklandii (two inches without inferior tuberosity), but the
length is considerably greater. Form everywhere compressed, especially at tip; rounded above. Below the articu-
lating surfaces is the point of insertion of a large flexor tendon, a flattened subglobular process, separated by a groove
except in front. The groove extends on each side distally on the middle, to the tip. The general form is not unlike
that of a rapacious bird, but it is more compressed. ;
Inches.
Length on convexity, 93
Chord from articulatory surface, 64
Surface slightly striated at the base on one side.
No. 2. Penultimate. Proximally higher than broad, distally broader than high ; two elevated articular surfaces
proximally, distal condyles separated by a deep groove and much prolonged inferiority ; a fossa on each side eccentric
to the condyle. Superior outline straight, inferior descending behind.
No. 3. Also penultimate, is flatter and more parallelogrammic in section than the last.
No. 4. Antepenult? more cylindrical, condyles broken.
Inches.
Length, No. 2, 4.75
Proximal elevation, 1.75
ss breadth below, 1%
Breadth shank below, 1.25
Distal width, 1.25 °
a “« of condyles below, : 1.75
No. 3, proximal breadth below, 2.125
Breadth shank below, 1.50
Terminal and inferior breadth distal condyles, 1.875
No. 4, length, 6.
Another phalange of a much larger individual pertaining perhaps to Laelaps, which was accompanied by a plate-
like bone, is thus described in the Proceedings Academy Natural Sciences, 1866, p. 6:
“Dr. Leidy directed the attention of the members to the specimen of a large phalanx of an extinct reptile, pre-
sented this evening by Dr. W. Spillman of Columbus, Miss. It was derived from the cretaceous formation in the
vicinity of the latter place, and is remarkably well preserved. It isa first phalanx, and in general form resembles
the corresponding phalanges of the Alligator, but is proportionately more robust. The proximal articular surface is
moderately concave, somewhat uneven ; and in outline is transerve oval with the lower side flat ; the distal extremity
is provided with a trochlear articular surface and deep pits literally for ligamentous attachment. The animal to
which the bone belonged is unknown ; it may be conjectured to have appertained to the fore foot of Hadrosaurus.
The measurements are as follows:
108 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
In. Lin.
Length in the axis, 5 8
“ laterally ‘‘ 6
Transverse diameter of proximal end, 73 lil
Vertical 8o OP a 2 5
Transverse diameter of distal end inferiorly, 2 53
Vertical diameter at middle of trochlea, 1 6”
The phalanges and tibia figured by Leidy in Cretaceous Reptiles, tab. xvii., 8-11, differ from those from Barnes-
boro, and, I suspect, belong to another species. Indeed these portions are so uncharacteristic in Reptiles that they
cannot be certainly assigned to the genus Laelaps.
Whole Hind Limb.—The femur and tibia together measure 65.50 inches. A method of estimating the
length of the metatarsus is by comparison with that of Hylaeosaurus, as described by Prof. Owen. The distal
extremity of the inner metatarsus in L. macropus (fig. 13) is much like the same in Hylaeosaurus, while the proximal
of the outer is like that of Megalosaurus as figured by Owen, so that I estimate their length together to have been ten
inches. The transverse extent of the tibia in the same species is four inches. The latter measurement in L. aquil-
unquis being seven inches, it gives as the whole length of the metatarsus eighteen inches.
The length of the tarsal region may have been five inches.
The longest digit most probably embraced as in the crocodile, four phalanges. None of the eight phalanges of
the genus which have been preserved are of shortened form like the penultimates in the Palapteryx etc., but though
from different portions of the toes are all well represented by those of the crocodile. Iam disposed therefore to be-
lieve that the toes were long, and to attribute to the longest a length of twenty-one inches, measuring the chord of
the ungual phalange.
These measurements give for the total length of the extended hind limb, ten inches more than eight feet. This
is probably greater in comparison with the total length than in Hadrosaurus, where the elements beyond the tibia
are comparatively short. The length of the hind limb in Hadrosaurus foulkii was probably a little over nine feet.
Pubes.—Each pubis has a gentle sigmoid flexure and a subtrigonal section. They are flattened at the inner
extremity, and dilated, with a margin at right angles to the shaft ; the whole of this extremity is not preserved. It
is hollow, while the shaft is dense and heavy. Length 18.5 inches. Iam disposed to regard these slender bones as
pubes also, because they are homologous with similar bones in Hadrosaurus, whose ischia we are probably in posses-
sion of, which are quite different. Moreover the pubes of Hadrosaurus would not support the animal’s weight as
ischia, nor would they permit any lateral motion of the caudal column. The tail of Laelaps probably possessed such
a motion, and if the ilium be similar to that assigned to Megalosaurus by Huxley, the long pubes if placed in the
position of ischia would interfere with such motion.
The elongate ischia of Stenopelix are not dissimilar to those of Laelaps, but in the more nearly allied Compsogna-
thus the pubes are the more elongate.
? Iliwm.—Huxley’s statement that the so-called coracoid of Megalosaurus is the ilium, leads us to anticipate a
similar form for that of Laelaps. In Megalosaurus it is a semidiscoid plate, the superior margin forming an are, the
inferior furnishing the acetabular and articular surfaces. It has not the elongation of that of the Orthopoda, but is
thinner and lighter.
? Sternum.—Very broad, thin, plate like bones have been on three occasions found with Goniopod Dinosauria.
One of these was found with the New Jersey, the other with the Mississippi Laelaps. The Mississippi specimen is
13.5 inches long, and presents a thickened margin with convex outline on one side, and thins away to a thin edge at
a width of 4 in. 5 lin. One side of this plate is convex, the other concave, and the ossification radiates from the mid-
dle of the thickened margin in every direction. There are no traces of contact with diapophyses of a sacrum. The
New Jersey specimen, found with the other remains of Laelaps aquilunquis, is merely a piece broken from the thick-
ened margin of a similar, though smaller bone measuring some 4.5 in length and 1.75 in width.
The form of these pieces reminds one of the thin concave anterior expansion of the ilium in gallinaceous and
other birds, or if sternal, of the xiphisternal element.
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 109
External Form and Posture of Laelaps.—Vhe short fore limbs of this genus suggest
at once the habit of using the hind limbs chiefly, yet this disproportion is no sufficient
reason therefor, and is seen to exist in the tailless Batrachia, where no such position is
assumed. It exists to a less degree among the modern lizards, whose position we well
know to be always horizontal. .
Laelaps had, however, no doubt an erect position for the following reason: The head
and neck of the femur are at right angles to the direction of motion on the condyles, or in
the same plane as the transverse direction of the condyles. This indicates that the femur
has been flexed, and extended in a plane parallel with that of the vertebral column. The
relations of articulation are those of birds and different from those of reptiles, where the
directions of the proximal and distal condyles of the femur are oblique to each other, and
the proximal, of vertically elongate form, thus allowing the femur to be obliquely directed
as regards the axis of the body, so that in a prone position it rested on the ground
equally clear of the body and the flexed tibia.
The resemblance of the tibia with its high crest and embracing astragalus, as well as
the slender fibula, to those of the birds, confirms this position; so do types of the iliac
and sacral structures. The same is suggested by the great bird-like reptile tracks found
in many places.
How must a reptilian form with elongate vertebral column and heavy tooth-bearing
cranium have stood erect? ‘The elongate form of the femur, as compared with the tibia,
is only seen in man, who walks erect ; in the birds and kangaroos the femur is very much
shorter than the tibia; besides these, no other vertebrates walk on the hind limbs,
entirely or in part. The lizards, which are prone, present the long femur exceeding or
equalling the tibia.
The bird-like reptile did not, however, exhibit the slight flexure between femur and
tibia presented by man. The acetabulum in the known Dinosauria is not or but weakly
completed below, or what would be in man anteriorly, indicating that the weight of the
body was supported by a femur placed at a strong angle with the longitudinal axis of the
ilium ; otherwise the head of the femur would be most readily displaced. If, therefore,
the ilium were more or less erect, the femur was directed forwards; if horizontal, the
femur must have projected downwards. I have shown, however, that the position and
therefore the ilium was oblique or erect; therefore the femur was directed very much
forwards.*
* The remarks of Prof. Owen on this relation in Megalosaurus are so pertinent, that they are introduced here :
“The backward position and production of the corresponding articular prominences or condyles in both femur
and tibia indicate that these bones were joined together at an angle, probably a right one when in their intermediate
state, between flexion and extension ; and that the motion of the tibia could not have taken place to the extent
required to bring the two bones to the same line.’’
AMERI. PHILOSO. SOC.—VOL. XIV. 28
110 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
There are, however, other reasons for believing that the femur was directed forwards,
and somewhat upwards from the iium. One is, that the centre of gravity of an elongate
reptilian dorsal and sternal region must have been further forwards than in the short-
bodied bird, and therefore the knee must have been further forward, in order to bring the
support, 7. e., the tibia, etc., beneath it. Another is, that the articulation of the tarso-
metatarsal bones with the tibia is excessively oblique, requiring that one or both sections
of the limb should be very oblique to the vertical line. As the tarso-metatarsal elements
support the weight immediately on the ground, and as it is obvious that the leverage.
moving the great weight of the body on its support must have been the gastrocnemius
and soleus muscles extending the tibia on the metatarsal segment as the fixed point ; and
as there is no indication of correspondingly powerful muscles to flex the metatarsals on
the phalanges ; it is obvious that the latter has been the more vertical, and the former the
more oblique segment. And if the tibial segment has been oblique, for reasons just
given, the femur must have been oblique also.*
The length of the femur has had relation to another peculiarity as well, as follows:
In an animal designed to walk erect, it is necessary that the centre of gravity should
‘be transferred as far posteriorly as is consistent with the type. In Laelaps and other Di-
nosauria we have very elongate pubic and iliac bones, and as I have before described, these
appear to have been designed to enclose and support an abdominal mass, In a position
beneath the sacrum, and posterior to the position observed in quadrupedal mammals and
reptiles. We would thus have a prominent keeled belly between the femora, supported
by elongate curved ischia behind, and slender pubes directed downwards in front. In
Poecilopleurum the space between the latter and the sternum was occupied by abdominal
ribs. The length of femur places the arc through which the knee moves beyond this pro-
jection.
The confluence of a greater number of vertebra to form a sacrum seen in this order
and in the birds, would seem to have a direct relation to the support of the above men-
tioned greater weight by it, than in horizontal vertebrata, where the weight is distributed
throughout the length of the vertebral column.
The shifting of the neural arches backwards, seen in the same orders, pointed out by
Owen, would have a mechanical relation to the same necessity; 7. ¢., their partial transfer
over the intervertebral spaces naturally tending to strengthen the union of the sacral ele-
ments,
The foot need not however have been placed precisely beneath the centre of gravity of
* Probably in a squatting posture the animal rested on the entire sole as far as the heel, though not under
ordinary circumstances ; as I have suggested in Amer. Naturalist, I., 28, Mycteria and other wading birds assume a
similar position at times.
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. iat
the body, as the animal was furnished with a tail of greater or less weight. This member
bears however little proportion to the great size of those seen in Iguanodon, Hadrosaurus,
etc., but exhibits a commencement of the reduction which is so striking among the birds.
The proportions of the metatarsus are only to be ascertained by an examination of those
of allied species, as L. macropus and Megalosaurus bucklandii. As all the other bones
are more slender than those of the latter, so were no doubt these bones longer in propor-
tion to their breadth. I have estimated it above, as equal to a little over half the tibia.
The digits in the genus Laelaps have not in all probability, been more than three.
The less bird-like forms of Hylaeosaurus and Iguanodon, have had according to Owen, but
three metatarsals, and it is not according to the rule of successional relation, that there
should be any repetition of a reptilian character, in a point of prime importance in mea-
suring the steps of succession between reptiles and birds. Laelaps and probably Megalo-
saurus, also, had but three digits directed anteriorly, and a fourth rudimental.
It is true that Deslongchamps ascribes five digits to Poecilopleurum after a careful
study of abundant material. He was however much more impressed with the crocodilian
affinities of that reptile than with any other, and did not recognize the avine in the astra-
galus. It seems to me quite possible that one of his toes can be dispensed with, for exam-
ple the second, of which but one phalange is said to remain. If we ascribe the fractured
extremity of the bone regarded (Tab. VIIL, p. 6,)as the first phalange of the fourth digit,
to the metatarsal of the same, the phalange referred to the second may find another place.
The fifth digit also rests on the evidence of one phalange only. Though the reasoning of
Deslongchamps in referring these pieces is good, it seems to me that renewed study might
result in ascribing to his genus, three toes anteriorly and one appendicular, his first.
The predominance of reptilian characters in the Dinosauria as indicated by the struc-
ture of the vertebra, and other points, renders it probable that the vertebral column did
not present that remarkable flexure where the cervical and dorsal series are joined, which
is seen in the birds, but rather that they were more or less continuous, and formed a con-
tinuum from the sacrum to the nape. The cervicals may have been somewhat elongated
as In some birds, yet this is not probable in view of the necessary balance to be preserved,
which would not admit of much projection of the cranium anteriorly. The cervicals of
Hadrosaurus are not so long as in the modern Varani; in [guanodon they are similar, while
their rather oblique articular faces indicate the elevation of that region, and of the position
of the cranium. In the case of these animals, there is not the same necessity for a long
neck as in the birds, for even in Laelaps and other genera which probably never used the
fore limbs in progression, they furnished a support to the body when the head was em-
ployed in taking food, etc., in the ground.
The caudal region affects the general proportions of a vertebrated animal materially.
112 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
In Laelaps it is shorter than in any known Dinosaur, measuring less than the hind limb
by a foot. It was cylindrical, slender towards the tip, and in fact not unlike that of a dog,
and probably capable of motion similar to the latter. When the Laelaps stood erect, the
tail would trail its extremity on the ground, but could furnish little support.
Comparison with other Dinosauria.—The species with which detailed comparison can
be made, are the Poecilopleurum bucklandii Deslongchamps, and Megalosaurus bucklandii
Mantell. All three were of nearly similar size. The Poecilopleurum is better known
than the Megalosaurus, and furnishes many similar parts. ‘Thus the humeri possess the
the same disproportionately small size, the extremity of the tibia is similarly expanded and
flattened, and is similarly embraced by the astragalus. There are, however, abundant
specific differences in all the bones described by Deslongchamps. In the same manner
the Laelaps aquilunguis presents abundant specific difference from the Megalosaurus buck-
landii. The slender, curved femur differs from the massive straight one of the latter ; the
tibia is more slender, and more flattened distally; its extremity is wedge-shaped, not
rhombic as in European species. The claws of the Megalosaurus are relatively shorter
and less curved.
The generic relations-with these two types must be understood. Laelaps is obviously
distinct from Paecilopleurum in the structure of its feet. In the former the phalanges are
slender, in the latter massive, and mostly broad. The claws are more different; in the
former compressed avd hooked; as broad as deep in the latter, and but little curved.
They are prehensile in the former, in the latter not at all, or adapted only for defense ;
they present a very small point of insertion, compared with the large knob of the former;
they also exhibit a deep groove on the side, which is weak in Laelaps. The difference
in this respect is about that between a raptorial and rasorial bird.
As compared with Megalosaurus, Laelaps probably had very short fore limbs. I have
pointed out the difference in the femur, which is perhaps no more than specific, though
this cannot be positively asserted. The difference in the form of the extremity of the
tibia I suspect also to indicate more than specific difference. The bone supposed by
Owen (Palacontographical Society) to be scapula furnishes means of estimating the size of
the humerus. The glenoid cavity is some six inches in diameter, indicating a humerus
of four times the size of that of Laelaps at least. But this bone is more likely to be an
ischium than scapula. The claws also of Megalosaurus are intermediate between those of
Laelaps and Poecilopleurum, being less compressed and hooked than in the first.
Size.-—In estimating the length of this reptile we have the lengths of the limbs and
tail, and proportions of parts of the jaws to rely on. There is some reason to believe that
the lengths of the hind leg and the tail were similar. In erect animals, as the Kangaroos
and Ostrich, the length of the vertebral column anterior to the sacrum about equals the
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA ts
length of the hind limb. In the present form the limb is increased by the greater length
of the femur than in either, but is shorter than that of the bird by the abbreviation of the
metatarsals. The proportions would then remain about the same as in the bird were it
not that a larger head has evidently been borne upon the cervical vertebree than in that
class, and more as in the Kangaroo. It appears, then, that the increased length of the
femur in Laelaps may be added to the proportions of the Kangaroo, thus giving a nearer
equality between the lengths of the hind limb and the body and head together. ‘The
length would then be eighteen feet, divided as follows:
Ht. ~~ In.
Tail, 8 6
Body and neck, 6 10
Head, 2 ;
Wifi 2m:
This is probably the size of the Barnesboro individual, which is in all probability
young, as the sacral vertebre are entirely ununited. The phalange from Mississippi,
above described, is very much larger than any of the former, and may have belonged to an
adult animal. In any case it indicates a gigantic reptile of twenty-three feet or more in
length.
The femur of the young individual is as long as that described by Owen (Palaeconto-
eraphica) as belonging to Megalosaurus. As that genus was probably more bulky an-
teriorly than Laelaps, its length as compared with the dimensions of the hind limb is
ereater. If however it approached Laelaps in proportions as is probable, the length of
thirty feet assigned to it, appears too great. In fact it can hardly have been larger than
the Mississippi, or adult Laelaps aquilunguis.
Thus the original estimate of the lengths of these carnivorous Dinosaurs 1s still further
reduced. Owen accomplished part of this by estimating on the mammalian, and rejecting
the reptilian type; the introduction of the avine element places the proportion at about
‘the proper point in respect to the Goniopoda at least.
The elevation of the head of Laelaps would no doubt depend more upon the pleasure
of the animal, than in a more quadrupedal form. Nine feet above the ground is a proba-
ble estimate for the young one, and twelve for the adult.
Movements.—The mind will picture to itself the actions and habits of such strange mon-
sters as the Dinosauria, and in respect to some of the genera there is considerable basis for
speculation.
That monsters walking on two posterior limbs have inhabited the earth has been
AMERI. PHILOSO. SOC.—VOL. XIV. 29
114 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
familiar to all since the publication by Hitchcock and Deane of the histories of the great
foot tracks of the Triassic Red Sandstone of the Connecticut Valley. Such tracks have
been discovered by John.Smock in the same formation in New Jersey, and by Dr. Chas.
Hitchcock in Pennsylvania. Prof. Hitchcock ascribed the tracks described by him to
birds. Prof. Agassiz* expresses the belief that they were made by vertebrates combining
characters of existing classes, perhaps of Reptiles and Mammals, rather than by birds.
Now a carnivorous Dinosaur probably allied to Laelaps, as proven by a portion of the jaw
with teeth, in the Academy’s Museum, the Bathygnathus borealis of Leidy, has left its re-
mains in the red sandstone of Prince Edward’s Island, of the same age, and we safely con-
clude that some of the large clawed biped tracks of Hitchcock resemble those of that animal.
Dr. Leidy has suspected that this would prove to be the case, as he askst “was this
animal probably not one of the bipeds which made the so-called tracks in the sandstone
of the Connecticut Valley?” This inquiry was after an examination of the form of Laelaps,
answered in the affirmative. I have ascribed these tracks to Reptiles allied to Laelaps,t
and Huxley believes also that they were made by Dinosauria.§
The creatures which strode along the flats of the Triassic estuary have been various in
species and genera, as pointed out by Hitchcock. Some were purely biped; some occa-
sionally supported themselves on a pair of reduced fore limbs. ‘There are impressions
where these creatures have squatted on their haunches. One can well imagine the singu-
lar effect which these huge gregarious reptiles would “produce standing motionless, or
marching or wading slowly along the water’s edge, ready for a plunge at passing fishes or
swimming reptiles. But in the active pursuit of terrestrial prey did such an animal as the
Laelaps run like the Ostrich, or leap like the Kangaroo. So far as the triassic tracks go,
there is little evidence of leapers, chiefly runners, fell upon an exhausted quarry. Or
were they only carrion eaters, tearing and devouring the dead of age and disease? Probably
some were such, but the prehensile claws of Laelaps are like instruments for holding
living prey.
Laelaps has a long femur; those great leapers the Kangaroos have a short one; the
cursorial birds, however, have a similarly short femur, but they do not leap. So this form
is not conclusive. The modern Iguanas have a long femur, and they all progress by their
simultaneous motion; they only leap; but man with his long femur runs only. The
question, then, does not depend on the form of the femur.
I have suggested, on a former occasion, that Laelaps took enormous leaps, and struck
its prey with its hind limbs. I say, in describing it, “the small size of the fore limbs
* Contrib. Nat. Hist. U. §., 1857, Vol. I. + Jour. Ac. Nat. Sciences, 1854, 328.
$+ American Naturalist, 1867, 27. Hays’ Medical News and Reporter, 1868.
§ Proceedings Royal Society, London, 1868. Natural Science Review, 1868.
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 115
must have rendered them far less efficient as weapons than the hind feet, im an attack on
such a creature as Hadrosaurus ; hence perhaps the latter were preferred in inflicting fatal
wounds. The ornithic type of sacrum elucidated by Prof. Owen, suggests a resemblance
in the use of the limb.”
There were but few animals then living which could afford long pursuit on land, so
far as known, excepting among the Dinosauria of that day. The Laelaps had to contend
with hard-shelled turtles or armored crocodiles, or the swift sea-saurians. These it must
capture by sudden movements, as it is not likely that its grasping toes furnished much
natatory power.
The lightness and hollowness of the bones of the Laelaps arrest the attention. This
is especially true of the long bones of the hind limbs; those of the fore limbs have a less
considerable medullary cavity. In this respect they are quite similar to those of Coelo-
saurus Leidy, of which its describer remarks that “the medullary cavity of the tibia is
large, and the walls thin and dense,” “being intermediate in this respect between the
characters of the Mammals and Birds.”
The mutual flexure, as well as the lightness and strength of the great femur and tibia
are altogether appropriate to great powers of leaping. The feet must have been elongate,
whatever the form of the tarsi; the phalanges, or toe bones were slender, nearly as
much so relatively as those of an eagle, while the great claws in which they terminated
were relatively larger and more compressed than in the birds of prey. ‘There was no
provision for the retractibility observed in the great carnivorous mammalia, but the size
of the inferior basal tuberosity indicates the insertion of a great tendon of a powerful
flexor muscle. The slight grooves at the base, and deeper one on each side of the pha-
lange, indicate the usual horny sheath, which, prolonging the point of the claw, would
' give it a total length of ten inches.
The tail was moderately long, rounded and strong, and not so much a support as capa-
ble of striking a blow and of throwing an enemy within reach of the kick or grab of the
terrible hind leg.
The fore limbs must indeed have been of very little use, and it is very difficult to
imagine an animal both running and seizing the prey it overtakes, with the hind hmb. If
it were not a carrion feeder it must have leaped. We are informed by Hochstetter* that
the Apteryx leaps with the utmost ease over objects two and three feet in height, that is,
higher than its head. Huxley suggests that the Compsognathus “hopped” along on its
hind limbs. The bulk of Laelaps is no objection to its leaping, for the giant extinct kanga-
roos, Macropus atlas and titan, found in the postpliocene caves of Australia, did not fall far
short of these reptiles, in this respect. We may add that Laelaps had smaller allies, as
* New Zealand Amer. Trans., 181.
s
116 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
L. macropus one-half, and Coelosaurus antiquus one fourth or fifth the size, whose remains
so far as they go indicate an identity of habit. Deslongchamps says of Poecilopleurum
bucklandii that it “ could project itself with prodigious force, as a spring which unbends
itself; but this could not have been on a solid surface, since the fore limbs are too weak
to resist the shock of the fall of such a heavy body.” He supposed it to be marine in its
habits, accustomed to battling a stormy sea. However his objection to leaping on land is
obviated by our hypothesis of its erect attitude, and its exclusive use of the hinder limbs,
the weight always falling on the latter.
The disproportion between the fore and hind lmbs of the Iguanodon, together with
the compressed form of the tail suggested to Prof. Owen an aquatic habit, a relation of
proportions of limbs to habit seen in the tailless Batrachia. ‘The discovery of the massive
short-toed foot of the Iguanodon subsequently, has lent little countenance to the supposi-
tion of its entire adaptation to aquatic life. Dr. Leidy has regarded the still greater dis-
proportion in the case of the Hadrosaurus as an index of a habit like that of the Kanga-
roos (Macropus, etc.), and that that moster rested in an oblique position on the hind limbs
and tail, and reached upwards with its muzzle and short fore limbs to the foilage on which
it fed. He seems also to have regarded it as aquatic as he adds, “on the shores of the
ocean in which it lived.” These genera could not have been aquatic in any great degree,
as the form of the toes was too stout, and they could have been too little separated to
allow of a natatory web.
The bulk of the species, as compared with that of Hadrosaurus, illustrates again the
law observed in the relation between Felis and Bos, and the other raptorial and herbivor-
ous Dinosauria.
In the same chocolate greensand bed the workmen found a femur of Hadrosaurus
foulkii, smaller than that described by Dr. Leidy; also portions of Mosasaurus dekayi.
Either on the chocolate or in the green stratum above it, remains of Bottosaurus harlani,
Hyposaurus rogersi Owen, and Holops gavials of perhaps four species, with Cimoliasaurus
magnus Leidy, were found.
The only molluscs which occurred with the remains of Laelaps were Baculites ovatus
and Cucullaea vulgaris. Ten feet above is a stratum of Ostrea vesicularis and Terebratula
harlani.
Synonymy.—The only doubt as to the proper name of this genus, has arisen with reference to the description
of the genus Dinodon by Leidy. I have cleared this matter up in Silliman’s Journal, 1868, p. 415, as follows :
In the Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, xi. p. 148, Dr. Leidy describes a large, carnivorous
reptile allied to Megalosaurus, under the name of Dinodon horridus. He assigns to it, with some expression of
doubt, teeth of two distinct forms, viz: some having a lenticular transverse section, with crenation on the two
margins in part, and others having a lenticular section truncate to a greater or less degree, in place of one of its
angles, and therefore crenate on three edges in part.
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. Lila
Tf Dr. Leidy had left the matter undecided as to which of these he regarded as the type of the genus Dinodon,
the almost universal practice of naturalists would refer the name to that form which should not be first thereafter
discovered to be distinct, and named.
I have been of the opinion that the two forms of teeth included by Leidy under the head of Dinodon really belong
to distinct animals, and Leidy is also of that opinion. In 1866, in describing the genus Laelaps (Proc. Acad., p. 279),
I said, ‘‘ The genus Laelaps belongs to the family Dinodontidae which is characterized, * * by its compressed,
sabre-shaped teeth. It differs St from Dinodon in that teeth of the latter have two posterior serrate edges
separated by a posterior plane.” This, then, according to the usage of naturalists establishes the name Dinodon for
_the truncate teeth and Laelaps for the two-edged.
Dr. Leidy however in an essay published in Proc. Academy Nat. Sci., 1868, p. 198, in expressing his belief in the
distinctness of the two genera, states that ‘‘teeth of like shape”’ (¢. ¢. like Megalosaurus) referred by me to Dinodon
alone belong to this genus, and names the species represented by the truncate teeth, or the true Dinodon horridus,
Aublysodon mirandus. We then goes on to say, ‘‘ Future discovery may prove Laelaps and Dinodon identical,’’? and
on p. 199 % es “*An enemy which may perhaps on nearer comparison of corresponding parts prove to be
another species of the same genus until now supposed to be different, under the names of Dinodon and Laelaps.’’
It is thus sufficiently obvious that the proposition is to refer Laelaps as a synonyme of Dinodon. It appears to me,
on the other hand, that this is contrary to the rules of nomenclature, and the principles which lie at their root, and
that the name Aublysodon is a synonyme of Dinodon.
This ishowever on the supposition that Leidy had left the question open or uncertain, as to which of the two
forms of teeth was characteristic of his genus Dinodon. I think however he has not left it undecided, and I-am
supported in this by the opinion of Von Meyer.
The teeth of Laelaps both from New Jersey and Nebraska do not differ from those of Megalosaurus, while those
of Dinodon do. It was not to be supposed that Dinodon was established on teeth of the former character, as the
practice of describing species and genera, without a basis of distinctive characters is an unusual and bad one, and
ought not to be tolerated in natural science.
In describing Dinodon, Leidy says the Laelaps-like teeth resemble those of Megalosaurus, and in his recent
article in the Proc. Academy (p. 198), that they are ‘‘identical in character with those of Megalosaurus.”
He moreover specifies that the truncate teeth of Dinodon are really those that characterize it, in the following
words: ‘‘as the entire dentition of Megalosaurus has not yet been ascertained, it may turn out to be the case that in
other parts of the jaws than those known, it possesses teeth like the ones above described as peculiar. Should on
future discoyery such a condition of things be proved to exist, Dinodon would then cease to be anything more than a
second species of Megalosaurus.’?’ The truncate teeth are then the ‘‘peculiar’’ feature of Dinodon, and all that
prevents the species from being referred to Megalosaurus.
Von Meyer has understood this language as I have, and has believed that the teeth now ascribed by Leidy to
Aublysodon are really characteristic of Dinodon. He says (Paleontographica, vii, p. 267) that some of the teeth
‘‘indicate such peculiarity, that Leidy, who has made the investigation, thought it necessary to characterize the
animal as distinct from Megalosaurus, under the name of Dinodon horridus.
It is therefore evident that the Laelaps-like teeth described under Dinodon, are really those that require a new
name, ifany. I will not give them a name however, since there is no evidence that they differ from either Megalo-
saurus or Laelaps, though of course the probability is, that they belong to a species of the latter genus.
Although Aublysodon would thus be a synonyme of Dinodon, it is not an altogether useless name, since the
latter was given years ago to a genus of serpents by Duméril and Bibron, and may therefore be suppressed.
The classification and characters here employed in treating of the Dinosauria, were embraced in the original
essay included in the present one, which was read, and the contents communicated verbally, before the Academy of
‘Natural Sciences in the spring of 1867.
This point is alluded to partly because the portion of the original essay on the Dinosauria has been in part
anticipated by the publication of a lecture by Prof. T. H. Huxley before the Royal Society of Great Britain, bearing
date February 7, 1868. The tenor and result of the studies of Prof. Huxley were the same that followed my own, and
the details of his reasoning are thus published prior to mine. The position of the ischia and pubes in the Dinosauria,
AMERI. PHILOSO. SOC.—VOL. XIV. 30
118 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
I had already believed to be as herein explained, and as stated by Prof. Huxley, though I had not been able, as he
has, to place the elements called by Owen clavicles in the position of ischia, but rather of pubes. Prof. Huxley’s
determination of the ilium of Megalosaurus, a point of the greatest importance, was new to me, and I have added
this and other allusions to his address. Other than these I have added nothing to the history ot Laelaps since its
original preparation beyond a few points in the restoration which grew only out of my original observations.*
It is not however a matter of surprise, that with the increased number of students at the present time, the same
subject should be under cotemporary investigation, and the same results be brought out at the same time.
LAELAPS MACROPUS, Cope.
Coclosaurus antiquus, Part, Leidy Cretaceous reptiles, p. 119 (Fragments of tibia, metatarsal bone and phalanges
from Monmouth county, N. J.) also p. 101. Laelaps aquilunguis, part, Cope, Proc. A. N. Sci., Phil., 1866, 279.
The remains on which this species is based have been described by Leidy 1. ce. without distinct determination.
That it is distinct from the animal called by him Coelosaurus antiquus is very probable from the great difference in
size (it is double the latter in most measurements), and from the greater expansion of the distal end of the tibia.
Width head to tibia, 3in. to 4in.; in Coelosaurus antiquus 25 lin. to 31 lin. However, until some additional portions
of Coelosaurus are discovered, its character will remain unknown, and I prefer to associate the present with Lae-
laps until this is the case. The event may be that it pertains to neither genus.
It differs from Laelaps aquilunguis in its much smaller size (if adult) and in the relatively larger size of its
phalanges, and consequently larger feet. Compare the transverse width of the distal end of the tibia and length of
a penultimate phalange in each.
Tibia. Phulange. P.c.
Laelaps aquilunguis, guns 4.75 = .67
Laelaps macropus, 4 in. 320) = 28
The proximal phalanges differ also in their greater depth proximally, and in that their
inferior tubercle is expanded throughout the whole width of that extremity. The head
of the tibia bears on its exterior outline a tuberosity not seen in L. aquilunguis (@ in the
outline, fig. 31).
ig. 31.
ee - A fragment of metatarsal is described by Leidy,
pati and the distal extremity figured. It appears to have
ve / been the external one, and its condyle is directed .
fond slightly outwards. It is flattened on the inner
7 eos \ face, indicating close contact with its fellow. The
fi X proximal portion of another appears to be the ex-
ternal of the other side. It is also flattened on the
inner face, by an oblique plane which looks up-
wards and inwards, and which narrows distally.
Proximally it widens as the face of a transverse
dilatation of the extremity, which gives the artic-
ular end a V shape. See fig. 82a (nat. size). To
this is added a infero-superior view of the same
extremity one-half nat. size, and fig. 33, an extero-
posterior, and fig. 34 an extero-anterior view of the distal extremity of the other.
* See Hays’ Medical Journal, Philada., March, 1868.
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 119
Fig. 33. Fig. 34.
These indicate a more or less elongate metatarsal region and elevation of the heel
above the ground.
Upper cretaceous, upper green sand bed Monmouth Co., N. J.
COELOSAURUS, Leidy.
Another bird-like type of dinosaur, like Laelaps. The only species known is of more
slender build and smaller size than the latter. ‘The hollowness of its bones, etc., indicate
its powers as a runner or leaper. But few remains of the genus have been procured. It
is known only from one tibia. From this slight indication the degree of difference in
general structure is not readily attainable. The tibia is in all its proportions more slen-
der, and presents a higher crest; its distal articular surface is more transverse to its longi-
tudinal axis. The species C. antiquus has been much smaller, and more lightly built; the
tibia is about one-fifth the size of that of L. aquilunguis.
COELOSAURUS ANTIQUUS, Leidy.
Cret. Rept. p. 119 (name) & 100. Tab. IIT, f. 1, 1865. i
Cretaceous green sand of New Jersey.
BATHYGNATHUS, Leidy.
BATHYGNATHUS BOREALIS, Leidy.
Leidy, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1854, p. 327, Tab. xxxiii.
Known only from a portion of mandibular ramus with teeth. Probably one of the
types whose tracks are preserved in the red sandstones of the Connecticut Valley.
Though placed among the Thecodonts by Owen, I greatly suspect that its true place is
here. ‘Triassic red sandstone of Prince Edward’s Island, New Brunswick.
120 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
AUBLYSODON, Leidy.
Dinodon, Leidy (not of Duméril & Bibron) Proc. Ac. N. Sei., Phila., 1857. Aublysodon, Leidy, 1. c. 1868.
This genus differs in its dentition from Laelaps and Megalosaurus; the teeth present
a posterior plane whose margins are more or less denticulate, in place of the acute crenate
margin of the former. None of its bones are known.
AUBLYSODON HORRIDUS.
A. mirandus, Leidy |. c. 1868, 298. Dinodon horridus, Leidy, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., xi. 1860, p. 140, Tab.
Upper Jurassic Bad lands of the Judith River, Nebraska.
TROODON, Leidy.+
TROODON FORMOSUS, Leidy.
Trans. Amer. Phil. Soe., 1860, 147.
Upper Jurassic bad lands of Judith River, Nebraska.
SYMPHYPODA.
First series of tarsal bones confluent with each other, and with the tibia.* Fibula
distally much reduced. Anterior part of ilium dilated, plate-like.
Genera Ornithotarsus, Cope. Compsognathus; Wagner Abhandl. Mathem. Nat.
Classe Miinchen Bd. IX.
The latter, says Gegenbaur, is the form among terrestrial Saurians nearest the birds,
as Archaeopteryx is the avine type nearest the Saurians. From the upper Jurassic slates
of Solenhofen. I add a few of its characters from Wagner.
Inner toe represented by a rudimental metatarsus. Whole foot a little larger than
femur; humerus one-half femur. Of the only known species, C. gracilis, Wagner gives
the following measurements: Length of head, 2” 6’” (French); of vertical column to
opposite acetabulum, 10” ; of anterior extremity, 4” 7’; of posterior, 9” 3’.
ORNITHOTARSUS, Cope.
Dr. Samuel Lockwood of Keyport, Monmouth county, New Jersey, discovered in a
clay bank on the shore of Raritan Bay, a remarkable fragment of a gigantic Dinosaur.
* As first pointed out by Prof. Gegenbaur, Beitr. z. Vergleich Anatomie Wirbelthiere ; Carpus U. Tarsus. 186 .
} The following genus.and species may belong among the Goniopoda. Leidy includes it among his ecretaceous
Reptilia, but adds that it may be a fish.
; DIPLOTOMODON, Leidy.
Tomodon, Leidy, not of Duméril and Bibron. Proceedings A. N. Sei. Phila., 1868, p.
DirLoToMoDON HorRIFIcUS, Leidy, Cretaceous Reptiles, 102, Tab. Known from a single tooth.
Cretaceous green sand of New Jersey.
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. A
‘This gentleman observing that the gradual advance of the tide, owing to the slow depres-
sion of the coast line, was undermining a long bank of the cretaceous clay, carefully
examined the debris, from time to time, and made the discovery of the fragment men-
tioned. No other portions rewarded his search, and as the bank has been gradually
carried away since, there is little probability of the remainder being found.
The specimen consists of the extremity of the tibia with anchylosed astragalus, with
part of the shaft and distal portion of the fibula adherent. From this the character of
the genus may be derived, as follows:
Astragalus confluent with calecaneum, both together anchylosed to the tibia: articular
face directed downwards and a little forwards. Fibula slender, articulating with the first
tarsal bone. Medullary cavity of tibia small, occupied by a coarse cancellous tissue.
This genus confirms remarkably the propositions suggested by the remains of Laelaps,
as to the probable continuity of the tarsal and tibial elements in certain of this order, and
the relation of the fibula to the same. It proves that the latter bone has been reversed in
the descriptions of Iguanodon and Hadrosaurus,
The suture connecting tibia and astragalus is distinct, so that I suspect that the latter
is distinct from the former during a part at least of the early life of the animal. ‘Thus
there is the usual “parallelism” between the adult Orthopod and young Symphypod.
There is an obliquity of the articular extremity to the axis of the tibia, indicating a
prominence of the external tuberosity.
The fibula is subtrilateral, the posterior face being obtusely angular and fitting a slight
groove, as in Hadrosaurus. The extremity presents an obtuse condyle inwards and down-
wards, which is applied to a corresponding concavity of the superior projecting face of the
astragalo-caleaneum. The external angle is slightly prominent and angular.
The affinities of this genus are perhaps in some degree to Hadrosaurus; certainly
nearer to it than to Laelaps. The inferior presentation of the ankle joint indicates short
metatarsals, so that the form was probably heavy footed.
ORNITHOTARSUS IMMANIS, Cope.
Proceed. Amer. Philos. Sci., 1869, p. 117.
The accompanying cuts will give a good idea of the proportions of this fragment. The extremity of the tibia
exhibits the anterior longitudinal concavity common to all the types of the order, and which as in them, is occupied
by the ascending apophysis of the astragalus. The astragalo-caleaneum is a thin bone, and does not cover the
extremity of the tibia internally and posteriorly. It thins out posteriorly and leaves a strong groove to mark the
suture, apparently for ligamentous insertion. The transverse plane of the articular face is nearly even ; and it is
little contracted medially, much less than in Laelaps aquilunguis.
As compared with Hadrosaurus foulkii, which it most resembles, the extremity of the tibia presents many
differences. First, the external face is much narrower, and more transverse, forming thus a less open angle with the
posterior face. Second; the anterior concavity is less profound, giving the outline a more transverse direction.
AMERI. PHILOSO. SOC.—VOL. XIV. 31
f22 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
The inferior outline in Hadrosaurus is an irregular inequilateral triangle, in this species an irregular parallelogram
with one oblique extremity.
Fig. 35.
Y}
LIT ee
eM!
ss
We
()
(i
Ne,
Hh
en
The measurements accompany the figures
as follows :
In. Lin.
Length from a—, _ 14
6s &" ¢c—d, 122
a Siren a i 14
we eMG == Tts 4
ee CA Ky 3 7
«se “Ulm, 5
og “< na—0, 18 6
a ie ot NR
These dimensions indicate one of the most colossal of the Dinosauria ; and of which further information will be
sought for with much interest. The length of the hind limb could not have been less than thirteen feet.
From the clays immediately below the lower green sand bed, in Monmouth county, N. J.
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 122%
TRIASSIC DINOSAURIA.
CLEPSYSAURUS, Lea.
CLEPSYSAURUS PENNSYLVANICUS, Lea.
Journ. Ac. Nat. Science, Phila., II., 185, Tab. Emmons’ N. Amer. Geol. p. 67 (in part).
This species is a Dinosaurian, as demonstrated by an ischium which I found among the original specimens, and
which resembles in some degree that of Lelaps and Megadactylus. The genus appears to be closely allied to Palzo-
saurus. It was probably a ‘‘bird-track’’ maker. The remains from North Carolina referred to it by Emmons, belong
in large part to a Belodont reptile.
Triassic Sandstones, Lehigh County, Pa.; Phoenixville, Pa.; Triassic Coal Measures, Chatham Co., N. Carolina.
MEGADACTYLUS, Hitchcock.
Supplement to the Ichnology of New England, p. 39, 1865.
This genus is indicated by remains in a more or less fragmentary condition, from the
red sandstone rocks of the Valley of the Connecticut, from the neighborhood of Spring-
field, Massachusetts. They were found by William Smith, while engaged in superintend-
ing some excavations made at the armory, which required blasting.
The remains consist of four caudal, and one dorsal vertebre, the greater part of the
left fore foot with distal portions of ulnar and radius; the greater part of the left femur,
proximal end of left tibia, greater part of left fibula, tarsus and hind foot, including a tar-
sal bone, perfect metatarsus, proximal end of a second metatarsus, parts of the distal end
of a third, and parts and impressions of four phalanges. Also, the greater part of both ischia.
These fragments demonstrate the former existence in the region in question, of a form
of the Dinosauria, not far removed in some points from the Palzosaurus of the English
Trias. Its pertinence to the Symphypoda is suggested by the apparent absence of the
caleaneum ; but this is uncertain, for that element may have been lost. In Compsognathus
the additional peculiarity of the persistence of but two carpal bones is presented, which,
according to Gegenbaur, should correspond with those of the first row of ordinary Reptilia,
while those of the second have disappeared. In Megadactylus those of the first series are
present, viz: the radiale and probably ulmare, and one of the second row, very much re-
duced, opposite to the second metacarpus. There is space for a second one of the second
series, but it does not appear in the matrix, while the ulnare is probably lost.
The bird-like tendencies of this type have been indicated above, and the very ornithic
character of the bones of the present form is also very marked. The walls of the long
bones are very thin, in some places near their extremities almost as much so as writing
paper. ‘The vertebre and ischia present the same thin walls. The structure of these
walls is exceedingly dense. The special characters are as follows:
Vertebrae. A dorso-lumbar is much compressed, but not keeled below; the articular
extremities are expanded, and their faces slightly concave. An anterior caudal has a simi-
122-8 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
lar form, but the extremities are plane. The posterior basis of the neural arch is on the
posterior third of the upper surface, and the anterior end has evidently supported its an-
terior part. ‘They leave the median third of the canal open laterally, its median surface
passing into the external over a lateral shoulder. The arch probably bridged over this
interval. The chevron bone is long and wide, and with thin walls. A second caudal ex-
hibits similar characters. Two adjacent caudals in the same piece of matrix exhibit
shorter, deeper centra, with strongly concave inferior surfaces, which are separated from
the laterals by an obtuse longitudinal angle. Articular faces concave, forming vertical
ovals truncate below. ‘The chevron bones are narrower, directed backwards, and of very
light construction. The neurapophyses present the singular character indicated above.
Their contact with the centrum is anterior and posterior only, their basis being excavated
upwards into a regular arch, whose margins flare out a little. This remarkable structure
is only paralleled in the sacrum of other Dinosauria, where the nerves destined for the
sacral plexus, issue through huge foramina in the bases of the neurapophyses. Here the
structure is continued on the caudals, and evidently for a very different purpose. ‘The
neural arch has a high longitudinal carina, which is continued in the neural spine. It is
concave on each side between the zygapophyses. The posterior zygapophyses stand above
an intervertebral space, and the narrow neural spine rises above them, as is usual in Dino-
sauria. ‘The zygapophysial faces make about an angle of 45°. A distal caudal is slender,
sub-cylindric, and with low neural arch.
The right anterior foot displays five digits, though one of them opposite the ex-
tremity of the ulna, was very short. The phalanges are, from without, ?—3—4—3—2;
they are short and stout, the ungues short, deep, much curved and compressed. That of
the interior digit is the largest ; the inner edge is rounded, the superior broad and slightly —
flattened. At the middle of its length, a shallow groove near the dorsal outline begins to
contract to a sharply defined, narrow groove, which continues to the end of the claw. The
trochlear faces are well distinguished. ‘The phalanges are stout and with a marked liga-
mentous pit on each side distally. ‘The metacarpals of the two middle digits are slender
and twice as long as the adjacent phalanges; that of the outer digit is one-third shorter, and
that of the inner, one-half shorter than the median. The fourth metatarsus is longer than
the external, but much more slender than any other. ‘This finger was shorter than the
third, and probably possessed three phalanges; portions of two are preserved, and the
most distal is not ungual.
The extremity of the ulna larger than that of the radius and rather more expanded.
Both bones of the fore arm are very pneumatie, and oval in section.
The femur is represented by both extremities with shaft adjacent, and that part of the
shaft supporting the third trochanter. It is peculiar in presenting a combination of char-
: AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. ie2=c
acters. ‘The proximal extremity resembles that of the Crocodilia, while the distal is truly
Dinosaurian, approaching Megalosaurus. There is no distinct head, the whole extremity
is compressed, and the extremital surface concave in its long axis. It overhangs the shaft
on the inner side and forms a knob which is decurved, and contracts below abruptly to
the shaft. The external margin is a subacute ridge; the small trochanter is represented
by a short ridge which is but little defined on the inner side, and which sinks to the gen-
eral level some distance below the head. The compression of the shaft changes to a
sub-cylindric form, and just above this point the large third trochanter projects. It is
short; inside of it a large rugose surface indicates the insertion of a powerful muscle.
Near the distal extremity the shaft is compressed transversely. ‘The articular face of the
- condyles is rather flat. The outer has the least posterior production, and has a contin-
uous exterior face. The inner is divided exteriorly, near the posterior extremity, by a deep
groove, which is continued obliquely forward and inward on the articular face. ‘The
anterior part of this condyle is strongly convex. The posterior is narrow and turned in-
wards and backwards to a sharp edge. This portion is outlined by the above mentioned
groove, and forms a narrow ovate in section. ‘The popliteal groove is quite deep, and the
trochlear scarcely marked.
The tibia and fibula are broken. Of the first, a piece of the proximal portion alone
remains ; of the latter, a piece is broken from the middle of the shaft. The head of the
tibia is flattened by pressure. The spine or crest is very prominent, but not so much so
as in Lelaps, and is much curved outwards. ‘The posterior angle of the proximal extremity
is prominent, and the prominence to which the fibula is applied marks the anterior third
of the long diameter of the head in its present condition. The anterior crest gradually
sinks to the shaft. The greater part of the latter is flat, as an impression in the matrix
indicates. ‘The fibula is slender and oval in section, with very thin walls. At the distal
extremity it expands slightly; the articular face is plane transversely, and moderately con-
vex antero-posteriorly. Proximally the shaft expands in the direction opposite to its
compression, giving the head a nearly equal extent in both directions. The articular
surface is directed obliquely downwards to the tibia, and is more or less grooved ; a strong
rabbet extends round its posterior angle.
The foot is in relation to the extremity of the leg, in a strongly flexed position. The
tarsal and metatarsal elements were somewhat separated by the strain, though in nearly
normal position.
The cuboid bone alone remains of these. It is closely approximated to the fibula with
a small interval occupied by matrix between. The form is somewhat like that in the
genus Alligator, and it bears a similar relative size to the adjacent elements. It is a sub-
triangular piece with concave sides; the posterior angle, as it were, pinched. One lateral
122-p THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
face, probably anterior, presents a longitudinal groove; one broad face, perhaps the exter-
nal, a convex articular surface. ‘The metatarsal face is slightly concave.
The metatarsus which relates to the above, therefore the exterior, is much like that of
the Alligator. The planes of the two extremities are nearly at right angles to each other.
The proximal extremity is sub-triangular with an external angle prolonged, and the poste-
rior outline longest and slightly sigmoid. ‘The shank has a large medullary cavity; the
distal articular surface is sub-truncate, and the ligamentous pit very shallow, indicating ab-
sence of much flexure at that point. ‘The convex external face of the cuboid, indicates
the existence of a rudimental external digit in the usual place of the fifth; it may have
been but a part of a metatarsus, as in the crocodiles. No trace remains. Two other digits
have left their remains. Of these the median is so much larger than those on each side of
it, as to render it probable that this animal possessed but three developed toes; in those
types with a larger number, the two median at least, are of proportions more nearly simi-
lar to each other.
One phalange of the middle toe is of a stout and somewhat compressed form. ‘Two of —
the inner toe are more slender; the articular ligamentous pit is distinct in those of both
and the condyle convex, indicating extensive flexure. All are hollow.
The disproportion between the lengths of the limbs is not readily ascertained ; it is
evidently not nearly so great as in the Lelaps, perhaps not greater than in many
modern Lacertilia.
Ribs ave yepresented by several fragments, one perhaps a half. They display both
capitular and tubercular articulations, the former apparently much the more extensive.
The head and shaft of the ribs are compressed, and the capitular prolongation is as deep
as the base of the shaft. The latter has a groove along its dorsal line for the proximal
two-fifths the length. It is hollow, the medullary cavity being equal in diameter to the
wall surrounding it.
A Y-shaped bone with rather long stem has left an impression. The limbs of the
figure are slightly unequal in length. Can it be a hatchet bone of the cervical vertebrae?
The pelvis is only represented by a considerable portion of both ossa ischii. These
indicate a remarkable peculiarity of the type, and explain the structure in Lelaps and
some other Dinosauria. The portions preserved are the distal and median, with the im-
pressions of-the more proximal in the matrix. ‘The former consists of two stout rod-like
elements, having a triangular section, the superior and inner faces being plane, the exte-
rior convex. ‘The two interior are in contact throughout the straight portion of the
bones. ‘The extremity is convex and enlarged, especially downwards, and the two are
separated by a deep groove, giving a section of the extremity the form of ano. At the
point of divergence the stylus is flattened, while the divergent portions are more flattened,
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 122-5
at first horizontally, then with a gradual approach to vertically. Like the other bones,
they are pneumatic and thin walled proximally ; at their medial portion they contain very
light spongy cancelli.
As compared with Compsognathus the caudal vertebree are very much shorter and
deeper: the extremities are stouter and more robust; the metatarsi and phalanges with
ungues being shorter and thicker.
That animals of this genus made some of the tracks similar to those of birds in the
red sandstones of the Valley of the Connecticut, there can be no doubt. It furthermore
explains some problematical impressions which are occasionally found with them. Tracks
of an animal resting in a plantigrade position, as indicated by the moulds of two long par-
allel metatarsi, each terminated by three toes, are accompanied by a peculiar bilobate,
transversely oval mark on the middle line, some distance behind the heels.
Prof. Hitchcock states that it appears to be the impression of a short stiff tail. The
present specimen shows clearly that it was made by the obtuse extremities of the ischia.
The saurian squatted down, resting on its styloid ischia as the third leg of a tripod of
which the anterior pair was represented by the hinder legs. Prof. O. C. Marsh informs
me that in the museum of Yale College, a slab exhibiting impressions similar to the above,
shows the impressions of the anterior feet also, which were put to the ground in the act
of rising or sitting, or perhaps reached to it, while the animal was squatting, as do those
of carnivorous Mammalia.
The tracks of many of the animals discovered by Hitchcock are plantigrade. That
they could not have walked like the plantigrade mammal, is sufficiently evident from the
length of the metatarsal elements, which would necessitate a constant contraction of the
tibialis anticus muscle, or peculiar arrangement of the tarsal bones, for its support. The
latter does not appear to have existed, and the former is so very improbable, that, in con-
nection with the pneumatic structure of the bones, there is abundant reason to suppose
that they progressed by leaps, and assumed the plantigrade position when at rest.
No portion of the cranium or dentition of this genus has been preserved. The large
stout hooked claws of the fore foot would indicate a more or less carnivorous diet.
The Connecticut Sandstones have been regarded as Triassic, which the lower portions
of them undoubtedly are, and similar to the German Keuper in the presence of Labyrin-
thodonts, Thecodonts and Dinosauria in Massachusetts, Pennsylvania and North Carolina.
MEGADACTYLUS POLYZELUS, Hitchcock.
Loe. Cit. p. 39, 1865. Ichnology of Massachusetts, p. 186, 1858. Tab. IX, fig. 6 (Right fore foot).
This species was about the size of an ordinary hound. The surfaces of the vertebree are smooth, and do not dis-
play any sculpture. Their dimensions are as follows:
Lines.
Antero-posterior length median caudal, 10.1
Depth articular face, 11.4
122-F
THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
Width articular face,
“* Jateral neurapophysial foramen,
Elevation neural arch at middle,
a6 a *¢ and spine,
Length proximal caudal,
Depth articular face do.,
Width neural canal,
chevron bone,
Length oe =
Width extremity of lumbar vertebre,
Lines.
13.2
12.2
The femur has but little curvature; its narrow external outline is rather convex proximally.
Means of estimating the total length of this species are not very complete.
Length of proximal extremity,
Width « — « ee
Diameter shaft below 3d trochanter,
Transverse width condyles,
Antero-posterior width of outer,
ee es ‘¢ inner,
eg e ** at popliteal groove,
oO of ** head of tibia,
Transverse “6 é« “
Diameter head of fibula,
a condyle,
cuboid (antero-posterior),
ee head external metatarsus (long),
ob median ee &
Length external metatarsus,
Diameter condyle (antero-posterior),
Width of proximal phalange at middle digit,
ee “* jnner digit,
Length “ “‘ aS
Diameter extremity of ulna,
as ee “¢ radius,
Length outer metacarpus,
‘third a
** second se
‘¢ first s
‘¢ proximal phalange of D. I,
ae f a G1 Dea Bt :
‘© ungueal phalange D. I,
Depth Ge uC proximally,
Its not remote affinity to Compsog-
nathus suggests that the neck could not have been short, though the generally more robust proportions than in C.
longipes, would point to a shorter cervical series than in that genus. It will be safe to put the length at between four
and five feet.
The remains here described were alluded to by Prof. R. Owen, as those of a Saurian
pointing to the Pterodactyles or Birds, providing the cavities of the bones were filled by
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 122-—c6
marrow, and not by cartilage. Prof. Wyman regarded them as those of a reptile, though
the long bones might have been referred to a bird if considered alone. ‘While -the bones
from Springfield are as hollow as those of the Pterodactyle, I do not find that they are
those of this animal ; there is no positive proof of the long fingers nor of the broad sternum
which these reptiles possessed. ‘The existence of the large toe in company with the small
one is in favor of a jumping animal.” (Ichnology of Massachusetts, 1858, 187.)
A figure of the right fore foot accompanies Prof. Hitchcock’s description, of which it
is to be observed that the metacarpals are too stout, and the carpals are omitted. ‘The
third phalange of the second toe is ungueal.
APPENDIX TO THE DINOSAURIA.
HYPSIBEMA, Cope
Char. gen. Proportions of limbs and feet much as in Hadrosaurus. The caudal ver-
tebrae elongate and depressed, in the median part of the series.
The elongate depressed form of caudal vertebrae, distinguishes this genus from Had-
rosaurus. ‘The latter possesses elongate vertebrae near the extremity of the series, but
anterior to this point, they are first subquadrate in profile, then proximally much nar-
rowed. The form exhibited by the known species of this genus is more like that of Hy-
laeosaurus Mant.
HYPSIBEMA CRASSICAUDA, Cope.
The remains on which this species is founded consist of the distal extremity of the right humerus, a portion of the
shaft of the left tibia, a portion of the fibula, the right internal metatarsus somewhat broken, and a caudal vertebra.
There are other uncharacteristic fragments, and a piece which may be a dermal bone.
Associated with them are several coprolites of large animals.
These species indicate an animal of about the size of the Hadrosaurus foulkei, Leidy, and with a similar dispro-
portion in the lengths of the limbs. This is readily appreciated on comparison of the huge metatarsus with the light
humerus. The medullary cavity of the tibia is large; that of the humerus small.
The portion of the humerus preserved is injured, and the condyles are worn. Its relation to that of H. foulkei is
readily determined, and on comparison the following marked differences appear: The ridge connecting the external
condyle with the shaft posteriorly is acute; it is rounded in H. foulkei. External distal face is flat or slightly concave;
in H. foulkei somewhat rounded. It is at right angles to the plane of the anterior face, and forms with it rather less
than a right angle; in H. foulkei this region is rounded. Distally the shaft is much flattened in H. crassicauda.
Measurements.
Lines.
Antero-posterior diameter of shaft, just above condyles, 20.5
Width external face distally, 24
“* olecranar fossa, 16
** condyles, (estimated) 64
The anterior face at over three inches above the condyles is slightly concave. About 4.5 inches above the articular
face of the external condyle, the acute ridge dividing the posterior and external faces disappears, and the surface be-
comes regularly rounded.
The portion of the tibia is from the shaft of that of the left side, just below the superior antero-posterior expan-
122-H THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
sion. Therefore the inner face is the most extensive, and the posterior the least so. It differs from the same part in
H. foulkei, in its less angularity, especially in the more rounded, and less defined posterior face. The internal face
narrows downwards, and while the greatest diameter of the fragment above is antero-posterior, below it is diagonal,
the anterior point being the inner.
Measurements. Lines.
Antero-posterior diameter above, 48
Transverse . ot 22.5
“i a medullary cavity, 20.5
The portion of fibula is the distal, and resembles that of Hadrosaurus foulkei, in being slightly expanded near
the extremity, and cylindric in the lower part of the shaft. In hoth genera and Ornithotarsus, Cope, the distal ex-
tremity of the fibula is less attenuated than in Iguanodou.
Lines.
Transverse distal diameter, 40.5
do. five inches above, 30
The right internal metatarsus also bears considerable resemblance to that of H. foulkei. Its proximal extremity
is much more convex in its inner outline than in that species. The inner proximal face is plane and longitudinally
wrinkled. The proximal or tarsal articular face is concave anteriorly; its plane is at right angles to the axis of the
shaft of the bone. It is strongly oblique in Hadrosaurus foulkei, and a rib-like prominence of the outer face crosses
the latter obliquely and at right angles to the proximal extremity. No such rib exists in the present case, because
the weight was supported by the shaft of the bone, directly and not obliquely as in Hadrosaurus. Thus the Hypsi-
bemae walked more exactly on the toes than did the Hadrosauri. ;
The posterior margin is thinner, and as in H. foulkei, presents a rather small median protuberance. The distal
condyle is broken away, but the twist of the distal portion of the shaft shows that it was directed away from the ad-
joining metatarsal, posteriorly~
Measurements. In. Lin.
Length from antero-superior to postero-inferior extremity (inferior articular face
worn away), 10 10
Transverse diameter proximally, 3
ee oe medially, 2 3.5
Antero-posterior do. do., 3 6
The diameters of the shaft are somewhat larger than in the H. foulkei given by Leidy.
The caudal vertebra is of large size and peculiar form. The centrum is considerably wider than deep, and consider-
ably longer than wide. The posterior chevron articulations are small, and each is connected with each anterior by a
strong rounded angulation. Between the latter the space is wide and slightly concave in transverse section, least so me-
dially. A marked peculiarity is seen in the strong longitudinal ridge which divides the lateral surface of the vertebra
into two nearly equal faces. The neural arch is elongate, the neural canal small, in section a short vertical ellipse. The
articular face of the zygaphophyses makes an angle of about thirty-five degrees to the perpendicular. The crest of the
arch rises a half inch behind these into the very stout basis of the neural spine, the greater part of which, with the
posterior zygapophyses, is broken off. The inclination of the base is at about 65° to the vertical diameter of the bone.
The articular faces are both slightly concave, as are the lateral faces which are separated by the lateral ridge.
In. Lin.
Length of centrum, 4 6
“e © PDasis neural arch, 2 9
Width posterior articular face, 4
Depth do. medially, 2 8
fg “* laterally, 3 3
ce basis neural spine, 12
Transverse diameter neural canal behind, 10
Width between latero-inferior ridges, 1 9
«vertical, of face of zygapophyses, 11
There is a slight rugose protuberance in the position of the diapophysis.
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 122-1
The peculiarities of this vertebra indicate most strikingly the generic distinctness of this great reptile from the
Hadrosaurus. It is true it presents some similarity in form to the terminal caudals of that genus, and if it could be
referred to that portion of the series, would indicate merely another and larger species of Hadrosaurus. It differs in
form from these vertebrae, in its depressed instead of compressed form, and its lateral angulation. That it belongs to a
more anterior position in the tail is evident from the very large size of the basis of the neural spine, and general
greater development of the neural arch and zygapophyses, and the trace of diapophysis. Further, it is over four times
the size of the terminal caudals of H. foulkei, while the remaining elements do not indicate any such extraordinary
dimensions. <A position a little behind the middle of the series would relate well to the other proportions.
A worn bone found with the metatarsus, has the proportions of some of the dermal bones of certain Dinosauria.
Its large size is appropriate to the present species. Its base is flat and with rounded outlines, and does not exhibit
any superficial dense layer; the texture of the interior bone is rather dense. The mass of the bone rises as a short
thick cone turned abruptly to one side, the middle and apex strongly compressed, so much so that the section presents
an acute angle on that side to which the apex curves. The bone is not entirely symmetrical, one side near the poste-
rior keel being more concaye than the other. The structure of the bone is rather dense. Its exact position is some-
what uncertain.
In.
Diameter at base,
w
Greatest height (apex broken), A)
This is another of: those remarkable forms which the reptilian type developed in past
ages. That it was herbivorous, and relied less on its tail for support than Hadrosaurus,
appears probable. Large coprolites of the character of those of herbivorous animals ac-
companied the bones. ‘They resemble somewhat those of the hog; one has a diameter of
inches one way, and inches the other; extremity broad, obtuse. ‘The probable
form of the ungueal phalanges, points also to the same habit. The proprietor of the pit
told the writer that he had more than once seen large “hoofs” and “ wide toe-joints” taken
out during the excavation.
This species is different from the Ornithotarsus immanis, Cope, and belongs to a
different genus. The shaft of the tibia in the latter is filled with cancellous tissue ; in the
present animal it is entirely hollow.
From the marl pits of James King.
HADROSAURUS, Leidy.
HADROSAURUS TRIPOS, Cope.
