Synthetic organic chemicals : United States production and sales

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UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION
WASHINGTON

Tariff Information Series — No. 26

Census of Dyes

and other

Synthetic Organic Chemicals

1921

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

1922

BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY

3 9999 06317 177 9

UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION
WASHINGTON

Tariff Information Series — No. 26

Census of Dyes

and other

Synthetic Organic Cliemicals

1921

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

1922

a 8. sUPrnrr-vnrNT OF documf.*it5

UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION

Office: Eighth and E Streets NW., Washington, D. C.

COMMISSIONERS.

Thomas 0. Marvin, Chairman.
William S. Culbertson, Vice Chairman.
David J. Lewis.
Edward P. Costigan.
Thomas Walker Page.
William Burgess.

John F. Bethune, Secretary.

ADDITIONAL COPIES

OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM

THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS

, GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON, D. C.

AT

15 CENTS PER COPY

CONTENTS.

TEXT. Page.

Introduction vii

Summary of the census of dyes and other synthetic organic chemicals, 1921:

Introductory 3

Summary of domestic production, 1921 —

Crudes 4

Intermediates 4

Dyes —

Production 5

Imports 6

Exports 6

Other finished coal-tar products 7

Color lakes 7

Photographic chemicals 7

Medicinals 7

Perfumes and fiaA'ors 7

Synthetic phenolic resins 7

(Synthetic tanning materials 7

Synthetic organic chemicals, other than those derived from coal tar... 8
PART II.

iProduction of dyes and coal-tar chemicals, 1921:

Coal-tar crudes —

Description 11

By-product coke ovens continue to I'eplace beehive type 11

Output of coal-tar cinides 12

Intermediates —

Description 15

Production 15

Reduced output of fundamental intermediates 16

Benzene derivatives 16

Toluene derivatives 17

. Xylene derivatives 18

Naphthalene derivatives 18

Anthracene derivatives 19

Imports of intermediates, 1921 20

Dyes and other finished coal-tar products —

Introductory 32

Dye?! — Summary of production in 1921 32

Relation of production to consumption 33

Production of dves bv classes 35

Acid [....'. 35

Sulfur 38

Vat. . . : 39

Direct 41

Mordant and chrome 42

Basic 43

Color lake and spirit-soluble 44

Food 45

Domestic production in 1914 46

m

IV CONTENTS.

Production of dyes and coal-tar chemicals, 1921^Continued.

Export trade in dyes — Page.

United States : 48

Germany 50

Dye imports of —

China 52

Japan 52

India 53

Production of dyes in Germany 56

Other finished coal-tar products —

Color lakes 59

Photographic chemicals 59

Medicinals 59

Flavors and perfume materials 61

Synthetic resins 61

Synthetic tanning materials 62

Prices of domestic dyes 74

Employees and rates of pay 77

Research work 78

Directory of manufacturers of coal-tar products 79

PART in.

Dyes imported for consumption in the United States, 1921, calendar year:

Introductory 85

Summary of import of dyes during 1921 86

Detailed census of dyes imported during 1921 91

Index of dyes imported 132

PART IV.

Census of synthetic organic chemicals, not of coal-tar origin, 1921:

Introduction 145

Summary of production 145

Developments in the industry —

Perfume chemicals 146

Esters 14-6

Medicinals 146

Butyl alcohol 147

Acetylene derivatives 147

Ethylene and propylene derivatives 147

Dii'ectory of manufacturers of synthetic organic chemicals, 1921 156

PART v.

Appendix:

Statistics of imports and exports 161

TABLES.

1. Summary of production of dyes and coal-tar chemicals, 1918 to 1921, in-

clusive -. ^

2. By-products obtained from coke-oven operations in 1919, 1920, and 1921. . 13

3. Production of coal-tar crudes during 1921, by firms not primarily engaged

in operation of coke-oven plants and gas houses I'l

4. Comparison of production of coal-tar crudes, 1920 and 1921, by firms not

primarily engaged in operation of coke-oven plants and gas houses 15

5. Production and sales of coal-tar intermediates during 1921 21

6. Comparison of production of coal-tar intermediates, 1920 and 1921 -■

7. Production of coal-tar chemicals for sale for research and experimental

purposes, 1921 -'

8. Comparison of imports 1914 and 1921 with production of dyes 1917 to 1921

inclusive, by classes - -^

9. Comparison of dyes imported in largest quantity, 1914 and 1921, with do-

mestic production, 1921 , by classes 41

10. Dyes produced in the United States in 1914 4'

11. Domestic exports of dyes, by months, July, 1917, to March, 1922 4!

12. German exporls and imjKJrts of dyes, 1913 5'„

1.3. Dyes, colors, and jiaints; indigo, artificial; imports, China &■

CONTENTS.

14. Dyes, colors and paints; aniline, imports, China 55

15. Imports of dyes, India 55

16. Coal-tar dyes: Imports into Japan 55

17. One-quarter production in German dye plants reserved for purchase of

allied and associated Governments, February, 1920. to March. 1922 57

18. Production and sales of dyes and other finished coal-tar products during

1921 62

19. Comparison of production of dyes and other finished coal-tar products,

1920 and 1921 72

20. Domestic prices of dyes, 1917 to 1921, with 1914 invoice values 75

21 . Employees and rates of pay in 1921 78

22. Comparison of employees and rates of pay. 1920 and 1921 78

23. Summarv of dyes imported for consumption in the United States during

calendar years 1921 and 1920, classified by application 87

24. Imports of dyes during calendar year 1921 91

25. Production and sales of synthetic organic chemicals. 1921 148

26. Production of chemicals for sale for research and experimental purposes. . . 152

27. Domestic production of organic chemicals (except coal-tar) 155

28. Imports and production of svnthetic organic chemicals (except coal-tar)

1914 and 1921 ". 155

29. Imports of svnthetic organic chemicals in excess of $100 during year ended

June 30. 1914 156

30. Imports for consumption, 1921, of synthetic organic chemicals 156

FIGURES.

1. Production and imports of dyes compared by classes 36

2. Value of domestic dyes exported by months 48

INTRODUCTION.

This report is a survey of the domestic dye and organic chemical
industry in 1921. It presents the results of a special investigation
made by the United States Tariff Commission as to the production
in the United States of coal-tar dyes and also of synthetic organic
chemicals, both those of coal-tar origin and those derived from other
sources. In addition, there is included a detailed census of dye
imports. The survey is divided into five parts, as follows:

Part I, a summary of the census of dyes and other synthetic or-
ganic chemicals in 1921, describes the progress made in the various
branches of the American industry. The relation of the export and
import trade to the industry is briefly shown.

Part II, a census of dyes and coal-tar chemicals in 1921, gives
a detailed discussion of the significant facts in the production of
crude, intermediate, and finished coal-tar products during 1921.
The dyes are classified by Schultz number and also by their method
of application, and the imports during 1914 (fiscal year) and 1920.
and 1921 (calendar years) are compared with the production from
1917 to 1921, inclusive. One-quarter of the production of German
dye plants, reserved for the allied and associated Governments from
February, 1920, to March, 1922 is tabulated by months, together with
details of the export trade of Germany in 1913. The number of
employees, rates of pay, and cost of research in the domestic coal-tar
chemical industry are given, and also a list of manufacturers whose
production during 1921 was reported to the Tariff Commission.

Part III contains dyes imported for consumption in the United
States in 1921 (calendar year) and shows the quantity and value of
imports of individual dyes and percentage of quantity of each dye
by countries of origin.

Part IV, a census of synthetic organic chemicals, other than those
derived from coal tar, is included for the first time in a report of the
Commission. This shows quantity and value of the production in
1921 with a brief discussion of these products. In addition, there
are listed those manufacturers whose production during 1921 was
reported to the Tarift' Commission.

Part V, an appendix, gives imports and exports of coal-tar dyes
and chemicals and of natural dyes during 1921.

In the preparation of this report the Tariff Commission had the
services of Warren N. Watson, Dexter North, and C. R. DeLong, of
the chemical division/ and of others of the commission's staff.

PART I.

SUMMARY OF THE CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHER
SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921.

Part I.

SUMMARY OF THE CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHER SYNTHETIC
ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921.

Introductory.

The United States Tariff Commission has reported annually, begin-
ning with 1917, the progress of the American dye industry. In the
1919 and 1920 reports and in the present report production figures
on dyes are supplemented by a detailed census of dye imports. Other
reports prepared by the Tariff Commission relating to conditions in
the dye industry include (1) Costs of Production in the Dye Industry,
1918 and 1919; and (2) Dyes and Other Coal-Tar Chemicals, Decem-
ber 12, 1918.

The general grouping of coal-tar chemicals adopted in the present
1921 report follows that of the act of September 8, 1916, which con-
forms in general (although not in every detail) with common prac-
tice: Group I, crudes, exempt from duty, are contained in and sepa-
rated from crude coal tar; Group II, intermediates, dutiable at 15
per cent and 2^ cents per pound, are produced from the crudes by
chemical processes and, with some exceptions, are used only for the
manufacture of dyes or other finished products by further chemical
treatment; and Group III, dyes and other fbiished products now duti-
able in part at 30 per cent and in part at 30 per cent and 5 cents per
pound. The term "other finished products" includes color lakes,
photographic chemicals, medicinals, flavors, perfume materials, syn-
thetic resins, and synthetic tanning materials. A summary of the
production of coal-tar products in 1921 according to the classes given
above is shown in Table 1 .

The 1921 report is based on the production of 201 firms engaged in
the manufacture of coal-tar products, which, it is believed, represents
a complete record of the production of dyes and coal-tar chemicals
in the United States. The quantity and value of the domestic pro-
duction of each product and the analysis of these figures are given
in as great detail as possible without revealing the operations of indi-
vidual manufacturers. A detailed census of dyes imported for con-
sumption during the calendar year 1921 is given as to quantity,
invoice value, and countries of origin. An analysis is given of the
export trade in dyes, by months, from July, 1917, to March, 1922,
inclusive. This report also contains the one-quarter production in
German dye plants reserved for the purchase of allied and associated
Governments, by months, from February, 1920, to March, 1922, with
a comparison of the present output with that of 1914, and also data
on Germany's export trade, by countries, in coal-tar dyes in 1914.

4 census of dyes and synthetic organic chemicals, 1921.
Summary of Domestic Production, 1921.

CRUDES.

The Tariff Commission pointed out in its Census of Dyes and Coal-
Tar Chemicals, 1920, that the output of coal tar by the American coke
ovens was sufficient to meet demands in the coal-tar chemical indus-
try for crude materials. A significant feature of the 1921 coke-oven
output was that 78 per cent of the total was by-product coke, com-
pared with 60 per cent for 1920. This continued increase in the pro-
portion of by-product coke insures an adequate supply of coal tar
for separation by distillation into crude coal-tar products, which are
the basis of the intermediate and finished products. The total out-
put of by-product and beehive coke in 1921 was 25,479,000 tons, a
decreased 5,429,000 tons from that of 1920.

The production of crudes at the by-product ovens during 1921
reported to the United States Geological Survey is not yet available
for publication. The output of crudes by firms primarily engaged in
tar distillation was reported to the Tariff Commission. The produc-
tion of benzene by those firms in 1921 showed a large increase.
There were also substantial increases in the output of carbazole, cresol,
and pyridine. There was a large decrease in the output of naphtha-
lene and anthracene by the tar distillers. The production of anthra-
cene, due to the domestic soft-pitch requirements, has not been
adequate in any year to produce sufficient anthraquinone for the
preparation of vat and alizarin dyes consumed in the United States.
The commercial production of anthraquinone from phthalic acid and
benzene indicates, however, that this important intermediate can be
obtained in quantity from this source, thus supplementing the inade-
quate supply of anthraquinone manufactured from anthracene. The
production of crudes is given in detail in Part II of this report,

INTERMEDIATES.

The total production of intermediates in 1921 by 108 different
manufacturers was 70,899,912 pounds, a decrease of 73 per cent in
quantity from the 1920 output. The total sales during 1921 were
33,637,326 pounds, valued at $8,483,463. The average price per
pound of all intermediates sold in 1921 was 25 cents per pound com-
pared with a price of 37 cents per pound for the total production of
intermediates in the previous year.

The number of intermediates reported in 1921 was 233 compared
with 236 in 1920. Of the total number reported in 1921, 49 were
reported for the first time. Some of these new products are of
special importance in considering the progress of the industry, as
they are required in the production of the more complex and faster
types of dyes and represent a significant development in the industry.
Several of these new intermediates are used directly in the production
of dyes upon the fiber and have heretofore been imported. The
large decrease in the 1921 production of intermediates may be
attributed to several causes: (1) The loss of most of our export
trade in dyes, (2) the large stocks carried over from the previous
year, and (3) a general business depression. There has been a general
decline in output of intermediates since 1918, due to the fact that at

CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS^ 1921. 5

that time a large part of the intermediates were consumed for muni-
tions, poison gases, and for special dyes required in large quantities
for dyeing military cloths.

In general, the intermediates used in producing those dyes con-
sumed in the largest quantity show large reductions. There were,
however, notable increases in certain intermediates of the more
specialized types, and the tendency during 1921 was toward the
production of intermediates which more nearly represent normal
domestic requirements.

During 1921 the export trade in dyes was greatly reduced as com-
pared with 1920; hence the intermediates produced in 1921 were
used in the manufacture of dyes which more nearly represent the
needs for consumption of the domestic textile industry. In addition
to the requirements of the domestic dye manufacturer, these inter-
mediates are also used in the production of photographic chemicals,
medicinals, flavors, perfume materials, synthetic phenolic resins,
and synthetic tanning materials. There are still a few intermediates
for which production is not yet reported, or reported only in small
amounts, which should be added to the domestic manufacturing
program in order to give a complete line of dyes of domestic manu-
facture.

The production of coal-tar chemicals used for research and experi-
mental purposes totaled 2,012 pounds in 1921, compared with 1,852
pounds for the previous year. Total sales of these products amounted
to 901 pounds, valued at $18,334. These products are essential for
both technical and scientific research and are a necessary adjunct to
the development of the domestic coal-tar chemical industry.

DYES.

Production. — The domestic output of dyes in 1921 by 74 manufac-
turers totaled 39,008,690 pounds, a decrease of 56 per cent from that
of 1920. The sales during 1921 totaled 47,513,762 pounds, with a
value of $39,283,956. The sales exceeded the production by 22 per
cent, indicating that a part of the domestic consumption for that year
was supplied from stocks carried over from the previous year's abnor-
mal production. The average sales prices of dyes for 1921 was 83
cents per pound, compared with SI. 08 for 1920'and $1.26 for 1917.
The greatly reduced output of 1921, as was stated under ''Inter-
mediates," may be accounted for by (1) loss of the most of our export
trade, (2) the large stocks carried over from the previous year, and
(3) the business depression.

The progress of the year includes the manufacture for the first time
in this country of a large number of dyes of greater complexity and
more specialized application. The development of these products is
a highly technical achievement and a creditable advancement of the
industry. Dyes of each class (according to application) were among
the new products manufactured in 1921, and a considerable number
of these new colors were among the more important not heretofore
made in the United States. This progress has continued, as produc-
tion of many new dyes has been reported during the first five months
of 1922. The domestic dye industry is still deficient, however, in the
manufacture of vat dyes, alizarins, and certain special types.

6 CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921.

The production of dyes in 1921, grouped by classes according to
method of application, was as follows: Acid dyes, 7,843,009 pounds,
or 20.11 per cent of the total production; basic dyes, 1,853,094
pounds, or 4.7 per cent; direct cotton dyes, 7,053,761 pounds, or
18.08 per cent; sulfur dyes, 10,239,255 pounds, or 26.25 per cent;
vat dyes, including indigo, 7,019,120 pounds, or 17.99 per cent, the
vat colors being divided into: Indigo, 6,673,968 pounds, and other
vats, 345,152 pounds; morda,nt and chrome colors, 3,997,442 pounds,
or 10.25 per cent; lake and spirit-soluble dyes, 720,406 pounds, or
1.85 per cent; unclassified dyes, 282,603 pounds, or 0.72 per cent.

Imports. — The total importation of coal-tar dyes during the calendar
year 1921 was 3,914,036. pounds, valued at $5,156,779, compared with
3,402,582 pounds, valued at $5,763,437, during the calendar year 1920.
Reducing the vat dyes to a single strength basis, the total quantity of
dyes imported in 1921 was 4,252,911 pounds. Germany supplied
48.34 per cent of the total dyes imported during 1921; 40.53 per cent
came from Switzerland, 7.34 per cent originated in England, while
Italy supplied 2.7 per cent, these imports largely representing re-
exported reparation dyes of German manufacture. Holland supplied
0.45 per cent, probably nearly all of German origin; France, 0.37 per
cent. The imports of dyes from all other countries totaled 0.27 per
cent.

The imports of dyes in 1921 are equal to 10 per cent of the quantity
produced during that year, and 8.5 per cent of the total imports during
1914, when the United States imported 45,950,895 pounds of dyes
and produced 6,619,729 pounds from imported intermediates. The
dyes imported during 1921 include those products which are either
not yet manufactured in this country, or are not yet produced in an
adequate c{uantity or in a satisfactory quality to meet all special
requirements.

Table 24 shows the quantity and value of each individual dye
imported during the calendar year 1921 and also the percentage of
each by the country of origin.

Exports. — The Commerce Department reports exports of domestic
''dyes and dyes tuffs " under (1) ''aniline dyes"; (2) ''logwood extract";
(3) " all other dyes and dyestuffs," and only the value of these groups
is given. In 1922, however, a new classification was adopted which
divided coal-tar dyes into (1) "color lakes," and (2) "other colors,
dyes, and stains."

The combined value of exports of ''aniline dyes" and "all other
dyes" for 1921 was $6,270,155 compared with $29,823,591 for 1920,
and $15,728,499 for 1919. In other words, exports of domestic dyes
for 1921 showed a decrease of 79 per cent as compared with the pre-
vious year. The total exports during 1917, one of the early years
when the domestic industry was first expanding from its small pre-
war size, were valued at $7,548,963, which is greater than the 1921
exports.

The combined value of exports of coal-tar "color lakes" and
"other colors, dyes, and stains" for the first three months in 1922
was $973,316 compared with $2,432,764 for "aniline dyes" and "all
other dyes and dyestuffs" for the first three months of the previous year.
In quantity, the exports during the first three months ol 1922 totaled
1,387,594 pounds. This great reduction in our export trade may be
attributed in part to the general business depression, but the chief

CENSUS or DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921. 7

cause was the appearance in the principal foreign markets, such as
China, India, and Japan, of German dyes, with which the domestic
producers have been unable to compete. As far back as 1919 the
Tariff Commission pointed out in its Census of Dyes and Coal-Tar
Chemicals for that year that any deductions as to the competitive
strength of the domestic industry based on the large exports of 1919
and 1920 were not warranted, as the domestic producers during that
period met little competition in foreign markets from German colors.
Subsequent developments have borne out the accuracy of that state-
ment, as indicated bv the rapid decline in exports during 1921 and
1922.

OTHER FINISHED COAL-TAR PRODUCTS.

Color lakes. — The total output by 43 firms of this class of pigments
was 6,152,187 pounds compared with 10,983,538 pounds, valued at
$5,871,820 in 1920. Total sales of color lakes for 1921 amounted to
6,424,612 pounds, valued at $2,863,189.

Photographic chemicals. — The production by five firms of those
coal-tar chemicals used as photographic developers totaled in 1921
183,798 pounds, compared with 440,759 pounds in 1920. Sales during
1921 amounted to 170,221 pounds, valued at $248,041.

Medicinals. — This class of coal-tar products, made by 34 firms, may
be considered one of the most important, as they are essential to the
Nation's welfare. The highest technical and research skill is required
in the development and commercial production of these chemicals.
During 1921 conspicuous progress was made in the development of
synthetic medicinals of coal-tar origin. The total production for
1921 was 1,545,917 pounds, including a small quantity of disinfect-
ants, the sales amounting to 1,876,246 pounds, valued at $2,930,324.
The 1920 production, including a considerable quantity of disinfect-
ants, was 5,184,989 pounds, valued at $5,726,776. Total production
figures for 1920 and 1921 are, however, not strictly comparable, on
account of the large quantity of disinfectants of a relatively low value
reported in 1920 and the small quantity of this group reported in 1921 .

Perfumes and flavors. — These coal-tar products are closely related
and certain members of this class are used both as flavors and per-
fumes. The total output of flavors by 17 firms in 1921 was 901,245
pounds, compared with 166,884 pounds in 1920. Sales for 1921
amounted to 933,662 pounds, valued at $1,002,018. The production
of perfumes by 15 firms in 1921 was 119,335 pounds, compared with
99,740 pounds for the previous year. Sales in 1921 amounted to
119,691 pounds, valued at $175,815.

Synthetic phenolic resins. — These products are used as substitutes for
amber in making pipestems and similar articles, electrical insulators,
varnishes, and lacquers. The 1921 production by three firms was
1,643,796 pounds, compared with a production of 4,659,680 pounds
during the previous year. Sales in 1921 amounted to 1,674,456
pounds, valued at $1,352,166.

Synthetic tannina inaierials. — The output of these products by four
firms amounted to 1,902,597 pounds in 1921, compared with 3,142,861
pounds in 1920. The sales were 1,721,359 pounds, valued at $141,005
during 1921.

CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS. 1921.

Table 1. — Summary of the -production of dyes and coal-tar chemicals, 1918 to 1921,

inciusire.

Group II — Intermediates. .
Group III:

Fiiiislied products

Dyes

Color lakes

Photographic chemi-
cals

Medicinals

Flavors

Perfumes

Tanning materials

Synthetic phenolic
resins

1918

Number
of manu-
factur-
ers.

Production .

Quantity.

Pounds.
357, 662, 251

76, 802, 959

58, 464, 446

9, 590, 537

316, 749

3, 623, 352

458, 256

116,263

4, 233, 356

Value.

5124,382,892

83, 815, 746

62, 026, 390

5, 020, 023

823, 915
7, 792, 984
4, 925, 627

5S4, 695

2, 642, 120

1919

Number
of manu-
factur-
ers.

155
90
34

10

31

9

6

1

Production.

Quantity.

Pounds.
177,362,426

82, 532, 390

63, 402, 194

7, 569, 921

335, 509

6, 777, 988

610, 825

41,419

3,794,634

Value.

$63, 210, 079

84, 585, 544

67, 598, 855

4,179,964

1,059,340

7, 8,S3, 071

1,318,654

164, 302

2,381,358

Group II — Intermedi-
ates

Group III:

Finished products . .

Dyes

Color lakes

Photographic chem-
icals . . . :

Medicinals

Flavors

Perfumes

Tanning materials. .

Synthetic phenolic
resins

1920

Niunber
of manu-
factur-
ers.

161
82
43

Production.

Quantity. Value

Pounds.
257,726,911

112,942,227
88, 263, 776
10, 983, 538

440, 759
5, 184, 989

166, 884

99, 740

3, 142, 861

4, 659, 680

$95,291,686

112,731,547

95, 613, 749

5,871,820

1,015,848

5, 726, 776

527, 493

332, 008

233, 674

3,410,179

Number
of manu-
factur-
ers.

108

147
74
43

5

34
17
15

4

Produc-
tion.

Quantity.

Pounds.
70, 899, 912

51,457,565

39, 008, 690

6, 152, 187

1.83, 798

1, 545, 917

■ 901,245

119,335
1, 902, 597

1,643,796

Sales.

Quantity. Value.

Pounds.
33, 637, 326

60, 434, 009
47, 513, 762
6,424,612

170, 221

1, 876, 246

933, 662

119,691

1,721,359

SS, 483, 463

47, 996, 514

39, 283, 956

2, 863, 189

248, 041

2, 930, 324

1,002,018

175,815

141,005

1,674,456 1,352,166

SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, OTHER THAN THOSE DERIVED FROM

COAL TAR.

For the first time the Tariff Commission has undertaken the
compilation of a census of chemicals other than those derived from
coal tar or directly from natural sources. These included acids,
alcohols, esters, ketones, aldehydes, derivatives of alkaloids, car-
bocyclic compounds, etc., which are used as perfume and flavoring
ingredients, solvents, medicinals, and in numerous industrial processes.

The production of these synthetic organic chemicals during 1921
was 21,545,186 pounds, and the sales amounted to 16,761,096 pounds,
valued at $13,746,235, at a unit value of $0.82 per pound. In this
production 1,129 pounds of research chemicals are included, and in
the sales 428 pounds, which totaled $7,715 or $18.02 per pound.

Without any previous census of this character, no comparisons call
be made regarding the actual growth and progress of these industries,
but this compilation is of value because it shows for the first time the
quantity, value, and number of such synthetic organic chemicals
produced or sold in the United States in a given year. Subsequent
reports will reveal more definitive conclusions as to the existing
conditions. In conclusion it should be added that the manufacture
of most of the products enumerated has been developed in this
country during or since the war era.

PART II.

PRODUCTION OF DYES AND COAL-TAR CHEMICALS,

1921.

541—22 2

Part II.
PRODUCTION OF DYES AND COAL-TAR CHEMICALS, 1921.

Coal-Tar Crudes.

Description. — In the manufacture of coke in by-product ovens and
in the production of coal gas for city lighting and heating one of the
by-products is coal tar, which yields by distillation or other simple
methods of treatment (sublimation and washing with acids and
alkalies) a class of substances known as coal-tar crudes. The most
important crudes are benzene, toluene, naphthalene, and anthracene.
Other crudes include xylene, cumene, carbazole, the cresols, and
pyridine. These products, after purification, are used in the prepara-
tion of coal-tar intermediates. The latter, in turn, are used in the
manufacture of dyes and other finished products included in this
census. In addition to the crudes, certain pitches are included in
this report which are used for road making, roofing, prepared roll
roofing and shingles, tar felt, building paper, and such other minor
uses as sealing dry batteries, and for fuel. There also appear in
commerce, mixtures obtained from coal tar by distillation, under the
names of solvent naphtha, light oil, dead oil, creosote oil, anthracene
oil, and pitch. Solvent naphtha is used mainly as a solvent for paint,
rubber, cements, and other materials. Certain of the lighter dis-
tillates containing benzene, toluene, and xylene are used in the
preparation of blended motor fuels and serve in these cases as substi-
tutes for gasoline. Creosote oil is used on a large scale for the preser-
vation of wood (telegraph poles, fence posts, railroad ties, and pasing
blocks) and also for animal dips.

By-product coJce ovens continue to replace heehive type. — In 1921 the
combined output of by-product and beehive coke, as reported by the
United States Geological Survey, was 25,479,000 tons, divided as
follows: by-product coke, 19,918,000 tons; beehive coke, 5,561,000
tons. The combined coke output for 1920 was 30,908,000 tons.
During 1920, 60 per cent of the coke was produced from by-product
coke ovens compared with 78 per cent in 1921. The output of
beehive coke in 1921 was less than that for any year since 1885. No
new beehive ovens were constructed in 1920 and more than 6,700
were abandoned. On January 1, 1921, there were in existence 10,881
by-product ovens with a daily capacity of 117,319 tons. The beehive
ovens on that date totaled 75,298, with a daily capacity of 196,065
tons of coke. Of the ovens under construction, 396 were by-product
and 332 were of the beehive type.

This continued replacement of beehive ovens with by-product
ovens, which recover the tar, ammonia, and gas products entirely
wasted by the old beehive type, is of economic significance in the
conservation of our resources, for (1) the by-product ovens increase
production of ammonia for fertilizer and other uses; (2) the gas
produced in these ovens is used for municipal lighting or industrial

11

12 CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921. ^

hcatino;; (3) the output of tar insures an abundant supply of coal tar
for tiie preparation of crudes, whicii serve as the basis of the domestic
coal-tar dye and chemical industry.

Output of coal-tar crudes. — The domestic production of crudes is
collected either by the Tariff Commission or the Geological Survey,
according to the producers. The crudes produced by the distillation
of tar at by-product coke ovens are reported to the United States
Geological Survey. The output from this source for 1919-20 and the
estimated production for 1921 are given in Table 2. The production
of crudes by firms engaged primarily in the distillation of coal tar is
reported to the United States Tariff Commission, and is shown in
Table 3. The figures from both sources must be considered in
arriving at the total output for a given year. The two tables referred
to, however, do not include the production of crudes at coal-gas,
water-gas, and oil-gas plants. Data for the i)ro(]uction in these
plants are being compiled by the Ignited States Geological Survey,
but are not yet available for publication. The output from this
source, however, constitutes only a small percentage of the total
crudes produced.

The estimated tar production from coke-oven operations for 1921,
reported by the United States Geological Survey, was 233,000,000
gallons, compared with an actual output in 1920 of 360,064,124
gallons, with total sales of 174,363,696 gallons, valued at S6, 378, 040.
This table of the Geological Survey does not contain estimates for
the output of individual crudes produced during 1921 at the by-
product coke-oven plants.

Table 3 contains the output of crudes reported to the United States
Tariff Commission by firms not primarily engaged in the operation of.
coke-oven plants and gas houses. There was a large increase in the
output of benzene during 1921 compared with the previous year and
also a substantial increase in the output of carbazole, cresol, and
pyridine. In 1921 the output of benzene was 2,171,631 pounds, a
148 per cent increase over the previous year. The output of toluene
and xylene both decreased ; the figures, however, can not be pub-
lished. The naphthalene outp\it for 1921 was 16,949,464 pounds, a
36 per cent decrease compared with the previous year. The output
of anthracene (25 per cent purity) totaled 1,604,717 pounds, a decrease
of 43 per cent compared with the previous year. During 1919 and
1920 a serious shoi'tage of naphthalene occurred, which resulted in a
considerable importation during those two years. This shortage was
due to miscalculation on the part of the producers, who believed that
the stocks on hand were sudicient to meet the normal future demands.
Later the large export trade in dyes during 1920 resulted in excessive
consumption of naphthalene, which necessitated importation to
supply the domestic recpiirement. During the latter part of 1920 the
naphthalene production was increased and by 1921 it more nearly"
met the domestic re(|uirenunits. The small shortage which still
existed was met by importation.

Three years ago the securing of an adeciuate supply of anthracene
for the manufacture of vat and alizarin dyes was one of the more'
important unsolved problems of the domestic dye industry. The
present production of anthracene from coal tar is not adequate to
produc-e all dyes of these classes consumed by the domestic textile |
industry. Tiie commercial production of synthetic anthraquinone
'n 1920, however, indicates that as fast as the requirements of the

CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921. 13

dye makers increase the supply of anthracene from coal tar and of
synthetic anthraciuinone (from plithalic anhydride and henzene) will
meet their demands. Imports of these pnxhicts are discussed under
" Intermediates."

Table 2. — Bij-jirodncls obtdined from coke-oven operations in 1919, 1920, and 1921.
[Mineral Resources— United States Geological Survey.]

Unit.

1919

Product.

Production.

Sales.

Quantity.

Quantity.

Value.

Aver-
age unit
value.

Tar :

Gallons

288,898,764

544,231,98.'->
50, 535, 639

217,980,143

.5.^)7,619,631
51,046,744

$6,919,265

JO. 032

Pounds

Ammonia:

Sulptialo

21,075,718
15,692,950

. 03S

Aiitiy<lrouK, or frop ammonia

Pounds, Nil:). ..
Pounds. . ..

.110

Gas:

1,000 cubic feet..

5,238,486

2, 106, 800

.010

Uspfi in steel or alTiliatctl plant

do

do ..

do

138,179,761
49,655,732

8,015,877
6,562,324

. 058

do

. 132

LikIiI oil aiuJ derivatives:

Gallons

92,356,750

44,060,970
17,006,532

Benzol—

Cnidc

do

44,697,615
18,403,909

7,776,609
3, 78:5, 552

. 174

Konnocl

do

.20(5

do

Toluol-
Crude

do

itefincd

do

1, 100, 136

3,91.-5,489

575,885

3, 549, 998
2, 763, 271

1,353,827

3,625,978

127, 483

4,038,4.56
2, 663, 585

355, 990

552, 853

18,358

82, 244
109, 120
645, 142

. 263

Solvent naphtha

do

. 1.52

do

. 144

Naphthalene —

Crude

Pounds

. 020

Kenned

do

.041

01 her products sold

Total value of sales

63,696,868

mil.

1920'

1921

PriHluct.

Production.

Sales.

Estimated
produc-
tion.*

Quantity.

Quantity.

Value.

Aver-

at,'e unit
value.

Tar

Gallons

360,664,124

67.5,816,486
6.5,777,259

. 938, 925, 522
■170,48.5,744

174,363,696

626,013,975
02,076,772

874,321,063

53,220,824

• 151,764,807

25, 430, 288

$6, .378, 040

$0. 037

.043
.138

.011

.295
.094
.087

233, 000, 000

Ammonia:

Siilfihate

Pounds

27,110,260
"8,585,173

Pounds, NH3. . .
Pounds

1,000 eul)ic feet..

do

do

do

ammonia.
Sulphate equivalent...

35,695,433

607, 000, 000

Qa.s:

l»istribute<l through

citv mains.
UsM in steel or afTili-

ated plant.
Use^l under boilers.

15,716,888
14,301,095
2,216,3.35

308,000,000

.32,2:54,318

.140

Public service corpo-
ration.

do

1

• Includes anhydrus ammonia reported as such— and ammonia liquor converted to equivalent.
' Included in crude benzol.

' Press notice, United States Geological Survey.

* ICstimated by assuminj; that the (piantity of th(! several by-products obtained l)ore the same relation
to the known production of coke in 1921 as iil 1920. The recoveries per ton of coal charged in 1920 were as
follows: Aniiu'inia (sulphate or e(iuivaleul), 21.4 pounds; tar, 8.2 gallons; crude light oil, 2.7 gallons; gas
10 K M cubic feet.

'' Mostly ammonical litjuor, reported in content of NII3.

14 CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS. 1921.

Table 2. — By-products obtained from coke-oven operations in 1919, 1920, and 1921 —

Continued.

Unit.

1920

1921

Product.

Production.

Sales.

Estimated
produc-
tion.

Quantity.

Quantity.

Value.

Aver-
age unit
value.

Light oil and deriratives:
Crude light oil

Gallons

109,709,915

8,747,572
16,977,556
57,645,462

287, 142
2, 710, 649
5,678,525

1,067,045

1,510,420
15, 720, 356
55,764,265

« S126, 158

401,296

4,096,527

^ 12, 644, 931

SO. 118

.266
.260
.227

71 000 000

Benzol —

Crude

do:

Refined

do

Motor fuel

do

Toluol-
Crude

do

Refined

do

2, 470, 364
4, 695, 464

740, 722
851,048

.300
.181

Solvent naphtha

do

Other refined oils

do

Naphthalene —

Crude

Pounds

11,246,807
2, 921, 282

11,507,703
2,941,059

307,999
179, 975

.027
.061

Refined

do

19,348,656

Other products sold

8 36,317

Total value of sales..

9 93,692,764

6 The quantity of crude light oil refined by the producer amounted to 108,584,417 gallons.
' The benzol content of motor fuel ranged from 50 to 100 per cent.

8 Includes coal-tar oil, crude heavy solvent, carbon, and pyridin oil.

9 Exclusive of coke breeze, of which 2,460,835 tons was prbducel and 533,019 tons was sold at a value ot
$1,249,004.

Table 3. — Production of coal-tar crudes during 1921, by firms not primarily engaged in
the operation of coke-oven plants and gas houses.

[The numbers in the second column refer to the numbered alphabetical list of manufacturers given on
page 79. An X indicates that the corresponding product was made by a manufacturer who did not
consent to the publication of his name in connection therewith. Blanks in the third and fourth columns '
indicate that there was actual production of the corresponding article, but that the figures can not be
published without revealing the output of individual firms.]

Name.

Total crudes '

Benzene gallons.

Toluene do. . .

Xylene do...

Naphthalene, crude pounds.

Anthracene, 25 percent pure do...

Carbazole, crude, 60 per cent do. . .

Cresol gallons.

Pyridine do. . .

Solvent naphtha do. . .

Dead or creosote oil do...

Anthracene oil do. . .

Pitch of tar tons.

Other distillates gallons.

Refined tars barrels.

Manufacturers' identifica-
tion number (according to
list on page 79).

17, 23, 35, 42, 118, 128, X.

17,35, 128

17

13, 17, 29, 35, 42, 46, 87, 99,
118, 138, 145, 153, X, X, X.

17, 138, 145, X,X

138

17, 138,X

17, 113

13, 17,35,42,87, 128, 145, X.

13, 17, 23, 28, 29, 42, 46, 71, 85,

99, 118, 138, 145, 153, IQp,

X, x,x, x,x. .

138, 145, X, X

13,17,23,28,29,42,46,71,85,

99, 118, 138, 145, 153, 100,

174, X.
13, 17, 23, 28, 42, 46, 85, 87, 99,

138 153 X
13, 17, 23,' 46,' 71, 85, 99, 118,

138, 145, 153, X, X, X.

1921

Quantity'

2,171,631

16,949,464
1,604,717

649, 694
28, 864, 156

2, 857, 391
347,011

6,562,332
1,029,282

Value.

$17,936,160
463, 205

380, 167
83, 707

111,286

3,188,867

519,347
6,514,200

1,209,291
5, 196, 427

Value per
unit.

$0.21

.02
.05

.17
.11

.18
18.77

.18
5.05

» The instructions sent to manufacturers were as follows:

Include under "dead or creosote oil" only products which may be used for creosoting.

Inf^lude under "other distillates" shingle-stain oils, disinfectant oils, and flotation oils which do not
contain over 5 per cent phenol. Include under "refined tars" those tars which are used for road treat-
ment, saturating felt, and for protective coatings. Phenol and all distillates which on being subjected
to distillation yield in the portion distilling below 200° C. a quantity of tar acids equal to or more thanS
per cent of the original distillate are not to be included here, but are to be placed in Group II.

Cresol , for the purpose of this report, is defined as a distillate containing more than 5 per cent of phenol
and at least 50 per cent of the isomeric cresols.

CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921. 15

Table 4. — Comparison of production of coal-tar crudes, 1920 and 1921, by firms not
primarily engaged in the operation of coke-oven plants and gas houses.

1921

1920

Name.

Quantity.

Value.

Value
per unit.

Quantity.

Value.

Value
per unit.

Total crudes 1

$17,936,160

463, 205

380, 167

83,707

111,286

3,188,867

519,347

6, 514, 200

1,209,291

5,196,427

$21,163,937

287,586

791,403

114,661

74,669

4,395,290

593, 839

5,245,554

1,577,727

7,582,553

Benzene gallons..

Naphthalene, crude pounds. .

A nthracene,25 per cent pure .do

Solvent naphtha gallons. .

Dead or creosote oil do

Anthracene oil do

Pitch of tar tons. .

Other distillates gallons. .

2,171,631

16,949,464

1,604,717

649,694

28, 864, 156

2,857,391

347,011

6,562,332

1,029,282

$6.2i

.02
.05
.17
.11

.18

18.77

.18

5.05

875, 561

26,393,411

2,829,500

472,000

37, 557, 245

3, 284, 102

342,401

8,052,242

1,386,056

$0.33
.03
.04
.16
.12
.18

15.32
.20

Kefined tar barrels. .

5.47

Intermediates.

Description. — This class of coal-tar chemicals does not occur as
such in the tar, but is prepared from the crudes (benzene, toluene,
naphthalene, and antliracene) by chemical treatment, such as with
sulfuric acid, nitric aqid, alkalies, chlorine, or other chemicals.
From less than 10 coal-tar crudes there are prepared from 200 to 300
intermediates required in the production of hundreds of dyes. The
various chemical steps required in the conversion of crudes to inter-
mediates are (1) nitration; (2) reduction; (3) sulfonation; (4) caus-
tic fusion; (5) chlorination ; (6) alkylation; (7) liming; (8) conden-
sation; (9) carboxylation; (10) oxidation; and (11) dizaotization.

Intermediates are the raw materials which, by the above complex
chemical processes are converted into dyes, medicinals, perfumes,
flavors, photographic chemicals, and synthetic resins and tanning
materials. They are also used to accelerate the vulcanization of
rubber, as camphor substitutes, in the direct production of dyes on
the fiber, and for increasing the fastness of dyed colors, in which case
they are known as "developers." After purification, many interme-
diates are used directly as drugs, perfumes, and flavors.

Production. — The production of intermediates in the United States
during 1920 is shown in Table 5, in as great detail as possible without
revealing the output of individual manufacturers. The total output
in 1921 was 70,899,912 pounds. The sales during the same year
amounted to 33,637,326 pounds, valued at $8,483,463. The produc-
tion in 1921 represents a 72 per cent decrease from that in 1920.
This large reduction in output may be attributed to (1) the loss of
export trade in dyes ; (2) large stocks carried over from the previous
year; and (3) the general business depression.

The number of intermediates reported in 1921 was 233 compared
with 236 in 1920. Of the total number reported in 1921, 49 were
reported for the first time. The new products are of special import-
ance in considering the progress of the industry, as they are required
in the manufacture of the more complex and faster types of dyes.
The development and commercial production of many of these inter-
mediates require the highest technical skill.

The manufacture of certain dyes, mostly of the vat and alizarin
^lass, which are now produced in this country either in small amounts

16 CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921.

or not at all, would require a greatly increased output of certain in-
termediates (for example, anthraquinone derivatives) and the initial
production of others. While in many cases these dyes are consumed
in relatively small quantities by our textile industry, they are never-
theless essential for the dyeing and- printing of a variety of textile
fabrics.

It should be borne in mind that the 1921 production figures of
intermediates do not take into account the stocks which were carried
over from the previous year and which were consumed in the prepa-
ration of dyes in 1921. The sale of intermediates in the United
States represents a relatively small part of the consumption on ac-
count of the fact that a large number of the manufacturers of dyes
make their own intermediates.

Reduced output of fundamental intermediates. — The most con-
spicuous change in the 1921 output of intermediates compared with
that of the previous year was the large general decrease in most
products, with a marked decrease in those intermediates which are
required in the largest quantities for the manufacture of dyes. A few
intermediates, representing new developments, showed a considerable
increase in production during 1921. The following include the more
important intermediates used in the preparation of the dyes which
represent the bulk of production in the United States; the percentages
show the decrease in the 1921 output frojn that of 1920:

Per cent.

Aniline oil 86

Benzidine (base and salt) 85

Gamma acid (2-amino-8-naphthol-6-sulfonic acid) 48

H acid (l-amino-8-naphthol-3 : 6-disulfonic acid) 68

a-Naphthylamine (also used in ore flotation) 92

b-Naphthol, technical 75

p-Nitroaniline '. 61

Benzene derivatives. — Aniline oil, prepared from benzene, is the
most important of all finished intermediates. It is used in the
manufacture of dyes of every class, based on method of application
and in most classes based on chemical constitution. Among the
dyes produced in large amounts which require aniline in their pro-
duction are Indigo, Direct Black E W, Agalma Black 10 B, Induline,
and Nigrosine. The production of aniline oil in 1921 was 5,639,234
pounds; the value and quantity of sales were, next to naphthalene,,
the highest of any intermediate and totaled 5,259,598 pounds valued
at $1,161,381. The production in 1920 was 39,234,186 pounds.
The production of aniline salt (aniline hydrochloride and aniline
sulfate) showed a large decrease from the output of 2,024,956 pounds
for the previous year. A large part of the aniline hydrochloride,
sold is consumed by the cotton dyer in the direct production of
" aniline black" on the fiber.

Dimethylaniline, a derivative prepared from aniline by treatment,
with methyl alcohol, is used in the manufacture of such important
basic dyes as Methyl Violet, Methylene Blue B, and Malachite.
Green. The output of this intermediate decreased from 5,447,107
pounds valued at $3,857,631 in 1920, to 566,286 pounds in 1921.
Total sak^s in 1921 were 390,931 pounds, valued at $210,910. The
output of dicthyhmiline, used in the manufacture of certain more ex-
pensive dyes, such as Brilliant Green, Acid Violet, and Patent Blue,,
was 32,812 pounds in 1921, an 82 per cent decrease from that of tha

CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS^ 1921. 17

previous year. The production of ethylbenzylaniline in 1921 was
16,949 pounds.

Acetanilide (technical) is used as an intermediate, a medicinal
(when purified) , a stabilizer for hydrogen peroxide, and an ingredi-
ent in cellulose ester dopes and lacquers. The output in 1921 was
1,152,713 pounds, compared with 2,667,252 pounds in 1920.

Benzidine, prepared by reduction of nitrobenzene (oil of myrbane)
is one of the most important intermediates used in the production
of the substantive or direct cotton dyes. The combined produc-
tion in 1921 of benzidine (base and sulfate) was 328,577 pounds, a
decrease of 85 per cent from that of the previous year. The sales
during 1921 totaled 277,388 pounds, valued at $235,076. The
output of dianisidine, used also in the preparation of direct cotton
dyes, showed a large decrease from that of 1920.

In 1921 the sales of phenol (carbolic acid) totaled 292,645 pounds
valued at $41,617. Phenol is used both in the manufacture of
dyes and other intermediates, such as salicylic acid, and also for
synthetic resins and medicinals. The production of salicylic acid
U. S. P. (the grade meeting the specifications of the United wStates
Pharmacopoeia) was 1,722,575 pounds in 1921, compared with 2,-
663,494 pounds in 1920. Sales for 1921 totaled 1,185,062 pounds
valued at $279,072. The technical grade of salicylic acid is used in
large amounts for the preparation of certain mordant and direct
cotton dyes. The output of this grade in 1921 was 1,777,752 pounds
and the sales amounted to 131,532 pounds, valued at $25,725.

The output of p-nitroaniline, an important intermediate used in
the preparation of "para red", both on cotton fiber and for color
lakes, and also in the manufacture of Diamine Green B and G, Aliza-
rine Yellow R, and certain sulfur dyes, decreased from 2,138,492
pounds in 1920 to 832,438 pounds in 1921, the sales in the latter
year being 621,559 pounds, valued at $526,403. Phenylhydrazine
p-sulfonic acid, used in the preparation of the yellow acid dye,
Tartrazine, showed a large decrease. The output of o-nitroanisole
and of the nitrochlorobenzenes showed marked decreases compared
with the previous year.

Triphenyl phosphate, a product used as a substitute for camphor
in pyroxylin plastics, first reported in 1920, showed a large decrease
in output in 1921. There was, however, a considerable output
of tricresylphosphate, which is used for the same purpose.

Of the aniline derivatives used chiefly as accelerators in the vul-
canization of rubber, thiocarbanilide decreased from 2,226,807
pounds in 1920 to 1,185,462 pounds in 1921. The sales in the
latter year were 376,368 pounds, valued at $157,046. Triphenyl
guanidine, a new accelerator of great promise, showed a large in-
creased output in 1921 over the previous year. Considerable quan-
tities of formanilide and anilidothiazol products were reported for
the first time.

Toluene derivatives. — The toluidines, used in the preparation of
magenta, safranine, the primulines and indamines, showed a large
decrease in production during 1921. The output of o-toluidine in
1921 was 208,505 pounds, a decrease of 84 per cent, while p-toluidine
totaled 268,629 pounds, a decrease of 70 per cent.

Tolidine and salts, used in the manufacture of direct cotton dyes
(mostly reds and bluef\, showed a large decrease in output in 1921.

18 CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC OEGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921.

The output of benzoic acid, U.S.P., in 1921 totaled 190,483 pounds,
the sales amounting to 29,734 pounds valued at $18,432. The out-
put of the technical grade reported for 1921 was only a small fraction
of the U.S.P. grade. The combined output of U.S.P. and tech-
nical benzoic acid for 1920 was 743,113 pounds. Benzoate of soda,
used largely as a food preservative, showed a reduction in output of
53 per cent; the production in 1921 was 381,154 pounds. The price
receded from 79 cents per pound in 1920 to 57 cents per pound in
1921. The sales for 1921 (413,595 pounds, valued at $236,784) ex-
ceeded the production.

Production of p-nitrotoluene-o-sulf onic acid showed a large increase
in 1921, totaling 321,264 pounds. This intermediate is used in the
manufacture of Direct Yellow R and other yellows of the stilbene
class. Another toluene derivative, m-nitro-p-toluidine, which is
sold to the textile trade under the name of Fast Red G base for the
production of a fast red on cotton, showed a production of 70,094
pounds. Production was also reported for p-nitro-o-toluidine, which
is sold for similar purposes under the name of Fast Scarlet G base.

Xylene derivatives. — The output of xylidine and xylidine salt, used
in the manufacture of Ponceau 2 R, Sudan II, and wool scarlets, de-
creased from 1,054,476 poimds in 1920 to 119,218 pounds in 1921.

NapJitJialene derivatives. — As in the case of the benzene derivatives,
the most important derivatives of this class showed large decreases
in output in 1921. The production of refined naphthalene (solidify-
ing 79° or above) reported to the Tariff Commission by firms primarily
engaged in tar distillation, totaled 13,553,777 pounds, a decrease of
55 per cent from that of 1920. The sales of naphthalene during 1921
were 13,183,142 pounds, valued at $740,955, the price decreasing from
$0. 08 in 1920 to $0. 06 per pound in 1921. This does not include
the output of naphthalene at the coke ovens, data for which are being
collected by the Geological Survey, but are not yet available for
publication.

b-Naphthol (technical) shows the largest output of any of the
naphthalene derivatives, namely, 2,959,049 pounds. This represents
a 75 per cent decrease from that of the previous year. This important
intermediate is consumed in large amounts in the preparation of a
variety of dyes, color lakes, and other intermediates, and in the pro-
duction of "Para red" on the fiber. The sales of b-naphthol for
1921 were 2,263,601 pounds, valued at $891,029. The price of b-
naphthol in 1921 was 39 cents per pound, a reduction of 8 cents
per pound from that of the previous year.

H acid (l-amino-8-naphthol-3:6-disulfonic acid) is one of the most
important intermediates derived from naphthalene. It is of particu-
lar importance in the manufacture of direct cotton and acid dyes.
The output in 1921 was 1,639,323 pounds, a decrease of 68 per cent
from that of the previous year. The sales for 1921 were 988,277
pounds, valued at $945,945. The 1920 price was $1.23 per pound,
while the 1921 figure had declined to 95 cents per pound.

Naphthionic acid (l-naphthylamine-4-sulfonic acid), used in the
preparation of direct cotton dyes and also for the manufacture of
Nevile and Winther's acid (l-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid), showed a pro-
duction of 832,850 pounds for 1921. l-amino-2-naplithol-4-sulfonic
acid, used largely in the preparation of Salicine Black, showed an out-
put of 449,996 pounds, a decrease of 54 per cent from that of the
previous year. The production of a-naphthylamine, used in the prep-

CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921. 19

aration of Fast Red B, Sulfoncyanine, Diamine Black F, and other
blacks, as well as for certain intermediates, was 429,035 pounds, a
92 per cent decrease from that of 1920. 2-naphthol-6 : 8-disulf onic
acid, consumed in the manufacture of Brilliant Croceine, Cochineal
Red A, Diamine Scarlet B, and Wool Green B S, decreased 73 per cent
in 1921, or to 396,926 pounds. The output of R acid (2-naphthol-
3 : 6-disulf onic acid), used chiefly in the preparation of Ponceau R
and also for .Amaranth, Fast Red B, and Palatine Chrome Red B, was
322,902 pounds, a 74 per cent decrease from that of 1920.

Phthalic anhydride, used in the preparation of fluorescein, the
cosines, rhodamines, and synthetic anthraquinone, showed a large
reduction from the output of 796,210 pounds in 1920. This inter-
mediate is of special importance, as it serves as a basis for the prepa-
ration of s3Tithetic anthraquinone, which in turn is used for the pro-
duction of vat and alizarin dyes.

Gamma acid (2-amino-8-naphthol-6-sulfonic acid), used in the
manufacture of direct cotton dyes, including Diamine Black B H,
Diamine Brown M, and Diamine Fast Red F, showed an output of
218-,717 pounds, a 48 per cent decrease from the previous year.
Other intermediates, which were reported in large quantities during
1921, showed the following decreases compared with the output of
1920: 2-naphthylamine-l-sulfonic acid, used for Lithol Red R, 54 per
cent decrease, and Nevile and Winther's acid (l-naphthol-4-sulfonic
acid), used for Azo Rubine, Congo Corinth, Benzoazurine G, Benzo
Blue B X, and Diamond Black F, 67 per cent decrease. b-Naphthyla-
mine showed a large reduction. Chicago acid (l-amino-8-naphthol-
2 : 4-disulf onic acid), used in the preparation of Chicago Blue 4 B and
R W and Brilliant Benzo Blue 6 B, also showed a considerable decrease.
The production of J acid (2-amino-5-naphthol-7-sulfonic acid),
which may be considered as a specialty intermediate used in the
preparation of the higher classes of direct dyes distinguished by
greater fastness to acids such as the benzo fast scarlets (first reported
in 1920), decreased slightly.

Production was reported in 1921 of two important intermediates
heretofore imported for use by the textile trade in the direct produc-
tion of bright fast shades on cotton by both printers and dyers.
These products were b-hydroxy-naphthoic anilide, known in the tex-
tile trade as Naphthol A S and b-hydroxy-napthoic toluide, sold under
the trade name of Naphthol B S. The fast shades produced from
these products in conjunction with certain other intermediates are
competitive with vat and alizarin dyed goods. The output of
l-amino-8-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid used in the preparation of some
of the faster direct blues showed a large increase in 1921. Production
figures, however, for this, as well as certain other products, can not
be published without revealing the individual operations of the manu-
facturer. Several new intermediates derived from naphthalene were
first reported in 1921, among these were di (l-naphthol-3-sulfonic)
urea, 2-nitro-naphthalene-4 : 8-disulf onic acid, and 1-naphthylamine-
2:4: 8-trisulf onic acid.

Anthracene derivatives. — While the technical progress of the
American dye industry in the development of new dyes and the
improvement of the quality of colors already derived from anthracene
was gratifying, the actual output of the intermediates and dyes
derived from anthracene was still considerably below domestic
requirements. The preparation of vat dyes, including the indan-

20 CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS^ 1921.

threnes and most of the algol colors, requires anthraquinone as a raw-
material. Alizarin and the alizarin derivatives also use anthra-
quinone. In either case anthraquinone may be prepared from
anthracene by oxidation, or may be synthesized from phthalic
anhydride and benzene. The vat colors except indigo constituted
24.6 per cent of our 1921 imports. A large part of these were
anthraquinone derivatives and future expansion to a well-balanced,
self-contained industry will require considerably increased output
in this field.

As was pointed out in 1920, the quantity of anthracene available,
together with the anthraquinone prepared by the synthetic process,
gives assurance that adequate supplies of this intermediate will be
available when needed for the increased output of vat and alizarin
colors.

The 1921 output of anthracene showed a large decrease from that
of the previous year. The production of anthrac^uinone for 1921
was 125,358 pounds and for 1920, 539,619 pounds, which represents
a 77 per cent decrease. It is understood, however, that the output
in 1921, while only a fraction of the rec{uirements of all anthra-
quinone dyes consumed in the United States, represents only a small
percentage of the domestic capacity for the manufacture of this
intermediate.

The production of b-amino anthraquinone, used in the manufac-
ture of vat dyes, decreased slightly in 1921 from the 1920 output
which was nine times greater than that of the previous year. Several
anthracjuinone derivatives were reported for the first time in 1921.

Imports of intermediates, 1921 — The imports of coal-tar products
entered for consumption during the years 1917 to 1921, inclusive,
may be found in Part V. These statistics are collected by the
Department of Commerce under the heads indicated in the tables.
The more noteworthy imports during 1921 include 261,645 pounds
of anthracene, purity of 25 per cent or more, with a value of $12,639,
a large decrease from 1920 w^hen 648,095 pounds w^ere imported.
The imports of anthrac{uinone in 1921 w^ere 127,427 pounds with a
value of $78,255, a large increase from the previous year w^hen only
13,053 pounds were imported. A shortage of these two products
existed as the result of the general reduction of manufacturing
programs, and the imports supplied a considerable part of the raw
material required for the preparation of vat an4 alizarin dyes derived
from these intermediates.

The imports of naphthalene (solidifying at 79° or above) in 1921
showed a large decrease from that of the previous year. In 1921,
441,685 pounds with a value of $31,458 were imported and in 1920,
3,695,562 pounds, with a value of $416,172. These figures show
that the large shortage of 1920, when the domestic demands were
above normal, was greatly reduced by a modification of the domestic
production program. The import of naphthol for 1921 was 333,356
pounds with a value of $192,922. This probably includes not only
alpha- and beta-naphthol but a number of the special naphthols
such as naphthol B S and A S used for the production of dyes on
the fi})er. No imports were given for naphthol during 1918 and

1919. The 1921 import of resorcinol was 109,658 pounds with a
value of $75,022, which was about double the quantity imported in

1920. Imports of other intermediates are relatively small, when
compared with domestic production.

•CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921. 21

Table 5. — Production and sales of coal-tar interynediates during 1921.

JThe numbers in the second column refer to the numbered alphabetical list of manufacturers printed on
page 79. An X signifies that the corresponding intermediates were made by a manufacturer who did
not consent to the publication of his name in connection therewith. Blanks in the third and fourth
columns indicate that there were sales of the corresponding intermediates in the United States during
1921, but that the figures can not be published without revealing information in regard to the sales of
individual firms. The blank space in the sixth column indicates that there was actual production of
the corresponding intermediates in the United States during 1921, but that the figures can not be pub-
lished without revealing information in regard to the output of individual firms. The details thus con-
cealed are, however, included in the totals. Reports have been received from all firms known to be
manufacturers.!

Manufacturers' identi-
fication number (ac-
cording to list on p.
79).

Sales, 1921.

Common name.

Quantity.

Value.

Average
price per
pound.

Production,
1921.

Total intermediates

Pounds.
33,637,326

1 8,483,463

$0.25

Pounds.
70,899,912

3,22,34, 112,124,145..
53, 64, 69, 114, 116, 145.

Acetanilide, tech ...

12,865

2,957

.23
1.35

1,152,713

Acetyl-p-phenylcnediamine {p-
aniino acetanilide).

84,742

34, 53, 145

10

53, 114, 116

27, 34, 53, 55, 69, 70, 72,

93, 114, 145.
27, 34, 53, 69, 72, 114,

117.
76, 110, 144 . ...

1.20
.70

49,763

Aminoazotoluene

35, 867

p-Aminobenzoic acid

p-Aminodimethylaniline. .

X

Aminodiphenvlamine-o-sulfonic

5

acid.
l-Amino-2-naphthol - 4 - sulfonic

22, 34, 53, 93, 117, 145,

X.
34, 114, 116

1.01

449, 996

acid.
l-Amino-8-naphthol - 4 - sulfonic

acid.
1-Amino- S-naphthol-2 : 4-disul-

53, 114

fonic acid (Chicago acid).
l-Amino-S-nai)hthol-3 : 6-disul-

fonic acid(H acid).
2-Amiiio-5-naphthoI- 7 - sulfonic

22, 53, 69, 109, 111, 114,

116, 117, 122.
53, 114, 116

988,277

945,945

.95

1,039,323

acid (J acid).
2-Amino-S-naphthol - 6 - sulfonic
acid (Gamma acid).

22,24,27,93, 114,116..
117

32,528

68,373

2.10

218,717

8, 144, 163,167

22,69, 114, 117, 167

9,366

21,581

2.30

.95

1.39

12, 775

o-Aminophenol-p-sulfonic acid.. .

54,355

p-Aminophenol and hydrochlo-
ride.
Aminophenyltolylamine sulfonic

8, 31, 53, 93, 116, 144,

163, 167.
116

40,587

56, 275

72,572

acid.
Aminosalicylic acid

24,45,53, 114

Anilido benzene thiazol and de-

X

rivatives.

24,27,53,108,112,114,

134, X, X.
24, 72, 114, X

5,259,598
366,533

1,161,381
97,225

.22

.27

5, 639, 234

Anihne salt (and sulphate) ....

Aniline for red

114

114, 116

Anthracene blue, base

114

Anthracene, refined

138

Anthranilic acid (o-aminoben-

.53, 61, 112, 160

1.67
1.59

35,616

zoic).

19, .53, 88, 114, 141, 156.
10, 69, 114

29,422

46,700

125,358

Anthraquinonc-1 : .i-disulfonic

acid.
Anthraquinone-1 : .5-and-l : 8-di-

116

sulfonic acid.
Anthraquiiione-2-sodium sulfo-

10, 19, 53, 116

nate (silver salt).
Anthraquinone-4:8-dini t r 0-1:5-

116

disulfonic acid.
Arsanilic acid

47

Benzalchloride and benzotrichlo-

61, X

ride.
Benzaldehyde

61,89,124, 143,162, X..
10, 53, 116

82,234

59,217

.72

66,365

Benzaiithr'one

Benzidine base and sulfate

Hi'iizoate of soda. . .

2,6,22,-53,70,111,114,
116, 161, X.

79, 124, 144, X, X

79, 124, 143, 144, X

277, 388

413,595
29,734

235, 076

236,784
18,432

.85

.57
.62

328,577
381,1.54

Benzoic acid, U. S. P

190,483

22 CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921.
Table 5. — Production and sales of coal-tar intermediates during 1921 — Continued.

Manufacturers' identi-
fication number (ac-
cording to list on p.
79).

Sales, 1921.

Common name.

Quantity.

Value.

Average
price per
pound.

Production,
192i.

Benzoic acid, tech

79, 144

Pounds.

Pounds.

Benzoyl benzoic acid

116

Benzoyl chloride

79

Benzyl acetate

X

Benzyl alcohol

89, 144, 150, 162, X,

k, X.
X

9,959

10, 142

1.02

17 152

Benzylamine

Benzyl chloride

61, 79, 124, 143, 162..

.28

473 296

Broenner's acid. (See 2-naph-

thylamine-6-sulfonic acid;.
Bromobenzene

61

Carbazole, refined

61

o-Chlorobenzaldehyde

114

Chlorobenzan throne

,3

Chlorobenzene (mono)

79,93, 143

.08

1,692,624

Chlorometanilic ac id

34

Chloronaphthalene

X

l-Chljro-8-naphlhol-3;e-disulfcni(

114

acid.
2-Chloro-5-nitrotoIuene-4-sulfomc

145

acid.
Chlorotoluene

114

2-Chloro-5-toliudine-4-sulfonicacic;

J7, 106, 145

Chromotropic acid. {See l:8-di-

hydroxy naphthalene-3:6-clisul-
fonic acid.
Cinnamic acid .... . .

89, 150, X, X .

807

2,538

3.14

778

Creosote oil, containing more

13, 46, 174

than 5 per cent tar acids.
Cresol, ortho, metaandpara....
o-Cresol, purity of 90 per cent or

more.
o-Cresotinic acid

17, 102

17, 151

X.

Dehydrothio-p-toluidine sulfonic

acid.

l:5-Diamino anthraquinone

2:6-D i am in o p h e n ol-4-sulfonic

acid.
Dianiinostilbene disulfonie acid.

59,64, 114, X

1.78

18,204

10

117

59, 114, 116

66,909

53, 114, 116

l-Diazo-2-napthol-4-sulfonic acid.

22,93, 117

116

5,116

93

p-Dichlorobenzene

53,79,93, 121,143

53

375,543

61,363

.16

402, 289

Diethylaniline

30, 53, 76, 114, 152

.97

32,812

l:.5-Dihydroxy-anlhraquinone. . .
l:5-Dihydroxy-4:8-dinitroanthra-

quinone-3:6-disulfonic acid.

l:5-Dihydroxynaphthalene

1 :8-D i h y d r oxynaphthalene-3:6-

disulfonic acid (chromotropic

acid).

114

116

69, 116, 117 . .

53, 114, 116. .

6, 24, 27, 53, 103,1 14, X..
114

390,931

210,910

.54

566, 286

Di( l-naph1hol-3-sulfonic)-urea.. . .

53.

114

Dinitrnbenzene

14, 24, 53, 114, 103

Ill

333, 528

72,007

.22

894.209

14 53, 09, 93, 111, 170..

.21

2, 408, 472 ■

110

110

Dinitroiiydro.x yphenylamine

116

110

14 09

117

14,53 55 05,72,114,116
53

182, 229

41, 500

.23

l,0l'i5,323

Diphcnylmetiiane and sulfonate .

114

114 .

114

Ethyl-|)-aiiiinoa(c(anilide

114

110

30, 53, 70, 152, 104. .....

l.CO

16,949

Ktliylbenzylariiliiie sulfonic acid.

30, 114

I

CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1Q21. 23
Table 5. — Production and sales of coal-tar intermediates during 1921 — Continued.

Common name.

Ethylbenzylaniline di sulfonic acid

Flavanthrene

Fluorescein

Form aldehy de-p-amino-dimethy-

laniline.
Formamlide

Gamma acid. (See 2-amino-8-

naphthol-'rsulfonic acid).
H Acid. {See l-amino-8-naph-

thol-3:6-disulfonic acid.)

m-Hydroxy benzaldehyde

b-Hy droxy naphthoic acid

b-Hydroxy naphthoic anilide

b-Hydroxy naphthoic toluide

p-Hydroxy phenyl arsonic acid

and sodium salt.

Indanthrene blue RS

Laurent's acid. (See 1-naphthy-

lamine-5-sulfonic acid.)

Metanilic acid

Methylene aniline

Methylene base

Methylene diphenyldiamine

Michler's hydrol. (SeeTetrameth-

yldiaminobenzhydrol. )
Michler's ketone, (SeeTetrame-

thyldiaminobenzophenone.)

Monoethylaniline

Naphthalene, solidifying 79° C.

or above (refined, flake).
Naphthalene-1 :5-disulfonic acid . .
Naphthalene-2:7-disulfonic acid..

a->faphthol

b-Naphthol, tech

b-Naphthol, U. S. P

l-Naphthol-4-sulfonic acid (Ne-

vile & Winther's acid).

l-NaphthoI-5-sulfonic acid

l-Naphthol-3:8-disulfonic acid. ..
l-Naphthol-3:6:S-trisulfonic acid. .

2-Naphthol-l-sulfonic acid

2-Naphthol-6-sulfonic acid

(Schaeffer's acid).

2-Naphthol-7-sulfonic acid

2-Naphthol-8-sulfonic acid

2-Naphthol-3:6-disulfonic acid

2-Naphthol-6:8-disulfonic acid..

a-Naphthylamine

b-Naphth"ylamine

l-Naphthylamine-4-suIfonic acid

(naphthionic acid).
l-Naphthylamine-5-sulfonic acid

(Laurent's acid).
l-Naphthylamine-6-sulfonic acid
l-Naphthylamine-6 and 7-sul-

fonic acid.
1-Naphthylamine-S-sulfonic acid.
l-Naphthylamine-2:4:S-trisul-

fonic acid.
l-Naphthylamine-3:8 - disulfonic

acid.
l-Naphthylamine-4: 8-disulfonic

acid.
l-Naphthylamine-3:6:8-t r i s u 1-

fonic acid.
2-Naphthylamine-l-sulfonic acid,
2-Naphthylamine-6-sulfonic acid

(Broenner'sacid).
2-Naphthylamine-4:8-disulfonic

acid.

Manufacturers' identi-
fication number (ac-
cording to list on p.
79).

30, 64..
116....
72, 114.
X

Sales, 1921.

Quantity.

Pounds.

145, X.

30

34, 53..

53

53

47, 105.

116....

5, 53, 55,72, 114,117, X.

X

53

X

30,53, 76, 114

13 17, 29, 99, 138, 143,

166, 174, X.
69

145

34,72, 80,114, 155

24, 27, 34, 53, 72, 130,

145.

24,130

2, 24, 27, 34, 45, 53, 114,

116, 117.

5,53,114,116,117

2

27,53,114,116

56,130

5, 34, 55, 69, 114, 116,
117.

34,145

X

2, 22, 24, 27, 34, 53, 54,

69, 114, 116, 117, 145,

146, 160, 164.
22, 24, 27, 34, 53, 54,

114, 145.

17,53,93, 116

34,53, 114, 130

2,27,45,53.72,93,114,

116, 117, X.
27, 53, 64, 69, 114, 117,

137.

53, 114

34, 116

53,64,69,114,117,137,
114

2,34,116

34,114,116

22,53,69,114,116,122.

5,34,56, 130, 145, X..
34,114,116

10, 570

13, 183, 142

2,263,601
6,' 680'

28,642

38, 736

Value.

8,876

740, 955

891,029
"'8,'i73'

43, 323

32,453

60,689

Average
price per
pound.

1.09
.06

L07
.39

1.22
1.45

.65

.61

.30
L13

.44

1.04

.39

1.57

Production,
1921.

Pounds,

50, 647

27, 479
13, 553, 777

95,735
2,959,049

182,595
92,571

178,906

'i68,'835

322,902

396,926

429,035
102, 079
832,850

166,616

533, 755

260, 823

2,026,003

149,014

24 CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921,
Table 5. — Production and sales of coal-tar intermediates during 1921 — Continued.

Manufacturers' identi-
fication number (ac-
cording to list on p.
79).

Sales, 1921.

Common name.

Quantity.

Value.

Average
price per
pound.

Production,
1921.

2-NaphthyIamine-5:7-disulfonic

53, 114, 116

Pounds.

Pounds.

acid.
2-Naphthylamine-6:8-disulfonic

22,53, 114, 116

$0.75
.63

247, 357

acid.
Nevile and Winther's acid. {See

l-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid.)
p-Nitroacetanilide

34,114,145, X

288, 748

Nitroaminophenol

69,167

m-NitroaniUne

53,163

p-Nitroaniline

6, 22, 34, 53, 116, 144,

145, 157, X.
5,53,64,69,145,167...

621,559

$526,403

.85
1.46

832,438

p-Nitroaniline-o-sulfonic acid

64,480

o-Nitroanisole

114, 116

m-Nitrobenzaldehyde

114

Nitrobenzene (oil of myrbane) . . .
Nitrobenzidine sulphate

24, 27, 53, 114, 116, 134,

X.
116

957,556

112,643

.12

7,443,192

p-Nitrobenzoic acid

144

m-Nitroeiilorobenzene

14

o-Nitrochlorobenzene

14, 112

p-Nitroclilorobenzene

14,53, 112, 114

119,495

27,202

.23

51,744

p-Nitroehlorobenzene-o-sulfonic

5, 53

acid.
p-Nitrochlorobenzene-6-suIfonic

145

acid.
8-Nitro-l-diazo-2-naphthol-4-sul-

22

fonicaeid.
3-Nitro-4-hvdroxyphenvI arsonic

47, 105, 110

acid.
Nitronaphtlialene

17,53, 116

2-NitronaphthaIene-4:8-d i s u 1-

34

fonic acid.
o-Nitropiieuol

8, 70, 163, 167

24, 368

15, 853

.65
.49

50,661

p-NitrophenoI

8, 53, 112, 116, 163, 167

86, 216

2-Nitrophenol-4-suJfonic acid

117

Nitrosobetanaphtliol .

X

Nitrosodimethylaniline

24, 53, 70 93, 114, 116,

151.
114

1.56

104, 690

p-Nitrosodimethylaniline

Nitrosophenol

14, 31, 69, 77, 93, 114,

157.
114

111,681

Nitrosulfoanthrarufin . . .

Nitrotoluene

14,34, 53,55, 72, 116, X

2, 342, 098

o-Nitrotoluene

14, 53,65, 114, 116, X..
5, 34, 64, 114, 116....

39, 054

3, 337

.09

727, 177

p-Nitrotoluene-o-sulfonic acid

321, 264

p-Nitrotoluene

14, 34, 53, 65, 114, 116,

X.
34, 53, 145

36, 886
45, 126

19. 185
125,768

.50
2.79

566, 551

m-Nit ro-p-toluidine. .

70,094

p-Nitro-o-toluidine .

160. . .

Nitroxylene

24,27,34, 116

191, 840

Oxalylarsanilic acid

110

Plienazine 1 93

Phenol ■" 17. 102. I4M

292, 645

41,617

.14

Phenyl-a-naphthylamiue

PhenyI-l-iiaphthyiamine-8- sul-

22, 53. . . .

53, 64, 69, 114, 117, 137

.98
1.06

204, 647

fonic acid.
m-Phenylenediamine

8,14,24,30,53,69,111,

114, 116, 163.
53

96, 777

102,919

301, 169

acid.
p-Phcnylcnediamine

144, 145, 157

124,954

212,613

1.70

Phenylglycine, sodium salt

114.

Phfiuylhydrazine-p-sulfonic acid
Phthalamide.

24,53...

160

Phtliaiic acid and anhydride

Picramic acid

53, 112, X.

202,471
35,706

79, 162
23, 858

.39
.67

22,24,53, 114, X

64, 114 126

254,904

Primuline

Quinolinp yellow, base

114

Resorcinol, U. S. P. and tech!!!!

114,127, 139, X

33,268

59,696

1.79

35,483

lio-ianiline

50

Salicyhc acid, U. S. P

SalicyHc acid, tech

52, 108, 112, 143, X

53,108,112, 143, X

1,185,062
131,532

279,072
25. 725

.24
.19

1,722,575
1,777,752

Schaelfer'.s acid. {See 2-naphthol-
6-sulfonicacid).

CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC OEGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921. 25
Table 5. — Production and sales of coal-tar intermediates during 1921 — Continued.

Manufacturers' identi-
fication number (ac-
cording to list on p.
79).

Sales, 1921.

CoTTiTTion name.

Quantity.

Value.

Average
price per
pound.

Production,
1921.

Sulfanilic acid

6, 24, 27, 34, 53, 69, 72,

114, 163.
83

Pownds.
171,117

$41,636

$0.24

Pounds.
1, 071, 904

o-Sulfobenzoic acid, chloride of. .

o-Sulfobenzoic acid and ammo-

83

nium salt.
Tetramethyldiaminobenzhydrol

CMichler's hydrol).
Tetramethyldiaminobenzophe-

none (Michler's ketone).
Tetramethyldiaminodiphenlyl-

methane.

53,54,64,69,114

58, 582

22,53

54,64

114,134,151,X,X,X...
53,111,114,116

376,368

157,046

.42

1, 185, 462

Tolidine and salts

Tolidine disulfonic acid

X

o-Toluene sulfamide

70,112

p-Toluene sulfamide

112

p-Toluene sulfochloride

p-Toluene sulfo ethyl ester

112

114

Toluidine

53,65, 114, X

148, 107
83,324
92,347

38, 128
21,065
52,985

.28
.25
.57
.50

o-Toluidine

14, 53, 65, 114, 116, X....
14, ;W, 53, 65, 114, 116, X.
6,53,72,114

208 505

p-Toluidine

268, 629

o-Toluidine sulfonic acid

33,923

p-Toluidine-o-sulfonic acid

m-Tolylenediamine

34

8, 14, 53, 55, 69, 93, 114,

116.
114

147,259

167,796

1.14

621,359

m-Tolylenediamine sulfonic acid.

p-Tolylenediamine

14

Tolylmethane

114

Tolyl-l-naphthylamine-8-sulfonic

114

acid.
Tricresyl phosphate

X

Triphenylguanidine

114

Triphenyl phosphate

142

Xylidine and salt

24,27,34,53,114,116....
116.

9,215

4,503

.49

119 218

Other intermediates

Research chemicals (see Table
No. 7).

58,70,132,151,169, X..

goi 18,334

i

20.35

2,012

Table 6. — Comparison of the production of coal-tar intermediates, 1920 and 1921.

Name.

Total production.

1921

1920

Quantity.

Quantity.

Pounds.

Pounds.

70,899,912

257,726,911

1, 152, 713

2,667,252

84, 742

97, 275

49,763

152,310

449,996

971,370

1,639,323

5,180,993

218,717

418, 456

72, 572

41, 474

5,639,234

39, 234, 186

125,358

539,619

66,365

702, 543

328,577

2, 183, 583

381, 154

812, 193

17, 152

38,807

473,296

1,246,412

1,692,624

4, S29, 142

778

11,517

18,204

51,961

66,909

142,227

402,289

465,292

32, 812

180,542

566,286

5, 447, 107

894,209

2, 492, 178

2,408,472

5,917,791

Total intermediates

Acetanilide, tech

Acetyl-p-phenylenediamine (p-amiuo acetanilide)

Amiuoazobenzene

l-Amino-2-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid

l-Amino-8-naphthol-3:6-disulfonic acid (H acid) . .
2-Aniino-8-naphthol-6-suIfonic acid (Gamma acid)

p-Aminopheuol and hydrochloride

Aniline oU

Anthraquinone ,

Benzaldehyde

Benzidine base and sulfate

Benzoate of soda ,

Benzyl alcohol

Benzyl chloride

Chlorobenzene (mono)

Cinnamic acid

Dehydrothio-p-toluidiiie sulfonic acid

Diaminostilbene disulfonic acid ,

p-Dichlorobenzene

Diethylaniline

Dimethylaniline

Dinitrobenzene

Dinitrochlorobenzene

541—22 3

26 CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921.
Table 6.— Comparison of the production of coal-tar intermediates, 1920 and 1921 — Con.

Name.

Dinitrotoluene

Ethylbenzylamline

Metanilic acid

Naplithalene, solidifying 79° C. or above (refined, flake).

b-Naphthol, tech ,

l-Naphthol-4-suIfonic acid (Nevile & Wmther's acid). ..

2-Naphthol-6-sulfonic acid (Schaeffer's acid)

2-NaphthoI-3:6-disiilfonic acid

2-Naphthol-6:8-disulfonic acid

a-Naphthylamine

l-Naphthylamine-4-sulfonic acid (naphthionic acid)

l-Naphthylamine-5-sulfonic acid ( Laurent's acid)

l-Naphithylamine-S-sulfonic acid

l-Naphthylamine-3:6:8-trisulfonic acid

2-Naphthylanune-l-su]fonlc acid

2-Naphthylamine-6:8-disulfonic acid

p-Nitroacetanilide

P-Nitroanilme ,

Nitrobenzene (oil of myrbane)

p-Nitrochlorobenzene

P-Nitrophenol

Nitrosodimethylaniline

Nitrosophenol

Nitrotoliiene

o-Nitrotoluene

p-Nitrotoluene

m-Nitro-p-toluidine

Nitroxylene

m-Phenylenediamirie

Picramic acid

Resorcinol, U. S. P. and tech

Salicylic acid, U. S. P

Salicylic acid, tech

Sulf anilic acid •.

Tetramethyldiaminobenzhydrol (Michler's hydro!)

Thioearbamlide ,

o-Toluidlne

p-ToluIdine

m-Tolylenediamlne

Xyliduie and salt

Total production.

1921
Quantity.

Pounds.
1, 065, 323
16, 949
50,647

13, 553, 777
2, 959, 049
182, 595
168, 835
322, 902
396,926
429, 035
832, 850
166, 616
533, 755

2, 026, 003
149, 014
247, 357
288, 748
832,438

7, 443, 192

51,744

86,216

104, 690

111,681

2, 342, 098
727, 177
566, 551
70,094
191,840
301, 169
254, 904
35, 483

1, 722, 575

1, 777, 752

1, 071, 904
58, 582

1, 185, 462
208, 505
268,629
621,359
119,218

1920
Quantity.

Pounds.

1, 847, 191

159, 636

499,304

30,230,734

11, 920, 714

561, 929

475, 243

1, 250, 674

1,446,605

5, 177, 547

3, 773, 191

294, 352

562, 939

3, 921, 950

325, 036

894, 624

569, 728

2, 138, 492

53,244,008

959, 405

125, 693

155, 986

167, 855

6,100,618

2, 173, 279

2, 004, 089

71,197

1, 649, 934

658,313

138,350

139, 315

2,663,494

3, 914, 163

1, 796, 838

88,583

2, 226, 807

1,302,097

894, 169

689,036

1,054,476

Table 7. — Production of coal-tar chemicals for sale for research and experimental

purposes, 1921.

Common name. .

Manufacturers'

identification

numbers.i

Sales.

Produc-
tion,
1921.

Pounds.

"Value.

Total

901

$18,334

Pounds.
2 012

58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58, 151
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58

Acetyl-m-aminobenzoic acid

Acetyl-p-aminobenzoic acid

Acetyl-o-aininophenol

Acetyl-D-anisidine

Acetylanthranilic acid

Acetyl-n-butylaniline

Acetyldiphenylamine

Acetyl-p-methylaminophenol

Acetylmethyl-o-foluidine

Acetylmethvl-p-toluidine

Acetylphenylglycine

Acetylphen vlbydrazine

Acetyl-n-propylaniline

Acetyl-o-toliiidine

Acetyl-p-toluidine

p-Aminoacetophenone

2-Amino-5-azfito]uene

2-Amino-5-azotolucne hydrochloride

m-Aminobenzoic acid

p-Aminobenzoic acid

p- Aminodimclhylaniline hydrochloride

See Table 5, p. 21, for explanation of the numbers.

CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, J 921. 27

Table 7 .-Production of coal-tar chemicals for sale for research and experimental
purposes, 1921— Continued.

Common name.

4-AminodiphenyI sulfate

5-AmLao-2-hydroxytoluene sulfate

m-Amlnophenol

4-Aminotoluene-2-siilfonic acid ." .' !

4-Amino-m-xylene \\

Amino-p-xylene '.'.'.'.'.'.

Anisic acid !.!!!!!! i

p-Anisidine '..'.'.'.'.'.

Anisole '..'.'..'.

Aurin

Azobenzene '.'.'..'..

Azoxybenzene '.'.'..'..'.'.'.

p-Benzalaminophenol !!!!!!

Benzalazine \[\\

Benzal chloride '.'.'.'...'.

Benzamide """."."

Benzanilide !.!!!!

Benzene fCryst., ThJophenVfree)".' '.

Benzeneazo-o-cresol

Benzenesulfochloride

Benzenesulfonamide [ ]

Benzidine, base .'."

Benzil '.'.'..'.

a-Benzil dioxime

BenzUic acid '.'.'.

Benzoic anhydride

Benzoin ". ' ] ' " '

Benzonitrile '.'.'....'.'.'.'.

Benzonhenone

dl-Benzoylalanine '..'...'..'.

Benzoyl bromide

Benzoyl carbinol '.'.'..'..

Benzoyl-a-naphthylamine. .......'.

Benzoyiperoxide

Benzoylpiperidine .....V..V^.

Benzylamine

p-Benzylaminophenol hydrochioride

Benzyl bromide

Benzylethyl ether

Benzylmethyl ether ..'.

p-BromoacetaniUde \\\

Bromoacetophenone

m-Bromoaniline '.'.'..'.

p-Bromoaniline '.'.\\

p-Bromoamline hydrochloride".

o-Bromobenzyl chloride

p-Bromobenzyl chloride

Bromocyclohexanol

Bromohydroquinol

a-Bromonaphthalene .'.'.".'.'.'."

b-Bronionaphthalene

p-Bromophenylhydrazme

p-Bromophen3lhydrazine hydrochloride

o-Bromotoluene

m-Broniotoluene "

p-Bromotoluene .'.".'. ] ' ]

n-Butylamine

n-Iiutyl benzoate

n-i5utylbenzyl ether ..'.

n-Butyl-o-cresyl ether ..W

n-Butyl-o-inethoxy benzoate

n-But,ylphenyl ether

n-Butyl sahcylate

n-ButyraniUde

Carbanilide '.'.'..'.'..'...'."

o-Carboxybenzeneazodimethyianiiine .".',']
o-Carboxybenzeneazodipropylaniline
Catechol

Chioranii ^ .!!!!..!!!!!

p-CliloroacetaniUde !!!.'."..!!.!...'

Chloroacetoplienone

o-Chloroanilme .!!!!!!!!!!!

p-Chloroaniline '.'.'..'.'.'.'.'.

o-Chlorobenzaldehyde. .."!.'!!!!!.'."!.'.

p-Chlorobenzaldehyde ...W/..V/.

o-Chlorobenzoic acid .'.."[

p-Chlorobenzoic acid ...'.......'..".

Manufacturers'

identification

numbers.

58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
151
58
58
58
58
58
58, 151
58, 151
58
58
58
58
169
58, 151
58
58,151
58
58,151
58
58
58
58
58
58
151
58
58, 151
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58, 151
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
151
151
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58

Sales.

Pounds. Value

Produc-
tion,
1921.

Pounds.

28 CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921.

Table 7. — Production of coal-tar chemicals for sale for research and experimental pur-poses,

1921— Qontinued.

Common name.

Manufacturers'

identification

numbers.

Sales.

Produc-
tion,
1921.

Pounds.

Value.

o-Chlorobenzyl bromide

58
58
58

58
58
58
58
58
58
58
151
58
58
58
58
58
58, 70, 151
58
58
58
58
58
58

58
58
58
58

151

151
58

151
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58

132
58,151

132
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58

151
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58

Pounds.

p-Chlorobenzyl bromide

o-Chlorobenzyl chloride

p-Chlorobenzyl chloride

Chlorocyclohexane

Chlorohydroquiuone

2-Chloio-5-hydroxytoluene '.

o-Chlorotohjene

p-ChlorotoIuene

3-Chlorotoluene-5-sulfonic acid

o-Cresol-sulfone-phthalein

o-Cresvl benzoate

m-Cresvl benzoate

o-Cresvlmethyl ether

m-Crasvlmethvl ether

p-Cresvlniethyl ether

Cupferron ( Ammoniimi nitroso-b-phenylhydroxylamine).

p-Cvanobenzoic acid

Cyclohexanone

Cyclohexene

Cvclohexyl acetate

Diacetyl-o-phenvlenediamine

p-p-Diaminodiplienvlmethane

2:5-Diaminotoluene "liydrochloride (Tolylene-2:5-diamine
hydrochloride)

Dibenzoylethylene diamine

Dibenzyl

Dibenzylamine. . .

Dibromothymolsulfonephthalein

Dibromo-o-cresol^ulfonephthalein

Dibromophenol

Di-n-butvlaniline . .

2:5-Dichlorobenzene sulfonic acid

■

Diethyl a-naphthvlamine

Di-a-naphthvl urea

Diethyl-o-toluidine

Diethyl-p-toluidine

"""i-

■ '4

Ethyl-m-nitrobenzoate

CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1021. 29

Table 7. — Production oj coal-tar chemicals for sale for research and experimental purposes,

1921— Continued.

Common name.

Ethylphenyl bromoacetate

Ethyl-o-toluidine

Ethyl-p-toluidiiie

Formanilide .'

Formyldiphenylamine ............

Hippuric acid

p-Hydrazinobenzoic acid

Hydroquinol diacetate

Hydroquinol dimethyl ether

Hydroqiiinol monomethyl ether . . .

p-Hydroxyazobenzene

p-Hydroxyphenylglycine

8-Hydroxyquinohne

p-IodoacetaniUde

p-Iodoaniline [

■ lodobenzene \

o-Iodobenzoic acid [,

p-Iodobenzoic acid

Lacmoid

o-Methoxybenzaldehyde ..........

o-Methoxybenzoic acid

6-MethoxyquinoIine ] .

MethylacetanUide ] .

Methylaniline [,

Methylanthranihc acid

5-Methylbenzoxazole

Methyleyclohexaiie

2-Methylcyclohexanol

3-MethyIcyclohexanol

Methylethylaniline

4-Methylcyclohexanol

Methyl-o-methoxybenzoate

Methyl methyl anthranilate

Methyl-a-naphthylamine

Methyl-o-nitrobehzoate

Methyl-m-nitrobenzoate

Methyl orange

Methyl-p-phenylenediamine ...

Methyl phenylhydrazine

6-Methylqiiinoline

Methyl"-o-toluidine '.'.'.'..'.

Methyl-p-tolyl ketone

b-Naphthalenesulfochloride ....

b-Naphthalene sulfonic acid

Naphthalene I otrachloride

b-Naphthaqiiinaldine ..'

a-Naphtholbenzein .".'.'.'

a-Naphthylamine acetate .'.'..'.

a-Naphthvlamine hydrochloride"

a-Naphthylamine sulfate

b-Naphlhylamine hydrochloride . . .

b-Naphthyl iso-amyl ether

3-Nitro -4-acetylaminotoluene. . .

Nitro-p-xylene

o-Nitroanihne ..'..'.

P-Nitroanisole

m-Nitrobenzyl chloride

m-Nitrobenzene sulfonic acid. .......

o-Ni trobenzoic acid

m-Ni trobenzoie acid

p-NKrobenzoic acid '...'.'....

m-Ni trobcnzoy 1 chloride .' . .' . ........

p-Nitrobenzoyl chloride

p-Nitrobenzyi bromide

p-Nitro)x>nzyl chloride .'.'..'.'!.'!!!

o-Nitrol)r(]mobonzene

ni-Niir(il)romolicnzene .',.'.

p-Ni I idl ir( niol lenzcne

m-NilnK'hlorolx'nzene

4-Nitrochlorol)enzene-2-sulfonic acid !

Nltrocymene

m-Nitrodimpt hylaniline.

P-Nitrodimelh.yhiniline

4-Nitrodiphenylamine

o-Nitroiodobenzenc

P-Nitroiodobenzene

P-Nitromethylacetanilide

m-NitrometliylaniUne

Manufacturers

identification

numbers.

58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
70, 151
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
151
58
58, 151
58
58
58
58
■ 58
58
58
58
132
132
132
132
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58, 151
151
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58

Sales.

Pounds

Value.

Produc-
tion,
1921.

Pounds.

30 CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921.

Table 7. — Production of coal-tar chemicals for sale for research and experimental

purposes, 1921 — Continued.

CoTTiTnon name.

Manufacturers'

identification

numbers.

Sales.

Produc-

Pounds.

Value.

1921.

l-Nitro-l-metliylcy.clohexane

58
58, 151
58
58
58

132
58
58, 151
58
58
58

151
58

151

132
58

151
58

151

58

132, 151

151
132, 151
58, 151

151
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58, 132, 151, X
58
58
58
58,169
58
58
58

151

58

58

58

58

58, 151

58

58, 151

58, 151

58

58

58

58

58

151
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58

151
58
58
58
58
58

151
58
58
58

Pounds.

p-^^it^ophenylhydrazine

fi-Nitroquinaldine

(i-Nitroquinoline

p-Nitrosodiethvlaniline

Nitrosodimethvlaniline hydrochloride

p-Nitrosodiphenvlamine

Nitroso-b-naphthol • .

m-Nitrotoluene

Orcinol

Oxanilide

Phenacetolin

Phenetole

Phenolsulfonephthalein

Phenol sulfonic acid

Phenvlacetvl chloride

Phenylalanine

Phenyl benzoate

Phenylbenzylhydrazine

o-Phenylenediamine hydrochloride

Phenylhydrazine

Phenylhvdrazine acetate

Phenylhydrazine p-sulfonic acid

Phenylhydroxylamine oxalate

Phenylmethyl carbinol

Phenyl phthalate

Phenylthiohydantoic acid

Phenyl-p-toluene sulfonate

Phenyl-p-tolyl ketone

Phloroglucinol

Phthalyl chloride

Picramie acid

Piperidine

Potassium benzene sulfonate

n-Propyl chlorocarbonate

Pyridine (pure)

Quinliydrone

Quinone

Resorcinol dimethyl ether

Resorcinol monomethyl ether

Sahcylamide.

Sodium benzene sulfonate

Tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine

CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921. 31

Table 7. — Production of coal-tar chemicals for sale for research and experimental

purposes, 1921 — Continued.

Common name.

Manufacturers'

identification

numbers.

Sales.

Produc-
tion,
1921.

Pounds.

Value.

p-ThiocresoI

58
58
58
151

58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58

151
58
58
58
58
58

151
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58

Pounds.

Thio-b-naphthol

Thiophenol

Thymolsulfonephthalein

p-Tolualdehyde.

p-Toluamide.

Toluene (thiophene free) .

p-Toluenesnl/onylmethylaniUne

p-Toluencsiilfonyl-p-toluidine

m-Toluidine

p-TolyLhydrazine hydrochloride

Tribenzylamine

2:4:6-Trinitrobenzaldehyde .

Trinitrobenzene. .

2:4:6-Trinitrobenzoic acid

Triphenylguanidine

Tyrosine

Veratrole

Xanthone

m-Xylene

o-Xylenol . .... ....

m-Xylenol

p-Xylenol

o-Xylyl bromide

o-Xylylene bromide

p-Xylylene bromide

Table 8. — Comparison of imports, 1914 and 1921, with the production of dyes, 1917

to 1921, inclusive, by classes.

19141

1917 2

1918 2

Class.

Imports-

Per cent
of total.

United

States

production.

Per cent
of total.

United

States

production.

Per cent
of total.

Acid

Pounds.
9, 286, 501
3, 002, 480

10,264,757
1,512,605
4.450,442
7, 0,53, 879

10, 352, 663

8, 407, 359

1,945,304

27, 568

20.2

6.5

22.3

3.3

9.7

15.4

22.5

18.3

4.2

.1

Pounds.

9,372,121

2, 073, 043

11,181,761

934,360

4,164,902

15,588,222

289, 296

274, 771

14, 525

2,368,541

20.4
4.5
24.3
2.2
9.1
33.9
.6
.55
.05
5.0

Pounds.
9,799,071
2, 879, 639

12,285,683
1, 068, 466
5,447,192

23,698,826

3,281,337

3, 083, 888

197, 449

4,232

16.8

Basic

4.9

Direct

21.1

Lake and spirit soluble

1.8

Mordant and chrome

9.3

Sulfur..

40.5

Vats (including indigo)

5.6

(a) Indigo

5.3

(6) Other vats

.3

Unclassified

Total

45,950,895

100.0

45,977,246

100.0

58,464,446

100.0

Class.

Acid

Basic

Direct

Lake and spirit soluble
Mordant and chrome. . .

Sulfur

Vats (inchiding indigo)

(a) Indigo

(6) Other vats

Unclassified

Total

1919:

Pounds.

12, 195, 968
4, 036, 532

14, 444, 934
1,813,199
3, 985, 050

17,624,418

9, 252, 982

8, 8C3, 824

389, 158

49, 111

63, 402, 194

Per cent
of total.

19.2

6.4

22.8

2.8

6.3

27.8

14.6

14.0

.6

.1

1920 2

United

States

production.

Pounds.

17,741,538

4, 993, 001

19, 882, 631

2, 205, 281

3, 900, 209

20, 034, 500

19, 338, 099

18, 178, 231

1, 159, 868

. 168,517

100. 0 88, 263, 776

Per cent
of total.

20.1

5.7

22.5

2.5

4.4

22.7

21.9

20.6

1.3

.2

Imports.

Per cent
of total.

Pounds.
733, 405
192, 163
571, 581

17, .527
709, 482
229, 140
932, 464
171, 101
761,363

16, 820

21.5
5.7

16.8
.5

20.9
6.7

27.4
5.0

22.4
.5

100.0 3,402,582

100.0

• Fiscal year

2 Calendar year.

32 CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921.

Table 8. — Comparison of imports, 1914 and 1921, with the production of dyes, 1917 to
1921, inclusive, by classes — Continued.

Class.

Acid

Basic

Direct

Lake and spirit soluble,
Mordant and chrome. . .

Sulfur

Vats (including indigo)

(a) Indiiro

(6) Other vats

Unclassified

Total

19212

United

States

production.

Pounds.

7, 843, 009

1,85.% 094

7, 053, 761

720, 406

3, 997, 442

10, 239, 2.55

7, 019, 120

6,673,968

345, 152

282, 603

39,008,690

Per cent
of total.

20.11

4.75

18.08

1.85

10.25

26. 25

17.99

17.11

.88

.72

100.00

Imports.

Pounds.

1, 455, 823

163, 527

537,664

43, 553

695, 961

220,938

1,116,345

70,975

1, 045, 370

19, 100

4,252,911

Per cent
of total.

34.24

3.84
12.64

1.02
16.36

5.20
26.25

1.66

24.59

.45

100.00

2 Calendar year.

Dyes and Other Finished Coal-Tar Products,
introductory.

The finished coal-tar products are divided into the following eight
classes: (1) Dyes, (2) color lakes, (3) photographic chemicals (devel-
opers), (4) medicinals, (5) flavors, (6) perfume materials, (7) syn-
thetic phenolic resins, (8) synthetic tanning materials. In previous
reports * the commission has emphasized the close relationship that
exists between the manufacture of explosives, poison gases, and dyes,
and the fact that many explosive plants since the signing of the
armistice have been converted into dye factories. The dye industry
is also closely connected with the manufacture of flavors, perfume
materials, photographic chemicals, medicinals, and other coal-tar prod-
ucts, which, although produced in smaller quantities than dyes, use
many of the by-products obtained in the manufacture of coal-tar dyes.

The production of dyes and other finished products during the
calendar year 1921 is shown in Table 18, page 62, in as great detail as
possible, without revealing the output of individual manufacturers.
In Table 19, page 72, the production of individual dyes in 1921 is com-
pared with tne output of the same dyes in 1920, in case the figures
could be published.

The total output of dyes and other finished coal-tar chemicals in
1921 by 147 firms was 51,457,565 pounds, compared with 112,942,227
pounds, valued at $112,731,547, by 161 firms in 1920. The total
sales of dyes and other finished coal-tar products in 1921 was 60,434,-
009 pounds, valued at $47,996,514. The 1921 production represents
a 54 per cent decrease from the quantity produced in 1920, and the
sales of 1921 constitute a 46.5 per cent decrease from the quantity
produced in the previous year.

DYES — SUMMARY OF PRODUCTION IN 1921.

The domestic production of dyes by 74 firms in 1921 was 39,008,690
pounds, a decrease of 56 per cent from that of 1920. The sales
during 1921 totaled 47,513,762 pounds with a value of $39,283,956.
The sales exceeded production by 22 per cent, indicating that part

» Census of Dyes and Coal-Tar Chemicals, 1917, 1918, 1919, and 1920.

CENSUS OF D^ES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921. 33

of the domestic consumption for 1921 was supplied from stocks car-
ried over from the previous year's abnormally high output. The
pre-war domestic production of coal-tar colors in 1914 by 7 firms
was 6,619,729 pounds with a value of $2,470,096 or 37 cents per
pound. These dyes were made almost entirely from intermediates
imported chiefly from Germany. The average price of all dyes sold in
1921 was 83 cents per pound, compared with S1.08 in 1920 and $1.26
for 1917.

As was stated under ''Intermediates," the greatly reduced out-
put of 1921 may be accounted for by (1) loss of most of our export
trade, (2) the large stocks carried over from the previous year, and
(3) the general business depression.

Indigo constituted 17 per cent of the total output in 1921, Sulphur
Black 20 per cent, and Agalma Black 10 B, 3.7 per cent. These
three dyes made up 40.8 per cent of the total quantity produced.
In general, each class of dyes (according to method of application)
showed large reductions in production. The progress of the year
included the manufacture for the first time in this country of a
considerable number of colors of greater complexity and more
specialized application. The development of these products is a
technical achievement, highly creditable to the industry. Many of
these new products were among the more unportant colors not here-
tofore manufactured in the United States and the domestic production
of these products is an important step toward a self-contained indus-
try. This progress has continued in the spring of 1922 and pro-
duction of new dyes has been reported in the first six months of
the latter year. The domestic dye industry is still somewhat defi-
cient, however, in the manufacture of vat dyes, alizarins, and certain
special types.

The relation of production to consumption. — The imports of dyes
during 1921 totaled 3,914,036 pounds with a value of $5,156,779.
This quantity is 10 per cent of the total production ^and 8.2 per cent
of the total sales of dyes for the same year. During 1*921 the domestic
exports of "aniline dyes" amounted to $5,067,000 in value and the
exports of " all other dyes and dyestuffs" (a large part of which were
undoubtedly coal-tar dyes) amounted to $1,203,155. The export of
" aniline dyes" was 16 per cent of the value of the domestic production
and the combined exports of ''aniline dyes" and "all other dyes and
dyestuffs" were 19 per cent of the domestic output. The tariff act
of September 8, 1916, provided that unless by September 8, 1921, the
domestic industry should produce 60 per cent of the value of the
domestic consumption, the specific duties on dyes should no longer
be assessed. In any event, the specific duties, beginning at said
date, were to be annually reduced by 20 per cent until such duties
should no longer be assessed. The portion of the tariff act of Sep-
tember 8, 1916, relating to these specific duties reads as follows:

"During the period of five years beginning five years after the
passage of this act such special duties shall be annually reduced by
20 per cent of the rate imposed by this section, so that at the end
of such period such special duties shall no longer be assessed, levied,
or collected; but if, at the expiration of five years from the date of'
the passage of this act, the President finds that there is not being
manufactured or produced within the United States as much as 60
per cent in value of the domestic consumption of the articles men-

34 CEisrsus or dyes and synthetic organic chemicals, 1921.

tioned in Groups II (intermediates) and III (dyes and other finished
p'roducts) of section 500, he shall by proclamation so declare, where-
upon the spe cial duties imposed by this section on such articles
shall no longer be assessed, levied, or collected."

It is evident, however, that the law is not clear or definite as to
whether this should be applied to individual dyes or to dyes taken as
a group. For the purpose of analysis it will be assumed that it
applies to dyes taken as a group and that domestic consumption is
represented by production plus imports minus exports. On this
basis of calculation the consumption of dyes during 1921 amounted
to $32,466,992, if the exports of "aniline dyes" alone are taken into
consideration; or to $31,263,853, if the exports include both "aniline
dyes and all other dyes and dyestuffs" (see page 48 for explanation
of exports of dyes). In the first case the domestic production of
dyes of $32,377,213 would represent 100.4 per cent of the domestic
consumption; in the latter case, 103.6 per cent of the total domestic
consumption.

The United States Tariff^ Commission, in conformity with the
President's request of October 27, 1917, to ascertain the facts on
which to base executive action under this provision of the law, sent
the following letter to the President on August 19, 1922:

The President:

Title V of the act of September 8, 1916, entitled "An act to increase revenue and
for other purposes," imposing duties on dyes and other chemical coal-tar products,
contains the following provision in section 501 :

"Diiring the period of five years beginning five years after the passage of this act,
such special duties shall be annually reduced by 20 per centum of the rate imposed
by this section, so that at the end of such period such special duties shall no longer
be assessed, levied, or collected; but if, at the expiration of five years from the date
of the passage of this act, the President finds that there is not being manufactured
or produced within the United States as much as 60 per centum in value of the domes-
tic consumption of the articles mentioned in Groups II and III of section 500, he shall
by proclamation so declare, whereupon the special duties imposed by this section
on such articles shall no longer be assessed, levied, or collected."

On October 27, 1917, the President requested the Tariff Commission to ascertain
the facts on which to base executive action under this provision of the law. The
Tariff Commission has therefore made a careful study of the progress of the American
industry by taking a census of the production of dyes and other coal-tar products
each year from 1917 to 1920, inclusive, together with a detailed analysis of imports
during 1919 and 1920. A report is inclosed which shows the status of the domestic
industry for the calendar year 1920.

The production of the articles provided for in Group II (coal-tar intermediates)
of the act referred to above, in the United States during the calendar year 1920,
amounted to $95,291,686, whereas during the same period the imports of these articles
had a value of only .$751,448, or less than 1 per cent of the value of the American
production. The production in the United States during 1920 of the articles provided
tor in Group III (dyes and other finished coal-tar chemicals) amounted to $112,165,865
in value, whereas the imports of these articles dm^ing the same period amounted to
$5,804,905, a little more than 5 per cent of the American production. Furthermore,
during 1920 exports of aniline dyes amounted to $22,450,480 and exports of "all other
dyes" consisting in part of synthetic dyes of coal-tar origin amounted to $7,373,111.
It is, therefore, clear that during 1920 the domestic production of the articles enu-
merated in Groups II and III was much in excess of 60 per cent of the domestic con-
sumption. Although complete statistical evidence as to production is not available
for any later period than the calendar year 1920, it is apparent that the importation
of these products has not increased during 1921 to such an extent that at the present
time less than CO per cent in value of the domestic consumption is supplied by domestic
production. The facts, therefore, do not call for the issuance of a proclamation
removing the specific duties under section 501 of said act.
Respectfully,

Thomas Walker Page, Chairman.

CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921. 35

On February 9, 1922, customs officers were instructed by the
Treasury Department to continue to assess specific duties at the
rates of 2^ cents per pound and 5 cents per pound under the pro-
visions of section 501 of the revenue act of 1916, leaving to final
decision upon protest the question whether the first reduction of
duty became effective in 1921 or in 1922. (T. D. 39007.)

In a decision by the Board of General Appraisers on April 25, 1922,
an importation of imitation amber composed of synthetic phenoHc
resin, which was withdrawn from warehouse between September 30,
1921, and December 7, 1921, was held to be entitled to a reduction
of 20 per cent on the special duty of 5 cents per pound imposed in
section 501 of the revenue act of 1916. (G. A. 8523, T. D. 39093.)

Production of Dyes by Classes.

The dyes produced in the United States during 1921 have been
classified according to method of application under the following
classes: (1) Acid dyes, (2) basic dyes, (3) direct dyes, (4) lake and
spirit soluble dyes, (5) mordant or chrome dyes, (6) sulfur dyes, (7)
vat dyes, subdivided into indigo and other vats, and (8) unclassified
dyes. While in certain cases, the classification of a color in one or
two classes is arbitrary, because a dye may have properties which
permit of its application by more than one method, it is believed that
the above classifications facilitate the interpretation and comparison
of production and import figures.

The production of dyes in the United States from 1917 to 1921,
inclusive, and imports during the fiscal year 1914 and the calendar
years 1920 and 1921 are arranged according to the above classes in
Table 9, and they are also shown graphically in Figure 1.

ACID DYES.

Description. — The acid dyes are commonly dyed in an acid bath,
they have acid properties and are usually sodium salts of a color
acid. They constitute the most important group used in wool
dyeing; they have, in addition, considerable application on silk.
With few exceptions, they are little used on cotton or linen on account
of their lack of affinity for vegetable fibers. The acid dyes are of
value in the dyeing of jute. On wool they are used in dyeing suit-
ings, dress goods, knitting, hosiery, carpet yarns, and hat materials,
their great use being confined to goods not requiring repeated
wasliings.

In general, acid dyes yield clear, bright shades, superior to the
direct and mordant dyes in purity of shade, but are not equal to
basic dyes in this respect. They have a wide color range, and vary
greatly in both fastness and cost. In fastness, the acid colors show
great individual variation; as a rule they are fair to light and acids,
but have a tendency to bleed in washing. On wool they yield faster
shades than on silk. Some of the more complex acid dyes produce
shades of good general fastness. A considerable part of this group
includes the lowest priced dyes produced. Their method of appli-
cation in an acid bath is simple and of low labor cost.
f' The line of demarcation between acid dyes and certain colors of
the direct and mordant groups, is arbitrary. Certain acid dyes may

36

CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921.

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CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1P21. 37

be ''after treated" with sodium or potassium dichromate, thereby
yielding shades of good fastness to milUng, light, washing, and other
agents. These dyes, known as acid chrome colors, are used mostly
on wool and are important for shades fast to milling on loose wool
yarns and piece goods, particularly men's suitings. Most of the acid
dyes are chemically included in one of the following groups: (1) nitro
compounds; (2) azo compounds; (3) sulfonated basic dyes (mostly
triphenylmethane derivatives) .

Production. — This class ranks second in quantity produced (sulfur
dyes were first), totaling 7,843,009 pounds, or 20.1 per cent of the
total output in 1921 as compared with 17,741,538 pounds in 1920.
The 1921 imports of acid dyes were the highest of any class, namely,
1,455,823 pounds, or 34.24 per cent of the total importation and 18.5
per cent of the domestic output. In 1920 the imports of this class
amounted to 733,405 pounds, and the pre-war import (1914, fiscal
year) amounted to 9,286,^01 pounds.

The leading acid dyes from the standpoint of quantity produced
include Agalma Black 10 B, Orange II, Nigrosine (water soluble).
Indigo Extract, and Tartrazine. The production of Agalma Black
10 B was 1,426,194 pounds, a 45 per cent decrease from 1920; the
sales exceeded the output by 261,617 pounds. This color made up
18 per cent of the acid dyes and 3.7 per cent of the total dyes pro-
duced during 1921. The output of Orange II was 922,326 pounds;
that of Nigrosine (water soluble) was 626,706 pounds, a 77 per cent
decrease from last year; the sales (846,537 pounds), however, exceeded
the production. Indigo Extract, with a production of 585,931 pounds,
showed a 58 per cent decrease from that of last year; the sales
totaled 723,025 pounds. Tartrazine had an output of 559,134
pounds, a 20 per cent decrease from that of 1920. These five colors
have been produced in large quantities since 1917 and the yearly
production of each has exceeded the imports of 1914.

Sulphoncyanine G had an output in 1921 of 365,998 pounds, a
considerable reduction from that of 1920 when the figures could not
be published. Azo Rubine had an output of 232,216 pounds, a 50
per cent decrease from that of 1920, and slightly gi'eater than the
1914 imports. The production of Ponceau 2 R, a color showing a
large annual output since 1917, amounted to 178,272 pounds and
the sales were 248,059 pounds. Wool Green S was first produced in
(quantity in 1920, when the output was 212,362 pounds. The output
in 1921 was 164,581 pounds, and the price receded from $4.99 per
pound in 1920 to S1.88 per pound in 1921. Fast Red VR, Azo Yellow,
Fast Red A, and Sulphon Acid Blue R were also produced in large
quantities in 1921.

Important additions to this class were made in 1921, and further
developments in the production of new acid colors were announced
in the first six months of 1922, thus giving a more complete variety
of acid dyes of domestic manufacture. New acid dyes reported in
1921 were Fast Light Yellow, Xylene Yellow, Azo Fuchsine B, Lanacyl
Violet B, Acid Brown, Jet Black R, Biebrich Patent Black, Acid An-
thracene Red, Patent Blue and Patent Blue A, Acid Violet 6 B N, and
Quinoline Yellow. Many of these newly developed colors showed con-
siderable importation during 1921. The production of these colors
in this country is an important development.

38 CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921.

Among the more important acid dyes consumed in the United
States during 1921, for which no production was reported in that
year, are Alizarin Direct Green G (produced in this country in 1922),
Wool Blue R L, Alizarin Astrol, Fast Green, Erio Chrome Azurol,
Xylene Blue V S, and Cloth Fast Blue.

SULFUR DYES.

Description. — This group of dyes is used almost entirely in cotton
dyeing, principally for heavy, deep shades, such as blues, greens,
browns, and blacks. Sulfur colors are also used in the dyeing of
linen and artificial silk. They are of great importance in cotton dye-
ing for uniform cloths, hosiery, gingham yarns, and cotton warps to
be woven with wool and later dyed with acid dyes. The greatly
extended use of sulfur dyes during the war served to increase perma-
nently their application in cotton dyeing. .

As a class, the sulfur dyes possess excellent fastness to washing,
fulling, alkalies, and acids in cross dyeing. With some exceptions,
their fastness to light is good. As they are not fast to chlorine, they
do not withstand the repeated bleaching action of hypochlorites in
the modern laundry treatment. They are applied in a sodium sul-
fide solution; the dyeings are after treated in certain cases with
metallic salts to improve their fastness. The first dye discovered in
this group, '^Cachou de Laval," was made by the fusion of sawdust
with sodium sulfide and sulfur in 1867. They are now prepared by the
fusion of various intermediates (containing the nitro, amino, or imino
groups) with sodium sulfide and sulfur. The sulfur dyes are not
pure, distinct compounds, and the presence of other substances ren-
der them of comparatively low color value. Recent developments,
however, have greatly increased the tinctorial value and range of
shade of many of these dyes.

Production. — This class, since 1917, has led in quantity produced.
The 1921 output was 10,239,255 pounds, or 26.25 per cent of the
total production. The domestic output has in each of the five years
since 1917 exceeded the pre-war imports of 1914. The manufacture
of these colors is exceptionally well developed in the United States,
as is indicated by the relatively small import of 220,938 pounds dur-
ing 1921, constituting 5.2 per cent of the total coal-tar dye impor-
tations.

Since 1917, with the exception of 1920, when Indigo led. Sulphur
Black has been produced in the largest quantity. In 1921 the output
was 7,832,696 pounds, and the sales 9,277,525 pounds, valued at
$2,156,525. The price of this color receded from 60 cents per pound
in 1917 to 23 cents in 1921, and on May 1, 1922, it sold for 18 cents
per pound.

The output of sulfur browns totaled 1,159,115 pounds, with sales
of 997,581 pounds, valued at $384,366. This was slightly in excess
of 1920. The production of sulfur blues was 190,621 pounds, and
the sales, due to the stocks carried over from the previous year's
production, amounted to 544,931 pounds, valued at $351,424. The
output of Sulphur Maroon increased from 133,407 pounds in 1920
to 230,773 pounds in 1921. Several new sulfur greens, blues, and
yellows were first produced in the United States in 1921. The five
largest sulfur dyes imported were: Cross Dye Green, 51,074 pounds

CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921. 39

(this color gives a green of great clearness) ; Thionol Yellow, 35,240
pounds; Thionol Brown, 20,632 pounds; Eclipse Brown, 21,248
pounds; and Thionol Green D Y, 16,600 pounds. With the exception
of Eclipse Brown, which is a Swiss color, these dyes were of English
manufacture.

VAT DYES.

Description. — This class of dyes, on account of their exceptional
fastness, variety, and beauty of shade, is of special importance for
cotton goods, where laundry-fast dyes are necessary. They are used
on both dyed and printed shirtings, blouse material, dress goods,
ginghams, muslin curtains, and other cotton wash goods. On
account of their high cost, they are used largely for colored stripes
or small printed patterns on white fabrics, and have comparatively
limited use for solid or heavy shades. They possess technical
advantages in application over the alizarin mordant dyes. Vat
dyes are used to some extent on silk, but have, with a few exceptions,
small application on wool, chiefly on account of the injurious action
of the alKaline dye bath.

The vat dyes as a class possess exceptional fastness to light, wash-
ing, acids, alkalies, and in most cases to chlorine. Certain vat dyes
possess good fastness to only a part of these agents. No other class
of dyes possesses a corresponding fastness to chlorine. The use of
vat dyes is increasing, and they promise to be of greater importance
in the cotton dyeing and printing industry as their comparatively
high cost is reduced. The vat dyes are insoluble in water. They are
applied by reducing in an alkaline solution (with hydrosulfite) to a
soluble form which is taken up by the fiber and is subsequently con-
verted to the original insoluble form by exposure to air. The term
"vat" originated from the fact that these dyes are applied in a
relatively large volume of water at about 120° F., whereas most
other dyes are applied with a small volume of water at a higher
temperature. The old indigo dye bath was kno^vn as a vat.

Vat dyes are of recent origin, except indigo, which is one of the
oldest dyes known. They are difficult to manufacture, of relatively
high cost, and are among the most complex dyes manufactured. .
Chemically, they are divided into indigoids (including thioindigoids),
anthraquinone derivatives, and the carbazole derivatives. Members
of each of these classes were made in the United States during 1921,
with the exception of the thioindigoids, which include scarlets and
reds.

Production. — The total production in 1921 of "vat dyes, including
indigo," Avas 7,019,120 pounds, compared with 19,338,099 pounds for
1920. The output of indigo alone for 1921 was 6,673,968 pounds as
against 18,178,231 pounds for 1920, when this country enjoyed a
large export trade in this dye. The 1921 sales of indigo exceeded the
production, totahng 9,413,308 pounds, with a value of S4, 2.57, 572.
The production of indigo in 1921 was 17 per cent of the total output of
dyes during that year. The 1914 importation of indigo was 8,507,359
pounds. During that year our total consumption was imported, as
indigo was not commercially produced in the United ^States previous
to the war. The price of domestic indigo in 1917 was $1.42 a pound
and in 1921, 45 cents. The selling price for May 1, 1922, showed fur-
ther reduction to 30 cents per pound. The pre-war (fiscal year

40 CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921.

1914) invoice price was 13 cents per pound; this does not represent
the cost to the consumer, as the profits of the importer must be added
to this figure.

The production of vat dyes, other than indigo, in 1921 was 345,152
pounds, a 70 per cent decrease from 1920. The chief cause of the
large domestic decrease in output was the great reduction in output
of the brom indigos, which were produced in the previous year in
large amounts, partly for the export trade. Indanthrene Blue
G C D is the most important vat dye, other than indigo, and led in
quantity produced, showing a considerable increase in output over
the previous year. Indanthrene Dark Blue B O ranked second in
quantity produced, with a large increase over the previous year.
The production figures can not be published without revealing the
operations of individual manufacturers. The production of Indan-
threne Yellow, Brown B, and Green B decreased from that of the
previous year.

In 1921 the total imports of vat dyes, other than indigo, was
1,045,370 pounds, compared with a domestic production of 345,152
pounds. This class represents the most conspicuous deficit in the
domestic manufacturing program. They are complex and difficult
to manufacture, as the investment for equipment is high and the
profit is relatively small. Although in 1914 this class made up only
4.2 per cent of the imports, these dyes are nevertheless indispensable
to the textile trade for fast shades on cotton. They were naturally
left to the last in the domestic program, on account of their high
cost and small consumption. While the domestic production is not
adequate, it is believed that the technical developments during the
last year place the manufacturers in a better position for rapid
expansion.

In January, 1922, a new vat dye, Indanthrene Blue B C S, was
imported. This is very similar to Indanthrene Blue G C D in its
general properties, offering, however, a better fastness to chlorine.
Within five months of the first importation of this dye two domestic
manufacturers had conducted research and were manufacturing it on
a commercial scale. Their capacity in May^ 1922, indicates that they
can soon meet domestic requirements. This achievement shows that
domestic producers can meet the technical problems in the produc-
tion of this class of dyes.

Production of Algol Yellow W G and Algol Red R was reported for
the first time in 1921. With the exception of the latter color, there
has been no domestic production of the vat pinks, scarlets, and reds.
It is reported, however, that the experimental and semi-manufactur-
ing scale work has been completed on vat pinks and that the man-
ufacturer is ready to produce them on a commercial scale in case
conditions are favorable.

The first nine vat dyes in order of quantity imported are: Indan-
threne Blue G C D (single strength), 201,835 pounds; Hvdron Blue
(single strength), 146,072 pounds; Ciba Blue 2 B, 99,937 pounds;
Indigo (20 per cent paste), 70,975 pounds; Indanthrene Golden Orange
R, 56,390 pounds; Indanthrene Violet 2 R, 52,083 pounds; Indan-
threne Yellow, 49,609 pounds; Indanthrene Golden Orange G (single
strength), 33,423 pounds; Helindone Pink (paste), 31,813 pounds.

ce:n^sus of dyes and synthetic organic chemicals,, 1921. 41

direct cotton dyes.

Description. — The direct or substantive dyes were introduced
within the past 25 years. Their method of appHcation is simple, as
they dye vegetable fibers full shades in a neutral or alkaline bath,
''directly," without the use of mordants. The greatest application
of this class of dyes is on cotton, in addition they are used on linen,
silk, paper, and wool. Direct dyes are of special value in dyeing fabrics
containing both cotton and wool (union goods) or silk and cotton.
The use of this class of colors on wool is gradually increasing, .espe-
cially for knitting, worsted and shoddy yarns and loose wool.

The fastness of the individual dyes of this group shows a wide
variation. On account of their high solubility they have a tendency
to run when washed. Many direct dyes, particularly those first
introduced, are sensitive to acids and fade on exposure to sunlight;
others, especially the newer direct dyes, have good fastness to both
acids and light and other agents. Certain direct colors are of good
fastness, particularly to washing, following a treatment on the dyed
fiber by ''coupling" with certain intermediates. An after treatment
with metallic salts or formaldehyde also improves the fastness of
certain direct dyes. These "developed" direct dyes were not avail-
able in the early part of the war, and the use of the ordinary direct
dyes by the hosiery dyers was a cause of much dissatisfaction on the
part of the consumer. Developed blacks, such as Zambezi Black V,
are now manufactured in this country for this purpose.

With a few exceptions the direct dyes are chemically "azo" com-
pounds and are nearly all derivatives of benzidine, tolidine, diamino
stilbene, or a group closely approximating one of these. A small but
valuable group of direct colors belong in the thiazol class.

Production. — Direct dyes rank third in quantity of output, totaling
in 1921 7,053,761 pounds, or 18.08 per cent of the total dyes manu-
factured in that year. In 1920 this class totaled 19,882,631 pounds,
or 22.5 per cent of the total dyes produced. The imports of direct
dyes in 1921 amounted to 537,664 pounds, or 12.6 per cent of the
total quantity of dyes imported. The imports of this class in a pre-
war year (1914 fiscal) were 10,264,757 pounds, or 22.3 per cent of the
total. Significant progress was made in this class in the production
of new direct colors not heretofore reported. The domestic program
is still lacking in the production of certain "developed" direct dyes.

The largest direct dye in quantity produced and value of sales was
Direct Deep Black EW. The output in 1921 was 2,229,842 pounds,
and the sales were 4,073,425 pounds, valued at $3,225,152, or an
average value of 79 cents per pound. The 1921 output represents a
71 per cent decrease from that of 1920. This color made up 5.7 per
cent of all the dyes produced in 1921 and 31.6 per cent of the produc-
tion of direct cotton dyes. Imports of this type in 1914 were
1,246,536 pounds, and in 1921, 11,102 pounds were imported. Benzo
Blue 2B ranked second with an output of 571,217 pounds, a 68 per
cent decrease from last year. The sales in 1921 were 803,548 pounds,
with a value of S557,457. The output of this color has ranged from
1,380,335 to 1,789,774 pounds per year in the period 1917 to 1920.

Benzamine Brown 3 GO ranked third in quantity of output —
491,347 pounds — and the sales were 544,933 pounds, valued at
$624,377. Erie Direct Black RX with a production of 298,516 pounds

541—22 4

42 CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921.

ranked fourth in this class. The sales totaled 335,508 pounds,
valued at $239,572. This dye was first rei)orted in 1919. In 1920
it showed the largest increase of any individual dye except Indigo,
the production totaling 2,050,741 pounds in that year, when it was
exported in large amounts.

Other important direct dyes showing a large output included
Oxamine Black BHN, output 281,852, sales 485,241 pounds, valued
at $720,350; Congo Brown G, output 213,403 pounds. During 1920
Congo Ked was exported in large amounts to India, and our production
during that year amounted to 1,502,630 pounds. In 1921, however,
with a loss of most of this export trade, the production declined to
207,655 pounds, a decrease of 86 per cent from that of 1920. The
dyes Oxamine Green B and Direct Yellow R were each produced in
excess of 153,000 pounds.

Among the new direct cotton dyes first reported in 1921 were:
Benzo Fast Scarlet 4BS, 8BS, GS, which were reported in considerable
quantity; Benzo Fast Yellow 5GL, Benzo Fast Pink 2BL, Diamine
Black KO, Benzo Cyanine R, Diamine Black RO, Oxamine Blue B,
Oxamine Copper Blue RRX, Oxamine Light Green G, Benzo Fast
Black L, Benzo Fast Gray, Diamine Bordeaux B.

The six most important direct cotton dyes in quantity imported
in 1921 were Trisulpnon Brown, 38,558 pounds; Trisulphon Brown GG,
22,872 pounds; Diamiribgen Blue, 17,308 poimds; Chicago Blue 6B,
13,788 pounds; Diamine Scarlet, 12,399 pounds; Direct Deep Black,
11,102 pounds; Benzo Fast Scarlet, 10,973 pounds.

MORDANT AND CHROME DYES.

Description. — These colors dye both vegetable and animal fibers
in conjunction with metallic mordants, such as salts of chromium,
aluminum, iron, and tin. The resulting shades are, in general, of
exceptional fastness to color-destroj^ing agents. The mordant dyes
yield on wool the fastest shades to light, washing, and other agents.
They are also important in textile printing, particularly on cotton
piece goods. This class is of relatively small importance on silk.

The mordant dyes are frequently designated as chrome colors.
As many of these colors were derived from alizarin, they were for-
merly called alizarin dyes. The true alizarins are used mostly
with a mordant; some of the new alizarin dyes can be used with or
without a mordant ; the latter are known as acid alizarins. In the appli-
cation of chrome dyes on wool, the mordant may be applied before,
during, or after the dy;eing operation. There is little differentiation
between some acid, acid chrome, and chrome colors, as certain dyes
may be applied hj either of two nethods. The labor cost of dyemg
with this class is higher than for other groups.

The most important dye of this class, alizarin, is used in the pro-
duction of the well-known Turkey red on cotton. This is one of
the oldest dyed shades which was produced in ancient times by the
use of madder root. For about 50 years alizarin has been prepared
synthetically from anthracene.

Chemically, the mordant dyes include members of the following
chemical classes: (1) Anthracene, (2) azo, (3) oxazine, (4) triphenyl-
methane, (5) nitroso, (6) oxyquinone, and (7) xanthone.

Production. — ^The production of this class in 1921 was 3,997,442
pounds or 10.25 per cent of the total quantity of dyes manufactured

CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921. 43

in that year. This quantity is a 2.5 per cent increase from that of
1920. The 1921 unports of this class were 695,901 pounds or 16.36

Eer cent of the total quantity of dyes imported. This importation,
owever, represents a comparatively large percentage, namely 17 per
cent, of the quantity of this class produced. During the pre-war year,
1914, 4,450,442 pounds of this class were imported, or 9.7 per cent of
the total importation. The quantity and variety of the mordant
and chrome dyes manufactured in the United States is still insuffi-
cient for the normal needs of the textile trade. Definite and en-
couraging progress was made, however, in 1921 in the manufacture
of dyes of tliis class. Many colors of this group are not identified, as
they are not included in the Schultz tables and are consequently
included only in the grand totals.

Sahcine Black U led in quantity produced with an output of 1,523,-
220 pounds and a sales of 1,426,550 pounds, with a value of $1,073,119
or 75 cents per pound. This color was fourth in quantity of all dyes
manufactured in 1921, and made up 38 per cent of the total quantity
of mordant and chrome dyes. The production of 1921 represents a
42 per cent increase from that of 1920. Metacln-ome Brown B was
second of this group in quantity produced, with an output of 474,128
pounds, an increase of 145 per cent over that of the previous year.
Alizarin Yellow G ranks third, with a production of 271,285 pounds,
a 28 per cent increase over the production of 1920. In 1918 the out-
put of tliis color reached 2,233,208 pounds, the maximum for any
year, when it was in demand for dyeing Army woolen uniforms.
The production of Gallocyanine was 140,064 pounds in 1921. The
maximum output of this color was in 1917, when it was used in large
amounts for dyeing Navy uniform cloth.

Other mordant or chrome dyes showing a large production include
Alizarin Yellow R, Palatine Clu-ome Brown, diamond blacks. Mordant
Yellow, and AHzarin Brown. Alizarin, with domestic sales of 34,236
pounds and an import of 136,283 pounds, is one of the essential dyes
of this group not yet produced in sufficient amounts for domestic
requirements. This color, in addition to its use as a dye, serves also
as an intermediate for the production of certain other dyes not yet
manufactured in this country in adequate quantities. New dyes
of the mordant and chrome class reported for the first time include
Cloth Red 3 G, Cloth Red G, Diamond Green, and several colors not
listed in Schultz tables.

Individual dyes of this group were among the largest importations

of dyes during 1921. The imports of four mordant and chrome colors

amounted to nearly 600,000 pounds. The six largest colors of this

class imported are Erio Chrome Black A, 224,002 pounds, the largest

I import of any individual dye; Alizarin, 136,283 pounds, ranking fourth

I in quantity of all dyes imported ; Erio Chrome Black T, 132,388 pounds;

! Anthracene Blue WR, 107,769 pounds; Alizarin Blue Black, 43,277

j pounds; and Erio Chrome Blue Black 38,226 pounds.

1

j BASIC DYES.

j Description. — The basic dyes are characterized by their depth,
i brilliancy of shade, and' purity of tone, surpassing all other classes of
1 dyes in these respects. They possess high tinctorial power, but as a
I class lack fastness, especially to light and washing. Basic colors are

44 CElsrSUS OF dyes and synthetic organic chemicals, 1921.

used on cotton in dyeing and printing, where bright shades or color
tints are desired without special requirements for fastness.

The basic dyes are used in the dyeing of paper and jute and also for
lithographic inks, typewriter ribbons, copy paper, and pencils. These
colors have little application on wool, with the exception of rhoda-
mine B and a few others. Basic dyes are chemically basic in character
and are fixed on vegetable fibers with an acid mordant, namely,
tannic acid.

This class is historically the oldest of the coal-tar dyes. Mauvine
or Perkin violet, discovered by W. H, Perkin in 1856, was the first
aniline dyestuff produced on a commercial scale. Basic dyes are not
at present as important as formerly. This is due to a considerable
extent to the replacement of these colors for cotton dyeing by direct
dyes and sulphur dyes, both of which have advantages in economy of
application and in many cases possess better fastness. In wool
dyeing the acid dyes have almost entirely displaced the basic colors.
Chemically, the basic dyes include a large number of the triphenyl-
methane derivatives, and, in addition, members of the following
chemical classes: (1) Azines, (2) azos, (3) thioazines, (4) thioazols,
and (5) acridines.

Production. — As shown in Table 8, the output of this class in 1921
totaled 1,853,094 pounds compared with 4,993,001 pounds for 1920,
when a number of dyes of this class were exported in quantity. The
manufacture of dyes of this class is well developed in this country,
as is seen by a comparison of the imports and production. The
imports of basic dyes in 1921 were 163,527 pounds or 3.84 per cent of
the total quantity of coal-tar dyes imported. This importation
constituted 8.8 per cent of the total production of this class in 1921.
The importation of basic dyes in 1914 was 3,002,480 pounds.

Bismark Brown 2R, with a production of 557,753 pounds, led this
group in quantity produced; the sales were 517,065 pounds with a
value of $439,614. Both sales and production in 1921 exceeded the
output of 1920. Chrysoidine Y, with an output of 253,693 pounds,
ranks second in this class; the sales were 343,872 pounds, valued at
$263,521. The 1921 production represents a 57 per cent decrease
from that of the previous year.

The production of Methylene Blue, another important basic color,
was 209,395 pounds. Other basic dyes showing a large output in-
clude: Methyl Violet, 190,643 pounds; Chrysoidine R, 100,246 pounds;
and Auramine, 94,484 pounds. The output of Magenta and Malachite
Green showed large decreases, while that of Phosphene showed an
output of more than twenty times that of the previous year. The new
basic dyes, production of which was first reported in 1921, are Victoria
Blue R, Rhodamine 6 G, Methylene Violet, and New Fast Green 3 B.

The first five basic dyes in order of quantity imported are: Aura-
mine, 35,532 pounds; Phosphene, 21,153 pounds; Victoria Blue B,
12,342 pounds; Rhodamine B, 10,890 pounds; and Rhodamine 6 G,
10,069 pounds. All of these dyes were produced in the United States
during 1921.

COLOR lake and SPIRIT-SOLUBLE DYES.

Description. — -These dyes constitute one of the smaller groups
tie colo
lown {
heading.

The color lake dyes are used in the preparation of a class of pigments
known as ''color lakes," which are discussed in detail under that

CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921. 45

The spirit-soluble dyes are insoluble in water, but dissolve in either
oils, fats, or various organic solvents; hence, they find application for
coloring varnishes (both spirit and oil), fats, oils, waxes, and similar
products. Many of the spirit-soluble dyes by chemical treatment,
such as sulfonation, are converted into water-soluble dyes used in
textile dyeing, and from this point of view these products may be
considered partly completed dyes.

Production. — The production of lake and spirit-soluble dyes in 1921
was 720,406 pounds, constituting 1.85 per cent of the entire output.
The production of this class of dyes in 1920 was 2,205,281 pounds,
when it made up 2.5 per cent of the total.

The imports of this class during 1921 were 43,553 pounds and dur-
ing the previous year 17,527 pounds.

FOOD DYES.

Description. — These dyes, used for coloring food and food products,
include a limited list of selected dyes which meet specifications of the
Bureau of Chemistry for purity. The total production 0;f these colors
in 1921, the first year that these products were separately compiled,
was 50,709 pounds. The average value of sales during that year was
$5.80 per pound.

IMPORTANT DYES IMPORTED.

Table 9 shows a comparison of the dyes of each class imported in
the largest quantity during 1914 and 1921, with the domestic pro-
duction for 1921 in case the figures can be published. This gives an
indication of the more important requirements of the domestic con-
sumer not adequately met by the domestic dye manufacturer.

rABLE 9. — Comparison of dyes imported in largest quantity, 1914 and 1921, with domestic

production, 1921, by classes.

Schiiltz
No.

Class and name of dye.

Production. Imports

Imports.

ACID DYES.

22
257
566
543

23
865
858

19
523
856
613

493
606
559
573
571
705
618
512

Wool blue R L

Xylene light yellow

Sulphonpyanme

Wool green S

Patent blue

Tartrazine

Alizarin direct green G.

Alizarin saphirol B

Cloth fast blue

Fast light yellow

Fast green

Alizarin astrol

Quinolme yellow

BASIC DYES.

Auramine

Phosphine

Victoria blue B .
Rhodamine B. ..
Rhodaniine 6 G .
Indanune 6 R . . .
Thiollavine T . . .
Magenta

Pounds.

0)

365, 998
164, 581

(1)
559, 134

0)

"(1)'

0)

91, 484

(')

(1)

(')

{')

Pounds.
69, 719
60, 422
.51,989
51, 822
42, 718
38, 395
30, 534
28,606
23, 782
23,375
22, 619
22,562
21, 898

35, 532
21,153
12, 342
10, .S90
10, 039
9,946
7,297
7,110

Pounds.

23,074
145, 694

60, 073

196, 228

270, 477

2,000

3,796
38, 908
14, 347
10.917
15. 354

449, 276
168, 225
127, 769
.59, 354
37,515
66, 170
35, 224
87, 102

' Proluction in ths Unitad States, but figures not publishable.

46 CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921.

Table 9. — Comparison of dyes importedin largest quantity, 1914 and 1921, with domestic
production, 1921, by classes — Continued.

Schultz
No.

Class and name of dye.

1921

Production. Imports

Imports.

449
457
273
424
319
462
279
451
274
342

184
778
183
789
862
180
774
804
782
785
780
637

Trisulphon brown.
Trisulphon brown G G.

Dianimop;eii blue

Chicago blue 6 B

Diamine scarlet

Direct deep black

Benzo fast scarlet

Congo fast blue

Diaminogen

Chrysamine

DIRECT DYES.

Pounds.

83,781

2, 229, 842
0)

13, 328

MORDANT AND CHROME DYES.

Erio Chrome black A

Alizarin, synthetic

Erio Chrome black T

Anthracene blue W R...

Alizarin blue black

Erio Chrome blue black .

AhzarLa black

Alizarin blue

AUzarin brown

AUzarin R G, G I

Alizarin red

GaUamine blue

(1)

0)
"59,'6i3'

726
'746'

842
748
881
874
761
767
849
760
910
838
873
901
831
840
918
819

Cross dye green

Thionol yellow

Echpse brown

Thionol brown

Thionol green D Y. .

Pyrogene blue

Thionine green G G .
Katigene green

SULFUR DYES.

VAT DYES.

Indanthrene blue GCD (single strength).

Hydron blue

Ciba blue 2 B

Indigo, synthetic

Indanthrene golden orange R ,

Indanthrene violet RR

Indanthrene yeUow

Indanthrene golden orange G

Helindone pink

Indanthrene blue RS

IleUndone brown AN

Ciba violet B

Indanthrene red BN

Indanthrene blue 3 G

Hehndone red 3 B

Algol red RFF

0)

6,673,968

(1)
(1)

0)

(1)

Pounds.

38, 558

22, 872

17, 308

13,788

12,399

11, 102

10, 973

9,259

7,864

7,815

224, 002

136,283

132,388

107, 769

43,277

38, 226

26,524

21,521

20,700

18, 266

15,565

15, 179

51,074
35,240
21,248
20,632
16,600
11,718
9,797
6,543

201,835
146,072
99,937
70,975
56,390
52, OS?
49,609
33,423
31,813
28,908
27,747
21,987
21,331
19,715
17,566
14,489

Pounds.

16, 781

7,562

8,308

118, 542

41, 175

1, 246, 536

36,674

4,449

313,629

608

96,570

202,392

129, 550

107,778

54,706

57,000

205, 439

98, 379

115,586

49,021

81,929

2,756

100

4,393

10,934
'63'929

478,980

296,723

16,880

8, 507, 359

50,496

68,419

75, 192

20,092

41,699

187,379

2,831

20,836

6,056

6,120

27, 874

2,322

1 Production in the United States, but figures not publishable.

Domestic production of dyes in 191 4-- — Table 10 contains a list of
those dyes produced in the United States in the calendar year 1914.
Seven establishments, with a capital investment of $3,386,212, pro-
duced coal-tar colors totaling in quantity 6,619,729 poimds, with a
value of $2,470,096.

The persons engaged in the manufacture numbered 528, being
divided into salaried employees 130 and wage earners (average
number) totaling 398. As already pointed out, the American indus-
try in that year was confined almost entirely to the assembling into
finished dyes (mostly azo) of intermediates imported from Europe,
chiefly from Germany.

The names of the firms producing coal-tar dyes in that year are:
Schoellkopf Aniline & Chemical Works (Inc.), located at Buffalo,

CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS^ 1921. 47

N. Y.; Heller & Merz, Newark, N. J.; The Bayer Co. (Inc.), with a
plant at Rensselaer, N. Y.; W. Beckers Aniline & Chemical Works,
located at Brookljoi, N. Y.; the Central Dyestuff Co., Newark, N. J.;
the Consolidated Color & Chemical Co., also located at Newark,
N. J.; and the Hub Dyestuff & Chemical Co., at South Boston, Mass.

Table 10. — Dyes produced in the United States in 1914.

Schultz
No

Name.

Schultz
No.

Name.

STILBENE AND PYRAZOLONE DYES.

A20 DYES— continued.

9

Direct yellow F, 2RF.

320

Bordeaux extra.

23

Wool yellow extra cone.

326

Niagara violet 2B.

326

Niagara blue R.

AZO DYES.

327

Niagara violet 3R.

31

Oil yellow A.

333

Diazine black, H extra.

32

Oil yeUow 2625.

333

Diazo black B H N.

33

Chrysoidine, Y extra, crystals.

336

Niagara blue GW, HW, RW.

34

ChrysoidineSR.

337

Direct blue W B B.

36

Oil orange 2311.

337

Niagara blue B, 2B.

36A

Oil yellow 2338.

342

Direct yellow WB.

37

Croceine orange, Y.

342

Buffalo direct yellow CG extra.

38

Crystal orange 2G.

343

Niagara fast red FD.

48

Alizarin yellow FF.

344

Erie direct brown 3RB.

58

Alizarin yellow R.

362

Buffalo direct orange R.

64

Buffalo fast crimson Q.

3P3

Buffalo direct red 4B.

66

Buffalo fast crimson R.

375

Buffalo direct violet 4R.

68

Oil yeUow 2681.

386

Niagara blue BR.

70

Croceine orange R.

392

Buffalo direct orange Y.

82

Xylidine scarlet.

394

Buffalo direct yellow CRR extra.

83

Cumidine scarlet.

405

Buffalo direct cardinal 7B.

83

Ponceau 3R.

410

Benzazurine W B.

94

Buffalo flamine B.

410

Buffalo direct blue G extra.

95

Buffalo flamine G.

424

Niagara blue 6B.

105

Sudan brown S.

426

Direct sky blue B.

110

Buffalo rubine.

426

Niagara blue 4B.

112

Azo Bordeaux.

436

Panama black R extra.

112

Bordeaux B.

436

Panama black 3G extra.

126

Indoine blue.

441

Niagara black blue R.

134

Metanil yellow.

462

Erie direct black G extra.

141

Azo yellow, A 5W.

4G3

Erie direct black R extra.

• 143

Resorcin yeUow.

4t;4

Erie direct green ET, WT.

144

Naphthol orange.

474

Erie direct green MT.

145

Orange A, II.

477

Erie direct brown GR, GB.

147

Buffalo fast fuchsine B.

488

Erie direct brown RF, 2RF.

151

Orange R.

161

Fast red, cone, S cone.

TRIPHENYL-METHANE DYES.

163

Azo rubine, W B, extra.

166

Fast red A.

.512

Fuchsine, TR.

168

Amaranth.

513

Fuchsine NB.

168

Fast red.

515

Methyl violet.

168

Wool red 40 F.

521

Spirit blue, red and green shades.

169

Brilliant scarlet 3R.

524

Acid magenta.

174

Scarlet.

536

AlkaU blue, red and green shades.

188

Buffalo fast blue R.

.537

Paper blue, red and green shades, 6G

188

Acid fast blue S R.

supra.

189

Buffalo fast blue B.

537

Soluble blue.

189

Acid fast blue S B.

538

Methyl blue.

211

Leather orange.

539

Acid blue.

211

Resorcin brown.

tJL 217

Buffalo black N B.

XANTHONE DYES.

m 217

Acid black lOB.

.587

Eosine.

b 220

Buffalo black P Y extra.

599

Chrome blue R, paste and powder.

K 223

Sudan III.

^m 227 <"ro(eine scarlet M 0 0.

OXAZINE DYES.

^K232 Sudan IV.

^m 257 Buffalo cvanine R, 3R.

026

Chrome blue B, paste and powder.

^■201 Buffalo black SB, lOB, R.

^■,266 Buffalo black A D.

AZINES.

^B 2fiS Buffalo black E A.

^B 2(i9 Buffalo black 4B.

679

Safranine Y extra.

^F 272 Buffalo black 2B.

680

Safranine 6B.

* 275 Buffalo chrome black BWN.

684

Brilliant safraiune R.

283 Bismarck brown. Y.

697

Induline.

284 Bismarck brown 53.

698

Nigrosine.

303 Brilliant yellow C.

698

Nigrosine, spirit soluble.

307 Congo red 4B.

699

Nigrosine from aniline (indulines).

311 Erie orange 2R.

699

Induline.

312 Buffalo direct garnet R.

700

Nigrosine, water soluble.

313 Buffalo direct crimson B.

700

Nigrosine from nitrobenzol.

48 CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921.

The Export Trade in Dyes.

Exports from the United States. — The Commerce Department re-
ports exports of domestic dyes and dyestuffs, which classification is
further divided into three groups: (1) aniline dyes, (2) logwood
extracts, (3) all other dyes and dyestuffs. The value for each of
these three groups is reported previous to 1922.. Under the third
classification, all other dyes and dyestufi^s, there may be reported
both natural dyes other than logwood extract and coal-tar dyes.

FIG, z.— Value of domestic dyes exported by months.

ANILINE Dye 5'
All Other Dyes'

1917

1916

1919

1920

1921

I9ZZ

Jc/LY 1917 To MARCH WZZ Inclusive

1 The domestic exports of dyes, as shown by the Commerce Department, are divided into 3 groups— (1)
aniline dyes, (2) logwood extract, and (3) all other dyestuffs.

The third classification may include both natural dyes (other than logwood extracts, shown separately),
as well as coal-tar dyes. Since logwood extract, however, is the most important natiu-al dye exported from
the United States, it is reasonable to assume that a considerable portion of "aU other dyes and dyestuffs"
represents coal-tar dj'es.

In 1922, however, the Commerce Department adopted a new classification. Coal-tar dyes were grouped
under coal-tar finished products and were divided into (1) color lakes and (2) other colors, dyes and stains.
For the first time the quantity, as well as the value of exports, were published.

Logwood extracts is by far the most important natural dye exported
from the United States, and it is, therefore, reasonable to assume that
a large part of all other dyes and dyestuffs represents coal-tar dyes.
The most important natural dye included under Group 3 is quercitron
and flavine, derived from the bark of the black oak (Quercus velutina).
These domestic natural dyes have been exported in considerable
amounts during the war and in smaller amounts before the war. In
1922, however, the Commerce Department adopted a new classifica-
tion. Coal-tar dyes were grouped under coal-tar finished products
and were divided into (1) color lakes and (2) other colors, dyes, and
stains. For the first time the quantity, as well as the value of the
exports, were published. Table 11 shows by months the total exports

CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921. 49

of dyes from the United States, and this same information is shown
graphically in Figure 2. The countries to which dyes are exported
from the United States are shown in detail in Part V, appendix.

The combined value of the exports of aniline dyes and all other
dyes for 1919, was $15,728,499, compared with $29,823,591, for 1920.
In 1921 this figure showed a sharp decline to $6,270,155. In other
words, the exports of domestic dyes for 1921 showed a decrease of 79
per cent, as compared with the exports of 1920. The total exports for
1917, one of the early years when the domestic industry was first
expanding from its small pre-war stage, were valued at $7,548,963,
which exceeds the exports of 1921. The total exports of aniline dyes
for 1920 were valued at $22,450,480, compared with an export of
$5,067,000 for 1921. The greatest export for any month in 1921 of
aniline dyes was in January, $943,595, whereas the smallest export
was for December, amounting to $254,878.

The combined value of the total exports of color lakes and other
colors, dyes and stains of coal-tar origin for the first three months in
1922, was $973,316 compared with $2,432,764 for aniline dyes and all
other dyes and dyestuft's for the first three months of the previous
year. The annual export at the rate for the first three months of 1922
would equal in value about $3,900,000. In quantity the exports
during the first three months of 1922 totaled 1,387,594 pounds. This
great reduction in our export trade may be attributed in part to the
general business depression, but the chief cause was the appearance
of German dyes in the principal foreign markets, such as China, India,
and Japan (see Dye imports of China, Japan, and India, p. 55).

As far back as 1919 the Tariff Commission pointed out in its Census
of Dyes and Coal-Tar Chemicals for that year that any deductions as
to the competitive strength of the domestic industry based on the
large exports of 1919 and 1920 were not warranted, as the domestic
producers during that period met little competition in foreign mar-
kets in German colors. Subsequent developments have borne out the
accuracy of that statement, as indicated bv the rapid decline in ex-
ports during 1921 and 1922.

Table 11. — Domestic exports of dyes, by months, July, 1917, to March, 1922.

Month.

January

February. .

March

April

May

June

July

August

September .

October

November.
December. .

Total 3,502,218

1917

1918

Aniline

All other
dyes.i

8497, 106
304, 768
371,56.5
623, .586
532, 725
1, 122, 468

Total of
aniline and
all other.

Aniline
dyes.

$576, 579
644, 949
757, 467
695, 489
73:^., 008
639, 253

$1,073,685
949, 717
1, 129, 032
1, 319, 075
1,31.5,733
1,761,721

$893, 760
441,704
552, 2a5
453, 326
6:^6, 204
828, 801
753, 236
695, 472
528, 207
816, 377

, 377, 623
662,616

4,046,745

7,548,963 i 8,629,611

I

All other
dyes.i

$688, 958
297, 278
526, 400
479, 428
447, 898
797, 403
486,690
5.30, 133
449, 295
532, 841
757, 488
643, 097

Total of
aniline and
all other.

6,636,909

$1,582,718

738, 982

1,078,685

932,754

1, 074, 102

1, 626, 204

1, 239, 926

1,22.5,605

977, 502

1,349,218

2,135,111

l,3a5,713

15, 266, 520

1 Commerce and Navigation lists under domestic exports of "dyes and dyestuffs"— "analine dye,"
"logwood extract," and "ali other dyes and dyestuffs. Under this latter designation may be included
both natural and coal-tar dyes. However, s nee logwood extract — shown separately— is the most im-
portant natural dye exported from the United States, it may be assumed that a considerable portion of
the exports imder "all other dyes and dyestuffs" are coal-tar dyes.

50 CENSUS or DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921.
Table 11. — Domestic exports of dyes, by months, July, 1917, to March, 1922 — Contd.

Month.

1919

Aniline
dyes.

January

February. .

March

April

May

June

July

August

September.

October

November.
December. .

Total

$1,405,017

1, 231, 355

492, 291

777, 123

585, 970

858, 661

574,274

761, 009

785, 497

1, 037, 708

887, 710

1,327,456

10,724.071

All other
dyes.i

$755, 382
617, 050
278, 591
359, 512
239, 744
475,571
267, 425
350, 491
557, 005
453, 390
300, 041
350,226

5, 004, 428

Total of

aniline and

all other.

$2, 160, 399
1, 848, 405

770,882
1,136,635

825, 714
1, 334, 232

841,699
1,111,500
1,342,502
1, 491, 098
1, 187, 751
1,677,682

15,728,499

Aniline
dyes.

$917, 574
1,850,662
2,648,615
1, 829, 771
2,180,606
2, 389, 515
1,770,780
1, 151, 196
2,114,915
1, 802, 142
2,006,534
1,788,170

22, 450, 480

All other
dyes.i

$372,468
379, 825
850,695
891, 467
817, 713
1, 239, 191
947,411
623, 181
551, 113
334, 167
211,465
154,415

7,373,111

Total of
aniline and
all other.

$1, 290, 042
2, 230, 487
3,499,310
2, 721, 238
2, 998, 319
3,628,706
2, 718, 191
1, 774, 377
2,666,028
2,136,309
2,217,999
1, 942, 585

29,823,591

Month.

Aniline
dyes.

All other
dyes.i

Total

aniline and

other.

1921

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

Total

$943, 595
397, 123
574, 969
305, 760
278, 331
444,273
310, 357
513, 012
322, 477
349,981
372, 244
254, 878

$349, 114
72, 641
95, 322
59, 250
91,753
81,477
65, 626
70, 663
70, 228
73,706
78,703
94,656

$1,292,709
. 469,764
670, 291
365, 010
370, 084
525,750
375, 983
583,675
392, 705
423,687
450, 947
349. 534

5,067,000

1, 203, 139

6, 270, 139

Month.

Coal-tar dyes.

Color lakes.

Quantity,

Value.

Other colors, dyes,
and stains.

Quantity.

Value.

Total color lakes
and other.

Quantity.

Value.

1922.2

January

February

March

Total

Pounds.
5,059
6,796
3,612

$4, 188
5,124
3,162

Pounds.
364,971
298, 364
708, 792

$325, 048
230, 544
405, 250

Pounds.
370,030
305, 160
712,404

$329, 236
235, 668
408, 412

15,467 I 12,474

1, 372, 127

960, 842

1, 387, 594

973, 316

1 Commerce and Navigation lists under domestic exports of "dyes and dyestuffs"— "aniline dyes,"
"logwood extract," and "all other dyes and dyestuffs." Under this latter designation may be included
both natural and coal-tar dyes. However, since logwood extract — shown separately — is tlie most im-
portant natural dye exported from the United States, it may be assumed that a considerable portion of
the exports under "all other dyes and dyestuffs" are coal-tar dyes.

2 In 1922 a now classification was adopted grouping these products under "Color lakes" and "Other
colors, dyes and stains."

Exports from, Germany. — The official statistics of the German Gov-
ernment show that the total exports of coal-tar dyes for 1913 were
239,598,133 pounds, with a value of $51,640,050. This export was
subdivided as follows: (1) Aniline and other coal-tar dyes, 141,-
729,325 pounds, valued at $33,814,802; (2) alizarin, alizarin dyes,
and dyes from anthracene, 24,338,784 pounds, valued at $5,134,374;
and (3) indigo, 73,530,024 pounds, valued at $12,690,874.

CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921. 51

Table 12 contains the exports of German dyes in 1913 by countries.
An examination of this table shows that of the total exports of
indigo, amounting to 73,530,024 pounds, China alone consumed
47,090,256 pounds, with a value of S6, 396, 964. This quantity is
larger than the total consumption of all other nations, as China has
been one of the largest consumers of indigo for many years. The
United States ranked second in quantity of indigo imported from
Germany, with a total of 7,630,121 pounds; Austria was third, receiv-
ing 3,000,461 pounds in 1913. The quantity imported to Great
Britain was 2,601,428 pounds; to Dutch East Indies and other pos-
sessions, 2,103,188 pounds. Other nations receiving between one
and two million pounds were Japan, Italy, and the Netherlands.
Russia and Egypt both received slightly less than 1,000,000 pounds,
followed by France and the British Indies and other possessions,
which received slightly more than 700,000 pounds of indigo.

The total exports in 1913 of all alizarin, alizarin dyes, and dyes
from anthracene was 24,338,784 pounds. The British Indies and other
possessions were the largest consumers of this export, receiving
5,866,441 pounds. Great Britain ranked second, with 5,857,622
pounds, closely followed by the United States with a total of 5,855,418
pounds. The Dutch East Indies and other possessions received
1,298,509 pounds and Austria-Hungary 1,192,689 pounds. Russia
and the Netherlands each received somewhat over 700,000 pounds,
and Italy and France between four and five hundred thousand
pounds each.

The total exports of aniline and other coal-tar dyes from Germany
in 1913 was 141,729,325 pounds with a value of $33,814,802. The
United States ranked first in quantity of this group of dyes received
from Germany, with a total of 30,544,733 pounds, valued at S6, 717, 074;
Great Britain ranked second, with 24,285,874 pounds, valued at
$5,352,144; China was third, receiving 18,653,121 pounds, valued at
$4,536,994; Austria-Hungary received 12,740,383 pounds; Italy,
the British Indies, and Japan received from seven and seven-tenths
to nine million pounds each. France, the Netherlands, and Russia
each received from two and four-tenths million to slightly more than
3,000,000 pounds. Sweden, Switzerland, Spain, and Mexico each
received from one and two-tenths to one and nine-tenths million

f)ounds. Turkey, Canada, Norway, Denmark, and Finland consumed
rom one-half to one million pounds each.

China, with an import of all coal-tar dyes from Germany amount-
ing to 65,743,377 pounds, Avas the largest individual consumer.
The United States was second, receiving in that year 44,030,272
pounds. Great Britain received 32,744,924 pounds; Austria-Hungary,
16,933,533 pounds; the British Indies and other possessions,
15,008,917 pounds; and Japan, 9,539,305 pounds.

In 1920 Germany exported 56,000,000 pounds of dyes,^ less than
one-fourth of her 1913 export. She received for this quantitv 195,-
000,000 gold marks as against 217,000,000 gold marks for her 1913
export, which totaled slightly less than 240,000,000 pounds. In
other words, Germany received in 1920 for all dyes exported 90 per
cent of the gold marks received for dyes exported in 1913, notwith-
standing the fact that in 1920 she exported less than one-fourtli the
quantity of dyes exported in 1913.

' Verein zur Wahrung der Interessen der Chemischen Industrie, p. 37.

5^2 CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921.
DYE IMPORTS OF CHINA, JAPAN, AND INDIA.

A comparison of the dye imports of India and Japan in the year
1913 and the period 1919 to 1921 shows that Germany has re-
covered a large part of her former trade in coal-tar colors to India
and Japan, and that the export trade in dyes from the United States
to these countries, which reached its maximum in 1920, shows a
large reduction in 1921.

China. — The total direct gross import of synthetic indigo by
China in 1913 was 42,646,256 pounds, valued at $7,038,137. The
official statistics of the Chinese Government show that of this quan-
tity, 13,634,796 pounds came from Germany and 24,681,060 pounds
from Belgium, the latter probably being of German manufacture;
2,358,399 pounds of indigo came from France, the quantity from all
other countries totaling 1,930,266 pounds. In 1919 China had a
direct gross import of 2,512,399 pounds of indigo, with a value of
$1,828,925. Of this quantity 1,246,400 pounds came from France;
635,467 pounds from the United States. In 1920 the total direct
gross import of indigo by China amounted to 20,813,328 pounds.
Of this total, the statistical report shows that 5,979,332 pounds came
from the United States, 3,334,532 pounds from Switzerland, and
2,917,199 pounds from France. The quantity from Germany was
2,876,666 pounds compared with no import from that country
in the previous year. The import statistics of China are not avail-
able for 1921. It is understood, however, that the import of indigo
from the United States in 1921 was greatly reduced.

According to official statistics of China, the direct gross import of
aniline dyes in 1913 was valued at $3,961,962. Of this amount the
value of the imports from Germany was $1,596,693, and $1,502,975
from Belgium. The latter were undoubtedly of German manufacture.
In 1919 the direct gross imports were valued at $4,548,401; the value
of the aniline dyes received from the United States was $2,318,090
and from Japan, $1,145,646. In 1920 the value of direct gross
imports was $9,900,599. Of this amount the value of aniline dyes
received from the United States was $2,543,185; from Germany,
$1,519,967; from Japan, $1,352,793; while Belgium, the Netherlands,
and Hongkong each furnished aniline dyes valued at slightly in excess
of $1,000,000. The 1920 figures show the appearance of dyes direct
from Germany for the first time in the post-war period. The 1920
figure for the United States was the maximum export of this country.
Official statistics for China for 1921 are not available, but it is under-
stood that the value of dyes received from the United States, as was
reported in the case of indigo, shows a marked decline.

Japan. — The imports of aniline dyes in 1913, as shown by the
Japanese official statistics, were 9,755,160 pounds, with a value of
$2,100,255. Of this quantity 8,600,252 pounds came from Germany,
while Switzerland furnished 663,977 pounds and Great Britain
178,674 pounds. In 1919, the total imports of coal-tar dyes by
Japan were 2,774,830 pounds, valued at $5,463,381. The United
States led in the countries furnishing these imports, with a total of
2,070,173 pounds, valued at $4,140,875, followed by Switzerland with
454,368 pounds. The quantity furnished by Germany in that year
was 47,781 pounds. In 1920 total imports of coal-tar dyes were
4,451,867 pounds with a value of $7,763,214. Of this total 2,973,361

CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921. 53

pounds, valued at $5,153,858, came from the United States, while
imports from Germany, totaling 779,980 pounds, showed a large
increase in the quantity supplied over that of 1919. The 1921
imports of Japan of coal-tar dyes showed a noteworthy change in the
countries of origin. The total quantity imported was 5,587,881
pounds, valued at S6, 488, 681. Germany led in quantity supplied
with a total of 3,990,232 pounds, valued at $4,636,871. The quantity
of dyes from the United States was 872,845 pounds, a large decrease
from that of 1920, when this country supplied 2,973,361 pounds to
Japan.

India. — The official statistics of India show that the total quantity
of dyes obtained from coal tar, not including indigo, imported during
1913 was 17,784,897 pounds, valued at $3,676,159. Germany supplied
13,270,694 pounds; Belgium, 1,859,091 pounds; and the United
Kingdom, 1,320,005 pounds. No imports were shown of dyes from
the United States. The total of all other countries was 440,302
pounds.

In 1919, the total imports of dyes, obtained from coal tar (not
including indigo), was 5,053,861 pounds, with a value of $5,394,221.
The United States furnished 1,036,172 pounds, valued at $1,731,445;
United Kingdom, 3,522,531 pounds, with a value of $2,374,322. No
imports from Germany were shown for 1919.

In 1920 the total imports of coal-tar dyes (not including indigo)
were 10,283,762 pounds, valued at $10,134,645. Of this quantity,
3,506,405 pounds, valued at $2,596,238, came from the United King-
dom. The United States furnished 2,832,554 pounds, valued at
$3,368,715, the largest amount ever imported by India from the
United States. German dyes appeared in the Indian market during
that year, the total quantity amounting to 2,687,510 poimds, with a
value of $2,650,522. The ^imports of Swiss dyes totaled 424,930
pounds. In 1921 a significant change took place in the countries of
origin of the dyes imported by India. The total quantity of imports
in that year was 10,623,860 pounds. Germany led in the quantity
supplied with a total of 4,770,288 pounds, nearly double the quantity
received from that country in 1920, and 45 per cent of the total
imports in 1921. The United Kingdom furnished 3,264,012 pounds.
The United States supplied 897,570 pounds, a large decrease from
that of 1920, when this country furnished India with 2,832,554
pounds. It is thus seen that Germany in 1921 supplied 45 per cent of
the dyes imported into India, compared with 74 per cent in 1913, and
that the large export trade of the United States to India, which
reached its maximum in 1920, declined rapidly in 1921.

54 CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICAI^^ 1921.

Table 12. — German exports andimports of dyes, ^ 1913.
ANILINE AND OTHER COAL-TAR DYES NOT SPECIALLY MENTIONED.

Metric
tons.

Pounds.

Thousand
marks.

Value.

Imports, total ,

Great Britain

Switzerland

Exports, total

Belgium

Denmark

France

Great Britain

Italy

Netherlands

Norway

Austria-Hungary

Portugal

Russia

Finland

Sweden

Switzerland

Spain

Turkey

British Indies

China

Japan

Brazil

Canada

Mexico

United States

2,577

5, 681, 254

5,926

223
1,725

491,626
3, 802, 935

513
3,968

64, 288

141, 729, 325

142, 079

2,509

237

1,382

11,016

4,097

1, 365

270

5,779

418

1,098

236

901

784

656

437

3,823

8,461

3,506

627

443

543

13, 855

5, 531, 341

522, 490

3, 046, 757

24, 285, 874

9, 032, 246

3, 009, 279

595, 242
12, 740, 383

921, 523
2, 420, 651

520, 286
1, 986, 345
1, 728, 406
1,446,218

963, 410

8, 428, 186

18, 653, 121

7, 729, 328

1,382,284

976, 638

1,197,098

30, 544, 733

5,915

560

4,347

22, 488

9,083

2,786

633

12, 494

1,000

3,516

584
2,002
2,126
1,770

916

8,154

19, 063

8,417

1,682

809

1,209

28,223

ALIZARIN, ALIZARIN DYES AND DYES FROM ANTHRACENE.

Imports, total

Exports, total

France

Great Britain

Italy

Netherlands

Austria-Hungary

Russia ".

British Indies and other possessions

Netherlands Indies and other possessions
United States

603
11,040

222

2, 657

189

325

541

329

2,661

589

2,656

1, 329, 374
24, 338, 784

489, 421
5,857,622

416, 669

716. 495
1, 192; 689

725,313
5, 866, 441
1, 298, 509
5, 855, 418

754
21,573

780
4,142
522
523
1,426
1, 837
3,822
1,026
5,463

INDIGO.

Imports, total

Exports, total

France

Great Britain

Italy

Netherlands ,

Austria-Hungary ,

Russia ,

Egypt

l^ritish Indies and other possessions ,

China

J apan ,

Netherlands Indies and other possessions
United States ,

58

127, 867

389

33,353

73,530,024

63, 323

323

712,086

1,280

1,180

2,601,428

1,592

662

1, 459, 445

1,033

611

1,347,011

850

1,361

3, 000, 461

2,007

434

956, 796

2,829

443

976, 638

857

324

714, 290

1,253

21,360

47, 090, 256

26, 878

821

1,809,977

5,732

954

2, 103, 188

1,458

3,461

7, 630, 121

4,209

' Statisciches Jahrbuch fur das Deutsche Reich.

CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS^ 1921. 55
Table 13. — Dyes, colors, and paints: Indigo, artificial — Imports into China.

From-

1913

Quantity. Value

1919

1920

Quantity. Value. ! Quantity. Value,

$6,156
2,557,003

24, 681, 060
2,358,399

3,656,631
423,393

Great Britain 40, 000

Germany 13, 634, 796

Netherlands

Belgium

France

Switzerland

Japan

United States

All other 1,930,266 394,687

Direct gross imports 42,646,256 7,038,137

Reexported abroad I 36,267 I .5,932

Total net imports I 42, 609, 989 7, 032, 205

300, 800

SI 78, 205

4, 000
1,246,400

11,632
895,028

1,733

266

263, 867

635,467

61, 867

2,512,399

6,400

2,505,999

213, 2.55

474, 497

56, 308

1,828,925

4,871

1,824,054

1,476,800

2,876,666

1,602,666

1, 765, 866

2,917,199

3,334,532

198, 267

5,979,332

662, 000

20,81.3,328

61,200

20, 752, 128

$1,147,238

3, 242, 123

1,406,532

1,455,312

2,292,991

3, 460, 210

139, 706

5,543,398

340,573

19,028,083

48,055

18,980,028

Table 14. — Dyes, colors, and paints — Aniline-

-Imports into China

From—

1913

1919

1920

Hongkong

$398,084

$321,029

$1 002 843

Dutch Indies

' 408' 611

Great Britain

191, 126
1,596,693

175, 829

1,502,975

47,560

51,441

402 482

Germany

1,519 967

Netherlands

1, 022, 234

Belgium

50, 040
439,613

1 039 256

France

' 43*579

Switzerland

482' 542

Japan

11,493

1,145,646

182,328

2, 318, 090

40, 214

1 352 793

Canada

61 143

United States

479.
37,723

2, 543, 185

All other

21 964

Direct gross Imports

3,961,962
18, 633

4,548,401
318, 746

9 900 599

Reexported abroad

315 038

Total net imports

3,943,329

4,229,655

9,585,561

Table 15. — Imports of dyes into India.

1913

1919

Quantity

Value. jQuantity,

Value.

1920

Quantity,

Value.

1921

Quantity .

Total of dyes obtained from coal
tar (not including indigo;:
From—

I United Kingdom
Germany
Belgium
Switzerland
United Stat&s

Other countries

Total

Indigo, synthetic .

Pounds
1,320,005
13,270,694
1,859,091
894, 805

I Pounds.
$180,990 3,522,531

2,792,875i

419,935
186,124

$2,374,322

440,302

96,235

27,787
452,968
1,036,172
14, 403

41,651
1,197,070
1,731,455

49,723

3, 506, 405 $2, 596, 238
2,687,5101 2,650,522
275,1411 346,168

424,930

2, 832, 554

557, 222

17,784,897
731,696

3,676,159! 5,053,861
319,0141 14,336

5,394,221
11,510

10,283,762
147,728

690, 545
3,368,715
482,457

Pounds.

3,264,012

4,770,288
380, 408
293,073
897, 570

1,018,509

10,1.34,645
119,832

10,623,860
149, 520

Table 16. — Coal-tar dyes — imports into Japan.

From-

1913 1

1919

1920

1921

Great Britain...

France

Germany

Switzerland

United States...
Other countries .

Pounds.
178,674

J, 600, 252
663,977

312,357

Total.

9,755,260

$36,624

1,854,528
146,723

62,380

Pounds.

123,615

61,990

47,781

454,368

2,070,173

16,903

2,100,255 2,774,830

I

$274,672
116,760
110,265
769, 787
4, 140, 875
51,022

Pounds.
252, 247
182,951
779,980
129,091
2,973,361
134,237

5,463,-381

4,451,867

Pounds.

$384,801 93,721

345,016 88,154

1,327,186 3,990,232

273,499 ; 173,991

.5,15:3,858 i 872,845

278,854 368,938

7,763,214 5,587,881

$144,211
116,968
4,636,871
234, 561
874,087
481,983

6,488,681

1 Aniline dyes.

56 census of dyes and synthetic organic chemicals, 1921.

Production of Dyes in Germany.

Beginning with February, 1920, detailed statements of one-quarter
of the monthly production (this portion is required to be reserved for
optional purchases of the allied and associated Governments by the
peace treaty. Annex VI, Part II) of dyes in Germany were made to
the Reparations Commission. Copies of these monthly statements
from February, 1920, to March, 1922, inclusive, have been received
by the Department of State, which has given permission for their
publication by the Tariff Commission. A summary of these reserve
stocks, containing the monthly reserve for each class of dyes, accord-
ing to application, is shown in Table 17.

Production of dyes in Germany during the first year after the
signing of the armistice was practically negligible compared with the
pre-war output, when her exports (in 1913) were nearly 240,000,000
pounds. During February, 1920, the quantity of dyes reserved by
German plants for the Allies totaled 876,449 pounds, indicating a
total output of over three and one-half million pounds for that month.
A progressive increase is shown for each following month, reaching a
maximum output of 3,026,247 pounds in August, 1920, which cor-
responds to a total output of over 12,000,000 pounds monthly. Dur-
ing the remainder of 1920 the fluctuation varied from a minimum of
2,674,710 pounds in December to a maximum of 2,978,806 pounds
in November. The total quantity of dyes reserved by the German
plants from February to December, 1920, inclusive, was 25,842,201
pounds, which corresponds to a production of 103,368,804 pounds.

The quarterly reserve production for 1921 amounted to 29,110,554
pounds, which corresponds to a total production of 116,442,216 pounds
for that year by the German dye plants. During 1921 the quarterly
monthly production reserve for the allied associated Governments
varied from a minimum of 1,976,094 pounds in February to a maxi-
mum of 3,494,165 pounds in December.

In 1922 the production for each of the first three months showed a
considerable increase compared with the months of 1921, the maxi-
mum being for March, 1922, the last month for which data are avail-
able. During March the quarterly production amounted to 4,001,162
pounds, which is the highest for any month since February, 1920,
the first month for which production was reported. The annual pro-
duction at the March rate would amount to 192,055,776 pounds.

The total exports of coal-tar dyes from Germany in 1913 were
239,598,133 pounds. The domestic consumption of dyes in that year
is estimated to be 55,000,000 pounds,^ which would give a total pro-
duction of dyes in Germany of approximately 295,000,000 pounds.
The March rate is accordingly about 65 per cent of her pre-war out-
put (1913).

Before the war Germany dominated the world's markets, producing
three-fourths of the total dyes made. Over one-half of the dyes
made outside of Germany were made from primary or intermediate
products of German origin. Switzerland, which held second place,
was entirely dependent on Germany for all materials. In England
and France the dye factories were to a large extent owned and oper-
ated by German dye manufacturers. They were built in these coun-
tries on account oi the working clauses in the patent laws.

1 Verein eur Wabrung der lateressen der Chemischen Industrie, p. 37.

CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC OEGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921. 57

An examination of the March, 1922, production list shows that at
the rate of the March production the total annual output would be
for Alizarin, 10,071,504 pounds, compared with 6,916,592 pounds in
1921; for Indigo (paste), 39,458,208 pounds, compared with 24,589,-
144 pounds for the year 1921. The output of Indanthrene Blue
G C D for 1921 showed a decrease from that of 1920, when 374,580
pounds were reported, whereas at the March, 1922, rate of produc-
tion the output would total only 72,384 pounds. The output at the
March, 1922, rate of production of all other dyes would total 142,-
453,680 pounds, compared with 84,691,668 pounds for 1921.

An examination, however, of the production figures of Germany
in 1920 and in 1913 indicates rapid strides toward a high output of
colors which compare somewhat favorabl}^ with her pre-war produc-
tion, although due to government restrictions in England, France,
Italy, and the United States for the free import of all colors, she has
lost a part of her trade to these countries. She has regained since
1920, as previously explained, a considerable part of her export trade
to the large markets of the east, namely, India, China, and Japan.

Table 17. — One-quarter of production in German dye plants^ reserved for purchase of
Allied and Associated Governments, February, 1920, to March, 1922.

[Pounds.]

Group.

Classification of colors.

1920

February.

March.

April.

May.

June.

July.

I

Alizarin red

28,629
33,203

15, 346
3,135

17,240
262, 123

63,402

149,827

61,313

19, 912

100,347
^24, 258

9, 361

79,070
306,371

19, 577
3,307

40,622
400,221

54, 586
265,094

95,605

72, 289
235, 423
156, 163

85 527

124,401
338, 318

62, 183
9,489

54, 643
451, 138

44,687
360, 192
132, 287
106, 555
190,515
150, 085

SQ 672

241,194 206,251

11

Indigo paste

291,294 j 543,747

in

IV

Vat colors, except Indan-
threne Blue GOD

Indanthrene Blue GOD.. . .

AUzarin colors other than
red

41, 786 72, 595
11,329 14,420

V

22, 862
346,301

51, 495
202, 819

91, 257

44, 374
149, 452
164,229

12, 599

92,022 63,411

VI

VII

Direct colors for cotton

Direct colors for diazotiza-
tion

541,534 I 694,700
88,131 126,983

VIII

IX

X

Acid colors for wool

Chrome colors for wool

Basic colors

419,842 j 512,594
182,647 1 195,246
124,035 i 126,723

XI
XII

Sulphur colors

Lake colors

163,822

56, 958

1,539

305,979 1 323,170
170, 742 136, 196

XIII

■ Intermediate products

Total

876, 449

1,319,354

1,813,855 1 2,114,165

2,510,535

3,016,045

Group.

I

II
III

IV
V

VI
VII

VIII

IX

X

XI

XII

Classification of colors.

AUzarin red

Indigo paste

Vat colors, except Indan-
threne Blue GOD

Indanthrene Blue GCD

Alizarin colors other than
red

Direct colors for cotton

Direct colors for diazotiza-
tion

Acid colors for wool

Chrome colors for wool

Basic colors

Sulphur colors

Lake colors

Total

August.

210,328
777, 774

54,828
9,370

69,612
573, 004

113,973
469, 589
200, 504
144, 595
291,8:32
110, 838

3,026,247

Septem-

198, 632
642, 729

62,608
16,043

88,658
593,694

95, 439
492,647
208, 760
163,661
285, 804

73, 565

October.

215, 028
426, 599

84, 366
1,131

58, 440
666, 239

117,582
487, 131
216, 057
151, 145
202, 744
92,690

2,922,240 I 2,779,132

Novem-
ber.

Decem-
ber.

235, 775
635,419

88,410
3,554

59,698
648, 916

117,653
518,041
163, 304
139, 805
276,510
91,661

2, 978, 806

191,066

37o, 803

66, 938
21, 867

42,306
600,257

103, 409
486, 2.58
224, 272
164, 207
320, 659
79, 668

Total

for 11

months,

1920.

1,8.30,721
4, 493, 515

578, 028
93,645

609, 514
5, 778, 166

977, 320
4, .36 '.,034
1,771,252
1,257,301
2,805,910
1, 282, 795

25,842,201

1 Peace Treaty, Annex VI, Part II.
541—22 5

58 CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921.

Table 17. — One-quarter of production in German dye plants ^ reserved for purchase of
Allied and Associated Governments, February, 1920, to March, 1922 — Continued.

[Pounds.l

Classification of colors.

Alizarin red

Indigo paste

Vat colors, except Indanthrene Blue GCD.

Indanthrene Blue GCD

AUzariu colors other than red

Direct colors for cotton

Direct colors for diaxotization

Acid colors for wool

Chrome colors for wool

Basic colors

Sulphur colors

Lake colors

Total 2, 669, 096

1921

January. February. March

137,999
630, 621

50, 150
1,759

43, 563
512,056
132, 239
479,602
154,342
128, 962
285, 498
112, 305

■35,077
529,970

69,754
2,811

12, 560
350, 355

52,589
358, 821

98, 764
159, 426
207, 532

98, 435

1, 976, 094

74, 103
608, 849

53, 797
2,917

22,090
421, 938

52,128
390, 547
106, 751
153, 423
204,609

91, 936

2, 183, 088

1921

Classification of colors.

April.

Alizarin red

Indigo paste

Vat colors, except Indan-
threne Blue GCD

Indanthrene Blue GCD . . . ,

Alizarin colors other than
red

Direct colors for cotton

Direct colors for diazotiza-
tion

Acid colors for wool

Chrome colors for wool

Basic colors

Sulphur colors :

Lake colors

Total.

88,063
366,405

86,949
22370

18,322
423,063

63, 268
430, 140
131,205
155,415
252, 771

76, 773

2,094,744

May.

91,797
556,210

110,001
2,037

16, 698
410, 545

47, 668
390, 589
120,986
136, 478
255, 745

71,431

2, 210, 185

June.

124,953

474,174

97, 483
9,793

32, 491
366, 588

72,426
401,991

95,631
124,919
277, 676

93,435

2, 171, 463

July.

120,744
552,056

86,550
8,415

35,904
379, 143

48,618
365,609
100,351
101, 180
331, 292

63, 534

2,193,396

August. September.

200, 817
526, 110

95, 547
11,424

25,335
472, 106

61,705
353, 545
110,658
100,968
308, 794

45,543

2,312,552

166,077
411,325

84,802
4,575

23,325
466, 577

83,819
381,451
153, 046

76,960
389, 989

62, 071

2,304,017

Group.

Classification of colors.

1921 ._

Total.

October.

November.

December.

I

Alizarin red

141, 773
425, 475

89, 985
8,212

16, 219
455, 951
105, 589
404, 546
148, 696
106, 634
480, 305

65, 739

266,741
394, 235

74, 088
4,685

26, 524
643,525
114, 454
538, 526
207,312
133,217
534,970
114,353

281, 104
671, 856

93, 473
2,205

26,978
624, 433
128,356
573, 456
245,473
148,028
573, 853
124, 950

1, 729, 148

II

Indigo paste

6, 147, 286

III

Vat colors, except Indanthrene Blue GCD

992, 579

IV

Indanthrene Blue GCD

61, 203

V

Alizarin colors other than red

300, 009

VI

Direct colors for cotton

5, 526, 280

VII

Direct colors for diazotization

962, 859

VIII

Acid colors for wool

5, 068, 823

IX

Chrome colors for wool

1,673,215

X

Basic col ors

1,525,610

XI

Sulphur colors

4,103,034
1, 020, 508

XII

Lake colors

Total

2, 449, 124

3,052,630

3,494,165

29, 110, 554

Classification of colors.

1922

January.

February.

March.

Alizarin red

Indigo paste

Vat colors, except Indanthrene Blue GCD

Indanthrene blue GCD

Alizarin colors other than red

Direct colors for cotton

Direct colors for diazotization

Acid colors for wool

Chrome colors for wool

Basic colors

Sulphur colors

Lake colors

Total

332, 734
634, 808

76, 340
2, 205

33, 336
596.269
132, 655
601, 208
238, 073
135, 757
525, 331
1.33, 063

254, 168
703, 808
103, 274

32, 388
581, 133
105, 777
570, 828
232, 484
144, 952
573, 325
125, 005

3, 427, 142

209,823
822,046
119,073
1,508
25,831
729, 861
113,116
666, 860
292, 208
189,797
706,887
124,151

4, 001, 162

> Peace Treaty, Annex VI, Part II.

census of dyes and synthetic organic chemicals, 1921. 59

Other Finished Coal-Tar Products,
color lakes.

Description. — A color lake is an insoluble color pigment which
consists of a precipitating agent, the coloring matter (a coal-tar dye) ,
and a carrier (the base). The desired properties of a color lake
include good coloring power, easy workability, brightness, and fast-
ness to weather, light, alkali, and acids. The precipitating agents
used for coal-tar colors include barium chloride, lead salts, aluminium
hydroxide, and tannin or tannin-tartar emetic. Among the more
important carriers are aluminium hydroxide, zinc white, lithopone,
barytes, whiting, China clay, and certam native clays, and ochers.
The principal requirements of a carrier are (1) ready reduction to a
finely divided state, and (2) absence of any deleterious effect on the
shade of the finished lake. The coloring matter includes those coal-
tar dyes known as acid dyes, basic dyes, and mordant dyes, as well as
certain azo dyes which are produced directly on the carrier. An
example is the preparation of Para red from the intermediates,
p-nitroaniline and b-naphthol. Another group of color lakes is made
by the precipitation of a water-soluble acid dye with the aid of a
mineral salt to form an insoluble product.

After precipitation the insoluble lake is filtered, dried, and ground
with oil, and is then ready for use as a pigment. The color lakes
included in this group are a class of pigment used for paints, litho-
graphic inks, artists' colors, walk paper, rubber products, and for
similar coloring purposes.

Production. — Total production of color lakes in 1921 amounted
to 6,152,187 pounds and the quantity of sales was 6,424,612 pounds
valued at $2,863,189, with an average value per pound of 45 cents.
This shows a considerable decrease from the output of 1920, which
was 10,983,538 pounds, valued at $5,871,820, or 53 cents per pound.

PHOTOGRAPHIC CHEMICALS.

This class of coal-tar chemicals, owing to theh strong reducing prop-
erties, is used for developing photographic films, plates, and prints.
They are popularly known as "developers," and are commonly
sold under various trade names. The total output of this class in
1921 was 183,798 pounds, a large reduction from 1920, when 440,759
pounds were produced. The sales for 1921 were 170,221 pounds
valued at $248,041. The quantity of output of each individual
developer can not be published without revealing the output of
individual manufacturers. The largest developer in quantity pro-
duced was hydroqumol, followed by metol (methyl-p-aminophenol-
suKate). The other products were manufactured in relatively
small quantities. The average price per pound of sales during
1921 was $1.46 compared with $2.30 per pound in 1920 and $3.16 in
1919. Production of p-hydroxyphenylglycine was reported for the
first time in 1921.

MEDICINALS.

Descri'ption. — This class includes some of the most important de-
rivaties of coal tar from the standpoint of our national nealth and

60 CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921.

welfare. Chemically, they include a variety of products and are
used for a wide diversity of medicinal purposes. The development
and preparation of medicinals constitute one of the most creditable
accomplishments of the industry, as the highest technical skill is
required in the manufacture of these products. The total produc-
tion of medicinals in 1921 was 1,545,917 pounds and the sales were
1,876,246 pounds, valued at $2,930,324, indicating that a portion was
withdrawn from stocks carried over from the previous year. The
1920 production was 5,184,989 pounds, a portion of which consisted
of disinfectants which are of relatively low value. The 1921 figure
for this class included . only a small quantity of disinfectants. A
second cause for reduction in the 1921 production of medicinals was
the inclusion of methyl salicylate under flavors instead of under
medicinals, as was the case in 1920.

Salvarsan, known also as arsphenamine, the hydrochloride of 3-
diamino-4-dihydroxy-l-arsenobenzene, used for combating syphilis,
and other protozoan infections, is one of the most important members
of this group. Its production by four manufacturers in 1921
amounted to 670 pounds, and sales were 694 pounds, valued at
$281,841, or $406.11 per pound. The pre-war price of ''606," when
this country was dependent upon Germany, was $3.50 per ampoule.
The American-made product has retailed for about 60 to 75 cents
per ampoule, and the Government has made purchases for less than
30 cents per ampoule. Neoarsphenamine (3-cliamino-4-dihydroxy-l-
arsenobenzene methanol sulfoxylate) had a total sales among the
highest of the medicinals. Production of silver arsphenamine was
reported for the first time in 1921.

Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) led all coal-tar medicinals in quantity
produced, with an output by five firms of 733,510 pounds compared
with 1,708,436 pounds in 1920. The sales were 935,964 pounds,
valued at $686,264. The average price per pound has receded from
$5.49 in 1917 to 73 cents per pound in 1921. Production of sodium
salicylate by six firms ranked second in quantity manufactured —
319,350 pounds, and the total sales of 352,250 pounds Vv^ere valued
at $100,968, or 29 cents per pound. Acetanilide, with a large de-
crease in production from the previous year, ranked third in quantity
of output with 207,433 pounds, and the sales were 243,655 pounds,
valued at $70,053. The average price per pound in 1921 was 29
cents.

Other medicinals showing a relatively large production include
chloramine T (sodium p-toluene sulfochloramid) ; phenolphthalein,
phenol sulfonates, cinchophen (phenylcinchoninic acid), phenolte-
trachlorophthalein, acetphenetidin, and benzyl benzoate.

New medicinals reported in 1921 include salicaine, caft'eine sodium
benzoate, benzyl succinate, p-cresol benzoate, phenacaine (ethenyl-
p-diethoxy diphenylamidine hydrochloride), phenyltetrachldrph-
thalein, potassium hydroxyquinoline sulfate, and hydroxy quinoline.

The production of salol (phenyl salicylate) showed a very large
decrease from that of the previous year; the sales for 1921 were
36,200 pounds, valued at $32,451.

►

CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC OEGANIC CHEMICALS, 1D21, 61
FLAVORS AND PERFL3IE MATERIALS.

Deficri'ption. — These two classes of coal-tar chemicals have no sharp
line of demarcation, as many of them are used as both flavors and
perfumes, and a separate classification is in certain cases somewhat
arbitrary. They are used as perfume materials for toilet articles,
soaps, and similar products, and as flavors for food and food products.

Production. — The total production of flavors in 1921 was 901,245
pounds, and the sales amounted to 933,662 pounds, valued at
$1,002,018. In 1920 the production was 166,884 pounds. This very
large increase in this class taken as a group is due to the large
quantity of methyl salicylate, 640,943 pounds, reported as a flavor
instead of a medicinal, as was the case in 1920. The 1921 sales of
metWl salicylate were 626,718 pounds, valued at S214,391.

Saccharin, used chiefly as a sugar substitute and as a tobacco
sweetener, increased in ciuantity of output, with a production of
188,759 pounds; the sales were 235,241 pounds, valued at S52 1,543.
Coumarin also showed a large increase over the production of the pre-
vious year, totaling 52,097 pounds. This product is used both as a
soap perfume and in the preparation of vanilla extracts. The produc-
tion of ethyl benzoate was 5,551 pounds, and -of methyl cinnamate,
2,786 pounds. Two new flavors were reported in 1921, namely,
isobutylphenyl acetate and phenylpropyl acetate.

The output of perfume materials wasl 19,335 pounds, a 20 per cent
increase over that of 1920. Sales of these products totaled 119,691
pounds, valued at $175,815. Diethyl phthalate, used as a denaturant
for alcohol in the prefume trade, led in c{uantity of production, and
value of sales, both showing a very large increase over that of the
previous year. The production for 1921 was 73,937 pounds and sales
were 65,360 pounds, valued at $58,660.

Other important products of this group in quantity of production
and value of sales include: Benzyl benzoate, amyl salicylate, aubepine
(anisic aldehyde), benzyl acetate, cinnamic aldehyde, dipheny-
loxide, phenyiacetic aldehyde,, and methyl benzoate. New perfume
materials reported in 1921 include amylphenyl acetate, benzyl
cinnamate, cinnamic alcohol, and phenyl propyl alcohol.

SYNTHETIC RESINS.

The manufacture of synthetic resins is a distinctly American dis-
covery and development and has resulted only from the most careful
research and engineering skill. These products were first made by
the condensation of phenol with formaldehyde and ammonia and
later with hexamethylenetetramine. In recent years cresol has
been used as a base and also para-coumarone. S3^nthetic resins are
used as amber substitute in the manufacture of pipe stems, cigarette
holders, and similar articles. They have a large consumption for
electric insulating materials and also in the manufacture of varnishes
and lacquers. In 1921 the total production of. synthetic resins was
1,643,796 pounds compared with 4,659,680 pounis for the previous
year. The sales for 1921 totaled 1,674,456 pounds valued at
$1,352,166.

k

62 CENSUS OF DYES A^TD SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1&21,
SYNTHETIC TANNING MATERIALS.

The synthetic tanning materials known as "syntans" are of quite
recent development, having come into commercial use in Germany and
England since 1912. They have considerable promise for use in the
tanning of leather in conjunction with natural tanning extracts.

Synthetic tans are made by condensation of certain coal-tar
derivatives, such as the sulfonated phenols, cresols, and naphthols,
with formaldehyde in the presence of an acid. They are commonly
used in conjunction with the natural tanning extracts. Their use
is reported to result (1) in an economy of time required for tanning,
(2) a satisfactory leather of light color, and (3) a reduction in the
amount of natural extract required. Three firms reported in 1921
a total production of 1,902,597 pounds, with sales for the same year
amounting to 1,721,359 pounds valued at $141,005, or an average
price per pound of 8 cents. The 1921 production represents a de-
crease of 1,240,264 pounds from that of 1920, when four firms pro-
duced 3,142,861 pounds valued at $233,674.

Table 18. — Production and sales of dyes and other finished coal-tar products during 1921,

[The number in the first column identifies the dye according to the 1914 edition of the Sohultz tables. The
second column gives the common name of the dye. The numbers in the third column refer to the num-
bered alphabetical list of manufacturers printed on page 79. An X signifle? tliat the corresponding
product was made by a manufacturer who did not consent to the publication of his identification number
in connection therewith. Blanks in the fourth and fifth columns indicate that there were actual sales
during 1921, but that the figures can not be published without revealing information in regard to the
output of individual firms. The lilank space in the seventh column indicates that there was actual pro-
duction of the corresponding dyes in the United States during 1921, but that the figures can not be pub-
lished v/ithout revealing information in regard to the output of individual firms. The figures thus con-
cealed are, however, included in the totals.)

Schu^tzi
No

Common name.

Manufacturers' identi-
fication number (ac-
cording to list on
p. 79).

Sales, 1921.

Quantity. Value.

price per
pound.

Production,

1921
(quantity).

Total finished
coal-tar prod-
ucts.

OTTEOSO DYES.

Naphthol green

Pounds.
00,434,009 ||;47, 990,514

SO. 79

5, 55. 70.

NITRO DYKS.

Naphthol vcUow S.

Figment chlorine [ 100,

STILBENE DYES.

Direct yellow R

70, 72. 80. 155, X.

47, (

Stilbene yellow ,

Chloramine orange G...

PYRAZOLONE DYES.

5, G, 27, 34, 59, 04, 114,

116, 120.
53 59
5, 0, 59,' 04, i'l'4, Yii; .' .' '. \

206, 245

00, 085

1.45

221,347

89, 805

1.07

'i.'oo

Fast light yellow 53, 129

Xylene yellow 129

Tartrazine 22, 24, 114, 129, 154, 155. .

All other pyrazolone. . .| 114

520, 425

945, 817

1.80

Pounds.
.1,457,665

153,547

57, 582

559, 134

1 Since 1917 the TarilT Commission has used the Schultz—FarbstolT Taliellcn— 1914 for the classification
of dyes in the production tallies of the census The incompleteness of this reference hook is more apparent
each year, as the number of dyes not listed in Schultz, production for which is reported l)y domestic manu-
facturers, increases each year ' A large part of the dyes imported are similarly not listed in Schultz. It is
hoped that for the next five census a more complete classification can be adopted, either a modification of
Schult/,, or the Norton Census, whereby the colors which are not listed in Schultz can be reported in terms
of the familiar pre-war types

CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC' CHEMICALS, 1921. 63

Table 18. — Production and sales of dyes and other finished coal-tar products during

1921 — Continued.

Common name.

Manu'acturers' identi-
fication niunber (ac-
cording to list on
p. 79).

Sales, 1921.

Production

1921
(quantity).

Schultz
No.

Quantity.

Value.

Average
price per
pound.

31

AZO DYE.S.

Monoazo dyes.

27,114

Pounds.

Pounds.

32

Butter yellow

6, 27,38, 72, 114

27, 53, 69, 72, 114

14,27,53,55,69,72,114..

r>

22, 584

343, 872

65, 931

i-25, 605

263,521

51,642

SI. 13

.77
.78

18,521

33

Chrysoidine Y

253,093

34

Chrvsoidine R

100,246

35

Sudan G

36

27, 38, 72, 114

25, 494

23,894

.94

37

Croeeine orange

Orange G

34 93 114 145

38

22,24,27,53,09,114,145

X, X.
114 116 X

89,480

85, 905

.96

91,783

40

Chromotrope 2 R

Fast acid fuchsine B - . .
Amino naphthol red G .
Alizarin yellow G

Paranitraniline red

Chromotrope 2 B

Alizarin yellow R

Victoria violet

Azo coralline

Amino naphthol red 6 B

PVlrnmntrnrvD fi Tl

41
42
48

56

6,27,40,114,116

5,30,53,64,69,114

5,6,24,34,40,53, 69, 81,
93,114,117,123,171,X.
146

8,344

83, 931

411,999

11,950
122, 445
216, 898

1.43

1.46

.53

8,084
61.433
271,285

57

22

58
61

5, 6, 24, 34, 40. 53, 69, 78,
81, 93, 116, 123, 145,
171.

64, 114, 116 .. .

114,382

79, 250

.69
1.75

128,080
81,453

65

64,69

66
67

53,64,69,114,117

5, 114, X

106, 653

132, 864

1.25

90,790

68 i Spirit yellow R ....'!.. .

71 AzofuchsineB

72 1 Pigment orange R

73 ! Helio fast red

76 SnHnn TT

3,27,38, 114

22,653

26,572

1.17

20,837

30.

160

146

6,27,38,53,72,114

5,24,27,34,72,114,145.
114, X

31,650
248,059

38, 117
180,856

1.20
.73

82
83

Ponceau 2 R

178,272

Pnnppan S R

88 Acid anthracene brown

89 ' Metachrome brown B . .
94 ! AzoeosineC

102 ; Diamond flavine G

105 ; Sudan brown

106 ! AutoIredRLP

114..

22,24,53, X

386, 164

279,968

.73

474, 128

116

22, 69, 117 . . . 1

6 1

146 I

145 !

112
114

Bordeaux B

Chromotrope 10 B

Geranine

Diamine rose

Metanil yellow

Acid yellow G

Methyl orange

Orange IV

Azo yellow

Tropaeoline

Orange I

Orange II

Orange R

Permanent red 4 B

Lake red C

Palatine chrome brown.
Acid alizarin garnet R . .
Palatine chrome violet .

Diamond black P V

Alizarin black R

Fast brown N

Fast red A

Azo rubine

5, 24, 27, 34, 69, 72, 93,

114,116, 145.
116

102, 590

86,604

.84

84,754

118

59

119

20, 59, 114, 126

25,900

181,411

5,100

100, 834

218,060

5,306

3.89
1.20
1.04

134
137

34,50,53,55,69,72,114.
53,55, 114...

90,385

138

7

139

155

141
143

53,54,55,69, 114, 155... j 142,959
5,72

264,683

1.85

125,358

144
145

151

27, 114, 155, X

5, 6, 24, 27, 34, 38, 53,
69,70,72,114,119,145.

6, 53, 72, 114

20,520
99 J, 844

£7,550
504,993

4.27
.51

.47

28,981
922,326

49, 219

152

34.

153

97, 106, 145

154

22, 114, 117

44,887

68,527

1.53

52,080

155

22, 114

156

22,114... . 1

157

69 114 1 - - -

159

22.

160

69.

.

161
163

5,20,22,24,27,34,53,
64, 72, 93, 114, 123,
145, X.

5, 27, 34, 53, 64, 69, 93,

204,538

374,429
112,542

196,642

471, 776
220,433

.96

1.26
1.96

120,251

232, 216

164

Fast red VR

114, 116, X.
5, 114, 116, 117

144,957

166

Fast red E

5

167

Croeeine scarlet 3 BX..
Amaranth

34

168

27,34,53,93, 114, 145, X.
24,27,53,114,145

64,246
115,968
87,737

207,266
114,936
142,982

3.23

.99

1.63

31,994

169

Cochineal red

139, 323

173

Lithol red R

34, 56, 114, 145, X

63,194

64 CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921.

Table 18. — Production and sales of dyes and other finished coal-tar ^products during

J9^;— Continued.

Common name.

Manufacturers' identi-
fication number (ac-
cording to list on
p. 79).

Sales, 1921.

Production,

1921
(quantity).

Schultz
No.

Quantity.

Value.

Average
price per
pound.

177

Azo DYES— contd.

Monoazo dyes — Contd.

Mordant yellow

Erio chrome hlneblack

B.
Salicine black U

Erin chrome black T. . .
Erio chrome black A...

Lanacyl violet B

Sulphon acid blue R . . .
Sulphon acid blue B . . .

5,6,34, 114, X

Pounds.
36, 721

8,537

1, 426, 550

$36,073
9,931

1, 073, 119

M.98
1.16

.75

Pounds.
94 214

180

22,69, 114

181
183

5, 22, 27, 34, 53, 64, 69,

93, 114, 116, 117, 145, X.

22

1,523,220

184

22

186

53

188

5,64,69,114

302, 255

505, 747

1.67

336 079

189

114

190

126

193

Stanley red

126

• 194

Thiazine red R

34,59,116

15, 042
12, 509

44,728
26, 280

2.97
2.10

15 229

195

Rosophenine SG

Thiazine red G. . .

59, 126, X

197

69,126

198

Mimosa C

20,64,126

2,835

5,745

2.02

3 517

199

Cotton yellow R

Lake red D

126

200

160

202

Palatine chrome red B .
All other monoazo dyes.

•6,53,104,114,160

22, 24, 69, 72, 114, 116,
117, 160, X, X.

17, 182
685, 121

43,397
822, 191

2.53
1.20

21,377
696,466

7, 483, 243

7,516,312

1.01

7 029 401

Disazo dyes.

Resorcin brown

Acid brow n

5, 72, 114

211

1.21

9 428

212

X

213

5,6, 114

217
223

Agalma black 10 B

Sudan III

5, 6, 22, 27, 34, 40, 53,
69, 78, 93, 114, 116,
123, 145, X.

27

1,687,811

1, 851, 862

1.09

1,426,194

224

Cloth red G

34

227
22S

BriUi.ant croceine

Ponceau 5 R

5,27,93, 114, 145

27, 69

82,442

128, 217

1.56

34,463

230

Cloth reds Q

53

232

Sudan IV

6,34,38,72,114

233

Cloth red B

6,69

234

Cloth red G

117

236

Wool red B

114, 117, X

43,614

61,713

1.41

246

Cloth scarlet G

55 72

247

Scarlet EC

55 114 .

257
263

Sulphoncvanine G

.let black 'R

5,53,64,69,114,117

114

381, 809

665, 866

1.74

365,998

264

Fast sulphon black F . .
Sulphoncyanine black. .
Naphthylamine black

D.
Diamond black

22, 69

265
266

53,64,69, 114, 117

5, 53, 69

85,942

127,312

1.48

83,796

275

45, 114

276

53

278

•Biebrich patent black..

Benzo fast scarlet

Bismarck brown

Bismarck brown 2 R . . .

Palatine chrome black. .

Benzo fast yellow

Benzofast pink 2BL ..

116

279

53 114

283
284

288

14, 27, 38, 53, 69, 70, 72,

114.
27, 53, 55, 59, 69, 72, 114,

116.
117

159,341
517, 065

124, 739
439,614

.78
.85

153,695

557, 753

296

53

297

53

303

53 59 114

1.22

2.03

.89

8,223

304
307

Chrysophenine G

Congo red

6,53,59,114,116

53, 69, 93, 114, 116, 123,

X.
114

155,880
238,099

316,208
213,542

202, 303
207,665

311

Orange TA

312

Congo Corinth G

5 27 45 69 114 116.

::::;:::::::-;:::;

320

5 34

322
323

Trisulphon violet B

114,116,117.

126

327

Uiainiue violet N

Diamine black R O

0.\amine black BHN . .

Benzo cyanine R

5,6,22,27,53,93,114,116
6

22,984

49, 896

2.17

328

333
336

5, 6, 22, 27, 53, 93, 114,

116,126.
114

485,241

720,350

1.48

281, 852

CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC OEGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921. 65

Table 18. — Production and sales of dyes and other finished coal-tar products during

1921 — Continued.

Common name.

Manufacturers' identi-
fication number (ac-
cording to list on
p. 79).

Sales, 1921.

Schultz
No.

Quantity.

Value.

Average
price per
pound.

1921
(quantity).

337

Azo DYES— contd.
Disazo dyes— Contd.

Benzo blue 2 B... .

5, 6, 12, 14, 22, 27, 34, 40,
53, 59, 78, 111, 114,
116,123,X,X.

34,53,111,116

Pounds.
803, 548

22, 214

$557, 457
19, 117

SO. 69
.86

Pounds.
571,217

340

Benzo orange R

Crumpsall direct fast

red.
Chrysamine G

21,332

341

X

342

6, 34, 40, 114, X

12,488
49,946

106, 924

12,316
104,558

176, 040

.99

2.09

1.65

13,328

343
344
351

Diamine fast red F

Diamine brown

Cresotine yellow

Anthracene red

Oxydiamine orange

Benzopurpurine 4 B

Benzopurpurine B

Congo Corinth B

5, 6, 22, 27, 53, 93, 114,

116, X.
5, 6.22,27,53,93, 114,

116, X.
45, 114

35,782
69,610

355

116

362

114..

363
365

5, 14, 27, 34, 53. 69, 78,

93,114,116.
45

249, 847

300, 100

1.20

152,626

375

HI

377

38...

378

Trisulphon blue R

38,116

382

114

1 1 ::::;:

385

Oxamine blue 4 R

Benzo blue BX

Benzo blue 3 B

114

i ...1

386

34 114,116

1

391

5,14,27,34,93,114,116.
114

93, 769

96, 171

1.03

392

Tdluylene orange G

Diphenyl brown 3 GN. .

393

38

394

14

400

Acid anthracene red

Diamine black BO

Benzopurpurine 10 B.. .
Benzazurine G

X

403

6

405

53,114,116

9,954
54, 266

23, 199
82, 985

2.33
1.53

410

53, 114, 116

415

Dianil blue G .

116

419

Chicago blueRW

Oxamine blue B

Chicago blue 6 B

Benzaminepure blue.. .
All other disazo dyes.. .

114,116

421

114

424

53,114 116

1.90
1.39

1.48

83,781

426

53,78,114,116

198,596
280, 665

275.570
416, 697

14, 40, 53, 72, 114, 116,
117,16S,X,X.

233,880

6,581,028

7,965,982

1.21

5, 531,. 36^

Trisazo dyes.

Columbia black

Diazoblue black RS...
Direct deep black E W. .

Erie direct black RX . .

Erie direct green ET . . .

Chloramine green B

Chloramine blue 3 G...

Diamine black H W

OxamLuo green B

Oxajnine green G

Benzamine brown 3 G 0
Congo brown G

Congo brown R

All other trisazo dyes...

Total trisazo dyes

53, 114

436

441

114

462
463
464

5,6,12,22,34,40,45,53,

114, 123, X.
34,45,53, HI, 114, 116,

123.
5,6, 40, 45, 114

4, 073, 425
335,508
71, 505

3,225,152
239,572

85,774

.79

.71

1.20

2, 229, 8'12
298, 516
30,055

470

5, 116

471

116

473

126

474

475
476

477

480

5, 6, 12, 34, 53, 78, 114,
116,123.

14, 34, 45, .53, X

6,34,59,114,116,123, X
5, 6, 5,3, 69, 114, 116,
^ 126, X.

212, 232

100, 228
544, 933
193,466

257,467

103, 010
624, 377
279, 812

1.21

1.03
1.15
1.45

155, 753

62, 028
491,347
213, 403

40,53,78,111,114,116..

307,429

464,237

1.51

353, 154

5, 928, 274

5, .397, 135

.91

3, 885, 557

Tetrakisazo dyes.

Benzo brown G

Benzo brown B

All other tetrakisazo

dyes.
All other azo dyes

Total azo dyes.. . .

14,45, 53,59,69, 116...
27, 45, 59, 116

485
487

59,349
38,633

63, 188
44, 291

1.06
1.15

53,326
41,289

126

5, 6, 14, 22, 30, 34, 38,
53, 59, 64, 69, 78, 93,
116, X.

459,479

583,712

1.27

519,815

^

20,551,196

21 572 485 1-05

17 062 .366

K

1-

1-

66 CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921.

Table 18. — Production and sales of dyes and other finished coal-tar pi-oducls during

i9f.?— Continued.

Commoii name.

Manufacturers' identi-
fication number (ac-
cording to list on
p. 79).

Sales, 1921.

Production
1921

(quantity).

Schultz
No.

Quantity.

Value.

Average
price per
pound.

493

DIPHENTLM ETHANE
DYES.

Auramine

38,53, 103

Pounds.
152,326

$308,454

$2.02

Pounds.
94,484

TRIPHENYLMETHANE
DYES

Malachite green

New fast green 3 B

Turquoise blue

40,50,70, 103, 114

53

495

88,664

174, 727

1.97

497

498

64

499

103, 114

502

Guinea green

Brilliant milling green B
Light green

30, 53, 114

46,808

184, 262

3.94

503

114

505

114

506

Erioglaucine

114

511

114

512
513

Magenta (or fuchsine). .

New fuchsine 0

Methyl violet

34, 50, 53, 70, 72, 82, 114,

133, 145, 157, X.
114

68,210

223, 548

3.28

49, 797

515

34, 50, 53, 72, 77, 114,

119, 157.
22,53

256, 729

426,822

1.66

190 643

516

Crystal violet

Methyl violet 5B

517

114

521

34, 70, 72, 133, X .. . .

56,955

165,645

2.91

87 464

524

34, 82 . .

.528

Fast acid violet 10 B . . .

30, 53, 64 .

11,712
70, 366

34,213
256,420

2.92
3.64

530

30, 53, 64, 114

43, 043

531

114 . . . .

536

538

Alkali blue

Methyl blue for cotton .
Soluble blue

34, 50, 72, 82, 114, 119,

133, 145, 157, X.
82

49, 145

168, 133

3.42

73, 596

539

34,50,82,114,119

114

21, 669

90, 576

4.18

22, 356

543

545

30, 114

548

Acid violet 6 BN

Victoria blue R

All other triphenylme-
thane dyes.

Total triphenyl-
methane dyes.

DIPHENYI.NAPHTHYL-
METHANE DYES.

Victoria blue B

53

558

53

22, 53, 114

;:;:::::::::

786, 845

2,153,636

. 27

722, 421

22 53

'559

565

54

566

53,54,64,69,114,117....
53 133

166, 338

312, 483

1.88

164,581

571

Rhodamine 6 G

XANTHONE DYES.

'.

573

•53

580

.53

582

Fast acid violet A 2 R..

53

585

53 72

587

53! 70, 72, il9, X

53

46,492

116,579

2.51
<

69,073

589

592

53,72, 114, 119, X

53

6,282

48,514

7.72

6,644

593

595

53

597

Rose bengale B

72

599

173

600

173 . ...

All other xanthone dyes

Total xanthone
dyes.

ACRIDINE DYES.

119

103, 843

383,629

3.69

126,925

72 114

606

613

QUINOLINE COLORING
MATTER.

Quinoline yellow

lU

CEISTSUS OF DYES AXD SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921. 67

Table 18. — Production and sales of dyes and other finished coal-tar products during

1921— Continued.

CoTnTnonnanie.

Manufacturers' identi-
fication number (ac-
cording to list on
p. 79).

Sales, 1921.

Production,

1921
(quantity).

Schultz
No.

Quantity.

Value.

Average
price per
pound.

615

THIOBENZENTL DYES.

Thioflavine S

126

Pounds.

Pounds.

616

Primuline

20, .53, 64, 114, 126, X . .
20,64,114, 116,126

6,40, 114, 117, X

5,6,24,40, 114, 173

114

168,404
114,663

27,027
136,879

§230,922
181, 745

61,053
333,780

$1.37
1.59

2.26
2.44

129 281

617
622

Columbia yellow

OXAZINE AND THIAZINE
DYES.

Delphine blue B

86,418

626
631

GaUocyanine ..

140 064

ChromocvanLne V

649

Cotton blue or Mel-

dola's blue.
Methj-lene blue

Methylene green

Brilliant alizarin blue..

AZINE DYES.

Neutral red

Azo carmine

Safranine

Methylene violet ...

New fast gray

6, 27, 93, 114 .

28, 110
256,550

59,675
497, 136

2.12
1.94

33,970
209,395

659
660

24, 40, 53, 70, 114, 136,

170.
114

667

64, 69

670

7

672

53

679

53, 70, 114, 136

78,571

204,454

2.60

52,771

680

77

681

24, 38, 116

683

Satranine MN

114

697
698
699

Induline (spirit solu-
ble).

Nigrosine (spirit solu-
ble).

Induline (soluble in
water).

Nigrosine (soluble in
water).

All other azines

20,27,34,38,69,72,114.

20, 24, 27, 38, 69, 72,

114, 117.
20,69,72, 114

50,986

101, 559
102,929
846,537

38,346

70,800

98,932

571,798

.75
.70
.96
.68

55,339

168, 402
92 988

700

20,24,69, 72, 114, 117..
114

626, 706

720

SULFUR DYES.

Sulphur black

14, 38, 40, 53, 69, 75, 93,

114, 170, 171.
14, 19, 40, 53. 69, 77, 93,

114, 116, 157.
6, 34, 38, 40, 41, 53, 69,

77, 93, 158.
38, 40, 41, 53, 69, 77, 93.
40, .53, S3, 172

9, 277, 525

544,931

997,581

56,916
179, 882
42,059

2, 156, 525

3.51,424

384,366

46,619

170,387

10, 967

.23

.64

.38

.82
.95
.47

7,832,696

190,621

1 159 115

■

1

763

765
767
778
779
782
784
789
814
817
819
838
842
849
358
867

Sulphur blue

Sulphur brown

Sulphur green

70,428
230 773

Sulphur maroon

Sulphur olive

40,41,69,93, 172

40,69,114

55 920

Sulphur orange

Sulphur tan

14,34,41,69,172

14,40,41,53,172

114

86, 788
303, 766

51, 568
220, 745

.59
.73

121 390

Sulphur yellow

All other sulphur dyes. .

Total sulfur
dyes.

ANTHRAQUINONE DYES.

Indanthrene dark blue

BO.
Indanthrene green B . . .
Indanthrene violet RR .
Alizarin

316, 399

11,827,181

3, 687, 466

.31

10, 239, 255

10,53,116

2.31

36,971

53,116

53

19,53,114

114

34,236

22,258

.65

Alizarin orange

Alizarin brown

40,53,160,173

114

39,907

52,653

1.32

59, 613

Alizarin SX

Anthracene blue WR . . .

Algol yellow W G

.A,lgol yellow R

19,114

10

10

Algol red R

10

Indanthrene blue

Indanthrene blue GCD .

Indanthrene yellow

Alizarin saphirol B

Indanthrene brown B..
All other anthraqui-
none dyes.

53,116

53,116

53,116

69,114

116

59,116,173

, . . _ . .

1

1

1

68 CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921,

Table 18. — Production and sales of dyes and other finished coal-tar products during

1921— Continued.

Common name.

Manufacturers' identi-
fication number (ac-
cording to list on
p. 79).

Sales, 1921.

Production,

1921
(quantity).

Schultz
No.

Quantity.

Value.

1 Average
i price per
1 pound.

874

INDIGO AND ITS DE-
RIVATIVES.

Indigo, synthetic

Indigo extract

52,53,114

Pounds.
9, 413, 308
723, 025

$4, 257, 572
472,253

' .10.45
.65

Pounds.
6, 673, 968
585, 931

877

5,15,53,98,114,157

52

879
880

I Brom indigos

883

ANILINE BLACK GROUP.

Aniline black .

145

922

1

923

Ursol

53, 66, 157

Total aniline
black dyes.

FOOD DYES.

Tartrazine

103, 267

202, 704

1.96

107, 890

24,111,164

23

83

Ponceau 3 R..

24,114

144

Orange I . . .

24,114

168

24,114,161

505

Light green SF (yel-
lowish).

164

592

24

877

Indigo disulfonicacid..
Yellow AB

24,114

6,72 114

Yellow OB

72...

PHOTOCHEMICAL DYES.

Alizarin yellow R

58.

.

58.

E. yellow

58.

p - Hydroazobenzene-
sulfonate.

58.

58. . . .

58

58. . . . .

...

58

Propyl red

58

Resorcin yellow

Bacteriological stains,
biological stains and
indicators.

Total dyes.

58

36,68, 83,95, 169

157

15,717

101.17

47,513,762

39,283,956

.83

39,008,690

COLOR LAKES.

Black lakes

5, 40, 53, 73, 146, 168,

• X.

11, 21, 32, 40, 53, 57, 60,
73, 84, 90, 94, 104, 140,
146, 147, 148, 149, 160,
168, X, X, X, X, X,
X X X X

32, 48,^53, 60, 73, 90, 146,
147, 159, X, X,X.

11,21,32,48,57,60,73,
84, 90, 104, 140, 145,

146, 147, 148, 149, X,
X, X, X, X, X, X,
X, X, X.

11,21,32,48,53,57,73,
84, 90, 94, 104, 146,

147, 148, 149, 168, X,
X, X, X, X, X, X,
XXX.

11,21,48, ,53,60, 73, 84,
90, 92, 96, 104, 130,
140, 145, 146, 147, 149,
159,168,X,X,X,X,
X, X, X, X, X.

266,877
347,620

27,225
314,973

19.5,294

288,320

33,793
228,091

3,576
243,029

83,316

238,939

.13
.66

.13

.77

.43
.83

242,095

Blue lakes

360,807

Brown lakes

27,986

Eosine lakes ,

Green lakes

309,326
200,924

Lithol red lakes

277,733

CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC OEGANIC CHEMICALS. 1921. 69

Table 18.— Production and sales of dyes and other finished coal-tar products during

1921— Continued.

Manufacturers' identi-

Sales, 1921.

Production,

1921
(quantity).

Schultz
No.

Conimon name.

fication number (ac-
cording to list on
p. 79).

Quantity.

Value.

Average
price per
pound.

COLOR LAKES— COntd.

Maroon lakes

Orange lakes

11, 21, 32, 48, 53, 57, 73,
S4, 90, 92, 100, 101,
104, 145, 146, 168, X,
X,X, X, x,x.

11,21,32,48,53,57,60,
73, 90, 94, 96, 104, 140,
146, 147, 148, 160, 168,
X, X, X, X, X, X,
XXX

11, 21, 4b,''48, 57, 73, 84,
90, 92, 96, 100, 101,
104, 145, 146, 149, 160,
165, 168,X,X,X,X,
X, X, X,X,X, X.

11,21,32,48,53,57,60,
73, 94, 96, 101, 104,

107. 140. 146. 147. 148,
149, 159, 160, 165, X,
X, X, X, X, X, X,
X, X, X, X.

11,21,32,48,53,57,60,
73, 84, 90, 96, 100, 101,

140. 145. 146. 148. 149,
159, 160, 165, 168, X,
X, X, X, X, X, X,
XXX

11, 21, 32, 48, 53, 57, 60,
^3, 84, 90, 94, 96, 104,
140, 146, 147, 148, 149,
168, X.X, X, X,X,
X X X X

11, 48, 53, 60, 73, 84, 90,
94, 104, 145, 146, 147,
148, 149, 168, X, X,
X, X, X,X, X, X.

X

Pounds.
552, 570

260,964
2,049,372
1,045,004

471, 226

178,311
202, 911

$207,817
82,169

621,985

516,7.55

177, 466

202, 8.59
104,048

80.38
.31

.30

.49

.38

1.14
.51

Pounds.

560,776

233,818

Para red

1,925,017

Red lakes

1, 002, 749

Scarlet lakes

438, 115

Violet lakes

182,021

'^

Yellow lakes

190, 988

i Total onlnr lakp.*:

6,424,612

2, 863, 189

.45

6, 152, 187

PHOTOGRAPHIC
CHEMICALS.

p-Aminophenol hydro-
chloride.

Diaminophenol hydro-
chloride.

31

167

139, 173

p-Hydroxyphenylgly-

cine.
Methyl p-aminophenol

sulfate (metol).

Total photographic
chemicals.

MEDIONALS.

Acetanilide

58

58, 139

170, 221

248,041

1.46

183, 798

3. 108, 112, 120, 131, X.

243.6.55 1 70.0.53 .29

207,483

X ' ' '

1 162

10-methylacridine
chloride).

144

X

[

Arsphenamine . .

47, 49, 105, 110

694
935,964

910
10,702

281,841-
686, 264

18,010
16, 700

406. 11
.73

19.79
1.56

670

Aspirin (acetylsalicylic

acid).
Benzocaine or anesthe-

sine (ethyl-p-amiuo

benzoate).

Benzyl benzoate

Benzyl succinate

Bismuth betanaphthol.

18,52, 112, X, X

1 24 110 144

733,510

7 61 108. 162

144 175 X

108 131

i

lOs' 120

r

phenol.
Caffeine sodium ben-
zoate.

144

70 CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921.

Table 18. — Production and sale of d'/es and other finished coal-tar products during

y^^i— Continued.

Common name.

Manufacturers' identi-
fication number (ac-
cording to list on
p. 79).

Sales, 1921.

Quantity.

Value.

Average
price per
pound.

Production,

1921
(quantity).

MEDiciNALs— eontd.

Chlorcosane

Cliliraniine T (sodium
p-toluenesiilfoch 1 o r-
amide).

Cinchophen (phenyl
cinchoninic acid).

Creosote carbonate

p-Cresol benzoa te

Oresol

Dibromohydroxy mer-
cury fluorescein, so-
dium sa't

Dichloramine T (p-
tolueno suUone di-
chloramide).

Guaiacol benzoate

Guaiacol carbonate

Guaiacol crystals

Guaiacol liquid

Halozone (p-sulfone di-
chloroamidobenz o i c
acid).

Ilydroxyquinoline and
sulfate.

Lithium benzoate

Magnesium salicylate . .

Mercuric benzoate

Methoxymethy sali-
cylate.

b-Naphthol benzoate. . .

Neoarsphenamine

Novaspirin (methylene
citryl salicylic acid).

Other salicylates

Phenacaine (ethenyl-p-
diethoxydiphenyl
amidine hydrochlo-
ride.)

Phenol phthaletn

Phenolsulfonates (cal-
cium, sodium, zinc,
etc.).

PhenolsTilfon e p h t h a-
lehi.

Phenol tetrachloroph-
thalein.

Potassium hydroxy-
quinoline sulfate.

Procaine (n-aminn-
benzoyldiethyl-
aminoetifianol).

Proflavine (3:6-dianiino
acridine sulfate).

Salicaine (salicyl alco-
hol).

Salol, U. S. P. (phenyl
salicylate).

Salophen (acetyl-p-
aminophenol salicy-
late).

Silver arsphenamine. . .

Sodium cinnamate

Sodium salicylate

Strontium salicylate

Tolysin (p-metnylphe-
nylcincnoninic acid
ethyl ether).

All other medicinals

Total medicinals.

Benzaldehyde

Coumarin

Ethyl benzoate..

Ethyl cinnamate.

112

26, 112.

1, 24...

Pounds.

Pounds.

24, 53, 116, 129.

144

116

83

24, 112.

144....

53

5-3, 116.
.53. 116.
112....

91.

144, X.
X

144....
18

24, 01 108.

47, lib

X

131.
110.

1, 24 102, 108, 131.

64,923

68, 83.

S3

91

1, 110.

1

24

108, 112, X.
1 8

36,200

110.
X..

52, 108, 112, 131, 143, X,

X

24

352, 250

1,876,246

X

XXX..

6l' 63^144,' 150,' i62rX,'

X.
61,63,89, 150, 162, X..

53,525
4,937

2,341

$4, 945

$2.70

16, 581

.26

100, 968

2, 930, 324

220,371
10,367

10,085

.29

1.56

4.12
2.10

4.31

28,408

319, 350

1,545,917

52,097
5,551

CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS^ 1&21. 71

Table 18. — Production and sale of dyes and other finished coal-tar products during

1921— Continued.

Common name.

Manufacturers' identi-
fication number (ac-
cording to list on
p. 79).

Sales, 1921.

Production,

1921
(quantity).

Schultz
No.

Quantity.

Value.

Average
price per
pound.

Flavors— Continued .

Ethyl salicylate

Iso butylphenyl acetate

Methyl cinnamate

Methyl salicylate

Phenylpropyl acetate..
Saccharin (benzosulfln-
ide).

Total flavors

61,63, 150

Pounds.

Pounds.

61

1

61,63,89,150, 162, X,X.
52, 63, 108, 143, 150,

X,X, X.
61

2,846
626,718

$13,047
214,391

S4.59
.34

2,786
640,943

26,139,X,X

1

933,662

1,002,018

1.07

901 245

L

PERFUME MATERIALS.

Acetophenone

61,63,89,150

187

1,000

5.37

165

Amylphenyl acetate . . .

Amyl salicylate

Aubepine (anisic alde-
hyde).
Benzophenone

X

61, 63, 150, X, X

61, 62, 63, 89, 150, X...

151

6,831
2,211

9,746
9,602

1.43
4.36

3,327
2,197

Benzyl acetate

7, 61, 63, 89, 150, 162, X.
1,7,61,63,89,108,144,

150, 162, X, X.
61,89

9,331
13,546

10,855
19, 165

1.16
1.41

7 191

Benzyl benzoate

Benzyl butyrate

Benzyl cinnamate

Benzyl formate

Benzylphenyl acetate. .

Benzyl propionate

Benzylidene acetone —
Bromstyrol

13,789

89, 150

150,X

150

61, X

150, X

61, 89, 150, 162, X

X

306

1,330

4.35

252

Cinnamic acid

Cinnamic alcohol

Cinnamic aldehyde

Diethyl phthalate

Dimethyl anthranilate.

Diphenylmethane

Diphenyl oxide

Kthylphenyl acetate. . .

Iso-butyl benzoate

Iso-butyl .salicylate

Methyl anthranilate

Methyl benzoate

Methyl guaiacol

Methyl-p-cresol

Methylphenyl acetate. .
Nerolin (b-naphthol

ethyl ether).
Phenylacetic aldehyde.

Phenylethyl acetate

Phenylethyl alcohol

Phenylpropyl acetate. .
Phenylpropyl alcohol. .

Salicylic aldehyde

Yara yara (b-naphthol

methyl ether).

Total perfumes

89

61, 62, 63, 150, X

61,63,89, 150, 162, X..
150

4,388
65,360

23, 183
£8,660

5.28
.90

4,977
73,937

89, 150,162

89,150,X

X

X

150

61, 63, 89, 150, 162, X..
61, 63, 144, 150, 162,

X, X, X.
150

947
1,782

4,611
2,421

4.88
1.36

655
2,176

150

X

63, 150, X

61,63,89, 150, 162, X...
61,89,150, X

901
44
140

11,843

660

1,584

13.15
15.00
11.31

822

61,63,89,150,162

X

157

X

63

63, X

119,091

175,815

1.47

119,335

SYNTHETIC PHENOLIC

RESDJS.

Derived from couma-
rone.

Derived from cresol

Derived from phenol . . .

Total resins . .

17

135, X,X

-'

135, X,X

493, 899

649,951

1.32

495, 152

'

1,674,456

1,352,166

.81

1,643,796

SYNTHETIC TANNING
MATERIALS.

17

Liberty extract

Synex

93

1

X

1

Total tanning
materials.

1,721,359

141,005

.08

1,902,597

72 CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921.

Table 19 —Comparison of production of dxjes and other finished coal-tar products, 1920

and 1921.

Product.

Total fluished coal-tar products

STILBENE DYES.

Direct yellow R

Chloraminc orange G . . ,

PYRA.ZOLONE DYES

Tartrazine

AZO DYES.

Monoazo dyes.

Butter yellow

Chrysoidine Y

Chrj'soidine R

Orange G

Fast acid f uchsine B

Amino naphthol red G

Alizarin yellow G

Alizarin yellow R

Amino naphthol red 6 B

Ponceau 2 R

Bordeaux B

Metanil vellow

Orange i

Orange II

Fast red A

Azo rubine

Amaranth '. I ,oq- ooq

Cochineal red , r,,' iXi.

H.;ilinin A hlapt TT '■' ^X^' tTi

336, 079

21,377

696, 466

Total production.

1921
(quantity).

Pounds.
51, 457, .565

153,547

67, 5S2

559, 134

18, 521
253, 693
100,246

91, 783
8,084

61,433
271,285
128, 080

90,790
178,272

84, 754

90, 385

28, 981
922, 326
120,251
232, 216

31,994

Sahcine black U.
Sulphou acid blue R —
Palatine chrome red B..
All other monoazo dyes.

Total monoazo dyes.

Disazo dyes.

Agalma black 10 B . . .

Brilliant croceine

Bismark brown

Bismark brown 2 R . .

Paper yellow

Chrysophenine G

Congo fed

Oxamine black BHN.

Benzo blue 2 B

Benzo orange R

Chrysaniine G — . . . .
Diamine fast red F . . .

Diamine brown

Beiizopurpuriiie 4 B..
All other disazo dyes .

, 426, 194

34, 463

153,695

557, 753

8,223

202, 303

207,665

281, 852

671, 217

21,332

13, 328

35, 782

69,610

152,626

233, 880

Total disazo dyes

5,531,363

Trisazo dyes.

Direct deep black EAV...

Erie direct black RX

Oxamine green B

Oxamine green G

Benzamine brown 3 GO .

Congo brown G

All other trisazo dyes

2, 229, 842
298,516
155, 753
62, 028
491, 347
213, 403
353, 154

Total trisazo dyes ^' ^^^' ^^^

Telrakisazo dyes.

53,326

Benzo brown G r;! o' oi i;

All other azo dyes °^^' "^

Total azo dyes.

17,062,366

CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921. 73

Table 19. — Comparison of production of dyes and other finished coal-tar products, 1920

and 1921 — Continued.

Product.

Total production.

1921,
quantity.

1920,
quantity.

TRIPHENTLMETHANE DYES.

Magenta (or fuchsine).

Methyl violet

Acid violet

Alkali blue

Soluble blue

Total triphenylmethane dyes

DIPHENTL NAPHTHYL METHANE DYES.

Wool green S

XANTHOME DYES.

Eosine

Ervthrosine

Total xanthone dyes .

THIOBENZENYL DYES.

Primuline

Columbia yellow.

OXAZINE AND THIAZINE DYES.

Gallocyanine . . .
Methylene blue.

AZINE DYES.

Safranine

InduUne (spirit soluble)

Nigrosine (spirit soluble)

Induline (soluble in water) . .
Nigrosine (soluble in water) .

SULFUR DYES.

Sulphur black...

Sulphur blue

Sulphur brown . .
Sulphur green...
Sulphur maroon.

Sulphur olive

Sulphur tan

Sulphur yellow..

Total sulfur dyes.

ANTHRAQUINONE DYES.

Alizarin brown .

INDIGO AND ITS DERIVATIVES.

Indigo, synthetic.
Indigo extract

Total dyes.

COLOR LAKES.

Black lakes

Blue lakes

Brown lakes...
Eosine lakes...

Green lakes

Lithol red

Maroon lakes..
Orange lakes...
Para red lakes.

Red lakes

Scarlet lakes...

Violet lakes

Yellow lakes...

Total color lakes

Total photographic chemicals.

Pounds.
49, 797
190,643
43, 043
73, 596
22, 356

Poirnds.

284,285

600, 873

144, 207

74, 253

98, 770

722, 421

164, 581

69, 073
6,644

126, 925

129,281
86,418

140, 064
209, 395

52, 771
55, 339

168, 402
92, 988

626, 706

7, 832, 696

190,621

1,159,115

70, 428

230, 773

55, 920

121,390

316,399

10, 239, 255

59,613

6, 673, 968
585,931

39, 008, 690

242, 095

360, 807

27, 986

309, 326

200, 924

277, 733

560, 775

233, 818

1,925,017

1,002,749

438,115

182, 021

190, 988

6, 152, 187

183, 798

541—22-

-6

2, 482, 169

85,489
6,874

215, 044

183, 179
100, 248

70, 169
577, 264

149,629
140,400
919,242
168, 048
2,745,021

16, 305, 037
1,514,811
1,269,731
177, 927
133. 407
129, 582
95, 038
408, 987

20, 034, 500

18, 178, 231
1,395,000

88, 263, 776

382, 277
645, 647
113,630
60b, 618
4>i,970
49b, 600
740,76b
339, 275
970, 589
4,410,797
783,011
336, 969
536, 122

10,983,538

440, 759

74 CENSUS or DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921.

Table 19. — Comparison of production of dyes and other finished coal-tar products, 1920

and 1921 — Continued.

Schultz
No.

Product.

Total production.

1921,
quantity.

1920,
quantity.

MEDICINALS.

Acetanilide

Arsphenamine

Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)

Phenolsulfonates (calcium, sodium, zinc, etc.)

Sodium salicylate

Total medicinals

Total flavors.

PEKFUME MATERIALS.

Acetophenone f'.t iV'iiVn'^^A

Amyl salicylate

Total synthetic phenolic resins

Pounds.

207,433

670

733,510

28,408

319,350

1,545,917

901, 245

165

3,327

1, 643, 796

Pounds.

1, 255, 140

605

1, 708, 436

181, 516

450, 764

5,184,989

166, 884

742

14,982

4, 659, 680

Prices of Domestic Dyes.

iThe following table (No. 20) contains a comparison of the domestic
sales prices of 100 dyes for the years 1917 to 1921, inclusive, together
with the invoice value for the same dyes imported during the year
1914. The colors included in this table represent about 88 per cent
of the domestic production of dyes in 1921. It should be pointed out
that the domestic sales prices are not directly comparable with the
invoice values in 1914. The latter values do not represent the cost
to the consumer as the importer's profit should be added to these,
figures, and in most cases the invoice value does not include "charges
for containers and packing, freight, and insurance to seaport, consu-
lar certification, minor shipping charges at point of departure and at
seaport."

Column 1 contains the Schultz number as indicated in ''Farbstoff-
Tabellen," by Gustav Schultz, 1914 edition.

Column 2 contains the common name of the dye as adopted by the
Tariff Commission for designating all dyes reported under a given
Schultz number (column 1).

Column 3 contains the domestic sales price reported to the Tariff
Commission. This represents the weighted average price of all
manufacturers for those dyes reported under a given Schultz number.
Most of these prices were published in the "Census of Dyes and Coal-
Tar Chemicals, 1917, 1918, 1919, and 1920."

Column 4 shows the invoice price (1914), which represents the
weighted average of all dyes classified under a given Schultz number
in "Artificial Dyestuffs Used in the United States," Department of
Commerce, Special Agents Series No. 121, by Thomas H. Norton.
These invoice prices are considerably below the price at which these
dyes were sold to the consumer in this country. This weighted
average value for all types is usually higher than the invoice price
per pound for those dyes representing the bulk of the importation
under a given Schultz number. An examination of the individual
dyes imported under given Schultz numbers in the Norton census

CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS^ 1921, 75

shows a wide variation in prices, frequently amounting to several
hundred per cent. This is chiefly due to the great variation in the
concentration of the different dyes and also to the variation in prices
of special and pure brands, which are more costly than the ordinary
brands.

The average price of all dyes produced in 1917 was $1.26 per pound;
for 1918, $1.07 per pound; for 1919, $1.07 per pound; for 1920, $1.08,
and for 1921, $0.83 per pound. The tendency has been to reduce
both the cost of production and sales price of dyes produced in the
United States.

Such reductions have occurred notwithstanding the yearly develop-
ment and production of new colors of greater value and complexity.
These have tended to increase the average value per pound of all
dyes produced.

As stated in the 1917 census the import statistics show that for
several years before the war artificial dyes imported into the United
States annually v/ere valued at between $9,000,000 and $10,000,000,
and, furthermore, it is probable that the cost of these dyes used in the
United States to the primary consumers (textile mills, tanners, etc.)
was not less than $20,000,000 nor more than $25,000,000 per year.
The actual importation of dyes in 1914, as stated in the Norton
census, was 45,950,895 pounds. On the basis of the above values
and the 1914 quantity imported, the cost of the dyes to the consumer
was from 44 to 53 cents per pound, the invoice cost on the basis of
invoice value of $10,000,000 would be 22 cents per pound. The 1921
average sales price of 83 cents per pound is nearly comparable
with the pre-war sales price of 44 to 53 cents per pound.

Table 20. — Domestic prices of dyes, 1917 to 1921, with the 1914 invoice values.

Name.

United
States

pro-
duction,

1921.

Average price per pound.

1914
invoice

Schultz
No.

1917

1918

1919

1920

1921

value
imported

dyes

(weighted

average

of all

types).

9

Direct yellow R

Pounds .
153, 547

$2.55

$2.61

$1.74

$1.49

1.53

1.88

1.86

.87

.79

1.04

1.22

1.78

.63

.86

1.51

.80

.93

5.33

1.64

.43

2.08

.62

1.55

1.65

1.04

1.43

2.28

2.11

1.26

1.52

.81

1.10

$1.07

1.22

1.60

1.80

.77

.78

.86

.96

1.46

.53

.69

1.25

.73

.84

3.89

1.20

1.04

1.85

.51

1.53

1.25

.96

1.26

1.96

3.23

.99

1.63

.98

.75

$0. 178

10

Stilbene yellow

.162

11

Chloramine orpnge G

57, .582
559, 134
253, 693
100,246

3.32
1.50
1.09
1.22
1.13
1.25
3.04
.59
.83

"'i.'i5'

1.46

2.86

1.91

.77

1.22

.89

.92

1.16

.68

.91

.88

.79

1.02

5.56

1.61

.85

2.02

.68

2.00

1.99

2.04

1.04

1.12

.88

1.04

.97

.72

.84

.81

.80

91

5.15

1.65

"'i.'gs'

.63
1.68

.239

23
33

Tartrazine ".

Chrysoidine Y

.200
.136

34

Chrysoidiae R

.165

37

Croceine orange

.133

38

Orange G

91, 783

61, 433
271, 285
128,080

90,790
178, 272

84, 754

.148

42

Ainido naphthol red G •

.150

48

Alizarin yellow G

.077

5K

Alizarin yellow R

.154

66

82

Amido naphthol red 6 B

Ponceau 2 R

.604
.095

112

Bordeaux B

.159

119

Diaminp insp

.411

134

Metani! yellow

90,385

2.24
1.32
2.04
.98
1.90

.164

137

Acid yellow G

.176

141

Azo yellow

125,358

922,326

52,080

.249

145

Orange II

.081

154

Palatine chrome brown

.256

157

Diamond black P. V

130

161

Fast red A

120, 251

232, 216

144, 957

31,994

139, .323

63, 194

94.214

1. 52?. 220

1.19
2.71
2.25
1.31

1.44
1.25
.74
2.92

1.03
1.51
1.25
.88
1.16
2.38
1.35
1.62

1.05
1.43
2.20
2.98
1.32
.39
1.89
1.25

.118

163

Azo rubine

.198

164

Fast red v. R

.188

168

Amaranth

.138

169

Cochineal red

.127

173

Litholred R

.083

177

Mordant yellow

.149

181

Salicine black U

.156

76 CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921.
Table 20.— Domestic prices of dyes, 1917 to 1921, ivith the 1914 invoice values— Con.