At a point about ten miles distant from the marl pit in which the Hypsibema was found, Prof. Kerr discovered a
caudal vertebra of a colossal reptile, whose affinities are evidently near to the Hadrosaurus foullei.
This vertebra is one of the distal, as evidenced by the entire absence of any trace of diapophysis, and its subquad-
rate longitudinal section, as well as by the small size of the neural arch and spine. At first sight if would appear to
occupy a position between the thirtieth and thirty-sixth of the series; the former in IH. foulkei has, however, rudiments
of a diapophysis. Both its articular faces are distinctly biconcave. The large size of the chevron articular face is as
in the thirtieth, and the concavity of its lateral faces as in the twenty-sixth; in the thirty-sixth the sides are entirely
plane. The round form of the neural canal, as well as lack of diapophyses, are points of resemblance to the thirty-
sixth, but it is more than twice as long as that vertebra in the H. foulkei. In the thirtieth the neural canal is some-
what depressed and becomes more so as we advance towards the proximal part of the series. The small antero-posterior
extent of the neural arch is much as in the thirtieth in H. foulkei, but the basis of the neural spine, which is broken
off in this, as well as the old species, is much more slight. It is so very thin and weak as to indicate either a compar-
atively slight development of the spine, or a very posterior position in the series. A weak lateral ridge marks the
122-3 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
side of the centrum, which is below the middle line. It holds the same position in the thirty-sixth in H. foulkei, but
is above the middle in the thirtieth and those anterior.
Meusurement. In Lin,
Depth centrum to summit chevron articulation, 5
do. from neural canal without chevron face, 4,
Greatest width do., 4. 9
Length centrum, 4 3
do. neurapophysis, 2 6
Width between anterior zygapophyses, 1 3
do. of arch above, 1 6
do. neural canal, 10
Depth do. do., 10
do. basis neural spine, 5
This specimen was procured from the marl pit of W. J. Thompson, Sampson co., N. Carolina.
A second and much smaller vertebra from the pit that furnished the remains of Hypsibema crassicauda, belonged
to a third individual, and. possibly to this species. Its proportions would point to a position near the end of the tail,
and its form is less elongate and compressed than those in that position in H. foulkei. Its neural arch is not coéssi-
fied. The extremities are slightly concave, the general form subquadrate.
Lines.
Length of centrum, 20.5
Diameter extremity, (vertical) 18.
ee «« . (transverse) 21.5
ve middle, Su 15.
The first named vertebra pertained to an immense species, perhaps double the Hadrosaurus foulkei in weight and
bulk, should the general proportions of the two have been at all similar. In that case the length of the femur would
be sixty-two and a quarter inches. It will remain for future discovery to determine whether the species is the same
as the Ornithotarsus immanis.
HADROSAURUS MINOR, Marsh.
Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Jan. 1870, Nature (London), Jan. 1870.
This species is represented by two dorsal, four lumbar and a caudal vertebre, from Barnesboro, Gloucester co.,
N. J., and another dorsal from another locality. These belonged to an animal of about half the size of the H. foulkei,
and not fully grown, excepting the last mentioned, which belonged to an adult. The dorsals are much compressed,
and slightly concave in front and convex behind; the inferior surface not distinctly keeled. The lumbar is short, much
broader, being subdiscoid, and distinctly convex anteriorly and concave behind: below, it presents a narrow promi-
nent carina. The caudal is anterior and is discoid and short; the diapophyses with neural arch are lost, not having
been coéssified; the former was at the base of the latter. Articular faces nearly plane. Articular surfaces for chey-
ron bones small. Inferior face not excavated.
The upper bed of Cretaceous Green Sand.
LAELAPS, Cope.
LAELAPS:* AQUILUNGUIS, Cope.
Maxillary bone. The form of the maxillary bone described on page 100, indicates a short elevated and narrowed
muzzle, as in Teratosaurus.
Ischia. The elements described on p. 108 as pubes, are probably ischia. As in Megadactylus, they appear to_
have been directed backwards, and to have been in close contact for a considerable part of their length. On plate X,
fig. 4, the surface of contact or symphysis, is represented on the inferior part of the distal two-thirds the length. ‘lhe
anterior, dilated portions diverge, leaving a V-shaped interval, and extend to the acetabula. This union of the ischia,
which are of very dense structure, furnished some support for the animal in.a squatting position, as is indicated for
some of the species of the Connecticut Sandstone,
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 125
TESTUDINATA.
CRYPTODIRA..
EMYDIDAE.
EMYDINAE.
STYLEMYS, Leidy.
Stylemys, Testudo and Emys, Leidy, Proceed. Ac. N. Sci., 1851, 172. Testwdo, Leidy 1. c. 1852, 59. Smithson.
Contrib. to Knowl., 1852, 103.
The species which I refer to this genus, are Emydoids with the usual elongate form
of digits which characterizes the aquatic species, but with a single caudal marginal scutum,
as in Testudo. Another Emydoid genus which approaches Testudo most, is Manuria,
Gray. Here however the anal marginal plate is divided, and the pectoral plates do not
meet on the median line. In Stylemys the latter are only narrowed.
The ilium is formed much as in Chelydra, somewhat dilated proximally in a posterior
direction. ‘The pubis is ike some Emydoids in the length and lateral direction of its
lateral process, while its stout form, with distal dilatation, articulated with its feltow on
the median line is like that of Chelydra.
A right femur is entirely Testudinoid, and presents one peculiarity which I have only
observed in Testudo polyphemus. The great trochanter (which is always large in the
Testudinata) extends entirely round from its origin, to near the head of the femur, em-
bracing a marked fossa. In other genera the greater tuberosity with the lesser enclose a
fossa-like groove, which separates them entirely.
The capitula of the ribs extend to the vertebra, but not to their centra; they are in
contact with the laminiform neural spines.
A marked character of the genus also consists in the considerable separation of the
neural arch from the vertebral carapacial bones. It is suspended as it were, some distance
below them by the laminiform elevation of the joined neurapophyses, which are united by
suture to the similar thin plate-like neural spines, which descend from the transverse
vertebral expansions. ‘The depth of this vertebral septum is greater than the length of
each vertebral bone, behind the middle of the column. The centra are very thin as in
Cistudo.
Leidy named some individuals of one of the species, Stylemys, while others were
referred to Emys. As he gave no characters to it, and afterwards abandoned it, referring
the species to Testudo, I only adopt the name for the purpose of diminishing the synonymy.
124 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
STYLEMYS NEBRACENSIS, Leidy.
Stylemys nebracensis, Hmys hemispherica and H. owent. Pr. A. N. Sci., Phila., 1851, p, 172.
Testudo nebracensis, Leidy, Ancient Fauna Nebraska, 103. T. hemispherica, T. owent et T. lata, Leidy 1. c.
Tabs. xix, xx, Xxi, xxill, xxiv.
Miocene Tertiary of Nebraska.
A specimen of this species presented to the Academy of Natural Sciences by Dr.
Hayden measures 20 inches in length, and 15 inches in width.
STYLEMYS CULBERTSONII, Leidy.
Testudo culbertsonii, Leidy, Ancient Fauna of Nebraska, Tab. xxii.
Miocene Tertiary of Nebraska.
STYLEMYS NIOBRARENSIS, Lezdy.
Testudo (St.) niobrarensis,, Leidy, Proceed. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phil., 1858, 29.
Pliocene of the Niobrara river, Nebraska.
COMPSEMYS, Leidy.
Proc. Ac. N. Sci., 1856, 312.
The remains of this genus do not offer any very marked features to distinguish them
from Emys. The existence of generic distinction is however suggested by the delicate
areolate sculpture of the surface of the carapace. Costal capitula well developed; verte-
bral scuta subquadrate.
COMPSEMYS OBSCURUS.
Emmys obscurus, Leidy, Pr. A, N. Sci., 1856, 312.
From the Upper Jurassic of Long lake, Nebraska.
. - COMPSEMYS VICTUS, Leidy l. c.
Upper Jurassic Bad-Lands, Judith River, Nebraska.
CISTUDO, Flem.
CISTUDO EURYPYGIA, Cope.
This extinct species is represented by a portion of the posterior margin of the carapace, which includes more
or less of four marginal, two vertebral, and one costal, scuta. The relations of the osseous elements are much as
in C. clausa; 7. ¢., the posterior costals are united on the median line, without rudimental vertebral below, and the
last vertebral is an irregular pentagon with the two anterior sides elongate. There are traces of angular concentric
sculpture as in the existing species, which encloses a slightly angular boss on the posterior margin of the costal
scutum.
What distinguishes this box-tortoise from the existing one, is the greater width of the vertebral scuta, and the
different form of the marginals, The costal suture of the vertebral, instead of joining a prolongation of the penul-
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. z a
timate marginal, joins a superior angle of the antepenult. The superior margin of the penultimate is straight, and
but little elevated above the caudal pair. From this increased width of the last vertebral, its lateral suture is
more oblique, and what remains of the lateral suture of the penultimate vertebral is still more oblique, indicating
a still wider scutum. The posterior vertebral bone is a little more elongate than in several individuals of C. clausa.
The posterior margin is not recurved, but is vertical, and therefore from a female animal. There are no emzr-
ginations or processes. On the inferior aspect, the concavity which receives the crest of the ilium is deeper and
nearer the margin than in C. clausa.
This species was found by Samuel R. Harrison, M. D., of Easton, Md., on Oxford Neck in Talbot Co., Mary-
land, in connection with postpliocene fossils, as follows: Hlephas americanus, Cervus canadensis, Cariacus virginianus,
Chelydra serpentina.
Remains of a Cistudo occur in the postpliocene bone breccia of caves in 8. W. Virginia, but whether they belong
_to C. clausa or some other species is not as yet determined.
EMYS, Brongniart.
The only species of this genus which I have had the opportunity of studying are the
three following from the cretaceous green-sand of New Jersey. ‘They agree in the mas-
sive thickness and dense structure of plastron and carapace, which peculiarity suggests
doubt as to their aquatic habitat, and enquiry as to whether they may not have been
more or less terrestrial. ‘Their reference to Emys is provisional, as the limbs, cranium
and caudal marginal scute are unknown. In E. petrosus the heads of the posterior ribs
are rudimental as in Adocus.
The species may be distinguished as follows:
Sutures of hyo-and hyposternal bones, coarse and ragged; hyosternal nearly twice as
thick anteriorly as posteriorly; eighth marginal acute edged, its width 11-12 length hyos-
ternal, its depth 5-4 the same.
E. FIRMUS.
Sutures minutely rugulose, hyosternal thicker anteriorly; eighth marginal with thick
obtuse edge, depth 3-4 length hyosternal, its width .55 same; superior plane of hyoster-
nal transversely as wide as a costal, inferior plane very convex; mesosternum width .66
length of do.; size medium.
E. PETROSUS.
Sutures minutely rugulose; hyosternal thickest posteriorly, its inferior face plane,
superior plane twice as wide as a costal; width of mesosternum 6-7 length, and width of
eighth marginal .05 length of same; size smaller ;
E. TURGIDUS.
AMERI. PHILOSO. SOC.—VOL. XIy. 32
126 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
EMYS FIRMUS, Letdy.
Cretac. Rept. 106, Smithsonian Contrib., No. 192, Adocus firmus Cope, Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phil., 1868, 235,
Geolog. Surv. N. Jersey, App. C.
An individual of this species is represented by same characteristic fragments in the Museum of Rutger’s College,
N. J. As remarked, they have many characters like the following species; while in the surface markings, dermal
scutes, etc., they resemble as much the Adocus beatus. I have not seen the costal bones.
This is a large species and of extraordinarily massive construction. This was no
doubt an adaptation in defense of enemies, perhaps as protection from blows or snaps of
the more gigantic reptiles of that time. I give the measurement of this species from
Leidy. ‘
In
Length margin 7th and eighth marginals, 5.79
Width seventh plate, 2.5
oo ei hchia. 2.75
Depth 3.79
Left hyosternal, length from exterior angle mesosternum 3
Thickness at latter suture, ere
es postero-medially, 625
This species is distinguished from both the following by the relatively much larger
size of the postero-median, and probably the other marginal bones. Its points of resem-
blance to the E. turgidus are more numerous than to the E. petrosus. Like both of
these the mesosternum is truncate behind.
Position. The upper bed of Cretaceous Green Sand, New Jersey.
EMYS PETROSUS, Cope.
Adocus petrosus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1868, 286, Geol. Surv. N. Jersey, App. C.
This species is represented by portions of four costal bones, parts or wholes of six marginal bones, most of the
right hyosternal, and a posterior portion of the right hyposternal, with the head of the os coracoideum. They were
found in the West Jersey Marl Company’s pits, Gloucester Co., N. J., in the same locality whence the Laelaps was
procured. It is characterized by the very massive structure of its carapace and plastron, and for the posteriorly
truncate form of its mesosternum. Another species (E. firmus) which unites the same peculiarities, is included in
this genus, though I have not seen its costal bones.
The hyosternal bone is preserved in its axillary margin, and is continuous with two marginals of the carapace
of the same side. Two of the costals are adjacent and give the outlines of the vertebral bones and scutes. These
show the inferior outline to be very convex, the whole, from angle to angle of the marginal bones of opposite
sides amounting to an are of about 124 degrees. Each hyosternal is slightly concave below the plane of
their common suture. Each thins out laterally, though the one preserved is very thick on the axillary margin.
There is little difference between the thickness at the mesosternal and the hyposternal sutures. All the sutures
have minute rugosities, differing much from sternals in Adocus and Taphrosphys, which are very ragged, and
resembling those of Pleurosternum pectorale m. The piece of hyposternal is even thicker than the hyosternal. The
~
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. | be
bone is everywhere remarkable for the thickness of its dense layer, and the closeness of the texture of the spongy.
The former is one-third the thickness of the sternal and costal bones fractured.
The seute sutures of the inferior surface are obsolete; those of the dorsal surface are like those of Adocus; 7. ¢.,
the yertebrals with bracket-shaped lateral borders with the costal proceeding from the point of the bracket.
The marginal bones vary much in thickness proximally; they have two proximal sutures, one side convex,
the other concave. Four have a heavy border, round in section; in two of these it is considerably everted: another
has a rather thin margin, slightly decurved, with a submarginal groove separating it from the most massive portion
The costal bones are strongly convex in their length, indicating an arched carapace.
Measurements. In. Lin
Hyosternal width, 3 9.
se ** to origin axillary abutment, 2 1.5
ae length on median suture, 2 1.5
UC thickness near mesosternal line, oh
ot UC ‘¢ hyposternal ‘‘ 1.2
Hyposternal thickness near poster. suture, 9.
Costal, width, 1 7.5
&.
‘¢ thickness vertebral suture,
Marginal No. 1 width, 2 1.5
& “¢ length, 1 Ti
vs ‘¢ proximal thickness, 3.
ée No. 5 es as 8.2
te «¢ length, 6.
a “¢ ~—C width, 7.5
& ‘¢ width dermal scute, 9.
This animal is therefore a species of considerable size, though less than most of those described here, and par-
ticularly convex and solid in every part. While the sutural lines of the hyosternal measure about the same as in E.
firmus (Emys Leidy), it is much more convex and not so thick at the mesosternal suture. The marginal bones are
relatively just half the size. ‘The Pleurosternum pectorale, differs in being very much flatter, and in haying a
more discoid mesosternal bone. The hyosternals are also much thicker at their union with the marginals, than the
present is.
A portion of a hyo-or hyposternal bone collected at the same place, and near or at the same time, may be referred
to a larger individual of the same species or to EH. firmus. It exhibits a wedge for a diagonal gomphosis, between
the two sutures, which are preserved. The thickness on the median suture is 14 lines.
The density of the sternal bones is in marked contrast to that of the E. crassus
according to Owen, where the structure is remarkably spongy and open.
EMYS TURGIDUS, Cope.
This species is represented by two individuals in a more or less fragmentary condition
in the private collection of Dr. Samuel Lockwood, of Keyport, N. J. One of these,
selected for description, embraces proximal portions of four left costal bones and of three
right ones, with a vertebral, other fragments of costals, four marginals (one from the
bridge), the greater part of both hyosternals and the mesosternum.
These indicate a species of about half the bulk of the KE. petrosus, and differing in
many particulars, ‘These are especially the relatively much wider and flatter, hyoster-
128 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
nals, and thinner edged more recurved marginals. The size of the marginals is similar
to those of the last, while the mesosternal element is larger. ‘The scutal sutures are
better preserved than in the type of E. petrosus, nevertheless none are preserved on the
lower surfaces except that which divides the mesosternum longitudinally throughout.
The vertebral scuta are 2 as wide as long, and have longitudinal borders, which are
scarcely produced at the junction with the intercostal suture, and are otherwise somewhat
irregular. The carapace is swollen in an interrupted line bordering the vertebral scuta
externally, leaving the median parts of these smooth. The marginals are also slightly
swollen just within the costal-marginal sutures. ‘The marginal bones are concave exter-
nally, and thickened inferiorly at some distance within the margin. That from the bridge
is angulated at one extremity at 45°, at the other less. ‘The union of the hyosternals
behind and with the mesosternal behind, is by a groove and keel suture. The mesosternal
is much thinner anteriorly than posteriorly.
In.
Length heads of four costals, 4.375
“ vertebral, 1.06
Width i
Length hyosternal, . 2.4
es & from mesosternal, 1.8
Thickness “ at ge .65
rh a posteriorly, 7
Length vertebral scutum, 2.3
Width cs 75
From the upper Green Sand Bed, Cretaceous N. J., at Hornerstown, N. J.
EMYS PETROULEI, Leidy.
Proceed. Academy, 1858, Postpliocene, Harden Co., Texas.
A very distinct species, probably of the more terrestrial type of the genus, as Che-
lopus, etc.
ADOCUS, Cope.
Emydoid tortoises in which the rib heads of the posterior costal bones are represented
by a rudimental lamina, and the anterior by a crest or truncate ridge in addition. Verte-
bral scuta narrow; external surfaces smooth or nearly so.
Name from 4 privative and dwxos rafter (7. e., rib head). -
This genus, formerly characterized, differs from Emys in the absence of costal capitula
of the costal plates of the carapace, a feature pointed out by Leidy in the type species.
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 129
It also possesses a character of Pleurosternum in the presence of a series of marginal
dermal plates on the sternal bridge. It belongs to the true Emydidae, having the eight
paired sternal bones instead of ten of the first mentioned. The markings of the dermal
plates of the plastron are not distinct.
ADOCUS BEATUS, JLeidy.
Hmys beatus, Leidy, Cretaceous Reptiles, Smithson, Contrib. 1804, 107.
Remains of a considerable portion of the plastron and carapace of this species from
the marl excavations of David Haines near Medford, N. J., furnish important characters,
as already indicated. The posterior lobe of the sternum is long and flat, and strongly
emarginate behind; its greatest length is 5 in. 9 lin., greatest (anterior) width 5 in. 8 lin.
The thickness of the hyosternal bones is a little greater at the sides than at the median
portion ; latter measurement 7 lines; all the pieces of the plastron are thicker than those
of the carapace. ;
The anterior lobe of the sternum in A. beatus would appear to have been more or
less moveable.
ADOCUS PRAVUS, Leidy.
Emys.pravus, Leidy, Proceed. Ac. Nat. Sci., 1856, 312, Cretaceous Rept. Tab.
Middlebed, or upper Cretaceous green sand New Jersey.
This species is referred here because of its general resemblance to the others of the
genus. Its costal bones have not yet been procured.
PLEUROSTERNUM, Bell.
Some of the Emydinae of the New Jersey Green Sand exhibit only faint impressions
of the usual horny dermal plates. It is probable therefore that such were covered
with coriaceous plates as in the genus Dermatemys and some species of Hydraspididae.
The species which is referred to Dermatemys, D. mavei Gray from Mexico, is further
distinguished generically by a series of marginal plates between the axilla and groin on
each side, within the usual marginal series. The same peculiarity characterizes also the
genus Macrochelys, which has however no affinity with the present.
The hyosternal bones, quite perfectly preserved, of an aquatic tortoise, from the farm
of David Haines near Medford, present the double marginal series of Dermatemys. It
differs from the species of that genus in the apparent fusion of the pectoral and humeral
dermal scuta, a peculiarity which I have not seen in any modern genus of Emydidae or
Hydraspididae. ‘This is characteristic of Pleurosternum, and the scuta are really distinct,
the pectoral having an unusually posterior position, on account of the intercalated sternal
AMERI. PHILOSO. SOC.—VOL. XIV. 33
130 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
bone. The hyosternals are prolonged ‘forwards, extensively embracing the mesosternum;
the latter piece is subcircular, and truncate behind. The episternals and mesosternal
are lost. The extreme anterior lip of the hyosternals is crossed by a groove, apparently
the suture of the gular plate; it has reached the external margin a half inch in front of
the posterior margin of the episternal. This would leave sufficient width for an intergular
plate, which would refer the genus to the Elydraspididae. As however the other pieces
of the sternum have been found in England, it is certain that the genus is Cryptodire.
PLEUROSTERNUM PECTORALE, Cope sp. nov.
The plastron of this species is massive, and three times as thick in the middle as at the sides. The posterior
hyosternal suture has been immoveable, and its rugae are minute. The anterior or axillary buttresses have risen
higher on the costal plates, and are directed obliquely forwards. The axillary outline is deeply concave. The
external surface is without sculpture. Behind the truncate axillary plate is one long hexagonal inner marginal,
while the anterior third of a second is truncated by the posterior suture. The posterior humeral dermal suture,
approaches the hyosternal suture towards the median line but slightly.
_ In. Lin.
Width of a hyosternal, 3
Depth at middle, on hyost. suture, 10.
« outerend < 6 2.8
Length median suture, 1 6.4
From posterior suture to axilla, 1 4.6
Antero-posterior extent hyosternal (exclus. sutural process), 2 2.5
Width inguinal scute interiorly, 4.
of ne “* externally, 8.5
The inferior surface of the plastron is convex, the interior nearly plane.
The species was about the size of the Ptychemys rugosa Ag. of the Delaware. It is distinguished from the .
Emys pravus of Leidy by the transverse hyosternal suture, the greater transverse extent, and thickness of hyos-
ternals. In A. firmus Leidy the humero-pectoral dermal suture is anterior, and the mesosternal is transversely
truncate behind.
CHELYDRINAE.
The extinct species of this group indicate a successional relation of forms such as the
theory of evolution would anticipate.
Those of the Miocene and Eocene periods in America are not known, but so far as
they are in Europe, they resemble those of the present. In the cretaceous, the genus
Propleura appears, which approximates the genus Chelone in the probable more natatory
character of the fore limb than in Chelydra; the humerus has a more flattened shaft,
and is not quite so much curved as in the latter; its proximal condyle and crests are
those of Chelydra, and this point has chiefly decided me in referring the genus to the
neighborhood of the latter, rather than to the Cheloniidae. ‘The independence of the
Cheloniidae rests entirely on the structure of the fore limb, for its other peculiarities are
repeated by genera in various other families. The natatory character has a strong ex-
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. ilayil
pression in the form of both humerus and femur, and decided by this test, the genera
following are all Chelydroid Emydidae.
The metatarsals of the hind foot preserved, indicate a broad natatory member more
like those of Trionyx than those of Chelydra.
At the same time the vertebral dermal scutes have the most narrowed form character-
istic of various genera of Emydidae. ‘The femur has a slender curved shaft as in Chely-
dra and Chelys. The sternum is more that of Chelydra than of the sea turtles. This is
seen in the narrowness of the sterno-carapacial bridge, which is very wide in Chelone,
and very narrow in Chelydra. In the cretaceous genera, the width 1s intermediate, and
the hyo and hyposternal bones are united medially, and are not merely prolonged ante-
riorly and posteriorly as in Chelone. The lateral sternal regions were therefore less pro-
tected than in the sea turtles, while the general small size and form of the sternal bones
also point to the cross-shaped plastron of Chelydra.
It does not offer any approach to the Pleurodira, since the xiphisternum is free from
the pelvis. The cranium of the genus Euclastes, which belongs here, shows the techni-
cal details of the Cheloniidae, with the form of head, physiognomy, and no doubt, the
carnivorous adaptations of Chelydra. In the genus Osteopygis, also of the cretaceous,
the characters diverge still more from those of the modern sea turtles. Here five margi-
nals in front and three behind, are united with the disc. The anterior marginal scutum
becomes united with the first vertebral. In other respects the characters are those of
Propleura. In Lytoloma the marginals are free as in Chelone.
Several genera have been discovered in the lithographic slates and other strata of the
Jurassic period in Germany, Switzerland and France. These have been described by
Minster, Wagner,* and Von Meyer.t Some of these are allied to Chelone, but the
majority of them appear to me to have a near relationship to Chelydra, and to those
herein described. This has been scarcely alluded to by the learned authors quoted, and
in general their affinities to existing forms have been but obscurely mdicated. Those
which I would refer to this neighborhood are:
EvuRYSTERNUM Mist. I. fitzingeri Mey.
KE. wagleri Mist. I. wagneri Mey.
E. crassipes Wagn. (Palaeomedusa HfypRopELTA Mey.
Mey.) H. meyeri Thioll.
Ei. redtenbacheri (Acichelys Mey.) PLatTycHELYS Wagn.
Ip1ocuELys Mey. P. oberndorferi Wagn.
* Abhandl. d. m. ph. cl. K. Bayerisch Acad. Wiss. IX. + Reptilien o. d. Lithograph. Schiefer.
132 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
Eurysternum differs from Chelydra as Osteopygis does, in a greater codssification oi
the discal and marginal bones anteriorly and posteriorly. It differs from the latter in the
stout ambulatory foot like that of the Chelydra, and in the apparent absence of the
temporal osseous roof, which I suspect Osteopygis to possess. The vertebral dermal
scuta are wider than in any species of our genera, but this is but a specific character.
In Idiochelys the marginal bones are more distinct from the disc, entirely so poste-
riorly; there are numerous omissions of the vertebral bones of the carapace; this does
not occur among our species so far as known.
Hydropelta is in general much like Osteopygis, but in it the hyo and nape
bones, have an articulation by gomphosis with the third and tenth marginals respectively,
a character certainly wanting to the American genera. ‘There is also no median sternal
fontanelle, which is present in our types.
Platychelys has a still greater union of carapacial disc and margin; only three ribs
have free extremities on each side.
Our forms then appear to differ from those of the Jurassic of Europe, up to the
present time. It is important to observe, that instead of being of marine habit as has
been supposed, they are representatives of modern fresh water species, and were probably
inhabitants of brackish estuaries of our coast.
OSTEOPYGIS, Cope.
Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Phila., 1868, 147.
This genus has been characterized above, in part. It has the usual twenty-three
marginal bones with ten costal bones on each side, nine of which send their free extremi-
ties for gomphosis with the marginals. Though in sutural union with the second mar-
ginals, each sends a costal process into a corresponding pit of the latter. The inter-
costal union is prolonged, and the vertebral scuta are rather narrow, and do not therefore
extend far on the former. The four posterior marginals are prolonged considerably within
the groove marking the suture of the costal and marginal scuta. The posterior marginal
plates of all the species are very flat and expanded, the lateral on the contrary trigonal
or subtrigonal in section, with a distinct inferior plane.
The accompanying cut gives the characters of the genus as exhibited in the carapace
of the typical species. The dermal sutures are omitted from the left side, so as to show
more clearly those of the skeleton.
The plastron of Osteopygis is more like that of Chelydra than any other known
genus. The hyo-,hypo, and xiphisternals are united on the median line by a coarse open
suture as in that genus, and are not separated as in Chelone. They are much more united
than in Trionyx.
oP
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 133
Fig. 38.
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) ow
.
ey
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N
LS
OSTEOPYGIS PLATYLOMUS Carapace.
The xiphisternal is united with the hyposternal precisely as in Chelydra, that is,
by a mutual marginal gomphosis at the anterior extremity of the former, its peg being
the external; and by a deep groove in the inner margin of the xiphisternal, which
receives the adapted margin of the hyposternal. ‘The xiphisternal lobe is wider than in
Chelydra, while the bridge is very much wider, being about as in Trionyx, and much
narrower than in Chelone. This constitutes a point of separation from the first named
genus, ‘There is a median fontanelle, larger than in Chelydra serpentina at the junc-
tion of the four sternal elements. The external margin of the hyosternal, is free and
serrate as in Chelydra. The mesosternal has not been identified, but the episterna are
narrower and greatly incurved, more as in Chelydra and Chelone than as in Trionyx.
In the accompanying restoration, the shaded portions are those which have not been pre-
AMERI. PHILOSO. SOC.—VOL. XIV. 34
134 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTIIA
served. The outlines of the episterna are not entirely demonstrable. The scale is near
that of the carapace preceding, but is a little too large.
OSTEOPYGIS PLATYLOMUS plastron.
Dermal sutures are visible in the two species whose sterna we have. Abdominal and
inguinal plates can be demonstrated; the anterior are not distinguishable. If anal scuta
exist, they must be very small, but they are probably absent as in Chelydra.
Some of the Eocene Chelones have the posterior vertebral plates more dilated than in
the recent species, but they all present the penultimate marginals supported by a distinct
pair of ribs, and the anterior marginals separate from the disc, and without mb.
‘The femur of a presumed species of the genus is more slender than in the Chelones,
but resembles closely that of Trionyx, while two phalanges of the same are peculiar in
their stout base and subterminal constriction. ‘They are however flattened and have
transverse distal condyles, being thus rather adapted for paddles than for progression,
thus showing the genus to have been truly aquatic.
There appear to be remains of three species in our collections distinguished as follows:
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. lis i)
I. The margins of the posterior marginal plates continuous, cither notched or even
medially.
a The rib-fossae of the marginals flat; tno nuchal scute.
Upper margin of inner face of (7th and 8th) posterior marginals much produced;
lower margin not prolonged. Lower margin of 5th and 6th marginals not projecting,
their inner face vertical. Outer face of narrow marginals convex or little concave, their
scuta 1.4 long as wide. Eighth marginal § wide as long. PLATYLOMUS.
aa The rib-fossae of the lateral marginals cylindric ; a nuchal scute.
Upper and lower margins 7th marginal both prolonged; lower margin 5th very much
produced inwards giving a horizontal inner, as well as outer face; outer face of narrow
marginals concave except the anterior; scuta of latter 1} long as wide; 9th marginal ‘
wide as long; 5th marginal nearly .75 wide as long. EMARGINATUS.
II. Margins of the posterior marginal plates acuminate medially.
Posterior lateral bones short, wide, width greater and length, pit round, margin
strongly repand; anterior laterals less confluent with disc, strongly concave on outer face.
CHELYDRINUS.
OSTEOPYGIS PLATYLOMUS, Core Sp. Nov.
This species is represented by portions of two individuals, first perhaps half the carapace and plastron with all
the marginal bones of one side, and many of those of the other, of a large individual from the Pemberton Marl Com-
pany’s Pits, Burlington Co., N. Jersey. presented to the Academy by Dr. Samuel Ashhurst; the second, a few por-
tions from the pits of David Haines, near Medford, Camden Co., N. J.
The carapace is flat, as indicated by the slight curvature of numerous costal bones, and without keels, as indi-
cated by an anterior and two posterior vertebral bones. The posterior and adjacent margin is flat and wide, extend-
ing to athin edge. The anterior vertebral, has the anterior margin entirely forming a deep notch, extending to
nearly opposite the lateral angles of the bone a feature not seen in the genus Chelone. It is crossed not far from
its middle (it is broken behind) by the dermal suture. The posterior vertebral is transverse, occupies a concavity
formed by the three posterior marginals, extending to beyond the middle of the penultimates on each side. The
posterior vertebral dermal scute is of great width, its outer suture not reaching the marginals on any of the bones
just mentioned. The anterior vertebral scuta as seen on numerous costal bones, were of peculiar form. Their
borders diverged very little at their anterior and posterior portions, but curved outwards abruptly to meet the costal
dermal suture, forming an acute angle.
Marginal bones heavy at the sides and in front, the former concave on the upper face, the lower face plane but
upturned at the edge. Front laterals convex below with broad rounded margin; none of these projecting above the
marginal dermal suture except to form suture with costal plate asin C. repanda. This suture first appears on the
middle of the tenth marginal bone counting the lateral caudal as first : marginal bones eleven on each side, all with
equal lengths, as in Cheloniidae.
The rib pits are flat, very much so medially, the anterior one more nearly cylindric.
The width of the marginal scute on the ninth and tenth marginal bones, is 1.66 its length, measuring from the
obtuse margin. The width of the first (posterior) scute is nearly equal to its length.
The surface of the bone generally is marked by small irregular straight grooves.
Portions of the sternum are parts of two hypo, a hyo-, and xiphisternal. The hyposternal of the left side has a
136 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
less antero-posterior extent between the groin and transverse suture than in the species of Chelone. Its trans-
verse extent at the same region is greater, implying a greater closure of the sternal fontanelle. It presents on its
outer posterior margin a pit for articulation with the xiphisternal by gomphosis. The hyosternal of the right side
is much heavier than the last, and has a bevelled outer anterior face, where it rises steeply to meet the marginal bones
of the carapace. Its sutural margin is broken away. The xiphisternal is broken at both ends; it is flat and
rather thin. <A large part of its inner margin is fitted for articulation with the long hyposternal. Its thin outer
margin is contracted gently, nearly opposite the middle of the posterior fontanelle.
There are no distinct dermal sutures crossing these. The nuchal marginal seute is confluent with the first
vercebral.
Measurements. Ft. In. Lin.
Length of second marginal, 2 10.2
Go eleventh ‘ 2 11.1
es caudal us 3 3.7
Width of second ee 1 it,
ae eleventh a 3 9.5
6s caudal ee 2 7.2
z sixth, infer. face (average), 1 9.
Uf last vertebral, 2 4,
ef an anterior do., 2 2.
; oe episternal, 2 5.5
ae hyposternal (longitudinal), 2 4,
Length inner suture episternal, 2 8.
<¢ free rib, 1 5.
Width costal bone distally, 2 11.5
Length carapace (estimated), 2 2
Width OG Ke 2
OSTEOPYGIS EMARGINATUS, Cope Sp. Nov.
Of this species a considerable portion of carapace and plastron were discovered near Barnesboro, and deposited
in the Museum at Rutger’s College by the State Geological Survey of New Jersey, under Prof. Geo. H. Cook.
It is near the O. platylomus, but differs in the greater width of all the marginal bones in-relation to their
length, in the greater prolongation of the inner edge of the lower face of the lateral marginals, and in the cylindri-
cal ribs and rib pits of the lateral marginals. Jn the O. platylomus the rib pits are everywhere alike, entirely flat
and longitudinal.
A vertebral osseous plate is strongly emarginate anteriorly, as in the last species, but not to more than half the
depth; the piece is more elongate, especially the antero-lateral or short sides which enter the greatest width twice,
in the platylomus 22 times. In this specimen it is not crossed by a dermal suture; in the other it is, hence the
plates compared are not the same, but probably are only adjacent. A costal bone exhibits the head of an anterior rib,
which has a strong spongy crest on itsanterior margin. The anterior sutural margin converges outwardly towards the
posterior margin, which is parallel with the rib axis. On the upper surface the sutures of the plates are distinct;
the anterior vertebral is very divergent, making an angle of 45° with the median line. The anterior suture of the
posterior plate of the two is less divergent. Three junctions of posterior and anterior vertebral scute sutures with
the costals, compared with two similar junctions in the O. emarginatus, show that the former come together at a
less angle, and are therefore more oblique. The anterior marginal scute is, as in Chelone, present and not conflu-
ent with the first vertebral as in O. platylomus. Both the first and second marginal bones are entirely united with
the carapace: in the O. platylomus but the inner half of the second. The anterior vertebral bone widens within
the margin as in other species, but it is the first costal which completes the consolidation of the carapace anteriorly.
Both second and first marginal bones are slightly concave along the outer face; both are conyex or plane in the
species before described.
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 137
The third and fourth marginal bones, while of the same length as those of O. emarginatus, are half as wide
again, a form produced by the projection inwards of the lower face. The fifth presents the same peculiarity in a
more marked degree, and has a thicker outer margin or is more rounded from below. The fossa for the rib is less
than .2 the length of the bone, while the same in O. emarginatus is .33 the length. The seventh marginal has the
prominent inner lower edge, but is more elevated than the same in the species last described. Its superior surface
is therefore considerably more concave. The most posterior marginals, as characteristic of the genus, are prolonged
considerably within the inner suture of the marginal seuta. They are quite flat, plane above, and with a rounded
coneayity beneath within the margin; the rib pit is flattened in these. The dermal suture crosses the marginal bones
in all the marginals from the fifth backwards inclusive just in front of the costal pit. A hyosternal, a hyposternal,
and two xiphisternal bones are all that remain of the sternum. They are of much the same form as those of O.
emarginatus. The hyposternal has the external groove posteriorly to receive the xiphisternal, while the episternals
have a groove internally to receive the hyosternals. The xiphisternals are toothed on their inner margin for common
suture which is not so long as in O. emarginatus. The xiphisternals have evidently been shorter and more broadly
rounded behind than in that species. They have not the same thin acute external margin proximally nor strong
intermarginal thickening distally seen in the same, but are of more uniform proportions. The hyosternal preserved
is the distal portion, while that of O. emarginatus is chiefly proximal. It is however obviously a thinner plate than in
the latter, and more as in Propleura sopita. The anterior margin preserved is that between the episternal and
axillary portions; it is regularly thinned out; the distal part of the bone is flat, and the median suture toothed. A
short free margin indicates a mesosternal fontanelle. Median and posterior fontanelles also present.
Measurements. In. Lin.
Length second marginal, 3 0.75
Width “* se (external) 2 4,
Length fifth os 2 11
Width ‘° ae (below) 2
Length seventh ‘“ 3 2.
Width BG af (below) 2 8.
Length tenth i 3 3.
Width *< ut (external) 3 10.5
Length of a vertebral bone, 2 5.
SWarclisl = ae a 1 9.5
From end of xiphisternal notch to anterior margin of hyposternal, 2 6.
Greatest width episternal, 2 4.5
Portions of another individual from Barnesboro, confirm the characters already given, and indicate the largest
of the group known by the shell alone.
The remains are the first and eleventh marginal bones of the right side, and the fifth of the left, with the nuchal
and numerous costals, including the humeral or first costal. Also several vertebral bones, with parts of the sternum,
the scapula, coracoid, femora, etc.
The marginals exhibit the characters of the genus, the eleventh particularly, which is wanting in the first
specimen, exhibiting asuture for union with pygal bone. It is therefore produced much beyond the suture of the
marginal seuta, a peculiarity not existing in any species of Propleura. The same bone is relatively considerably
stouter than in P. sopita. The first marginal is deeper and shorter than in the same, and the fifth differs in the same
way, and is much wider as well. The nuchal is concave and arched medially, and bears a well marked marginal
scutum: The adjacent scutum on each side is relatively shorter than any of the others, and has an oblique inner
suture.
The vertebral bones are narrower than in the O. platylomus and are elongate oval in outline behind. They
present superiorly a shallow longitudinal groove interrupted at the middle of the length.
The scapula presents a short coracoid articular surface. The procoracoid is flattened in the plane of the scapula.
AMERI. PHILOSO. SOC.—VOL. XIV. 35
138 : _ THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTIUIA
The femur presents the usual constricted cylindric shaft, with trochanters whose planes include an angle a little
less than 90°.
In. Lin.
Length of eleventh marginal, 3 6.5
Width # re 4 28
Width of a costal, 3 2:
« “** first marginal, 22.5
Length os fe 2 ie
«¢ nuchal bone, 5)
“¢ vertebral, 2
3
Width ae 15.
Diameter shaft of femur, 7
OSTEOPYGIS CHELYDRINUS, Cope, Sp. nov.
This large and most distinct species was found in the same locality as the preceding. It is unfortunately only
represented by ten marginal plates more or less perfect, and portions of some costals, but these are sufficient to indicate
some of its peculiarities. It combines more of the peculiarities of Chelydra in these pieces, as Euclastes does in the
physiognomy of its cranium.
The marginal bones are relatively much shorter than in any of the other species. It is however referred to this
genus with certainty since the anterior rib-bearing marginal bone has been united with the middle dise by suture,
and some of those posterior are ossified within the common margin of the costal and marginal scuta. The outer
margin of these and of the median bones of the series, is very heavy, but little produced, but projecting from a
concave upper face. ‘The inferior faces of the posterior median are convex and produced inwards further than usual,
and joins the inner face by an obtuse angle. The rib-pits extend deeply, or to within a short distance of the surface.
One posterior marginalis thicker than in O. emarginatus andhas a convex inferior face. The upper margin
of the inner face is prolonged above the lower. The rib-pit is round; the dermal suture well marked. On this bone ~
the character of the posterior outline is marked. The anterior half of the margin is quite concave, leaving a strong
and prominent angle at the extremity of the dermal suture. This is much stronger than those seen in Catapleura
repanda, though the bone described is more posterior than those of the latter.
The surface of the posterior bone has some faint vascular grooves; the others are without them, but are of a
coarse texture.
Measurements. In Lin.
Length posterior marginal, 2 9.3
Width oS yy 3 2.
Depth ce “*_- within, 9.5
Width lower face middle marginal, il ols
Length anterior united marginal, 2 6.
Width ss a0 be 1 9
Width dermal scute on same, if os)
Thickness costal bone, 4,
PROPLEURA, Core.
This genus of Chelydrinae is intermediate between Osteopygis and Lytoloma, present-
ing more characters of the former than of the latter, so far as regards the carapace. ‘The
marginal bones are free behind, except probably that the median is attached to the
posterior supernumerary vertebral (this piece is lost in my specimens); and the series of
marginal dermal scuta are connected by a median marginal cut off from the anterior
AND AVES OF NORTIL AMERICA. . 139
vertebral, as in Chelone. This occurs in Osteopygis. ‘The anterior connection between
the carapacial disc and margin is more as in Osteopygis. ‘The first marginal has a weak
connection with the disc, but is almost free posteriorly ; the edge of the second marginal
is broken, but I have doubts whether it was attached as in the known species of Osteo-
pygis by the margin; it was supported by a strong rib as in that genus, a point in which
both differ from Chelone.
Fig. 39.
Carapace of Prorptzura Sorira, restored.
.
The femur has the slender shank of Osteopygis; the humerus is broad and stout.
I. Margins of posterior marginals regular or convex.
Upper and lower inner margins of 8th marginal bone equal, with cylindric fossa,
width 5 the length—that is much longer than in the O. platylomus: vertebral scuta clon-
gate, little dilated at lateral angles; width 5th marginal bone little over .6 the length.
SOPITA.
140 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
The accompanying cut is a restoration of the typical species of the genus, and may be
compared with those of the genera preceding and following. Like the others, it is derived
from a great number of broken fragments which have been arranged and attached. On
one side the dermal sutures have been omitted for clearness sake.
The structure of the sternum appears to be identical with that of Osteopygis.
It may be added that the genus Euclastes, Cope, was established on the cranium of a
turtle, which will perhaps be found to enter either this genus or Osteopygis, in either of
which cases it will have priority of publication.
PROPLEURA SOPITA, Leidy.
Chelone sopita, Leidy, Cretac. Rept. N. Amer. Smiths. contr. xii., 104. Osteopygis s., Cope, Pr. A. N.S., Phila.,
1868, 147.
This species is indicated by two marginal bones, part of a costal, half a femur, a tarsal and two phalanges, which
lay in close proximity in a block of the Timber creek Limestone taken from the quarry of Barclay Edwards, near
Harrisonville, Salem county, N. J. The original specimen, several marginal bones of one individual, are in the
State Collection of New Jersey, while the specimens also described and figured by Leidy in the Cretaceous Reptiles,
I can scarcely refer to the same species.
The principal evidence, however, on which this species rests, is a partially complete carapace and plastron, with
some limb bones from the marl excavations at Birmingham, N. J.; and for which the Academy of Natural Sciences is
indebted to Judson Gaskill, one of the proprietors. The portions preserved are the first, third, fourth, seventh to
caudal marginal bones of one or both sides; the front vertebral, with numerous costals and the hyo- hypo, and frag-
ments of epi- and xiphisternal elements.
The specimen is of about the same size as that on which Osteopygis emarginatus, frcm the same place is chiefiy
based, and the anterior marginal bones are similar in proportions to those of the latter, and not so broad in relation
to their length as in O. platylomus. In some other respects it approaches nearer the otter, which seems to stand
rather between it and the O. emarginatus. ;
The front marginals are of about the same length as those of the O. platylomus, but are very much thinner and
lighter. The external margin of the first is convex and continuous, with a marked concavity of the nuchal bone,
which is slighter in O. platylomus, and is wanting in O. emarginatus. The posterior part of the first is of increased
thickness, while the second is still more rapidly heavier. They have no groove on the inner inferior edge, but a wide,
shallow one externally. This is weak on the third; the external face of the fourth exhibits a slight continuation of
it ; the same face of the fifth is regularly concave. The superior face of the seventh is gently concave, and the inferior
more strongly convex. The edge of the eighth is slightly everted, while the more posterior areflat. The rib-pitsare
round conic, those from the ninth posteriorly not completed above, from the thinness of the bones. The edges of the
posterior bones are not prolonged within that dermal sutural groove. The intermarginal dermal grooves are more
indistinct in this species than in others, or at least are so in the three specimens I have seen. The costo-marginal
suture is not visible either on the fourth or any more anterior marginal bone.
In Lin.
Length of edge of nuchal marginal, 4 6
Length of first marginal. 2 9.6
Width of * sé 1 9.6
Width of fourth ‘ above (greatest) 2
Width of ** yl below (median) 1 2.5
Length of ‘ Ne 2 11.2
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 141
In Lin.
Length of seventh marginal, 3 1.4
Thickness of ‘ a posteriorly 11.5
Width of uD M6 below 2 2.5
Width of eleventh He above 3 6
Length of a a (median) 3 3
Large portions of many costal bones are preserved. These show the ossification to have been more extensive than
in the species of Chelone. Their thickness is more uniform than in some species. The capitula of the ribs are round,
and are on subcylindric bases. The anterior is peculiar for its flattened form ; on its anterior margin is a broad rugose
band, which contracts into a groove on the side of the capitular process. The dermal sutures are quite distinct. The
vertebral scuta are longer than wide, with bracket-shaped lateral sutures, little prolonged at the angles. One of the
transverse intervertebral sutures is strongly concave, probably backward. Where the capitulum springs from the
inferior surface of the costal bone, there are usually six, or more or less, radiating short grooves, pointing towards it
as a centre.
In Lin.
Width of costal bone, 1 7.2
Thickness ‘‘ ** on margin, 3
Length poster half lateral suture vertebral scute, 2 2
Width vertebral scute on costal bone (greatest) 2 4
Large portions of both hyosternals and both hyposternals are preserved, with fragments of an epi- and xiphisternal.
The inguinal margin is strongly curved and thickened ; its median portion is concave, with a sharp margin below.
The axillary thinned medially and inwardly, and thickened outwardly. The hyposternals are also thinned towards
he hyosternals. The episternal is acuminate posteriorly, and steeply bevelled on the outer margin. The xiphis-
ternal is attached as in osteopygis, by a groove on its inner face, embracing the margin of the hyosternal. This
groove is, relatively, considerably shorter than in the two species of that genus known. The proportions of the bone
are narrower than in them; the edge is thin, and the surface rises abruptly from it over a thickening which does
not appear in either of the before mentioned species. The external sutural process is also more posterior. The
margin of the hyosternals is thinner than in O. emarginatus, and they thicken inwardly as well as outwardly ; they
only thicken outwardly in O. platylomus.
Lin.
Width hyosternal, 24.5
Thickness inguinal margin hyposternal, 5.8
Width xiphisternal (cross axis) at end inner hyposternal groove, 19
Width episternal two inches from proximal end, 14.5
A perfect femur, and a humerus with the head injured, were procured with the other bones. The former is
characterized by its slender shaft, the great antero-posterior extent of its united head and great trochanter, and the
large transverse extent of the condyles. In general form it is much more like Chelys than Chelone, though in the
points mentioned it exceeds the former. The articular surface of the head is very convex, and is prolonged in a
narrow band along the summit of the great trochanter. The little trochanter stands nearly at right angles to the
first. The shaft is sub-round medially. Compared with the femur described under Taphrosphys molops, but which
may belong to Propleura augusta, the inner tubercle is not so prominent and acute, and the posterior projections of
the condyles are not so strong. The head of the uncertain femur is not projected so far forwards, andis much more
convex ; the great trochanter is not continuous with it, hence the articular surface is not prolonged.
In. Lin.
Length of femur, 5 3
Width of head and trochanter, . 22
Width of condyles, 18
AMERI. PHILOSO. SOC.—VOL XIV. 35
142 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
The humerus is curved like the femur, but is flatter and broader as compared with the other dimensions. The
shank is flattened, and the condyles relatively less dilated transversely than those of the femur. Inside the inner
distal inargin is a deep open groove, for the passage of the humeral artery. The coracoid has a constricted shaft ;
its clavicular articular face is short, and the suture smooth. In Trionyx, the latter is longer and interlocking.
In.
Estimated length carapace, 26
Estimated width ug 24
The following characters are observed in the Harrisonville specimen :
The species differs from the Osteopyges in its relatively wider posterior marginal plate, with very indistinct
dermal sutures ; though the surface is fully preserved and the vascular grooves distinct, these are very faint. The
costal pit is less flattened, and the inner margins of the plate are equal, the upper being less prolonged. The ante-
rior marginal differs from the same in O. emarginatus, in lacking an open groove within the lower margin. The form
of the femur has been noticed in the remarks on the genus. It is considerably curved, and with a slender shaft.
The inner condyle is the larger, and within it is a compressed longitudinal ridge. Surface striate with small ridges.
Edge of the posterior marginal bone slightly recuryed.
In Lin
Length eighth marginal, i 5) 7.5
Width fie af 3 1.5 «
Depth ae “ at rib pit, 11.5
oe last anter. marginal with rib at margin, 9.5
Width condyles femur, ule 9.7
Diameter shaft near middle, 8.5
Length phalange, i 1
The Euclastes platyops, Cope, is only known-from a cranium found in the same limestone. The present species
bears some nearer relation to that in dimensions than any known.
A. very large specimen of this species was presented to the author by Jolin Miers, who procured it from his pit near
Hornerstown, from the upper cretaceous green sand. Its dimensions exceed those of any of the other Chelydrinae,
yet they present the incomplete extension of the union of the marginal and carapacial bones characteristic of the
genus.
In. Lin.
Length of ninth marginal 4 4
Width, 3 6
Depth (medially within), i 2
Length tenth marginal, 4 1
Width, 4 1
These marginals are opened by J. 7. c. marginate at the end of the inter-marginal scutal sutures. The measure-
ments of the proximal extremity of the humerus give further indication of its proportions.
Length of the condyle and deltoid ridge, 2 9
sie es “¢ alone, 1
a “s postero-inter‘or crest, 1
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 143
CATAPLEURA, Cope.
In this genus, as in the two preceding, the carapacial disc is united by suture to two
marginal bones, on each side of the nuchal bone, forming a solid arch. What the mode
of attachment between the two may be posteriorly, material is not sufficient to deter-
mine; but from the form of some tenth and ninth marginals, I suspect that this union is
not so great as in Osteopygis, but rather as in Propleura, by the caudal marginal only.
There is a nuchal scutum, as in the last genus. What distinguishes it from that genus, as
well as from Osteopygis, is the entire absence of the rib and pit articulation between the
second marginal and the corresponding costal bones. It is in this respect similar to Che-
lydra, and to Chelone, counting one rib less than in Propleura. From the similarity in
thickness and form of the first marginal, I suppose the genus Lytoloma to have been simi-
lar to the present, in this respect, and a supposed second marginal confirms the view.
The only species of this genus yet known is peculiar in the form of the nuchal margi-
nal. It is not wider than the first and second marginals, and does not, therefore, extend
over the front of the carapace, as in Osteopygis, Chelydra and Chelone. It is intermedi-
ate in extent in Propleura sopita, while it is identical in formin the Lytoloma jeanesii.
The natural position of the type species is, therefore, plain enough. In the present genus
and Propleura the form of this piece is perhaps of not more than specific value.
I. The margins of the posterior marginal plates repand or concave.
Posterior lateral bones, with upper margin produced within, narrow; width 6-7ths
length, margin openly repand; anterior marginal scuta 22; long as wide, many of these
bones confluent with disc, none concave on outer surface.
C. REPANDA,
CATAPLEURA REPANDA, Cope.
Osteopygis repandus, Cope, Proc. A. N. Sci., Phila., 1868, p. 147.
This species is based on remains of one individual, which is represented by parts or wholes of ten marginal and
of many costal plates. Its size is smaller than the preceding species, and it is further characterized by the repand
outline of the posterior marginals with obtuse points at the dermal sutures. The middle marginals are concave in-
stead of convex below, as inO. emarginatus. The narrow anterior marginals are convex on the outer surface, and
bear very elongate scutes, which are narrower than in any other species. Five of these marginal bones have been
united above by suture to vertebral or costal plates, indicating the same degree of ossification as in O. emargina-
tus. The dermal sutures are less marked than in that species, but are indistinct, asin P. sopita. On two costal
plates, the margins of these are distinct. They are straight, make open angles with the transverse grooves, and with
each other, and indicate scutes longer than broad. The costal bones are plane, longitudinally, but considerably de-
curved from and below the middle. The costal ridge is distinct throughout, and narrow, and extends obliquely to
the posterior suture, and then projects shortly for attachment to the marginal bone. The costal heads present at their
posterior bases an acute ridge, which diverges posteriorly, embracing a strong groove between it and the body of the rib:
both extend but a short distance posteriorly. I have not seen this feature in the ribs of the O. emarginatus, and O.
platylomus.
144 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
The vascular grooves are quite distinct, forming short, straight and zigzag, sometimes crossing grooves. In the
posterior or wider marginals, the upper inner margin is produced inwards above the lower. The rib pits are round.
None of the marginal bones have recurved edges.
Measurements. In. Lin.
Width of a posterior marginal, 2 1.5
Depth ‘“ Oo HG within, 1
Depth ‘‘ananterior “ at edge, a
Length ‘‘ a a 2 4.5
Width ‘“‘ ue be 1 9
Width of dermal scute on same, 9
Width of middle marginal, above 1 9
‘Width we ca below 1
Length of costal bone on eurye, 5
Width g GG 66 1 11
Thickness of costal bone at middle margin, 2.0
The specimens on which this species are based were obtained from the pits of the West Jersey Marl Company,
near Barnesboro, Gloucester county, New Jersey, and were presented to the author by I. C. Voorhees, Superin-
tendent there.
LYTOLOMA, Cope.
This genus is more like Chelone than any of the Chelydrine forms here described.
The characters are derived solely from portions of the carapace which are preserved, and
are as follows :
The marginal bones free from the carapace except at the anterior and posterior por-
tions, narrow anteriorly, expanded behind.
The evidence for these characters consists: first, of a median and a first marginal bone
of a species from the green sand of Barnesboro; second, of two marginals and a mandi-
bular arch from Birmingham ; third, of four consecutive posterior marginals from Mullica
Hill; fourth, of parts of a skeleton from Hornerstown. ‘The first represents the Chelo-
nioid freedom of all but the nuchal marginal plate, in front, by the entirety of the margins of
the first. The second presents a free anterior marginal, and a narrow middle marginal
with rib pit. The third probably belonged to the same species as the last, and presents
in the inner margins an absence of the disposition to expansion, which exists in the genus
Osteopygis, where the union of disc and marginals is extensive. It appears to have been
similar to the genus Propleura in the posterior part of the carapace.
Two species of the genus appear to be indicated by the material at my disposal, which
can be thus distinguished. 7
The anterior (first and probably second) marginals with entire convex margin.
L, JEANESII.
The anterior (second and probably first) marginals with openly emarginate margin.
P, ANGUSTA.
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 145
LYTOLOMA JEANESIT, Cope, Spec. Nov.
This turtle is known by two marginal bones, the nuchal with its suture for the first vertebral distinct, and the
first with the usual divergent suture for union with the nuchal. A second specimen, which I owe to the liberality of
John Meirs, was taken from the lower part of the upper Greensand bed at Hornerstown, Monmouth county, N. J.
It shows its relationship to the Catapleura repanda in the narrow proportions of the nuchal bone, which thus
resembles an ordinary marginal, and differs entirely from the form in Chelydra and Chelone. Another point of simi-
larity is the union of this bone with the first marginal by a coarse gomphosis, the process pertaining to the latter.
Its marked peculiarity is the normally narrow and free first, and therefore second marginal bones. The first
gradually narrows inwardly, and is bordered by a regular, slightly concave, free margin. Its suture with the nuchal
is straight: its suture with the second has the entering angle near the outer margin seen in C. repanda, P. sopita,
ete. The rounded margin of the nuchal is not heavy; that of the first marginal is more so than in C. repanda, and
increases near the posterior suture.
An indistinct scutal suture crosses the middle of the marginal; but whether the marginal scuta are narrower than
the bone, cannot be determined. The line separating the first vertebral from the nuchal descends, or narrows the
nuchal scutum, but not so rapidly as in C. repanda, being straight instead of concave.
The first marginal bone is three-fifths as wide as long in the present species; in the C. repanda four-fifths as wide
as long.
Lines.
Width nuchal marginal, 16.5
Width ‘ seutum, 8.5
Width first marginal, 15.5
The Hornerstown specimen furnishes portions of several costals, and three marginals, with the head of the
humerus. They were taken by the writer from the green sand, in natural relation; they indicate an animal of as
large size as the Osteopygis emarginatus, and demonstrate that the characters on which this genus rests, although
those of immature Osteopyges, are nevertheless those of adult animals.
The superior margin of the first marginal is entire, and rather thin, showing its complete separation from the
carapacial disc. The outer margin is somewhat thickened, and the proximal extremity exhibits the usual wedge-
shaped articulation. Length exteriorly, 33 in.; width, 1 in. 51. A lateral marginal, perhaps the sixth, is remarkable
for its narrow form, and the nearly equal measurements of the three chords of its transverse section. The external
face is thus very oblique and the margin not at all recurved, or in any way emarginate. The rib pit is round conic.
Length, 3 in. 9 1.; external face, 1 in. 6 lin. wide; internal chord, 1 in. 51. The inferior and superior inner margins
are alike thin and acute. Width of a costal bone, 3 in. 6lin; depth near sutural margin, 3lines. Diameter humeral
condyle, 1 in. 6 lin. The costal bones are without sculpture.
Discovered in the upper green sand-bed or the upper Cretaceous, near Barnesboro, Gloucester Co., and
Hornerstown, Monmouth Co., N. J.
This species is named after Joseph Jeanes, of this city, an active and liberal member of the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia.
LYTOLOMA ANGUSTA, Cope.
Chelone sopita, Leidy. Cretac. Rept. U. S. Smithsonian Contrib., XII., p. 105 (Second Specimen), Tab. .
ILE, fig: 2!
Posterior and lateral marginal bones, withthe upper margins, not produced beyond the lower. The second with
a deep, open emargination, the length twice the average breadth. Width of fifth .5 length, the superior surface con-
caye; vertebral scuta wide, angles produced.
This species is at present indicated by a mandible and some marginal and costal bones. These are, however, so
characteristic and different from anything hitherto observed in the Cretaceous Green Sand of New Jersey as to de-
AMERI. PHILOSO. SOC.—VOL XIY. 37
146 THE EXTINCT BATRACIIA, REPTILIA
mand record. Its form suggests the same portion of the Thalassochelys planimentum and Th. crassicostatus of
Owen (Chelone Ow.) from the Eocene of England; but it is much more obtuse, and broader, in relation to its length,
than either of these. As the extent of the symphysis among Testudinata bears some relation to the position of the
posterior opening of the nares, the pertinence of this jaw to the Huclastes platyops suggests itself. Its flatness and
shallowness, and want of recurved alveolar margins, are appropriate to the shallowness and small alveolar margin of
the maxillo-palatine face. There is, however, no trace of that elevation and acumination of the extremity of the
symphysis, associated with the premaxillary concavity and foramen to the nasal meatus, which is to be looked for,
and which occurs to some extent even where the foramen is wanting, ¢é. g., in the Thalassochelys caouana. In its spe-
cific features, it is different from the EH. platyops in its greater abbreviation. In the former, the width at
the anterior margins of the coronoid process is to the median length anterior to the line between these points, as
2:4-5; in the latter, measuring on the cranium below, as 2:1 3-5.
In this species the posterior margin of the symphysis is opposite the anterior part of the coronoid bone ; the an-
terior margin of the coronoid elevation of the dentale measures the posterior or third of the symphysis. The sutures of
the dentale with other elements nowhere consolidated. The internal groove passes round the hinder face of the arch,
situated deeply between the prolongations of the superior and inferior plates. Mandible beneath, flat, abruptly ris-
ing to the alveolar ridge. Thisis broken away, but from fragments of surface remaining, has been but little elevated.
Superior alveolar faces, nearly plane, slightly elevated longitudinally on the median line, where the surface is slightly
striate. Portions of the superficial plate remaining offer no evidence of an upward curvature, though a small portion
of the extremity has been worn off.
A striking feature in this species is the size and depth of the fossa for the insertion of the masseter muscle. It
is relatively greater than in any of the recent Chelonide which I have seen, and indicates great muscular power.
This necessitates the shortness of the mandible, as it is less strengthened in the vertical direction than the modern
species. The mental foramen entersin the anterior portion of this fossa. The dental foramen, of equal size, enters
below the middle of the coronoid bone. The wall of the fossa is the inferior plate of the mentum prolonged into a
strong ridge.
Measurements. ; Lines.
Length of symphyseal line, 20
Width at anterior margins, coronoid processes, 42.7
‘¢ apices coronoid bones, 42.7
Elevation apices coronoid bones, 19
Depth at symphysis behind, 8
Two portions of peculiar marginal bones, from the left side of the carapace of one of the Cheloniidae, found at
the same time and place as preceding, have much the same mineral character, and probably belong to it. The piece
from the median margin is quite thick on the inner face, which, with the upper face, is concave; lower, slightly
convex.
Lines.
Depth within, 10.5
Width below, 15.5
Width above, 12.5
Fossa for costal extremity, open conic.
A portion of what is perhaps a fourth left marginal, is triangular in section, each side concaye, the inner face
most extensive. The margin is obtuse, and presents an open concavity, thus connecting the forms of the second and
fifth bones here described.
Width of inferior margin, 9.5 lines. =
Second marginal very shallow, vertically ; a very open emargination between dermal shields, which have left a
shallow sutural groove. Jt presents a narrow truncate inner margin, and there is no rib-pit in it.
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA, 147
Lines.
Depth within (distally), te
Greatest width, 16.5
Width at emargination, 13.5
A costal bone of the right side, with its external portion broken away, accompanied the above, but probably does
nol belong to the same species. It is thin, and the head of the rib is almost cylindric. The surface is marked with
delicate vascular grooves, which are largely parallel to each other. The external angle of a vertebral scute falls near
the posterior border 2.3 inches from the vertebral suture, indicating considerable breadth. The angle is right. The
anterior outer suture is slightly concave, and begins to assume a nearly longitudinal direction on the costal suture;
one inch from the vertebral.