Name.

365, 998
83,796

SuJphonacid blue R

Agalma black 10 B

Brilliant croceine .

Wool red B [,

Sulphon cyanine

Sulphon cyanine black

Naphthylamine black D . . .

Diamond black

Bismark brown

Bismark brown 2 R ....

Chrysophenine G

Congo red

Diamine violet J<i ,

Oxamine black B H N. !!!...! . ! i"28i, 852

United
States
pro-
duction,
1921.

Pounds.

336, 079

1, 42'i, 194

34, 463

163, 695
557, 753
202, 303
207, 665

Average price per pound.

1917

Benzo blue 2 B

Benzo orange R ........

Chrysamine G

Diamine fast red F .'..'.'.... .

Diamine brown

Benzo purp urine 4 B.

Benzo blue 3 B

Benzo purpurine io B . . . .".

Benzazurine G

Chicago blue R W..!

Chicago blue 6 B

Benzamine pure blue

Direct deep black E W .

Erie direct black R X

Oxamine green B

Oxamine green G

Benzamine brown 3 G O "

Congo brown G

Benzo brown G ' .

Auramine

Malachite green

Brilliant green

Guinea green

Magenta

Methyl violet

Aniline blue '

Acid violet

Alkali blue

Patent blue

Victoria blue B ........

Wool green S

Rhodamine B

Eosine '..[

Pho3phine

Primuline

Columbia yellow

Gallocyanine

Methylene blue

Safraninc

Iiiduline (spirit soluble).' '. '. '.
Nigrosine (spirit soluble). . .

Induline (soluble water)

Nigrosine (soluble in water)

Sulphur yellow

.Sulphur black

Sulphur blue

Sulphur brown

Sulphur tan

Sulphur maroon

Indanthrene dark blue B O

Alizarin

Aliiarin o ange

Alizarin brown

Indanthrene blue G C D....

Indanthrene yellow

Indigo synthetic

Indigo extract

571, 217
21, 332
13, 328
35, 782
69, 610

152,626

.12. 25
1.08
1.35
2.50
2.25
2.25
1.89
2.50
1.17
1.48

12.64
2.47

2.50
2.00
2.00
1.97

2.82
2.32

83, 781

2, 229, 842
298, 516
155, 753
62, 028
491, 347
213, 403
53, 326
94, 484

5.00

.75

2.30
2.16
1.80
2.00
1.80
3.08
6.28

49,797 1
190, 643
87, 464
43, 043
73, 596

164, 581
' "69 ,"673

129, 281

86,418

140, 064

209, 395

52, 771

55, 339

168, 402

92, 988

626, 706

316,399

7, S32, 696

190, 621

1,159,115

121,390

230, 773

36,971

59, 613

6, 673, 968
585, 931

8.50
9.10
3.84
4.85
8.50
4.71
10.78
11.91
6.98
10.00
8.-58
6.00
4.43
3.00
5.96
3.09
5.93
5.41
1.11
1.51
.80
.99
.60
1.63
.55
.90

3.38

1.42
.38

1918

$2.25

1.26

1.92

2.10

2.25

2.10

.84

1.40

.81

.97

5.71

2.01

3.25
1.37
1..56
1.53

2.60
2.46
2.23
4.73
3.00

4.49
.85

2.20
2.09
1.70
2.25
1.50
3.76
5.60
5.63
8.10
7.72
2.78
5.66
7.00
8.33
8.68
8.46

15.92
7.81
6.00
3.04
3.56
5.12
2.80
5.85
• 1.46
.71
.70
.63
1.09
.37
1.45
.48
.65

1.95

"."so'

.62

1919

82.02
1.47
2.4)
2.67
2.21
1.91
1.01
1.48
1.01
1.04
2.53
1.12
3.32
2.72
1.00
.88
1.36
2.72
2.20
1.80
1.69
2.07
3.18
2.40
3.08
1.97
1.04
1.04
1.85
2.14
1.65
1.83
1.23

.3.08
3.26
4.66
5.12
4.57
2.44
4.86
4.93
6.35

3.65

5.95

6.90

6.30

3.86

1.71

2.66

3.03

3.03

4.02

.53

.71

.67

.59

.83

.29

1.11

.47

.34

1.23

1.68

1.45

1.58

6.96

17.62

.59

.64

1920

$1 95
1.29
2.23
2.64
2.26
1.80

.87
1.55

.84

.91
2.81

.86
2.97
2.49

.88
1.07
1.08
2.59
1.99
1.46
1.67
2.47
1.98
1.88
2.11
2.43
1.03

.99
1.51
1.20
1.60
1.58
1.39
2.48
3.32
4.23
5.22
4.67
2.39
6.82
5.20
5.90

5.14

4.99

6.72

4.19

4.17

1.59

2.36

3.06

2.94

3.88

1.21

.88

1.03

.72

.71

.25

.98

.35

.47

1.62

2.12

1.45

1.46

1.68

2.40

4.68

.74

1.00

1921

$1.67

1.09

1.56

1.41

1.74

1.48

.94

1.25

.78

.85

2.03

.89

2.17

1.48

.69

.86

.99

2.09

1.65

1.20

1.03

2.33

1.53

1.67

1.90

1.39

.79

.71

1.21

1.03

1.15

1.45

1.06

2.02

1.97

3.68

3.94

3.28

1.66

2.91

3.64

3.42

3.86
1.88

2.51
3.70
1.37
1.59
2.44
1.94
2.60
.75
70
.96
68
.73
.23
.64
..38
.59
.95
2.31
.65

1.32

2.41

3.76

.45

.65

census of dyes and synthetic organic chemicals, 1921. 77
Employees and Rates of Pay.

Reports were made by 170 of the 201 firms manufactm-ing coal-tar
products concerning the number of employees receiving specified rates
of pay on either December, 1921, or the nearest representative normal
date for which this information could be obtained. The result of this
report is contained in Tables 2 J. and 22. The 31 firms not reporting
in most cases either conducted a business in which coal-tar products
were not the primary articles of manufacture or did not have sepa-
rately organized departments dealing with coal-tar products. The 170
firms reported a total of 13,292 employees, a decrease in number of
8,895 from that of 1920. The 1920 number of employees, in turn,
represented a decrease of 2,549 from that of 1919. The chemists and
technically trained men in 1921 totaled 1,722, or 12.9 per cent of all
employees. In 1920 there were 2,551 chemists and technically
trained men who made up 11.5 per cent of all employees. In 1921,
of all chemists and technically trained men, 25.4 per cent received $50
but under $75 per week; 23.47 per cent received $75 per week and
over; 9.2 per cent received $45 but under $50 per week; 9.5 per cent
received $40 but under $45 per week; 9 per cent received $35 but
under $40 per week. Of all men without technical training, 25.3 per
cent received $20 but under $25 per week; 20.2 per cent received $25
but under $30 per week; and 16.7 per cent received $30 but under $35
per week.

In general, the wages of 1921 for both classes of men show a reduc-
tion from that of 1920, the percentage being small for chemists and
technically trained men, whereas the decreased percentage for all
other men without technical training was larger. Table 22 contains
a comparison for the years 1920 and 1921 of specified rates of pay of
technically trained men and men v/ithout such training. Among the
technically trained men there was a decrease of about 5 per cent in
each of the tliree classes receiving $30 to $35, $35 to $40, and $40 to
$45 per week. Of all men without technical training there was a de-
crease of about 32 per cent in the two classes receiving $25 to $30 and
$30 to $35 per week.

The Census of 1919 stated that the dye and coal-tar chemical
industry has probably a larger proportion of technically trained men
than will be found in any otlier manufacturing industry in the United
States.

There is a striking contrast between the size of the industry in 1914
and in 1921. The Bureau of the Census reported for the calendar year
1914 that the number of employees engaged in the manufacture of
coal-tar colors and other products totaled 528, divided as follows:
Salaried employees, 130; wage earners (average number), 398. The
total number of firms engaged in this industry during that year was 7.

78 CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921.

Table 21. — Employees and rates of pay in 1921.
[Dye and coal-tar chemical industry.]

Wages per week.

Number of employees at each
specified wage engaged in
manufacturing operations.

Chemists
and tech-
nically
trained
men.

Men
without
technical
training.

AU em-
ployees.

Percentage receiv-
ing each specified
wage.

OfaU
chemists
and tech-
nically
trained
men.

OfaU

men

without

technical

training.

Percentage receiv-
ing each specified
wage or more.

Of all
chemists
and tech-
nically
trained
men.

Of all

men

without

technical

training.

Under $10

$10 but under $1.5.
$15 but under $20.
820 but under $2.5.
$25 but under ?.30.
$30 but under $.35.
$35 but under $40.
$40 but under $45.
$45 but under $50.
$50 but under $75.
$75 and over

Total.

14
45
102
106
135
155
164
159
438
404

66

471

1,994

2,937

2.341

1,940

802

516

214

245

44

66

485

2,039

3,039

2,447

2,075

957

680

373

683

448

0.81
2.61
5.92
6.16
7.84
9.00
9.52
9.23
25.44
23.47

0.57

4.07

17.23

25.38

20.24

16.77

6.93

4.46

1.85

2.12

.38

100.00

99.19
%.58
90.66
84.50
76.66
67.68
58.14
48.91
23.47

100.00

99.43

95.36

78.13

52.75

32.51

15.74

8.81

4.35

2.50

.38

11,570

13, 292

100.00

100. 00

Table 22. — Comparison of employees and rates of pay, 1920 and 1921.
[Dye and coal-tar chemical industry.]

Percentage receiving each specified wage or more.

Wages per week.

Of all chemists and techni-
cally trained men.

Of all men without techni-
cal trauiing.

1921

1920

Decreased

per-
centage.

1921

1920

Decreased

per-
centage.

$10 but under $15. . .

99.4

95.4

78.1

52.8

32.5

15.7

8.8

4.4

2.5

.4

99.9
99.3
95.2
84.8
65.2
36.9
19.4
10.2
4.9
.2

0.5

$15 but under $20

99.2
96.6
90.7
84.5
76.7
67.7
58.1
48.9
23. 5

99.3
97.1
94.3

89.7
81.8
72.3
55.4
47.0
20.8

6. i

.5

3.6

5.2

5.1

4.6

12.7

1 1.9

12.7

3.9

$20 but under $25

17.1

$25 but under $30

32.0

$30 but under $35

32.7

$35 but under $40

21.2

$40 but under ."545

10.6

$45 but under $50

$50 but under $75

5.8
2.4

$75 and over

1.2

1 Increase.

Research Work.

Of the 201 firms engaged in the manufacture of dyes and other coal-
tar chemicals, 68 had separately organized research laboratories for the
solution of technical problems in the manufacture of their products
and for the development or discovery of new products. During
1921 the net operating expenses of these laboratories, together with
research work done in the laboratories not separately organized for
research, was $4,246,668. This includes salaries, apparatus, and
materials, after deducting the value of saleable products made in the
research laboratories. The figure for 1921 shows an increase of
$439,870 compared with 1920. This figure is doubtless an under-
statement of the real cost of experimental work, since it does not

CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921. 79

include, in all cases, the cost of research done as a part of manu-
facturing operations and not shown on the books of the companies
as a charge against research.

The total reported cost of research in the coal-tar dye and chemical
industry for the four years 1917-1921, was $19,373,407. With the
exception of the year 1917, this is net, and does not include the value
of saleable products made in experimental departments. In probably
no other chemical field has there been so extensive and energetic
investigation carried out as in the manufacture of dyes. The achieve-
ments of this period 1917-1921 must be attributed in no small part
to the activity and liberal policy of the manufacturers in this field.
Extended research is necessary for the development of a self-sustaining
and competitive dye indus^try, and should be continued for the future
welfare of the domestic industry.

Directory of manufacturers of coal-tar products during 1921 .

No.

Name of company.

Office address (location of plant given in parentheses if
not in same city as office).

Abbott Laboratories

Agawam Chemical Works (Inc.).

Albany Chemical Co

Althouse Chemical Co

Amalgamated Dyestufl & Chemical
Works (Inc.)-

American Aniline Products (Inc.)

American Chemical Products Co

American Nitration Co. (Inc.)

American Tar Products Co

American \'at Color Co

Ansbacher & Co., A. B. (Inc.)

Arista Chemical Co. (Inc.)

Atlantic Chemical Works (Ltd.).

Atlantic Dyestufl Co

Atlas Color Works ,

Baird & McGuire (Inc.)

Barrett Co., The

Bayer Co. (Inc.), The

Beaver Chemical Co. (Inc.)

Beaver Manufacturing Co

Brooklyn Color Works (Inc.)

Butterworth-Judsou Corporation

Cabot (Inc.), Samuel

Calco Chemical Co., The

Carey Manufacturing Co., The Philip.

Carus Chemical Co

Central Dyestufl & Chemical Co

Certain-teed Products Corporation ....

Chatfield Manufacturing Co., The.

Chemical Company of America (Inc.),
The.

Chester Chemical Corporation

Childs & Co., Charles M

Chiris Co. , Antoine

Cincinnati Chemical Works (Inc.)

Citizens Gas Co

Coleman & Bell

Commonwealth Chemical Corporation..

Conmionwealth Color & Chemical Co. . .

Condensite Co. of .\merica

Consolidated Color & Chemical Co

Cooks Falls Dye Works (Inc.)

Coopers Creek Chemical Co

Corona Chemical Division (Pittsburgh

Plate Glass Co.).
CresceRt Color &^ Chemical Works (Inc.)

' .{h ,yy/iiiip .-Wr/jaVf'o l)rif:";li,

4753 Ravenswood Avenue, Chicago, lU.

531 Grosvenor Building, Providence, R. I. (North Attle-

boro, Mass.).
3-24 Broadway, Albany, N. Y.
540 Pear Street, Reading, Pa.
Plum Point Lane, Newark, N.J.

80 Fifth Avenue, New York City (Lock Haven, Pa.).

73 Chatham Street, Rochester, N. Y.

River Road, Nutley, N. .1.

208 South La SaUe Street, Chicago, 111. (St. Louis, Mo.;

CarrollviUe, Wis.; Youngstown, Ohio.; Follansbee,

W. Va.; Woodward, Ala.).
3223 South Western Boulevard, Chicago, lU.
527 Fifth Avenue, New York City. (Brooklyn, N. Y.)
305 Broadway, New York City. (Brooklyn, N. Y.)
Bayway, N. J. (Elizabeth, N. J.)

88 Ames Building, Bo.^ton, Mass. (Portsmouth, N. H.)
322 Ninth Street, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Holbrook, Mass.

40 Rector Street, New York City. (Plants distributed
throughout the United States.)

117 Hud.son Street, New York City (Rensselaer,N. Y.).
Damascus, Va.
BaUardvale, Mass.

Stewart Avenue and Cherry Street, Brooklyn, N. Y.
61 Broadway, New York City., (Newark, N. J.)
141 Milk Street, Boston, Mass. (Chelsea, Mass.)
Bound Brook, N. J.
Dockland, Ohio.
La Salle, 111.

Plum Point Lane, Newark, N. J.

Boatman's Hank Building, St. Louis, Mo. (East St.
■ Louis, 111.)

Seventy-fourth and Lebanon Streets, Station P, Cin-
cinnati, Ohio.
46 Murray Street, New York City. (Springfield, N. J.)

36-40 Delevan Street, Brookljii, N. Y.

41 Summit Street, Brooklyn,"N. Y.

147 Waverly Place, New York City. (Dolawanna, N. J.)
Box 20, Evanston Station, Cincinnati, Ohio. (Norwood

and St. Bernard, Ohio.)
Majestic Building, Indianapolis, Ind.i .. ; ; . ,-i | i 4|
Norwood, Ohio. .o'J yi :-i. .i!,l i lol

15 Park Row, New York Citv. (Newark, I Wayne

County, N. Y.) " ■ , : • ;

Nevins. Butler, and Baltic Streets, Brooklyn, N. Y.;
Bloomflcld. N. J. (Wvandotte, Mich.)
122 Hudson Street, New York City. (Newark, N. J.)
SO Maiden Lane, New York City. (Cooks Falls, N. Y.)
West Conshohocken, Pa. , , ,;

21.3-215 Lake Street, Milwaukee, Wis. :- • ;/; j ',.)!

Fifty-ninth Street and Eleventh Avenue, New York
City. (Dunellen, N. J.)

80 CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921,
Directory of manufacturers of coal-tar ^products during 1921 — Continued.

1

No.

45

Name of company.

Croton Color & Chemical Co. (Inc.).

Denver Gas & Electric Light Co

Dermatological Research Institute
(Inc.).

Devoe k Kaynolds Co. (Inc.)

Diarsenol Co. (Inc.)

Dicks David Co. (Inc.)

Dissosway Chemical Co. (Inc.) .. .

Dow Chemical Co., The

du Pont de Nemours & Co., E. I.

DyaniUn Chemical Co. (Inc.) ,

Dye Products & Chemical Co. (Inc.)

DvestuiTs & Chemicals (Inc.)

Eakins (Inc.), J. S. & W. R

Eastman Kodak Co

Essex AniUne Works (Inc.)

Fine Colors Co. (Inc.)

Florasynth Laboratories (Inc.).

Fries Bros

Fries & Fries Co., The

Garfield Aniline Works (Inc.)..

Gary Chemical Co

Gaskill Chemical Corporation. .

Goodrich Co., The B. F

Grahame Chemical Co

Grasselli Chemical Co., The

Harmer Laboratories Co.

Helena Light and Railway Co., The

Heller & Merz Co., The

Herrmann & Co., Morris

Hey den Chemical Co. of America(Inc.).

Hind & Harrison Plush Co., The

Hirsch Laboratories (Inc.), The

Holland AniUne Co

HolUday Kemp Co. (Inc.).

Hooker Electrochemical Co ... .
Hord Color Products Co., The..
Hub Dyestuff & Chemical Co.* ,

Hydrocarbon Chemical Co

Hynson, Westcott & Dimning. .

Imperial Color Works (Inc.)

Independent Coal Tar Co

Indiana Dye & Chemical Co

International Coal Products Corpora-
tion.

Interstate Products Corporation

Ising Corporation, The C. E

Jaenecke-Ault Co

Kem-0-Zone Laboratories (Inc.)

Kentucky Color & Chemical Co

Klipstein & Sons Co., E.G.

Kohnstamm & Co., H

La Motte Chemical Products Co

Lasher & Co. (Inc.). F. G

Lawrence Color & Chemical Works

Lee Co., A

Lewis Manufacturing Co., F. J

Lucas Paint Co., Alston

Lucas & Co. (Inc.), John

MaUinckrodt Chemical Works

Marietta Refining Co., The

Marx Color & Chemical Co., Max

Maspachusetts Department of Public
Health.

May Chemical Works

Mepham A Co., Geo. S

Merck & Co

Merrimae Chemical Co

Metz Laboratories (Inc.) H. A

Monroe Drug Co

OflBce address (location of plant giveninparentheses if
not in same city as office).

293 Broadway, New York City. (Croton-on-Hudson,

N. Y.) .

900 Fifteenth Street, Denver, Colo.
1720 Lombard Street, Philadelphia, Pa.

101 Fulton Street, New York City. (Chicago, 111.)

904 Ellicott Square, Bufialo, N. Y.

19 North Moore Street, New YorkCity. (Chicago Heights,

55 Eckford Street, Brooklyn, N. Y.

Midland, Mich.

1007 Market Street, Wilmington, Del. (Deepwater

Point and Lodi, N. J.)
Box 216, New Brunswick, N. J.
200 Fifth Avenue, New York City. (Newark, N. J.)
11th and Monroe Streets, St. Louis, Mo.
24 WaUabout Street, Brooklyn, N. Y.
343 State Street, Rochester, N . Y. ( Kodak Park Works,

Rochester, N. Y.)
88 Broad Street, Boston, Mass. (South Middleton, Mass.)
21-29 McBride Avenue, Paterson, N. J.
Olmstead and Starling Avenues, Unionport, N. Y.
92 Reade Street, New York City. (Bloomfleld, N,J.)
1501 West Sixth Street, Cincinnaiti, Ohio.
Midland Avenue, Garfield, N. J.
738 Broadway, Gary, Ind. (Chesterton, Ind.)
157 Spencer Street, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Akron, Ohio (Akron Mill No. 3).
636 East State Street, Trenton, N. J.
130a Guardian Buildiag, Cleveland, Ohio. (Grasselli,

N. J., Rensselaer, N. Y.)
Baltimore and Hirst Avenues, East Lansdowne, Pa.

(Lansdowne, Pa.)
Helena, Mont.

338 Wilson Avenue, Newark, N. J.
200 Fifth Avenue, New York City. (Newark, N. J.)
Garfield, N.J.
Clark MiUs, N. Y.
50 East Forty-first Street, New York City. (Brooklyn,

N. Y.)
Holland, Mich.
Betts Avenue and Queens Boulevard, Woodside, L. I.,

N. Y. (New York, N.Y.)

25 Pine Street, New York City. (Niagara FaUs, N. Y.)
1636 Columbus Avenue, Sandusky, Ohio.

595 East Seventh Street, South Boston, Mass.
951 East Orange Street, Lancaster, Pa.
Charles and Franklin Streets, Baltimore, Md.
Glens Falls, N. Y.

26 Broad Street, Boston, Mass. (Taunton, Mass.)

One Hundred and Fiftieth Street and Calumet Avenue,

Hammond, Ind.
295 Fifth Avenue, New York City. (South Chnch-

fleld Va.)
Bristol, Tenn.
Flushing, N. Y.

Avenue B and Wright Street, Newark, N. J.
375 EUicott Street, Buffalo, N. Y.
Thirty-fourth Street, South of Bank Street, Louisville,

644 Greenwich Street, New York City. (Chrome, N. J.;
South Charleston, W. Va., and Edgewater, N. J.)

87 Park Place, New York City. (Brooklyn, N. Y.)

13 West Saratoga Street, Baltimore, Md.

104 Grove Street, Brooklyn, N. Y.

15 Merrimae Street, Lawrence, Mass.

Lawrence, Mass. (Methuen, Mass.)

2,513 South Robey Street, Chicago, 111.

1031 Currier Street, Chicago, 111.

322 Race Street, Philadelphia, Pa. (Gibbsboro, Cam-
den Co.. N. J.)

3600 North Second Street, St. Louis, Mo.

Central Bank Building. Marietta, Ohio.

192-194 Coit Street, Irvington, N. J.

Room 540, State House, Boston, Mass.

204 Niagara Street, Newark, N. J.

Twentieth and Lynch Avenues, East St. Louis, lU.

45 Park Place, New York City. (Rahway, N.J.)

148 State Street, Boston, Mass. (North Woburn, Mass.)

122 Hudson Street, New York City. (Brooklyn, N. Y.)

Fourth and Oak Streets, Quincy, 111.

CEISTSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921. 81
ft Directory of manufacturers of coal-tar products during 1921 — Continued.

Name of company.

OfQce address (location of plant given in parentheses if
not in same city as offlce).

Monsanto Chemical Works

National Ammonia Co. of Penna., The.
National Aniline & Chemical Co. (Inc.).

Naugatuck Chemical Co., The.
Newport Co., The

New England AnilineWorks (Inc.)

New Haven Gas Light Co

New York Color & Chemical Co. (Inc.)
New York Quinine & Chemical Works

Niagara Alkali Co

Nitro Products Corporation

Noil Chemical & Color Works (Inc.)... ,

Norvell Chemical Corporation, The

Palatine Aniline & Chemical Corpora-
tion.

Peerless Color Co. (Inc.)

Pennsylvania Coal Products Co

Peoples Gas By- Products Corporation

Pharma-Chemical Corporation

Po Ambo Chemical Co. (Inc.)

Powers- Weightman-Rosengarten Co

Providence Chemical Laboratories

Radiant Dye & Color Works ,

Raritan Aniline Works

Redmanol Chemical Products Co ,

Reliance Aniline & Chemical Co. (Inc.).

Republic Color & Chemical Works

Republic Creosoting Co

Rhodia Chemical Co. .
Ruxton (Inc.), Philip.

Sanborn Chemical Works

Secaw Chemical Co

Semet-Solvay Co

Seydel Manufacturing Co

Sherwin-Williams Co., The

Sieglo Corporation of America, G

Siemon & Elting

Sinclair & Valentine Co

Sun Chemical & Color Co

Synfleur Scientific Laboratories (Inc.).
Synthetical Laboratories of Chicago...

T. M. & G. Chemical Co

Tar Products Corporation

Texdel Chemical Co. (Inc.)

Textile Chemical Co

Thatcher Process Co. (Inc.) ,

Tower Manufacturing Co. (Inc.).

Trico Chemical Co. (Inc.) ,

Ullman Co., Sigmund

Ultro Chemical Corporation

Uniform Color & Chemical Corporation.

Van Dyk & Co

Verona Chemical Co

Warner-Jenkinson Co

Western Dry Color Co

White Tar Co. of New Jersey (Inc.), The

Wilbur White Chemical Co., The

WilhelmCo., The A

Will Corporation

WiUiamsburg Chemical Co. (Inc.)

Wolf Co., Jacques

Wyoming Dyestutls & Chemical Corpo-
ration.
Zinsser & Co

Zobel Co. (Inc.), Ernst...
Stearns & Co., Frederick.

1724 South Second Street, St. Louis, Mo.

Delaware Avenue and Van Kirk Street, Philadelphia, Pa.

40 Rector Street, New York City. (Brooklyn, N. Y.-
Buffalo, N. Y.; Marcus Hook, Pa.)

Naugatuck, Conn.

1112 First Wisconsin National Bank Building, Mil-
waukee, Wis.

9.5 BroadStreet, Boston, Mass. (Ashland, Mass.)

New Haven, Conn.

12 Gold Street, New York Citv. (Belleville. N.J.)

135 William Street, New York City. (Brooklyn, N. Y.)

4205 Buffalo Avenue, Niagara Falls, N. Y.

Nitro, W. Va.

152 West One hundred and eighth Street, New York
City.

11 CUff Street, New York City, f Perth Amboy, N. J.)

81 North Water Street, Poughkeepsie, N. Y.

Bound Brook, N. J.

Reiber Building, Butler, Pa. (Petrolia, Pa.).

122 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago, III. (Hawthorne,

233 Broadway, New York City. (Bayonne, N. J.)

Matawan, N. J.

916 Parrish Street, Philadelphia, Pa.

51 Empire Street, Providence, R. I.

2837 West Twenty-first Street, Brooklyn, N. Y.

New Brunswick, N. J.

636 West Twenty-second Street, Chicago, 111.

15 WDliam Street, New York Citv. (Poughkeepsie.

N. Y.)
P. O. box 533, Reading, Pa.
1614 Merchants Bank Building, Indianapolis Ind. (St.

Louis Park, Minn.; Seattle, Wash.; Mobile, Ala.)
89 Fulton Street, New York City. (New Brunswick,

N.J.)
220 West Forty-second Street. New York City. (247/253

Water Street, Brooklyn, N. Y.)
Putnam, Conn.

525 Chancellor Avenue, Irvington, N. J.
Syracuse, N. Y.

78-100 Forrest Street, Jersey City, N. J.
Cleveland, Ohio. (Kensington, Chicago, lU.)
Rosebank, S. I., N. Y.

93 Nassau Street, New York City. (Irvington, N. J.)
11 St. Clair Place, New York City. (Edgewater, N. J.)
309-321 Sussex Street, Harrison, N. J.
Monticello, N. Y.

1326 West Congress Street, Chicago, lU.
BeUeviUe, N.J.
913 Turks Head Building, Providence, R. I. (East

Providence, R. I.)
120 Maiden Lane, New York City. (Jersey City, N. J.)
Public Street and Allen's Avenue, Providence, R. I.
523 Tracy Street, Syracuse, N. Y.
326 Broadway, New York City. (Newark, N. J.)
502 Iroquois Building, Buffalo, N. Y.
Park Avenue and One hundred and forth-sixth Street,

New York City.
41 Union Square, New York City. (Brooklyn, N. Y.)
Market Street and Bertrand Avenue, Perth Amboy, N. J.
4 Piatt Street, New York City. (Jersey City, N. J.)
26 Verona Avenue, Newark, N. J.
2526 Baldwin Street, St. Louis, Mo.
Fifty-second and Wallace Streets, Chicago, 111.
56 Vesey Street, New York City. (Kearney, N. J.)
O wego, N. Y.
Reading, Pa.

845 Maple Street, Rochester, N. Y.
2.30 Morgan Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Passaic, N.J.
P. O. box 12, Scranton, Pa.

Hastings-on-Hudson, N. Y.

Second Avenue and Tenth Street, Brooklyn, N. Y.

Jefferson and BeUevue Avenues, Detroit, Mich.

I'l ,BifiqIol'

;!T ,.0'JInoifmri'

I.HwJj.Oit ,

PART III.

DYES IMPORTED FOR CONSUMPTION IN THE UNITED
STATES, 1921 CALENDAR YEAR.

83

I

i

Part III.

DYES IMPORTED FOR CONSUMPTION IN THE UNITED
STATES, 1921 CALENDAR YEAR.

Introductory.

Since 1919 the United States Tariff Commission has compiled a
detailed census of dye imports similar to the Department oi Com-
merce publication, Artificial Dyestuffs Used in the United States,
of the fiscal year 1913 and 1914, which is commonly known as the
Norton Import Census.

This information was first collected for use in the administration
of section 501 of Title 5 of the act of September 8, 1916, making the
specific duties on dyes and other finished coal-tar products after
September 8, 1921, dependent upon whether as much as 60 per cent
in value of the consumption of these products are being produced in
the United States. Unfortunately, however, the provisions are not
clear as to whether the domestic consumption is to be considered as
a total consumption of each class of finished products or the con-
sumption of individual items within the class. In either case there
has been a lack of detailed information as to the importation of indi-
vidual dyes, for years other than fiscal 1913 and 1914, this period
being covered by Norton Census. The need of an import census of
dyes has caused the Tariff" Commission to continue this compilation
for the year 1921, the information being of direct value to manufac-
turers, consumers, and importers. With the cooperation of the
Treasury Department, invoices covering dye imports in the calendar
year 1921, with the exception of those of the port of New York,
were sent to the commission for tabulation. The statistics of dyes
imported through the port of New York were obtained by trans-
cribing the necessary information direct from the invoices in the files
of the collector of the port of New York.

During the year 1920 the data for the import census included
under the term ''withdrawals" all withdrawals from entries made as
far back as January 1, 1919. The collection for the warehouse with-
drawals during 1921 differed from that of the previous year as follows:
Withdrawals in the first place are not quite complete, due to the
new system whereby a warehouse withdrawal is not entered in the
statistical department of the warehouse entry division of the custom-
house until all of the goods on that entry are taken from the ware-
house. To illustrate, if an entry consists of 100 cases in the ware-
house and 99 cases are withdrawn, there would be no record in the
warehouse statistical books until the one-hundredth case, or the
entire entry, had been withdrawn. To sum up, the withdrawals
shown in this tabulation include (1) withdrawals which are complete
and (2) nearly all of the withdrawals where only a part of the goods

85

86 CENSUS or dyes and synthetic organic chemicals^ 1921.

has been taken from the warehouse. Owing to this new system
mentioned in the above paragraph, in certain cases a hmited number
of withdrawals are not available where such withdrawals represent
only a portion of the entire entry. From actual contact with the
customhouse books and authorities this figure covering poundage
withdrawn from warehouse, but not recorded as available, represents
only a very small per cent of total warehouse withdrawals, which
would be even a smaller per cent of total dyes entered for consump-
tion.

The dyes imported were classified according to their chemical
composition and tabulated according to the Schultz Farbstofi Tabel-
len (1914 edition) ; various types were also identified according to the
Norton Census ^ as well as some other sources of information in the
files of the Tariff Commission. Dyes identified by Norton as a, b,
and c classes under a given Schultz number were included in that
number in each case without special designation, with the exception
of a few incorrectly designated dyes in that census. It is under-
stood that such dyes included under these a, b, and c classes are not
always chemically identical with the original Schultz types.

The Tariff Commission can not vouch for the accuracy of these
classifications, as some identifications were supplied by dye experts
and others by foreign manufacturers, and there was no opportunity
to make a chemical examination of each dye imported. Those dyes
which could not be identified by Schultz numbers were classified
■according to their ordinary method of application under the following
groups: Acid, basic, direct, lake and spirit-soluble, mordant and
chrome, sulfur, and vat dyes.

In many cases the classification of a dye by the class of application
is arbitrary, as a color may be applied by two methods and hence
could be grouped under either of two classes.

A small number of dyes not classified either by Schultz tables or by
the method of application are listed by name under the heading of
unclassified and unidentified dyes. The published value in English
dyes include c. i. f. charges. In the case of Swiss dyes, however, all
extra charges are included in every instance. The German invoices
vary in the method used, but in most cases the extra charges are not
included in the invoice values.

The rate of exchange used in converting the foreign invoice value to
United States currency was either the rate given on the invoice or in a
comparatively small number of cases the exchange value was used
as published by the Treasury Department for that month in which
consular certification occurred.

Summary of Imports of Dyes During 1921.

■•-) I '

Table 24 shows the quantity and value of each individual dye
imported during the calendar year 1921. Table 23 contains a sum-
mary of the dyes imported, classified into groups according to method
of application. ■

The total import of coal-tar dyes during the calendar year 1921 was
3,914,036 pounds (as received), valued at $5,156,779, compared with
3,402, 582 pounds, valued at $5,763,437, during the calendar year 1920,

• Norton, Thos. H., Artificial Dyestuffs Used in the United States, Department of Commerce, Special
Agents Series, No. 121.

CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS^ 1921. 87

and 3,501,147 pounds during the fiscal year 1920. The value of the
1921 unport of dyes is about one-half the value of the pre-war imports.
The total quantity of dyes imported in 1921, in which most of the
vat dyes are reduced to a single-strength basis, was 4,252,911 pounds.
In comparing this 1921 poundage with that of 1920, allowance should
be made for an increase of 338,875 pounds in the 1921 figure, due to
the conversion for the first time of most of the vat dyes to a single-
strength basis, ui order to give the total poundage of any individual
vat dye on a definite known basis of strength. f • ,

Table 23.-

-Summary of dyes imported for consumption in the United States during the
calendar years 1921 and 1920, classified by application.

•'!!■'/ in /v

Class.

1921

Pounds.

Per cent
of total.

Pounds.

Per cent}
of total.,

Acid

Vat:

(a) Indigo

(b) Vat (other than indigo) . .

Total ^.!^.^.['.\..

Mordant and chrome:

(a) Alizarin

(b) Mordant and chrome

Total.bjJ,i.Jj

Direct '. '.

Sulfur .■

Basic

Spirit soluble and color lakes

XJnidentifjed, unclassified, special

Total

1, 455, 823

34.24

733, 405

21.56

70, 975
1,045,370

1.66
24. 59

171, 101
761,. 363

5. 04
22.37

1,116,345

26.25

932, 464

27.41

136, 2S3
559, 678

3.58
12.78

73, 252
636, 230

2.16

18.71

695, 961

16. 36

709, 482

20.87

537, 664

220, 938

163, 527

43, 553

19, 100

12. 64
5.20
3.84
1.02
.45

571,581
229, 140
192, 163

17, 527
16, 820

16.80

6.73

5.64

.51

.49

100. 00

3, 402, 582

100.00

Table 24 shows the quantity and value of each individual dye
imported during the calendar year 1921, and also the percentage of
each, by the country of origin. In 1921 there were 379 Schultz types
imported and over 1,300 different trade types. Of the total imports
during 1921, 48.34 per cent, or 2,055,497 poimds, of these dyes origi-
nated in Germany. In 1920 Germany furnished 51 per cent. S^^^ss
dyes totaled 40.53 per cent in 1921, or 1,723,281 pounds; England
furnished 7.34 per cent, or 312,128 pounds; Italy, 2.7 per cent, or
115,009 pounds. The imports from Italy represented reexported
reparation dyes of German manufacture. Dyes from Holland totaled
0.45 per cent, or 19,295 pounds, probably nearly all of German ori-
gin; France supplied 0.37 per cent, or 15,878 pounds. The imports
of dyes from all other countries amounted to 0.27 per cent, or 11,823
pounds.

The imports in 1921 (as received) represent 10 per cent of the pro-
duction during that year and 8.5 per cent of the imports during 1914,
when the United States imported 45,950,895 pounds and produced
6,619,729 pounds from German-made intermediates. The dyes im-
ported include those products which are either not yet manufactured
in this country or are not yet produced in an adequate quantity or
in a satisfactory quality to meet all special requirements.

88 CENSUS or dyes and synthetic organic chemicals, 1921. ^

The average invoice price of dyes imported in 1921, as received,
was SI. 32 per pound, as compared with $1.70 per pound for 1920 and
about 22 cents per pound for 1914. This large increase in unit value
of the postwar imports compared with the pre-war imports is due to
several reasons: (1) The increased export values of dyes shipped from
Germany, (2) the tendency to sliip higher concentration colors in
recent years compared with the pre-war standards, and (3) the dyes
imported in the years 1919 to 1921 represent, for the most part, the
more expensive products which either have not been made in this
country at all or have not been made on satisfactory terms as to
quality, delivery, or price. For these reasons the pre-war average
invoice value of about 22 cents per pound is not comparable with the
1921 average invoice value of $1.32 per pound.

An examination of Table 23, containing a summary of dyes im-
ported for consumption, classified by method of application, shows
that the acid dyes made up the largest class imported, totaling
1,455,823 pounds, or 34.24 per cent of the total imports. In 1920
this class constituted 21.5 per cent of the total imports. A part of
the increase of this class is due to the fact that certain acid dyes
derived from alizarin, commonly used as acid dyes, were classified
under the acid class instead of under the mordant and chrome colors,
as was the case in 1920. The second class, in view of quantity
imported, were the vat dyes, which totaled 1,116,345 pounds, or
26.25 per cent of the total imports. The vat dyes, other than indigo,
amounted to 1,045,370 pounds, or 24.59 per cent of the total, which is
three times domestic production of 1921. The mordant and chrome
dyes rank third in quantity, with a total of 695,961 pounds, or 16.36
per cent of the total import, this group being further divided into.
(1) alizarin, 136,283 pounds, and (2) mordant and chrome colors,,
with a total of 559,678 pounds. The importation of direct cotton
colors was 537,664 pounds, or 12.64 per cent of all dyes imported.
The remaining classes, which were imported in relatively small
amounts, are: Sulfur dyes, 220,938 pounds, or 5.2 per cent of all dyes
imported; basic dyes, 163,527 pounds, or 3.84 per cent; spirit-soluble
and color lake dyes, 43,553 pounds, or 1.02 per cent. The total im-
ports of unclassified and unidentified dyes were 19,100 pounds, or
0.45 per cent.

Returning to a consideration of the acid dyes, Wool Blue R. L,
which is not produced in this country, was first, with a total import
of 69,719 pounds. Xylene Light Yellow was second in quantity, with
an import of 60,422 pounds. The imports of Sulphoncyanine and
Wool Green S each amounted to nearly 52,000 pounds. Patent blue
ranks fifth, with an import of 42,718 pounds. Tartrazine, although
produced in the United States to the extent of 559,134 pounds,
showed an import of 38,395 pounds. Alizarin direct green G was
produced in this country, for the first time, in 1922; the 1921 import
was 36,534 pounds. Acid dyes imported in a quantity varying from
21,898 to 28,606 pounds, included Alizarin Saphirol B, Cloth Fast Blue,
Fast Light Yellow, Fast Green, Alizarin Astrol, Quinoline Yellow.

In the class of vat dyes (other than indigo), Indanthrene Blue
G C D, the most important vat dye other than indigo, led with a
total import (single strength basis) of 201,835 pounds. In 1914 when
this color was exclusively imported from Germany the imports were
478,980 pounds. Hydron Blue ranks second in quantity imported,

CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS^ 1921. 89

namely, 146,072 pounds. Ciba Blue 2 B ranked third, with an im-
port of 99,937 pounds. Indigo, although produced in large quan-
tity in this country, was imported to the extent of 70,975 pounds.
This figure is compiled by the Department of Commerce, and it is
possible that it may mclude brominated indigos. Other vat dyes
imported in substantial amounts are Indanthrene Golden Orange R,
56,390 pounds; Indanthrene Violet 2 R, 52,083 pounds; Indanthrene
Yellow, 49,609 pounds; Indanthrene Golden Orange G, 33,423 pounds;
Helindone Pink (not produced in this country), 31,813 pounds. The
following vat dyes varied in quantity imported from 14,000 to 29,000
pounds each: Indanthrene Blue 3 G; Algol Red R F F; Indanthrene
Blue R S; Helindone Brown A N; Ciba Violet B; Indanthrene Red
B N; Helindone Red 3 B.

Of the mordant and chrome dyes, Erio Chrome Black A showed the
largest individual import of any dye, namely, 224,002 pounds; -Alizarin
was second in quantity of all dyes imported, with a total of 136,283
pounds. Erio Chrome Black T, with an import of 132,388 pounds,
ranks third in quantity imported. Anthracene Blue W R followed
with an import in 1921 of 107,769 pounds, compared with 103,913
pounds for 1920, during which year this color constituted the largest
import of any dye of the mordant and chrome class. Other dyes of
this class which showed imports varying from 15,000 to 43,000 pounds,
include in their order of quantity imported: Alizarin Blue Black,
Erio Chrome Blue Black, Alizarin Black, Alizarin Blue, Alizarin
Brown, Alizarin R G, G I; Alizarm Red, and Gallamine Blue.

The imports of direct cotton dyes included a large number of dyes:
Trisulphon Brown led with an import of 38,558 pounds, followed by
Trisulphon Brown 2 G, with an import of 22,872 pounds. Diaminogen
Blue, used as a developed dye, ranked third, with an import of 17,308
pounds. Direct cotton dyes showing an import of from 7,000 to 13,000
pounds include: Chicago Blue 6 B, Diamine Scarlet, Benzo Fast Scar-
let, Congo Fast Blue, Diaminogen, and Clirysamine. Carbide Black
E, a type of Direct Deep Black, showed an import of 11,102 pounds.
The sulfur dyes constituted only 5 per cent of the dyes miported.
These imports comprise a comparatively small number of dyes.
Cross dye green, for which there is no domestic equivalent in bril-
liancy, led with an import of 51,074 pounds. Thionol Yellow had an
import of 35,240 pounds; followed by Eclipse Brown with an import
of 21,248 pounds, and Thionol Brown, with an import of 20,632 pounds.
Other sulfur dyes showing imports varying from 6,500 to 16,000
pounds include Thionol Green D Y, Pyrogene Blue, Thionine Green
G G, and Katigene Green.

Basic colors made up 3.84 per cent of the imports; the total for

this group was 163,527 pounds. The more important basic dyes

imported are Auramine, with a total of 35,532 pounds; Phosphine,

21,153 pounds; Victoria Blue B, 12,342 pounds; Rhodamine B and

I 6 G, with an individual import of slightly over 10,000 pounds.

I Symbols denoting manufacturer. — In the table of imports of dyes

] under the heading ''manufacturer" is shown a symbol for each dye,

which refers to the following list of manufacturers in foreign countries:

541—22 7

90 CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921.

1. THE SIX LEADING GERMAN COMPANIES.

A Actien-Gesellschaft fur Anilin-Fabrikation, Berlin. Founded 1873.

Branches in France and Russia.
B Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik, Ludwigshafen on the Rhine. Founded

1865. Branches in France and Russia,
By Farbenfabriken vorm. Friedr. Bayer & Co., Leverkusen on the Rhine.

Founded 1862. Branches in France and Russia.
C Leopold Cassella & Co., Frankfort on the Main. Founded 1870. Branches

in France and Russia.
K Kalle & Co., A. G., Biebrich on the Rhine. Founded 1870. Branch in

Russia.
M Farbwerke vorm. Meister Lucius & Briining, Hochst on the Main.

Founded 1862. Branches in France and Russia.

2. THE SEVEN SMALLER GERMAN COMPANIES.

BK Leipziger Anilinfabrik Beyer & Kegel, Furstenberg near Leipzig. Founded

1882.
CG Chemikalienwerk Greisheim G. m. b. H., Griesheimon the Main. Founded

1881.

CJ Carl Jager G. m. b. H., Anilinfarbenfabrik, Dusseldorf. Founded 1823.

GrE Chemische Fabrik Griesheim-Electron, Offenbach on the Main. Founded

1842.
L Farbwerk Muhlheim vorm. A. Leonhardt & Co., Muhlheim on the Main.

Founded 1879. Branch in France.
tM Chemische Fabriken vorm. Weiler ter Meer, Uerdingen on the Rhine.

Founded 1877.
WD Wulfing, Dahl & Co., A. G. Barmen. Founded 1842.

3. DUTCH, BELGIAN, AND FRENCH COMPANIES.

FA Farbwerk Ammersfoort, Ammersfoort, Netherlands. Founded 1888.

NF Niederlandische Farben- und Chemikalienfabrik Delft, Delft, Netherlands.

Founded 1897. Branch in Russia.
LG Lazard Godchaux, of Brussels. (These products are probably compounded

largely from the dyes made by A. Wiescher & Co., of Haeren, Belgiam.)
P Societe Anonyme des Matieres colorantes et produits chimiques St. Denis

(formerly A. Poirrier), St. Denis, near Paris, France. Founded 1830.

4. SWISS COMPANIES, ALL AT BASEL.

DH Farbwerke vorm. L. Durand, Huguenin & Co. Founded 1871. Branches

in Germany and France.
G Anilinfarben- und Extract-Fabriken vorm. Joh. Rud. Geigy. Founded

1764. Branches in France, Germany, and Russia.

I Gesellschaft fur chemische Industrie. Founded 1885. Branch in France.

S Chemische Fabrik vorm. Sandoz & Co. Founded 1887.

- 5. ENGLISH COMPANIES.

ClCo The Clayton Aniline Co. (Ltd.), Clayton, near Manchester. Founded 1876.

CR Clauss & Co. (formerly Clauss & Ree), Clayton, near Manchester. Founded

1890.

CV Colne Vale Chemical Co., Milnsbridge, near Huddersfield.

RHS Read Holliday & Sons (Ltd.), Huddersfield. Founded 1830. (Purchased

by British Dyes (Ltd.).)

BD British Dyes (Ltd.). P'ounded 1915.

Lev Levinstein (Ltd.), Crumpsall Vale, near Manchester. Founded 1864.

Q Importations of unknown source, through dealers in colors.

I

CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC OEGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921. 91

Table 24. — Imports of dyes during the calendar year 1921.

Name of dye.

Manu-
fac-
turer.

Imports.

Countries of origin (percent-
age of quantity).

Schultz
No.

Quantity.

Invoice
value.

Total

Pounds.
4,252,911

15, 156, 779

Germany, 48.34 per cent;

Smtzerland, 40.53 percent;
England, 7.34 per cent;
Italy, 2.70 per cent; Hol-
land, 0.45 per cent; France,
0.37 per cent; all other
eotmtries, 0.27 per cent.

4

190

Germany, 100 per cent.

C

7

80

England, 100 per cent.

Q

g

544

Germany, 100 per cent.

Naphthamine yellow BN

Naphthamine yellow G

K

K

16

CLCO...

1,000
2,204

England, 100 per cent.
Switzerland, 100 per cent.

18

Diphenyl chlorine yellow
FF supra 287.

G

19

23,315

36,989

Germany, 54 per cent; Swit-
zerland, 46 per cent.

G

Fast light yellow G

Bv

Fast light yellow G 10526. .. .
Fast light yeUow G Pl-10o26.
Fast light j-ellow G.VIIl 10526
Fast light yellow G cone.

80-100 10526a.

Fast light yellow 2G N

Fast light yeUow 3G 1110. . . .

Fast light yellow 3G cone

Fast light yellow 3G cone.

75-100 1052SB.

Fast light yellow RG

Fast hght yellow GGN 10531

Pill.

By ..

By

By

By

By

By

By

By

By

By

M

20

6,096

Germany, 100 per cent.

M

22

60, 422

99, 737

Switzerland, 100 per cent.

Xylene light yellow GG... .

Xylene light yeUow 2G

Xylene light yellow 2G cone.

Xylene light yellow R

Tartra^ine

g

S

S . ..

s

23

38,395

46,541

Switzerland, 90 per cent;

Tartraiine XX

B

Germany, 9.9 per cent;

Tartra dne con?

S.

England, 0.1 per cent.

Tartra..ine cone, pure

s

RHS

S

25

Dianil yellow 3G

M

100
2,725

Germany, 100 per cent.

. 28

Do.

m:::.:;:

Hansa yellow G lumps

M

29

1,102

Switzerland, 100 per cent.

Erio chrome red B 915...

G

37

198

Germany, 100 per cent.

C

38

320

Do.

Orange GG crystals

C

42

Amide naphthol red G

14, 130

Switzerland, 100 per cent.

Erio floxine 2G cone. 575

Erio floxine 6B cone. 576

Brilliant la:- e red R

G

G .. .

45

10,000

Germany, 100 per cent.

Brilliant lake red R paste

M

56

2,694

Do.

Pigment red B paste

M

Pigment red G powder

Azophosphine GO

M

60

423

Do.

A/.ophosphine GOK

M

61

Victoria violet

2,230

1,263

Switzerland, 67 per cent;

V^ictoria violet 4BS

S

Germany, 33 per cent.

Vi 'toria violet 43S

M

M toria violet 43SL

M

92 CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921.

Table 24 .—Imports of dyes during the calendar year 1921 — Continued.

Name of dye.

Manu-
fac-
turer.

Imports.

Coimtries of origin (percent-
age of quantity).

Schultz
No.

(Quantity.

Invoice
value.

61

Victoria viol?t— Continued.

C

Pounds.

C

63

4,425

Switzerland, 100 per cent.

S

64

402

Germany, 100 per cent.

C

C

66

200

Do.

Amido naphthol red B B

M ■

73

1,111

Do.

Heho fast red RL powder

By

81

412

Do.

Brilliant cochineal 4R

C

82

M

1,298

242

Do.

83

Germany, 79 per cent; Eng-
land, 21 per cent.

Ponceau X I K . . .

Q

85

1,001

Switzerland, 100 per cent.

Omega chrome black P cone. .

S

86

M

511
300

Germany, 100 per cent.
Do.

87

C...

88

9,028

$5, 138

Do.

Acid anthracene brown R

Acid anthracene brown R

11051.
Acid anthracene brown R

11051 (IX).
Acid anthracene brown RH,

extra.
Acid anthracene brown RH,

extra 110.55.
Acid anthracene brown RH,

extra 11055 Pi.
Acid anthracene brown WSG

27423.
Acid anthracene brown RR,

extra (11055).

Bv

By

By. ..

Bv.

Bv.

By

By... .

By.

92

.342

Do.

Metachrome Bordeaux B

Sudan R

A

93

1,285

Do.

Pigment purple A paste

M

113

159

Do.

K

118

4,034

1,030

Do.

By

By

By

119

1,491

221

Do.

C

•

Diamine rose FFB, extra

C

c

121

Erica B

2,802

7,860

Germany, 58 per cent; Swit

A

zerland, 42 per cent

Erica BN .

A

S

126

709

211

Germany, 100 per cent.

B

C

c

132

6,000

Do.

M

133

2,347

Switzerland, 100 per cent.

Erio chrome phosphine RR

9.58.

G.

134

3,637

Do.

Q

I

139

220

Do.

Orange IV powder .522

G

140

3,681

Do.

Jasmine liigh cone. 729

G

CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC OEGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921. 93
Table 24.- — Imports of dyes during the calendar year 1921 — Continued.

Schultz
No.

Name of dye.

Manu-
fac-
turer.

Imports.

Countries of origin (percent-
age of quantity).

Quantity.

Invoice
value.

141

Pounds.
15,118

$12,534

Switzerland, 99 per cent; Ger-
many, 1 per cent.

Helianthine GFF 731

Helianthine G 751

G

G

Azo yellow I...

I .

Azo yellow Q..

K

152

4,134

6,914

Germany, 100 per cent.

Lithol niMne BN powder. . .
Permanent red extra powder.
Permanent red R extra

powder.
Permanent red 4B extra

powder.

B

A

A

A...

154

900

Do.

Palatine chrome Lrown RX..
Chrome 1 rown RR

B.......

158

794

Switzerland, 100 per cent.

Chrome hrown RVV 899

G

159

3,808

3,559

Switzerland, 97 per cent; Ger-

Acid alizarin 1 lack R

Acid alizarin 1 lack R

Acid alizarin Hack R

Fast red . ....

I

many, 3 per cent.

.\r.

s

R.

161

602

Germany, 100 per cent.

Fast red S

M

Do

163

Azo acid rul ine B

Diamond line R

K

218
1,455

164

Do.

Diamond blue R 10043 (PI). .
Amaranth

Bv

168

520

Do

Amaranth

Naphthol red EB

c

C

177

1,239

Do.

M

M

Salicine yellow L

Erio chrome blueblack BC

K .. ..

180

38, 226

Switzerland, 100 per cent.

Erio chrome blueblack BC

926.
Erio chrome blueblack G 925. .
Salicine black U

G

G. ..

181

3,532

309

Germany, 100 per cent.

Salicine black U

k

Salicine black C cone

K

K

K

Anthracene blue black BE. .
Brilliant sulphon red.

C

182

7,235

10, 163

Switzerland, 100 per cent.

Brilliant sulphon red B

BriUiant sulphon red lOB

Fast sulphon violet 5BS

Erio chrome black T cone

S

s

s

183

132,388

Do.

Erio chrome black T 934

Erio chrome black A

G

184

224, 002

Do.

Erio chrome black A 922

Anthracene chrome black

G

185

2,196

522

Germany, 100 per cent.

Anthracene chrome black 5B.
Anthracene chrome black

FE.
Anthracene chrome black

PF.
Anthracene chrome black

PPN extra.
Thiazol yellow . . ....

C

C

C

c

198

6,945

Switzerland, 100 per cent.

Thiazol yellow G cone

s

G

207

Diphenvl fast brown GNC

969

Do

Diphenyl fast brown GNC129.

Diphenyl fast brown GF 365.

Resorcine brown

G

G

211

300

Germany, 100 per cent.

K

212

Acid brown

1,542

Switzerland, 100 per cent.

Acid brown RN 532

G

217

Agalma l)lack lOB

1,870

263

Germany, 100 per cent.

Agalma black lOBX

B

Naphthol blue black

c

Naphthol blue black S

Naphthol blue black pure. . .

c

c

94 CENSUS OF DYES AXD SYNTHETIC OEGANIC CHEMICALS, 1021.
Table 24. — Imports of dyes during the calendar year 1921 — Continued.

Schultz
No.

Name of dye.

Manu-
fac-
turer.

Imports.

Countries of origin (percent-
age of quantity).

[Quantity.

Invoice
value.

218

Pounds.
1,000

Germany, 100 per cent.

B

220

14,850

$9, 870

Do.

Wool black 6B

A . .

Wool black GRF

A . ..

Wool jet black 3B (old type) .

A

221

889

Do.

Anthracene acid brown G. . .

C

222

1,770

Do.

M

1

223

Sudan III

525

Do.

C

227

2,339

2,191

Germany, 51 per cent; Italy,

C

49 per cent.

Brilliant croceine 3BA

By

c.^::....

Brilliant croceine M 85-100 . . .

c

B

240

400

Germany, 100 per cent.

M

241

188

Do.

C

247

Scarlet

518

Do.

Scarlet MS

C

257

51,989

77,356

England, 81 per cent; Ger-

Sulphoii cyanine OR extra. .
Coomassie navy blue 2RN. . .
Alphanol blue 5RN

By

many, 19 per cent.

BD ...

C

260

2,667

Switzerland, 100 per cent.

Erio chrome verdon S

Eriochrome verdon S1042

G

G

■

265

615

Germany, 100 per cent.

Tolyl black BGII

M

266

Naphthvlamine black

587

76

Do.

Naphthylamine black 4B

Naphthylamine black 4BS . .
Naphthylamine bhuk ESN..

Naphthylamine black S

Naphthylamine black 4BX..

C .. ..

1

C

C

,

c

B

268

C

123
1,705

Do.

269

Do.

M

270

362

Do. ' '

C

272

513

Do.

Naphthol black P

C

Naphthol black BD

C

273

19, 182

16,529

Germany ,98 per cent; Italy,

Diaminogeneblue BB .'..

Piaminogene blue NA

Diaminogene blue NB

c

2 per cent.

c

c

274

7,864

10,053

Germany, 94 per cent; Italy,

c ... .

6 per cent.

c

Diazo indigo blue BR extra .

Diazo i ndigo blue 2RL

I iazo indigo blue 2RL 1221..
r-iazo indigo blue 2RL 10417.
Diazo indigo blue 2RL 10417.

(VII).
Diazo indigo blue 2RL cone.

70-100 10417 a.
Diazoindgo blue 2RL cone.

70-100 10417 a (VII).

Diazo indigo blue 3RL

Diazo indigo blue 3! Lconc.

50-100 1041Sa (VII).
Zamt)csi pure blue 4B

By

By

By

By ....

By .

By

By

By

By

A

275

6,570

1,037

Germany, 91 per cent,

Fast mordant lilack B

Fast mordant l)lack FlI

Fast mordant black T

Diamond black FB

M

Switzerland, 9 per cent.

M

M

By

1

CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921. 95
Table 24. — Imports of dyes during the calendar year 1921 — Continued.

Name of dye.

Diamond green

Diamond green SS

Diamond green SS 10980 (PI).
Anthracene acid black

Anthracene acid black DSF .

Anthracene acid black DSF
extra.

Anthracene acid black DSFB

Anthracene acid black ST . . .
Benzo fast scarlet

Benzo fast scarlet 4BA 10024.

Benzo fast scarlet 4BS 1024. .

Benzo fast scarlet 4BS 10020
(VI).

Benzo fast scarlet 4BS 10020
(PI).

Benzo fast scarlet 4BS cone. .

Benzo fast scarlet 4BS cone.

75-100 10020a.

Benzo fast scarlet 4BS cone.
7.5-100 10020a (VI).

Benzo fast scarlet 5BS 1161. .

Benzo fast scarlet 5BS 10021 .

Benzo fast scarlet 7BS

Benzo fast scarlet SBS 1002.3.

Benzo fast scarlet SBS 10023
(PI).

Benzo fast scarlet GS

Benzo fast scarlet GS 10019
(PI).

rirect fast scarlet SE cone. . .

Dianol fast red K

Bismark brown

Bismark brown GG

Milling red

Acid milling red G cone. 631.
Fast mordant yellow

Anthracene yellow C powder .

Fast mordant yellow G pow-
der.
Cotton yeUow

Cotton yellow GI

Benzo fast yeUow 4GL extra.

Benzo fast yellow 4GL e.xtra
156.5.

Benzo fast yellow 4GL extra
10102.

Benzo fast veUow KL

Benzo fast yellow RL 28168. .

Diamine fast yeUow 3G

Cotton yellow GjX

Benzo fast pink 2BL

Benzo fast pink 2BL

Chrysophenine

Chrysophenine cone

Pyramihe orange 30

Pyramine orange 3G

Pyramine orange 3GX

Congo orange

Congo orange G

Brilliant congo G

Diamine scarlet

Diamine scarlet B

Diamine scarlet B 130 per
cent .

Diamine scarlet 3B

Diamine scarlet 3B

Diamine scarlet 3B 120 per
cent.

Diamine scarlet HS

Diamine scarlet HS. . .»

Chloramine red B

Chloramine red 3B

Diamine brilliant Bordeaux
R.

Manu-
fac-
turer.

K..
By.

By..

By..

By..

By..
By..

By..

By..
By..
By..
By..

By..
By..

I....
BD.

B..
By.
By.

By.

§y-

By.
C.
B..

By.

S.'.'.

By.
A..

Imports.

Quantity.

Pounds.
2,117

1,576

10, 973

1,338

2,655

Invoice
value.

$13,835

2,403

4,321

22

1,300
""537'

77
12,399

15,575

Countries of origin (percent-
age of quantity).

Germany, 100 per cent.
Do.

Germany, 76 per cent; Swit-
zerland, 20 per cent; Eng-
land, 4 per cent.

Germany, 100 per cent.
Switzerland, 100 per cent.
Germany, 100 per cent.

Do.

Do.

Switzerland, 100 per cent.
Germany, 100 per cent.

Do.

•Do.

Germany, 53 per cent; Swit-
zerland, 45 per cent; Hol-
land, 2 per cent.

96 CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921.
Table 24. — Imports of dyes during the calendar year 1921 — Continued.

Schultz
No.

Name of dye.

Manu-
fac-
turer.

Imports.

Countries of origin (percent-
age of quantity).

Quantity.

Invoice
value.

322

Trisulphon violet B ....

Pounds.
5,504

Switzerland, 100 per cent.

Trisulphon violet B

S

326

1,910

$291

Germany, 100 per cent.

B

Naphthamine violet BE

Benzo violet R 10196. .

K

By....

By..

Beiizo violet O

By..::

S29

Diamine brown V . .

282

Do.

C

330

Zambesi brown .

403

Do.

Zambesi brown 4R . .

A... .

332

Benzo fast red

6,046

9,507

Germany, 95 per cent; Hol-

Benza fast red 8BL

By

land, 5 per cent.

Benzo fast red 8BL 10018

Benzo fast red 8BL 10018 (VI)
Benzo fast red 9BL

Benzo fast red 9BL 10043 (PI)
Benzo fast red L

By.. . .

Bv-. . .'

By..

By .

o^ ■

333

Diamine black

2,265

Switzerland, 97 per cent;

Diamine black R. M. W

Chloramine black B. H. cone,
double.
Diphenyl blue black double

c ...

Germany, 3 per cent.

s

334

561

Switzerland, 100 per cent.

Diphenyl blue black double. .
Naphthamine black

G

335

772

Germany, 100 per cent.

Naphthamine black CE

Naphthamine black GET
(U4).
Naphthamine blue

K. . . .

K. . .

338

376

Germanj"^, 100 per cent.

Naphthamine blue 3R

Naphthamine blue 7R

Benzo orange R

K . ..

K.

340

S

500
7,815

Switzerland, IOC per cent.
Do.

342

Chrysamine

"Chrvsamme K

s

343

Diamine fast red

6,049

9,070

Switzerland, 67 per cent; Ger-
many, 33 per cent.

Diamine fast red 8BL

Diamine fast red 8BL 140

per cent .
Diphenyl fast red B supra 340

Chlorainine fast red F

Bonzofast red FC

c

c

G

s

By

Dianil fast red PH...

M

344

Diamine brown

635

Germany, 100 per cent.

Diamine brown ATC

C ..

C

346

Oxaminered

2,668

Do.

Oxam^ine red ....

B

Oxamine red X

B

349

Diamine brown B

208

Do.

Diamine brown B

C

Diamine brown B

K

352

Direct violet R

I

2
11, 155

Switzerland, 100 per cent.
Do.

354

Direct gray R

Direct gray R paste 1022

Anthracene acid red .

G

355

336

Do.

Anthracene acid red 3B

Diphenyl red

Q

358

4,036

Switzerland, 74 per cent;

Italy, 19 percent; Germany

7 per cent.
Germany, 100 per cent.
Do.

DiphenvlredSC373.

G... .

Toluylene red

GrE

360

Pyramine orange R

B

856
621

363

Benzopurpurine 4B

Ben7.opurpurine4B

K

Cotton fast red IBS P

Diazo brilliant black

B

364

751

Italy, 53 per cent; Germany,

Dia'o brilliant black B

Dia/o brilliant black B 487. .

Bv...

47 per cent.

By... .

366

727

Germany, 100 per cent.

Delta purpuriiie 5B extra
Indian .

By... .

368

1,243

Do.

Brilliant purpurine lOB

Brilliant corigo

A

370

1,273

1,450

Switzerland, 52 per cent;

A

Germany, 48 per cent.

Brilliant conf^oR 10012 (PI)..
Brilliant congo R

By

S

CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921, 97
Table 24. — Imports of dyes during the calendar year 1921 — Continued.

Schultz
No.

Name of dye.

Manu-
fac-
turer.

Imports.

Countries of origin (percent-
age of quantity).

Quantity.

Invoice
value.

37.3

Congo orange

Pounds.
500

Germany, 100 per cent.

A. . .

388

Chicago IdIuc R

A

101
523

Do.

392

Do.

Toluylene fast orange GL...
Toluylene fast orange GL

10082.
Tolnvlene fast orange GL

10082E.
Acid anthracene red .

Bv

Bv

Bv

400

6,120 ! $2,025

Do.

Acid anthracene red 3B

Acid anthracene red G

Acid anthracene red 2BL 1949
Diamine vellow N

Bv

r

Bv

,

Bv

404

1.327

Do.

Diamine yellow N 110 per
cent.
Benzo a^urine G

c

410

K

112
2

Do.

413

Direct violet BB

Switzerland, 100 per cent.

I

418

Diamine brilliant bhie G

100

Germanv, 100 per cent.

Diamine brilliant blue G

Chicago blue 6B . . .

K

424

18,418

52,6.'52

Switzerland, 98 per cent;

r

BriUiant benzo blue 6B 10134

(PI).

Chloramine skv blue FP

Chloramme skv blue BB X

FF.
Direct sky blue green shade. .
Direct sky blue green shade

cone.

Bv

Germanv, "^ per cent.

f

s

s

I

I

426

1,001

Switzerland, lon per cent.

Chloramine sky blue A cone. .
Diamine gold. .

'•S

431

c

....

146

1,225

Germany, 100 per cent.

432

Diamine rutch

334

Do.

Diamine cutch

Diamine cutch 2475

Diamine cutch 20495

c

..

436
448
449

451
456

457

458

c

n

Columbia black. \

5,512

Do.

Columbia black FF extra

Diamine bronze R.

A

2,ii6

Do.

Diamine bronze G :

Trisulphon brov^Ti

c

38,558

Switzerland, 100 per cent.

Trisulphon brown B

Trisulphon brown MB

Congo fast blue.

s

g

>

9,259

Germanv, 96 per cent; Swit-

Congo fast blue R extra

Chlorantine fast blue RL
cone.
Benzo fa.st blue

A

zerland, 4 per cent.

I

3,768

7,125

Germany, 98.4 per cent;

Congo fast blue B

A . .

Italv, 1.6 percent.

Benzo fast blue 2GL

Benzo fast blue 4GJL

Benzo fast blue 4GL 1854

Benzo fast blue 4GL 10185. . .
Benzo fast blue 4GL 10185

(PI).
Benzo fast blue 4GL 10185

(VI).
Trisulphon brown GG

Bv

Bv

Bv

By

Bv

:■....

Bv

22,872

30,477

Switzerland, 100 per cent.

Trisulphon brown GG

Trisulphon brown GG cone.

Trisulphon brown GG cone.

Naphthamine direct black

s

s

G

2,083

152

Germanv, 100 per cent-

Naphthamine direct black

AK.
Naphthamine direct black

EK.
Naphthamine direct black

EK extra A.
Naphthamine direct black

ERK extra.
Nanhthamine direct black

FFK extra.
Naphthamine direct black

GNM.

K

K

K

K

K

K.

1

98 CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921.
Table 24. — Imports of dyes during the calendar year 1921 — Continued.

1

Name of dye.

Manu-
fac-
turer.

Imports.

Countries of origin (percent-
age of quantity).

No.

Quantity.

Invoice
value.

458

Naphthamine direct black— Con.
Naphthamine direct black

RWK.
Naphthamine direct black
RWK extra A.
Direct deep black

K

Pounds.

K

462

11,102

Switzerland, 100 per cent.

Carbide black E cone

Diphenvl green G

I

467

2,204

Do.

Dip'henyl green KGW supra
288.
Chloramine black

G

469

2,e02

Do.

Chloramine black extra cone.
Chloramine black extra cone,
pure.
Chloramine blue 30

S

S

A

471

S

1,102
370

Do. fl

473

Diamine black H W

Germany, 100 per cent. ■

Diamine black H W

C

475

Oxamine green C

806

.Direct green G

s.:::::::

. wuzenana,iuu per cent. 1

Chloramine G

s

1

477

Congo brown

551

Germany, 100 per cent. m

Naphthamine brown H

Auramine

K

493

35,532

$57,300

Switzerland, 91 per cent;
England, 6 per cent; Ger-
many, 3 per cent.

Auramine

LG

Auramine

I

Auramme4]83

0

Auramine pure

b::::::

Auramine cone

B

Auramine 0

K

Auramme 0

Auramine 0

S

I

Auramine OO

I

Auramine OE

G

495

Malachite green

2,525

Germany, 100 per cent.

Solid green

M

Malachite green small crys-
tals.
Setoglaucine

Q

496

485

Switzerland, 100 per cent.

.Setoglaueme 753

G

497

Victoria green BXX

B

77
46

Germany, 100 per cent.

498

Turquoise blue

Germany, 52 per cent;

Turquoise blue BB 569

Turquoise blue Q

By

France, 48 per cent.

Q

499

Brilliant green

4,927

Germany, 100 per cent.

, Brilliant green extra cone,
small crystals.
Brilliant green crystals extra.
Guinea green

Q

M

502

150

Do.

Acid green B

C

503

Neptune green

7,462

16,063

Switzerland, 55 per cent;

Neptune green SBLX

Neptune green SGX

B...

Germany, 45 per cent.

B...

BrilUant acid green 6B

11653B (VIII).
BriUiant acid green 6B cone.

60-100 11653 A.
Brilliant acid green 6B cone.

65-100 11653.

Erio viridine B supra

Erio viridine B supra 561

Guinea fast green B

By..

By..

By....

G

G

A

Benzyl green B

I

505

Light green (yellowish)

933

1,325

Germany, 100 per cent.

Light green yellowish SFXX
Acid green cone

B

M

Acid green extra cone

Erioglaucuie

C

506

16,004

37,455

Switzerland, 100 per cent.

Erioglaucine supra 528

Erioglaucine E P

G

G

Erioglaucine EP 54S

G

Erioglaucine AC 501 .. .

G .

507

Xylene blue VS

16,309

Do.

Xylene blue VS

S . .

508

Xylene blue AS

15,026

Do.

Xylene blue AS

S

Xylene blue ASL

s

CENSUS OF DYES AXD SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS^ 1921. 99
Table 24. — Imports of dyes during the calendar year 1921 — Continued.

Name of dye.

Manu-
fac-
turer.

Imports.

Countries of origin (percent-
age of quantity).

No.

Quantity.

Invoice
value.

512

Magenta ,

Pounds,
7,110

$5, 552

Holland, 81 per cent; Ger-

Q

many, 14 per cent; France,

Aniline red 3193

Q

5 per cent.

Magenta small crystals

Methyl violet. . . .

Q

515

272

145

Germany, 100 per cent.

C

Methyl violet N FB

B

Methyl violet V3D . .

K.

516

Crystal violet

1,450

Do.

Crystal violet extra . . .

B

Crystal violet powder

Crystal violet base

B

B

517

2,138

Switzerland, 100 per cent.

Benzyl violet 5BN

I

518

Ethyl purple

1,389

Germany, 100 per cent.

B

522

44

Switzerland, 100 per cent.

Victoria blue 4R

I

523

Fast green...

22, 619

37,993

Germany, 99 per cent; Italy,

By

1 per cent.

Fast green bluish 365

Fast green extra bluish

Fast green extra bluish 329. .
Fast green extra bluish 10543

(PI).
Fast green extra blue shade

10543.
Fast light green

By

By

By ..

By.:....

By

By

527

Acid violet 4BN

13,544

24,479

Switzerland, 96 per cent;

Acid violet 4BNS

S..

Germany, 4 per cent.

Acid violet 4BNS

Acid violet BW

I

By

Acid violet BW 1175

By

528

Fast acid violet lOB

1-4,837

30, 747

Switzerland, 71 per cent;

Fast acid violet lOB

By.

Germany, 29 per cent.

Fast acid violet lOB 10604. . . .

Fast acid violet lOB 10604

^(VHI).

Fast acid violet lOB cone.

40-100.
Fast acid violet lOB cone.

40-100 10604B.
Kiton last violet lOB cone . . .
Acid violet

By

By

By

530

531

532
534

535
536

537
539

i

By

I

2,692

5,841

Germany, 79 per cent; Switz-
erland, 21 per cent.

Acid violet 6B

M

Acid violet 6B 668

G

Acid violet 6BNOO

B

Acid violet 7B

K

Eriocyanine

16, 808

Switzerland, 100 per cent.

Eriocyanine A 665

G

Eriocyanine AC 503 . .

G .

Alkali viulet

50

Germany, 100 per cent.

Alkah vi ,let 6B00

B

Acid violet 7B

1,287

500

Do.

Acid violet 7B

B

Acid violet 7B cone

B

Acid violet 7B cone. F

Methyl alkali blue

B

10

Do.

Methyl alkali blue

M

Alkali blue

390

522

Do.

Alkali blueB

C

Alkah blue3B

C

Alkah blue 3RV

C

Methyl blue for silk

6,755

22,388

Switzerland, 90 per cent;

Methyl Lyons blue 410

Methyl silk blue (new) 706.. .
Methyl silk blue (new) 217. . .
Silk blue IV

G... .

Germany, 10 per cent.

G

G

By

Soluble blue

3,560

12,459

Germany, 100 per cent.

Water blue 32129

A

Soluble blue IN

B

Soluble blue T

B

Silk blue BT5BOO

GrE

Silk blue BT 5BOO

Q

Silk blue

Q

Pure blue

M

100 CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921.

Table 24. — Imports of dyes during the calendar year 1921 — Continued.

Schultz
No.

Name of dye.

Manu-
fac-
turer.

Imports.

Countries of origin (percent-
age of quantity).

Quantity.

Invoice
value.

541

Brilliant dianil blue 6G

Pounds,
273

Germany, 100 per cent.

Brilliant sky blue 5G 1374. . .
Patent blue

By

543

42,708

$91,373

Germany, 86 per cent; Switz-

Neptune blue BGX

B

land, 14 per cent.

Neptune blue BGX cone

Patent blue X cone

B

M. . ..

Patent blue B

M. . ..

Patent blue B cone

M. . .

Patent blue J4

M. . ..

Patent blue N cone

M

Patent blue V

M

Patent blue VE

M

Patent blue VF

M

Patent blue VSK

G

Patent marine blue LE

Patent marine blue LE

Tetra cyanole extra

M

A

C

Tetra cyanole V

c

Brilliant acid blue V

BriUiant acid blue V cone.

60-100 107.'S4a.
Kiton pure blue V

By

By

I

Kiton pure blue V cone

Cyanine B

I

544

3,651

Germany, 100 per cent.

Cyanine B

M

545

Patent blue A

16, 170

29,483

Germany, 99 per cent; Hol-

Patent blue A

K

land, 1 per cent.

Patent blue A

M

•■

Neptune blue BXX

B

Brilliant acid blue

Bv

By

BriUiant acid blue A 1448

BrUliant acid blue FF..

BrUliant acid blue FF C 573 .
BriUiant acid blue FF 1507. .
BrUUant acid blue FF

10)';3D (VIII).
BriUiant acid blue FF cone.

60-100 10573B.
BriUiant acid blue FF cone.

60-100 10573B (VIII).
Brilliant acid blue A cone.

55-100 10573C.
BriUiant acid blue A cone. . .
BriUiant acid blue FF

(105731).
Cji^anol

Bv

By

By

By

By

Bv

Bv

Bv

Q

By

546

14,271

30, 337

Do.

Cyanol extra

Cyanol FF

C

C

C

C

Cyanol BSB . .

Q

Cyanol ABC

Q

Cyanol BSB

C

Cj'anol MKH

C .

Cyanol MKH

Q - -

548

Acid violet 6BN

4,790

11,421

Sw^itzerland, 98 per"? cent;

Acid violet 6BN

M

Germany, 2 per cent.

Acid violet 6BN

I

Acid violet 6BN cone

I

551

19,344

36, 792

Switzerland,' 100 per cent.

Erio chrome azurol BX

Erio chrome azurol BX 1041 .
Chrome fast pure blue B

G

G

I

654

2,050

Do.

Chrome azurol SXT 1046

G

555

300

Germany, 100 per cent.

A

558

771

Switzerland, 100 per cent.

I

559

12,342

33, 062

Switzerland, 99 per cent;

B

Germany, 1 per cent.

B

1

I

Victoria blue B cone

S

CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921. IQl
Table 24.— Imports of dyes durmg the calendar year :? 9;?^— Continued.

Schultz
No.

559

560
562

563

564

Name of dye.

Manu-
fac-
turer.

Imports.

565

Victoria blue B— Continued.
Victoria blue B highly cone.

Victoria pure blue B base.. B

Victoria pure blue BO.. B

Night blue

Night blue .'.'.".'""

Night blue extra green shade
Fast acid blue I

Fast acid blue B 48.3!.'.'.' 'bv

Wool blue SR extra 10564." ' ' By.
New patent blue B

New patent blue B 10570 (PI) 'Bv
Naphthalene green

Naphthalene green .........

Naphthalene green cone',
extra.

Naphthalene green V

Erio green supra 657 "

Erio green B supra 657..

Erio green BB supra 661 .
. Kiton fast green V

Kiton fast green V cone
Acid blue B

Wool blue G extra' '. A

Woolblue5B a'

Wool blue R extra... By

Wool green S

Wool green S B.

Wool green S cone. .. .' S.'

Wool green S highly cone.

Wool green BS 10550 (,P1) By

Cyanole green KBC C.

Cyanole fast green G. . . C.

Wool green S cone. 250 per I.
cent.

Wool green SC 655

569
570

Wool green SC 655, 95 per cent!
Acridine red

572

573

579
580
581

Rhodanrine S !!!!!!"

Rhodamine S !

Rhodamine 6G !!!!!"

Rhodamine 6G . . . ! ! !

Rhodamine 6G !!!!!'

Rhodamine 6G

Rhodaniine6G 12214..!

Rhodamine 6G 18007....!!"

Rhodamine 6G extra

Rhodamine 6G extra. . .

Rhodamine 6G extra

Rhodamine 6G extra '"

Rhodamine 6G extra pure
Rhodamine 6GD extra

Rhodamine 6GDN ! '

Rhodamine 6GDN extra .'
Rhodamine 6G W cone... '
Rhodamine 6G extra. .

Rhodamine G ! '

Rhodamine G ! ! ' !

Rhodamine G extra..

Rhodamine B ! _ _'

Rhodamine B base. !!!!!!!!!

Rhodamine B extra !!

Rhodamine B extra ! ! !

Rhodamine B extra ! ! !

Rhodamine B extra !!

Rhodamine B extra base . ! ! !

Rhodamine B extra cone

Carthamine B

Xylene red !.!!!!!

Xylene red B

Fast acid violet B ! ! ! ! !

Violamine B !!!!!!!

Fast acid magenta G .!.!!!!!!!! !

B..
K..
M..
B..
B..
B..
By.

M..
S...
B..
M..
B..
B..
I...
I...

Quantity.

Invoice
value.

Pounds.

317

597

421

23, 926

Countries of origin (percent-
age of quantity).

Germany, 100 per cent.

Do.

S53, 859

Do.

Switzerland,
France, 7
many, 5 per cent.

per
per cent;

cent;
Ger-

3,643

51, 822

4
220

10, 069

115,279

Germany, 100 per cent.

Sv/itzerland, 70 per cent-
Germany, 30 per cent.

105

76, 933

France, 100 percent.
Switzerland, 100 per cent.

Germany, 63 per cent; Swit-
zerland, 37 per cent.

10, 890

1,001

428

37, 146

Germany, 100 per cent.

Switzerland, 59 per cent; Ger-
many, 41 per cent.

Switzerland, 100 per cent.
Germany, 100 per cent.
Do.

102 CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC OEGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921.
Table 24. — Imports of dyes during the calendar year 1921 — Continued!

Schultz
No.

Name of dye.

Manu-
fac-
turer.

Imports.

Coimtries of origin (percent-
age of quantity).

Quantity.

Invoice
value.

587

Eosine

Pounds.
16, 192

$26, 147

Germany, 100 per cent .

Eosine extra AG

M

Bromofluoresceine acid crys-
tals.

Eosine extra GF (free from
salt).

Eosine GGB

M

M

C

Eosine extra A 5G.

M

Bromofluoresceine A 3G

Bromofluoresceine BL bluish

Bromofluoresceine crystals. . .

Eosine BNL

M

M

M

590

161

Do.

Acid eosine L new

B

591

Erythrosine G. . .

110

Switzerland, 100 per cent.

Erythrosine G

Q.. -

592

Erythrosine bluish 7699

M

514

285

Germany, 100 per cent.
Switzerland, 96 per cent;
Germany, 4 per cent.

595

Rose bengale

1,644

Rose bengale NTO .

B

Rose bengale double cone

Rose bengale double cone,
powder.
Galleine

DH

DH

599

3,494

432

Germany, 100 per cent.

Galleine SW powder

B

Galleine powder

M

Galleine WN 20 per cent
paste.
Coerulein S

B...

601

2,942

275

Do.

Coerulein 10 per cent paste. . .
Coerulein S powder

B

B

Coerulein SS powder

Coerulein S W powder

Coerulein 100 per cent pow-
der.
Acridine orange .

B.. ..

B

B

603

1,613

5,745

Switzerland, 72 per cent;
Germany, 28 per cent.

EuchrysineSRX.

B

Euchrysine 3RX.

L

I

RhoduUne orange NO 50-100.
Pho-;phiiie

By

606

21, 325

89, 381

Switzerland, 88 per cent;
Germany, 9 per cent; Italy,
3 per cent.

M. ..

Phosphine 3R

A..

Para phosphine G

C. . .

Patent phosphine G cone.

paste.
Patent phosphine R cone.

paste.
Patent phosphine M cone

I

I

I

S

s

Saba phosphine M cone

Coriphosphine OX extra

Phosphine R

s

By ...

BD

Patent phosphine M 300 per

cent.
Patent phosphine G 300 per

cent.
Patent phosphine GG 300 per

cent.
Patent phosphine R 300 per

cent.
Brilliant phosphine 5G 300

per cent.
Brilliant phosphme 5G cone.

I

I

I . ..

I

I .

I . . ..

I

Phosphine 7G 807 leather ....
Phosphine PG(i 808 leather..
Patent phosphine G cone.

300 per cent balance.
Patent phosphine GG cone.

300 per cent.

G...

G

I

I

I

607

130

Germany, 100 per cent.

B

B..

60S

872

674

Do.

B

Euchrysine GRNTN

B

CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921. 103

Table 24. — Imports of dyes during the calendar year 1921 — Continued.

Schultz
No.

Name of dye.

Manu-
fac-
turer.

Imports.

Countries of origin (percent-
age of quantity).

Quantity.

Invoice
value.

608

Euchrvsine— Continued.
Eiichrvsine RRLX . . .

B

Pounds.

Eiic-hrvsine RT

B

Eiichrvsine 2RX

B

609

Homophosphine

918

$2, 287

Germany, 67 per cent; Eng-
land, 33 per cent.

Diamond phosphineGG

Homophosphine 00.. . .

C

L

Corioflavine GOOO ..

GrE

613

Quinoline yellow

23,000

43, 893

Switzerland, ')3 per cent; Ger-
many, 37 per cent.

QuinoMne yellow

I .

Quinoline yellow

S

Quinoline yellow

A... .

Quinoline yellow

M.

Quinoline yellow 10534 ( PI). .
Quinoline yellow cone. 50/100.

Quinoline yellow extra

Quinoline yellow KT extra. .
Quinoline yellow KT extra

cone.
Quinoline yellow N extra

10536 cpn.

Quinoline yellow OK

Quinoline O cone

Bv.. .

By . .

B..

Bv

By

Bv

M

M

Quinoline yellow. . .

By

Quinoline yellow 0. .

M

Quinoline yellow extra (eas-
ily soluble).
Quinoline yellow 754

B

G

Quinoline yellow

S

616

Primuline

771

Switzerland, 100 per cent.

Polychromine AC 127

Columbia yellow

G

617

5,243

7, 436

England, 58 per cent; Switz-

Chloramine yellow G

Diamine fast yellow B

Diafninefast yellow FF

Oxyphenine R

S

erland, 41.7 per cent; Ger-

c

many, 0.3 per cent.

c

c:Co

Oxyphenine GG 300 per cent
cone.
ThioflavineT

ClCc.

618

7,297

13, 385

Germany, 74 per cent; Italy,
22 per cent; Switzerland,

ThioflavineT

s

ThioflavineT

K

4 per cent.

ThioflavineT....

c. ..

Thioflavine TCN..

c

Rhoduline yellow 6G

Rhoduline yellow 6G 1280. . .
Methylene yellow H

By

By

M ...

620
622

626

627

629
635

636

637

641

642

11 649

: 651
653

. 654

Capri blue GON

549

Germany, 100 per cent.

Capri blue GON cone

Capri blue GON

L

L

Delphine blue B

13,842

21, 116

Switzerland, 100 per cent.

Brilliant delphine blue B

BriUiant delphine blue BS...
Delphine blue

S

S

s

Gallocvanine

12, 343

Switzerland, 97 per cent;
Germany, 3 per cent.

Gallocyanine paste. . . .

s

Gallocyanine F powder

Anthracyanine

B

684

Switzerland, 100 per cent.

Anthraeyanine S powder

Modern blue

DH...

DH

10
2,002

Do.

Modern violet

Do.

Ultra violet MO

S

Prune

1,928

Do.

Prune pure

S.. ..

Gallamine blue extra paste

15, 179

Do.

Gallamine blue extra paste

900.
Gallamine blue extra paste..
Celestine blue B

G

G

5

Do.

Coreine RR powder No. 65..
Phenocyanine VS paste

Q

DH

1,001
3,513

Do.

Cotton blue

Do.

Meldola's blue 3R cone

New blue RS cone

S....

I

New methylene blue GG

Nile blue

c

266
749

Germany, 100 per cent.
Do.

Nile blue BX

B

NUeblue2BX

B

764

Do.

104 CENSUS or DYES AND S-YNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921.
Table 2A.~Imports of dyes during the calendar year i9^i— Continued.

Schultz
No.

658

Name of dye.

Manu-
fac-
turer.

Imports.

Quantity,

659

660

661

663

tM.

672

673

Fast black - ■ • • ■

Gallophenine P •• ^Y-

GaUophenlne P 100 per cent . Hy-

Methylene blue

Methylene blue - - - - •

Methylene blue medic, fine

powder.
Methylene blue BG extra

cone.
Methylene blue BBS zmc
free.

Methylene green

Methylene green BX

Methylene green W 748

Methylene green P extra

Thionine blue ,

Thionine blue GO ^

Thionine blue GO M

New methylene blue --■

New methylene blue N ^

New Methylene blue N extra | M

cone.
New methylene blue N cone.
145 per cent.

Indochromine

Indochromine RR cone,
double.

Indochromine T

Indochromine T cone -

Brilliant alizarin blue R
powder 571.

Indochromine RR

Azo carmine. ..;.....

Azo carmine GX

Azo carmine GX 30853

Azo carmine GX powder. . .

Azo carmine B

A-zo acid carmine B

Pounds.
408

676
€79

S...
S...

By.

s...

M/

Azo carmine BB B

By

689
690

693

700
705

706

709

710

Azo carmine BX

Azo carmine BXH

Rosinduhne 2B bluish. .

Neutral blue R extra

Neutral blue R

Safranine

Safranine FF extra cone

New fast gray

Direct gray J

Direct gray

RosolaneCTR , ^

RosolaneC ---- ^

Methylene heliotrope extra I M
cone.

Rosolane -

I, osolane

Rosolane e.xtra strong

Indazine M -

Metaphenylene blue R

Diphene blue RK

Milling blue BC . . . - -

Cloth fast blue B

Cloth fast blue B extra

Nigrosine (soluble in water)

Silver gray P

Indamine 6R

Indocyanine B

Acid cyanine BF

Acid cyanine BF

Katigene black brown - - -.

Katigene black brown GN By
extra cone. 11506 (XI).

Pvroeene green 2G \'i"

Pyrogene green 3G 250 per I.,
cent. T

Pyrogene green 3G •^-•

Immedial yellow D ■ • ■ •

Immedial yellow D ' ^■■

A..
A..
By.

Invoice

value.

Countries of origin (percent-
age of quantity).

1,600

U, 586

3,318

421

4,329

8,725

8,684

1,774

741
'2,' 296

2,393

131

258
1,700

4,056

100

9,946

1,947

6,490

9,072

23, 172

Germany, 100 per cent.

Switzerland, 39 per cent;
England, 38 per cent; Ger-
many, 33 per cent.

Switzerland, 99.7 per cent;
Germany, 0.3 per cent.

Switzerland, 52 per cent;
Germany, 48 per cent.

Germany, 90 per cent; Eng-.
land, 7 per cent; Italy, 3 per
cent.

Switzerland, 98 per cent;
Germany, 2 per cent.

19,428

1,848

14, 344

Germany, 100 per cent.

Germany, 89 per cent; Eng-
land, 11 per cent.

Switzerland, 100 per cent.

Germany, 60 per cent; Swit-
zerland, 40 per cent.
France, 100 per cent.

Germany, 100 per cent.

France, 92 per cent; Ger-
many, 8 per cent.

Germany, 100 per cent.
Do.

Switzerland, 100 per cent.

Germany, 100 per cent.
Do.

Do.

Switzerland, 100 per cent.

Germany, 100 per cent.

CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921 j 105
Table 24. — Imports of dyes during the calendar year 1921 — Continued.

Schultz
No.

Name of dye.

Manu-
fac-
turer.

Imports.

Countries of origin (percent-
age of quantity).

Quantity.

Invoice
value.

711

Immedial orange C

Pounds.
320

-

Germany, 100 per cent.

Immedial orange C

C

726

11,718

Switzerland, 100 per cent.

Pyrogene direct blue RL
cone.

Pyrogene direct blue RL

Pvrogene yellow

I

I

734

2,912

$6,652

Do.

Pyrogene yellow M 95 cone . .
PjTOgene yellow 0 cone

I..;

I

I

Pyrogene yellow 0 600

Pyrogene yellow M 450

I ..

I

735

441

Do.

I

746

Katigene green

6,543

7,897

Switzerland, 92 per cent;

Katigene green 2G cone.

50-100.
Thional brilliant green GG..
Thional brilliant green 2G . .

Bv

Germany, 8 per cent.

S

S

I

Thional dark green GN

Hydron blue (single strength) . . .

S

748

146,072

117,454

Germany, 93 per cent: Italy,

Hvdron blue G paste 20-100..
Hydron blue G paste 30-100..
Hydron blue G paste 40-100..

Hydron blue G powder

Hvdron blue R paste 20-100..
Hydron blue R paste 30-100..

Hydron blue R powder

Hydron violet B paste

Hydron blue B paste

Hydron blue RF powder

Hydron blue B powder

Hydron olive B powder

Hydron olive G powder

Anthraflavone G paste

c... .

6 per cent; England, 1 per

c

cent.

c

c

c

c

c...

1

c

c

c

c

1

c

c...

1

759

i6,594 14,389

Germany, 95 per cent; Italy,

B

5 per cent.

Anthraflavone G paste

Anthraflavone GG paste

Anthraflavone GC paste fine.

Anthraflavone GC paste

Indanthrene golden orange G
(single strength).
Indanthrene golden orange

G paste.
Indanthrene golden orange

G paste sand free.
Indanthrene golden orange

G double paste.
Indanthrene golden orange

G double paste.
Indanthrene golden orange

G double paste sand free.
Indanthrene golden orange

G powder.
Indanthrene golden orange R

B

1

B

B...

I

By

760

33,423

44,829

Germany, 95.7 per cent;

B...

England, 4 per cent; Italy,
0.3 per cent.

B

B...

A

1

B... .

B

761

56,390

101, 739

Germany, 95.3 per cent;

Indanthrene golden orange

R paste.
Indanthrene golden orange

R paste sand free.
Indanthrene golden orange

RRT paste.
Indanthrene golden orange

RRT paste.
Indanthrene golden orange

RRT paste fine.
Indanthrene golden orange

RRT paste sand free.
Indanthrene golden orange

RRT powder.
Indanthrene scarlet GS powder.
Indanthrene scarlet G paste. .
Indanthrene scarlet GS

powder.

B

England, 2 per cent; Hol-

B

land, 2 per cent; Italy, 0.7
per cent.

A

B

B

B

B

762

472

Germany, 100 per cent.

B.. . .

B

541—22-

106 CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC OEGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921>

Table 24. — Imports of dyes during the calendar year 1921 — Continued.

Schultz
No.

Name of dye.

Manu-
fac-
turer.

Imports.

Coimtries of origin (percent-
age of quantity).

CJuantity.

Invoice
value.

763

Indanthrene dark blue BO paste.

Pounds.
3,484

SI, 822

Germany, 57 per cent; Eng-
land, 43 per cent.

Indanthrene dark blue BO

paste.
Indanthrene dark blue BO

paste sand free.
Indanthrene dark blue BO . .

Indanthrene violet RT paste

Indanthrene green B paste

B .

B

B

764

B

516
6,932

Germany, 100 per cent.
Do.

765

3,978

Indanthrene green B paste. .
Indanthrene green B double

paste.
Indanthrene green B double

paste sand free.

B

B .

B

766

5,241

Italy, 85 per cent; Germany,

Indanthrene violet R extra

paste.
Indanthrene violet R extra

powder.
Indanthrene violet RR

B

15 per cent.

B

767

52,083

62, 237

Germany, 88 per cent; Italy,

Indanthrene violet 2R extra
paste.

Indanthrene violet 2R extra
paste fine.

Indanthrene violet RR ex-
tra.

Indanthrene violet RR ex-
tra paste.

Indanthrene violet RR ex-
tra paste fine.

Indanthrene violet RR ex-
tra paste sand free.

Indanthrene violet RR ex-
tra P paste.

Indanthrene violet RR ex-
tra powder.

Indanthrene violet RR ex-
tra p. powder.

Indanthrene violet RRX '
powder.

Indanthrene violet B

B

10 per cent; England, 2 per

B

cent.

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

768

14,957

3,045

Germany, 89 per cent; Hol-

Indanthrene violet B extra
paste.

Indanthrene black BB paste
redissolved.

Indanthrene black BB
double paste.

Indanthrene black BB
double paste.

Indanthrene black BB
double paste sand free.

Indanthrene black BB pow-
der.

B

land, 11 per cent.

B .

Q - -

B. .

B

B

771

B

1,572
26,524

Germany, 100 per cent.

774

AUzarin black .•

10, 706

Do.

K

Ahzarin black B powder

Ahzarin black S paste for

printing.

Ahzarin black S paste

AUzarin l)lack SHW paste...
AUzarin black WR 16-100

paste.
AUzarin black WR 40-100

paste.
Alizarin black WX extra

paste.
Alizarin black WX extra N

paste.
AUzarin black WX extra

single paste.
AUzarin blue black GT pow-
der.

Bv

M^::::::

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

778
779

136,283
5,854

49, 707
1,500

iioiland, 36 per cent; Ger-

AUzarin orange

Alizarin orange SW powder..

B

many, 34 per cent; Eng-

\ B

1

land, 30 per cent.

CENSUS OF BYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921. 107

Table 24. — Imports of dyes during the calendar year 1921 — Continued.

Schultz

No.

Name of dye.

Manu-
fac-
turer.

Import.s.

Countries of origin (percent-
age of quantity).

Quantity.

Invoice
value.

779

Alizarin orange— Continued.
Alizarin orange OG

M

Pounds.

Alizarin orange 80 powder. . .

Alizarin orange W 15

Alizarin orange 20-100

Alizarin orange SW powder
884 (R).

M

M

Q

By

780

15,565

$16,6.53

Germany, 96 per cent; Eng-
land, 4 per cent.

Ali/.arinred S powder

Alizarin red SWB powder. . .
Alizarin red SWBB powder.

Alizarin red WB paste

Ali'.arin red WX extra S

paste.

AU'.arin red W powder

Alizarin red W powder

Alizarin red W powder 773 . .
Alizarin red W powder 11376.
Alizarin red W powder 11376

(PI.).
Alizarin red W powder 10-400

Alizarin red IWS powder

Alizarin red IWS cone

B

B

B

B

B

K

Bv

By

Bv....

By

Bv

M

M

782

20,700

1,272

Germany, 100 per cent.

Ali/.arin Vjrown 1687

M

M

Alizarin brown 80 per cent. . .
Alizarin bro^^^l F

M

M.

Alizarin browTi H

M..

M...

Anthracene brown 20-100

paste.
Anthracene brown 40-100

paste.
Anthracene brown 100 per

cent povvder.
Anthracene brown S W pow-
der.
Anthracene brown SWR

powder.
Anthracene brown W 20-100.

Anthracene brown WR

Anthracene brown WR 20-

100 paste.
Anthracene brown WB 20-

100 paste.
Anthracene brown WG 20-

100 paste.
Alizarin SX GD

B

B

B

B

B

M

M

B

B

B

784

12, 205

2,386

Do

B

Alizarin SX 20-100

B .

AUzarin SX 20-100 paste

Alizarin SX powder

B

B .

Alizarin GD II

B

Alizarin GD 20 per cent
paste.
Alizarin RG, GI

B

785

18,266

4,673

Germany, 77 per cent; Eng-
land, 23 per cent.

Alizarin RG powder

B .

Alizarin GI powder

G ..

Alizarin YC A 20-100

Q

Alizarin G(r

By..::;:

Alizarin red SDG 20-100

Alizarin red SDG paste

Alizarin Bordeaux B, BD

M

M

787

1,803

1,43!;

Alizarin Bordeaux B paste. .
Alizarin Bordeaux B paste. .

Alizarin Bordeaux 20-100

Alizarin cyanine R

B

[

By

1

Q

788

2,750

1,380

England, 73 per cent; Ger-
many, 27 per cent.

Alizarin cyanine R powder. .
Alizarin cvanine WRB paste
11.30H(P1.).

Alizarin cyanine 10-100

Anthrac ene blue WR

Bv

By L- -

By

789

107,709

93,857

Germany, 100 per cent.

Anthracene blue WR paste. .
Anthracene blue WR double
paste.

B

B ...:::.:

108 CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921.

Table 24. — iTnports of dyes during the calendar year 1921 — Continued.

Schultz
No.

Name of dye.

Manu-
fac-
turer.

Imports.

Countrie=i of origin (percent-
age of quantity).

Quantity.

Invoice
value.

789

Anthracene blue WR— Con.
Anthracene blue WR double

paste.
Anthracene blue WR extra
paste.
Acid alizarin blue BB, GR

Q

Pounds.

B..

790

14,375

$5,891

Germany, 91 per cent;
France, 9 per cent.

Acid alizarin blue GR

Anthracene blue SWGG
powder.

Anthracene blue SWGG
extra powder.

Anthracene blue SWR pow-
der.

Anthracene dark blue W
paste.

Acid alii-arin blue BB

Indanthrene olive G powder

Cibanone orange R

M

B

B

B..

B

M

791

B

5

5,887

Germany, 100 per cent

792

14,188

Switzerland, 100 per cent.

Cibanone orange R paste

Cibanone orange R powder . .

Cibanone green B paste

Cibanone green G paste

Cibanone olive B paste

Cibanone blue 3G...

I

I

I

I

I

793

227

Do.

Cibanone blue 3 G paste 10-100

Cibanone blue 3G paste.

Cibanone black ... .

I

I

794

1,102

Do.

Cibanone black B paste

Cibanone vellow R

I

795

1,770

7,537

Do.

Cibanone yellow R paste

Cibanone yellow R powder . .
Acid alizarin green BG

I

I

796

1,322

Germany, 100 per cent.

Acid alizarin green B

Acid aUzarin green 3G

Alizarin garnet

M

M

797

1,523

Do.

Alizai in claret R paste

Alizarin ni aroon W . .

M.. .

798

2,751

Do.

Ahzarin maroon 20-100 paste.
Alizarin eyanine G .

B

799

3,336

3,224

Germany, 55 per cent; Eng-
land, 38 per cent; France,
7 per cent.

AUzarin eyanine G extra pow-
der 11319 (PI).

Alizarin eyanine GG powder.

Alizarin eyanine RR pow-
der 11307 (PI).

Alizarin eyanine GG powder
100 per cent.
Anthracene blue

By

By

By

By

SOO

4,057

Germany, 100 per cent.

Anthracene blue WB paste. .
Anthracene blue WG paste. .
Anthracene blue WGG

B

B

801

4,409

Do.

Anthracene blue WGG paste.
Alizarin blue WX, A

B

803

12, 482

9,845

Do.

Alizarin blue A 20

M

Alizarin blue A 100 per cent..
Alizarin blue WX 20 pet cent .
Alizarin blue WX 20 per cent .
paste.

M

B

B

K

Alizarin blue JR powder 1130
Alizarin blue S . . . .

By

804

21, 521

11,801

Germany, 98 per cent; Italy

M

6 per cent; Switzerland,

Alizarin blue S 45—100

Alizarin blue S powder

Alizarin blue S powder 11388

(PI).
Alizarin blue S A P powder. . .

Alizarin blue SAWS A

Alizarin blue SB 45

M

per cent.

B

By

By

By

M^

Alizarin blue SB 45 cone

Alizarin blue S W powder

Alizarin dark blue S 23

Alizarin blui^ SR

M

By

M^

M

Alizarin blue SRW paste

Alizarin blue SRW powder..
Alizarin blue SW.. . . .

B

B

M

Alizarin blue SW powder

Alizarin blue S powder

Alizarin blue SAP

B

By

S.^

CENSUS OF DYES AI^^TD SYNTHETIC OEGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921. 109

Table 24. — Imports of dyes during the calendar year 1921 — Continued.

Name of dye.

Manu-

faf-

turer.

Alizarin green

Alizarin green S paste 15-100.

Alizarin green S paste

Alizarin green S paste

Alizarin green CG

Alizarin green CG extra

Alizarin indigo blue S

Alizarin indigo blue S paste.
Helindone yellow 3GN (single
strength).

Helindone yellow 3GN pow-
der.
Algol yellow 3G

Algol yellow 3G paste 14S7..
Indanthrene orange RT paste....
Algol red 5G (single strength)

Algol red 5G paste

Algol red 50 powder 1.539

Algol yellow R (single strength). .

Algol yeUow R powder

Algol pink R (single strength) . . .

Algol pink R paste

Algol pink R paste, 10 per
cent, 11569 (111).

Algol pink R paste 1:8 11569
(PI).

Algol pink R powder

Algol pink R powder (166S)..

Algol pink R powder (11570)
Algol red R. KF (single strength).

Algol brilliant red 2B paste
S-100 11747 (111).

Algol brilliant red 2B paste. .

Algol brilliant red 2B pow-
der.

Algol brilliant red 2B pow-
der 11573.

Algol red F extra powder
1870.

Algol red F extra powder
11563.

Algol red FF extra paste

Algol red FF e.xtra paste
1857.

Algol red FF extra paste 8
per cent 11502 (111).

Algol red FF extra powder
11563.

Algol red R extra paste

Algol red R extra paste 1:8
11560 (PI).

Algol red R extra paste
S-100 11560 (HI).
Algol brilliant violet R

Algol brilliant violet R paste
1773.

Algol brilliafit violet R paste
1894.

Algol brilliant \-iolet R paste
10-100 11749(111). ,

Algol briUiant violet R pow-
der.

Algol brilliant violet R pow-
der 11749a (111).

Algol brillianlj violet R paste.
Algol brilliant violet 2B (single
strength).

Algol brilliant violet 2B

Algol brilliant violet 2B
paste 10-100 11748 (111).

Algol brilliant violet 2B pow-
der.

Algol brilliant violet 2B pow-
der 11654.

Algol blue 3R powder

Algol blue 3RP powder

Algol brilliant violet 2B
paste.

By.
B..

By.
By.

By.

By.
By.

By.
By.
By.

By.

By.
By.

By.

By.

By.

By-
By-

By.

By.

By.
By.

By.

By-
By.
By-
By.
By.
By.

By-
By.

By.

By-

By-

Imports.

Quantity.

Povn(ts.
2,000

Invoice
value.

4,465

352

1,048

212

578

2,400

's'iss

84,645

3,372

15,899

Countries of origin (percent-
age of quantity).

1,951

1,560

England, 100 per cent.
Germany, 100 per cent.

Do.

Italy, 100 per cent.

Germany, 100 per cent.

Do.
Do.

Do.

Germany, 87 per cent; Italy,
13 per cent.

Germany, 88 per cent: Eng-
land, 10 per cent; Holland,
2 per cent.

Germany, 100 per cent.

Germany, 74 per cent; Italy,
26 per cent.

110 CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921.

Table 24. — Imports of dyes during the calendar year 1921 — Continued.

Schultz
No.

822

825

830

831

Name of dve.

Manu-
fac-
turer.

832

833

834
836
838

Algol brilliant orange FR (single
strength).
Algol brilliant orange FR

paste.
Algol brilliant orange FR

powder 1822.
Algol briUiant orange FR

powder 11576.
Algol brilliant orange FR

powder 11576 (111).
Algol brilliant orange FR
powder 11576 (111).
Algol orange R (single strength).

Algol orange R paste

Algol orange R paste 1 : 8

11574 (PI).
Algol orange R powder 1501.
Algol orange R powder 11575.
Algol orange R powder 11575
(PI).

Algol red B

Algol red B paste

Algol red B paste

Algol red B paste 11556 (PI).
Indanthrene claret B extra (sin-
gle strength).
Indanthrene claret B extra

paste.
Indanthrene claret B extra

paste, sand free.
Indanthrene claret B double

paste.
Indanthrene claret B extra

powder.
Indanthrene Bordeaux B

extra paste.
Indanthrene Bordeaux B

extra double paste.
Indanthrene Bordeaux B
double paste, sand free.
Indanthrene red R (single
strength).

Indanthrene red R paste

Indanthrene red R powder. .
Indanthrene red BN (single
strength).
Indanthrene red BN extra

paste.
Indanthrene red BN extra

paste, fine.
Indanthrene red BN extra

paste, sand free.
Indanthrene red BN extra

powder.
Indanthrene red BN paste. . .

Indanthrene violet RN

Indanthrene violet RN extra,
sand free.
Algol ohve R (single strength) . . .

Algol olive R paste

Algol olive R powder

Algol gray (single strength)

Algol gray B powder

Helindone brown 30N

Helindone brown 3GN paste.

Indanthrene blue RS (single

strength).

Indanthrene blue RS paste..

Indanthrene blue RS paste

(for paper).
Indanthrene blue RS paste

(for pa7)er),sand free.
Indanthrene blue RSP paste.
Indanthrene blue RS double

paste.
Indanthrene RS double paste,
sand free.

By.
By.
By.
By.
By.

K..
By.

By.
By.

Q-.
By.
By.

By.
By.

By.
M.!

Imports.

Quantity.

Po«7wis.
1,228

2,685

6,626

21, 331

1,680

337

120
""356'

'28,' 908

Invoice
value. •

$2,840

301

7,706

8,532

27, 249

Countries of origin (percent-
age of quantity).

Germany, 82 per cent; Italy,
18 per cent.

Germany, 100 per cent.

Germany, 98 per cent; Hol-
land, 2 per cent.

Germany, 84 per cent; Bel-
gium, 12 per cent; England,
4 per cent.

Germany, 100 per cent.

Germany, 97 per cent; Eng-
land, 3 per cent.

7,224

Germany, 100 per cent.

Germany, 74 per cent; Italy,
26 per cent.

Germany, 100 per cent.

Do.

Germany, 91 per cent; Italjj
9 per cent.

CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921. HI

Table 24. — Imports of dyes during the calendar year 1921 — Continued.

Schultz
No.

838

840

841

842

Name of dye.

Manu-
fac-
turer.

Imports.

Quantity.

B.

843

844

847

849

B.

B.

Indanthrene blue RS .(single
strength) —Continued.
Indanthrene blue RS (for

paper) powder, triple.
Indanthrene blue RSP triple
powder.
Algol blue K (single strength)..

Algol blue K powder

Indanthrene blue 3G (single
strength).
Indanthrene blue 3G paste..
Indanthrene blue 3G paste B

sand free. |

Indanthrene blue 3G double

paste, sand free.
Indanthrene blue 3 G powder.
Indanthrene blue 3GP pow-
der.
Indanthrene blue GGS (single
strength).
Indanthrene blue GGSP

paste.
Indanthrene blue GGSP

double paste (thin).
Indanthrene blue GGSP

double paste (thick).
Indanthrene blue GGSZ

double paste.
Indanthrene blue GGSNP
quintriple powder.
Indanthrene blue GCD (single
strength).
Indanthrene blue GCD single

paste.
Indanthrene blue GCD paste,

sand free.
Indanthrene blue GCD

double paste.
Indanthrene blue GCD

double paste.
Indanthrene blue GCD

double paste, fine.
Indanthrene blue GCD

double paste, sand free.
Indanthrene blue GCD

powder.
Indanthrene blue GCD

double paste.
Indanthrene blue GCD paste.

Duranthrene blue CC

Indanthrene blue CC paste

Algol blue 3G (singlestrength)...

Algol blue 3G paste

Algol blue 3G paste 1412

Algol blue 3G paste 11588

Algol blue 3G paste 1:8 11588

(III).
Algol blue 3G paste 9-100

11588.
Algol blue 3G powder 1495.. ,
Algol blue 3G powder 115X9..
Algol green B (singlestrength)...

Algol green B powder

Indanthrene gray BP (single
strength).
Indanthrene gray B paste. . .
Indanthrene gray B paste,

sand free.
Indanthrene gray double
paste, sand free.
Indanthrene yellow (single
strength).
Indanthrene yellow G paste.
Indanthrene yellow G

double paste, fine.
Indanthrene yellow G

powder.
Indanthrene yeUow GP
powder.

By.

B.

B...
BD.
B...

By.
By.
By.
By.

By.

By.
By.

By.

B.

B.

Pounds.

66

19, 715

Invoice
value.

Countries of origin (percent-
age of quantity).

$12, 746

2,310

201, 835

240
4,623

2,535

75,061

Italy, 100 per cent.

Germany, 68 per cent; Italy,
32 per cent.

Germany, 100 per cent.

Germany, 90 per cent; Italy,
10 per cent.

1,

2,680

3,435

34,532

Germany, 100 per cent.
Germany, 90 per cent; Italy,
10 per cent.

Germany, 79 per cent; Italy,

21 per cent.
Germany, 80 per cent; Italy,

20 per cent.

Germany, 85 per cent; Italy,
11 per cent; England, 4
per cent.

112 CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921.

Table 24. — Imports of dyes during the calendar year 1921 — Continued.

Schiiltz
No.

849

850

852

853
854

Name of dye .

Manu-
fac-
turer.

855

856

Indanthrene yellow (single
strength ) — Continued .
Indanthrene yeDow GN

extra paste, sand free.
Indanthrene yellow R paste .
Indanthrene yellow R paste,

sand free.
Indanthrene yellow R

powder.
Indanthrene yellow GT

double paste.
Indanthrene yellow G

double paste.
Indanthrene yellow R
paste, 100 per cent.

Duranthrene yellow GX

Indanthrene blue WB

Indanthrene blue WBO

powder.
Indanthrene blue W B
powder.

Alizarin direct blue B

Alizarin direct blue E 3B

Alizarin cyanole B

Alizarin irisol DR

Alizarin irisol R powder

Alizarin irisol R cone. 75-100
powder 11:362 B.

Alizarin direct violet

Anthraquinone violet powder...

Alizarin viridine DW, FF

Alizarin \iriiine FF paste...
Alizarin viriaine FF paste

11299 (V).
Alizarin viridine FF paste

112M (PI;.
Alizarin viridine FF paste

1:4 HI 299 A.
Alizarin viridine FF paste

11712.
Alizarin viridine FF paste

li:iOO(Pl*.
Alizarin viridine FF powder.

Alizarin pure blue

Alizarin skj^ blue

Alizarin sky blue

Aliiiarin s,ky blue powder

Alizarin sky blue B cone

Alizaiin sky V)lue B powder.
AUiarin sky blue B powder

1038.
Alizarin sky blue B powder

11351.
Alizarin sky blue B powder

11351 (PI).
Alizarin sky blue B powder

11351 (V).
Alizarin sky blue B powder

113551.
Alizarin skv blue B cone.
70-100 powder (li:351a).

Alizarin sky blue 1038

Alizarin astrol

Alizarin astrol B powder

Alizarin astrol B powder —
Alizarin astrol B powder

11:350.
Alizarin astrol B

40-100.
Alizarin astrol B

1225.
Alizarin astrol B powder

11:550 (PI).
Alizarin astrol B powder

cone. 40-100 11358.
Alizarin astrol B powder
(■one. 40-100 li:350B (V).

Alizarin astrol B extra

Alizarin rubiuol 3G

BD.

By.
By.

By.
By.

By.

By.

By.

By.

By-

powder
powder

K..
By.
B.v.
By.
By.
By.

By.

By.

By.

By.

By.

By.

B..

By.
By.

By.,

By.

By.

By.

By.

By.
By.

Imports.

Quantity.

Invoice
value.

Pounds.

116

225

1,165
9,499

Countries of origin (percent-
age of quantity).

$5, 657

7,675

12, 796

24, 657

36, 575

52, 232

Germany, 100 per cent.

Do.
Do.

Do.
Do.

i

Do.

Germany, 94.9 percent; Hol-
land, 2 per cent; li-nglaiul,
1 per cent; Italy, 0.7 per.
cent; Belgium, 0.4 percent;
Denmark, ] per cent.

CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921. Hg

Table 24. — Imports of dyes during the calendar year 1921 — Continued.

Name of dye.

Manu-
fac-
turer.

Alizarin astrol — Continued.

Alizarin rubinol 3G powder..

Alizarin rubinol 3G powder
11372.

Alizarin rubinol 3G powder
11372 (PI).

Alizarin rul/inol 3G cone,
powder 40-100 (11372AJ. *

Alizarin rubinol GW powder.

Alizarin rubinol GW powder.

Alizarinrubinol GW powder
1582.

Alizarin rubinol G W powder
11371.

Alizarin rubinol GW powder
11371 (PI).

Alizarin rubinol GW powder
11371 (Vj.

Alizarin rubinol R

Alizarin rubinol R

Alizarin rubinol R powder...

Alizarin rubinol R powder
1395.

Alizarin rubinol R powder
U370(P1).

Alizarin rubinol R powder
cone. 40-100 11375A.
AUzarin saphirol B

Alizarin saphirol

Alizarin saphirol B

AUzarin saphirol B cone. 60-
100.

Alizarin saphirol B powder..

Alizarin saphirol B powder..

Alizarin saphirol BL powder
11357 (PI).'

AUzarin saphirol C 28365
powder 11336 (PI).

AUzarin saphirol SE cone.
7.5-100.

AUzarin saphirol SE powder.

Ali/iarin saphirol SE powder
847.

Alizarin saphirol SE powder
11341.

AUzarin saphirol SE powder
11341 (Plj.

Alizarin saphirol SE powder
11341 (V).

Alizarin saphirol WSA pow-
der 1780.

AUzarin saphirol WSA pow-
der 11345 (PI).

Heliofast blue BL

HeUofast blue BLconc

HeUo fast blue BL 50-100
conc.l0867B.
Cyananthrol R

Cyananthrol RBX powder. .

Cyananthrol RX powder

Cyananthrol RXO

Cyananthrol RXG powder. .
Cyananthrol G

Cyananlhrol

Cyananthrol BGA

Cvananihrol BGA powder...

Cyananthrol BG AO

Cyananthrol BG AGO

Cyananthrol BGAOO 90-100.

Cyananthrol BGAOO pow-
der.

Cyananthrol BGAOO pow-
der.
Anthraquinone blue SR

Anthraquinone blue SR
extra powder.

By.
By.

By.

By.

B..
By.
By.

By.

By.

By.

K..
By.
By.
By.

By.

By.

Q--
By.
By.

B..
Bv.
By.

By.

By.

B..
By.

By.
By.
By.
By.
By.

Bv.

By.
By.

Imports.

Quantity.

Invoice
value.

28,606

1,414

12,713

853

871,560

Coimtries of origin (percent-
age of quantity).

Germany, 76 per cent; Italy,
13 per cent; HoUand, 8 per
cent; Switzerland, 3 per
cent.

6,164 Germany, 100 per cent.