Lines.
Width of bone, 23.5
Thickness at lateral suture, 2.5
Longer vertebral suture, 14
The specimen indicating this species was found near Pemberton, Burlington Co., N. J., and was presented to the
Museum of the Academy by Dr. Samuel Ashhurst. At the same time and place were found plates anda broken femur
of correlative size of a large individual of Prochonias sulcatus; the latter measured 18 lines across head, and 16 across
. condyles. ‘There were also remains of Adocus, Hyposaurus, Holops, and Mosasaurus.
Prof. Leidy describes (Cretaceous Reptiles) two species of Marine Turtles—Chelone sopita, and Chelone ornata.
There is no evidence that the mandible herein described pertained to either of these species, and the identification of
the accompanying marginal bones indicates a considerable difference. These are in the present species concave be-
low, in the P. sopita convex or plane. In L. angusta the suture of the dermal scutes marks an entrant angle; in the
P. sopita, a projecting one. The same bones are relatively narrower than in any of the species of Osteopygis, and
have planer margins, and round pits. Their narrowness suggests that the extremital marginals may have been still
less united with the disc than in the species of Propleura.
This species is also known from the three marginal bones, and part of a fourth, described and figured by Dr.
Leidy, asabove. I suppose them to be from the sixth to the ninth of the left side, inclusive. The animal has suffered
an injury, as a deep notch is cut in the margin between the eighth and ninth, and another just behind the rib-pit of
the ninth.
The species differs markedly from the P. sopita in the flatness and slenderness of the more lateral marginal bones,
and were it not for the posterior marginal of the P. angusta preserved, might be referred to that tortoise. The inner
edge of the seventh is not so deep as in the P. sopita, and the breadth relatively less; the same is true of the sixth.
The superior edge is prolonged but little beyond the inferior. The pits for the coastal pegs are behind the line of the
posterior two-fifths of the length, on allthe bones. Pits round conic, inner edges equal. Margin from seventh slightly
curved up.
Lines.
Width sixth, 18
Depth ‘‘ on inner border, 10.5
“¢ seventh ue ss 9
Length “ “c ue 31.5
Width ‘ (average, 20.5
Width of eighth, 7 the length.
From the upper Cretaceous Green Sand Bed, Mullica Hill, Gloucester Co., N. J.
EUCLASTES.
Cope, Proceedings Academy Nat. Sciences, 1867, p. 39.
148 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
This genus was established on a species, represented by a single imperfect cranium,
procured by 'Thomas Heritage from his marl excavations, near Hurfftown, in Camden
Co., N. J. The matrix in which it is preserved is very similar to that near Vincentown,
in which the cranium of the Thoracosaurus neocaesariensis was discovered, being a coarse,
granular limestone.
The physiognomy of this large turtle in the obliquely expanded zygomata and short
muzzle is like the Pleurodire genera Podocnemis Wagl. among recent Chelonia, and Bo-
thremys Leidy, of the same age, among extinct forms. Its completely over-arching tem-
poral fossae add to the impression of its affinity to the former genus, but on inspection of
the vomer, it is found to be as in the true Cheloniidac, largely developed on the palatal
surface between the o. 0. maxillaria, and to extend to a posteriorly situated nareal open-
ing. ‘Though this element is unossified in the Chelonioid types of Pleurodira, Peltoce-
phalus and Podocnemis, it is well developed in the family Chelydidae, (Agassiz) and the
peculiarity of the cretaceous species might still exist in this suborder. As it is a mat-
ter of much interest to determine the precedence in time of the two suborders of the Che-
lonians, I have taken pains to remove the matrix from the orbital and nasal cavities, so as
to determine the structure of the pre-frontal bone. As I have elsewhere pointed out, this
sends downward a column to the vomer, either vertically or directed obliquely inwards,
in all the Cryptodira, while in the Pleurodira the column is wanting.
The diagnosis will be as follows: That of the Bothremys a Hydraspid, which has fur-
nished the only other cranium from the same formation, is introduced. It also has the
vomer osseous extensively in contact with the maxillaries on the palatine surface.
BOTHREMYS, Lezdy.
Posterior nares separating vomer from o. o. palatina; premaxillary margin concave,
involute; alveolar profoundly concave, vomerine surface a sulcus; nasal meatus floored
in front.
EUCLASTES, Cope.
Maxillaries and palatines separated throughout by the prolonged vomer; posterior
nares opposite palatal front margin of orbits ; premaxillary margin projecting beak-like ;
alveolar face little concave, vomer forming a central ridge. Floor of nasal meatus perfo-
rate for hook of mandible.
While Bothremys had an inferior mouth and projecting muzzle, as in the modern Hy-
draspides, the nostrils of the Euclastes were superior and behind the short projecting beak.
The orbits are not, as in the Macrochelys of the Mississippi, far anterior and reduced in
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 149
size ; but their centres are distant from the end of the muzzle (measured axially) mere than
one-third the total length of the cranium.
The descending portion of the pre-frontal is very wide, and equal to the width of the
maxillary outside the lachrymal foramen; the latter is small. Internally, the columns of
the prefrontals converge below to nearly an acute angle, and are directed forwards along
the vomer. They restrict the nasal meatus extensively, leaving its diameter less than that
of the columns. On the muzzle the pre-frontals have but a short common suture, admit-
ting the frontal far between them. ‘The internal nostrils have a diameter each side the
septum equal to that between the pre-frontals.
EUCLASTES PLATYOPS, Cope.
Premaxillaries narrow, rounded in front; maxillary outline, nearly straight to below anterior rim of orbits,
where the breadth of the muzzle is 4 inches, length to end of muzzle only 2. Plane from top of prefrontals to maxillary
margin straight, oblique maxillary margin with a gentle sigmoid flexure; Squamosal much expanded below and behind
orbits. Frontal region flat, parietalrising behind; nasal meatus subquadrate, slightly narrowed below, its palatal fora-
men with a free lateral osseous margin. Alveolar ridge divergent, little projecting above the oblique surface; the
latter is most concave behind on each side of the vomer, presents no ridges, and few nutritious foramina. Line of
common suture of o. 0. maxillaria in front of yomer, ina sulcus. Palatines cuneiform with everted margins posteri-
orly, latter most elevated on each side the small choanal opening, which is bounded in front by the projecting posterior
knob of the yomer. The maxillaries are very massive, and underlie more than two-thirds the area of the orbits; they
receive a very extensive descending portion of the prefrontals, their union extending so far towards the median line
as to leave but a narrow nasal meatus. This offers a powerful resistant face to the motion of the mandibles. The
posterior orbital margin is .75 inch in thickness, and is at right angles to its alveolar margin. Pterygoids almost
entirely broken away. The following measurements will furnish the best data for a comprehension of the form in
detail.
In. Lin.
Total length cranium, 11
Breadth behind orbits, 8 6.
«between poster. margins orbits, 5 2.5
Least interorbital width, 2 2.5
Width of nasal meatus, 1 2.5
Depth premaxillaries, 1
«¢ maxillary at middle orbit, il 5
«¢ squamosal at zygomatic arch, 2
Length naso-prefrontals, ; 2 3
- ub cK common suture, 4
‘¢ common suture frontals, 2
“¢. from anterior margin orbit to nasal meatus, 11.
Go: “* premaxillary margin to end yomer, 3 9.
Width posterior nares together, 1 ila)
*¢ palatine bone opposite end of vomer, . 9
** vyomer near anterior extremity, wll
Greatest diameter of orbit, 2 6
Least es oe
AMERI. PHILOSO. SOC.—VONn. XIV. 38
150 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
The broad, regular alveolar surfaces have no doubt supported a massive corneous table, in some degree like that
of Platypeltis ferox, and with little or no external cutting margin. This arrangement, as well as the compactness
of structure, are appropriate to a nutrition dependent on crushing more or less hard bodies, as molluscus. That the
Ostreae, Terebratulae, etc., of the sea coasts or estuaries in which it lived formed much of its food, is therefore quite
probable. i
Estimating the proportions to have been similar to those of Chelydra serpentina,* the dimensions of the Euclas-
tes platyops were——
Ft. In.
Length from end muzzle to end tail, 6 10.
‘¢ of carapace, 2 8.5
This species belongs most probably to one of the genera of the same type here de-
scribed, but whether to Peritresius, Propleura or Osteopygis, is not as yet ascertainable.
In any case, Euclastes is an older name than either of the above. .
PERITRESIUS, Cope.
This genus is proposed to express the characters of the Chelone ornata of Leidy.
Nothing is known of the species but a costal and parts of two adjacent marginal bones.
These are covered with coarse tubercles, as in some Trionyx, and more as in Prochonias
nodosus. ‘There are no dermal sutures on the specimens, and it is not probable that
the dermal covering was corneous or scutiform. The pit for the rib is very small and flat,
and not at all as in Chelone. Were it not that the head of the nb is not so flattened as
in Trionychidae, I should imagine the genus might be allied to Emyda, or the Trionyches,
with marginal bones. With our present knowledge, it is better that the costal bone should
remain near Peritresius.
The structure of the costal bone above the inferior or costal layers is vesicular. The
entire freedom of the marginal bone separates the form from any of our known Pleurodira.
PERITRESIUS ORNATUS, Lezdy.
Chelone ornata, Leidy, Proc. A. N. Sei., 1856, 803 Cretaceous Rept., 1. c.
Marginal bones, covered with coarse tubercles in the middle, and coarse ridges near the sutures, which are wider
than the intervals between them.
New Jersey,
TRIONYCHIDAE,
Seven species of this family have been found in the North American strata, all
referable to
* Compared inappositely with Hydraspis maxtmiliant in the original description.
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. pis
TRIONYX, Geof'r.
Costal bone transversely figured by narrow elevated ridges. T. LIMA.
Costal bone with thick, low transverse ridges, which are connected by cross-ribs,
which leave series of pits.
T. PRISCUS.
Costal bones with transverse irregular grooves proximally, which remain along the
suture only distally, leaving a triangular area of a shallow honey-comb pattern medially.
Large, massive; the grooves of the shell widens the intervening ridges.
T. PENNATUS.
Smaller, light; the grooves much wider than the fine separating ridges.
Z T. BUIEI.
Costal bones with a shallow coarse hone 7-comb pattern tendine to confluence dis-
y) b) y) 5
tally.
The vertebral seoments shorter and wider 5 shell heav 7 much arched.
5 5) y 2 ;
T. HALOPHILUS.
The vertebral seoments of the carapace lone and narrow: shell thinner, flat.
(o) fo) 5) 5
T. GUTTATUS.
TRIONYX HALOPHILUS, Cope.
Proc. A. N. Sci., Phila., 1869, p. 12.
Established upon numerous portions of vertebral sternal and costal plates, from near Summit Bridge, Newcastle
Co., Delaware, and from Camden Co., New Jersey; both from the lower bed of marl, according to Cook’s explana-
tion of the Cretaceous period.
This species differs from the Trionyx priscus Leidy, in the character of its sculpture. It is pitted coarsely and
regularly, five to six in an inch on a costal or vertebral plate. In the Tr. priscus the pits are considerably smaller,
and disposed in series across the costal plates, which are separated by ridges stronger and more elevated than those
that separate the pits themselves. The same arrangement is visible on a portion of a xiphisternal bone, from green
sand, near Petersburg, Va., in the collection of John 8. Haines, member of the Academy, with portions of costal
plates, all referable to the Tr. priscas. The specimen described by Leidy was from Monmouth Co., N. J. The con-
fluence of several of the pits proqguces a somewhat similar appearance, as is common among Trionyches, on the outer
margin of the second costal plate from the front on the left side, and probably on the extremities of the other plates,
none of which are preserved. On a portion of a sternal plate, probably xiphisternal, the pits are equal and regularly
distributed, but much smaller than on a costal, to the number of ten in an inch.
One costal bears a portion of the head of the rib; one vertebral a nearly complete centrum and neural arch, and
another, pleurapophyses. Of a perfect vertebral plate the length and width are equal; the anterior suture concaye,
the posterior convex. The costal sezments are markedly curved. ‘I'he following measurements will furnish further
characters.
152 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
Lin
Length of vertebral plate, 16.25
aC anterior suture plate, 7.5
Cb “lateral suture plate, . 7.25
a posterior <‘¢ 26 ee : 11.
sf Ee suture, 10.
Diameter of neural canal, 2.25
Length of centrum yertebra, No. 2, 18.75
Width ns behind diapophyses, ie
“cc 66 at 73 : 12.
Depth a with plate, anteriorly, 12.
Width of costal plate No. 1, 17.
oe head of rib on No. 1 at origin, ae
Width costal plate, No. 3, 21.25
o6 a6 a6 5, 25.5
Thickness of costal plate at 28.25 lines from prox. suture, 4.5
rt second plate at rib on outer margin, 6.25
oe vertebral plate near margin, 3.79
The costal plate of Trionyx, mentioned by Leidy (Cretaceous Reptiles, 113), from Burlington Co., N. J., proba-
bly pertains to the same species. Besides the localities above alluded to for the Tr. priscus, Leidy records a probably
third cretaceous species from the Mississippi. The marine habitat of some of these species becomes quite probable,
for both individuals and species are perhaps too numerous for all to have wandered from the mouths of rivers. We
have the authority of Duchaillu for the statement that the Aspidonectes aspilus is found occasionally at sea, outside
the mouths of the rivers, where it occurs in tropical western Africa.
TRIONYX GUTTATUS. Leidy.
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1869, p. 66.
Tertiary, at Church Buttes, near Fort Bridger, Wyoming Territory, discovered by Dr. F. VY. Hayden.
TRIONYX FOVEATUS, Letdy.
Pr. A. N.S8., 1860, p. 148.
From the Upper Jurassic Bad Lands of the Judith River, Nebraska.
TRIONYX PENNATUS, Cope. . :
Pr. A. N. Sci.; 1869, p. 12.
This species is represented by the distal half or less of a single costal bone. It indicates a large species of size
similar to the Trionyx-priscus, Leidy, and of a peculiar and handsome style of sculpture. The bone thickens distally,
and the margin is heavy and truncate, and rises abruptly above the free extremity of the rib proper. The general
surface is plane; the structure consists of strong sulci, which are as wide as the intervening ribs, which diverge
slightly outwards on each side of a narrow plane line, which extends on each side along the inter-costal suture.
Proximally, these grooves are continuous across the costal bone, forming a very open chevron, pointing outwards;
but they shorten, and are separated by a triangular area of sub-round pits, which are not regular nor corres-
ponding with the sulci; the latter shorten to the margin of the bone. The diameter of the pit is often smaller
than that of the sulci.
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 153
Lines.
Width costal bone, 25:
Thickness proximally, 3.
& distally, 4.5
& at base of free rib, 6.
Sulci in an inch, five.
Locality—The upper bed of Green Sand in Monmouth Co., N. J. In the collection of O. B. Kinne, Director
of the marl pits at Squankum.
TRIONYX BUIEI, Cope, Sp. Nov.
This species is represented by numerous costal bones in a more or less fragmentary condition. They resemble
somewhat those of the T. pennatus. There are narrow transverse ridges extending in slightly curved lines from the
margins to a distance inward on the costal bones. Near the middle of the length of the bone they are interrupted by
irregularities and cross-ridges, producing a honey-comb arrangement, while more distally the ridges and included
grooves are more continuous. Five intervals are included in six lines. Thickness of the costal bone at lateral suture,
2.2 lines.
From the Miocene, near Mt. Olive, Duplin County, N. C. Obtained by the Geological Survey of North Carolina
by Prof. W. C. Kerr, Director. Dedicated to Dr. D. H. Buie, of Wilmington, N. C., a geologist and naturalist.
TRIONYX PRISCUS, Leidy.
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1852, p. 329. Cretaceous Reptiles, Tab.
From the Cretaceous green-sand of New Jersey.
TRIONYX LIMA, Cope.
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1869, p. 12.
This species is known by a costal bone, of which the proximal part has been broken away. It is the largest
of our Trionyches.
The distal end of the bone is oblique and slightly concave; it is remarkably thick. The superficial sculp-
ture is its strongest mark. This consists of numerous narrow, much elevated transverse ridges, which are finest
and most closely arranged distally. They are irregular in their course, presenting occasional short interruptions,
and rarely inosculate. The irregularities are most abundant proximally. The distance between the ridges is greater
than the width of the same. There are five in a half inch distally, and 4.5 proximally. Probably on the proximal
extremity of the costal bones the ridges are much more irregular, as they are generally less longitudinal there than
distally in all our species. :
Thickness at middle, distally, 9 lines; thickness at fractured edge, proximally, 6 lines.
From the Miocene marl of Cumberland Co., N. J. Found by John Hummel.
CHELONIIDAE.
No species referable with certainty to the present family, have been found in North American beds older than
the Tertiaries.
CHELONE GRANDAEVA, Letdy.
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1861, p. 303.
This large species was originally characterized from a number of vertebral bones. Since then more abundant
material has enabled me to ascertain its characters more precisely.
AMERICA. PHILO. SOC.—VOL. XIV. 39
154 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
The ossification of the disc is perhaps more extensive than in C. mydas, if the small size of the extremities of
the ribs be indication. They are very flat in both directions. The surface is smooth, or with only the vascular
grooves found in the species of the family generally. A nuchal or marginal vertebral is partially preserved, having
lost the posterior portion. The margin is heavy, thinner than as usual medially, and with a little irregularity where
the dermal scutum crosses. The suture with the first marginal is nearly straight, except that the latter sends a flat
process a considerable distance over the posterior face of the former. ,
The right scapula and part of the procoracoid are preserved. These have the extensive union characteristic of
Chelone, and the short coracoid suture. The scapula is flattened so as to be antero-posterior above, transverse below.
The procoracoid is strongly compressed to a vertical section. The head and great trochanter of the femur are pre-
served. These also present the characters of Chelone. The little trochanter is on the shaft some distance below the
head. All but its base is lost. The great trochanter is higher than the head, and is a plane at right angles to the
plane of the latter. Its extremity is conic, and its connecting portion contracted and descending below the line of
the head.
: Lines.
Width of costal bone, 39.5
Thickness 06 at suture, 6.
au of nuchal bone at marginal suture, 9.
Length neck scapulo-procoracoid, 42.
Width ‘ uC 18.
Length coracoid suture, 18.
Depth procoracoid at middle, 16.
Length scapula to infer. side, 38.
Width os extremity, 20.
Transverse diameter shaft femur, 22.8
Diameter shaft and great trochanter, 45.3
The accompanying cuts show the forms of the head of the femur and of the scapula.
Another specimen in the museum of the Academy, from the same locality, exhibits the characters of four margi-
nal bones and a fragment of one of the hyosternals. In general characters the middle and posterior of the former are
~ Fig. 41.
like those of Propleura; the anterior presents the characteristic slenderness seen in Chelone. One end of the latter
is broken; the remainder measures four inches in length, 22.5 lines in width, and only 10.5 lines in depth medially,
being flat and thin. The outer margin is flat and entire. The inner presents two shallow pits at its posterior part,
close together, the hinder partly on the suture with the adjoining marginal, and directed a little forwards; the an-
terior directed backwards. As this is probably the anterior rib-bearing, or third marginal, it looks probable that
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 155
the free rib of the corresponding costal bone is directed obliquely backwards to the posterior part of the marginal
and somewhat in the line of the outer extremity of the costal, instead of parallel to its lateral sutures, as in the
others, which brings the rib to the middle of the marginal bone. That this is the case, is proven by the extremity
of the corresponding costal bone. The direction or the free portion of the rib, instead of being parallel to the
inter-costal suture, makes with it an angle of about 35°. Thisis a marked character, and not present, so far as I
am aware, in any of the recent species.
A more median marginal is thick, and quite trigonal in section, and narrower than in the Propleuras: width
below, 28.5 lines; depth of inner (concave) face, 21.5 lines; the measurements are approximate, as the margins are
worn. The margin has a strong emargination near the middle. Two more posterior marginals exhibit a pro-
nounced, but more open notch. Length of one of these 38 inches, 10.5 lines (median); width at notch, 30 lines;
greatest width, 34 lines; depth, 12 lines. Inferior face transversely convex, margin not revolute. In all, the dermal
intermarginal suture is distinct, crossing a little behind the middle.
The portion of hyosternal is that of a Chelone, and not Chelydriform.
Another species probably occurs in the same bed, but being indicated by the marginal of the young, it is not
ready for description.
CHELONE PARVITECTA, Cope.
Chelone Cope, Sp. Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1867, 148.
Fig. 42.
This species is indicated by a costal bone from Squan-
kum, N.J., and bya part of another from Charles County,
Maryland. It is characterized by its lightness, and by the
breadth of the dorsaldermal scutum, as compared with the
length of the bone, which indicates an abbreviation of the
latter, and relatively small size of the carapace. The char-
acter of the broad.scute and short costa is one of immatu-
rity; but the margins of the former are curved, indicating
length, and an adult outline; and the surface of the bone
has a peculiar sculpture, not found inthe C. grandaeva
Leidy, the other species from the same beds. The latter is
larger, and with smooth costal bones of regular thickness
in specimens of the same size as the present.
The costal of C. parvitecta is light. Its surface is eS
marked by longitudinal impressed grooves, which are more A iN
or Jess confluent; the surface is thus more or less tubercular.
On one of the sutures the grooves run transversely to the [GQ A
bone for about half its length. Within the suture of the ay
vertebral scutum the surface is strongly punctate; exter- ?
nal angle of vertebral scutum less than right; sutures well
marked. CHELONE MIDAS LINN.
In. Lin.
Length costal bone without rib, 5
uG ee to angle vertebral suture, 1 10.5
Median width costal bone, 1 :
Thickness es at rib, 4.2
ne ze at margin, 2.
Position—Probably the Miocene. The rib above described is in the collection of O.
156 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
B. Kinne, Director of the Sguankum Company’s marl excavations, Squankum, Monmouth
County, N. J.
PLEURODIRA.
This division of the order, now found only in the southern hemisphere, had, in Meso-
zoic and Cainozoic time, as is known to geologists, a much more extended distribution.
It has presented to various naturalists the appearance of a repetition under another type
of structure, of the groups of Cryptodira. Agassiz, in his contributions to the Natural Flis-
tory of the United States, Vol. L., states that he believes it to form. a series of families
parallel with those of the other suborder; but he does not attempt to define them. He
gives as types of these families Chelys, Sternothaerus, Pelomedusa, Hydraspis, Chelodina,
and Podocnemis. After some examination of their structure, assisted by an essay on
their cranial characters by Dr. Gray,* I believe that four such families exist, the types
of which are Pelomedusa, Sternothaerus, Hydraspis, and Podocnemis. I have al-
ready indicated the fact that Pelomedusa has the foot of the Testudinidae. I
also find that it has the rudimental intersternal bone, as figured by Wagler in
Podocnemis, and that Sternothaerus has this bone complete on each side, en-
tirely separating the hyo- and hyposternals, as in the extinct, and till now uncharacterized
family of the Pleurosternidae. The Hydraspididae have neither this bone nor a zygo-
matic arch, but a peculiar parieto-mastoid arch, as in the Chamaeleons. These characters
are shared by Chelys, Chelodina and others. Podocnemis adds to the zygomatic arch,
the lateral-intersternal bone, an Emydoid foot, and no parieto-mastoid arch.
The extinct species of the Pleurodira, as yet found in Europe, belong to the Sterno-
thaeridae and Podocnemididac. This I have readily determined from the good descrip-
tions and figures given by Professor Owen in the Paleontographical Society’s volumes.
STERNOTHAERIDAE.
To this family belongs the Platemys bullockii Owen, from the lower Eocene. It repre-
sents a genus which I call Dicgrerruum, which differs from Sternothaerus in having the an-
terior lobe of the sternum immobile, and two ranges of marginal plates, as in Pleuroster-
num and Chelone.
PODOCNEMIDIDAE.
To this family belong Emys laevis and Platemys bowerbankii of Owen, who com-
pares the latter species to Podocnemis. So far as I can see they both appear to belong
to the genus Podocnemis, and may be called Podocnemis laevis, and P. bowerbankii,
To this family may perhaps also belong the genus.
* Proc, Zool. Soc., London, 1864.
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. Lay
BOTHREMYS, Leidy.
Cretaceous Reptiles, p. 110-113, which differs from Podocnemis as Chelys does from
other Hydraspide, 7. ¢., in having an osseous vomer. ‘This is, however, only a generic
character. Its characters are more fully pointed out under Kuclastes, while we refer to
Leidy’s excellent description and figure for other details.
BOTHREMYS COOKU, Leidy.
Ts only known from a cranium from the Cretaceous Green Sand of Gloucester Co., N. J. It is in unusually
good preservation, but has not yet been associated with its carapace and other elements. It will probably be found
to belong to either the following genus, or Prochonias, in which case the latter becomes a synonyme.
Probably to the Podocnemidide also is to be referred the new genus,
TAPHROSPHYS, Cope.
American Naturalist, 1869, 90.
Which presents the characters of Podocnemis in several respects. It has like it an
inter-marginal sternal bone on each side, which does not extend to the median line, as in
Sternothaerus. ‘The other characters are as follows:
Ischium, with a small attachment on the posterior margin of the xiphisternal bone ;
pubis, with a linear attachment on the same, each well separated from the other. [lium
received into a deep, elongate pit on the last two costal elements of the carapace. Antero-
external angle of the hyosternal bone received into a strong pit near the margin of the
first costal. Postero-superior or inguinal prolongation of the hyposternal received into a
deep linear groove of the corresponding costal bone. Intergular dermal plate, intermar-
ginal; nuchal plate, none.
The marginal bones at the sterno-costal bridge have somewhat expanded margins,
though their inferior aspect is not in the plane of the sternum. ‘This point, and the ab-
sence of the nuchal scute, are points of resemblance to Podocnemis. ‘The latter genus
differs in having a marginal intergular and round pubic suture scar. The anterior or nu-
_chal marginal bone is much larger than the first or second lateral, and is opbyriform.,
being much wider behind than at the margin. ‘The vertebral bones are continued to be-
tween the costal bones which support the ilia in one example of T. molops only. There
are strong vertical inguinal and axillary supports of the carapace, which are transverse
continuations of the hyo- and hyposternal bones-in those positions, and their articulations
with the carapace are by a strong gomphosis.
In this genus, as well as in Podocnemis, the attachment of the marginal bones to the
AMERICA. PHILO. SOC.—VOL. XIV. 40.
158 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
costals is without gomphosis, and by light squamosal suture, except in front and at the
bridge, where the suture is closer and the bones thicker.
In three species the iliac pit has been seen in numerous specimens from both sides of
the carapace. In all cases it is very elongate, opening posteriorly on the plane of the
costal bone. It extends to near the margins of the last and penultimate costals, commen-
cing near the proximal or vertebral end. The pit which receives the axillary buttress is
well defined, near the extremity of the first costal bone ; the end opposite to it is crossed
by a suture of the first vertebral scutum ; a ridge also extends from the pit to the capitu-
lum: just anterior to the latter a strong crest probably represents the connate first rib,
which is free in some Emydide.
The posterior lobe of the plastron is deeply emarginate.
The materials on which the generic and specific characters of the tortoises imcluded
under this head have been based are abundant in the middle bed of Cretaceous Green
Sand in New Jersey, but are usually obtained in such a fragmentary condition as to require
much labor for their interpretation. The case has been especially difficult in the present
genus, owing to the difference in the sculpture of different parts of the same carapace.
These varieties are the longitudinal parallel grooved surface, the coarser and more finely
reticularly grooved, and the plane; the last either erose or smooth. The reticulate groove
is sometimes so deep, and the areolz so raised as to be truly tubercular.
These differences indicate both parts of the same species and different species. ‘The
longitudinal grooving is characteristic of the costal bones of Taphrosphys strenuus, and
the costal and some thoracic bones of T. molops. The reticulate sculpture is close on the ©
marginal bones of 'T. molops and T. sulcatus, closest on a portion of the bridge of the for-
mer. It is coarse and open on the abdominal bones of T. molops and T. sulcatus, but
often passes into an eroded surface, which gives no distinct pattern, but is generally
o, as to leave tu-
roughened. In P. nodosus the reticulate sculpture is so close and strong,
bercle-like interspaces ; while P. enodis is entirely smooth
Six species may be clearly distinguished. ‘They differ considerably in the forms of the
mesosternal bones, and their relations to the intergular scutum, which covers them in
part. The forms of the pubic and inguinal sutural articulations are also quite character-
istic, as well as the relative thickness of the shells. In size the species vary from that of
an average snapping turtle (T. leshanus) to that of the largest sea turtles (T. strenuus.)
Synopsis of Species.
« An azygus bone in front of the caudal marginal. Taphrosphys.
Mesosternum transverse, broader than long; intergular scute, not reaching the poste-
rior border; first vertebral scute shorter; shell heavy; pubic scar wide, much elevated ;
xiphisternum thin edged; large size. T. MOLOPS,
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 159
aa No azygus bone in front of caudal marginal. Prochonias.
Mesosternum transverse, intergular scute extending to its posterior suture; first ver-
tebral scute elongate backwards; shell thin; pubic scar wide, not elevated ; inguinal cos-
tal pit plane, xiphisternum thin edged; size medium. T. LONGINUCHUS.
Mesosternum longitudinal, narrowed; first vertebral scute shortened; costal bones
reticulate sculptured ; pubic scar long, narrowed, not elevated; inguinal costal pit plane;
xiphisternum thin edged ; size large. T. SULCATUS.
wa Posterior vertebrals not known.
Mesosternal bone as broad as long; the intergular scute not reaching its posterior
margin ; first vertebral scute shortened; inguinal costal pit plane; shell thin; size
smaller; pubic scar wedge-shaped. T. LESLIANUS.
Mesosternal? costal bones reticulate or parallel grooved ; inguinal costal pit elevated
inwardly, descending to usual plane distally, its fundus keeled; xiphisternum with thick
obtuse margin behind; shell thick, vesicular inferiorly; very large. P. STRENUUS.
Carapace thin, surface sculptured with tubercular, ridge-like or vermiform prominences
in strong relief; angle of bridge obtuse ; size large. P. NODOSUS.
Either Prochonias or Taphrosphys may hereafter be found to be identical with Both-
remys, Leidy.
TAPHROSPHYS MOLOPS, Cope.
Large, stout; costal bones, 8.6 inches in thickness at their proximal portions; the posterior narrower than the ante-
rior, and thinning out exceedingly at their extremities. Hyosternal 3.6 lines thick behind, costal plates with longi-
tudinal grooves, marginals and parts of plastron reticulate, other parts of plastron open reticulate, or with inosculating
striz. Proximal end of anterior rib-plates very coarsely reticulate. Vertebral scutes large, as broad or broader than
long, with straight margins. Some of the costal capitula small, others large, those of the first pair witha high pro-
jecting keel alongside of them, which have sutural extremity next the vertebra.
This species is indicated by many specimens. Among these may be mentioned a large part of the carapace and
plastron of an individual from near Barnesboro, fewer parts of another from Gloucester County, New Jersey, and
part of the carapace of two others from Birmingham, Burlington County. Also, one costal and two sternal bones, in
the possesslon of the State Survey of New Jersey, at New Brunswick, from the middle green sand bed of Tinton Falls.
Monmouth Co., N. J ., with fragmentary specimens from various other places.
These show the species to have been more massive than the P. sulcatus ; all the pieces, but more especially the
costal bones, are thicker and heavier.
The first costal bones are remarkable for a deep curved elongate pit with raised edges, for the purpose of receiving
the upper extremity of the hyosternal axillary buttress. It is deepest posteriorly, and is curved forwards and in-
wards. The distal margin presents two outlines, both thinned out and in contact with a marginal by a weak squamous
suture, without any gomphosis. Indeed, the recurrent part of the margin, which formed a notch in the dise, was not
160
THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
probably in contact with marginal bone till maturity. These costal bones are gently curved, and with longitudinal
shallow grooves of sculpture.
ment of another no doubt larger specimen, 7.9 lines.
served; the former is transverse diamond shape.
The individual of which the greatest num-
ber of fragments is preserved, is from near
Barnesboro, shows that the reticulate sculp-
ture of the marginal bones at the bridge is
distinct above, obsolete below. There are
three and parts of two others in the bridge
in Platemys and Emydoids; three of those
of P. sulcatus Leidy are known; two of
those of the present species are preserved.
Both have been wholly attached to the plas-
tron; one has an acute, but not thin or
recurved outer margin; the other is strongly
obtuse. All three of those of T. sulcatus
are, according to Leidy, thin and recurved.
In. Lin.
Length of obtuse marginal, 2 6
Width of inferior face 1 9
The edges of the anterior marginals are
thin and acute, not revolute nor notched.
In. Tin.
Width margin of median vertebro-
marginal bone, 1
Width marginal scutum, nextit, 2 6.
Length ‘° 2s 2 4.5
The free lateral margin of the hyposter-
nal is obtuse, not thickened or grooved,
thinning a little near the suture with the
xiphisternal.
The sternum in general is not thick in
this specimen; in the thickest portion of the
hypo-hyosternal suture 5 lines; in a frag-
The mesosternum, with the dermal sutures is fortunately pre-
The character of the plastron, except the hyosternal region, may
be learned from the accompanying cuts of restorations. <A cut of the axillary pit and its position is also given.
In a fine specimen from Hornerstown, for which I am indebted to Jno. G. Meirs, the lateral intersternal bones are
easily seen. They present a rounded interior outline, and apply to an equal extent of the hyo- and hyposternal bones.
They extend but one third the distance to the median longitudinal suture, and are much as in the Podocnemis of the
Amazon. Posterior lobe of plastron 10.5 in.wide, between inguinal notches.
One of the costal bones from Tinton Falls exhibits the pit for the inguinal buttress. It differs from that of the
pubis of the other specimens, and of P. princeps and P. enodis in not being situated on an elevated ridge or pedestal,
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 161
but is a narrow pit with the margins much raised, and with a delicate carina along its middle; sides little rugose.
Length of fossa 1.5 inches; it is parallel to the costal suture, at a distance of one inch.
The specimen from Birmingham accompained that of the Fig. 44.
Lytoloma angusta, and a femur. As the proximal region of
the latter has no resemblance to that of any Cheloniid, I
suspect it belongs to the genus Taphrosphys, especially as
its size relates to that of this species. Its peculiarity con-
sists in the head being very much compressed, and the great tro-
chanter smaller and in the same plane. The lesser trochanter is
opposite the middle of the side of the head, its plane being parallel
with that of the head, and connected with the latter by a thick
cross-bridge ; it is independent of the great trochanter. From
the outside the articular face of the head extends through an are
of 190°. The distal extremity of the femur is considerably like
that of the Propleura sopita. The shank is narrow, and rap-
idly expands to the condyles, and on the inner side into a
prominent rugose ridge. Condyle quite prominént below, the
inner most so; shank next to them striate. Middle of shank lost.
In. Lin.
Length of axillary pit, 1 7.5
Greatest width, 8.
Width on costal bone, Ca 0.5
Diameter head femur, 1 2.5
‘ condyles do., 1 4,
Another specimen from Barnesboro exhibits an azygus bone in contact with the caudal marginal. It resembles
the codéssified proximal portions of the last pair of costal bones, and bears with the penultimate the pit for attachment
of the crest of the ilium.
It appears, however, to be bounded by continuous suture posteriorly, and hence
is perhaps a vertebral bone.
Its surface, like that of the plastron, is reticulately grooved. Pubic suture grooved
medially directed inwards from lateral sternal margin, with high crest on outer edge, larger; margin of plastron
dilated, thin; marginal bones thick, with heavy margin.
The free margins of the xiphisternal thin out regularly to the flat inferior surface. The edges of the marginal
bones are, on the contrary, much thicker than the former, and than the same pieces in P. sulcatus, since the heavy
portion is much nearer the margin, Sutures of the scutes are apparent on these bones, and the anterior of the anal
scutum on the xiphisternal. The ischiadie scar is large and on an elevation; it is elevated on the outer margin, and
deeply grooved in the middle line. A sub-round elevation, with cross ridges, situated near the margin of the plastron,
is the attachment of the pubis. ‘
In. Lin.
Length of ischiadic suture, 2 1.5
Width ee gs 7.3
Distance from nearest margin behind, 1 6.5
The posterior vertebral has a peculiar form, and if correctly identified would indicate a short caudal and short-
ened ultimate costal bone. It is thicker than any of the costal bones of other species, and has at its anterior part
below, a short longitudinal ridge. Its sculpture is like that of the sternum, composed of inosculating grooves,
forming a coarse figure. Its anterior outline is transverse; antero-lateral, oblique; latero-posterior, straight longitudi-
nal not continuous with the former, but with a short margin at an obtuse angle, which proceeds from the antero-
lateral at a projecting right angle. Posterior suture concaye, to meet the posterior or caudal marginal. Latero-
posterior margin bevelled below. Penultimate costal narrowing proximally, and supporting the longitudinal
elevation which bounds the iliac pit anteriorly.
AMERI. PHILO. SOC.—VOL. XI1V.—41
162 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
In Lin
Antero-posterior extent of last vertebral, - 2 4.
Width to middle line, 1 7.5
Thickness in front, 8.
6G behind, 5.5
Width costal near head, 1 oy
Thickness costal near head, 5s
The presence of this azygus bone may be abnormal, in which case the group Prochonias will not be distinguished
, from Taphrosphys.
VAR. ENODIS, Cope.
This may be a smooth or worn individual of T. molops. The remains are in good condition, and do not appear
to have been eroded or corroded. It is indicated by a large portion of the plastron of a single individual from Barnes-
boro, N. J. It is a species of considerable size and solidity, and is distinguished by the entire absence of any sculp-
ture, or of grooves for the margins of horny scuta. The external margin of the whole length of the hyposternal bone
is of equal thickness and nearly equally obtuse, a circumstance uncommon among tortoises. The vertical portion of
this bone is massive, indicating strong union with the carapace. _The margin of the hyosternal, descending from the
bridge-process, is more compressed and acute, as are also other portions of the margin of the anterior lobe of the
sternum.
The ischiadic scar is not far behind the hyosternal suture, and is quite elevated on a broad base. It is wider
behind than before.
Measurements. In. Lin.
Length of hyosternal from middle of vertical process, 4 3.
Thickness of margin of do., 5.
Length of pubic scar, 1 10.2
Distance behind hyosternal suture, 1 2.5
Thickness of xiphisternal near do. suture, 5.
This may be an old T. molops worn smooth.
Position:—The upper green-sand bed of the upper cretaceous of New Jersey.
TAPHROSPHYS LONGINUCHUS, Cope.
Spec. nov.
Established on a nearly complete but much fractured individual, from the excavations of David Haines, N. Jersey.
This is one of the smaller species, and is of light construction, though rather stouter than the T. suleatus. In
many points it resembles the latter species, but differs in many others.
A marked peculiarity is seen in the greater posterior prolongation of the first vertebral dermal scutum. Its pos-'
terior suture enters the first costal bone considerably nearer the costal than the nuchal suture; it is considerably nearer
the nuchal than the costal in T. molops, T. sulcatus, and T. leslianus. The costo-first-vertebral dermal sutures are
thus less divergent than in T. leslianus, at least. The suture with the first vertebral bone is quite concave. The axil-
lary pit is strongly marked, but not so much so as in T. molops.
M. M.
Width first costal bone (proximal), 0.0645
Thickness (posterior), .0085
Width from costal suture to transverse dermal, 026
‘¢ axillary pit, -0125
Three vertebral bones indicate that the most elongate are not so slender as those of the genus Trionyx. The lat-
eral outlines are straight and make an open angle with each other, the short anterior and posterior are gently convex
backwards. The last vertebral bone is small and subround. Three rudimental vertebrals were attached beneath the
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 163
penultimate and ultimate costals, covering their sutural union, as indicated by sutural areas remaining. The penul-
timates are separated anteriorly by the round bone above mentioned; their posterior united halves supported the first
supernumerary vertebral. The remaining two were beneath the last pair of costals. Pygal bone sub-triangular with
two obtuse ridges medio-anteriorly, and a slight projection laterally in front. This whole region is precisely like that
in T. sulcatus.
The iliac pit is much like that in T. sulcatus, but the anterior bounding ridge is wanting for most of the length; the
distal extremity of the same, also, is not distinctly outlined. The inner margin is more so, by an elevated ridge or
ridges. Proximally its margin is partly formed by the rudimental costal, of a subcubic form attached by a suture in
‘a pit, as in T. sulcatus.
M. M.
Length average vertebral, 0.035
Width, greatest, -025
“¢ anterior, 0075
“< last vertebral, 019
Length ‘“ ee 017
s pygal, -061
eC united extremities two last costals, -036
Sg penultimate costal, . 104
The vertebral regarded as of average form exhibits but a short lamina or neural spine connecting the arch and su-
perior plate. The neural arch is not codssified with the centrum, and the capitular articular face is well developed.
The inguinal articular pit is strongly marked and rather wide; distally its fundus is continuous with the plane of
the costal bearing it.
M. M.
Length inguinal pit, — -032
Width ne ad -006
ef costal bone bearing it, 0475
ce average costal bone, 0.33
A marked character of the species is seen in the mesosternal bone, one-half of which is preserved. From the
acute angle formed by the extremity, it is evidently even more transverse than that of T. molops. The sutures are
very coarse, as in other species, the anterior directed forwards, the posterior outwards. The intergular scute is larger
than in the other species, as its right margin extends nearly to the outer and posterior sutures of the bone. All the
sutures of the plastron are coarse.
The axillary margin of the hyosternal is not thinned; that of the xiphisternal is thinned, and they enclose a wide
median emargination behind. Their extremities are not so acute as in one example of T. molops. The iliac scar is
very prominent and rugose. The pubic scar is longer and much wider in proportion to the general size, than in T.
sulcatus, and is wider behind than before. It is not elevated as in T. molops. Its sutural ridges are very numerous
and acute.
Length from median suture to xiphisternal posterior angle, 059
‘¢ xiphisternal scar, 037
Width ee “« (greatest), ; 0085
The marginals are like those of T. molops, on a smaller scale. The posteriors are light, the anterior heavier,
those of the bridge present a small angle, but not thin nor revolute. The reticulation is with their length. Length
and width of a posterior marginal about equal, viz: m. 0.0465.
The scapula is continued into a procoracoid with axis at right angles to it, and length of union not great, but
about as in Emydioid Pleurodira.
Diameter glenoid cavity. -014
Length of scapulo-procoracoid neck, -021
164 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
The humeri are short, with stout head and condyles, slender shaft, and considerable curvature. Head presented
inwards and upwards; condyles downwards, the outer angle most prominent. A slight tuberosity on inferior aspect
near inner angle. Outer outline of shaft quite concave. Deltoid ridge a prominent crest, its posterior margin falling
considerably short of the head; the outer margin continuous, convex. Postero-inferior crest broken; the planes of the
two make a little more than a right angle with each other.
M.
Total length humerus, (straight) .097
Diameter condyles, 025
ee deltoid crest to middle shaft, .02
& shaft at middle (transverse), .009
Nothing but a fragment of the great trochanter with head, is left of the femur. The former is continuous with
the latter, straight; with flat outer side, and narrow. Form quite as in Propleura.
This individual appears to be mature. Its remains are accompanied by a few fragments of a large individual, of
this species or T. sulcatus.
Position. The upper green sand bed of the Upper Cretaceous of New Jersey. Discovered by John Haines.
TAPHROSPHYS SULCATUS, Leidy.
Platemys sulcatus, Leidy. Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Phila., 1856, 303. Cretaceous Reptiles, 109. Tab.
XIX, fig. 4.
Pubis attached to a narrow, little elevated longitudinal sutural surface. Margins of sternum thin, flat; surface
deeply recticulate grooved; bones, especially the marginal, thin, light, costals thinned at margins; mesosternum longer
than wide.
This species is so fragile as to be rarely preserved in more than a few pieces. The largest part of a single indi-
vidual that has come under my notice, consists of the more or less complete posterior three costal bones of the cara-
pace, with last vertebral marginal, some anterior costals, xiphisternum, etc. Another similar series of fragments of
another individual was procured at the same time and place, 7. ¢., near Barnesboro, N. J.
These specimens show that the last pair of costals is not separated by a vertebral bone, and the penultimate
pair is only separated at their anterior part. This last vertebral is of reduced and rounded proportions; the one pre-
ceding it is of the normal form, 7. ¢., with elongate postero-lateral border. The costal capitula are developed on all the
bones. Sutural surfaces are present on the inferior face of the proximal and contiguous pairs of costal bones, for the
attachment of rudimental and inferiorly placed vertebral pieces. One elongate extends from the last true vertebral
over the anterior margin of the last pair of costals. The latter have two scars; the anterior rectangular, the posterior
ovate. The pygal bone is elongate ovate anteriorly; inferiorly it presents a flattened longitudinal ridge, and an ele-
vation on the anterior part of the lateral margin.
The last costal has a very irregular inferior surface. Its proximal part is thickened, and then rises outwardly
into the ridge, that margins the iliac pit. This ridge is most elevated on the capitulum, and develops an acute pro-
cess outwards from it. The posterior part of the pit is occupied by an ovoid bone, truncate outwardly where it articu-
lates with the ilium, which appears to be a rudimental costal element belonging to the second rudimental vertebral
piece. It presents a rudimental capitulum towards the latter.
Behind this piece a narrow transverse groove extends outwardly, and is bounded by a longer groove anteriorly
and a short one posteriorly. Near the distal extremity of the bone is a thickening, which terminates abruptly round
an ovate posterior margin. Its anterior margin is on the posterior edge of the preceding costal bone. The distal
margin sends a short process downwards.
The penultimate is characterized by the high crest a little in front of its posterior margin, proximally, which
encloses in front the iliac pit. The crest continues distally, and turning abruptly encloses the extremity of the pit.
The external margin of the last costal is strongly angulate; the penultimate less so. As in all of our Pleurodira,
the marginal sutures are half squamosal, and with striiform ridges.
The external sculpture is coarsely reticulate, tending to enclose areas longitudinal with the costals towards their
middle and distal portions. That of the marginal bones is closer. The dermal scuta are separated by sutures indis-
tinctly marked on the carapace in all the species of our Pleurodira. In this species the vertebrals are very broad,
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 165
and with external angles less than a right angle. It marks the proximal third of the costal bone. The posterior is
truncate behind; the pygal is considerably longer than broad.
Proximal halves of the two first costals, with the costal crest for the first pair of ribs, are preserved. The suture
for the first vertebral bone is little concave. The inter-vertebral dermal suture crosses it, just anterior to the point
opposite to the completed capitulum of the bone.
The xiphisternal, besides being much thinner relatively than that of Taphrosphys molops, is of different form;
while its hyposternal suture forms nearly a right angle with the common suture; in the latter species, an acute angle.
The pubic scar in P. sulcatus is of nearly the same length, but much narrower and less elevated. This I have ob-
served in five specimens. The posterior lobe of the sternum is deeply emarginate. The pubic scars in both converge
slightly anteriorly.
The second specimen, above mentioned, furnishes portions of marginal bones and sternal bridge. The latter pre-
sented an obtuse angle between the lateral and inferior planes. It also possesses the mesosternal, somewhat broken.
Its external angle is considerably more than right, and indicates a thin bone considerably longer than wide, and more
like that of P. leshianus than any other species of the genus.
Measurements of Spec. No. 1. In. Lin.
Length of ante~penult costal bone, Ti 9.
Width co proximally, 20.
es Oy distally, 2 7.
a penultimate proximally, 15.5
“¢ posterior vertebral, 14.5
as posterior costal proximally, 15.
te ue distally, 2 4.
Length of ee zt 9.
He iliac sear,
oe rudimental costal, Uc
ee caudal marginal, 2 10.
# suture between posterior pair marginal scutal, 19.
Width of caudal marginal, 2 7.5
This is a species of considerable size. The fragments originally described by Leidy are three united marginals
from the position of the sternal bridge. They show that these elements have a thin junction with both plastron and
carapace, and are not separate from the latter, as one might be led to suppose.
The marginals near the bridge have a flat and broad inferior surface, and are produced into a narrow slightly
recurved margin, while the free marginals have the external face plane—not recurved—and the internal thickened a
line within the margin.
What is probably a nuchal margin (from Barnesboro, Professor Cook’s Collection) is not thickened within, and
has, as in other genera, a much greater transverse extent posteriorly than at the margin. Its form is as follows:
Length, 2 in., 8 lin.; width, 2 in., 6.5 lm. <A peculiarity in the dermal markings is
that there is no nuchal scutum, but a suture as in the caudal marginal bone.
Two marginal bones, having the sculpture characteristic of this species, appear fos Cie =
to be referable to it after comparison with specimens in the Museum of the Academy. rt Be
One, a median posterior, is considerably shorter than the other, probably a posterior )
or lateral, a peculiarity not seen among living species. The latter has a thin edge, ch
is thickened along the line of the lower two-fifths the diameter, and then thins out to Ss
~
the upper suture, which is only 1.5 lines wide.
4 f
In. Lin. In. TaN. ; 5
Width of lateral plate, 3 0.5 Length of caudal, 2 7 5
Length “ 3 45 Width <“ Q 8
These plates are crossed in the usual manner by the sutures of the marginal and costal seuta. They are all from
the Birmingham pits.
AMERI. PHILO. SOC.—VOL. XIV.—42
166 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
The plastron of this species is relatively much thinner than in the other species of the genus.
A sternum, probably, of this species, is in my collection. It is unfortunately without the xiphisternal pieces, but
conforms in all respects with what we know of P. sulcatus. Its surface has been injured by pyrites. It is character-
Fig. 45. ized by its thinness and general lightness, as well as
by the singular form of the hyosternal element.
The remains consist of a large portion of the plas-
tron, and two costal bones, found in the marl ex-
cavations of the West Jersey Company, near Barnes-
boro.
The external surface of the plastron exhibits
neither sculpture nor impression of sutures of
scutes. It is slightly rugose in some places. The
free margin at the axillary and inguinal regions is
obtuse, but becomes thin a little distance before
reaching the episternal and sxiphisternal sutures, re-
spectively.
The suture between the hyo- and hyposternals is
Uy,
yyy
\WIL Yj a the margin to be an inch behind its junction with the
7
Y
Y
Y Yy Y Y mesosternum ; the reverse is the usual relation in
Y Ly tortoises. :
j/ YY | The bones of the plastron, while more than half
Y 7 Y| as wide again as those of A. beatus, are medi-
Hi}, Yo
straight and fine, while that between hypo- and-xi-
phisternals is straight and coarse. The longitudinal
median suture is irregular and very coarse. That
between hyo- and episternum is remarkable in its
direction, thus distinguishing the species from Ado-
cus pravus, with which this plastron might oth-
erwise be compared. It advances posteriorly on the
outer part of the hyosternal, causing its junction with
Y
Y ie ick; hick iner t
Y ally scarcely half so thick; the thickness increases to
within a certain distance of the outer margin. 3
The accompanying restoration of the plastron is
merely designed to illustrate the form and characters of the sutures described. The outlines of the mesosternum are
erroneous; the piece is longitudinal, not tranverse; it had not been obtained at the time the cut was made.
Measurements. In. Lin.
Total width plastron externally, within elevations of bridges, 11 10.
Length hyosternal, on margins, from first rise at axilla to episternal suture, 3 8.
From latter to mesosternal suture, 1 10.75
Thickness hyosternal at middle sut., oi
ob hyposternal eS nf
TAPHROSPHYS LESLIANUS, Cope.
This is a smaller and more delicate species than the last, and differs in many particulars. It is found on a single
individual, which, though not more than half the size of the T. sulcatus, is evidently adult. The portions preserved
are a considerable number of the element of carapace and plastron, but none other. The union of the costal and
marginal bonesis complete. The first costal has the same form as in T. molops, bearing as usual, a crest representing
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 166-—A
an anterior rib. The axilliary pit is less prominently margined by a high osseous wall, and it is elongate and curved
forwards, nearly reaching the margin of the bone. The rib head is complete.
With its fellow, it embraces a first vertebral, which is about twice as long as wide and six-sided. The sides are
in the order of their length: posterior (shortest), anterior, postero-lateral, antero-lateral. The anterior marginal is
narrow in front. It expands so much posteriorly as to make the first lateral almost triangular. The second marginal
is nearly quadrate. The edge of these marginals is thin above the nape, and thickens laterally. In the posterior it is
gradually thinned out and a very little reeurved. The second vertebral bone is not so long as broad: those following
increase gradually in length.
The narrow extent of the hyposternal bone in front of the inguinal crest indicates as in T. molops, an intermar-
ginal sternal. The sutures retires posteriorly from that point, suggesting the continuation of that bone towards the
middle line. The cavity of the plastron is extended well laterally at the bridge. The hypo-xiphisternal suture is
nearly transverse. The pubic scar is little elevated, and broadest posteriorly. Its median crest extends throughout
the whole length. The posterior margin of the xiphisternal is not preserved. The mesosternum is of a rounded form,
but obtusely pointed behind, and with lateral rounded projections. The posterior sutures are bevelled forwards and
upwards.
The sculpture is much like that of Taphrosphys sulcatus. The marginal bones have a delicate transverse reticula-
tion, and the costals a coarser longitudinal one. The under surfaces do not present any sculpture, perhaps, on account
of corrosive action.
M.
Length of last costal, -08
ie iliac pit, é .02
fg pubic scar, 024
aC third costal bone, -106
Width third (costal bone proximally), - 0242
‘ « “< (distally), .026
“Thickness “ eg (proximally), 007
het as ye (distally), -0025
Width first ue (greatest), 094
Length “‘ vertebral, 039
Width ‘ BG -0182
“second “ 02°
Length ‘ a 02
Length median marginal, -068
Width ee a (anterior), -0327
Gi He ae (posterior), -063
«¢ hyposternal, .063
Thickness ‘‘ ~004
Length wi -092
mesosternal, -0305
Width #e ~0315
The dermal scuta have been thin, as in other species of this group. The sutures are all straight except that be-
tween the first and second vertebrals, which is convex backwards. The vertebrals are broader than long, and their
external angle is near the middle of the length of the costal bones. The anterior vertebral is of longer form than the
others, somewhat like the frustrum of a triangle, of which the base is anterior. The second marginal is wider than
long; the third longer than wide. The intergular scutum is subtrigonal, the apex shortened by short facets, and ex-
tending three-fourths the distance to the posterior margin of the bone.
This species was discovered by my friend, Dr. Samuel Lockwood, who lent the single
and typical specimen from his private collection for description. It is dedicated to Prof.
J. P. Lesley, the Geologist, and Secretary of the American Philosophical Society.
166-8 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
TAPHROSPHYS STRENUUS, Cope.
This, the largest of our extinct Pleurodira, is represented by portions of three individuals.
The largest has been much broken up by the workmen, and many parts of the carapace and plastron are recogni-
zable in the larger and smaller fragments.
The various elements are of great thickness, proportionately as well as absolutely, so that this is the most mas-
sive as well as largest species of the genus; in two of the specimens the episternals are considerably thickened at the
anterior suture, a feature not seen in the next stoutest species, T. molops. In the first specimen, the costals have the
longitudinal reticulate sculpture; the marginals close reticulate, and the sternal bones are openly reticulate. The in-
guinal costal articular groove is characteristic. Instead of lying in one plane as in other species, it occupies the crest
of a ridge which ascends proximally to a considerable elevation, resembling in this, the pubic scar of T. molops. It
is, however. nearly smooth within and has no distal boundary; the fact of its being on the middle line of a costal bone,.
fixes its character.
One of the elements of the plastron at one of the sutural angles, exhibits an extensive overlapping, or squamosal
suture, to the extent of half the thickness of the bone, and distance of M. .028. The articular extremities of the two
scapule are remarkable for their size. The forms of the mesosternum, and marginal bones of the bridge are unknown.
The anterior marginals are thick and of coarse cellular structure. The posterior are thinned out to an edge.
M.
Width of ordinary costal, 0.061
Thickness ‘“ op 015
Width costal bearing inguinal groove, -084
Thickness ‘‘ “ ue 013
oe ‘at proximal part of groove, 037
Diameter articular and scapula, 065
& glenoid cavity (transverse), 044.
Thickness episternal at median suture, 023
General uniform thickness of hyposternal, 018
Of the second specimen numerous portions of carapace and plastron, with head of femur and coracoid, furnish
yarious characters.
The costal bones are marked with shallow grooves, more closely placed than in Taphr. molops, and with less
transverse inosculation. The marginals are rough from the reticulate sculpture. The abdominal surface presents a
coarser and less distinct sculpture of the same kind; its dermal sutures are also distinct.
The pubic scar is lost, but the ischiadie remains. It is obliquely oval, and very near the margin of the deep pos-
terior notch of the plastron. Anterior and exterior to it is the shallow fossa seen in the same position in T. strenuus.
The anterior lobe of the sternum has convergent margins, but is broadly truncate in front, each half of the margin
being slightly concave.
The point of union of the episternals is prominent, upwards and forwards. The margin of the posterior part of
the episternal, and anterior part of the hyosternal, is rather thinned out, without intermarginal ridge. The suture
between the two is at right angles to it, and at a little distance from it, it turns forward.
All the bones are thick except the costals, and the spongy layer is vesicular. The sutures of the costals are smooth
and dense, except opposite the spongy layer.
The femur is characterized by the wide expanse of its trochanters and slenderness of its shaft. The planes of the
former make an angle together of over 90°. The greater is nearly continuous with the head. The coracoid has two
short sutural, and one cotyloid articular faces; its shaft is contracted and slightly curved.
In. Lin.
Width plastron in front, 6 1.5
BS at hyo- episternal suture, 12 1.5
‘* from mesosternal to front margir, 20.
ee
costal, 2 3.5
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA, ]
i 167
In. Lin.
~ Thickness costal, 5.
ae marginal, 9.7
ee episternal (average), QD:
e xiphisternal near outer margin, 7.8
Expanse trochanters, 2 3.
Long diameter shaft femur, 8.
head of coracoid, 17.5
A large species is represented by numerous fragments from the Miocene marls of Eastern North Carolina, found
for the most part by the Geological Surveyors under Prof. Kerr. This genus is Cretaceous, and is probably intrusive
in Miocene beds. It occurs in fragments in connection with the cretaceous Dinosauria, Hipsibema Cope, and Hadro-
saurus Leidy, in the few places where they have been found. As the species cannot be well defined, I do not name it.
A large part of the left xiphisternal, with the adjacent part of the hyposternal, the former bearing the anterior
part of the pubic sutural scar, was found in the marl at James King’s. The size and thickness of the parts indicate
the largest species of the genus, being at least equal to the same parts in P. strenuus. As the pubic suture is not
preserved in the specimen of P. strenuus, I find the distinction to be only indicated by the structure of thé osseous
tissue. This is very much more dense than in the species found in New Jersey, where it is very spongy and open,
more so than in the other species. The inferior dense layer is thick, but not thicker than in P. strenuus. The infe-
rior surface is somewhat worn, and does not display marked structure. The pubic scar is elevated, and bears longi-
tudinal sutural ridges; it presents the usual obliquity inwards and forwards.
Lines.
Thickness at hyposternal suture, 9.5.
Width base pubic scar, 18.
TAPHROSPHYS NODOSUS, Cope.
This species is chiefly represented by a number of broken costal and marginal bones, from Hornerstown, Mon-
mouth County, New Jersey. A costal plate with rib-head from Tinton Falls, Monmouth County, is also in the col-
lection of the New Jersey Geological Survey, and I have found other portions near Barnesboro, Gloucester County.
It is one of the rarest, as well as most strikingly marked, of our extinct Testudinata.
The costal bones are thin for their size, which exceeds that of other species of our extinct Pleurodira except the
last. The prominent character is seen in the sculpture, which consists of elevated coarse ridges, forming a reti-
culate pattern, somewhat as in Trionyx, which are frequently broken into tubercles of various shapes, which are
again confluent in some places, forming shorter or longer ribs. These may be short, curved, or angulate; there is a
series of short straight ones radiating from the intercostal sutures on some of the costal bones. These projections
are everywhere in strong relief. Portions of two marginal bones fix the position of the species here, and forbid any
immediate affinity to the Trionychidae or Chelydrinae, though the resemblance to Peritresius ornatus cannot be over-
looked. These bones are marked by impressed pits, less marked than those of the costals. They present an obtuse
angle of faces, inclined at more than 90°, showing the bridge to be less angulate than in either P. sulcatus or Taph-
rosphys molops. On one of the costals traces of the intercostal dermal suture are visible in a continuous groove of the
sculpture. Width of a costal bone 2 in., 9 lin.
I am indebted to John Meirs for this specimen, which was found eighteen feet below the surface of the chocolate
marl, which lies below the upper bed of green sand.
Another individual is represented by a portion of the plastron taken from the chocolate marl near Barnesboro, at
a locality different from any of the other species. There is not enough preserved to exhibit the ischiadic attaehment;
it is therefore uncertain to what genus it belongs. It exhibits, however, the peculiar reticulate sculpture of the P.
princeps, but carried to a higher degree.
It differs in that the surface of the bone is tuberculately rugose, the grooves being deep and wide, and leaving
168 | THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
ridge-like and other elevations between them. On some portions of the surface they assume a longitudinal direction.
A portion of the margin is rather abrupt and thick. Thickness of bone, one inch from margin less than nearer the
same; greatest thickness, 6 lines.
ov.
Z
APPENDIX TO THE TESTUDINATA.
Lembonax, Cope.
Established on the remains of a marine turtle which presents the peculiarity of a regu-
lar continuous inner margin of the hyo- and hyposternal bones, without radiating processes
for intercalation with that of the opposite side, or emargination for the median fontanelle.
It follows either that there is no fontanelle, or that the fontanelle is continuous to the
xiphisternals, in either case differing from Chelone and Puppigerus. The hypo-xiphister-
nal suture is transverse, as in Emydidee, for a portion of its length nearest the median line;
or this element having transverse parallel sutural outlines may be intercalated between
hyo- and hyposternals, as in Pleurosternum, though this I consider altogether improbable.
The suture for the episternals oblique, and not squamosal, as in Chelone and Chelydra,
but by shallow gomphosis ; the anterior inner margin of the hyosternal retreating outwards
a little, and leaving space apparently for mesosternum: the hyo-hyposternal suture by
fine deep gomphosis; hyo-xiphisternal by shallow coarse gomphosis.
The common neck of the scapulo-procoracoid bone is short, and more like an Emydoid
than a Chelonioid.
On the whole, there is reason to suspect that this form is more nearly related to Che-
lydra than to Chelone.
Lembonax polemicus, Cope.
Spec. nov.
The sternum presents a longitudinal angle on each side, leaving the median plane portion of the sternal bones
rather narrow, as in species of Chelone. The angle is slight, the surface rounded. The inner face of the hyosternal
is strongly radiate-ridged towards the inner anterior angle, and the inner face of the margin serate; the posterior por-
tions of the margin_are slightly roughened. The inner margin of the hyposternal is regular, smooth, and thinned ob-
tusely; it is without radiating ridges.