39,946

Germany, 91 per cent; Bel-
gium, 9 percent.

Germany, 100 per cent.

114 CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921.

Table 24. — Imports of dye's during the calendar year 1921 — Continued.

I

Name of dye.

Manu-
fac-
turer.

Alizarin blue black

Alizarin blue black 3B

Alizarin blue black 3B pow-
der.
Alizarin blue black 3B

powder 11366 (PI).

Alizarin blue black B

Alizarin blue black B

Alizarin blue black B cone. .
Alizarin blue black B cone.

11365 (PI).
Alizarin blue black B cone.

80-100.
Alizarin blue black B paste.. .
Alizarin blue black B powder
Alizarin blue black B powder
Alizarin blue black B powder

725.
Alizarin blue black B powder

10364.
Alizarin blue black B powder

1136-1.
Alizarin blue black B powder

11364 (PI).
Alizarin blue black B powder

113644.
Alizarin blue black B powder

cone. 70-100 11365a.
Alizarin blue black BT

powder.
Alizarin blue black B powder

cone. 80-100 11365B.

Anthraquinone blue green

Anthraquinone blue green. . .
Anthraquinone blue green

BX powder D.
Anthraquinone blue green

BXO.
Anthraquinone blue green

BXO.
Anthraquinone blue green

BXO powder.
Anthraquinone bluish green

BX powder.
Anthraquinone green GXNO

powder.
Anthraquinone green GXNO
Anthraquinone green GXNO

powder.

Alizarin direct green G ,

Alizarin cyanine green E

cone. 80-100.
Ahzarin cyanine green E

powder 1-294.
Alizarin cyanine green E

cone, powder 80-100 112944.

AUzarin cyanine green G

Alizarin cyanine green G

e.xtra.
AUzarin cyanine green G

powder749.
Alizarin cyanine green G

extra powder.
Alizarin cyanine green G

extra powder.
Alizarin cyanine green G

extra powder 749.
Alizarin cyanine green G

e.xtra powder 11292.
Alizarin cyanine green G

extra powder 11292 (i'l).
Aliiarin cyanine green G

extra powder 11292 (V)
Aluarin cyanine green

extra 24498 powder 11302

(Pi;.

By.
By.

By.

M..
C...
By.
By.

By.

M..
B..
By.
By.

G

By.

By.
By.
By.
By.

By.

By..

By..

By..

Q...
By..

By..

By.

By.
By.
By.
By.
By.

Imports.

Quantity.

Pounds.
43, 277

Invoice
value.

$30, 329

3,040

36, 534

Countries of origin (percent-
age of quantity).

Germany, 98 per cent; Italy,
1 per cent; Holland, 1 per
cent.

1,274

80, 149

Germany, 96 per
France, 4 per cent.

cent;

Germany, 100 per cent.

Germany, 94 per cent; Italy,
3 per cent; Belgium, 3 per
cent.

CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921. 115

Table 24. — Imports of dyes during the calendar year 1921 — Continued.

Schultz
No.

867

Name of dye.

Manu-
fac-
turer.

870

873

Alizarin direct green G — Contd.

Alizarin cyanine green G

extra powder cone. 11291B

Alizarin cyanine green G
"extra powder cone. 70-100

11291A.
Alizarin cyanine green G
extra powder cone. 80-100
11291.
Alizarin cyanine green G
extra powder cone. 80-100
11291B.
Alizarin cyanine green G
extra powder cone. 80-100
11291 B (V).
Alizarin cyanine green CG
extra.

Alizarin direct green 5G

Indanthrene brown (single
strength).
Indanthrene brown B double
paste.

Cibanone brown V paste

Cibanone Thrown V powder. .

Cibanone brown B powder. .

Cibanone brown B paste 20

per cent.

Algol brown B (single strength) . .

Algol brown R paste

Algol brown paste 11744 (PI).
Algol brown R paste 10-100

11744(111).
Algol brown R powder 11599
(HI).
Algol corinth R (single strength).
Algol corinth R paste 10 per
cent 11750 (III).

Algol corinth R powder

Algol corinth R powder 1765.

Algol corinth R powder 11571

Algol corinth R powder 11571

(ID-

Helindone brown AN (single

strength).

Helindone brown AN paste. .
Indanthrene pink B paste...
Indanthrene pink B paste

sand free.
Indanthrene pink B paste

fine.
Indanthrene pink double

paste.
Indanthrene pink BS powder
Indanthrene red violet RRN

paste.
Indanthrene red violet RRN

paste, sand free.
Indanthrene red violet RRN

powder.
Indanthrene red violet 2 RN

paste.
Indanthrene red violet 2RN

By.

By-

By.

By.

By.

By.
By.
By.

By-

By.

By.
By.
By.
By.

874

877
881

paste, sand free.
Indanthrene red

violet

RRNP paste.
Indanthrene red violet
RRNP powder.

Indigo, synthetic

Indigo carmine extra

Ciba blue 2B

Ciba blue2B powder

Ciba blue 2B powder pat

Ciba blue 2B pat

Ciba blue BB powder

Ciba blue 2BD paste

Imports.

Quantity.

Pounds.

Invoice
value.

Countries of origin (percent-
age of quantity).

11,558

550

6,640

2,037

$1,999

12,047

27,747

42,595

70, 975

30

99,937

84,901

126,817

Germany, 77 per cent; Italy
23 per cent.

Switzerland, 100 per cent.

Germany, 100 per cent.

Do.

Germany, 98 per cent; Italy,
2 per cent.

England, 100 per cent.

Switzerland, 97.5 per cent;
England, 2.0 percent; Ger-
many, 0.5 per cent.

116 CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921,

Table 24. — Imports of dyes during the calendar year 1921 — Continued.

Schultz
No.

Name of dye.

Manu-
fac-
turer.

Imports.

Countries of origin (percent-
age of quantity).

Qufemtity.

Invoice
value.

881

Ciba blue 2B— Continued.

Ciba blue 2BD paste 16-100. .

Ciba blue 2B D paste pat

Ciba blue 2BD paste 16-100

pat.
Durindone blue 4B 20-100

paste.
Durindone blue 4B .-.

I

Pounds.

I

I

BD

BD

Indigo KB 20-100 paste

Ciba blue G

K

882

340

Switzerland, 98 per cent;
England, 2 per cent.

Ciba blue G powder

I

BD

883

Indigo KG (single strength)

3,811

f2,161

Germany, 61 per cent; Eng-
land, 14 per cent; Italy, 25
per cent.

Indigo 6B powder

M

Indigo MLB 6B powder

Durindone blue 6B

Brilliant indigo B D paste

M

BD

885

12,656

7,870

Germany, 93 per cent; Italyl
7 per cent.

Brilliant indigo BD paste —

Brilliant indigo B paste

Brilliant indigo B paste base
Brilliant indigo BB paste
20-100.

B

B..

B

B

891

441

Switzerland, 100 per cent.

CiDa green G paste 10-100

I

892

2,159

Germany, 100 per cent.

Helindone green G paste

Helindone green G powder. .

M

M

893

1,776

England, 72 per cent; Ger-
many, 28 per cent.

Alizarin indigo G paste 1628..
Alizarin indigo G paste 20-100

By

By.. ::

S94

99

Germany, 100 per cent.

Alizarin indigo B paste

K

89o

1,799

Do.

Ali ;arin indigo 3R paste

Ali'.arin indigo 3R paste
16-100, 11550 OA. ,

By

By...: .

89/

110

Switzerland, 100 per cent.

Ciba heliotrope B powder
paste.

I

S99

440

Do.

i

Ciba gray G powder

I

.JOl

Ciba violet 13

21,987

36, 643

Do.

Ciba \ iolet B paste

I

Ciba violet B paste 10-100

Ciba violet (3 powder

I

I

I

Ciba violet R paste 10-100. . .
V Ciba V iolet R powder

Helindone brown 2R (single
strength).

I

I

902

5,206

9,813

Germany, 100 per cent.

M

Helindone brown 2R paste

10-100.
Helindone brown 2R powder
Helindone brown G (single
strength) .
Helindone lirown G paste. . .
HeUndone l)rown G powder.
Helindone brown CR paste.
Helindone brown CH paste.

M

M

904

4,857

4,853

Do.

M

M

M

M . .1

905

554

England, 92 per cent; Ger-

Tliio iniiigo scarlet R powder
Durindone scarlet R

k

many, 8 per cent.

BD

906

6,122

6,888

Switzerland, 73 per cent;

Tliio indigo scarlet 20 paste.
Thio infligo scarlet 2G paste
20-100.

K . ...

Germany, 27 per cent.

K

1 1

I

Ciba red G paste io-ioo

I '

£07

10,695

20,085

Switzerland, 96 per cent;

Ciba scarlet G extra paste —
Ciba .scarlet G extra paste

20-100.
Ciba scarlet G extra powder .

I

Germany, 4 per cenl..

I

I

CEIS^SUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921. 117

Table 24. — Imports of dyes during the calendar year 1921 — Continued.

Sehultz
No.

Name of dye.

Manu-
fac-
turer.

Imports.

Countries of origin (percent-
age of quantity).

Quantity.

Invoice
value.

908

Ciba red R paste 20 per c«nt

I

Pounds.

110

31,813

Switzerland. 100 per cent.

Germany, 80 per cent; Eng-
land, 12 per cent: Holland,
6 per cent; Italy, 2 per
cent.

910

$56,249

Thio indigo pink AN paste. .
Thio indigo rose AN paste . . .
Tliio indigo rose BN paste.. .
Helindone pink AN paste . . .
Helindone pink AN paste

10-100.
Helindone pink BN paste. . .
Helindone pink BN paste

10-100.
Thio indigo red B paste (single
strength).

Thio indigo red B paste

Thio iTidigo red B paste

20-100.
Thio indigo red B powder . . .
Thio indigo red B powder

100 per cent.
Durindone red B

K

K

K

M

M

M

M

912

5,965

5,897

England, 34 per cent; Ger-
many, 66 per cent.

K

K

K

1

K

BD

■ 1

913

Helindone orange R - - - -

919

17, 759

Germany, 100 per cent.

Thio indigo orange R paste . . .

Helindone orange R paste
10-100.

Helindone orange R powder..

Helindone orange D powder

HeUndone red B powder

K

M

M

!

914

M

33
549

Do.

917

Do

Helindone red B paste

Helindone red B paste 20-100.
HeUndone red 3B

M

M

918

17, .566

Do

Helindone red 3B paste

Helindone red 3B paste
20-100.

M. . .

M

1

919

4,625

22, 772

Switzerland, 100 per cent.

Ciba bordeaux B

Ciba bordeaux B paste

Ciba bordeaux B powder

I

I

I

920

2,425

9,324

Germany, 100 per cent.

Helindone violet B paste

Helindone violet B powder. . .
Helindone violet BB paste . . .
Helindone violet 2B paste

20-100.
Helindone violet 2B powder.

M

M . .. .

M

M

M

1

921

882

Do.

Helindone gray BB paste

Ursol '.

M

923

5,150

9,248

Do.

Ursol D

A

Ursol DB

A

Ursol DF

A

1

Ursol S A

A . ...

1

UrsolP

A

1

A

Ursol SLA

A

1

Ursol 4G

A

1

Ursol 4R

A

Ursol A lumps

A

Ursol D lumps

A

»

Ursol gray AL

A

Ursol gray B

A

Ursol gray G

A

Ursol gray R

A

.

118

CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921.

Table 24. — Imports of dyes during the calendar year 1921 — Continued.
UNIDENTIFIED ACID DYES.

Imports.

Countries of origin (percent-
' age of quantity).

Name of dye.

turer.

Quantity.

Invoice
value.

Acetyl red

Pounds.
610

Germany, 100 per cent.

Acetyl red BBX

B

Acetyl red GX .-

B

Acid blue ;

2,565

Switzerland, 90 per cent;
Germany, 10 per cent.

Acid blue A

K

Acid blue RBF

I

Acid brown

537

Germany, 80 per cent; Eng-
land, 20 per cent.

Acid browTi 55

Q

Acid brown D Speine

C

Acid magenta N

Q

50
10, 165

Acid milling black

Switzerland, 100 per cent.

Acid milling black B

G

Acid milling black B 652

G

Acid milling red

871

Do.

Acid milling red R cone. 666

G

Acid pure blue R supra 614

G

G

110

529

3,681

Do.

Acid ponceau E 640. . .

Do.

Acid red

si, 553

Germany, 100 per cent.

Acid red B

K

Acid red 2B

K

Acid red 4B

K

Acid red SDG 20-100

M

Q

224
4,166

England, 100 per cent.
Switzerland, 52 per cent;

Acid rhodamine

11, 887

Acid rhodamine BG

B

Germany, 48 per cent.

Acid rhodamine R

I

Acid rhodamine 3R

I

Acid rhodamine 3R cone

I

163

Germany, 92per cent; France,
8 per cent.

Acid violet 6B SX extra

C

Acid violet 7B

Q

Alizarin brilliant green KG

C 1 S4

England, 100 per cent.

Alizarin cyanole

668

Germany, 100 per cent.

Alizarin cvanole E F

c

c

Alizarin direct violet

1,338

Do.

Alizarin direct violet E 2B

M

AUzarin direct violet RC

M. .:::.;

Alizarin delphinol

1,472

England, 100 per cent.

Alizarin delphinol BS

BD

Alizarin emeraldole

991

2,352

Germany, 100 per cent.

Alizarin emeraldole G

By

By... ..

Alizarin emeraldole G powder 1340

AUzarin emeraldole G powder (VI)
11349.
Alizarin saphirole

By

Bv

5,905

Switzerland, 100 per cent.

Alizarin saphirole SAP

S

Alizarin uranole R powder

By

622
328

Germany, 100 per cent.

AlkaU fast green

Germany, 70 per cent.

Alkali fast green 3G cone. 33-100

Alkali fast green 3G cone. 33-100 10553A
Alphanol brown R 135 per cent

By

Holland, 30 per cent.

By

c^.:;:::

M

M.......

By.r....

273
100
100
132
1,028

Germany, 100 per cent.

Amido azo black EG.

Do.

Amido red B L

Do.

Anthracyanine 3FL cone. 40-100

Do.

Do.

Anlhosine B . .

B

B

Anthosine 5B. .. .

B

Azo acid black 3BL extra

M

1,001
189

Do.

Do.

B

Azo carmine I 30849

B .

Azo cyaiiine

573

954

Do.

Azo cyaiiine GR

K. ...

Azo cyanine GR extra

K

K

K

C

Gr.E....
C

125

1,380

100

200

Do.

Do.

Do. ■

Azo orsielle BB

Do. ;■

-

JENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS^ 1921.

119

Table 24. — Imports of dyes during the calendar year 1921 — Continued.
XWIDENTIFIED ACID DYES— Continued.

Name of dye.

Manufac-
turer.

Imports.

Countries of origin (percent-
age of quantity).

Quantity.

Invoice
value.

Pounds.
6,553

S9,980

Switzerland, 100 per cent.

S

s

s

c

K

c

1,826
368
201
217

Germany, 100 per cent.

Do.

Jlue FS ....

Do.

Do.

B

Brilliant anthrazurol Q powder

B

K

B

100

100

1,018

Do.

Do.

Do.

C

C

2,175

Germany, 95 per cent; Eng-

Brilliant milling blue B 100 per cent...

Q

land, 5 per cent.

C.

K

Jrilliant. milling red..

1,275

219

Germany, 100 per cent.

C

C

C...

C

By

185

49

6,559

Do.

Jrilliant pure yellow 6G extra 1648

Do.

12,443

Germany, 66 per cent;

Q --

France, 34 per cent.

C

C

c

Brill ant scarlet 3R 90 per cent

c...

c...

c...

Brilliant s "arlet (6)

c...

Brilliant scarlet ( 43 )

c

c

Brilliant ssarlet (147) 90 per cent

Brill ant scarlet (909)

c

c

Q

22
320

France, 100 per cent.

]Iitro ine

390

Switzerland, 100 per cent.

s

Citronine 000 . .

I

IJloth fast blue

23, 782

26,455

Do.

Cloth fast blue BB .

I

Cloth fast blue GTB

I

Clo*h fast blue R

I .

I

I

I

I

I

BD

BD

M

C

M

BD

G

G

G

G

4

110

110

1,000

1,120

337

185

807

13,454

992

1,102

970

55

1,685

Do.

Do.

Do.

England, 100 per cent.

Do.

Crystal ponceau 6RW 1025

Germany, 100 per cent.

Crvstal scarlet 6R

Do.

Dark eosinc 6R 60 Crystals

Do.

England, 100 per cent.

1 Switierland, 100 per cent.

i Do.

Canada, 100 per cent.

Swit.'.erland, 100 per cent.

Do.

Erio fast fuchsine BL cone. (573)

Erio fast fuchsine BL 671

G

G

G

G

501
12,918
17,820

Canada, 100 per cent.

Erio rnliine 2B cone 646

Switzerland, 100 per cent.

24,816

Do.

Erio violet BC 505

G .

Erio violet BC 505 95-100

G

G

G

Erio violet RL 670

G

G

120

CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1&21.I

Table 24. — Imports of dyes during the calendar year 1921 — Continued.
UNIDENTIFIED ACID DYES— Continued.

Manufac-
turer.

Imports.

Countries of origin (percent-
age of quantity).

Name of dye.

Quantity.

Invoice
value.

Erythrine BG

M

Pounds.
403

2,287

Germanv, 100 per cent.
Do.

Fast acid cvanine

$1,383

Fast acid cvanine GR Pi 10583

By

Fast acid cvanine GR cone. 75-100

By

10583 A.
Fast acid cvanine GR 10583

By

Fast acid cyanine 5R 10584

By

1

Fast acid cyanine 5R cone. 75-100

Bv

[

10584B.
Fast acid cyanine SR PI 10584

By

Fast acid green BB

m:

100
300

Do.

Fast acid marine bhie

Do.

Fast acid marine blue HBBX

B

Fast acid marine blue HBBK

B

Fast acid red

Q

112

476

England, 100 per cent.
Germany, 100 per cent.

Fast felt bl le

Fast felt blue extra

c

Fast felt blue extra 2484J.

c

Fast scarlet BX

B

B

500

50

220

Do.

Fast wool blue BL

Do.

Formic blaclc

SwitJerland, 100 per cent.

Formic black TG cone. 292

G

G

FormvlblcieBX ...

c

By

Gr.E....
Gr.E....

I

I

68
240
100
3,535
661
110
11,290

Germany, 100 per cent.

Gloria black N cone. 60-100. .

Do.

Hvdra ine vellow lEG.

Do.

Ink blue BITBNOO.

Do.

Kiton fast orange G

Switzerland, 100 per cent.

Kiton fast red R

Do.

Kiton fast vellow

Do.

Kiton fast yellow 3G . .

I

Kiton fast yellow

I

Kiton red

11,738

16,877

Do.

Kiton red cone

I

Kiton red G

I

Kiton red G cone...

I

Kiton red 6B

1 1

Kiton red S

I

Kiton vellow

1,653

Do.

Kiton yellow 3G . . .

i

Kiton yellow S..

s

Milling red 6BA....

A

225
2,45S

Germany, 100 per cent.

Milling yellow

Do.

Milling yellow GA

A

Milling yellow O .

c

Milling vPllow R

A

Naphthlene black AB

P

M

P

c

I

A

K

24

200

2,220

392

1,323

1,600

150

272

France, 100 per cent.

Naphthalene blue B

Germany, 100 per cent.

Naphthalene green NV

France, 100 per cent.

Naphthol dark green G

Germanv, 100 per cent.

Navy blue A...

Switzerland, 100 per cent.

Nerol2B

Germany, 100 per cent.

Nerol blaek 2B.

Do.

Do.

Nero cyanine BS

K

Do.

K

Do.

Neutral cloth blue R 669

G

Gr.E....

A

Gr.E....
Gr.E....
Gr.E....
B

551
50
560
100
100
100
481
2,401

Switzerland, 100 per cent.

Orange 3RL..

Germany, 100 per cent.

Ortho cvanine B

Do.

Oxy acid blue 6B

Do.

0.\y acid red BB

Do.

Oxy acid violet RO )

^0- <3

Palatine light yellow RX

Do. fl

P atent t)lack

233

Do. fl

C

■

I'atent black II

c

■■

Patent black N

C

■

Polar red (' cone 596

G

I

M

Q

G

S

B

2, 579
5,622
42
66
110
50
150

Switzerland, 100 per cent.W

Do. ■

Germanv, 100 per cent. ■

P'rance, 100 per cent.

Seto fla vine T 393

Switzerland, 100 per cent.

Do.

Special blue G

Germany, 100 per cent.

CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921.

121

Table 24. — Imports of dyes during the calendar year 1921 — C'ontLnued.
UNIDENTIFIED ACID DYES— Continued.

Name of dye.

Manufac-
turer.

Imports.

Quantity, ^l^^

Cotmtries of origin (percent-
age of quantity).

By.

By.

Sulphon orange G By.

Sulphon yellow . . .

Sulphon yellow R cone. 10469 By.

Sulphon yellow R cone. 30-100 10469A.; By.

Sulphon yellow R cone. 35-100 10469C. | By.

Sulphon yellow 5G I By.

Sulphon yellow 5G cone. 35-100 By.

Supramine black BR 1598 By.

Supramiiie yellow R K.

Tolane fast red

Tolane fast red 2BL

Tolane fast red 6BL

Victoria fast violet

Victoria fast violet 2R extra

Victoria fast violet 2R extra PI 10613. . .

Victoria fast violet 2R extra (VIII)
10613.

Victoria fast violet 2R extra 10613

Victoria scarlet

Victoria scarlet K 2Z I M . .

Victoria scarlet K 3G I M..

Victoria yellow Q . .

Violet blue acid 7B Q . .

Violet for wool SB double couc ! Q . .

Wool blue I

Wool blue RL 647 ' G . .

Wool blue RL 447 i G . .

AVool blue extra cone ! Q . .

Wool fast blue -' ]

Wool fast blue BL By.

Wool fast blue B L cone ! Q . .

Wool fast blue BL (VIII) in564B | By.

Wool fast blue BL 10564B By.

Wool fast blue BL cone. 50-100 10564D. By.

Wool fast blue G L couc. 50-100 10564G . j By.

Wool fast marine blue BB B.

Wool fast yellow

Wool fast veUow G

Wool fast Vellow 5GX.

Wool violet RLF

Xylenecyanol FF extra...
Xylene fast gre«n B

Pounds.
1,268
2,054

49
200
882

2,335

9

11

275

69,719

SI, 099

2,506

Germany, 100 per cent.
Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.

Do.

50
151

250

500

1,501

France, 100 per cent.
Belgium, 100 per cent.
Switzerland, 100 per cent.

Germany, 99 per cent;
Holland, 1 per cent.

Germany, 100 per cent.
Do.

Do.
Switzerland, 100 per cent.
Do.

UNIDENTIFIED VAT COLORS.

Algol blue C

Algol blue C paste 11739 (IV) 10-100. . .

Algol blue C powder 11739 A

Algol brown G powder 1 1600

Algol yellow S paste

Chloranthrene Bordeaux 12^ per cent

Chloranthrene red 5G Y paste

Ciba rose

Ciba rose BG paste

Ciba rose BG powder

Ciba rose BG powder patent

Duranthrene blue RDX

Duraiithf ene brown B

Duranthrene dark blue BO

Duranthrene red violet

Duranthrene red violet 2RN

Durindone red Y

Helindone black 3B

Helindone red BB

Indanthrcne blue

Indanthrene blue RC paste

Indanthrene blue RZ paste

Indanthrene blue G 2Z powder

Indanthrene blue RC powder

ilndanthrene brown

Indanthrene brown 3R paste fine

Indanthrene brown RR paste

541—22-

By.
By..
K..
BD.
BD.

I...
I...
I...
BD.
BD.
BD.

BD.
BD.
M..

M..

3,045

35

498

10

10

1,870

10

10

10

2,274

10

4,409

152

5,620

$4,937

Germany, 100 per cent.

Do.

Do.
England, 100 per cent.

Do.
Switzerland, 100 per cent.

England, 100 per cent.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.

Germany, ion per cent.
England", 100 per cent.
Germany, 100 per cent.

Do.

122

CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC OKGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921.

Table 24. — Imports of dyes during the calendar year 1921 — Continued.
UNIDENTIFIED VAT COLORS— Continued.

Manufac-
turer.

Imports.

Coimtries of origin (percent-
age of quantity).

Name of dye.

Quantity.

Invoice
value.

Pounds.
1,223

Germany, 100 per cent.

Indanthrene golden orange RN extra

paste.
Indanthrene golden orange 3R paste. .

B

B

7,124

Germany, 47 per cent; Eng-
land, 36 per cent; Belgium,,

Indanthrene violet BN extra paste

Indanthrene violet BN extra paste

B

Q

17 per cent. " !jk

Q

2,590

England, 100 per cent. ^

Indigo LL 2R

BD

BD

K

B

K

123

180
687
200

Germany, 100 per cent.

Do.

Thio indigo violet 2R paste . . . .

Do.

Do.

B

UNCLASSIFIED MORDANT AND CHROME DYES.

5,668

$3,214

Germany, 100 per cent.

M

M

Acid alizarin black SET powder

M

M

2,054

Do.

M

M

2,818

Do,

M

M

M

379
3,136

Do.

Do.

B

B

8,922

7,271

England, 60 per cent; Ger-

Q

many ,35 per cent; Holland,.

M

5 per cent.

M

Alizarin blue SBW

M.

Alizarin blue SCB paste 20-100

Alizarin blue SW powder 11390(EV)...

Q...

By

B..: :::

B

Q

400

Germany, 100 per cent.

Alizarin blue black BB double paste. .

B

4,861

1,143

Do.

Alizarin cyanine green EFP powder.. .

Alizarin cyanine green 3G powder

Alizarin cyanine green 3G powder
n297(Pl)

By.

By-

By

B^.;:;..

By

By

4,418

432

1,482

1,045

Do.

AUzarin fast l)lack SP powder (11368)

Do.

Do.

579

England, 86 per cent; Ger-

M

many, 14 per cent.

Q

q:::::::

By

99
6,177

Germany, 100 per cent-

284

Do. '

M

Alizarin red CR 20-100

M

Alizarin red 5F 20-100

M

Alizarin red PS powder 11378(P1)

By

B . :.::

B

Do.
Do.

Do.
Do.

England, 100 per cent-

C

1,065
543

c

C

B

C

BD

25

377

6,720

Anthracene brown WliP paste

CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921,

123

Table 24. — Imports of dyes during the calendar year 1921 — Continued.
UNCLASSIFIED MORDANT AND CHROME DYES— Continued.

Name of dye.

Manufac-
turer.

Imports.

<->„.,«+;+„ i Invoice
Quantity. ^,^i^g_

Countries of origin (percent-
age of quantity).

Anthracene chromate black

Anthracene chromate 1 lack D

Anthracene chromate hlack LC

Anthracene chromate blue

Anthracene chromate brown

Anthracene chromate brown E B

Anthracene chromate brown EB extra .

Anthracene chromate brown EB extra
90 per cent.

Anthracene chromate brown EB 90
per cent.

Anthracene chromate brown EB 100
percent.

Anthracene chromate brown EB 100
per cent.

Anthracene chromate brown RR

Anthracene chromate green FF

Anthracene chrome black

Anthracene chrome black KLT

Anthracene chrome black KV

Anthracene chrome black PBB

Anthracene chrome black 5611Z

Anthracene chrome blue H

Anthracene chrome brown SWN

Anthracene dark blue

Anthracene direct green B

Brilliant alizarin cyanineSG powder

Brilliant chrome blue G 50 per cent

Chromal blue GC (for printing) 939

Chromacetin blue S powder

Chrome black

Chrome black AGZZ

Chrome black B

Chrome blue S

Chrome Bordeaux B powder

Chrome brown 17675 powder

Chrome cyanine G

Chrome fast blue

Chrome fast blue BX

Chrome fast blue 2R

Chrome fast brown '

Chrome fast brown

Chrome fast brown T Y

Chrome fast green GL

Chrome fast violet B

Chrome olive JCSB powder

Chromazurine G powder

Chromochlorine G powder

Chromorhoduline

ChromorhoduUne B powder

Chromorhoduline 6G extra powder

Chromosafranine B powder

Chnmoxamine violet

Chromoxamine violet B

Chromoxamine violet 5B

Coeruleine H powder

Diamond red 5G 1521

Erio chrome blue S 9.55

Erio chrome brown ROS 933

Erio chrome flavine A cone. 1015

Erio chrome green HK 1031

Erio chrome red PEI 1035

Erio chrome violet J

Erio chrome violet B 918

Erio chrome violet 3B 941

Fast chrome green B powder

Fast mordant blue

Fast mordant blue B

Fast mordant blue KR

Fast mordant blue KRL '.

Lanasol brown 2R pat

Lanasol green G

I Lanasol green G

Lanasol green G cone

Lianasol orange

Lanasol orange G

Lanasol orange 2R

C...
C...
C...

c...

c...
c...

B...
C...
Q...
G...
G...
DH.

K...

M...
G...
DH.
DH.
By.

I....
I....
I....
I....
DH.
DH.
DH.

DH.
DH.
DH.

I':

G..
G..
G..
G..

G...
G...
DH.

Pounds.
675

51
12,694

99
2,041

670
1,120
284
128
752
441
220
110
1,081

2,756
100
110
229
771

220
562
110
55
220
310

100
1,263

242

315

110

1,213

110

551

1,587

6,812

110
3,072

220

885

J 15, 985

Germany, 100 per cent.

Do.
Germany, 92 per cent; Eng-
land, 5 per cent; Italy, 3
per cent.

Germanj-, 100 per cent.
Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.
Switzerland, 100 per cent.

Do.

Do.
Germany, lOOpercent.

Switzerland, 100 per cent.

Do.

Do.
Germany 100 per cent.
Switzerland, lOOpercent.

Do.

Do,
Do,
Do.
Do,
Do.
Do,

Do,
Do.
Germany, 100 per cent.

Do.
Do.
Switzerland, 100 per cent.
Do.
Do,
Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.

Germany, 100 per cent.

Switzerland, lOOpercent.
Do.

Do,

124 CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921.

Table 24. — Imports of dyes during the calendar year 1921 — Continued.
UNCI»ASSIFIED MORDANT AND CHKOME DYES— Continued.

Name of dye.

Lanasol red

Lanasol red G

Lanasol red G cone

Lanasol violet ,.

Lanasol violet B paste

Lanasol violet R paste

Lanasol yellow

Lanasol yellow G paste

Lanasol yellow G cone

Metachrome blue black

Metachrome blue black 2BX

Metachrome blue black R

Monochrome brown

Monochrome brown E

Monochrome brown E, 286 per cent.

Mordant fast yellow E powder

Mounsey olive brown

Mounsey oUve brown

Mounsey olive brown G powder

Omega chrome brown

Omega chrome brown P

Omega chrome brown PB

Omega chrome brown PB cone

Omega chrome red B

Oxychrome black FVOOO

Oxychrome blue black 6BN00

Potting black B

SaUcine blue B

SaUcine blue black AE

Salicine Bordeaux RF

Salicins brown RE

SaUcine dark green CS

Salicine orange 2R

Salicine red B •

Salicine violet R

Manufac-
turer.

S....

s....
s....
s....

GrE.
GrE.
I....
K...
K...
K...
K...
K...
K...
K...
K...

Imports.

Quantity.

Pounds.
881

1,322

50
1,060

5,486

1,662

3,000

• 100

11,023

245

1, 287

50

200

77

231

282

132

Invoice
value.

Countries of origin (percent-
age of quantity^-

Do.

England, 100 per cent.

Switzerland, 100 per cent.

Do.
Germany, 100 per cent.

Do.
Switzerland, 100 per cent.
Germany, 100 per cent.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

UNCLASSIFIED DIRECT DYES.

Azo diamine orange 2R.

Benzo Bordeaux

Benzo Bordeaux 6B PI10034

Benzo Bordeaux 6B cone. 50-100 10034A.

Benzo briUiant violet 2R

Benzo bronze E

Benzo bronze E

Benzo bronze E19%

Benzo chrome black blue B cone. 50-100 —

Benzo chrome black pure blue B

Benzo chrome blue black '.

Benzo chrome blue black B

Benzo chrome blue black B cone

Benzo chrome brown

Benzo chrome brown B

Benzo chrome brown B670

Benzo chrome brown G

Benzo chrome brown G671

Benzo chrome brown 5G 10211

Benzo chrome brown 5G (VI) 10211. . .
Benzo copper blue

Benzo copper blue 2B

Benzo copper blue 2B cone

Benzo copper blue B PI10163

Benzo fast black

Benzo fast black

Benzo fast black L

Benzo fast black L (1425)

Benzo fast black L (10268)

Benzo fast black L cone. 78-100

Benzo fast black L PI 10268

Benzo fast black L (VI) 10268

By.

1^:

By.
By.

By.
P..

By.

Sy-
gy-
Sy-

By.

By.
By.
By.

By.
By.

Sy-
Sy-
gy-

By.
By.

432
491

200
331

4,122

2,593

475

3,439

4,912

$3, 847

1,742

5,255

Italy, 80 per cgnt; Holland,

20 per cent.
Germany, 100 per cent.

Do.
Italy, 100 per cent.

Germany, 100 percent.

Do.
Germany, 86 per cent,
France, 14 per cent.

Germany, 80 per cent; Eng
land, 20 per cent.

Germany, 100 per cent.

Germany, 88 per cent; Bel-
gium, 8 percent; England,
4 per cent.

CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS. 1921.

125

Table 24. — Imports of dyes during the calendar year 1921 — Continued.
UNCLASSIFIED DIRECT DYES— Continued.

Name of dye.

Manufac-
turer.

Imports.

Quantity

Invoice
value.

Countries of origin (percent-
age of quantity).

Benzo fast black — Continued.

Benzo fast black L 100 per cent

Benzo fast black S

Benzo fast blue

Benzo fast blue FFL

Benzo fast blue FFL 10179

Benzo fast blue FFL

Benzo fast blue G PI10176

Benzo fast Bordeaux 6BL

Benzo fast brown

Benzo fast brown GL 10258

Benzo fast brown RL

Benzo fast brown RL 10257

Benzo fast heliotrope

Benzo fast heliotrope BL

Benzo fast heliotrope BL cone. 50-100
10207 A.

Benzo fast heliotrope 4BL

Benzo fast heliotrope 4BL 1759

Benzo fast heliotrope 2RL

Benzo fast heliotrope 2RL 10208 ,

Benzo fast heliotrope 2RL 10208(VI) . .
Benzo fast orange

Benzo fast orange 2RL ,

Benzo fast orange 2RL 10086 ,

Benzo fast orange S PI10085 ,

Benzo fast orange S 70-100 ,

Benzo fast orange S cone. 75-100 ,

BeUiO heliotrope ,

Benzo red

Benzo red 12B ,

Benzo red 12B 10009 (VI) ,

Benzo red 12B cone. 50-100 ,

Benzo rhoduline red

Benzo rhoduline red

Benzo rhoduline red B

Benzo rhoduline red B cone. 30-100...

Benzo rhoduline red 3B

Benzoform scarlet B ( 10307)

BrilUant benzo green B 936

Brilliant benzo violet

Brilliant benzo violet B

Brilliant benzo violet B 50-100

Brilliant benzo violet B 1389

Brilliant benzo violet B 10205 (PHI). .

Brilliant benzo violet 2R 1388

Brilliant benzo violet 2R cone. 40-100. .

Brilliant copper blue G W

Brilliant fast blue

Brilliant fast blue 2G

Brilliant fast blue 2G cone. 60-100

Brilliant fast blue B

Biilliant fast blue 2G cone. 60-100
10182A

BnUiant'fast blue 3X 1577

BriUiant fast blue 3BX

Brilliant sky blue

Brilliant sky blue 8G extra

Brilliant sky blue 2RM

Chicago red III

Chloramine brilliant red

Chloramine brdhant red

Chloramine briUiant red 8B

Chloramine brilliant red 8B cone

Chloramine brilhaiit red 8B cone. pure.
Chloramine red

("hloramuie red 8BS

Chloramine red 8BS 1180

Chloraminered 8BS (PI10031)

Chloramine red SBS cone. 60-100

Chloramine violet FFB ,

Chlorantine fast black

Chloranline fast black B

Chlorantine fast black B cone

Chlorantine fast blue

Chlorantine fast blue 2GL

Chlorantine fast blue 2GL cone

By.
By.
B..
By.
Q..

By.
By.
By.

By.
By.

?y-

Bv.
By.
By.
By.

By.
By.
By.
By.
By.
K..

By.
By.
By.

K..
By.
By.

By.
By.

By.
By.
By.
By.

By.

By.
By.
By.
By.

By.

Q..
By.
G..

By.
By.

By.
By.

Pounds.

22
3,601

2,189

50
1,843

3,950

522

297

1,510

100
3,943

5,341

2,755
4,932

4,028

265
1,102

5,070

$7, 252

5,865

5,923

2,918 3,844

1,179

785

3,996

11,178

69,684

Germany,. 96 per cent; Eng-
land, 4 per cent.

Italy, 100 per cent.
Germany, 100 per cent.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Germany, 77 per cent; Hol-
land, 23 per cent.

Germany, 94 per cent; Italy,
6 per cent.

Germany, 100 per cent.
Do.
Do.

Do.
Do.

Germany, 64 per cent; Eng-
land, 36 per cent.

Switzerland, 100 per cent.
Do.

Germany, 72 per cent; Italy,
26 per cent; England, 2 per
cent.

Germany, 100 per cent.
Switzerland, 100 per cent.

Do.

126 CElSrSUS of dyes and SYNTPIETIC organic chemicals, 1921.

Table 24. — Imports of dyes during the calendar year 1921 — Continued.
UNCLASSIFIED DIRECT DYES— Continued.

Manufac-
turer.

Imports.

Countries of origin (percent-
age of quantity).

Name^of dye.

Quantity.

Invoice
value.

Chlorantine fast Bordeaux

Pounds.
2,534

Switzerland, 100 per cent

Chlorantine fast Bordeaux 2BL

I

Chlorantine fast Bordeaux 2BL cone. .

I

Chlorantine fast brown

4,589

$9,398

Do.

Chlorantine fast brown 2GL

I

Chlorantine fast brown RL

Chlorantine fast brown RL cone

I

Chlorantine fast orange

2,348

Do.

Chlorantine fast orange TRL

I

Chlorantine fast orange TRL cone

I

Chlorantine fast red

3,072

Do.

Chlorantine fast red 7B L

I

Chlorantine fast red 7BL cone. . .

I

Chlorantine fast rubine

440

Do.

Chlorantine fast rubine RL cone

I.. ..

Chlorantine fast rubine RL paste

Chlorantine fast violet

I.. . .

5,622

10, 171

Do.

Chlorantine fast violet BL

I . .

Chlorantine fast violet BL cone

I

Chlorantine fast violet 4BL

I

Chlorantine fast violet 4BL cone

I .

Chlorantine fast violet 2RL

I..

Chlorantine fast yellow

3,637

6,612

Do.

Chlorantine fast yellow 4GL...

I . .

Chlorantine fast yellow 4GL cone.

I

Chlorantine fast yellow RL

I

Chlorantine light blue 2BL

I

I

I

441

441

661

3,510

Do.

Chlorantine light yellow 4GrL

Do.

Chlorantine orange TRL

Do.

Chlorazol brown

4,258

England, 100 per cent.

Chlorazol brown G

BD..

Chlorazol brown GM

BD...

Chlorazol brown RD

B D

Chlorazol fast red K

BD

BD

2,150
300
400

Do.

Chlorazol violet R

Do.

Chromanile black

Germany, 100 per cent.

Chromanile black B F

0

Chromanile black 2F extra. .

A

Columbia Bordeaux B

A

A

A

M

C

in

51

100

776

1,001

2,666

Do.

Columbia fast scarlet 4B

Do.

Columbia violet R

Do.

Copper blue B extra

Do.

Cotton brown W

Do.

Cupranil brown

3,926

Switzerland, 100 per cent.

Cupranil brown G

I

Cupranil brown G cone ....

I

Cupranil brown R

I

Cupranil brown R cone

I ... .

Cutch brown RR

s

c

c

220

117

541

1,600

Do.

Diamine azo blue R

Germany, 100 per cent.

Diamine azo orange RR

Do.

Diamine azo scarlet .

1,156

Do.

Diamine azo scarlet A

c

Diamine azo scarlet BBL extra . .

c. . .

Diamine azo scarlet SB extra

c

Diamine azo scarlet 4B L extra

c

Diamine azo scarlet 6BL extra

c

Diamine brilliant orange SS

c

c

c

710

972

172

7,545

Do.

Diamine brilliant scarlet S

Do.

Diamine Bordeaux S

Do.

Diamine catechine

9,108

Do.

Diamine catechine B

c

Diamine c^Ttenbine B ,

K

Diamine catechine G

c

Diamine catechme G R cone

c

Diamine catechine GXN

c. ..

Diamine catechine 3G.

c

Diamine dark blue B

c

c

269
514

Do.

Diamine fast black X

Do.

Diamine fast blue

15, 323

20. 501

Do.

Diamine fast blue CG

c

Diamine fast blue FFB

c

Diamine fast blue FFB.

K . ..

Diamine fast blue FFC . .

c

1

Diamine fast blue FFO

c

CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921. 127

Table "li.^Imports of dyes during the calendar year 1921 — Continued.
UNCLASSIFIED DIEECT DYES— Continued.

Manufac-
turer.

Imports.

Name of dye.

Quantity.

Invoice
value.

Countries of origin (percent-
age of quantity).

Pounds.
1,331

Germany, 100 per cent.

C

C

Diamine fast brown

3,529

82,826

Do.

Diamine fast hrnwn Ci

C

Diamine fast brown GB

C

C

Diamine fast orange

6,261

Do.

Diamine fast orange EG...

C

C

Diamine fast rose

117

Do.

Diamine fast rose BBF...

C

Diamine fast rose G

C

Diamine fast scarlet . .

2,826

5,935

Do.

Diamine fast scarlet 4BS

c

Diamine fast scarlet 6BS

C

Diamine fast scarlet 8BSX

C

Diamine fast scarlet 8BN. .

c

Diamine fast violet FFR

c

551
628

Do.

Diamine heliotrnpe

Do.

Diamine heliotrope B .

c

Diamine heliotrope O

c

Diamine jet black OO

c

c

200
254
160

Do.

Diamine nitrazol green GF.

Do.

Diamine orange ,

France, 50 per cent.

Diamine orange B

p

Belgium, 50 per cent.

Diamine orange B

c

Diamine phosphine D . . .

c

c

c

Q

c

c

M

M

M

M

M

M

50

278

11

500

20

847

1,533

1,649

637

500

350

611

1,558

Germany, 100 per cent.
Do.

Diamine purpurine 6B . .

Diamine steel blue L

Do.

Diamine yellow

France, 100 per cent.
Germany, 100 per cent.
Do.

Diamineral blue R .

Diaminogene sky blue N. ...

Dianil black ES

Do.

Dianil blue H 2G

Do.

Dianil brown MH.

Do.

Dianil chrome brown R

Do. •

Dianil Japonine G

Do.

Dianil red 1 OB

Do.

Dianil violet

179

Do.

Dianil violet BE

M

Dianil violet BE cone

M

Dianil violet H

M

c

BD

BD

BD

BD

M

K

276
2,240
1,000
1,120
1,120

257
2,205
1,126

Do.

Dianoldark blue B

England, 100 per cent.
Do.

Dianol fast blue 2B

Dianol fast orange D

Dianol violet R

Do.

Do.

Diazanil pink B

Germany, 100 per cent.
Do.

Diazo blue black T

Diazo Bordeaux

1,582

Do.

Diazo Bordeaux

Bv

Diazo Bordeaux PI 10404

Bv .

Diazo Bordeaux 7B

Bv ...

Diazo Bordeaux 7BC 160

Bv

Diazo Bordeaux 7BC 598

By

Diazo Bordeaux 7B 1312

By::::::

Diazo brilliant orange

437

571

England, 68 per cent; Ger-
many, 32 per cent.

Diazo brilliant orange GR extra

M

Diazo brilliant orange GR extra 1716. .

By

Diazo brilliant orange 5G extra

By:

Diazo brilliant scarlet

3,578

7,768

Germany, 76 per cent; Eng-
land, 24 per cent.

Diazo brilliant scarlet extra BA

K

Diazo bnlMant scarlet extra B A

By

Diazo brilUant scarlet G

Bv:.

Diazo brilUant scarlet ROA extra

Bv

Diazo brilliant scarlet S4B

Bv

Diazo brilliant scarlet 2B extra cone.

By

(10394).
Diazo brilliant scarlet 3B extra (1274). .

By

Diazo brilliant scarlet 3B extra (10390) .

Bv

By..

Diazo brilliant scarlet 6B extra (1275) . .

By .

Diazo brilliant scarlet 2BL extra cone. .

By::::::

Diazo brilliant scarlet 2BL extra cone.
1344.

By

128

CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC OEGANIC CHEMICALS. 1921.

Table 24. — Imports of dyes during the calendar year 1921 — Continued.
UNCLASSIFIED DIRECT DYES— Continued.

Name of dye.

Diazo brilliant scarlet — Continued.

Diazo brilliant scarlet 2BL extra cone.
(10394PI).

Diazo brilliant scarlet 2BL extra cone.
(10394 VII).

Diazo brilliant scarlet 4BL extra cone. .
Diazo brown

Diazo brown G

Diazo brown G (10432)

Diazo brown NR

- Diazo brown 3G 1811

Diazo brown 3RB 1881

Diazo fast blue

Diazo fast blue 2BW

Diazo fast blue 2BW cone

Diazo fast Bordeaux

Diazo fast Bordeaux BL

Diazo fast Bordeaux BL 1731

Diazo fast red

Diazo fast red 5B L 1875

Diazo fast red 7BL

Diazo fast violet

Diazo fast violet B L

Diazo fast violet 3RL

Diazo fast violet 3RL (10431PIII)

Diazo fast yellow

Diazo fast yellow G 1798 !!!!!!!!!!'

Diazo fast yellow 2G

Diazo geraniiie

Diazo geranine B extra 10400 ..........

Diazo geranine B extra PI 10400 ,

Diazo indigo black L 100 per cent

Diazo indigo blue

Diazo indigo blue 4GL extra

Diazo indigo blue 4GL extra (10420PI) .

Diazo indigo blue 4GL extra (1730).

Diazo navy blue BP2S

Diazo olive

Diazo olive G (10409 PHI)

Diazo olive G (10409)

Diazo phenyl black

Diazo phenyl black 3B 381 ...'.!!.!!!. !

Diazo phenyl black V 360

Diazo rubine

Diazo rubine B \,\

Diazo rubine B 1117

Diazo rubine B 10386

Diazo rubjne B ((0386PI). . .

Diazo rubine B 10386 ( Vtl)

Diazo scarlet 3BA extra

Diazo sky black B ^

Diazo sky blue

Diazo sky blue B (10426 PHI)

Diazo sky blue B 1528

Diazo sky blue B 95 per cent

Diazo sky blue 3G

Diazo sky blue 3G 1527

Diazo sky blue 3G powder

Diazo yellow R 1799

Diphenyl fast blue

Diphenyl fast blue FB cone. 383

Diphenyl fast blue FB supra 379

Diphenyl fast Bordeaux

Diphenyl fast Bordeaux B cone

Diphenyl fast Bordeaux G cone. 366.. .

Diphenyl fast gray BC 254

Direct brown

Direct brown 5G

Direct brown KR

Direct brown TBSX18

Direct catechine (! R cone

Direct cutch brown

Direct, cutch l)rown B

Direct cutch ))rown B cone

Direct cutch brown GR

Direct cutch brown GR cone

Manufac-
turer.

By.
By
By.

By.
By.

By.
By.

By.
By.

By.

By.

By.

By.
By.

By-

By..

GrE.

By.

By.

?y-

By.

Q.-
K..

§y-
?/:
§y-

By.
By.

Imports.

Q.uantity.

Pounds.

1,077

1,102

718

1,135

559

218

383

100

277

110
201

1,415
"3,"ii3'

Invoice
value.

62
2,924
6,892

46
1.322

595

no

6, 734

386
6,614

$1,788

Countries of origin (percent-
age of quantity).

447

8,597

4,187

9,601

Germany, 100 per cent.

Switzerland, 100 per cent.
Germany, 100 per cent.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.
Italy, 81 per cent; Germany,
19 per cent.

Germany, 100 per cent.
Do.

Switzerland, 100 per cent.

England, 87 per cent,
Germany, 13 per cent.

Italy, 100 per cent.
Germany, 100 per cent,
Germany, 98 per cent; Italy,
2 per cent.

Germany, 100 per cent.
Switzerland, 100 per cent.

Do.

Do.
Switzerland, 98 per cent;J
England, 2 per cent.

Switzerland, 100 per cent.
Do.

CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC OEGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921.

129

I

Table 24. — Imports of dyes during the calendar year 1921 — Continued.
UNCLASSIFIED DIRECT DYES— Continued.

Manufac-
turer.

Imports.

Countries of origin (percent-
age of quantity).

Name of dye.

Quantity.

Invoice
value.

Direct deep black T

I

C

Pounds.
99

Germanv, 100 per cent.

Direct fast black B

1,322 I
441 1
198

1,494

Switzerland, 100 per cent.

Direct fast orange SE

Do.

Direct fast scarlet 4BS . . .

Germanv, 100 per cent.

France, 100 per cent.

Direct gray F

P

Direct safranine

440 i

Switzerland, 100 per cent.

Direct safranine RW

I

I

::::::::::::.;;;;;;

Indigene blue RW cone

I

M

K

K

110
500
311
100
1,382

Do.

Janus black I

Germany, 100 per cent.

Naphthamine black AB extra..

Do.

NaphtbaTninp riirect bbie 2R

Do.

Do. •

Naphthamine fast black SF

K

Naphthamine fast black KSG extra. . .
Naphthamine fast bro^NTi RL. .

K

"":::::::::;::::::;

K

200
12,023

Do.

Naphthogene blue

$14,367

Germanv, 93 per cent.

Naphthogene blue B

A

Italy, 5 per cent.
Holland, 2 per cent.

Naphthogene blue 2R

Q

Naphthogene blue 2R

A.

Naphthogene blue 4R

Q..

'

Naphthogene blue 4R

A

Naphthogene indigo blue R

A

A

B

B

I'

100
100
500
25
994
228
152

Germany, 100 per cent.

Naphthogene pure blue 4B

Do.

Oxamine black RR

Do.

Oxamine brilliant violet RX

Do.

Oxamine chrome violet SB

Do.

Oxamine fast blue BX

Do.

Oxamine fast pink

Do.

Oxamine fast pink BNE

B

B...

"::::::::;;:::::

Oxamine light blue

625

Do.

Oxamine light blue B

B

Oxamine light blue G

B

B

113

Do.

Oxv diamine black.

120

Do.

Oxv diamine black 5000

C .

Oxv diamine black N

C

Oxv diamine brown RN

C 498

C 225

C 400

S... . 882

Do.

Oxv diamine red S

Do.

Oxv diaminogene ED. ..

Do.

Parasulfon brovt'n G... . . ..

Do.

Patent dianil black

2,240

Do.

Patent dianil black F^ B cone

M

Patent dianil black EB extra cone

M

Pluto black

1,345

Do.

Pluto 1 lack CF extra cone. 60/100

Bv

Pluto black G (10289 PI). . . .

By.

Polyphenvl blue GC 103

G 2,579

G 3,637

L 83

Switzerland, 100 per cent.-

Polvphenvl yellow RC 115

Do.

Pyramine G

Germanv, 100 per cent.

Pyrazol orange

16,845

Switzerland, 100 per cent.

Pvrazol orange G

S...

Pvrazol orange G cone . ..

S...

Rosanthrene

4,908

7,824

Do.

Posanthrene B cone

I

I

I

4,739

Do.

I

I

I

I

A

551

992

1,500

992

Do.

Do.

Solamine blue FF

Germanv, 100 per cent.

Triazol lilue

Do.

Triazol I'ltie BOOO

Gr.E....

Triazol Hue BOOO

Q-

S

S

M

M

A

441
1,501
2,090
3,686
1,752

9im

1 Switzerland, 100 per cent.

1 Do.

Union black M No. 8.

Germanv, 100 per cent. -

Union blue BD M 3

Do.

Do.

Do.

ZambesiRed4B A 1 132

Do.

Do.

1

1

130 CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921.

Table 24.— Imports of dyes during the calendar year 1921 — Continued".
UNIDENTIFIED SULPHUR DYES.

Manufac-
turer.

Imports.

Countries of origin (percent-
age of quantity).

Name of dye.

Quantity.

Invoice
- yalue.

Cross dye green

Pounds.
51,074

$49,646

England, 100 per cent.

Cross dye green

BD

Cross dye green B

BD.

Cross dye green 2G cone

BD

Cross dye yellow Y

BD

BD

548
2,240
21,248

Do.

Disulphine blue 87724

Do

Eclipse brown

9,947

Switzerland, 100 per cent.

Eclipse brown BK371

G... .

Eclipse brown 3GK

G...

Eclipse brown 3GK 366

G... .

Immedial direct blue B

C

520
2,379

Germany. 100 per cent.
Do. "

Tmmedial indogene

Immedial indogene B

C

Immedial indogene AGG extra cone. . .

C

Katigene bronze GL(XI)11536

By

6
12

Do.

Katigene direct blue

Do.

Katigene direct blue B extra cone.

By

11493(XI).
Katigene direct blue RF extra cone.

By

11495(XI).
Xatigene yellow brown

12

Do.

By

Katigene yellow brown 3RL 11521(XI)

By..

Katigene yellow GR extra (XI) 11453

By

6
949

Do.

Pyrogene brown

Switzerland, 100 per cent.

Pyrogene brown RS yellow shade

Q

Pyrogene brown RS yellow shade

I

Pyrogene brown DIB

I- ..

Pyrogene catechine 2G0

I

Q

1,102
500
440

Do.

-Pyrogene cutch 2G

Do.

Pyrogene cutch brown

Do.

Pyrogene cutch brown 2R extra

Q

Pyrogene cutch brown 2R extra cone. .

Q..

i:. ..::::

I

Q

M

M

2,205
220
141
441
172

1,884

Do.

Pyrogene yellow brown RS

Do.

Sulphon catechine R

Holland, 100 per cent.

Thiogene brown GR

Germany, 100 per cent.

Thiogene orange R

Italy, 100 per cent.

Thional brilliant blue

Switzerland, 100 per cent.

Thioiial brilUant blue 6B.. .

S...

Thional brilhant blue 6B cone

I

Thional brilliant blue 6B

I

Tliional orange G

s

s

Q

BD

2,002
17,704
9,797
6,720
20, 632

Do.

Thional yellow G

Do.

Thionine green GG

England, 100 per cent.

Thionol brilliant green 4GX

Do.

Thionol brown

.9,927

Do.

Thionol brown GD

BD

Thionol brown P

BD

.

Thionol brown R

BD

Thionol corinth RBX .

BD

BD

2,240
16,600
35,240

Do.

Thionol green DY

Do.

Thionol yellow

Do.

Thionol yellow GR

BD

r Thionol yellow 3RD

BD. ...

Thionone black 6R

BD

10

Do.

UNIDENTIFIED BASIC DYES.

Artificial silk black..

1,422

Switzerland, 85 per

Artificial silk black .

I

Italy, 15 per cent.

Artificial silk black KG cone

Q

Brilliant cresyl blue 2BS, 200 per cent

Cotton blue BC

L

K

Q

C

M

C

55

100

4

Germany, 100 per cent.

Do.

Ilomophosphine red

France, 100 per cent.

Isamine blue 6BX

i.on.s

100
139

Germany, 100 per cent.

New ethyl blue B

Do.

Rosazeine

Do.

cent;

CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC OEGANIC CHEMICALS^ 1921.

131

Table 24. — Imports of dyes during the calendar year ^9fi ^Continued.
UNIDENTIFIED SPIRIT SOLaBLE AND COLOR LAKE DYES.

Manufac-
turer.

Imports.

Countries of origin (percent-
age of quantity).

Name of dye.

Quantity.

Invoice
value.

Autol orange 23 211 powder

B

Pounds.

5

180

Germany, 100 per cent.
Do.

Black base

Black base S

B

Bronze lake

§::;::::

99

220
440

Do.

BriUant lake BB

Do.

Fat orange

Switzerland, 100 per cent.

Fat orange LG

G

Fat orange R S186

G

Hansa rubine G powder

M

459
2,315

Germany, 100 per cent.
Do

Hansa yellow 1

$297

Hansa yellow 5G lumps

M

Hansa yellow R paste

M

Hansa yellow R paste 1918

M

TTfilio Ttnrdpnuv

1,343

1,526

Do

Helio Bordeaux B L powder

Bv

Helio Bordeaux BL 1763

By

Helio Bordeaux BL 20-100 paste 10837.

By

•

Helio fast violet

743

1,461

Do

Helio fast violet AL

By....

Helio fast violet AL 1360

By.. ..

Helio fast violet AL 10866a

By

Helio violet solide

Q^

251

France, 100 per cent.

Lake blue

1 102

Germany, 100 per cent.

Lake blue 14228 0.

Lake blue 142281 powder

Q

Liithol Bordeaux B paste

B

152
900

Do.

Ldthol fast orange R

Do.

Lithol fast orange R powder

B

Lithol fast orange R paste

B

Oil yellow R

B 5

M fion

Do.

Pigment scarlet 3B cone

Do

Figment violet 2B paste

M

Q

A

1,113

230

5

Do.

Printers' red

Do.

Sudan 4GL

Do.

UNIDENTIFIED,

UNCLASSIFIED,

SPECIAL DYES,

Aniline dves

Q

B

§-::::
3:::::::

B

Q

861

800
324
2,756
311
716
50
100
220

France, 90 per cent; Ger-
many, 10 per cent.
Germany, 100 per cent.

Do.
France, 100 per cent.
Germany, 100 per cent.

Do.

Do.
Holland, 100 per cent.
Germany, 100 per cent.

Anthracene GC paste sand free

Aurazin B cone

Bistre T powder

Brilliant bronze black B powder

Brilliant chrome leather black extra

Bronze blue for laundry

Bronze red L 116

Eulan

Eulan F

B

Eulan F 2164

B

Furesin SB

M

20

207

3.51

1,761

Do.

Oallo indigo blue S powder

England, 100 per cent.
Switzerland, 100 per cent.
Germany, 100 per cent.

Hvdrazol orange G

Indigo blue

Indigo blue 3BZ 90-100

C

Indigo blue X

Q

Light yellow G 10526

§!;;::::

Q

§-.::::

Q

Q

Q

By

40
112
500
300
2,7.53
447

11

no

.82
110

Do.

Manila brown

England, 100 per cent.
Do

Old gold aniline dye

Faperfast Bordeaux B

Germany, 100 per cent.
Do

'aper green

iiakSBS.. .

Italy, 100 per cent.
France, 100 per cent.
Switzerland, 100 per cent.
Germany, 100 per cent.
Do.

;nse Aurore

-^carlet red medicinal

^ky blue B powder

I'rsol brown

Ursol brown 2G A

A

Virdine green

Q

755

Do.

132 CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC OEGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921.

Table 24.-Imports of dyes during the calendar year I9f i-Continued.

INDEX OF DYES IMPORTED.

Name of dye.

Acetyl red BBX.. . . :

Acetyl red GX

Acid aUzarin black E N T

Acid alizarin black E T

Acid alizarin black R

Acid alizarin black SET

Acid alizarin black SN

Acid alizarin blue BB

Acid alizarin blue GR

Acid alizarin brown B

Acid alizarin brown RR ■

Acid alizarin gray G ■

Acid alizarin gray S ■

Acid alizarin green B

Acid alizarin green 2B

Acid alizarin green 3G

Acid anthracene brown R

Acid anthracene brown RH. . .
Acid anthracene brown RR . . -
Acid anthracene brown WSG..

Acid anthracene red

Acid anthracene red 3B

Acid anthracene red 2BL

Acid anthracene red G

Acid black

Acid blue A

Acid blue B

Acid blue RBF

Acid brown

Acid brown D

Acid brown RN

Acid cyanine BF

Acid eosine L, new

Acid green

Acid green B

Acid magenta N

Acid milling black B

Acid milling red G

Acid milling red R

Acid ponceau E

Acid pure blue R ■

Acid red B

Acid red 2B

Acid red 4B

Acid red SDG

Acid red brown

Acid rhodamine BG

Acid rhodamine R*

Acid rhodamine 3R

Acid violet 4BN

Acid violet 4BNS

Acid violet BW

Acid violet 6B

Acid violet 6BN

Acid violet 6BN00

Acid violet 6BSX

Acid violet 7B (K)

Acid violet 7B (Q)

Acid violet 7B (B)

Acridine orange

Acridine red

Agalma black lOB

Agalma black lOBX

Algol blue C

Algol blue3G

Algol blue K

Algol blue3R

Algol blue 3RP

Algol brilliant orange FR

Algol brilliant red 2 B

Algol brilHant violet 2B

Algol brilliant violet R

Algol brown B

Algol brown G

Algol brown R

Algol corinth R

Algol gray B

Algol green B

Algol olive R .,.,,..,,.,..., .

Schultz
No.

159

790
790

796

796

400
400
400
400
269

565

212
705
590
505
502

527
527
527
530
548
530

530

534
603
569
217
217

844
839
821
821
822
819
821
820
869

870
834
847
833

Name of dye.

118
118
122
122
93
122
122
108
108
122
122
122
122
108
122
108
92
92
92
92
97
97
97
97
94
118
101
118
93
118
93
104
102
98
98
118
118
95
118
118
118
118
118
118
118
118
118
118
118
99
99
99
99
100
99
118
99
118
99
102
101
93
93
121
111
HI
109
109
110
109
■ 109
110
115
121
. 115
115
110
111
114

Algol orange R

Algol pink R

Algol red B

Algol red F

Algol red FF

Algol red 5G

Algol red R

Algol yeUow 3G

Algol yellow R

Algol yellow S

Alizarin GD

Alizarin GD II

Alizarin GG •

Alizarin GI

Alizarin RG

Ahzarin YCA

Alizarin SX

Alizarin astrol

Alizarin astrol B

Alizarin astrol 3G •

Alizarin astrol GW •

Alizarin astrol R

Alizarin black B

Alizarin black S

Alizarin black SF

Alizarin black SP

Alizarin black SWR

Alizarin black WR

Alizarin black WX

Alizarin blue A

Alizarin blue JR

Alizarin blue S

Alizarin blue SAP

Alizarin blue SAWSA

Alizarin blue SB

Alizarin blue SR

Alizarin blue SRW

Alizarin blue S W

Alizarin blue WX

Alizarin blue

Alizarin blue F

Alizarin blue RR-

Alizarin blue SB W

AUzarin blue SCB

Alizarin blue S W

Alizarin blue WC

Alizarin blue WNN

AUzarin blue black B

AUzarin blue black BB

Alizarin blue black BT

AUzarin blue black 3B : .

AUzarin blue black GT

Alizarin blue soluble

Alizarin Bordeaux B

Alizarin brown

Alizarin browai F

Alizarin brown H

AUzarin brown N

AUzarin briUiant green KG..

Alizarin claret R

AUzarin cyanine

AUzarin cyanine G

Alizarin cyanine GG

AUzarin cyanine R

AUzarin cyanine RR

AUzarin cyanine WRB

AUzarin cyanine green GG. . .

AUzarin cyanine green E- - •-

Alizarin cyanine green EPP .

Alizarin cyanine green G

Alizarin cyanole B

Alizarin cyanole EF

AUzarin cyanole SR

AUzarin dark blue S

Alizarin dark blue WW

AUzarin delphinol BS

Alizarin direct blue E 3B . . . .

Alizarin direct green G

AUzarin direct green 5G

Alizarin direct violet

Schultz
No.

824
818
825
819
819
816
819
811
817

784
784
785
785
785
785
784
866
856
856
856
856
774
774

774
774
774
803
803
804
804
804
804
804
804
804

862
862
774

787
782
782
782
782

797
788
799
799
788
799
788
865
865

865
851

804

851
865
865
852

110

109

110

109

109

109

109

109

109

121

107

107

107

107

107

107

107

112

112

112

112

112

106

106

122

122

106

106

106

108

108

lOS

108

108

108

108 .

108

108

108 .

122

122

122

122

122

122

122

122

114

122

114

114

105

122

107

107

107

107

107

118

108

107

108

108

107

108

107

115

114

122

114

112

118

118

108

122

118

112

115

115

112

CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921. 133

Table 24. — Imports of dyes during the calendar year 1921 — Continued.
INDEX OF DYES IMPORTED— Continued.

Name of dye.

Alizarin direct violet E 2B

Alizarin direct violet RC

Alizarin emeraldole G

Alizarin fast black SP

Alizarin geranole B

Alizarin green

Alizarin green AGS

Alizarin green BGX

Alizarin green CG

Alizarin green S

Alizarin indigo B

Alizarin indigo G

Alizarin indigo 3R

Alizarin indigo blue S

Alizarin indole R

Alizarin irisol R

Alizarin maroon W

Alizarin orange

Alizarin orange 'GG

Alizarin orange SW

Alizarin orange W

Alizarin pure blue

Alizarin red CR

Alizarin red I WS

Alizarin red S

Alizarin red SDG

Alizarin red SS

Alizarin red SWB

Alizarin red S WBB

Alizarin red W

Alizarin red WB

Alizarin red WR

Alizarin red WX

Alizarin red PS ^ . .

Alizarin red 2AG

Alizarin red 5F

Alizarin rubinol 3G

Alizarin rubinol GW

Alizarin rubinol R

Alizarin saphirol

Alizarin saphirol B

Alizarin saphirol B L

Alizarin saphirol C

Alizarin saphirol SE

Alizarin saphirol WS A

Alizarin saphirol SAP

Alizarin sky blue

Alizarin sky blue B

Alizarin synthetic

Alizarin uranole R

Alizarin viridine FF

Alkali blue B

Alkah blue 3B

AlkaU blue 3R V

Alkali fast green 3G

Alkali violet 6BOO

Alphanol blue 5RN

Alphanol brown R

Amaranth

Amido azo black EG

Amido naphthol red BB

Amido naphthol red G

Amido red BL

Auihue red

Anthosine B

Anthosine 3B

Anthosine 5B

Anthracene GC

Anthracene acid black.

Anthra<;'eue acid black DSF

Anthracene acid black DSFB. .

Anthracene acid black ST

Anthracene acid black 3R

Anthracene acid blue ER

Anthracene acid blue KBB

Aiitliracene acid brown G

Anthracene acid red

Anthracene acid red 3B

Anthracene blue R

Anthracene blue WB

Schultz
No.

894
893
895
809

852
798
779
779
779
779
855

780
780
785

780
780
780
780

780

856
856

856
858
858
858
858
858
858

855
855

778

854
536
536
536

532
257

168

512

277
277
277
277

221
355
355

118
118
118
122
122
122
122
122
109
109
116
116
116
109
122
112
108
106
107
107
107
112
122
107
107
107
122
107
107
107
107
122
107
122
122
122
113
113
113
113
113
113
113
113
113
118
112
112
106
118
112

118

99

94

118

93

118

92

91

118

99

118

118

118

131

95

95

95

95

122

122

122

94

96

96

122

108

Name of dye.

Anthracene blue WG

Anthracene blue WGG

Anthracene blue WR

Anthracene blue S WR

Anthracene blue S WGG.

Anthracene blue black BE

Anthracene blue black UG

Anthracene brown

Anthracene brown S W

Anthracene brown SWR

Anthracene brown W

Anthracene brown WB

Anthracene brown WG

Anthracene brown WR

Anthracene brown WLP

Anthracene chromate black

I), LC

Anthracene chromate blue

Anthracene chromate brown E B
Anthracene chromate brown RR
Anthracene chromate green FF.
Anthracene chrome black 5B . . .
Anthracene chrome black FE..
Anthracene chrome black KLT .
Anthracene chrome black KV . .
Anthracene chrome black PBB.
Anthracene chrome black PF...
Anthracene chrome black o611Z .
Anthracene chrome black PPN .

Anthracene chrome blue H

Anthracene chrome brown SWN

Anthracene dark blue

Anthracene dark blue W

Anthracene direct green B

Anthracene yellow C

Anthracyanine 3FL

Anthracyanine S

Anthraflavone G, 2G

Anthraflavone GC

Anthraquinone blue SR

Anthraquinone blue green

Anthraquinone blue green BX . .
Anthraquinone blue green BXO
Anthraquinoneliluish green BX
Anthraquinone green GXNO...

Anthraquinone violet

Artificial bilk black

Auramine

Auramine O

Auramine 00

Auramine OE

Aurazin B

Aurine SIS

Autol orange

Azarine S

Azo acid black 3B L

Azo acid blue B

Azo acid carmine B

Azo acid rubine B

Azo carmine BB

Azo carmine BX

Azo carmine BXH

Azo carmine GX

Azo carmine I

Azocyanine GR

AzocyaDine5R

Azo cyanole wool blue G R

Azo diamine orange 2R

Azo fast violet RR

Azo milling yellow 5G

Azoorseille IJB

Azo phosphine GOK

Azorhodine2B

Azorhodine 6B

Azorhodine 2G

Azo wool blue SEX

Azo wool blue S

Azo wool violet 7R

Azo yellow

Azo yellow G

Schultz
No.

800
801
789
790
790
181

782
782
782
782
782
782
782

185
185

185

790

294

627
759
759
861
863
863
863
863
864
853

493
493
493
493

63
673
163
673
673
673
672

60

141
141

134

CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS. 1921.

Table 24. — Imports of dyes for the calendar year 1921 — ^Continued.
INDEX OF DYES IMPORTED— Continued. ■

Name of dye.

Schultz
No.

Page.

Name of dye.

Schultz
No.

Page.

Azo Yellow I

141
426
410

93
97
97
124
124
124
124
124
124
124
124
124
124
124
124
125
125
125
97
97
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
95
96
96
96
96
96
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
125
125
96
96
125
125

125

125
96
96
96
98
99

119
95
95

131

131

119
94

100

100

100

100
98

104

123

119
97

125

125

125
94

119

131

119

123

131

Benzamine pure blue

BriUiant cochineal 4R

81
316
370

92

Benzo azurine G

BrilUant Congo G

95.

Benzo Bordeaux 6B

BriUiant congo R

96

Benzo brilliant violet 2R

Brilliant copper blue GW

125

Benzo bronze E

Brilliant cresyl blue 2BS

130

Benzo chrome black blue B

Brilliant croceine 3B

227
227
270
227
622
622
541

94

Benzo chrome black pure blue B

Brilh'ant croeeirie 3R A .

94

Benzo chrome brown B

Brilliant croceine 9B . .

94

Benzo chrome brown G

BriUiant croceine M .

94-

Benzo chrome brown 5G

BriUiant delphine blue B

Brilliant delphine blue BS

BrUliant dianil blue 6G.

103

Benzo copper blue B

loa

Benzo copper blue 2B

100

Benzo fast black

BriUiant fast blue B . .

125

Benzo fast black L

BriUiant fast blue 2G .

125

Benzo fast black S

BriUiant fast blue 3BX .

125

Benzo fast blue FFL

Brilliant fast blue 3X .

125

Benzo fast blue G

BrUliant geranlne G . . .

118
499

■ 885
885

92

Benzo fast blue 2GL

456
456

Brilliant green

98

Benzo fast blue 4GL

BrilUant mdigo B^B . .

116

Benzo fast Bordeaux 6BL

BrUUant indigo BD

116

Benzo fast brown G L

Brilliant lake BB

131

Benzo fast brown RL

BriUiant lake red R

45

91

Benzo fast heliotrope BL

BriUiant lanafuchsine BB ....

119

Benzo fast heliotrope 4BL

Brilliant lanafuchsine SL

119

Benzo fast heliotrope 2RL

BriUiant miUing blue B

119

Benzo fast orance 2RL

BriUiant milling blue R

119

Benzo fast orange S

BriUiant miUing red .

119

Benzo fast pink 2BL

297
343
332
332
332
332
279
279
279
279
279
279
279
296
296

BrUliant miUing red G

119

Benzo fast red FC

Brilliant miUing red R

119

Benzo fast red

BrUliant naphthol blue R

119-

Benzo fast red 8BL

BriUiant phosphine 5G

606

102-

Benzo fast red 9BL

BrilUant pure yeUow 6G..

119

Benzo fast red L

BrUUant purpurine 4B

368
368

96

Benzo fast scarlet

BrUliant purjjurine lOB

96

Benzo fast scarlet 4B A

BriUiant scarlet

119'

Benzo fast scarlet 4BS

BrUliant scarlet FB

119

Benzo fast scarlet 5BS

BriUiant scarlet G . . .

11»

Benzo fast scarlet 7BS .

Brilliant scarlet 3R . .

119

Benzo fast scarlet 8BS

BriUiant scarlet 4R

119

Benzo fast scarlet OS

Brilliant sky blue 5G .

541

lO*

Benzo fast vellow 4GL

BrilUant sky blue 80

125'

Benzo fast yellow RL

BrUliant sky blue 2RN

125

Benzoform scarlet B

Brilliant sulphon red

182
182
182
587
587
587

93

Benzo heliotrope

BrUUant sulphon red B

93^

Benzo orange R

340
363

BrUUant sulphon red lOB

Bromofluoresceine acid crystals.

Bromofluoresceine A 3G

Bromofluoresceine BL

Bronze blue for laundry

93

Benzopurpurine 4B

102

Benzo red 12B

102

Benzo rhoduline red

102

Benzo rhodullne red B

131

Bronze lake

- 131

326
326
326
503
. 517

Bronze red L

131

Capri blue GON

620
462
573
223

10»

Carbide black E

98

Benzyl green B

Carthamine B

101

Benzyl violet 5BN .

Cerasine red B

94

Biebrich patent black 4AN

Cerise acid

119

Bismark brown..

283
283

Celesttne blue B

641
424

388

103

Bismark brown G G . .

Chicago blue 6B

97

Bistre T

Chicago blue R

97

Bla?k base S

Chicago red III

125^

Blue FS

Chloramine G

475

469

333

471

98

Blue black solid O

269
515
545
545
513
503
667

Chloramine black

9S

Brilliant acid blue

Chloramine black BH cone,
double

Brilliant acid blue A

96

Brilliant acid blue FF

Chloramine blue 3G

98

Chloramine brilliant red

125-

Chloramine brilliant red 8B

125

(Chloramine fast red F

343
319
319

96-

Chloramine red B

95

Chloramine red 3B

95

Brilliant benzo blue 6B

424

Chloramine red 8BS

125.

Brilliant benzo green B.

Chloramine sky blue A

426
424
424

97

Brilliant benzo violet B

Chloramine sky blue BB X FF.

Chloramine sk y blue FF

(/hloramine violet FFB

97

Brilliant l)cnzo violet 2R

97

Brilliant Maek

272

125

Brilliant lilack blue R

(Moramine yellow G

617

103

Brilliant bronze ))lack B

Chloranthrene Bordeaux

121

Chloranthrene red 5G Y

121

Brilliant chrome blue G

Chlorantine fast black B

125

CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS. 1921.

135

Table 24.— Imports of dyes for the calendar year 1921 — Continued.
INDEX OF DYES IMPORTED— Continued.

Name of dye.

Schultz
No.

Chlorantine fast blue 2GL

Chlorantine fast Bordeaux 2BL
Chlorantine fast brown 2GL. . . .

Chlorantine fast browii RL

Chlorantine fast orange TRL. . .

Chlorantine fast red 7BL

Chlorantine fast rubine RL

Chlorantine fast violet BL

Chlorantine fast violet 4BL

Chlorantine fast violet 2RL

Chlorantine fast yellow 4GL

Chlorantine fast yellow RL

Chlorantine light blue 2GL

Chlorantine hght yellow 4GL

Chlorantine orange TRL

Chlorazol brown G '.

Chlorazol brown GM

Chlorazol brown RD '.

Chlorazol fast red K

Chlorazol violet R

Chromacetin blue S

Chromal l)lue GC (for printing)!

Chromanile black BF

Chromanile black 2F .......

Chromazurine G '.'.'.'..

Chrome azurol '.'.'.'.'.'.

Chrome azurol SXT. . .

Chrome black AGZZ .......

Chrome black B ..'..'.'.

Chrome blue S '...'.'..

Chrome Bordeaux B.........'.

Chrome brown 17675 ........

Chrome brown RR ....'

Chrome brown RVV .......

Chrome cyanine G .'..'.'

Chrome fast blue 2R

Chrome fast blue BX

Chrome fast brown ....'..'.'

Chrome fast brown TV .... ..'...

Chrome fast green G'L ..... ..."

Chrome fast violet B

Chrome fast pure blue B..

Chrome ohve JCSB ]

Chromochlorine G '..'..'...'.

Chromorhoduliue Ti ... .....

Chromorhoduline 6G .......!." ".

Chromosafranine B

Chromoxamine violet B, 5B. . .' '. '.

Chrysamine '

Chrysamine K

Chrysophenine .
Ciba blue BB...

Cibablue2BD..

Ciba blue G '..V.'.'.'..V.V/.

Ciba Bordeaux B '.'.'"

Ciba gray B ..'.'.'..

Ciba gray G ..'.'..'.".

Ciba green G

Ciba heliotrope B ..."

Ciba red G '.'.'.'.'

Ciba red R ......"."

Ciba rose B G '.'.'...'."

Ciba scarlet G ..'..'.'.

Cil)a violet B . .

Ciba violet R '.'.'.'""".

Cibanone black B

Cibanone blue 3G

Cibanone brown B .....!!!!! ."

Cibanone Ijrown X ...'.'.'..

Cibanone green B '.'.'.'...

Cibanone green G ........

Cibanone olive B

Cibanone orange B, .. ...'...'. .
Cibanone yellow R . . .

Citronine O '.'.

Citrouine GOO... .
Cloth fast blue B . . .
Cloth fast blue BB.
Cloth fast blue GTB..
Cloth fast blue R .. .

554
554

158
158

342
342
304
881
881
882
919
899
899
891
897
906

907
901
901
794
793

792
792
792
792
795

693

125
126
126
126
126
126
126
126
126
126
126
126
126
126
126
126
126
126
126
126
123
123
126
126
123
100
100
123
123
123
123
123
93
93
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
100
123
123
123
123
123
123
96
96
95
115
115
116
117
116
116
116
116
116
117
121
116
116
116
108
108
115
115 i
108
108
108 I
108 !
108
119
119 1
104
119

119 ;

119

Name of dye.

Cloth fast green G

Cloth fast orange G

Cloth fast red GR '..'.

Coerulein H

CoeruIeinS '.

\ Coerulein SS '.

Columbia black '

Columbia black FF ]

Columbia Bordeaux B '.

Columbia fast scarlet 4B

Columbia violet R '.

Congo brown \

Congo fast blue B "

Congo fast blue R ".

Congo orange G \

Congo orange R '

Coomassie fast black B

Coomassie navy blue

Coomassie violet R \.\

Copper blue B ] ] '

Coreine RR ""

Corioflavine GOOO \".

Coriphosphine OX

Cotton blue " "

Cotton blue BC ..."

cotton brown W ' " '

Cotton fast red 4BSP .".

Cotton scarlet ] ] "

Cotton yellow " "

Cotton yeUow GI '.'.'

Cotton yellow GX

Croceine orange X ] ' [

Cross dye green ] ] "

Cross dye green B " " "

Cross dye green 2G ..'

Cross dye yellow Y " '

Crystal ponceau '..'

Crystal ponceau 6R ."

Crystal ponceau 6R W ."

Crystal scarlet 6R " '

Crystal violet ..'

Cupranil brown G '.'.\

Cupranil brown R \'.\

Curcumein '.'.\

Curcuphenine '

Cutch brown RR ".'

Cyanine B ".'.

Cyananthrol '.

Cyananthrol BGA

Cyananthrol BGAO

Cyananthrol BGAOO ...'.'.

Cyananthrol G '.

Cyananthrol R '.

Cyananthrol RBX .'.

Cyananthrol RX \

Cyananthrol RXO \\

Cyanole '

CvanoleABC

CyanoleBSB

Cyanole FF

Cyanole extra H

Cyanole MKH '.\

Cyanole fast green G

Cyanole green KBC ".

Dark eosine 6R "

Delphine blue '.\

Delphine blue B '.\

Delta purpurine 5B

Diamine azo blue R

Diamine azo orange RR

Diamine azo scarlet 8B

Diamine azo scarlet A

Diamine azo scarlet 4B L

Diamine azo scarlet 6B L

Diamine azo scarlet BBL.

Diamine black RMW V.V.

Diamine Bordeaux S

Diamine brilliant blue G.. .....

Diamine brilliant Bordeaux R..

Schultz
No.

601
601
436
436

477
456
451
315
373

257

641
609
606
649

363

227
296
296
296
37

113
113

140
16

544
860
860
860
860
860
859
859
859
859
546
546
546
546
546
546
566
566

622
622
366

333

418
319

136 CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921.

Table 2i.— Imports of dyes for the calendar year i92-?— Continued.
INDEX OF DYES IMPORTED— Continued.

Name of dye.

Diamine brUliant orange SS . .
Diamine brilliant scarlet S —

Diamine bronze G

Diamine bronze R

Diamine brown

Diamine brown ATC

Diamine brown B

Diamine brown 3G

Diamine brown V

Diamine cat echine B

Diamine catechine G

Diamine catechine 3G

Diamine catechine GR

Diamine catechine GXN

Diamine cutch

Diamine dark blue B

Diamine fast black X

Diamine fast blue CG

Diamine fast blue F FB

Diamine fast blue FFC

Diamine fast blue FFG

Diamine fast Bordeaux 6BA.
.Diamine fast Bordeaux 6BS.

Diamine fast brown G

Diamine fast brown GB

Diamine fast brown R

Diamine fast orange EG

Diamine fast orange ER

Diaminefast red

Diamine fast red 8 B L

Diamine fast rose BB F

Diamine fast rose G

"Diamine fast scarlet 4BS

Diamine fast scarlet 6B S

Diamine fast scarlet 8BSX...
Diamine fast scarlet 8BN —

Diamine fast violet FFR

Diamine fast yellow B

Diamine fast yellow FF

Diamine fast yellow 3G

Diamine gold

Diamine gray G

Diamine heliotrope B

Diamine heUotrope O

Diamine jet black 00

Diamine nitrazol green GF.

Diamine orange B

Diam'ne phosphine D

Diamine purpurine 6B

Diamine rose

Diamine rose G

Diamine rose FFB

Diamine scarlet

Diamine scarlet B

Diamine scarlet 3B

Diamine scarlet HS

Diamine steel blue L

Diamine yellow

Diamine yellow N

Diamineral blue R

Diaminogene

Diaminogene B

Diaminogene blue

Diaminogene blue BB

Diaminogene blue NA ,

Diaminogene blue NB

Diaminogene sky blue N . . .

Diamond black

Diamond black FB

Diamond blue R

Diamond green

Diamond green SS

Diamond phosphine GG...

Diamond red 5G 1521

Dianil black ES

Dianil blue H2G

Dianil brown MH

Dianil chrome brown R. . .

Dianil fast red PH

Dianil jai)oniae G

Schultz p
No. •^^^®-

448
448
344
344
349
344
329

432

343
343

617
617
296
431
241

119
119
119
319
319
319
319

404

274
274
273
273
273
273

275
275
164
276
276
609

343

Name of dye.

126
126
97
97
96
96
96
96
96
126
126
126
126
126
97
126
126
126
126
126
126
127
127
127
127
127
127
127

127

127

127

127

127

127

127

103

103
95
97
94

127

127

127

127

127

127

127
92
92
92
95
95
95
95
127
127
97
127
94
94
94
94
94
94
127
94
94
93
95
95
103
123
127
127
127
127
96
127

Schultz
No.

Dianil red lOB

Dianil violet BE

Dianil violet H

Dianil yellow

Dianil yellow 3G

Dianol dark blue B

Dianol fast blue 2B

Dianol fast orange D

Dianol violet R

Diazanil pink B

Diazo blue black T

Diazo Bordeaux 7B

Diazo brilliant black

Diazo brilhant black B

Diazo brilliant orange GR . . .
Diazo brilliant orange 5G —

Diazo brilliant scarlet G

Diazo brilliant scarlet B A . . .

Diazo brilliant scarlet 2B

Diazo brilliant scarlet 3B

Diazo brilliant scarlet 6B . . .
Diazo brilliant scarlet 2BL. .
Diazo brilhant scarlet 4BL..
Diazo brilliant scarlet S4B. .
Diazo brilhant scarlet ROA.

Diazo brown G

Diazo brown 3G

Diazo brown 3RB

Diazo brown NR

Diazo fast blue 2BW

Diazo fast Bordeaux BL

Diazo fast red 5BL

Diazo fast red 7BL

Diazo fast violet BL

Diazo fast violet 3R L

Diazo fast yellow G

Diazo fast yeUow 2G

Diazo geranine B

Diazo indigo black L

Diazo indigo blue BR

Diazo indigo blue 4GL

Diazo indigo blue 2RL

Diazo indigo blueSRL

Diazo navy blue BP2S

Diazo ohve G

Diazo phenyl black 3B

Diazo phenyl black V

Diazo rubine B

Diazo scarlet 3B A

Diazo sky black B

Diazo sky blue B

Diazo sky blue 3G

Diazo yellow R

Diphene blue RK

Diphenvl blue black double

Diphenyl chlorine yellow FF.

Diphenyl fast blue FB

Diphenyl fast Bordeaux B —

Diphenyl fast Bordeaux G —

Diphenyl fast brown GF

Diphenyl fast brown GNC —

Diphenyl fast grey BC

Diphenyl fast red B

Diphenyl green G

Diphenyl green KGW

Diphenyl red

Diphenyl red SC

Direct brown 5G

Direct brown KR

Direct brown TBS

Direct catechine GR

Direct cutch brown B

Drect cutch brown GR

Direct deep black T

Direct fast black B

Direct fast orange SE

Direct fast scarlet 4 BS

Direct fast scarlet SE

Direct gray

Direct gray F

25

364

364

274

274
274

690
334

18

207
207

343
467
467
358
358

279
681

127
127
127
127
91
127
127
127
127
127
127
127

127
127
127
127
127
127
127
127
128
127
127
128
128
128
128
128
128
128
128
128
128
128
128'
128
128
94
128
94
94
128
128
128
128
128
128
128
128
128
128
104
96
91
128
128
128
93
93
128

CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS^ 1921. 137

Table 24. — Imports of dyes for the calendar year 1921 — Continued.
INDEX OF DYES IMPORTED— Continued.

Name of dye.

Direct gray J

Direct gray R

Direct green G

Direct safranine RW

Direct sky blue, green shade..

Direct violet 2B

Direct violet R

Disulphine blue '

Duranthrene blue CC

Duranthrene blue RDX

Duranthrene brown B

Duranthrene dark blue BO.. .
Duranthrene red violet 2RN. .

Duranthrene yellow GX

Durazol acid blue B

Durindone blue 4B

Durindone blue 5B

Durindone blue 6B

Durindone red Y

Durindone red B

Eclipse brown BK

Eclipse brown 3GK

Eosine AG

Eosine A5G

EosineGF

Eosine GGB

EricaB

Erica BN

Erio Chicago red III

Erio chrome azurol BG

Erio chrome azurol BX

Erio chrome black A

Rrio chrome black T

Erio chrome blue S955

Erio chrome blueblack BC

Erio chrome blueblack G

Erio chrome brown ROS 933. .
Erio chrome Davine A cone. . .

Erio chrome green HK

Erio chrome phosphine R .

Erio chrome phosphine RR

Erio chrome red B

Erio chrome red PEI
Erio chrome verdon
Erio chrome verdon S
Erio chrome violet B
Erio chrome violet 3B

Eriocyanine A

Eriocyanine AC

Erio dark blue R

Erio fast blue

Erio fast cyanine S

Erio fast fuchsine BL.

Erio fast purple

Erio flavine SX

Eriofloxine2G

Eriofloxine 6B

Erioglaucine

Erioglaucine EP

Erioglaucine AC

Erio green supra

Erio green B

Erio green BB

Eriorubine 2B

Erio violet BC

Erio violet RL

Erio violet RLC

Erio \iridine B

Erythrine BG

Erythrosine G

Ery throsiiie bluish . . .

Ethyl violet

Eucnrysine GRNTN .

Euchrysine RRX

Euchrysine RRDX..

Euchrvsine RT

Euchrysine 2RX

Euchrysine 3RX

Eulan F

Schuitz
No.

681
354
475

424
413
352

842

849

881
882
883

912

587
587
587
587
121
121

551
551
184
183

180
180

531
531

19
42
42
506
"506
506
564
564
564

503

591
592
518
608
608
608
608
608
603

104

96

98

129

97

97

96

130

111

121

121

121

121

112

119

116

116

116

121

117

130

130

102

102

102

102

92

92

119

100

100

93

93

123

93

93

123

123

123

93

92

91

123

94

94

123

123

99

99

119

119

119

119

119

91

91

91

98

101
101
101
119
119
119
119

98
120
102
102

99
102
102
103
103
103
102
131

Name of dye.

Fast acid blue B

Fast acid cyanine GR

Fast acid cyanine 5R

Fast acid cyanine SR

Fast acid green BB

Fast acid magenta G

Fast acid marine blue HBBX.

Fast acid red

Fast acid violet B

Fast acid violet lOB

Fast black

Fast chrome green B

Fast felt blue

Fast green bluish

Fast light green

Fast light yellow G

Fast light yellow 2GN

Fast light yellow 3G

Fast light yellow RG

Fast light yellow GGN

Fast mordant black FH,B,T. .

Fast mordant blue B

Fast mordant blue KR

Fast mordant blue KRL

Fast mordant yellow

Fast mordant yellow G

Fast red

FastredS

Fast scarlet BX

Fast sulphon violet 5BS

Fast wool blue BL >

Fat orange LG

Fat orange R

Flavazine S

Flavazine L

Formic black C

Formic black TG

Formyl blue BX.

Furesin SB

Gallamine blue

Galleine

Galleine S W

Galleine WN

Gallocyanine

Gallocyanine F

Gallo indigo blue S

Gallophenine P

Geranine

Geranine G

Gloria black N

Guinea fast green B

Guinea green

Hansa rubine G

Hansa yellow G

Hansa yellow 5G

Hansa vellow R

Helianthine GFF

HeUanthine G

Helindone black 3B

Helindone brown AN

Helindone brown CH

Helindone brown CR

Helindone brown G

Helindone brown 2R

Helindone brown 3GN

Helindone gray BB

Helindone green G

Helindone orange D

Helindone orange R

Helindone pinkAN

Helindoue pink BN

Helindone red B ,

Helindone red BB ,

Helindone red 3B

Helindone violet B

Helindone violet 2B

Helindone yellow 3GN

Helio Bordeaux BL

Helio fast blue BL

Schultz
No.

563

581

580
528
658

523
523
19
19
19
19
19
275

294
294
161
161

182

637
599
599
599
626
626

658
118
118

503
502

28

141
141

873
904
904
904
902
836
921
892
914
913
910
910
917

918
920
920
810

858

541—22-

-10

138 CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS^ 1921.

Table 24. — Imports of dyes for the calendar year i9^i— Continued.
INDEX OF DYES IMPORTED— Continued.

Name of dye.

Schultz
No.

Page.

Helio fast blue SL

858
73

113

Helio fast red RL

92

Helio fast violet AL

131

Helio violet solid

131

Homophosphine OO

609

103

Homophosphine red

130

Hydrazol orange G

131

Hydrazine yellow

120

Hydron blue B

748
748
748
748
748
748
748

lOj

Hydron blue G

105

Hydron blue R

105

Hydron blue RF

105

Hydron olive B

105

Hydron olive G

105

Hydron violet B

105

Immedial direct blue B

130

Immedial indogene B

130

Immedial indogene AGG

130

Immedial orange C

711
710

705
843
842
841
841
841
841
840
840
83S
838
850
850

105

Immedial yellow D

104

Indamine 6R

104

Indanthrene blue GC

111

Indanthrene blue GOD

111

Indanthrene blue G GS

111

Indanthrene blue GGSNP

Indanthrene blue GGSP

ladanthrene blue GGSZ

Indanthrene blue 3G

111
111
111
111

Indanthrene blue 3GP

111

Indanthrene blue RS

110

Indanthrene blue RSP

110

Indanthrene lilue WB

112

Indanthrene blue WBO

Indanthrene blue G 2Z

112
121

Indanthrene blue RC

121

Indanthrene blue RZ

121

Indanthrene Bordeaux B

Indanthrene brown B

827
867

110

no

Indanthrene brown 3R

121

Indanthrene brown RR

121

Indanthrene claret B

827
763
760
761

110

Indanthrene dark blue BO

Indanthrene golden orange G. . .
Indanthrene golden orange R. . .
Indanthrene golden orange RN.

106
105
105
122

Indanthrene golden orange RRT
Indantlirene golden orange 3R . .
Indanthrene gray

761

848'

848
848
765
791
812
873
873
■ 831
830
873
873
762
762
768
768

105
122
111

Indanthrene gray B

111

Indanthrene gray B P

111

Indanthrene green B

106

Indanthrene olive G '...

108

Indanthrene orange RT

Indanthrene pink B

109
llo

Indanthrene pink BS

115

Indanthrene red BN

110

Indanthrene red R

110

Indanthrene red violet RRN . . .
Indanthrene red violet RRNP..
Indanthrene scarlet G

115
115
105

Indanthrene scarlet G S

105

Indanthrene violet B

106

Indanthrene violet B B

103

Indanthrene violet BN

122

Indanthrene violet R

766
832
767
767
764
849
849
849
849
849
689

106

Indanthrene violet RN

110

Indanthrene violet RR

106

Indanthrene violet RRX

Indanthrene violet RT

106
106

Indanthrene yellow G

111

Indanthrene yellow ON

Indanthrene ycUow GP

HI
HI

Indanthrene yellow GT

112

Indanthrene yellow R

112

Indazine M

104

Indigine blue RW

129

Indigo synthetic

874
883

881

115

Indigo 6B

116

Indigo KB

116

Name of dye.

Indigo E.U

Indigo LL

Indigo LL 2 R

Indigo MLB 6B

Indigo blue 2BZ

Indigo blue X

Indigo carmine

Indochromine RR

Indochromine T

Indocyanine B

Indoine blue R

Indoine blue BB

Ink blue BITBNOO

Isamine blue 6BX

Janus black

Janus red B

Janus yellow G

Jasemine

Katigene black brown GN

Katigene bronze GL

Katigene direct blue B

Katigene direct blue R F

Katigene green 2 G

Katigene yellow brown RL

Katigene yellow brown 3 RL.. .

Katigene yellow GR

Kiton fast green V

Kiton fast orange G

Kiton fast red R

Kiton fast violet lOB

Kiton fast yellow

Kiton fast yellow 3 G

Kiton pure blue V

Kiton red 6 B

Kiton red G

Kit on red S

Kiton yellow 3 G

Kiton yellow S

Lake blue

Lake red P

Lanafuchsine SG

Lanafuchsine BBS

Lanasol brown 2 R

Lanasol green G

Lanasol orange G

Lanasol orange 2R :

Lanasol red G

Lanasol violet B

Lanasol violet R

Lanasol yellow G

Light green yellowish SFXX . . .

Light yellow G

Lithol Bordeaux B

Lithol fast orange R

Lithol rubine BN

Magenta

Malachite green

Malachite grocn small crystals . .

Manila brown

Meldola's blue 3 R, cone

Metachrome blue black 2 BX. . .

Metachrome blue black R

Metachrome Bordeaux B

Metachrome Bordeaux R

Metanil j'ellow

Metaphenylene blue R

Metli3i alkali blue

Methyl blue for silk

Methyl Lyons blue

Methyl silk blue (new)

Methyl violet

Methyl violet NFB

Methyl violet V3D

Methylene blue

Methylene blue BBS

Methylene blue B G

Methylene green BX

Methylene green P

Methylene green W

Schultz
No.

CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS. 1921.

139

Table 24. — Imports of dyes for the calendar year 1921 — Continued.
INDEX OF DYES IMPORTED— Continued.

Name of dye.

Schultz
No.

Page.

Methylene heliotrope

687
618
693
293

104

103

Milling blue BC

104

Milling red

95

Milling red 6BA

120

120

Milling yellow 0 C

120

Milling yellow OM

177

93

120

198
629
635

93

Modern blue

103

Modern violet

103

124

Mordant fast black B , T

Mordant fast yellow E . . . .

275

94
124

Mordant yellow

177

93

124

Mounsey olive brown G

124

Naphthalene black AB

120

Naphthalene blue B

120

Naphthalene green

564
564

101

Naphthalene green V

101

Naphthalene green NV

120

Naphthanime black

335

96

Naphthamine black AB

129

Naphthamine black CE

Naphthamine black GET

Naphthamine blue

335
335
338
338
338
477
458
458

45S
458

458

458

458

96
96
96

Naphthamine blue 3R

96

Naphthamine blue 7R

96

Naphthamine brown H

98

Naphthamine direct black AK..
Naphthamine direct black EK..
Naphthamine direct black ERK
extra

97

97

97

Naphthamine direct black GNM
Naphthamine direct black FFK
extra

97
97

Naphthamine direct black
HWK

98

Naphthamine direct black
R WK extra A

98

Naphthamine direct blue 2R...

129

Naphthamine fast black SF

129

Naphthaminefast black KSG. .

129

Naphthaminefast brown BL. . .

129

Naphthamine violet BE

Naphthamine yellow BN

Naphthamine yellow G

326
9
9

96
91
91

Naphthogene blue B

129

Naphthogene blue 2R

129

Naphthogene blue 4R

129

Naphthogene indigo blue R

129

Naphthogene pure blue 4B

129

Naphthol black BD

272
272
217
217

94

Naphthol black P

94

Naphthol blue black

93

Naphthol blue black S

93

Naphthol dark green G

120

Naphthol green B

4
168

7
268
266
266
266
266
266
266
126
126

91

Naphtholred EB

93

Naphthol yellow S

91

Naphthyl blue black N

94

Naphthvlamiue black

94

Naphthylamine black 4B

Naphthylamine black 4BS

NaphthVlaniine black 4BX

NaphthVlanane black ESN

Naphthylamine black S

Naphthindon

94
94
94
94
94
92

Naphthindon BB

92

Navy blue A

120

Neptune blue BXX

545
543
503
603

100

Neptune blue BGX

100

Neptune green SBLX

98

Neptune green SGX

98

Nerol2B

120

Nerol black 2B

120

Nerocyanine BS

120

Nerocyanine 2BN

120

Name of dye.

New blue RS

New ethyl blue B

New fast gray

New methylene blue G G

New methylene blue N

New patent blue B

Night blue •

Neutral blue R

Neutral cloth blue R

Neutral gray G

Nigrophor

Nigrosine (soluble in water) —

Nile blue

NUeblueBX

Nile blue 2B

Oil j'ellowR

Old gold aniline dye

Omega chrome black P ,

Omega chrome brown P

Omega chrome bro.wn PB ,

Omega chrome red B

Orange G

Orange GG

Orange 3RL ,

Orange IV ,

Orthocj^amne B ,

Oxanune black BB ,

Oxamlne brilUant violet RX . .

Oxamine chrome violet SB

Oxamine fast blue BX

Oxamine fast pink BNE;

Oxamine fast pink BX

Oxamine green C"

Oxaminelight blue B ,

Oxamme light blue G

Oxamine light brown R ,

Oxamine red

Oxamine red X

Oxamine ^dolet

Oxy acid blue 6B

Oxy acid red BB

Oxy acid violet ROO ,

Oxy chrome black F VOOO...,
Oxy chrome blue black 6BNOO.

Oiy diamine black 5000

Oxy diamine black N ,

Oxy diamine brown RN ,

Oxy diamine red S

Oxy diamine violet

Oxy diaminogene ED

Oxj-phenine GG

Oxj-phenine R

Palatine black

Palatine chrome brown

Palatine chrome brown RX

Palatine light yellow RX

Paper fast Bordeaux B

Paraphosphine G

Parasulfon brown G

Patent black I

Patent black II

Patent black N

Patent blue A

Patent blue B

Patent blue J4

Patent blue N

Patent blue V

Patent blue VE

Patent blue VF

Patent blue VSK

Patent dianil black E B

Patent marine blue LE

Patent phosphine G

Patent phosphine 5G

Patent phosphine G G

Patent phosphine R

Patent phospliine M

Peri wool blue B

Permanent red

Permanent red 4B

Schultz
No.

681
651
663
563
560

241
218
700
653
653
654

85

38
'i39"

475

346
346
326

326

617
617
220
154
154

606

545
543
543
543
543
543
543
543

543
606
606
606
606
606
87
152
152

140 CElvTSUS or DYES AND SYNTHETIC OEGANIC CHEMICALS, 1&21.

Table 24. — Imports of dyes for the calendar year 1921 — Continued.
INDEX OF DYES IMPORTED— Continued.

Name of dye.

Permanent red R

Phenocyanine VS paste

Phosplune

Phosphine G

Phosphine 7G

Phosphine PGG

Phosphine R

Phosphine 3R

Pigment purple A

Pigment red B

Pigment red G

Pigment scarlet 3B

Pigment violet 2B

PinkSBS

Pluto black CF

Pluto black G

Polar red G

Polychromine AC

Polypheny] blue GC

Polyphenyl yeUow RC

Ponceau R

Ponceau 4R

Ponceau X

Potting black B

Printers red ,

Prune

Prune pure

Pure blue for printing

Pyramine G ,

Pyramine orange 3G

Pyramine orange 3GX

Pyramine orange R

Pyrazol orange G

Pyrogene blue

Pyrogene brown RS (yellow

shade)

Pyrogens brown DIB

Pyrogene catechine 2G O

Pyrogene cutch 2G

Pyrogene cutch brown 2R

Pyrogene direct blue RL

Pyrogene green 2G

Pyrogene green 3G

Pyrogene indigo I

Pyrogene oUve 3G

Pyrogene violet brown X

Pyrogene yellow

Pyrogene yeUow M

Pyrogene yellow O

Pyrogene yellow brown RS

Quinolme yellow

QuinoUne yellow KT

Quinoline yellow N

Quinoline yeUow KT extra

QuinoUne yellow O

Quinoline yellow OK

Resoflavine

Resorcine brown

Resorcine brown F

Rheonine G D

Rheonine A L

Rhodamine B .•

Rhodamine G

Rhodamine 6G

Rhodamine 6G D

Rhodamine 6GDN

Rhodamine 6GD W

Rhodamine S

Rhodamine ponceau G

Rhoduhne orange NO

Rhoduline yellow 6G

Roccclline scarlet

Rosanthrenc B

Rosanthrenc R

Rosanthrenc Bordeaux B

Rosanthrenc orange R

Rosanthrenc pink

Schultz
No.

152

642

606

606

606

606

606

606

93

56

56

616

636
636

306
306
360

726

726
709
709
735
746

734
734
734

613
613
613
613
613
613
771
211
211
607
607
573
572
571
571
571
571
570

Page.

603
618

93

103

102

102

102

102

102

102

92

91

91

131

131

131

129

129

120

103

129

129

92

92

92

124

131

103

103

120

129

95

95

96

129

105

130
130
130
130
130
105
104
104
105
105
130
105
105
105
130
103
103
103
103
103
103
106
93
93
102
102
101
101
101
101
101
101
101
120
103
103
120
129
129
129
129
129

Name of dye.

RosazeLne

Rose aurore

Rose bengale NTO

RosinduUne 2B

Rosolane

Rosolane O

Rosolane OTR

Saba phosphine 2G

Saba phosphine M

Safranine FF

Salicine black C

Salicine black D

Salicine black U

Saheine black UL

Salicine blue B

Salicine blue black AE

SaUcine B ordeaux R F

Salicine brown RE

Salicme dark green CS

Salicme orange 2R

SaUcine red B

SaUcine violet R

SaUcine yeUow L ,

Scarlet

Scarlet MS ,

Scarlet red medicinal

Setoflavine T

Setoglaucine

Silk blue

Silk blue BT 5B 00

Silk blue IV

SUk scarlet

Silver gray P

SkyblueB

Solamine blue FF

SoUd green

Soluble blue IN, T

Special blue G

Sudan III

SudanR

Sudan 4GL

Sulphoncyanine

Sulphoncyanine GR

Sulphoncyanine black

Sulphon orange G

Sulphon yeUow R

Sulphon yeUow 5G

Sulphur catechine R

Supramine black BR

Supramine yeUow R

Tartra/.ine.

Tartrazine N

Tartrazlne XX

Tartrazine brown

Tetra cyanole

Tetra cyanole V

Thiazol yellow

Thiazol veUow G

Thioflavine T

Thioflavine TCN

Thiogene brown GR

Thiogene orange R

Thio indigo black B

Thio indigo orange R

Thio indigo pink AN

Thio indigo pink RN

Thio indigo red B

Thio indigo rose AN

Thio indigo rose BN

Thio indigo .scarlet G

Thio indigo scarlet 2G

Thio indigo scarlet R

Thio indigo violet 2R

Thional brilliant blue 6B . .

Thional brilUant green 2G .

Thional dark green GN —

Thional orange G

CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC OEGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921. 141

Table 24. — Imports of dyes for the calendar year 1921— Continued.
INDEX OF DYES IMPORTED— Continued.

Name of dye.

Schultz
No.

Page.

Name of dye.

i

Schultz
No.

Page.

Thlonal vellow G

130

104

130

130

130

130

130

130

130

130

130

130

121

121

97

97

96

94

129

129

97

97

97

96

129

98

98

103

129

129

117

117

117

117

117

117

117

117

117

117

117

131

117

117

122

100

' Victoria blue R...

558
522
497
559
559

100

Thionine blue GO

661

j Victoria IJue 4R. .

99

Thionine green GG

{ Victoria green BXX

98

Thionol brilliant green 4GX

1 Victoria pure Mue B

101

TMonol brown GD

Victoria blue BO

101

Thionol brown P

Victoria scarlet K2Z . . .

121

Thionol brown R '

Victoria scarlet K3G

121

Thionol corinth RBX

Victoria violet 4BS

61
61

91

Thionol green D Y

Victoria violet 4BSL

91

Thionol vellow GR

^*ictoria yeUow . .

121

Thionol Vellow 3RD

Violamiae B

580

101

Thionone black 6R

Violet blue acid 7B

121

Tolane fast red 2BL

Violet for wool 8B

121

Tolane fast red 6BL

\'iridine green

131

Toluylene fast orange GL

392
392
358
265

Water blue

539
220
220
565
565
565

99

Toluylene orange

Wool black 6B

94

Toluylene red

Wool black GRF

94

Tolvl black BGII

Wool blue 5B.

101

Triazol blueBOOO

Wool blue G

101

Trisulphon bronze B *

Wool blue R

101

Trisulphon brown B

449
449
457
322

Wool blue RL 647

121

Trisuiphon brown MB

Wool fast blue BL

121

Trisulphon brown GG

Wool fast blue GL

121

Trisulphon violet B

Wool fast marine blue BB

121

Trisuiphon violet N

Wool fast yellow G . . .

121

Turquoise blue

498
498
635

Wool fast yeUow 5GX

121

Turquoise blue BB

Wool green BS

566
566
566
220

101

Ultraviolet MO

Wool green S

101

Union black M No. 8

Wool green SC...

101

Union blue BDM 3

Wool jet black 3B (old type)... .
Wool violet RLF

94

Ursol

923
923
923
923
923
923
923
923
923
923
923

121

UrsolA

Xylene blue Af?

508
508
507

98

UrsolD

Xylene blue ASL ..

98

UrsolDB

X ylene blue V S . .

98

Ursol DF....

Xylene cyanol FF.

121

Ursol P

121

Ursol SA

Xylene light yellow 2G

Xylene light yellow R

.22

22

579

91

Ursol SB

91

Ursol SLA

101

Ursol 4G

129

Ursol 4R

330
330
274

96

Ursol brown 2GA

Zambesi brown 4R

96

Ursol grav G

923
923

Zambesi pure blue 4B

94

Ursol grav R

Zambesi red 4B

129

Vat pink AN

129

Victoria blue B

559

PART IV.

CENSUS OF SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS,
NOT OF COAL-TAR ORIGIN, 1921.

143

Part IV.

CENSUS OF SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, OTHER THAN
THOSE OF COAL-TAR ORIGIN^ 192L

Introduction.

Owing to the lack of previous information on the production of
synthetic organic chemicals other than those of coal-tar origin, and
because of its desirability for the use of Congress in connection with;
pending tariff legislation, the United States Tariff Commission has.
compiled a census of the production of this class of chemical com-
pounds, showing the amount produced, the amount sold, and the
value of the sales in all cases where the publication of these figures,
does not reveal the operations of the individual producer.

The products included in this census comprise those synthetic
organic compounds derived from sources other than coal tar. They^
do not include aliphatic compounds derived from natural sources by
isolation, distillation, extraction, hydrolysis, or purification, as for
example alkaloids, constituents of essential oils, sugars, and acids,,
such as stearic and tartaric. Nor does the census include cyanides,,
cyanamides, or carbides of metals or inorganic radicals. Items the
production statistics of which are obtainable from other sources
are in most cases excluded.

The Bureau of the Census has given in its reports the statistics of
the more important non coal-tar organic compounds. These the
Tariff Commission has not attempted to duplicate in its 1921 census,
except in a few instances where the importance of the industry, or
other conditions warranted. A summary table of the 1914 and 1919
production of organic chemicals as determined by the Bureau of the
Census is given. It is to be hoped that future enumerations riiay
include all of these items, and also formic acid, mucic acid, and for-
maldehyde.

Summary of Production.

The production of synthetic organic chemicals, other than those-
derived from coal tar, in 1921 was 21,545,186 pounds, while the sales
amounted to 16,761,096 pounds, valued at $13,746,235, at a unit
value of $0.82 per pound. In this production 1,129 pounds of
research chemicals are included (see Table 26) and in the sales 428
pounds, which totaled $7,715, or $18.02 per pound. Exclusive of
research chemicals, 226 different products are enumerated, manufac-
tured by 66 concerns.

The absence of statistics for any previous years precludes accurate
comparisons of production with that of 192i, save where Bureau of
the Census figures are available.

145

146 census of dyes and synthetic oeganic chemicals^ 1921,

Developments in the Industry.

Prior to the war there was practically no manufacture in the
United States of synthetic organic chemicals other than those of
coal-tar origin, with the exception of a few products produced in
considerable amounts by relatively simple and inexpensive processes.
These include acetone, chloroform, ether, acetic acid, formaldehyde,
acetaldehyde, amyl acetate, vanillin, and a few others.

As with coal-tar products, the supremacy of Germany in nearly all
other organic compounds was virtually unchallenged prior to the*
war. With the cessation of our imports from this source, production
of these commodities was undertaken in this country, until to-day the
United States is able to manufacture nearly all of its requirements
of compounds of this nature.

Perfume chemicals. — Since the outbreak of the war there have been
noteworthy developments in the manufacture of perfume ingredients,
the most important of which are citral, geraniol, heliotropine, ionone,
and terpineol. The manufacture of vanillin was already well estab-
lished prior to the war. Many other perfume materials of lesser
importance were also developed and produced. In some cases the
domestic product is obtainable at less cost than the foreign, which
commands a higher price when the odor is more acceptable to the
consumer, although chemically the foreign product is practically
identical with the American. The domestic manufacture of these
perfume ingredients is now well established, about 24 firms being
producers during 1921.

Esters. — The manufacture of esters was also well developed before
1914, notably in the case of amyl acetate, and ethyl acetate. The •
output of amyl acetate decreased from 1,300,000 pounds in 1914 to
704,600 pounds in 1919, and less than 200,000 pounds in 1921. The de-
crease is due chiefly to the development of substitute solvents for use in
the pyroxylin plastic industry, but in 1921 the business depression
was an important contributing factor in this reduced production.

The availability of tax-free denatured alcohol was instrumental
in the development of the ethyl esters, chief among which are ethyl
acetate and ethyl chloride. Specially denatured alcohol, used under
heavy bond, aided in increasing the production of ethyl ether and
chloroform, already well established prior to the war, although
chloroform is now largely made at a lower cost from carbon tetra-
chloride or acetone. The production of both of these anaesthetics
was greatly increased during the war. The production of ethyl
esters, ether, carbon tetrachloride, and chloroform decreased from
1919 to 1921, these years very nearly representing conditions of
maximum business prosperity and depression, respectively.

Another industry largely developed during and after the war was
the manufacture of fruit ethers and esters, which was stimulated by
the increased demand for soft drinks after prohibition became
effective. Pre-war production figures for these products are not
available, but they were not manufactured then to any considerable
extent. They are produced from fusel oil and other alcohols, and
certain organic acids.

Medicinals. — The manufacture of synthetic medicinals was prac-
tically nonexistent prior to the war. The cessation of imports
resulted in the establishment of plants manufacturing a wide variety

CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921. 147

of synthetic non coal-tar organic medicinals, notably chloral hydrate,
barbital, codeine, diacetyl morphine or heroin, and salts of glycero-
phosphoric acid. Chloral hydrate was manufactured in the United
States in different periods by two firms, but on account of severe
foreign competition its manufacture was discontinued about 1913.

Butyl alcohol. — A few years ago, butyl alcohol was of scientific
interest only. The large war demand for acetone led to the develop-
ment of a process of fermenting corn which produced both acetone,
ethyl alcohol, and butyl alcohol. A large plant was erected at Terre
Haute, Ind., by the United States and British Governments, and
following the war it was purchased by the Conamercial Solvents
Corporation, and reopened in March, 1920. The ability of this plant
to operate in peace time was due to the development of the use of
butyl alcohol as *a solvent in pyroxylin plastics. The process is
patented and controlled by the Commercial Solvents Corporation.
The output in 1921 was in excess of 2,000,000 pounds of butyl alcohol,
and nearly the same amount of acetone and denatured alcohol.

Acetylene derivatives. — A field of promising future development is
the production of synthetic acetaldehyde and acetic acid, starting
with calcium carbide as a base, oxidizing the acetylene derived
therefrom, in the presence of a mercuric catalyst, and thus leading
to the preparation of a large variety of aliphatic compounds. Among
the most important of these are acetic anhydride, aldol, recently
employed with success in the flotation process for concentrating
copper ores, aldehyde ammonia for use as an accelerator in the
vulcanization of rubber, butadiene, acetal for use as a solvent and in
medicine, trichloroethylene, chloroacetic acid, and synthetic ethyl
alcohol, the cheap production of which would be an exceedingly im-
portant contribution as a motor fuel to the diminishing resources of
petroleum and gasoline.

The economic manufacture of acetaldehyde and glacial acetic
acid by this method depends upon cheap calcium carbide, which,
in turn, is dependent upon cheap electric power. Thus far the
United States has been producing only a fraction of its requirements
of acetaldehyde and its polymerized form, paraldehyde, obtaining
these chiefly from Canada, where a plant was erected at Shawinigan
Falls during the war to produce acetic acid and acetone from acety-
lene. Development work and production on a small scale by this
process is now in progress in the United States.

Ethylene and propylene derivatives. — A prolific field for the
development of ethylene and propylene derivatives, upon many of
which commercial production has already been commenced by at
least two concerns, based upon the recovery of ethylene and propy-
lene from the waste gases of petroleum cracking processes and other
hydrocarbon gases.

Of these derivatives, ethylene dichloride will probably be the first
to assume commercial importance because of its value as a nonin-
flammable nonhydrolizable volatile solvent for fats and greases.
Ethylene chlorohydrin may also be used as a solvent and in further
organic syntheses. Ethylene glycol can be used to replace glycerine.
Other products from these sources include diethysulphate for ethy-
lating, particularly in dye manufacturing, and isopropyl alcohol for
solvent purposes and for syntheses of perfume ingredients and other
uses.

148

CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921,

Synthetic camphor has been produced in the United States as a
partial substitute for natural Japanese camphor. It has been found
profitable to manufacture the synthetic product only when the price
of the natural was above a certain figure. During 1921 the only
domestic synthetic camphor plant was shut down.

Mucic acid is one of the most recent of the rare organic chemicals to
become available on a large commercial scale. It is produced by the
hydrolysis and oxidation of mixtures of glucose and galactose obtained
from the western larch {Larix occidentalis) . Its chief use is as a
baking acid in the self-rising flour industry and as a mordant and
chrome assistant in textile dyeing. It may also compete with citric
acid in the preparation of effervescent salts, soft drinks, etc. Pro-
duction is not reported for 1921.