The external surface is smooth, without sculpture.
The sternum has been small for the size of the animal, judging by indications furnished by the scapular glenoid
cavity. No portions of the carapace are preserved.
M. M.
Antero-posterior length hyosternal, : hoa
Width do. to longitudinal angle, -136
Antero-posterior extent hyposternal, 1525
Width do. to angle, 155
Long diameter extremity scapulo-procoracoid, 115
Do. neck of do., : .098
Do. distal extremity scapula, -059
This species was derived from the Eocene marl of New Jersey, where excavated by the Farmingdale and Squankum
Marl Company, to the Director of which, A. J. Smith, I am indebted for the specimens on which the present identifi-
cation are based.
~ AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 169
%
PTEROSAURIA:
RHABDOPELIX, Cope.
This genus and sp>cies are based upon numerous bones, mostly scattered, occurring in
a bed of very hard indurated siliceous clay, of a dark gray color, which intervenes between
the usual redder strata in the Triassic or Jurassic sand-stone of the Atlantic slope, at
Gwynnedd, Montgomery County, Pa. In the red slaty layers occur impressions of narrow
leaves, worm tracks and borings, scales of Ganoid Fishes, and rain-drop and ripple-marks.
The bones, which are very abundant, are indicated by thin black mineral layers which
do not effervesce in acid, and whose coloring matter, perhaps a phosphate of iron, with
some carbonaceous matter, becomes blue on exposure to the weather, and is finally alto-
gether dissolved or weathered away. In the cavities of many of the long bones may be
observed a deposit of carbonate of lime. All appear to have been more or less flattened,
and their walls are much attenuated. This, with the hardness of the matrix, has ren-
dered their preservation difficult, and their identification requires much care; and though
I have had them under careful observation, in the Museum of the Academy for three years,
I am hardly satisfied as to their affinities. It would appear as though quite a number of
individuals had mingled their remains in the accumulation, and perhaps more than
one species.
The specimens were discovered by the late President of the Academy, Dr. Isaac Lea,
who found considerable masses of the rock containing them, showing an accumulation
which has occupied some time in formation.
There are sufficient reasons why these bones cannot be referred to a Lacertilian. They
are, first, the presence of the Pterosaurian confluent ulna and radius, or tibia and fibula;
second, the existence of subspatuliform, distally free pubic elements; the apparently com-
plete pneumaticity of the long bones; the curvature and lack of condyles of most of the
latter.
The centra of the vertebrae are much depressed in part of the column, thus agreeing
with Pterosauria and some Lacertilia. Elongate cervical vertebrae are also characteristic
of the Pterosauria, but exist likewise in the genera Compsognathus and Dolichosaurus.
The centra of the vertebrae have projected considerably beyond the neural arch, and the
latter has supported an elevated longitudinal neural spine, both characters of Pterosauria.
Where the hypapophysis has existed it has been at the anterior extremity, as in Crocodilia
and Pterodactyles, and not behind, as in Iguania.
The remains do not pertain to Batrachia, for the following reasons: The creature was
of an elongate vertebral axis, and possessed none of the peculiar eleménts of the Anura;
AMERICA. PHILO. SOC.—VOL. xIv. 43
170 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
it was more like a Urodele form. But the vertebrae, interpreted by the zygapophyses
were procoelian, not opisthocoelian, the diapophyses were long and flattened from above,
and.there were elevated neural spines. Thus, while the elongate curved ribs do not differ ~
much from those of some Labyrinthodontians, the vertebrae and other bones are of
entirely different type.
RHABDOPELIX LONGISPINIS, Cope.
Pterodactylus longispinis, Cope, Proc. Academy Nat. Sci., Phila., 1866, p. 290.
Recognizable portions of the cranium are unfortunately wanting, except a toothed piece, which may belong to
some peripheral bone, or to the mandible. This is much crushed; the teeth are slender, straight—conic, with
expanded bases, from the centres of which the colored substitute for bone is wanting, as though they had been hol-
low pedestals. The teeth show no trace of the mode of attachment, and they may be continuous, and therefore mere
processes. Intervening edge very. straight.
Lines,
Greatest depth of bone, 3.
Length, embracing four teeth, 2.5
Length of tooth, 64
The distance between the teeth is nearly equal to the length of each tooth.
Of the vertebrae there are innumerable portions, fractured in many directions; some exposed condyloid surfaces;
numerous vertical views, and thirteen complete or nearly complete profile views, from different parts of the vertebral
column. The latter may be divided into those with, and those without, elevated neural arches. To the latter
belong, perhaps, some elements more elongate than any other vertebrae, and with centra of larger diameter, on which
no apophyses were visible; but from one extremity a centrum-like prolongation with terminal convex condyle, proxi-
mally slightly constricted. As these have been destroyed in the process of bringing out other pieces, their place and
nature are problematical. They have considerable resemblance to the cervical vertebrae of Pterodactylus longiros-
tris, as figured by Cuvier and Yon Meyer. The other vertebrae, with depressed neural arch, being probably caudal,
will be described later.
Of vertebrae with elevated neural arch, there are nine profiles, of which four have the neural spine a carina less
elevated, and five have much elevated apophyses. In all of these the positions of ball and socket, and of the
different zygapophyses, are very distinct. None of them have hypapophyses. The centrum bearing the posterior artic-
ulation or ball is considerably produced backwards and constricted slightly in front of the ball, though the diameter
of the latter is small, both it and the anterior socket being evidently transverse. The posterior or despectant zyga-
pophysis extends as far over the centrum as its condyloid extremity, in one vertebra farther, while a laterally
expanding ridge marks the anterior or surspectant zygapophysis. These vertebrae are perhaps anterior dorsals,
while those with elevated neural spines are median dorsals and lumbars. If this identification be correct, then
vertebrae with more compressed centra, hereafter mentioned, are probably lumbars.
Lines.
Length centrum, supposed anterior dorsal (No. 8), 4.
“¢ neural crest, 3.
“¢ at base neural arch, 2.
Depth, total, 3s
** centrum from anter. zygapophysis, 2.
fs ** anterior to condyle, 0.75
Of the supposed dorsals, one differs from the rest in its less elevated neural arch, and in its long narrow neural
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 171
spine, nearly over the posterior zygapophyses, and vertical to the plane of the centrum. The inferior outline of the
centrum of this, as of all the other vertebrae, is concave.
Lines.
Length of centrum, 3.75
ss top of neural arch, 2.
ee neural spine, 3.2
Depth from anterior zygapophysis, 1.75
Width of neural spine, il
Another fractured dorsal exhibits a broader neural spine, but its form cannot be accurately ascertained; in a
third its extent is nearly that of a neural arch, and it has considerable longitudinal breadth to its crest. The centrum
of this vertebra appears to be shorter than in the last, no doubt in harmony with its position as a rib-bearing dorsal.
Lines.
Length of centrum (No. 3), 3.5
«¢ below posterior zygapophysis, 2.
‘¢ neural arch, 3.
Height of vertebra (top of spine concealed), 6. (? +)
fe posterior zygapophysis, 2.5
Depth centrum at condyle, ieil
Length centrum (No. 15), : 3.2
Height of vertebra, 46
“* to posterior zygapophysis, 1.6
The anterior cotylus in this, as in all the other vertebrae, looks partly downwards. The superior anterior outline
of the neural spine is concave, as though the straight margin were cut away to half the depth of the spine. Whether
this is the natural form, or result of fracture of the matrix, is not readily ascertained; in another the full width is
carried four-fifths way up to the crest.
Of what are perhaps caudal vertebrae there are profiles of six, mostly with reverses; two are very perfect. In all
the inferior outline of the centrum it is markedly concave. No. 1, the most characteristic, differs from the others in
possessing a long acuminate process, projecting at an angle of 35° with the axis of the centrum immediately below the
posterior condyle; or, as the inferior part of the condyle is obscured by it, at the side of it. This may be looked upon
as a profile of a chevron bone, or as one of a pair of lateral central processes, such as go off anteriorly in Pterosauria,
Coeciliae, and Amphiumae; or, perhaps less probably, as a posterior hypophysis. That this may be the anterior ex-
terior extremity, though furnished with the condyle, is rendered more probable by the presence of a short obtuse pro-
cess immediately upon the column, and which cannot be other than the surspectant zygapophysis. It is, therefore,
quite possible that this vertebra is opisthocoelian, as Seeley* has pointed out the cervicals of Dimorphodon macronyx
to be. The neural arch stands only upon the two-thirds of the centrum, next the cotylus bearing extremity, and
offers the free projection of the despectant zygapophysis appropriate to the opposite extremity of a vertebra, like itself.
Below this extremity of the centrum is a keel-like zygapophysis of a right angled triangular form, the centrum being
the hypothenuse.
Lines.
Length of centrum, 3.5
* inferior spine, 1.25
Depth at cotylus without zygapophysis, 2.
A second and larger vertebra (No. 2) of the same type differs in the lack of zygapophysis above the condyle, and
of the spine below the same. The centrum is prolonged considerably beyond the line of the neural arch; at its oppo-
* Annals Magaz. Nat. Hist., 1865.
a2; THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
site extremity it bears a projecting obtusely truncate hypapophysis, whose outline is separated by an entrant angle,
from a similar process directed forwards and somewhat downwards. A strong lateral longitudinal ridge marks the
place of the surspectant or anterior zygapophysis; bunt if this interpretation be correct, then there is not on the
opposite, in that case posterior extremity of the last (No. 1), a despectant zygapophysis. The explanation of
these apophyses of No. 1 must be left for the present. Below the lateral ridge, one-third the length behind the
cotylus of No. 2, appears to be a foramen, resembling that described by Prof. Owen in Pterodactyles.* A second
vertebra (No. 5), and a third (No. 16a), closely resemble No. 2.
Lines.
Length of centrum No. 2, 5.8
6p neural arch, 4.5
Total depth at hypapophysis, 4.
Depth at middle of vertebra, 2:
“ of centrum near condyle, 1.5
Dorsal line slightly concave.
Two vertebrae (No. 16 and 17) exhibit characters intermediate between this type and that first described, as No. 8.
They have more depressed neural arch than the latter, and less inferior concavity than No. 2. The condyle is pro-
longed beyond the neural arch, and much depressed. ‘They may be dorsals which immediately follow the ceryvicals.
A fourth depressed vertebra resembles in miniature those first described as cervicals. Its proportions are rather
those of a phalange, as described for both caudals and cervicals of some Pterodactyles, and are obviously procoelian;
the inferior face concave, and the condyle-bearing centrum prolonged beyond the neural arch and slightly decuryed.
Lines.
Total length (No. 47), 5.
Length neural arch, 3.5
Depth anteriorly, 158)
“at middle, 1
No hypapophysis. ;
Views of eleven vertebrae from above are more or less complete, while many others are broken or not charac
teristic. Where the neural arch has not been destroyed a bifurcation appears at the extremity opposite the condyloid,
which is probably the two extremities of the surspectant or anterior zygapophyses, which are separated by a deep
notch. As they offer no trace of centrum above them, they are not probably the lateral inferior processes described
by Owen. The great length of the diapophyses is especially characteristic of a Pterosaurian. These are either narrow,
of nearly equal breadth (Nos. 28, 25, 26, 27); shorter and more dilated at the extremity (Nos. 31, 41) or still shorter,
and with obliquely truncate extremities (20, 41). The last are similar to those figured by Von Meyer as the lumbars of
Pt. longipelvis, and near them occur two bones, which can most probably be pubes. From a portion of matrix exhibiting
the extremity of a slender diapophysis, with two ribs issuing below it, it might be supposed that they were rib-
bearing, while one of the shorter and more spatuliform clearly bears the end of arib.
Lines.
Total expanse of No. 27, 14.25
Length centrum, 3.5
Width diapophysis at end, 1.1
Expanse No. 25, 14.5
Width diapophysis base, 1,75
a extremity, 1.5
Expanse No. 26, 9.6
Diameter neural canal, as
*® Philosophical Transactions, 1359,
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 173
In the last the vertebra is broken obliquely away, leaving the condyle at one extremity and the bifid surspectant
zygapophyses at the other, thus demonstrating their character. In No. 31 one face of the diapophysis is straight, the
distal dilatation being occasioned by the expansion of the opposite margin.
Lines.
Length of diapophysis, 6
Width distally, 2
At No. 20 there are four vertebrae in their natural succession, but separated and disarranged. There are no ribs
near them.
Lines.
Length body @ (anterior), 4.5
‘¢ diapophysis 0 (from body), 3.
ce OG Cc (G4 5.
None of the vertebrae exhibit from the vertical view the breadth dependent on longitudinal alae from the zygapo.
physes so common among the Lacertilia.
Of sections and views of the extremities of the vertebrae there are many. ‘They show the form of the neural
canal to have varied from vertically to transversely oval, and the neural arch to have been tectiform with plane
sides, when the canal is large, as in cervical and dorsal regions; but to have been flat where the neural canal is
transverse, as in the lumbar region. Of the former kind we have those with no, low, or elevated neural spines, and
the centra depressed; of the latter kind the neural spine elevated, and the centrum compressed. This form, which
Owen points out among the birds in the same region of Apetenodytes, occurs also, according to H. von Meyer, in the
lumbar region of Pterodactylus longipelvis Myr. Three exhibit a nearly cylindric form. Measurements of one of the
most compressed, from which no diapophyses proceed (perhaps lost):
Lines.
Depth of centrum, 2.
Width Ae 125)
Depth neural canal, 1.
A transyersely fractured vertebra, without centrum and with short neural spine and long diapophysis, is perhaps
a rib-bearing dorsal.
Lines.
Depth centrum, Wath
Heighth spine above canal, 3.
Of neural canal, il
Length diapophysis from axis vertebra, 5.8
There are remains of numerous long bones, but generally broken or uncharacteristic. The extremities when pre-
served are generally oval, without angles or processes. Some are so slender and straight, as to be probably referable
to wing phalanges. Three others are characteristic; one of these is quite of the form of Pterodactyle humerus,
haying an extensive proximal ala, with the transverse extent greater than the longitudinal; a slender shank and two
distal articular surfaces. This has belonged to a small individual; length only 7.6 lines. An equally characteristic
element is the ulno-radius, most probably. This is a moderately slender bone, with two nearly equal concave articu-
Jar surfaces at an extremity, which is slightly dilated. The other extremity has been more dilated, and of an elongate
oval form, without irregularities, as far as the specimen shows.
Lines.
Length, 14,
Width simple extremity, 2.5
*¢ shank, ileal
** cotyloid extremity, 2
AMERICA. PHILO. SOC.—VOL. XIv. 44
174 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
The cotylus bearing extremity is oblique, the cotyli being sub-lateral for a flexed articulation, as is always found
to be the case with the wrist of the Pterosauria, as well as the Aves. This bone resembles no little the same element
in another species, from Solenhofen.
There is in the private collection of Charles M. Wheatley, A. M., of Pheenixville, Pa., a specimen of two slender
cylindric articulated rods, in a fragment of bituminous slate from the tunnel at that place. These have been already
alluded to by Dr. Leidy* as probably indicating Pterosauria during this period, and though from a different bed from
that at Gwynnedd, may have belonged to an allied species. They are strongly confirmatory of the characters adduced
from the former. The phalanges have perhaps been second and third of a small individual, and neither are complete.
The stouter measures 10.25 lines in length, and 1.5 lines in width at its slightly dilated proximal extremity.
The greater part of a femur occurs among the Gwynnedd specimens. It has been considerably enlarged at appa-
rently the proximal extremity, where its section is subtrigonal, owing to a broad rising ridge with a shallow groove
on one side. The distal extremity is compressed in a direction at right angles to the proximal, and is oval in section.
No condyles preserved.
Lines.
Length of part preserved, 16.
Diameter at proximal fourth, 2.25
a narrowest portion,
A phalange (No. 43) appears to have belonged to the foot of a larger individual than any whose bones are above
identified. The proximal extremity is occupied by a cotylus; the distal follows immediately a constriction, and is
curved slightly upwards, furnishing an extensive longitudinally oval condyloid surface. It is immediately followed by
a portion of a succeeding bone, which may have been the ungueal phalange. Length, 4.5 lines; depth at cotylus,
1.1 line.
Two pairs of elements I have regarded as pubes, though they are narrower than usual in Pterosauria, and nearly
of the form of those of crocodiles. Their sizes differ, and are appropriate to the proportions of two individuals, to
which other elements appertained. In both cases the pubes are parallel to each other and near together; their
proximal extremities slightly dilated and concave; distal extremities much more dilated and convex. These are not
diapophyses broken off, as they are more constricted medially and dilated distally. The longer pair lie closer to the
series of vertebrae No. 20, which are sacral or lumbar, and have short, broad, and not dilated diapophyses.
Lines.
Length of one of longer pair, 5.2
Distal breadth, : 2.
Length of shorter, : 3.5
Distal breadth, 1.5
A short element, with terminal divaricating limbs, which are equal to it, and to each other, resembles the fur-
cula of Pterosauria from Solenhofen, and especially a similar element in the Megadactylus polyzelus. The
limbs are not strictly symmetrical, which may be owing to the character of the fracture, or to pressure; it may, how-
ever, indicate that they are a curved pterygoid with divergent ectopterygoid at one side. Length of shaft 3.3 lines;
of a limb, 1.75 lines; width of a slightly dilated extremity of the same limb, 1.4 lines.
Two similar pieces occur several times, which are of difficult interpretation. Each is subparallelogrammic with
one nearly straight side; the extremity is entirely occupied by the mouth of a deep, narrow emargination, which is,
therefore, bounded by two points, one of which is the longer. From the other side of the longer point projects a
rounded quadrate portion, whose outline comes into that of the point; its other outline is opposite the angle of
the emargination. Margin behind it broken.
If the preceding interpretations be correct, the genus Rhabdopelix had an elongate neck, with the long tail of
* Copied in Dana’s Manual of Geology.
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERIGA. 175
Archaeopteryx. Rhamphorhynchus, which most resembles it, differs in its simple teeth; and Dimorphodon, in its
opistho- or amphicoelian vertebrae.
Dimorphodon Owen has been up to the present time the oldest type of the Pterosauria, D. macronyx Buck. occur-
ring in the Lower Lias of England. The present species will therefore be of much interest, as originating in a sup-
posed Triassic formation, but indicating with the Megadactylus more probably Jurassic age. Perhaps the strata con-
tinuous between its horizon and that of Belodon* (Be. carolinensis) will point to the correctness of Wheatley’s+ pro-
position, that ‘‘ The true position may be determined like the San Casciano beds, intermediate between the Liassic
and Triassic formations, and forming a separate group, containing like those beds its own peculiar fossils.”’
As the first Pterosaur found in the Mesozoic formations of North America, the species is of interest as indicating
the future discovery of other forms of the same sub-class, which wide distribution will furnish additional illustra-
tions or the persistency of evanescence of types. Some of the remains, however, probably belong to the Symphypoda.
Fig. 46.
8
PYTHONOMORPHA.
Cope Proceed., Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1869, p. 253.
The genus Mosasaurus, since the discovery of the large specimen in the St. Peter’s
Mount, at Maestricht, has been a subject of discussion by many palaeontologists, and ever
*Vid. Cope, Proceedings Academy, 1866. + In Silliman’s Journal of Science and Arts, XXXII, 1861.
176 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
with unsatisfactory results. While Faujas believed it to be a crocodile, Camper and Cuvier _
regarded it as a lacertian, and placed it near the Monitor. In the latter relation it has
been allowed to remain by Goldfuss and Owen, who have since written upon it, and so it
continues to be regarded by all palaeontologists of the present day, who have expressed an
opinion on the subject.
I have, however, been able to demonstrate, by the light-of new material recently dis-
covered, that the Mosasauridae and Clidastidae constitute a peculiar order of Reptiles,
which possesses a combination of the characters of Serpents, with those of Lacertilia, and
some others of the Sauropterygia. The reason why, as I conceive, this genus and its allies
have been so little understood, has been a lack of analysis of the structure of portions of
the cranium little known, as well as of portions better known, and the lack of certainty
as to the structure of the limbs.
The characters of the order are as follows:
First. The teeth have no fangs.
Second. The opisthotic bone projects free from the cranium, and is the suspensorium
of the os quadratum.
Third. There is no columella.
Fourth. There is no symphysis mandibuli,
Fifth. The parietal is decurved posteriorly, and extends to the ?sphenoid, forming the
cranial wall in front of the prodtic.
Sixth. The subarticular and splenial elements of the mandible are connected by artic-
ular faces. °
Seventh, The vertebrae are very numerous, much exceeding one hundred, and frequently
present the zygosphen articulation.
Kighth. The abdominal cavity is long and is surrounded by many short curved ribs,
which have simple heads and a free antero-posterior movement on vertical articulating
surfaces, and which commence close behind the axis vertebra.
Ninth. The pterygoids are elongate and bear numerous teeth, and in one type are free
except at the extremities.
Tenth. The brain case is not fully ossified anteriorly.
Eleventh, Scapular and coracoid elements are present.
Twelfth. The caudal vertebrae are furnished with chevron bones.
Thirteenth. The squamosal bone is present.
Fourteenth. The angular bone is distinct.
Fifteenth. The os quadratum is moveably articulated to the opisthotic.
Sixteenth. The os quadratum embraces and encloses the meatus auditorius externus.
Seventeenth, The opisthotic is supported by a pedestal projecting from the cranial
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. LET
walls, composed of the prolonged prootic in front, and the exoccipital behind, which em-
braces the suspensorium for much of its length.
Kighteenth. The anterior limbs are fins, with all the elements in a single plane; the
radius incapable of rotation ; the humerus broad and flat.
Nineteenth. There are probably no hind limbs.
Of the above characters the first eight are those of serpents; the five characters follow-
ing the ninth are lacertian, while the seventeenth is peculiar, and not found in any
existing order of reptiles. ‘The eighteenth is characteristic of the Sauropterygia.
The characters of the teeth are much those of serpents, and much more different from
those of any Saurians. As without true dentinal fangs, they are serpent-like ; for the ossi-
fication of the pulp, which produces a fang-like support to the crown, is not more than a
subordinate character, like that of ossification or non-ossification of cartilages in many
existing orders. ‘The pterygoids, which are in contact medially in Mosasaurus, are largely
free in Liodon and in Clidastes; in the latter they bear teeth as abundantly as do
many serpents. Among the Lacertilia the dentition is either truly rhizodont (the Acro-
donta) or Pleurodont. ‘The teeth of the Varanidae are especially different from those of
the present order, and present only a modification of the pleurodont character. The outer
parapet of the jaw is low, and the shanks proportionately short ; they are in addition more
expanded than in most other pleurodont families. |
The characters preserved by the temporal region are highly peculiar and important in
determining the affinities of the group. ‘The discovery of its structure furnishes the de-
sired explanation of sundry enigmatical bones which occur not unfrequently in our Creta-
ceous formations. In the following diagnosis the present is compared with the three orders
to which it makes nearest approach.
Testudinata.
Opisthotic distinct, closely united with exoccipital squamosal and prootic, and sup-
porting squamosal and quadratum.
-Lacertilia.
Opisthotic distinct, closely attached to parictal arc, and at extremity to exoccipital
and prootic ; supporting squamosal and quadratum.
Pythonomorpha.
Opisthotic distinct, not or scarcely in contact with parietal are ; embraced at one end
by prootic and exoccipital, and supporting squamosal and quadratum.
Ophidia.
Opisthotic distinct, attached only to prootic, and supporting only quadratum.
There can be no doubt that the suspensorium of Mosasaurus is homologous with the
element in the tortoises called by Huxley opisthotic. It appears, also, to be homologous
AMERICA. PHILO. SOC.—VONl. XIV. 45.
178 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
to, and analogous with, the suspensorium of the Ophidia ; hence I conclude that the lat-
ter bone is the opisthotic, and not squamosal, as given by Huxley-(Elements Compar.
Anatomy); and the more, as it co-exists with a true squamosal in these extinct reptiles.
Internally it forms a very small or no part of the wall of the cranium, but is a solid plug
between the embracing laminae of the prootic and exoccipital. The two latter bones are
therefore unusually and peculiarly prolonged outwards, and unite by thin edges on both
the upper and inferior faces of the suspensorium. The fenestra ovale is at the base of the
infero-posterior face of the latter, and enters an exceedingly small vestibule. The fenes-
tra rotunda is immediately below it, and is funnel-shaped, with a small orifice. In the
small development of the auditory apparatus it is again like the serpents.
‘The mandibular arch is very much like that of serpents. The lack of symphysis gave
each ramus the independent motion which they possess in the Ophidia. The articulation
of the splenial and subarticular is a character not seen in any lacertian, but is highly char-
acteristic of the Boaeform Serpents of the genera Loxocemus and Eryx, though it does not
occur in Boa proper, nor in many other serpents. ‘This has allowed of some motion
as the bones of the ramus above it are merely united by a squamosal suture, and the den-
tary terminates abruptly between a sheath of the coronoid, etc. This termination, with
the articular faces of the inferior elements, are characteristic of fragments not uncommon
in the Cretaceous beds, and which have never in this country been referred to their
place. The coronoid bone also is developed only as in the few serpents that possess it, as
Eryx, Xenopeltis, and Boa; Goldfuss notices its great anterior prolongation and curva-
ture, and overlapping of the extremity of the dentary. Finally the obtuseness and abbre-
viation of the angle of the jaw is Ophidian—rarely lacertian. The distinctness of the an-
gular bone is on the other hand a lacertian feature.
The postero-lateral margin of the parietal is decurved and is connected to the sphe-
noid by a lateral plate of bone, which is united suturally to the latter. I have been una-
ble to find in Clidastes any suture indicating that this piece is an alisphenoid, rather than
the parietal; it appears to belong to the latter bone. If so, it is a strong Ophidian char-
acter ; if it be alisphenoid, it is Chelonian and Crocodilian; no Lacertilian presents a like
structure.
In the genus Clidastes the pterygoid bones are distinct except at their anterior extrem-
ity, and bear a long series (17 e. g.,) of teeth, resembling thus the serpents.
The vertebral column resembles in many features that of the serpents. It is longer,
and contains more numerous vertebrae than Lacertilian or Saurian types, and has
therefore a much more slender form than they. The ribs are cylindric, as in lizards and
serpents, and are present throughout the long dorsal and lumbar series of vertebrae, form-
ing a much longer series, and embracing a more Ophidian visceral cavity than is seen in
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 179
the other Reptilian types. An important section of the order possesses the zygosphen
articulation. ‘This is universal in the Ophidia, and exists in one family of the Lacertilia,
the Iguanidae. In the former order it is placed at a considerable elevation above the
zygapophyses, while in the latter family it is nearly in the plane of the zygapophyses, thus
occupying a lower position. The structure in the Pythonomorpha is of the latter charac-
ter. In species intermediate between this form and the more simple one in the orders,
the zygosphen is found in a rudimental condition.
The diapophyses present the vertical costal articular face of Ophidians and Lacer-
tilians. The immensely long tail, used as a powerful swimming organ, is in truly serpen-
tine proportion, while its chevron bones are a lacertian rather than ophidian character.
The prootic extends from the basioccipital to the parietal, and overlaps the latter by
its superior anterior margin. ‘This does not occur among Lacertilia except in aberrant
forms, but is common to all serpents. There is a strong superior and anterior ala on the
sphenoid, which furnishes part of the suture.
The ribs are cylindrical throughout much of their length, and resemble those of the
Boas in their articulation by a compressed vertical head to a vertically compressed diapo-
physis. There is no attached parapophysis as in the serpents.
With respect to the characters in which this order is identical with the Lacertilia, the
following observations may be made.
The brain case appears to be unossified anteriorly, as in Tortoises, Crocodiles, and La-
certilians; and the parietal, both descends as in Testudinata, and the ali-spenoid*ascends,
as in Crocodilia.
The extensive union of the o. 0. palatina and maxillaria is a character of Lacertians and
other Saurian orders, and the existence of separated hypapophyses is a feature seen in a
few existing Lacertilians. These separate elements are articulated to heavy cylindric
fixed hypapophyses, which are characteristic of the cervical vertebrae of this whole group
with the exception of one genus. ‘Though the separation of the extremital pieces is La-
certilian, they are in the latter sessile, and the great length of the whole hypapophysis
paralleled by those of the serpents.
The scapula and coracoid are not very different from those of acer: and are not
coalescent. The scapula appears to have had an angle or process similar to the procora-
coid, while the coracoid is entirely without the emarginations common to Lacertilia. No
trace of claviculus, mesosternum or xiphisternum has been found. On the whole, the sca-
pular arch is quite as similar to that of the Sauropterygia as that of the Lacertilia.
The os quadratum is like that of the Lacertilia in its form, and in its support by two
suspensoria. It is as mobile, but much shorter than, in the serpents, and differs from that
of both these orders in nearly enclosing the meatus auditorius behind by a large decurved
180 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
process. In this, these animals resemble the Testudinata, but in this only, for it is not
attached to the proétic in front as in them. In all the species of the order I have seen, it
is characterized by the presence of an oval pit, with mouth making a strong angle with
the surface. It is situated just in front of, sometimes within the margin of, the meatus
auditorius externus. Its use is uncertain, but there is some probability that it received
the extremity of an osseous or cartilaginous styloid stapes. A groove on the under side
of the suspensorium would accommodate such a rod, and in a position nearly similar to
that which it occupies in many of the Ophidia. Nevertheless its extremity would have
to be a little recurved in order to enter the pit in question.
In both families of the order there is a zygomatic or squamosal arch, but it is very
doubtful whether any malar arch exists. There is no connection by malar or quadrato-
jugal posteriorly.
The chevron bones of the caudals, as is well known, are highly developed. They re-
semble those of some Saurians. ‘This is an important character, for these elements do not
exist in the Ophidia, where hypapophyses takes their place. A structure somewhat re-
sembling the latter, seems to exist in Hlasmosaurus.
The parietal fontanelle is similar to that seen in Lacertilia and Sauropterygia.
The six characters in which it resembles the Lacertilia are shared by at least one
other order of Reptiles. In its lacertilian characters it approaches nearest the Varanidae,
which themselves offer some approximations to the Ophidia. ‘The elongation of the
prootic anterior to the internal ear is a character of all the slender-tongued lizards, and
the long superior nostrils and lack of malar arches belong only to the Varan’.
The singular manner in which the opisthotic is supported is only paralleled, so far as
Iam aware, by the Ophidian family of the Tortricidae, where it is similarly projected
from the grasp of the prootic and exoccipital, as suspensor of the quadratum. In Cylin-
drophis the parietal and part of the supraoccipital enter the connection also.
With reference to the limbs, Cuvier says, “that very few bones of the extremities of
Mosasaurus have been found, and their rarity was such that, for a moment, he was led to
doubt whether the animal possessed limbs.” He states that he was soon undeceived by
recognizing a bone of the pelvis which certainly belonged to Mosasaurus. The bone con-
sidered to be a pubis, resembling that of the Monitor, as figured in the Ossemens Fossiles.
Cuvier further says, that among some fossils from Seichem he detected a scapula resem-
bling that of the Monitor; and subsequently received drawings from Maestricht of a cla-
vicle resembling that of a common Lizard, and alsoa coracoid bone. From the specimens
and figures Cuvier supposes the shoulder of the Mosasaurus to have exhibited a close re-
semblance to that of the Lizards. After remarking that he had been unable to procure
any long bones of the limbs of Mosasaurus, he expresses his views in regard to certain
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 181
figures of bones, represented by Faujas Saint Fond and Camper, reproduced in the Osse-
mens Fossiles. In regard to the figure of a portion of an ulna, Cuvier says, that if the bone
belonged to Mosasaurus, it would indicate the extremities to have been moderately ele-
vated. But he continues, the bones of the feet, so far as they are known, appear on the
contrary, to have belonged to a sort of a contracted fin, as in the Dolphins or Plesiosau-
rus. Of the different bones of the feet, figured in the Ossemens Fossiles, after Camper,
Cuvier likens some of them to the principal carpal bones of the Crocodile, another ap-
peared to belong to some huge Saurian, some are phalanges, and two are attributed by
him to Turtles, whose remains are not less common in the deposits containing these of
the Mosasaurus. In conclusion Cuvier adds that, “it was not without hesitation that he
expressed the conjectures from mere figures, when the immediate comparison of the bones
themselves would scarcely suffice, so great is their diversity and so small the precision of
their forms in reptiles.”
Goldfuss describes and figures several bone fragments from the deposits of the Creta-
ceous period of the Upper Missouri, which he views as the portion of a scapula, a coracoid
bone, and an olecranon process of the Mosasaurus. In relation to the habits of the ani-
mal, he says, as it lived in the ocean the toes no doubt were webbed, but the remains
which have been discovered, on the contrary, do not lead to the supposition that it pos-
sessed fins like Ichthyosaurians. Prof. Owen, after remarking that no part of the organi-
zation of the Mosasaurus is so little known as that of the locomotive extremities, and sub-
stantially quoting the views of Cuvier, expressed above, enters into the description of some
long bones of the extremities, “showing the Lacertian type of structure,” which were ob-
tained in the Green-Sand formation of New Jersey. Prof. Owen says, “on the highly
probable supposition that these bones belong to the Mosasaurus, they indicate the ex-
tremities of that gigantic Lizard to have been organized according to the type of the
existing Lacertilia and not of the Enaliosauria or Cetacea.” Pictet says the humerus of
Mosasaurus is thick and short, like that of Ichthyosaurus, but gives no evidence for this
assertion. He adds, we may conjecture, from the flattening of the bones of the members,
that the feet were probably converted into fins like those of the Enaliosaurians.
Schlegel states in one of the older numbers of Leonhard & Bronns’ Jahrbuch der
Geologie, etc., that the anterior limbs are paddles, adapted to an aquatic habit.
Finally, Leidy (Cretaceous Reptiles, 42.) states that “remains apparently of Mosasau-
rus which I have the opportunity of examining, indicate the limbs to have been fins, par-
taking in their structure of the characters of those of the marine turtle and the Plesio-
saurus.” f
There can be no doubt that the above authors have correctly assigned such limbs to
the two species that came under their observation; and I add the evidence derived from
AMERICA. PHILO. SOC.—VOL. XIV. 46
182 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
©
another species of Mosasaurus, and from one of Clidastes, as entirely confirmatory of it.
On the other hand, I am unable to assign hind limbs to any of the species of the order.
The anterior limbs combine the characters of Testudinata and Sauropterygia. The ulna
and radius, and all more distal portions of the limbs, are those of the latter order. The
large ovoid flat carpals, and flat, medially contracted phalanges, with fixed articulations,
are of that type. Three of such phalanges have been figured by Leidy, Cret. Rept. VIII,
figs. 6 and 7, where they are regarded as radii, and at fig. 13, Pl. XVII. Ulma and ra-
dius are figured Pl. VIII, figs. 9 and 10.
From the preceding evidence, we may look upon the Mosasauroids and their allies as
a race of gigantic marine serpent-like Reptiles, with powers of swimming and running
like the modern Ophidia. Adding a pair of short anterior paddles, they are not badly
represented by old Pontoppidan’s figure of his sea serpent.
That their habit was to devour whole is evident, and though the articulation of the —
lower jaw will not admit of as much extension as that of the Ophidia, it exceeds other
reptiles in this capacity, allowing by its lateral flexure, of the passage of large objects be-
tween the rami. ‘The carnivorous Dinosaur on the other hand, tore his prey to pieces, as
do Mammals of the present day. .
Thus in the Mosasauroids we almost realize the fictions of snake-like dragons and sea
serpents, in which men have been ever prone to indulge. On account of the Ophidian
part of their affinities, I have called this order the Pythonomorpha.
The families embraced are two, the Mosasauride and Clidastide, which differ as
follows:
Vertebre with zygosphenal articulation wanting or rudimental; humerus free in life.
MOSASAURIDA.
Vertebree with zygosphenal articulation developed; humerus probably included in
life. CLIDASTIDA,
In time they immediately preceded the Eocene Palaeophides, and probably will find
in them distant structural allies.
[ think it highly probable that the genus Saurospondylus of Seeley, from the lower
chalk of England, belongs to this order. If so it is the type of a peculiar family, to be
known by the absence of neural spine and low position of the zygapophyses, which have
horizontal articular faces. The S. dissimilis, Seeley, is a much smaller animal than any
here enumerated, and is known by a single vertebra.*
Goldfuss states that Mosasaurus possesses a malar arch. This is absent in Clidastes,
and I am inclined to doubt whether Goldfuss has demonstrated his point; if present, it
must be as he states, very slender.
*See Ann. Magaz. Nat. Hist., 1865, Sept.
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 183
MOSASAURIDA.
Dentition. In this family the forms of the teeth differ in different parts of the maxil-
lary bones. Those on the premaxillaries are more cylindric in section, and the compres-
sion, or development of angles or facets, whichever it be, mcreases as they succeed each
other posteriorly. One peculiarity characterizes the teeth of the most of the true Mosa-
saurl, viz: the anterior aspect bears a cutting edge more or less developed, while in Lio-
don the posterior is more strongly developed.
Os Quadratum. The superior extremity of the os quadratum appears to have had
considerable motion on the opisthotic. Its extent is so much greater than that of the co-
tyloid or glenoid cavity applied to it, as to suggest a gliding motion, especially as it con-
stitutes an extensive arc, possessing grooves of attachment for articular cartilage through-
out its length. This arc is, however, bent or curved in the horizontal plane, which would
result in a twisting of the os quadratum round its long axis, should the motion I suggest
have taken place. ‘Such a twist would throw the proximal portion of the ramus of the
jaw outwards, a motion quite necessary to the horizontal flexure of the ramus at the
splenial articulation, which no doubt took place in swallowing any large object. The ex-
tent of this outward deflexion of the articular, coronoid, etc., portions of the jaw, was
measured by the outward concavity of the proximal end of the quadratum. ‘Thus this is
least in M. depressus, and greater in M. dekayi and M. maximus (see cuts fig. 48); the
great projection of the external angle in Liodon validus, gave that species an excessive
power of dislocation, and the same peculiarity in Clidastes propython, was followed by
the same effect.
As the development of processes and ridges on the ossa quadrata differ in the different
species, they may be named as follows: The proximal articular surface extends over the
external angle, and over the upper edge of the ala forming the alar process (see cuts).
Below the meatus and knob, on the postero-external margin, there is a ridge which ter-
minates in a process in some species, to be called the median posterior ridge. In some a
ridge rises from the outer angle of the distal articular face, extending outside the ridge
just mentioned, towards the pit, called the distal external longitudinal. In front of this,
on the outer face of the quadrate behind or near the origin of the ala, may be a ridge
called the external ridge. See Tab. XI, figs. 6—7.
Vertebra. As has been already pointed out by Cuvier, the vertebre in this genus fall
into cervical, dorsal, sacro-lumbar and caudal series. The cervicals are either round or
depressed in this genus; in Liodon the articular faces are either round or compressed in
the species I have examined. They are arbitrarily characterized by the presence of an
obtuse hypapophysis which has an articular surface for a separate continuation of the
same, as in Clidastes. None of these pieces have come under my observation in this
184 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
genus, but one is probably figured by Camper (Tab. 248, fig. 21 of Cuvier Ossem. Fossiles),
which Cuvier says is perhaps an ungueal phalange. ‘The dorsals have no hypapophysis,
and the diapophyses decrease in vertical extent towards the posterior part of the series.
The greatest variation is presented by the different species in the long series preceding
the caudals, which do not present zygapophyses. ‘The posterior of this series are much
shorter than the anterior, the former having the form of the dorsals, the latter of the cau-
dals. In the M. dekayi, M. gracilis and M. giganteus, none of these are depressed ; the
shorter are subpentagonal in section; i M. depressus and M. missuriensis the longer are
depressed, while the depression of the shorter diminishes regularly to the distal cau-
dal series. In M. brumbyi the long vertebre are flattened to a still greater degree.
(See Gibbes’ Monger.)
The caudals are divided into three series by Cuvier, viz: those with separate chevron
bones, those where the latter are united to the centrum, and those without them. Pass-
ing posteriorly these vertebrae become gradually shorter and more vertically ovate in form.
The more posterior are less narrowed in the M. maximus, M. oarthrus and M. missuriensis
(vide Leidy’s work), while in M. dekayi and the Liodons they are rather more narrowed
vertically.
The characters of the diapophyses are marked in different parts of the column. In
all the species of the family they descend from an elevated position on the cervicals and
anterior dorsals to an inferior one on the lumbars. They nevertheless never spring from
the neural arch, as in the Archosauria, but always from the base of it. On the median
dorsals it originates from the middle of the side of the centrum, and on the lumbo-sacrals
from the plane of the inferior surface. It diminishes in size, and as soon as the articula-
tions of the chevron bones appear, begins to ascend again. On the anterior caudals it
rises to near the middle of the centrum and gradually disappears, at different points in the
different species.
The chevron bones are free throughout the anterior part of the caudal series in the M.
giganteus, and confluent with the centrum in the posterior portions. ‘This is probably the
‘case with many species of the genus. During immaturity they may be all distinct in Mo-
sasaurus, and in the genus Liodon (vel Macrosaurvs) this condition is permanent through-
out life, and so characteristic. This is indicated by the very large individual typical of
L. proriger, and is visible in two other species of the genus.
Genera. The four genera below enumerated appear to differ in tangible characters,
These are found in the relations of the pterygoid bones and teeth, and characters of verte-
bree. A number of genera have been proposed on minor modifications in the forms of the
teeth. These are Liodon, Owen, Holcodus, Gibbes, and Polygonodon and Pliogonodon
of Leidy. ‘The very close similarity in dental characters among the members of this
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 185
group, and indeed in any group where they are characterized by such simplicity of form,
renders it probable that there will be found a complete gradation between different genera
in this respect.
I. Cervical vertebra with separated articulating hypapophyses.
Pterygoid bones united on the middle line.
The pterygoid teeth pleurodont. PLATECARPUS.
The pterygoid teeth in alveoli. MOSASAURUS.
Pterygoid bones vertical, separated throughout their length. LIODON.
II. Cervical vertebre with simple continuous hypapophyses. BAPTOSAURUS.
Two genera have been defined from dental characters, as follows:
Crowns of the teeth curved, with one face smaller than the other, more or less atten-
uated and acute; numerous narrow ridges on inner face. HOLCODUS.
Crowns of the teeth straight, compressed, more slender, regularly acuminate ; faces
~ equal, facets distinct, numerous. POLYGONODON.
The genus Diplotomodon, Leidy, known from a single very much compressed dental
crown with minutely denticulated edges, may belong here.
To what extent and in what manner the dental characters of those genera established
on them, coincide with those distinguishing the genera of the table, it is not now easy to
discover. In species referable to Macrosaurus, teeth of the compressed form and lenticu-
lar section characteristic of Liodon, are found in one species, while another presents the
more angular facetted section of Mosasaurus in the anterior portion of the series. Both
forms seem to occur in Mosasaurus proper, according to Leidy. Of these genera founded
on dental forms, Polygonodon, Leidy, is the best marked, and will prove distinct from any
of the above.
The humerus of a very large reptile in the Mus. Acad., Phil., has been regarded by
Agassiz as belonging to a Chelonioid, and by Leidy been referred to the common Mosa-
saurus of New Jersey. ‘There is at present no means of assigning it to any species of this
order otherwise defined. It is the Atlantochelys mortoni Agass., and may refer to any large
species of the genus so far as our knowledge goes ; it was not originally described, however,
and cannot therefore retain this name. The Mosasaurus dekayi, Bronn, is founded on a
tooth exactly like that of IZ mitchillii of Leidy, and cannot be distinguished on such basis
alone. The JM. impar is only known from jaws and teeth, and hence is the only species
whose name is liable to have been duplicated here. It may belong to any of the Ameti-
can species of Liodon here enumerated, except L. validus and L. proriger, whose
AMERICA. PHILO. SOC.—VOL. XIV. 47
186 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
teeth are well known. As it has probably been earlier named M. mitchillii by Dekay
that name will remain attached to it.
The Elliptonodon compressus, Emmons, I do not consider to be a Mosasauroid. The
Baseodon reversus, Leidy, is founded on pterygoid teeth of some species. They resemble
those of M. dekayt.
MOSASAURUS, Conybeare.
In this genus, the median articulation of the ramus mandibuli permitted of much less
motion than in Clidastes, and probably allowed of only a moderate expansion of the in-
terramal space. ‘That it permitted the deglutition of very large bodies is apparent. The
accompanying cut exhibits the posterior splenial articular face in two views, of a large M.
dekayi from Gloucester Co., N. J.
There are numerous species of this genus, which appear to belong to two groups, the
one characterized by the rounded, and the other by the depressed form-of the lumbar ver-
tebre. A species of the latter type has been referred to the genus Amphorosteus by
Gibbes. ‘They however seem to graduate into each other through such species as M,
missuriensis, In such a way as to preclude the idea of the existence of distinction on that
eround. ‘The teeth, as has been shown by Leidy, present a considerable range of varia-
tion, which, he remarks, if too great to be embraced by a single species, indicate a greater
number of species than has been supposed.
Having access to a considerable amount of material, contained in the cabinets of the
Academy Natural Sciences, the State Geological Survey at New Brunswick, of the Mount
Holly (Burlington Co.) Lyceum, and of myself, I can rely with confidence on the exist-
ence of seven species of the restricted genus. These are, M. maximus, Cope, M. dekayi,
Bronn, M. fulciatus, Cope, M. missuriensis, Harlan, M. oarthrus, Cope, M. depressus,
Cope, M. brumbyi, Gibbes. As a species probably distinct, but not well established, I
include M. minor, Gibbes.
Cranium. Vhe species named,-as well defined, have been compared in their quadrate
bones, atlases, and lumbar vertebrae, where the most marked peculiarities have been dis-
AND AVES OF»NORTH AMERICA. . 187
covered. In the following cuts the outlines of the proximal extremities of the ossa quad-
rata are given, with sections at a little below the middle of the length of each.
Fig. 48.
Ga
d De
1. Mosasaurus maximus, Cope. 5. Liodon validus, Cope, position the reverse of the others.
2. a dekayi, Bronn. 6. Clidastes propython, Cope.
3. at depressus, Cope. One-third natural size. The great alae in 2a and 5a are
4, Platecarpus tympaniticus, Cope. unknown. ;
b, the great ala; c, the meatus auditorius; d, the posterior decurved extremity of the proximal end of the os
quadratum.
Dotted lines crossing the outlines indicate fractures and restorations outside of
them. In figs. 4a and 6a the dotted lines indicate the bridging of the meatus by the
proximal extremity of the bone. The great ala is lost in our specimens both of M. dekayi
and M. depressus. ‘The marked peculiarity of M. depressus is shown above; also, the
ereat decurvature of the superior extremity around and behind the meatus in the Platecar-
pus and the Clidastes. In them it descends below opposite the point of section, and is
therefore divided by the line from which the outline is taken. In Mosasaurus minor,
gracilis, and brumbyi, the quadrate bone is unknown.
Vertebre. The outlines of the lateral elements of the atlas of five species, including
that of the giganteus, (from Camper) indicate corresponding differences, which are most
distinct on the internal faces. In M. giganteus, M. depressus, and M. dekayi there is
a facet for articulation with the centrum, just below the anterior facet. In order to ac-
commodate this, the inferior ala ceases behind the anterior facet in the last two species,
or is only developed at the posterior part of the element in the European animal. In the
M. maximus, on the contrary, this ala is prolonged to, and even beyond the anterior or
188 - THE EXTINCT BATBACHIA, REPTILIA
condyle-meeting facet, leaving none whatever for union with the centrum. I, therefore,
suppose that in that species these elements were barely in contact.
Fig. 49.
The giants of the order belong here, for
the M. missuriensis, M. maximus, and M.
giganteus ave among the most elongate of
animals. ‘They are only exceeded by some
of the whales of the present day. Add to
this their slender proportions, with no doubt,
powers of swimming in the ocean, running,
*pringing and climbing on land, and we have
a combination of characters more formidable
than those of the*Cimoliasaurus, Elasmosau-
rus and Crocodiles of that age of great Rep-
tiles.
The following synopsis presents the char-
Mosasaurus maximus, Cope. 5 5 .
ae acters of the species in brief:
“s dekayi, Bronn. : :
I. Vertebral centra with subround articular
. Liodon validus, Cope.
. Clidastes propython, Cope. faces.
One-third natural size, except fig. 4 one-fourth (? 5 ae
‘i a o « A short ridge on the outer posterior an-
and 5, one-half. «a, anterior articular surface for occip.
condyle; 0, neural arch; c, articular face for centrum. ole of the os quadratum.
g The anterior caudals with circular articular faces ;
Quadrate bone with large alar and large proximal external angular articular surface ;
Tm 0c
'
LS
meatal knob rudimental; a strong median posterior ridge become a process; a short,
strong distal external longitudinal angle; very large teeth; ( 17—)18. M. Maximus.
Quadrate bone with small alar articular surface and large meatal knob; external
proximal angle large; median posterior ridge rudimental; mandibular teeth 17: very
large. : M. PRINCEPS.
73 The anterior caudal vertebre with subpentagonal articular faces ;
Quadrate bone with moderate alar and angular surfaces proximally; knob small, me-
dian posterior ridge rudimental; distal external longitudinal angle elongate; mandibular
teeth, fourteen; maxillaries, eleven; pterygoids eight, moderate; large. M. GIGANTEUS.
Quadrate bone with small alar and large external angular proximal articular surface ;
meatal knob large, median posterior ridge rudimental; exterior distal longitudinal angle
a raised acute ridge; no external alar ridges; premaxillary teeth, four; pterygoids sub-
equal, less than half as large as mandibulars; large. M. DEKAYI.
v4 An elongate ridge on the outer posterior angle of the os quadratum ;
Quadrate bone with small alar and small external angular proximal articular face;
? AND AVES OF*NORTH AMERICA. 189
meatal knob, and median posterior ridge both large; a strong distal external ridge,
embracing with latter, an elevated rib, to the pit. ?Teeth. Medium. mM. FULCIATUS.
aoa IQuadratum ; caudals pentagonal ;
Mandibular teeth twelve, spaced, (Owen); smaller. M. GRACILIS.
II. Centra of cervical, dorsal, and lumbar vertebre, transversely oval.
« Large species; the centra of posterior dorsals not keeled from diapophyses to the
cup.
& An external alar angle from distal extremity to meatus; a
Meatal pit within meatus; proximal articular face little curved, with long and narrow
branch on edge of convex ala. M. DEPRESSUS.
2? No ribs on the external face of the ala of the quadrate;
Vertebre but slightly transverse; quadrate with small alar and angular articular
surface; meatal pit external; knob very large, separated by a deep groove from very
prominent median posterior ridge; external distal longitudinal ridge rudimental or want-
ing; large. M. OARTHRUS.
Mandibular teeth fourteen; pterygoid ten; squamosal with broad triangular expan-
sion above opisthotic. Quadrate bone longer than broad. Dorsals transversely ovate,
sides rounded. M. MISSURIENSIS.
aa Large species, the dorsals flattened, with lateral keel on side ;
Diapophyses in front of middle of centrum ; M. BRUMBYI.
aaa Small species with depressed centra.
Centra transversely ovate; caudals vertical ovate ; M. MINOR.
MOSASAURUS MAXIMUS, Cope.
Proceed. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1869, 262.
A portion of an individual from the lower green sand bed of Monmouth Co., N. J., has been submitted to
me by the Director of the Geological Survey of the State, Prof. Geo. H. Cook.
It consists of a nearly perfect os quadratum, several dorsal and cervical vertebrae, including axis and atlas,
with numerous elements which have been scattered and have not yet come into my hands. The remains indicate
an animal of the largest size. ; e
The quadrate bone compared with those of two other species from the New Jersey Green Sand presents marked
characters. Four quadrate bones of the M. dekayi exhibit such constancy in the form, as was to have been antici-
pated, while in the M. maximus and M. mitchillii, it is an obtuse angle and that over the ala a process, which is very
large in the former, and small in the latter. The knob just within the meatus of the ear is very prominent in the J.
depressus and M. dekay?, while it is rudimental in M. maximus: in the latter the outer ridge bounding the meatus is
* MOSASAURUS GIGANTEUS, Soemmering.
Lacerta gigantea, Soemmering. Mosasaurus hofmanii, Mantell. Mcamperi, Meyer. 4. belgicus, Hall.
Upper cretaceous Belgium, Rhine Prussia and England.
MOSASAURUS GRACILIS, Owen.
British Fossil Reptiles Tab.
Upper cretaceous England.
AMERICA. PHILO. SOC.—VOL. XIV. 48
190 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA >
prolonged into a process below, which is merely rudimentary in the two species named. The centra of the dorsal
vertebre are very cylindric, and shartened antero-posteriorly. In an anterior, with diapophyses directed obliquely up-
wards, the centrum is very convex in cross-section beneath and the articular faces are a little deeper than wide. In
more posterior dorsals, with diapophyses at the middle of the centrum, the inferior convexity is also very strong.
The articular ball is subpentagonal in outline, its lateral margin being remarkably prolonged forwards towards the
basis of the diapophysis. This form prepares us for subpentagonal lumbars such as characterize several species of
the genus.
The hypapophysis of the axis is very stout, occupying its whole inferior surface; its articular face is half as large
as the ball of the centrum, its posterior margin extending as far as the line of the edge of the ball. The latter a little
broader than deep. That of the seventh to ninth cervical is more nearly round. The diapophysis of the latter has a
triangular section,-a plane face being anterior, and angle, posterior.
In Lin
Length of (7th, 8th or 9th?) cervical, z 4 10.5
Width ball, 38
“ neural canal, 10
Expanse of diapophyses, 7 5
Length neurapophysis of atlas, 4
&¢ of a median dorsal, 4
Width ball of do., 3 5
Depth do. do., 3 2
Length of os quadratum, 7 6
“¢ proximal articular face, 5 2
«distal ee 5
Width proximal extremity—ereatest, 2 il
es le ee —teast, 5
** great ala at middle (within), 2 8
This animal, if the measurements of the Kansas specimen are to be relied on, must have reached a length of seventy
feet.
Portions of an individual of similar proportions are preserved in the Cabinet of the Burlington Co. Lyceum,
which were found in Gloucester Co., on the farm of David B. Coles. They consist of two cervicals, five dorsals and
three caudals. Those of the first two series resemble those of the Monmouth Co. individual exactly, while the cau-
dals furnish important additional characters. The latter are furnished with codéssified chevron bones, and their di-
apophyses are situated a little above them, and have an oval section. The articular faces are more nearly round
than in some other species, ¢. g. M. dekayi, and are as deep as wide, with but a slight truncation on the upper ex-
ternal outlines.
Lines
Length centrum, : Soep)
Depth ball, 36.7
Width do., 39.
A more posterior caudal of an individual of the same size, in the Museum of the Acad. Nat. Sciences, is smaller,
and exhibits diapophyses at a slightly higher position, and more cylindric. Its proportions are quite similar to those
of the caudal measured above. From this cause I am disposed to think that this species may haye had sub-round, or
very slightly compressed caudals, far posteriorly in the series, as in M. missuriensis. See the measurements of the
corresponding vertebra of M. dekayi.
The remains of a still more gigantic individual of this species were submitted to me by Dr. G. J. Fisher, of Sing
Sing, New York, in whose possession they now are.
The bones were obtained through the efforts of P. R. Brinckerhoff, of Westchester County, N. Y., in the latter
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 191
part of the month of April, 1860. They were found on the farm of Geo. W. Crawford, at a place called Nut Swamp,
three miles South of Middletown, Monmouth County, N. J. They were first discovered on opening a ditch through
a meadow in Nut Swamp; G. W. Crawford being an intelligent farmer, took immediate measures to prevent their
disturbance or injury, by having them protected until he could inform P. R. Brinckerhoff.
Accordingly, on the last week of April, P. R. Brinckerhoff succeeded in obtaining from this locality the portions
of bones described. *
They were all found at a depth of about four feet below the surface, and within an area of a few square feet.
The bones were imbedded in wet marl, which contained an abundance of most of the fossils peculiar to the formation,
as Gryphea, Exogyra, Terebratula, Belemnites, &c. Near this spot, about fifteen years ago, considerable portions
of the bones, but more particularly the vertebre of the Mosasaurus, were found by J. M. Smith and Lyell Conover.
The portions found were so detached and diffused, as to afford no hope of obtaining much more of the skeleton
without very extensive and expensive excavations, and it was with extreme difficulty that P. R. Brinckerhoff, by the
aid of one or two men, and by one-and-a-half days’ labor, succeeded in procuring the present specimens.
a constant influx of water into the trenches, and the bones were very fragile.
There was
The bones obtained, consist of large portions of the inferior maxillaries, with twenty, more or less, perfect speci-
mens of full grown teeth, and several successional teeth,—with a posterior dorsal vertebra.
Drawings were made directly from the specimens.
The largest fragment found is a portion of the left inferior maxilla. It measures twenty and three-fourths inches
in length; at the broadest extremity it is about seven inches deep, at the small extremity it is five inches; the upper
or alveolar portion of the jaw is generally about three and one-quarter inches thick; the lower margin is quite uni-
formly two inches thick. This mass was considerably fractured in removing it from its bed, as is seen in the plate.
It contains the roots of three teeth, two of which have most of their enamelled crowns attached. The space be-
tween the first and second tooth is three inches. The space between the second and third teeth is two and three-
fourths inches.
The roots of all the teeth are somewhat compressed laterally; the longest diameter of the root of the first tooth
is two inches; of the second, two and one-fourth; of the third, two inches.
The lateral plates of the dentary bone, come in contact a few inches behind the first tooth.
In another fragment of the jaw, containing five or six teeth, we find the roots placed in actual contact throughout;
-and knowing the law of their arrangement, we can readily estimate the length of the jaw.
The combined length of all of the fragments collected of the lower jaw, measures four feet, and includes fourteen
teeth, which is the full number said to belong to each side in M. giganteus. The series completed would no doubt
contain eighteen teeth. As the coronoid and angular processes and the distal extremity are not included in the above
measurements, it would be safe to calculate the lower jaw of this specimen to have been six feet and a half long. The
cranium measured nearly the same, and would indicate a larger animal than any Mosasaurus yet discovered.
The greater portion of the coronoid element of the left inferior maxilla, is nine inches in length; in the broadest
part it measures four and three-fourths inches in width. The border is concave and regularly rounded. This border
is quite uniformly two inches thick, while the remaining portion of the fragment is thinner. Another portion of the
left lower jaw contains the roots of three teeth placed in contiguity. The crowns or apices of the teeth have been
broken away. This fragment is seven inches long, four and one-quarter inches deep, and three and one-quarter thick.
Three large foramina are seen on the external surface, which communicate with the dental canal.
This portion of the jaw is well preserved, and like all the fragments found, is entirely black, and extremely heavy;
the high specific gravity as well as the color, is due to their impregnation with iron; the pulp cavities of the teeth, as
well as the concentric laminz of the apices, are incrusted with deposit of exceedingly minute crystals of iron pyrites.
In other portions of the bones a deposit of vivianite is occasionally seen.
In the teeth belonging to this species of Mosasaurus, the root is large, the lower extremity inclining backwards;
it contains a minute cavity, being nearly solid, and apparently composed of simple osseous tissue. The apex or crown
of tlfe tooth arises from a somewhat conical base, which corresponds with the margin of the alveolar cavity; it tapers
rapidly to a point; the teeth are recurved and divided into two faces, one looking forwards and outwards, the other
presenting backward and inward; the dividing line between the anterior and posterior faces is very distinct, consist-
192 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
ing of a sharp unserrated or simple cutting edge. These acute edges or carine separate faces, of which the posterior
is more convex. The crowns of these teeth were measured by Dr. Fisher, as follows:
Inches. Inches.
First, anterior face, 14-8 posterior, 1 7-8
Second, ‘‘ ee 1 3-8 es 2
‘Wing = % ge 1 2-8 a BS 22-8
The pulp cavity extends about as far into the root as the crown, excepting its entrant foramen in the former.
The mode of succession of the teeth is well seen in this specimen, and illustrates the process as indicated by Leidy
(Cretac. Rept., p. 51). The fang-like basis of the functional tooth undergoes extensive excavation by absorption to
furnish space for its successor, the remaining portion in some places being reduced almost to a shell, yet remaining
firmly adherent to the alveolar walls, without the slightest evidence of displacement. This and other specimens ex-
amined, prove that the old tooth is not removed till the process of absorption has extended to the alveolar margin,
when the crown is easily detached.
The splenial bones present the usual remarkable character. At the posterior extremity of each, the articulating
cavity is narrow ovoid in form, subacuminate below, and not so broadly rounded as in the M. dekayi (fig. 47).
Inches.
Long diameter, 3.25
Transverse, ~ ; 1.75
Total depth of splenial at extremity, : 4.5
Of rounded face below dentary plate, 2.25
The surface appears to be adapted for motion in two directions.
The vertebra which accompanied the jaw measures as follows:
Length centrum, 4.7
Width anterior articular face, 4.55
Depth « “ eer haat ety . 4.65
It is a dorsal with diapophyses below the middle; between it and the neural arch, near the articular extremities,
the surface is marked with sub-longitudinal ruge.
This Mosasaur could not have been less than eighty feet in length. *
As compared with M. giganteus, this species presents considerable affinity. The Mestricht animal was some-
what smaller than either of those here described, the length of the quadrate bone being 6 in. 4 lin., or more as in our
specimens of M. dekayi. Its elevated sub-pentagonal lumbars and caudals are also more as in M. dekayi. The non-
coalescence of the anterior chevron bones in M. giganteus, may be owing to immaturity. As compared with that of
M. maximus, the os quadratum presents several differences and resembles that of M. dekayi. Thus the articular ex-
tremity which extends over the ala is small, as in that species; the median posterior ridge is rudimental in the same,
not a strong process as in M. maximus, and the knob is small, the posterior decurved process of the proximal articular
face nearly in contact with it. The distal longitudinal rib is relatively twice as long in M. giganteus as in M. maxi-
mus, and more as in M. dekayi. Other peculiarities are easily found, which may be of little importance. The exter-
nal part of the distal articular face is pinched up; not at all in M. maximus; the lower part of the ala is much more
incurved and the groove on its margin much deeper.
The M. dekayi may attain the dimensions of this species, though none such have come under my observation.
-+rom the lower marl bed of the upper cretaceous, from Monmouth Co., N. Jersey,
and Lumberton, Gloucester Co., N. Jersey.
MOSASAURUS PRINCEPS, Marsh.
Sillim. Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1869, p. 392.
Prof. Marsh describes an individual of almost equal size to the preceding, which he distinguishes from them By the
form of the quadrate bone. He says that the knob near the meatus is well developed; and the proximal articular ex-
*T must express my obligations to Dr. Fisher, for the opportunity of examining the above specimens, as well as for the use of his notes, from which sev-
eral extracts are made in the above description. *
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 193
tremity an open sigmoid, characters which might be included in the range of variation of the M. dekayi. The form
of the caudal vertebre is that of M. maximus, and differs from that of M. dekayi. The characters by which the os
quadratum differs from that of M. maximus, are, as Prof. Marsh informs me by letter, the great development of the
meatal knob, and the slight prominence of the median posterior ridge, which is a strong process in M. maximus.
These characters are marked, but their value may not be as yet fully established. The great ala is plane, and with a
deep marginal groove
The number of mandibular teeth (17) distinguish it from M. giganteus. Their crowns are divided into the two
usual planes, and are scarcely facetted. They are more than usually curved outwards in the specimen described.
The cups of the vertebre are nearly round or slightly depressed. Measurements sent by Prof. Marsh are as follows:
In. Lin.
Median dorsal, length, + .
Diameter cup, transverse, 3
us “vertical, 3 4
Median caudal, length, 2 3
.Diameter cup, transverse, 3 2.5
A ‘vertical, 2 10.7
Chevron bones coéssified.
Lower marl bed of the upper cretaceous at Hornerstown, Monmouth Co., N. J. Established on a nearly perfect
cranium, five feet in length, and numerous vertebre. Discovered by Jno. G. Miers.
MOSASAURUS DEKAYI, Bronn.
Lethea Geognostica 1838; e Dekay Mosasaurus in Annals New York Lyc. IIIs 135
Tab. Mosasaurus major, Dekay, Paleontology New York Geolog. Survey, 1841. ?Mo-
sasaurus carolinensis, Gibbes, Smithson. Contrib. to Knowl. II, tab. M. couperi, Gibbes,
lc. Mosasaurus mitchillii, Leidy, Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1856; Smithson.
Contrib. p. 118, tab. nec Geosaurus mitchilli, Dekay Liodon mitchilliihujus operis.
? Baseodon reversus, Leidy, Cretac. Reptiles, p. 118, Tab. X, 14-15.
This species is most abundantly found in the upper cretaceous green sand of New Jersey. Portions of many in-
dividuals have passed under my observation; among them two presented quadrate bones, and several the separated
elements of the atlas. The same pieces, of several other species, are fortunately at my disposal, and the preceding
cuts present the specific characters to be observed in them, very clearly.
Of a specimen of this species from Holmdel, Monmouth Co., N. J., described by Leidy, there is sufficient material
to determine the relative proportions of many parts of the cranium. The muzzle is figured in his Tab. XIX, fig. 6,
and shows the distinct elevation of the premaxillary bone. This portion is lost in the M. giganteus. Both the quad-
rate bones and the teeth are rather smaller than in the M. giganteus of Mestricht, but numerous isolated teeth
occur, which are identical in form with those of the present specimen, which indicate a size fully equal. The neura-
pophysial pieces of the atlases of the two, when compared, (see Ossemens Fossiles) present marked differences.
A few lumbar vertebree have been figured by Leidy. In my private collection are shorter or longer series from
the columns of four additional individuals. Three are from the long lumbo-sacral region; one consists of eleyen ver-
tebrae; their length together is 20 in. 10 lines. A series of five median caudals measures 7 in. 10 lin. ‘
In the Museum of the Academy Natural Sciences, are portions of the vertebral columns of six individuals, but none
of them include dorsals, and they differ very much in size. They are all pentagonal rounded at the extremities, more
elevated and angular than in M. maximus. The caudals belong to the larger series and haye well developed diapo-
physes and anchylosed chevron bones. The caudals in my private collection are smaller, also pentagonal and with
chevron bone articulated to slightly elevated bases. The caudal vertebre on which Morton founded his M. occiden-
AMERICA. PHILO. SOG.—VOL. XIV. 49
194 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA -
talis, is much smaller and with codssified chevron bones; it is without diapophyses and is hence more posterior than
any of those of the present species here noted. It belongs to another species, but to which of those here described, if
to any, is difficult to determine. Dimensions of anterior caudals of a large ?M. dekayi from the same position as
those of M. maximus, measured above:
Lines.
Length of centrum, (anterior) ~- 32
Width articular face, bd 34.5
Depth ee ee 39
Length centrum No. 2, (a little behind) 33
Width articular ball, 38
Depth ss oe 37
cas portion of the left pterygoid bone of the Holmdel specimen above mentioned, exhibits parts and wholes of five
alveole, and two teeth in place. In the latter the inner face is narrower than the outer, and they are separated in
the posterior tooth by a strong angulation. The small proportions of crown to root, as well as other details, are so
similar to those of the teeth described by Leidy as characteristic of his Baseodon reversus, that I have no hesitation
in referring the latter as pterygoid teeth of a large individual of this or another species. The teeth are of equal size,
thus differing from those of Liodon mitchillii, and are much smaller in relation to the maxillary teeth than in the
same.
Lines.
Length of whole tooth, pterygoid, Wey
Diameter fang, Ss 8.5
ce crown, We 4.5
ie oe maxillary, 10.5
i fang, 2 ‘ 16.
The pterygoids are in a groove without alveolar septa.
Tn addition to the characters already pointed out, this species differs from the M. missuriensis as follows, judging
from the figures and descriptions of Goldfuss.
In M. dekayi the proétic wraps over the opisthotic to its superior face; in M. missuriensis the exoccipital wraps
over to the superior face of the same bone.
In missuriensis the squamosal forms a horizontal three-cornered expansion and only touches the opisthotic behind.
In M. dekayi the squamosal is largely inferior and has no superior expansion.
In M. dekayi the under face of suspensorium is underwrapped by prodtic, by the exoccipital in missuriensis.
Glenoid cavity two-thirds on squamosal in M. dekayi; not at all on squamosal in M. missuriensis.
Lower (?upper) marl bed of upper cretaceous of New Jersey.
MOSASAURUS FULCIATUS, Cope.
Spec. nov.
This species is represented by an os quadratum, three posterior dorsal vertebra, and an
imperfect humerus, obtained by Prof. Geo. H. Cook, from the Green Sand of Monmouth
Co., N. J.
The vertebrz are those in which the diapophyses spring from the middle of the centrum, one being quite flat-
tened, and the other triangular in section. The*tentrum is convex below them; the articular faces nearly round.
‘The prominent peculiarity is seen in the os quadratum. The ala is broken off. The external angle is consider-
ably smaller than in M. dekayi, though not more so than usual variation would allow. The knob is#very promi-
nent, and is separated by a deep groove from an elevated ridge, which extends from the pit and terminates in a
yugosé prominence representing the process in M. maximus; (see plate xi, f. 7). Anterior to this, another ridge
arises from the rugose muscular insertion and extends to the extremity of the bone diverging from the first men-
tioned ridge, constituting the external distal ridge; the space between these ridges is filled up, and the section across
them is that of a prominent rectangular buttress; a wide concavity separates it from the external surface of the ala.
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 195
This ridge’ is the external distal longitudinal of the other species, very much developed. In M. oarthrus it is separated
by considerable interval from the median posterior; in M. dekayi it just attains it; here, it extends along the side of
and in front of it, to the rugose area in front of the pit. Its prominence produces a produced external posterior angle
on the distal articular extremity. The median posterior is much prolonged downwards, and is very rugose; a ridge is
also continued from the knob to near the distal articular extremity, and its line is the point of convergence for two
series of strong rugee. The anterior inner ridge is strongly pronounced.
The general size of this species is not more than half that of M. dekayi.
The supposed humerus has a flattened shaft, becoming more cylindric proximally. It looks as though it had
been used by Indians as a pestle.
In. Lin.
Length posterior dorsal, 3 3.3
Depth cup ‘“ at 2 3.
“Width «© « “ 2 4.8
Length of os quadratum, 4 8
Width of dorsal rib, 8.5
From knob to external angular quadrate, 2 11.6
Diameter proximal extremity, (average) 11
Mg transverse, of body at knob, 19.2
ee e3 distal extremity, iil.
MOSASAURUS MISSURIENSIS, Harlan.
Ichthyosaurus do., Harlan, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., IV, 405, Tab. XEX, 1834. Batrachiosaurus, Harlan. Ba-
trachiothertum, Harlan. ? Mosasaurus neovidii, Meyer. ?M. mavimiliant, Goldfuss. M. missuriensis, Leidy, Cretac.
Rept. VII, p. 15, 16, 17, 18.
The centra of the vertebra of this species are moderately depressed. The centra of the caudals, posterior to the
disappearance of the diapophyses, are as wide as deep, and of nearly similar length, and with anchylosed chevron
bones. A fine cranium is figured by Goldfuss, and he shows the crowns of the teeth to be subeylindric, incurved and
facetted.
An unusually perfect specimen of this species, or one allied to it, was recently exhumed by W. E. Webb, near
the town of Topeka in Kansas. My friend, Prof. J. Parker, of Lincoln College, of that place, informs me that it is
seventy-five feet in length, and the gentleman who discovered it, that it measures eighty feet. Its mandibular rami
are stated by the same person to measure five feet. Measurements of the vertebrae indicate them to be of a size quite
similar to those of large individuals which have been discovered in the green sand of New Jersey. They measure as
follows, as stated on photographs by my friend, W. E. Webb.
Inches.
Diameter cervicals centra only, 2.5
i dorsals, with diapophyses, Tf
a lumbars, 2
These proportions illustrate again the Ophidian or eel-like form of this genus, and the relatively large size of the
head.
The teeth resemble in size those of large specimens of M. dekayi.
The following corrections should be made in the nomenclature adopted by Goldfuss in the explanations of his
plate, Nova Acta. Nat. Cur., 1855, Tab. VI to XI.
Tab. VI.
"IP is Squamosal, called temporal.
T. m. is Opisthotie, «¢ temporo-mastotd.
T. p. is Proétic and Epiotic.
12. is a thin lamina of parietal prolonged backwards over supraoccipital.
Tab. XI.
2 % ? said to be pubis.
3 is Quadratum, ‘* ‘* Olecranon.
From the upper cretaceous of middle North America.
196 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
MOSASAURUS OARTHRUS, Cope.
Spec. nov.
This species is indicated by fragments of the jaws and teeth, with an imperfect quad-
rate bone and vertebra of one individual, and vertebrae and jaws of a second and larger,
from the green sand of New Jersey.
The animal as indicated by the above specimens, was of about the size of M. giganteus, perhaps fifty-five feet in
length. Its transversely oval centra ally it to the M. depressus and M. missuriensis. The quadrate bone distinguishes
it from the former of these, as it more nearly resembles that of the M. dekayi.
The depression of the articular surfaces is not quite so great as in the M. depressus. The diapophyses of the cer-
vicals have much antero-posterior extent, and very little vertical. The hypapophyses are well developed. The sur-
face of the centrum is very coarsely striate or rugose in front of the diapophyses; the posterior portion near the ball
is longitudinally striate. ;
Lines.
Length centrum, median cervical, *4.3
Diameter cup, transverse, 395.6
ae “< vertical, 28.6
The superior rim of the cup is excavated openly, by the neural canal. The lateral element of the atlas has the
same form and size as in the M. dekayi. The left os quadratum presents several peculiarities, intermediate perhaps
between those of M. dekayi and M. depressus. The median posterior ridge and knob are so prominent as to inelude
between them a deep groove which comménces at the pit and expands below, ceasing with the extremity of the ridge.
The latter terminates rather abruptly, somewhat as in M. maximus, but is not truncate, terminating in an oblique
keel. From the knob downwards the bone is longer than in M. dekayi,-and the outer distal longitudinal ridge so
marked in that species, is either very short or wanting. The inferior extremity of the angle being broken away, its
absence cannot be asserted, but it does not appear at a point considerably below its origin in M. dekayi. In the lat-
ter species also, the median posterior ridge is very small, and though the extremity is broken off, there is no ridge as
a basis for the prominence seen in the present animal. The external angle of the proximal extremity is not as promi-
nent in this species as in M. dekayi.
t
In. Tin.
Length of quadratum, 6 3
‘to knob, (apex) 43.6
“ “extremity median post. ridge, 55.5
The development of the median posterior ridge carried a little further, viz: to beyond the pit, to the outer side,
throwing it in towards the meatus, constitutes the peculiarity of this element in Mos. depressus.
The crown of the teeth of this specimen were broken away when I obtained them; the false root of one of them
measures eighteen lines in diameter. The second and largest specimen, which was found some three years after-
wards, was not more fortunate, as the workmen broke off the crowns of its teeth also.
This species was found at the base of the upper green-sand bed of the upper creta-
ceous of New Jersey, near Barnesboro, Gloucester Co. It was discovered by my friend,
I. C. Voorhees, to whom I am indebted for the type specimens.
MOSASAURUS DEPRESSUS, Cope.
Geological Survey of New Jersey, App. C.
The remains characteristic of this species consist of cervical, dorsal, and lumbo-sacral vertebrae, and some pieces
of the cranium, including os quadratum, from Burlington Co., N. J., in the museum of the Academy, from Lewis T.
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 197
Germain: a series of dorsals of a larger animal from the same locality: a series of five consecutive lumbo-sacrals from
Birmingham, N. J., in the museum of the Mount Holly Lyceum, and others of the same in my cabinet, from
Barnesboro.
The depressed centra and flattened transverse oval of the articular faces of the vertebree, in the cervical, dorsal,
and lumbo-sacral series, distinguishes it at once from the M. maximus, M. dekayi, and the European species. No
caudal vertebra are preserved, so that their form is not known, but it is probably discoid or rounded, as in M. missu-
riensis. The character is imperfectly seen by comparing the figures on Plate VII of Leidy’s Cretaceous Reptiles.
Figs. 9 to 14 represent M. dekayi, while 2, 3 and 8 belong to the M. depressus. The vertebrae more nearly
resemble those of Platecarpus tympaniticus. The latter differs distinctly as follows: the ball is smaller in proportion
to the length of the vertebra, and is less transverse; in one cervical, and one dorsal it has a more oblique uplook; the
base of the cervical hypapophyses is carried to the edge of the cup as a narrow keel: in M. depressus as an elevated
rounded rib, as wide as the process itself.
The remains preserved indicate an animal of less size than the M. dekayi; perhaps they point to a bulk more like
that of the Liodon validus.
Inches.
Length of centrum anterior dorsal, 3.5
Width cup, 2.3
Depth ‘‘ 2.
Extent diapophyses, * 6.9
Length of five lumbo-sacrals of a smaller individual, 13.5
The lumbo-sacrals resemble in some degree those of M. brumbyi, but differ in important features. In the latter
the basis of the diapophysis is carried as a prominent obtuse ridge, to the edge of the ball and rim of the cup, giving
the centrum a sublenticular section. In M. depressus these vertebrz have an oval section, as the diapophysis is not
continued into the basal ridge, but the cup and ball are well separated from it. Some of the vertebre figured by
Gibbes as typical of M. brumbyi, present an obliquity of the articular faces not characteristic of M. depressus; the
feature is slightly marked in specimens from Alabama, in the writer’s collection.
Measurements of a lumbo-sacral from Barnesboro:
In Lin
Length centrum, 1 9.5
Transverse diameter cup, ve 2
Vertical diameter cup, 1 7.5
No teeth can be certainly ascribed to this species. The quadrate bone is of peculiar form, and distinguishes the
species from all others as readily as the vertebrae. The superior or proximal extremity of this bone is characterized
by its relative narrowness, and its long continuation on the upper margin of the great ala. The extemal angle is
weaker than in any other species. The ala is strongly convex, not flattened as in the M. maximus; it is less abrubtly
given off from the main shaft. The greatest peculiarity of the bone is a massive external longitudinal rib, just in
front of the meatus, which throws the pit as it were into the mouth of the meatus, the position of the latter thus dif-
fering much from its usual superficial one. The rib sinks to the surrounding level just above the meatus, and is not
continued to the external proximal angle as in the Liodon validus, the only known species where such a development
of the rib exists.
Lines.
Thickness at meatus, 16.5
Meatus to anterior end proximal articulation, “3 25.6
Greatest width proximal articulation, 12.
Two opisthotic bones are described under the head of Liodon validus, which it is just possible shoud be ascribed
to the present species. It must be added, that when the caudal vertebre are discovered they must be compared with
that on which Morton founded his M. occidentalis. (See under M. dekayi.)
I have not seen this species from any other region than New Jersey, where it is abundant.
AMERICA. PHILO. SOC.—VOL. XIV. 50
198 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
MOSASAURUS BRUMBYI, Gibbes.
Amphorosteus brumbyt, Gibbes. Smithsonian Contrib. to Knowledge, II. 9 Tab.; III, 10-16, p. 10.
Vertebrz of this species indicate a reptile of larger size than the M. depressus, and approaching the M. dekayi.
The position of the diapophyses is rather more anterior than in others, and the centrum of the lumbars rather more
elongate than in any other species of the genus. The articular extremities are slightly oblique to the vertical diam-
eter. The animal appears to be not uncommon in the white cretaceous limestone of Alabama. It was first made
known by Dr. Gibbes, in his Memoir on Mosasaurus and its allies, in the Smithsonian Contribution, Vol. Il.
Inches.
Depth cup, 2.05
Width « 2.3
Length centrum, 3.25
1.3
Edge ball to base diapophysis,
Rotten Limestone, upper cretaceous Alabama.
Species of Mosasaurus known only from teeth and cranial bones.
MOSASAURUS CRASSIDENS, Marsh.
Silliman’s Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1870 (Feb., March).
This species was established on a portion of the maxillary bone with teeth. The latter are peculiar. The crown
of one, perhaps representative of all, is short, stout, of nearly circular section at the base and compressed towards the
apex. The latter is obtuse, and furnished on each side with a ridge, which together separate nearly equal faces, and
do not descend to the base. The apex is slightly rugose; there are no lateral strize or facets. According to Marsh,
the maxillary bone is short and deep, and presents a considerable vertical external face. The remains indicate one
of the largest species of the genus.
From the Cretaceous of North Carolina; discovered by- Prof. Emmons, formerly State Geologist, Mus. Williams”
College, Mass.
MOSASAURUS MINOR, Gibdbes.
Loc. Cit. 7 Tab. I, 3-5.
‘This small species appears to have been about as large as the Clidastes iguanavus, Cope.
The Cretaceous of Alabama.
MOSASAURUS COPEANUS, Marsh.
Mosasaurus copeanus, Marsh, Proceedings Amer. Asso. Adv. Sci., 1869. Sillim. Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1869, 393.
The remains which at present represent this species are portions of a skull with some of the maxillary teeth, and
- part of the corresponding lower jaws, including the anterior extremity of the left ramus, and the articular surface of
the left splenial bone. They indicate one of the smallest Mosasauroids yet discovered, and one very distinct from any
hitherto known. The teeth are slender, compressed, considerably curved, and deeply faceited. They Sire very
pointed, and a sharp ridge, without denticulations, divides the outer from the inner surfaces. The enamel of the
crown is remarkably smooth, and quite unlike the usual corrugated dental surfaces of the larger Mosasauroids. The
dimensions of a very perfect tooth from near the middle of the left lower jaw are as follows:
Inches. Lines. ~
Length of crown and osseous support, 1 iit
Length of crown alone, : 10.5
Antero-posterior diameter of crown at base, 5.25
Transverse diameter of crown at base, 4
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 199
The fang-like supports of all the teeth are more firmly codssified with the jaws, than is usually the case in this
family, and most of them contain excavations for the successional teeth. On the outer superior edge of the lower
jaws there is a row of pits round or oval in outline, and alternating with the teeth. In most instances one is situated
outside and a little in front of each tooth, and those in the anterior portions of the jaws are deeper than those farther
back. They evidently have been excavated for the maxillary teeth, and are adapted for their reception, like the sim-
ilar cavities in the jaws of crocodiles. Slight depressions, corresponding to these in position, may be seen in the jaws
of some of the larger species of Mosasaurus, and the unusual depth of the pits in the present specimen is probably due
to the more pointed character of the teeth.
Among the pieces of the skull preserved, is part of a symmetrical bone, about seven inches in length, which
formed the superior, medial portion of the face in front of the orbits. | Although no sutures are visible, it is evidently
composed of the nasal bones, and portions of the attached premaxillary and frontal bones. Its upper surface is very
peculiar in form, and is doubtless quite characteristic of the species. It is slightly concave in front where broken off,
flat at its narrowest part between the nasal openings, convex as it becomes broader a little farther back, next flat with
regular beveled edges at its greatest width between the apertures, and finally very convex as it again expands before
coalescing with the medial frontal. This fragment indicates that the nasal bone was very slender, and like the pre-
maxillary undivided, that the superior nasal openings on either side were long and narrow, and that the central line
of the face immediately behind them was marked by a low rounded ridge.
From the Lower bed of Cretaceous Green Sand at Marlborough, Monmouth Co., N. J.
The size and horizon of this species are quite similar to those of the Clidastes iguanavus.
MOSASAURUS MIERSII, Marsh.
Sill. Amer. Jour. Sci. Arts, 1869, 395.
The following description is derived from Marsh, 1. c.
This species is indicated by the crown of a single tooth which was found in the lowest marl bed, near Horners-
town, New Jersey. It evidently belonged to a Mosasauroid reptile of moderate size, but appears to differ from the
teeth of any yet described, in being more pointed, and in having the sides very deeply facetted or grooved. It resem-
bles strongly the teeth of Mosasaurus copeanus, but is more compressed, the enamel of the crown more corrugated,
the cutting edges are minutely denticulated, and it evidently belonged to a much larger animal. The crown is an inch
and five lines in length, and eight lines in antero-posterior diameter at the base. ‘I'he facets fade away before reach-
ing the apex, which is nearly smooth.
This tooth is apparently too large for either of the species of Baptosaurus described below, the remains of which
were found in the same immediate vicinity, but it may possibly belong to Liéodon lwois, the teeth of which are
unknown.
PLATECARPUS, Cope.
Proc. Bost. Soe. Nat. Hist., 1869, 264.
This genus is especially characterized by the peculiar insertion of the pterygoid teeth.
Its humerus also is more chelonian than that of Mosasaurus, while the os quadratum pre-
sents marked differences. These peculiarities have been pointed out by Leidy, who refers
the species to the genus Holcodus of Gibbes. Now this genus, Leidy also shows, was
made to include, also, teeth of Hyposaurus, but the name, as its meaning is “grooved
tooth,” should be restricted to that Mosasauroid genus, to which it is applicable.
>
200 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
For, as it has been accepted for the Mosasauroid included by Gibbes, by the next
writer, Leidy, it must be retained for it, according to the just rule usually followed.
There is, however, for us no evidence that the present genus possessed such a tooth, and
as the teeth of all the genera bear such a close mutual resemblance, I think it must be
left for future discovery to determine the application of the genus Holcodus. Name from
Mlhatq an Oar.
Dorsals transversely ovate, rounded ; ‘quadrate bone broad as long, meatus larger ;
humerus little contracted medially, with flat shaft; pterygoid teeth, eight.
P. TYMPANITICUS.
PLATECARPUS TYMPANITICUS, Cope.
Holcodus acutidens, Leidy, Cretaceous Rept. N. Amer., p. 118, Tab. VII 4-7; VIII 1-2-7; XI 14; vix Gibbsii
Smithson. Contrib. 1851, II 7, Tab. I, 3-5, vel Leidyi, Loc. Cit. Tab. X-17.
This species is of about the size of Mosasaurus depressus, Cope, under which head some of its characters are
pointed out. The single specimen representing it, was found in the upper ecretaceous of Mississippi, near Columbus,
by Dr. William Spillman.
*
LIODON, Owen.
Report on British Fossil Reptiles. Proceedings Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1841, p. 144. Odontography p. 261, Tab.
LXXII, fig. 1-2. ?Macrosaurus, Owen, Journ. Geolog. Soc. London, 1849, 380. Cope, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist..
1869, 264. ?Nectoportheus, Cope* Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1868, 181.
This genus was defined by Owen, in consequence of the more compressed and less
facetted character of the teeth in the type species, L. anceps, Ow. of England. This
character, though important, is shown by Leidy to be evanescent, as indicated by more
. than one species of the United States. I find these species to differ materially from Mo-
sasaurus in the separation and linear form of the pterygoids. The characters are chiefly
derived from the L. proriger, Cope, and L. mitchillii, Dekay, as follows:
The pterygoid bones without contact on the median line, but separated by a consider-
able interspace throughout their length. Pterygoid not entirely pleurodont. Chevron
bones free to the end of the vertebral column; dorsals with rudiment of the zygosphenal
articulation.
These characters may be those of Macrosawrus, Owen, but the palatal characters of the
type of that genus are unknown; they are probably similar to those here given, as it ap-
proaches Clidastes in the form of the vertebral arches, and the pterygoids are separate in
the latter. The vertebre known to belong to L. proriger present the compressed form of
those of Liodon levis. ‘The vertebre of L. mitchillii are, however, mknown. The ptery-
goid tooth of a species like the last was named Lesticodus by Leidy. 1 have not used this
name for the present genus, as the species and genus to which the type pertained are not
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 201
readily identified, and its author has given the name the position of a synonyme. Ovens’
Liodon presents teeth similar to those of M. impar, but here again we’ do not know any
other characters of the genus.
The characters are well distinguished from those of Clidastes on the one hand, and
Mosasaurus on the other. The vertebra are those of the latter genus, while the ptery-
goids do not present that union on the median line characteristic of the same. They have
not the horizontal expansion seen in Clidastes. Their teeth are not arranged after a type
so strongly pleurodont as in Platecarpus, but in the type species they are more exposed
than i Mosasaurus giganteus, M. missuriensis and M. dekayi. As Leidy describes the
pterygoid bone of Platecarpus tympaniticus, I am induced to suppose that they are united
on the median line; the width above is nearly one-third the length, and a shelf “ projects
on the inner side separating the upper from the lower surface.” This is as in Mosasaurus,
and constitutes probably, a point of union of the two bones.
This separation of the Pterygoids is characteristic of Lacertilia and Ophidia generally,
while the continuous relation belongs rather to Crocodilia, Sauropterygia, ete.
The entire distinctness of the chevron bones of the caudal vertebre is remarkable, as
differing from the known structure of M. giganteus, M. missuriensis, M. dekayi, and Cli-
dastes propython. ‘The large size of the L. proriger renders it improbable that this fea-
ture is to be ascribed to immaturity, especially as the two species last named as differing
in that respect, are relatively quite small. A species from the rotten limestone of Ala-
bama, presents a similar characteristic of the caudal vertebra, but whether its pterygoids
be those of Liodon or Mosasaurus,.I am unable to ascertain.
Pterygoids nine, smaller, cylindric; mandibulars eleven, much larger; anterior teeth
convex inwardly, indistinctly fluted; premaxilla with two teeth on each side, prolonged
into a cylindric rostrum. L. PRORIGER.
Pterygoids eight, unequal, the median large, almost equal to the mandibulars; teeth
compressed, with two edges, inner sides little convex; no flutes or marked facets.
L. MITCHILLII.
The only character by which I distinguish the L. validus from Mosasaurus, is the pe-
culiar form of the os quadratum. The L. levis is characterized by the form of its verte-
bree, which differs considerably from that of any species of Mosasaurus. They may be
compared as follows:
Cervical cups vertically oval, proximal caudal subhexagonal; surfaces striate; -size
large. L. PRORIGER.
Articular faces cervicals and anterior dorsals round; posterior dorsal depressed, centra
short, broad; large. L. VALIDUS.
AMERICA. PHILO. SOC.—VOL XIV. 51
202 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
Md . . . .
Articular faces posterior cervical round or slightly depressed; hypapophysis very large;
surface everywhere sculptured striate; centrum long; small. L. CONGROPS.
Articular faces of all dorsals compressed, deeper than wide; median line below, broadly
prominent. L, LAVIS.
LIODON PRORIGER, Cope.
Macrosaurus proriger, Cope, Proceed. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phil., 1869, p. 128. Hujus operis Tab. XII, figs. 22-24.
Leidy, Cretac. Rept. II, 15-16 (caudal vertebra).
The history of this large Mosasauroid is based on material in the Museum Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.,
brought by Prof. Louis Agassiz from the cretaceous beds in the neighborhood of Fort Hayes, Kansas, and near the
line of the Southern Pacific Railroad. It consists of the greater part of the muzzle from the orbits, with the right den-
tary and left pterygoid bones nearly complete; one cervical vertebra (with hypapophysis), one dorsal,.one caudal with
diapophysis, and ten caudals without diapophysis.
The characters presented by the vertebral column indicate an excessively elongate reptile; the transverse diameter
of one of the distal caudal vertebrze is less than one-fifth that of a proximal with short diapophysis; while four consecu-
tive ones of the former show but little variation in dimensions. This diminution amounts to 2 of a transverse diameter
of the larger form. With this ratio as a basis, fifty-three 3 vertebrae would form a complete series from caudals one-
half the diameter of the last of the four, to the proximal caudal above mentioned. There have been, no doubt, several
caudals in advance of the latter, as the diapophyses are small. From the slow rate of diminution of the columns of
other species examined, it may be supposed that sixty caudal vertebrae is b€.ow rather than above the true number.
The cervical and dorsal vertebre have been slightly crushed as they laid on the side, and present a narrower diam-
eter than is normal; the cup of the cervical has not been distorted, and is deeper than wide, presenting the character
of Macrosaurus. The rudimental zygosphen consists of a continuation of the roof of the neural canal in front, to adapt ¢
itself to the inner face of the down-looking zygapophysis of the preceding vertebra. The latter is thus received into
a groove on the inner side of the up-looking posterior zygapophysis. The dorsals and caudals exhibit with the cervicals
that minute, sharply defined rugosity, which characterizes all the projecting margins, especially those of the hypapo-
physis and diapophyses, in this genus and Clidastes. The whole surface of the cervical is marked with either inoseu-
lating strie or impressed punctae. The same character marks the cranial bones, though they do not present such ru-
gosity as the vertebre.
The proximal caudal presents a subhexagonal section, of which the inferior add supero-lateral sides are longest;
articular faces about as broad as high. A broad smooth space between the chevron bones. Diapophyses with broad
ovate transverse section.
A caudal without diapophyses, anterior to the middle of the series, estimated by the size, is but slightly deeper
than long, and with parallel lateral outlines of the articular faces. The neural arch is very much narrowed antero-
posteriorly, but has a greater transverse extent at its lower part; above the spine is much compressed, but not widened.
The zygapophyses remain as rudiments just above the small neural canal, but do not probably touch each other. There
are two anterior and two posterior narrow ribs on the upper portion of the neural spine. The more distal caudals haye
wider neural spines, and the arch also has a greater antero-posterior extent. The zygapophyses are scarcely traceable
and the neural spine is strongly striate. The reverse arrangement is observed in Clidastes propython, where the neu-
ral spine of the proximal caudal has considerable extent, while those of the posterior and distal vertebrae are almost
cylindric, especially the neurapophyses.
Dimensions. ; In.
Dorsal, length, 3.30
“ Shwwidth cup, 2.5
oS Gephin .: 2.77
Proximal caudal, length, 2.14
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 203
In.
Proximal width cup, 3.43
és depth ‘ : 3.23
Caudal without diap. No. 1, length, 1.6
ae ie a «depth cup, 2.65
Se us ub “width “ 2.6
Ze “ ee «¢ height neural canal, 4
ee “ ae “¢ antero-posterior width neural spine, 8
Caudal do.. No. 2, length, 11
ne s “¢ depth cup, 2.15
os oe “ —hwidth 6“ 1.86
ue ae rg “¢ neural sp. (antero-posterior), 1.07
Caudal do., distal; length, 5
a Ot «¢ depth cup, ; 85
Be ps «width 6“ 64
Caudal do., distal; diameter antero-posterior, of neural spine, 40
The points of attachment of the chevron bones on the distal vertebree are strongly marked pits; on the antevior, the
anterior margins of the pits are raised and continuous with the cheyrons.
The muzzle presents the usual characters of the large Mosasauroids, but adds a peculiarity in the prolongation of
the premaxillary bone into a cylindric mass forming an obtuse beak beyond the premaxillary teeth. The bone is nar-
rowed anteriorly, and does not descend regularly as in Mosasaurus sp., but continues to its abrupt and narrowed termi-
nation described. The extremity is deeper than wide. Jmmediately in front of and between the anterior premaxillary
teeth, a short acuminate projection interrupts the surface, and in front of this, a transverse depression. Above, the
surface becomes flattened, and presents two shallow longitudinal depressions continuous with the nostrils. Where the
premaxillary rather suddenly contracts into its spine, it is materially wider than the maxillary on each side of it; in M.
missuriensis it is narrower, according to Goldfuss. The maxillary border of the nares is rather suddenly concave at the
anterior extremity of the nares, narrowing the maxillaries; the latter gradually widen by the expansion of their inner
margins.
No part of the frontals is preserved, but a considerable part of the left pre-frontal remains. It unites by a very coarse
overlapping suture with the maxillary, whose outline forms an irregular chevron with the apex pointing forwards in
the middle of the maxillary bone. This, it will be seen, is very different from the form given by Goldfuss in the M.
missuriensis, where the most anterior point of the suture is on the nareal margin. The external margin of the bone
behind is contracted considerably within the maxillary border, previous to its outward extension towards the orbit.
This is much less marked in the Clidastes propython, but is distinct in M. missuriensis.
The maxillo-premaxillary suture gradually descends to the alveolar border to the extremity of the maxillary bone,
where it descends abruptly, forming an interlocking suture quite different from that squamosal type already observed in
other species of the order. The length of the premaxillary anterior to this point, is three-fourths the length of the
same to the beginning of the nares.
The number 0 teeth on the maxillary bone was probably thirteen; twelve alveole and bases remain, and one is
added in the position of the posterior tooth of M. missuriensis, if such existed; this may be questioned in consideration
of the small number of mandibular teeth. “Premaxillary teeth two on each side, the anterior with bases separated only
by a groove. Throughout the whole series the bases of the teeth are considerably more exposed on the inner than the
outer side.
The crowns are everywhere sub-cylindric at the base, the inner face more convex than the outer. Posteriorly there
is a posterior cutting ridge, as well’as a marked anterior one, both minutely crenulate, but the former disappears till in
the anterior teeth there is only an anterior edge, the posterior face being convex and continuous with the inner. There
is a trace of cutting edge on the outer portion of the extremity of the crown in the most anterior teeth. The anterior
ridge remains very strongly marked. The surface is quite rough with longitudinal ribs, of which eight may be counted
204 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
on the outer aspect of the second maxillary. These are not strongly marked, and are separated by concave facets. .
The basal part of the crown is marked by numerous fine sharp striz, which are most distinct on the inner face.
The external face of the maxillary bone presents three series of foramina. These rise superiorly on the premaxil-
lary, and increase in number and become irregular on its extremity. :
The ramus of the mandible is massive, and differs from that of Mosasaurus giganteus in continuing its proportions
to its extremity. Its depth at the latter point is as great as the sixth tooth from the front. It is prolonged beyond
the first tooth in correspondence with the prolongation of the premaxillary. This extremity is compressed and obtuse;
its inner face is very rugose, as though there had been a closer union at the symphysis than usual, though it would not
appear to have been other than ligamentous. The groove for Meckel’s cartilage is very large and has been exposed be-
low the last two teeth, as the splenial terminates at the third. Two series of foramina on the external face of the
ramus. There are alveolz and bases for thirteen teeth on the dentary bone. This, it will be observed, is one more
than in M. gracilis, and one less than in other species of Mosasaurus. The posterior extremity of the dentary shows
its marks of reception into the notch of the coronoid; it is more compressed and less club-shaped than the correspond-
ing part of M. mitchillii, and would indicate less lateral flexibility than in some other types.
The right pterygoid is of less elongate form than in some other species. It presents the sutural face for union
with the palatine on the outer anterior extremity, and narrows to an apex a little in advance. The dentigerous face is
widest at the anterior third the length, where the outer margin is expanded. This then contracts and is compressed
vertical at the tenth tooth, where it is broken off. The transverse process is given off a little anterior to the ninth
tooth. The interior face of the bone is a vertical plane, without projection, except a slight obliquity at the anterior
extremity, and it is clear there has been some interval between this pterygoid and its fellow. The superior margin is
obtusely rounded.
The bases of the pterygoid teeth are exposed for two-thirds their length, on the outer side of the bone, thus ap-
proaching the Platecarpus. The antero-median are large, and the anterior most closely placed. Their crowns are
strongly recurved, round in section, and with a fine sculpture of straight striz, most marked near the base and on the
inner side. They are more spaced posteriorly than any other species except M. mitchillii, and are relatively larger than
in any except the same species. They have not the compressed form with basal shoulder, characteristic of the M.
dekayi.
Measurement of Muzzle. Inches.
Length of fragment, : 31.
os from end muzzle to pre-frontal, 21.5
ue inn a “* nares, 11.75
A ort ef “* maxillary, 5.73
sf Se oes a “* first tooth, 2.5
Width of muzzle at end, 1.5
i “« at anter. extremity nares, 8
oe premaxillary ‘ e ee 3.3
se maxillary betw. 10th and 11th teeth, 3.2
. Depth mandible at extremity, 2.5
ut iy ‘¢ sixth tooth, 3.5
“¢ pterygoid at transverse process, 2.5
Width ae ee ae oe 7 1.4
us g¢ in front, 2.2
Length ‘ anterior to transverse process, 72
“crown 5th pterygoid tooth, 1
6 “« 2nd maxillary tooth, . 1.9
Diameter ‘* “ “« at base, 1.1
The vomers are as usual, separate and narrow. They are in close contact from the second maxillary to the second
premaxillary tooth. Throughout this part of their length they are embraced by posteriorly produced vertical laminz
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 205
of the premaxillary bone. These laminz unite just behind the second premaxillary teeth, and form a single prominent
keel, which disappears between the first premaxillaries. :
This very fine fragment of one of our largest extinct reptiles, was enclosed in a matrix
of soft yellow chalk. It was lent me for introduction into the present synopsis by Prof.
Agassiz, of Cambridge, Mass. We look with interest to a complete restoration of this
species, as its matrix is so readily worked.
LIODON MITCHILLII, Dekay.
Geosaurus miichill, Dekay, Annals Lyc., New York, III, 140. Bronn, Lethaea Geognostica: nec Mosasaurus
mitchilli, Leidy, Cretaceous Reptiles U. 8., et Cope olim, Boston Proceedings, 1869,=M. major Dekay.
Drepanodon impar, Leidy, Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1856, 255. Lesticodus impar, Leidy, Geolog. Surv.
N. Ca., 224, figs. 45-6;—fide Leidy. Mosasaurus, Leidy, Cretaceous Reptiles, 65—Tab. XI, 1, 2, 3, 4.
This species is well characterized by the unequal size of its pterygoid teeth, and by the near equality of some of
them to the mandibular. lLeidy observes that the fang of the first tooth indicates that it was smaller than the second;
the second, third and fourth are nearly equal, and large, then the first and fifth of equal and smaller size, and the sixth
to the eighth successively smaller. The teeth from the second to the fourth are nearly equal in size to the mandibulars,
and with only one divisional cutting edge. The mandibulars present two, nearly opposite, and faint traces of facets only.
The case is entirely different with the M. dekayi, where, as indicated by the measurements, the pterygoids are
sub-equal and very much smaller than the mandibulars.
Other portions of this species are unknown, hence it may be found at some future time to be the same as some
other here described. In that case, the namie mitchillii will take precedence over any subsequently given.
From the lower marl bed, Monmouth Co., New Jersey. Prof. Geo. H. Cook.
LIODON LAVIS, Owen.
Macrosaurus levis, Owen, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Lond., 1849, 380 tab. Leidy, 1. c. 74, 75; (per errorem
Macrosaurus validus Tab. V hujus operis.) : “
Portions of three individuals referable to this species have come under my notice, viz: two vertebre and a radius
from Monmouth Co., N. J., found by Dr. Samuel Lockwood; three vertebre from the same county, from O. R. Willis,
and a single vertebra from Medford, Burlington Co., from Charles Braddock. The largest individual of the three is
that from Dr. Lockwood’s collection, which is nearly equal to the largest of the M. validus, but consider-
ably less than that of the M. proriger. The cervical has the round articular faces, while the dorsals
present the vertically ovate form of cup and ball characteristic of the spe- Fig. 49.
Aen
cies. They present also the fine striation of the margins of the diapo-
physes and of other articular faces. The radius has the outer margin broken
away, as represented in the accompanying wood cut; its humeral articular face
is narrow ovate; the carpal curved and stout. The bone is very peculiar, in
the presence of a short sub-cylindric process directed inwardly to the ulna, and
apparently adapted to it by a concave articular face. The radius of Clidastes
and that of Mosasaurus figured by Leidy (VIII, f. 10, Cretac. Rept.) merely ap-
G7
proach or touch the ulna by the distal angle.
Measurements of Supposed Radius. In.
~*
Length, 2.73
Distal width preserved (straight line), 3.10
Proximal ‘ ee 1.9
Width ulnar articular face, 1.0
A small portion of the external margin preserved, shows a deep incurvature of the outline.
AMERICA. PHILO. S00C.—VOL XIV. 52
206 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
The other specimens from Monmouth Co. are considerably injured. The centrum of the first dorsal, or that with
the last trace of the hypapophysis, measures 3.10 inches in length, and the cup 2 inches in diameter. The surface on
each side of the trace of hypapophysis is strongly longitudinally striate.
The third specimen is more posterior in position than any of the other vertebre described, and more compressed
in certain parts of the surface.
It is an anterior dorsal, being without hypapophysis, having strong diapophyses, and strong neurapophyses which
I suspect to have borne zygapophyses, though these have been broken off. It differs from those of Mosasaurus, which
occupy the same position, in its greatly compressed elevated form, in the strength of the neurapophyses, in the longi-
tudinal instead of vertical diapophyses, and in the lack of connection by elevation or otherwise between the diapophysis
and base of neurapophysis.
The form of the articular ball is a vertical oval with sub-parallel sides, and a deep rounded emargination at the
neural canal. The centrum is much contracted immediately in advance of this, and the outlines above the diapophy-
ses are markedly concave. The neurapophysis rises at about one-fourth the length of the centrum in advance of the
ball. The diapophyses have ovate bases deeper anteriorly, and are situate at the middle of the depth of the centrum
on the anterior half. The cup is strongly cordate, having an open concavity at the neural canal; the edges are thin.
The inferior surface presents a narrow plane, concave extero-posteriorly, and bounded by the compressed sides, which
form a longitudinal concavity below the diapophyses.
In. Lin.
Length of vertebra below, 2 1
Width in median plane below, 7.5
Depth of cup, greatest, il 9
a ‘least, 1 7.5
$6 ball, il 7.9
Width ee i 5.7
Length basis diapophysis, 13.
This specimen was found near Medford, N. J., in the second green sand bed, and presented to the writer by
Charles Braddock, of Haddonfield.
The last described vertebra is erroneously named M. validus on Plate VY.
LIODON CONGROPS, Cope.
Spec. nov.
This species is indicated by a posterior cervical vertebra, which presents so many characters as to render its ex-
clusion from the present work scarcely proper. In size it bears some relation to the Mosasaurus minor, Gibbes, but is
still smaller, and is separated at once by the round instead of depressed articular faces.
The posterior articular face is the round one; the anterior is slightly depressed, and opposite the diapophyses and
neural canal slightly flattened, so as to give a slightly tri-lateral superior outline to the cup. Itis not excavated above,
as in the species of Clidastes. The hypapophysis is broken, but its base is unusually long and wide. The infero-an-
terior limb of the short diapophysis descends to the edge of the cup, considerably below its middle. The space it en-
closes with its superior ridge which extends into the anterior zygapophysis, is reticulate striate. The whole surface
below is minutely striate; the striz become coarse as it approaches the ball. The latter is surrounded by a groove, and
its margin projects acutely beyond the adjacent surface of the centrum. The latter is much contracted behind the
ball, and the faces below the diapophyses are concave. Bases of neurapophysis striate. Neural arch broken away
above. Neural canal with epapophysial ridge.
Lines.
Length centrum with ball, 29.8
es He uf 18
fe ce “¢ hypapophysis, 5.8
Width base hypapophysis, 5.5
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA, 207
ss Lines
Depth ball, 10.4
Width <‘ 11
“cup, 12.6
Depth “ iil,
Length base neurapophysis, 112).
» In profile the base has a very slight obliquity looking upwards.
From the Rotten Limestome of Alabama; discovered by E. R. Showalter, M. D.
LIODON VALIDUS, Cope.
Macrosaurus validus, Cope, Proc. Boston, 1869. Nectoportheus validus, Cope, Proc. A. N. Sci., Phil. 1868, p. 181.
Leidy, Cretac. Rept. 74-75; Tab. VII, 19, 20, III 1-2.
This species is represented by two cervical and four dorsal vertebra of one individual, and a large dorsal of another,
in the Museum of the Academy; the former associated with numerous fragments, including part of an os quad-
ratum, from L. T. Germain, Burlington Co., N. J. Two dorsal vertebre of a large individual in the Museum of Rut-
ger’s College, submitted to me by Prof. Cook; several vertebre with broken quadrate and other bones and teeth, in my
private collection, from near Barnesboro, Gloucester Co., N. J.; a similar series with portions of the cranium from the
same locality, in Cabinet of N. J. State Geol. Survey, and a number of vertebree in the collection of Prof. Marsh, of
Yale College, further establish its characters.
The quadrate bone is highly peculiar, as above pointed out. The posterior descending hook of the proximal ex-
tremity is quite short, and is marked by an obtuse ridge which passes forwards and disappears immediately above the
pit alongside the meatus. What especially characterizes this species and genus, and allies it to Clidastes, is the pres-
ence of a strong longitudinal angular ridge, which extends from the usual external angle of the proximal extremity,
which becomes here a process, separating the outer aspect of the quadratum into two entirely distinct planes; one that
of the meatus, the other that of the ala.
Two separate opisthotic bones accompany these remains, which were mixed up with those of the M. depressus. The
vertebree of the two species were easily separated. The quadrate bone also was identified by one accompanying the
vertebre of M. validus in my own collection. J could not so readily assign the opisthotics to the proper species. I
have assigned them here, because their glenoid cavities apply much more readily to the quadrate bone of the M.
validus than of the M. depressus. As compared with the same bones of three Mosasaurus dekayi, they present three
marked characteristics. First, they are relatively much shorter; second, the distal anterior process which fits within
the squamosal, is much more prolonged; third, the inferior of the two faces to which the squamosal is applied, is a
continuation of the general inferior plane of the bone; in M. mitchillii it is a different plane, like a rabbet. It may
be added, that the glenoid cavity is narrower and deeper.
Four teeth from Barnesboro, indicate marked characters. They are much compressed, as in L. mitchillii, and the
posterior cutting edge is well developed and forms the narrowed extremity of an elliptic section. The anterior ridge
less developed. In three crowns there is no trace of the unequal division by these edges, as in Mosasaurus sp. One
probably from the premaxilla is more abruptly recurved than in the others, with base ratherexpanded inwards. The
distinguishing character of these teeth, which separates it from L. mitchillii, is the abundant longitudinal fluting and
striation of the enamel. The grooves are deeper and shallower, coarser at the base; the striz are fine, continuous and
rugose. These are not seen in L. mitchillii. The general form of the crown is short, broad at the base and well
curved posteriorly and inwards.
Lines.
Elevation of crown and pedestal, 21
& es alone, 16
Antero-posterior diameter do. at base, 12
The lateral element of the atlas is represented from the inner side in Fig. 48, No. 3. The anterior termination
of the inferior ala, and the articular face for the centrum, are as in M. mitchillii. The inner articular face is divided
208 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
by a vertical depression; the posterior, or that meeting the odontoid process, is quite prominent and distinct. The
anterior facet for the occipital condyle, is transversely divided by a depression.
The form of the cervical vertebre is so much like that of the Mosasaurus dekayi as to be readily taken for those of
small example of that species. The first dorsals, or those without hypapophysis, are more elongate than in the latter,
and the body is more cotracted, so that the ball presents a projecting rim all round. This is readily knocked off in
the rough handling the specimens usually receive. The cup is also proportionately expanded. Posterior dorsals
where the diapophyses issue half from the centrum, have the latter slightly depressed; where the diapophysis comes
three-fourths from the body, the articular faces are a broad transverse ovate, well expanded on the margins, below
which the surface is slightly striate. In the longer or anterior dorsals, the rudiment of zygosphen and zygantrum
is well marked.
Unfortunately, no caudal vertebrz of this species have been preserved, so that I do not know their form. The
posterior dorsals are so much more depressed than in Liodon levis, that future discovery may justify the generic sep-
aration of the genus Nectoportheus, which I originally applied to this animal.
For the largest measurements, I refer to Dr. Leidy’s essay on Cretaceous Reptiles, where the description of the
large specimens of Macrosaurus levis belong to the present species. :
The following are the proportions of the smaller and typical individual, from L. T. Germain:
Inches. Lines.
Length centrum cervical, (with ball) 34
Depth ball of same, 18.5
Width ‘ GON 21
Length anterior dorsal, 34
Width cup, 24
Proximal width outer face quadratum, 28
Length quadratum to lower edge pit, 20
as opisthotic, (see description) 3 4
ne outer margin do., 3 4
This was a large and powerful reptile, and probably more elongate in proportion to its bulk than the Mosasauri,
well deserving the name Macrosaurus which Owen has applied to an ally.
From the upper Green Sand Bed of the New Jersey Cretaceous.
BAPTOSAURUS, Marsh.
Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., January, 1870. Halisaurus, Marsh, Sill. Am. Jour. Sci. Arts, 1869, 395, nec
Johnsonii, 1866.
A genus known chiefly from vertebra. ‘These resemble those of Liodon, more par-
ticularly such species as L. validus, but present marked differences in the cervical part of
the series. Here the hypapophyses are compressed and elongate, and rugose at the ex-
tremity for the insertion of muscles, instead of ‘being truncated by an articular face to
which a separate bone is united, as occurs in all the other genera of Pythonomorpha here
enumerated. In this it more nearly resembles the ordinary types of Lacertilia and
Ophidia. ‘There is no indication of zygosphen in the two species described. The neural
spine is elevated, compressed, and narrow. ‘The dorsals are of an even more elongate
character than in Liodon. ‘The species known have the articular faces depressed or
transverse oval. his character is not necessarily of generic value, and hence I attach
less importance to it than does Marsh in his diagnosis.
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA, 209
The species are as follows:
« Articular extremities of dorsal vertebra depressed.
Cervicals much depressed and with smaller articular faces than dorsals; inferior
aspect of cervical centra keeled medially and laterally. B, PLATYSPONDYLUS.
Dorsals with transversely oval cups, less depressed and less elongate.
B. FRATERNUS.
BAPTOSAURUS PLATYSPONDYLUS, Marsh.
Macrosaurus platyspondylus, Marsh, Proceed. Amer. Assoc. Ady. Science (Salem), 1869. Halisawrus platyspon-
dylus, Marsh, Silliman’s Journ. Sci. Arts, 1869, p. 395.
This most distinct species was established on a median cervical, and an anterior dorsal vertebra; the right splenial
bone with its concave articular face, and a small portion of the base of the skull. A coracoid found near these speci-
mens probably belonged to the same animal, although it is smaller than the other parts of the skeleton would appa-
rently indicate, and differs considerably in form and proportions from the corresponding bone in both Liodon
and Clidastes. The splenial bone differs from that of Mosasaurus in the form of its articular face, and in being more
overlapped in front of the joint of the dentary.
Through the kindness of Prof. Marsh, I have had the opportunity of making the present observations. Other
parts of the description are copied from his description quoted above.
The cervicals present smaller cup and ball in proportion to those of the lumbars, than is seen in any other known
Mosasauroid; they are so depressed as to be nearly twice as broad as deep. The inferior, horizontal limb of the diapo-
physis is prominent below, leaving on each side of an obtuse median keel, a lateral shallow concavity. The median
keel scarcely projects beyond the lateral. The neural arch is slightly more contracted above antero-posteriorly, than
in any other species, hence the zygapophyses are more prominent. The neural spine is contracted antero-posteriorly
and much elevated. The hypapophysis is on the posterior portion of the inferior surface, and is quite prominent, but
shorter than the centrum. The posterior dorsals resemble only those of Liodon validus out of the genus; they are
considerably more slender, and without the obtusely keeled form of the inferior face, characteristic of the latter.
The dimensions of the posterior cervical vertebra are as follows:
Inches. Lines.
Length of centrum below, 2 6
Transverse diameter of articular cup, 1 8.5
Vertical diameter of articular cup, ite
Distance from centre of cup to middle of lateral edge, 11.
Length of diapophyses below lower margin of cup, 5.5
“ “ hypapophysis below lower margin of ball, 8.
The dorsal vertebra has no trace of hypapophysis, and the lower surface of the centrum is remarkably flat. The
anterior downward prolongations of the diapophyses still project below the centrum, but they have become obtuse pro-
cesses, partially separated from the more vertical portion of the diapophyses by a notch. The following are the more
important dimensions of this vertebra:
Inches. Lines.
Length of centrum below, 2 6.
Transverse diameter of cup, 1 9.
Vertical ze me 1
Width of neural canal below, 6.
“* between extremities of anterior zygapophyses, 2 3.
Length of diapophyses below lower surface of centrum, 2.
AMERICA. PHILO. SOC.—VOL XIV. 53
210 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
If the coracoid found near them belongs to the same skeleton, the body was remarkably slender, and the fore-
limbs possessed comparatively little power.
From the clays below the upper bed of Cretaceous Green Sand at Hornerstown, Mon-
mouth Co., N. J. Discovered by Jno. G. Miers.
BAPTOSAURUS FRATERNUS, Marsh.
Halisaurus fraternus, Marsh, Amer. Jour. Sci. Arts, 1869, 397.
This species is established on an anterior dorsal and two posterior dorsal vertebrze, found not far from each other,
and probably part of the same series. They are about the same size as those just described, and have many points of
resemblance to them, but differ in having the centra less depressed and less elongate. The anterior dorsal has the zy-
gapophyses less expanded, and their articular face more nearly vertical than the corresponding parts in the previous
species. It has also indications of a small hypapophysis, which in form and position resembles somewhat that of Mo-
sasaurus. The neural spine is compressed, of moderate height, and directed slightly forwards. The posterior dorsals
have the centra considerably less depressed than the anterior dorsals, and the neural arch rests upon the anterior two-
thirds of the centrum. The diapopophyses pass off horizontally, their upper flat surface being nearly in the same
plane as the floor of the neural canal. At their extremities there is an articular face which is subtriangular. These
vertebre are all much more depressed than those of Liodon levis, Owen, or L. validus, Cope, and indicate an animal
smaller than either of those species, probably twenty-five or thirty feet in length. The remains were found near Hor-
nerstown, New Jersey, by Mr. Meirs, at the same locality as those described above. i
The preceding description is quoted from Marsh, loc. cit. A vertebra probably of this species is in the Museum
of the Academy Natural Sciences.
HOLCODUS, Gibdbes.
HOLCODUS ACUTIDENS, Gibbes.
On Mosasaurus, Smithsonian Contributions, 1851 9: Tab. Leidy, Cretaceous Reptiles, p. 118, Tab. X, fig. 17.
Cretaceous formation of Alabama and Mississippi.
POLYGONODON, Leidy.
Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1856. 221.
This genus is only known from teeth. ‘These are of remarkable and elegant form,
and could scarcely have pertained to animals which presented any close affinity to Mosa-
saurus. Their cutting edges are equally developed and acute on both anterior and pos-
terior aspects, and separate equal faces. The facets are better defined than in any other
genus, ‘There are two species, as follows :
Facets six inner and seven outer. P. VETUS.
Facets four or five inner and outer. P. RECTUS.
POLYGONODON VETUS, Leidy.
Loc. Cit., 1856, 221 ; Cretaceous Reptiles, tab. IX., 12-13.
Cretaceous Green Sand of New Jersey.
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 211
POLYGONODON RECTUS. Emmons.
Mosasaurus rectus, Emmons, Geological Survey, N. Ca., 1858, 218. Polygonodon rectus, Emmons, 1. c. tab.
Emmons found his specimen in the miocene in North Carolina, but considered it an
intrusive fossil from the Cretaceous. The present survey under Prof. Kerr has a similar
specimen also from the Miocene.
Miocene of Bladen and Duplin Counties, North Carolina.
CLIDASTID ZA,
CLIDASTES, Cope.
Proceedings Academy Nat. Sci., Phil., 1868, p. 238.
This genus was originally established on a species represented by a single dorsal ver-
tebra, but its characters have been chiefly developed from remains of two other species,
especially the nearly complete skeleton of the C. propython. The vertebra is highly
characteristic, and resembles considerably that of such genera of Iguanide as Euphryne
and Dipsosaurus, and in some degree those of Cyclura and Iguana. It differs from the
dorsals of known serpents in having the zygosphen on the plane of the anterior zygapo-
physis, and in having the costal articular surface continuous with and covering the diapo-
physes. It differs from the genera of Iguanidz mentioned, in the very small amount of
upward direction which the face of the articular ball of the centrum exhibits.
The zygapophyses are spread apart, and their outer margin continues in a straight
line from the diapophyses. The diapophyses are directed upwards, and are vertical com-
pressed in form; they are opposite to about equal portions of the centrum and _ neural
arch. Their posterior face is slightly concave, and the upper face behind forms, with the
neural arch, a deeply concave line. The convexity of the ball is not so great as in the
Crocodilia, and with the thin-lipped cup, resembles that of Mosasaurus ; this resemblance is
heightened by the slightly depressed upper outline of the ball, and the form of the
diapophyses.
The genus is most nearly allied to Liodon, in some of the vertebrae of which a slight
groove beside the zygapophysis is the rudiment of the zygantrum.
The premawillary is a narrow, simple element, one-half of a cone anteriorly, and much
attenuated posteriorly, separating the maxillaries above, by width of its spine only. Its
extremity projects considerably beyond the latter, and its sides are only bevelled to receive
them, there being no sutural connection. ‘The spine terminates a short distance beyond
the anterior margin of the nares. ‘The anterior extremity bears two teeth on each side,
which are smaller than the larger maxillaries.
The maxillary bones are long and slender, and widely separated on the palatal sur-
212 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
face, in front by the vomers, behind by the nares and palatine bones. They terminate in
a narrow process behind, whose extremity is broken in the specimen at my disposal, but
which is too slight to have supported a malar arch, unless it were as in the Dolphins.
Each maxillary bears seventeen sub-equal teeth. The nostrils are linear and superior, as
in Mosasaurus, and if separated by a septum, it was exceedingly slender. A portion of it
has been preserved; it appears to be composed of co-ossified nasal and frontal bones. The
nares extend to a point as far in advance of the anterior margin of the orbit, as the latter is
in advance of the posterior margin of the post-orbitals. The prefrontals are largely devel-
oped and margin the posterior part of the nares. Their posterior exterior margin projects
strongly in the plane of the muzzle, and has caused the orbit to be horizontal, and the
range of vision vertical, as in some aquatic serpents. .
The frontal is a wedge-shaped flat bone. The post frontals are large, flat and promi-
nent, and project beyond the process they send posteriorly to join the squamosal. Pos-
teriorly it embraces a broad rectangular process of the parietal, which contains near its
front suture, the parietal fontanelle. The projection is considerably wider than as repre-
sented by Goldfuss in the genus Mosasaurus.
The parietal has two broad lateral wings, which advance on the frontal, and form pos-
teriorly the broad anterior margin of the temporal fossa. ‘The parietal crests are separ-
ated by a plane which is narrowed posteriorly. Two antero-superior projections of the
supraoccipital embrace it on each side below the crest, while it is overlapped just below,
by the anterior extremity of the prootic; this does not extend so far forwards as the su-
praoccipital. In front of, and below this point, the parietal is decurved, and forms a con-
siderable part of the lateral wall of the cranium; though with but moderate antero-pos-
terior extent. The plate, as preserved on one side of the specimen, has extended to the
body of the sphenoid, where extensive sutural surface has received it. I can find no suture
crossing it, and it is apparently all alisphenoid or all parietal. I incline to the former
view, for where it is separated at its superior base from the parietal, the appearance is
quite as similar to suture as fracture. A part of the parietal is, however, undoubtedly de-
curved in front of it. The structure is quite as Crocodilian as Ophidian in this point.
The anterior ala of the prootic overlaps this alisphenoid largely. Its posterior lamina
does not quite meet the’ expansion of the exoccipital on the upper face of the suspenso-
rium, as it does in Mosasaurus. Inferiorly it is contact with outer and posterior base of
the sphenoid.
The supraoccipital is somewhat crushed; it is slightly roof-shaped, but not so much so
as in M. missuriensis, nor so much below the plane of the parietals as in that genus. The
posterior extremity of the parietal appears-to rest upon it without sending arches to the
opisthotic.
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 213
The exoccipital is distinct, and bears a very small seginent of the occipital condyle.
The opisthotic stands obliquely upwards and forwards, and furnishes a glenoid cavity
for the articulation of the quadratum. It has a process directed upwards and forwards,
which occupies a concavity on the inner face of the squamosal, which has the same
direction.
The squamosal is flat below, and proximally presents a longitudinal external angle;
medially it is more cylindric, and receives the posterior process of the post-frontal.
The basioccipital presents a strong transverse condyle. It is a massive bone, and pre-
sents infero-laterally two powerful processes which diverge posteriorly, and present broad,
rugose, ovate faces of insertion. There is an obtuse keel on the middle line below, which
bifurcates posteriorly to each of the lateral processes. The distal portions of these processes
are overlapped by corresponding cup-like processes of the basi-sphenoid.
The basi-sphenoid is distinct from the basioccipital, and underlaps the latter almost to
its middle. It is longer than broad, and sends two processes latero-auteriorly to support
the pterygoids. These are not so long as in most Lacertilians. Latero-superiorly it pre-
sents a broad surface, on each side of the brain case, for support of the upper side walls.
Postero-externally, the prootic rests. It thins out anteriorly, and has overlapped the ali-
sphenoid. ‘The suture for this bone widens anteriorly ; inwardly it is elevated into a low
crest of the sphenoid.
The presphenoid appears to have been distinct; its base was small; it is lost.
The floor of the cranial cavity indicates that the medulla oblongata possessed the
downward flexure characteristic of Reptiles, but it does not take place till the middle
of the length of the basioccipital is reached. The posterior margin of the sphenoid is
marked by a deep pit; its median floor is a transverse elevation; it there descends again
and terminates in a deep longitudinal groove.
The roof of the brain-case is marked on the parietal bone by two slnnaee divergent
ridges, which leave its posterior margin, and embrace the fontanelle. The grooves for the
olfactory pedicels are narrow and well separated, but they unite and are entirely enclosed
by inferior processes of the frontal bone, as in serpents and Varani. ‘These ridges separ-
ate, and leave the bulbi exposed below. Behind and between the nares the median ridge
again appears separating two strong grooves.
The vomer is divided, and is composed of two slender compressed bones in contact ;
they are broken off posteriorly.
The o. 0. palatina terminate anteriorly opposite the posterior margin of the bony nos-
trils; they are widely separated on the middle line, and closely united posteriorly with
the pterygoids. ‘The suture connecting the two runs outwards and backwards.