Other notable advances made during or since the war were in the
production of gallic and pyrogallic acids for the dye and photographic
trades and urea as a stabilizer in the pyroxylin plastic industry.

As in the production of coal-tar research chemicals, so with the
production of other synthetic organic research chemicals which
were produced only in the course of laboratory research if at all,
much credit is due one concern for the organization of facilities,
together with the necessary exhaustive research, to supply the com-
plete shortage of these materials during the course of the war. It
may be said that practically any compounds of this nature can now
be produced in the United States if the demand arises.

Imports of most of the synthetic organic chemicals have been under
license control. Importation was permitted if the domestic supplies
were unsatisfactory either as to price, quality, or terms of delivery.

Import statistics of but few of these organic chemicals are avail-
able, and all are exceeded by domestic production, with the exception
of cocaine, the basic material for which, namely, cocoa leaves, is not
cultivated in the United States. Chemicals of which the domestic
supply is inadequate and not separately given in the import statistics
include certain perfumes and flavoring ingredients, medicinals, and
research chemicals.

Table 25. — Production and sales of synthetic organic chemicals during 1921.

(Not derived from coal tar.)

[The numbers in the second column refer to the numbered alphabetical list of manufacturers printed on
page 156. An X signifies that the corresponding chemicals were made by a manufacturer who did
not consent to the publication of his name in connection therewith. Blank's in the third and fourth
columns indicate that there were sales of the corresponding chemicals in the United States during
1921, but that the figures can not be published without revealing information in regard to the sales of
individual firms. The blank space in the sixth column indicates that there was actual production of
the corresponding chemicals in the United States during 1921, but that the figures can not be pub-
lished without revealing information in regard to the outputof individual firms. The details thus con-
cealed are, however, included in the totals.]

Manufacturer.s'

identification

number.

Sales, 1921.

Total pro-

Name.

Quantity.

Value.

Unit
value.

duction,
1921.

Total

Pounda.
16,761,096

$13,746,235

$0.82

Pounds.
21, 545, 186

17-27-42-X
15-16-48-54-61
13
13
50
42
• X

Acetaldehyde

36,671

Acetamide

367

1,330

3.62

441

Alcohols higher than butyl (mixed)

A.ldol (acetaldolj

CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921. 149

Table 25. — Production and sales of synthetic organic chemicals during 1921 — Continued.

(Not derived from coal tar.)

Manufacturers'

identification

number.

Sales, 1921.

Total pro-

Name.

Quantity.

Value.

Unit
value

duction,
1921.

AUyl alcohol

40

40

52

14-18

18

X

54

57-X

7-19-57-X

1

30

6

6

30

14-18

5-29-58-X

11

50

1-54

38

X

54-X

54

15-38-X

61

39-X

6

16-30

15-17-38

13-22-60

33-36

13-36-X

13

13-49

17-57-X

17-X

17

17

30

30

6

17-20-57

. 17-20-57

30-33-37-45

13

6

6

1-25-54

34

25

6-25

30

30

6

3-16-24-28-48-54

8

51

5-14-18-20-29-30-

35-3S-X-X.

20-54-57-X
1-6-13-20-25-45-54-

55-57.
7-15-17-18-20-38-
57-X-X.

17-X

X

18-21-47- X

X

X

12-14-30-45-49-X

17-20-38-57-X-X

X

6

15-16-24-30-33-

45-54-X.

17-20-38-57-X-X

X

17-20-54

Pounds.

Pounds.

Amyl acptatp . , . .~ , . ,

Amy! butvrate

Amvl caproate

Amylene

Anethol

Aubepine (anisaldehyde)

2,298

$10, 136

$4.41

2,358

Barbital

Bromocamphor

Bromodiethvlacetic acid

Bromodlethylacetylcarbamide

Bromoform

Butyl acetate. .

n-Butyl acetate

.27

630, 802

n-ButVl alcohol (butanol)

Sec. but vl alcohol

n-Butvl bromide

n-Butyl n-but yrate

n-Butyl carbonate

Butyl n-malonic ester

n-Butyric acid

28,792

Calcium bimalate

b-Caloiam glycerophosphate

Calcium monoiodobehenate

d-Camphoric acid

n-Caproic acid

Carbon tetrachloride

4,396,004

449,709

10

Chloral hydrate

Chloroacetic acid (Mono)

Chloroethyl acetate. . . --

Chloroform

Citronellol

475

4,850

10.21

Citronellyl acetate

Citronellyl butyrate

Citronellyl formate

Cocaine

Cyanoacetic acid

Decyl alcohol

13

780

6.00

16

Decyl aldehyde

38

Diacetylmorphine

699

78, 169

11.83

622

Dichloroacetic acid

Dichlorohydrin

Diethylacetic acid

Diethylamine

Diethylaminoethanol

b-Dlethvlaminoethyl alcohol

TJiethylbarbituric acid (veronal)

Diethylsulfonedimethylmethane

Diethylsulfonemethylethylmethane

Diiodohvdroxypropane

Dimethylglvoxime

208

4,802

23.09

221

Pioxytartaric acid

T)isuccinvl peroxide

^thyl acetate

2,946,206

3, 360, 559

1.14

5,310,688

T^thyl acetoacetate

Jithyl bromide

61, 108
43, 561

2.5,793
60,295

.42
1.38

Ethyl butyrate

Ethyl carbonate

Ethyl caproate

Ethyl chloride

99,649

45,868

.46

106, 813

Ethyl ehloroacetate

Ethyl citrate

Ethyl ether

2, 981, 507
3,000

4,338,333
2,320

1.46

.77

3,025,041
2,413

Ethyl formate

Ethyl fum irate

Ethylglycolic acid ester of menthol

Ethyliodide

227
744

1,417
6,370

6.24 1
8.56

216

S20

Ethyl isovalcrate

Ethyllactate

ei

714 ]

1.71

76

150

CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS. 1921.

Table 25. — Production and sales of synthetic organic chemicals during 1921 — Continued.-

(Not derived from coal tar.)

Manufacturers'

identification

number.

Sales, 1921.

Total pro-

Name.

Quantity.

Value.

Unit
value.

duction,
1921.

Ethyl malate

X
X

1-C-57-X

13

37

18-30-4.5-54-X

X

17-20-26-38-57-X

16-17-X

X

7-17-20-26-57

17-20-38-X

X

47-X

17-20

13-30-54

13-X

13-25-X-X

13-X-X

13-X

17-57

X

20-48-54

15-30-62-X

17-20-53-57-X

17-20-57

17-20-53-57-X

17-57

20-57-X

20

39

■ 54
44
X

7-19-X

17-20-57

17-38-57-X

13-X

39-42-46-X

6

X

6

30-33-37-45-49

17-20-2.3-26-57-X

X

X

52

5-17-20-29-38-58-X

7-17-20-38-57-X-X

X

17-20-38-57-X

X

17-38-57-X-X

3-41-54

X

17-20-38-X

X

17

17-20-38-57-X

X

17-20-57-X

X

X

17-20-38-57-X

20-38-54

7-17-20-57-59-X

17-20-57-X

50-X-X

X

X

X

X

20-38-52

17-20-26-53-57-X

Pounds.

Pounds.

Ethyl maleate

Ethyl malonate (mono and di)

317

S811

$2.56

56 306

Ethyl monochloroacetate

Ethyl morphine

Ethyl nitrite

44, 544

26, 529

.60

45 942

Ethyl tartrate

Ethyl oenanthate

3,433

5,360

1.56

4 442

Ethyl oxalate

Ethyl oxalacetate

Ethyl pelargonate ....

449

3,796

•8.45

576

Ethyl propionate

Ethyl stearate

Ethyl sulfate

Ethyl n-yalerate

Ethylene bromide

1,056

750

.71

1 122

Ethylene chloride and ethylidene chloride. .

Ethylene ehlorohydrin ..."

1.32

• 5 614

Ethyleneglycol

Ethylene oxide

Eugenol methyl ether

Fumaric acid

Furfural

6.10
.76
6.90
10.00
9.30

426

Gallic acid

147, 929
234

112,515
1,614

306 431

Geranyl acetate

'275

Geranyl butyrate

40

Geranyl formate

54

502

62

Geranyl propionate

Glycerol diacetate

1.26

101

Glycerophosphates (all other except cal-
Glycocol

Guanidine and derivatives

Geraniol

14,211

37, 195

2.62

Heptaldehyde

127

n-Heptyl alcohol

11

H exachloroethane

Hexamethvlenetetramine

995,647

856,294

.86

981 927"

Hexamethylenetetramineanhydromethv-

lene citrate.
Hydroxvcitronellol

Iodoform

10,793
4,909

42, 915
37, 733

3.98
7.69

4,606

5,388

a-Ionone

b-Ionone

Iron valerate (valerianate)

Isoamyl acetate

295,580
7,813

112,797
11,415

.38
1.46

347, 108

Isoamyl butyrate

7,334

Isoamyl carbonate

Isoamyl formate

.71

1,642

Isoamyl iodide

Isoamyl iso valerate

521

2,083

4.00
3.70

454

277

Isoamyl propionate

1.50

587

Isobutyl alcohol

Isobutyl aldehyde

Isobutyl butyrate

2.27

67

Isobutyl formate

2.30

67

Isobutyl iodide

2.00

47

2,708

12,597

4.65

1.00

.39

Isopropvl acetate

59

Isopropyl alcohol

163,720

63,737

184,470

Isovaleric acid

3.07
6.42

3,050

Linalyl acetate

i,492

9,585

1,746

CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC OEGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921. 151

Table 25. — Production and sales of synthetic organic chemicals during 1921 — Continued.

(Not derived from coal tar.)

Manufacturers'

identification

number.

Sales, 1921.

Total pro-

Name.

Quantity.

Value.

Unit
value.

duction,
1921.

17-53-57

61-X

54-X

25-44-54

20-35-X

54

17-38-X

53-X

15-16-33-54-X

X

X

53

X

37

17-X

17

X

47

6

X

6

57

17-20-28-57

17-20-57

53

20-57

3-15-16-17-20-53-

54-57-61

17-20-57

17-20-57

53

X

13-X

15-38-X-X

17

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

17-X

X

15-30-62

1-8

52

17-57

53

53

6

30-51-X

51

43

2-X

45-59

17-20-26-53-57-X

13-31-X

30

44

20-X

41

13

13

41

4-X

3

3

15-20

17

19-20-32-59-X-X

52

15-17-26-37-44-

54-X

Pounds.
49

$555

$11.33

Pounds.

7.43
.23

12^

14,890-

29

ilethvl iodide

207

1,805

8.72

235.

Methyl sulfate . . .

Nerol

16

142
51

2,430
745

17.10
14.61

726.

Octyl aldehyde .

Propionic aldehyde

n-Propyl acetate

n-Propyl butyrate

n-Propyl chloride

n-Propyl isovalerate

Pseudo ionone

PjTOgallic acid

180,997 1 202,020

1.12

197, 33T

Pyruvic acid

1

Rhodinal

Rhodinol formate

..

Succinic anhydride

Sulfonemethane

Terpiueol

Terpin hydrate

6,602

9,404

1.42

7,83&

s-Tetrachloroethane

Thiosinamine

Thiourea

Triacetin

Tribromotertiary butyl alcohol

Trichloracetic acid

Trichloroethylene

Triclilorotertiary butyl alcohol

Urea

Urea nitrate

Urea oxalate

Vanilhc ester

210, 924

1,675,081

7.94

206,150.

1 Zinc valerate (valerianate)

1 tails.)

428

7,715

18.02

1, 129.

152

CENSUS OF DYES AISTD SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921.

Table 26. — Production of chemicals for sale for research and experimental purposes.

(Not of coal-tar origin.)

Manu-
facturers'
identifi-
cation
numbers.

Sales.

Produc-

Common name.

Pounds.

Value.

tion,
1921.

T otal

428

$7, 715

Pounds.
] r'9

-Acetal

15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
17
17
54
54
15
15
15
15
54
15
15

15-54
15

15-54
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
54
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
26
20
2o
2()
44
15
15
15
15
X

^cetaldehyde sodium bisulfite

Acetone sodium bisulfite

Acetonitrile

Acetylacetone

Acetylbromide

Acetylmethylurea

Adipic acid

dl- Alanine

Aldehyde C12

Aldehyde C14

Alloxan

Alloxantin

Allyl alcohol

Allyl bromide

Allyl sulfide

Allyl thiourea

Aniino-n-caproic acid

a-Amino-iscf-butyrie acid

dl-a-Amino-n- valeric acid

n-Amyl alcohol

Amyl alcohol (tertiary)

n-Amylamiue

n-Amyl ether

Barbituric acid

d-Bornyl acetate

Bromoacetic acid

Bromoacetyl bromide

a-Bromo-ri-butyric acid

a-Bromopropionic acid

b-Bromopropionic acid

a-Bromo-iso- valeric acid .... ...

a-Bromo-n- valeric acid . . . .

n-Butyl acetate

sec. Butyl acetate . .

Butyl alcohol (tertiary) .

n-Butyl bronude

n-Butyl-n-butyrate

n-Butyl carbamate

n-Butyl carbonate

n-Butyl chlorocarbonate

n-Butyl citrate

n-Butyl ether

n-Butyl formate

n-Butyl iodide

n-Butvl mercaptan

n-Butyl nitrite

n-Butyl oxalate

n-Butyl sulfide

n-Butyl tartrate

b-Butylcne bromide .

n-Butyraldehvde . .

n-But jTamide . . .

n-Butyronitrile . -

n-Butyrvl chloride.

Caprie acid.. .

n-Caprylic acid . .

Carvacrol .... . . -

Cavone

Catechol

Chloral

Chloral alcoholate

Chloroacetal.

CUoroacetone

Chloroatetvl chloride

Chlonimethvl ether

Dccane (di-iso-amyl)

Dia' ctvl monoxime

.f-Dichloromcthvl other

Dichlorovinyl ether

CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC OEGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921, 153

Table 26. — Production of chemicals for sale for research and experimental purposes — Con.

[Not of coal tar origin.] •

Manu-
facturers'
identifi-
cation
numbers.

Sales.

Produc-

Common name.

Pounds.

Value.

tion,
1921.

Di^yandiamidine sulfate

15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
37
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
X
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
44
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15

Pounds.

p-S-Dihvdroxyethvl sulfide

DiclvcoUic acid

Dihvdroxystearic acid

Dimet hvl acetal

Dimethvlamine (33 per cent in water)

Dimethvilmine hydrochloride

L»imeth\ .nmonium dimethyldithiocarbamate

Dimethviglvoxime

Diquinine carbonic ester

Enirhl ohydrin

Ethvl adipate

Ethyl ^ elate

Ethvl a-bromo-n-butvrate

Ethvl a-bromopropionate

Ethvl a-bromo-n-valerate

Ethvl n-caprate ...

Ethyl n-caproate

Ethvl c„prvlate

Ethyl carbamate

Ethyl carbonate

Ethvl chlorocarbnnate

Ethvl cvanoacetate

Et.'ivl dibrnmoacetate.

Eth\'l dichlornacetate

Ethvl disulfide

Ethvl laurate

Ethvl mvristate

Ethyl oxalate

Ethyl sebacate

Ethyl succinate

Ethyl sulfide

Ethyl tartrate

Ethyl thiocyanate

Ethyl trichloroacetate

Ethyl n-valerate

Ethylal

Ethylamine hydrobromide

Ethylene chlorobromide

Ethylenediamine hydrobromide

Ethylidene chloride

Eugenol methyl ether ,

Formamide

Furfural

Glutaric acid

Glycerol diacetate

Glycerol monochlorohydrin

Glycme ethyl ester hydrochloride

Guanidine derivatives

Heptaldehyde

n-Heptyl alcohol

n-Heptyl bromide

n-Hexane

n-Hexyl alcohol

b-Hydroxj'propionitrile

b-Iodopropionic acid

Isoamyl n-caproate

Isoamyl n-caprylate

Isoamyl carbamate

Isoamyl ether

Isoamyl formate

Isoamyl oxalate

Isoamyl sulfide

Isobutyl iodide

Isobutvric acid

Isobutyraldehyde

]54

CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS. 1921.

'J'a Hi E 26. — Production of chemicals for sale for research and experimental purposes— Con.

[Not ol coal tar origin.]

Manu-
facturers'
identifi-
cation
numbers.

Sales.

Produc-

Common name.

Pound!5.

Value.

tion,
1921.

Isocapronitrile

15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
I5-X
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
37
26
26
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
X

Pounds.

Isopropyl bromide

Isopropyl iodide

Isovaleraldehyde

Laurie acid ;

Malonic acid

p -Menthane

1-Menthvl acetate ,

Mesitylene

Metliylal

Metliylamine

Methylamine hydrochloride

Methyl n-batyrate

Methyl n-butyl carbinol

Methyl n-capioate

Methyl carbonate .-

Methyl chlorocarbonate

Methyl n-heptyiate

Methyl laurate

Methyl malonate

Methyl palmitate

Methyl n-propyl carbinol

Methyl sulfide

Methyl n- valerate

Methyleneaminoacetonitrile... .

Methylene iodide

Nitromethane

Nitrosotriacetonamine

Nitrourea

n-Octane .*

n-Octyl alcohol

i

1

Oxamide

1

Potassium ethylsulfate

1

Potassium formate

Potassium methylsulfate

ProDionaldehyde

Propionamide

::;;;::;;:

Propionitrile

n-Propylamine

n-Propvl bromide

n-Propvl n-butyrate

n-Propyl carbonate . .

n-Propyl iodide

n-Propyl oxalate

n-ProDyl propionate :

Pyrogallol

Quinine ethyl carbonic ester...

Rhodinol butyrate. .

Sebacie acid . . ....

Stearic acid.. .

s-Tetrabromoethane

Tributyrin

CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921. 155

Table 27. — Domestic production of organic chemicals (except coal tar).
[From Bureau of the Census; 1919 figures are preliminary.]

1914

1919

Chemical.

Quantity.

Value.

Uait
value.

Quantity.

Value.

Unit
value.

Acetic acid (pyroligneous)

Pounds.
170,617,600

$1,272,300

$0.02

Pounds.

/46, 821, 000

\ 5,050,000

1,213,200

5,054,500

2,103,500

5,313,000

19,663,800

82,816,300

869,200

578,600

781,500

,545,600

4,2-2,400

3,938,300

1,794,300

350,600

340,000

166,200

1,114,400

l,ia3,70O

22, €00

76,7,000

167,700

225, 100

803,600

516,600

1,365,900

296,392

178,885

90,454

100, 100

80. 0 1

.17

Acetic anhydride

.48

Lactic acid

.15

Oxalic acid

.23

Tartaric acid

.80

8,420,200

055,200

.08

.20

Other aldehydes

Amvl acetate

1,300,000

465,700

.36

704,600

2,2.51,000

248, 100

.50

Ethvl acetate

.15

Ethvl chloride

.67

Other esters

Ethvl ether

2,120,000

278,800

.13

4,111,800

.27

Other ethers

A( etone

10,425,800

1,099,600

.11

6,045,900
1,158,000

.13

i\l ethvl ethvl ketone

.14

Other ketones

Carbon tetrachloride

9,811,800

1,677,600

134,700

2,312

702

516

73,200

.08

Chloroform

1,334,000
120,600

295,300
525,200

.22

4.36

.31

^'aIlillin

10.14

Codein and salts

128. 50

Heroin and salts

2,306
25,891

255. 00

Cocaine and salts

175. 00

Methyl alcohol (wood) (galloas)

.14

Table 28. — Imports and production of synthetic organic chemicals {except those of coal-
tar origin), 1914 and 1921.

Articles.

Acetic acid

Formic acid

G allic acid

Glyeerophosphoric acid and
salts of ,

Lactic acid

Oxalic acid

PyrogalUc acid

Valerianic acid

M ethyl alcohol

Carbon tetrachloride

( ' Woroform

Chloral hydrate. .,

Cocaine, ecgonine and salts of.

Ethers conlaining not more
than 10 per cent of alcohol:

Ethyl acetate

Ethyl chloride

Fruit, containing no alco-
hol

Sulphuric

Others, n. s. p. f

Ethers containing more than
10 per cent of alcohol and
not more than 20 per cent . .

All on which specific duty
does not amount to 25 per
cent

Ethers containing more than
20 and not more than 50 per
cent of alcohol

Formaldehyde solution con-
taining not more than 40
per cent of formaldehyde or
formalin

Iodoform

Urea

1921 (calendar year).

Pounds.

32,715

422, 288

2,260

6,595

593, 385

1,016,471

22

435

1,033

100,380

4,512

1,905

7,065

30
9,697

44
216

484

Value.

240

86,281

7

35,339

$2,659

51, 766

904

8,169

44,986

151,497

45

1,342

2,836

2,705

615

1,758

18, 428

8
5,351

101
253
752

274

16, 709

27

8,906

Unit
value.

SO. 08
.12
.40

1.24

.08

.15

2.05

3.09

2.75

.03

.14

.92

2.60

.27
.55

2.30
1.17
1.55

1.14

1921 pro-
duction
(poimds).

306,431

1914 (fiscal year).

Pounds.

197, 337

.19

3.S5

.25

5,406,995

111,000

48,615

105

5,307,078
106, 813

3,025,041

27, 743

1, 119, 745

61,635

24, 789

276, 237

8, 780, 852

23,615

1,161

109, 022

572, 910

2,444

644

3,291

110
9,014

1,309

915

12, 036

4,606
10, 120

14,228

86

17,981

Value.

$1,952
48,826
20^429

2:3,086

30,223

433, 783

20, 496

750

52, 598

28,300

990

241

4,101

20
10, 046

1,719

131

5,049

1,845

1,443
301

8,798

Unit
value.

$0.07
.04
.33

.93
.11
.05
.87
.65
.39
.05
.41
.37
1.25

.18
1.11

1.31
.14
.42

.10

3.50

.49

1914 pro-
duction
(pounds).

70, 617, too

1,334,000

2, 120, 000

156 CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921.

Table 29.— SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMTC\LS IMPORTED IN EXCESS OF $100 IN VALUE
DURING THE YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1914.1

Articles.

Acetin (commercial)

Acetylenetetrachloride (tetra-

chloroethane)

Ammonium valerate

Amyl butyrate

Amyl nitrite

Amylene

Aubepine:

Technical

Liquid

Barbituric acid

Butyric acid, 60 per cent

Pure

Calcium glycerophosphate:

Granulated, 6 per cent

Liquid, 50 per cent

Soluble

Granulated, effervescent. . .

Camphoric acid

Carbon tetrachloride

Chloral hydrate

Chloroform

Citronellol

Cocaine ^

Codeine, alkaloid

Phosphate 2

Sulphate2

Dichlorohydrin

Dimethylglyoxime

Ethyl butyrate (absolute)

Ethyl carbonate

Ethyl chloride

Ethyl ether

Over sodium

Reagent

Eugenol:

Crude

Other

Quantity

Pounds.
15, 958

93, 581

1,801

350

26

1,302

2,101

39, 924

51,530

13

4,697

15, 757

1,347

305

75

572, 987

800

2,745

1,526

3, 340

32

335

1,275

782

28

1,363

6

9, 137

992

3,512

122

5

485

Value.

$2, 425

5,636

1,637

181

122

100

864

2,901

2, 837

13, 467

41

814

9, 935

1,611

849

138

28, 322

298

2,0.S6

4,318

4,163

1,669

773

2,648

500

301

515

311

10, 260

160

870

119

4

987

Articles.

Gallic acid

G eranyl acetate

Heliotropin, crystals ; . . .

Hexamethylenetetramine

Iodoform

lonone:

Alcoholic solution

For soap

Alpha, pure

Iron valerate

Methyl aniline, pure

Methyl iodide

Monochloracetic acid:

Commercial

Pure crystals

Octyl aldehyde

Pyrogallic acid

Quinine valerate

Rhodinal

Succinic acid:

Crude sublimed

Pure crystals

Anhydrous

Terpin hydrate

Terpinyl acetate

Thiosinamine ,

Thymol

Trichloracetic acid:

Technical

U. S. P

Urea

Valeric (Valerianic) acid

VaniUin 2

Veronol (diethyl barbituric

acid)

Veronol sodium (sodium die-

thylbarbiturate)

Zinc valerate, powder

Quantity.

Pounds.

61.644

198

10,219

11,470

93

50
104
35
1,109
13
26

12, 834

318

4

24,964
263
181

35

620

54

12, 797

19, 473

111

19, 056

4

439

18, 137

1,164

38, 472

4,971

593
1,517

Value.

S20, 417

634

8, 715

21, l;36

322

71

565

542

1,012

137

2, 756

171

127

22,404

1,45 6

1,49 3

92
2,224
435
2,052
10, 412
296
24, 793

2
346

8,889

755

7,554

26, 322

5,284
1,375

I Miscellaneous Series No. 82, Department of Commerce. 2 Ounces.

Table 30.— IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION, 1921— SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS.

Chemicals.

Ethyl chloride

Chloroform

Ethyl acetate (acetic ether)

Gallic acid

Carbon tetrachloride

Glycerophosphoric and salts

and compounds

Iodoform

Sulphuric ether

Quantity.

Pounds.

9,697

4,512

30

2,260

100, 380

6,595

7

216

Value.

$5, 351

615

8

904

2,705

8,169
27
2.53

Chemicals.

Ethers, n. s. p. f
Cocaine salts ' . .

Urea

Thyniol

Valerianic acid.

Vanillin

Pyrogallic acid .
Chloral hydrate.

Quantity.

Pounds.

484

7,065

35, 339

17,455

435

26, 456

22

1,905

Value.

$752

18, 428

8,906

42,614

4,242

11,525

45

1,758

1 Ounces.

Directory of manufacturers of synthetic organic chemicals, 1921.
(Not derived from coal tar.)

No.

Name of company.

Office address (location of plant given in paren-
theses if not in same city as office).

1

4753 Ravenswood .\ve., Chicago, 111.

2

80 Fifth Ave., New Yorlc City. (Nyack, N. Y.)
73 Chatham St., Rochester, N. Y.

3

4
5

American Cyanamid Co

511 Fifth Ave., New York City. (Warners,

N.J.)
266 Lodi Ave., Wallington, N. J.

6

117 Hudson St., New York City. (Rensselaer,

N. Y.)

CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1&21, 157

Directory of manufacturers of synthetic organic chemicals, 1921 — Continued.

Name of company.

Office address (location of plant given in paren-
theses if not in same city as office).

Bush & Co., Inc., W. J.

New York City. (Linden,

Calco Chemical Co., The

Carbide and Carbon Chemicals Corp.

ChirisCo., Antoine

Commercial Solvents Corp .

370 Seventh Ave.

N.J.)
Bound Brook, N. J.
30 East 42d St., New York City. (Clendenin,

W. Va.)
147 Waverly Place, New York City. (Dela-

wanna, N. J.)
17 E. 42d St., New York City. (Terre Haute,

Ind.)
194 Worth St., New York City. (Newark, N. J.)
Midland, Mich.
1007 Market St., Wilmington, Del. (Parlin &

Gibbstowai, N.J.)
Rochester, N. Y. (Kodak Parks Works, Roches-
ter, N.Y.)
205-211 3d Ave., New YorkCitj;. (Newark, N. J.)
Olmstead & Starling Ave., Unionport, N. Y.
Carlstadt, N.J.

92 Reade St., New York City. ( Bloomfield, N. J.)
l.iOl W. 6th St., Cincinnati, Ohio.
619 Bangor Bldg., Cleveland, Ohio (9408 St. Cath-
I erine Ave., Cleveland, Ohio.)
Great Western Electro-Chemical Co j 9 Main St., San Francisco, Calif. (Pittsburgh,

Calif.)

Cooper & Co., Inc., Charles

Dow Chemical Co.,' The

Du Pont de Nemours & Co., E. I.

Eastman Kodak Co

Eimer & Amend

Florasynth Laboratories, Inc

Franco-American Chemical Works.

Fries Bros

Fries & Fries Co., The

Gebauer Chemical Co., The

Haarmann-de-Laire-Schaefer Co

Harmer Laboratories Co., The

Hirsch Laboratories (Inc.), The

Ising Corporation, The C. E

Lakeview Laboratories

La Motte Chemical Products Co

Maas & Waldstein Co

MaUinckrodt Chemical Works

Mathieson Alkali Works (Inc.), The.

May wood Chemical Works

Merck & Co

Metz Laboratories (Inc.), H. A.

Miner-Edgar Co., The

Monsanto Chemical Works

New York Quinine & Chemical Works (Inc.).

Northwestern Chemical Co

Norvell Chemical Corporation, The

Organo Chemico Co

Parke, Davis A: Co

Perth Amboy Chemical Works

Pharma-Chemical Corporation

Phillips, Ross

Powers- Weightman-Rosengarten Co.

Redmanol Chemical Products Co

Rhodia Chemical Co

Special Chemicals Co.
Squibb & Sons, E. R.

Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey.

Slearn.s A: Co., Frederick

SterUiig Chemical Works (Inc.) .

Synfleur Scientific Laboratories (Inc.).
Synthetical Laboratories of Chicago. ..

T. M. & G. Chemical Co

U. S. Industrial Chemical Co. (Inc.)...
Van Dyk & Co

Van Schaaek Bros. Chemical Works (Inc.).

Verona Chemical Co

Warner Khpstein Chemical Co

Will Corporation.
Zinsser & Co

May wood, N. J.

Baltimore and Hirst Ave., East Lansdowaie, Pa.

50 E. 41st St., New York City. (Brooklyn,

N. Y.)
Flushing, L. I., N. Y.
2 Jersey St., Buffalo, N. Y.
13 W. Saratoga St., Baltimore, Md.
92 WiUiam St., New York City. (Newark, N. J.)
3600 N. 2d St., St. Louis, Mo.

25 West 43d St., New York City. (Niagara FaUs,
N.Y.)

Hunter Ave., Maywood, N. J.

45 Park Place, New York City. (Rahwav, N. J.)

122 Hudson St., New York Citv. (Brooklyn,
N.Y.)

110 WiUiam St., New York City. (Newark, N.J.)

1724 So. 2d St., St. Louis, Mo.

135 William St., New York City.

Wauwatosa, Wis.

11 CUff St., New York City. (Perth Amboy,
N. J.)

1636 Columbus Ave., Sandusky, Ohio.

Detroit, Mich.

709 6th Ave., New York City. (Perth Amboy,
N.J.)

233 Broadway, New York City. (Bayonne
N.J.)

Canandaigua, N.Y.

916 Parrish St., Philadelphia, Pa.

636 W. 22d St., Chicago, 111.

89 Fulton St., New York City. (New Bruns-
wick, N. J.)

Erskine Bank Building, Highland Park, 111.

SO Beekman St., New York City. (Brooklyn,
N. Y., and New Brunswick, N. J.)

26 Broadway, New YorkCity. (Ehzabeth, N. J.)
Jeft'erson and BeUevue Avenues, Detroit, Mich.
115 Broadway, New York City. (344 Thomas

St., Newark, N. J.)
33 Bedford Ave., Monticello, N. Y.
1.326 West Congress St., Chicago, 111.
BeDeville, N.J.
Curtis Bav, Baltimore, Md.
4-6 Piatt" St., New York City. (Jersey City,

N.J.)
3358 Avondale Ave., Chicago, 111.
26 Verona Avenue, New York, N. J.
52 Vanderbilt Ave., New York City. (South

Charleston, W. Va.)
845 Maple St., Rochester, N. Y.
Hastings upon Hudson, N.Y.

PART V.

APPENDIX.

STATISTICS OF IMPORTS AND EXPORTS.

159

i

Part V.
STATISTICS OF IMPORTS AND EXPORTS.

Table I. — Imports of coal-tar products entered for consumption, 1917 to 1921.

[Act of Sept. 8, 1916.]
GROUP I, CRUDE (FREE).

Calendar years.

1917

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

A^ids, carbolic, which on being subjected to distillation
yield in the portion distilling below 200° C. a quantity of
tar acids less than 5 per cent of original distillate, .pounds. .

Anthracene oil gallons. .

Benzol pounds..

Cresol do

Dead or creosote oil gallons. .

Naphthalene having a solidifying point less than 79° C.
pounds. .

Pyridine and quinoline do

Coal tar, crude barrels. .

Pitch, coal tar do

Metacresol, orthocresol, and paracresol — purity less than 90
per cent pounds . .

Xylol do. . . .

Ail other products found naturally in coal tar whether pro-
duced or obtained from coal tar or other sources, n. s. p. f.
pounds..

All other distillates, which on being subjected to distillation
yield in the portion distilling below 200° C. a quantity of
tar acids less than 5 per cent of the original distillate
pounds. .

Anthracene, purity less than 25 percent do

Acenaphthene, cumol fluorene, methylanthracene, and
methylnaphthalene pounds . .

Carbazol, purity less than 25 per cent do

151,2.54

61,200

3, 598, 733

7, 665, 442

9, 817, 085

5, 206, 980
12.247
6, 780
5,926

20, 708
9,332

(^)

(1)

0)

3, 105
341, 700
532, 529
786, 638

175, 554

1,480

10, 745

12, 039

1,404
2,928

10,448

1,502

(')

155, 236

2, 673, 855
8,873,271
1,545,247

3, 902, 731
9,237
13, 087
14,029

(1)
(1)

S17, 260

87,570
779, 045
162, 869

130, 098

1,036

21,200.

29, 095

2,756

10, 473
5

Acids, carbolic, which on being sub-
jected to distillalion yield in the
portion distillins; lielo'w 200° C. a
quantity of tar acids less than 5
per cent ol original distillate

pounds. .

Anthracene oil gallons..

Benzol pounds. .

Cresol do

Dead or creosote oil gallons. .

Naphthalene having a solidifying

point less thim 79° C pounds..

Pyridine and c|uinoline do

Coal tar, crude barrels. .

Pitch, coal tar do

Metacresol, orthocresol, and para-
1 cresol— purity less than 90 per

I cent pounds. .

I Toluol do

Calendar years.

1919

Quantity.

1,96.5,289

IS, 699

217, 865

6, 435, 650

11,268,379

3, 239, 256

105, 064

22,339

3,364

11,200
1, 195, 706

Value.

$187,788

3, 994

5,617

557,214

1,374,217

92, 265

20, 543

38, 476

8,598

1,221
30, 768

1920

Quantity.

192, 692
15,0.54

486, 619
10,318,070
18,427,152

15,012,096

863, 456

11,901

8,780

Value.

S19,84S

3,945

10, 868

901,381

3,796,-399

530,219
168, 800
24, 140
26, 022

Quantity.

214, 185

12,776

1,722,085

3, 353, 882

33, 239, 432

4, 495, 806

72, 515

21, .551

417

Value.

$22,849

5,019

442, 370

2.'53, 886

4, 756, 618

135,943

11,367

46, 784

1,264

* Imports not available by calendar year.

161

162 CENSUS or dyes and synthetic organic chemicals, 1921.

Table I. — Imports of coal-tar products entered for consumption, 1917 to 1921 — Con.
GROUP I, CRUDE (FREE)— Continued.

Calendar years.

1919

1920

1921

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

AU other products found naturally
in coal tar whether produced or
obtained from coal tar or other
sources, n. s. p. f pounds..

All other distillates, which on being
subjected to distillation yield in
the portion distilling below 200°
C. a quantity of tar acids less than
5 per cent of the original distillate
pounds. .

380,525

104,568
82,669

15,759
112

$6,334

10, 548
2,022

946

82

240,096

$14,046

40,707

7,310
58, HI

100

$3,111
959

Anthracene, purity less than 25 per
cent pounds. .

Acenaphthene, cumol fluorene,
methylanthracene and methyl-
naphthalene pounds. .

202,569

16, 590

1,198
64

Carbazol, purity less than 25 per
cent pounds..

GROUP II (DUTIABLE AT 15 PER CENT PLUS 2J CENTS PER POUND).

Article and years.

Quantity.

Value.

Duty.

Actual
and com-
puted ad
valorem
rate.

Not colors, dyes or stains, photographic chemicals, medic-
inals, flavors, or explosives, and n. s. p. f.:
Acids—

Amidosalicylic —

1917

Pounds.

Per cent.

1918

1919

1920 . .

11, 199

$8, 182

$1, 507

18.42

1921

Benzoic—

1917

4,653

1,791

63

250

11, 263

30,676
148, 261

20,539
14, 060
374
1,087
3,012

4,954
47,085

3,190

2,154

58

169

733

1,510
10,769

15.53

1918

15.32

1919

15.42

1920

15.58

1921

24.35

Carbolic (phenol) which on being subjected to dis-
tillation yields in the portion distilUng below
200° C. a quantity of tar acids equal to or more
than 5 per cent of the original distillate-
Crystal—

1917

30.48

1918

22.87

1919

1920

1921

250

314, 585

134, 406

2,061

1,040

142

24, 246

15, 186

264

244

• 28

11,502

5,638

91

63

19.40

Liquid—

1917

47.44

1918

37.13

1919

34.52

1920

25.66

1921

Salicylic—

1917

26,273
117

23, 575
112

4,193
20

17.79

1918

17.62

1919

1920

1921

Amidonaphthol—

1917

1918

1919

150

72

15

20.21

1920

1921

11,025

9,990

1,774

17.76

CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921.

163

Table I. — Imports of coal-tar products entered for consumption, 1917 to 1921 — Con.
GROUP II (DUTIABLE AT 15 PER CENT PLUS 2i CENTS PER POUND)— Continued.

Article and years.

Quantity.

Value.

Duty.

Actual
and com-
puted ad
valorem
rate.

Not colors, dyes or stains, photographic chemicals, medic-
inals, flavors, or explosives, and n. s. p. f.— Continued.
Amidophenol—

1917 .

Pounds.

Per cent.

1918

1919

1,028

J2,417

S388

16.06

1920

1921

14,623

11,699

2,120

18.12

Aniline oil —

1917

1918

1919

1920

220
11,243

72
1,799

16
551

22.64

1921

30.62

Aniline salt—

1917 . . . . ...

1918

21,273

3,250

1,019

31.36

1919

1920

4
18,316

1
12, 109

:25'

2,274

25.00

1921

18.78

Anthracene, purity of 25 per cent or more —

1917 ..

1918

1919

51,895
648,095
261,645

8,011
87,413
12,639

2,499

29,314

8,437

31.19

1920

33.54

1921

66.75

1917

1918

1919

3,147
13,053
127,427

2,643
5,612
78,255

375

1, 168

14,924

14.20

1920 . . . . .

20.82

1921

19.07

Benzaldehydfr—
1917

1919 ,

24,472
9,479
1,056

5

17, 790

5,928

465

7

3,280

1,126

%

1

18.44

1920

19.00

1921

20.68

Benzylchloride —

1917 . ...

16.86

1919

1,000
150

430
22

90

7

20.81

32.05

1921

Binitrotoluol—

1917

61,632

22,635

6,896

4,692

1,164

5

10,471

3,333

1,331

1,216

155

3

3,111

1,066

372

300

52.00

.58

29.71

1918

31.98

1919

27.95

1920 ....

24.64

1921

33.77

1921

19. 33

Carbaz 1, purity of 25 per cent or more—

1917

1918

1919

1920

157

27

8

29.56

1921

Dimethylaniline —

1917

191S

1919

1,120
22, 400

427
15, 968

92
2,955

21.56

1920

18.51

1921

Metacresol, orthocresol, and paracresol, purity of 90
per cent or more^

1917

1918

1919

1920

2,444
556

2,230
341

396
65

17.74

1921

19.08

Methvlanthraquinone —
1917..

1918 ...

1919

3,147
13,053

2,643
5,612

375
1,168

14.20

1920 .'

20.82

1921

164 CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921.

Table I. — Imports of coal-tar -products entered for consumption, 1917 to 1921 — Con.
GROUP II (DUTIABLE AT 15 PER CENT PLUS 2§ CENTS PER POUND)— Continued.

Article and j^ears.

Quantity .

Value.

Duty.

Actual
and com-
puted ad
valorem
rate.

Not colors, dyes or stains, photographic chemicals, medic-
inals, flavors, or explosives, and n. s. p. f.— Continued.
Naphthalene solidifying at 79° C. or above—

1917

Pounds.

267, 057

2, 795

7,650

3,697,562

' 441, 685

1,027

$12, 125
171
384

416, 172
31,458

1,069

$8, 497

96

249

154, 865

15,761

186

Per cent,
70 02

1918

55 87

1919 •.

64 80

1920

37.21

1921

50. IQ

Naphthol—

1917

17.40

1918

1919

1920

1921.

333,356

112,922

25, 272

22.31

Naphthylainine—

1917

1918

11,761

5,985

1,192

19.91

1919

1920

69,695

7,208

2,824

39.18

1921

Nitrobenzol—

1917

1918

1919

21,513
45,891

4,003
6,009

1,138
2,049

28.44

1920

34.09

1921

Nitronaphthalene—

1917

18, 102

7,758

1,616

20.83

1918 ...

1919 .

1920... ..

1921.. ..

Nitrophenylenediamine—

1921

1,132

6,590

1,017

15.43

Nitrotoluol—

1917

1918

,

542
684

452
359

81
71

18. OC

1920

19. 76

Phenyleuediamine—

1918

2,746
2,429

1,769

1,887

334
344

18.88

1920... .

18.22

Phthalic anhydride—

1917... . .

98

1,853

280

15.13

1918

1919

1920

1921

.

Resorcin—

1917

134

672

104

15. 5(

1918

1920

51, 529
- 109,668

175

39,932
75, 022

238

7,278
13,995

40

18.25

1921

18.6!

Tolyleiiediamine—

1921

16. '(

Xylidine—

1918

1920

56, 047

41, 237

7,587

18.41

All distillates, n . s. p. f., which on distillation yield in the
equal to or more than 5 per cent of the original distillate:

1918

1, 550
3,170

85, 474
16, 240

2, 008

4, 587

36, 041

11,811

340

767

7,543

2,178

16. a

1919

16.7;

1920

20.9

1921

18.41

CENSUS OF DYES AISTD SYNTHETIC OEGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921. 165

Table I. — Imports of coal-tar products entered for consumption, 1917 to 1921 — Con.
GROUP II (DUTIABLE AT 15 PER CENT PLUS 2i CENTS PER POUND).— Continnod.

Article and years.

Quantity.

Value.

Duty.

Actual
and com-
puted ad
valorem
rate.

All similar products, obtained, derived, or manufactured
in whole or in part from tlie products provided for in
Group I (free):
1917

Pounds.
193, 021
13,445
51,214
87, 911
87, 207

$17, 595

8,640

39,861

74,514

41,965

$7,465
1,632
7,260

13, 375

8,475

Per cent.
42. U

191S t

IS 89

1919

18.21

1920

17. 95

1921

20.19

AU sulfoacids or sulfoacid salts of Group II:

1917

1918

1919

1920

100
6, 789

87
2,944

16
611

17 88

1921

20.76

GROUP III (DUTIABLE AT 30 PER CENT AD VALOREM).

When obtained, derived, or manufactured in whole or in
part from any of the products provided for in Group 1
(free) or II, including natural indigo and their deriva-
tives:
Alizarin, natural —

1917

1918

1919

1920

1921

Alizarin, synthetic —

1917

1918

1919

1920

1921

Dyes obtained, derived, or manufactured from aliza-
rin—

1917

1918

1919

1920

1921

Dyes obtained, derived, or manufactured from an-
thrac ene and carbazol —

1917

1918

1919

1920

1921

Indigoids, whether or not obtained from indigo —

1917

1918

1919

1920

1921

Flavors —

1917

1918

1919

1920

1921

Indigo, natural —

1917

1918 •

1919

1920

*■ 1921

Indigo, synthetic —

1917

1918

1919

1920

1921

Mediciuals —

1917

1918

1919

1920

Pounds.

6,899

108,711

6,684

58, 583

59, 306

19, 180

73,23.2
136,283

34

6,446

1,920

29,436

246,837

23,146

12, 827

7,162

216, 508

226,956

129,983
3,376
34,049
86,4.39
76, 123

35
160

2,261,122

1,637,914

2.i4,991

36,537

77, 121

1,379,349

69(J,414

537,697

171,101

70,975

$12, 216

158, 816

8,612

41,381

81, 816

55, 179

24,072
49, 707

75

13,399

3,864

25, 489

356, 658

11,. 326

20,087

7,772

208, 754

422,941

140,932
13,744
82, 779

196,783
72,154

408
816

27

4,230,510
2,007,958

285,925
69,528

154,538

871,267
342,589
327, 133
^^07,299
'84,901

284,346
301,074
168,466
165,055
280,299

$3, 665. 00
47, 644. 80
2, 583. 60
12,414.30
24, 544. 80

16, 554. 00

Per cent.
30.00
30.00
30.00
30.00
30.00

30. CO

7, 221. 60
14,912.10

22.50

4,019.70

1,159.20

7, 646. 70

106,997.40

3,398.00

6,026.10

2,331.60

62,628.20

126,882.30

42,280.00
4, 123. 20
24,833.70
59,0.34.90
21,646.20

122.00
244.80

30.00
3a. 00

30.00
30.00
30.00
30.00
30.00

30.00
30.00
30.00
30.00
30.00

30.00
30.00
30.00
30.00
30.00

30.00
30.00

30.00

1,269,153.00
602,387.40
85, 777. 50
20, 858. 40
46,361.40

261,380.00

102., 776. 70

98, 139. 90

62, 189. 70

25,470.30

85,304.00
90,322.20
50, 539. 80
49,516.50
84,089.70

30.00
30.00
30.00
30.00
30.00

30.00
30.00
30.00
30.00
30.00

30.00
30.00
30.00
30.00
30.00

166 CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921.

Table I. — Imports of coal-tar products entered for consumption, 1917 to 1921 — Con.
GROUP III (DUTIABLE AT 30 PER CENT AD VALOREM)— Continued.

Article and years.

Quantity.

Value.

Duty.

Actual
and com-
puted ad
valorem
rate.

"When obtained, derived, or manufactured in whole or in
part from any of the products provided for ia Gro«p I
(free) or II, including natural indigo and their deriva-
tives:
Colors, or color lakes obtained, derived, or manufac-
tured from alizarin —
1917

Povndx.

7,062

1,490

15, 358

98, 735

59, 290

53, 205
27, 900
38,073
960, 060
62, 748

2,257,476
1, 799, 467
1,991,687
2, 807, 807
2, 751, 535

134, 702

?18,680
4,490

14, 405
172,841

66, 171

49, 729
22, 546
55, 475
529, 966
65, 635

2,574,363
2,161,799
2, 848, 294
4, 093, 389
3,%8,319

11, 596

$5,957.00

1,421.95

5,089.40

56,789.05

22, 815. 80

17,579.00

8, 168. 80

18, 546. 15

171,992.80

22,827.90

885,183.00
738,513.05
954, 072. 55
1,368,407.05
1,328,072.45

10,214.00

Per cent
31.89

1918

31.67

1919

35.33

1920

32.86

1921

34.48

Colors, or color lakes obtained, derived, or manufac-
tured from anthracene and carbazol—
1917

35.35

1918

36.19

1919

33.43

1920

32.45

1921

34.73

All other colors, dyes, or stains, whether soluble or

not in water, color acids, color bases, or color lakes—

1917

34.38

19181

34.16

1919

33.50

1920

33.43

1921

33.47

Phenolic resin, synthetic—

1917.. .. .

88.08

1918

1919

1,114
2,479
1,420

12, 632
14, 550
12, 059
21, 808
28, 281
124

3,280

2,860
2,681
2,366

101,406
108, 537
77, 876
67,640
65,906
50

40,352

913.70
928.25
780.80

31,05.3.00
33, 288. 60
23, 965. 75
21,382.40
21,235.85
12.00

10,088.00

31.95

1920

34.63

1921

33.00

Photfisiraphic chemicals—

1917

30.62

1918

30.67

1919

30.77

1920

31.61

1921

32.22

AcetaniUd (25 per cent), 1919

25.00

Acetphenetidin (25 per cent):

1917

25.00

1918

1919

1920

1921

AcetylsalicyUc acid (25 per cent):

1917

1,474

4,670

1, 168. 00

25.00

1918

1919

26

76

19.00

25.00

1920

Antipyrene (25 per cent):

1917 .

21, 842
9,416
13, 736
14,737

62,411
106,643
135,565

53, 293

15, 603. 00
26,661.00
33; 891. 00
13, 323. 00

25.00

1918 .-

25.00

25. W

1920

25.00

Aspirin 2 (25 per cent)

Salol 3 (25per cent)

Phenolphthalein (25 per cent):

1917

1918

100

1,200

300.00

25.00

1919

1920

200
5,055

554

726
2,385

6,544

181.00
596.25

360. 00

25.00

1921

25.00

Saccharin (05 cents per pound):

1917

5.<0

1918.. . . .

1919

1920

40
46

39
103

26.00
29.90

66.67

1921

29.03

1 Does not include 110 pounds, valued at $322, duty $81.68i, from Cuba.

' Included under acetylsaUcylic acid.

' Dutiable under the act of Oct. 3, 1913, rather than under the act of Sept. 8, 1916.

CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 19'21.

167

Table I. — Imports of natural dyes and extracts of, entered for consumption, 1917 to

1921— Continued.

Calendar year.

Annatto.

Cochineal.

Cudbear.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

1917

Pounds.
660, 102
655, 250
356,432

1, 004, 129
493,280

$77,238
62, 961
19, 972
40, 108
17, 111

Pounds.
121, 879
237,402
116,014
202, 808
63, 331

$48,345
116,660
52, 029
81,979
17, 052

Pounds.
55,897
54,447
33, 391
50, 170
22, 595

$7 515

1918

9' 411

1919

4 150

1920

8 463

1921

3 241

Calendar year .

Dyewoods, diverse.

Fustic wood.

Indigo, natural.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

1917

Tons.

7,565

15, 966

922

2,653

1,804

$94, 029

407, 190

23,286

51, 904

50,710

Tons.

10,442

11,866

696

1,304

2,926

$289, 756

280, 813

15,091

25,033

47,543

Pounds.

2,261,122

1,637,914

234, 991

36, 537

77 121

$4,230,510

2,007,958

285 925

1918

1919

1920

69 528

1921

154 538

Calendar year.

Logwood.

Logwood (and other
wood extracts).

Madder, ground.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

1917

Tons.
61,714
33, 168
29, 022

72, &30

26,740

$1, 509, 878
776, 735
549, 885

2,179,891

636,932

Pounds.
736, 038
277, 748
539,252

545,892

253, 163

$86,672
45,895
62,601

50, 313

18,668

Pounds.
2,193

$253

1918

1919

7,875
/ 12, 835
\ 1 2, 300

1,545
3,155

1920

1921

1,340

Calendar year.

Orchil.

Persian berries, extract.

Safflower, saffron.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

1917

Pounds.

$50,005
56, 284
42,085
58, 6S2
83,507

Pounds.

Pougids.

$105,516
70 032

1918

1919

372,606
547, 384
557, 457

5,209
11,357
10,332

$2,691
3,631
1,914

23,663
21,664
29,985

106' 951
127,579
63,509

1920

1921

Calendar year.

Turmeric.

Gambler.

All other extracts of
vegetable origin.

Quantity. Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

1917

Pounds.

$1,331
11,278
68,852
86,141
22,775

Pounds.
12, 050, 848

8,755,270

4,744,651
10,095,325

7, 022, 790

$1, 138, 833
949,971
432, 499
806,583
269,912

Pounds.
150, 078

2, 889, 865
443, 749
381, 537
564, 212

$30,757

2.34, 375

80,079

75,613

40, 212

1918

1919

1,2.30,229

1,215,057

646, 182

1920

1921

1 Extracts of madder, 1920.

168

CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANJC CHEMICALS, 1021.

Table II. — Generalimports of coal-tar products, by countries, 1918-1921, calendar years.

DEAD OR CREOSOTE OIL (FREE).

Imported from—

1918

1919

1920

1921

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

$2,568,235

21,096

2 .7, 624

979, 444

Quantity.

Value.

England

Gallons.

Gallons.

8,934,045

60, 756

2,273,578

$1,085,617

10,462

278, 138

Gallons.

12,514,150

147,377

1,619,903
14,145,722

Gallons.

19,465,981

819

374, 845

l.-^ .?Q7 7S7

$3,114,867

189

64 713

Scotland

Canada ..

1,125

1,543,660

462

$862

161,693

314

All other

1 576 849

Total

1,545,247

162,869

11,268,379

1,374,217 18,427,152

3,796,399

33, 239, 432

4,756,618

BENZOL.

Pounds.
1,315,696

S33. 303

Pounds.

217. ses

$5,617

Pounds.
486.619

$10,868

Pounds.

1,562,951

159, 134

$39,020
3,350

1 I

Total

1,315,696

33,303

217,8 5

5,617

486,619

10,868 { 1,722,085

42,370

CRESOL.

Pounds.
3,051,833
1,676,354

$256,917
196,116

Pounds.

4,9.35,748

1,516,610

800

$408, 407

149,373

1,028

Pounds.

6,037,223

4,198,397

16, 400

66,050

$509, 710

382,637

1,360

7,674

Pounds.
1,708,992

934, 842
4,600

705,448

$139, 737

Scotland

86,380
501

27, 268

Total

4, 728, 187

453, 033

6,453,158

558,808 10,318,070

901,381

3,353,882

253,886

NAPHTHALENE.

United Kingdom

Pounds.
424, 147

$13, 253

Pounds.
1,342,091

$47,076

Pounds.

10,155,579

413,274

2,959,976

381, 740

98, 695

. 494,644

•168,923

339,340

$357,954
16,972
78,704
34, 135

7,653
17,077

3,528
14, 198

Pounds.
2,644,997

96,928
1,708,868

42,683
2,320

$83,353
5,412

1,328,496

44, 540

1,836,478

43,795

44,541

Germany

2,383

612

42

252

Italy

60,0T5

1,352

Total

1,752,643

57,793

3,239,256

92,265

15,012,171

530,221

4,495,796

135,941

TAR AND PITCH OF COAL.

England

Barrels.
51

$686

Barrels.

600

100

25,003

$2,725

256

44,093

Barrels.

1,127

580

18,824
150

$4,166

3, 706

41,940

350

Barrels.

7

$82

Canada

26,499

49,069

21,948
13

47,913

All other

53

Total

26,550

49, 755

25,703

47,074

20,681

50, 162

21,968

48,048

TOLUOL.

Canada.

Pounds.

Pounds.
1, 195, 706

$30,768

Pounds.

Pounds.

ALL OTHER CRUDES.

1 All from Netherlands, except 6 gallons from Japan.

$823

57,364

825

104,765

$54

42,875

870

1,891

$10, 903

178, 866

1,581

876

9, 179

2,886

$1,507

19,015

840

352

All other

4

Total

163,777

45,690

204,381

21,718

CEIS^SUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC OEGANIC CHEMICALS, 1&21.

169

Table II. — General imports of coal-tar products, by countries, 1918-1921, calendar

years — Continued.

CARBOLIC ACID.

1918

1919

Imported from—

Carbolic acid, free.

Carbolic acid, duti-
able (phenol).

Carbolic acid, free.

Carbolic acid, duti-
able (phenol).

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Pounds.
155, 236

$17, 260

Pounds.
208, 037
75,300

$54,884
7,613

Pounds.
1,619,823

$158, 820

Pounds.
2,061

$264

345,466

28,968

Total

155,236

17,260

283,337

62,497

1,965,289

187, 788

2,061

2M.

1920

1921

Imported from—

Carbolic acid, free.

Carbolic acid, duti-
able (phenol).

Carbolic acid, free.

CarboUc acid, duti-
able (phenol).

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Pounds.

178, 652

14,040

$18,258
1,590

Pounds.
1,040

$244

Pounds.
205, 113

$21,841

Pounds.
250

$142

Scotland

9,072

1,008

Total

192,692

19,848

1,040

244

214, 185

22, 849

250

142

ALL OTHER ACIDS.

Imported from-

Quantity,

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

1921

Quantity.

Value

England. .

Japan

France

G ermany.

Total.

541—22-

Pounds.

125

5

,114
2

Pounds.
63

$374

Pounds.
250

$1,087

Pounds.

11,199
309

8,182
500

11,263

3,012

130 1,116 63 374 11,758 9,769 11,263 3,012

ANILINE OIL.

Imported from—

1918

1919

1920

1921

France

Pounds.
220

$72

-12

170 CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921.

Table II.— General imports of coal-tar products, by countries, 1918-1921, calendar

years — Continued .

ANILINE SALTS.
(Free under act of 1909; dutiable under act of Oct. 3, 1913, and under the act of Sept. 8, 1916.)

Imported from—

1918

1919

1920

1921

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

1.
Value. Quantity.

Value.

England

Founds.
21, 273

$3,250

Founds.

Founds.

Pounds.

18,301

15

$12,029
an

Germany

4

$1

'^

Total

21, 273

3,250

4

1

18,316

12 109

ALL OTHER INTERMEDIATES.

Belgium . .

France

Germany.

Imported from—

Italy.

England

Straits Settlements.
Japan .

1918

4,348

Canada

All other....

Total.

4,363

1919

$26,611

82
20, 788

96, 203

$41,291
140, 095
191,732
17,491
302, 235
41,237
68,323

29,264

1921

$18,774

62,028

80,306

740

98, 502

15
40, 587
40,650

341,602

INDIGO.
(Free under act of October 3, 1913; dutiable under act of September 8, 1916.)

1918

1919

Imported from—

Indigo, natural
(dutiable).

Indigo, synthetic
(dutiable).

Indigo, natural
(dutiable).

Indigo, synthetic
(dutiable).

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Founds.

25,762

264,975

1, 138, 176

234,452

83, 709

$38, 719
463,510
1,284,434
299, 5.54
108, 150

Founds.

770,212

6,817

$410, 421

Founds.
15. 796

$29,857
16,647
99,901
67,262
46,448

Founds.

726, 440
1,468

$388,067
1,970

5, 587 10. 584

99, 597

60,940
40,557

8,400
87,570

5,729

All other

36,607

Total

1,747,074

2,194,367

777,029

416,008

227,474

260,115

823, 878

432, 373

1920

1921

Imported from—

Indigo, natural
(dutiable).

Indigo, synthetic
(dutiable).

Indigo, natural
(dutiable).

Indigo, synthetic
(dutiable).

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Switzerland

Founds.
57,411
27,269
10, 214
.50,066
■1,316
2,850

$150,957

51, 556

20,296

70,008

5,171

7,392

Founds.

285, 153

1,229

$252,708
361

Founds.

27,366

9,245

13, 158

$.55, 142
9,857
11,112

Founds.

59, 873

6,895

$101,073

England

5,045

400, 589
25,029

172,692
18, 220

331,320
2,829

87, 407

(iermany

882

2,382

2,288

Italy

54, 422

37,311

,532
6,813

128

All other

48

48

1,838

7,202

4,962

Total

1.52,204

305,428

766,422

481,292

52,489

85,095

408, 262

200,903

CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921.

171

Table II.— General imports of coal-tar products, by countries, 1918-1921, calendar

years — Continued.

ALIZARIN AND ALIZARIN DYES.

(Free under act of Oct. 3, 1913; dutiable under act of Sept. 8, 1916.)

Importel from—

1918

1919

1920

1921

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Germany

Pounds.

Pounds.

Pounds.

141,213

222, 417

25, 196

297

$197, 562
81,393

18, 898
1,806

Pounds.

285,007

110

44,026

2

$393, 374

Switzerland . . .

440

4,310

1

15, 141

$572

3, 739

2

58,948

220

23, 417

215

$2,517

21, 084

414

374

United Kingdom

54,869
5

Japan

Belgium

46,283

5,908

444

32, 857

10,314

689

13, 280
12, 483
20, 204

9,964

21,582

All other

500

7,629

23

265

29, 870

Total

20, 392

70, 890

23,875

24, 280

441, 756

343,519

375, 112

510, 038

COAL-TAR COLORS OR DYES (DUTIABLE).

Imported from—

1918,
Value.

1919

1920

1921

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

UplcrillTn . ,

Pounds.
36, 968
11,746
143,031
1, 284, 199
609, 703
165, 750

$63, 119

20,853

83,563

2, 176, 463

664, 548

160, 730

Pounds.

190, 414

70,821

1,155,501

1,372,490

345, 889

351,758

$153,020

100, 884

1,565,300

2,693,653

394,668

351,277

Pounds.
31,813
62, 468
1,050,028
1,504,970
287,377
169, 699

$56,481

P'rance

$76, 506

90,328

(Jermany

1,718,776

Switzerland

iinsjland

1, 762, 688

561, 699

68, 546

2, 005, 265
358, 463

All other

216,035

Total

2, 469, 439

2,215,397

3, 169, 276

3,486,873

5, 258, 802

3,106,355

4, 445, 348

ALL OTHER COAL-TAR PRODUCTS.

Imported from—

1918 1

1919

1920

1921

France

$11,900

50

3,045

47,548

32

Netherlands

England .

Total

62,575

1 Jan. l-June 30, 1918.

MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS.

Imported from —

1918 2

1919

1920

1921

France

$32, 129

$58,749

$21,724

59, 133

8

21, 203

523

18,571

40,339

87

$45, 378

Germany

124, 862

Ilaly .. .

1,329

12,257

94

1,761

20,302

137

77, 162

60

11,680

Spain

268

Switzerland

England

Scotland

154
7,499

39, 151
59,681

Canada

53,324
114

1

Peru

69
351

7

162

3,816

Japan

6,142
10

299

All other . . .

10,229

Total

99,372

172,211

165, 573

281, 609

" July 1-Dec. 31, 1918.

172 CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921.

Table II. — General imports of coal-tar products, by countries, 1918-1921, calendar

years — Continued .

ALL OTHER FINISHED PRODUCTS.

Imported from —

19181

1919

1920

1921

France

$4,162

$25,955

■$37,192
21,409
6,715
10,307

$39 314

Germany

6 518

Switzerland

England

Canada

2,901

54, 502

818

1,447
57, 1G6

, 15,011

2,657

AU other

29

302

Total

62,381

84, 568

75,049

C3,802

\

1 July 1-Dee. 31, 1918.

Table III. — Domestic exports of coal tar and of dyes and dyestuffs, 1918-1921, calendar

years.

COAL TAR.

Exported to—

1918

1919

1920

1921

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity. Value.

Europe. . .

Barrels.

2,0G9

54, 149

808

198

154

1, 176

$12,297
139,453
6,288
1,505
1,739
7 4.q.'^

Barrels.
230

71,749

2,759

475

45

1,334

$900

158,205

20, 186

3,174

301

15,7.57

Barrels.

243

74,374

3,725

10

81

17

$1,441

208,561

23,656

65

• 995

49

Barrels.

212

91,716

457

17

$1,394

North America

South America

Asia

185,063
3, 125
1,857

Oceania

Africa

4 43

Total

58,554 1 168,720

76, 592

198, .503

88,360

234,767

92,408 ; $191,482

COAL-TAR DISTILLATES, n. e. s.
Benzol.

France

Pounds.
32,599,682

$1,854,216

Pounds.
12,319,900

$407,022

Pounds.

2,528,494

229,079

57, 500

$138,850
10,760
4.970

Pou7ids.
24,344,624

.SI. 095. 063

Chile

England

113,300

10,197

48,073,896 i 1.797.780

Germany

669,494 1 36! 902

'

Canada.

136,-571

7,389

335,799

21,313

389,783
3,150,240

353,522

67, 200

4,981,878

767,078

23,904
238,617

23,907

6,720

357, 956

79,354

44,725

287

Belgium

Argentina

75,442
136,480
299, (■•59

40,743

7,329

8,680

22,704

4,042

973,978
280,442

00,563
18,590

549, 896

37.571

Japan

900 1 81

Italy

348,880 j 22,030

Another

215,000

16,847

667,479 1 54,355

Total

33,294,577

1,904,360

14,238,419

535,132 13,174,288

927,940 l72,a30,400 3,007,086

1

ALL OTHER COAL-TAR DISTILLATES.

Exported to—

1918

1919

1920

1921

Value.

Value.

Value.

Value.

France

$2,188,439

$33,387

$445,520

474,793

290,449

1,632,599

314, 641

615,284

138,063

193,089

1,158,196

1,032,599

69, 018

$10,347

Belgium

Italy

345, 407

927, 295
1,477,984
98, 79S
78, 160
72, lt:2

475,377
46,831

159,377

14,674

127,583

105,335

6.4,917

61,441

101,. 305

250,061

8,144

336,903

England

28,498

Canada

158,917

Spain

28,334

Mexico

14,090

Brazil. .

32,550

Japan

79, 746

Switzerland

44,833

AU other

116,193

Total

5, 867, 830

1,103,750

6,962,249

509,508

• CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921. 173

Table III. — Domestic exports of coal tar and of dyes and dyestuffs, 1918-1921, calendar

years — Continued.

DYES AND DYESTUFFS (VALUE).

Exported to —

T'ortugal

W.'lgiura

ranee

^■:'inany

'aiy

L'lherlands

Uussia

Switzerland

Hnited Kingdom.

V.nada

'•xico

•ntral America..

■ I'St Indies

S;iLith America...

Asia

Oceania

A frica

1 >enmark

Spain

Sweden

Norway

Allotlier

Total.

Calendar year^.

Aniline

dyes.

$176, 769
""6," 345'
'274,963'

22, 500

380, 181

836, 445

289,327

5,617

23, 447

1, 719, 408

4, 248, 367

100, 490

3, 993

Logwood
extracts.

$10, 541
'263,'6i6

"70'237'

7,728

345, 458

82, 292

5, 666

400

742

128, 645

504, 542

20, 194

715

518, 895

104, 748

22, 924

985
4,877

8,629,611

1,551,380

All other.

$131,280

496, 875

234,238

12, 825

5,000

524, 576

724,522

181,029

5,498

35, 473

931, 600

2, 720, 399

133, 493

15, 534

1,055

472, 222

4,529
6,761

6, 636, 099

Aniline
dyes.

Logwood
extracts.

$70, 296

90

127, 059

150

269, 130

26, 284

8,570

193

413, 700

1, 015, 334

467, 808

5,941

34, 307

1, 651, 872

5, 565, 053

177, 964

45, 566

5, 334

535, 383

22, 694

13,663

267, 682

$2, 319
34, 787
596, 042
290
58,716
21,735

10, 724, 071

22, 824

304, 686

119,871

17, 438

892

137

66, 099

48, 063

14,041

1, 508

9,671

18,349

8,584

1,300

8,584

1,355,936

AU other.

$36, 063

19, 193

229, 689

180, 359
9,104

423, 719

1, 007, 892

230, 359

14,544

40, 900

585, 127

1, 921, 202

143, 223

8,281

2, 438

84, 544

15,708

7, 303

44, 780

5, 004, 428

Exported to —

Aniline
dyes.

Logwood
extracts.

All other.

Aniline
dyes.

Logwood
extracts.

AU other.

Portu-iil

r.(.'li,'ium

I''rance

< : ormany

llaly

Netherlands

iuissia (European)

Swit;6erland

United Kingdom..

Canada

Mexico

Central America...

'.Vest Indies

South America

Asia

Oceania

Africa ,

I'enmark

S])ain ,

s weden

Norway ,

All other ,

Total

507:
807;

582
39;

132,

,318,

,547,

,091,

13,

52,

,282,

, 783,

277,

65,

26,

682,

67,

4,

100,

752
371
241
454
236
682
100
359
498
109
603
159
745
210
303
660
077
463
998
921
568
971

$5,970

118, 339

607,017

1,456

404, 367

73, 472

$20, 688
41, 523

391, 050
7,745

275, 149
56, 057

$1, 432
100, 821
67, 535
653
45, 058
1,938

$6, 843

66, 762

13, 885

8,723

2,535

60, 157

729, 026

183, 081

11,092

1,852

18, 144

45, 586

195, 493

41, 283

1,248

2,903

77, 183

1,250

1,110

25,051

92, 017
1, 079, 871

982,. 665

210,145
13, 730
97, 922

497, 029
3, 208, 107

134, 196

28, 251

2,794

149, 365
29, 802
15,998
38,997

20, 374

165,711

584, 664

149, 009

7,982

1, 585

432, 881

3,131,071

207, 473

61, 699

1, 305

36, 844

2,786

1,800

44, 369

21, 096

71,331

3, 560

975

91

16, 466

347,610

13, 190

486

535

15,

22, 450, 480

2,605,060

7,373,111 5,067,000 589,756

8,334

6, 352

70

6, 590

19

58,630

423, 914

132, 075

5,680

2,057

89, 156

333, 703

51,743

13, 179

3,849

12, 040

8,976

1,304

45, 433

1, 203, 15o

174

CENSUS OF DYES AND SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1921,

Table 1Y .—Imports and exports of inks arid ink powders, 1918-1921, calendar years.
IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION.

Calendar year.

Printer's ink.

Writing and copying ink.

AU other, including ink
powders.

Rate of
duty.

Value.

Duty
collected.

Rate of
duty.

Value.

Duty
collected.

Rate of
duty.

Value.

Duty
collected.

1918

Per cent.
15
15
15
15

$4,154

199

15,228

5,554

$623

30

2,284

833

Per cent.
15
15
15
15

$13,363
15, 116
15, 505
4,625

$2,004

2,267

2,326

694

Per cent.
15
15
15
15

$6,343
8,143
10,657
10,813

$951

1919

1,221

1920

1,599

1921

1 622

DOMESTIC EXPORTS.

Exported to—

Calendar years.

1918

Printer's
ink.

AU other
inks.

1919

Printer's
ink.

All other
inks.

1920

Printer's
ink.

AU other
inks.

1921

Printer's
ink.

AU other

inks.

Europe

North America
South America

Asia ,

Oceania ,

Africa

Total

$18,394
256, 507
353, 023
224, 345
116, 424
42, 189

$25,371

206, 360

100, 8.33

67, 736

42,452

5,429

$210, 482
320,008
603, 758
435,664
113,288
29,726

$68, 382
297,959
210,212
155,420
109,962
14,282

$224, 129
366,784
535,265
579,843
171,640
15,091

$96,699
328, 889
208,272
187,988
105,984
8,887

$101,914
321, 389
140,612
291,719
108, 453
6,743

$71,818
200,361
49, 336
75,867
45,017
6,700

1,040,882

448, 181

1,712,926

856,217 11,892,752

936, 719

970,830

449,099

o

UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION
WASHINGTON

TariflF Information Series — No. 27

The Emergency Tariff Act

and

Long- Staple Cotton

WASHINGTON .
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

1922

UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION

WASHINGTON

Tariff Information Series — No. 27

The Emergency Tariff Act

"and

Long- Staple Cotton

WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

1922

UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION.

OflBce: Old Land Office, Seventh and E Streets NW., Washington, D. C.

COMMISSIONERS.

Thomas 0. Marvin, Chairman.
William S. Culbertson, Vice Chairniait.
David J. Lewis.
Edward P. Costigan.
Thomas Walker Pace.
William Burgess.

John F. livAHVUR, StcreUiiy.

ADDITIONAL COPIES

OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PKOCUEED FS ) I

THE SUPEEINTENDENT OFPUBLIC DOCUUE:U'i

GOVERNMENT FEINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON, D. C.

AT

0 CENTS PER COPV.

CONTENTS.

Pase.

Summary v

Duty on raw cotton 1

Origin of cotton tariff duty of 1921 I

The American cotton crop 2

Production of American-Egyptian cotton 3

The Egyptian cotton crop 5

Relative grades of Pima and Sakellarides 8

Imports of raw cotton 9

American consumption of cotton of If inches and over 12

American consumption of Egyptian and American-Egyptian cotton 12

Mill consumption, by geographic divisions 14

Mill consumption, by industries 15

Stocks on hand of Egyptian and American-Egyptian cotton 17

The export of American-Egyptian cotton 18

Effect of tariff on cotton of If inches and over 19

Appendix:

Foreign tariff duties on raw cotton, ginned 26

1 World supply of and demand for extra long staple cottons 27

Prices of Egyptian cotton as fixed by Cotton Control Commission 28

Prices of Egyptian cotton at Alexandria 29

Prices of Pima cotton at Boston 30

Trend of extra staple prices since 1914 30

Net imports of cotton, 1891-1921 33

Production, consumption, exports, and imports of cotton, 1790-1920 33

III

FOREWORD.

This report presents a general view of the economic situation in
the long staple cotton industry with special reference to the effect
of the emergency tariff act and to competition from foreign cottons.
American-Egyptian cotton, which constitutes the bulk of the do-
mestic growth naving a staple of If inches and over, has been treated
in detail. A comparison of this cotton with the imported Egyptian
has been made, and the consumption of the two kinds in the United
States has been analyzed to show their competitive position and
relative importance.

In the preparation of this report the Tariff Commission had the
services of W. A. Graham Clark, special expert, and Evelina P.
Kean, of the textile division of the Commission's staff, and of
others.

IV

SUMMARY.

The effect of the emergency tariff duty of 7 cents a pound on cotton
having a staple of If inches and over may be summarized as follows:

(1) There has been a decrease in the ratio of imports of Sakellarides
cotton to total imports of Egyptian cotton, although the monthly
imports of all cotton have steadily increased since the enactment
of the emergency act. Prior to June, 1920, imports of Sakellarides
were about 50 per cent of the total Egyptian imports, but since that
time Sakellarides has averaged less than 20 per cent per month of
the total imports.

(2) As shown by price tables herein, the emergency tariff has not
resulted in actually increasing the price of American-Egyptian Pima
cotton, although for reasons given below, it may have stabilized the
price somewhat. On the other hand, the margin in Boston of
Sakellarides cotton over Pima, exclusive of the duty, has steadily
increased since June, 1921, largely because of the increased world
demand for Sakellarides.

(3) There has been an increase in the relatively small consumption
of Pima cotton in recent months on account of the growing premium
of Sakellarides over Pima. This premium, however, is caused
partly by the increased world price of Sakellarides and partly by the
additional 7 cents duty in the American market over the ruling price
in Liverpool.

THE EMERGENCY TARIFF ACT AND LONG-STAPLE COTTON.

DUTY ON RAW COTTON.

In the first United States tariff act, that of 1789, raw cotton was
specifically exempted from duty. In the act of 1790 there was
levied a duty of 3 cents per pound; this rate was also stated in the
acts of 1816 and 1842. In the act of 1862 raw cotton was made
dutiable at one-half cent a pound; in the act of 1864, at 2 cents a
pound; in the act of 1865, at 5 cents a pound; and in the act of 1866,
at 3 cents a pound. Raw cotton was specifically exempted from duty
in the acts of 1883, 1890, 1894, 1897, 1909, and 1913.

The emergency tariff act of May 27, 1921, imposed a duty of 7
cents a pound on cotton having a staple of If inches or more in
length. Cotton less than If inches in length remains on the free list.

In the appendix is given a table, prepared by the Bureau of
Foreign and Domestic Commerce, under date of August 15, 1921,
which shows the status of raw cotton in the tariff laws of the various
countries of the world.

ORIGIN OF COTTON TARIFF DUTY OF 1921.

Imports of cotton in the crop year ended July 31, 1920, were
abnormally large but were preceded by two years of unusually small
imports. These excessive imports, particularly of Egyptian cotton,
were bought in the fall of 1919 on a steadily rising market occasioned
by a short American crop and a strong demand, and were due to
the great boom being experienced by cotton mills, particularly tire
fabric mills. These imports arrived mainly in the early part of 1920.
Shortly thereafter there was a sharp reaction, resulting from the in-
ability of the general public to pay the high prices demanded for
goods made from cotton bought at peak values. The mills using
imported cotton were left with large stocks of high-priced cotton
which they could not manufacture at a profit and several failed,
including one very large tire fabric company. The decline in prices
during the summer and fall of 1920 was sharp and continuous.

In the meantime the cotton growers of the Southwest, planting at
the time of high prices in the spring of 1920, greatly increased their
acreage and that fall picked 92,561 bales of cotton as compared with
40,437 bales the previous year. When this cotton was put on the
market there was practically no demand, inasmuch as the mills had
large surplus stocks of Egyptian cotton and in most cases were
operating short time or else were shut down. Being unable to market
their crop, from which they had anticipated large profits, at a price
that would repay them the cost of production, the growers of cotton
in the Southwest made request for a duty on competitive cotton

2 EMERGENCY TARIFF ACT AND LONG-STAPLE COTTON.

imported from abroad, and this was granted by the insertion of a
duty in the emergency tariff act of May 27, 1921. This duty was
placed on cotton having a staple of If inches or more. Cotton
shorter than 1| inches was left on the free list, inasmuch as the
growers of such cotton have no competition from abroad and depend
on foreign markets for the sale of a large portion of their production.

THE AMERICAN COTTON CROP.

The United States is the largest producer, exporter, and manu-
facturer of raw cotton. In normal years the American production
amounts to more than 60 per cent of the world's requirements. The
world production of commercial cotton — ^that is, cotton destined to
enter commercial channels for factory use — amounted, in the 1920-21
season, to about 18,810,000 bales of equivalent 500 pounds, and of
this quantity the United States produced 12,859,000 bales, or 68.4
per cent. The mill consumption of the world in the 1920-21 season
amounted to about 16,170,000 bales of equivalent 500 pounds, and
of this quantity the United States manufactured 4,690,000 bales, or
28.6 per cent.^

The production of lint cotton (not including linters) in the United
States in the 12 months ended July 31, 1921, amounted to 13,270,970
running bales; its distribution during the same period was as follows : ^

Table 1. — Production and distribution of American lint cotton during year ended July

31, 1921.

Running
bales.

Per cent.

Domestic miU consumption

Destroyed by fire, etc

Exported

Surplus

Production

4, 676, 891
60, 000

5, 744, 698
2, 789, 381

35.24

.45

43.29

21.02

13, 270, 970

100. 00

The total domestic mill consumption, including foreign cotton,
was made up as follows :

Table 2. — Total domestic mill

consumption in

year ended July 31, 1921

Running
bales. a

Per cent.

United States cotton:

Upland

4,641,453
16, 771
18,667

94.86

American-Egyptian

.34

Sea island

.38

Total domestic cotton

4,676,891

95.59

Foreign cotton:

Egyptian

159, 196
12, 752
32, 071
11, 762

3.25

Peruvian

.26

Chinese

.66

other

.24

Total foreign cotton

215, 781

4.41

Total consumption, all kinds

4,892,672

100.00

» Quantities in both tables are given in running bales, except that round bales are counted as half bales
and foreign cotton in equivalent oOO-pound bales.

' "Cotton production and distribution, season of 1920-21," Bu. of the Census, Bulletin 147, pp. 82,
2 Ibid., p. 7. Not including carry-over from previous year.

EMERGENCY TARIFF ACT ANI^ LONG-STAPLE COTTON. 3

Texas has long been the main cotton-producing State. In the
1920-21 season it was followed by South Carolina, Georgia, Oklahoma,
Arkansas, North Carolina, Mississippi, Alabama, Louisiana, and
Tennessee in the order named. Smaller producers were Arizona,
Missouri, California, and Virginia.

Cotton under 1| inches is classed commercially as short staple,

whereas cotton having a staple of 1| inches or more is classed as

long staple. The Bureau of Crop Estimates of the United States

Department of Agriculture estimated the domestic production in

he 1920-21 season, according to length of cotton lint, as follows:

Bales of
equivalent
500 pounds.

Per cent.

Short-staple uplands, under 1| inches.

Long-staple cotton, IJ to 1} inches

Long-staple cotton, over U inches. . . . .

Total

12,049,000
1,112,000
1 205, 000

90.2
8.-3
1.5

1.3, 3^6, 000

1 The amount Included having a staple oi If inches or over is not known, but probably did not exceed
100,000 bales.

In addition to the ordinary short-staple upland cotton, which in
1920-21 constituted 90.2 per cent of the domestic crop, the United
States produces long-staple uplands, American-Egyptian, and sea-
island cotton. The long-staple uplands are 1| to If inches in length
of staple (a trifle of "extra" or "fancy" staple attaining lengths up
to If inches) ; they are of the same species as the short-staple uplands,
although it is possible that some of the longest have been slightly
crossed with sea island. The cultivation of these long-staple uplands
is mainly confined to the Mississippi delta and the lowlands of
Louisiana.

The production of sea island in 1916 amounted to 93,000 bales,
but the spread of the boll weevil has reduced the crop to negligible
proportions, only 1,440 bales of equivalent 500 pounds having been
grown in 1920.

The domestic cotton that is most similar to the imported Egyptian
and which comes in most direct competition therewith is the
American-Egyptian cotton grown in the Southwest.

PRODUCTION OF AMERICAN-EGYPTIAN COTTON.

The production in the United States of acclimated Egyptian cotton
is a comparatively recent development. Several varieties of Egyp-
tian cotton were imported into the LTnited States in 1901 and used
as a basis of plant breeding work. In 1908 a "sport" in the Mitafifi
I was noted and propagated. The name "Yuma" was given to this
variety. In the spring of 1912 the United States Department of
j Agriculture distributed selected Yuma seed to a number of farmers
i in the irrigated sections of the Southwest, including the Salt Riv^r
I Valley in Arizona and the Imperial Valley in California. Yuma was
I grown in a small way until 1917, when it was displaced by Pima, a
variety evolved from a single Yuma plant with improved and more
! desirable characteristics. The plant was selected in 1911 and care-
fully tested during the next four years. Its superiority was eo clearly

110044—22 2

4 EMERGENCY TARIFF ACT AND LONG-STAPLE COTTON.

established that in the spring of 1917 a supply of Pima seed sufficient
to plant 275 acres was furnished a group of farmers near Tempe,
Ariz., and from this acreage a supply of pure seed was produced with
which to plant the entire cotton acreage of the Salt River Valley in
1917. This one variety has been grown in that valley exclusively
since that time. The purity of the variety has been maintained by
separate ginning and careful field inspection.

The production of American-Egyptian cotton, from its beginning
on a commercial scale, is given in the following table:

Table 3.-

-Production of .

A.merican- Egyptian cotton.

Crop years ended July 31—

Equiva-
lent .500-
pound
bales.

Crop years ended July 31—

Equiva-
lent 500-
pound
bales.

1912

375
2, 135
6,187
1,095
3, .331

1917

15, 906

1913

1918

1 36, 187

1914

1919

I 40, 437

1915

1920

1 92, 501

1916

1921

1 37, 094

I Running bales of approximately .500 pounds.

The production of Americati-Egyptian cotton is confined almost en-
tirely to the one county of Maricopa, in the Salt River Valley, Ariz.,
where the soil and climatic conditions closely approximate those of
Egypt and where the necessary moisture must be supplied by irriga-
tion. Pima is the only cotton grown in the Salt River Valley. It is
grown only to a slight extent elsewhere; possibly 500 bales are pro-
duced annually in the Imperial Valley in California. Most of the
cotton grown in Arizona outside of Maricopa County, and in the Im-
perial Valley (which extends across the border from California to
California Baja, Mexico), consists of Durango or of upland varieties
which rarely exceed \\ inches in length of staple.

American-Egyptian or "Pima" cotton requires a growing season
of 275 to 300 days between frosts, whereas upland cotton can be
grown safely in 225 days. Upland cotton up to 1 ^^g inches can be
ginned on saw gins, whereas the Pima, being longer, must be ginned
on the slower roller gins. The lint of both types is marketed in the
same kind of bales, and the seed of both types is manufactured in the
same way. The production costs are approximately the same for the
two types, but the harvesting costs are nearly twice as much for Pima
as for upland, because a cotton picker will gather from 125 to 175
pounds per day of upland seed cotton as compared with 60 to 100
pounds per day of Pima cotton. On the other hand, the Pima cotton
brings a much higher price on the market, usually about double that
of the upland.

Arizona has not been affected })y the boll weevil which has ravaged
such a large part of the cotton belt, nor has the pink boUworm made
its appearance, although it has been found in Louisiana and Texas.
Immunity from these pests is due largely to the measures used by
the State horticultural commission in requiring a rigid inspection of
all cotton seed entering the State.

Accurate data as to the cost of production of Pima cotton are not
available. Mr. Dwight B. Heard, president of the Arizona Pima-

i

EMERGENCY TARIFF ACT AND LONG-STAPLE COTTON.

cotton Growers' Association, in his testimony before the Senate
Finance Committee in December, 1921, stated:

My impression is that at this price of 35 cents we can lay it down in New England
to-day and make a fair return to the farmer on his land, and that is about as low as we
could do it. We may get it down to 30 cents.*

The freight rate in 1922 on cotton from Arizona to Boston is
quoted as follows:

Effective

Julv 1
(per 100
pounds).

Cotton in bales, compressed to density of 22.*. pounds per cubic foot (minimum carload
weight, 37, 500 pounds) '. $1. 69>- $1. 88i

Cotton in bales, to be compressed in transit to 22i pounds per cubic foot (minimum
carload weight, 37,.500 pounds) 1. 87i 2.

Cotton in uncompressed bales (minimum carload weight, 20,000 pounds) 2. 20 2. 44

Disregarding the rate on uncompressefd bales, it will be seen that the
freight rate from Arizona to Boston is about If cents a pound until
July, 1922, and in July will be advanced to about 2 cents per pound.

This compares with a transit cost (freight, marine insurance, and
fumigation) on Egyptian cotton to the same point of about 1 \ cents a
pound, giving Egyptian cotton a differential of about one-half of a
cent a pound.

THE EGYPriAN COTTON CROP.

Cotton is the main crop grown in Egypt. Consul Maynard estimates
that cotton and its by-products are responsible for 90 per cent of the
economic life of the country. Cotton constitutes the only article of
importance that Egypt has to offer in international trade. It repre-
sents over 80 per cent of the exports of Egypt, to which must be
added cotton seed, and cottonseed cake and oil. The principal im-
ports are cotton goods,'' mainly manufactured in England from
American cotton, but the power to buy them depends upon the price
realized from the sale of Egyptian cotton.

Cotton gi'owing in E^ypt is a development of the past 100 years,
dating from 1820. Inaugurated with imported sea-island and
Brazilian seed, the result of crossbreeding and of special conditions
of soil and climate has been the establishment oi a distinctively
Egyptian type of cotton, of which, however, there are many varieties.
The predominant type changes from time to time. A new variety is
developed from a ''sport" or special crossbreeding and may become
of such importance as to overshadow all others. Cross-pollenization
in the fields with other varieties or with "Hindi" (an inferior cotton

* The Daily News Record, in its issue of Jan. 19, 1922, printed a special from Phoenix, Ariz., in regard to
cotton conditions in the .Salt River Valley. The foUowiug statements are ol interest:

" While the valley has been through a trying period, the farmers still have faith in cotton, as demonstrated
by the increase in cotton acreage for the coming year. A conservative estimate gives the acreage next year
as 8.i,000 while there are many who predict cotton will be planted in lOO.OOOacres.

" "Cotton bringing oO cents is more profitable than an ,■ other farm product.' declares .J. D. Taylor, presi-
dent of the .Martin Cotton Co.. in reviewing the local situation. ' The farmers can make a better living out of
cotton than by diversified farming. I do not mean the automobile farmer, but the real farmer who operates
his farm, who malies from hall a bale to a bale an acre.' "

= Egypt is an important importer of cotton gooils, normally ranking .sixth, and being exceeded only by
India, China, Turkey, Dutch East Indies, and Argentina. Consuls report that the foothold secured by
American cotton goods during the World War is menaced by the resentment of the population at the duty
on their cotton that is now levied bv the United States.

6 EMERGENCY TARIFF ACT AND LONG-STAPLE COTTON,

of unknown origin) , the mixing of cotton before ginning, and the lack
of care in maintaining the purity of seed at the gins, prevent the
maintenance of such pure bred or carefully selected strains and make
it easy for any new variety that shows an improvement to take the
lead. Varieties such as Gallini, Bamia, Hamouli, and Abyad, which
were once prominent, are now entirely extinct. For a considerable
period prior to the war the predominant type was the Mitafifi;
Abbassi and Joannovich were also well known, but these have in the
course of recent years almost disappeared. Sakellarides, which
originated about 1907, now constitutes over one-h'alf of the crop, and
Ashmouni and Zagora are the only other varieties of commercial im-J
portance. In 1921, of 1,291,878 feddans (1 feddan is 1.038 acres, prac-l
tically 1 acre) of land planted to cotton in Egypt, 1,012,350 feddans
(of which all but 28,583 feddans were under Sakellarides) were in
lower Egypt, the delta north of Cairo, and 279,528 feddans (of which
169,689 feddans were under Ashmouni and 89,665 feddans under
Zagora) were in upper Egypt, extending along the Nile south of
Cairo. Sakellarides is the highest type of cotton yet developed in
Egypt, and once started it proved so profitable, owing to the longer
staple^ which brings a higher price, that it was quickly adopted
throughout the delta. The cottons grown in upper Egypt, and
known as " Egyptian uppers, " are more productive per acre and give
a larger yield of lint per pound of seed cotton, but are shorter in staple
and hence command a much lower price on the market. The
Sakellarides varies in length from 1^ to 1^ inches, and the uppers
from 1^6 to 1^6 inches. The greater part of the Sakellarides imported
into the United States is about ly^g inches and the uppers 1^ inches
in length.

Egypt is a small country and the total cultivable area to-day is only
about 5,500,000 acres, as compared with the 700,000 square miles
(about 448,000,000 acres) of the Southern Cotton Belt having a
climate suitable for cotton. As Egypt is an almost rainless country,
cotton is grown entirely by irrigation and its extension is limited by
the amount of water available from the Nile. Efforts have been made
by the erection of the Assouan and other dams to conserve and
distribute the water supply to the best advantage. Other dams and
reservoirs will doubtless be provided in the future, but even with the
fullest utilization of the available water it is hardly probably that
the area that can be planted to cotton will ever exceed 4,000,000
acres. The acreage in cotton has been extended as more water became
available for irrigation, but owing to lack of artificial fertilization or
other cause it may be noted that the yield per acre has been declining
for a long time. In 1897, for instance, there was attained an average
production of 580 pounds per acre, whereas in 1921 the average was
reduced to only 255 pounds per acre. The Egyptian Government is
able to exercise direct control over the acreage and the kind of seed
to be planted in Egypt. Owing to the low price received for the 1920
crop, the Egyptian Government decreed that not more than one-
third of any holding should be planted in cotton, and the cotton
acreage of 1921 was thereby reduced about 28 per cent. This decree
is to remain in force throughout 1922 and 1923, unless the Egyptian
Government finds that conditions have so changed as to make re-
striction of acreaire no lonjjer advisa})le.

EMERGElSrCY TARIFF ACT AND L02TG-STAPLE COTTON.

There is one small cotton mill in Egypt and some home manufac-
ture, but the great bulk of the crop is exported. Egyptian official
statistics record exports of cotton in bales for the crop years ended
June 30, 1913-1921, as follows:

Table 4. — Export of cotton from Egypt.

Exported to —

1913

1914

1915

1916

1917

1918

1919

1920

1921

England

Bales.
426, 853
124,634
87, 014
77, 177
53,573
75,740
36, 609
36,528
21,356

Bales.
437, 820
89, 723
88, 033
99, 943
52,094
78, 556
35, 309
35, 948
20,391

Bales.
367, 774
176,974

24, 412

Bales.
350, 144
185, 497

42,390

Bales.
346, 196
134, 891

28,063

Bales.
503, 597

75,865
35, 819

Bales.
459, 774
95,262
69,620

Bales.

410, 923

275, 617

54, 593

6,431

1,426

Bales.
192 190

United States

France . . .

46,423
35 757

Germany

18, 634

Austria

2 935

Russia

45,109

111,436

59, 537

17, 353

45, &34
18, 193
37,934
25, 728

42,446
19,456
35, 270

20,682

Switzerland . .

8,741

140

18,218

23,201
34,994
22, 160

12, 514
38,320
16,368

26 139

Italy

19,320
16 136

Total

958, 883

970, 263

832,721

728,319

630,610

714,182

718,309

832,795

379 842

The foregoing figures represent running bales ; these average about
738 pounds net, which with 22 pounds tare is equivalent to 760
pounds gross.

England is the main market for Egyptian cotton, taking over
half of the total crop and a much larger proportion of the best grades.
During the past decade the requirements of the rapidly expanding
tire-fabric industry in the United States have caused this country to
become the second largest buyer of Egyptian cotton. The imports
of the United States are slightly larger than shown in Table 4, as a
portion of the American purchases has been made through England;
such indirect shipments have, however, become rarer, and practically
all cotton for the United States is now shipped direct from Alexandria.

A report by Mr. Lester Maynard, United States consul at Alex-
andria, Egypt, forwarded July 27, 1921, gives careful, detailed esti-
mates of the cost of production of Egyptian cotton. He arrived at
the conclusion that the cost of producing a cantar of cotton delivered
to steamer in Alexandria, but not including commissions and profits
of factors, was P. T. 562.« This is 562 multiplied by $0.04991 divided
by 99.0436, or 28.32 cents a pound at normal rates of exchange. With
exchange at 90 per cent of par it is equal to 25.49 cents a pound.

The freight rate on cotton from Alexandria to Boston or New
York in April, 1922, was 40 shilhngs for 2 bales not exceeding 40
cubic feet; in practice this is equal to 20 shillings per bale of 738
pounds net. This is equal to 0.6594 cent per pound at normal ex-
change or 0.5935 cent per pound, if exchange be at 90 per cent of
normal. It is stated that this freight rate will probably be increased
to 30 shillings, an increase of 50 per cent, in August of 1922.

The marine insurance on the above is 10s. 6d. per £100, or 0.525 of
1 per cent. If the cotton be valued at 40 cents a pound, then the
marine insurance is equal to 0.21 of a cent a pound.

The fumigation charges, to which all Egyptian cotton is sub-
jected on entry into the United States, are $3 per bale, and if the
bale be 738 pounds net, this is equal to 0.4065 of a cent a pound.

" The Egyptian pound is composed of 100 P. T. or piasters tarif. The EngUsh pound sterling (normal
value of $4.H665) is equal to 97* P. T., therefore 1 P. T. is equivalent at normal exchange to 4.991 cents U. S.
If exchange be at 90 per cent of normal then 1 P. T. equals 0.90 multiplied by 4.991 or 4.492 cents U. S.
The cantar is stated by Consul Maynard as 99.0436 pounds, and by the United States Department of
Commerce as 99.0492 pounds. In commercial transactions it is usually taken as 99.05 pounds.

8 EMERGENCY TARIFF ACT AND LONG-STAPLE COTTON,

The freight and marine insurance from Alexandria, Egypt, to
Boston, in March, 1922, together with the fumigation charges, there-
fore amount to 0.5935 plus 0.21 plus 0.4065, or 1.21 cents a pound.
Importers state that, allowing for handling and their other expenses
and profits in addition to the above, imported Egyptian cotton costs
the purchaser at Boston about 2^ cents a pound above the Alexandria
price.

RELATIVE GRADES OF PIMA AND SAKELLARIDES.

American-Egyptian cotton until 1917 was mainly of the Yuma
variety and was classified as fancy, extra, choice, standard, and
medium. With the substitution of the Pima variety the United
States Department of Agriculture introduced a number classification
and American-Egyptian cotton is now sold as Pima Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4,
and 5. No. 1 is the best and No. 5 the lowest grade.

Egyptian cotton is classified as extra fine, fine, good, fully good
fair, good fair, and fair, in descending order. During the war the
prices of Egyptian cotton were officially fixed by the British Cotton
Control Commission, and in order to secure a correct graduation of
values, it substituted type numbers which took into account not
only the grade of each variety but also the staple. These type
numbers are shown, with grades and 1918 official prices, in the
appendix, from which it will be seen that Nos. 1 to 23 were as-
signed to upper Egyptian cotton, Nos. 30 to 58 to Sakellarides,
and Nos. 70 to 127 to brown Egyptian. Since the war there has
been a reversion to the former system, but the tendency is for the
gradual substitution of the type numbers because of the more accurate
grade and staple classification thereby secured. The official classifica-
tion of 1918 serves to bring out the fact that for any type of Egyptian
cotton, say Sakellarides, there is a wide range of prices at any
particular time. Both Sakellarides and Pima are particular types of
Egyptian cotton, the relative market prices of which can be secured
only by comparing corresponding grades.

The United States Department of Agriculture gives the equiva-
lents of the Pima grades in Egyptian cotton, corresponding to the
official cotton standards of the United States in leaf only, as follows:

American-Egyptian No. 1 equivalent to extra fine Sakellarides;
No. 2, fine; No. 3, good; No. 4, fully good fair to good fair; No. 5,
strictly good fair.

One of the leading importers of Egyptian cotton comments on this ,
comparison as follows:

We have your favor of April 7 giving the Bureau of Markets comparison of American-
Egyptian and imported Egyptian cotton. This differs from our comparison because!
ours takes into consideration the comparative spinning values, whereas the Bureau of I
Markets considers only the amount of leaf and other foreign matter in the grades of the!
two growths. The just comparison is one which will produce the same results, equiva- j
lent, rather than two types which carry the same amount of leaf. This is brought out j
in price. We have recently sold fully good fair Egyptian Sakellarides (which the Bu- j
reau of Markets considers equivalent to No. 4 American-Egyptian) at 45 cents landed]
New England mill points, tariff paid. On the same day we were offering No. 4 Gov-
ernment standard American-Egyptian at 32 cents.

EMERGENCY TARIFF ACT AND LONG-STAPLE COTTON,

9

The following is our comparison:

American-Egyptian No. 1 equivalent to fully good fair Sakellarides; No. 2 equiv-
alent to good fair to fully good fair; No. 3 equivalent to good fair; No. 4 equivalent
to fully fair to good fair; and No. 5 equivalent to fully fair.

In the lower gi-ades we believe the depreciation is less in American-Eg\^ptian than
in imported Egyptian. This also shows in the price. The low grade American-
Egyptian and the low-gi-ade imported Egyptian with the duty added are much nearer
together than the higli grades of the same. There is also a wider price variation
between grades on the imported Egyptian than on the American-Egvptian, and for
this reason we consider one-half gi-ade in the imported Egyptian as equal to full grade
in the American in our comparison.

Another importer states :

We think that Egj'ptian Sakellarides No. 38 (fully good fair to good, extra fine
staple) is equivalent to Pima No. 1; CCC No. 42 (fully good fair, extra staple) to
Pima No. 2; and CCC No. 46 (good fair to fullv good fair, medium staple) to Pima
No. 3.

A third importer of importance states :

Fully good fair Sakellarides corresponds to Pima No. 2 in grade, but the Pima will
not do the work of Sakellarides of the same grade, particularly in high count yarns.
Pima No. 1 corresponds approximately to good Sakellarides and the diffei'ence between
fully good fair and good is normally 9^ cents a pound. This is the difference which
was established by the Cotton Control' Commission of Egypt in 1918. Pima No. 3
corresponds in grade to good fair Sakellarides, which sells normally for 3i cents a
pound le.ss than fully good fair.

IMPORTS OF RAW COTTON.

Imports of raw cotton into the United States, by countries of
production, are recorded by the United States Department of Com-
merce as follows:

Table 5. — Imports of foreign cotton.
[Equivalent 500-pound bales.]

Season ended —

Produced in-

Total.

Egypt.

Mexico.

China.

Peru.

India.

All
other.

Aug. 31, 1913

July 31, 1914

'July 31, 1915

July 31, 1916

July 31, 1917

July 31, 1918

Julv31, 1919

July 31, 1920

July 31, 1921

Average 9 years

227, 645
260, 988
382, 286
437, 574
291, 957
221, 216
201, 585
700, 214
226,341

191, 075

138. 579
2.52,373
350, 796
199, 892

114. 580
100,006
485, 004

87, 168

756
80,285
85,180
30, 098
32,858
35, 726
54,434
65,343
88, 155

327,756 213,275

52,537

341
772
631
792
063
%4
871
185
722

10,737
12, 627
10, 353
10,909
11,069
19,692
25, 230
63, 426
22, 597

4,373
7,849
7,845
4,214
3,860
7,096
2,893
14, 358
8,489

28,705 20,737

6,775

2,363
876
904
5,765
8,215
5,158
8,151
14, 898
5,210

5,727

10 EMERGENCY TARIFF ACT AND LONG-STAPLE COTTON.

Subsequent imports by months have been as follows :

Table 5a. — Imports of foreign cotton.
[Equivalent SOO-pound bales.]

Months ended—

1921.

August

September

October

November

December

1922.

January

February

March

Total.

5,631
6,361
31, 269
51, 440
61, 006

42, 093
55, 024
59, 958

Produced in—

Egypt.

4,728
3,396
18, 972
27, 126
41, 224

25, 929
36, 242
47, 636

Mexico.

300
5, 531
15, 257
11, 847

10, 034
7,246
3,123

China.

306
"41'

1,383
4,564
4, 532

Peru.

73

928

5,303

7,855

5,550

3,779
6,392
2,246

India.

494
935
962
333
514

66
70

784

All
other.

30
802
460
869
1,871

902

510

1,637

In spite of its enormous surplus production of cotton the United
States finds it necessary to import certain varieties from abroad.
These cottons of special characteristics are supplementary rather
than competitive, and in general are higher in price than the domestic.

The cottons imported into the United States may be classed, in
order of relative importance, as (1) Egyptian, (2) Mexican, (3)
Chinese and Indian, (4) Peruvian, and (5) all other, including West
Indian and Brazilian.

(1) Egyptian cotton constitutes approximately two-thirds of our
imports of foreign cotton. As previously shown, the term "Egyptian
cotton" covers a wide range of staples and grades. The Sakellarides
variety, about l^e inches in length of staple, is the one that is
dutiable under the emergency tariff act, whereas Egyptian "uppers"
(which term includes both Ashmouni and Zagora, as well as a trifle
of Mitafifi and other varieties) are not dutiable as they are shorter,
usually about l^^g^ inches in length. Before the imposition of a
duty on cotton of If inches and longer, Sakellarides constituted
nearly half of the total Egyptian imported; it has since declined in
relative importance, in some months constituting less than 10 per
cent of the total Egyptian imported. Sakellarides is a very high-
class cotton, silky and soft but exceptionally strong, and can be spun
to very fine counts; it is creamy white in color and unexcelled in
its mercerization properties.

Over one-half of the Egyptian cotton imported is used in making
tire fabrics. One of the largest importers states that the tire-fabric
industry uses Ashmouni (known as uppers) , medium grades, staple
1^ inches; Sakellarides, medium grades, staple l^^ to 1^ inches;
Sakellarides, medium grades, staple l^^ to If inches; Mitafifi,
medium grades, staple 1^ to \^ inclies (small quantities).

He states that other spinners, mainly manufacturers of sewing
thread, use Sakellarides, high grades, staple lyV to U inches; Sakel-
larides, liigh grades, staple 1 1^ to If inches; Ashmouni, medium
grades, staple about 1^ inches.

(2) The Mexican cotton imported is nearest to tlie American in
its characteristics and is upland cotton of good staple, mainly 1 J to
IjV inches, and is grown in the Imperial Valley in California Baja.

EMERGENCY TARIFF ACT AND LONG-STAPLE COTTON. 11

Much of this cotton is imported in the seed for ginning in the United
States. On moving across the line through the Mexican customs at
Mexicah, there is levied on baled lint or seed cotton an export tax of
15 pesos per 1,000 kilos (equivalent to 3.39 cents per pound with the
peso at par value). This cotton enters at Calexico, Calif., the only
border point at which cotton is permitted entry into the United
States. The Federal Horticultural Board of the United States
Department of Agriculture has a representative at Calexico to super-
vise imports with a view to preventing the introduction of dangerous
insect pests; he inspects the cotton fields of California Baja and
issues permits for the importation of Mexican-grown cotton into the
United States.

(3) The Chinese cotton imported is mainly a variety that grows
wild in the district of Prong Tan Fou, outside of Tientsin; it is rough
and curly, with a staple of five-eighths to seven-eighths inches. The
Indian cotton imported comes from the Province of Assam, being
exported through Calcutta; it has a staple or five-eighths to three-
fourths inches, is very rough in texture, and so brittle that it is rarely
spun alone. The Chinese cotton, either alone or mixed with the
Indian, is used as filling in the m^anufacture of cotton blankets.
These rough cottons possess certain springy or elastic properties
not found in American cultivated cottons and give an exceptionally
nappy surface, so that blankets made therewith are particularly
sought by consumers.

(4) Cotton grown in Peru includes three distinct types; (1) Mitafifi
and Tangiiis, (2) rough Peruvian, and (3) smooth Peruvian. Mitafifi
and Tangiiis, grown from Eygptian seed, now constitute the bulk of
our imports of Peruvian cotton, being used to mix with or substitute
for Egyptian grown varieties. The staple runs from 1^^ to l-^
inches. Rough Peruvian is the indigenous tree cotton that is grown
by irrigation in the Department of Piura, in northern Peru; it has a
strong, rough, woolly, crinkly staple of H to If inches. It is very
similar to wool in its characteristics and is used as a substitute there-
for, being sometimes called vegetable wool. Its price depends more
on the price of wool and the supply of rough Peruvian than upon the
price of other cottons. American imports of rough Peruvian are
used in the manufacture of white flannels and in merino (wool-and-,
cotton) yarns for hosiery and underwear. Smooth Peruvian is grown
from American upland seed, and the staple is IJ to 1} inches. This
variety is used in Peruvian mills; imports into the United States are
very small.

Under the provisions of the plant quarantine act of August 20, 1912
(37 Stat. 315), the Secretary of Agriculture, on April 27, 1915, issued
an order restricting the importation of cotton into the United States.
This order, as revised July 18, 1917, is now (1922) in force. Import-
ers must secure permits from the Federal Horticultural Board and,
with the exception of the regulations in regard to the import of
Mexican cotton through Calexico, as noted, foreign cotton can be
brought in only at the ports of Boston, New York, Seattle, and San
Francisco, where there are fumigating stations. All imported cotton
must now be disinfected, except tnat from California Baja, and
American cotton in original containers, when it can be clearly shown
that this latter cotton has been grown in regions not under restriction

110044—22 3

12 EMERGENCY TARIFF ACT AND LONG-STAPLE COTTON,

on account of the presence of the pink bollwprm. The Federal Hor-
ticultural Board not only follows the cotton through to the mill, but
requires that mills using such foreign cotton shall secure licenses and
shall guarantee to screen their warehouses, burn daily their picker-
room motes, and use all precautions to prevent the escape of the pink
boll-worm and other insects.

AMERICAN CONSUMPTION OF COTTON OF l| INCHES AND OVER.

There are no exact figures as to the production and consumption
of cotton of If inches and over. Prior to the crop of 1917 the bulk
of the domestic production of such cotton consisted of sea island;
since then it has consisted mainly of American-Egyptian or "Pima"
cotton. In the crop year ended July 31, 1920, the Arizona Pima
production amounted to 92,561 bales of equivalent 500 pounds, and
about 500 bales of the same type were raised in California. Missis-
sippi and South Carolina possibly accounted for 3,000 bales each of
upland and sea island cotton of this staple. Allowing for a trifle in
other States it is probable that the domestic production of cotton
of If inches and over amounted in that year to 100,000 bales. In the
crop year ended July 31, 1921, the production of Pima was only
37,094 bales, and allowing for the production of sea island and long-
staple uplands it is probable that the total domestic production of
cotton of If inches and over did not exceed 45,000 bales of equivalent
500 pounds.

Importers estimate that prior to the enactment of the emergency
tariff act imports of Egyptian cotton contained 40 to 50 per cent of
cotton of If inches or over; in addition there was a small import of
cotton of such length from other countries, such as Peru and the
West Indies. Imports of cotton of this length may be estimated as
normally about 100,000 bales of equivalent 500 pounds a year; in
the crop year ended July 31, 1920, running up to a record of approxi-
mately 200,000 bales, or a two years' supply.

The American consumption of cotton of If-inch staple and over has
probably never exceeded 150,000 bales of equivalent 500 pounds a
year, and normally is probably not much over 100,000 bales a year.

If the preceding estimates are even approximately correct it is evi-
dent that both production and imports of such extra-long staple cotton
in the crop year ended July 31, 1920, were abnormal, and that the
1920 surplus of such cotton above the possible consumption of mills
fitted to spin such staple was necessarily a matter of slow disposal.

AMERICAN CONSUMPTION OF EGYPTIAN AND AMERICAN-EGYPTIAN

COTTON,

The following data, compiled by the Bureau of the Census, show by
months the domestic mill consumption of imported Egyptian cotton
of all kinds during the past seven crop years, and of American-Egyp-
tian cotton during the past two crop years. The American-Egyptian
or Pima cotton is all of 1| inches or more, whereas less than half of
the imported Egyptian cotton is of this length.

EMERGENCY TARIFF ACT AND LONG-STAPLE COTTON.

13

Table 6. — American mill consumption of Egyptian and of Am£rican-Egyptian cotton,

[Crop year ended July 31.]

Month.

Egyptian cotton (equivalent 500-pound bales.)

1915-16 1916-17 1917-18 1918-19 1919-20 1920-21 1921-22

A merican-Egyp-

tian cotton
(running bales).*

1920-21 1921-22

August

September.

October

November.
December . .

January

February. .

March

April ,

May

June

July

21,246
20, 404
23, 144
24,060
21,034
24, 622
21,336
23,210
20, 086
22, 760
19,680
17,579

17,175
13, 433
14, 895
14, 745
11,751
11,194
10, 407
10,618
8,047
9,187
7,634
7,315

7,895

7,470

7,829

7,182

10,331

12, 889

11,108

11,217

13,513

11,376

12, 413

13, 404

15,865
16, 392
22, 079
20, 261
24,989
28,173
24, 804
31,578
34,933
33,606
37,511
32, 933

20, 263
15, 895
18, 891
22, 291
20, 779
20, 783
19, 908
20,379

2,549

1,590

1,194

771

887

389

836

947

1,337

1,838

1,962

2,471

2,239
2,158
2,277
2,557
3,240
4,030
3, 759
4,286

Total 269,324

259, 161

136,401 126,089

323,124 159,196

159, 189

16,771

1 Of approximately 500 pounds each.

The census figures do not differentiate between the various types
of Egyptian cotton, such as the extra-long staple Sakellarides and the
shorter staple "uppers." They show that the consumption of Egyp-
tian cotton of all kinds was abnormally large during the crop year
1919-20, that it declined to less than half this abnormal figure in the
crop year 1920-21, and that in the crop year 1921-22 it is again in-
creasing to its normal status of something over 200,000 bales of
equivalent 500 pounds. The large consumption in 1920 and subse-
quent decline and recovery have no tariff significance, but result from
trade conditions in the American cotton industry, particularly in the
tire-fabric and sewing-tliread branches. The lowest prices for Egyp-
tian cotton during this period were during the summer of 1921 when
imports were smallest.

It is seen from Table 6 that the consumption of Pima cotton is much
smaller than that of imported Egyptian. In the crop year 1920-21
the consumption of Pima was less than 11 per cent, and in the first
eight months of the crop year 1921-22 less than 15 per cent of the
consumption of Egyptian. It shows that the relatively small con-
sumption of Pima has, during the past year, been increasing faster
than the consumption of Egyptian; this is said to be due to the very
much lower price at which Pima could be bought, as compared with
imported Sakellarides, since the passage of the emergency tariff act.
The consumption of Pima attained the record of 4,286 bales during
the month of March, 1922, allowing for the fact that less than half
of the Egyptian used is vSakellarides, this probably represents more
than a third of the quantity of cotton of If inches and over that was
consumed in this country during that month.

14

EMERGENCY TARIFF ACT AND LONG-STAPLE COTTON.

Table 7 .—Consumption of Egyptian and American-Egyptian cotton in the United
States, by geographic divisions.

Month.

1920.

August

September

October

November

December

1921.

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

12 months..
Per cent

1921.

August

September

October

November

December

1922.

January

Februarj'

March

8 months . . .
Percent

Egyptian cotton, in 500-pound bales.

Total.

26,682
19, 581
12,867
10, 236
7,219

Massa-
chusetts.

7, G80
7,100
9,705
12, 198
14, 765
15,446
15,717

17,386
11,477
5,832
4,043
2,803

4,249
3,316
3, 467
5,079
7,404
7, 959
8,227

159, 196
100.00

20, 263
15, 895
18,891
22, 291
20, 779

20,783
19, 908

20,379

81,242

10,331
7, 961
9,844
11,819
10. 784

11,844
10,814
10, 093

159, 189
100.00

Rhode
Island.

3,113
3,467
2,651
2,895
1,320

1, 146
1,364
2,947
3,596
2,936
2,287
2,874

30, 596

3,634
2,342
2,727
3, 421
3,510

3,065
2,732
2,785

Other

New

England

States.

2,494
1,766
1,682
1,110
905

745

742

900

838

1,118

1,666

1,341

1,749
1,655
1,813
1,666
1,656

1,649
1,538
1,628

13,354

Total

New

England

States.

22,993
16,710
10, 165

8,048
5,028

6,140
5,422
7,314
9,513
11,458
11,912
12,442

127, 145

79.87

15,714
11,958
14,384
16,906
15, 950

16,558
15,084
14, 506

121, 060
76.05

Southern
States.

2,083
1,813
1,435
1,235
957

676
682
1,317
1,-524
1,896
2,187
1,951

17, 756
11.15

2,722
2,200
2,661
3,780
3,105

2,558
3,043
3,846

23,915
15.02

American-Egyptian cotton,

in running bales, i

Month.

Total.

Massa-
chusetts.

Rhode
Island.

Other

New

England

States.

Total

New

England

States.

Southern
States.

All other

States.

1920.
August

2,549

1,590

1,194

771

887

.389
836
947
1,337
1,&3S
1,962
2,471

1,082

332

119

41

45

43
172
204
260
613
474
946

176
47
27
23

48

1
3
2

6

67

278

154

197
219
247
201
172

137
111

73
134
150
107

67

1,455
598
393
265
265

181
286
279
400
830
859
1,117

639
541
300
111
71

41
320
480
654
633
684
772

455

September

451

October

501

November

395

December

551

1921.
January

167

February

230

March

188

April

283

May

375

June

419

July

582

12 months

16,771
100. 00

4,331

782

1,815

6,928
41.31

5,246
31.28

4,597

Per cent

27.41

1921.
August

2,239
2,158
2,277
2,557
3,240

4,030
.3,759
4,286

669
724
550
552
1,244

1,307
1,257
1,784

60
274
324
509
510

891
724
340

171

368
487
495
522

597
570

668

900
1,366
1,361
1,556
2,276

2,795
2,551
2,792

575
154
180
231

84

398
335
404

764

September

638

October

736

November

770

December

880

1922.
Januarv

837

February

873

March

1,090

8 months

24, 546
100. 00

8,087

3,632

3,878

15,597
63.54

2,361
9.62

6,588

Per cent

26.84

1 or approximately 500 pounds each.

EMERGENCY TARIFE ACT AND LONG-STABLE COTTON.

15

Mill consumption, by geographic divisions. — Table 7 herewith
has been prepared from an analysis of the original Census records, to
show the consnmption of Egyptian cotton (including all varieties),
and of Americau-Egyptian cotton, by geographic divisions.

The figures from January to March of the present year (1922) are
compiled from the preliminary figures of the Census Bureau and are
therefore subject to some modificatio*n.

The New England States include Massachusetts, Rhode Island,
Connecticut, Maine, and New Hampshire; the Southern States in-
clude Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Maryland; ''all
other States'' include New York, New Jersey, California, Ohio,
Illinois, etc.

Massachusetts is the largest consumer of both Egyptian and
American-Egyptian cotton; the consumption by other individual
States is, with the exception of Rhode Island, not shown separately as
the figures might possibly disclose the operations of particular mills.

The consumption of Egyptian cotton in the eight months ended
March 31, 1922, was almost identical with that for the 12 months
ended July 31, 1921, which shows that the mills are recovering from
the 1921 depression and getting back to normal conditions. In both
periods Massachusetts accounted for somewhat over half, and New
England for somewhat over three-fourths, of the total Egyptian used.
The relative consumption of New England slightly decreased and that
of the Southern States slightly increased.

The consumption of Pima cotton increased from 16,771 bales in
the crop year ended July 31, 1921, to 24,546 bales in the eight months
ended March 31, 1922, so that the consumption for the full crop year
1922 will probably be more than double that in the crop year 1921.
The figures show that the increased consumption of Pima cotton has
been due mainly to much larger takings by New England, inasmuch
as its use in Southern mills has declined absolutely as well as rela-
tively, and as the increased use in "all other" States is relatively
small.

Table 8. — Consumption of Egyptian and American-Egyptian cotton in the United

States, by industries.

Month,

Eg^tian cotton, in 500-pound bales.

Total.

Tire
fabrics.

Sewing
thread.

Fine
cloths.

Other
indus-
tries.

American-flgyptian cotton, in running
bales.!

Total.

Tire
fabrics.

Sewing
thread.

Fine
cloths.

Other
indus-
tries.

1920.

August

September . . .

October

November. . .
December

26, 682
19, 581
12,867
10, 236
7,219

7,'
7,100
9, 705

1921.

January

February

March. . ."

April ' 12,198

May I 14,765

June ! 15,446

July 15,717

12 months.
Per cent

13, 863
9,276
5,201
4,669
3,196

4,308
3,117
4,428
6,990
9,637
9,400
10, 420

4,286
4,678
3,719
3,220
2,435

2,068
2,457
3,664
3,644
3,511
3,983
3,273

3,444
2,743
2,572
1,404
859

911
903
976
751
857
985
1,006

5,089

2,884

1,375

943

729

393
623
637
813
760
1,078
1,018

159, 196
100.00

84,505
53.08

40,938
25.72

17,411
10.94

16, 342
10.26

2,549

1,590

1,194

771

887

389
8.i6
947
1,:337
1,8:38
1,962
2,471

1,687
1,236

838
421
583

182
657
779
1,148
1,469
1,360
1,938

319
225
212
183
183

%
32
45
4
59
158
i:,4

85
102

87
153
259
327
248

16,771
100.00

12,298
73. U

1,6;50
9. 84

1,678
10.00

J Of approximately 500 pounds each.
110044—22^ 4

335
68
78

117

26
45
36
32
51
117
151

1,146
6. S3

16

EMERGENCY TARIFF ACT AND LONG-STAPLE COTTON.

Table 8. — Consumption of Egyptian and American-Egyptian cotton in the United
States, hy industries — Continued.

Month.

Egyptian cotton, in 500-pound bales.

Total.

1921.

August I 20,263

September ! 15,895

October 18,891

November 22, 291

December 20, 779

1922.

January

February . . . .
March

8 months.
Percent

20, 783
19, 908
20, 379

159, 189
100. 00

Tire
fabrics.

13, 824
8,723
10, 686
13, 288
12,611

13, 702
12, 357
11,561

96, 752
60.78

Sewing
thread.

3,906
4,137
4,988
5,542
5,526

4,483
4,599
6,003

39, 184
24.62

Fine
cloths.

1,329
1,579
1,143
1,160
841

1,064
1, 543
1,584

10, 243
6.43

Other
indus-
tries.

1,204
1,456
2,074
2,301
1,801

1,534
1,409
1,231

13,010
8.17

American-Egyptian cotton, in running
bales.i

Total.

2,239
2,158
2,277
2,557
3,240

4,030
3,759
4,286

24, 546
100.00

Tire
fabrics.

1,729
1,213
1,036
1,.305
1,708

2,394
2,259
2,066

13,710
55.85

Sewing
thread.

65
322
604

795

787
872

4,651
18.95

Fine
cloths.

347
445
542
425
558

653

614

1,191

4,775
19.45

Other
indus-
tries.

178
95
219
376

188
99
157

1,410
5.75.

I

1 Of approximately 500 pounds each.

Mill consumption hy industries. — Table 8 herewith has been pre-
pared, from an analysis of the original census records, to show ths'
consumption of Egyptian cotton (including all varieties) and of
American-Egyptian cotton in particular branches of the cotton
industry.

In making this distribution it has been comparatively easy to pick
out mills which produce tire fabric, thread, and fine cloth, or which
produce yarns for such goods. In a few instances, however, where
the same mill makes yarn for different industries it has been tabu-
lated under the industry to which it mainly caters, or where that
was difficult to determine, under "other industries." "Other indus-
tries" include, in addition to a relatively small amount used in mat-
tress factories, mainly knitting yarns. There is a margin of possible
error in that some of these knitting-yarn mills at times produce more
or less yarns for use in tire-fabric, thread, or fine cloth, but inasmuch as
the consumption noted under "other industries" is less than 10 per
cent of the total, the margin of understatement in the case of the three
particular industries recorded is believed to be small.

It is seen that the tire-fabric industry is the largest consumer of
both Egyptian and Pima cotton, accounting for over half of the total
in both instances. It uses about seven bales of Egyptian for each
bale of Pima, and tends to use relatively more Egyptian and relatively
less Pima. The tire-fabric industry requires annually not more than
36,000 to 42,000 bales of cotton of such staple as Sakellarides and
Pima,' and 80 to 90 per cent of the Egyptian cotton used by tire
fabric manufacturers is upper Egyptian as compared with 10 to 20
per cent Sakellarides.® The tire-fabric industry is therefore using
about as many bales of Pima as of Sakellarides, but its use of the two
combined is only about one-third of its use of Egyptian uppers.

' " Statement opposing tariff on long-staple cotton" (p. 4), submitted in December, 1921, to the Senate
Finance Committee by tne tire manufacturers' division of the Rubber Association of America (Inc.), which
includes in its membership approximately 125 automobile-tire manufacturers.

8 Ibid, p. 7.

EMERGENCY TARIFF ACT AND LONG-STAPLE COTTON.

17

The sewing-thread industry is the second largest user of Egyptian
cotton but apparently the largest user of Sakellarides. This industry
requires Sakellarides not only for making fine thread but also for
naaking coarse thread where special strength is required, such as shoe
thread; it is also used in making embroidery and crochet "cottons."
The amount of uppers included in the Egyptian cotton used by this
industry is small. The amount of Pima used by the thread industry
is small as compared with its consumption of Sakellarides, but has
increased so markedly during the past eight months that its increas-
ing substitution for Sakellarides is very evident. This substitution
has been due in large measure to the very much lower price, relative
to Sakellarides, at which Pima cotton could be bought since the pas-
sage of the emergency tariff act.

The fine-cloth mills afford the most striking instance of the substi-
tution of the cheaper Pima for the Sakellarides type during recent
months. These mills when they use Egyptian require mainly Sakella-
rides, but their consumption of Egyptian cotton has decreased and
their consumption of Pima greatly increased. It is said that Sakella-
rides is still required for cloths made of the finest yarns, but that Pima
is being rapidly substituted for Sakellarides in cloths made of yarns
not finer than 80s. Introduced because of its lower price, it is finding
increased favor with the fine-cloth mills of New England, particularly
those of New Bedford, for use in the manufacture of mercerized sateen
linings as well as in voile and fine lawns.

The column for " other industries " includes mainly those producing
knitting yarns and yarns for special purposes; these, as a group, show
an increase in the use of Pima cotton relative to Egyptian, but the
increase is not so marked as in the thread and fine-cloth industries.

STOCKS ON HAND OF EGYPTIAN AND AMERICAN-EGYPTIAN COTTON.

The following data, compiled by the Bureau of the Census, show,
by months, the stocks on hand in the United States of imported
Egyptian cotton of all kinds during the past seven crop years, and of
American-Egyptian cotton during the past two crop years.

Table 9. — American stocks at end of each month.
[Crop years ended July 31 .]

Month.

Egyptian cotton (equivalent .500-pound bales).

1915-16

1916-17

1917-18

115,208

167, 256

98, 722

104, 956

153, 262

88,906

90, 595

131,673

70, 351

81,358

108, 899

53,244

74, 148

92,401

44,834

85, 368

100,662

44,571

121,766

113,317

45, 053

128,688

122, 124

34, 120

144,863

135,754

41,586

168, 18:5

126, 573

51,830

168,670

133, 114

65,984

182,608

117,912

67,278

1919-20

1920-21

1921-22

American-
Egyptian cotton
(running bales).

1920-21 1921-22

August

September
October . . .
November.
December .
January. . .
February. .

March

April

May

June

July

84,496
79, 201
73, 273
63, 313
67, 732
58,566
48, 730
39, 741
40, 713
52, 282
53, 977
51, 757

46, 315

70, 668

68, 155

63, 609

71, 212

88, 417

105. 991

133, 170

229, 707

259, 336

244, 954

220, 099

198, 780
182, 969
167, 896
157, 715
153, 958
150, 239
145, 263
144,039
148, 990
147, 051
142, 319
128,062

113, 112

98, 589

85,384

99,195

116,375

127,711

126, 584

147. 896

19,060 ! 51,883
17, 190 49, 166
13,656 : 50,410
29,991 i 58,351
43,949 , 61,739
50,661 91,293
53, 974 92, 637
54,794 i 92,919

56,023 I

53,946

54,285 '

55.237 ;

18 EMERGENCY TARIFF ACT AND LONG-STAPLE COTTON.

Since imports of Egyptian cotton are mainly in the December- April
period of each year, it is not surprising to find that American stocks of
Egyptian cotton (including all types) in the spring of 1922 are in-
creasing. The stocks of Egyptian cotton on hand March 31 are,
however, larger in 1922 than for the similar date in any preceding
year. At the same time it is seen that stocks on hand of American-
Egyptian cotton are also increasing and were larger on March 31,
1922, than ever before recorded.

THE EXPORT OF AMERICAN-EGYPTIAN COTTON.

Exports of American-Egyptian cotton are not separately recorded.
The following extracts from the Daily News Record, of New York
City, are of interest in this connection.

PIMA COTTON FOR EUROPE.

Phoenix, Ariz., February 19, 1922. — The first consignment of Pima cotton to the
mills of Europe has started on its way. Under the Toll plan, the Farmers Ginning Co.
has shipped the Arizona Pima cotton to the Kuffler mills. The carloads will go first to
the compressor at San Pedro, where they will be loaded for shipment to Europe.
Arriving at Hamburg, they will be railroaded to the mills about Prague, where the cot-
ton will be spun into cloth and this cloth, a particularly fine product of the mills, will
be disposed of through Hamburg and Liverpool. Seventy-five per cent of the product
of the sales will be returned to the Arizona grower as the price of his cotton.

This plan was evolved by the Czechoslovakian mills and American cotton organiza-
tions. The state of exchange in central Europe is such as to make the direct purchase
of American cotton prohibitive, consequently arrangements were made with the
warrant warehouse of Birmingham, Ala., to collect the consignments of cotton for these
mills, the consignments being made under the joint supervision of reputable American
representatives in Europe and the Czechoslovakian Government. An advance on
consignments is made by the warrant warehouse, by whom also the collections are made
for the grower and shipper.

The first cotton shipped under the Toll plan came from the middle south, and
brought the producer two or three times the price that the cotton commanded in the
home market, it is claimed.

POSSIBILITY OF GERMANY AS LONG-STAPLE OUTLET.

Phoenix, Ariz. March 15, 1922. — A German market for Arizona long-staple cotton
can be easily developed if growers will cooperate with textile manufacturers in
Germany, William Paar, Los Angeles importer, told officials of the Arizona Pima-
cotton Growers' Association at their recent conference. Mr. Paar has just returned to
the States from a tour of Central European countries during which time he visited
many of the leading textile mills of Germany.

"German experts have declared your long-staple variety superior to Egyptian
Sakell for the manufacture of certain kinds of fine textiles, such as lisle silk, imitation
linens, and cotton goods for underwear, " Mr. Paar said.

"Two of Germany's foremost textile experts have passed upon the quality of Arizona
cotton. Professor Johannson, recognized as the foremost cotton expert in all Germany,
examined samples of Arizona cotton sent by the Arizona Pima Cotton Growers' Asso-
ciation. ' I have never seen a raw material so suitable for the manufacture of high-class
textiles, such as lisle silk for hosiery, underwear, and imitation linens,' Professor
Johannson was quoted as sajdng.

"Prof. J. Schiertz, textile expert of the Cologne University, had the following to say
of Arizona long staple:

" ' I have examined the samples of Arizona cotton given me by Mr. Paar and I con-
sider this cotton extremely adapted for replacing Egyptian cotton.'

"If your growers will agree to the Toll plan, however, there is no doubt that a market
for your entire crop will be made available to you in Germany.

"You send your raw material to the German spinner on consignment. He manu-
factures it into the finished product, returning the finished article to you and the
manufacturer receives his pay in raw material. This assures him against probable
losses through the increasing or decreasing of the mark value on foreign exchange. It
obliterates the gambling aspect of the transaction and establishes the market on a
sound business basis."

EMERGENCY TARIFF ACT AND LONG-STAPLE COTTON. 19

EFFECT OF TARIFF ON COTTON OF 11 INCHES AND OVER.

The quantity of cotton imported and the price of competitive
domestic cotton are influenced by various factors other than the
tariff, particularly by supply and demand, and it is necessary to give
due weight to such factors when attempting to evaluate the effect of
the tariff duty.

Cotton having a staple of If inches or more is usually considered
essential in the manufacture of warp yarns of 80s and above or of
filling yarns of 90s and above. Because of its relatively high price,
cotton of this length staple is not ordinarily used for lower counts
except where strength is a more important consideration than price.

Cotton of If inches or more is, because of its length, necessary in
the manufacture of fine yarns for the higher numbers of sewing
thread, for fine cloths, such as lawns, organdies, and voiles, and for
fine knit goods, laces, etc. Because of its strength, it is used in the
best grades of tire fabrics, in shoe threads, in embroidery cottons,
and in cotton warp for high-class mohair linings.

Prior to the passage of the emergency tariff act May 27, 1921, it is
probable that the largest use of Sakellarides was by the tire-fabric
mdustry, but it is important to note the extent to which, even before
that time, cotton of shorter staple had been displacing cotton of the
staple that is now dutiable. The number of motor vehicles registered
in the United States rose from 1,254,971 in 1913 to 3,512,996 in 1916,
an increase of 180 per cent. During this period the import of
Egyptian cotton increased only 82 per cent, showing that the pro-
portion of domestic cotton, particularly cotton of less than If inches,
used in tire fabrics, must have increased. During the next few years
the industry was affected by the war, and in 1918 tire-fabric pro-
duction was curtailed by Government order. The number of motor
vehicles in use has grown each year, in 1921 amounting to 10,125,000,
about eight times as many as in 1913 or nearly three times as many
as in 1916, yet the mill consumption of Egyptian cotton, although
showing a sudden spurt in 1920, is not now (1922) as large per month
as it was in 1916. Not only have the import and use of Egyptian
cotton not kept pace with the demand for cotton by this industry,
but the relative proportion of Sakellarides has decreased since the
passage of the emergency tariff act. The decrease in the use of
Sakellarides has not resulted in any material increase in the use of
Pima, and the increasing demand for tires is being met most largely
by the use of Egyptian uppers and of American staple cottons of
l-j^ to H inches. Higher prices for extra long staple cotton, as com-
pared with pre-war prices, the excessive competition in the tire in-
dustry, and the greater use of cord tires (where the strength necessary
is attained by ply yarns rather than by long-staple fiber), have
greatly reduced the necessity for the employment of extra long staple
cotton by tire manufacturers.

The largest users of Sakellarides cotton are now (1922), in the order
named, probably the sewing- thread industry, the tire industry, fine
cloth weavers, and the knitting industry. In the case of fine yarns
for thread, cloth, and knit goods there is a decided tendency toward
the substitution of Pima for Sakellarides, because of the lower price
of the domestic cotton.

20

EMERGENCY TARIFF ACT AND LONG-STAPLE COTTON.

The total imports of Egyptian cotton during the months of the last
thr6e crop years, and the imports of dutiable cotton since May^ 1921,
have been as follows :

Table 10. — Totalimports of Egyptian and of dutiable cotton.

Total

imports of

Egyptian

cotton.

Dutiable cotton.

Propor-
tion of

Montli of crop year.

Quantity.

Total
value.

Value

per
pound.

total duti-
able cot-
ton to total
Egyptian.

1919.
August . ...

Pounds.

5,639,715
22,934,190

5,510,065
15,509,774
13,678,977

33,276,457

48,261,821

55,476,207

28,058,777

3,445,091

4,226,350

6,484,538

6, 437, 879
1, 246, 070
5,840
1,470,715
4,041,337

3, 527, 353
3,954,053
6,793,705
7,594,835
3, 184, 534
4,101,036
1, 226, 201

2,363,992
1,697,996
9,486,021
13,563,177
20,611,870

12, 964, 701
18, 121, 194
23,818,001

Pounds.

Cents.

Per cent.

October . . .

Nnvpmhpr . .

December

1920.
January

February . .

March .

April

May. . .

June .

July.

August ...

1921.

February. .

March . ....

April . . .....

1,137,249
570, 854

865, 746

749, 965

2, 180, 711

1,805,754

2,051,858

737,924
4, 144, 891
4, 732, 436

$296, 187
126,476

206,943
- 178, 787
797,946
588,584
697,641

285, 638
1, 240, 682
1,642,058

26.04
22.16

23.90
23.84
36.59
32.59
34.00

38.70
29.93
34.70

27.73

July

46.55

August

36.62

44.17

October

22.99

13.31

December .

9.95

1922.
January...

5.69

February

22.87

March

19.87

Small amounts of dutiable cotton come from Peru and the West
Indies, but imports of dutiable cotton are so largely the Sakellarides
variety from Egypt that the preceding table can be taken as showing
with close approximation the ratio of dutiable cotton from Egypt to
the total cotton from Egypt. Importers state that prior to the
passage of the emergency tariff act imports of Egyptian cotton
consisted of 40 to 50 per cent Sakellarides and 50 to 60 per cent
"uppers." The imposition of a duty came at a time when the
American cotton industry was just beginning to recover from a
period of acute depression and between seasons of crop production,
so that its effects were slight until the new Egyptian crop came on
the market in the fall. Its effect was then apparent, not in reducing
imports of cotton from Egypt, as these actually increased consider-
ably over those of the previous year, owing to the greater demand
occasioned by mills getting back to a more normal consumption,
but in greatly reducing the proportion of Sakellarides cotton in the

EMERGENCY TARIFF ACT AND LONG-STAPLE COTTON. 21

total imports of cotton from Egypt. In January, 1922, for instance,
Sakellarides constituted less than 6 per cent of the total Egyptian
cotton imported.

During June, July, August, and September of 1921, imports of
Egyptian cotton were very small, but tliis would have been the case
even if there had been no duty. The Egyptian crop is marketed in
the fall, and imports are mainly in the period lasting from November
to April. The effect of the emergency tariff act must therefore be
judged during the latter period.

With improvement in domestic demand, the arrival of the new
crop at Alexandria, and an upward trend in prices, buying of Egyp-
tian cotton for American consumption was stimulated, and imports
during the period November, 1921, to April, 1922, have been, not-
withstanding the new tariff duty, larger than for the same period
during the preceding year. It will be noted that the average unit
value of dutiable cotton during these months has increased over
that of the months up to October; this increase has not been due to
the duty (which is not included in the invoice prices stated) but to
an increase in the market price of Egyptian the world over.

During the months of February and March, 1922, there has been
an increase in the proportionate amount of vSakellarides imported;
in fact during February, 1922, imports of Sakellarides exceeded
imports of Egyptian cotton of all kinds during the month of Feb-
ruary, 1921. The American demand has, of course, greatly increased
with the resumption of mill activity, but the larger proportion of
Sakellarides is in good measure due to the scarcity of uppers ^ which
forced mills wishing to sell fabrics made from ''Egyptian" cot-
ton to use more of the longer and higher priced variety. It is to
be remembered that uppers constitute less than one-half of the
Egyptian crop. Considering the different conditions of supply and
demand prevailing in 1922 as compared with 1921, it is evident that
the operation of the emergency tariff act has effected a large reduc-
tion in the use of Sakellarides cotton; i. e., imports have been less
than they would have been without the imposition of a duty.

A study of the Boston prices of imported Egyptian "vSakellarides"
and of American-Egyptian "Pima" cotton does not show that the
duty levied on cotton of 1 3-inch staple and longer has had any
effect in raisino; the price of such domestic cotton. To illustrate,
there is shown herewith a comparison of the prices of two grades of
Sakellarides and two grades of Pima as printed weekly in the market
circular of the United States Department of Agriculture.

s Ralph Lawsoii, of John Malloch & Co., Boston, in an interview published in the Daily News Eecord
of Doc. IN, 1921, stated:

" The United States has thus far bought about 90,f 00 bales of Egyptians this season. At least sixty-odd
thousand bales had been shipped up to Dec. 1, and I do not think an estimate of 3O,C0O bales contracted for
December, January, and P'ebruary shipment an overestimate. By far the major portion of this buying
has been of uppers.and as the present crop will not be over 100,COO bales and the carryover from last season
was estimated at from 20,000 to 40,000 bales, it will be seen that upper Egypt cotton should be scarce by
spring. A recent cable from Alexandria estimates that there are not over 10,COO bales of upper Egypt cotton
available in Egypt outside of exporters' stocks. Sakel cotton, on the other hand, is very plentiful and it is
really remarkable how the price has held in view of the tariff against it in this country and the relatively
small demand from other parts of the world. At the moment it would look as if there were more than
enough Sakel to satisfy the world for at least 12 months.

"Arizona Pima cotton has been in poor demand, and is relatively verj' cheap as compared with Sakel,
when onetakes the duty into consideration. No. 2 Pima has sold as low as 34 cents, which is 5 cents cheaper
than the er|uivalent grade of Sakel and 12 cents cheaper, counting the duty. Many spinners have lately
been expenitienling with Pima and are obtaining varying results, but spinners who have used it for several
years tell us that they are able to get satisfactory results from it in consequence of careful studj' in regard
to its liandling."

22

EMERGENCY TARIFF ACT AND LONG-STAPLE COTTON.

Table 1L-

-Comparison of Boston prices of Sakellarides and Pima cotton.
(From the weekly Market Reporter of U. S. Dept. Agr.i)
[Cents per pound.]

Date.

Fully good Sakel-
larides—

No. 2
Pima.

Margin

of Sakel

over

Pima.

Good fair Sakel-
larides.

No. 3
. Pima.

Margin
of Sakel

Without
duty.

With
duty.

Without
duty.

With
duty.

over
Pima.

1921.
Jan 1

41

45i

421

41i

40i

41

37i

32

35i

m

41

38f

40J

39i

4H

354

33

36J

321
32|

32J

28J

23i

261

32

32

291

32

7|
8.
8|

i

9

?

7|

9

9|

81

351

33

36i

331

331

321

32|

28^

234

261

32

32

2%

31i

301

32J

34|

32

35|

1

8

1

22

1

29

Feb 5 . . .

12 ...

31J
31f

27J

22i

251

31

31

28i

31

1

19

1

26

1

Mar 5

1

12

1

Apr 2

1

9

1

16

1

30 ...

i

May 7 . . .

14 . . .

32

32

34

35

351

33

33

31

32

33

34

33

33

33

34

32

35

35

354

40

42

40

46

41

41

41

40

37

38i

34

37
39

39
39
37
35*

n

31
. 31
33
34
33|
32
32

IJ

21

28

361
36|
341
34i
33i
32*
34J
33i

in

351

36|

37|

37J

43^

41i

46i

461

491

63i

56t

57^

5H
48^
461
48|
51|

521
521
50|
49i
49-1
46

n

9i

71

8j

9J

7i

7i

9i

9i
10|
10|
12|

i3r

13|

301
171
19i
17i
17i

la

17i
14|

22i
20|
18*
17i
191
17i

26^

261

25^

261

25i

24

24|

251

24i

261

251

27

27i

26i

27J

311

34

331

36i

49i

43

42i

381

381

38i

36|

37i

38J

39

37i
35J
351
32|
234*
36|
36
35i
351
2 351
2 34i
34i
33|
32*
35'
35i
36J

-6i

431
411
41i
40a
39i
41|
40i
41i
42i
42i
43f

50t^

48i

53-1

531

56|

701

631

63i

58^

58J

55i

531

a

591

591
57i
• 561
561
53

331

324

33^

321

31

31|

32^

311

331

32f

32

32J

331

34f

38J

41

401

43i

564

50

49i

451

451

45J

431

43J

45J

46

46i

44i

42i

421

38|

4H

431

43

421

421

421

41*

4l|

40|

39i

42

42i

43|

- i

11

-11

18

\\

25

i

July 2

9

31
33
34
33
33
33
34
32
35
35
34
37
39
37
44
38
38
38
37
35
36
32

35

37

36i

36*

34i

33*

34

34

34

31

31

30i

30i

30i

29

29

30

32

33

- 1

16

- f

23

-21

30

i

Aug. 6

- i

13

-1

20

-11

27

1^

Sept. 3

- i

10

3i

17

7

24

31

Oct. 1

4i

8

19f

22

6

29

Hi

Nov. 5

71

12

19

gi

26

8|

Dec. 3

7i

31

13i

1922.
Jan. 7

11

14

9i

21

7f

28

6i

Feb. 4

71

11

51

18

7i

25

48J
48f
47i
48i

55f
551
54i
55i

36

36

33

33

32i

32i

32*

31"

31

32

34

35

19J
19|
21i
22\

^

Mar. 4

9

11

iij

18

111

24

12J

31

11

Apr. 7

461
46J
44i
461

m

48

53i
53|
51i
531
54|
55

21|

1

20t
20

Hi

^ 14::.:

m

21

lOi

28

12

May 6

lOi

12

lOi

1 Name changed in January, 1922, to "Weather, Crops, and Markets" of U. S. Dept. Agr.

2 Quotations from the Daily News Record.

EMERGENCY TARIFF ACT AND LONG-STAPLE COTTON. 23

It is seen from Table 11 that in the months prior to the passage
of the emergency tariff act the Boston landed price of fully good
Sakellarides was 8 to 9 cents a pound higher than the Boston price of
Pima No. 2; similarly, that the price of good fail* Sakellarides was
about 1 cent a pound higher than that of Pima No. 3.

When the emergency tariff act of May 27, 1921, went into effect
the between-season market was lifeless, and both imports and con-
sumption of long-staple cotton were at a low ebb. This slack period
was, however, probably the only time at which the duty affected
prices. Egyptian surplus stocks were offered very cheap, although
with few takers, whereas Pima, reinforced by the duty, maintained
a better level. During June and July of 1921, fully good Sakellarides
was landed, ex duty, at the same or only slightly above the price
of Pima No. 2, whereas good fair Egyptian was landed, ex duty, at
prices considerably below Pimia No. 3.

When the new Egyptian cotton crop began to come on the market,
various factors, such as the abnormally low estimate of the American
cotton crop made by the United States Department of Agriculture
and an increasing world demand for manufactured goods, caused
prices of Egyptian cotton to rise rapidly, whereas American mills
increased but slightly their actual purchases of Pima cotton. By
October 8, 1921, fully good Sakellarides was selling on the Boston
market, duty paid, at 70| cents a pound as compared with only 40
cents for Pima No. 2; similarly, good fair Sakellarides was selling
at 56| cents as compared with only 37 cents for Pima No. 3.

From the October peak the prices of both Sakellarides and Pima
gradually, with occasional reactions, slumped, but the American
demand for Sakellarides has at all times been better than the American
demand for Pima. On March 18, 1922, fully good Sakellarides was
selling in Boston, duty paid, at 22^ cents a pound above Pima No. 2 ,
and similarly good fair Sakellarides was bringing 1 1 f cents a pound
above Pima No. 2. Even without the duty, Sakellarides cotton is
selling to-day in Boston at a higher price, as compared with Pima,
than was the case when the emergency tariff act became effective.

The only conclusion to be drawn from the above is that, with the
exception of two months during the dull season just after the duty
went into effect, the emergency tariff act has had no effect in increas-
ing or even in upholding the price of Pima cotton. Even during the
period stated the effect was slight, inasmuch as there were few pur-
chases, and it is to be noted that American purchases of Sakellarides
were most largely during the fall, when the margin of ^Sakellarides
over Pima was much greater. . It is clear that American spinners
are willing to pay a much higher price for l-j^-inch Sakellarides than
they are for If -inch Pima.

Short-staple uplands is the basic cotton crop of the world, and
prices of other cottons necessarily follow a rise or fall in the price of
uplands. wSuch variations from the price of the basic cotton are
influenced and accentuated by special factors. Pima and Egyptian
cottons tend to come together in periods of low prices and to draw
apart on a rising market. The Pima crop, very much smaller than
the Egyptian and in a few hands, is less subject to speculation, and
being more securely financed and marketed by a few large growers
can hold its level better in a distress market. It is largely controlled
by the Pimacotton Growers' Association, and Government funds
available through the War Finance Corporation, have been used to

24 EMERGENCY TARIFF ACT AND LONG-STAPLE COTTON.

enable the growers to hold for better prices. The Egyptian Gov-
ernment also assists its growers, not only by advances through
the National Bank of Egypt but also by the direct purchase of '
cotton in periods of depression. The Egyptian prices are affected
primarily by conditions in the fine spinning industry of England,
its main market, and secondarily by the American demand.

The marketing of long-staple cotton is not entirely a matter of
price. It is also largely a question of quality. This results from the
fact that apparently slight superficial differences in cotton occasion
great differences in spinning characteristics, so that the substitution
of one type of cotton for another is not so simple a proposition as it
appears to the layman. Mills maintain that it requires considerable
adjustment of preparatory and spinning machinery to change from
Egyptian Sakellarides of ly^-inch staple to American Pima cotton of
l|-inch staple, and that it is inadvisable to go to this expense as
long as the supply of the longer stapled Pima is uncertain ; the change
is also distasteful to operatives who have become accustomed to
working on Sakellarides. For these reasons some mills will pay a
better price for a cotton which they have previously handled than
for a comparable new type which in the finished product may be
just as good.

Sea-island cotton was at one time the only type of extra long-staple
cotton on the market. Experimentation in Egypt developed varie-
ties that were equal in length and strength of staple to most of the
sea island, although somewhat inferior in fineness and luster. For
most purposes the Egyptian cotton was as usable as the sea island,
yet it was with considerable difficulty, notwithstanding the con-
tinuous cooperation of the Egyptian Government, that growers
of long-staple Egyptian were able to secure a permanent market for
their cotton. The increasing demand for long-staple cotton afforded
them the opportunity of establishing connections, and the subse-
quent decline of the sea-island crop has given Egyptian cotton prac-
tically universal preference in the long-staple industry.

The growers of Pima cotton find themselves in a similar difficulty.
Mills which have become accustomed to the extra-long staple
Egyptian Sakellarides are willing to pay more for it if necessary, or,
if the yarn count to be spun is not too high, to substitute shorter
staple Egyptian uppers. This is not altogether because of their own
preference but frequently because of the prejudices of consumers of
their goods who insist on "Egyptian" cotton but not necessarily on
any particular variety or staple of Egyptian. Therefore, without
considerable price advantage to cover the cost of experimentation,
many mills feel that they can not run the risk involved in a substitu-
tion of American grown cotton for the Egyptian.^" Spinners of fine

'» The Daily News Record (of New York City) in its issue of Feb. 4, 1922, states in a review of the New
Bedford market:

"Pima has commanded more than its usual share of interest among the long cottons. Cotton men
declare that there can be no overlooking the fact that the use of Pima for line goods is meeting with consider-
able favor with I he mills where it has been mtrodnced. Last week the Pima shijipers held out against the
offers, based on a good demaiid early in the week, and prices were held more firmly than other grades of
cotton. This week Pimas took their tumble, while other prices were strengthening. All grades of Pima
were this week about 2 cents a pound under the quotations of a week ago.

" One local broker who said frankly thai he regards Pima nuich lower than the same Sakellarides cotton,
explained that the Pima interests must discount this by a realization that Pima is not known thoroughly
enough by the mills to enable them to i>ush that cotton to its full value yet.

'"They do not seem to realize the fact that they have a type of cotton with which most mills are not
familiar/ he said. 'In order to introduce it and get any considerable number of mills into the habit of
using it— to get the workers experienced enough in running it through the mill machinery so that they can
get out of the cotton all the value there is in it— I believe it is absolutely essential that the cotton be made
especially attractive from a price standpoint.'"

EMEKGENCY TAHIEF ACT AND LONG-STAPLE COTTON. 25

yarns, particularly thread manufacturers, maintain that notwith-
standing its extra length, Pima has not the character or strength of
Sakellarides, and therefore can not be satisfactorily substituted in the
manufacture of fine counts above No. 80.

The world demand for cotton of extra long staple has been increas-
ing faster than the supply, and the probability is that, duty or no
duty, the surplus stocks resulting from the recent depression will
gradually be absorbed and long staple cotton from any source,
Egyptian, American, or other, become increasingly easy to market.

APPENDIX.

Foreign tariff duties on raw cotton, ginned.
(As compiled by the Bu. of For. & Dom. Com. for Aug. 15, 1921.)

Cotmtry.

Foreign units.

Rate of duty.

Cents per
pound.

Europe:

Austria-Hungary

Belgium

Bulgaria

Denmark

France

Germany

Greece

Holland

Italy

Norway

Portugal

Rumania

Russia

Serbia

Spain

Sweden

Switzerland

Turkey

United Kingdom

Asia:

British India

Ceylon

China

Chosen

French Indo-CMna. .

Persia

Siam

Japan

Oceania:

AustraUa

New Zealand

Philippine Islands. . .
Africa:

Algeria

British South Africa.

Egypt

Morocco

South America:

Argentina

Bolivia . . .

Brazil

Colombia.

Chile

Ecuador. .
Paraguay.

Peru

Do....
Uruguay. .
Venezuela .

Silver lev per 100 kilograms, gross .

Lire per 100 kilograms, net .

Milreis per kilo, net

Leu per 100 kilograms, gross weight . .
Roubles per pood, net

Pesetas per 100 kilograms, gross weight .

Francs per 100 kilos .
Per cent ad valorem.

Haikwan taels per ciul, net.

Ad valorem .

Pence per pound.

Ad valorem .
do

On a valuation of 0.36 peso per kUo,
with inner packing.

Boliviano per kilo, gross weight

MUreis per kilo

Per kilo, gross weight

Sucres per kilo, gross weight

On a valuation of 0.48 peso per kilo,
gross weight.

Soles per kilo, gross weight

do

Bolivar per kilo, gross weight. .

Free

Free

20

Free

Free

Free

Free

Free

3

Free

0.030

1

4

Free

1.30

Free

1

11 percent.
Free

Free

Free

0.8

Free

Free

Free

3 per cent .
Free

Free.

4

Free.

Free

Free

8 per cent . . .
12^ per cent .

5 per cent . . .

0.07

1.09

0.03

Free

0.025

42 per cent .

0.05....
0.05....
Free . . .
0.25....

1 Conventional rate, including surtax.

2 Rate varies according to fluctuations of standard of value.

' Cotton of Persian origin is admitted at 0.. 57043 cents per pound.
■• At Shanghai 0.309 cents per pound, including .surtax of 3 per cent.
•'' Including surtax.
8 There is a deduction of 2 per cent of weight for tare if packed in bales.

7 There is a surtax of 2 per cent ad valorem.

8 Including surtax, at the ports of Callao, Salaverry, Paita, and Pisco.
» Including surtax, at other ports.

'" Ad valorem surtax.

26

Free.

Free.

2.1010.1

Free.

Free.

Free.

Free.

Free.

0.2626.

Free.

1.26.

0.0875.2

5.7043.3

Free.

0.1138.

Free.

0.0877.

11 per cent.

Free.

Free.

Free.

0.43.1

Free.

Free. ,

Free.

3 per cent.
Free.

Free.

8.1108.

Free.

Free.

Free.

8 per cent.

12^ per cent.

0.789.

1.23.

6.93.6,6

1.388.5

Free.

1.2167.'

9.1583.6

1.3272.8
1.305.9

4 per cent.'"
3.433.6

i

EMERGENCY TARIFF ACT AND LONG-STAPLE COTTON.

Foreign tariff duties on raw cotton, ginned — Continued.

27

Country.

Foreign units.

Rate of duty.

Cents per
pound.

North and Central America:
Canada.

Free

Free.

0.05

1.1104.11

Do

. ...do

0.05

1.0786.12

Cuba

DoUars per 100 kilos, gross weight

.do

0.70

0.3175.13

Dominican Republic . . . .

10.00

4.5360.

0.03

0.722.13

Haiti .

Ad valorem

20 per cent

0.10 .•

0.25

23.8 per cent.5

Honduras

Peso per half-kilo, gross weight

Peso per kilo, gross weight

3.9272.H

6.2249.5

Peso per 100 kilos, gross weight

1

0.5114.5

Newfoundland . .

Free

Free.

Panama. .

Ad valorem

15 per cent

Free

15 per cent.

Free.

Free

Free.

\l| inches or more in length . . . .

7 cents a pound..

5 Inchiding surtax.

11 Including surtax for Provinces of Limon.

12 Including surtax for other Provinces.

13 Rate to United States; to other countries, 0.4536 cents per pound,
n Rate varies according to fluctuations of standards of value.

Note. — In general, conversions are based on the par or fixed standard rates of currency. In some
instances the market rates of exchange have fallen below the standards which prevailed for a long time
before the war.

WORLD SUPPLY OF AND DEMAND FOR EXTRA-LONG-STAPLE COTTONS.

The Cotton Research Board, of the Ministry of Agriculture, Egypt,
in its first annual report, 1920, stated:

When other sources of supply are considered, it will be seen that there is a great
potentiality in Egypt for an increased production of Sakel, and in consequence,
other factors being equal, for a lowering in price. But the future trade for fine cot-
tons has an equally great possibility of increasing, and it may absorb all the fine
cottons that can be produced and demand more. The increase of the motor- tire trade
and the expansion of airplane traffic, the increased substitution of fine cotton fabrics
for silk, the increased education of the masses and the consequent demand for rnore
luxurious fabrics, all indicate that, in spite of the general depression now prevailing,
it may be expected that the demand for long-staple cotton will increase.

After stating that the production of sea-island cotton in the United
States and the West Indies (British and Dutch) may be disregarded
because of their smallness and the fact that their use is so highly
specialized for a particular class of work that they can not be con-
sidered as serious competitors of the Egyptian crop, the Cotton
Research Board estimates the present and future positions of the extra
long staple cotton crop (presuming that the present normal return
per feddan or acre is maintained) as follows:

Countrv.

Present
outturn. 1

Possible
outturn
30 years
hence.'

Maximum

possible

after a

long

period. 1

Egypt

Oazira, Sudan

Tukar and Kassala, Sudan
Ame.'ican-Egyptian

550, 000

9,000

10, 000

35,000

1,075,000

56,000

80,000

200,000

1 In 500-pound bales.

1,075,000
186, 000
100,000
310,000

28

EMERGENCY TARIFF ACT AND LONG-STAPLE COTTON.

Buying and selling prices of Egyptian cotton as fixed by the Cotton Control Commission

in 1918}

UPPER EGYPT.

Mark.

UAA..
UAB..
UAC
UBD..
UBE..
UBF..
UCG..
UCH..
UCJ...
UDK.
UDL..
UEM.
UEO..
UFP..
UFR..
UGS..
UHT.
UJV..
ULZ..
UMA.
UOB..

Description.

Fully good extra staple

Fully good medium staple

FuUy good short staple

Good extra staple

Good medium staple

Good short staple. '.

FuUy good fair to good extra staple . . .
Fully good fair to good medium staple
Fully good fair to good short staple —

Fully good fair good staple

Fully good fair staple

Good fair to fuly good fair good staple
Good fair to fuily good fair fair staple..

Good fair good staple

Good fair fair staple

Fully fair average staple

Fairto fully fair average staple

Fair ".

Middling fair

Middling

Low middling

Buying
. price.

Tallari?
40
39
37§
-38
37
36
36
3.5i
35
35
34i
33
32
32
31
27i
26'
23*
20'
15
10

32

SAKELLARIDES.

SAA.
SAB.
SAC.
SAD.
SBE.
SBF.
SBG.
SBH.
SCJ..
SCK.
SCL..
SCM.
SDO.
SDP.
SDR.
SES..
SET.
SEV.
SFX.
SFZ..
SGA.
SGB.
SHC.
SJD..
SKE.
SLF.
SMG.
SOH.
SPJ..

Fully good extra fine staple

Fully good good staple

Fully good fair staple

Fully good short staple

Good extra fine staple

Good good staple

Good fair staple

Good short staple

Fully good fair to good extra fine staple. . .

Fully good fair to good good staple

Fully good fair to good fair staple

Fully good fair to good short staple

Fully good fair extra staple

Fully good fair medium staple

Fully good fair short staple

Good fair to fully good fair extra staple —
Good fair to fully good fair medium staple

Good fair to f(,illy good fair short staple

Good fair good staple

Good fair fair staple

Fully fair to good fair good staple

Fully fair to good fair fair staple ,

Fillly fair average staple

Fair to fully fair average staple ,

Fair average staple

Middling fair to fair average staple

Middling fair average staple

Middling average staple

Low middling average staple

57

54

52

49

53

50

48

45

48

46

44i

43

43i

42

41

41i

40J

40

40

39

38

37

35

33

30

25

20

15

10

BROWN.

BAA....
BAB...
BAG....
BCD....
BCE....
BCF...-.
BDG....
BDH...
BDJ.. ..

Fully good extra staple

Fully good medium staple

Fully good short staple

Good extra staple

Good medium staple

Good short staple

Fully good fair to good extra staple.. . .
Fully good fair to good medium staple.
Fully good fair to good short staple

' As quoted in Commerce Reports No. 231, Oct. 2, 1918, pp. 26, 2?.

2 In Egypt cotton is sold in tallari per cantar, which is practically the same as cents per pound. The
canlar is equal to 99.05 pounds. Egyptian money is based on the niillicnic 10 inillicmes make 1 piaster
tarif; 200 millieines make one tallari" or dollar; 1,000 milliemes make the pound Egyptian, which is equal
to £1 Os fid. At normal exchange the pound Egvptian is equal to $4.9431 and the tallari to one-fifth of
this, or 98.>-6 cents. The price of cotton as stated in tallari per cantar is therefore not materially different
from dollars per hundred pounds or from cents per pound.

EMERGENCY TAEIFF ACT AND LONG-STAPLE COTTON,

29

Buying and selling prices of Egyptian cotton as fixed hy the Cotton Control Commission

in 1918 — Continued.
BROWN— Coatinued.

Type
No.

Mark.

79

BEK...

80

BEL....

81

BFM....

82

BFO....

83

BGP....

84

BGR....

85

BHS....

86

BHT....

87

BJV...

88

BKX...

89

BLZ....

90

BMA . . .

91

BOB....

92

BPC...

Description.

FuUj- good fair good staple

Fully good fair fair staple

Good fair to fully good fair good staple
Good fair to fully good fair fair staple..

Good fair good staple

Good fair fair staple

Fully fair to good fair good staple

Fully fair to good fair fair staple

Fully fair average staple

Fair'to fully fair average staple

Fair average staple

Middling fair average staple

Middling average staple

Low middling average staple

Buying
price.

Tallari.
38i
37i
37
36
35i
34i
33
32
30
28
25
20
15
10

Selling
price,
f. o. b.

Tallari.
44i
43i
43
42
41i
40i
39
38
36
34
31
26
21
16

AFRICA.

SakeDarides, first quality

Sakellarides, second quality.

Brown, first quality

Brown, second quality

Ashmuni, first quality

Ashmuni, second quality

Mixed , third quality

Mixed, fourth quality

7

13

6

12

6^

12i

bit

Hi

7

13

6

12

4*

lOi

3*

9i

PRICES OF EGYPTIAN COTTON AT ALEXANDRIA.

The following table is furnished by a leading importer of Egyptian
cotton to show the prices in cents per pound of fully good fair Sakel-
larides and fully good fair uppers f. o. b. Alexandria, Egypt.

The importer states : "These are monthly prices and are as near as
we can get to the average price of each month. By adding 2\ cents
a pound to these prices you will get the c. i. f. Boston prices. Fully
good fair Sakel corresponds to Pima No. 2 in grade, but the Pima
will not do the work of Sakel of the same gi'ade, particularly in high-
count yarns. The American staple type w^hich we would compare to
the upper Egyptian prices is Middling 1^ inches."

Prices f. o. b. Alexandria. Egypt, of fully good fair Sakellarides and of fully good fair

uppers.

[Cents per pound.]

Month.

1911-12

Sakel-
larides.

Up-
pers.

1912-13

Sakel-
larides.

Up-
pers.

1913-14

Sakel-
larides.

Up- ! Sakel- j Up-
pers, j larides. pers.

1916-17 1

Sakel-
larides.

Up-
pers.

August

September .

October

November .
December .
January . . .
February . .

March

April

May

June

July

28

25

23J

23

22

23

23

24

24i

24'

25

18

16i

15

14

14

15

loi

16i

17'

18

18

23

23

21J

23

24

23i

23J

23i

23J

225

22i

22

16J

17

15

16

17

17i

18

I8i

19

18i

18

m

2H

22i

23

22i

22'

21i

2U

21J

211

22

22J

215

17

175

18J

18

17t

165

16i

155

16i

16i

16i

16

20}

16}
18

17i

18

21

22

22

215

21

15i

85
11

95
lOi
11
13
14
125
125
12

1 1915-16 data lacking.

» Closed.

30

EMERGENCY TARIFF ACT AND LONG-STAPLE COTTON.

Prices f. o. b. Alexandria, Egypt, of fully good fair Sakellarides aiid of fully good fair

uppers — Continued.

[Cents per pound.]

1917

-18

1918-19

191E

-20

192C

-21

1921

-22

Month.

Sakel-
larides.

Up-
pers.

Sakel-
larides.

Up-
pers.

Sakel-
, larides.

Up-
pers.

Sakel-
larides^

Up-
pers.

Sakel-
larides.

Up-
pers.

60

48

46

45

45

44

41

44

44^

43

43

464

40

29

32

34.

37

36

34

37

364

36

37

40

(3)
(3)

{')
(=)

(«)
(')
(=)

(3)

(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(■3)
(2)
(3)
(3)
(3)

134
125
80
70
40
35
30
26
30
30
27
30

75
60
40
25
26
25
15
20
17
17
17
17

30

45

48

39

40J

40

34

36

35

17

1 57

1 60

70

92

140

187

! 165

i 162

i 126

105

120

50

50

70

90

115

140

115

110

90

80

75

324

October

36

30

December . . .

314

January

29

Febi uary

24

March

25

24

July

3 Prices fixed by Cotton Control Commission (see p. 28).

PKICES OF PIMA COTTON AT BOSTON.

In answer to an inquiry from the Tariff Commission, the Arizona
Pimacotton Growers' Association wrote, under date of March 29,
1922:

"After having checked the quotations on Pima No. 2 from every
source possible, we find that the following quotations, Boston basis,
are the best available:

Month.

1917.

October

December

1918.

January

March

October

November. . .
December . . .

1919.

January

February

April

Cents per
pound.

77

73

70A

G34

CO

Month.

1919.
May

December ...

1920.

January

February

March

May

November. . .
December

1921.

January

February

Cents per
pound.

97*
108J
110
125

454
384

Month.

1921.

March

April

May

June

July

August

September...

October

November. . .
December . . .

1922.

January

February

March

Cents per
pound.

294

31

33i

32J

33J

33'4

39

42i

39

33

Trend of Extra Staple Cotton Prices Since Early 1914, with Review op 1921.
[By Benjamin Adler, in Daily News Record of Jan. 6, 1922.)

The year 1921 had more than a sobering effect on prices of extra staple cotton,'
which began to recover from its wild orgy of speculation for the rise toward the autumn
of 1920. Prices gave sign of receding to a lower level in June, 1920, and, after a few
precipitous declines, duplicated in June and July their highs of the month of May.
The strength during these two months was due to technical reasons, bears having
been unwary of the negligible amount of certificated cotton in New York, and lieing
called on to" deliver what they had sold, were unable to accomplish it with the New
\orK stock or to tiansport in time from the South for lack of facilities.

This artificial strength of the New York future marKct gave comfort to holders of
e ;t.a staple cotton in the P^ast and South. After the liquidation of the July positions,

EMERGENCY TARIFF ACT AND LONG-STAPLE COTTON. 31

at 43 J cents per pound, the highest price for short cotton since the Civil War, prices
began to tumble like a house of cards. The continued stressing of the weakness of
sterling and of other foreign exchanges, with their subsequent collapse: the coal
strike in England, attended by a shut-down of cotton mills in Manchester and Lan-
cashire; the uncomfortable position of the banks which, due to a long period of cheap
money, encouraged speculation; the industrial slow-down here; the debatable policy
of the retired administration's campaign of warning the great buying public to tighten
its purse strings, and the wholesale calling of loans which forced on an unwilling
market warehouses full of merchandise and commodities. All these things were too
much for cotton.

HOW SAKS SLUMPED.

In the New Bedford market prices between sales of extra staple cotton fell 15 to
20 cents a pound. From the high of $L50 a pound for Egyptian Sakellarides, which
this gi-ade of cotton touched in June. 1920. prices already had fallen in November of
the same year to 34 cents, and in March. 1921. could be bought at 20 cents.

Cotton of other growths fared no better. In the pell-mell of liquidation one unfavor-
able factor succeeded another. The 1920 crop of 13.400.000 bales of cotton came on
the market at a time when its financing was well-nigh impossible. Its production had
cost more than the price at which it could be marketed, therefore little of it had
been hedged either by the banks or the growers, necessitating the carrying of the cot-
ton or its sale at ruinous prices.

Exports of cotton were down to a minimum. To combat the unfavorable economic
situation a policy of reduced acreage to cotton was adopted by the growers throughout
the world. In Egypt it was commanded by the Sultan's decree. The use of fertilizer
was cut 50 per cent.

FIRST CROP REPORT WAS DISCOUNTED.

Notwithstanding all these aids to higher prices, the first Govei'nment report of the
crop in June, indicating an alarming reduction of acreage and the lowest condition
report on record, the market did not respond to the figures. The world had already
begun to discount an 8,000,000-bale crop, the smallest in many years, by offsetting it
with an estimated carryover of almost 8,000,000, with world consumption of American
cotton going at the rate of 10,000,000 bales a year.

Cotton had another sinking spell, and in June the lowest prices of the year were
registered. To give an idea of the extent to which cotton had declined, 1^-inch
strict good ordinary cotton was sold in Fall River at that time as low as 6 cents per
pound.

UPPERS TOUCHED 12j CEXTS.

Egyptian uppers suitable for tire yarns sold as low as 12| cents, as against $1.20
the year before.

Peruvian mitafifi sold at 11 cents as against $1.15.

Brazilian l-pg-inch sold at 9 cents, compared to 80 cents.

In September alarming reports of boll-weevil infestation throughout the cotton-
growing States caused a reversal of sentiment and a violent uprush started, carrying
prices up almost $45 per bale in one month on the New York futures market alone.

Extra staples advanced by leaps and bounds. Though mills tried hard to main-
tain a hand-to-mouth buying policy, the shortage of good staple cotton and small
stocks in spinning establishments rendered their position vulnerable. In September,
Egyptian uppers had climbed to 44 cents, Sakellarides to 58 cents, Brazilians to 30
cents; and l^s-inch Americans to 38 cents.

POSITION STRONG TO-DAY.

From these prices natural reactions have occurred, but prices have withstood pres-
sure very well, indicating a very strong position. Cotton is very firmly held. Bul-
warked by the knowledge of the shortage of desirable staple cottons, together with
the fact that most long-staple producing countries are experiencing a deterioration
in their growth, and that the tire industry, the chief users of staple cotton, are begin-
ning to reawaken to renewed activity, the outlook for 1922 is encouraging.

32 EMERGENCY TARIFF ACT AND LONG-STAPLE COTTON.

Early 1914 pre-ivar prices, with short cotton selling around 12 cents.

Strict middling Cents.

l-iV-inch \A\

ifinch 15i

lA-inch 16i

li-inch 18

li^-inch 20

l|-inch 23

1919 cotton prices {cents per pound).

\
I

January.

June.

August.

October.

35

40

46

55

39

46

52

65

41

48

54

70

43

50

.56

73

46

52

58

75

46

47

55

58

58

. 69

. 67

68

60

60

70

70

45

48

56

60

35

38

44

48

Novem-
ber.

American strict middling

iTV-inch ,

l|-inch

1-^inch

ij-incli

lA-inch

P. Mitafifl

American-Egyptian

Sakellarides

Uppers

Brazilians

1920 cotton prices {cents per pound).

American strict middling:

1-iVinch

l|-inch

li^inch

IJ-incii

lyV-inch

P. Mitaflfl

American-Egyptian

Sakellarides

Uppers

Brazilians

January.

94
100
106

May.

60
90
100
115

115
125
150
120

80

August.

Novem-
ber.

1921 cotton prices {cents per pound).

January.

March.

August.

Septem-
ber.

Decem-
ber.

American strict middling:
IJ-inch

20
22
24
26
20
30
33
22
15

IS
20
22
24
18
27
28
20
15

18
22
24
28
17

34
38
40
43
30
40
45
32
28

28

l-Tj-inch V

31

IJ-incli

36

lyVinch

40

P. Mitaflfl

32

American-Egyptian

40

Sakellarides

32

18
14

41

Uppers

33

Brazilians

25

EMERGENCY TAEIFF ACT AND LONG-STAPLE COTTON.

33

Net imports of cotton, 1891-1921.
[Compiled from "Commerce and Navigation of the United States.'

Fiscal year.

Imports.

Reexports.

Net imports.

1891..
1892.,
1893.,
1894..
1895..
1896.,
1897.,
1898.,
1899.,
1900.
1901.
1902.
190.3.
1904.
1905.
1906.
1907.
1908.
1909.
1910.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
1916.
1917.
1918.
1919.
1920.
1921 '

Pounds.

20,908,817

28,663,769

43,367,952

27,705,949

49, 332, 022

55, 350, 520

51,898,926

52, 660, 363

50, 158, 158

67,398,521

46,631,283

98, 715, 680

74, 874, 426

48,840,590

60,508,548

70,963,633

104,791,784

71,072,855

86,518,024

86,037,691

113,768,313

109,780,071

121,852,016

123,346,899

185,204,579

232,801,062

147,061,635

103,325,647

103, 592, 194

.345,314,126

125,938,754

Valve.

$2, 825, 004

3,217,521

4,688,799

3, 003, 888

4, 714, 375

6,578,212

5, 884, 262

5,019,503

5, 013. 146

7,960,945

6, 787, 828

11,712,170

10,892,591

8,541,510

9,414,750

10, 879, 592

19,930,988

14, 172, 241

13, 622, 802

15,816,138

24, 776, 320

20,217,581

22,987,318

19,456,588

23,208,960

40,150,342

40,429,526

36, 020, 483

37,633,612

156,918,719

44,666,171

Pounds.

447, 794

132 777

360^ 832

1,029,936

771,614

1,188,356

1,188,523

499, 684

293,988

1,381,463

306,452

1,470,566

1,475,494

1,701,651

650, 294

3, 148, 439

10, 836, 241

.3,572,872

1,515,871

5,531,879

2,332,679

1, 176, 849

871, 145

1, 998, 231

13,570,362

9, 426, 354

1,960,995

1,798,821

2, 249, 977

8,491,346

7,917,637

Value.

$83, 048

20,964

51,814

141,051

70, 546

112,162

114,768

41,6.59

31,147

168, 761

41,358

172,890

189, 786

266, 195

79, 727

484,656

1,366,478

451,377

204, 120

1,299,245

452, 938

182,377

129, 747

329,311

1,541,979

1,344,878

423,482

679, 045

904, 753

5, 472, 629

3,948,939

Pounds.
20,461,023
28, 530, 992
43,007,120
26,676,013
48,560,408
54, 162, 164
50,710,403
52, 160, 679
49,854,170
66,017,058
46, 324, 831
97, 245, 114
73,398,932 |
47,138,939
59,858,254
67,815,194
93,955,543
67,499,983 i
.85,002,153 ;
80, 505, 812
111,435,634
108, 603, 222
120, 980, 871
121,348,668
171,634,217
223, 374, 70S
145,100,640
101,526,826
101,342,217
336, 822, 780
118,021,117

Value.

$2,741,956

3,196,557

4,636,985

2, 862, 837

4,643,829

6, 466, 050

5,769,494

4,977,844

4,981,999

7, 792, 184

6,746,470

11,539,280

10, 702, 805

8, 275, 315

9,-335,023

10,394,93'j

18,564,510

13, 720, 864

13,418,682

14,516,893

24,-323,382

20, 035, 204

22,857,571

19, 127, 277

21,666,981

38,805,464

40, 006, 044

35,341,438

36, 728, 859

151,446,090

40, 717, 232

' Includes 1,137,249 pounds, valued at $296,187, dutiable under emergency tariff act.

PRODUCTION, CONSUMPTION, EXPORTS, AND IMPORTS OF COTTON,

• (Census Bulletin No. 147— Published in 1921.)

The table below shows the production of cotton, average net weight of bale, average
value per pound, consumption of cotton and linters, exports of domestic cotton, and
net imports of raw cotton from 1790 to 1920. The value of this table lies chiefly in its
presentation for comparative purposes of relative quantities of each of the items
shown for a series of years. The data here given can not be used for arriving at the
aggregate supply and distribution of cotton and linters for a number of years, or even
for a single year, as the table does not take into account stocks carried over, destroyed,
or the balancing item shown on earlier pages,

PRODUCTION, CONSUMPTION, EXPORTS, AND NET IMPORTS OF RAW COTTON, FOR THE

UNITED states: 1790 TO 1920.

Production . — The production statistics relate, when possible, to the year of growth,
but when figures for the growth year are wanting, those for a commercial crop which
represents the trade movement have been taken. The statistics of production for
the years 1790 to 1898, inclusive, have been compiled from publications of the Depart-
ment of Agriculture; for the years 1899 to 1920, inclusive, and for other years, when
available, census figures have been used.

Price of upland cotton. — For the years 1910 to 1920. inclusive, the price per pound
shown for upland cotton represents the average price received for cotton by the
growers as computed by the Department of Agriculture; for the years 1902 to 1909,
it is the average price of the average grade marketed in New Orleans prior to April 1
of the following year; for the years 1890 to 1901. inclusive, it is the average price of
middling cotton on the New Orleans Cotton Exchange; and for the years 1790 to 1889,
inclusive, it is taken from reports of the Department of Agriculture.

Consumption. — The statistics of consumption for the years 1790 to 1894. inclusive,
have been compiled from publications of the Department of Agriculture, and those
for the years 1895 to 1903, inclusive, from the reports of Latham, Alexander ct Co.
Census figures haA'e been used for the years 1904 to 1920, inclusive, and for other
years when available. The statistics relate to the 12 months during which the crop
of the specified year was chiefly marketed, and not to the calendar year specified.

34

EMERGENCY TARIFF ACT AND LONG-STAPLE COTTON.

Domestic exports and net imports. — For the years 1790 to 1819, inclusive, the statis-
tics have been taken from American State papers, and for the years 1820 to 1920 from
the reports on Commerce and Navigation of the United States, published by the
Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Department of Commerce. For the
years 1790 to 1842, inclusive, the statistics of exports relate to the 12 months beginning
with October 1 of the specified year; for 184.3 to 1866, inclusive, to the 12 months
beginning with July 1; for 1867 to 191.3, inclusive, to the 12 months beginning with
September 1; and for 1914 to 1920 to the 12 months beginning with August 1. The
statistics of imports relate to the same periods as the statistics of exports.

PRODUCTION, CONSUMPTION, EXPORTS, AND NET IMPORTS OF RAW COTTON FOR
THE UNITED STATES: 1790 TO 1920.

COTTON PRODUCTION (INCLUDING LINTERS).

Running

bales,
counting
round as
half bales.

1.3, 699, 975
11,920,625
12,816,716
12,344,664
12, 664, 078

12,012,813
16, 738, 241
14, 613, 964
14, 090, 863
16, 109, 349

11,965,962
10, 386. 209
13, 432; 131
11,325,882
13, 305, 265

10, 725, 602
13, 697, 310
10,015,721
10, 784, 473
9, 748, 546

10, 245, 602
9, 507, 786
11,189,205
10, 897, 857
8, 532, 705

7,161,094
9,901,251
7, 493, 000
6, 700, 365
9, 035, 379

8, 6.52, 597
7,472,511
6, 938, 290
7, 046, 833
6, 505, 087

6, ,575, 691
5, 682, 000
5,713,200
6, 949, 756
5, 456, 048

6, 605, 7.50
5. 7.')5. 3.59
5,074,155
4, 773, 865
4, 474, 069

4,632,313
3,832,991
4,170,388
3, 930, 508
2,974,351

Equivalent

oOO-pound

bales, gross

weight.

13,879,916
12, 028, 732
12, 970, 048
12, 428, 094
12, 780, 644

12,122,961
16,991,830
14, 796, 367
14,313,015
16, 250, 276

12,005,688
10, 315, 382
13, ,587, 306
11,375,461
13, 595, 498

10, 804, 556
13,679,9.54
10,045,615
10, 827, 168

9. 675. 771

10, 266, 527
9, 459, 935
11,435,368
10,985,040
8, 515, 640

7. 146. 772
10, 025, 534

7, 433, 056
6, 658, 313
8, 940, 867

8, 562, 089
7,-472,511
6, 923, 775
6, 884, 667
6,314,561

6, 369, 341
5, 477, 448
.5,521,963
6, 833, 442
5, 136, 447

6, 3.56, 998
o,46>;.3K7
4,745,078
4, 494, 224
4,118,390

4, .302, 818
3, 528, 276
3, 873, 750
3, 6.50, 932
2, 756, 564

Average

net
weight
of bale

(lbs.).

484
482
484
4,80
482

484
485
484
486
483

475

484
480

482
478
480
481

476
489
482
477

477
484
474
475
473

473
478
477
467
464

463
460
482
470
4S0

460
454
447
450
440

444
440
444
444
443

Average
price per
pound,
upland
cotton
(cents).

15.8
35.4
28.8
27.1
17.3

11.2
7.3
12.5
11.5
9.6

14.0
14.3
9.2
11.5
10.0

10.9

8.7
12.2
8.2
8.1

9.3
7.6
4.9
.5.6
7.3

8.2
5.9
7.5
8.4
7.3

8.6
11.5
10.7
10.3
10.3

9.4
10.5
10.6
10.6
12.2

11.3
12.0
10.8
11.3
11.7

13.0
15.0
17.0
18.2
20. 5

Consump-
tion of

cotton and
linters

(equivalent

500-pound
bales).!

5, 477, 908
6, 807, 817
6, 288, 922
7, .555, 191
7,721,354

7, 326, 598
6, 087, 338
5, 942, 808
5, 867, 431
5, 400, 005

4,713,126
4, 7.59, 364
5, 198, 963
4, 493, 028
4, 974, 199

4, 877, 4S5
4, 523, 208
3, 980, 567
4, 187, 076
4, 080, 287

3, 603, 516
3, 687, 253
3, 672, 097
3, 472, 398
2,841,394

2, 499, 731
2, 983, 665
2, 300, 276
2,415,875
2, 846, 7.53

2, 604, 491
2,518,409
2, 309, 2.50
2, 205, 302
2, 049, 687

2, 094, 682
1,087,108
1,813,865
2, 038, 400
1,849,457

1,80.5,922
1,. 500, 688
1,457,266
1,458,667
1,314,489

1,2.5.5,712
1,098,163
1,213,052
1, 115,691
1,146,730

Exports of

domestic

cotton

(equivalent

500-pound

bales).

6, 025, 915

6,760,887

5,663,920

4, 587, 000

5,963,682

6, 405, 993

8,931,2,53

9,256,028

9,199,093

10,681,332

8, 025, 991

6,491,843

8, 889, 724

7, 779, 508

8, 825, 236

6,975,494

9,057,397

6,233,682

6,913,506

6,870,313

6, 806, 572

6,167,623

7,626,525

7,811,031

6, 124, 026

4,761,505

6,961,372

5, 307, 295

4,485,251

5, 896, 800

5, 850, 219

4,928,921

4, 730, 192

4, 519, 254

4,301,542

4, 200, 651

3,783,319

3, 733, 369

4,591,331

3, 376, 521

4,4.53,495

3, 742, 752

3, 290, 167

3,197,439

2, 839, 418

3, 037, 650

2, .504, 118

2,682,631

2, 470, 590

1,824,937

|t ' Data collected in running bales. Conversion based on average weights of bales produced, which for
lti(! country are heavier than those consumed.

EMEEGENCY TAPJFF ACT AND LONG-STAPLE COTTON.

35

ODUCTION, CONSUMPTION. EXPORTS. AND NET IMPORTS OF RAW COTTON FOR
THE UNITED STATES: 1790 TO 1920— Continued.

COTTON PRODUCTION (INCLUDING LINTERS).

is;70.
1869.
1868.
1867.
1866.

1865.
1864.
1863.
1862.
1861.

1860.
1859.
1858.
1857.
1856.

18.55.
1854.
1853.
1852.
1851.

1850.
1849.
1848.
1847.
1846.

1845.
1844.
1843.
1842.
1841.

1840.
1839.
1838.
18:i7.
1836.

1835.
1834.
1833.
1832.
1831.

1830.
1829.
1828.
1827.
1S26.

1S25.
1824 .
1823.
1822.
1821 .

1S20.
1819.
1S18.
1817.
1S16.

1SI.5.
1814.
1813.
1812.
1811.

Running

bales,
counting
round as
half bales.

4, 352, 317
2 3,011,996
2. 366, 467
2, 519. 554
2, 097, 2.54

2, 269, 316

300, 000

450,000

1,600,000

4, 500, 000

3, 849, 469
2 5, 387, 052
4, 018, 914
3, 257, 339
3, 093, 737

3, 665, 557
2, 982, 634
3, 074, 979
3,416,214
3, 126, 310

2, 454, 442
2 2, 469, 093
2, 866, 938
2, 439, 786
1, 778, 651

2, 100, 537
2, 394, 503
2, 030, 409
2, 378, 875
1, 683, 574

1,634,954
2, OoS, 915
1,360,532
1,801,497
1, 423, 930

1,360,725
1,253,406
1, 225, 895
1,114,286
1,069,444

1,026,393

1,076,696

953, 079

805, 970

1, 057, 402

817,308
751,748
656, 029
704, 698
636, 042

575,540
632,576
446,429
465,950
439,716

369; 004
254,545
304,878
304, 878
325, 203

Equivalent

500-pound

bales, gross

weight.

4, 024, 527
2, 409, 597
2, 198, 141
2, 345, 610
1, 948, 077

2,093,658

299,372

449, 059

1,. 596, 6.53

4, 490, 586

3,841,416
4, 309, 642

3. 758. 273
•3, 012, 016
2, 873, 680

3, 220, 782

2. 708. 082
2, 766, 194
3, 130, 338
2, 799, 290

2. 136. 083

1. 975. 274
2,615,031

■ 2, 128, 433
1,603,763

1,806,110
2, 078, 910
1,750,080
2, 0.io, 481
1, 398, 282

1. 347, 640
l,65i,722
1,092,980
1,428,384
1, 129, 016

1,081,821
962, 343
930, 962
815,900
805, 439

732,218
763, 598
679, 916
564, 854
732, 218

533, 473
449, 791
387, 029
4;J9,331
376, 569

334, 728
349, 372
261,506
271,967
259,414

209, 205
146,444
156, 904
156,904
167,364

Average

net
weight
of bale
(lbs.).

Average
price per
pound,
upland
cotton
(cents).

442
440
444
445
444

441

477
477
477
477

477
461
447
442
444

420

434
430
438
428

416
429
436
417
431

411
415
412
409
397

394
383
384
379
379

373
367
363
350
360

341
339
341
335
331

312

286
282
298
283

278
264
280
279

282

271
275
246
246
246

17.0
24.0
29.0
24.9
31.6

43.2
83.4
101.5
67.2
31.3

13.0
11.0
12.1
12.2
13.5

10.3
10.4
11.0
11.0
9.5

12.1
12.3
■ 7.5
8.0
11.2

7.9

.5.6
7.7
7.2

7.8

8.9
13.4
10.1
13.2

16.5
17.4
12.9
12.3
9.4

9.7
10.0

9.9
10.3

9.3

12.2
18.6
14.7
11.4
14.3

14.3
17.0
24.0
34.0
26.0

29.0
21.0
15. 5
12.5
10.5

Consump-
tion of

cotton and
linters

(equivalent

oOO-pound
bales J. '

Exports of
domestic

cotton
(equivalent
500-pound

bales).

Net
imports
(equiva-
lent 500-
poimd
bales J.

1.026,583
798, 616
860, 481

844. 044
715, 258

614.540
344, 278
219, .540
287, 397
369, 226

841,975
845, 410
.S67, 489
5.50, 708
761,614

731,484
641,391
663. 204
736, 468
617, 468

422,626
575,506
586, 032
537, 427
385, 916

363, 365

337. 730
298, 872
278, 196
222,461

245. 045
236, 525
221,738
195, 100
176, 449

184. 731
166,523
149, 159
142, 352
130, 895

129,938
89,723
84,788
84,516

103, 535

51. 778

2, 922. 757
1,987,708
1,300.449
1.502,756
1,401,697

1,301,146
17,789
23,988
22, 770
10, 129

1.802

3,026

1,870

345

3 1,035

10, 322
68, 798
52,405
67, 695
61, 731

615, 032

3, 535, 373

2,772,937

2, 237, 248

2, 096, .565

1,678

2,702,863
2, 016, 849
1,975,666

2,295
4,425
1,141

2, 223, 141

1,423

2,186,461

512

1, 854, 474
1,270,763
2, 053, 204

330

485

22

1,628, .549

558

1, 054, 410

122

1,095,116

386

1,74.5,812

3 680

1,327,267

517

1,584, .594

1,8.35

1, 169, 434

107

1,060,408

1,487,882

1,210
297

827, 248

319

1,191,905

355

888,423

3 510

847,263

774,718

427
1, .574

769,436
649, 397

308
69

644,430

2 22

553,960

22

596, 918

378

.529,674
421, 181

a4J
.597

588,620

74

409,071
352,900

7J
2o

286,739
347,447
289,350

932

110

2' 196

249, 787

427

255, 720

2 4,571

175, 994
184, 942
171,299

2 4, 454
3,086
2,048

163, 894

-44

165, 997

2 26j

35, 45S
38, 220

101
3, 133

57, 775

sy/

' Data collected in running bales. Conversion based on average weights of bales produced, which lor
the country are heavier than those consumed.
2 Equivalent 400-pound bales.
> Excess of exports of foreign cotton over total imports.

35

EMEEGENCY TARIFF ACT AND LONG-STAPLE COTTON.

PRODUCTION, CONSUMPTION. EXPORTS, AND NET IMPORTS OF RAW COTTON FOR
THE UNITED STATES: 1790 TO 1920— Continued.

COTTON PRODUCTION (INCIUDING LINTEES).

Consump-
tion of

cotton and
linters

(equivalent

500-pound
bales).!

Exports of
domestic

cotton
(equivalent
500-pound

bales).

Net
imports
(equiva-
lent 500-
pound
bales).

YEAR.

Running

bales,
counting
round as
half bales.

Equivalent

500-poubd

bales, gross

weight.

Average

net
weight
of bale

(lbs.).

Average
price per
pound,
upland
cotton
(cents).

ISIO

286. 195

177, 824
171,548
1.56, 904
167,364
167, 364

146,444
135,983
125, 523
115,063

100, 418
73,222
41,841
31,381

23, 013
20, 921
16, 736
16, 736

10,460
6,276
4,184
3,138

297
250
224
276
280

230
249
270

238

228
228
225
225

225
225
225
225

225
225
225
225

15. 5
16.0
16.0
19.0
21.5

22.0
23.0
20.0
19.0

19.0

35, 565
33,473

124, 116
1 86, .523
101,981
21,261
127, 889

71,315

76,780
70, 068
75, 424

47,763

431

1§09

328, 000
334, 821
289, 855
285,714

304, 348
261,044
222, 222
231,092

210,526
153,509

88, 889
66,667

48, 889
44.444
35, 556
35, 556

22, 222
13,333

8,889
6,667

2560

1808

2 1,601

1807

6,297

1806

1,485

1805

961

1804

23,013

456

1803

183

1S02

2 1,153

1801

2 170

1800

44.0

18,829

41,822 1 8,696

1799

28.0
44.0

39.0
34.0
36.5
36.5

33.0
32.0
29.0
26.0

16, 737

35,580
19,065

18,720
7, .577

12,213
9,414

3,565

1,097

277

379

8,870

1798

7,532

1797

7,761

1796

7,336

1795

8,737

1794

8,592

1793

5,127

1792

5,503

1791

1,112

11,000

697

1 Data collected in running bales. Conversion based on average weights of bales produced, which for
the country are heavier than those consumed.

2 Excess of exports of foreign cotton over total imports.

o

4

UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION
WASHINGTON

Tariff Information Series — No. 28

HIDES AND SKINS

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

1922

UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION
WASHINGTON

Tariff Information Series — No. 28

HIDES AND SKINS

WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

1922

UxMTED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION.

Office: Old Land Office, Seventh and E Streets NW., Washington, D. C.

COMMISSIONERS.

Thomas 0. Marvin, Chairman.
William S. Culbertson, Vice Chaimian.
David J. Lewis.
Edward P. Costigan.
Thomas Walker Page.
William Burgess.

John F. Bethune, Secretary.

ADDITIONAL COPIES

OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM

THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON, D. C.

AT

5 CENTS PER COPY

CONTENTS.

Tariff paragraphs, 1897 to H. R. 7456 as amended 1

Introduction 1

Uses 1

The supply of hides and skins 2

The packers and their relation to the hide and leather industry 5

The relation of the price of hides and dressed beef to that of live cattle 8

The probable effect of a tariff on the price of hides 10

The tanning industry 11

Leather manufactures 13

Exports of leather and manufactures of leather 14

Imports and exports of hides and skins, and exports of leather products 15

The relation of the price of hides and skins to the manufactured products 15

The effect of an import duty on hides and skins on export trade m leather and

leather products 19

Revenue to be derived from a duty on hides 21

Tariff considerations 21

Compensatory duties on leather and leather products 22

Statistical Tables.

Table 1. Domestic production and imports of hides and skins, 1914 and 1920. . 5

2. Average yearly prices of hides, live cattle, and carcass beef, 1908-1921 . 8

3. Raw hides and skins used in tanneries, 1909, 1914, and 1919 13

4. Value of production of finished leather manufactures, and of leather

and partly manufactured leather products, 1914 and 1919 14

5. Production, imports and exports of hides and skins, and exports of

leather, 1910-1921. 15

6. Wholesale price of hides, leather and shoes 16

7. Specific compensatory duties on leather and leather products 23

8. Ad valorem compensatory duties on leather and leather products... 23

9. Specific rate eciuivalent of an ad valorem rate 24

10. Ad valorem equivalent of a specific rate 24

11. Imports of hides and skins, 1911-1921 24

12. Value of leather and leather products exported from the United

States, 1890-1922 27

13. Average prices of packer hides, 1895 to 1911 27

14. Average prices of country hides, 1895 to 1911 27

15. Prices of leather, 1901 to 1911 28

In the preparation of this report the Tariff Commission had the
services of Frank A. Roper, Mark A. Smith, and Dr. Louis G. Connor
of the agricultural division of the Commission's staff, and of «thers.

in

I

I

HIDES AND SKINS.

Comparison of rates of duty.

H. R. 74.56 as

amended by the

Senate Finance

Committee.

Act of 1913.

Act of 1909.

Act of 1897.

Cattle hides:

2 cents per pound . .
4 cents per pound. .

Free

Free

do

15 per cent.

Dried

do

^Do.

Free

....do

do

Free.

do..

do

do

Do.

p.f.

INTRODUCTION.

In the main, hides and skins are a by-product of the live-stock
industry, and the supply is largely determined not by the demand
for hides and skins but by the demand for the major live-stock pro-
ducts, such as meat, milk, or wool, and by the need for work animals.
To the packer or butcher the hide is a joint product with the dressed
carcass and its value, as well as that of the major product, influences
the price which can be paid for the live animal.

Hides and skins are the chief raw materials for the leather industry,
the value of the output of which in 1919 was third among the
manufacturing industries in the United States. This country has
grown to be the most important leather manufacturing and leather
exporting nation of the world. Consideration of a duty on hides
and skins, therefore, must keep in view its effect on the leather indus-
try in both domestic and international trade.

This renort is concerned wdth the following phases of the sub-
ject: (1) The supply of hides and skins and the relation of domestic
production to consumption; (2) the position of the large packers in
the hide and leather industry; (3) the relation between the price of
hides and of live cattle and the probable effect of a duty in benefiting
the cattlemen; (4) the tanning and leather industries, with especial
reference to the probable effect of a duty on hides and skins upon the
price of leather products as well as upon the export trade therein;
and (5) compensatory duties.

USES.

The term "hides" is applied to the pelts of cattle, horses, and buffa-
loes; the term "skins" to those of calves, sheep, lambs, goats, kids,
and in general to the pelts of all smaller animals.^ Some kind of

I In commercial practice it is customary to treat i)elts under 25 pounds in weight as skins and those 25
pounds and over as hides.

1

UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION.

I

leather may be made from, the pelt of most animals, but the product
varies greatly in its suitability for the widely different uses to which
leather is put. The different kinds of pelts, therefore, need separate
consideration in connection with the tariff problems.

Hides are primarily the raw material of the tanner of heavy
leathers, the bulk of whose trade requires a tough, thick, and durable
product. About 80 per cent of such leathers are used for the soles
of boots and shoes and the remainder chiefly for a large class of
industrial leathers such as belting (used in the transmission of
power), for harness and saddlery, and for some kinds of cases and
bags. Thin, "spready" hides, measuring well over 6 feet across
the shoulders, are in demand for furniture and automobile upholstery.

The tanner of light leathers chiefly uses skins, since his trade re-
quires a more pliable, soft, and light product. About 70 per cent of
the light leathers are used for shoe uppers and most of the remainder
for gloves, bookbinding, purses, bags, and fancy leathers. A lower-
priced grade of light leathers is also produced by splitting cattle hides
into two or more layers.

These, roughly, are the two distinctive branches of the tanning
industry — the production of sole and other heavy leathers and of
light leathers. According to the census of 1919, the total value of
finished leather products was $1,500,000,000, of which boots and
shoes constituted nearly 80 per cent. Harness and saddlery, trunks
and valises, belting, and gloves formed most of the remainder. Since
different kinds and grades of hides and skins are needed for the leather
in these products and there are some differences in the preparation
of the raw materials, which to some extent have distinct outlets and
are subject to different dcOTces of foreign competition, a brief examina-
tion of the character and sources of supply may indicate the char-
acter of the tariff problems.

THE SUPPLY OF HIDES AND SKINS.

The supply of hides and skins is primarily determined by the
demand for meats. The pelts are prepared in three different ways,
the method employed depending largely upon the distance to market
and upon transportation facilities. Roughl}^, they may be classified
in order of perishability as green or green salted, pickled, and dried.
Green or green salted, and pickled, are a product of large scale,
commercial slaughter, or of neighborhood slaughter in countries or
areas which have local tanning industries or have good transporta-
tion facilities to hide markets. Dried hides and skins are chiefly
the product of a more or less neighl^orhood slaughter in remote
areas with poor transportation facilities to the markets. The im-
mediately effective supply from such areas, especially the more
remote, varies not so much with the current amount of slaughtering
done as with the prices ottered by local and regional l)uyers of hides
and skins. The higher tlie price the more thorough the canvass by
local dealers for these products. This is in sharp contrast with the
normal marketing of green, green salted, or pickled pelts, which are
disposed of more or less as an incident to commercial slaughtering
and meat packing.

Cattle hides constitute the bulk of the world's supply of hides and
skins. They comprise at least 60 per cent of the total international

HIDES AND SKINS. 3

trade of approximately 2,000,000,000 pounds,^ and a much larger
proportion of the annual production. Calf and sheep skins consti-
tute an additional 25 per cent of this total. Since the numbers of
cattle and sheep have failed to keep pace with increases in popula-
tion, and new uses for leather are constantly developing, there is a
tendency toward an increasing shortage of hides and skins. The
rapid development of substitutes undoubtedly has prevented an
acute shortage.

The United States is the most important source of hides and skins,
although production falls far short of domestic manufacturing re-
quirements. Argentina is the leading exporting country; most of
her product is exported to the United States and Europe, in spite
of the fact that Argentina has a vast store of quebracho for tanning,
which is also exported. Other important exporting countries
include Australasia, Brazil, Uruguay, China, British India, Russia,
and Mexico.

The number of cattle in the world reached the maximum thus far
attained during the period 1905 to 1908; in the United States it
was reached in 1907. Since then, in the face of a growing demand
for leather, the number of cattle has been declining in the United
States. This has been largely due to the limitation of range lands
and the more intense competition between crops and live stock.
During the war the number of cattle increased in this country, but
it has declined since.

In the case of sheep the decline in world numbers has been much
more pronounced. It set in about 1895. The maximum number
of sheep in the United States seems to have been reached in 1884.

Despite a pronounced tendency in well-developed agricultural
countries to market meat animals at earlier ages than formerly,
the decline in numbers of cattle and sheep, through curtailment in
supply, has resulted in an increase in the price of hides and skins
out of proportion to increases in the prices of other commodities.
The most marked increase occurred about 1909. From then through
1911 prices remained about the same. In 1912, 1913, and 1914
they advanced further, and during the war the increase was similar
to that of most other products. Increased use of substitutes,
especially rubber, cloth, and wood,^ and to a lesser extent new sources
of supply, such as skins from fish and sharks, have been restraining
factors on increases in prices.

For the five-^^ear period of 1909-1913 the amount of hides and
skins entering international trade from net exporting countries was
approximately 1,000,000,000 pounds * (dry and green added together
in the condition as reported). Of this amount the United States
imported slightly more than one-half. Two-thirds of the net exports
were from iirgentina, British India, Brazil, China, and Uruguay.

2 Average figure for 1909-1913, inclusive. See Yearbook, U. S. Dept. of Ap-., 1920, p. 718.

* " Rul)ber, lil)er, and wood are used for the heels of shoes, patented materials for soles, and cloth is sub-
stituted for the uppers and tops of shoes. For the upholstering of furniture and automobiles, in which
the consumption of leather has been large, substitutes that are not leather at all have been invented and
are in extensive use. Cotton is woven into belts for transmitting power: sheet iron, tin. and wood have
displaced leather in trunk making: chair seats are now rarely made of leather: and straw, rattan, wood,
and cloth are often used for making traveling bags and suit cases. Harnesses consume a large amount of
leather, but in place of leather are found chains for traces, rope driving Unes, cloth and fiber collars, and
cotton saddle girths." (G. K. Holmes, in Yearbook, Dept. of Agr., 1917.) '

In 1921 a notable increase in the use of rubber heels is noted. Rubber soles wiM outwear leather and will
be much more wideU' used after further improvements now under way are ccffeluded. (Boot and Shoe
Recorder, Septi^mber, 1921.) " ''V

<Net exporting countries shown in Yearbook, Dept. of Agr., 1917. ™

4 UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION.

There is, however, a substantial export trade from nations whose
production of certain classes is in excess of local demands or from
nations which because of geographical limitations export from one
section and import into another but which on the whole may be
classed as importing countries.

To supply tanning needs the United States imports raw material
from all corners of the world. Cattle hides come largely from Argen-
tina, Uruguay, Brazil, and British India; calfskins from Europe;
horsehides from Argentina and, formerly, from Russia; sheepskins
mainly from New Zealand, Argentina, and Australia; and goatskins
chiefly from British India, China, Africa, and Central America.

It would seem that the tariff problem chiefly concerns cattle hides.
Table 1 shows that the annual American requirements of hides and
skins, for the domestic and export trade in leather and its manufac-
tures, is about 1,500,000,000 pounds (green basis) ,^ of which slightly
less than half, or about 700,000,000 pounds, is imported. Of the
total domestic production of hides and skins in 1914, cattle hides
constituted 84 per cent by weight, and 45 per cent of the total imports
were composed of cattle hides. Calfskins represented 8 and 15 per
cent of these totals; sheep and lamb skins comprised 5 and 14 per
cent; horse, colt, and ass skins 2 and 3 per cent. Foreign sources
supplied virtually all of our requirements of goatskins, 148,000,000
pounds, or 19 per cent of the total imports; all of the buffalo hides,
i. e., 20,000,000 pounds, or 3 per cent, and also all of the kangaroo,
wallaby, and miscellaneous skins. We produced 63 per cent of our
consumption of cattle hides," 34 per cent of the calfskins, only 28
per cent of the sheep and lamb skins, and less than 44 per cent of
the horse and colt skins.''

In goat and miscellaneous skins there is virtually no tariff problem,
for the reason that such skins sell at much higher prices than other
kinds of hides and skins, are used for distinct purposes, such as glace
kid and fancy leathers, and the supply is entirely of foreign origin.
Neither can the imports of horse, colt, and ass skins be said to create
a tariff problem, for the domestic supply is purely a salvage from city
and farm animals that have perished, is generally of a quality inferior
to the imported, and the uses of such skins are, in the main, not
closely competitive with cattle hides. Buffalo hides are used in
connection with textile machinery, and also for lower-priced sole
leathers. The supply is imported from British India, and is subject
to British Indian export tax, higher to the United States than to the
United Kingdom, and this tax, of course, is in effect an import duty
so far as concerns the United States.

'' Dried hides and skins converted to the green basis according to the ratio of 1 pound of dried to 2 of green.

0 In this connection it should be noted that each year more than 2,000,000 cattle and 1,000,000 sheep in
the United States die from disease, exposure, and old ago. (Estimates by the Bureau of Crop Estimates,
U. S. Department of Agriculture.) When prices warrant, fully 90 per cent of these animals are skhmed and
the hides marketed. When prices are depressed, less than 50 per cent of such hides and skins are saved,
and a large luimhcr arc handled in a careless nian)icr and must be used for glue stock. In so far as an
import duty might raise the market price, the recovery of this raw material would be encwiraged and
result in some benefit to stockmen. To a ccrtaiu extent this applies also to horse, mule, colt, and calf
hides and skins. Additions liy this means could easily add 0 to 8 per cent to total domestic ])rcduction
of hides and ^kins suitable for tanning, almost entirely of cattle hides. Thus, " Prices (in 1921) were reduced
to levels of I WW, 1W»4, and is'.).'), and with high freight'rales it was almost, impossible for farmers to ship hides
last winter, as the freiglit. on them was as much as the value of the hides thcniselves, so that thousands of
hides, not only in Nclnaska. Ijul all over the Western States, went to waste last year. None of the dead
animals were skinned. The only hides that were taken oft v ere taken fr(ni Imtchcrcd animals. * * *
Tlie price of shoes and o|hcr h'uther seemingly stayed at fairly high prices, while it was almost impossible
to sell a hide for anytli^. This seeuicd uiireascinable, of course, to the farmer and stockman, so they
did not buy anything ^ijleather goods that they did not absolutely have to have. * * * Hide prices
will depend a great deal tipon our foreign trade. If foreign demand ojiens up for hides and leather, our
pri'cs, of course, w ill adTvancc." Daily Drovers' Journal. (Stockman. South Omaha, Nebr., Jan. 2, 1922.)

' Sec Table I, )». 5 and Table .5, p. 14.

HIDES AIv^D SKINS.

Table 1. — Domestic production and imports of hides and shins.
[Converted to a green basis, 1 pound of dry to 2 pounds of green.)

Domestic
production

(estimated).

Imports.'

Cattle hides (50 pounds) 2

Calfskins (12 pounds) 2

Sheep and lamb skins (2 pounds) 2.
Horse, colt, ass skins (30 pounds) -.

Pounds.
600,512,000
55,9.37,000
38, 843, 000
15,500,000

Pounds.

.351,232,000

' 110,134,000

101,065,000

20, 058, 000

Buffalo hides

Goatskins (U pounds) ^ ,

Kangaroo and wallabj' skins

All other hides and skins (exclusive of furs) .

Total.

Cattle hides (50 pounds) 2

Calfskins (12 pounds) 2

Sheep and lambskins (2 pounds) 2.
Horse, colt, ass skins (30 pounds) 2.

1920.

710,792,000
""748,' 666

582, 489, 000

29,162,000

147,925,000

1,332,000

6,180,000

711,540,000

767,088,000

Buffalo hides

Goatskins

Kangaroo and wallaby skins

All other hides and skins (exclusive of furs) .

Total.

673, 676, 000

115,9.54,000

29, 719, 000

* 36, 000, 000

334,475,000
.52,035,000

112,523,000
21,890,000

855,349,000

i8i,"666'

520,923,(00

20, 727, 000

150, 074, 000

1,389,000

7, 000, 000

Average of 1914 and 1920 .

855,530,000
783,535,000

700,113,000
733, 600, 000

1 Fiscal year 1914; calendar year 1920.

2 Per hide or skin.

3 Includes kipskins — yearhng and smaU cattle hides.
* Production for 1919.

Our extensive import trade in the raw material is counterbalanced
to a certain extent by exports of leather products. Were we to
depend exclusively on the domestic market, our own production of
hides and skins would supply about two-thirds of that need. There
would, of course, be a serious deficiency in certain classes of hides
and skins, such as goatskins for the glazed-kid industries and heavy
cattle hides for sole leather. Aside from these, our shortage, while
less severe, largely affects all classes. Beginning in 1914 there was
for a time a shortage of first-class calfskins, owing to the curtailment
of European exports, but the domestic supply practically doubled
by 1919, and thus offset the decrease in imports. More recently a
decrease in the domestic supply coincides with an increase in imports
from European sources.

THE PACKERS AND THEIR RELATION TO THE HIDE AND LEATHER

INDUSTRY.

Normally, before reaching the consumer hides and skins now pass
through the following hands:

I. Cattle producer,
J II. Packer and butcher,
/ [ III. Tanner,
[ IV. Leather manufacturer,

V. Merchant — wholesale and retail,
VI. Consumer.

The tendency toward combination of the various stages has
increased rapidly in the last decade. The braces indicate actual
2213—22 2

6 UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION.

combinations now in practice.^ The packer and tanner combines
have become so strong that independent tanners are finding it expe-
dient to encourage combinations with leather manufacturers, and
in many instances with the succeeding stage, that of merchandizing
finished products. It is interesting to note that there has been no
movement by the producers of the raw material toward the process-
ing of their product. Heretofore this has been left entirely to the
intermediary agents.

Hides and skins are the most important by-products of the meat-
packing industry; in the case of cattle about 6^ per cent of the live
weight consists of hides, and about 11 per cent of the value of the
live animal is in the hide. Since these by-products deteriorate and
lose much of their value if not properly cared for, the packers found
it advantageous to tan their own output. Having first entered the
tanning business for this reason, they expanded it to the point where
they now handle a part of the hides and skins from other sources,
and also frequently sell a part of their own ''take-off."

In 1916 about 55 per cent of the cattle, 30 per cent of the calves,
and 68 per cent of the sheep were slaughtered by the large packers. **
Through their subsidiaries or through leases and contracts, it is
estimated that they tan approximately 25 per cent of the total
leather produced in the United States. In certain classes of sole
leather they tan as much as 50 per cent.^" Their position in the hide
and leather industry is further strengthened by the fact that their
hides receive a higher grading than those of smaller packers and
butchers, which are arbitrarily classed as " country hides." Through
their foreign establishments they also control a certain share of the
imported hides. Since 1916 the packers' position has undoubtedly
been strengthened, especially during the price depression of 1920-21
and restriction of credit, owing to their strong financial position as
contrasted with the weaker position of the small tanners.

It is also probably true that the operations of the packer-tanner,
because of his large supply of high-grade hides, tends to stabilize
the market price of hides, for if the independent tanner will not
offer for the hides and skins as much as the packer believes them to
be worth the packer will tan them through his own plants or have
them tanned on contract outside.

In this connection the position of the packer may be contrasted
with tjiat of small butchers and local packers. Hides removed by

8 A few years ago some of the larger packers contemplated following their products through to the ultimate
consumer. Investigations conducted under the Sherman antitrust law and the more recently enacted
Federal supervisory legislation have undoubtedly delayed this movement for the present at least.

9 Re[)ort of Federal Trade Commission on Meat-Packiiig Industry, Vol. I, p. 106.

i» In sheep and lamb shoe stock the packer tanners combined have 44 per cent of the country's total
production; in 191(> sheep and lamb glove stock, 17 per cent; in shoe stock tanned from calf and kip and all
skins other than sheep and lamb, goat and kid. they have 11 per cent; and in other leather (except glove
stock), tanned from such skins, they have 25 per celit. In shoe stock from cattle sides they have 12J per
cent of the country's total; in harness, 9 per cent; strap, 4.5 per cent; belling, 21 per cent; sole, 22 per cent
and finished splits, 1,3 per cent. In most of these kinds of leather the packer tanners are larger producers,
as a group, than the Central Leather Co. and the American Hide & Leather Co. combined. The latter com-
panies do not produce any leather in some of these hues and surpass the packers in only 3 out of the 10
Kinds listed, viz, in shoe stock, etc., from cattle sides (13.71 per cent to the packers' 12.56 per cent); har-
ness (where they produce 30 per cent to the packers' 9); and sole (where the Central Leather Co. produces
32 per cent to 22 per cent for the packers.)

Four packers, together with the two other largest companies in the industry, have 54 per cent of the
country's sole leather: 49 per cent of the strap leather; 39 per cent of the harness leather; 35 per cent of the
belting; 44 per cent of the sheep and lamb shoe stock; and smaller but nevertheless important percentages
of other kinds.

The above figures include leather produced Ijy companies for themselves in their own tanneries and that
tanned for them on commission by others.

(Ileport of Federal Trade Comrnission on Meat-Packing Industry, June 24, 1919, Vol. I, p. 200.)

HIDES AXD SKIoSTS. 7

most of the latter, and by all of the former, are classed as country
hides, which also include those removed by farmers and ranchers.
In fact, country hides may fairly be taken as a trade name for those
removed in establishments not subject to Federal inspection. Such
hides, therefore, constitute about 40 per cent of those produced in
the United States during recent years, and approximately 25 per
cent of the consumption. However, the importance of country
hides in domestic consumption is much smaller than these per-
centages would indicate. A considerable proportion of these hides
have knife cuts and gashes, which detract from their value and in-
crease waste, and also have blood and other stains which mar their
dye-taking properties. They frequently are imperfectly cured and
stored, and are rarely on the market in sufficiently uniform grades to
permit careful selection in desired quantities. For the foregoing
reasons, and because of the necessity for greater handling, both by
large sellers in the markets, and at tanneries, the price of country
hides is depressed considerably below that of packer hides by an
average of about 20 per cent on a normal market, much more during
periods of depression. ^^ However, there is a fairly constant normal
relation between the prices of these two main divisions, and any
effect which the large packers may have on the hide markets would
seem to be reflected almost immediately in case of country hides
under norma] market conditions.

The question next arises as to whether the independent tanner
would be at a disadvantage, compared with the packer-tanner, in
case a duty should be levied on hides and skins. ^^ Since cattle hides
predominate in production and consumption, and constitute 50 per
cent or more of total imports, the effect of a tariff would be more
noticeable in the case of such hides than with respect to other hides
and skins. The following discussion in this section therefore may
properly be confined to cattle hides. Inasmuch as about 35 per
cent of the total supply of cattle hides are imported, it seems fairly
certain that American hides should, in the long run, gain approxi-
mately the full amount of any duty which may be levied. It should
be remarked, however, that if the packers did not pass the duty on
to the live-stock producers, they, the packers, would have a great
advantage over the independent tanner. Some further data bear-
ing on the question are presented in the next section.

" See Table 2, p. 8.

•2 The subject of cost accounting methods among the packer-tanners appears to have caused considerable
concern to the iiule[iendent tanners, some of whom allege an overcharge to the meat account, on packe-s'
books, in order to lessen the charge against hides. The usual practice seems to be an allocation of the
purchase price of live cattle to meat, hide, and offal accounts on the basis of market prices for each com-
modity on the day the cattle are butchered. The f jUowing quotation touches the subject:

"The serious drop in values of hides, wool, and other by-products in 1920 necessarily was reflected in
live animal values. Thus while the average wholesale selling prices * * * of the main products have
also fallen during 1920, the prices of dressed beef and dressed mutton have not dropped as much propor-
tionately as the i)rices of live cattle and li\-e sheep * * *. It is not generally realized how important
an etlect by-product values have on prices of live stofk. In the first place, the returns from by-products .
are included when we figure our profit on meat. In computing the profit on cattle, for example, the re-
turns from cured hides, * * * are taken into account * * *. Since the returns from by-products
are included in figuring our profits on meat, the prices that we get for these by-products have an "important
bearing on prices and profits. When wo buy live cattle, for example, we base our bids on what we think
we are going to get for the beef and by-products. The beef itself is s.ild within a couple of weeks after the
animals are bought. We know daily what beef is selling for, although we can not foretell what it will
bring. Hides, however, have to be cured for a mouth or more, and by the lime they are finally sold it
may be two, three, or more months after the animals have br-en bought. An increase in hide prices, there-
fore, means larger profits on cattle than we anticipated at the time of purchase. A decrease in prices has
the opposite effect and often results in our beef business sl\owing a loss."— (Swift & Co,, 1921 Yearbook.)

UlSriTED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION.

THE RELATION OF THE PRICE OF HIDES AND DRESSED BEEF TO THAT

OF LIVE CATTLE.

The relative values of dressed meat, hides, and other by-products
may vary considerably from time to time, according to the changing
supply of, and demand for, the respective products. However, in
order to give a rough indication of a normal situation, it may be
said that the meat-packer obtains about 79 per cent of his total
returns of the beef-packing end of his business from the dressed
meat carcass, 11 percent from the hide, and about 10 per cent from
a large number of minor products, such as tallow, oleo oil, stearin,
casings, and the like.

A comparison of average yearly wholesale prices for a period of
five years (1912-1916) covering green salted, packers' heavy, native
steer hides, good to choice steers, and good native steer carcass beef,
all in the Chicago market, shows that while the price of dressed
carcass beef in the Chicago market increased but 3.8 per cent, the
price paid for good native steers increased 14.3 per cent. (See
Table 2, following.) This was made possible almost entirely through
the rise in price of hides, which was 48.9 per cent, and the increase
in price of tallow and other by-products.

A comparison for a period of nine years (1908-1916) brings out
the same relationship. In this instance the price of dressed beef
increased 31.4 per cent, the price of live cattle 60 per cent, and the
price of hides 95 per cent. For a 14-year period (1908-1921), the
price of dressed beef increased 122 per cent, the price of live cattle
192 per cent, and the price of hides 193 per cent.

In the decline from the high point in 1919 through 1921, the price
of hides declined 65 per cent, the price of live cattle 50 per cent, and
the price of carcass beef 30 per cent. Table 2 presents the foregoing
in tabular form. The figure on the opposite page portrays the same
data graphically.

Table 2. — Average yearly prices of hides, live cattle, carcass beef, Chicago market, 1908-

1921.

[Bureau of Laljor Statistics.!

Year.

Hide .s-
salted,
heavy,
steers.

-green,
packers'
native

Live cattle, steers,
good to choice.

Carcass beef, good
native steers.

Per
pound.

Relative
to 1913.

Per
pound.

Relative
to 1913.

Per

pound.

Relative
to 1913.

1908

Cents.
0.134
. 165
. 1.55
.148
.176
.181
. 196
.242
.262
.327
.301
.393
.312
.139

Per cent.

72.6

89.6

84.1

80.3

95.7

100.0

106. 7

131.6

142.4

178.0

163. 8

213. 8

169. 6

75. 5

Cent.i.
0.060
. 065
.070
.057
.084
. 085
.090
.087
.096
.128
.134
.175
.148
.087

Per cent.

70.5

75. 9

82. 5

79.1

98. 8

100.0

106. 2

102. 3

112.5

150. 6

193. 1

205.7

174.1

102.3

Cents.

. 0.105
.110
.115
.112
.133
.130
.136
.129
.138
.167
.221
.233
.2.30
.163

Per cent.
81.3

1909

84.6

1910

89.1

1911

86.6

1912

102.6

1913

100. 0

1914

105.3

1915

99.5

1916

106.7

1917

167. 2

191S

170.9

1919

180. 2

1920

176.9

1921

125.4

HIDES AND SKINS.

In the long run, therefore, higher hide prices, Hke higher beef
prices — only to a lesser extent — mean that higher prices can be paid
for live cattle. Though temporary or short time variations, arising
from local or other conditions, may cause the price of hides to move

TREND OF WHOLESALE PRICES

OF

HIDES^CARCASS BEEF,& LIVE CATTLE

CHICAGO MARKET 1908-1921
(yearly average price)

_rva

o

- CM
CT)

CT)

00

" CD

~ en

~ CT>
IT)

<l-

CO
" CD

_C\J

' 5^
o

CD
-O

a>

CO
. o

0}

^^^

•

y

X

r

1

»
/

•

\

\

V

•

\

7

N

N

S^

\ \

<

Y

Ull 1',

\

col k'l

Co' k»

is

V,

i\ SI U.1

I

1 (

♦

\ \

\
\

/ '
/ 1

1 1

/ I

\ 1

CENTS

per
POUND

> c

! £

) c

)

one Avay and the price of live cattle in the opposite direction, never-
theless over a period of years the two price curves show a fairly
close relation. 1^ On the basis of yield, a 1,000-pound steer of fair

13 A depression in the hide market such as has occurred during the past year is reflected in a reduction in
the price of live cattle, or an increase in the selhng price of the dressed meat, or sometimes both. Conversely,
an increase hi the price of hides means a lowering of the selling price of dressed beef, or an increase In the-
price paid the producer for the hve animal, or both.

I

1

10 UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION.

average quality will yield about 550 pounds of dressed carcass and
60 pounds of green hide. An increase of 1 cent per pound in the
price of hides is equal to a credit of about 11 cents per 100 pounds
on the dressed beef, or 6 cents per 100 pounds on the live weight.^*

Briefly, then, there appears good reason to believe that competitive
buying in the live-stock markets forces the packers to pay the true
market value for live cattle purchased and for the hides they carry.
Competition among live-cattle buyers and hide sellers thus quickly
tends to correct any apparent discrepancies which may occasionally
exist between the values of hides and live cattle. It therefore seems
probable that, in the long run, packers would be compelled by com-
petition to add a duty to the price paid for live animals, getting this
addition back when hides or leather are sold. It thus would appear
that the packer-tanners and independent tanners would be affected
practically equally by a duty, and that the chief effect on independent
tanners would be the larger credits needed to carry stocks of higher
priced hides.

THE PROBABLE EFFECT OF A TARIFF ON THE PRICE OF HIDES.

It has already been indicated that, owing to the necessity to im- W
port nearly one-half of the hides and skins required, a tariff on hides
probably would raise the price of domestic hides over the foreign
level laid down in our ports by approximately the amount of the
duty, assuming that there is a world hide market. It has also been
claimed that a duty on hides would "stabilize" domestic prices.
However, price stability increases with breadth of market and more
numerous sources of supply. The latter view is particularly signifi- .
cant in that the United States now imports nearly one-half the
world's net exports of hides and skins, and that these imports amount
to only about one-half the domestic consumption. A part of the
imports are reexported as manufactured goods, but even if this
export trade were entirely relinquished, total domestic production
of hides and skins, particularly the latter, would not be sufficient for
purely domestic needs.

However, owing to the present abnormal state of the market,
which results partly from heavy world stocks, but primarily from
slackened demand, one of the chief domestic grades of hides prob-
ably would be considerably benefited by a duty as contrasted with
the other main grade. . Country hides are selling far below their
normal price as compared with packer hides. Country hides are
quite uneven in quality and their merchandising is relatively poorly
organized when compared with the large lines of uniform grades,
and the highly specialized marketing methods developed for disposal
of packer hides. Accordingly, in periods of price depression, packer
hides sell much more freely than those of country origin. This is
well shown by the fact that, owing partly to high freight rates,
during 1921, country hides often had little or no value at country
points, while in the markets they sold for only 50 to 60 per cent as
much per 100 pounds as packer hides. Normally they sell for 80
per cent of the packer price. The immediate effect of a duty prob-

"VVhalin, C, V.: U. S. Bureau of Markets.

HIDES AND SKINS. 11

ably would be a temporary restriction of imports. Heavy stocks on
hand in the United States should then move more freely, and country
hides should be in greater demand than at present. Their price
then should rise, relative to packer hides, until approximately the
normal price relation was reached. Beyond that they could hardly
be expected to go. To that extent it could probably be said that a
duty would "stabilize" hide prices.

Assuming no increase in domestic demand, the chief permanent
effect of a duty, unless it were prohibitory, probably would be to
increase the removal and marketing of domestic "fallen" hides —
from animals which die — and thus make a small addition to the
domestic production. Should the result of a duty be such as to
cause a partial withdrawal of the United States from the export
trade in leather and leather goods, this deficiency in the world
supply would soon be produced elsewhere. There should be little
effect on the world demand for, or price of, hides and skins as a
result of such withdrawal on the part of the United States.

THE TANNING INDUSTRY.

The object of the tanning process is to preserve and lengthen the
life of the raw material. The process tends to preserve the fiber rather
than to change it chemically, and the characteristics which are pres-
ent in the raw hide show up in the finished leather product. Though
some processes bring about both chemical and mechanical changes,
different processes tan in varying manners and degrees. This is
largely due to skill, which is very important in the tanning process.

The skins of animals consist of two main layers, the outer skin or
epidermis, composed of hard flattened cells, and an inner layer of
soft spherical cells, which is usually called the corium, or mucous
layer. The leather-manufacturing process is essentially the conver-
sion of the corium into a hard, workable, nonputrefiable substance.
After the hair has been removed the finest parts of the hide, e. g., the
back and sides (butts and bends) are ready for tanning, but the remain-
ing parts, neck, belly, etc., and all parts required for soft leather, must
be softened before they can be tanned. ^^ The tanning process con-
sists of soaking in bark extracts or mineral tannage for one week to
three months, depending on the method employed, and, in the case
of many kinds of leather, impregnating it with oils and greases.

The tanning industry was at first localized around regions producing
bark. Later, extracts were made from the bark and shipped to the
place of origin of hides. More recently there has been a tendency to
ship both materials to centers within easy reach of the market. As
bark is bulky and deteriorates quickly, its transportation has always
been more or less difficult. On the other hand hides and skins can be
cured and salted by pickling in brine or by dry salting, or if necessary
by simple drying in the smi. Drying is not advisable unless it is
necessary to ship long distances, as it injures the raw pelt slightly and
reduces its market value. However, the value of the dry hides is so
high in proportion to their bulk that they can be more profitably
carried longer distances than pickled or green. Consequently they
have always been a great trading asset for economically retarded

k

12 UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION.

nations or countries difficult of access. From most remote regions
and distant inland points hides and skins enter the channels of trade.^*

Mineral tanning, especially chrome, has materially benefited the
light leather industry. Goatskins, the principal raw material for
chemical tanners, are nearly all imported. The fact that a port city
makes a desirable place for the localization of this industry and the
fact that the industry started in Philadelphia have made it and the
surrounding region the greatest center for chrome-tanned leather in
the world.

Despite the many kinds of leather, the bulk of the product is com-
posed of two standard kinds — heavy and light, or sole and upper.
Heavy leathers are made almost entirely by tanning with the bark of
wood, of oak, hemlock, or quebracho, while light leathers, once made
the same way, are now more often manufactured by a mineral process,
generally referred to as the chrome process. To this generalization
there are some minor exceptions ; for example. Great Britain, lacking
the forests of the Americas or central Europe, imports a variety of
tanning material ranging from the nibs of acorns to Italian sumac,
while France, a specialist in high-grade light leather, forsakes in
many of her plants the technical "tanning" process and adopts
instead "tawing," changing the skins to leather by means of alum,
and salts, or combinations of alum, salts, fats, albumens (egg), and
oils. In the main, however, the tanning industry is supported by
hides or skins transformed into leather by vegetable tans ^^ for the
heavy leathers and chrome tanning for the light leathers.

In Table 3 is given the numbers of hides and skins used in tanneries
in the United States for the three periods 1909, 1914, and 1919. The
number of hides tanned has increased about 20 per cent from 1909 to
1919, while the number of skins treated has decreased about 20 per

cent for the same period. In the last-mentioned group goat and kid
skins showed a substantial increase, amounting to about 15 per cent.
In general, about 65 per cent of the consumption of our tanneries
are cattle hides, 10 per cent calfskins, 10 per cent goatskins, 10 per
cent sheep and lamb skins, 3 per cent horse, mule, and colt hides and
skins, and 2 per cent miscellaneous.

1^ Matthews: Commerial Commodities.

16 Keir, Malcolm: Alanufacturing Industries in America.

" Ibid.

HIDES AND SKINS.

13

Table 3. — Rmv hides and skins used in tanneries in the United States, 1909, 1914, and

1919.

[From Federal Census.]

1909

1914

1919

HIDES (PURCHASED).

Total:

20, 516, 332

20, 867, 820

24, 933, 895

Cost

$320,916,283

Cattle:

18, 613, 054
$121,266,814'

(')

17, 776, 558
$151,609,541

1,2.50,245
84,036,633

22, 184, 517

Cost

$304, 994, 752

Horse:

2,294,308

Cost . ..

$12,954,273
455, 070

Other:

Cost

$2,967,258

SKTNS (PURCHASED).

Total:

Number

125, 812, 2.54

117,679,872

98, 847, 901

Cost

$195, 621, 577

Calf and kip:

19, 735, 549
S31, 798, 263

48, 193, 848
$27, 928, 019

26, 148, 336
$12, 268, 487

3,797,634
$3,802,491

16,067,793
$33,117,713

37, 755, 867
$23,916,965

40, 364, 926
$19,339,258

1,328,540
$4, 377, 496

12, 894, 274

$74, 334, 355

Goat and kid:

55, 428, 830

Cost

$82, 500, 845

Sheep and lamb:

Number

22, 766, 247

Cost

$29, 415, 744

Other:

7, 758, 550

Cost

$9, 370, 633

Grand total, value

$516, 537, 860

I Separate figures not available.

LEATHER MANUFACTURES.

According to the census of 1919 the purchased value of hides and
skins used in the manufacture of leather was $516,537,860, the value of
the leather produced was $928,591,701, and the value of partly manu-
factured and completely manufactured products was $1,686,042,659.

Boots and shoes represented 79.3 per cent of the total value of all
finished leather products in 1919; harness and saddlery, 5.7 per cent;
trunks and valises, 4.4 per cent; belting leather, 2.8 per cent; gloves
and mittens, 3.2 per cent; and all other leather manufactures, 4.6 per
cent.

For the years 1917, 1918, and 1919, 81 per cent of the total leather
production reported in pounds (sole leather) and 68 per cent of the
production in feet (upper leather) were used in the manufacture of
shoes, according to reports of 319 tanning companies. ^^ As these
companies manufactured most of the shoe leather made in the United
States, a fair indication is given of the c^uantity of leather going into
shoes.

'8 Data from Federal Trade Commission.

14

UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION.

Table 4. — Value of production of finished leather manufactures and of leather and partly
maniifactured leather products.

[From Federal Census.]

1914

1919

Value.

Per cent
of value.

Value.

Per cent
of value.

Raw material, leather, tanned, cured

$367,201,705

$928, 591, 701

Partly finished:

59,964,523
28,303,186

161,203,310
62,666,408

Total .

88,267,709

223,869,718

Finished:

501,760,458
53,558,612
26, 471, 527
23,035,951
21,614,109
22, 684, 486

77.3
8.3
4.1
3.6
3.3
3.4

1, 159, 171, 395
83,699,050
63,920,516
40,540,653
47, 181, 299
67, 660, 028

79.3

5.7

4.4

Belting leather

2.8

Gloves and mittens, leather

3.2

Other leather goods

4.6

Total

649, 125, 143

100.0

1,462,172,941

100.0

1

EXPORTS OF LEATHER AND MANUFACTURES OF LEATHER.

Exports of leather and its finished manufactured products greatly
increased during the war. The total value of all exports amounted
to $60,757,000 in 1912. In 1914 they were $57,566,000 and in 1920
reached their maximum, $291,801,000. The average for the 10-
year period of 1912-1921 was $127,721,000. The average annual
export for the pre-war period 1910-1914 was $57,707,239; for the war
period 1915-1919, $140,996,981; and for the post-war period 1920-21,
$195,004,442.

Of total exports the most important items are upper leather (calf,
kip, goat, and kid, mostly the last two named) and sole leather.
Upper leathers comprised 35 per cent of the value of all leather
products exported, or $44,690,000 for the 10-year average 1912-1921,
while sole leather comprised about 16 per cent, or $21,450,000.
The average annual pre-war export of upper leather for the period
1910-1914 was $25,400,180; for the war period, $44,301,094; and
for the post-war period, $74,725,933. Exports of upper leather
and sole leather are for the most part shipped to Europe, notably
the United Kingdom, 'for reexport to the Continent. For sole
leather, average annual exports were $8,567,609 for the period
1910-1914; $27,327,189 for 1915-1919; and $20,819,527 for 1920-21.

Next in importance are boots and shoes. Exports of all leather
boots, shoes, and slippers were 7,257,000 pairs valued at $12,408,575
in 1910, and 10,205,000 pairs valued at $18,230,000 in 1914. The
10-year average 1912-1921, inclusive, was 14,479,384 pairs valued at
$37,007,000, or 29 per cent of the value of all leather exports. Aver-
age annual exports for 1910-1914 were 15,788,395 pairs of shoes
valued at $15,788,395; for 1915-1919, 16,322,313 pairs valued at
$38,785,275; and for 1920-21, 16,643,417 pairs valued at $61,677,256.
The average is less than 5 per cent of total domestic production and
the maximum is less than 7 per cent. Exports of boots and shoes
are mostly to South and Central America, Cuba being our best cus-
tomer.

HIDES AND SKIN^S.

15

Other items in our export trade include belting, patent leather, and
many other unspecified items. The total of this miscellaneous
group is less than 20 per cent of the value of all leather and leather
products exported.

IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF HIDES AND SKINS AND EXPORTS OF LEATHER

PRODUCTS.

For the 5-year period 1910-1914 the value of the imports of the
raw material was $104,632,000, while the exports of leather and
leather manufacturers were valued at $57,707,000. During the war
the value of exports greatly increased, while the value of imports
increased much less. The average value of imports for the period
1915-1919 was $152,039,000 and for the exports $140,997,000.
(See Table 5.)

Table 5. — Production, imports, and exports of all hides and shins, and exports of leather
and leather manufactures, 1910-1921.

Fiscal year.

Domestic

production,

hides and

skins.

Imports for consumption,
hides and skins. i

Domestic

exports,

hides and

skins.

Domestic

exports of

leather and

Quantity.

Value.

leather man-
ufactures.

1910

Pounds.

Pounds.
632,050,570
373,457,317
546,663,378
584, 929, 352
551,290,256
538, 809, 820
743,090,431
710,801,551
432,097,029
448, 144, 652
798,446,952
3 352,169,897

8115,365,882
70,506,733
102,371,585
117,275,007
117,639,905
104, 188, 187
1.58,838,112
216,474,281-
131,431,180
149,268,316
376,892,462

3 105,989,967

Pounds.
14,6.35,075
44,594,235
25,246,800
26, 130, 338
19, 867, 135
24,933,180
17,122,019
9,971,249
12,144,817
14,772,720
24,006,361
15,306,567

352,646,755

1911

53,673,056

1912

60, 756, 772

1913

63, 893, 351

1914

2 711,540,000

57, 566, 261

1915

120,727,156

1916

146,703,815

1917

153, 709, 573

1918

100, 880, 843

1919

182,963,517

1920

2 855,530,000

291,800,591

1921

98, 208, 294

1 Dried and green.

* Based primarily on slaughter figures for calendar years.

» General imports.

THE RELATION OF THE PRICE OF HIDES AND SKINS TO THE
MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS.

The wide disparity between the price of hides and skins and the
price of shoes, the present price of the latter being twice the pre-war
price, while the former is less than the pre-war price, raises a question
of prime importance in connection with a duty on hides. In January,
1920, the price of green salted packer's heavy native steer hides at
Chicago was 218 per cent of the 1913 average price. In Boston the
wholesale price of men's vici-calf blucher was 298 per cent of the
1913 average price. The situation one year later (January, 1921)
shows hides at 91 per cent of the 1913 price, wliile shoes are at 233
per cent. The situation two years later (Januar}^, 1922) was 90 per
cent of the 1913 price for the hides >and 215 per cent for the shoes.

16

U:NriTED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION.
Table 6. — Wholesale prices of hides, leather, and shoes. ^

Wholesale

prices 2 (index numbers).

Hides.

Leather.

Boots and
shoes, men's
vici-calf
blucher
(Boston),
relative
to 1913.

Year and month.

Green salted
packer's
heavy na-
tive steers
(Chicago),
relative
to 1913.

Calfskins,

country

No. 1

(Chicago),
relative
to 1913.