AMERIOA. PHILO. SOC.—VOL XIV. 54
214 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
The pterygoids are both wider and longer than the palatines. ‘Their inner margin is
curved inwards and upwards—the outer thinned away. ‘They narrow gradually poste-
riorly, the outer margin bordering the bases of the teeth opposite the ectopterygoid. The
latter is attached to a strong external transverse process of the pterygoid. It presents an
inferior angulation and bends anteriorly, where it is so thinned out as to suggest its dis-
continuance. ‘The transverse process is continuous with an upper plane of the bone, and
spreads from the upwards rolled inner margin. The posterior parts of both pterygoids
are broken away. ‘There is no scar or fossa for columella.
The ossa quadrata are preserved and in good condition. There are two concave faces,
the largest directed inwards, and the lesser directed outwards and backwards. The bone
sends forwards a broad ala, with convex crenate margin, which bounds the larger. ‘The
meatus pierces or is enclosed by the outer, by the posterior curvature of the supero-poste-
rior process. The superior articular surface is much more extensive than the inferior, and
is tripodal; the posterior branch articulates with the opisthotic. The inferior articular
face is sub-transverse, or directed forwards and inwards. It is constricted in the middle,
the outer portion the smaller.
The cotylus of the mandible is also obliquely transverse, the inner portion deeper in
order to receive the large condyle of the quadratum.
The mandible of course partakes of the exceedingly elongate form of the cranium, rel-
atively exceeding Mosasaurus in this respect.
The fossa for the temporal muscle is large and deep, but without inner wall. The
coronoid process elevated, convex and rugose interiorly, and with a deep longitudinal
groove exteriorly. The superior margin of the coronoid bone is concave, and broad. The
dentary terminates in a peculiar striate plug posterior to the last tooth. The distal third
or less, is strongly grooved for Meckel’s cartilage; proximally this is concealed by the
very long laminiform splenial.
The splenial is largely developed on the outer face of the ramus, where it articulates
with a bone whose homologies are somewhat uncertain.
The subarticular has a narrow and inferior exposure on the external face of the ramus,
and meets the angular just in front of a point opposite the anterior margin of the glenoid
cavity. Interiorly it is a little more elevated, but only opposite to the coronoid process:
behind and above this it is restricted by the long anterior process of the angular. Ante-
riorly it is terminated by the squamosal suture of what may be the splenial, just below the
first rise of the coronoid process.
The angular furnishes the floor for the cotylus for the quadratum. Inwardly it is
concave longitudinally, but does not send any horizontal process inwardly: its angle is
obtuse; above broad and oblique. LExteriorly it gives way to the large articular. In-
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 215
wardly it is prolonged, forming the lower margin of the internal fossa, and then passing
between the coronoid and articular. A third laminar prolongation extends to beyond
even these, between the plates of the splenial.
The articular is the largest bone behind the dentary. It is convex externally, and
sends a longitudinal ridge from the cotyloid cavity to that of the coronoid, thus enclosing
a large shallow fossa.
The accompanying cut represent a section of the ramus, about
two inches behind the inferior articulation and some distance be-
hind the commencement of the coronoid process. It is also near
the distal extremity of the subarticular and the proximal of the
tsplenial. The two portions of the angular 5 and 5’ unite a short
distance anteriorly beneath the ? splenial.
Tn the splenial articulation the posterior bone presents the con-
dyloid, the anterior the cotyloid face. The former narrows and re-
treats upwards and backwards. ‘The articulation allows of a ro-
Coronoid.
Articular.
1
tary motion inwards and upwards, the alveolar margin of the den- ”
3 : 3 Subarticular.
tary bone being thrown upwards and outwards. This motion ,
is permitted by the laminar character of the overlapping margins 5-and 5/ Angular.
? Splenial.
of the splenial, etc., as follows:
The principal body of the dentary comes to an obtuse but grooved posterior termina-
tion. Its external wall is prolonged more posteriorly, the inferior margin fitting a rabbet
of the outside of the splenial. ‘The superior margin of this thin plate is much lower than
the truncate extremity, and its margin gradually rises to meet the outer margin of the latter.
The section of the splenial is U-shaped, much thickened at the turn. The inner lamina is
more elevated than the outer, and is concave, turning outwards above to conform to the
dentary. A narrow laminar prolongation of the angular is observed between the folds of
the U. An outwardly convex, wedge-shaped terminus of the articular, is included be-
tween the inner lamina of the coronoid and the outer lamina of the dentary, moving
freely on the latter. ‘There is, then, nothing that prevents this from being a complete
articulation, except the angular lamina, which is about half a line in thickness, and proba-
bly flexible in life.
The superior margin of the coronoid is convex outwardly, and is not continuous with
that of the dentary, where the elements forming the splenial articulation are in line.
When, however, the process of the articulation is properly applied to the dentary, and
the coronoid and splenial are in line, as they no doubt were under ordinary circumstances
in life, the curvature of the upper margin of the ramus is continuous and normal. At
216 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
the same time the splenial articulation is strongly flexed, and the inferior outline of the
ramus angulate at that point.
We have in this feature one of the most extraordinary peculiarities of this remarkable
genus. ‘I'he mandibular arch in its usual relations enclosed a diamond-shaped area, open
behind, the portion anterior to the lateral angles the longer, and only closed by ligament
in front. The structure is an element of weakness, though indeed without such an articu-
lation, such a light and slender jaw would be particularly lable to fracture. There was,
no doubt a strong ligamentous union of the parts, as the grooved adjacent margins testify,
but for any supernumerary muscles to flex the dentary bones, I can find no provision.
Fig. 51.
1 Angular. 3 Subarticular.
5) :
1.
2 Articular. 4 Coronoid. of Splenia
7 Dentary.
Fig. 52.
The accompanying eut shows the appearance of the normal flexure of the ramus. The line a Dd is that which
exposes the section given ona preceding page ; ¢ is the splenial articulation; d the coronoid process, and e the quad-
rate cotylus.
I am disposed to regard the structure in question as an aid to deglutition, and that
when large bodies were to be swallowed whole, they passed between the rami, and were
accommodated by a large extensible pharyngeal cavity, and oesophagus. No doubt some
remarkable habit was possessed by the animals thus characterized, with which we will
with difficulty become acquainted.
There is one point in which the composition of the articulation differs from that of
Eryx and other serpents with which I have compared it. Instead of being formed in its
posterior member by the subarticular bone, that bone with a portion of the angular is
sheathed by one more external, which by its position and form, appears to be the
posterior exttemity of the splenial. If, as is probable from a careful study of the parts,
this is the. case, the splenial must be regarded as a divided bone.
The cut of the inner face of the right ramus, expresses the relations of these pieces.
Size, 4 nature.
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. Dal
The teeth are numerous, they are miniatures of those of the Mosasaurus, in most
respects. Those of the pterygoids appear to be less compressed than the maxillaries; all
have large pulp cavities, though they are restricted by peripheral ossification, as in other
genera.
The palatines have not united on the median line, and it would appear that they were
not in contact. ‘They have a broad longitudinal groove anteriorly. They have no teeth.
The pterygoids are largely developed. They are widest anteriorly; they present a thin
free edge externally and a thick reverted margin interiorly ; the tooth series is nearer the
outer than the inner margin. The ectopterygoid rises from a strong lateral process of the
pterygoid. It represents an obtuse process downwards and a thin process anteriorly. Its
position is below the middle of the postfrontal. It is very doubtful whether it had other
than ligamentous connection with the maxilliary, as it is far removed from its extremity.
The vertebrae in this genus are more numerous than in Mosasaurus, while the number
of cervicals bearing hypapophyses is less. The caudal diapophyses are reduced to small
knobs, and disappear on some of the anterior of those that bear chevron bones. The
neural spines of the caudals are much compressed, and have anterior and posterior ale.
On the distal caudals they become cylindric and fish-like. The zygapophyses become ob-
scure, and finally disappear; before doing so the posterior acquire an up rather than a
down-looking face. |
The centrum of the atlas is entirely below the very large processus odontoideus. It
is keeled below, and has less contact with the condyle than has the processus; the latter
is free from the axis, which resembles other cervicals. The odontoid ring is not closed
above. ‘The neurapophyses of the atlas are continuous with the lateral segment of the
centrum which furnishes articular faces to the basal segment, the odontoid, and to the occi-
pital condyle, and sends a process back alongside the axis. ‘The neurapophyses are slen-
der; if they have a neural spine, it is lost. They are, on the whole, much as in Mosasau-
rus, and in Varanus.
The ribs commence immediately behind the atlas, if the forms of the diapophyses and
their articular surfaces are to be relied on. ‘The diapophysis of the axis is nearly horizon-
tal, descending a little anteriorly; the posterior portion of its extremity is subtruncate
for articulation to a small rib. The same part of the diapophysis of the third is more
prominent, is ovate, and continuous with a subhorizontal ridge with articular-like surface,
which extends to the rim of the cup. ‘The fourth is similar, but the articular faces are
more similar in widths and lengths. The inferior limb becomes regularly shorter and less
horizontal posteriorly. From the eighteenth to the twenty-third the surfaces are a little
smaller, and without apparent difference in size and form. ‘The rib-bearing surfaces pos-
terior to this point are lost.
AMERICA. PHILO. SOC.—VOIL. XIV. 5d.
218 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
The form of the centrum presents one marked peculiarity. The superior rim of the
cup is excavated for the passage of the spinal cord, and the ball is concave on its superior
aspect, appropriately to the same. ‘This is marked on cervicals and dorsals, and faintly
indicated on proximal caudals. ‘There are no ridges on the centrum. ‘There is a gradual
increase in length from the cervicals to the dorsals and lumbars. Those in the proximal
caudals are much like the same in Mosasaurus, that is, rounded below, and with three su-
perior faces, the lateral being the longest. The distal caudals are much compressed.
The neural spines of the cervical vertebree commence about opposite the notches between
the zygosphens and zygapophyses, and are attenuated anteriorly; they are stouter behind.
The ninth, (the first preserved), and probably those anterior, have an acute edge behind
as well as before. No neural spine is perfect among the dorsals, but on the fifteenth the
position is preserved .75 the length of the centrum; the thinness of the broken edge
would indicate that there had not been as much lost. The posterior edge is nearly oppo-
site to the ends of the zygapophyses; its posterior slope is considerable. They are evi-
dently shorter than in Mosasaurus.
The neural spines of the caudals are various. ‘The more anterior are thicker behind
and alate in front, narrowing to the tip. The median are of similar form, but equally
alate anteriorly and posteriorly. ‘The more posterior are much narrowed at the base, and
present only the ale towards the extremity; the last are not wider than the haemal
spines,
The chevron bones have been at an earlier age separated from the centra, but as in
Platecarpus, they are entirely coalescent With their bases. In Mosasaurus the separation
persists. They have two short haemapophysial limbs, and a very long tapering spine,
which is grooved in front. Ona middle caudal, it is much longer than the centrum and
neural spine, and as long as 4.5 centra adjacent. All the haemal arches are directed ob-
liquely posteriorly. No vertebra without them have been preserved.
Hypapophyses exist on the ten cervical vertebree. As in Mosasaurus, their extremi-
ties are concave, and are articulated to distinct bones which represent a distinct hypapo-
physial ossification. These bones may be compared to short, compressed ungueal pha-
langes. The articular extremity of the first is nearly plane, of the others conic, with an-
tero-posterior enlargement. ‘They are directed posteriorly, and have a broad obliquely
ovate outline on the lateral view. ‘Their extremities are rugose.
The 776s commence at the axis, which has borne a small one. ‘There is no distinet
parapophysis, hence each rib-head is undivided, but is flattened vertically. ‘The anterior
may be known by the greater compression of both head and shaft. The rib of the third
vertebra has a narrow, convex, articular surface, and is concave on the anterior face. That
of the fifth is much wider, and with more truncate head. That of the sixth was found
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 219
adhering to the matrix on the body of the same vertebra. ‘That of the seventh is wider
than that of any of the dorsals, but is compressed like those preceding. The length of
the shaft is nearly equal to that of the centra of the 6th, 7th, and 8th vertebree, the two
being proportioned as 17 to 20.
The heads of the dorsals are a slight kidney-shaped oval, with a shallow median con-
cavity. On the tenth vertebra, the head is much shortened and concave medially, on the
posterior face. The concavity is posterior on several vertebre in advance of this point.
The form of the shaft of the ribs is proximally, broad above, and narrowed below, 1. e.,
concave wedge-shaped in section. ‘The superior face turns over to the posterior, and is
lost in it, and the shaft becomes cylindric. ‘The distal extremities of the seventh cervical
and of two of the dorsals, the only ones preserved, are deeply concave with a sharp edge.
The limbs in this genus are of remarkable form. Unfortunately, no metacarpals or
phalanges have been preserved. ‘There are the remaining bones of one side and a portion
of those of the other. The proximal portion of the left scapular and both coracoids also
remain. ‘The right coracoid is crushed and adhering closely to the ninth, tenth and
eleventh vertebre, its glenoid cavity apparently in its normal position opposite the middle
of the eleventh. Thus the distance of the limbs from the head is apparently ascertained.
“The external margin of the anterior part of this element is parallel to the vertebral axis
in place; the posterior corresponding margin much incurved and thinned out to an acute
edge. ‘The anterior portion is more prolonged than the posterior, while the inner margin
forms a regular curve without emarginations. The most extensive articular margin is the
inner, with the scapula; it is suture-like, corresponding to a singularly indented margin
of the scapula. Inside of its anterior margin a moderate foramen pierces the plate. The
lower articular margin is lobed, the posterior lobe being the outline of the glenoid cavity.
The greater part of the scapula is lost; it has apparently had but little expanse poste-
riorly, where the margin is thick and little curved. The anterior part of the plate is thin
and much produced, I suspect into a pro-coracoid or acromial process. It resembles the
basis of Cuvier’s pubis of Mosasaurus, which bone I suppose to be the scapula of that
genus. In the present animal the anterior margin is strongly incurved and acute, and
does not reach the articular face, but bounds a rough triangular projection in front of it.
The humerus is a singular bone, and unlike that of any other animal; it approaches
nearest that of Sphargis. It is a short, wide, flattened bone, distally as broad as long,
proximally a little narrower, contracted medially, with such prominent muscular insertions
as to give it four process-like angles in its plane, and two others projecting posteriorly
from the head. The articular extremity presents an elongate oval facet for the ulna, and
a semi-discoid one for the radius. The radius is, in accordance with this, flat anteriorly
and convex posteriorly at its proximal extremity; its shaft is very short, and the distal
220 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
portion flat; its outline describes nearly half a circle, of which the imner portion only is
thickened for the articular face of a carpal: the outer distal angle is thus directed back-
wards, towards the humerus. ‘The humeral articular extremity is a single transverse
plane.
The ulna is broader proximally than the radius, but not so expanded, the extremities
being of nearly equal width. The extremities of ulna and radius are well separated.
Three carpal bones appear to belong to the first row. They are flat and oval, the ulnar
the thickest, the radial the largest; the intermedial has six articular faces, and a marginal
border, which was, I suppose, posterior, and completed the inter-osseous space in front.
A fourth bone, which belongs either to the second series or to the metatarsals, is elongate
ovate with straight parallel borders, both quite thin, the inner the shorter; extremities
thickened, rounded inwards. ‘The position of this bone has been, therefore, longitudinal.
It is probable that the fore-limb was long, though the proximal portions are so much
shortened. ‘The powerful muscles of the humerus would otherwise be without object.
These muscles, with the peculiar form of the humerus, probably prevented any appearance
of an arm in life, and the hand would be nearly sessile.
There are no remains of hind limbs, though there is no sufficient evidence that they
have not existed. ,
There are three species of the genus Clidastes known to the writer, which differ as
follows:
Eleventh vertebra (or the first without trace of hypapophysis) with total width to
length as 1 to 1.33., the inverted centrum roof-shaped, elevated; width (total), 2 in. 3
lin. Large. C. IGUANAVUS.
Same vertebra with width to length as less than 1: 2; inverted centrum, lower, more
broadly rounded; total width, 1 in. 6 lin. Small. C. PROPYTHON.
The generic characters are almost entirely derived from the second species named.
CLIDASTES IGUANAVUS, Cope.
Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1868, 223. Geological Survey, New Jersey, Cook, App. C.
Jn this species the articular face of the zygosphens is inclined at an angle of 45°, while that of the zygapophysis
is a little more horizontal. The posterior zygapophyses are broken off.
The convex articular face is nearly vertical, meeting the lower plane at a slightly less angle than the upper. It is
much more strongly convex transversely than vertically. The neural arch rises from the anterior three-fourths of the
centrum, the zygapophysis coming off from the edge of the cup, and the diapophysis from .2 of the length behind it.
The zygapophysis is more prominent than the zygosphen, and the sinus between them is floored by a thin horizontal
plate at its fundus.
The general form of the vertebra is depressed. The inferior face of the centrum presents a median obtuse ridge,
and nearly flat lateral faces, which are concave antero-posteriorly. |The cup is broader than deep, and has a slightly
concave outline ; the base of the zygosphen originates opposite the middle of the neural canal. The latter is a broad
vertical oval.
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 221
In. Lin.
Length of centrum below, 2 0.5
Width of cup, 1 6.
Depth | 1 1.5
Width between extremities diapophysis, 3 0.5
Depth articular face diapophyses, 10.5
From diapoph. to end zygapophysis, 9
Between zygosphen and zygapophysis, 4.5
Width centrum anterior to ball, 15.
‘« of neural canal behind, 3.5
This vertebra indicates a formidabie snake-like animal, which paddled and sculled in the Cretaceous Ocean, or
perhaps wandered more or less on land. Its length by comparison with the C. propython was probably thirty
feet.
From the lower bed of Cretaceous Green Sand at Swedesboro, N. J. Discovered by Professor O. C. Marsh, of
Yale College.
CLIDASTES INTERMEDIUS, Leidy.
Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci., January, 1870.
This species is established on several cervical and dorsal vertebrae, with portions of mandibular rami and other
bones, from Alabama, discovered by Dr Nott, of Mobile.
They indicate a species intermediate in size between the two others here described. The dorsal vertebre are
rather slender, more so than in C. iguanavus, and with articular faces with cup and ball remarkably oblique to the
axis of the vertebra. The dense layer of the bone is thrown into numerous rugosities and ridges, as in C.
propython.
What is more characteristic, is the robust and even swollen form of the crowns of the teeth, and their slightly
rugose enamel for the basal three-fourths the height. There are no facets.
Rotten Limestone Upper cretaceous. of Pickens Co., Alabama.
CLIDASTES PROPYTHON, Cope.
Bost. Society, Nat. Hist. Proceedings, 1869, p. 258.
This species is known from an almost complete skeleton, found by Dr. Edward R. Showalter, in the Rotten Lime-
stown, near Uniontownin Alabama.
Its general proportions may be estimated as follows. As a considerable number of vertebra has been lost, it will
be necessary to illustrate it in some points from Cuvier’s estimate of the length of Mosasaurus giganteus.
M. giganteus.
2 Atlas and Axis
C. propython.
2
iil Cervicals with hypapophysis, EG
Dorsals with zygapophyses and
5 ribs, : 15
At least to be added to this
—— series, 10
18 1 Total 33
2 Between the last and those
64 bearing chevron bones, (estimated
for C. propython), 96
51 83 Caudals with chevron bones, 60
133 : Total, 189
AMERICA. PHILO. SOC.—VONL. XIV. 56.
222 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
Where the dorsal series of the Cl. propython is interrupted, the vertebre have increased in the strength of
their processes rather than diminished, and I consider an addition of ten to be below rather than above the mark.
Of the caudals there are preserved forty-four, all with the chevron bones, and none with diapophyses. I have added
nine for those without chevron bones, while the interruptions in the series readily justify the addition of seven
more. The lost series is estimated from that of the M. giganteus, adding relatively to the increase observed in the
series preserved. The length may be estimated as follows:
Inches.
Of the cervicals and dorsals (average), 37
Remaining vertebre with diapophyses, 90
ag es without ‘‘ : 30
The cranium, : 143
Total, fourteen feet, 33 inches, 1712
The ophidian character of the vertebrze, however, leads me to suspect that the leneth will be hereafter found to
to be considerably greater. The relative length of the cranium above given, is not greater than in the Iguana, while
its dimensions, as compared with the cervical vertebrz, are not relatively greater than in the existing serpents. If the
Ophidian characters, therefore, were as strongly exhibited in the vertebral series as I suppose, the length would be
twenty feet, at the least.
The discoveries with reference to the vertebral column of the M. missuriensis prove Cuvier’s estimate to have
been much too low; while Goldfuss’ estimate for the former is probably as much behind nature as Cuvier’s is
behind it.
The cups and balls are transversely oval, or slightly heart-shaped, and the centrum expands gently to the edge of
the ball. The latter is surrounded by a strong and wide groove except at the bottom of the neural canal. The ex-
tremital parts of the centrum are delicately striate, while the distal parts of the diapophyses and zygapophyses are
very rugose throughout the whole length of the vertebral column. This portion terminates by a slight rim round all
the articular faces. The neural spines of the dorsal veretbre or the parts preserved, do not present rugosity, but
those of the caudal vertebre are striate to the anterior and posterior margins, and are distally deeply grooved, the
grooves meeting on the median line in front. The end of the spine is truncate, and longitudinally ovate; like the ball
of the vertebra, it is surrounded by a groove, and below this by a smooth space above the extremities of the grooves.
The knobs representing diapophyses are very rugose.
The diapophysis of the axis is horizontal, the posterior position is directed upwards in the fourth, and is nearly
vertical on the fifth, forming an L-shape with the inferior portion. On the seventh the latter is first shorter than the
now vertically elongate superior extremity. On the tenth it first ceases to reach the rim of the cup, and on the
eleventh it is no more prominent than the upper posterior angle of the vertical face, giving it a slightly sigmoid form.
The diapophysial face now regularly shortens; on the fourteenth its length is equal to its projection from the centrum
below.
The chevron bones are likewise striate, the heemapophysial portions very delicately, the spinous portions coarsely.
The striz cease abruptly near the tip, which looks like that of a rough stick which has borne a ferule. The hinder
face of this portion is grooved, but not so largely as the front; the branches present an angle on their inner anterior
aspect.
Lines.
Length axis, 18.8
fe *¢ without proc. odontoideus, 14.8
Width of diapophyses, 16
[balls 7.5
Depth “ ** 6
“centrum and attached hypapophysis, 10.3
** same with free hypapophysis, 14.3
Length of se be 8.3
mn ** sixth cervical, centrum (without ball), : 12.3
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA, ja
Lines.
Length of sixth cervical, neural arch, 13.6
Width at narrowest point of ‘“* ‘“ 8
Expanse of zygosphens, 4
se “< zygapophyses (anterior), 3.2
es ‘* diapophyses, 19 c
Width cup, 8.5
Depth centrum and both hypapophyses, 14.8
Length free hypapophysis, 5
«¢ centrum (incl. ball) of twenty-third Y., 16.8
«¢ neural arch, 16.6
«¢ between anter. zygapoph. and diapoph. 7
Depth diapophysis, ’ 5.3
‘¢ neural arch and centrum, 14
Width centrum (least), 7.5
“ball, 9.3
Depth ‘ 7.8
Length of an anterior caudal (no diapoph.), 7.2
Width cup, 8
Depth, a
Total depth centrum and spines, 54.8
Neural spine and arch, 16
Antero-posterior width base spine, ers
Length of 13th caudal from the last, . 5.8
Width cup, 7
Depth ‘“ 5.8
Length distal caudal, 3.
Width cup, ; 2.3
Depth ‘“ 3.
The form of the cranium is that of an elongate flat wedge. The lateral outlines are slightly contracted just be-
hind the anterior opening of the nostrils. A deep emargination occurs at the orbits, while the temporal fosse inter-
rupt the outline more deeply still. The projection of the opisthotic and squamosal is about as extensive as that of the
post-frontal. Throughout, the surface from muzzle to occiput is quite plane, though the latter region has been eyi-
dently slightly crushed, and the posterior median frontal region is slightly concave. Transyersely, there is a strong
concavity, with vertical inner margin on each side the median parietal region. The post-frontals are slightly decurved,
the pre-frontals still less so. The nasal region would be plane transversely but for two shallow longitudinal grooves,
separated by a low raised line which extends from the middle of the front along the nasal septum.
A section of the muzzle in front of the nostrils would be a semi-circle; posterior to this point the sides of the
maxillaries are more vertical. The edges of the projecting orbital bones are thin, as well as the orbital rim of the
frontal. The inner margin of the maxillaries is very thin and rolled over the outer margin and extremity of the thin
pre-frontal. The bones are all relatively more fragile than in Mosasaurus. The posterior process of the post-frontal,
which is received into a groove on the inner face of the squamosal, is sub-trigonal.
The parietal crests are the lateral angles above mentioned. They are nearly parallel behind, and diverge gently
in front; they then diverge still more, and extend along the suture between the parietal and frontal bones, and then
disappear. There are no other ridges on the cranium, except the median occipital, which is low.
The premaxillary and anterior maxillary teet/, are more rounded than the posterior maxillaries. The former have
an angle separating inner and outer planes, in front only, the latter, commencing at the sixth maxillary, on both an-
terior and posterior lines. In the tooth named, the inner face is the more convex and extensive; there are no facets
224 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
on any of the teeth. The apex curves gently inwards. From the above, the greater compression of the posterior teeth
may be inferred.
The pterygoid teeth present no cutting angles, and are gently curved backwards. Like the maxillaries, the an-
terior mandibular teeth have no posterior edged angle, but they have one on the posterior part of the outer side, di-
viding the crown into two very unequal faces, the inner being much the larger. This ridge becomes more posterior
in the hinder teeth, but the outer facet is never larger than the inner. The crown is faintly ribbed, but not so as to
be facetted, as in Holcodus and Mosasaurus. Number of teeth on each side: premax., 2; max., eleven functional, and
alveole in intervals for six more; mandibulars, fifteen, with alveole for three others.
The usual vasculo-neural foramina occur along the faces of the maxillary and dentary bones. The series of the
first commences by two small ones, one above the other, near its extremity; this is followed by a close series, there
being three opposite two adjacent alveoli. They are soon more widely spaced, and number sixteen altogether. There
are eleven on the dentary bone, quite widely spaced behind; the anterior small.
The cranial bones are all minutely striate, the upper surfaces of the parietal and occipital most strongly. The cor-
onoid process is very rugose on the inner aspect; as are the posterior margins of the angular, up to the terminal line,
where would appear to have been a band of cartilage similar to that at the articulation of the ribs, or like the ends of
the caudal neural spines. The sutural margins of the angular is marked by delicate radii. The external surfaces of
the mandibular bones are minutely striate, like the bones of many fishes.
The proximal part of the internal lamina of the splenial is concave. It does not extend to the end of the ramus,
so that the meckellian groove is open for one-fourth the length of the latter. The outer face of the ramus is regularly
convex. Tie splenial disappears from view at a point opposite the fourth tooth from behind. The inferior ridge of
the mandible is straight to near the splenial articulation, where it is directed slightly outwards. On the proximal
part of the mandible, it is gently convex inwards to nearly opposite the anterior part of the quadrate cotylus, where
it is convex outwards; the plane of the angle is then directed slightly inwards, and is very rugose below.
When in position, the plane of the proximal part of the ramus is more horizontal than that of the distal. From the
splenial joint the inferior margin becomes more horizontal, until the broad angle is nearly transverse, and with a slight
inward curve. What appears when examined separately to be the external face, becomes largely inferior, making an
angle of 45° with the horizontal.
The fosse are strongly marked. The outer edge of the coronoid rolls back, and the upper edge of the articular
forms a ridge, enclosing the internal fossa. The quadrate cotylus is sub-longitudinal, inclining inwards and forwards,
and with a high anterior margin.
Measurements. In. Lin.
Length from end muzzle to occip. condyle, 14 +
OS a us *¢ parietal fontanelle, 11 3
ze oe a “¢ poster. extrem. nares, 6 6
os ve of “end maxillary, 11
ee te He «¢ «¢ malar process do., 9 6
Me a « _-** »re-frontal angle, 8 11
a rs “ ** post-frontal ‘‘ 11 9.5
wis (median) temporal fossa (antero-posterior), 1 9
Width at anterior extrem. maxillaries, 9
“ “¢ pre-frontals, 4 1
es “« post-frontals, 5
‘¢ between poster. extrem. squamosals, 5 1.2
ug ee anter. extrem. prodtics, 16.3
ot ef parietal crests behind, 5.5
mas es GG “at parietal fontanelle, 14.3
‘« of suspensorium, 6.7
ab ** septum narium at poster. extrem., 7.2
Length suspensorium (without squamosal), 19
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 225
In. Lin.
Length basi-occipital, 13.7
«¢ sphenoid (oblique), iT
Width of basi-occipital condyle, 9.9
«between basi-occipital processes, 17.3
«¢ of sphenoid medially, below, 10.3
«« between processes of sphenoid, 3.5
«of quadratum antero-externally, 15
rg He postero- ae , 9
a “* (greatest) quadratum, condyle, 13.3
se ““meatus auditorius, - 2.4
Length quadratum, 18.5
‘4 ramus mandibuli, 15 8
ss to splenial joint, 10 2
es to coronoid process, 12 4
ag to cotylus (anterior margin) 14 4.5
Width of angle at base, 11 3
Depth at coronoid process,
« * splenial joint, 1 6
«at twelfth tooth, 10
Length of o. palatinum, 2 10
Wate e ice a 11
Length pterygoid to transverse process, 4 6.4
«« transverse process, 1 3.5
Width pterygoid at do., 6
“ a “* palatine suture, 12.5
Elevation mandibular tooth above dentary, j 5.6
fs crown only, 5
Antero-posterior diameter crown do. at base, 3.2
The lateral processes of the basi-occipital are ovate, broadly behind, and narrowed anteriorly; they are flat-faced,
and marked with concentric rug on the same; they are connected by a cross-ridge, which forms the boundary of a
median obtuse ridge in front of it. The sphenoid is marked by two weak parallel median ridges. Its lateral margins
project and are angulate. The anterior processes for the pterygoids are flat, and obliquely transverse. The articular
faces are directed but little forwards.
There are seventeen teeth on each pterygoid, the posterior smaller and more closely spaced. The anterior tooth
is close to the suture with the palatine. The tooth series is everywhere nearer the outer than the inner margin. The
palatine suture extends forwards and inwards. Anteriorly the inner margin is more prolonged than the outer, and is
connected with it by a concave margin. The surface of the bone is concave medially and elevated on the inner and
outer margins.
The vomers each have an elevated middle line, which produces two longitudinal ribs on the median line, as in
many lacertilians. Their surface is not striate.
The scapular arch is only represented by scapula and coracoid; the other elements, if existing, have been lost.
The convex margin of the coracoid is very thin, thickest posteriorly. The outer anterior margin has two angles, one
above and one below, the former running out on the plate.
The two extremities of the humerus are in nearly the same plane, the inferior condyle being directed backwards
from it. The head is thick, with superior and inferior tuberosities more prominent than the articular face. The latter
is especially large, acuminate anteriorly, and the bordering portions of the shank coarsely striate. The greater tuber-
osity projects posteriorly; its margin is convex. It is separated by a deep groove from the lesser tuberosity, which is
equally prominent, but much narrower and more prolonged on the posterior face of the bone. It occupies the summit
AMERI. PHILO. SOC.—VOL. XIV.—)7
226 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
of a ridge which disappears opposite the superior or condyloid tuberosity. The latter is small, but very prominent, and
with striate sides. The articular facets for the radius and ulna, form together a curve. The inferior condyloid pro-
cess is the most prominent and massive of all, the smooth extremity sub-triangular, acuminating to the ulnar articu-
tion. Its sides are rugose. 5
While the proximal extremities of the ulna and radius are not in exactly the same plane, the distal are; the ulna
is the twisted bone. It has a tuberosity in place of an olecranon, which is not very prominent; it is partly covered by
a reflected portion of the area capped by articular cartilage. Distally there are three articular facets, the middle the
largest. This with the inner seem adapted to the ulnar and intermedial carpals. The radius has but one articular
face distally. It is a very wide bone, expanded into a semi-disc, which increases the width of the paddle, and conse-
quently the natatory power. Both these bones are Sie near the articular surfaces, and most so proximally: The
posterior face of the proximal end of the ulna is the coneaye one; of the radius, it is the convex.
The radial carpal is the largest of the first row. It presents a free edge towards the inter-osseous space, which
is exceedingly short, and margins a prominence in the otherwise oval outline. There are two distal articular facets,
and one interior. The bone I have supposed to be the intermedial is concave on the inter-osseous face, and presents
two sub-equal distal articular facets, one shorter superior, and two inferior facets. The ulnar carpal is thicker than
the intermedial, but not large, and considerably smaller than the radial. It has two distal and one superior facet.
All the carpals are delicately striate, but not medially—only near and at right angles to the articular facets. The
outline of the inter-osseous space is a wide elongate oval, not quite symmetrical.
In. Lin.
Length from head humerus to second row carpals, 3 6.8
ee humerus, 1 9.5
Width proximally, 15.5
<< medially, 10.5
«distally, . 20.
Thickness head and greater tuberosity, 9.5
Length ulna, 16
eS radius, 18.5
Width “ head, 9.5
oe «< shank, 7
“ “distally, / 19.
af ulna $s 11.5
He ee shank, 6
“ as proximally, 11.5
ee inter-osseous space (transverse), 10.5
es carpals first row, 2 4
Length radiale, 11.3
2 intermedium, 8.6
£6 ulnare, 8.3
Width e u
es radiale, 8.5
Thickness ‘“‘ 3.
Length coracoid (antero-posterior), 3 ils
Width «¢ (inferior), 2 0.7
Length “anterior limb, 20.4
es “¢ posterior ‘‘ 11.5
“¢ proximal extremity of scapula, 9.5
Diameter (long) of glenoid cavity, 11
The head of the os quadratum furnishes a tripodal cartilage capped face; the anterior, narrowest, is the margin of
the large anterior ala; the posterior, the widest and longest, descends behind the auricular meatus, and is curved out-
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. Papal
wards, the outer is horizontal, and corresponds to the prominent ridge in front of the meatus. The ridge connecting
the anterior lamina with the condyle, is strongly convex and ridged or crenate round the external margin. The ridge
bounding the meatus in front is concave. The condyle is much wider and more convex intero-anteriorly; the remain-
ing portion is narrowed. There is a deep superficial pit just above the meatus. The anterior semi-circular expansion
is shallow concave on the inner side.
The form of this element indicates a nearer relation of Clidastes to Liodon validus than to Mosasaurus.
The type specimen of this species was found in the bed of a small stream, where it had fallen from its original
position in the bank.
Rotten Sandstone of the upper Cretaceous of Alabama. Dr. E. R. Showalter.
OPHIDIA.
PALAOPHIS, Owen.
PALAZOPHIS LITTORALIS, Cope. ‘
Proceed. Acad. N. Sci., Phil., 1868, 234. Dinophis littoralis, Marsh, Am. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1869, p. 400.
This is the first serpent whose remains have been found in the United States, in deposits older than the postplio-
cene. We owe its preservation to D. Knieskern, of Shark River, New Jersey, best known by his botanical investiga-
tions. Itis in possession of the New Jersey State Geological Survey, and has been submitted to me by Prof. Geo. H.
Cook, the Director, for examination. The specimens consist of three vertebre, neither of them perfect, the most so
with neural arch, but with diapophyses broken off.
The more perfect is an anterior dorsal, with two hypapophyses, the anterior small and directed forwards, the pos-
terior larger, and directed vertically downwards. The ball has a considerable superior up-look, though the groove
which bounds it is but little oblique. Centrum much compressed behind the middle. Plane of basis of zygapophysis
opposite floor of neural arch; zygapophysis directed slightly upwards and outwards, continuous by a broad wing run-
ning posteriorly, with the diapophysis. Neural arch well elevated, broken off behind. The basis of the neural spine
is narrow on the anterior part of the arch, and does not reach the anterior margin.
Lines.
Length centrum (ball to edge cup), 8.25
Depth ball, 4.25
Width ‘“ 5.
‘¢ between extremities of zygapophyses, 8.
Depth cup and neural arch, 7.5
Width neural arch behind, 2.25
A strong ridge extends from the zygapophysis posteriorly parallel with the centrum. There is no ridge continued
from the zygosphen, except a slight ridge below the fossa, which is above and back of the diapophysis, the surface of
the vertebra is smooth.
Another vertebra is rather broader in proportion to its length, and less compressed.
Length (as above),
Width ball,
In both, the ball has a sub-triangular outline. In the more perfect, the base of the neural canal is divided by a
A ae
narrow longitudinal epapophysis.
Locality. The Eocene Green Sand Bed of Squankum, Monmouth Co., N. J.
PALAOPHIS HALIDANUS, Cope.
Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1868, 235. Dinophis halidanus, Marsh, 1. c. 1869, 400.
A single vertebra represents this species. It indicates one of the largest of the genus, being little different from
the P. typhwus of Owen, in size. The bulk of the vertebra is double that of the P. littoralis. In addition to this
228 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
point, it differs from the latter in the greater transverse diameter of the cup and ball; these are transversely oval; in
the P. littoralis sub-triangular ovate; the centrum is naturally less constricted and broader in the former. The articu-
lar face of the zygapophysis is broadly ovate in the P. halidanus, narrowly so in the smaller species; while there are
indications of similar posterior hypapophysis in both, the anterior in the P. halidanus appears to have been smaller.
As compared with the species described by Owen, the cup and ball are more transverse than in any noticed in the
British Fossil Reptiles, approaching that figured by him in PI. 3, fig. 22-4; the ball has not the oblique, up-looking
profile of that species, but forms a nearly regular are, with its posterior margin superiorly a little behind its position
inferiorly. The hypapophysial ridge is considerably interrupted as in the P. typheus, while P. littoralis agrees with
the P. toliapicus in having it continuous. _The two last named species differ in the development of their hypapophyses.
In the American species both are large, especially the posterior; in the English, the anterior process is weak or want-
ing; the ridge connecting the zygapophyses disappears in the P. tolzapicus, continues in the P. littoralis. The general
proportions of the centrum are slender as in P. toldapicus, and not so stout as in P. porcatus, Owen.
The diapophyses in the P. halidanus are not so pedunculate as in P. typheus, though they are separated above by
a notch from the vertical ala which descends from the zygapophysis, which I do not find in the P. littoralis. They
approach near the margin of the cup in their transverse extent below.
The horizontal ridge between the zygapophyses is strongly marked, and in the specimen in hand comes off from the
anterior vertical ala below the zygapophyses, rather than from the plane of that process, as in P. littoralis. The neu-
ral canal is depressed behind below the margin of the ball, and has an obtuse epapophysis along the median region of
its median line. There is no ridge parallel to the hypapophysis. The cup is partially broken, but its transverse diam-
eter appears to have been one-fourth greater than the vertical. The transverse plane of the face of the zygapophysis
is transverse. A large part of the neural arch is broken away.
Lines.
Length from edge cup to convexity of ball, 12.75
Width between anterior zygapophyses, 13.5
“cup, 8.4
Depth “ 6.2
Least width centrum at middle, 5.3
Width neural canal, 4.
Locality. This serpent was found by my friend, O. B. Kinne, in the excavations of the Squankum Marl Com-
pany, at Squankum, Monmouth Co., N. J., a few miles south of Shark River. The horizon is Hocene.
This animal was probably a sea serpent distantly allied to the Boas, and far exceeding in dimensions the Hydro-
phide at present inhabiting the Indian Ocean. Its size was similar to that of the very largest of terrestrial serpents
of the modern era, and was probably proportioned to a length of twenty feet.
Certain ovoid bodies have been found with the above by O. B. Kinne, at Squankum, which look like fossilized
dicotyledonous seeds allied to Leguminosites of Bowerbank.
PALAHOPHIS GRANDIS, Marsh.
Dinophis grandis, Marsh, Sill. Am. Jour. Sci. Arts, 1859, 398.
The largest species of the genus (if such it be), yet discovered, and represented by a
single dorsal vertebra, with the neural arch well preserved. It is thus described by
Marsh.
The general form of the centrum is elongate, and considerably compressed behind the middle. The articular eup
and ball are sub-triangular ovate, and their faces are much more nearly vertical than is usual in ophidian vertebrae,
the cup looking but very slightly downwards. The neural arch is elevated and massive. The neural canal is broader
than high, and its floor depressed posteriorly, with indications of a slight medial epapophysis. The sides of the canal
are marked by a sharp longitudinal ridge, which, in connection with the arched roof above, gives a trifoliate outline
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 229
to a transverse section of the opening, as in some species of Python. The floor of the neural canal is somewhat be-
low the plane of the anterior zygapophyses. The zygosphen is much elevated, and its summit concave. It is nar-
rower than the articular cup, a feature which appears to be peculiar to fossil serpents. Its anterior surface is
deeply excavated, and the lateral margins extend from the base downwards and outwards to the superior edge of the
cup, thus continuing the sides of the neural canal forward. The zygantrum is comparitively shallow, and has its great-
est depth on the medial line. Its base extends downwards and backwards until directly over the superior margin of
the ball, protecting also from above the neural canal posteriorly. The neural spine is much compressed, triangular in
outline at its base,and does not extend to the anterior margin of the zygosphen. The base of the neural arch is
strengthened by a thick rounded ridge, which unites the zygapophyses on each side. It begins below the plane of the
anterior zygapophysis, and ascending slightly, joins the posterior zygapophysis above the articular face. Remnants
of two, hypapophyses connected by a prominent ridge exist, and show that the anterior process was much the smaller
and its base somewhat separated from the margin of the cup.
The principal dimensions of this vertebra, which is apparently an anterior dorsal, are as follows:—
Lines.
Length of centrum from edge of cup to convexity of ball, 14.25
Transverse diameter of cup, 9.10
Vertical diameter of cup, 7.5
Distance from top of zygosphen to lower margin of cup, 13.25
Vertical diameter of ball, 7.25
Width of neural canal in front, 3.75
Height of neural canal in front, 2.5
From the Eocene marl of Shark River, Monmouth Co. N. J.
Prof. Marsh regards this and the two species of serpents already described, as representing a genus distinct from
Palzophis which he characterizes as follows, ‘‘Among the most apparent differences between this genus and Palzophis,
to which it is closely related, are the following:—The base of the neural spine in Dinophis is not co-extensive with the
supporting arch, but rises a short distance back of the anterior margin of the zygosphen, as in the existing Python.
The ridge connecting the anterior and posterior zygapophyses is much more developed, and its continuous crest more
rounded. The sloping sides of the arch above the neural canal are more deeply concave, and an obtuse ridge separ-
ates the concavity from the anterior zygapophysial notch. The neural canal has a sharp longitudinal ridge on each
side, which gives its transverse section a trifoliate outline, as in Python. The zygosphen is more excavated ante-
riorly, and its summit is concave. The zygapophyses are more extended outwardly, and the hypapophysial ridge is
more prominent.”’ .
The most important character here cited appears to be the non-coincidence of the base of the neural spine with
the neural arch. This character is true of P. littoralis to such a slight degree as to render its importance problemati-
eal. The other characters adduced, are of a comparative nature, so that until the limits of the proposed genus, if
valid, can be more fully defined, I retain the species in Palzophis.
AMERI. PHILO. SOC.—VOL. XIV.—)8
230 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
APPENDIX TO THE REPTILIA.
CROCODILIA,
Bottosaurus, Agass.
Bottosaurus tuberculatus, Cope, Sp. nov.
From an examination of additional material, I am disposed to believe that the Bottosaurus, described under the
head of B. harlani, at page 65, as a smaller individual, really represents a different species which I name above. The
material is from the same locality as the above specimen, and consists of twenty-seven vertebrz from the dorsal, lum-
bar, sacral and caudal series, with large portions of the pelvis and both hind limbs, including two perfect femora;
also, about fifty dermal bones.
Cranium and teeth. These are described as above. The acute, conic dental crown, which, I at one time referred
to the position of canine of B. harlani, I believe to indicate the specific distinctness of the present animal. The
specimen of the latter appears to be mature, as one half the neural arches of the vertebrz are codssified; the size is,
therefore, not more than half that of B. harlani.
Vertebre. A prominent character to be noticed is that none of the dorsal and lumbar series has compressed
centrum, asis the case with most of the Holopes; nor have any of the posterior dorsals the compression seen in H.
obscurus. Second, the centra never present the parallelogrammic horizontal section seen in the Holopes; on the contrary,
they are much contracted just in front of the articular ball, and flare out regularly laterally, to the rim of the socket.
The lip of the cup is thin, and the cup inclines to narrow downward, especially anteriorly. This is owing to the fact that
the inferior median line becomes pinched or narrowed on approaching the position of the hypapophysis. One verte-
bra with the latter is preserved; the process is broken off, but had a small basis,
Lines. Lines.
Width cup first lumbar, 21.2 Width neural canal, 7.4
Depth “ ue 17 Antero-posterior length between ends of
Length centrum, * 28.6 zygapophyses, 34
Expanse of anterior pair of do., 45
Width cup fifth dorsal, 20. Width neural canal 6.8
Depth = at 16.5 Antero-posterior spread of zygapophyses, 33.4
Length centrum do., 27 Expanse of anterior do., 38.2
The Hemora are large in proportion to the size of the vertebrae. The head exhibits the round form characteristic of
Holops, and not the obliquity of Hyposaurus. What characterizes it is the great prominence of the ridge, rudimental
in the latter, which represents the third trochanter of Dinosauria. This prominence is increased by the presence both
anteriorly and posteriorly of a strongly marked pit. Another marked characteristic, not seen in other genera, is the
truncation of the posterior margin of the shaft close to the head, down to nearly opposite the third trochanter; the
surface thus produced is deeply grooved. Inside of the head roughly grooved; outside flatter, more finely grooved;
a grooved swell, in the position of the great trochanter of other forms. The shaft, compared with the Holopes and
Hyposaurus, figured in the present work (Pl. IV.,) is shorter and more curved. The condyles are wide, with narrow
posterior prolongations extending on each side of a wide and deep popliteal groove.
In. Lin. In. Lin.
Length of right femur, 10 8 Expanse condyles. 2 8.6
Width head, 2 9.8 Circumference shaft at
Length to 3d trochanter, 3 - 11:7 middle, 4 4,
The tibia is stout and slightly curved; the condyloid extremity presents two articular surfaces at right angles to
one another, of which the longer is contracted in respect to the length of the bone, and is supported by a thin mar-
gin. The proximal extremity is broken from that of one side, but remains with a part of the shaft of the other.
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. Dav
In. Lin. Lin.
Length (not restored, ) 7 eS Diameter median, 14
Diameter proximal, 1 10 “ distal, 26
Portions of shafts, etc. of most of the other long bones are preserved.
Both iia remain, one quite perfect. The latter is more prolonged posteriorly than in Cuvier’s figure of that
bone in Crocodilus biporcatus. The anterior half is much like that ina large smooth toothed Holops from Tinton Falls,
N. J., but presents a pit just behind the anterior tuberosity not found init. There is a separate oval articular face
below this tuberosity at the usual pubic articulation. The anterior angle of the crest of the ilium is not prominent ;
more so in the Holops above noted. Crest longitudinally rugose.
In. Lin. Lin.
Length ilium, - 6 7 Depth anterior tuberosity, 22.4
Depth behind ischiadic suture, 2 3 Length posterior hook ilium, 32.2
Depth at do 3 5.7
The dermal bones are very characteristic and distinguish the genus. They differ in two points from those of Tho-
racosaurus and Holops ; first, in having no pits; second, in having a prominent median keel. They are rather small,
subquadrate, and with a very thick, always obtuse, and sometimes elevated median carina. The latter has rather the
form of a knob. Many of the bones consist chiefly of this knob witha small basis. The superior surface is dotted
with a few puncte and grooves. Length of one of the largest 24.1 lines ; depth 5 lines; width 11.5. Those probably
of the cervical or anterior dorsal region have been described by me under Holops obscurus, p. 78. I believe they should
be referred here, as those from the dorsal region of the present specimen approach them very closely. Those referred
to the Bottosaurus, p. 66, should be assigned elsewhere.
From the upper bed of upper Cretaceous green-sand New Jersey. Discovered by Judson C. Gaskill, to whom I
am indebted for portions two individuals.
Holops, Cope.
Holops basitruncatus Owen, Crocodilus basitruncatus, Owen, Journ. Geol. Soc. Lond. V., 1849, 380 ; Paleontology, 1860,
277; Pictet Traité de Paleontologie, I., 1858, 482. Bottosaurus harlani pars Leidy Cretac. Rept. N. Am. Cope
huj. op. p. 66. ore
Specimens referred to Bottosaurus by me, after Leidy, with doubt, appears to me now to represent a true Holops.
The vertebre and bones described under that head in this work, p.p. 66-7, I accordingly refer to the latter genus,
as well as fragments of cranium with cervical vertebra from the same localities, referred with doubt to Holops obscu-
rus, and described, p. 77, with cuts 19, 20, of the muzzle. The enamel of the tooth in this species is not fluted.
Holops glyptodon Cope Hujus operis, p. 74.
Two additional specimens of this species, one from Barnesboro and one from Mullica Hill, N. J., indicated that this
species is a Gavialof the genus Holops. The character of the fluted teeth is well marked. The median dorsal ver-
tebre are compressed as in H. obscurus, while some of the cervicals display a prominent transverse crest in front
as in H. basitruncatus, and much more prominent and extended transversely than in H. obscurus ; size similar to H.
obscurus. It may be observed that seven examples of the latter confirm its characters.
Thecachampsa, Cope.
The form of the cervical vertebrz in this genus was left uncertain in Synopsis of genera of Extinct Crocodilia, p.
62. Iam now able to state that they possess the elongate simple hypapophyses of Crocodilus, and are quite different
from those of Thoracosaurus. The supposed tertiary Crocodile with bifid hypapophyses, mentioned 1. ¢., is from a
cretaceous bed in the neighborhood of an Eocene outcrop.
232 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
ANOMODONTIA.
Dicynodon Owen.
Dicynodon rosmarus Cope sp. nov.
A species of this genus occurs in the Triassic beds of Pennsylvania, thus completing
the similarity between them and the Trias of S. Africa and India in the combination with
Labyrinthodonts (Eupelor), Thecodonts (Belodon), and Dinosauria (Clepsysaurus). The
species is represented by two shed canine teeth, one specimen represented by the root of the
fang only. They indicate one of the larger species, the root being about nine lines in diame-
ter at the basis, the crown rather strongly curved. Section a wide oval, more circular near
the apex. Other remains, more characteristic, will shortly be described.
From the “red bed” of Wheatley’s section at the tunnel at Pheenixville, Chester Co.,
Pa., Museum of Chas. M. Wheatley, A.M., to whom I am indebted for the loan of the
specimens.
TESTUDINATA.
Adocus, Cope.
Proceed. Acad. Natl. Sciences, Phila., 1868, 235.
Character. Anterior and posterior lobes of the plastron abbreviated, narrowed, and not emarginate. Hight paired
sternal bones ; twelve sternal scuta, the humerals extending anteriorly, the pectorals and gulars both small. A series
of plates, ‘‘intermarginals’’ within the marginals, on the sternal bridge. Rib heads, i. e., the capitula, wanting in
the species whose costals have been examined.
This genus was originally described with Hmys beatus Leidy from the Cretaceous Green Sand of New Jersey, as the
type, and its primary character was regarded as the absence of the costal capitula. In the synopsis of extinct rep-
tilia of New Jersey, published in Prof. Cook’s Geological Survey of that State, five species were enumerated, as
follows: A. petrosus Cope, A. firmus Leidy, A. beatus Leidy, A. pravus Leidy, and A. agilis Cope. The two species
first enumerated having subsequently been found to possess well developed costal capitula ; I referred them to Emys,
in the present work, p. 126. Myspecimens of A. agilis being at the time very imperfect, it was not described.
At present, I propose to point out its characters, as well as those of the other species of the genus. Two species
are added, the whole number being then five. One of these is from the Cretaceous deposits of Wyoming, the others
from New Jersey.
The plastron in this genus presents marked peculiarity. The great reduction of the anterior and posterior lobes
gives it a form approximating that of Staurotypus. The anal scuta are of large size, and the femoral abdominal
scutal suture (in A. agilis) extends across just in advance of the inguinal notch. The abdominal is the widest pair
of scuta, in consequence of the relatively great longitudinal extent of the bridge; their anterior outline falls a little be-
hind the axillary notch. The humeral scuta have a remarkable anterior extent, so much so as to lead to the suspicion
that they were confluent with the pectorals, or perhaps wanting. In the case of A. pectoralis, having only the hyos-
ternal bones, I was induced to think that they were really the pectorals, and that the abdominals were the true
humerals, as is seen in the genus Pleurosternum; the posterior position of the humerals in the latter being owing to
the existence of an additional pair of sternal bones. An examination of the structure in A. agilis, and A. wyomingen-
sis dispels this view, and shows that the true pectorals are much shortened, and have an anterior position, and that
the gulars are also small and narrowed, the genus approaching Chelydra in these respects.
The lateral series of abdominal marginals is seen in the existing genera Macrochelys and Dermatemys. The
affinity of Adocus is to the latter, but the entire acuminate free lobes of the plastron distinguish it well. The lateral
marginal scuta in A. agilis, A. wyomingensis and A. pectoralis are very distinct in our specimens, while I have seen it
in only one of the two or three in which the bridge is preserved in A. beatus. In A. pravus, I have not seen it, but
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 233
the contracted entire xiphisternal elements pointed out by Leidy, are quite like those of A. beatus, to which it is
indeed very nearly allied.
The narrowed form of the posterior lobe is best seen in the specimen of A. vyomingensis described by Leidy, and
in a specimen of A. beatus, noticed by me in Synopsis Batr. Rept. N. A., p. 129. I there state that it is emarginate,
an error consequent on a certain assymetry of the specimen, and its fractured condition. In A. agilis it is apparently
rather better developed.
The form of the anterior lobe is easily seen to be narrow by reference to my figure of A. pectoralis (Syn. Bat.
Rept., N. A., Tab. VII, fig. 1,) or Leidy’s figure of A. pravus, Cretac. Rept. N. Am. XIX, fig. 1. In the nearly
perfect specimen of A. vyomingensis, this portion is broken away, but Leidy describes this portion of a specimen
which has the character of the above species.
The species differ much in the relative stoutness of their shell, especially of the plastron. A. pectoralis is the
stoutest as well as the smallest; A. pravus and A. agilis are the thinnest, the latter the largest of the genus. No
portions can be certainly ascribed to the crania of this genus.
In specimens of A. agilis, A. pravus and A. beatus, the longitudinal median suture of the plastron presents
much irregularity from the union of the alternating bones across the point of meeting of four, by an oblique portion
of the suture.
Thickness of hyosternals less than four lines in the transverse extent of same; intermarginals short; mesosterna
prolonged posteriorly, smooth below; small. . A. pectoralis.
Thickness of hyosternals one-eighth transverse extent of same; above with slghtly impressed dots or delicate
grooves, closely placed; larger, vertebral bones wider. A. beatus.
Sternum thick; vertebral bones narrower; carapace more coarsely longitudinally impressed grooved; mesosternum
deeply received; lateral intermarginals elongate. A. vyomingensis.
Plastron quite thin; mesosternal deeply received in the hyosternals. A. prawus.
Plastron quite thin; mesosternal occupying an open concavity of the hyosternals; surface everywhere delicately
impressed punctate and grooved; intermarginal scuta very long.and narrow. A. agilis.
Adocus pectoralis, Cope.
Pleurosternum pectorale, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 236; Trans. Amer Philos. Soc. XIV, 1869, 130, Tab.
VII. fig. 1.
Indicated by a pair of perfect hyosternal bones from the upper Cretaceous marl bed, near Medford, Burlington
Co., N. J.
Adocus beatus, Leidy.
Eimys beatus, Leidy. Cretaceous Reptiles. N. Amer. p. 107, Tab. XVIII, fig. 1-8. Adocus beatus, Cope, Proc. A.
N.58., Phila., 1868, 235. Geological Survey, N. Jersey, App. ©, p. 174.
Not uncommon. It is considerably less stout than the preceding. The edges of the posterior lobe of the plastron
are thinned out‘by a submarginal groove. As in other Emydoids there is a marked concavity for each pubic bone.
The suture between the hyo- and hyposternal bones is less interlocking than in A. agilis, and less fine than in A. pee-
toralis. Ihave suggested that it may have possessed a slight mobility in life. Its face is longitudinally grooved in
the hyposternal, and a corresponding convexity of the face of the hyosternal fits it. In aspecimen from Medford,
N. J., the posterior lobe is 5 in. 9 lin. long, and 5 in. 8 lin. wide at the marginal notches. Hyosternal of nearly equal
thickness, medially 7 lines.
Adocus vyomingensis, Leidy.
Emys »vyomingensis, Leidy, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1869, p. 66. Baptemys vyomingensis, Leidy, loc. cit. 1870,
January.
Best known from an almost complete specimen consolidated by the contained mass of mineral. There are three
intermarginal bones, of which the middle one is more elongate than the others. There is a weak carina on some of the
AMERI. PHILO. SOC.—VOL. X1V.—5)9.
234 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
posterior vertebral bones. The posterior marginal bones are not revolute. The costal bones are delicately grooved in
the length of the carapace. The anterior extremity of the anterior sternal lobe is narrowed, prominent and truncate.
Length of the whole animal about two feet.
Found near Ft. Bridger, Wyoming Territory, by Dr. Van Carter.
The genus Baptemys to which this species is referred by Leidy, appears to be the same as Adocus.
Adocus pravus, Leidy.
Emys pravus, Leidy, Proc. Ac. Natl. Sci. Phila., 1656, 303. Cretaceous Rept. U.8., 108. Adocus pravus, Cope.
Synopsis Batr. Rept. N. Am., 129.
This species is as yet known only from the original specimens, in the collection of the Geological Survey of New
Jersey. The plastron is thinner than in the three preceding, and the hyosternals embrace the mesosternum extensively.
This distinguishes the species from <A. agilis, where the mesosternal emargination is much wider than deep. Width of
anterior lobe of sternum at epi-hyosternal suture, four inches.
Upper bed of Cretaceous Green sand, New Jersey.
Adocus agilis, Cope.
Geological Survey of New Jersey, App. C., p. 734.
Represented chiefly by an almost complete plastron from the excavations of the West Jersey Marl Company, in
the upper bed of the upper Cretaceous Green Sand of New Jersey.
This specimen belonged to an individual of larger size than any heretofore referred to the genus, and one charac-
teristically ornamented by a peculiar sculpture.
The extremities of both lobes are broken off; the margin of the posterior is thinned out, and carries an acuteness
of edge to the inguinal notch, where the margin is quite thick. The outline of the caudal scuta is very convex ante-
riorly; that of the femorals is gently convex towards the front. The suture between the hypo- and xiphisternals is
nearly transverse below; on the upper face it sends a process into the hyposternals forwards, which is acuminate; the
hyposternals send a marginal process backwards beyond the line of the median suture, which is squarely truncate; its
outer edge is the margin of the bone. The impressions of contact of the pubes are well marked; they are strongly in-
curved, and are not very different from those seen in Cistudo. The bridge of the plastron is preserved, and furnishes
attachment for three marginal bones; perhaps fractions of others also. The suture between the abdominal and hu-
meral scuta is convex backwards, and unites with an inner angle of the anterior of the inter-marginal series of the
bridge. There are three in the latter series, all longer than broad, but the middle one relatively much narrower than
the others, as it is six times longer than wide, with parallelsides. That anterior to it is more hexagonal and wider, pre-
senting an angle inwards for union with the suture between the abdominal and humeral seuta.
About half the mesosternal bone is preserved. It is a transverse diamond with truncate extremities. Its poste-
rior angle is, therefore, very open, but is not rounded. No suture bounding either humeral or gular scuta is visible
on it; the anterior angle is broken away. The anterior portion of the ephisternal bone preserved has a regular con-
vex outline, and the sculpture of the inferior surface is a slight imitation of that seen in some species of Trionyx. It
is closely shallow-punctate, or like small rain-drop impressions. These are irregularly distributed on the anterior
part of the plastron, and on the posterior lobe in obliquely decussating series.
Measurements.
M. M. M. M.
Width of plastron at bridge, 0.2879 Thickness hyosternum at marginal suture, 0.007
Length between mesosternum and xiphisternum, 0.21 Length abdominal suture, 0.1063
Width posterior lobe at inguinal notch, 0.1885 es femoral ee * 0.087
«« mesosternum, 0.091 ee median intermarginal suture, 0.0825
Length fe 0.0695 Width As es Ge 0.015
as hyosternum medially, 0.09 Estimated length plastron, 0.45
Thickness ef LY 0.012 ge “« earapace, 0.56
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 235
This species, the largest of the genus, is found in the upper green sand bed of the upper Cretaceous of New Jer-
sey. The specimen from which the above description was taken, was found by my friend I. C. Voorhees, in the pits
of the New Jersey Marl Company, and by the permission of the latter submitted to the writer.
Puppigerus, Cope.
Genus novum Oheloniidarum.
Xiphisternal bones united throughout their length with each other by suture; otherwise as in Chelone.
This genus embraces the Eocene marine turtles of the London clay, and a Miocene species of North America. The
difference in the structure of the xiphisternals is very material, especially in view of its significant relationships to the
same portion in various other genera of marine turtles.
The Chelone grandeyus, Leidy, from the Miocene of Shiloh, N. Jersey, belongs to it. Portions of the sternum
display a higher degree of ossification than in Chelone, the hyo- and hyposternal having a very extensive union, greatly
restricting the median and lateral fontanelles. This character in the Eocene forms is coincident with the extensive
union of xiphisternals, and I do not doubt but that that character belongs to the C. grandevus also. The species of
the genus will be:
Puppigerus grandevus, Leidy, Miocene N. Jersey.
ue longiceps, Ow. & Bell, Hocene England.
a breviceps, “ se ee
ne convexus,
ay latiscutatus,
‘« suberistatus, 6 “ ‘¢
“¢ subearinatus, BG “ «
a crassicostatus, 6 “ “
Og ?parviscutum, Cope, “ N. Jersey.
PYTHONOMORPHA.
Mosasaurus, Conyb.
Mosasaurus dekayi, Bronn.
A fine specimen of this species was recently exhumed near Mullica Hill, N. Jersey, and submitted to me for ex-
amination by the owners. The muzzle is like that figured in profile by Leidy, in Cretaceous Rept. N. America, Pl.
XIX, fig. 6; and the quadrate, pterygoids, atlas and suspensorium as described by me in the present work, and in
Proc. Boston Soc. N. History, 1869. The teeth are very large, with marked cutting edges and facets. Vertebre not
observed.
Prof. Marsh informs me that the most anterior caudals of M. princeps are sub-pentagonal.
SYNOPSIS _
OF THE
eT BN CCE
BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA
OF
NORTH AMERICA.
PART IIL
By) BOW. A Bees CO} i.
CORRESPONDING SECRETARY OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.