Sole hemlock

middle

No. 1

(Boston),

relative

to 1913.

Chrome calf,

B grades

(Boston),

relative

to 1913.

Monthly average:

1913

Per cent.
100
107
132
142
178
164
214
170

218
219
198
197
192
185
160
155
154
139
126
103

91
74
63
55
65
76
76
76
77
80
86

Per cent.
100
111
114
179
215
197
363
195

Per cent.
100
107
110
138
190
172
187
189

Per cent.
100
104
106
167
215
222
360
366

473
473
473
464
436
399
325
325
297
278
232
213

195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
186

Per cent.

100

1914 ..

102

1915

105

1916

119

1917

153

1918

181

1919

244

1920

288

1920.
January

395
351
285
278
239
162
162
122
121
98

199
202
202
202
202
202
202
195
181
174
167
145

298

305

308

308

308

292

July

292

292

292

255

November

90

75

81
71
66
72
90
82
81
86
85
82
77

249

December

249

1921.

142
135
131
131
131
128
124
121
121
121
121

233

February

233

March . . ^

233

April

225

May .

225

June

225

July

225

August

225

225

217

217

1 As reported in Survey of Current Business, Department of Commerce.
» Data from U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

HIDES AND SKINS. 17

Table 6. — Wholesale prices of hides, leather, and shoes^ — Continued.

Wholesale

prices 2 (numerical data).

Hides.

Leather.

Boots and
shoes, men's
vlcl-calf
blucher
(Boston),
average price
per pair.

Year and month.

Green salted
packer's
heavy na-
tive steers
(Chicago)
average price
per pound.

Calfskins,
country

No. r

(Chicago),
average price
per pound.

Sole hemlock

middle

No. 1

(Boston),

average price

per pound.

Chrome calf,

B grades

(Boston),

average price

per square

foot.

Monthly average:
191.3

$0. 184
.196
.242
.262
.327
.301
.393
.312

.400
.403
.364
.361
.354
.341
.294
.28.5
.284
.255
.233
.190

.168
.136
.115
.101
.119
.140
.139
.140
.141

$0. 189
.210
.215
.338
.406
.371
.685
.368

.745
.663
..540
. 525
.450
.305
.306
.229
.229
.184
.169
.141

.1.53
.134
.125
.1.36
.169
.1.56
.153
.162
.160

$0. 282
.302
.309
.388
.535
.484
.528
.534

..560
..570
..570
..570
.570
.570
.570
..550
..510
.490
.470
.410

.400
.380
.370
.370
.370
.360
.3.50
.340
.340

$0,270
.280
.285
.450
..579
.598
.970
.985

1.275
1.275
1. 275
1.250
1.175
1. 075
.875
.875
.800
.750
.625
.575

. 525
..525
. 525
..525
.525
. 525
. 525
.525
.525

$3.11

1914

3.17

1915

3.25

1916

3.71

1917 ..

4.75

1918

5.63

1919

7.60

1920

S.%

1920.
January

9.28

February

9.50

March

9.60

April ...

9.60

May . .

9.60

June

9.10

July

9.10

August

9.10

September

9.10

October

7.94

November

7.75

December

7.75

1921.
January..

7.25

February

7.25

March

7.25

AprU

7.00

May

7.00

June

7.00

July

7.00

August

7.00

September

7.00

' As reported in Survey of Current Business, Department of Commerce.
2 Data from U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Largely because of the attitude of the public beginning about May,
1920, in their refusal to pay constantly mounting prices, and in what
is commonly referred to as the ''consumer's strike," the retailer
through the wholesale merchant began to cancel orders with the
shoe manufacturers. This lessened retail demand, caused the shoe
manufacturer to slow down, w^hich in turn affected the tanner who
refused to buy hides. The problem confronting the retailer, shoe
manufacturer, and tanner, then, was the same: To move the goods
on hand at a profit, at cost, or as much as could be realized.

The result was to lessen the supply of the partly or completely
fabricated product, and through failure to utilize in anything like
normal volume to increase the supply of the raw material. This
situation has prevailed because of the nature of the live-stock indus-
tr}^ in general and the production of hides and skins in particular.
Production of the latter continues, despite losses incurred, until the
producers' program is completed, which in the case of cattle raising
usually extends over a period of two to four years. This is in sharp
contrast to manufacturing industries, which, on relatively short

18

UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION.

notice, can close down until production is profitable. In addition
to this ''backwater'' operation, so to speak, in which the supply of
hides was uninterrupted, whereas the demand for them was suddenly
stopped, there was during 1920 and 1921 a continuous stream of
imports through established foreign trade channels.

This disparity between the price of hides and leather and its
products is temporary, no doubt, and any calculations on the effect
of a duty on hides under such conditions would not be so significant
as under normal conditions. Therefore, without assuming to esti-
mate the effect of a duty in the immediate present, some calculations
are submitted on the increase in the price of leather products which
may be expected to result from the proposed duty of 2 cents per
pound on green and 4 cents on dry hides.

As a rule, higher price levels for raw materials mean higher manu-
facturing costs and consequently higher manufacturers' selling price.
As an indication of the probable effect of higher priced raw material
on leather manufactures, shoes — the principal finished product of
leather — may be taken as an illustration. It may be assumed that
on an average for all kinds of shoes — high and low, large and small — -
that about 5 pounds of green hides or skins are required to make a
pair of shoes. Then for each 1 cent increase in the price of the raw
material the manufacturer's cost should be enhanced 5 cents or
slightly more if increased interest charges are included.

It should be mentioned, however, that the foregoing statements
on the effect of an increased price of raw materials on manufacturing
and selling costs are based on the assumption of an increase in price
of all the hides and skins entering into a pair of shoes. If a duty
were placed upon one item only, as, for instance, cattle hides, the
increase in cost would be about three times the duty per pound for
a pair of shoes instead of five times, as mentioned above, as on the
average less than 3 pounds of cattle hides are used in a pair of shoes. ^'

I' Quantity of leather and green hides and skins necessary to make one pair of shoes. — From data submitted
by a prominent tamiing company with a cut-stock department, the estimate of average niunber of pairs
of soles for shoes per whole hide is 35. On the basis of average weights and yield of domestic and foreign
green and dry salted hides, the average weight of sole leather'per hide is approximately 40 pounds. This
would give ah average of 1.2 pounds of outer sole leather per pair of shoes.

The average amount of upper leather per pair of shoes is 3| feet for men's shoes and 3 feet for women's
shoes. In addition to the sole leather and upper leather, other leather is required for welting, insoles,
counters, etc. This other leather represents on an average from 20 to 25 per cent of the total leather of a
shoe.

Another large manufacturer figures on about 3 J feet oi upper leather and 2^ pounds of sole leather for men's
work shoes and makes no extra allowance for welting, insoles, coimters, etc. Upper and sole leather fig-
ures are supposed to be large enough to take care of the remainder.

On the basis of 85 square feet of upper leather per 100 pounds of hides or skins and assuming 3J feet of
upper leather necessary for one pair of men's shoes, 3.S pounds of green hides would be necessary for uppers.
Tnen, taking 1.2 pounds of outer sole leather, on the basis of SO per cent yield, the amount of green nide
necessary for the sole would be 1.5 pounds. As the sole and uppers represent SO per cent of the total hides
and skin's in a shoe, the total amount of raw stock for the entire shoe would be the equivalent of 6J pounds
of green hides or skins. This may be taken for a man's ordinary shoe. To average men's, women's, and i
children's high and low cut shoes together, 5 pounds would probably be a fair figure for all the hides or skins j
ii; a pair of shoes.

Leather and raw stock necessary to make one pair of men's shoes.

Kind.

Amount of leather.

Yield of leather
from 100 pounds
green hides or
skins.

■J

Amount of
raw hides
or skins. .

3J square feet

1.2 pounds

20 to 25 per cent of
total required.

85 square feet

80 pounds

Pounds.
3.8

Sole

1.5

Welting, insoles, counter, etc. ...

1.32{fi

Total

6.62»

• HIDES AND SKINS. 19

However, whether or not all of an increase in the wholesale price
would be finally passed on to the consumer is somewhat difficult to
determine. Retail price adjustment usually move by multiples of
25 cents, wholesale prices by multiples of 5 cents. Therefore, whether
a change in wholesale prices would affect retail prices largely de-
pends, first, upon the closeness of retail price adjustments, and, sec-
ond, upon the sharpness of retail competition. Under some condi-
tions for certain grades of shoes a 5-cent increase in the wholesale
price might increase the retail price the full 25 cents per pair. Under
other conditions an increase in the wholesale price of 15 or 20 cents
per pair of shoes might be necessary before the retail trade responded
to the increase. In short, while theoretically any increase in the
wholesale price of shoes would be passed on to the consumer, in prac-
tice it might result that some kinds of shoes would show no increase
in price while others would show increases of several times the equiva-
lent duty.

Another possibility resulting from a duty on hides and skins would
be the cheapening of the shoe by the use of leather substitutes. Five
or ten cents per pair on an $8 pair of shoes is a small item to the
consumer, but a saving of 5 cents per pair to the manufacturer may
mean a material loss or gain in his manufacturing operations. Any
increase in the price of leather will at once affect the amount of
leather substitutes which he will put in his product. Well-organized
selling campaigns and the manipulation of styles may enable the
manufacturer to market a shoe with relatively little leather in it.
The use of rubber, of composition soles and insoles, cloth tops, etc.,
materially decreases the demand for leather, with a consequent effect
on the price. *

Briefly, then, it may be said with considerable certainty that a
duty on hides would be passed on by the manufacturer to the whole-
salers and retailers of shoes and other leather products, but whether
the retailer will be able to pass on to the consumer the duty or more
than the duty largely depends upon the relation of the increased
wholesale price, which moves in multiples of 5 cents, to the retail
price, which usually is graded in multiples of 25 cents.-*^

THE EFFECT OF AN IMPORT DUTY ON HIDES AND SKINS ON EXPORT
TRADE IN LEATHER AND LEATHER PRODUCTS.

The statement is frec^uently made that if a duty were imposed on
hides and skins additional capital would be required to carry the
raw material, the cost of manufacture would be increased by the
higher price of the material, and our manufacturers would therefore

*» Regarding the profits of 56 tanning companies for the year 1919, as a result of a careful study, it was
stated that " The correlations indicate that the largest profits on investment and on net worth were earned
by those tanners whose margins of profit over cost were greatest. This would seem to indicate that the
large profits earned in 1919 resulted from large margins of profit taken on each iniit of leather sold rather
than from an unusually large volume of business done. Of course, many tanners who took only very small
margins of profit on cich until sold were still able to show substantial returns on investment, which may
be explauicd by the fact that the companies earning the smallest percentage of profit to cost had generally
the largest turnovers of invested capital and may be presumed to nave had the largest turnovers of stock."

On the profits of .'541 shoe manufacturers, this same report stated that "since the largest profits on invest-
ment and on net worth were earned by companies whose margins of profit over cost were largest, it would
seem that profits in 1919 depended upon 'markups' on each shoe sold rather than upon rapiditv of stock
turnover. Of course, many com) anics were able to show a substantial return on investment in spite of
small margins of profit taken on each shoe sold; this is explained by the fact that tlie com]janics earning
the smallest percentages of profit to cost had generallv the largest turnovers of mvcsied capital, and may be
presumed to have had the largest turnovers of stock." (Federal Trade Commission, Snoe and Leather
Costs and Prices, pp. 207, 212.)

20 UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION.

be at a disadvantage in competing in foreign markets. In this
country both the tanning and leather-manufacturing industries are
well organized and are highly developed on the machine basis and,
provided they can secure the raw material as easily, can, on some
classes of products, compete with any country in either the home or
foreign market. There are, on the other hand, some specialties in
regard to which American ability to compete is doubtful.

The situation would be relieved to some extent for the leather
tanners by customary drawback provisions. The manufacturers of
boots and shoes for export and other manufacturers whose product
is a highly fabricated article, ready for consumption, would, however,
experience difficulty in obtaining the drawback unless their product
were made exclusively from imported hides and skins. Furthermore,
if domestic hides and skins were increased in price by a duty, Ameri-
can manufacturers who export leather and goods made of such hides
and skins would be at a disadvantage, because there would, of course,
be no drawback on that material. The only way that such manu-
facturers could continue their foreign business on the same basis as
at present would be to go over to the exclusive use of the imported
raw material for their export trade. The effect on the American
hide and skin market would then be the same as if such manufac-
turers were actually operating in a foreign country.

It has often been asserted that the difficulty of collecting the draw-
back and the fact that not 100 per cent of the duty is refunded make
its ostensible benefit greater than its actual advantage. It may be
said that those manufacturers — of either leather or leather goods,
including boots and shoes — who regularly use imported hides and
skins or leather made from such materials, and are organized for the
export trade, would probably be in a position to reimburse them-
selves to a great extent through the medium of the drawback.
Those, however, whose export business is only a minor consideration,
or those who use a mixture of imported and domestic materials, or
those who export only intermittently — perhaps to take advantage of
a sudden favorable turn in foreign markets or to avoid unfavorable
conditions in the home market — might not find it worth while to
collect the drawback but perhaps withdraw from the export trade.

To what extent the American export trade in leather and manu-
factures of leather would or would not be affected by a duty on
hides and skins can not well be predicted. It is impossible to measure
accurately the amounts of relative advantage and disadvantage
which would accrue to the difl^erent branches of production — the
cattle raisers, tanners, boot and shoe and other leather goods man-
ufacturers.

During the 10 years from 1898 to 1907, when there wjxs a duty of 15
per cent on cattle hides and when there were compensatory and pro-
tective duties on leather and manufactures thereof under the act of
1897,^^ the value of exports of leather and leather manufactures
increased rapidly. The total amounted to $21,115,000 in 1898 and
to $45,477,000 in 1907, showing an increase of more than 100 per
cent. The average for the first five years was $26,080,000 and for
the second five years $37,931,000.^2

21 Paragraphs 437, 664, and 438, act of 1887.
" See TaV)le 12, p. 26.

HIDES AND SKINS. 21

One of the most important items of export was glazed kid shoe
leather made of imported goatskins tanned by the chrome process
which was introduced after 1890.

The prices of hides and leather have been increasing, with occa-
sional downward fluctuations, ever since 1890. The tables on pages
26 and 27 show that with the exception of a period of agricultural
depression, 1892 to 1896, and the years 1910, 1911, 1920, and 1921,
the tendency of hide prices has been upward. Between 1890 and
1913 the average yearly price of green salted packers heavy native
steers increased from 9 cents per pound to 18 cents per pound .^^
The prices of leather and leather goods have also been upward
during the same period. The average price per pound of hemlock
sole leather was 19.2 cents in 1890, 28.2 cents in 1913, and 52.8 cents
in 1919. The average price per pound of oak sole leather in 1890 was
37.7 cents per pound; in 1913, 44.9 cents per pound; and in 1919,
91.3 cents per pound.-* In 1890 the average wholesale price per pair
of men's calfskin welt shoes was $2.40; in 1913, $3,113; and in 1919,
$7,604.^^ Since 1919 the prices of leather have fallen to about the
pre-war level, while the prices of shoes are still above the pre-war
level.

REVENUE TO BE DERIVED FROM A DUTY ON HIDES.

A duty on hides and skins would, if imposed, yield a substantial
revenue; but owing to the drawback privilege allowed manufac-
turers when the product made of foreign raw material is exported,
the net returns to the Government would be reduced. A duty
equivalent to 1 cent per pound on all items, on a green or raw basis,
is estimated to yield net between $5,000,000 and $6,000,000 annualiy.
The same rate applied to the directly competitive items only (cattle,
calf and kip, sheep and lamb, horse, colt and ass), should vield
$3,000,000 to $4,000,000 annually. A like rate of duty on c'attle
hides, on the basis of 1914 imports, would yield between $2,000,000
and $3,000,000.

TARIFF CONSIDERATIONS.

Except for the period of 1897-1909, hides and skins have been
on the free list. Under the act of 1897, hides were duitable at 15
per cent ad valorem.

In case a duty were levied on hides, an ad valorem duty would
probably prove most equitable, although compensatory duties to
offset increased cost of raw materials would be more difficult to
adjust. Under a specific duty, because of the wide range in values
of the various classes of hides and skins, low-OTade stock would bear
a higher rate of dut}^ than high-grade material. However, a specific
duty would be especially advantageous to ''country" hide producers,
in that its ad valorem equivalent on low grades of imported hides
and skins, which are directly competitive with country hides and
skins, would more definitely tend to restrict such imports.

23 U. S. Dept. of Labor, Bu. of Labor Statistics, Bui. on Wholesale Prices, 1850-1919, pp. M and 1^5.

24 Ibid, pp. 86 and S7.
21- Ibid, pp. 72 and 73.

22 UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION.

The usual conversion equivalent between dried and green hides
is about two to one.^" Dried hides yield about twice as much leather
per pound as green. On the basis of value according to invoice
figures, imported dried hides have averaged about 50 per cent higher
per pojmd. In case specific duties are desired, per pound levies
would be easy to administer and more satisfactory than any other,
provided adequate provision was made for the different classes.
For instance, the rate per pound should be about 50 per cent higher
on dry than on green or pickled hides.

COMPENSATORY DUTIES ON LEATHER AND LEATHER PRODUCTS,

The following illustrative tables, while necessarily tentative and
incomplete, have been prepared to suggest the ratio of duty which
should exist between raw material and manufactured products in
the levy of a compensatory duty on leather and leather products in
case a duty should be placed on hides and skins.

In so far as possible these figures have been prepared on the basis
of what are believed to be fair prices, which are somewhat higher
than pre-war values. According to these figures if a duty, say
equivalent to 4 cents per pound, be levied on a green cattle hide,
the compensatory duty ^^ on a pair of men's shoes made entirely of
cattle hides should be about 24 cents; on a pair of men's shoes having
soles, welting, etc., made of cattle hides, the compensatory rate
should be 16 cents per pair.

It should be said that because of the varying quantities and
qualities of hides and skins used for the manufactured product, it is .
impossible to ascertain exactly what the compensatory duty should be.

In case duties are levied on hides and skins on an ad valorem
basis, the compensatory rates may be determined by computing the
specific rate per pound on the raw material and applying the com-
puted rate to a table similar to Table 7. In ascertaining the specific
rate on the raw material, it will be necessary either to find the
actual imported value of the raw material or to make assumptions
with reference to such value. For example, if the ad valorem rate
were 20 per cent on a 15-cent hide, the specific equivalent would be
3 cents. Then the compensatory rate on men's shoes, made of all
dutiable material (from Table 6) would be 18 cents per pair.

*s Yield of leather from dried and green hides: In general dried hides yield about twice as much leather
per pound as green salted hides, and in value dried hides average about 50 per cent more. A dried hide
depreciates somewhat in quality and is more difficult to tan.

On the basis of data furnished by one of the largest tanneries, the average pounds of sole leather per 100
pounds of domestic and imported hides, green and dry salted, for the years 1918 and 1919 was as follows
(data furnished by Federal Trade Commission):

Domestic:

Green 73

Dry salted 161

Imported:

Green 73

Dry salted 166

For upper leather from the same concern the average yields are in square feet of leather per 100 pounds
of hides:

Buffs, 4.5-60 pounds 85

Extremes and buffs 87

Extremes and buffs (country) 80

Kipskins 100

Calfskins 112

'7 Increased value of trimmings and waste neglected, as offsetting increased carrying charges.

HIDES AND SKINS.

23

Table 1 .. — Specific compensatory duties on leather and leather products necessary to balanc
assumed specific duties on green hides.^

Assumed

duty on

cattle hides

(green

basis).

Sole
leather .

Belting and
harness
leather.

Upper
leather.

Shoes
• made of
cattle hides

only.

Shoes
having

cattle hides
in soles,
welting,

etc., only.

Factors for conversion."

14

2

IJ

6

4

Cents per
pound.
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
.5.5
6.0

Cents per
pound.
1.5
2.25
3.0
3.75
4. .50
5.25
6.0
6.75
7.50
8.25
9.0

Cents per

pound.

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Cents per
square foot.
1.25
1.88
2.50
3.13
3.75
4.38
5.0
5.63
6.25
6.88
1 7.50

Cents per

pair.

6

9

12

15

18

21

24

27

30

33

36

Cents per

pair.

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

1 Interest charges because of increased cost and duties on taiming materials and oil not included.

2 The conversion factor here used is figured on the basis of the average amount of hide necessary to
produce leather and leather products, i. e., IJ pounds of hides produce approximatelj^ 1 pound of sole
leather; 2 pounds of hides produce approximately 1 pound of belting and harness leather, etc.

Table 8. — Ad valorem compensatory duties computed on leather and leather products
necessary to balance assumed ad valorem duties on green hides luith assumed values for
the different products.^

Shoes hav-

Belting

Shoes

ing cattle

Sole

and

Upper

made of

hides in

Assumed

leather.

harness

leather.

cattle

soles, welt-

duty on
cattle
hides

leather.

hides only.

ing, etc.
only.

(green

basis)
valued at

Assum

ed values pe

rimit*

SO.lSper
pound.

$0.30 per

$0.30 per

$0.40 per

$2.50 per

$3.50 per

pound.

pound.

foot.

pair.

pair.

Per cent.

Per cent.

Per cent.

Per cent.

Per cent.

Per cent.

0

3.75

3.76

3.75

1.8

0.86

7i

5 . 025

5.625

5.625

2.7

1.29

10

7. ,500

7. .500

7.500

3.6

1.72

m

9.375

9.375

9. 375

4.5

2.15

15

11. 250

11.250

11. 2.50

5.4

2.58

17J

13. 125

1.3. 125

13. 125

6.3

3.01

20

15.000

15. 000

15. 000

7.2

3.44

25

18. 750

18. 750

18. 750

9.0

4.30

30

22.500

22.500

22.500

10.8

5.16

' Interest charges because of increased cost and duties on tanning materials and oils, not included.
* Values are assumed to be normal values but are higher than pre-war figures.

24

UN^ITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION.

For purposes of comparison between specific rates and their ad
valorem equivalents, the following is given:

Table 9. — Specific rate equivalent of an ad valorem rate.

Ad

Hide: Values per pound.

valorem
rate.

15 cents.

16 cents.

17 cents.

18 cents.

19 cents.

20 cents.

Cenf.s

Cents

Cents

Cents

Cents

Cen's

per

per

per

per

per

per

Percent.

pound.

pound.

pound.

pound.

pound.

pound.

5

0.75

0.80

0.85

0.90

0.95

1.00

10

1.50

1.60

1.70

1.80

1.90

2.00

15

2.25

2.40

2.55

2.70

2.85

3.00

20

3.00

3.20

3.40

3.60

3.80

4.00

25

3.75

4.00

4.25

4.50

4.75

5.00

30

4.50

4.80

5.10

5.40

.5.70

6.00

The following table fgives the ad valorem equivalents of specific
rates, with hide values ranging from 15 cents to 20 cents per pound, i. e.,
a specific rate of 3 cents per pound is equivalent to an ad valorem
rate of 20 per cent on 15-cent hides and 15 per cent on 20-centJhides.

Table 10. — Ad valorem equivalent of a specific rate.

Specific

duty

per

pound.

Hide values per pound.

15 cents.

16 cents.

17 cents.

18 cents.

19 cents.

20 cents.

Cents.
1
2
3
4
5
6

Per cent.
6.67
13.33
20.00
26.66
33.33
40.00

Per cent.
6.25
12.50
18.75
25.00
31.25
37.50

Per cent.
5.88
11.76
17.64
23.52
29.40
35.28

Per cent.
5.55
11.10
16.65
22.20
27.75
33.30

Per cent.
5.26
10.52
15.78
21.04
26.30
31.56

Per cent.
5.0
10.0
1.5.0
20.0
25.0
30.0

Table 11. — Hides and skins — Imports for consumption, 1911-1921.

FISCAL YEAR 1911.

Dry.

Green .

Total dry
and green.

Converted

to a green

basis.

Total
value.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Cattle hides

Pounds.
55, 415, 612
23, 409, 138
18,814,831
4, 539, 921
3,347,390
64,331,441

708, 400
7,471,486

$10,214,913

7,762,033

3, 613, 752

1, 010, 1,54

502, 507

18, 790, 711

436, 007
1,354,513

Pounds.
95,108,021
36,324,795
36,677,265

5,717,420

18, 432

21, 575, 159

$11,4.53,135
6, 429, 504
5, 400, 763
572,838
1,839
2,964,064

Pounds.
150,521,633
59,733,933
55, 492, 096
10,257,347

3, 365, 822
85, 908, 600

1,708,400
7,471,486

Pounds.^

205, 937, 245

8:3, 143, 071

74,300,927

14, 797, 268

6,713,212

150, 238, 041

1,416,800
14,942,972

$21,668,048

Calfskins

14,191,537

Sheep ajid lamb skins
Horse, colt, and ass. .
Buftalo skins

9,014,515

1, 5S2, 992

504,346

21 754 775

Kangaroo and wal-
laby

436, 007

All other, except furs

1,354,513

Total

178, 038, 219

43,684,590

195, 419, 098

26,822,143

373,457,317

551, 495, 536

70, 506, 733

FISCAL YEAR 1912.

Cattle hides

Calfskins

Sheep and lamb skins
Horse, colt, and ass. .

Buffalo skins

(loalskins

Kangaroo and wal-
laby

All other, except fur:

Total

77, 432, 776
42, 252, 928
25, 860, 502
7, 265, 142
4, 919, 945
69, 128, 899

871,616
5,832,718

233, 564, 526

$15,084,398

14, 743, 576

.5,013,055

1, 4^3, 276

740, 501

19, 980, 165

448, 759
1,021,325

58, 515, 055

173, 863, 832
72, 902, 345
34,613,049
5, 496, 223
82,313
26,141,090

313,098,852

$23,316,115
11,768,138
4, 843, 149
563, 282
8,789
3, 359, 057

13, 856, 530

251, 296, 608
115,155,273
60, 473, 551
12,761,365
5, 002, 258
95, 269, 989

871,616
5,832,718

546, 663, 378

328,729,384
157, 408, 201
86,334,053
20, 026, 507
9, 922, 203
164, 398, 888

1, 743, 232
11,665,436

780, 227, 904

538, 400, 513

26, 509, 714

9, 8,56, 204

2, 046, 558

749, 290

23, 339, 222

448, 7.59
1,021,325

102,371,585

1 One pound of dry equal to 2 pounds of green.

HIDES AND SKINS.

25

Table 11. — Hides and shins — Im ports for consumption, 1911-1921 — Continued.

FISCAL YEAR 1913.

Cattle hides

Calfskins

Sheep andlamb skins.
Horse, colt, and ass. .

Buff<iln skins

Goatskins

Kangaroo and wal-
laby

AU other, except furs.

Total

Dry.

Green.

Quantity.

Pound f!.
82, 419, 649
40, 40*1, 670
.30.917,905
10, .514. 666
16, 323, 8.54
73, 166. 489

1,097,038
4,926,7.37

2.59,773,008

Value. I Quantity.

Prtifvdx.

$1S.6.54,.376 1 196, 241,. 5.39
1.5, 203, .529 I .53,9.35,020

6, 396, 267

2, 129. 083

2. 802, 997

21,110,205

719,188
9.5.5, .331

67, 970, 976

40, 669, 270

S. 5.54, 1.53

.54, .505

2.5,401,857

324, 853, 344

Value.

S27,662,744

11,088,168

5, 967, .504

953. 764

4,409

3, 627, 442

49,304,031

Total dry
and green

Pniivdx.
278,661,188
94, .341, 690
71,. 587, 175
19, 068, 819
16, 378, 3.59
98, 568, 346

1 , 097, 038
4, 926, 737

.584, 629, 3.52

Converted

to a sreen

basis.

.361, 080, ,8.37
1.34,748,360
102, .505, 080
29, 583, 485
32, 702, 213
171, 734, 835

2,194,076
9, S.53, 474

844, 402, 360

FISCAL YEAR 1914.

Cattle hides

Calfskins

Sheep andlamb skins
Honsfi, colt, and ar.s.

BulTalo skins

Goatskins

Kangaroo and wal-
laby

All other, except furs

Total

71,197,161
28,003,588
31,028,747
7,791,044
14, 465, 550
63, 315, 8.52

1,331,. 568
6,185,703

$18,041 ,.521
11,633,613
6,411,713
1,6.50,070
3,069,221
19,0.57,795

898, 087
1,148,711

208, ,837, 663
54. 126, 7.53
39, 007, 285
4, 475, 578
230,516
21, 293, 248

327, 971, 043

?34.] 23,276
11, 745, .592
6, 199, 5.59
507, 398
24,531
3,128,817

55, 729, 173

280, 034, 824
82, 130, .341
70,036,032
12,266,622
14,696,066

84,609,100 147,924,952

1,331,568
6, 185, 703

551, 290, 256

351,231,9.85
110,133,929
101,064,779
20, 057, 666
29,161,616

2,663,1.36
12, .371, 406

774, 609, 469

FISCAL YEAR 1915.

Cattle hides

Calfskins

Slieep and lamb skins .
Horso.fiolt.andass ..

Buffalo skins

Goatskins

Kangaroo and wal-
laby

All other, except furs.

93,-597,171
15, 746, 654
21,010,807
5,431,165
12, 422, 743
50,812,613

769, 125
9,720,113

Total 209,510,391

$21,448,083
4,192,667
3, 983, 323
1,2.53,306
2, .325, 243

13,925,615

427, 127
1,654,812

49,210,176

240,317,817
31,147,2.53
.37, 81 2, .573
3,774,609
517,325
15, 729, 852

329,299,429 54,978,011

S39,.579,719

6, 672, 277

6, 017, 930

399, 495

53,090

2,255,500

3.33,914,988
46,893,907
5.8, 82;i, 380
9, 205, 774
12,940,068
66, 542, 465

769, 125
9,720,113

427, 512, 1.59
62,640,561
79, 834. 187
14,6.36,939
2.5,362,811

117,355,078

1,. 5.38, 250
19, 440, 226

538,809,820 !74S,320,211

FISCAL YEAR 1916.

Cattle hides

Calfskins

Sheepandlambskins.
Horse, colt, and ass. .

Buffalo skins

Goatskins

Kangaroo and wal-
laby

All other, except furs.

Total

153,100,016
26, 825, 444
.54, 766, 943
6, 597, 292
1.3, 1.38, 535
84, 600, 242

1,192,632
9, 829, 294

350, 050, 398

$37,399,510
7, 813, 836

11,385,027
1,227,145
2, 489, 645

25,190,460

281,615,918 $50,694,454
37,182,921 9,0.39,028

46, 583, 371

11, 494, .335

1,041,296

15, 122, 192

7, 463, 170

1,088,658

126, 237

2, 208, 536

707,663 1,192,632

2,004,743 ' 9,829,294

434,715,934
64, 008, 365

101,3.50,314
18,091,627
14,179,831
99, 722, 434

88,218,029 393,040,033 j70,620,083 |743,090,431

587, 815, 950
90, 833, 809

156,117,257
24,688,919
27,318,366

184,322,676

2, 385, 264
19,658,588

1,093,140,829

FISCAL YEAR 1917.

Cattle hides

Calfskins

Sheep and lamb skins
inorse, colt, and ass .

Buffalo skins

Goatskins

Kangaroo and wal-
laby

All other, except furs

Total

171,490,891
34,664,217

55, 478, 458
12, ISO, 755
27,095.228
92, 362, 738

958, 629
10, 004, 698

$48,769,802 '224,770,135 $51,279,610 1396,261,026

404,235,614

11,010,941
17,948,002
3,731,439
6. 124, 789
51,802,209

721,754
2, 784, 538

142,893,474

12,406.899 I 4. 534, .869

40,457,403 |l 1,630, ,521

15,498,220 I 2,461,303

21 8, .528 i 32,105

13,214.7.52 I 3.642,399

306,565,937 73,5.80,807

47,071,116
95, 935, 861
27, 678, 975
27.313,7.56
105, 577, 490

958, 629
10, 004, 698

710,801,551

567,751,917
81,735,333

151,414,319
.39,8.59,730
.54,408,9.84

197,940,228

1.917,2.58
20,009,396

1 115,037,165

26

UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION.

Table 11. — Hides and sJcins— Imports for consumption, 1911-1921 — Continued.

FISCAL YEAR 1918.

Dry.

Green.

Total dry
and green.

Converted

to a green

basis.

Total

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

value.

Cattle hides

Pounds.
80, 036, 808

8, 785, 186
32, 305, 867

2,654,507
10,579,007
56, 840, 030

634, 975
7,174,213

$24,626,852
3,652,790

11, 814, 409

625, 200

2,799,211

29, 799, 082

694,016
2, 075, 837

Pounds.
187,177,896

4, 170, 862
23, 716, 762

6, 305, 379

1,437,953
10,277,584

$43,095,152

1,555,086

7,421,582

882, 460

374,682

2, 014, 821

Pounds.

267, 214, 704

12,956,048

56, 022, 629

8,959,886
12, 016, 960
67,117,614

634,975
7, 174, 213

Pounds.

347,251,512
21,741,234
88, 328, 496
11,614,393
22, 595, 967

123,957,644

1,269,950
14,348,426

$67,722,004
5,207,876

19,235,991
1,507,660
3, 173, 893

31, 813, 903

Sheep'andlamb skins.
Horse, colt, and ass . .
Buffalo skins

Kangaroo and wal-

694, 016

All other, except furs.

2,075,837

Total

199, 010, 593

76,087,397

233, 086, 436

55,343,783

432, 097, 029

631,107,622

131,431,180

CALENDAR YEAR 1918.

Cattle hides

Calfskins

Sheep and lamb skins
Horse, coit, and ass. .

Cabretta

Buffalo skins

Goatskins

Kangaroo and wal-
laby

All other, except furs.

Total

35,

155, 106
383, 279
549,713
868, 742

779, 483
458, 173

645, 988
863, 707

$10,254,045

2,175,470

7,517,651

183, 003

1,537,182
28, 626, 610

719,093
1,553,298

52,566,352

185,432,280

2,093,402

31,422,331

4, 128, 814

1,393,463
9,057,918

233,528,208

$41,708,075
717,367

10,047,914
536, 682

380,961
1,865,306

55,256,305

220,587,386

7,476,681

52,972,044

4, 997, 556

7, 172, 946
62,516,091

645, 988
4, 863, 707

361,232,399

255,742,492

12,859,960

74,521,757

5, 866, 298

12,952,429
115,974,264

1,291,976
9, 727, 414

488, 936, 590

$51,962,120

2, 892, 837

17,565,565

719,685

1,918,143
30,491,916

719, 093
1,553,298

107,822,657

CALENDAR YEAR 1919.

Cattle hides

Calfskins

Sheep and lamb skins
Horse, colt, and ass. .

Cabretta

Buffalo skins

Goatskins

Kangaroo and wal-
laby

All other, except furs .

Total

175,601
325, 180
560, 327
973, 796
93,985
619, 738
133, 387

383, 939
264, 890

333, 530, 843

$34,.360,222
20,914,313
21,288.088

3, 633; 399
86, .382

3, 463, 457
85,827,011

1,362,991
2, 517, 525

173,4.53,388

310,965,319
22,230,341
41,471,500
12,077,113

1,892,149
22, 522, 563

411,158,985

$91,223,542
12, 738, 819
15, 232, 461
3, 612, 468

611,966
9, 729, 448

133,048,704

407,140,920
64,55.5,521
8.5,031,827
28,050,909
93,985
17,511,887

133,655,950

1,383,939
7, 264, 890

744, 689, 828

503, 316, .521
106, 880, 701
128,592,154

44,024,706
187,970

33, 131, 625
244, 789, 337

2, 767, 878
14, 529, 780

1,078,220,671

$125,583,764

33, 653, 132

36,520,549

7, 245, 867

86, 382

3, 975, 423

95, 556, 459

1,362,991

2, 517, 525

306,502,092

CALENDAR YEAR 1920.

Cattle hides

Calfskins

Sheep and lamb skins
Horse, colt, and ass. .

Cabretta

Buffalo skins

Goatskins

Kangaroo and wal-
laby

All other, except furs .

Total

, 150, 408
,902,653
, 832, 904
, 043, 439
12,377
, 483, 786
, 869, 332

, 388, 732
,313,721

7,
198,997,352

$21,092,121
9, 979, 730

17,395,159

1,619,774

14, 285

2,721,204

84, 410, 287

1,480,712
3, 233, 328

141,946,600

216,174,099
18, 229, 633
52, 857, 541
11,802,968

1,759,648
10, 336, 304

311,159,193

$64,383,203
9,270,931

20,800,980
2,635,555

502, 186
6,229,955

103,822,810

275, 324, 507
35, 132, 286
82, 690, 445
16, 846, 407
12,377
11,243,434
80, 204, 636

1,388,732
7,313,721

610, 156, 545

334,474,915
52,034,939
112,523,349

21,889,846

24, 764

20, 727, 220

160,073,968

2, 777, 464
14, 627, 442

709, 163, 897

$86, 475, 324

19, 250, 661

38, 196, 139

4,255,329

14, 285

3,223,390

90,640,242

1,480,712
3, 233, 328

245, 769, 410

CALENDAR YEAR 1921.

Cattle hides

Calfskins

Sheep and laml) skins
Horse, colt, and ass. .

Cabretta

Buffalo skins

Goatskins

Kangaroo and wal-
laby...

All other, except furs.

Total

13,257,154

14,263,427

13,4.52,473

811,602

23,323

1,918,0.50

64,924,642

4,55,246
4,263,026

103,368,943

.$2,349,104

3,272,580

3,327,482

96,677

10, 678

358,481

22,373,876

283,370
989, 604

33,061,852

166,929,296

33,676,661

32,397,177

3,247,873

$20,910,248

7,091,636

4,686,324

269,696

223,658
8,201,685

244, 676, 139

44,918
1,497,338

34,500,069

180,186,449
47,940,078
4.''), 849, 650
4,069,475
2i,323
2,141,608
63,126,227

4,55,246
4,263,026

348,045,082

193,443,603
62, 203,. 505
59,302,123
4,871,077
46,646
4,059,6,58
118,050,869

910,492
8,526,062

451,414,025

$23,259,362

10,364,215

8,013,806

366,273

10, 678

403, 399

23,871,214

283,370
989, 604

67,561,911

HIDES AND SKINS.

27

Table 12. — Value of leather and leather products exported from the United States, 1890-

1922.

Fiscal year.

Exports.

Fiscal year.

Exports.

Fiscal year.

Exports.

1890

$12,439,000
13,279,000
12,08.5,000
11,912,000
14,283,000

1903

?31,616,000
33,980,000

1915

1120,727,000
146,704,000
153 710 000

1891

1904

1916

1892

5-year average.
1905

1917.

1893

30,122,000

1918

100 881 000

1894

1919

182,964,000

37,937,000
40,645,000
45, 477, 000
40,739,000
42,976,000

5-yearaverage.
1920

5-year average.

12,800,000

1906

140,997,000

1907

1895

15,614,000
20, 243, 000
19,161,000
21,115,000
23,468,000

190S

291 801 000

1896

1909

1921

98,208,000

1897

5-year average.
1910 .

2-year average.

July, 1921, to April,
1922 (10 months) . .

1898

41,555,000 1

195 004 000

1899

52,647,000
53,673,000
60,757,000
63, 893, 000
57, 566, 000

5-year average.

19,920,000

1911

47,340,000

1912

1900

27, 293, 000
27,924,000
29,799,000

1913

1901

1914

5-year average.

57,707,000

Table 13. — Average prices of packer hides, 1895 to 1911.

Heavy

Butt-

Heavy

Light

Heavy-

Heavy

Light

Branded

Native
bulls.

Branded
bulls.

Year.

native

branded

Texas

Texas

Colorado

native

native

steers.

steers.

steers.

steers.

steers.

cows.

cows.

1911

$14. 81

$13.50

$14. 32

$13. 54

$13.47

$13. 87

$13.50

$12. 56

$12. 11

S10.50

1910

15.29

13.71

14.88

13.77

13.42

13.79

13.04

12.40

11.96

11.10

1909

16.47

15.49

16.41

15.35

15.29

15.21

14.83

14.11

13.10

12.04

1908

13.36

12.28

13.86

12.46

12.21

11.43

11.04

10.43

10.03

8.73

1907

14.55

12.99

13.96

13.26

12.70

13.10

U.71

11.98

12.13

10.08

1906

15.43

13.99

14.89

14.84

13.65

14.96.

14.84

14.27

12.21

10.56

1905

14.30

13.21

14.44

13.91

13.08

13.16

13.10

12.74

10.77

9.76

1904

11.66

10.89

12.65

11.67

10.81

10.60

10.52

10.28

9.10

8.15

1903

11.69

10.57

12.64

11.19

10.54

10.07

9.64

9.19

9.61

7.69

1902

13.38

12.33

14.41

12.42

12.10

11.12

10.12

10.01

10.50

9.10

1901

12.37

11.46

12.88

11.53

11.21

10.66

10.07

9.87

10.19

8.54

1900

11.94

11.04

11.99

11.09

10.49

10.62

10.44

10.18

9.93

8.42

1899

12.34

11.44

12.07

11.55

10.70

11.27

10.40

10.90

10.04

8.50

1898

11.50

10.08

10.74

10.43

9.24

10.84

11.02

9.72

9.56

7.32

1897

9.96

9.14

9.33

8.94

8.28

9.35

9.74

8.74

8.27

6.36

1896

8.14

7.25

7.44

6.94

6.45

7.51

7.53

6.66

6.63

5.25

1895

10.20

8.97

9.48

8.60

8.39

8.76

8.52

8.00

7.41

6.42

Table 14. — Average prices of country hides, 1895 to 1911.

Year.

No. 1
heavy
steers.

Country

packers,

branded

flat.

No. 1

heavy
cows.

Country,

branded

flat.

No. 1
buffs.

No. 1 ex-
tremes.

No. 2
buffs.

Bulls
flat.

No. 1

calf-
skins.

No. 1

kips.

1911

$12. 24

$10. 72

$11.82

$10.02

$11.82

$12. 80

$10. 79

$10. 01

$16.34

$13. 23

1910

12.16

10.20

11.26

9.49

11.13

11.51

10.02

9.86

16.02

12.03

1909

14.17

12.55

13.40

11.44

13.24

13.55

12.21

11.13

17.92

14.11

1908

10.61

8.90

9.35

8.04

9.29

9.75

8.21

7.86

14.17

10.09

1907

12. 05

10.69

11.02

9.66

10.79

10.99

9.64

10.02

14.90

11.60

19(16

13.83

12.48

13.49

12.51

13.43

13.43

12.47

1L29

15.54

14.05

1905

12.47

11.86

11.92

10.93

11.88

12.14

10.96

9.39

14.84

12.58

1904

10.03

9.42

9.47

8.42

9.45

9.75

8.49

7.87

13.37

11.08

1903

9.71

8.82

8.66

7.85

8.59

8.87

7.63

7.75

12.05

10.16

1902

10.99

9.45

9.41

8.55

8.74

8.83

7.78

8.73

11.89

9.67

1901

10.50

8.84

9.25

8.56

8.73

8.77

7.73

8.43

11.93

9.36

1900

10.29

8.75

9.30

8.73

9.11

9.52

8.26

8.05

11.91

10.16

1899

10.79

9.69

10.13

9.56

10.08

10.43

9.58

8.71

12.84

ia95

1898

10.25

8.85

9.90

8.85

9.94

10.49

9.43

8.46

12.49

11.20

1897

9.00

7.77

8.65

7.88

8.86

9.55

8.35

7.45

12.08

10.50

1896

7.20

6.16

6.86

6.21

6.85

7.43

6.36

5.83

9.10

7.96

1895

8.79

8.07

7.97

7.26

7.86

8.07

7.36

6.51

11.23

8.93

28

UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION,

Table 15. — Prices of leather, 1901 to 1911.
[Complied by the Shoe and Leather Reporter.]

Date.

Cents.

1901— January 24-25

April 24 -25

July 24i-25

October 24|-25

1902— January 24-25

April 23 -24

July 23 -23i

October 23 -24

1903— January 23

April 22

July 22

October 23

1904— January 23

April 23

July 22

October 22 -23

1905— January 22|-23

April 22|-23i

August 22^23

October 24-25

1906— January 24-25

April 25 -25^

August 25J-26

December 26-27

1907— April 26 -27

August 26 -27

October 26-27

December 26-27

1908-April 25

June 24

September 25-26

December 25-26

1909— April 25-26

June 25-26

September l 25 -26

December | 26

1910— April ! 25-26

June I 25

September 23 -24

December ' 23-24

23 -24
24
24

24 -25

Sole leather per pound.

Oak.

Hem-
lock
B.A.&
Mont.
Mid.

1911— April

June

September

December

Union

tannery

run

CrVtf!.

31-32

32-33

31-32

33-34

34-35

33-34

34-35

34-35

34-35

33-34

33-34

32-33

32

31-32

30-31

31-32

35

35

35-36

37-38

37-38

36-37

36-37

37-38

37-38

36

36

35

33-34

33-34

36

36

34-36

34^36

34-36

34-37

33-35

33-34

33

31-32

31-32

32-33

32-33

34

Scoured
backs
Mid.

Cents.

35

34

35

35-36

37

36

37-38

38-39

37 -.38

38-40

37-38

37

34-35

34-35

32-33

33-34

36-37

37-38

37

37-38

38-39

37-38

37-38

39-40

38-39

38-41

38-41

37-0

36-38

36-37

39-40

39-40

41

41-42

41-42

43

43

43-44

38-40

38-39

38-40

37-38

40-41

40-41

Texas
sides.

Cen^s.

30
29-30

30

31
31-33
30-31
30-31
32-,33
30-31

31
30-31

30
28-29
28-29
26-27
29-30

31

31

31

33-34

331-34

32J-33

33Ji
34 -35

34
34 -35

34 -35

33 -34

33

32 -33

35 -36
35 -36

34 -36

35 -36
35 -36
34 -36
34 -36

33 -36

34

34

31 -34

30 -35

30 -35

31 -34

Upper leather per foot.

Satin.

East-
ern
M.

West-
ern
M.

Cents.
12 -13
12 -13
11 -12

11 -12i

12 -13
11 -12
10 -Hi
10 -12

10 -Hi

11 -12i
10-12
11 -12§
11 -12J
11 -12i

11 -12^

12 -13
12i-14
12i-14

14 -15*
15i-16i

15i-16i
15i-16i
15i-16i

16 -16i

16
15
14^15
15
14i-15
10 -12
12-14

13 -15

15 -16

15 -16

17 -18
17 -18

16 -18
16 17J

14
12 -15
12 -15
15 -16
15 -16
15 -16

Cents.
13 -15
13 -14

12 -13
12i-13J

13 -14

13 -15
12 -14
12-14
12-14
12 -14
12 -14
12 -14
12 -14
12 -14
12 -14

14 -15i
14^16

ui-m

14i-17

17i-18i

17f-18i

17J-18i

17f-18i

18i-19

17 -18

17 -18

16f-17

16i-17i

16 -17
16-17
17i-17i
17J-17i
16i-17i

17 -17i
17 -17i
16 -17
16 -17
16J-17J

17J

16 -17
14i-17

17 -18
15i-17i
15i-18

Kangaroo.

East-
ern
M.

Cents.

11 -12
11 -12

10 -12
14 -16
10^12i

lOi-m
10*-12i
10i-12i
ir-12i

11 -I2i

11 -12i
lli-13i
ll^lSJ
lli-13i
14 -14i
15}-16
16 -16i
16 -16i
16 -16i

16 -16i

15
14i-15
14'-14i

14
14 -15

14i
15J-16
15^-16

14 -16

15 -17

17 -18
17 -18

16 -18
14 -15
13 -14
13 -17

12 -18
13i-17
13i-17
13it-17

West-
ern
M.

Cents.

14 -15

14 -15

12J-14

17- 19

15i-16

15H6i

15J-16

15i-16i

15J-16

15H6

15J-16

16 -17

17 -174
17 -17i
17i-19
19^-20*
19i-20
19i-20
19^-20

20 -20i

19}

19|

18i-19

18|

18J

18"

181-19

181-19

19J-21J

19i-21i

21 -22
20 -21
20 -21
20 -22i
20 -20J
18J-22
18^20i
19J-21i
19^21i
19J-21i

Calfskins.

Board

ed
chrome
finish.

Cents.

22

23

23-24

23-24

23-24

22-23

22-23

22

22

20

20

19-21

19-20

19-20

19-21

22-23

23-24

23-24

22-23

23-26

23-26

24-26

2.5-27

26-27

22-25

22-25

22-25

22-25

22-25

21-24

22-25

22-25

23-24

25-26

26

27

25

25

25

23-26

22-27

23-28

23-28

23-28

Chrome

dull
finish.

Cents.

28-29
26-27
26-27
26-27
25-27
24-26
23-27
24-28
26-29

o

UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION
WASHINGTON

Tariff Infonnation Series— No. 29

THE EMERGENCY TARIFF

And Its Effect on Cattle and Beef,

Sheep and Mutton, Wool, Pork,

and Miscellaneous Meats

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

1922

UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION

WASHINGTON

Tariff Information Series — No. 29

THE EMERGENCY TARIFF

And Its Effect on Cattle and Beef,

Sheep and Mutton, Wool, Pork,

and Miscellaneous Meats

WASHINGTON
OOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

1922

UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION.

Offire: Old Land Office, Seventh and E Streets NW., Washington, D. C.

COMMISSIONERS.

Thomas 0. Marvin, Chairman.
William S. Culbertson, Vice Chairman.
David J. Lewis.
Edward P. Costigan.
Thomas Walker Page.
William Burgess.

John F. Bethune, Secretary.

ADDITIONA.L COPIES

OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM

THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON, D. C.

AT

5 CENTS PER COPY

CONTENTS.

Pa;e.

Cattle 1

Beef 16

Sheep and mutton 21

Wool 32

Fresh pork and prepared and preserved meats 38

STATISTICAL TABLES.

1. Monthly average prices of cattle, sheep, and hogs, 1921 4

2. Comparison of Chicago and Canadian prices of livestock, 1921 6

3. Imports of cattle:

(A) From principal countries, bv months, 1921 7

(B) From principal countries, 1911-1921 ^ 9

4. Exports of cattle:

( A) To principal countries, by months, 1921 13

(B) To principal countries, 1911-1921 14

5. Comparative prices of domestic and foreign beef, 1921 16

6. Imports of fi'esh and prepared and preserved meats, 1920 and 1921 18

7. Imports and exports of beef and veal, 1914-1921 20

8. Domestic production, imports, and exports of cattle and beef, 1900-1921.. 20

9. Imports of sheep, 1911-1921 22

10. Exports of sheep, 1911-1921 25

11. Imports of sheep, by months, 1921 29

12. Exports of sheep, by months, 1921 31

13. Imports for consumption and domestic production of unmanufactured wool,
1900-1921 33

14. Imports of wool, by classes, 1921 35

15. Wholesale price per pound of domestic wool, Boston, 1920-1922 36

16. Wool values at the London sales, 192J-1922 37

17. Trend of wool prices, London, 1900-1921 37

18. Imports and exports of fresh pork and of prepared and preserved meats,
1919-1921 39

19. InTports of swine compared with number slaughtered in the United States,
1918-1921 40

2J. Exports of swine, 1918-1921 40

III

,

FOREWORD.

This report presents a general view of the effect of the emergency
tariff act on domestic production of meats and wool. Normal pro-
duction and import and export figures are contrasted with the
trade movement in 1921 to bring out more clearly the effects of the
act.

In the preparation of this report the Tariff Commission had the
services of Dr. L. G. Connor, of the commission's staff, and of others.

L

THE EMERGENCY TARIFF AND ITS EFFECT ON CATTLE AND
BEEF, SHEEP AND MUTTON, WOOL, PORK, AND MISCEL-
LANEOUS MEATS.

CATTLE.

The tariff act of 1909 placed a duty of $2 per head on cattle less
than 1 year old, $3.75 per head on other cattle valued at $14 per head
or less, and 21\ per cent ad valorem on other cattle valued at more
than $14 per head. The duty on fresh beef and veal was \\ cents
per pound. Under the tariff act of 1913 all the foregoing were placed
on the free list. The emergency tariff of May 28, 1921, levied a dtuy
of 30 per cent ad valorem on cattle and 2 cents per pound on fresh
beef and veal.

Until 1907 the United States virtually dominated the world's
export trade in beef, and also exported large numbers of live cattle,
mainly heavy, well finished animals for the British trade. The annual
exports of fresh beef, and of live cattle, reduced to their equivalent
in beef, averaged nearly 700,000,000 pounds per year from 1900 to
1907, inclusive, or approximately 10 per cent of domestic slaughter-
ings. Practically one-third of the exports consisted of fat cattle,
which averaged nearly 478,000 head per year. During this same
period the United States imported each year some live cattle, and a
small amount of fresh, cured, and other beef. The cattle were almost
all thin Mexican animals of stocker type, brought in to fatten on grass;
an annual average of about 74,000 head was imported from 1900 to
1907, inclusive, or approximately one-sixth as many as were ex-
ported. The total imports of beef and of beef in the form of live
cattle averaged less than 30,000,000 ppunds per year, or less than
5 per cent of the amount exported. Beef imported in the form of
live animals amounted to 90 per cent of the total imports.

In the seven years following 1907 the total domestic production
of beef and veal declined from 7,946,000,000 pounds to 6,072,000,000
pounds, exports of beef and of cattle rapidly declined, and a small
import balance — 108,770,000 pounds appeared in 1913. In 1914 this
mport balance amounted to 461,271,000 and in 1915 to 14>r,205,000
pounds.' During this period imports of live cattle steadily increased,
especially after the revolution began in Mexico, when operators in
ahat country sent large numbers to the United States in order to
cvoid confiscation. Imports of live cattle from Canada also in-
treased, particularly after the tariff of 1913 became effective. The
total number imported increased from 92,000 in 1908 to 872,000 in
1914, fell to 539,000 in 1915, and averaged nearly 346,000 head from
1908 to 1915, inclusive. For 1913 to 1915, inclusive, the number
averaged 612,000 a year.^ The average beef equivalent of these
cattle— 243,000,000 pounds per year for 1913 to 1915, inclusive,

' See report of the U. S. Tariff Commission, The Cattle and Beef Industry, 1922.
^ See Table 3, p. 9.

2 THE EMERGENCY TARIFF AND ITS EFFECT OX CATTLE, BEEF, ETC.

accounted for the average net import balance of 239,000,000 pounds
of beef and veal during these three years.

Thus, in the space of six years following 1907, the United States
changed from a heavy export to a small import basis. This change
resulted from competition between cattle and crops in humid regions,
between cattle and homesteaders in subhumid regions, and from
drought and feed shortage during a few years ending in 1914. How-
ever, the heavy war-time demand was developing in 1915; the scarcity
of shipping placed a premium on American beef, and the high prices
that followed had an almost immediate stimulating effect on domestic
production. '

As a result, the number of cattle, and the production of beef,
increased rapidly after 1914. Then, too, continued imports from
Mexico and Canada, chiefly of stocker and feeder cattle brought in
for fattening, were a factor of some, though small, importance in
the increased production of beef and veal. Total imports of live
cattle averaged 426,000 head per fiscal year from 1916 to 1920,
inclusive. The total number slaughtered, exclusive of calves, had
fallen from 13,469,900 in 1907 to 10,822,100 in 1915. It then rose
to 15,750,400 in 1918. For 1916 to 1920, inclusive, the number of
cattle slaughtered, other than calves, averaged 13,462,500 head per
year. The number of calves slaughtered fell from 6,026,800 in 1907
to 4,639,500 in 1915, but advanced to 9,662,800 in 1920 when war-
time increases were being rapidly liquidated. The production of
beef and veal followed the increase in slaughterings. From a total
of 6,072,000,000 pounds in 1914, it increased to 8,367,000,000 pounds
in 1918, or larger than ever before. The small balance of 1913 to
1915, inclusive, was changed to a considerable surplus of exports
during the following four years. For the time being the tariff
problem, which came to the front in 1913, was forgotten.

The tariff problem again asserted itself in 1920. In a partial
liquidation of war-time increases, heavy marketings of domestic
cattle occurred in that year. Heavy imports of Canadian cattle,
also a partial liquidation of war increases, passed through the markets
of the United States in 1920. Furthermore, alleviation of the ship-
ping shortage made available large supplies of cheaper Australasian
meats, while sharply depreciated foreign exchange militated against
the more desirable but more costly American meats. Thus there
was a large increase in the available supply. But owing to growing
industrial stagnation at home and abroad, the demand decreased
considerably in the latter part of 1920, and prices declined rapidly.
Since the shipping scarcity had placed a premium on American
beef, which could be landed in Europe in one-fourth the time nec-
essary to ship from Argentina and one-sixth the time necessary to
move beef from Australasia, American prices had risen out of line
with these exporting countries. American prices, therefore, felt the
effect of unrestricted world supplies some months before deflation
set in in the Southern Hemisphere. Thus the seasonal decline in
the fall of 1920 became a permanent decline throughout the winter
of 1921, whereas prices in Argentina did not sliow much change
until May, 1921.

This decline in domestic price had a serious effect on the domestic
producer, particularly in the range country. A three-year drought

THE EMERGENCY TARIFF AXD ITS EFFECT ON CATTLE, BEEF, ETC. 3

in the Southwest had ended in 1918; in order to restock, the stock-
men had invested heavily during the period of peak prices. In 1919
a severe drought on the northern ranges, followed by one of the most
expensive winters on record, had forced the cattlemen to assume
heavy financial obligations in order to save their herds. In the
farming region the cattle feeders had made their 1920 beef with high-
priced 1919 feed, much of it purchased from farmers who did not
make a practice of fattening live stock. The erratic and declining
market of 1920 came at a time when the stockmen and feeders could
ill afford it. Largely because of receipts of Canadian cattle on the
American markets, 316,559 head out of a total importation of 379,114
cattle in the calendar year 1920, foreign competition was popularly
fastened upon as the prime factor in the price decline, and an emer-
gency tariff was demanded in the early winter of that 3-ear in order,
if possible, to alleviate conditions.

During 1921 the financial stringency and industrial stagnation of
the latter part of 1920 continued. Forced lic| nidation of live stock,
a distressing phenomenon of the latter part of 1920, when live-stock
markets often were so seriously congested that the animals sometimes
had to be penned in the " alleys" without feed or water for days at a
time, was also repeated, though to a less extent; meanwhile depressed
domestic demand forced prices downward still further. At the same
time, financial stringency and earlier losses resulted in a serious
curtailment of demand for feeder cattle. For the first five months
of 1921 native beef steers at Chicago averaged only $8.50 per 100
pounds, as against $12.95 during the same period in 1920, and $15.75
in 1919. The condition of the beef producer, therefore, seemed critical
in 1921. By early summer the producers foresaw a real danger to the
future of American herds if domestic prices fell much further. Further-
more, at the time of the passtige of the emergency tarift' the chief im-
porting market — Great Britain — was glutted with imported meats.
Large supplies were reaching Europe from the principal exporting
countries, particularly from Australasia and Argentina. Although
it was due to imports of live cattle from Canada that the United States
was in a position of unstable equilibrium between a surplus of imports
and a surplus of exports in 1920 and 1921, in the long run it was
Australasia and Argentina that the domestic producers especially
feared; beef is produced in those countries on a year-long grazing
basis and at a much lower cost than in the United States.

The emergency tariff became effective on May 28, 1921. There-
after the decline in price of choice to prime beef steers ceased in the
United States until the close of the grazing season, when a seasonal
decline always occurs.^ However, because of a slack demand for
other qualities, and despite smaller market receipts, the price of ani-
mals below top grade fell somewhat after June 1. It is significant,
however, that in Canada prices fell much more than in the United
States. Canada has furnished the bulk of the live cattle imported
during recent years, and, until Mexican herds are reestablished, is
the only country from which the United States can expect to receive
appreciable numbers of butcher animals. Owing to larger per capita
supplies, after June 1 Canada had to remain on an export basis.

3 Choice to prime beef steers on the Chicago market averaged $9.S6 per 100 pounds from Jan. 1 to May 31,
and $9.95 from June 1 to Nov. 30, 1921.

4 THE EMERGENCY TARIFF AND ITS EFFECT ON CATTLE, BEEF, ETC.

Therefore, if the emergency tariff operated to hold the domestic
market above the world level, its effects should show in an increased
differential between Canadian and American markets. Since Canada
was on an export basis, her prices logically would follow the world
level, which was steadily declining during the summer of 1921.
The following tabulation shows the average price, by grades and for
all qualities within each grade, for the Chicago, Toronto, and Winni-
peg markets during the five months ended May 31 and the six
months ended November 30, 1921, Canadian prices converted at
current exchange. Sheep, lamb, and hog prices are included for
their general interest and for convenient reference.

Table 1. — Monthly average 'prices of live cattle, sheep, and hogs, 1921.

[Per 100 pounds.]

CHICAGO.

Month.

Native beef cattle.

Light,
750 to
1,050.

Me-
dium,
1,050 to
1,200.

Me-
dium to
heavy,
1,200 to
1,900.

Fat

cows

and

heifers.

Cut-
ters
and
can-
ners.

Stock-
ers
and
feed-
ers.

Sheep.

Lambs.

Hogs
and
pigs-

January

February

March

April

May

Average

June

July

August

September

October

November

Average

$7.90
7.50
8.40
7.65
7.75

$8.60
8.10
9.10
7.95
7.90

$9.67
8.93
9.83
8. .50
8.47

$6.20
5.85
6.65
6.25
6.05

$3.70
3.25
3.65
3.00
3.10

$7.20
6.80
8.10
7.40
7.35

$4.95
4.75
5.80
6.45
6.25

$10. 90
9.20
9.65
9.60
11.10

7.84

8.33

6.20

3.34

7.37

5.64

10.09

7.55
7.40
6.90
6.90
6.75
5.90

7.75
7.65
7.50
7.30
7.35
6.50

8.15
8.28
9.08
8.22
8.48
7.72

5.05
5.40
5.10
4.60
4.80
4.80

2.20
2.75
2.50
2.75
2.95
2.55

6.10
6.10
5.90
5.50
5.65
5.45

4.60
5.40
4.75
4.10
4.70
4.15

11.00
10.30
9.65
8.80
8.55
8.95

6.90

7.34

8.32

2.62

5.78

4.62

9.54

$9.55
9.50
10.20

8.55
8.22

9.20

8.05
9.92
9.37
7.50
7.82
7.32

8.33

WINNIPEG.

Steers.

Cows

and

heifers.

Cutters
and
can-
ners.

Stock-
ers and
feeders.

Sheep.

Lambs.

Month.

Heavy

fin-
ished.

Medi-
um
weight.

Light
weight.

Hogs.

January

$6.59
6.76
7.19
6.88
6.60

$5.66
6.76
6.35
6.38
6.44

$5. 26
5.29
5.85
5.91
6.17

$4.97
4.97
5.16
5.14
5.35

$2.81
2.61
2.78
2.31
2.51

$4.83
4.62
5.34
5.00
5.07

$4.80
5.35
5.32
5.78
5.61

$8.04
8.40
8.32
7.31
9.12

$9.89

February

10.10

March

10.19

April

10.07

May

8.90

Average

6.80

6.32

5.70

5.12

2.60

4.97

5.37

8.24

9.83

June

5.87
5.04
4.65
4.22
3.92
3.83

5.30
4.19
3.66
3.60
3.46
3.49

.5.06
3.98
3.51
3.34
3.21
3.28

4. 35
3.76
3.37

2.86
2.81
2.88

1.57
1.13
1.18
1.35
1.34
1.53

3.66
2.71
2.79
2..S4
2. S4
2.86

4.82
4.03
4.2:5
3.49
3.19
3.09

7.70
7.85
6.89
6.38
6.10
6.19

8.07

July

9.36

August

10.64

Scpicniber

9.05

October

8.16

November

7.19

Average

4. .'•)9

3.95

.3.73

3.34

1.35

2.95

3.81

6.85

8.74

THE EMERGENCY TARIFF AND ITS EFFECT ON CATTLE, BEEF, ETC.

Table 1. — Monthhj average price of live cattle, sheep, and hogs, 1921 — Continued.

TORONTO.

Month.

March .

April.

May..

Average .

June

July

August

September.
October . . .
November.

Average .

Steers.

January $8. 59

Februarv 8. 26

Heavy

fin-
ished.

9.06
8.8.3
8.46

8.64

7.27
6. .55
6.81
6.64
5.98
.5.84

Medi-
um
weight.

$7.52
7.23
7. 85
7.82
7.60

7.60

6.60
5.44
5.78
.5.47
4.96
4.65

5. 48

Light
weight.

Cows

and

heifers.

$3. 74 $3. 32

6. 35 5. 74

7. 26 6. 49

7. 28 6. 62

7. 30 6. 57

6.34
5.39
4.91
4.83
4.27
4.14

6.35

5.59
4.52
4.28
4.16
3.83
3.83

4.98

4.37

Cutters
and
can-
ners.

$.3.29
3.13
2.96
2.73
2.64

2.95

1..59
1.63
1. ."0
1.74
1.94
1.87

1.71

Stock-
ers and
feeders.

Sheep .

$4.83
5.16
5.98
6.79
6.15

5.78

4.23
3.19
2.97
2.43
2.95
2.78

3.09

Lambs.

$8.81
8.84
9.82
10.38
10.87

9.74

10.89
8.73
7.09
6.46
6.59
6.96

7.79

Hogs.

$11. 94
11.28
11.73
9.80
7.75

10.50

8.74
9.16
10.18
7.50
6.99
6.65

8.20

Table 1 shows a pronounced widening in the differential between-
Chicago and Canadian prices after June in every class of live stock
except hogs. In three instances — fat cows and heifers, sheep, and
hogs — Toronto prices were higher than Chicago prior to June 1 , but
during the next six months the first two fell far below the Chicago
level. Although the difference was narrowed considerably, hogs, of
which there appears to have been a shortage, remained higher at
Toronto than at Chicago. Winnipeg prices were higher than Chicago
prior to June 1 only in the case of hogs, which as yet are not exten-
sively produced in western Canada. After June 1, owing to the longer
rail haul to Toronto, the differential between cattle prices at Winni-
peg and Chicago widened even more than between Chicago and
Toronto.

Table 2 brings out more clearly the increased differential between
Chicago and the Canadian marlcets after June 1. It will be seen
that during the six months after June 1 light to heavy beef steers
averaged 76 to 99 cents, with a mean of 90 cents per hundred pounds
less at Chicago than during the previous five months, but
averaged from S2.01 to $2.13, with a mean of $2.09 less at Toronto.
Since the differential in favor of Chicago averaged only 67 cents per
hundred pounds prior to June 1, the greater decline in prices at To-
ronto widened the differentials to $1.19 per hundred pounds. At
Winnipeg it widened to $1.29 per hundred.

3194—22 2

6 THE EMEEGENCY TARIFF AND ITS EFFECT ON CATTLE, BEEF;, ETC.

Table 2. — Comparison of Chicago and Canadian prices of live stock, 1921.
[Average price per 100 pounds.]

Steers.

Fat
cows
and

heifers.

Cutters
and
can-
ners.

Stock-

ers

and
feeders.

Sheep.

Lambs.

Light.

Me-
dium.

Heavy.

Hogs.

Chicago:

Jan. 1 to May 31

$7.84
6.90

$8.33
7.34

$9.08
8.32

$6.20
4.96

$3.34
2.62

$7.37
5.78

$5.64
4.62

110. 09
9.54

$9.20

June 1 to Nov. 30

8.33

Difference

.94

.99

.76

1.24

.72

1.59

1.02

.55

.87

Toronto:

Jan. 1 to May 31

6.99

4.98

7.60
5.48

8.64
6.51

6.35
4.37

2.95
1.71

5.78
3.09

9.74
7.79

10.50

June 1 to Nov. 30

8.20

Difference

2.01

2.12

2.13

1.98

1.24

2.69

1.95

2.30

Winnipeg:

Jan. 1 to May 31

5.70
3.73

6.32
3.95

6.80
4.59

5.12
3.34

2.60
1.35

4.97
2.95

5.37
3.81

8.24
6.85

9.83

June 1 to Nov. 30

8.74

Difference

1.97

2.37

2.21

1. 78 ! 1. 25

1

2.02 1.56

1.39

1.09

Difference between Chicago
and Toronto:
Jan. 1 to May 31

.85
1.92

.73
1.86

.44
1.81

-.15
.59

.39
.91

-.14
1.53

.35
1.75

-1.30

June 1 to Nov. 30

.13

Increase

1.07

1.13

1.37

.44

.52

1.39

L40 i -1.17

Difference between Cliicago
and Winnipeg:
Jan. 1 to May 31

2.14
3.17

2.01
3.39

2.28
3.73

1.08
1.62

.74
1.27

2.40
2.83

.27
.81

1.85
2.69

-.63

June 1 to Nov. 30

-.41

Increase

1.03

1.38

1. 45 - .54

.53

.43

.54 .84

-.22

The widening of the differential between Chicago and Canadian
markets greatly affected imports of cattle from Canada. Until
near the end of the grazing season of 1921, prices in Canada did not
fall enough to permit the importation of large numbers of cattle; but
soon after September 1 Canadian prices dropped to new low levels.
At the same time somewhat easier financial conditions in the United
States broadened the demand for stockers and feeders. Both these
forces were instrumental in causing a considerable movement of
Canadian cattle to markets south of the border. This increased
movement is shown in Table 3. From January to May, inclusive,
1921, total imports from Canada averaged 13,000 head per month.
This average fell to slightly over 6,000 head per month during the
following three months. Beginning in September, however, when
the grazing season was near its close, the number imported rose
greatly and averaged 23,000 per month until the end of the year.

THE EMERGEKCY TARIFF AND ITS EFFECT ON CATTLE, BEEF, ETC.

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12 THE EMERGENCY TARIFF AND ITS EFFECT ON CATTLE, BEEF, ETC.

It will be noted from Tables 1 and 2 that the emergency tariff was
not followed by increased prices on the American markets. However,
the fact that Canadian prices fell so much more than American prices
after June 1 is of significance. Canada was on an export basis after
June 1, i. e., her prices followed world prices, which declined greatly.
Since Canadian prices fell far below the American level, it would seem
logical that prices in the United States were held above the world level
after June 1, 1921. However, it does not follow that American prices
were held above the world level by the full amount of the duty.

In view of the foregoing it might at first seem odd that during the
calendar year 1921 more live cattle were exported from the United
States than at any time since 1909. However, more than 75 per cent
of the cattle exported in 1921 went to Mexico and Cuba, chiefly the
former. Parts of Mexico have been so stripped of live stock that
heavy shipments from the Southwest were necessary to supply beef,
the price of which was very high in Mexico in 1921. Some breeding
animals also were sent in. Texas and the Southwest were the logical
area in which to buy, owing to nearness and convenience in shipping.
At the same time, the animals sent to Mexico for slaughter were, for
the most part, of the domestic "cutter and canner" grade. This
relieved domestic markets from some of the oversupply of those
inferior animals. A small number of cattle, 31,324 head, was sent
t3 Great Britain, chiefly before July 1. Thereafter only occasional
small shipments were made, apparently of ''bargain" animals
secured by speculative exporters on days when the domestic
markets were unduly depressed by unlooked for receipts. These
small occasional shipments, averaging less than 1,100 per month from
July to December, inclusive, were of no practical importance in the
domestic markets. Table 4 shows domestic exports, by comitries of
destination, by months during 1921, and by years since 1910. ^

k

THE EMERGENCY TARIFF AND ITS EFFECT ON CATTLE, BEEF, ETC, 13

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14 THE EMERGENCY TARIFF AND ITS EFFECT ON CATTLE, BEEF, ETC.

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THE EMERGENCY TARIFF AND ITS EFFECT ON CATTLE, BEEF, ETC. 15

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16 THE EMERGENCY TARIFF AND ITS EFFECT ON CATTLE. BEEF^ ETC.

Beef. — The wholesale beef market perhaps gives a better measure
of the efficacy of the emergency tariff than the cattle market. The
former is steadier, and sudden variations in cattle prices (which fol-
low beef prices more or less closely) are smoothed out. The beef
market in 1921 was appreciably affected by the depressed industrial
conditions and diminished purchasing power of the consuming public.
Pork and prepared meats moved more freely than beef, owing to
smaller cuts and somewhat greater ease in preparation. Accordingly,
the depressed cattle market would seem to have been fully reflected
in the wholesale price of beef. Table 5 shows the decline in whole-
sale beef prices in the United States, Canada, England, and Argen-
tina for the five months ended May 31 and the seven months ended
December 31, 1921.

Table 5. — Comparative prices of domestic and foreign beef.
[Average price per 100 pounds, 1921.]

New York, good steer beef

Toronto, carcass No. 1

Winnipeg, -carcass No. 1

London, English beef

London, Argentine chilled hind quarters.

Buenos Aires, frigorifico steer, good

Buenos Aires, fat steer, frigorifico quality

Jan. 1-
May 31.

817.00
19.02
14.22
27.79
17.54
9.70
8.96

June 1-
Dec. 31.

$15. 61
14.65
11.27
19.54
14. SI
6.90
6.80

Decline.

Amount. Per cent,

$1.39
4.37
■2.95
8.25
2.73
2.80
2.16

There is no parity of grades in Table 5; the prices are tabulated
merely to show the trend in world prices. It is manifest that in
Toronto ''carcass No. 1" is quite different in quality from that in
Winnipeg, where virtually none but "grass fat" cattle are butchered.
"English beef" has always commanded a large premium in the Brit-
ish market over imported chilled and frozen; with a glut of imported
beef on the market, a large drop in the wholesale price of English
beef would be expected. An oversupply in the world market would
gravely affect prices in Argentina, since the export outlet was sharply
curtailed and large cattle supplies were seeking a market. Whole-
sale prices in Australia declined even more sharply than in Argentina.
The striking difference between New York and foreign markets,
particularly the difference in percentage of price decline after June
1, 1921, would seem to indicate clearly that American prices were
held above the world level, following the enactment of the emergency
tariff.

Table 6 shows imports into the United States of beef and other
meats during 1920 and 1921. Comparing the two periods from Janu-
ary to May and June to December, 1920 and 1921, the already small
imports of beef appear to have been further curtailed after June 1,
1921, by a combmation of causes — the duty, shipping costs, and aj
preference for domestic beef which is superior in quality because it
is produced from corn-fed cattle. This slump in imports occurred
despite the serious glut of beef in the world markets during the last
hall of 1921. It should be noted, however, that imports of beef inj
both 1920 and 1921, about 80 per cent of which was chilled beef from]

THE EMERGENCY TARIFF AND ITS EFFECT OX CATTLE, BEEF, ETC. 17

Canada, amounted to less than 1 per cent of domestic production.
The small import balance of 1920 and 1921 resulted entirely from the
beef equivalent of live cattle imported almost entirely from Canada.
Only 41,000,000 pounds of fresh, canned, and pickled and other
cured beef were exported from the United States in 1921, as compared
with nearly 140.000,000 pounds in 1920 and 171,000,000 pounds in
1919. Of the 1921 exports, 75 per cent consisted of canned, pickled,
and other cured, which are special products for special markets
widely scattered in North and South America, Europe, and, in fact,
throughout the world. These products compete only indirectly with
fresh beef. Of the 10,412,790 pounds of fresh beef exported in' 1921,
practically 80 per cent was sent out prior to June 1.

i

18 THE EMERGENCY TARIFF AND ITS EFFECT ON CATTLE, BEEF, ETC.

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THE EMERGENCY TARIFF AKD ITS EFFECT OX CATTLE, BEEF, ETC.

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20 THE EMERGENCY TARIFF A^J'D ITS EFFECT ON CATTLE^ BEEF, ETC.

Table 7 shows imports and exports of fresh beef and veal by coun-
tries during recent years, and suggests the source of greatest potential
competition which must be faced by the domestic cattleman in his
liome market.

Table 7. — Imports and exports of fresh beef and veal, 1914-1921.
GENERAL IMPORTS.

Imported from—

Year.

United
Kingdom.

Canada.

Argentina.

Uruguay.

Australia.

All other
countries.

Total.

Fiscal year:

19141

Pounds.

57,539,975

8,676,776

Pounds.
15, 919, 799
15, 305, 264
9, 918, 326
9, 435, 742
20, 768, 167

31,124,474
37, 488, 425
26, 469, 120

Pounds.

.59, 744, 937

130, 680, 021

52, 680, 436

2,295,690

431,041

261,001
2, 428, 393
1,050,962

Pounds.

25, 902, 732

13, 802, 565

192,229

86,662

13, 120

94,426

1, 090, 284

455, 819

Pounds.
19, 858, 526
10, 482, 128

Pounds.
1, 141, 214
5, 544, 005
8, 310, 765
3,197,373
3, 670, 274

5, 453, 719
6, 710, 917
3, 209, 263

Pounds.
180 137 183

1915

184, 490, 759

1916

71, 101, 756

1917

201,641
569, 053

1,528,138
2, 444, 431
1, 192, 758

15, 217, 118

1918

25, 451, 655

Calendar vear:
1919.."

38, 461, 758

1920

19,655

50, 182, 105

1921 :...

32,377,922

DOMESTIC EXPORTS.

Exported to-

Year.

United
Kingdom.

Canada.

Panama.

France.

Italy.

All other
countries.

Total.

Fiscal year:
Average 1910-1914.

Pounds.

23, 410, 437

54, 497, 192

117,409,488

125,687,523

285, 789, 315

73,073,602
5,699,488
2, 180, 902

Pounds.

372, 614

545, 356

3, 192, 196

17, 771, 159

37,349,521

2, 621, Oil

2,330,963

228, 624

Pounds.
5, 026, 662
3, 706, .596
1, 504, 583
235, 034
144, 442

51,950

88, 537

317, 522

Pounds.

Pounds.

20, 279

10, 472, 425

47, 887, 945

13, 066, 277

8,566,613

21, 375, 475
211, 447

Pounds.
622,310
1, 599, 270
12, 119, 344

Pounds.

29,452,302
170, 440, 934
231.214.000

1915

99, 620, 095
49, 100, 444
38, 042, 278
36,926,941

1916

1917

2,374,832 '< 19?! 177! 101

1918

1,256,068

77,304,961
SO, 590, 496
7,685,742

370,032,900
174, 426, 999

Calendar year:
1919

1920 . . .

730, 217

89, 649, 148

1921.

10, 412, 790

1 Included in " AU other meats" prior to 1914.

As a summary of the foregoing, Table 8 shows the annual produc-
tion, imports, and exports of cattle and of beef during recent years.

Table 8. — Domestic production, imports, and exports of cattle and beef, 1900-1921.

[Calendar year.]

Number
of cattle

on
farms.

Cattle (in thousands).

Beef and veal (in millions of
pounds).

Year.

Number slaugh-
tered.

Imports.3

Exports.'

Domes-
tic pro-
duction.

Tmports.3

Exports. 3

Cattle.

Calves.

1900

57,721

2 61, 804

3 56,592
58,329
61,920
64,583
67, 422
68, 560
68,369
66, 191

175
140
872
539
447
374
294
642
379
195

397

208

18

5

21

13

18

70

85

197

329

3909

13,611
11,005
10, 822
12,027
13, 724
15,750
13, 635
12,848
12,271

6,516
4,661
4,640
5, 774
7,031
7,767
9,041
9,223
8,655

7,755
6,072
6,244
6, 6.54
7,348
8,367
7,422
7,020
7,0.58

123

1914

180
■ 184
71
15
25
38
50
32

7

1915

170

1916

231

1917

197

1918

370

1919

174

1920

90

1921

10

> Fiscal years until 1919. - 1910. ^ Estimate of the U. S. Department of Agriculture after 1910.

THE EMERGENCY TARIFF AND ITS EFFECT ON CATTLE, BEEF, ETC. 21

SHEEP AND MUTTON.

The tariff act of 1909 placed a duty of $1.50 per head on sheep
1 year old or over, and 75 cents per head on sheep less than 1 year
old. The duty on lamb and mutton was 1^ cents per pound. The
act of 1913 placed both sheep and mutton on the free list. The
emergency tariff (May 28, 1921) levied a duty of $2 per head on
sheep 1 year old or over, and $1 per head on animals less than 1 year
old. The duty on fresh mutton and lamb was 2 cents per pound.

In the case of both sheep and mutton, the American import and
export trade normally is very small. During recent years relatively
small numbers have entered from Mexico for consumption, and
these were chiefly sacrifice sales by ranchers south of the border
who had to adopt that expedient to avoid confiscation of their
stock. Some animals have been imported from Canada, almost en-
tirely for consumption, but additions to domestic supplies from both
these sources have been small. Tables 9 and 10 show imports and
exports of live animals by fiscal years since 1910, and for the last
four calendar years. During the last four years imports have
averaged only 158,000 head, chiefly from Canada: exports have
averaged only 52,000 head, chiefly to Mexico. Total domestic
slaughter has averaged about 15,000,000 head during the past four
years, i. e., the imports have amounted to only 1 per cent of domestic
slaughtering.

22 THE EMERGENCY TARIFF AND ITS EFFECT ON CATTLE, BEEF_, ETC.

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THE EMERGENCY TARIFF AND ITS EFFECT ON CATTLE, BEEF, ETC. 27

Exports of mutton and lamb have been insignificant in amount,
and until the early summer of 1920 imports of mutton and lamb
also have been relatively small. They have come chiefly from
Canada. The United States is not a mutton-eating country; the
average per capita consumption from 1917 to 1920, inclusive, was only
5.5 pounds, as compared with 69 pounds of beef and veal and 68
pounds of pork and lard. In Great Britain about five times as much
mutton is eaten per capita. Domestic supplies of lamb and mutton
(averaging 547,000,000 pounds for 1917 to 1920) have been ample
for domestic needs. Imports for 1914 to 1919, inclusive, averaged
less than 7,000,000 pounds a year, or less than 1^ per cent of produc-
tion in the United States. A decided preference for domestic
chilled .mutton and lamb, the small duty per pound until 1913, and
shipping scarcity until about 1920 have made impracticable other
than trming importations of foreign frozen meat.

However, owing mainly to efforts to move more rapidly heavy
war-time accumulations in the hands of the British Government,
116,000,000 pounds of frozen lamb and mutton (an amount equal to
20 per cent of the domestic production) were imported between early
summer of 1920 and the middle of the following winter. This was a
costly venture for the importers, who lost heavily and had to reexport
over half the amount brought in. After a brief flurry the consumers
neglected these frozen stocks, which usually retailed at little less than
domestic chilled, although wholesaled at much below the domestic
product.^ But the presence of these stocks had a serious effect on
the domestic sheep market during 1920 and 1921, as is shown below.

The sheepmen were in even a worse position than the cattlemen
to withstand adverse markets for sheep and lambs during the last
half of 1920. On the average, in the United States during recent
years wool has been approximately as important as sheep and lambs
in total flock receipts. The wool market suddenly became mori-
bund in the latter part of May, 1920,^ and the clip was virtually
unsalable. Market quotations were nominal; most of the clip was
still owned by the growers at the end of the year. In fact, a con-
siderable part of the 1920 clip was not sold until nearly the close of
1921, although normally nearly all of it passes into second hands
within a few months after shearing. The sudden collapse of the wool
market largely wiped out income from wool in 1920 for most flock-
masters, while the depressed lamb market greatly curtailed receipts
from that source. Where ordinarily the price of lambs averages
5 to 10 per cent lower during the last seven months of the year than
during the first five months, in 1920 they averaged 31 per cent
lower— $13.10 per 100 pounds, compared' with $18.90. In that
summer the price of native beef steers advanced slightly on the
Chicago market, as is customary; the}^ averaged $13.70 during the
last seven months of 1920, as compared with $12.95 during the first
five months.

With both classes of live stock, forced liquidation was the rule.
Bankers were demanding curtailment of heavy loans made necessary
during the adverse seasons just preceding, and the markets were
glutted in the autumn of 1920 in an effort to satisfy creditors. Since

' In one case the wholesale price of domoslic chilled lamb and mutton was 28 cents per pound; imported
frozen, 17J cents. The retail price was suljstantially the same.
' See page 28; also report of U. S. Tariff Commission on The Wool-Growing Industry pp. 14, 15.

28 THE EMEEGENCY TARIFF AND ITS EFFECT OK CATTLE, BEEF, ETC. i

enormous supplies of foreign frozen lamb were present and im-
mediately available to distributors, the inevitable post-war decline
in sheep and lamb prices was greatly accentuated. Instead of the
customary rise after the peak of autumn marketings has passed, on
the Chicago market from January 1 to May 31, 1921, aged lambs
averaged only SIO.IO per 100 pounds, or 26 per cent lower than during
the last seven months of 1920, when they averaged $13.70 per 100
pounds, and nearly 50 per cent lower than during the first five months
of 1920, when they averaged $18.90.

Unfortunately for the sheepmen, forced liquidation continued
throughout a large part of 1921, and with the exception of 1919, the
1921 market receipts of sheep and lambs were larger than at any time
since 1914." These receipts contained an unusual percentage of
female lambs, animals which should have been retained for flock
maintenance, but which had to be marketed to satisfy creditors.
The breeding flocks, already too largely composed of old ewes, thus
moved still further toward the point where they become a liability
rather than an asset; i. e., when heavy losses, especially during the
winter and lambing seasons, not only wipe out all chances for profit
but make certain a net loss.

Since forced marketings after June 1, 1921, gave supplies amply
sufficient for the lessened domestic demand, the emergency tariff was
unable to raise domestic prices. However, as with cattle, prices
become firmer, and the spread which prevailed between Chicago and
the Canadian markets during the first five months of 1921 widened
greatly after June 1 (see Tables 1 and 2, pp. 4 and 6). There was an
open market in the United States until June 1, with only a narrow .
spread between domestic and Canadian markets, but the latter re-
mained on a world level after June 1, and just as with cattle, Cana-
dian markets continued downward as the world price declined. The
widened price ditTerential between the United States and Canada
would seem to indicate that the emergency tariff held the domestic
sheep and lamb market somewhat above the world level after June 1.
World and Canadian prices fell so low at the end of the grazing
season that, although smaller than in previous years, considerable
imports of live animals were received from Canada during the au-
tumn despite the tariff. Table 11 shows the imports of live sheep
and lambs during 1921, and Table 12 shows exports. As with cat-
tle, the bulk of the small exports went to Mexico. Most of the rest
represented a border trade with Canada. The total exports were of
but negligible importance compared with domestic slaughter.

« la 1921, receipts of sheep and lambs at all public stockyards amounted to 24,168,032 head as compared
with 27,255,345 in 1919 and 23,537,534 in 1920. On the other hand, cattle receipts fell steadily from 25,294,557
bead in 1918 to 19,786,794 in 1921.

THE EMERGENCY TAEIFF AND ITS EFFECT ON CATTLE, BEEF, ETC. 29

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THE EMERGE-^CY TARIFF AKD ITS EFFECT OiSr CATTLE, BEEF, ETC, 31

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32 THE EMERGENCY TARIFF AND ITS EFFECT ON CATTLE, BEEF, ETC.

Table 6, page 18, shows the pronounced drop in mutton and lamb
imports in 1921. Most of the imports after June 1 came from
Canada in the form of chilled mutton and lamb. The bulk of the
imports prior to June 1 consisted of Australasian frozen. The duty
and shipping charges, as well as preference for domestic chilled, and
the costly experience with imported frozen, virtually eliminated the
latter from our import trade by midwinter of 1921.

WOOL.

The tariff act of 1909 placed a duty of 11 cents per pound on wools
of Class I (clothing), 12 cents per pound on Class II (English combing)
and on Class III, 4 cents per pound if valued at not more than 12
cents per pound; if valued at more than 12 cents per pound the duty
was 7 cents per pound. Class I wools bore a duty of 22 cents per
pound if imported in the washed condition, while Classes I and II
paid 33 cents per pound if imported in the scoured condition. The
act of 1913 put wool on the free list. The emergency tariff (May 28,
1921) left Class III wools on the free list, but levied a duty of 15 cents
per pound on Classes I and II if imported in the condition as shorn
from the sheep, 30 cents per pound if washed, or if altered in any way
from the condition as shorn from the sheep, and 45 cents on scoured
wool.

There has been a tariff problem in wool for more than a century.
The acuteness of this problem has varied with conditions. Between
about 1885 and 1917, although nearly arrested between 1900 and 1910,
there was a considerable decline in total number of sheep in the United
States. On the other hand, despite the smaller number of sheep
kept, the average annual production of wool has varied but little
throughout most of this 35-year period from the figure reached in
1883, i. e., 300,000,000^ pounds. This resulted from improved
breeding and selection and steady increase in average weight of fleece
shorn. Since the population of the United States increased steadily
during this time, more wool had to be imported to supply the demand.
Therefore, the average annual imports for consumption for the 12
years ending in 1915, amounting to 213,000,000 pounds per year,
were practically one-third larger than for the preceding 12 years.
Production and imports of wool, and imports of other animal fiber,
by classes and by years,, are presented in the following table:

' See report of U. S. Tariff Commission, on the Wool-Growing Industry, 1921, p. 21; and A Brief History
of the Sheep Industry, in Ann. Report. Am. Historical Asso., 1918, p. 192.

THE EMERGENCY TARIFF AND ITS EFFECT ON CATTLE, BEEF, ETC. 33

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34 THE EMERGENCY TARIFF AND ITS EFFECT ON CATTLE, BEEF, ETC.

Of the 213,000,000 pounds of wool, mohair, etc., imported per year
from 1904 to 1915, approximately 100,000,000 pounds consisted of
Class III, or carpet fiber. Most of the rest was composed of wools
grown in South America and Australasia. Since the domestic clip
amounted to an average of about 300,000,000 pounds, it furnished
three-fifths of the total annual consiunption of slightly more than
500,000,000 pounds of grease wool. As the domestic clip contained
almost no carpet wools, it supplied three-fourths of the annual con-
sumption of wools used in the manufacture of clothing — slightly over
400,000,000 pounds. Despite some increase in the domestic clip after
1915, the war emergency necessitated average annual imports of
practically twice as much wool from 1916 to 1919, inclusive, as during
the preceding 12 years. All of the increase consisted of Class I and
II fiber. During these years, therefore, the domestic clip furnished
only three-sevenths of the total amount consumed in the United
States; and only one-half of the consumption of Class I and II fiber,
i. e., wools habitually used in the manufacture of clothing.

Slackened mill demand and smaller imports of wool in 1920 were
merely part of a general return to normal after the period of abnormal
demand and supply. However, civilian needs for garments made of
wool were very inadequately met during the war. Thus there was
a large potential market for woolen goods, which promised to absorb
unusual supplies for several years to come. But prices had risen to
such a point by 1920 that a large part of the consumers refused to
buy. This "consumers' strike" was attracting some attention well
before the middle of 1920, and, through its cumulative effect, was an
important factor in causing the wool market to become moribund
almost overnight.^ Until then the mill consumption had been prac-
tically as large as at any time during the war, but beginning in June,
1920, mill consumption and imports rapidly declined. The mills went
on part time or in some cases temporarily ceased operations; any
wool which they purchased was merely to supplement existing stocks
in order to fill current orders; wool consumption averaged consider-
ably below pre-war normal during the last half of the year and during
the early months of 1921. However, the heavy consumption of the
first 6 months of 1920 resulted in a total annual consumption con-
siderably above the pre-war average for the calendar year 1920. In
the early spring of 1921 a steady resumption of mill activity, after
prices were lowered to- more reasonable levels, resulted in a total
mill consumption for that year which was far above pre-war normal.'

The collapse of the domestic wool market late in May, 1920, was
believed at first to be only a temporary phenomenon. But domestic
wools continued almost unsalable until after the end of the year, and
the lamb market also was in bad shape and getting worse, so that
the woolgrowers became seriously alarmed. Bankers with heavy
loans on sheep and wool were ecjually alarmed. The situation was
especially bad in that the sheepmen had been unable to make pro-
vision for winter feed and the bankers were able to give little or no
additional help.

World wool prices were almost continually on the down grade
throughout the winter of 1920-21. Anticipation of the passage of

« See report of U. S. Tariff Commission, on the Wool-Growing Industry, 1921, pp. 14, 1.").

9 Total c-onsiunplion for the calendar years 191S and following were 7 12,000,000, 627 ,()( 0,000, 579,0 0,000-
and ().")(), ()• 0,0110. respectively, of grease, wool and grease caiiiva'ent of scoured and pulled wool. The pre-
war normal, figured on the same basis, aniounied to ubout, ')25,000,000 pounds a year.

THE EMERGENCY TARIFF AND ITS EFFECT ON CATTLE, BEEF, ETC. 35

the emergency tariff, combined with a market "in buj^ers' favor,"
was an incentive for importers to stock up with wool. Accordingly,
imports of Class I and Class II wools, i. e., clothing wools, during the
first five months of 1921 amounted to nearly 200,000,000 pounds,
while, in addition, the equivalent of approximately 30,000,000
pounds of grease wool was imported in the form of tops. After
May 28, owing to the fact that under the emergency tarift a double
duty was levied on grease wool altered in any way from the condition
as shorn from the sheep, skirted wools could only be imported under a
30 cent duty per grease pound. Therefore imports of Class I and Class
II wools, i. e., clothing wools, practically ceased after June 1. Occa-
sional small arrivals were stored in bond for subsequent removal.
Only carpet wools, imaffected by the emergency tariff, continued to
enter freely. However, thej200,600,000 pounds of Class I and Class II
wools imported in the five Tnonths prior to June 1, 1921, were twice
the average annual importations during the 12 years ending in
1915, and two-thirds of the average annual importations of similar
wools during the period of super activity following June 30, 1915.
Table 14 shows total imports of wools, by classes and bv months,
during 1921.

Table 14. — Total imports ofvjool, by classes, 1921 .

Month.

January. ..
February. .

March

April

May

.June

July

August

September.
October. . .
November.
December .

Total 208, 179, 224

Class I.

Class II.

Mohair,
Alpaca, etc.

Pounds.

15, 993, 109

36,209,958

80, 794, 265

52, 387, 414

10, 123, 845

868, 215

656,111

3,947,376

293, 857

585,369

2, 727, 225

3,592,480

Pounds.

1,858,574

1,387,360

3, 862, 496

2,637,019

245, 804

28, 365

80, 008

Pounds.
51, 491
153,494

1,670,576
316, 331
209, 129
412, 870

24, 114

373, 737
273, 754

75, 059
139, 108
606, 647
353, 139

72, 975

Class III.

Pounds.
3,266,306
5, 135, 156
11,775,761
9,995,477
4, 165, 820
4,642,305
8, 660, 745
11,844,309
14, 135, 380
7, 893, 690
7, 492, 294
8, 580, 644

Total.

Pounds.

21, 169, 480

42, 885, 968

98, 103, 098

65,336,241

14, 744, 598

5,9.51,755

9, 396, 864

15, 866, 744

14, 592, 459

9, 085, 706

10,946,395.

12, 519, 853

10,771,231 4,060,819 97,587,887 320,599,161

These heavy imports during the first five months of 1921 merely
added to the stocks on hand, and in view of the accelerating mill
consumption, which with normal stocks would have reacted quickly
on wool prices, they evidently were a large factor in preventing a
rise in the price of wool until several months after the emergency
tariff became law. In fact, there was a slight drop in quotations for
most grades after June 1, partly because earlier market quotations
frequently were only nominal. Then, too, there was a large carry-
over of domestic wools of the 1920 clip, previously virtually un-
salable. Usually only the most desirable of the 1920 domestic
wools were bid for prior to June 1, and the bulk of the large carry-
over consisted of wools somewhat less desirable than those of the
1921 clip. These 1920 wools were disposed of after June 1, with
some eft'ect on average prices.

However, as domestic and imported stocks became depleted,
especially stocks of fine wools, domestic prices began to move up-
ward. Medium and coarser wools already in stock also began to be
more sought after, partly because of the very high duty to which
foreign fine wools were subjected. The prices of most grades of

36 THE EMEEGEISTCY TARIFF AND ITS EFFECT ON CATTLE, BEEF, ETC.

domestic wools began to increase after about the first week in Novem-
ber. This upward movement continued steadily until about July 1,
1922, despite the fact that world wool prices fell sharply after the
last of October and did not regain the October level until the first
week in February. In other words, while the world market was
declining from October levels the domestic market was rising, as a
result of short supplies and no chance for immediate relief except
at the expense of a very high duty.

Tables 15 and 16 show the course of c{uoted prices for domestic
wools during 1920 and 1921, and the course of prices at the London
wool auctions during the greater part of 1921. As previously noted,
the improvement in domestic prices began in November for nearly
all grades. The relative stability of the domestic market during the
summer months, as contrasted with the erratic English market,
shows the effect of some steadying influence in this country after
June 1, quite apart from the fact that domestic prices later rose at
the same time that a decline occurred in world prices. Table 17,
which shows the trend of prices on the London market since 1900,
is added for its general interest.

Table

.5. — Wholesale price per pound of domestic wool, Boston.

1

Grade.

1920

1921

1922

Jan.

Apr.

July.

Oct.

Jan.

Apr.

July.

Oct.

Jan.

Apr.

July.

Territory (scoured):

Fine ."Staple

Half-blood

Three-eighths
blood

$2.00
1.825

1.35

1. 125

.725

1.725

1.(325

$2.10
1.90

1..30
1.15
. 625
1.80

1.70

$1.70
1.50

1.025
.875
.55

1.50

1.475

$1,375
1.225

.875

.675

.55

1.225

1.025

$0. 825
.675

.525
.425
.19

$0.90
.725

.540
.435
.19

$0.&3
.70

.51
.40
.215

$0.83
.70

.525

.40

.215

$0.91
.795

.60
. 515
.315

$1. 075
.975

.750
.635
.410

$1,350
1.125

.875

Quarter-blood

Common and braid
Fine clothing

.765
.590

Fine medium

1

Fine and fine me-
dium clothing. . .

.575

.465
.34

.275
.2.55
.135
.305

.255
.2,35

.245

.445
.33

. 2r.5
.245
.125
.295

.675

.39
.33

.295
.28
.145
.325

.255
.235

.245

.37
.315

. 285
.27
.135
.305

.615

.355
.30

.265
.255
.16
.275

.255
.2.35

.245

..32
.29

.26
.25
.16
.28.5

.625

.345
.295

.265
.242
. 1.55

.285

.245
.215

.23

..32

.285

.26
.237
.155
.265

.72

.405
.365

.34
.315
.195
.335

.295
.255

2.275

..385
.345

..325
.315
. 195
.295
.265

.235
2.25

.900

.465
.400

.375
. 365
.230
.375

.350
.300

1. 125

Ohio and Pennsylva-
nia (grease):

Delaine

Half-blood

.93

.85

.70

. m

.415

.71

. 985 . 71

.84 [ . 69

.625
.575

.44
.405
.29
.545

.,560
.505

Three-eighths
blood

. 695
.665
.29

.75

.54
.49
.29
.61

.465

Quarter blood

Common and braid

Fine <lothing

Half-blood cloth-
ing

.435
.345

.465

.430

Three-eighths and
one-fourth blood
clothing. . .

.410

One-half, three-
eighths, and one-
fourth blood

.61

.885
.81

. 685
. 66
.415
. 675

.64

. 995

.81

. 675
.65
.29
.715

.532

.68
.675

.535
.49
.29
.59

.475

.60
.53

"'.'465'
.29
.51

Michigan and New
York (grease):
Delaine

. 435
.375

.365
. 31H)
.2.30
.345
. 330

. 27.")

. .-ViO

Half-blood

.475

T h r e e - e i g h t h s

blood

Quarter-blood

Common and braid

Fine 'lothing

Half-I)lood clothing
Three-eighths and
onr-fourth blood

. 4.55
.435
..345
.440
. 405

.370

One-lialf, three-
cighihs, and one-
four I h blood

..56

.50

.40

.25

.,24

.24

.22

1 From the Commercial Bulletin, Boston, for date nearest to first day in specified months. Territory
prices are per .scoured pound. Other wools are quoted per grease pound.

2 Averaged from half-ljlood and three-eighths and one-fourth blood clothing.

THE EMERGENCY TARIFF AND ITS EFFECT ON CATTT.E, BEEF, ETC. 37

Table 16. — Wool values at the London sales}

[Pence per clean pound.]
FIRST COST, WITHOUT OIL, LONDON, 1921-22.

32

30i

30"

2S

27

29

26

23i

18

17

16

15J

Description.

70's super fleeces

64/67 's good medium fleeces.
60/64's good medium fleeces.

64's good pieces

60's good pieces .•

58/60's good medium fleeces.

56's fine crossbred fleeces

50/56's fine crossbred fleeces.

46/50's crossbred fleeces

46's crossbred fleeces

44's crossbred fleeces

36/40's crossbred fleeces

CAPES.

10/12 months.
6/7 months. . .

CARBONIZING.

60/64 's good pieces

60/64's pieces and bellies.

60's average locks

64's average lambs

Mar.
5.

51
39
30
33
24
30
24
17
14

2 12

(?)

(?)

Apr. I May
15. 12.

40
33
26
29
23
29
22
15
13
10
(')

2 32
2 22

42

36

30

34i

27

30

24

18

15

13

11

June
18.

30

28
22
24

July

Sept.

28.

15.

40

48

35

40

29

35

32

38

26

31

27

32

21

25

15

20

12

14

10

12

9

10

7

8

28i

36

28

30

25

28

20

23

22

25

Oct.
15.

Oct.
29.

53
45
39
41
34
34
24
22
15
12
2 10

28

53
47
42
43
36
36
24
22
15
12
10

33
30

224
2 27

34
32
24

27

July,
1914.

Description.

Nov.
25.

Dec.

8.

Jan.
12.

Feb.
2.

Mar.
10.

May
8.

May
19.

June
6.

32

COMBING.

70's super fleeces

46i
41i
36
35
32
31
22
20
14
11
9

47i
42
36
36
32
31
23
20
15
12
10
8-9

2 35
2 24

30
28
23
26

53i

46i

42

43

36

36

26

22

17

13

12

10

33
30
25
31

53
47
41
43
37
37
26
22
16
12
10
9

37
30

34
30
26
30

57i
46i
41
40
37
37
25
22
17
13
11
9

39
30

33
30
25
31

59i

51

45

45

41

40

30

27

19

15

13

12

43
34

38
33
26i
31

60
52
46
45
42
40
28
26
18
15
13
11

43
35

39
35
28
32

57

30i

64/67 's good medium fleeces

50

30

fin/fi4's gnnr] mpdiiiTn flpppps

44

28

64's good pieces

45

27

60's good pieces

41

29

58/60's good medium fleeces

39

26

56's fine crossbred fleeces

26

2ii

50/56's fine crossbred fleeces

21

18

46/50's crossbred fleeces

14

17

46's crossbred fleeces

11

16

44's crossbred fleeces

10

15i

36/40's crossbred fleeces

9

27

CAPES.

10/12 months

42

24

6/7 months

31

26

CARBONIZING.

60/64's good pieces

29
27
20
24

39

25

60/64 's pieces and beUies

35

20

60's average locks

27

64's average lambs

28

1 From the Wool Record and Textile World, Bradford, England.

2 Nominal.

3 Unsalable.

38 THE EMEEGENCY TARIFF AND ITS EFFECT ON CATTLE, BEEF, ETC.

Table 17. — Trend of wool prices, London, 1900 to 1921.^
fPence per clean pound.]

Merinos.

Crossbred.

Date.

Port

PhilUp,

good.

Adelaide,
average.

Cape,

short,

washing.

Buenos

Aires,

average.

Australian.

Fine
super.

Fine.

Medium.

Coarse.

December, 1900

December, 1901

December, 1910

December, 19U

December, 1912

Decei; ber, 1913

July, 1914

19J
21
27i
26J
29
2Si
33J
43
65
75
138
65
45

17
18i
25'
24
26
25
28
35
57
63
108
40
33

14i

15i

22

20*

22i

22i

27j

31

48

50

97

34

30

13i

14

20i

19

20J

21

23§

26

39

38

68

28

23

15
16
23
22
24
22i
26
37
51
3 54*
95
45
35

12i
11
19J
18
20
18i
22|
34
47
8 50J
70
30
21

16J
15
17
1.5|
17
28
35
8 35
40
19
lOi

9i
6i

13i

13

15

December, 1915

December, 1916

April, 1917 2

25

32

332

December, 1919

December, 1920

December, 1921

29

3 13

8i

I

1 From Schwarte and Buchanan. London.

2 April. 1919, close of London public auctions.

3 Nominal. As against July, 1914. Merinos, about 30 per cent higher; pieces, 15 per cent higher; medium
and coarse shreds, 40 per cent lower.

FRESH PORK, AND PREPARED AND PRESERVED MEATS.

The act of 1909 levied a duty of 1^ cents per pound on fresh pork,
4 cents per pound on bacon and hams, and 25 per cent ad valorem
on meats of all Idnds, prepared or preserved. Bologna sausage was'
placed on the free list. The act of 1913 placed fresh pork and bacon
and hams on the free list, also meats of all kinds, prepared or pre-
served. The emergency tariff placed a duty of 2 cents per pound on
fresh pork and 25 per cent ad valorem on meats of all kinds, prepared
or preserved, not specially provided for in the act. The latter
included bacon and hams and miscellaneous meats.

Of the above, the export trade of the United States deals primarily
with bacon and hams, of which this country is by far the leading
exporter. Relatively small amounts of fresh and of pickled pork
are sent abroad, but aside from canned, pickled, and other cured beef,
exports of other meats, prepared or preserved, are quite small.
With the exception of pork and pork products, these other meats
really are special products which meet a more or less specialized
demand. Imports of all the above are of only secondary importance
when compared with exports. Table 18 shows exports and imports
of these products for the calendar years 1919 to 1921, inclusive.

THE EMERGENCY TARIFF AND ITS EFFECT ON CATTLE, BEEF, ETC. 39

Table 18. — Imports and exports of fresh pork and of prepared and preserved meats,

calendar years 1919-1921.

Item.

1921

t); :■,■! EXPORTS.

Canned beef . . ....

Pounds.
53,867,000
42, 805, 000

Pounds.
23, 766, 000
25,771,000

Pounds.
6 077 000

Pickled and other cured >

24' 571 ' 000

Total

96, 672, 000

49, 537, 000

30 648 000

Bacon

1,190,297,000

596,796,000

5, 792, 000

26,777,000

34,114,000

636, 676, ono
185,247,000
1, 802, 000
38, 305, 000
38, 709, 000

415 300 000

Hams and shoulders

232' 380' 000

Canned pork

1' 150' 000

Fresh pork

56 083' 000

Pickled pork

32 850'000

Total

1,853,776,000

900, 739, 000

737 763 000

Sausage (total)

22, 088, 000

17,667,000

8 90S 000

Grand total

1,972,536,000

967,943,000

777 319 000

IMPORTS.

Fresh pork

Prepared and preserved meats.

Total.

2,779,000
23,908,000

1,541,000
8,111,000

816, 000
3,362,000

26, 687, 000

It will be noted that in 1919 nearly 2,000,000,000 pounds of these
meat products were exported, of which 94 per cent consisted of bacon,
hams, and other pig meat. In 1920 these exports fell to slightly
less than a billion pounds, and in 1921 to slightly less than 800,000,-
000, with the meat of the hog contributing 92 per cent and 94 per
■cent of the total. The decline from the wartime peak was a logical
result of curtailed production after the war emergency was over,
combined with depreciated foreign exchange and its effect on the
purchase of American products. The peak of exports in 1919 repre-
sents an increase from nearly 450,000,000 pounds of these products
in the year ending June 30, 1914, when 91 per cent of the total con-
sisted of pig meat. It will also be noted that imports for 1919 to
1921, inclusive, averaged only 1 per cent of exports. In other words,
imports were of only negligible importance compared with exports,
which represented 8 per cent of total domestic production of fresh
meats during the three years noted, though less than 4 per cent in
1914.

Since imports of these meats have averaged only 1 per cent of the
•exports, but the latter are of large volume, it would seem that there
is no tariff problem in these commodities, and that imports are vir-
tually an incident in the foreign trade of the United States. This is
particularly true of imports of miscellaneous canned, cured, and other
preserved meats, including sausage, but excluding products of the
liog. They have amounted to less than one-sixth of the exports of
similar meats, but the latter have formed only about 1 per cent of
total production from domestic slaughter.*

Since over 90 per cent of the exports consist of hog products (ex-
clusive of lard), and the United States dominates world trade in hog
products, it would seem even more difficult to find a direct tariff
pi-oblem therein. During the three years ending December 31, 1921,

iO THE EMEKGENCY TARIFF AND ITS EFFECT ON CATTLE, BEEF, ETC.

the total annual hog slaughter averaged 63,163,000 head in the
United States, giving an average of 8,534,000,000 pounds of pork and
2,069,000,000 pounds of lard. Of these totals, 5,356,000,000 pounds
of pork and 1,346,000,000 pounds of lard were produced under
Federal inspection.^" Of the total pork produced (exclusive of lard)
14 per cent was exported during these years. With so large an export
of hog products, the emergency tariff could not be expected to atfect
domestic markets, since the United States has always been on an
export basis, and domestic prices are profoundly influenced by world
prices.

Tables 19 and 20 show imports and exports of hogs during the last
calendar years, and contrasts this movement with the total number
slaughtered in the United States, also with total dressed weight of
the domestic slaughterings, excluding lard.

Table 19. — Imports of swine compared with number slaughtered in the United States

1918-1921.

(Free.)

Calendar year.

Imported from —

1918

1919

1920

1921

Number.

Value.

Number.

Value.

Niunber.

Value.

Number.

Value.

Canada

7,454
5
5
1

$184, 595

933

54

15

20,584
5

$756, 650
1,022

881
1

$19,664
214

2,692

$63, 40^

United Kingdom

Japan

Mexico

136

78

2,435
555

122
24

1,437

Virgin Islands

68

587

205

All other countries. . .

2

20

Total

7,467

185,617

20,657

758,259

1,096

22,868

2,838

fi."! 049P

Number of hogs
slaughtered in the
United States

Pork produced
(pounds)

65, 732, 450
8,854,000,000

66,680,330
8,933,000,000

60, 635, 884
8,193,000,000

62, 172, 855
8, 475, 000, Of 0

Table 20.-

-Exports of swine.

1918-1921.

Calendar year.

Exported to —

1918

1919

1920

1921

Number.

Value.

Number.

Value.

Number.

Value.

Number.

Value.

Cuba

9, 5S3

132

134

s

339

16

14

19

15

14

$276,475
4,002
5,127

620
39, 595
1,375
1,400
1,240
1,460

425

19, 947

3,987

177

55

221

4

246

$521,035
85, 392
12, 833
5,500
19,315
140
35,015

49,021

5,2.37

151

41

325

5

20

$1,494,739

135,009

9,848

3,515

43, 424

775

2,520

98,015

24,217

522

123

106

7

6

$1,338,169
409, 528

Mexico

Canada

18,821

Pnilippiue Islands

9, 79(V
20 300

Chile

2,ox;5

Argeuiina .

1,200

Uruguay

51

15, 300

Nira agua

13

079

i78
221

6,230
12, 424

All other countries. . .

34

1,950

95 4,002

71

3, 650

Total

10, 308

333,729

24, 745

683,911

55, 250

1,723,784

123,067

1,S03,.541

1" U. S. Dept. of Agr., Bu. of Animal Industry, Meat Production, etc., 1921.

o

■^■'t-3.^'

n.y

UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION
WASHINGTON

Tariff Information Series — ^No. 30

CATTLE AND BEEF

IN THE

UNITED STATES

THE TARIFF PROBLEMS
INVOLVED

WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

1922

UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION
WASHINGTON

Tariff Information Series — No. 30

CATTLE AND BEEF

IN THE

UNITED STATES

THE TARIFF PROBLEMS
INVOLVED

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

1922

i

I

\jr\J yC\ \Qry€^

UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION.

Office: Old Land Office, Seventh and E Streets, NW., Washington, D. C.

Commissioners.

Thomas 0. Marvin, Chairman. •

William S. Culbertson, Vice Chairman.
David J. Lewis.
Edward P. Costigan.
Thomas Walker Page.
William Burgess.

John F. Bethune, Secretary.

ADDITIONAL COPIES

OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM

THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

■WASHINGTON, D. C.

AT

15 CENTS PER COPY

I

CONTENTS.

Summary: Page.

Decline in beef surplus of the United States 1

Reasons for loss of beef surplus 1

The tariff problem in cattle and beef:

Form of imports and exports 4

Effect of tariff on form of imports 5

Method of levying duties 6

The cattle industry of the United States:

Dairying and beef production 7

Period of transition in the beef industry 7

Production and consumption of beef since 1907 9

Systems of management —

Farming regions 11

Range cattle 12

Cattle in the South 12

Geographic distribution of decline 13

Causes of reduction in the beef supply 15

Possibility of expansion 16

Cost of production 18

Cost of keeping cows and raising calves 19

Cost of fattening steers 22

The marketing of cattle:

Cost of marketing 27

The centralized markets 27

Market prices 29

Detailed price movement during and since the war 31

The beef-slaughtering and meat-packing industry:

Importance of the industry 34

Cattle products 34

Marketing of cattle products 35

Geographic distribution of the industry 35

Distribution of the ownership of the industry 36

Foreign trade of the United States:

Cattle, beef, beef fats, and competing meats and fats —

General re\dew 37

Exports of cattle 42

Exports of beef and cattle products 43

Imports of beef and beef products 44

Imports of cattle ; quarantine regulations 45

Imports and exports of all meats and fats 46

Foreign production 47

Canada 49

The slaughtering industry 51

Trade in beef and cattle 51

The emergency tariff act 54

Mexico 54

Argentina —

General 55

Methods of production 59

Cost of production 61

Alfalfa fattening 62

' ' Fine grass " fattening 63

Breeding and fattening 63

Slaughtering and shipping 64

Future of the Argentine cattle industry 65

Uruguay 66

Brazil 67

Paraguay 67

Australia 68

Xew Zealand 71

Great Britain 72

International beef trade 73

III

IV CONTENTS.

Relation of domestic to world prices: Page.

The relation of cattle prices in Canada to those in the United States 78

Competitive conditions in the production of beef 81

Tariff history 83

Breeding stock 84

Quarantine 84

Tariff considerations 85

Form of import duties 86

List of Illustrations.

Fig. 1. Net imports and exports of beef, 1900-1921 vi

2. Averagemonthly price of corn, Chicago, 1903-1908, 1909-1915, 1916-1919. 26

3. Monthly receipts, local slaughter, and stocker and feeder shipments,

7 markets, 1916-1920 28

4. Average monthlv price of cattle, selected grades, Chicago, 1903-1908,

1909-1915, and 1916-1919 30

4A. Average monthly price of cattle, selected grades, Chicago, 1903-1908,

1909-1915, and 1916-1919 - 31

5. Average monthly price of 1200-1500 pound native beef steers, Chicago,

selected years 33

6. Net exports of meats and fats, 1900-1921 47

7. Comparison of wholesale prices of American and Argentine beef at

Smithfield market, London, with wholesale prices of good native

beef, Chicago, 1905-1920 78

8. Comparison of prices of best butcher cattle, Toronto, with prices of

native beef steers, Chicago, 1910-1920 79

Statistical Appendix.

Domestic exports, 1906-1921 :

Table 1. Cattle 88

2. Fi'esh beef and veal 91

3. Canned beef 94

4. Pickled and other cured beef 97

5. Stearin from animal fats 100

6. Tallow 102

7. Oleo oil and neutral lard 104

General imports, 1906-1921:

Table 8. Cattle 107

9. Fresh beef and veal 110

10. Bologna sausage 112

11. Stearin from animal fats 113

12. Tallow. 115

Imports for consumption:

Table 13. Cattle 116

14. Fresh beef 117

15. Fresh veal 117

16. Corned beef, canned ] 18

17. Meat extract 118

18. Livers, sweetbreads, etc., of beef, pork, and mutton 119

19. Bologna sausage 119

20. Oleo stearin 119

21. Tallow 120

Domestic slaughterings of animals and production of meat:

Table 22. Number of animals slaughtered annually under Federal inspec-
tion and otherwise 120

23. Domestic production of meats: Estimated total and Federally

inspected 121

Rates of dutv:

Table 24. Cattle 122

25. Beef and veal 1 22

Statistics of foreign countries:

Table 26. Exyrorts of beef from Argentina to principal markets, 1914-1919. 123

27. Number of chilled and frozen quarters of beef exported from

Argentina, by companies, 1 918, and 1919 125

28. Number of chilled and frozen quarters of beef exported from

Uruguay, by companies, 1918 and 1919 125

INTRODUCTION.