Papel 1, Apt Ef PA.:
McCauita & StaveLy, Printers, 237-9 Dock StREET.
DECEMBER, 1870.
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AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 3315)
This species, the largest of the genus, is found in the upper green sand bed of the upper Cretaceous of New Jer-
sey. The specimen from which the above description was taken, was found by my friend I. C. Voorhees.
Puppigerus, Cope.
Genus novum Ohelontidarum.
Xiphisternal bones united throughout their length with each other by suture; otherwise as in Chelone.
This genus embraces the Eocene marine turtles of the London clay, and a Miocene species of North America. The
difference in the structure of the xiphisternals is very material, especially in view of its significant relationships to the
same portion in various other genera of marine turtles.
The Chelone grandevus, Leidy, from the Miocene of Shiloh, N. Jersey, belongs to it. Portions of the sternum
display a higher degree of ossification than in Chelone, the hyo- and hyposternal having a very extensive union, greatly
restricting the median and lateral fontanelles. This character in the Eocene forms is coincident with the extensive
union of xiphisternals, and I do not doubt but that that character belongs to the C. grandeyus also. The species of
the genus will be:
Puppigerus grandevus, Leidy, Miocene N. Jersey. Puppigerus subcristatus, Ow. & Bell, Eocene England.
fg longiceps, Ow. & Bell, Eocene England. ee subcarinatus, ne ef #6
a breviceps, as ue Ge es crassicostatus, ct te ae
ce convexus, fe of r es ? parviscutum, Cope, “¢ N. Jersey.
ef latiscutatus, - Ge ae
Osteopygis, Cope.
In the cut of a restoration of this genus on page 133, ten costal bones are represented; this is an error, as the true
number is nine, the last marginal bone not having any costal bone corresponding to it, as in most other genera, but
being united, like the pygal or median, with the large last vertebral bone. Therefore, the suture appearing to bound
such a costal posteriorly must be erased from the cut, though it may have existed in a feetal condition of the genus.
The posterior small vertebral must also be erased. The line dividing the large median bone transversely, represents
what may be a codssified suture on the specimen, but may not be such.
In this genus the penultimate marginal on each side is known, and exhibits a costal articulation. This marginal
is the one omitted from such connection in the Cheloniide, Emydide, etc. The additional costal in this genus (eight being
the number in the order generally) is the anterior, which is articulated to the second instead of the third marginal.
The figure (389) of the restoration of the carapace of Propleura correctly represents ten costal bones, as I deter-
mine by a reéxamination of the typical specimen described in the text. This genus and the last I propose to regard
as representing a peculiar family of the Amydz or Cryptodira, to be called the PRoPLEURID&. I suspect that Cata-
pleura will also enter it, but whether it has ten ribs or nine I cannot tell. It probably possesses the extra posterior of
Propleura, but whether the tenth or anterior is uncertain, as it lacks the pit of the marginal bone. As regards Lyto-
loma, I can at present give no opinion.
In addition to the characters derived from the carapace, those already adduced (p. 131) as distinguishing this
family from the Cheloniide, may be added. These are: the humerus with two proximal crests at right angles to each
other, diverging from the extremities of the condyles; shaft flattened, slightly curved. Femur with similar trochan-
teric crests largely developed; shank very slender, gently curved, extremity dilated. Form exactly as in Chelydra.
The peculiar relationships of this group were first; pointed out by the writer, in Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1868,
235; and Proceed. Amer. Phil. Soc., 1869, 16.
' PYTHONOMORPHA.
Mosasaurus, Conyb.
Mosasaurus dekayi, Bronn.
A fine specimen of this species was recently exhumed near Mullica Hill, N. Jersey, and submitted to me for ex-
amination by the owners. The muzzle is like that figured in profile by Leidy, in Cretaceous Rept. N. America, Pl.
XIX, fig. 6; and the quadrate, pterygoids, atlas and suspensorium as described by me in the present work, and in
Proc. Boston Soc. N. History, 1869. The teeth are very large, with marked cutting edges and facets. Vertebrze not
observed.
Prof. Marsh informs me that the most anterior caudals of M. princeps are sub-pentagonal.
236 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
Class III-A V EHS.
TOTIPALMATI.
SULA, Brisson.
SULA LOXOSTYLA, Cope.
Spec. noy. fig. 53.
This species is established on a single coracoid bone which I found at the foot of the Miocene cliffs in Calvert Co.,
Maryland. The furcular articular surface is broken off, as well as the exterior half of the posterior or sternal articu-
lar extremity. The extremity of the scapular surface is also injured. Sufficient of the bone remains to furnish many-
characteristic peculiarities, and indicate its affinity to the totipalmate family of the Gannetts or Sulide.
The bone is stout, and indicates a bird of strong flight. The shaft proper is rather short, and sub-cylindric, with
a trihedral tendency. This form, with the expanded distal extremity, indicates its wide distinction from the cora-
coid of the Gallinacez. Its sub-cylindric shaft marks considerable difference from the Lamellirostres and many other
aquatic types. Its lack of inner subclavicular ala and foramen, distinguishes the type from Raptores, the majority of
Fig. 58. , . Longipennes and many Gralle. The presence of a marginal groove or rabbett distinguishes
it not only from most Psittaci and Insessors, but from many Natatores also. After a study of
the large collection of bird skeletons in the Museum of the Academy Natural Sciences, aided by
the Oissaux Fossiles of A. Milne Edwards, I find it resembles closely the genus Sula.
The glenoid articular face descends to opposite the proximal third of the length; it is trans-
versely concaye, and its inferior boundary is raised to separate it from the longitudinal concavity
which extends to the head of the bone. A longitudinal angle separates this from the interior
part of the inferior face. The anterior extremity is curved upwards and is thinned by a strong
rabbett, which follows the convex margin. This margin is slightly obtuse. The outline is
abrubtly contracted below the glenoid surface. The inner outline is obtuse, and without trace
of the intermuscular ridge, on subclavicular ala. The margin expands inwards to the distal
articular extremity, remaining almost equally obtuse. The distal extremity is far less expanded
towards the median line of the sternum than in Sula bassana. It is also everted, the outer
(inferior) projecting border, being turned out (down) from the line of the shaft. In Sula bas-
sana this marginal rim appears, from Edwards’ plate, to be in the plane of the shaft. The articular sur-
face is divided by this rim into a narrow marginal external (inferior) and a very much wider, strongly concave inner
portion. The latter is wider at the median end, where its inner (superior) margin is very convex ; it then contracts
abruptly, leaving the remaining portion only one-half as wide. The very slight prominence of the dividing angulate
projecting margin, distinguishes this genus from Sula bassana.
There are three pneumatic foramina of no great size, in a short series commencing just within the head of the
bone. Iam only able to compare this bone with the figure of the same element of the Sula bassana given by Edwards,
as our museum does not possess a Skeleton referable to this genus.
As compared with the above, the glenoid articular face descends more posteriorly (lower), and the superior
(proximal) margin is more transverse. The shaft viewed from before (below), contracts gradually towards the distal
expansion. The same contraction is visible when viewed from the inner side. On the same view we observe that the
clavicular articulation is rather more posterior (lower down), and the distal articular marginal edge is far less promi-
nent and acute. The inferior (outer) narrow articular margin is much narrower than in 8. bassana.
Inches.
Length to inner distal angle, 2.02
ae ‘« posterior basis of scapular articulation, -78
Width of head last point, OF
ee ** olenoid cavity, 20
ut “* shaft, .23
e “¢ distal extremity to middle line of shaft produced, 43
Thickness distal extremity, 38
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. Det
This gannett was somewhat smaller than the 8. bassana of our northern coasts, and approached more nearly
those of the tropical seas.
Miocene Cliffs of Calvert Co., Maryland. Mus. Nostr.
GRACULUS.
GRACULUS IDAHENSIS, Marsh
Sillim. Am. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1870, 216.
Fresh Water Pliocene, Castle Creek, Idaho.
PYGOPODES.
CATARRHACTES, Briss.
CATARRHACTES ANTIQUUS, Marsh.
Sill. Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1870, 213.
“The left humerus almost identical with the one below mentioned, both in form and size, from Tarboro’, Edge-
combe Co., N. C., presented by Dr. Booth. Leidy, Pr. A. N. Sci., Phila., 1866, 237, 2? Miocene.
“A right humerus, resembling in its construction that of a Curlew, from a railroad cutting on the banks of the
Penobscot River, Bangor, Maine, 47 feet below the surface.” Leidy, 1. c.. According to Marsh, this belongs to the
genus Catarrhactes. Postpliocene.
LAMELLIROSTRES.
LAORNIS, Marsh.
LAORNIS EDWARDSIANUS, Marsh.
Sill. Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1870, 206.
Middle Green Sand bed, Upper Cretaceous New Jersey.
LONGIPENNES.
PUFFINUS, Leach.
PUFFINUS CONRADI, Marsh.
Sill. Am. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1870, 212.
Miocene Maryland.
‘<The lower extremity of a left humerus and a right radius, from a miocene formation of Maryland, presented by
YT. A. Conrad. The specimens resemble in construction the corresponding parts in a snipe, but are as large as in the
Curlew.” Leidy, 1. ¢. -
GRALLAE.
GRUS, Linn.
GRUS HAYDENI, Warsh. >
Loe. cit. 1870, 214.
“The lower end of a left tibia, from the Pliocene Niobrara River, of Nebraska, discovered by Dr. Hayden, in
association with a multitude of mammalian remains. It resembles the corresponding part ina Crane. It is the only
AMERI. PHILOSO. SOC.—VOL. XIV.—60
238 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
Ornithic fossil among all the vertebrated remains from Nebraska, amounting to several tons in weight, which Dr. L.
had detected.” (Leidy, Proceedings Academy Nat. Sciences, Phila., p. 237).
PALAOTRINGA, Marsh.
PALHOTRINGA LITTORALIS, Marsh.
L. ¢., 208.
Cretaceous New Jersey, upper Green Sand.
PALAOTRINGA VETUS, Marsh.
“L. ¢., 209.
Cretaceous New Jersey, ! Lower bed.
‘<The lower end of a left tibia, from Burlington Co., N. J., described by Dr. Harlan, as the remains of a Snipe,
Scolopax (Med. and Phys. Res., p. 280.”’) Leidy, 1. ¢. ‘
TELMATORNIS, Marsh.
TELMATORNIS PRISCUS, Marsh.
Loe. cit., p. 210.
Cretaceous New Jersey; upper Green Sand.
TELMATORNIS AFFINIS, Marsh.
L. ¢., 211.
Cretaceous New Jersey ; upper Green Sand.
GALLINAE. 4
MELEAGRIS, Zinn.
This genus is known from the remains of a single species from the tertiary strata of
New Jersey. ‘The portions which furnish its characters are two tibiae, a femur and a cor-
acoid bone, elements which can be fully relied on for the purpose.
Coracoid bone with subtrigonal shaft, and distally but little dilated, the outer half of
its inner face distally occupied by a very large pneumatic foramen, which continues for
some distance as a tube independent of the general cavity of the bone. Tibia with the
pneumatic foramen of the head rudimental. Crest large and prominent, the anterior ris-
ing into a prominent spine, the external with thickened decurved margin. Supraligamen-
tous bridge moderately wide, transverse; condyles well separated, the external face of the
inner incurved.
The general characters of this genus are intermediate between Crax and Gallus, the
Curassows and the common fowls. The great pneumatic foramen of the coracoid is want-
ing in the typical Gallinae, but characterize the Meleagridae and Southern Hemisphere
group of the Cracidae and Megapodiidae. It is larger in the Meleagris, while in Talle-
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA, 239
galla it is smaller; in this species it is immense, though not quite equal in proportions to
that observed in Crax alector. The latter species presents, however, a marked pneumatic
foramen on the proximal end of the tibia just behind the external crest, which is repre-
sented by a very minute one in the present genus. ‘This does not weigh with such im-
portance as to remove the present genus from the same group, for it is equally minute or
wanting in Tallegalla lathami, as well as in Gallus and the true Gallinae. ‘The distal ex-
tremity of the tibia is more like the Megapodiidae than the Gallus, as well as the proxi-
mal, in the lesser proportions of the tuberosity to which the fibula is attached.
The osteology of the Penelopine genera is not accessible to me at present, so that I
cannot compare the present one with Oreophasis, Penelope, etc., with which it no doubt
has affinity.
MELEAGRIS SUPERBUS, Cope.
Established on a nearly perfect right tibia, and imperfect left one, a left femur with the condyles broken off, anda
right coracoid bone, with the distal articular extremity imperfect.
The length of the t#d¢1 will best represent that of the entire bird. It is one-fourth greater than that of a
large adult male turkey, and it exceeds that of the same bone of the largest Crax alector in the Museum of the
Academy Natural Sciences, by the same amount. It is double the length of the tibia of most of the species of Crax.
Its proximal crests are strongly developed. On the articular surface of the head the two anterior concayities are well
marked, and the posterior table overhangs:the shaft as in Melagris gallopavo, and more than in Crax alector; it is
strongly separated from the external tuberosity by a concave notch; from its posterior prominence a keel descends
along the shaft separating an external larger from an internal less concave face. The latter is bounded on the inner
side by a less prominent ridge. These ridges exist in the turkey, but not in the Crax. The fibular ridge is not prom-
inent below, and is of normal length. The shaft is flattened, least so distally. The internal muscular ridge is well
marked, but does not run into a keel on the distal half of the tibia as in Crax alector, but is as in the turkey and Tale-
galla. The distal tendinous groove is much as in the turkey, and with the transverse bridge, quite as in the turkey,
Curassow and Tallegalla. The upper edge of the bridge is thin and easily broken, but it is not so wide as in the single
turkey with which I compared it. The intercondyloid groove is open as in the turkey, more so than in Gallus, and
with a shallow transverse groove for the articular ligament, which is very faintly traced in Crax and distinct in the
turkey. The form of the condyles is more that of the common Fowl than of the turkey and Crax, 7. ¢., the posterior
plane is narrow and elevated, not broad and concave. The external faces of the condyles are less concave than in
either type, and the inner contracted or inecurved, as in the turkey; the outer is not as much flared as in both. The
antero-posterior diameter of the head of the tibia enters the total length 5.2 times, being about the proportion ob-
served in the turkey.
The femur, which was found with the tibia and coracoid, and which agree with them in color, mineral character,
relative stoutness, appearing in all respects to belong to the same bird, is, nevertheless, relatively shorter than in the
genera of Gallinae, with which I have above compared this species. While in Tallegalla, Crax and Gallus, this ele-
ment is .66 the length of the tibia, it is here .6, and in the M. gallopavo seven-elevenths the same. This dispropor-
tion is due to the tibia, which with the femur is more slender than in the genera named. While it is but a small pro-
portion longer than the same bone in the turkey, its superior slenderness is in good proportion to the longer femur.
In form it is much as in the genera named. The superior and inferior muscular ridges are more strongly marked than
in Crax and Tallegalla, and the trochanteric ridge-like external margin is a little more compressed from above out-
wards and below inwards, than in the three genera compared. There are two grooves on the articular face of the
head, and a short insertion-like ridge just above and in front of it, on the neck.
The coracoid, apart from the character of the great pneumatic foramen, is more like that of the turkey than the
240 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
Curassow. It is stouter than in the latter; the glenoid cavity or surface is longer than in the latter, entering 4.5 times
the leneth; in the turkey the same; in Crax alector 5.5 times. The inner ridge to which the ligamentous sheet from
the clavicle is attached, is strong as in the turkey; the external ridge is also well marked, and the scapular surface is
more prominent posteriorly than in the Crax alector. The posterior face is flatter and wider than in the latter, and
with several small ridges. The distal articular extremity is gone. The size of the pneumatic foramen is intermediate
between that of the turkey and Curassow.
Measurements. M.
Length of tibia, 0.245
oe “¢ anterior crest, 0.032
ee “* fibular ridge, 0.051
Diameter of head, antero-posterior, 0.039 -
ae ‘« transverse, with ext. crest, 0.045
ag £6 He without do., 0.03
OC “¢ shortest (diagonal), 0.0245
fe of condyles, transverse, 0.017
Ce “ ef antero-posterior (outer), 0.01738
es “¢ shaft, transverse (at middle), 0.0125
ee ce &¢ shorter Ce 0.0105
Length femur, actual, 0.116
eg ‘¢ restored, 0.146
Diameter of shaft below neck (tramsverse), ~ 0.022
ee s¢ «eat middle a 0.0135
Length coracoid, actual, 0.112
ce oe restored, . 0.115
‘« head from glenoid surface, 0.021
Diameter, transverse, at middle, we 0.013
Ge GG “ end foramen, 0.022
ws antero-posterior, at middle, 0.012
In recapitulation it may be noted, that the characters in which this species differs
from the common turkey are, the longer tibia and femur, the greater slenderness of the
same, and the larger pneumatic foramen of the coracoid bone.
The specimens on which it is based were discovered some three or four feet in the Cretaceous marl of the lower
bed, by my friend, Dr. C. C. Thompson. Their mineral condition indicates, however, very plainly, that they are not
Cretaceous fossils, but tertiary, and I have no doubt they were either dragged into a burrow which entered the Cre-
taceous bed, which is in the locality in question near the surface, by a carnivorous animal, or really fell into a cavity
from the thin layer of Tertiary, probably postpliocene, sand which lies immediately above it. The remains were ac-
companied by those of a Mammal, which Dr. Thompson assured me he took out with them.
Postpliocene of Monmouth Co., New Jersey.
ON FOOT IMPRESSIONS OF EXTINCT BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA.
As is well known, those species pertaining to the classes treated of in the preceding essay, which lived in or near
water, have left impressions of their feet on the ancient mud-flats, and lake and ocean shores. Commencing with those
which have been discovered in the lowest rocks, we have three species from the Carboniferous formation. The oldest
is represented by two series of impresions, obtained at different times, in the red shales which pertain to the upper
division of the subecarboniferous (Lesley), at a point seven hundred feet below its upper surface. The next in order,
is indicated by a few tracks from the shales of the coal measures, from a point 300 feet above the conglomerate (Gabb),
and therefore, 6450 feet from the top of the coal measures. The latest of these tracks, which were found still higher,
came from a point 800 feet below the surface of the coal.
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 241
The oldest of these have been found by Messrs. Lea, Rogers and Leidy, near to Pottsville, Schuylkill Co., Penna.
The first named naturalist referred them to ‘‘a four-footed, air-breathing animal, allied to the Saurians,” under the
name of Sauropus primevus. At that time the important differences between the Reptilia and Batrachia were not
known; had they been, disputes as to the Reptilian or other affinities of these creatures would have been unnecessary.
As no remains certainly referable to Reptiles have been found below the Permian rocks, it is not reasonable to suppose
that the tracks are Reptilian, as Agassiz has insisted. On the other hand, there can be no doubt that these creatures
were air-breathers, as Lea has pointed out. To paleontologists of the present time, there can be no doubt that the
Sauropus was a large Batrachian; which position is entirely confirmed by the form of the tracks themselves.
The tracks which come next in order, are from 2031 feet higher, and were discovered by Wm. M. Gabb, on the
valley of the Little Schuylkill River, about 2 mile from the town of Tamaqua, Schuylkill Co., Penna. They are of
peculiar form, and much more like those of the Reptiles than either of the others here mentioned.
They are on the surface of a thin irregular shale about sixteen inches in length. There are many impressions on
this surface, one of the most abundant of which consists of three or four parallel grooves. Most of the others are in-
termediate. The prominent impression is that of the hind foot of an animal of medium size. There are five toes of
remarkably slender form, a sole broader than long, and a narrow and rather long tarsus projecting behind. The
lengths of the toes are, commencing with the shortest, 1—2—5—3—_4, but the extremity of the second extends a little
further than that of the fifth. There is no impression certainly referable to claws, though there is a weak impression
at the ends of the first and second digits. There has evidently been no palmar membrane. The sole of the metatarsus
is transverse, and is separted by a ridge (in the impression; a groove in the foot, ) from the tarsal track, showing that
the animal may have been usually not plantigrade, but rather as in existing Salamanders. The heel is about as long
as the width of the metacarpus, subacuminate, and most impressed and contracted on the side next the shortest toe.
Measurements. In. Lin. Fig. 54.
¥ Total length, 2 4
Length to sole from heel, 9.
“* of sole to fourth toe, 5.5
«fourth toe, 1 23
Width of sole, 9
cee. 4
“<- between extremities toes, 1 5
The impression of the corresponding foot has been obliterated by subse-
quent marks. At a distance of four inches behind the heel a track of four toes
similar to that already described, would appear to pertain to the same animal;
they are imperfect, and the heel is broken off with the rock.
A single impression remains, whose position, form and size would appear
appropriate to the present species. It belongs, like the hind foot, to the right
side, the short toes being on the inner side. Its position is a little (8 lines) be-
hind the posterior track, on the inner side, and 2 in. 2.5 lines in advance of the
imperfect track mentioned. It consists of the impressions of four toes, whose
extremities project in the following order: 4—1—2—8. Within the inner (first)
toe, there is a short pit, which may be a rudimental 5th toe, and just behind it,
an oval depression of the carpus. As in the hind foot, the digits are remarkably
slender.
Lines.
Length of track, 9.5
Expanse of toes, 5.5.
Some of the trisulcate impressions are in the line of progress of the animal,
and may have been produced by its tail.
The broad metatarsus of this animal is Batrachian, as is the apparent lack of claws, while the remarkably slender
digits constitute a Lacertian feature. The most singular character, the prolonged, narrow tarsus, is not found in any
AMERI. PULLOSO. SCC.—VOL. XIV.—61
242 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
Tailed Batrachian of the present period, but is a known peculiarity of the Anura. In this respect, then, the present
creature would appear to be most nearly allied to that Order. The slender toes are also much more consistent
with that type than with the Urodela; nevertheless, the remains of the Stegocephalous form Sauropleura digitata
from the coal measures of Ohio, indicate similar digits. .
Though no species of the Stegocephali appears to be known which presents the elongate tarsus, some of them
(Pelion) present Anurous characters in the cranium, * and therefore, the present peculiarity need not be unexpected.
From the fact also, that no Anura have been discovered in older strata than Tertiary, while Stegocephali are emi-
nently characteristic of the Carboniferous, it is safe to suppose that the present is one of the forms of the same type.
The animal which left the impressions of its feet in the coal measures of Westmoreland Co., Penn., is the third
and highest in order of position. It was discovered by Dr. King, of Greensburg, and stated by him to consist of
twenty-three consecutive steps of a single individual. The step marks present the short thick digits of many
tailed Batrachia, and no doubt represent another genus of the Stegocephali. It was called Thenaropus heterodactylus
by King, and was of considerable size.+
Ascending in the scale of strata, the Triassic Rocks of Pennsylvania, New Jersey and the Connecticut Valley
present us with a great number of tracks. Small tracks have been discovered by Wheatley in the lower part of the
section which he has been so fortunate as to observe in the tunnel at Pheenixville, on the Schuylkill. They come
from the “black shales,’’ about 190 feet below the top of the series. A posterior foot track is wide, with five short
toes, the inner and outer very short; the order, 5—1—4—2—%, is that of their lengths, the longest being the third.
The sole is wider than long. It was no doubt made by a Batrachian. Dr. I. Lea has described other tracks from the
same position and locality, under the name of Chelichnus wymanianus. }
Dr. Chas. Hitchcock has found tridactylous bird-like tracks in the red shales of the same series near to Easton,
Penna., and similar ichnolites have been discovered by J. H. Smock, of the New Jersey State Geological Survey, at
a point on the Delaware River above Trenton.§ They compare closely with some of those of the Connecticut Valley.
The most important series of tracks of any extinct fauna, is that brought to light by Hitchcock and Deane, and pub-
lished by the former in the Ichnology of Massachusetts, and the supplement to the same. With the corrections intro-
duced in the latter, the number of species of Vertebrata represented is ninety-eight, which are referred to 42 genera.
These are distributed under the following heads:
Genera. Species. Genera. Species.
Fishes, 1 2 Ornithoid Lizards or Batrachians, 7 14
Chelonians, 5 9 Narrow-toed Birds, 4 13
Batrachia, 10 15 Thick-toed Birds, 2 16
Lacertilians, 11 20 Marsupialoid Mammalia, 3 9
The identification of species and genera from their tracks is in a degree practicable, when the family or other
higher group is known. This latter degree of exactitude is, however, impossible, except for the very highest rank of
divisions. Of the classes to which the above species are referred, we fully expect to see the Fishes, Batrachians, and
Rhynchocephalians| represented, as their remains occur in strata of like age elsewhere. Tortoises have not yet been
found below the Jurassic, yet as the first forms are of no doubtful type, they may be looked for in the Trias. As to the
two groups of Ornithoid lizards and thick-toed birds, the greatest probability attaches to their being Dinosauria and to
some extent Thecodontia. The belief in the presence of Mammals must be left for the discovery of their remains.
Their existence is, of course, not beyond the limits of possibility, yet paleontologists will not find anything absolutely
inconsistent with the reptilian type in the examples of supposed Mammalia brought forward by Dr. Hitchcock. Birds
would seem to be more likely to be found, and if they be their representatives, one would think, must have been the
first of their class. We, however, reserve acquiescence to the theory of their existence until it be proven that they
were not bird-like Dinosauria.
The sizes of the tracks vary from those appropriate to the small recent reptiles of the same latitude, to forms of
medium size like Clepsysaurus, and to those which can only find their counterparts in the gigantic Hadrosauri and
Lelapes of the Cretaceous period. To such animals Hitchcock has applied the name of Anomeepus, Brontozoum,
and Otozoum.
*As Wyman has pointed out. {Proc, Ac. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1856, 78.
+See Dana’s Manual of Geology, p. 51. @See Geol. Survey of N. J., by Cook, p- 174.
| Huxley’s supposed Triassic Lacertilia appear to be all Rhynchocephalia.
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA.
CONCLUSION.
Synopsis of Species with their Stratigraphical Positions.
BATRACHIA.
INGOs DES pono peo OoCMOeMDeOROoe
Amphibamus grandiceps, Cope,....
Pelion lyellii, Wyman,............
Hylonomus wymanii, Dawson,.....
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
obtusum, Cope,
Hylerpeton dawsonii, Owen,.......
Brachydectes newberryi, Cope,.....
Sauropleura digitata, Cope,........
Oestocephalus pectinatus, Cope,....
Do. remex, Cope,........
Molgophis macrurus, Cope,........
Colosteus crassiscutatus, Cope, ....
Do. foveatus, Cope,.........
Do. marshii, Cope,..........
Dictyocephalus elegans, Leidy, ....
Eupelor durus, Cope,..............-
Baphetes planiceps, Owen,.........
Do. minor, Dawson,..........
REPTILIA.
Eosaurus acadianus, Marsh,
Do. orientalis, Cope,....
Cimoliasaurus magnus, Leidy,.....
Do. ?vetustus, Leidy,...
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
erassidens, Marsh,
Do.
Baptosaurus platyspondylus, Marsh,
Do. fraternus, Marsh,.....
Clidastes iguanavus, Cope,........-
Do. intermedius, Leidy,.......
Do. propython, Cope,........
Holcodus acutidens, Gibbes,.......
aciedentatus, Dawson, . .
lyellii, Dawson,........
Pariostegus myops, Cope,........-.
Dendrerpeton acadianum, Owen,...
owenii, Dawson,.....
Ichthyosaurus grandis, Leidy,.....
Elasmosaurus platyurus, Cope,....
grandis, Leidy,.....
Polycotylus latipinnis, Cope,.......
Ischyrosaurus antiquus, Leidy,.....
Plesiosaurus lockwoodii, Cope,.....
Piratosaurus plicatus, Leidy,.......
Belodon carolinensis, Emmons,.. ..
DRSONS, ILDEIChP5oasasooe ade
Leaii, Emmons,...........
leprumus i COpey ce.c cis - - =
Mosasaurus maximus, Cope,.......
0. dekayi, Bronn,........
fulciatus, Cope,........
oarthrus, Cope,...... be
copeanus, Marsh,......
missuriensis, Harlan,...
brumbyi, Gibbes,......
minor, Gibbes,.........
depressus, Cope,.......
Platecar pus tympaniticus, ee gai
Liodon levis, Owen,.......-..+++--
Do. proriger, Cope, ............
Woy yvalidus; Cope; .--.2.-..-2-..-
Do. mitchillii, Dekay,..........
congrops, Cope,......-....-.
Ovq}0ID
*ok Kk oR Rk OK Kk OK OK
io) Q =| xy
= 2 =
o zs ee =
T Ss 2 iS
fo} ro) n n
i) 3 w
5 =o
= m
* x *
*
*
*
*
x
. . *
*
*
*
*
*
x
x
x
*
*
x
*
Sodcoacaab. s
*
*
So poGGDobo 2
*
sogaddc0ccue
*
: %
*
*
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|
“9tLa00T]
“QUOOOTI,
*OULODOI[
o0dysog
243
244 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
Synopsis of Species with their Stratigraphical Positions— Continued.
Pliogonodon priseus, Leidy,.............+-...
Polygonodon vetus, Leidy,................-.-
Do. rectus, Emmons,...............-
Stylemys nebrascensis, Leidy,.................
Do. niobrarensis, Leidy,.................
Do. culbertsonii, Leidy,..................
Cistudo eurypygia, Cope,.....................
Emys obscurus, Leidy,................-......
Do: petrolet, Weidy, 2.0... cae ile easl= cle el
Do, Tamera, COG; occc bss cas scecusonaooNGe
DOs FIRHOSUS, COME > oocsnoscancocon90500000
IDX, anh, IWENCNA « conouscovsdscodeuD0DGCEC
Do. stevensonii, Leidy,.....................
Adocus beatus, Leidy,...............-.+-+-.-
IDG, Bali) COS. oo 000 00sncc00aGne0050000
Doha prayuss) Weidiy, pi e)lelsteleier etter:
Do. vyomingensis, Leidy,.................
Dory spectoralism@ opener eeecciaecl
Compsemys victus, Leidy,....................
Osteopygis emarginatus, Cope,................
Do. platylomus, Cope,......--..-.-----
Do. chelydrinus, Cope,................
Propleura sopita, Leidy, ....................--
Catapleura repanda, Cope, ...................
Lytoloma jeanesii, Cope,......................
yey, umeanSiel, (COINS 25056 os5ccoon 0b e000
Euclastes platyops, Cope,....... .............
Peritresius ornatus, Leidy,....................
Drionyx foyeatus, Weidy cerns. esc e
Dow Py halophilus\ (Copernic eters
Do. > pennatus, (Cope. -mincclactteris velo «
IDLO jen} IVC po cdesosoupnaboedsooccac
Dox s bulernCopeytescmia cess selges emer
IDtope Nhe COnensoddccsoocntmespanouandn
Dom cultatustWeidyrere re eieceeree
Puppigerus parviscutum, Cope,...............
Do. Grande vis ueldiyay. ae tel peylierie oe
Lembonax polemicus, Cope,.................
Bothremys cookii, Leidy,.....................
Taphrosphys molops, Cope,.............-..--
Do. Sullcatis, Weidyacn- eee cece
Do. longinuchus, Cope,..............
Do. leslianus; (Copeye---eaeeeee eee
Do. strenuus; Cope; ser eect
Do. MOGOSUS;) COCs rai-eteeieet eet
Paleophis littoralis, Cope,....................
Do. halidanusiCope smash erie
Do. ferpnnuis, MGI Gecacaccsoconcsoadae
(OrorRIeS Sosy gooe boomaocoadcsapuGono Soovosose
Bottosaurus harlani, Meyer,.................-
Do. . tuberculatus, Cope,..............
? Crocodilus humilis, Leidy,...................
Thecachampsa squankensis, Marsh,...........
Do. fastigiata, Leidy,..............
Do. sicania,: (Cope. -cimasee aee ne
Do. antiqua, Leidy,................
Do. sericodon, Cope,...............
Thoracosaurus neocaesariensis, Dekay,.........
Holopsrobscumis,eidya errr tit eerie rere
Doz \cordatus, Cope... sasnc cic meee |
IDO:- “tenebrosus; Werdy.i. ass iveiocem ets |
Do. brevispinus, Cope,............... Sec exe
Do: ily ptodony Copeyne cee mere el
Don “hasitmuncatiws. O well ececeieele eee
*qaeoqng
‘FIMOgIeD
"SUIL],
“ssuan ep
Ov}OTO,
* ok CK Ck CK CK OK Ok
* Kk ok
so a8 58 Sh G2 5
“oulo00T,
*
yea |
ee ae
ae
Ble ee
erates aliees
a ponte as
——————————
9%
x
*
*
¥
x
x
a
|
*
*
9%
x
*
|
|
* |
* |
%
*
* |
|
|
|
|
210
211
124
124
124
124
124
128
127
126
126
129233
234.
129233
233
130—233
124
136
135—235
138
140
143
145
145
149
150
152
151
152
158
153
158
152
155—235
158235
168
157
159
164
162
166
166-8
167
227
997
awd
228
65
230
82
65
65
63
64
64
79
0)
73
78
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 245
Synopsis of Species with their Stratigraphical Positions— Continued.
Be |. CRM nly t ieee eS eleeiee rer | Sd: ee ies
os = = ie e S S
e | & po ai ay AE!
“ee ||
Hypsosaurus rogersi, Owen,.........--....-.- * 80
? Do. fALELC WIS 55 COPE eens here oll = 82
Rhabdopelix longispinis,* Cope,..... ..... ... * | lees
~ Paleeoscineus costatus, Leidy,.............-.. * 99
Hadrosaurus foulkei, Leidy,.............-.... * 98
Do. mura bilis pueldyateen tees ses) 1. * 98
Do. ? occidentalis, Leidy,............. 2% 98
Do. MIKO E Wb ecdedeeoqseanadoond * 122-s
Astrodon johnstoni, Leidy,................... * og
Mroodonkonmosusy Leidiyar sciec-r 1 =e. <2 28 | | 120
Megadactylus polyzelus, Hitchcock,........... * | 122-4
Bathygnathus borealis, Leidy,........ ....... * | aay
Clepsysaurus pennsylvanicus, Lea,............ * | 122-4
Aublysodon horridus, Leidy,....... mes Sianiestanaieets * 120
Lezlaps aquilunguis, Cope,.................... a8 100
WOM ACLOpUS CODE) Nercterlcpeee ciel) =!-(-ferseios- a 118
Coelosaurus antiquus, Leidy,................. % 119
Ornithotarsus immanis, Cope,.......--...-.-. # 120
REUA PITULATION.
Number of Species.
BATRACHIA. Mestudina tas 3 :4reinisi.is% sos. . eases aeemen ee 42
lang NAGHIR, oc Sgbdua seas PHAM COR ae cece neem 1 Pythonomorpha, .....---.++--+++eeeeeee sere 22
Wineriseniciameer yee erence Mcsciseleeecls slenie sess « 14 Ophidia, ......2--- +662 see ee ee eee eee eee es 3
CAMOCE MHIP, «oo coco cone ooop acco one cubonocEdS 3 Crocodilia,......-+++..++++++++5 mpedaseagcsoc 16
Araipyermihodontiane.-2-(.0..5.c5e sobenezees ee 4 eer 1
DIMOSAUTIAS ores saree cies ieee olor eeaterei oe eer serer 15
REPTILIA. PADVAL IS Mapa Ree CRON Si 2s ys. ae inkioy ae ee eee 11
MehiGhay OP Ley Ol aserteteteledade alalalavaleleltelel=loer-lelelolaie «1 2 —
SHMERO DIOL, oscocscopecopsovoseosaconaensoe 8 DG baal a jave raver ercrevayateseleieywvers sila cise yareleconeks 146
Thecodontia, ........- JaBpeeSoceocse > OUCRMEED 4
Distribution in Time.
=
= iS} = oO
I S 2 B
z z ®
BATRACHIA.
SIGS IONE SagosmanceesdsnoceedoDGOCROGnOee 1
TG ROSTIN Ey Sonn meee e Sone roo Sob oD OS OMT Teen 13 1 |
Ganocepnalavercrtwortcieriicie ties eis cirie- = 3
Ibaloyanmaiinoclsnbe, soaocd -oobnb cncounscopn0sK0T 2 2
REPTILIA.
UOMO NKR FE), 5 coo bdoaudooconodd50n07db0000E ?1 1
Saucopbenyoiasyacticclc scree eenloccas css. 8
Me COdOMba yet eeccicilelaterstelo re ercercisiceeiei seis: +s 4
Pybhonomorpharg.rs a: ers cars aecistee sy se' «cise = « 22
Mes tu Cina aitias fewarapavepotere iors avereten siete sretorsier<feparersisisesveia:s 3 27 2 6 1 3
(Ojaniche eon ee oooeodudod cobb OcuGe Cece meen 2 1
Wrocodiliatpeeerretasertacso secretariat cicreie = - if 11 1 3
————— i BEIT HOMO OO BATS DU OS coo COC nr IEE 1
WINOSAUNIAN ae sche clare ose eae ie as 3 4 8 |
JAN DIS) Scie Son orion oe Ae aR aUee co nO cues 5 2 Py Nee
*This form is quite as likely to prove Rhynchocephalian as Pterosaurian- tThe supposed Jurassic strata of the Judith River may not belong to that period.
AMERI. PHILOSO. SOC.—VOL. XIV.—62
246 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
COMPARATIVE OBSERVATIONS.
The study of the early extinct vertebrata of this country possesses three points of in-
terest, to which the attention of students has been drawn. First: the period at which
given types of life have appeared on the earth; second: whether such types present ab-
rupt beginning and close, or exhibit a connection with others by intervening and only
partly subordinate forms; third: whether the periods of existence of given types were
synchronous in different regions of the earth.
With reference to the second point, it may be said, that, although investigations in the
field in question bring to light forms combining peculiarities once supposed to exist only
in distinct types, the primary divisions as herein defined have not yet been found
to be connected by forms not referable to any of them. If we suppose that such have ex-
isted, it is only by the analogy of forms discovered to be intermediate on a lower grade of
characters.
The period of commencement of the Reptilian Orders has been generally believed to
be that of the Permian. No reptile has been discovered in and below the Coal Measures
in the old world, and nothing has been found in the new to invalidate this general state-
ment. Batrachia have left their tracks in the Subcarboniferous; below this they are not
known; their remains first appear in“the Carboniferous. Birds first appear in the Cre-
taceous, though they have been chiefly found in Eocene and Miocene strata. |
With regard to the relative abundance of these types in the two continents, it may be
observed, that with present knowledge they appear to be nearly similarly developed, with
the following exceptions: The American formations are very poor in Ichthyopterygia and
Pterosauria, orders greatly developed in Europe; while they contain abundant remains of
Pythonomorpha, which is represented in European beds by but few species. The subject
is, however, in its: infancy.
With respect to the synchronism of the Reptilian faune here alluded to, the knowledge
of the subject is not sufficient to furnish basis for an opinion, but I have elsewhere at-
tempted to show that similar faunz were quite as likely to prove successional, and succes-
sional faunee synchronous, as the reverse. (See Origin of Genera.)
As to the relations of times of appearance in the continents of Europe and North
America, we know too few species to be able to make more than a comparison which time
may invalidate. Of the periods of predominance of types a little more may be said.
Thus, both continents alike present a majority of the smaller Stegocephalous Batrachia
during Carboniferous time, and of the larger Labyrinthodonts during Triassic time.
Our only Ichthyopterygia (not reckoning Eosaurus) appear in supposed Triassic beds:
those of the old world do not occur before the Jurassic (one is noted from the German
Trias). The old world Sauropterygia greatly predominate in the Jurassic, though a few
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. Q47
occur in the Cretaceous. In North America they predominate in the Cretaceous. The-
codontia are Triassic in both continents; and the Pythonomorpha are alike Cretaceous.
The serpents are in neither region older than Eocene. ,
Among Testudinata, 'Trionyx is first Cretaceous in America, first Eocene in Europe.
Chelonoid Emydide, also Cretaceous here, are first Jurassic in Europe. In the latter
period the order has so far been best represented; those beds are rare in our country, but
if present, it could scarcely be more abundantly productive of them than is our Cretaceous.
Among the Crocodilia, the amphiccelian division is especially Jurassic, not occurring in
the Cretaceous; our only genus was abundant in the latter period. ‘The procoeli are
characteristic of the tertiary in Europe, a very few being noted as from the upper Cre-
taceous. Here their chief abundance is in the Cretaceous, from which they extend to the
present time.
The Dinosauria are characteristic of the upper Cretaceous period in North America,
and of the Jurassic to a less degree. In Europe they characterize the Jurassic, and are
rare in the Cretaceous. ‘Thus, of corresponding genera Leelaps is upper Cretaceous, Me-
galosaurus and Poecilopleurum, Jurassic. Hadrosaurus, upper Cretaceous and Jurassic;
Iguanodon, Jurassic and lower Cretaceous. Astrodon and Hypsibema middle Cretaceous;
Hyleosaurus, Jurassic. Further, we have evidence of many Dinosauria in the Tnas., by
their foot-tracks and the remains of Megadactylus, Clepsysaurus and Bathygnathus, which
are nearly related to the genera of the Trias of England and Germany.
STRATIGRAPHICAL OBSERVATIONS.
I. The Cretaceous of New Jersey.
A full review of the vertebrate species from the Cretaceous of New Jersey, results in
the conviction that but few of them belong to types which are necessarily marine, while
many of them are the representatives of the genera which are at the present day purely
fresh-water. Taking them seriatim, it is obvious that the six Dinosauria are terrestrial,
and if at all, but occasional swimmers. The eight Crocodiles have only fresh-water re-
presentatives at the present day. The shortness of the limbs of these reptiles is not
adapted to stemming the waves of the open ocean or an undefended coast, for any long
period; and this observation will apply to all marine vertebrates with separated digits
whose life is spent in the water, and who rely on their limbs for progression, unless their
bulk be such as to render them independent of the waves, or they are furnished with
wings. Thus, the marine turtles possess long oar-like limbs, while those of brackish and
fresh waters have short paddles of far less power. The limbs of the twenty-four species
found in New Jersey, are of the latter character, and all their modern representatives in-
248 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
habit rivers and lakes. Trionyx, a well-known river type, is represented by three species;
none are known to be marine.
There remain the orders Pythonomorpha and Sauropterygia, none of whose members
exist at the present day. These were probably truly marine, as well as associated with
the estuary types already enumerated.
It may be asserted that there is no systematic evidence to show that the ancient re-
presentatives of our fresh-water forms were not marine, and to this a partial assent may
be given. We may look to some other sources of evidence in explanation of the question.
The most westward division of the Cretaceous, embracing the bed No. 1, of Meek and
Hayden, which contains abundant leaves, etc., of terrestrial plants, may have been more
entirely fresh than the others, as I have suggested, Proceed. Acad. Natl. Sci., 1868, 151*
The second, or Ripley clay, has produced few vertebrate remains, the most important,
the Hadrosarus foulkei, a terrestrial animal. The molluses are largely marine.
The third series, embracing the lower green-sand bed, contains more numerous verte-
brates, as Mosasaurus, Thoracosaurus, etc., but, as my friend, Jno. Smock, of the State
Survey, has observed, almost no tortoises. To this, one exception occurs in the Trionyx
halophilus, Cope, which is from near the Delaware and Chesapeake Canal, in Delaware,
from the lower bed. ‘The species which are only known from these two clays and marls,
are as follows:
From the Clays of No. I. Trionyx halophilus.
Plesiosaurus lockwoodil. Trionyx priscus.
Ornithotarsus immanis. Emys sp.
Hadrosaurus foulkei. Beryx insculptus (jish).
From the Clays and Mart of the first bed.
From the Rotten Iimestone of Alabama.
Elasmosaurus orientalis. Mosasaurus brumbyi.
Clidastes iguanavus. Liodon congrops.
Mosasaurus fulciatus. Clidastes propython.
Mosasaurus maximus. Clidastes intermedius.
Mosasaurus dekayi.
The fourth series, embracing the second green-sand bed, contains the greatest number
of vertebrate species, distributed as follows:
Sauropterygia, 2; Crocodilia, 10; Dinosauria, 4; Testudinata, 22; Pythonomorpha, 6.
The remains of these are all found in the lower division of the green-sand bed, defined
*T. A. Conrad and Prof. Newberry, believe these beds to be Triassic; I have stated it as my belief, that some of
them are Jurassic. I am confirmed in this opinion by the discovery of a species of Asteracanthus, by Dr. G. J.
Fisher, of Sing-Sing, a genus known only in the Jurassics of the old world.
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 249
by Cook in the Geological Survey of New Jersey as the Chocolate stratum. This bed
differs from the pure green-sand above it, in its containing a much larger proportion of
clay and sand, indications of shallower water. Near its middle is the great bed of Ostrea
vesicularis, also an indication of estuary enclosure. While bones are abundant through-
out, they are especially so near its upper surface. I suppose it, therefore, to have been
the slowly subsiding bottom of an area not far removed from shore. ‘The termination of
the Chocolate bed, and commencement of the stratum of pure green-sand, indicates per-
haps a more rapid or sudden submergence to the greater depth, appropriate to the life of
the Globigerinz, in whose empty shells the green-sand grains are supposed to have been
formed. ‘That towards the close of this period of deposit shallower water may have coy-
ered the area, is suggested by the ereat bed of Ostrea vesicularis at that horizon. Between
it and the chocolate, the remains of Reptilia are comparatively rare.
From the above, I am much disposed to conclude that the clay and mixed green-sand
marls of our upper Cretaceous were deposited in a series of estuaries, whose direction fol-
lowed the lines of the Appalachian axis, 7. e., northeast and southwest, and which were
protected by shore lines to the seaward. Such ashore line formed of an anticlinal of
Eozoic rocks, separated an estuary from the Miocene ocean in North Carolina. Its crest
can be seen where exposed by the denuding action of the Tar, Cape Fear and other rivers
and streams.
Il. The Fresh-water Clays of the Pea Shore.
This deposit, which I discovered to be truly fresh-water in its origin, by the observa-
tion of numerous species of Unio and Anodonta near its base, has been regarded by
Rogers and all others who have examined it up to the present time, as a member of Meek
and Hayden’s No. 1, and as lying conformably beneath the upper Cretaceous strata to the
southward and eastward. ‘The most important part of the deposit consists of a heavy
black clay which is used for making brick, which rests on a bed of hard laminated clay,
with a thin layer of iron-stone between. ‘The clay bed at one place examined, is 25 feet
in thickness, and at from one to three feet from its bottom occurs a bed of fresh-water
mussels. ‘These are Unios and Anodontas of six species, all of them as pointed out to
him by Dr. Lea, hitherto undescribed. ‘The beds are from the top of the clay down, con-
formable, and have a dip of about 25° to the southeast. The upper surface of the clay is
worn into holes, which are filled by the material of a bed of coarse gravel of little depth,
which covers the whole. Above this is a bed of fine sand varying from 6 to 15 feet in
thickness to the soil.
AMERI. PHILOSO. SOC.—VOL. XIV.—63
250 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA
The following section of the exposure at Pea Shore, will give the best idea of its
character.
Fig. 55.
q The regularity of the beds as exposed for some
distance along the line of the Camden and Amboy
R. R., and their 8. E. dip, apparently similar to
that of the Cretaceous beds above them, has seemed
to confirm the supposition of authors as to their
horizon. I believe, however, that they really be-
long to a much later age than the bed No. 1, and
are really of a Pliocene period, and older than the
stratified drift. Two reasons have a strong bearing
on the question. A large part of the cranium of
a horse—Equus fraternus of Leidy—was found by
the workmen just above the Unio bed, and twenty
feet below the top of the clay, evidently in place.
The underlying bed of coarse red sand, is in all
apparent respects identical with the material of a
stratum which underlies the soil over the country
Gases 5 and 6 miles to the eastward of Pea Shore, e. ¢.,
the town of Haddonfield, which rests unconform-
ably on the Ripley division of the Cretaceous.
It does not exist on the surface, so far as I could
‘Avo poyempuy
*OU0}S UO.AT
‘OUT epry UST
‘TOAR.LY)
ascertain from an examination on one line, between
these points. It may be the same bed.
snnbay
That this bed is synchronous with our Post-
pliocene, is doubtful, from the marked difference
presented by the Unios, when compared with
those now existing. The Helices of the Post-
pliocene are identical with the living species, viz:
H. major, H. tridentata, H. dentifera, etc., are
associated with Tapirus, Dicotyles, Equus, etc.,
i in cave deposits. The Unionidee, Lea remarks,
have the heavy teeth of one type of the genus,
j With the light thin shells of another type, and are
all distinct from the living. An older age than
Postpliocene is, therefore, indicated.
“pues pol os1vo0p
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‘purs UMOIG QUST
‘sejuopouy pue soins)
4
®!\A30P°900% Oo DBD coe 22 28 EROS POI NOE Ae
ur, =
6
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ie
c
AND AVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 251
EXPLANATION OF WOOD CUTS.
Fig. 1, p. 12.—Cranium of Dendrerpeton obtusum, Cope, natural size; from Prof. Newberry’s collection.
Fig. 2, p. 19.—Oestocephulus remex, Cope, caudal vertebre, natural size; from Prof. Newberry’s coll.
Fig. 3, p. 31.—WNothosaurus probably andriani, Miinst., from above; fig. 4, same from below; much reduced;
from the German Trias. ;
Fig. 5, p. 32.—WMecistops intermedius, Graves, one-eighth natural size, profile; fig. 6, same, from above; Qu = quadrate
bone. From Mus. Academy Nat. Sciences; supposed to be from the Orinoco.
Fig. 7, p. 41.—Femur of Cimoliasaurus magnus, from New Jersey, about one-fourth natural size; fig. 8, same, distal
extremity. Fig. 9, posterior dorsal vertebra of Cumoliasaurus magnus, same individual as the last.
Fig. 10.—Posterior dorsal Hlasmosaurus platyurus, a little less than one-fourth the natural size.
Fig. 11.—Hlasmosaurus platyurus, scapular arch inferior elements, restored; the portions not preserved, shaded. One-
sixth natural size.
Fig. 12.—Pelvic arch, inferior elements of the same, one-sixth natural size; the shaded portions restored.
Fig. 13.—The ilium of the same, lateral view; fig. 14, distal extremity of the same.
Fig. 15.—Cervical and anterior dorsal vertebre of Cimoliasaurus magnus, (Mus. Academy Nat. Sciences) compared
with,
Fig. 16,—Posterior cervical and anterior dorsal vertebrae of Hlasmosaurus platyurus,; the transverse processes of the
former incurved by pressure.
Fig. 16 A, p. 64.—Section near apex of crown of tooth of Thecachampsa antiqua, Leidy; B, do. of Thecachampsa sicaria,
Cope.
Fig. 18, p. 73.—Outlines of the cups of the fourth dorsal vertebra of Holops cordatus and H. obscurus; the external
unshaded representing the former, the internal shaded, the latter.
Figs. 19-20, p. 77.—Inferior and lateral views of a muzzle of Holops basitruncatus, Owen, (See Appendix to Reptilia)
one-third natural size.
Figs. 21-4, p. 838.—Perosuchus fuscus, Cope, living sp. from Darien; fig. 21 profile, 22 superior face of the cranium;
the acute processes near the left canine tooth are an error of the artist; 28 the fore, and 24 the hind foot.
Figs. 25-6, p. 85.—Lateral and superior views of the cranium of Osteolaemus tretraspes, Cope, recent species from
West Africa.
Fig. 27, p. 92.—Proximal portion of scapula of Hadrosaurus foulkei, from New Jersey; upper right hand figure, the
extremity with glenoid cavity; lower figure, interior view.
Fig. 28, p. 93.—The unidentitied bone, from Monmouth Co., New Jersey.
Fig. 29, p. 95.—Restoration of pelvis of Hadrosaurus foulkei, dotted portions wanting; a, posterior or acetabular view
of proximal end of pubis. One-tenth natural size; >, inner view of ischium of Clepsysaurus pennsylvanicus, Lea,
one-third natural size; from the types in Mus. Philada. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Fig. 30, p. 103.—Caudal vertebre of Laelaps aquilunguis, one-eighth natural size; shaded portions wanting in original;
neural spines not completed.
Figs. 31 to 34, pages 118-119.— Laelaps macropus, hind limb; 31, proximal extremity of tibia; 32, proximal portion of
metatarsal; 32a, proximal extremity of same, natural size; 33, distal portion of external metatarsus, postero-
external view; 34, antero-external view of same.
Figs. 35-7, p. 122.—Ornithotarsus immanis, Cope, extremities of tibia and fibula; 35 from anterior, 36 from posterior,
37 from extremital view: in all of these the suture defining the astragalo-calcaneum is too distinct; 36a, fractured
extremity, showing medullary cavity with cancelli.
Fig. 38, p. 133.—Restoration of carapace of Osteopygis platylomus: the last costal suture on each side, and the last
small vertebral bone sutures should be erased, as they are not visible in the mature specimen. See Appendix to
Reptilia. The anterior vertebral bone also, is not known. One-sixth natural size.
Fig. 39, p. 184.—Osteopygis platylomus plastron, restored; shaded portions not found.
Fig. 39, p. 189.—Propleura sopita, carapace restored, one-sixth natural size. First vertebral not known.
Fig. 40, p. 154.—Proximal extremity of humerus of Puppigerus grandacvus.
252 THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, REPTILIA, &C.
EXPLANATION OF WOOD CUTS—Continump.
Fig. 41, p. 154.—Scapulo-coracoid of same, one-third natural size.
Fig. 42, p. 155.—Chelone midas, Linn, carapace, from Cuvier.
Fig. 43, p. 160.—Taphrosphys molops, Cope, anterior and posterior lobes of the plastron, shaded parts wanting; at the
time of making the drawing the intersternals had not been found, and the cut is therefore unfinished. J. mesos-
ternal; Hp., episternal; Hyo. and Hyp., hyosternal and hyposternal; X7, xiphisternal; Pd., pubic sutural scar;
TIs., ischiadic do.; Gul., gular scute; Pect., pectoral; Jntg., intergular scutum.
Fig. 44, p. 161.— Taphrosphys molops, Cope, part of first and second costal bones, showing axillary pit.
Fig. 45, p. 165.—Nuchal marginal bone of Taphrosphys sulcatus, Leidy. Do., p. 166, restoration of plastron of the
same, to show form of episterno- hyosternal suture; form of mesosternal erroneous; it should be diamond-shaped
antero-posteriorly.
Fig. 46, p. 175.—Rhabdopelix longispinis, Cope, vertebra, ribs, phalanges, etc., from Triassic rocks of Phoenixville.
Fig. 47, p. 186.—Lateral view of splenial bone of Mosasaurus from within, the fragment one-fourth natural size. Ex-
tremity of same, showing articular face. From Olarksboro, N. J.
Fig. 48, p. 187.—Proximal extremities of quadrate bones of Mosasauroids—six species, with sections of same just
below auricular meatus.
Fig. 49, p. 188.—Internal views of lateral elements of the axis of four species of Mosasauroids.
Fig. 50, p. 215.—Section of ramus mandibuli of Clidastes propython, Cope, near the middle of the coronoid bone;
natural size. |
Fig. 51, p. 216.—Chdastes propython, ramus mandibuli from within, and fig. 52 from above; about one-third natural
size.
Fig. 58, p. 236.—Coracoid bone of Sula loxostyla, Cope, from the Miocene of Calvert Co., Maryland. The proximal
portion was carelessly broken away by the artist and lost, so that the cut represents a more incomplete specimen
than the description. :
Fig. 54, p. 241.—Tracks in the subcarboniferous slate near Pottsville, Pa., discovered by Wm. M. Gabb; natural size.
Fig. 55, p. 250.—Section of the ? Miocene clay with gravel and sand superimposed, at Pea Shore, New Jersey.
Adocus,
Amphibamus,
Amphicoeli .
Astrodon,
Aublysodon,
Baphetes,
Baptosaurus,
Bathygnathus,
Batrachia,
Belodon,
Bothremys, .
Bottosaurus,
Brachydectes,
Catapleura, .
Cimoliasaurus,
Cistudo,
Clidastes,
Clepsysaurus,
Coelosaurus, .
Colosteus,
Compsemys .
Crocodilia,
Crocodilus,
Crotalus,
Dendrerpeton,
Dictyocephalus,
Dinosauria, .
Elasmosaurus,
Emys,
Eosaurus,
Euclastes,
Eupelor,
Ganocephala,
Hadrosaurus,
Holcodus,
Holops,
Homorophus,
Hylerpeton, .
Hylonomus, .
Hyposaurus,
Hypsibema, .
Ichthyosaurus,
INDEX,
aN 1 aes
(FOR INDEX OF SPECIES, SEE PAGE 243.)
i. 138-232
Ischyrosaurus,
Laelaps,
Lembonax,
Liodon,
Lytoloma,
Megadactylus,
Microsauria,
Molgophis,
Mosasaurus,
Oestocephalus,
Ophidia,
Ornithotarsus,
Osteolaemus,
Osteopygis, -
Paleophis,
Paleoscineus,
Pariostegus,
Pelion,
Peritresius, .
Perosuchus, .
Piratosaurus,
Platecarpus,
Plesiosaurus,
Pliogonodon,
Polycotylus,
Polygonodon,
Puppigerus,
Propleura,
Pythonomorpha,
Rhabopelix, .
Sauropleura,
Sauropterygia,
Stylemys,
Taphrosphys,
Testudinata,
Thecachampsa,
Thoracosaurus,
Trionyx,
Troodon,
Xenorhachia,
Zygoramma,
ul
ERRATA AND ADDENDA.
ERRATA AND ADDENDA.
Page 17, lines 14 and 15—9. The bones here described as coracoid and limb bones are, it now appears to me, more
“
AA,
48,
108,
129,
129.
130,
146,
137,
143,
151,
169,
180,
198,
208,
239.
249,
likely to belong to the hyvid apparatus, as they somewhat resemble corresponding bones of Necturus; the
genus Oestocephalus was therefore probably branchiferous.
1. 5, for ‘“‘be found ”’ read, belong to one of them.
1. 1, for “* GNOCEPHALA” read GANOCEPHALA.
1. 17, for ‘“‘caudals,”’ read cervicals.
1. 19, omit the word ‘‘form.”’
under Elasmosaurus, Leidy having attempted to show that Hiasmosaurus is the same as Discosaurus Leidy,
which should also include Cimoliasaurus L., I have controverted the positions assumed, in Silliman’s Am.
Journ. Sci. Arts, 1870, 139-268.
1. 18, for “‘anterior’’ read posterior.
1.16. The discovery of the outer or shortest metatarsus confirms this measurment; its Jength is sixteen
inches. :
1.9. For ‘strongly emarginate,’’? read ‘‘narrowed to an obtuse extremity.”’ After this see appendix,
p. 282, where a third species, A. Aginis, Cope, is added, and a paper in Proceedings A. Phil. Soc., 1870
(November), where A. sYNTHETICUS, Cope, is described, with two new genera ZyGoRAMMA, Cope, and
Homoropnuus. These are with Apocus erected into the family of Adocide. The new species are Z.
STRIATULA and H. INsUETUS, Cope.
1. 21, omit Pleurosternum, Bell.
1. 8. for ‘‘ Pleurosternum”’ read Adocus.
22, the large specimen here described belongs to the O. platylomus.
1.1. 4—11—18—16, for ‘‘emarginatus’’ four times, read, platylomus.
line 21, for ‘‘222” read 22.
1. 7, for ‘‘ widens” read wide as.
1. 1, for PTEROSAURIA read (?) RHY NCHOCEPHALIA.
1, 15, omit all after ‘‘ A structure somewhat resembling,”’ &e.
1,1. The vertebre described as pertaining to Mosasaurus brumbyi belong to another reptile, probably a
Liodon, which I have called L. perlatus.
1. 80.. Add here three species described in Proceed. Boston, Society Nat. History, Dec., 1870, Liopon
ICTERICUS, Cope, and Liopon MuDGEI, Cope, from the Cretaceous chalk of Kansas, and L. DysPELOR,
Cope, from New Mexico.
1,9. Add here two new species described with the above ; CLIDASTES CINERIARUM, Cope, and C. ANTI-
VALIDUS, Cope, the latter figure in this volume, Pl. VY. fig. 5.
1. 17, for ‘‘lines’’ read times ; for.“ mesosterna ”’ read mesosternal.
1.41. Adocus vyomingensis does not belong to this genus, but to an allied form, Baptemys of Leidy
and is probably of Tertiary age. Adocus proves to have an intergular scutum and be the type of a family
combining Cryptodire and Pleurodire characters.
The bird described as Meleagris superbus, 1 am informed by Prof. O. C, Marsh, is the same as that
exhibited by him at a meeting of the Academy Natural Sciences, March 8th, 1870, (Proceedings p. 11) and
named Meleagris altus, Marsh. Of this fact I had no knowledge until after the above form had been
printed off, and now rcly exclusively on Prof. Marsh’s statement for the identification, as no description
accompanies the name, and I have not seen the types. As Prof. Marsh has priority of discovery and
determination, it is entirely proper that the species should bear his name, M. altus.
bed
line 6 from bottom, for ‘‘ acquiescence to’’ read acquiescence in.
Nore.—The present work was issued up to page 105 in August, 1869, and up to page 235 in April, 1870. The third part is issued in December, 1870.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. lil
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE I.
Figs. 1-12. Vertebrz and limb bones of Polycotylus luttpinnis, Cope, from Kansas ; (see p. 34) one half the
natural size.
1. Profile of separated neural arch of a dorsal vertebra from the left side.
1a. Posterior view of same, showing deep compressed basis of the elevated diapophysis.
2. Dorsal vertebra: 2a, the same from below.
8. Another dorsal vertebra posterior view ; 3a, the same from the left side.
4, Another dorsal, from a position less median than the last, anterior view ; 4a, the same from the left side ; 4b,
the same, inferior view.
5. An anterior caudal vertebra from behind, exhibiting the surfaces for chevron bones; 5a, the same from below.
6. A more posterior caudal, obliquely crushed, showing proximal end of one limb of a chevron bone in place.
7. Two vodssified cervical vertebrz from below ; 7a, the same from the side, the neural arches being lost.
8. Proximal end of supposed ilium, external view (p. 37). 9, the undetermined bone.
10. Tibia; 11, tarsal bone.
12. Metatarsal and phalanges.
13. Portion of cranium of Holops brevispinis, Cope, from above; 75 of the natural size. From Tinton Falls,
Monmouth Co., N. J. In the cabinet of Rutger’s College, N. J.
14-15. Iypsibema laticauda, Cope, from Sampson Co., N. Ca., one half the natural size. In the state cabinet
‘at Raleigh, N. Ca.
14. Right external metatarsal.
15. A caudal vertebra; 15a, inferior ; 15b, posterior views.
16. Taphrosphys nodosus, Cope, one-half natural size, from Hornerstown, Monmouth Co., N. Jersey. Portions
of two costal bones.
PLATE II.
Figs. 1-9. Hlasmosaurus platyurus, Cope, from near Fort Wallace, Kansas. Fig. 1, one? forty-fifth natural
size; figs. 2-10, one-third the natural size.
Fig. 1. Restoration of the skeleton of Hiasmosaurus platyurus, Cope. The limbs, and the cranium’ behind the
end of the muzzle, are entirely hypothetical.
Fig. 2. Three caudal vertebrze, probably eleventh to fourteenth, seen from the left side ; 2a, the same seen from
below.
Fig. 8. An anterior median dorsal vertebra, seen from the articular extremity ; 3a, the same from beneath.
Fig. 8b. A median dorsal with subquadrate section, from beneath.
Fig. 4. Anterior dorsal of the same, from the extremity ; 4a, from below.
Fig. 5. Two median cervicals, from the side ; a, from below. :
iv EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
Fig. 6. Two distal cervicals, with (?) parapophysis preserved; a, from below; 3, the articular extremity, the (?)
parapophysis of the left side broken.
Fig. 7. The connate atlas and axis.
Fig. 8. The extremity of the muzzle, from above ; 8a, do. from the side, displaying the broken teeth ; 8d, the
symphysis, from below. .
Fig. 9. The alveolus and fang of a mandibular tooth.
Fig. 10. Sacro-caudal vertebra of Hlasmosaurus orientalis, Cope, from near Swedesboro, Gloucester Co., N. J.,
inferior view ; 10a, from the side. Both one-third natural size.
- PLATE III.
Four anterior dorsal vertebra of Hlasmosaurus platyurus, Cope, of one-half the natural size, belonging to the
individual figured on Plate If. Seen from the right side.
PLATE IV.
Figs. 1-8. Holops obscurus, from Burlington Co, N. J., one individual.
Fig. 1. Cervical, dorsal and isolated lumbar vertebre a little more than three-fifths natural size.
Fig. 2. Femur of same, one-half natural size.
Fig. 3. Humerus of same, one-half natural size.
Fig. 4. Vertebral column of a young Holops brevispinis, Cope, from Burlington Co., N. J., one-half natural size,
seen from below.
Fig. 5. Anterior dorsal vertebra of adult Holops brevispinis, Cope, one-half natural size, from the side ; fig.
da, same from the front.
Fig. 6. Humerus of the same, one-half natural size.
Fig. 7. Posterior-median dorsal of Holops caudatus, Cope, from Barnesboro, one-half natural size.
Fig. 8-9. Vertebre of Holops basitruncatus, Ow.,one-half natural size (marked erroneously on the plate
Bottosaurus harlant).
Fig. 8. Cervical vertebra of the same, from below ; fig. 9, lumbar of the same, anterior; and 9a, inferior views.
Fig. 10. Femur of Hyposaurus rogersit, Ow., from the inside ; one-half natural size.
Fig. 11. Humerus of the same individual as fig. 10. Both from Barnesboro, N. J., and in the cabinet of the
State Geological survey at Rutger’s College.
PLATE VY.
Fig. 1. Anterior dorsal vertebra of Palwophis littoralis, Cope, from the right side ; 1a, from the front ; 10, from
below. From specimens belonging to the Geological survey of N. Jersey.
Fig. 2. ‘ Paleophis halidanus, Cope, anterior dorsal vertebra, from below ; 2a, same from the front ; both this
species and the last, of natural size. The latter in Prof. Marsh’s collection, Yale College.
Fig. 3. Dorsal vertebra of Clidastes iguwanuvus, one-half natural size, from the side ; the neural spine is broken
away; 3a, anterior view ; 30, view from above ; 8c, from below. This vertebra is in Prof. Marsh’s collection at Yale
College, Conn.
Fig. 4. Posterior lumbar vertebra, from Barnesboro, supposed by me formerly to belong to Mosasaurus depressus.
It is not probably that species, but more likely Liodon validus, but of this I cannot assure myself. 4a, from the side ;
4b, from below. One-half natural size.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. yy
Fig. 5, Dorsal vertebra referred in the text to Liodon lwvis, but probably a Clidastes to be called C. antivalidus,
Cope (Proceed. Bost. Soc. N. Hist., 1870, December), seen from the side; 5a, from below; 5), from behind. One-
half natural size.
Fig. 6. Fragment of ramus mandibuli of Thecachampsa sicaria, Cope, lateral view ; 6a, superior view ; one-half
the natural size. 60, apex of the crown of one of the teeth, natural size. Specimens in possession of Philip T. Tyson,
Baltimore, Maryland, from the mouth of the Patuxent River, Md.
Fig. 7. Crown of the tooth of Thecachampsa sericodon Cope, from Charles County, Md. Natural size.
Fig. 8. Tooth of the same species, from Shiloh, Cumberland County, N. J. Natural size.
PLATE VI.
Cranium of Huclastes platyops Cope. From above. A little smaller than natural size. From Hurffville, N. J.
PLATE VII.
Fig. 1. Hyosternal bones of Adocus pectoralis. From Medford, N. J. One-half natural size.
Fig. 2. Catapleura repanda. One-half natural size. a, nuchal, with first to middle of fourth marginal bones
of the right side ; b, sixth marginal ; ¢, eighth and part of ninth right marginals.
Fig. 8. Osteopygis emarginatus. One-half natural size. a, nuchal with first left marginal, and parts of both
first costals ; 6, fifth left marginal ; c, tenth left marginal ; d, anterior vertebral. From Barnesboro, N. J.
Fig. 4. Propleura sopita. One-half natural size. a, nuchal, first marginal and first costal, broken ; 0, third and
fourth left marginals ; c, fifth left marginal; d, eleventh left marginal bone; ¢, humerus, anterior view; f, do.,
lateral view ; g, femur, anterior, and /, lateral views.
Fig. 5. Two costal bones of the same individual, one-half natural size.
Fig. 6. Carpal bone of another individual (from Harrisonville, N. J.). Natural size.
Fig. 7. Proximal phalanges of fore-foot of the last individual. A lateral view.
Fig. 8. ?Tenth right marginal of Osteopygis chelydrinus. Natural size.
Fig.9. Huclastes platyops. Profile of cranium. One-half natural size. (The artist has depressed the occipital
profile too much.)
Fig. 10. Metatarsal of Stylemys nebrascensis. Natural size.
Fig. 11. Left pubis of the same. Natural size.
Fig. 12. Right humerus of the same individual. Natural size.
Fig. 18. Trionyx pennatus. Costal bone ; distal extremity. One-half natural size.
Fig, 14. Trionyx lima. Costal bone ; distal extremity. One-half natural size.
Fig. 15. Trionyx halophilus. Vertebral and proximal portion of costal bone. One-half natural size. From
Summit Bridge, Delaware.
Fig. 16. Nuchal, and first and second marginal bones of Taptrosphys molops. From Barnesboro. One-third
natural size.
PLATE VIII.
Fig. 1. Femur of Laelaps aquilunguis, Cope. External view. One-fourth natural size. 1 a, same, anterior view.
Fig. 2. Caudal vertebra of the same, lateral view. One-half natural size. 2a, same, anterior view.
Fig. 3. Anterior caudal yertebra of the same, from above. One-half natural size.
v1 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
PLATE IX.
Fig. 1. Tibia of Laeclaps aquilunguis, the inner side. 1 a, the same, anterior view. Size one-fourth nature.
1 c, distal extremity of the tibia.
Fig. 2. Fibula of the same, seen from the tibial or inner face.
Fig. 3. Astragalus of the same, anterior view. One-third natural size. 3 a, external view. 30, inner extremity.
3c, ascending apophysis. s
Fig. 4. Distal caudal vertebra of the same. One-half natural size.
PLATE X.
Fig. 1. Penultimate phalange of Laelaps aquilunguis, lateral view. Natural size.
Fig. 2. Ungueal phalange of the same, lateral view. Natural size.
Fig. 8. Humerus of Laclaps aquilinguis, external view. One-half natural size. 8 a, same, posterior view.
Fig. 4. Ischiadic bone of the same, the inner side. One-third natural size.
Fig. 5. Fragment of right ramus of the mandible of the same, with functional and successional teeth. One-half
the natural size.
Fig. 6. Crown of a successional tooth of the same jaw (seen in Fig. 5 beliind the second tooth). Natural size.
(The artist has represented the denticulations finer than in nature. )
Fig. 7. Beak of the Eocene fish Coelorhynchus ornatus, Leidy. From near Petersburg, Va. From the collection
of John §. Haines, Germantown, Pa. The bones of the Laelaps figured in Plates VIII., IX. and X., are those of the
type specimen from Barnesboro, N. J,
PLATE Xi.
Fig. 1. Mandible of Lytoloma angusta, Cope. One-half natural size. Lateral view. 1a, same, from above.
1 b, median lateral marginal bone, lateral view. :
Fie. 2. Posterior part of carapace of Taphrosphys sulcatus, Leidy. One-fourth natural size. The inner or
inferior view. (The artist has omitted the distal part of the iliac sear on the left middle costal bone of the plate.
Fig. 8. Cervical vertebra of Hyposaurus rogerstt from behind. Natural size.
Fig. 4. Laelaps aquilunguis. Extremity of non-anchylosed sacral vertebra of type specimen. One-third natural
size.
Fig. 5. Lateral view of a second sacral vertebra of same. 5 a, superior aspect of the same.
Fig. 6. Mosasaurus depressus, os quadratum, distal extremity and part posterior hook broken off; external
view ; one-half natural size; from type specimen from Burlington Co., N. J.
Fig. 7. Mosasaurus maximus, os quadratum with the posterior proximal hook broken off; one-third natural
size; external view. Museum Rutger’s College.
Fig. 8. Suspensorium of Mosasaurus perhaps M. dekay?, from above ; 5-11th, natural size ; 8a, posterior part
of the squamosal bone of the same specimen, in natural relation, except its removal to a short distance to show the
entering angle of the opisthotic.
Fig. 9. Long bone (?) of the pelvis or limbs, of Rhabdopeliz longispinis, from the Trias. On the same block
of sand stone is the section of a vertebra ; natural size.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Vii
PLATE XII.
Figs. 1-21. Clidastes propython, Cope, from Uniontown, Alabama; one-half the natural size.
Fig. 1. Cranium from above.
Fig. 2. The same from below.
Fig. 3. Profile of same, with under jaw.
Fig. 4. Left quadrate bone external face ; natural size.
Fig. 5. Axis, anterior view, showing odontoid process; natural size.
Fig. 6. The same, posterior view.
Fig. 7. Three cervical vertebre from below ; the 3d, 4th, and 5th.
Fig. 8. The 9th, 10th, and 11th vertebrz (dorsals), from above, displaying glenoid cavity and adjacent parts of
coracoid bone, adherent on the inferior face.
Fig. 9. Anterior view of the 9th vertebra (from cranium).
Fig. 10. Inferior view of 18th, 19th, and 20th vertebre.
Fig. 11. Anterior caudal vertebre, from right side.
Fig. 12. Posterior caudals.
2
03° da" 0g) 0g oe
13. Anterior view of a caudal vertebra from a position in advance of those represented in fig. 11.
14. More distal caudals.
. 15. Terminal caudals.
ee
ee
16. Coracoid and part of scapula of left side.
17. Humerus, Ulna, Radius, and first row of carpal bones. (The latter were dislocated by the artist and
not accurately replaced by him ; thus the interosseous margins of the outer and middle carpals should be continuous,
&e) Natural size.
Fig, 18. Distal extremity of humerus.
Fig. 19. Proximal extremity of humerus.
Fig. 20. Right humerus anterior (exterior) face.
Fig. 21. Carpal bone natural size.
Figs. 22 to 24. Lodon proriger, Cope, from the cretaceous beds of Kansas. Museum of Comparative Zoology,
Cambridge, Mass.
Fig. 22. Muzzle from above, anterior to the middle of the prefrontal bone ; one-fourth natural size
Fig. 23, Same in profile.
Fig. 24. First maxillary tooth natural size.
PLATE XIII.
Fig. 19. Meyadactylus polyzelus, Hitchcock, natural size. From the museum of Amherst college.
Fig. 1. Left Femur, posterior view ; 1a, inferior extremity from behind; 1b, superior extremity antero-ex~-
teriorly ; 1c, inferior extremity from before ; 1d, same, extremital view.
Fig. 2. Fibula; proximal end at top, distal end at bottom of plate, middle of shaft lost.
Fig. 3. Tibia, proximal end external view ; 3a, same, extremital view.
Fig. 4. Fibula and proximal part of foot, from the outer side ; 4a, cuboid bone ; 4b, metatarsal.
Fig. 5. A dorso-lumbar vertebral centrum from below ; fig. 6a, proximal caudal from above showing the lower
margin of the latteral foramen.
Fig. 7. Two caudal vertebrex, the anterior injured, and with a portion of a cheyron bone.
Fig. 8. <A distal caudal vertebra, side view.
Fig. 9. Right anterior foot.
Vill EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
Fig. 10. (Erroneously marked 4 by the artist; see upper right hand corner of plate) connate ischiadie bones
from below ; 10a (4a), lateral view ; 10b (4b), distal extremity.
Fig. 11. (Below 2; number omitted in plate) probably pubes, side view.
PLATE XIY.
Figs. 1 to 4. Bones of Belodon lepturus, Cope, from Pheenixville, Pennsylvania, from the private collection
of Charles M. Wheatley, A. M. One-third the natural size.
1. Median dorsal vertebra anterior view ; 1a, right side of the same.
2. Diapophysis of dorsal with tubercular and capitular surfaces, a little more posterior in position.
Fig. 3, 4, and 5. Three dorsal vertebrz in close connexion in the matrix but not consecutive in the skeleton.
Fig. 3, a dorsal near the position of fig. 2 from side; 3a, from the anterior extremity. Fig. 4, a vertebra from a
position posterior to 3, from the right side ; 4a, from in front. Fig. 5, centrum without processes, of a vertebra from
near 3. i
Fig. 6. Diapophysis with capitular and tubercular faces, of a dorsal vertebra from between 3 and 4.
Fig. 7. The last dorso-lumbar vertebra, with slender diapophysis and united capitular and tubercular faces ; 7a,
the same from behind, showing the lateral facets for the sacral diapophyses, and fragments of two or three dermal
bones covering the neural spine ; 7b, the same vertebra from below.
Fig. 8. Caudal vertebra from the right side ; 8a, the same, posterior view.
Fig. 9. A more posterior caudal vertebra from the right side ; 9a, the same from below.
Fig. 10. A chevron bone posterior view.
Fig. 11. A number of ribs with a fragment of a vertebra above them.
Fig. 12. Fragment of the pelvis; a, the ilium; 8, the ischium.
Fig. 18. The left femur; 18a, proximal extremity ; 13b, distal extremity.
Fig. 14. Fibula, extremity broken off.
Figs. 15—25. Belodon priscus, Cope. Montgomery Co., North Carolina. Museum Academy Natural Sciences,
Philadelphia ; one-third natural size.
Fig. 15. Angle of the mandible, showing the truncate posterior margin, and inferior suture of the articular bone ;
15a, superior view of the same showing the transverse cotylus for the quadrate behind and margin of large dental
foramen within.
Fig. 16. Extremity of same mandible, right side of symphysis; 16a, same inferior view; 16b, fragment of frontal
bone with part of orbit.
Fig. 17. Anterior dorsal or posterior cervical of same, left side; 17a, same from behind.
Fig. 18. Portions of two dorsal vertebra, the separate neural spines, one resting obliquely on the arch of the
Fig. 19. A caudal vertebra, left side; 19a, the same, inferior view.
Fig. 20. A dermal bone; 20a, a profile.
Fig. 21. (?) Ulna, proximal extremity ; 21a, end view.
Fig. 22. Astragalus.
Fig. 28. Cuboid bone.
Fig. 24. Metatarsal proximal extremity.
Fig. 25 Four marginal bones of the right side of the carapace of Lytoloma jeanesii from Hornerstown,
discovered by Jno. G. Meirs; a, the first, b, the second marginals, the latter without distal end ; ¢, perhaps the fifth,
nearly entire ; d, eighth or ninth, proximal extremity wanting.
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4
SW? LE MEN J
TO THE
BATINCT BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA
OF NORTH AMERICA.
I— CATALOGUE OF THE ATh-BREATHING VERTEBRATA
FROM THE
~ COAL MEASURES OF LINTON, OHIO.
BY EDWARD D. COPE, At M.
PHILADELPHIA:
4
is
ARTICLE V.
SUPPLEMENT
TO THE
EXTINCT BATRACHIA AND REPTILIA OF NORTH AMERICA.
I. CATALOGUE OF THE AIR BREATHING VERTEBRATA FROM THE COAL MEASURES
OF LINTON, OHIO,
BY EDWARD D. COPE, A.M.
Jn the last descriptive catalogue of the species of the character here considered,
that contained in the author’s “Synopsis of the Hxtinct Batrachia, ete., of North
America,” nine only were described; the number is now increased to twenty-six.
This addition, as well as the creation of the original collection, is due to the attention
of Professor J.S. Newberry, now Director of the Geological Survey of Ohio, for
whom an extended and illustrated report is now in course of preparation.
The result of the newer investigation into their structure confirms the opinion to
which the author was originally led, that all the air-breathing vertebrata of the coal
measures were Batrachians, and that true Reptiles did not then exist. Any gene-
ralization to this effect extending to the whole earth is premature, and scarcely likely
to be verified ; nevertheless, it is still applicable to the localities with which we are
now acquainted. The Batrachians from Linton present the most varied forms ; some
are broad and stout bodied, others lizard-like ; some exhibit heavily mailed surfaces,
and others are slender and attenuated as snakes. They are here referred to twelve
genera. These may be arranged as follows, in accordance with their general appear-
ance and structure.
Group I. Snake-like forms without limbs: Phlegethontia, Dolichosoma, Molgophis.
Group II. Hlongate forms with limbs and lanciform heads ; Oéstocephalus, Pty-
ontus, Lepterpeton.
Group III. Lizard-like forms with limbs and broad frog-like heads: Pelion,
Sauropleura, Tuditanus, ? Leptophractus.
2 ; SUPPLEMENT TO TILE EXTINCT BATRACHIA
Group IV. Ambulatory limbs and unossified vertebral column: Colosteus, Am-
phibamus.
Group V. Vertebral column osseous, the branchial hyoid bones well developed:
Cocytinus.
The locality from which these fossils were procured is near Linton, Columbiana
County, near Yellow Creek, and is thus near the Pennsylvania State line, and the
Ohio River. They occur in a smal! basin near the middle of the series, in the lower
part of the “diamond bed,” which is eight feet in thickness, on the slate which is in
contract with the lower three to six inches of the seam, which is cannel coal.
It is to be observed that the specimens are, in some cases, quite obscure, and
although little or nothing of a doubtful nature has been introduced into the following
descriptions, yet the elements are sometimes covered by a thin layer of carbonaceous
matter, which prevents their entire definition.
PHLEGETHONTIA, Cope.
Proceed. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1871, 177.
This is one of the most interesting genera of the present series. It rests chiefly
on a single specimen of one species, which is not perfect, but which displays the fol-
lowing character.
Head elongate triangular; body and tail extremely elongate, the dorsal vertebree
without ribs, and the caudals without dilated spmes. No ventral armature nor limbs.
As a great portion of the length is preserved and no ventral rods nor scales are
visible, and as this character is confirmed by a second species, it probably belongs
truly to the genus. The pectoral shield is also wanting in the specimen, but, as there
is a considerable hiatus behind the skull of the specimen, it may be that these were
lost with other parts. Chevron bones are not observable on the caudal vertebre.
This form is a true batrachian snake.
PHLEGETHONTIA LINEARIS, Cope. Sp. Nov.
In the only specimen, the dorsal vertebre are much involved anteriorly, so that the length is not readily ascer-
tained. The entire outline of the skull is preserved ; it is elongate triangular in form, with the angles of the man-
dibles produced backward and the outlines of the rami a little convex. Nothing definite remains as to sculpture or
dentition. The vertebre have longitudinal diapophysial keels, and have a zigzag interlocking of neural arches,
probably by an external zygosphen above the zygapophyses. The latter are distinctly turned outwards. The ver-
tebree are very numerous, and the tail very attenuated. The total length of the coils unwound is about m .295 or 11
in. 8 lines; but there are interruptions not measured, and some confusion not unraveled. The number of dorsal
vertebre in .005 m., two; of distal caudals, three and a-half. Length of cranium, .022; with behind .009. Its size
is. about that of the skull of Piyonius marshit, Cope. The slenderness of the body may be estimated from the
diameter of the dorsal vertebra, m. .0023; and of the caudals .0014. The whole number of yertebre preserved
is fifty-six,
AND REPTILIA OF NORTH AMERICA. co)
Another specimen embracing fifteen vertebrae without processes or ribs or other parts, resembles this species.
There is nothing additional to be learned from it.
PHLEGETHONTIA SERPENS, Cope. Sp. Nov.
This batrachian is much larger than the last, approaching nearly in its dimensions the Molgophis macrurus.
It is represented by a series of twenty-two vertebra, which like those of P. linearis, are devoid of ribs, abdominal
armatures, dilated neural spines, etc. The series when complete must have been very long, as there is little differ-
ence in size between the first and last of the twenty-two. They are emarginate fore and aft, and much contracted
medially, owing to the transverse expanse of the diapophyses. There may be indeed a diapophysial element beneath
these, but if so, the two are undistinguishable. They are connected by longitudinal impressions, indicating the
existence of the tendinous bands in the longitudinal muscles seen in Amphiuma, or the osseous spicules seen in the
same situation in birds. The neural spines, as indicated by their narrow bases, occupy the length of the neural arch,
and remind one of Amphiuma. Width of one of the vertebre, three lines.
This species appears to be rare at Linton.
MOLGOPHIS, Cope
Proceed. of the Acad. of Nat. Sci., 1868, 220. Transac. Amer. Philos. Soc., XIV., 20.
The characters of this genus are: Body long serpentine, without dermal arma-
ture, so far as known. Vertebre large and broad with very prominent zygopophyses
and moderate neural spines; ribs large, convex.
No limbs nor cranium can be ascribed with certainty to the type of this genus.
The ribs are long, and though the head is not bifurcate, there appears to be both
tubercle and head on the dilated extremity. Where crushed, they display a large
median vacuity.
This genus differs from Ophiderpeton, Huxl., in the character of its dorsal verte-
bree, which in their projecting zygapophyses resemble those of Amphiuma. ‘The lack
of ventral armature distinguishes it from Oéstocephalus, while its well developed ribs
separate it from Phlegethontia.
MOLGOPHIS MACRURUS, Cope.
Transac. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1869, XIV., p. 21 (part).
MOLGOPHIS WHEATLEYI, Cope, Sp. Nov.
Established on a specimen which exhibits about twenty-five vertebra, with ribs, and the posterior portion of
the cranium. No traces of abdominal scales or rods, thoracic shields or limbs are visible. By such negative char-
acters it is referable to the genus Molgophis, although the definition of the latter is as yet incomplete. The present
batrachian may indeed be ultimately found to be an Ophiderpeton, to which it also bears resemblance.
The specimen is that of an animal of very much smaller size than the M. macrurus. The vertebra are of
moderate length, with a low neural spine, and centrum angular at the sides and truncate at the articular extremities
when in place. The ribs are rather short, slightly curved, and apparently hollow. Although the vertebral centra are
ossified, the elements of the cranium have a larval appearance. These consist of two parallel flat bony plates,
which resemble the frontoparietal bones of a frog; they are slightly separated from each other, but do not enclose a
fontanelle. A wedge-shaped bone extends from the outside of the front of these, acuminate behind and widening
anteriorly, in the position of a post frontal bone. In front of the posterior border of each (?) parietal, on its outer
side, a bony enlargement arises, which contracts outwardly and forward into a narrow element which curves for-
4 SUPPLEMENT TO THE EXTINCT BATRACHTA
wards beneath the (?) post-frontal. These look like an anteriorly directed quadrate with articular bone, such as are
seen in larve and some adults of existing batrachians. These determinations will require confirmation from addi-
tional material. In the meanwhile it is evident that the present specimen cannot be referred to any of the species
herein described.
Measurements. M.
Total length of specimen, 0-0650
se a By stills 0050
ee “¢ parietal and post-frontal bones, -0085
Width of head at (?) quadrate, -0080
Length of a vertebra, -0020
Depth “ Gs -0025
This animal is dedicated to Chas. M. Wheatley, A. M., of Phcenixville, Pennsylvania, one of the original in-
vestigators of the deposit in which it occurs.
PTYONIUS, Cope.
Genus novum. Sauropleura part. Cope, Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, 1868, 217. Oéstocephalus
part. Cope, Transac. Amer. Philos. Soc., XIV, p. 20.
Form elongate, with long tail and lanceolate cranium. Limbs weak, a posterior
pair only discovered. Three pectoral shields present; abdomen protected by packed
osseous rods which are arranged en chevron, the angle directed forwards. Neural and
heemal spines of caudal vertebrae expanded and fan-like. Ribs well developed.
This genus is the most abundantly represented by species and individuals, among
those found at Linton. These are almost snake-like in their proportions, and vary in
length from three to ten inches. The muzzles of the known species are acuminate,
and the upper surfaces of the cranium in the three species, where it is preserved, are
sculptured by rather distant crests and tubercles. The squamosal is evidently more
expanded than in recent Batrachia either of the tailless or tailed orders. In P. pecti-
natus and P. vinchellianus it is a broad plate concealing the quadrate, and apparently
readily separated from it, as it is loose in some of the specimens. This is an inter-
esting point, as the homology of the squamosal with the preoperculum of the fishes
has been proposed by Parker and the writer,* and the view is confirmed by the re-
semblance of the former to an operculum in these the most fish-like of the Batrachia.
The teeth are numerous, small, and some of them apparently simple; others appear
to be grooved. Ina cranium (No. 140) perhaps of P. pectinatus, they extend to the
tip of the slender jaws, are rather stout, acute, and evidently marked with a few
strong grooves on the shank. The form of the head is a curious miniature of
Ichthyosaurus.
Remains of limbs have only been observed in the position of the posterior pair,
and that in several individuals,
*See Proceed. Amer. Asso. Adv. Sci., Vol. XIV., p. 222.
AND REPTILIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 5
The present genus resembles Lepterpeton, Huxl., of the Irish coal-measures, in
the form of the cranium and in proportions of body, but that exhibits divided abdomi-
nal rods, or “oat-shaped scales” and the caudal vertebree have not the fan-like
processes. In the last point they agree with Urocordylus, Huxl., but this genus is
not represented as possessing ribs, and the abdominal rods are also divided, forming the
“ oat-shaped scales.” I formerly referred the species of Ptyonius to Oéstocephalus,
but in that genus no pectoral shields have been observed. he vertebree in O. remex
are of rather more elongate form than in the species of Ptyonius. Should, however,
the pectoral plates be found in O. remex, this genus must be united with that one.
Four species have been detected by the geological survey of Ohio.
I. Vertebree shorter; fan-like processes of candal vertebree broad, equilateral.
a Abdominals rods coarser, not more than ten in .005 m.
Pp Median pectoral plate broad, radiate ridged. P. MARSHII.
aa Abdominals rods hair-like, fifteen or more in .005 m.
P Middle pectoral shield with radii from the centre, the principal forming a
cross ; form wider. P. VINCHELLIANUS.
P Middle pectoral with pits at the centre and few or no radii; form narrow.
P. PECTINATUS.
Pp Middle pectoral shield narrow, closely reticulate medially, and radiate
towards the circumference; size half that of the last. P. seRRULA.
PTYONIUS MARSHII, Cope.
Oolosteus marshit, Cope, Transac. Amer. Philos. Soc., XIV., 1869, p. 24; Oéstocephalus marshii, Cope, Proceed.
Awer. Philes. Soc. 1871, p. 177.
PTYONIUS VINCHELLIANUS, Cope.
Oéstocephalus vinchellianus, Proceed. Amer. Philos. Soc. 1871, 177.
Represented by the opposite halves of a single specimen, which includes only the cranium and anterior half of
the body. The fan-shaped neural spines commence but a short distance behind the line of the pectoral shields ; they
are low, and with a few coarse ridges; the margin entire. The abdominal rods are delicate and hair-like. The
pectoral shield is an oval, with a few radiating crests which originate at the centre ; in the areas between these there
are a few scattered tubercles. The lateral shields are ridged near the margin.
The cranium is lanceolate in form, and the bones of the superior walls are marked with a few raised points and
ridges. There is a thin bone which I have already alluded to as the squamosal or preoperculum, shaped like a right-
angled triangle separated from the outer posterior angle of the head, which exhibits a few similar marks.
M.
Length of cranium, 0.020
Width ‘ e .008
Length median pectoral plate, .0042
This small species is about the size of P. pectinatus, and should be especially compared with it. In specimens
6 SUPPLEMENT TO THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA
of that species in which the cranium has the same size, the median pectoral plate is narrower and more prolonged
longitudinally, and exhibits tubercles and a few ridges near the circumference, but no cross-like figure.
Dedicated to Prof. Alexander Winchell of the New York University, at Syracuse, author of the ‘‘Sketches
of Creation,’’ etc.
PTYONIUS PECTINATUS, Cope.
Sauropleura pectinata, Cope, Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1868, 218; Oéstocephalus pectinatus, Transac.
Amer. Philos. Soc., 1869, XIV, p. 20.
PTYONIUS SERRULA, Cope.
Proceed. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1871, p. 177. (Oéstocephalus )
Represented especially by a single almost complete specimen, and perhaps by another originally referred to
the P. pectinatus. It is only half as large as that species, but displays a more complex sculpture of the pectoral
shields, indicating that it is not immature. The tail is relatively longer.
The remains of the head indicate a trigonal outline ; but the muzzle is lost. The pectoral shieids are narrow
and elongate, both median and lateral a little wider behind. The median has a considerable smooth anterior pro-
longation. Its surface is near the middle sharply reticulate-ridged, then closely radiate-ridged to the margin. The
lateral shield is reticulate-ridged behind and sends out radii, those on the anterior part sub-parallel. The triangular
hemal spines begin far forward; with the neurals, they are rather elongate-deltoid in form without the distinct
peduncle seen in P. pectinatus, but instead, a short concave or cresent shaped base from the concavity of which the
sculpture rises. This consists of ridges which extend beyond the intermediate spaces, like teeth. Abdominal rods
hair-like. Ribs distinct. Remains of limbs not discernible.
In the second specimen alluded to, weak limbs are seen on each side of the posterior part of the abdominal
cavity. On the right a moderately stout femur is given off, which is followed by a broken tibia and fibula, and then
by five closely appressed metatarsals. The last are 2-5 as long as the space between them and the femur, beyond
them a few slender phalanges are moderately distinctly defined. The tibia is more distinct on the left, but there are
no tarsus nor phalanges; some of the metatarsals remain. Length of limb to end of metatarsals equal to five juxtaposed
vertebra measured along the edge of the neuralspines. The limb, especially the foot, is slender. In this specimen
there are ten neural spines included in a length of half an inch.
In the typical specimen twelve neural spines are included ina half inch. The dorsal vertebre are somewhat
dislocated in the anterior region, nevertheless it appears that the length from the front of the pectoral shield is
contained twice in the length of the tail ; in the smallest example of S. pectinata, it enters the same .75 of a time,
though perhaps a very little should be added for the missing extremity.
M.
Length of type from anterior edge of pectoral shield, 0.085
Length of median pectoral plate, 0.006
Width of neural and hemal spines at first caudal vertebra, -0045
cs Oy st «¢ at middle of tail, -0040
OKESTOCEPHALUS, Cope.
Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1868, p. 218. Transac. Amer. Philos. Soc., XIV., p. 16. Sawropleura, pt.
Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philada., 1868, p. 217. Proceed. Amer. Philos. Soc. 1871, p. 41.
Another genus resembling in its’ fan-like hzemal and neural spines of the tail,
the European form Urocordylus, and differing from it as Ptyonius does, 7. e. in the
rod-like abdominal scales, and the well developed ribs. Its form is long and snake-
like, and it thus resembles Ophiderpeton, Huxl. But in the latter there are no limbs,
AND REPTILIA OF NORTH AMERICA. a
and the cranium is very differently constructed; in Oéstccephalus it is much as in
Piyonius and Lepterpeton. The characters then are as follows:
Form slender and snake-like; caudal vertebrae with dilated and sculptured neural
and heemal spines. Cranium lanceolate. ‘Teeth numerous, of nearly equal size. No
pectoral shields; abdomen protected by very numerous bristle-like rods, which con-
verge forwards ; scales none. A pair of weak posterior limbs; branchihyal bones
present.
In the only well-preserved species, the cephalic bones exhibit no sculpture from
the parietal region forward. The angles of the mandibles are prolonged backwards
as in Apateon and the Anura, and the well developed ribs commence but a short dis-
tance behind the head. The vertebre are slender and furnished with well developed
diapophyses. The neural spines of the dorsal vertebree in QO. remex are flattened and
antero-posteriorly expanded and weakly grooved to their superior margin.
The character which separates this genera from Ptyonius is the absence of the
three usual pectoral shields. In two specimens the pectoral region is presented, and
no trace of the shield appears; on the contrary the ventral'armature of bristles or
rods extends to the head.
A pair of symmetrical bones, whose impressions are seen posterior to the occi-
pital bone, I once thought might belong to rudimental limbs. They however appear
to be the elements of the second or third branchial hemal arch; the first or heemal is
followed by a second element which is probably the inferior pleural segment of the
arch. <A third piece follows, which is the superior pleural element of the same. The
other branchial arches are lost, but some impressions are visible.
Before I was fully acquainted with the structure in this genus, I referred some
of the species to Sawropleura, which is quite distinct. The name is from fiozo-, a
javelin or dart, in allusion to the form of the head. My friend, Dr. Benjamin H.
Coates, informs me that this Greek word retains the diéresis in composition, and
should not be spelled with a dipthong.
I am acquainted with one species from more or less completely preserved skele-
tons, with portions or wholes of crania, and another species from cranial remains alone.
They may be distinguished as follows :
I. Vertebre elongate; fan-like caudal processes narrower. Size large; mandi-
bular teeth of unequal lengths, with the apices turned backwards. O. REMEX.
II. Species only known from cranial bones with teeth; teeth equal, erect, with
acute conic apices, eleven in .005 m. O. RECTIDENS.
8 SUPPLEMENT TO THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA
OKSTOCEPHALUS REMEX, Cope.
Transac. Amer. Philos. Soc., XIV, 1869, p. 17.
OHSTOCEPHALUS RECTIDENS, Cope, Sp. Nov.
Indicated by a left dentary bone with its teeth and external surface preserved. The latter is nearly smooth
and without sculpture. The outer face is convex, and the general form is slender, but not curved upwards at the
extremity. Teeth straight and conic, apex acute; no visible grooves of the surface ; eleven in m. .005, closely
placed, and of equal lengths. The extremity of the dentary does not exhibit teeth, but they may be concealed.
M.
Length of dentary, 0.022
Ks tooth line, .0152
Depth dentary at last tooth, ; .0027
This represents a smaller animal than does the skull of O. curvidens, and differs much from the latter in the
more closely placed and perfectly straight teeth.
I describe here a specimen which is closely related as to size to the O. rectidens, and is probably a member
of this genus; but the specific reference will remain uncertain till other portions of the skeleton are discovered.
Those preserved consist of twenty-five caudal vertebrz, probably from the anterior part of the column. There are
therefore no ribs nor ventral armature. The centra are rather elongate and expanded at the extremities. The neural
arches have a close union. There are no diapophyses, but the fan shaped and striate neural and hemal spines are
present. They are, however, shorter than in O. remez, and not so expanded as in the species of Ptyonius. The
bases are quite narrow. Their reduced size may be derived from the following measurements. Length of three
centra, m. .0086; extent of neural and hemal spines, .0087. The same dimensions in 0. remez are .012 ; extent of
spines, .02. While this species is smaller than the latter, it is larger than any known Piyonius, its elongate vertebre
are most like those of Oéstocephalus.
BRACHYDECTES, Cope.
Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, 1868, 214. Transac. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1868, XIV., p. 14.
This genus is indicated by two rami of a mandible and a portion of a premaxil-
lary only. These, when compared with those of Oéstocephalus and Dendrerpeton,
from the same locality, and with others described by authors, are so much stouter, 7. é.,
sherter and more elevated, that they evidently belong to a peculiar genus. The
genus further differs from Oéstocephalus “in haying the teeth of equal size to the
posterior parts of the series, that is, to the base of the elevated coronoid process.
The teeth are elongate cylindric cones, with their acute tips turned a little poste-
riorly. The fractured ones display a large pulp cavity. The three premaxillaries
preserved are similar, but without curvature of the tips. They do not exhibit striz
or any other sculpture.
So far as the remains known go, the genus is nearer Hylerpeton than any other.
According to Dawson that genus is provided with a large canine-like tooth, at the
anterior extremity of the maxillary, on the inner row, which is inserted into a dis-
tinct socket. No such tooth appears among those of this genus. The latter does
not give any indication of the very elevated coronoid process of Brachydectes, though
AND REPTILIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 9
:
the external portion of the dentary bone in that region being lost, little can be said
about it. Professor Owen’s plate indicates a ramus whose depth at the last tooth
enters 85 times the total length. In our species this depth enters about 5 times.
BRACHYDECTES NEWBERRYI, Cope.
Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, 1868, p. 214. Transac. Amer. Philos. Soc., XIV., 1869, p. 14.
,
PELION, Wyman.
Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, 1868, p. 211. Transac. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1869, p. 9. Raniceps,
Wyman, Amer. Jour. Sci. Arts, 1858, p. 158, not of Cuvier (Pediculati).
Three genera are here indicated as pertaining to a lacertiform type of Stegoce-
phalt. In one of these there. are abdominal cheyrons and no thoracic shields
(Sauropleura) ; in another (Zuditanus) no abdominal cheyrons, and thoracic shields
present. ‘These genera are doubtless well defined, but one or the other of them may
possibly, not probably, be identical with Pelion. The only specimen of the only
species of the latter exhibits an inferior view of a portion of the skeleton, and the
obverse, on which the thoracic and abdominal armor could have been preserved, has
not come under my observation. ‘The specimen however, does not exhibit any ribs,
although the vertebrae are well preserved ; in the two genera above mentioned, well
developed ribs are preserved.
As observed by Prof. Wyman, the genus presents some points of similarity to
the Anura. The prolongation of the angles of the mandible is of this character, as
well as the general form of the head. The bones of the forearm may be united as in
frogs, and the length and curvature of the femur, are seen among these animals rather
than the Salamanders. The form of the femur is different from that of Amphibamus
grandiceps, which also differs in the unossified condition of the vertebrae and presence
of dermal scales.
PELION LYELLIT, Wyman.
Loci citati.
SAUROPLEURA, Cope.
Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1868, p. 215. Tramsac. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1869, 15.
Vertebree and ribs well developed, no fan-shaped processes of the former. Limbs
four, well developed and clongate. Ventral armature of slender rods arranged en
chevron, the angle anterior. Probably no thoracic armature.
This is the most lacertilian of the Carboniferous genera, and might almost be
suspected to be a reptile were it not for the ventral armature, which is precisely that
of Oéstocephalus and other genera. It appears to lack the thoracic shields* of those
*When I state, Transac. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1869, 16, that Sawropleura lacks the ventral armature of Oéstoce-
phalus, thoracic armature, is intended.
10 SUPPLEMENT TO THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA
genera, for no trace of them can be seen in two specimens and their reverses of S.
digitata and S, longipes, though the thoracic region is well preserved in both.
Unfortunately the structure of the cranium in this genus is quite unknown, the |
part preserved.in S. longzpes being too much injured to furnish characters. The only
genus with which it can be compared in the structure of the skeleton remaining, is
Tuditanus, and it is possible that some of the species of the latter in which the
cranium only is known, should be placed in Sauropleura. The type however, 7.
brevirostris, has thoracic shields and very weak limbs, so that the genera are well
distinguished. As to species, the only one of Zudztanus which could, by reason of
size, belong to either of those of Sauropleura, is T. mordax ; the T. radiatus and T.
obtusus being larger than either S. digitata or S. longipes.
The vertebre are not elongate and the ribs are quite well developed. In S.
longzpes the neural spines of the dorsal vertebrz are vertical lamine, subquadrate in
outline. The tail is elongate, being proportioned in S. longipes much as in lizards of
typical forms. Of scapular arch I can find nothing, but in S. longipes the iliac bones
are preserved. ‘They are short flat rods slightly narrowing towards the base, which
is a transverse expansion, with the distal margin presenting two faces separated by an
angle. The limbs are well developed, the ulna and radius separate. In S. digitata
there is no osseous carpus.
The sizes of the species known are about that of our medium and larger lizards.
The 9. digitata is the larger, and of shorter body and more robust limbs than the S.
longipes. While the former has thirteen pairs of ribs, the latter has nineteen, perhaps
twenty-one.
The dermal abdominal rods are arranged en chevron with the angle anterior, and
are separated by interspaces.
SAUROPLEURA LONGIPES, -Cope, Sp. Nov.
Body long, slender, with long neck and long tail, ribs 19 or 21 pairs, moderately curved, the anterior stouter,
and with widened extremities, the posterior slender, and drawn out to a fine point. Dorsal vertebre 1.5 times long
as wide, with well developed neural spines. These are rather narrower than high, the height about equalling the
length of the centrum. They are rugose with small tubercles which are sometimes confluent into ridges.
The humerus is longer than the ulna and radius, which are of equal lengths, that is about as long as four
dorsal vertebre. The ulna and radius are not widely separated, and expand at the carpal region. The humerus is
rather more slender, and is distally expanded. The digits are not all preserved. One metacarpal is seen at an
interval beyond the forearm, and series of phalanges extend beyond the metacarpal. The latter is about half as
long as the forearm, and_a little larger than the first phalange, which is, like the former, very slender. Parts of two
or three phalanges of perhaps other digits appear along side, as though turned backwards. The femur is about as
long as the humerus, equalling six and three quarter posterior dorsal vertebre. Proximally it is enlarged gradually
and terminates regularly so far as can be seen, as it is partially concealed beneath the distal extremity of the ilium.
AND REPTILIA OF NORTH AMERICA. Lt
Measurements. M.
Length of vertebral column between pelvis and humerus, 0.070
$e a Ws LL in front of humerus, -0235
«6 “* caudal series preserved, -070
sf “ humerus, about -0185
oe ‘* ulna and radius, .012
a “* part of fore limb in line, 0455
as “ jlium, 007
ss “¢ femur, -020
Number of chevron rods in .004 ; seven.
A single specimen of this Batrachian was obtained by Prof. Newberry, at Linton; it is in a good state of
preservation,
; SAUROPLEURA DIGITATA, Cope.
Transac. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1869, XIV., p. 15.
TUDITANUS, Cope.
Proceed. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1871, 177.
Cranium broad flat, orbits anterior, bones more or less sculptured. Teeth on
premaxillary and maxillary bones of nearly equal sizes. Three pectoral shields sculp-
tured externally. Form lizard like ; two pairs of limbs of medium proportions.
This genus is established on two species of which the collection contains nearly
entire specimens. In these no cheyron abdominal rods or scales can be discovered,
and it is not probable that they exist. The presence of the pectoral shields distinguishes
this genus from Dendrerpeton; Owen, while the thoracic plates and lack of ventral rods
separate it from Sauropleura. The plates may, however, be found in the latter;
should the rods be found in Zuditanus, which is not probable, these genera must be
united. I associate with the Z: punctulatus, and 7. brevirestiis three other species
known only from crania, a reference to be finally criticized when more is known of
them. They are all evidently allied. The largest is Z. hualeyz ; the next, TZ. radzatus,
is named from elevated radiating ridges of the cranial sculpture, Z. mordax has a
strongly sculptured cranium, and large premaxillary teeth, while in Z’ obtusus the
orbits are less anterior, and the teeth small. I formerly described it as a Dendrer-
peton.
TUDITANUS PUNCTULATUS, Cope, Sp. Nov.
This amphibian is known from a single individual well preserved on the opposite halves of a block of slate.
The head, fore-limbs, and twenty-three consecutive vertebre with ribs are well defined, but of pelvis and hind limbs,
nothing is visible.
The cranium is less exposed posteriorly than in the other species referred to the genus, and has a triangular
outline with narrowed but obtuse muzzle. If I do not mistake the outline of the left orbit, it is near the transverse
line which divides the head equally. The surface of a considerable portion is preserved, and is sculptured by small
pits placed closely, the intervals in a very few parts assuming the form of ridges. The sculpture is thus more minute
12 SUPPLEMENT TO THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA
than in any other species. The under jaw of the right side is partially preserved, and displays longitudinal grooves.
The ramus is stout and straight, and approaches the form seen in Brachydectes newberryi. Its teeth are not pre-
served, but the extremities of the opposing maxillaries remain. They are small and acutely conic ; both they and
the ramus are much less robust than in the above mentioned species, and the enamel preserved is smooth.
The three pectoral shields are preserved, and as the exposed surface is the interior itis smooth. The laterals
resemble imperfectly, spherical triangles. The outer margin is thin and convex, and the anterior angle curves round
the apex of the median shield and joins that of the opposite side forming a coarse interlocking suture. The median
scute is formed like some of the patterns of ancient mirrors. It is a wide oval excavated on each side behind, and
produced from between these concavities into a long flat sternum-like process. The latter thus resembles the
xiphisternal production of frogs and of some lizards ; as in the former, the ribs having no hemal elements, have no
connection with it. Its extremity is simple and obtuse.
The humerus originates at the outer posterior angle of the lateral thoracic scutum. It is relatively as large as
that of a frog, is contracted medially, and much expanded distally. It is followed at a short interval by a shorter
ulna, which is also expanded at the ends and contracted at the middle. Then succeed numerous well developed
phalanges, which are so scattered as to render it impossible to ascertain the number that compose the digits and
how many of the latter existed.
The vertebra are osseous and with slightly concave extremities on a lateral view; they are subquadrate in
outline ; their spines are not distinguishable. There are 22-8 pairs of osseous ribs, which are slender, rather short,
and strongly curved backwards.
Measurements. M.
Length of specimen as preserved, 0.097
«cS ‘head, 024
Width of head posteriorly, -020
Depth of ramus mandibuli, -004
Hight apices of teeth cover, -005
Length of 23 vertebree. 062
«¢ median pectoral scute, -010
Width <“ 2 5 ; .005
“of the three scuta, -010
Length process of median scute, -005
‘¢ humerus, -009
Width ee -004
Length ulna, -006
Width * .002
Length phalange, .003
Expanse of longest ribs, .015
Length of a long rib, -009
Besides the generic characters already pointed out, this species differs from the Sauropleura longipes, to which
it has some resemblance, in the much shorter fore limbs, and shorter vertebral column in the anterior region of the
body.
TUDITANUS BREVIROSTRIS,’ Cope, Sp. Nov.
Represented by two individuals and probably by part of a third. Those with the cranium show that this part
is large in comparison with the size of the body, and is as wide as long, with broadly rounded muzzle. The orbits
are large, and situated for the greater part in front of a line marking the anterior third of the length of the head.
The bones of the head are coarsely sculptured with radiating ridges, and with some tubercles posteriorily ; the
supratemporal exhibits radii which extend outwards. The teeth are in two rows on that part of the maxillary arch
anterior to the orbits ; they are of equal sizes ; the outer row appears to be directed more obliquely outwards than
the inner. The former number five in .002 M. The thoracic shields are rather large, and haye coarse radiating
ridges.
AND REPTILIA OF NORTH AMERICA. 1s
Vertebral centra and arches are not well distinguished in two individuals, but instead, an axial mass which
may represent chorda dorsalis. In one, three diapophyses are distinctly developed at the sacral region. In a third
individual without head or thoracic region, but in which the ribs and hind limbs are similar, as well as the general
proportions, the vertebree are distinctly ossified ; but its reference to this species is uncertain.
Remains of both fore and hind limbs are preserved. They are rather stout, not large, and with short pha-
langes. The number of these is not distinguishable.
Measurements of Limbs. M.
Length femur, No. 1 0.060
«tibia and fibula, No. 1, | -050
ef anterior phalange, No. 1, obverse, -0285
ss femur, No. 2, -060
ne tibia and fibula, No. 2, , -070
es femur, No. 3, -052
fe posterior phalange, -026
The deficiency of length of the tibia in No. 1, is probably due to imperfection of the specimen. There are
bones of the fore limbs in No. 2 which are not determinable. The ribs are rather long and rather curved. The cau-
dal extremity is not complete, but was evidently well developed.
M.
Length from head to femur, 0.0356
ce head, 0154
Width “ behind, 0175
£6 «¢ ‘interorbital, 0042
Length of orbit, 0040
TUDITANUS RADIATUS, Cope, Sp. Nov.
Represented by crania of several individuals, one of which is nearly perfect, and is selected for description ;
others are more or less complete ; and present the prominent peculiarities of the species.
The marked character of this form is seen in the very anterior position of the orbits and contraction of the
muzzle. The orbits are large and separated by a little more than their own diameter ; the posterior border is in
front of a line measuring the anterior third of the length to the supra-occipital crest, and nearly at the line marking
the fourth of the length to the quadrate region. The posterior outline of the skull is deeply concave, the quadrate
angle projecting beyond the occipital condyles, which are themselves quite prominent. The osseous segments com-
posing the cranium are from the orbital region posteriorly, three median, and four lateral on each side. The supra-
occipital is rather small, and is broader than long. Its posterior border is straight, as are the short lateral margins.
The anterior suture presents an obtuse angle forwards. A large rhombic plate occupies the parietal region, which
is probably divided longitudinally by a suture, and represents the parietal bones. It extends narrowing, nearly to
the orbits, when the middle line is occupied by the much smaller frontal. The suture between the two is obscure,
but seems to form an emargination of the parietals. There is a subtriangular post-frontal which expands posteriorly
and is succeeded by a supra-temporal which narrows and becomes acute posteriorly, being wedged between the
parietal and what may be an anterior production of the plate representing the epiotic. A very large jugal plate
extends from the orbits two-thirds the distance to the extremity of the quadrate, the remaining third being covered
by a quadrato-jugal. After the jugal the epiotic is the largest of the cranial shields or bones, and sends a prolonga-
tion forwards between the parietal and supra-temporal, as well as on the outer side of the latter.
There is no trace of mucous canals. The sculpture consists of strong ridges radiating and inosculating.
Radiation is more uninterrupted on both jugal, supra-temporal and anterior part of epiotic ; in the first, they origi-
nate in front of the middle exteriorly ; on the supra-temporal, near the anterior part. The inosculation is honey-
comb-like on the parietal, supra-occipital and posterior parts of the epiotic.
14 SUPPLEMENT TO THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA
Measurements. M.
Length to middle of supra-occipital, 055
se “* angle of quadrate, -O711
Width at os a y -069
«orbits (approximate), -031
Interorbital width, ; -0085
No teeth are preserved with this cranium. A second specimen exhibits nothing more distinctly than the
one described. :
TUDITANUS OBTUSUS, Cope.
Proceed. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1871, p. 177. Dendrerpeton obtusum, Cope, Transac. Amer. Philos. Soc:, 1869,
Mon 10s U2, ;
TUDITANUS MORDAX, Cope, Sp. Nov.
Represented by a partially complete cranium and some other fragments.
The muzzle is broadly rounded as in 7. obtwsus, and the premaxillary teeth are relatively much larger. The
bones are sculptured with delicate acute radiating and inosculating ridges. The maxillary bone is preserved for the
; length of an inch; its teeth are smaller than those of the premaxillary bone ; I count four in a line, which have a
simple conic crown. The external surface of the maxillary is not very strongly sculptured. The orbits and nares
are not well defined in the specimen.
TUDITANUS HUXLEYI, Cope, Sp. Nov.
Represented by a considerable portion of the face and muzzle of a single individual. A portion of the left
mandible, supporting three teeth remains in place, and almost the entire boundary of the right orbit is preserved.
The fragment indicates a much larger species than any other referred to the genus, and next to the Lepto-
phractus obsoletus, the largest of the Batrachians of the Ohio Coal Measures. Without more complete remains it is
not easy to determine its generic relations finally. It differs from the Leptophractus in the absence of the symmetri-
cal scutellation of the cranium.
The form of the head is probably elongate and the muzzle neither very obtuse nor elongate. The orbit is
rather small and near the middle of the length of the specimen, which is, however, incomplete at both ends. The
sculpture of the surface of the head posterior to the orbits, as well as round their borders and for some distance in
front of them, consists of a rather coarse pitting. On the middle line between the orbits and on the muzzle, the
intervals become narrower, and are confluent into transverse ridges or a delicate reticulation. The surface of the
mandible displays a coarse reticulation.
The teeth are stoutly conic, and with delicately striate grooved cementum. ‘They are slightly recurved.
This species differs from the 7. radiatus and 7’. obtusus, in the absence of the segmental areae into which the
sculpture is thrown in them.
Measurements. : M.
Longitudinal diameter of orbit, 0.019
Length of alveolar border supporting three teeth, -013
Diameter of basis of tooth, -003
Eight pits in, .010 .
Dedicated to Professor Thomas H. Huxley, facile princeps among English systematists, and an important con-
tributor to the knowledge of the extinct Batrachia.
LEPTOPHRACTUS, Cope.
Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1878, 340.
LEPTOPHRACTUS OBSOLETUS, Cope.
Loc. cit., 1873, p. 341.
AND REPTILIA OF NORTH AMERICA. U5.
EURYTHORAX, Cope.
Established on a large thoracic shield of peculiar form. It is a median, and
exhibits broad smooth surfaces for the contact of the overlapping margins of the
lateral plates. The form is subround with a large excavation from the posterior mar-
gin on each side. The narrowed portion left has a convex outline. Sculpture none.
The form resembles remotely the corresponding scute of Tuditanus punctulatus, the
posterior narrow face representing the xiphisternal process of that species.
EURYTHORAX SUBLAVIS, Cope.
Proceed. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1871, 177.
The specific characters expressed by this shield are best perceived in the measurements :
M.
Length, 0715
Greatest width (imperfect), 078
Width of lateral concavity, .039
Some delicate radiating grooves are seen on the exposed surface, but they are very shallow. ‘They are not
visible on the faces of contact.
This represents one of the largest species of this fauna, having pertained to an animal of probably four feet in
length, perhapslonger. It will be desirable in future to compare it with the corresponding part of the Yuditanus
hualeyt, though the latter, so far as known, is the smaller species.
COLOSTEUS, Cope.
Transac. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1869, XIV., p. 22.
COLOSTEUS SCUTELLATUS, Newberry.
Cope, Proceed. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1871, p. 41. Pygopterus scutellatus, Newberry, Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci.,
Philadelphia, 1856, p. 98. Colosteus crassiscutatus, Cope, Transac. Amer. Philos. Soc., XIV., 1869, 23.
COLOSTEUS FOVEATUS, Cope.
Transac. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1859, XIV., p. 24.
COLOSTEUS PAUCIRADIATUS, Cope, Sp. Nov.
Established on median and lateral pectoral plates of two individuals, the latter of which I formerly referred
to the C. scutellatus. It belonged to a larger specimen than either of the preceding, and is distinguished by the
paucity and weakness of its ridges. These are entirely transverse on the posterior third of the length, but are inter-
rupted and irregular on the median portion; the anterior third is almost smooth.
The lateral shield is little larger than the largest of C. scwtellatus, but resembles the median plate in its low
and distant carine. An arc drawn at about the middle of a radial line from the outer angle crosses about eleven of
these ridges ; in C. scutellatus, twenty in the same space.
The median plate is pyriform with the posterior angle little produced, and the anterior not narrowed and
rather short. The lateral shield is a right angled triangle, the inner or thin edge concave posteriorly, the posterior
convex. A
Length of median, 0.063
Width ‘ Us 040
Ge “ Jateral behind, .0242
Length of lateral, 045
16 SUPPLEMENT TO TIIE EXTINCT BATRACHIA
COCYTINUS, Cope.
Proceed. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1871, p. 177.
Vertebre and ribs osseous; anterior limbs, thoracic shields and abdominal arma-
ture apparently wanting. Teeth on the -premaxillary bone, none on the maxillary.
Hyoid elements largely developed. An axial hyal with basihyal on each side, closely
united with the corresponding ceratohyal, at the end of which is an element in the
position of a stylohyal. Hemal or basal branchihyals three, the anterior two each
supporting one pleural branchihyal, and the third supporting one also. The first or
anterior hemal branchihyal on the mner side of the ceratohyal, approaching the
median line, and with elongate pleural element. Urohyal not seen.
Such are the characters of a genus, whose affinities are interesting but somewhat
obscure. The hyoid apparatus is better developed than in any other here described,
but it is by no means certain that it was branchiferous at maturity, nor does this
character on the other hand render it certain that the animal is the larva of one of the
other forms here described. The well ossified ribs and vertebrz are favorable,
though not conclusive evidence for adult age, while the structure of. the hyoid appa-
ratus is more like that of the gilless genera Amphiwma and Pro ‘onopsis, than it is
like the branchiferous genera Siren and Necturus, or the branchiate young of Sala-
manders. Thus it differs from Proteus in the presence of the first axial hyal and the
two first basihyals, from this genus and Wecturus in the possession of four distinct
pleural branchihyals. In this it agrees with Amphiwma, as it does also with Pro o-
nopsis, in the three hemal branchihyals.* Stren has only two of these elements, the
first and second without the third. As a consequence in Szren the third and fourth
pleural elements have no corresponding hemal support, ah arrangement totally different
from that of Cocytinus. The arrangement in larval Amblystoma and Triton is quite
similar to that in Szren, excepting that in Triton, the small basihyals are present.
The question as to whether this genus was im life branchiferous or not, is not
easily decided, since the hyoid apparatus is about equally developed in the branchi-
ferous genera Siren and Necturus, and the air breathers Amphiuma and Protonopsis.
Some considerations however point to an air breathing type, like the last two, though
the individual may possibly have been immature. In the gill-bearing genera, as well
as in the larve of Amblystome, Tritons, ete., the branchial arches approach nearest
to archetypical perfection. Thus in the Siren lacertina, two of the four superior
branchihals are supported by corresponding inferior or hemal branchihyals, and these
in turn are articulated each to its proper axial hyal. The absent clements are the two
*For the nomenclature of these bones, I follow Fischer’s Ueber die Perennibranchizten und Derotremen:
Hamburg, 1864.
AND REPTILIA OF NORTIL AMERICA. 17
axial and two hemal elements which exist as supports of the posterior two inferior
brachihyals in the fishes. In the branchiferous Necturus maculatus a considerable
modification ensues. The four superior branchihyals are present, but according to
Fischer, the first and second hamal elements are confluent. A third inferior branchi-
hyal is added. If we now turn to the air-breather Protonopsis horrida, we observe
a marked peculiarity. The third hemal branchihyal remains, while the second is
confluent with the corresponding superior element, and the first is similarly confluent
or, as Fischer interprets it, the first branchiyal of the superior series extends to the
axialhyal. In Murenopsis (Amphiuma), a greater divergence from the archetype
exists. With all the peculiarities of Protonopsis it further almost loses the second
heemal element, which appears at maturity as a process on the first pleural element.
These characters may be tubulated as follows:
A ‘Third hemal branchihyal present.
« Kirst and second hemal branchihyals free and distinct.
COCYTINUS.
aa First and second hemals separate from each other but confluent with their
pleural elements. |
PROTONOPSIS.
AMPHIUMA.
aaa Kirst and second distinct from pleurals, but united with each other.
NECTURUS.
4d Third hzemal element wanting.
x Second hemal element reaching the axis.
SIREN.
i] AMBLYSTOMA.
Larvre, TRITON.
SALAMANDRA.
zx Second hemal element reduced, not reaching axis.
PROTEUS.
Now it has been pointed out that Cocytinus agrees with the air-breathing genera
in the larger development of the first pleural and hemal branchihyals, and that it
agrees with them both in the presence of the second and third hemal elements. But
these are more distinct than in either of these genera, and the third is larger, and
supports the fourth as well as its own pleural element.
The presence of the maxillary bone furthermore excludes this genus from near
affinity to either the Drachystomata and Proteida, and allies it to the Amphiwma and
18 SUPPLEMENT TO THE EXTINCT BATRACHIA, ETC.
Protonopsis. It differs from both these genera in the absence of teeth from this bone
as well as its apparently small development. This may indicate that the animal was
not fully grown. In the hyoid region it differs from these in the apparent absence of
the second axial hyal, and in points of the hemal segments. Thus the second is con-
fluent either with the 1st or 2d pleural element in those genera, and the third hemal
element is much reduced and does not support the fourth pleural in either.
The present genus is then to be referred to the neighborhood of Amphiwma and
Protonopsis, but as forming the type of another family. The branchial apparatus is
more fish-like than in either of these, in (1) the three distinct and well developed
hemal branchihyals, (2) the four distinet pleural elements of the same; (3) the
distinct ? stylohyal.
Its weak maxillaries have a larval aspect, but the ossification of all the bones and
the small size of the pleural branchihyals as compared with the rest of the cranium,
render it probable that the form is no more larval than the genera to whose neighbor-
hood it is referred. ‘That it passed a portion of its existence as an aquatic branchi-
ferous animal is no less certain.
COCYTINUS GYRINOIDES, Cope, Sp. Nov.
The only specimen of this batrachian, embraces the inferior bones of the cranium in a complete state of
preservation, with the muzzle with its teeth ; also the anterior eight vertebre with their ribs. The condition of the
hyal elements is as follows: The hemal element of the first branchial arch is partially concealed on both sides by
the ceratohyal. An expanded truncate face of attachment to the axial element is visible on both sides, but the
body of the bone is flat, and presents the edge in the specimen. The first pleural element proceeded from just behind
and within its extremity ; it is longer than the other pleural elements. A slender bone is visible extending from the
space between the ceratohyal and mandibular angle ; it may therefore pertain to the suspensiorium of the jaw as
well as to that of the hyoid arch, or be squamosal as well as stylohyal. The second hemal bone is slender, but with
enlarged axial extremity ; that of the right side is not so well preserved as to be safely determined. The third hemal
elements are the smallest, and originate immediately in front of the occipital condyles and diverge outwards and
backwards. They are little curved, subcylindric and slightly expanded at the extremities.
Of the pleural elements the first and second are little curved, the first is marked by a pit or foramen on the
under side near the distal end, which is clearly visible on both sides of the specimen. The third and fourth pleurals
are more curved, and the outer ends slightly expanded and directed backwards.
The obverse of the specimen shows that the anterior axial hyal is wedge-shaped. The lateral basihyals are
massive. The second bemal branchihyalis dilated fan-shaped distally, and supports two pleural elements.
The muzzle projects over the lower jaw, and was rather broadly truncate. The premaxillary teeth are cylin-
dric and six in number on each side. The maxillary bones represented by a lamina at each lateral extremity of the
premaxillary. The mandibluar rami are very stout, as are also the ceratohyals. The vertebra have possessed some
apophyses, apparently keel-like diapophyses. The ribs are slightly curved.
Length of head and eight vertebra, M. .0335; of head .0152 ; expanse of mandibular rami .013 ; length of left
ceratohyal .0085. ;
PUBLISHED, APRIL 14, 1874.
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