The cattle industry is of substantial importance in the agricultural
economy of the United States and most foreign countries. This
report notes changes that have occurred in the industry since the
United States has virtually ceased to export cattle and beef. It dis-
cusses domestic production costs, marketing, the beef-packing
industry, the import and export trade of the United States, and
production in the principal competing countries, i. e., Canada, Argen-
tina, Uruguay, Brazil, Paraguay, Australia, and New Zealand. The
import trade of Great Britain, the world's leading importer of food-
stuffs, also receives some attention. Estimated costs of production
in xArgentina, the leading exporter of beef during the past 15 years,
were secured by an a^ent of the commission for the period 1919-20
and are incorporated m the report. These estimated costs are com-
pared with similar costs in the United States during the same period.
Other phases of the industry discussed are: Domestic and foreign
prices, the history of tariff legislation with reference to cattle and beef,
tariff considerations, and recommendations concerning the form which
a duty, if levied, should take.

In the preparation of this report the commission had the assistance
of Dr. L. G. Connor and of C. K. Lewis and L. B. Zapoleon, of the
commission's staff, and of others

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VI

CATTLE AND BEEF.

Summary.

Decline in heef surplus of the United States. — During the last 20
years the United States has been steadily losing its position as a
heavy exporter of certain staple food products. This is particularly
true of cattle and beef. In these products this country virtually
dominated the world export trade until about 1907; by 1914 trade
had shifted to a heavy import basis. Temporarily the World War
halted this drift, but by 1920 the United States showed a balance of
imports. Figure 1, page vi, is a graphic portrayal of these changes
in our foreign trade in beef and live cattle. In connection with this
graph it should be noted that because of the proximity of Cana-
dian and Mexican supplies, and also the varied trade in different
kinds of cattle and beef, the United States has throughout maintained
both an export and an import trade. Even when the country was
upon an import basis, it had an appreciable export trade in canned
and pickled or cured beef as well as in breeding cattle, and to some
extent in butcher cattle. Although large amounts of dressed beef
entered in 1914 and 1915, imports have consisted chiefly of live
cattle, mainly of thin animals to be fattened in this country.

Reasons for loss of heef surplus. — The decline of beef production and
in the export trade in beef products may be accounted for by (1) the
rapid increase in population, (2) greater competition between cattle
and grain production, (3) homesteading and curtailment of free
ranges, (4) increased competition between beef and dairy production,
and (5) the indirect effect of competition between domestic and
foreign beef in the world markets. Thus the population of the
United States gained nearly 40 per cent between 1900 and 1920 and
about 32 per cent between 1900 and 1915; this increase was the
dominant factor in the decline in beef production and export. The
augmented population had to be fed; cereal foods are cheaper than
meats, and on tillable land in humid areas more food value per acre
can be produced in the form of cereals than in the form of beef.
Then, too, there were periods of industrial depression between 1900
and 1914 which adversely affected domestic demand for meats at the
same time that extensions in cereal production were curtailing cattle
herds in the farming regions. Thus per capita consumption ot beef
and veal averaged 86.8 pounds in 1907 and only 63.3 pounds in 1914.
Moreover, the increase in population accelerated settlement in the
region west of the one-hundredth meridian, and homesteading greatly
curtailed the area of free range: the area of unappropriated and un-
reserved lands decreased from 917,135,000 acres m 1900 to 290,759,-
000 in 1914. To a large degree, the settlers neglected live stock in

1

2 UNITED STATES TARITF COMMISSIOIsr.

favor of grain, and the cutting up of the better range areas greatly
curtailed the value of the remaining lands to the cattlemen. Serious
inroads were thus made on the herds which supplied the bulk of the
feeder cattle normally finished on grain in the Corn Belt.

This curtailment of free range was one of the most potent factors in
diminishing the production of beef. It not only increased costs to
range cattlemen and decreased the supply of cattle but, by reducing
the supply faster than the demand subsided, resulted in higher prices
to cattle feeders for thin animals needed to consume surpluses of
grain and roughage. The "feeding margin" — i. e., the spread be-
tween the price paid for thin animals and the price received for them
when sold for butchering — was thus narrowed and the feeders' mar-
gin of profit made more uncertain. The cattle feeders' difficulties
were further augmented by the marked variations in the steadily ris-
ing cost of feed resulting from abnormal seasons when feed supplies
were reduced. Abnormal seasons appear to have been an important
factor in the sudden increase in imports in 1914. Furthermore, a
steady increase of urban population sharpened competition between
beef and dairy cattle. The latter increased with the extension of
market milk zones to supply the cities, and longer shipments of mar-
ket milk caused a change to dairying in still more remote areas to
meet the growing needs of butter and cheese factories. These changes
were made at the expense of purely beef herds, though a considerable
part of the gain in dairy production appears to have resulted from an
increase of dual-purpose herds in more or less remote areas, herds
wherein calves raised for beef are often almost as important as sales
of milk or cream. For the foregoing reason, domestic production
declined, absolutely as well as in proportion to population, although
prices were rising both at home and abroad.

Competition of domestic with foreign beef in the world market
was an additional factor in the domestic decline, but was effective
0nly indirectly. The decrease in American production paralleled a
world tendency toward a decrease relative to population,^ which was
partly lessened by a slow development in the marketing of earlier
maturing beeves. As cattle were ready for slaughter a year or more
earlier the output of meat was greatly increased, particularly in
Argentina, whose beef largely replaced that of the United States
on the European market as the American surplus declined.' But
the price of beef tended slowly upward, and the increased price
rather discouraged consiimption. Had other exporting countries,
especially Argentina, not mcreased their exports, prices in the
world market undoubtedly would have risen even more; to what
extent production in the United States would have been stimulated
is a matter of conjecture. It is significant, however, that pro-
duction of beef and veal in the slaughtering plants of the United
States declined 1,873,000,000 pounds, or 24 per cent, between 1907
and 1914, inclusive, while domestic consumption declined 1 ,35 1 ,000,000
pounds, or 17 per cent.^ In other words, 72 per cent of the decline
m domestic production during this period, which marks the transition
from a heavy export to a net import basis, was offset by decreased
domestic consumption. It is apparent, therefore, that the decline in
American production was due primarily to readjustments in the

1 See Report 109, Office of the Secretary, U. S. Department of Agriculture, pp. 192 ff., 216 fl.

' See p. 57.

3 See Table 2, p. 7.

CATTLE AND BEEF PEODUCTIOX IX THE UNITED STATES. 6

agricultural activities of the United States necessitated largely by
increases in population, and to decreased domestic demand as the
price of beef increased. It was only indirectly affected by foreign
competition.

Table 1. — Summary.

Number of

cattle and

calves

Weight

of
dressed
beef and
veal pro-
duced .1

Fresh bee,„d ,eal j '^St'e?';!^!"
e.xporiea. exported.

Live cattle exported.

slaugh-
tered.

Quan-
tity.

Value.

Quan-
tity.

Value.

Num-
ber.

Value.

Fiscal year:
1906

Millions

of
pounds.

Thou-
sands of
pounds.
268,054
281,652
201, 154
122, 9.53
75,730
42,511
15,264
7,362
6, .394
170,441
231,214
197,177
370, 033

514,342
174, 427
89,649
10,341

$24, 310, 038

26,367,287

20,339,377

12,698,594

7,733,751

4, 478, 401

1, 596, 319

902, 149

788, 793

21,731,633

28, 885, 999

26, 277, 271

67,383,426

109,805,363

40,280,747
17, .564, 887
1,798,398

Thou-
sands of
pounds.
453, 036
402, 703
.375, 211
293,003
207, 148
219, 618
215, 033
159,878
142,285
219, 298
220, 915
220,846
223,790

269, 542
232,066
162, 110
205, 140

$33, 397, 252
29,466,597
30,465,520
27,245,296
20,546,848
20,348,601
19,957,577
16,447,8.59
14, 144, 214
27,167,498
28,730,509
37,338,634
53,003,276

77,949,788
61,978,708
32,472,988
22,758,867

584,239

423,051

349, 210

207,542

139, 430

150, 100

105, 506

24,714

18,376

5,484

21,287

13,387

18,213

17,280
69,859
85,302
196,533

$42,081,170

1907

1908

1909

1910

1911

1912

1913

1914

1915

1916

1917

1918

19,490,700
18,674,900
20,127,398
20,093,200
19,222,600
18,327,000
16, 762, 100
15,665,900
15,461,600
17,800,600
20,754,600

7,946
7,281
7,755
8,010
7,693
7,177
6,401
6,072
6,244
6,654
7,348

34,577,392

29, 339, 134

18,046,976

12,200,1.54

13,163,920

8,870,075

1, 177, 199

647, 288

702,847

2, 378, 248

949,503

1,247,800

Calendar year:

1918

1919

1920

1921

23,517,600
22, 676, 100
22,071,100
20,925,900

8,111
7, 143
7,399
7,058

1,082,758
6,439,521
10,752,525
11,740,570

I Calendar years.

IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION.

Fiscal year:

1906....

1907....

1908....

1909....

1910....

1911....

1912....

1913....

1914....

1915....

1916....

1917....

1918....
Calendar
year:

1918....

1919....

1920....

1921....

Fresh beef and veal.

Quantity. I Value.

Pounds.

302,717

8.5, lis

264, 773

200, 617

949,084

381, 809

1,023,097

4, 228, 764

178. 387, 307

184,519,708

70, 892, 487

15,221,229

25,699,415

23,441,075
38.461,756
50, 182, 105
32,377,922

$31,709

8,828

33, 317

20, 977

63,664

23,197

78, 559

322,567

15, 273, 447

16,943,663

7,107,638

1,613,102

3, 683, 772

4, 173, 445
6,408,081
8, 057, 270
3,944,728

Duty
col-
lected.

$6,054

1,188

4,870

3,574

13, 185

5,725

15,346

60, .544

55,949

Canned and other beef and
beef products.

Quantity.

Pounds.

3,447,254

2, 165, 536

2, 202, 816

5,110,967

10,916,693

7, 770, 768

6,437,412

10, 890, 156

12,524,715

1.5,591,021

5,815,729

32,345,691

104,768.408

! 53,453,634

'■ 37,752,412

2.5,403,906

382,228 ' 5,981,507

Value.

$519,436

476, 472

351, 570

702, 220

1,325,194

1, 109, 190

863,487

1,314,977

2, 315, 406

3,025,133

1,381,416

4, 273, 700

22,414,040

44, 545, C24

7, 415, 541

3,369,837

406.707

Duty
col-
lected.

$66, 538

65, 890

45,577

114,363

47, 391

63, 250

.59,890

44,023

28, 105

9,9.52

7,870

9,410

141

Live cattle.

Num-
ber.

27,481
30, 638
89,082
137, 078
193. 631
180, 463
316,002
423, 813
871,. 553
5.39,361
447, 152
373, 6.86
294, 207

Value.

Duty
col-
lected.

$405,

429,

1,346,

1,853,

2, 700,

2,587,

4, 486,

6,318,

18,666,

17,546,

15,342,

13,021,

17,801,

928 , $107,865

138 ' 112,475

454 364,750

580 499, 277

170 ! 726,709

972 702,338

305 1,214,481

467 1,764,659

386 568,686

085

135

2.59

579

560 353.189 '25,170,588

1,850 642,395 .53,296,078

6,386 379,114 27,418,604

19,102 194,869 6,117,439 673,482

4 united states taeiff commission.

The Tariff Problem in Cattle and Beef.

Tariff Act of October 3, 1913.

Paragraph 545. Meats: Fresh beef, veal, * * * (free).
Paragraph 619. Cattle * * * (free).

Prior to 1910, exports of beef and cattle formed a sufficiently large-
percentage of domestic production to enable the world market largely
to control the domestic price level. The duties in force could not
have been effective to any appreciable extent. After about 1910^
exports were so small that they may be considered somewhat in th&
nature of "hairgain" purchases on the live-stock markets. The
duties in force probably exerted some indirect, though slight, effecy
by limiting imports of cattle; the production and export of beef_
were thus curtailed and the effect oi the world market on domestic
prices minimized. But the fact that the United States went on an
import basis in 1913 indicates that a duty on cattle and beef then
would have been effective. It should be noted, however, that|
because of the interchangeability of beef and pork, and the fact that|
the United States has always exported large amounts of pork anf
pork products, no duty on cattle and beef can be 100 per cent effective
while these heavy exports continue.^

During the war years, particularly after 1916, the scarcity of ship-
ping placed a premium on North American beef supplies. Three toj
six times as much beef could be sent to Europe within a given time as
from Argentina or Australasia. Domestic prices therefore rose greatly,
and production increased rapidly. At the same time, free entry foi
Canadian and Mexican cattle, chiefly stockers and feeders, further!
added to domestic production, partly through the large gains inl
weight made by such cattle in American pastures and feed lots. The
tariff problem in beef and cattle was forgotten, since, quite apart
from the temporary return of the United States to an export basis;
the market oi these years was virtually a seller's market. However,
with the end of hostilities, rapid price declines, and liquidation of
war-time increases in the cattle herds, the tariff problem again came
to the front. With the return of the United States to an import
basis, in 1920, a duty, if imposed, would naturally be effective in the
interest of the domestic producer. This occurred under the emei
gency tariff act.^

form OF IMPORTS AND EXPORTS.

There are three forms in which beef may enter or leave the Unitec
States: (1) Stocker and feeder cattle, (2) fat cattle; and (3) dressec
beef. Exports from the United States have been almost exclusively
in the form of dressed beef and fat cattle. Imports have beei
largely in the form of live cattle from Canada and Mexico; two-thirds
of the Canadian cattle, other than calves, have been stockers an('
feeders to be fattened in this country. Shipping costs eliminate
other countries from such trade with the United States. The
enormous corn crop in this country and the virtual absence of sucl
grain in contiguous countries accounts for the preponderance oi
thin cattle in our imports.

< See p. 3.

' See report of the U. S. Tariff Commission, The Emergency Tariff and its effect on Cattle, Becf.etc, 192

CATTLE AND BEEF PEODUCTIOX IX THE UNITED STATES. 5

Imports of feeder and stocker cattle compete with similar domestic
animals, and indirectly with domestic fat animals, since thin animals
fattened after this iniportation make a considerable addition to the
supply of domestic beef. Such importations have a tendency to
cheapen prices for similar domestic cattle and to widen the ''feeding
margin.'"' The result is to encourage more extensive feeding opera-
tions, which in turn tends to narrow the margin, and, by increasmg the
demand for and price of feedstuffs, further to nullify the advantage of
the slightly wider spread. There is thus a ready adjustment between
supply and demand and a neutralization of disadvantages as between
producers of different classes of cattle in the United States. Owing to
the size and geographical extent of the corn and hay crops in the
United States, there is an advantage to domestic producers of feed-
stuffs through the entry of feeder and stocker cattle. The hides and
other by-products derived from slaughter of these animals help to
offset the decreasing domestic supplies of these commodities, par-
ticularly of hides.

Imports of fat cattle, which have come chiefly from Canada, com-
pete directly with similar domestic animals, and mdirectly with
domestic stockers and feeders, since the larger the imports of butcher
animals, the less the demand for thin stock to be fattened for beef.
Growers of corn and other feeds tuffs also are adversely affected, since
the demand for their products is curtailed. As between fat and thin
animals, the importation of the latter would therefore seem pref-
erable from the farmer's point of view.

Imports of beef have come mainly from Argentina, Canada, and
Australasia. They have been practically negligible in amount
because of the surplus of Canadian feeders available for fattening on
American corn. Such imports compete with domestic producers in
exactly the same manner as imports of fat cattle; they seem also to
be somewhat to the disadvantage of the highly specialized and
highly efficient slaughtering industry, which depends on maximum
output to maintain narrow margins between first cost of fat cattle
and wholesale prices to distributors of their products.

EFFECT OF THE TARIFF ON FORM OF IMPORTS.

From the foregoing, it is evident that duties upon imports of cattle
and beef must be levied with reference to the different grades of
cattle and with due consideration to the relation between cattle and
dressed beef, or they may markedly affect the form in which beef
may be imported. Should the duty bear more lightly upon imports
of Beef, the slaughtermg industry in Canada and elsewhere would be
favored at the expense of that in the United States, while domestic
producers of both fat and feeder cattle would be discriminated against^
and cattle feeding in exporting countries would be stimulated. The
reverse would be true if the duties were framed to favor the importa-
tion of live cattle, particularl}' stockers and feeders. If duties were
placed upon hides and other by-products, the balance between the
levy on live cattle as compared with beef would also be affected.

» Margin per 100 pounds between price paid for thin cattle and price received for fat cattle.

■6 UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION.

METHOD OF LEVYING DUTIES.

An ad valorem duty on live animals would take care of the varying
grades and values of cattle and, since the price of cattle bears a close
relation to that of dressed beef, would adjust the duties with approx-
imate justice between these two forms of imports. There are, how-
ever, serious objections to an ad valorem duty, particularly on
agricultural products.

A specific duty per pound on dressed beef and on live cattle is not
open to the fundamental objections to an ad valorem duty, and is
readily adjusted as between fat cattle and beef. Thin cattle, how-
ever, are worth much less per pound than fat cattle, and a flat specific
rate that would be fair on fat cattle would discriminate against stock ers
and feeders. Moreover, a rate which would adjust the duty on thin
cattle to that on beef would still discriminate against stockers and
feeders, because such a rate would be too low on fat cattle. A
graduated specific duty on live cattle, adjusted to a specific duty on
beef, would correct this difficulty, and could be made to approximate,
an ad valorem duty in flexibility and justice to different classes of
€attle.

It has been proposed to base such a graduation on age, but age,
while roughly correlated to weight and quality, is not a good measure
of variations in quality, and no delimitation according to age can
adequately differentiate between thin and fat cattle. Thus the age of
stocker and feeder cattle imported from Canada ranges from about
18 to 36 months, and of fat cattle from about 30 to 42 months.
A rate on cattle less than 2 years of age and a higher rate on older
cattle would tax most Canadian feeders at the same rate per pound
as fat cattle. On the other hand, a graduation according to weight
will readily differentiate between fat and thin cattle likely to be
imported from Canada or Mexico for a number of years to come, since,
broadly speaking, differences in weight are chiefly responsible for
variations in quality and value per pound of imported cattle.

As an illustration of the difference in value per 100 pounds on the
Chicago market from 1910 to 1916, inclusive, stockers and feeders
averaged 26 per cent cheaper per 100 pounds than native beef steers.
Stockers and feeders as a class, therefore, should be taxed at approx-
imately 75 per cent of the rate applied to fat cattle. Stockers appear
to have averaged about 15 per cent cheaper than feeders during
recent years, and if a further division were to be made, feeders should
be taxed at approximately 80 per cent of the rate on fat cattle, and
stockers at 70 per cent. With reference to graduations according to
weight, a fair dividing line between imported fat and thin cattle is
1,050 to 1,100 pounds. If a further division were made, feeders may
properly be considered those which weigh from about 750 pounds to
1,099 pounds, fat cattle 1,100 pounds or over, and stockers those
which weigh less than 750 pounds.

Since imports of live cattle, particularly stockers and feeders, are
more desirable from the standpoint of the cattle industry than im-
ports of dressed beef, duties which may be levied on hides and tallow
might be largely or entirely neglected in adjusting the rate on beef
to that on live cattle. Thus a duty of 2 cents per pound on fresh
beef would be approximately paralleled by 1.1 cents per pound on
fat cattle and 0.8 of a cent per pound on feeders and stockers, or 0.85

CATTLE AND BEEF PRODUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES. 7

of a cent on feeders and 0.75 of a cent on stockers. With some
allowance for a duty on hides, a duty of 3.5 cents on fresh beef would
correspond to about 2 cents on fat cattle and 1.5 cents on stockers and
feeders, or 1.6 cents on feeders and 1.4 cents on stockers. With no
allowance for a duty on hides, a duty of 3.5 cents per pound on beef
would correspond to a duty of 1.9 cents per pound on fat cattle and
1.4 cents on stockers and feeders, or 1.5 cents on feeders and 1.3 cents
on stockers.

The Cattle Industry of the United States.

dairying and beef production.

The two great divisions of cattle raising in the United States are
for the production of beef and of dairy products. These branches
of the industry differ in respect to marketable products and in meth-
ods of management. Dairying is most important in the thickly
populated regions north of the Potomac and Ohio Rivers and east
of the Missouri River, with the centers of the industry conforming
roughly to the chief centers of population. It is an intensive indus-
try as compared with the extensive methods of beef raising, especially
when the latter is carried on under range conditions. Dairying is
beset with special problems which are unrelated to the production of
beef, and which, therefore, will not be considered here.** The follow-
ing table gives a statistical comparison of the two branches. Because
of adjustments necessitated by changes in the dates when the several
censuses were taken, the figures in Table 2 should be viewed only as
rough approximations.

Table 2. — Milch cores and other cattle {except calves) ' in the United States, 1900-1920,

[From Federal Census.]

Total cattle
(except
calves).

other cattle (except calves).

Milch cows.

Total.

Beef cows

(cows other

than "mill h

cows").

1900 52, 407, 000

1910 52, 494, 000

1920 ". I 51, 275, 000

17, 136, 000

1 18, 150, 000

19, 672, 000

35,271,000

1 34, 344, 000

31, 603, 000

11,559,000
12, 024, 000
12, 644, 000

' The census of 1910 includes dairy cows over 15J months old: the censuses of 1900 and 1920 include 2-year-
olds and over. To make the figures comparable,' 2,473,000 animals have therefore been deducted from the
number of dairy cows in 1910 and added to ''other cattle.'' A further adjustment is necessitated by the
fact that the census of 1900 was taken as of Tune 1, that of 1910 as of Apr. 15, and that of 1920 as of Jan. 1.
From the "other calMe " in 1910 a deduction of one and one-half million has been made to allow for slaughter
between Apr. 15 and June 1 to make the figures more nearly comparable with those for 1900. No deduc-
tion has been made from 1920 figures to allow for slaughter and loss between Jan. 1 and June 1, the requisite
data therefor being lacking. The above adjustments are based largely on data supplied by the U. S. De-
partment of Agriculture.

PERIOD OF TRANSITION IN THE BEEF INDUSTRY.

The raising of beef cattle was greatly stimulated by the opening
of the West, by subsequent developments in transportation facilities,
and the growth of the meat-packing industry. In 1870 the number

8 See survey of U. S. Tariff Commission, Dairy Products, for a study of the conditions of production and
foreign competition in these products.

« UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION.

of ''cattle, other than calves and milch cows," was 13,566,005; in
1890, it was 33,734,128; and in 1900 the peak was reached with
35,271,000. During this period the number of milch cows increased
much more slowly— from 8,935,332 in 1870 to 17,135,633 in 1900.
Changes which occurred thereafter represented prhnarily readjust-
ments to local conditions, except as more or less regional homestead-
ing deprived cattlemen of range formerly used at will. In such parts
of the great prairie sections as were adapted to crop production,
ranching methods of cattle raising gave way to cereal production,
and to some extent to a combination of crop husbandry with dairying
or beef and pork production. These readjustments, however, left the
relatively sparsely settled trans-Mississippi country as the beef sur-
plus region of the United States. In general, the area east of the
Mississippi constitutes the beef deficiency region and furnishes a
market for the western surplus. Although population has increased
during the past decade relatively faster in the West, the absolute
increase east of the Mississippi has been twice as large. The beef-
production status of the two regions has not been altered.

The mere existence, prior to 1914, of substantial protective tariffs
upon beef and cattle, it should be noted, was no more of a factor in
the development of the industry until 1900 than it was in the subse-
quent decline from 1907 to 1914; just as the removal of the tariff in
1914 was not the cause of the great increase m production and
exports during the war. It by no means follows, however, that
import duties will not be of much more substantial effect now that
the United States is virtually a beef deficiency country. The beef
industry of the United States, both on the range and in the farming
States, has been undergoing a period of transition. It is largely the
familiar transition which has occurred or is in progress in all the
newer countries. The pastoral type of production is a frontier
industry, and is steadily relegated to regions whose physical limita-
tions, except locally, render crop production unprofitable. In the
farming regions it gives way to wheat and other grains; and these in
turn usually yield to mixed farming, wherein crop husbandry is com-
bined with one or more forms of live stock production. Substan-
tially the same changes are in progress m Canada, Argentina, and
Australasia. The foUowmg outline of the tariff problems treats
briefly of the conditions of domestic production on range and farm,
the character and geographic distribution of the decline, and the
possibilities of renewed expansion.

Between 1900 and 1920 the population of the United States increased
more than 39 per cent. During the same period the number of dairy-j
cows increased from 17,136,000 in 1900 to 19,672,000 in 1920, or 1,'
per cent. In beef cattle there appears to have been an absolute
decline in numbers, from 35,271,000 in 1900 to 31,602,000 in 1920.
However, this numerical decline really was less than the figures indicate.^
The earlier census was taken as of June 1 and the later one as of
January 1. Between January and June several million cattle were
butchered and many died; these losses, however, were more than
offset by animals which were reported as calves in December, but
which would be classed as yearlings in June. Had the census of 1920
been taken as of June 1 the number of beef cattle would probably
have been almost as large as in 1910. As the number of beef cows
ncreased slightly between 1900 and 1920, despite the apparent reduc-

CATTLE AND BEEF PRODUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES.

9

tion in the total number of beef cattle, the probable declme, therefore,
was ill steers and surplus females and not in the breeding stock.

In connection with the reduction in the number of beef cattle during
the census period 1910 and 1920, it should be remembered that this
decline occurred between 1910 and 1914; subsequently the war caused
a strong reaction. The census of January 1, 1920, therefore, records
the numbers at the close of this war period. A better indication of
the fluctuations in the beef supply is afforded by statistics of annual
slaughter and production of beef and veal.

The declme in beef cattle after 1900 was accompanied not only by an
expansion m specialized dairying but also by a further development
of combined dairymg and beef production in herds in which it often
would be difficult to determme which phase was the more important.
This development was especially pronounced west of the Allegheny
Mountams. A partial abandonment of cattle breeding also took place
in parts of the Middle and Central West, where producers frequently
preferred to buy western cattle for fattening to raising young stock
on their relatively high-priced land. Others changed from breeding
to the grazing of purchased cattle, or sometimes to a combination
of grazing and winter feeding. More recently, however, some pro-
ducers have not been satisfied with the quality of purchased feeder
I limals and have again begun to breed and raise beef calves.

PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION OF BEEF SINCE 1907.

Strict comparison of the number of cattle, it has been seen, is not
possible because of changes in classification and dates of the censuses.
Fluctuations in supply are better indicated by the number of cattle
slaughtered each year and the quantity of dressed beef and veal
produced than by census figures for live animals. Table 3 is of
special interest in this connection.

Table 3. — Annual slaughter and the production and consumption of beef and veal,

1907-1921.^

Animals slaugh-
tered .2

Production of—

Consumption of—

Per capita con-
sumption of—

Calendar year.

Beeves.

Calves.

Beef.

Veal.

Beef .3

Veal.

Beef.

Total

beef and

veal.

1907

Thousand
head.
13,470
12,845
13,611
13,541
12,958
11,979
11,478
11,005
10,822
12,027
13,724
15,750
13,635
12,848
12,271

Thousand
head.
6,027
5,830
6,516
6,553
6,265
6,348
5,285
4,661
4,640
5,774
7,031
7,767
9,041
9,223
8,655

Million
pounds.
7,319
6,676
7,071
6,733
6.497
5,920
5,913
5,639
5,816
6,118
6,686
7,320
6,2,s;}
6,463
6,194

Million
pounds.
626
605
684
687
657
668
488
433
428
536
662
791
860
936
888

Million
pounds.
6,%7
6,448
6,908
6,623
6,405
5,864
5,902
5,797
5,542
5,854
6,335
6,717
6,022
6,498
6,223

Million
pounds.
626
605
684
687
657
668
488
438
429
537
663
792
865
944
892

Pounds.
79.7
72.4
76.2
71.8
68.4
61.7
60.8
58.9
55.7
58.1
62.0
64.8
57.3
61.1
57.7

Pounds.
86.8

1908

79.2

1909

83.7

1910

79.2

1911

75.4

1912

68.7

1913

65.8

1914

63.3

1915

60.0

1916

63.4

1917

68.5

1918

72.4

1919

65.5

1920

70.0

1921

66.0

1 Meat Production, Consumption, and Foreign Trade in the United States, 1907-1920, compiled by John
Roberts, Bureau of Animal Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture.

2 Includes Federally inspected animals and estimates of fa,rm and other slaughter.

3 Domestic production less net export or plus net imports of beef, for 1920 and 1921, includes differ-
•ences between stocks on hand at beginning and end of the year.

10 UjSTited states tariff commission.

The production of beef and veal declined from 7,945,000,000
pounds in 1907 to 6,072,000,000 in 1914, a reduction of 1,873,000,000
. pounds, or 24 per cent. During the same period the slaughter of
beeves declined from 13,470,000 to 11,004,500, a loss of over 18 per
cent. The slaughter of calves declined nearly 23 per cent. In
response to the extraordinary demands for beef during the World
War, the number of beef cattle increased rapidly. In 1918 the record
number of 15,750,000 cattle and 7,767,000 calves were slaughtered.
This heavy slaughter somewhat depleted the resources of the pro-
ducers, and with the falling away of the export and domestic demand
after the war only 12,848,000 beeves were slaughtered in 1920. In
that year the production of beef and veal was only 22 per cent
above that of 1914. It is noteworthy that the slaughter of calves
in 1919 and 1920, nearly 50 per cent greater than in 1910, was the
largest on record; and this slaughter, amounting to 9,041,000 and
9,223,000 head, in itself indicates a substantial liquidation of the
war-time increase in cattle and a quick return to pre-war levels of
production.

In the consumption of beef a striking reduction has occurred..
From 6,967,000,000 pounds in 1907 there was a drop to 5,542,000,000
in 1915; i. e., of 1,425,000,000 pounds, or 20 per cent.' Partly
because of the high prices of beef relative to the price of other food-
stuffs and partly because of the increases in population the per
capita consumption of beef and veal declined even more markedly
than production — from 86.8 pounds per capita to 60.0, or 31 per
cent, during this nine-year period.^*' The high wages and general
prosperity of the war period resulted temporarily in a larger con-
sumption, but that of 1920 amounted to little more than the 1915
consumption. The domestic beef consumption, therefore, is very
elastic; high prices of beef and veal relative to other foodstuffs are
likely to result in a materially diminished demand. As yet the per
capita consumption of the United States is considerably higher than
that of the principal importing nations.

In connection with production and consumption of beef and veal
it should be noted that veal is predominantly a secondary product
of the dairy industry. The production of veal amounts to onlj^ 10
per cent of that of beef; nearly two- thirds of the calves, as against
only one-third of the beeves, are butchered in uninspected slaughter-
houses— that is, the animals have been kiUed for local or intrastate
consumption. The relatively small imports, largely in the form of
live calves, are almost exclusively of Canadian origin. Since veal
is a by-product of the dairy industry, which is one of the major
agricultural activities in the United States, large quantities will
always be available from American dairy herds. Moreover, dairy
cows, as a rule, eventually find their way to the killers. Here, there-
fore, is a further large source of beef. The beef and veal yielded as
a by-product of the dairy industry may roughly be estimated at
between 1,500,000,000 and 2,000,000,000 pounds, or about one-
fourth of the total production. Owing to the importance of dairying,
in the United States, this meat production as a by-product of dairy-
ing might seem to be less directly affected by a tariff" on beef. The
slow but steady growth of dairying during the past 20 years also

' The diflerence between decline in production as compared with decline in consumption is accounte(i
for by a change from a net export to a net import basis for beef and veal after 1912.
i« See Table 3, p. 9.

CATTLE AND BEEF PKODUCTIOX IX THE UXITED STATES. 11

indicates that this form of beef production will become of still greater
importance in the domestic supply. However, it can not properly
be dissociated from other forms of meat production or from the
tariff problem connected therewith.

SYSTEMS OF MANAGEMENT.

Beef cattle are raised in the United States under two general sys-
tems of management. One is found in the farming' States east of
the range country. The other prevails in the far West " and Texas,
and in a modified form on unfenced or only partly fenced mountain
pastures and ''boundaries" in the Appalachian region.

Farming regions. — Under the first system many farmers in and
around the Corn Belt either breed beef animals, largely to be retained
on their own farms until ready for shipment to market for slaughter,
or fatten the feeders and stockers purchased from the range States
or from less favored near-by areas. Thus in certain hilly areas of
the farmmg States, both east and west of the Mississippi River, it is
more advantageous to sell the bulk of the cattle as calves, or as
feeders at from 1^ to 2^ years of age.

. Farm-bred cattle may be the offspring of strictly beef dams, or they
may be bred in herds which also produce milk and butter. Those
not sold as calves or as feeders may be fattened on grain, usually
during their first -or second winter, and disposed of as baby beeves,
or as fat steers at slightly over 2 years of age, or they may be sold
in butchering condition from grass in the fall, generally as "long"
2-year-olds. Formerly many were disposed of at about 3 years of
age after being fattened on grain during the winter, or as "long" 3-
year-olds from pasture, but the rise in price of feeds, pasture, labor,
and value of the land during the past few years has discouraged the
keeping of cattle to advanced ages and their feeding to more than
moderate weights. Disposal of the cattle as baby beeves at about
15 months of age has increased considerably during the past 10 years
because of a marked increase m demand for relatively small cuts of
tender, well finished beef. This demand has come principally from
dwellers in the cities. In consequence of this tendency to market
cattle at lighter weights there has been a reduction in the beef
supply that is not indicated in the dimmution of the number slaugh-
tered, but which is suggested by the greater percentage decline in
production of beef as compared with the decrease in domestic
slaughterings.

Cattle bred on the farms furnish a ready market for grass, grain,
and roughage. They also convert straw mto manure and provide
winter work for farm labor. A large part of the financial return is
due to the marketing of feed in the form of beef and pork at what,
under favorable conditions, are better than farm prices for the
feeds used.^- It should be noted, too, that bab}^ beeves, and corn-
fed cattle not finished to too great a weight, command much higher
prices per 100 pounds than does the bulk of the western stock.

" Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico and westward, as well as western Kansas, Nebraska, and
the Dakotas.

'^ It has been estimated that 19 per cent of the corn. 13 per cent of the oats, 12 per cent of the barley, .5 per
cent ol the rye, 6 per cent of the wneat, 51 per cent of the hay, and 97 per cent of the silage produced in the
United States each year are fed to cattle. A large part of these amounts is fed to dairy cows and to thin
animals purchased for fattening. Yearbook, I'. S. Department of Agriculture, 1918, p. 676; 1919, p. 729.

6303—22 2

12 UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION.

Range cattle. — The other system of producing beef cattle prevails
in the arid or semiarid range States, and in the rough Appalachian
region. Under this system the cattle are run on relatively low priced
land or on the open public range. In Texas and the Southwest, as
well as in more favorable areas to the northward, the animals are
rarely given any feed except in periods of drought. On the central
and northern ranges in general, however, considerable winter feeding,
mainly with hay, is necessary to bring the herds through in good
condition. The quantity fed depends on the season and the amount
available. In an open winter on semiarid ranges, where water is
plentiful during the cold season, very little feeding may be necessary.
In the northern Great Plains area — -east of the Rockies and west of
about the one hundredth meridian— large numbers of cattle are kept
by homesteaders who use adjacent public range, when it is available,
in connection with their own land.

With the increase in the price of cattle and costs of operation
during the past 15 years, range cattle, whether for fattening purposes
or for slaughter, are now marketed usually as "long" 2 and 3 year
olds, in order to obtain a quicker turnover of capital. Formerly
they were shipped mainly as 3 and 4 year olds. Here, as in the farm-
ing regions, is a loss in the beef supply beyond that indicated by a
reduction in number butchered, except as better breeding has offset
this and given equal weights at younger ages.

A part of the national forest and some of the -other range lands,
when not too closely grazed, furnish sufficiently good summer
grazing to turn off each autumn a substantial number of cattle fat
enough for the killers. But the cattle, in large part, leave the range
country each fall in only a fair to good feeder condition. The per-
centage of fat and thin stock varies appreciably from year to year-
according to climate and the quality of the pasture. The animals
that leave the ran^e too thin for immediate slaughter are purchased
for fattening mainly by farmers in the Corn Belt. These "feeder"
animals may be kept from 60 days to 12 months, though four or five
months is the approximate limit on full feed. When they are
retained more than about six months, pasture becomes a progres-
sively important factor in their maintenance, and they are more
apt to be sold from grass rather than from the feed lot.

Cattle in the South. — South of Kentucky and Tennessee the cattle
industry was, for many years, greatly retarded by the Texas fever
tick. Coincident with the prevalence of this pest, the boll weevil
was extending eastward and northward. The cleaning up of most
tick-infested areas has progressed with sufficient rapidity to permit
cattle to replace cotton to some extent in weevil-infested areas.
The number of cattle has therefore tended to increase somewhat,
since tick eradication resulted in a broader market for cattle. Much
improvement has also been made in quality. But the large amount
of labor formerly used in cotton growing can be advantageously
diverted to peanut production. A large proportion of the peanuts
are harvested by hogs. The turnover on capital investment is
more rapid under such a system than is remotely possible with
cattle. Cattle raising has therefore met with severe competition
from the peanut and the hog outside of areas where the land is
well adapted to the better pasture grasses. In cut-over areas cattle
have been able to meet this competition. In such localities there

CATTLE AND BEEF PEODUCTIOX IjST THE UNITED STATES.

13

are large areas of cheap grazing which are used by stockmen who
sometimes have httle or no investment in such land, and who pay-
only a nominal rental, or none at all.^^

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTIOX OF DECLINE.

The two phases of beef production — on the farm and on the range —
are of nearly equal importance, because many of the animals finished
in the farm States are raised on the range. Of the total number
of cattle hides tanned each year, one-half are from branded cattle,
i. e., from animals which were calved in the range region, where
ownership is indicated by branding.^'* Table 4 affords an indication
of the relative importance of the range and farm States with respect
to cattle raising. This table shows the trend only.

Table 4. — Number of cattle, excluding milch cows, on hand January 1, 1907-1921.^

[000 omitted.)

1907

1914

1919

1921

Region.

Numher.

Per
cent of
change.

Number.

Per
cent of
change.

Numher.

Per
cent of
change.

Number.

The East 2

2,851
6,845
14,333
11,189
16,348

-23
-17
-32

-47
-25

2,209
5,704
9,713
5,925
12,304

+11
+29
+20
+51
+ 19

2,443
7,366

11,6&3
8,917

14,676

-3

-2

-2

-14

-4

2,381

The South »

7,224

The Middle West <

11.444

The Central West ^

7,744

Far West and Texas

14,077

Total, United States

51,566

-30

35,855

+26

45,085 -5

42,870

" Annual estimates, Yearbooks, U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1907, 1914, 1919, and 1921.

2 Maine to the Potomac River.

3 Potomac and Ohio Rivers southward, including Arkansas.
* Ohio to Missouri and north to Canada.

5 The Dakotas, NeVjraska, Kansas, and Oklahoma.

After 1907 the decline in the beef herds was general ^ — in the Middle
West, 32 per cent; in the Central West, 47 per cent; and in the Far
West and Texas 25 per cent. Thus the most noteworthy reductions
occurred in the new farming sections, that is, on the prairies of the
Middle and Central West. On the range the decrease m numbers was
almost as large, although the percentage of decrease was less. By
1919, at the close of the reaction which had set in during the war, the
greatest expansion had taken place in the South, Middle West, and
Central West. The greatest numerical gains had occurred in the two
regions last named, where the previous decline had been greatest.
Only in the southern division, however, did the number of head in
January, 1919, the year which marked the highest level of the war-
time expansion, equal or exceed the figures for 1907. Lastly, the
liquidation of the war-time increase appears to have been most
prominent in the Central West, where the most striking changes had

w This grazing is cheap in the per acre charge; per head of animal grazed it is often little, if any, cheaper
than good pasture land.

" The Producer, October, 1921, p. 11.

'* In the annual estimates there is always a tendency to exaggerate decreases; yet the curtailment of the
herds was rapid enough to attract widespread attention. The increases, likewise, are apt to be overesti-
mated, but the war-time growth of the mdustry was one of the outstanding phenomena of those years.
The statistics of the number of "cattle other than" milch cows," it should again be noted, are indicative only
of the trend : so far as the actual beef production is concerned, a much more accurate record appears in Table
3, p. 9.

14

XJNTTED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION".

previously occurred. It seems probable, however, that a part of this
increase in the Central West may be permanent. Rapid homesteading
in this region after 1907 at first greatly reduced the range herds, but
the high prices of the war years undoubtedly led many settlers to
adopt cattle as .a permanent rather than as an opportunist or tem-
porary enterprise. The dry years immediately preceding 1914 and
the hardships they imposed on those who did not supplement crops
with live stock, appear to have had some effect in stimulating the
adoption of cattle as a permanent enterprise in subhumid areas.

The large expansion during the war period resulted in a striking
increase in our exports of beef and veal, indicating the potentialities
of the industry under the stimulus of high prices or under the stress
of national emergency. However, the expansion may be attributed
in part to an export buying that disregarded the abnormal advances
in price. The shipping situation, moreover, placed a premium upon
North American supplies, particularly as against those of Australasia.

Table 5 shows the increases in the acreage of wheat and hay, and
in number of live stock, between 1914 and 1920. Despite the growing
shortage of farm labor, there was a material increase in the area of
most grain crops, particularly of wheat and hay. Yet live stock
in general, and cattle in particular, also made pronounced gains.
This was made possible through a much fuller use of roughages and
through reductions in the exports of oil cake, coarse grains, and other
feedstuffs.

Table 5. — Number of cattle (exclusive of calves and dairy cows), sheep (of breeding age),
hogs, and acreage of wheat and hay, ^ 1900-1920.

[000 omitted.]

Area and cortunodity.

1900

1910

1919-1920

United States:

Cattle number. .

Sheep do

Hogs do

Wheat acreage. .

Hay do

Middle West:

Cattle number. .

Sheep do

Hogs do

Wheat acreage. .

Hay do

Central West:

Cattle number. .

Sheep do . . .

Hogs do...

Wheat acreage.

Hay do. . .

Far West and Te.xas:

Cattle number.

Sheep do. . .

Hogs do...

Wheat acreage.

Hay do...

35, 268
39, 853
62, 868
52, 589
39, 133

8,710

8,581

31, 737

20, 718

13, 900

7,348
1,523
9,323
16, 059
7,252

12,251
23, 666
4,127
6,614
5,311

34, 345
39, 644

58, 186
44, 263

45,744

2 28, 820

2 35, 998

58, 933

53, 541

49, 145

9,290

8,873

27, 965

12, 859

20, 189

7,810

7,022

27, 813

15, 432

19, 021

6,691
1,235
9,616
21, 212
5,009

4,765
1,365
8,397
25, 607
4,500

12, 571
24, 667
4,168
4,969
4,913

9,900
23, 452
4,889
6,538
8,680

31, 602
2 36, 753
72, 909
73, 243
56, 348

8,082

7,783

35, 765

21, 491

21, 606

6,514
1,680
8,134
31, 263
5,796

10, 980
22, 850
5,006
12, 109
18, 816

> Census figures 1900 and 1910, revised as in Table 3 (see p. 9). Census figures for cattle in 1920. All other
figures are estimates, including hay for 1899 and 1909, owing to census inclusion of forage crops with hay,
and to large areas of wild hay west of the Mississippi River. Both these items are largely excluded in
U. S. Department of Agriculture estimates.

« U. S. Department of Agriculture estimates revised for comparability with census figures.

• Adverse weather at sowing time caused pronounced decrease in wheat area in 1909.

CATTLE AiSTD BEEF PRODUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES. 15

CAUSES OF REDUCTION IN THE BEEF SUPPLY.

It is clear that abnormal conditions were responsible for the expan-
sion of the industry between 1915 and 1918. That the forces which
reduced beef production prior to 1915 are again in operation is indi-
cated by the unprecedented slaughter of calves during 1919 and 1920/®
the subsequent reduction in the number of beef cattle on farms and
ranges, and the diminishing production of beef. The im.port balance,
moreover, reappeared in 1920 and 1921. To what extent may import
duties offset these adverse forces f

The decline, prior to 1915, occurred in the range States as well as
in the farming districts. On the range, homesteading, overstocking,
and the operation of the land laws account for the decline; in the
farming sections other uses of the land were found more profitable
than beef production. On both range and farm the practice of pro-
ducing lighter cattle has been a contributing factor.

In the pastoral regions, the encroachment of farm crops, or an
attempt to grow them, was one cause of the decline prior to 1915.
Before the enactment of the 640-acre grazing homestead act of 1916
homesteading in the semiarid regions west of the Missouri proceeded
apace after earlier experiences with years of drought were forgotten.
More recently large areas have been alienated for grazing homesteads
under this act. Between 1900 and 1920 the area of unappropriated
and unreserved pubhc lands decreased from 917,135,000 to 200,000,000
acres. It does not necessarily follow that the coming of the small
farmer or cattle grower permanently reduces the number of cattle
in the range States, but temporarily at least the change from range
to farm conditions almost inevitably reduces the number of live stock.

Homesteading has involved a loss beyond that consecpent upon
the reduction of the range. It has crowded stockmen into semiarid
areas already stocked to capacity or has forced them to reduce their
herds or to go out of business. Owing to the breaking up of the
range, the cattlemen who remained often have found it harder to
use the portions available for free grazing, since cattle, unlike sheep,
are not herded and can not readily be directed to the best feed-
ing grounds. A large percentage of the homesteaders plowed up the
native grasses in order to grow grain under dry-farming conditions.
They enjoyed only moderate success during favorable years, and dur-
ing dry seasons failures were frec{uent. Only too often such settlers
not only made it difficult for stockmen to use the adjoining range,
but were themselves unable to finance the procurement of small
bunches of live stock to graze it. The land filed upon under the
640-acre homestead act, for instance, is suited only for grazing. But
it consists in large part of units lying between desert or winter ranges
and summer grazing areas. Such grazing usually is vitally needed
by neighboring stockmen for use in the spring before summer areas
are ready or in the" fall prior to the passage of the cattle to winter
range. Entry thereon has forced many stockmen to go out of busi-
ness or to curtail operations until the lands are patented. Eventually
a large percentage of these homesteads will pass into the hands of
stockmen or live-stock companies able to survive the present crisis
and get control of funds or credit to permit such purchase. An ad-
vance in meat prices obviously should enable the smaller stockmen

"See Table 3, p. 9.

16 UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION.

to compete with the large, well-financed companies in the purchase of
these lands and to assist in the stabilization of the industry.

Further loss in the beef supply because of the reduced carrying
capacity of the range has resulted from overcrowding and unregu-
lated grazing upon the public domain. Authorities estimate that
this loss may conservatively be figured at 25 per cent. Not only
can the range carry fewer cattle, but there has also been a loss in
their quality and weight. ^^

Upon most of the conditions outlined above import duties can
have only an indirect influence, at least in the essentially pastoral
areas. To the farming regions import duties are of more direct im-
portance. While the changes noted above were in progress in the
range region there was an appreciable decline in the breeding of beef
cattle in well-developed sections of the Central West and also in
parts of the Middle West. Dairying, hog, and crop production to a
considerable extent displaced cattle raising. As land values rose,
many producers purchased feeder cattle instead of breeding them;
others combined beef production with dairying; and still others, con-
cluding that more profit was to be made from the sale of crops,
turned to farming and ceased raising cattle of any sort, except inci-
dentally to consume roughage and surplus coarse grains. In the
farming sections, then, import duties may serve as a more sub-
stantial corrective. Here there is little question that such duties
will stimulate production, but in some measure this expansion would
merely involve a shift from one form of production to another. A
further increase might result from a more intensive production, based
in part on more complete use of rough lands and rough feeds. Gains
by either method are, of course, subject to the reduced demand for
beef which high prices usually effect,

A distinction should here be made between short and long term
causes. Temporarily, there is a world surplus (1921-22). The
impaired purchasing power of Europe and the war-time increases in
production in exporting countries have disastrously affected the
domestic and the world market. But the outstanding facts in the
world's beef trade are that consumption is everywhere overtaking
supply with a downward tendency in per capita consumption; that
the exporting nations contribute only a small percentage of the inter-
national requirements, and that no immediate increase in their
surplus is to be anticipated. In short, the state of the world's de-
mand and supply is such as to maintain, in the long run, the more
expensively produced American product, as well as that of the export-
ing countries. There may, however, be a lengthy interval between
present and normal conditions; it is conditions at the present time
(1922) that are causing grave concern on the part of domestic pro-
ducers.

POSSIBILITY OF EXPANSION.

Future increases in the domestic production of beef are chiefly
contingent upon settlement of the land problem, range improvement,
and remunerative prices. The first two primarily concern the area
west of the one hundredth meridian; the third affects the industry
throughout continental United States.

" Pasture ranges which formerly supported 3,200,000 cattle now carry only 640,000 head; in 30 years
the carryinji capacity of the range has been much reduced. (V. S. Department of Agriculture Bui. 72.
See also, Yearbook, Department of Agriculture, 191.5, p. 299 ff.)

CATTLE AND BEEF PRODUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES. 17

The land question is as pressing upon the cattlemen as upon the
sheepmen. ^^ After the lands are patented stockmen able to survive
will largely increase their holdings through purchase, since many of
the homesteaders imdoubtedly will fail to make a permanent home
and will patent for sale to range users. Unless the smaller stockmen
survive, it is the strong cattle companies, with abundant resources
that will absorb these small units and thus tend further to defeat the
purpose of the homestead act. Many homesteaders on 320-acre
units have already disposed of their land in this manner. vSuch
amalgamation of holdings has taken place on a large scale in the sand
hills of Nebraska, on lands that were homesteaded in 640-acre units
under the Kinkaid Act; sales of lands already patented under the
grazing homestead act have also begun. This concentration of
ownership will make for stability in use of the land, warrant expend-
itures for water development and other improvements, and will
make range improvement practicable, particularly where land can
be secured in sufficiently large areas to warrant fencing.

Range improvement as a means of expansion in the cattle industry
is equally as important as stabilization in use of the land. In the
national forest reserves striking increases have been achieved in the
carrying capacity of the ranges. These indicate that notable im-
provements may generally be effected after enough of the land has
passed into private ownership to give individuals substantially com-
plete control of given areas, assuming that the value of such better-
ment and the best methods for its attamment are fully realized by
the stock raisers. Little can be done on the uncontrolled public
range, since it is used by many ranchers and all users would have to
agree on the policy to be pursued. If portions of the grazing were
spared by some, the results would generally be nullified by others.
On the remaining open range. Federal control, similar to that exer-
cised in the forest reserves, would yield much quicker results and
stimulate like work by ranchers. Immediate betterments of this
nature are believed essential to the maintenance of the existing
carrying capacity of the range.

Both these aids — settlement of the land problem and range im-
provement— probably are matters of the more or less distant future.
That of remunerative prices is more immediate, if much of the war-time
gain is to be maintained, possibly even if herds are to be maintained at
pre-war figures. Although the prices of cattle have dropped to pre-
war levels, costs of labor, fencing, freight rates, interest charges, and
the prices of the products the producer buys have not correspond-
ingly decreased. It is true that large quantities of beef and veal
will always be produced in the United States. Millions of acres of
pasture land in the farming States and still larger areas of range can
only be used for live-stock production. ^^ Large quantities of beef

isSee report of U. S. Tariff Commission, The Wool-Growing Industry, 1921, ch. 8.

•9 See EmplojTnent and Natural Resources, Office of the Secretary, Department of Labor, 1919, p. 51 ff.
Also Yearbook^ Department of Agriculture, 1915, p. 299 ff., and Bulletin 626, Department of Agriculture,
1918. Of slightly over 1,0()0,000,000 acres (or 53. S per cent of the total area of continental United States)
reported as not in farms in 1910, three-fifths (6l2,n()(),000 acres) were in the Mountain and Coast States. Of
tms fraction, 52 per cent (390,000,000 acres) was land suitable only for grazing or which could be used to
some extent for grazing purposes. There was an additional 1 2(5, 000, 000 acres of such land east of the
Moimtain States and largely west of the one hundredth meridian. Of the total land in farms (S7S, 738,325
acres), 33 per cent (291,439,.')15 acres) was reported as improved and unimproved pasture. Of this portion
approximately 60 per cent lay east of the one hundredth meridian. With the exception of land pastured
in rotation, stock raismg is the only use to which most of this land can ever be put. The bulk of the land
east of the one hundredth meridian which was reported as not in farms consisted of timber, cut-over, and
swamp lands, a part of which was used for grazing. A much larger part can be used for that purpose.

18 UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION.

and veal will also be available as a by-product of dairying.^" But if
the industry is not profitable, cattlemen and farmers will curtail their
herds. They will stock their farms and ranches only with the number
of cattle that they can carry through the winter at least cost for labor
and dry feed, with the idea that the pasture area will then carry
this reduced number better and for a longer part of the year, and
will thus further cheapen winter costs. In the farming districts
feeding will also be curtailed. Cattle feeding is a speculative enter-
prise. The feeder gambles on the future market, both for fat cattle
and for feed. It is easy to curtail or withdraw from feeding.

Cost of Production.

In the cattle industry costs of production differ widely with the
locality, and with the system of management, both in the same
year and from year to year. Then, too, there is often marked varia-
tion from farm to farm, or from ranch to ranch, under the same
system of management and with only a line fence separating the
two units. Thus two ranch herds with no perceptible difference in
range, feed, water facilities, quality of animals, or annual losses
will show large differences in production cost if one outfit weans
80 per cent and the other only 60 per cent of calves. The same
general statement applies to farms where cattle are bred. The
breeder in the ''black belt" of Alabama, whose animals feed on
alfalfa which grows during virtually 11 months of the year, and
who normally has almost no labor charge other than for occasional
feeding with hay, would naturally show a production cost below
that of a breeder in eastern Ohio, where the carrying capacity of
the pastures is lower and where the cattle must be hand fed about
six months each year. Detailed figures prepared by the Depart-
ment of Agriculture, as well as those reported by the different Corn
Belt States, show a very wide range in the cost of fattening cattle,
particularly during the war years, when feedstuff s were dispropor-
tionately high in price. For these reasons and because of abnormal
conditions during recent years, the Tariff Commission has made no
effort to secure costs of production in the cattle industry, but has
relied upon cost studies made by the Department of Agriculture,
often in cooperation with certain of the States in the Mississippi
Valley. ■

Data on the cost of production in the cattle industry were gathered
by the United States Department of Agriculture for most of the
years from 1912 to 1920, inclusive. Much of this information was
published by the Federal Trade Commission in its report on the
meat-packing industry in December, 1919, but the data are of
sufficient importance to justify a recapitulation of some of the pub-
lished tables. Most of the recent studies have been upon the cost
of fattening cattle, but for the three years 1914-1916 the costs of
raising calves in the Middle West were obtained. The latter data
are pertinent to the present inquiry because they indicate the profit

'0 Rome expansion in the beef supply may also result from breeding up the quality of the cattle, from
tick eradication in the South, and from the gradual elimination of animal diseases. It has been estimated
that the average yield of dressed beef is 5:i.5 per cent. An increase of only U per cent per head would
increase the annual beef supply by approximately 200,()00,()00 pounds — more actual beef than has been
imported in any one year, 'iearbook, U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1920, p. 49.

CATTLE AND BEEF PRODUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES. 19

or loss involved in normal times in raising beef calves up to one
year old, and in fattening beef steers, but failure to ascertain the
cost between one year of age and the time cattle are sold for fatten-
ing or for slaughter results in an incomplete portrayal of the cost
of production. The studies which deal v\ith cattle fattening cpver
that phase of beef production with exemplary thoroughness.

It should be noted that these figures include in the cost of produc-
tion items that are sources of income to the farmer. Feed, the
largest item of expense, is charged, not at cost, but at the prevailing
farm price; that is, the wholesale price at the nearest shipping point
less cost of delivery to that point. -^ Herein usually appears a hidden
profit, though in some cases it may be a hidden loss. Large quan-
tities of coarse roughage, otherwise virtually unsalable, are debited
to the cattle at a low value. Labor which otherwise is less fully
occupied during the slack winter season is charged to cost whether
performed by the feeder or by hired men. Interest on the value of
the cattle is charged at 6 per cent. A charge is made for farm
equipment, put to a fuller use, and for pasture used by the cattle.
Pork made from undigested grain voided by the cattle is credited
to them, as is the estimated value of manure. The above charges
are legitimate if the purpose is to compare beef production with
crop production, or beef production under different systems of
management or on different farms, but under strict cost-accounting
methods they are not deemed legitimate if the net income from the
business is to be ascertained. Since the "net costs" shown in the
tables are not true net costs, the ''net losses" therefore are not true
net losses.

Over a series of years the cattle raiser or feeder can not expect, in
fact really does not expect, to show earnings much in excess of inter-
est^ on investment, value of feed and labor, and rent of equipment.
However, the cost studies which follow show that the cattle feeders,
on the average, made virtually no profits above their imputed net
costs from 1912 to 1916, and failed to meet their imputed net costs
in later years. The true net profits or losses are impossible to ascer-
tain.

COST OF KEEPING COWS AND RAISING CALVES.

During the tlu-ee years 1914-1916, inclusive, records were obtained
for more than 18,000 cows and their calves. The results of this
study are summarized in the table following:

21 Purchased feed is charged at cost laid down at the farm.

20

UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSIOiSr.

Table 6. — Cost of keeping cows and raising calves and yearlings in Iowa, Missouri,

Nebraska, and Kansas.^

[Three-year average, 1914-1916.]

Number of farms

Number of cows

Number of cows per farm.

Cost of maintaining herd:

Gross cost of maintaining a cow.
Credits other than calf

Net cost of maintaining a cow.

Cost of raising a calf imtil weaned:

Cow charge

Bull charge

Feed

Labor

Total cost at weaning time.

Cost of raising a yearling:

Number of farms

Average number per farm

Cost at weaning 2...
Cost of winter feed.
Other charges

Gross cost .
Credits

Net cost per head.

Number of yearlings inventoried as of May 1 .

Value of yearlings inventoried

Loss per head on yearlings inventoried 3

Profit per head on yearlings inventoried

Number sold prior to inventory

Sale value of yearlings sold

Loss per head on yearlings sold s

Profit per head onyearlings sold

Cows of
beeftvpe

(milk
taken by

calves).

354

11,261

31.80

$34. 23
4.79

29.44

34.47

2.25

.01

36.73

296
23.23

536.85

11.44

4.60

52.89
1.60

51.29

6,783
S3S.31
$12. 98

453

$45. 05

$6.52

Cows
milked
(calves
fed on

skim
milk.)

157
1,990
12.67

S55. 30
52.12

3.18

4.02
3.95
9.73
2.36

Com-
bination

of first
and

second
method.

139
3,182
22.89

$43. 43
25.69

17.74

20.73

2.82
4.76
1.02

20.06

141
10.24

$20. 64
9.48
5.00

35.12

1.94

33.18

1,294
$30.92

$2.78

170
$33.65

$3.17

29.33

131
17.99

$29. 56
11.14
4.65

45.35
1.50

2,395
$34.17
$9.74

123

$44. 06
$7.59

Cows
partly
milked
(calves
suckle
remain-
der).

95
1,541
16,22

$41.75
22.25

19. 50

22.23
3. IS

.04
.02

Some
cows

milked;
other
cows
nurse

calves.

37

712

19.24

$43. 53
31. 9i

11.58

13.75

2.99
.30
.03

25.47

17.07

84
12.55

35

15. 97

$24. 81

10.95

4.71

$17. 09
9.84
4.09

40.47
1.53

38.94

1,007
$35.91
$2.98

140
$40. 19

31.02
1.66

29.36

556
$33.37

$3.95

63

$37.00

$18. 68

1 Data gathered by the U. S. Department of Agriculture; published by the Federal Trade Commis-
sion in its report, The Meat-Packing Industry, Pt. VI, p. 12.

2 In this part of table change in number of farms causes change in cost at weaning time.

3 $9 average loss, 12,984 head of yearlings.

The salient features of Table 6 are (1) the net costs of maintaining
cows, (2) the cost of calves at weaning time, (3) the cost of year-
lings, and (4) the inventory or selling value and net gain or loss
per head on yearlings.

The net annual cost of maintaining a cow is highest in the beef class
and lowest in the dual purpose class, where the animal is milked and
only skimmed milk fed to the calves. In the first instance it was
nearly $30, and in the second, after the value of the milk was credited,
only $3.18.

The cost of raising calves until they are weaned ranges anywhere
from $17 to $36, according to their class and the method of manage-
ment followed. Yearlings are raised at a cost of from $30 to $51.

For the various classes of yearlings, the inventory value or sale
price does not vary as much as the costs. If the inventory value
and selling prices of the yearlings be averaged, in the case of the
beef type there appears a loss of $12.60 per head. The loss in the

CATTLE AND BEEF PRODUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES.

21

several groups decreases progressively to the double nursing class.
in which there is a gain of 15.45. The average w^eighted loss per
head in all five groups for yearlings inventoried, as well as for those
sold, was W, an amount almost equal to the charge for winter feed.
It should be noted, however, that at 1 year of age these yearlings
were at the point of heaviest charge, after a winter on dry feed and
with the entire cost of cow and bull maintenance charged against
them. After a summer on grass they would make a much better
financial showing as ''long" yearlings, and it is at the latter period,
or subsequent thereto, that most beef cattle are sold, whether for
immediate slaughter or for fattening. The cost and profit or loss
at 1 year of age may be quite misleading so far as concerns norma 1
profits in the cattle industry.

Table 7 shows in detail the cost of keeping beef cow^s in various
States during the years 1914-1916. Cost data for these cow-s also ap-
pear in column 1 of Table 6, page 20. Table 7 is presented pri-
marily for its general interest.

Table 7. — Cost of keeping beef coivs.^
[11,261 head, 1914-1916.]

Num-
ber
of

farms.

Num-
ber
of

cows.

Charges.

Credits.

Net
cost.

Feed.

La-
bor.

Equip-
mojit.

In-
terest.

other
charges.

To-
tal.

Extra
calves. 2

Ma-
nure.

To-
tal.

1916.
Iowa

48
33
13
30

1,506
822
456

1,231

S24.55

S3. 34

$2.88
2.30
1.65

.77

$4.24
4.30
3.72
3.72

$1.21

$36.22

"'"jo.'si

1

$5.90

4.08

4.94

3.43

$5.90!$30.32

Missouri

21.33 3.74
18.55 3.76
19.00 3.149

1.08| 32.85
1.13 28.81
l.Oll 28.19

4.081 28.77

4.94

23.87

Kansas

3.74

24.45

Weighted aver-
age for 1916...

Weighted aver-
age for 1915...

Weighted aver-
age for 1914...

124
110
120

4,015
3,703
3,543

21.72
24.80
24.60

3.60
3.53
4.21

2.09
1.83
1.67

4.08
3.78
3.87

1.121 32.61

.91 34.85

1.02 35.37

.08
.04

4.72
4.89j
4.66'

4.80
4.93
4.66

27.81
29.92
30.71

3-year weighted
average

354

11,261

23.64

3.79

1.87

3.91

1
1.62; 34.23

.04

4.75

4.79

29.44

1 Published by the Federal Trade Commission in its report, The Meat Packing Industry, Pt. VI, p, 23.
'Twin calves.

It will be observed that there is no credit whatever for milk because
the calves run with the cows, but there is a credit of $4 to $6 per
head for the manure, leaving a net cost in the various States of
from $24 to $30 per head. The feed cost is several times larger
than all other items of expense combined, about $22 out of an
average cost of $27.80 for the year 1916. Labor charges are about
$3 to $4 per head, or approximately 10 per cent of the total, while
interest charges are somewhat greater, and charges for equipment
are substantially less.

Data on the cost of range cattle production ^^ are also presented
for their general interest. On six Texas and Oklahoma ranches the
cost of raising calves to the age of 8 months ranged from $35 to $51
during the period 1914 to 1917. On five of these ranches the cost

w Data gathered by the U. S. Department of Agriculture; published by the Federal Trade Commissioa
in its report. The Meat Packing Industry, Pt. VI, p. 39.

22 UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION.

at 20 months old ranged from $52 to $73; at 32 months to 3 years
old they ranged from $65 to $97 on four ranches. The charge against
calves at weaning appears to have averaged higher than for the beef
calves, as shown in column 1, Table 6. As ''long" 2-year-olds the
reported cost, which comprises all items of overhead — including mar-
keting charges ranging from $2.85 to $4 per head — -was higher than
the average cost, laid down at the farm, of the 47,000 head of beef
steers for which data appear in Table 8.

Owing to the necessity of using expensive dry feed during the
drought period, which lasted from 1916 to 1918, inclusive, all these
costs were raised considerably. This was a serious matter for the
ranchers, and also for the buyers of their cattle. Animals from this
area are extensively drawn upon by graziers and feeders to the north-
v/ard. In fact, in 1914 Texas and Oklahoma carried four-fifths as
many cattle as were present in the Rocky Mountain and Pacific Coast
States; as a breeding ground for range cattle, these two Southwestern
States are almost as important as the entire far West.

Another cost study was made in 1914 in the far West.^^ In the
Southwest, calves at 12 months of age showed an average cost of
approximately $18 per head; as 2-year-olds the average was about
$24. As "long" 2-year-olds — i. e., about 30 months — these animals
would cost about $28.^* A very large part of these southwestern
cattle are shipped northward for 12 to 18 months grazing on the
better grasses of the central and northern ranges; i. e., these cattle
are shipped as stockers. On the northern ranges the cost at 12
months of age averaged $31, at 2 years old $45, and as "long" 2-year-
olds about $52.2* These costs include a hidden profit where feeds
used were grown on the ranch, but not otherwise. As no interest,
depreciation, or maintenance charges were made for ranch equipment
or improvements, fences, water developments (particularly important
in the Southwest), or any other form of overhead, these costs are
probably much below the true figure. Since 1914, feed, labor, rentals,
marketing, and overhead charges have increased greatly, though
during 1921 labor charges have receded considerably from war-time
levels. However, the market decline apparently has been far greater
than the recent lowering of costs.

COST OF FATTENING STEERS.

For ^ number of years the Department of Agriculture has con-
ducted investigations regarding the cost of fattening steers in the
Corn Belt. Cattle feeding furnishes an outlet for the thin cattle which
reach the markets, particularly during the heavy autumnal range run
at the close of the grazing season. This outlet is of great value to all
producers who market their animals in the fall, because it removes
large numbers of cattle not well suited for slaughter, but which would
glut the butcher market and greatly depress prices if forced into
slaughter channels at that time. The feeder outlet thus not only
sustains cattle prices but tends to equalize the supply throughout the
year. It increases the total supply of beef through gains made by
animals put on feed and augments greatly the supply of high-quality
beef. There is a wide difference in the quality of meat on a 1,000-

I

» Report no, Office of the Secretary, U. S. Department of Agriculture.
»< Calculated on the basis of cost at 2 years of age as given in this report .

CATTLE AND BEEF PRODUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES.

23

pound feeder steer and that carried by the same animal when finished
to a weight of 1,200 to 1,300 pounds.'

Results of a study for the years 1912 to 1916, inchisive, are pre-
sented in Table 8. Data are tabulated for 47,000 head — 667 in
Illinois, 4,586 in Missouri, 1,718 in Kansas, and 40,141 in Nebraska.
The systems of feeding vary little in the different States. For Mis-
souri and Nebraska the data are for a sufficient number of cattle to
give the figures substantial value. Particular significance is attached
to the average for all the droves in the various States, since it relates
to operations for five years and is roughly representative.

Table 8. — Cost of fattening cattle in the Corn Beli.^
[Averages for 1912-13 to 1916-17, inclusive.]

Item.

•

Illinois.

Missouri.

Kansas.

Nebraska.

General
average.

Initial cost per head ...

S71.69

40.60

3.04

.27

2.32

1.98

2.56

122.46

10.79

111.67

115.21

S56. 39

28. 15

1.91

.84

1.60

.86

3.39

93.14

4.26

88.88

S3. 97

$72. 04
42.56
1.60
2.90
2.93
1..30
2.83

126. 16
4.93

121.28

127. 81

S6S. 19
38. 04
2.04
2.24
2.01
4.19
3.14

119. 85
7.50

112. 35

110.52

S67. OS

Feed

Labor

37.34
2.15

Equipment..

1.56

Interest

2.21

Miscellaneous

2.08

Marketing cost

2.98

11.5. 40

Credit, pork and manure

6.87

Final net cost

108. 53

Sale price

109. 38

Profit per head

3.54

6.58

i.'83'

.85

4.91

Days on feed

1.51

1.60

1,266

667

8

1.37

1.49

989

4,586

3

147

2.18

1,3.32

1,718

2

142

1.76

1,2.39

40, 141

15

Pounds gained per day. . ....

Number sold

Number of farms. .

47,112

1 Based on data gathered bv the U.S. Department of Agriculture and published by the Federal Trade
Commission in its report on The Meat Packing Industry, Pt. VI.

The profit or loss for the feeding seasons of 1912 to 1916 varied
considerably from State to State and from year to year. The season
of 1912 was favorable; the reverse was true for 1913-1915, while that
of 1916 was unusually profitable in all four States. The average
profit for each State that year was large enough to turn a general
average loss for all the States during the preceding four years into a
slight profit for the five-year period. This amounted to 85 cents per
head, or 4 cents per 100 pounds, on 47,112 steers. The initial cost of
the feeder cattle averaged 58.1 per cent of the gross cost of the finished
animals; feed averaged 32.4 per cent, labor 1.9, equipment 1.3, inter-
est 1.9, miscellaneous 1.8, and marketing 2.6 per cent during these
five years. For reasons already given, the profit per head in Tables
6 and 8 is below the true profit, owing to hidden income in items of
cost, especially in the feed. Under the system of accounting used
the losses are also exaggerated.

For the year 1916-17 a separate study was made to determine the
profit or loss in fattening steers. Table 9 shows the cost of fattening
9,541 steers in the Corn JBelt. To these figures have been added data
obtained by the Department of Agriculture,^^ on the fattening of
13,970 cattle in 1918-19, and 15,210 in 1919-20.

25 Loaned to the U.S. Tariff Commission in advance of publication.

24

UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION.

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«<1 1=1

CATTLE AJJ'D BEEF PRODUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES. 25

It will be noted in Table 9 that in 1916-17 the average profit per
head was S12.32, or 1 cent per pound live weight, the steers averaging
1,231 pounds per head at the stockyards. This was a substantial
profit from the feeding operation. It resulted from relatively low
prices for feed, an abnormal spread between the purchase and sale
price of the steers, and a rapid rise in price of pork made as a by-
product from undigested grain voided by the steers. The margin
between purchase price and sale price of the steers was nearly twice
as wide in 1916-17 as during the preceding 10 years, and almost
twice as much credit was allowed for pork. Without the pork the
average profit per head was only $2.62, or about one-fifth cent per
pound live weight.

The next two years, 1918-19 and 1919-20, showed losses, averaging
So. 76 and $17.25 for the two respective years. These losses resulted
mainly from high costs of feed, though the narrower margin between
purchase and sale price of the steers was also an important factor.
During 1918-1920, feed averaged 5 per cent more of the gross cost
of the steers than in 1916-17, and 7 per cent more than in 1912-1916.
The losses shown in 1918-19 are not, however, necessarily true net
losses, owing to possible hidden profit in home-grown feed. In the
following year, because of the much more rapid deflation in prices
than in costs of production, this qualification undoubtedly would
not hold true.

It has already been noted that the cattle feeder engages in a
speculative enterprise. He gambles on the future cattle market and
on the price of feed, much of which is generally purchased. Since
each pound of gain made usually costs more than it is worth on the
market, profit in cattle feeding depends less on gain in weight than
on the higher selling price which results from increase in quality
of the entire carcass. This "feeding margin" — i. e., the relation
between purchase and sale price per 100 pounds — may or may not
be sufficient to show a profit. The controlling factor is the relation
between feeding margin and the cost of feedstuffs. These are the
two chief factors in determining profit or loss in fattening cattle.

Corn is by far the most important feed in the fattening of cattle;
it averaged 74 per cent of the total feed cost from 1912-1916, in-
clusive. For 1916 alone it averaged 75 per cent of the feed cost. Of
the final cost of the gains in weight made by the steers (including
interest at 6 per cent upon their initial cost), corn constituted 67
per cent from 1912-1916, inclusive, and 72 per cent in 1916. The
relationship between prices of corn and beef, therefore, largely
determines profit or loss in steer feeding. After 1916 corn was even
more important than previously, as its price rose relatively more
than the price of fat cattle. And the price of corn, it is important
to note, is upon an export basis, both because of exports in the form
of grain and of far larger exports in the form of pork and lard. Of
the latter the United States exports fully 75 per cent of the interna-
tional shipments. The rapid advances in the price of corn are shown
in Figure 2.

26

UNITED STATES TAEIFF COMMISSION.

Price

r

.d rH

A U O Q

ABB

per bushels xtuhpta^^'-

Cents 4 ^
170

160

4^ I

pi 6) o o «>

< 03 O fe R

150

140

130

lEO

110

100 -

Fig. 2.— Average monthly price of corn, Chicago (1903-1908, 1909-1915, and 1916-1919).

cattle aistd beef productiolsr in the united states. 27

The Marketing of Cattle,
the cost of marketing.

The increased cost of marketing is in some measure responsible for
the present plight of cattle shippers. Between net cost in the feed
yard and sale price at the market the margin is often so narrow that
even under normal conditions the actual marketing cost can easily
turn a small book profit into a loss. Under such abnormal conditions
as prevailed in the late fall of 1920 and in 1921 freight charges were
sometimes almost prohibitive. Such charges have particularly
affected cattle feeders, since their operations involve a transportation
of cattle from place to place. With the rapid return of prices to
pre-war levels, the disproportionate cost of marketing in the autumn
of 1921 augmented the difficulties of producers. The chief items in
the cost of marketing are (1) freight; (2) loss in weight in transit;
(3) feed in transit; (4) commission charge for selling; and (5)
yardage and feed.

THE CENTRALIZED MARKETS.

The marketing of cattle in the United States is greatly simplified
by the system of centralized market points with their stockyards and
large slaughtering and packing plants. Of the total sales, the propor-
tion disposed of through the central markets ranges in the different
sections from 40 to 85 per cent.^" The proportion is highest, about
85 per cent, in the Middle and Central West. Here a large part of
the corn crop is marketed in the form of cattle which are bought or
raised to consume the grain. For the most part these go directly to
the killers. On the other hand, a large proportion of the cattle
shipped annually from the range country, as well as from the Ap-
palachian and contiguous territory, is sold to feeders in the Corn
Belt or in farming sections to the east; these are grass or corn fattened
before reaching the market centers and meet a demand for the better
qualities of beef. American corn-fed beef commands a price premium
in the world markets.

The seven chief primary markets of the Corn Belt — Chicago, Kansas
City, Omaha, East St. Louis, St. Joseph, Sioux City, and St. Paul —
receive the great bulk of the annual shipments. In the years 1916-
1920 the annual receipts at these markets averaged 12,894,000 head,
or 57 per cent of the average receipts of 22,200,000 head at 54
markets. These figures, however, do not adequately show the im-
portance of the large primary markets because of duplication in
reported receipts of cattle at the various centers. With but one
exception, live stock unloaded in transit, for instance, is always
included in receipts. Stockers and feeders appear at least twice
and sometimes more than twice, at different markets, and there is
also some reforwarding of fat cattle. Consequently the slaughter-
ings at these seven markets is a better index of their im-
portance. In the period 1916-1919, 8,894,000 head of cattle, or
70 per cent of the annual average number of cattle slaughtered under
Federal inspection, were butchered at these points.

The average monthly receipts, local slaughter, and stocker and
feeder shipments for the seven leading markets in the Middle West

*« See Report 109, Office of the Secretary, U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1916, p. 10.
6303—22 3

28

UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION.

for 1916-1920, inclusive, are shown in Figure 3. Receipts'^show a
pronounced but logical increase during the fall months, when the
grazing season closes. These curves show the typical seasonal
movement throughout the country east of Denver and north of Fort

Hundreds
of
Thousandb h
(Head)

Fig. 3.— Monthly receipts, local slaughter, and stocker and feeder shipments, 7 markets (1916-1920).

Worth. At the various markets there are minor fluctuations due
to local conditions, but they all show the typical autumnal rise, caused
by heavy shipments of range and other cattle at the close of the sum-
mer grazing season. The receipts at Canadian markets are likewise

CATTLE AND BEEF PRODUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES. 29

heaviest in the fall for the same reason, so that the bulk of the
Canadian shipments during recent years have come at a time when
they swelled the already large domestic marketings.

The local slaughter curve in Figure 3 follows the same general
course as receipts, but shows much less of a rise after July, because
of stocker and feeder shipments from primary markets to farms
and because of an increase in the reforwarding of fat cattle. The
stocker and feeder curve follows the same general course as the
others, but with the difference that it shows a slight rise in March.
This difference is due mainly to the movement back for finishing or
for further finishing of cattle shipped to market mainly from points
north of Oklahoma. The seven markets mentioned handle an annual
average of 2,850,000 stockers and feeders, or 64 per cent of those re-
ported from the 35 markets which are of appreciable importance in
this trade. Kansas City shipped 30 per cent of those handled at
the seven points shown in Figure 3.

In Figure 3 are also shown receipts and local slaughter at Chicago,
the leading cattle market of the world, whose annual cattle slaughter
exceeds the combined slaughter of the two next largest American
markets. Chicago is the ruling domestic market for cattle. At
other markets the prices of cattle usually correspond quite closely
to those at Chicago when difference in shipping costs is taken into
consideration.

MARKET PRICES.

Since 1900 the farm or producer's price of cattle has manifested a
strong upward tendency. In 1905 the farm price of ''cattle other
than milk cows" was $15.15 per head; in 1914 it was $31.13; and in
1919 the peak was reached with $44.22 per head. In 1921 the farm
price, $31.41, was at the pre-war level. Prices of milk cows showed
substantially the same trend.

A number of curves are presented in Figures 4 and 4A to show the
seasonal trend of cattle prices at Chicago, and thus fairly accurately
for the United States in general. The average price for three series
of years, 1903-1908, 1909-1915, and 1916-1920, is charted in the
form of monthly averages for a number of grades of cattle. These
three series of years not only indicate the effect of seasonal market-
ings on seasonal prices, but they also show the price trend during
three distinct phases of the beef trade, (1) 1903-1908, the period of
heavy exports of domestic beef; (2) 1909-1915, when this country
was losing its export trade in the face of increase in population and
decline in production; and (3) 1916-1920, the war years, with their
abnormal demand and price conditions. Domestic and foreign
prices of beef are shown in Figures 7 and 8, opposite pages 78 and 79.

It is important to note that there is a distinct demand for different
types and qualities of live cattle. This diversity in demand, as
well as seasonal variations in supply, results in material price varia-
tions. Furthermore, it has also resulted in an import trade in
certain types of cattle coexistent with an export trade in other types,
i. e., feeders and stockers were a more or less regular item in our
import trade during the period when this country was a heavy
exporter of finished beef cattle.

30

UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSIOlSr.

It will bo noted that stocker and feeder cattle uniformly sell at a
price lower than that of good butcher steers, but in each series of
years the price of stockers and feeders has averaged higher from late
winter to midsummer than during the fall and early winter months.
This is mainly due to the fact that from late winter to midsummer
the animtils which go out for further finishing are relatively few in

Average monthly piicc of cattle, selected grades, Chicago (1903-190S, 191)9-1915, and 1916-1919).

number: they have passed most or all of the whiter on dry feed, and
therefore are worth more to the grazier because of the cheap gains
which can be made on grass during the grazing season soon to open
or at hand. The cattle feeders compete more sharply for them
because the prices of fat cattle for a number of months thereafter!
usually rise fairly steadily, and there is an opportunity to get those.

CATTLE AND BEEF PRODUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES.

31

heavy feeder animals back on the market in better flesh before
prices are forced down by heavy autumn receipts. If put on a
lattening ration these cattk> are usually fed not longer than 90 days;
many are returned to the market in 60 days or less. A large pro-
portion are shipped from o;rass in late summer.

The prices of beef cattle average higher in the summer because
animals fattened in winter are in large part marketed by June. In
summer the main rehance of the butchers, aside from part of the
feeders which mo^'e out to farms for fattening after midwinter and
considerable range receipts from Texas and contiguous territory, is
on animals from limestone areas, where the rich blue-grass pastures
enable graziers to turn off well-finished cattle from grass. These

Prlee per
100 &
pounds
Dollars

Fig. 4A.— Average monthly price of cattle, selected grades, Chicago (1903-1908, 1909-1915, and 191ti-1919).

pastures usually become quite dry after midsummer: this fact

E laces an added premium on well-finished animals prior to the
eginning of heavy autumnal marketings.

In the fall months prices decline with the heavy receipts at the
close of the grazing season. The fall in prices is somewhat influenced
by the lower average (juality of receipts, because a large percentage
of both "native" or farm States and western cattle are thin and are
shipped back to country points for further finishing; these are,
however, available for slaughter if their price is sufficiently favorable.
Detailed price inovements duriru/ and since the war. — With the
abnormal demand for all meats alter 1915, there was a strong up-
ward trend in the market until early in 1919. But rather violent

32 UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION. ^

fluctuations occurred during the entire period. During 1919 and
1920 in particular, the market fluctuations were unprecedented in
extent, owing to changes in export demand which resulted from,
high American prices, unfavorable exchange, desire for cheaper
meats, the decline in European credit, and the desire of Great Britain
to utilize large stocks accumulated in Australasia during the shipping
scarcity subsequent to 1917. More recently, somewhat curtailed
domestic consumption in the 'United States has also been an im-
portant factor in the market. These variations in monthly prices
for individual years are shown in Figure 5.

In this figure will be noted substantially the same narrow seasonal
price variations prior to 1912 as in Figure 4. The effect of diminish-
ing exports and the rising domestic market show very clearly during
and after 1912. The pronounced subsequent rise and the very erratic
market in 1919 and 1920 are also clearly depicted. The influence
of tight money and of forced liquidation late in 1920 is especially
striking, as also is the result of continued heavy marketings in the
face of curtailed demand in 1921.

It should be noted, however, that monthly price averages fail to
show weekly and daily variations which result from temporary con-
ditions of glut or scarcity at the live-stock markets. The price of
live cattle is determined primarily by that of beef, which varies in
response to seasonal rather than purely temporary market conditions.
But unusual variations in supply and demand at the live-stock mar-
kets may temporarily throw cattle quite out of line with wholesale
prices for dressed beef. Unexpected daily or weekly shortage in
receipts at the live-stock market usually results in sharp advances in .
price, to the advantage of the relatively small number of shippers
affected. Such advances, however, are generally followed by heavy
receipts from shippers who hope to share in the rise; the market is
temporarily oversupplied. Prices then swing as far the other way,
to the detriment of a greater number of shippers than the few who
gained previously. In the first case, in order to fill their cooling
rooms, the packers bid actively for many cattle of the feeder type
which usually would be passed by entirely unless the price was quite
low in comparison with the price of animals fit for slaughter. In the
second case all animals not in prime condition for butchering tend
to be cut in price to a point at which the market is sustained by com-
petition between yard traders, speculators, feeder and order buyers,
and packers. To a considerable extent monthly and seasonal vari-
ations in price of live cattle represent a mean of temporary irregulari-
ties which result from the above causes.

CATTLE AND BEEF PRODUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES. 33

trloe per
, 100

louars % i I %

§ ^ £ S g S

Fig. .5.— Average montlily price of 1,200-1,500 pound native beef steers, Chicago, selected years.

34

UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION.

The Beef-Slaughtering and Meat-Packing Industry,
importance of the industry.

This business ranks first in value of products among the industries
of the United States. The census report shows that in 1919 the 1,305
wholesale establishments of the industry turned out products valued
at $4,246,000,000. The total cost of raw materials, principally live
stock, was $3,775,000,000, or 88.8 per cent of the total value of
products. The cost of beeves and calves slaughtered was 37.8 per
cent of the total cost of animals, as compared with 57.4 per cent for
hogs, and 4.8 per cent for sheep, lambs, goats, and kids. In 1914 the
cost of beeves and calves constituted 43 per cent of the total cost of
animals.

Table 10. — Wholesale slaughtering and meat packing — Summary for the industry, 1919

and 1914.

[From the Federal Census; 000 omitted.]

1919

1914

Materials:

Animals slaughtered

Beeves

Calves

Sheep, lambs, goats, and kids .

Hogs

All other materials

Number.

10,818

4,395

13, 523

44, 519

Value.

$3,055,495

1,055,319

95,720

146, 965

1, 757, 491

719, 406

Number.

7,149

2,019

15, 952

34, 442

Total cost.

3,774,901

Value.

$1,199,642

490, 108

27, 623

84,813

597,098

242,021

1,441,663

Products:

Fresh meat-
Beef

Veal

Mutton, lamb, goat, and kid ,

Pork ,

Edible offal and all other fresh meat.

Cured meat —

Beef, pickled and other cured ,

Pork, pickled and other cured

Canned goods

Sausage —

Canned ."

All other

Lard

Lard compounds, and substitutes ,

Oleo oil . - .
Other oils.

Tallow and oleo stock

Oleomargarine '.

Hides and pelts —

Cattle hides

Calfskins

Sheep, lamb, goat, and kid skins.

Fertilisers and fertilizer material .
All other products i

Pounds.

4,932,284
422,928
501,201

2,112,243
516,983

129, 960

4,145,232

305, 943

161,002

629, 701

1,372,550

521,122

Gallons.

20, 339

6,721

Pouvds.

.. 242,084

123, 639

Number.

10,818

3,353

12,244

Tons.

391

Total value .

846,806

83, 884

120, 451

532,075

59,832

28, 360

1,217,420

96,904

27, 985
145,601
415,817
123,724

30, 953
9,153

36, 536
36,778

185,020
24,797
33, 780

18,315
172,099

Pounds.

3,658,334
194,699
629,233

1,877,099
296, 667

91,572

2,929,310

160, 799

74,004

435, 147

1,119,189

396,398

Gallons.

16, 502

6,715

Pounds.

209, 614

60.388

Number.

7,159

1,464

15,917

Tons.

294

4,246,290

421,297
26, 299
74,676

226,535
20, 576

14,395

393,605

26,418

9,845
58,350
120,414
33,037

11,926
4,010

13,733

8,819

69,959
3,513
13, 621

8,737
92,197

1,651,965

1 Includes valae of ammonia, butter, butter reworked, condensed milk, glue, glvcerin, hog hair, ice,
sausi:je casings, scrapple, soap, wool, etc., an 1 amoant received for slaughtering and refrigeration for others, ,

CATTLE PRODUCTS.

In 1919, the production offresh beef was4, 932, 284, 000 pounds, valued
at $846,806,000; of fresh veal, 422,928,000 pounds, $83,884,000; of
pickled or other cured beef, 129,960,000 pounds, $28,360,000; the
production of cattle hides and calfskins was valued at $209,817,000

CATTLE Al^D BEEF PRODUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES, 35

and of tallow and oleo oil at $67,489,000. Table 10 also shows a large
production of canned goods, and of sausage. These doubtless con-
sisted in large part of beef products; cattle products also entered
into the reported production of fertilizer, glue, and casings, while
beef fats entered into the lard compounds and soaps. Of the reported
production of ''canned goods," beef constitutes about 75 per cent.

Dressed beef accounts for about 55 per cent on the average of the
live weight of the animal, and according to the report for 1920 of
one of the largest packers, beef made up 81 per cent of the total money
receipts for cattle products. The most important by-products are
hides, skins, tallow, oleo oil, and oleo stearin.

The census figures for 1919 show that beef and veal sold fresh con-
stituted 95 per cent of the output of beef and veal in all forms; some-
what over half the rest was canned, while pickled and other cured beef
accounted for the remainder.

MARKETING OF CATTLE PRODUCTS.

Approximately 90 per cent of the fresh beef and veal is chilled;
very little is frozen under ordinary conditions, because chilled beef
usually sells at a premium over frozen. Chilled meat, however, is
highly perishable; it must be maintained at temperatures ranging
from 32 to 38 degrees. It is the aim of domestic producers to market
their chilled meats within a few weeks after the animal is slaughtered.
This necessity for quick marketing has been a factor in the develop-
ment of extensive marketing organizations by the large packers,
although the concentration of production has, of course, largely
grown out of the greater efficiency of large scale production and
marketing.

Two general methods of fresh meat distribution have been devel-
oped, (1) the branch house for distribution of meat in the large cities
and towns, and (2) the car route for distribution of meat to small
villages. The large packers own fleets of refrigerator cars in which
fresh meat is shipped directly to the branch houses, of which there
are over 1,200 in the United States. No important city is without
at least one of them. Through the branch house the packers dis-
tribute the meat directly to the retail dealers in the cities. Retail
dealers in the smaller towns get their meat dhectly from the peddler
car which covers a regular route at definite intervals. One of the large
packers has over 500 of such car routes. By these two methods nearly
every part of the country is directly reached. Frozen, pickled, and
canned beef, and beef by-products, such as hides, tallow, oleo oil,
oleo stearin, bones, and fertilizer, are marketed much more slowly
than fresh beef, often not for several months after the slaughter of
the animals.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF THE INDUSTRY.

The beef-packing industr}^ was formerly concentrated in the East
near the centers of consumption. The live animals were driven or
shipped for slaughter from the West and Middle West to the East.
With the development of artificial refrigeration, especially of the re-
frigerator car, which made possible the long-distance shipment of

36 UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION.

fresh meat and the economies which the shipment of the meat entailed
as compared with the shipment of the live animal, the industry-
shifted to the great producing sections. In 1914, Illinois, Kansas,
Nebraska, Missouri, and Texas produced over 2,000,000,000 pounds
of fresh beef, 58 per cent of the national production.

The cattle-slaughtering industry is of two types: (1) The large
slaughtering plants located in the important stockyard market
centers, such as .Chicago, Kansas City, Omaha, East St. Louis, Jersey
City, Fort Worth, and St. Paul. The products of these plants enter
largely into interstate commerce and are therefore subject to Federal
inspection. These plants take care of the bulk of the meat business
of the country. In 1920 approximately 70 per cent of the total num-
ber of cattle slaughtered were butchered under Federal inspection in
the large marketing centers.

(2) The numerous small plants which supply a purely local demand
for meat by slaughtering cattle that are produced in the vicinity.
These plants are scattered over the country wherever there is a local
supply of meat animals and a substantial local demand for meat.
Their products are limited to intrastate markets because they do not
have Federal inspection. The slaughter of cattle in these plants and
on farms makes up somewhat less than one-third of the total.
Such small establishments usually have an advantage over the large
packer in that they have a shorter haul for their cattle and for
their products. But lacking sufficient volume of business they can
not afford to utilize the by-products to the extent that the large packer
can. The latter employs highly developed processes which permit a
virtually complete transformation of raw material to finished or inter-
mediate products. These products in turn are essential ingredients
in innumerable further products.

DISTRIBUTION OF THE OWNERSHIP OF THE INDUSTRY.

A report of the Federal Trade Commission on meat packing shows
that in this industry there is a high degree of concentration of control
under five large concerns. According to the report 81 per cent of the
cattle and 74 per cent of the calves slaughtered under Federal inspec-
tion in the year ended June 30, 1917, were handled by these five com-
panies. Only one other packer handled as much as 1 per cent. This
marked concentration of control is of interest if it be remembered that
these companies have large plants in foreign countries. As they con-
trol the bulk of the beef output of the surplus-producing countries,
the large packers conduct an international business, and therefore
they may be in the position of exporters of meat and cattle products
to the United States from their foreign plants. Thus reports ^^ for
1918 and 1919 show that American firms control approximately two-
thirds of the meat exports of Argentina and Uruguay and that they
own about 75 per cent of the packing houses built or building in
Brazil. 2^ Only one of the five American interests is not substantially
represented in South America. The large American packers also
have extensive producing and distributing interests in Australasia,
Canada, and Great Britain. ^^

2' U. S. Commerce Report, Mar. 13, 1920, p. 1471.

28 Interim report on meat, prepared by a subcommittee appointed by the standing committee entrusts,
London, NovemV>er, 1920, p. 12.

29 Report of Federal Trade Commission, The Meat Packing Industry, Pt. I, pp. 186-199.

CATTLE A^B BEEF PRODUCTIOiSr IjST THE UNITED STATES. 37

Foreign trade of the United States: Cattle, Beef, Beef Fats,
AND Competing Meats and Fats.

general review.

During the thirty-odd years preceding 1908 the United States con-
tributed the bulk of the world exports of beef and of butcher cattle.
These products formerly constituted one of the principal items of
our export trade. Reference has already been made to the fact that
dating from 1907, the rise in beef prices was accompanied by a marked
decline in the total domestic production as well as the total and per
capita consumption of beef and veal.^" Notwithstanding this falling
off in the domestic demand, the reduction in production between
1907 and 1915 was so great as to cause a progressive decline in the
amount available for export, and temporarily to add the United
States to the list of countries dependent in some measure upon for-
eign supplies. An import balance first appeared in 1913. It
reached appreciable proportions in 1914, but was greatly reduced
in 1915, when the influence of the war began to make itself felt.
An export balance reappeared from 1916 to 1919 inclusive, but a
small excess of imports again appeared in the fiscal years 1920 and
1921. The disturbed conditions which prevailed in the cattle trade
during these two years suggest caution in drawing conclusions from
recent changes, but, speaking broadly, the pre-war trend toward a
deficiency of beef has been resumed.

Figure 1 (p. IV) is a graphic presentation of the foregoing. Be-
cause of the proximity of Canadian and Mexican supplies, and also
because of the trade in different classes of cattle and of beef, the
United States has maintained both an import and export trade.
Figure 1 shows net exports or net imports in the different years.
Detailed figures showing changes in American import and export
trade in cattle and beef since 1900 are presented in the following
table :

3« See Table 3, p. 9.

38

UNITED STATES TAEIFF COMMISSION.

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39

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42 UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION.

It will be noted that total exports of beef, and of the beef equiva-
lent "^ of cattle exported, amounted to 764,409,000 pounds in 1906,
or about 10 per cent of the probable domestic production. The
bulk of these exports went to Great Britain. Imports, which con-
sisted almost entirely of Mexican cattle, amounted to only 1.5 per
cent of the exports. The precipitate decline in domestic production
during the next few years left an export total, largely of beef, of only
54,988,000 pounds in 1913, while the import total rose to 163,659,000
pounds, with practically all imports entering as live cattle from
Mexico. Owing to the free entry for cattle and beef after October
3, 1913, to the turmoil in Mexico, and to feed shortages in the United
States, imports totaled 505,422,000 pounds ^- in 1914, while exports
were still further reduced. It should be further noted that instead
of the usual preponderance of live cattle, 35 per cent (178,387,000
pounds) of the 1914 imports entered in the form of beef. In 1915
total exports rose to 280,027,000 pounds, with only 1 per cent in the
form of live cattle, while total imports declined to 427,232,000 pounds,
with an unprecedented amount, 184,519,000 pounds, or 43 per cent, in
the form of beef. After 1915, with an excess of domestic production,
imports of fresh and cured beef declined precipitately, and from 1916
to 1919, inclusive, the Unij:.ed States went on an average annual
export basis to the extent of 211,000,000 pounds, almost entirely of
fresh and cured beef. A large part of this net export balance was
made possible by imports of live animals from Mexico and particu-
larly from Canada.

The large imports during the first two years of free entry under
the tariff act of October 3, 1913, were not entirely due to the removal
of the duty. As a matter of fact, domestic prices of beef and cattle
were higher in 1913 and 1914 than at any time during the preceding
half century. Seasonal factors had greatly accentuated the steady
decline in production; several more or less widespread droughts had
occurred from 1911 to 1913, and severe frost damage affected the
corn crop in 1914; there were relatively short harvests of corn and
some other feedstuff's during several years between 1911 and 1915,^^
and prices rose materially. The average weight of beeves slaughtered
in 1914 was over 30 pounds per head less than in 1912, and a large
part of the sudden increase in imports for 1914 and 1915, particularly
of dressed beef, probably resulted from this unusual though temporary
shortage in the domestic supply. Subsequent to 1915, the beef
equivalent of imports of live cattle formed over 80 per cent of the
total imports of beef — a natural consequence of the enormous corn
and hay crops normally harvested in the United States. A discussion
of the different phases of this varied trade follows.

EXPORTS OF CATTLE.

Of the exported products of the beef and cattle industry, live cattle
constituted a large proportion for many decades prior to 1900 and
for some years thereafter. It will be noted in Table 11 that the peak
was reached in 1904 with exports of 593,409 head. Sixty-five per

" Tilt U, sittlc in terms of beef according to conversions shown at the foot of Table 11, p. 38. TheEO
conversions will be noted, by years, in lines 3 and 4. Totals of beef and beef equivalent of live cattle
are shown in lines 9 and 10.

32 These and foregoing figures do not include beef fats, of which the United States has remained a heavy
■exporter. (See Table 11, j). 40.)

" For conditions in western Kansas see Breeder's Gazette, Nov. 3, 1921, p. 619.

I

CATTLE AND BEEF PRODUCTION IF THE UNITED STATES. 43

cent of the exports went to the United Kingdom. They were well
finished, moderately heavy animals of the type desired for slaughter
in that market. From 1906 on there was a rapid decline; by 1914
our exports of live cattle to that country had ceased. The same was
virtually true of exports to England from all other countries but
Ireland. Live animals were replaced by chilled and frozen beef
shipped chiefly from Argentina and Australasia. Between 1913 and
1919 our total cattle exports ranged from 5,000 to about 42,000 head,
mainly to Canada and Mexico, and nearly all of the shipments to
Canada consisted of breeding stock, principally dairy cows. In the
fiscal year 1920 exports rose to 93,000 head, mainly southwestern
animals shipped into Mexico, partly for slaughter and partly to
restock some of the ranches previously denuded of live stock.^* In
1921 the number exported was 146,000 head, most of which went to
Mexico,, Cuba, and the West Indies. In the calendar year 1921
exports of cattle amounted to 196,533 head, of which nearly 80 per
cent went to Mexico and Cuba, mainly medium to low grade animals
for slaughter. About 20 per cent of this export total went to Great
Britain; nearly all of the cattle were shipped to the latter market
prior to June 1, as the emergency tariff act went into efl^ect May 28.
Breeding animals of registered strains, sent mainly to South
America, have formed an appreciable item in the relatively small
exports of recent years, and this trade, encouraged by the Govern-
ment and by cattle breeders' associations, may develop a valuable
market for pure breds. But except for the relatively small shipments
of breeding stock, and some sales of medium to low grade butcher
stock to West Indian customers, the former American export trade
in beef cattle seems to have virtually ceased, save as Mexico continues
to draw on southwestern herds until her own ranches are restocked.

EXPORTS OF BEEF AND CATTLE PRODUCTS.

Of beef products, ^ likewise, our exports rapidly declined. In

1901, a record year, the total was 434,258,000 pounds, of which

fresh beef and veal constituted 81 per cent; in 1907 the total was

361,160,000 pounds, of which fresh beef and veal constituted 78

per cent. Over 90 per cent of this export trade went to the United

Kingdom, a market which was soon supplied by the rapidly expanded

surplus of South America and by Australasia. Thus in the fiscal years

1913 and 1914 total exports averaged only 36,500,000 pounds, of

I which only about 20 per cent consisted of fresh meat, largely shipped

I to Panama. Beginning with 1915 the American exports of fresh

I beef and veal again became an important factor in the European

supply, reaching the new record of 370,000,000 pounds in the fiscal

I year 1918, when total exports of fresh and prepared beef amounted

to 514,341,529 pounds. About 80 per cent went to the United

Kingdom. But with postwar readjustment and liquidation, exports

of fresh beef as swiftly declined, and for the fiscal year 1921 they were

only 21,084,203 pounds out of a total of 55,182,000 pounds of fresh

and prepared beef.

' See Table 1, pp. 89-91, for number and value of cattle exported by years, 1910-1920.
^ Fresh, canned, pickled, and other cured beef.

6303—22 4

44 UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION.

From the foregoing it would seem that the smaller and somewhat
specialized trade in canned, pickled, and other cured beef has been
better maintained than that in fresh beef. Between 1910 and 1914
exports of pickled and other cured beef ranged from 23,000,000 to
40,000,000 pounds; they rose to 54,000,000 in 1918 and reacted to
25,000,000 pounds in the calendar year 1921. Of canned beef,
exports ranged between 3,000,000 and 15,000,000 pounds in the period
1910-1914; owing to war exigencies the peak was reached in 1918
with over 97,000,000 pounds, but m 1921 shipments fell to 6,077,000
pounds. The shipments of cured, pickled, and canned beef have
been distributed among most of the countries of the world. Great
Britain being the largest single customer.

Exports of beef fats, i. e., tallow and its derivatives, oleo oil, and
oleo stearin, have also receded. Shipments of tallow declined from
nearly 128,000,000 pounds in 1907 to less than 16,000,000 pounds in
1914 and have since been maintained at about this level. Exports
of oleo oil were 195,000,000 pounds in 1907; but declined to 139,000,-
000 pounds in 1911 and to 93,000,000 pounds in 1913. They averaged
less than 80,000,000 thereafter until 1921, when exports rose to
128,000,000 pounds.

In hides, the last major product of the cattle industry, the United
States has been upon an import, basis for many years. For some
time it has imported about 35 per cent of its supply. If consumption
is maintamed at its present rate, there is virtually no prospect of a
sufficient domestic production.

IMPORTS OF BEEF AND BEEF PRODUCTS.

During the pre-war period, when exports of fresh beef were large,
imports were insignificant. They did not reach 1,000,000 pounds a
year until 1912, and resulted chiefly from a border trade with Canada.
In 1913 the total import amounted to only 4,229,000 pounds; in
1914 it rose to 178,387,000 pounds, and in 1915 to 184,520,000
pounds, coining chiefly from Argentina and Australasia in response
to more or less temporary domestic shortages which resulted from
restricted feed supplies. Veal was imported from Canada in 1915 to
the amount of only 1,690,000 pounds. Reference has already been
made to the fact that the domestic production of veal has been
better maintained than that of beef, and to the further fact that veal
is chiefly a by-product' of the dairy industry. With the return of the
United States to an export basis, imports of beef and veal greatly
declined, averaging less than 40,000,000 pounds annually during
the last six vears. Annual domestic exports exceeded them many-
fold until 1921.

Of other forms of foreign cattle products, imports have been
insignificant, although imports of beef fats, almost exclusively tallow
and oleo stearin, have tended to increase. They consist chiefly of
inedible fats, such as are rendered from butchers' scraps, and are
used for soap making in the United States. There is a small domestic
shortage of such fats, although much larger amounts of the better,
grades of fats are being exported each year.

CATTLE AND BEEF PRODUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES. 45

IMPORTS OF CATTLE— QUA RANTINE REGULATIONS.

In the United States, as well as in many other countries, the
importation of live cattle is subject to quarantine regulations ^^ in
order to protect domestic live stock from contagious animal diseases.
Except as applied to Canada and Mexico, whence large numbers of
cattle are received for slaughter or for grazing or feeding before
slaughter, and to which more lenient treatment is accorded, these
regulations, in addition to cost of shipping, virtually prohibit entry
for slaughter and greatly deter entry of high-priced pure-bred stock
from most countries. When cattle from any country are held in
quarantine it is at the expense of the owner or importer for feed
and care. Although these regulations do not apply to cattle for
immediate slaughter, only Canada and Mexico are in a position to
profit by the exemption.

Two distinct classes of cattle are recognized in the import returns,
as well as in the tariff acts. One class, consisting of breeding stock,
forms a relatively unimportant numerical proportion of the receipts.
Nearly all of the imports fall in the second group, i. e., animals
brought in for slaughter, feeding, or grazing. This class, the meat
equivalent of which constitutes the great bulk of the imports of beef
and veal, comes exclusively from Canada and Mexico.

Subject to the quarantine regulations, registered animals of a
recognized breed brought in by a citizen of this country for breeding
purposes have been exempt from duty since 1883 and have been
extensively used for improving domestic herds. Between 1910 and
1914 the cattle imported duty free, almost entirely for breeding,
numbered about 2,500 head. Great Britain sent approximately

36 Under the quarantine act of Feb. 2, 1903, the Secretary of Agriculture is authorized to make
such regulations and take such measures as he may deem proper to prevent the introduction or dissemi-
nation of any otitagious, infectious, or communicable disease of animals from a foreign country into the
United States. Enforcement of the lav.- lies with the Bureau of Animal Industry, which has fixed the
conditions under which cattle may be imported from various countries.

With the exception of imports for immediate slaughter at port of entry which may be imported without
quarantine but subject to other regulations of the Bureau of Animal Industry, all cattle imported into
the United States from any part of the world, except the countries of North America, Great Britain, Ire-
land, and the Channel Islands, are subject to a quarantine of not less than 90 days, counting from the date
of shipment, i. e., date of clearance of the vessel bringing the animals to the United States. In the case
of imports from Great Britain, Ireland, and the Channel Islands the period of quarantine after arrival at
the quarantine station is fixed at not less than 30 days. Permits from the Secretary of Agriculture are
necessary for importations from any part of the world except Canada and Mexico.

Cattle"entering from Canada for'breeding purposes and milk production, 6 months old or over, must
be inspected and must be accompanied by a certificate signed bv a Canadian official veterinarian, stating
that, after careful physical examination on the premises, no evidence of tuberculosis or other contagious
disease was found, arid that no contagious disease has existed in the district where the animal? have been
kept for a period of 6(i days previous to date. Such cattle must also have been properly tuberculin tested
within 60 days of date of importation or must be detained in quarantine after arrival and so tested by the
inspector of the Bureau of Animal Industry. Cattle imnorted for grazing and feeding must be inspected
and must be accampanicd by a certificate signed by a Canadian official veterinarian stating that no con-
tagious disease affecting cattle, except tuberculosis," has existed in the district in which the animals have
been kept for 60 days preceding date of importation. Cattle of a dairy or breeding type, unless consigned
for immediate slaughter, may be detained in quarantine for such period as the inspector deems necessary,
but not less than three days', at expense of the owner or importer, for rigid inspection and the tubercuhn
test. Cattle imported for slaughter must be inspected.

All cattle imported from Mexico or other countries below the southern cattle quarantin? line must be
insjiected at port of entry and found free from disease. No cattle may be imported for any purpose from
a tick-infested into a tick-free area of the United States. Cattle for breeding, milk production, grazing, or
feeding can only be imported into a tick-free area when accompanied by a proper affidavit certifying among
other things as" lo their freedom from t ieks and contagious, infectious, or communicable disease and freedom
from contact with diseased aiid lick-infested cattle during the previous 60 days, either in their h^me dis-
trict or en route. All tick-infested cattle must be accompanied by an affidavit which certifies, among other
things, as to freedom from contagious, infectious, or communicable disease other than ticks and freedom
from c jntacl with such other cattle during the previous 60 days, either in home district or en route. When
not so certified, the cattle must be detained in quarantine at expense of owner or imiiorter for such time
as may be nccassary to determine eligibility for entry as shown by rigid inspection and tuberculin test if
necessary. For greater details of these regulations see" Bureau of Animal Indu'^try Order 266, United States
'Deoartment of Agriculture, effective Sept. 1, 1919, promulgated pursuant to certain acts of Congress
embodied in 26 Statutes 414, 32 Statutes 791, and 3-i Statutes 1240, and superseding previous regulations
on the same subject.

46 UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION.

80 per cent of the pre-war imports; and her shipments continued
throughout the war, though in greatly diminished numbers. In
1920 they numbered 1,301 head, with an average value of S451.
Some breeding stock is also received from Canada. These are mainly
dairy animals.

Nearly all of the imports, therefore, consist of animals brought in
for immediate or almost immediate slaughter. Table 11 shows that
such imports steadily increased after 1907, coincident with the reduc-
tion in the cattle herds of the United States and the rapid falling off
in the exports of live cattle. Prior to 1914 these imports were almost
exclusively low-priced stocker and feeder animals from Mexico."
They were generally grazed in the Southwestern States for a consider-
able time before slaughter. Internal troubles in Mexico were almost
entirelv responsible for the gain in imports from that country —
from 92,000 head in 1908 to 425,000 in the fiscal year 1913. How-
ever, with the rapid advance in prices of cattle, Canadian stockmen
also began to export more animals to this country, even prior to the
passage of the act of 1913.

In the fiscal year 1914, favored by free entry under the tariff act
of October 3, 1913, a record total of 872,000 live cattle entered the
United States; 75 per cent of these came from Mexico. Subse-
quently, despite the absence of the duty, the imports materially
declined, mainly in shipments from Mexico — from 625,253 head in
1914 to 20,184 in 1921. The internal disorders of Mexico and the
heavy shipments to the States nearly divested that country of live
stock. The imports from Canada, consisting largely of feeder ani-
mals,^* although irregular in volume, on the whole were maintained
or increased, until they came to constitute nearly all of the receipts.'
Canada furnished 70 per cent of our total imports of cattle in 1919,
87 per cent in 1920, and 93 per cent in 1921. The United States
market evidently furnished a profitable outlet for the Canadian
stockmen, though the heavy receipts in 1919-1921 suggest a con-
siderable degree of liquidation of Canadian war-time increases,
rather than a normal importation under conditions of free entry.

Imports and exports of all meats and fats.

In connection with the exports and imports already discussed,
Table 1 1 also presents statistics on the exports and imports of other
meats and meat products and fats other than those derived from
cattle. Separate statistics are given because during the past 15
years other meats and fats have been, and they are now, an impor-
tant factor in our export trade. Furthermore, to a considerable
extent other meats are interchangeable with beef and affect the
prices of that product. This is particularly true in the case of pork.

" Of the 421,849 cattle imported in 1913, over 420,000 were dutiable. Of these 93 per cent came from
Mexico.

^' During the calendar year 1919, 40 per cent of the imports came through the Dakota customs distric^
33 per cent through lUilTalo, s.', per cent through Arizona, 5 per cent through the St. l^awrence district, and
4 per cent through San Antonio. The average value of the cattle imported at Buffalo was $100, the highest
at any port. According to the best estimates available, those imported through Buffalo were largely fat
cattle for immediate slaughter, while the rest were chiefly feeders and stockers, a IVw were for breeding pur-
poses, and some were dairy cows. The average value of those coming across the Dakota frontier was $99,
and a large majority of these were feeder cattle. It was estimated that 90 per cent of the Canadian animals
received at South s't. Paul wore stockers and feeders, most of the remainder being for immediate slaughter.
The low average value of those coming in from Mexico— $29 for Arizona, $32 for San Antonio, and $30 for
El Paso— indicates that the animals coming from that Si)urce are mainly light cattle for feeding.

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CATTLE AND BEEF PRODUCTIOiSr IN THE UNITED STATES. 47

Pork is upon an export basis, and exports of meats other than
beef are pork and pork products almost exclusively. It will be
noted in Table 11 that the outward movement of pork declined
from 1907 until 1915, but to a far less extent than that of beef,
while exports of pork and pork products gained far more than beef
after 1915. From 1916 to 1919 they increased from 1,001,402,000
pounds to 1,964,518,000 pounds, and each year marked a new record.
Exports of all animal fats, chiefly lard, were continuously higher,
often far above either beef or pork, until 1915, and from 191 i to 1914,
inclusive, exceeded those of all meats. Exports of fats declined
from 1915 until 1918 inclusive, largely because of domestic demand
for them in the manufacture of explosives, and the loss of the German
market owing to the war. These details are shown graphically in
Figure 6 which shows that net exports of meats and fats declined
until in 1914 fats alone entered into the net export figure; i. e.,
imports of all meats exceeded exports of all meats, leaving only
fats as net exports. In other words, the United States had been
steadily approaching the point where a duty on meats would have
tended to raise the price in this country. As that point was reached
the duty on live stock and meats was removed.

Table 11 also shows the imports of cattle hides, calfskins, and sheep
and pig skins, including for the first three named those which entered
on the live animals. These are presented to show the competition
in the principal by-products between the foreign and domestic pro-
ducer. Reexports in the form of leather or finished goods are heavy. ^^

Foreign Production.

Foreign countries which compete with domestic producers in sup-
plying our markets with cattle and cattle products fall into three
classes: (1) Those which export principally live cattle for slaughter;
(2) those which export beef; and (3) those which export breeding
animals. Canada and Mexico are the principal sources of imports
of live cattle for slaughter. Argentina, Australia, New Zealand, Can-
ada, Uruguay, and to a less extent Brazil, are the most important
sources for exports of beef and cattle products. Great Britain is
the main source for breeding animals. The following brief discus-
sion gives data concerning conditions of production in these coun-
tries, especially in Canada and Mexico, virtually the only sources of
live cattle available for slaughter in the United States, and in Argen-
tina and Australasia, the chief sources of dressed beef.

Table 12 indicates the countries with which the domestic producer
must compete, and shows the number of cattle in the principal beef-
exporting countries for a series of years, exports of beef and cattle,
and the exports of beef and cattle to the United States. Exports
of beef and cattle from the United States are added to show the
contrast between our own export decline and the export gains ot
the principal competing countries. Argentina shows the largest
increase in export trade. No pronounced absolute increase has come

» In 1920, the total value of exports of cattle and cattle products, including hides, was $95,000,000 as against
imiiorts valued at $243,000,000. But of the imports, hides amounted to $189,000,000 leaving $54,0iX),0OO
,1 for imports of live cattle and beef products. The total value of exports of cattle and cattle iiroducts
oih r than hides (canned, fresh, and pickled beef, oleooil, and tallow) in 1920 amounted to $s7.000,(X)0 compared
with imports ot $54,000,000. This excess of exports over imports ($33,000,000) was due mainly to net
exports of fats derived from ca(ile.(Sec Table 11, p. 3s.) Exports of leather and leather manufacturas
(largely produced from cattle hides) amounted to $292,030,000 in 1920.

II

48

UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION,

from the other surplus-producing regions. In this connection it
should also be noted that Argentina and Australasia supplied about
90 per cent of the world's exports of chilled and frozen beef in 1914.
It may be further noted that the increased contributions from export-
ing countries amount to only a fraction of the loss in the world
supply caused by the great decrease in the production of the United
States between 1907 and 1914, but that virtually all this American
decline was offset by the decrease in domestic consumption. The
supplies available for other countries were but little affected.

Table 12. — Cattle and heef industry, by countries.

Country and year.

Total

number of

cattle.

Export

Exports to the United

States.!

Pounds of beef.

Number
of cattle.

Pounds of
beef.

Number
of cattle.

Australia: ^

1910

11,744,714

109,427,528
108, 786, 417
142,210,076
218,918,606
292,066,489
114,676,104
242,081,686
180,249,301
3134,388,240

3,745
9,964
16,083
14, 605
10, 342
5,857
2,977
1,339

191 1

1912

1913

11,483,882
11,051,573
9,931,316
10,467,737
11,956,024

1914

19,858,526
10,482,128

1915

1916

1917

201,641

.569, 0.53

719, 575

2, 416, 978

1918

1919

11,040,000

1920

New Zealand: <

1906

1,810,936
1,851,750
1,816,299
1,773,326

15, 508, 600
32,081,-500
35,414,700
37,333,000
47,893,000
60,002,200
21,062,900
26,088,000
32, 559, 300
71,628,900
75,093,800
100,868,900
88,298,200
80,451,200

« 1,318, 397

974,411

948,771

1,570,979

13, 133, 205

18,828,257

47,422,564

45, 546, 176

86, 565, 100

127,810,300

110,047,800

8 685,702,000
8 732,458,000

8 848,471,000

9 871,405,000
1,045,071,000
1, 095, 017, 000
1,352,916,000

971,769,000

477

1907

1908

1909

1910

1911

2,020,171

371
379
273

401
388
297
357
402

1912

1913

1914

8.59,040

1,602,250

5,089

12, 949

1915

1916

2,417,491
2, 575, 230
2, 869, 465
3,035,478

5 6,859,000
6, 533, 000
6, 432, 000
6,656,000
6,037,000
6, 066, 000
6, 594, 000
7,920,000
10,046,000
10,085,000
9,477,000

'29,124,000

1917

1918

1919

Canada:

1910

157,386
124, 923
61,517
44, 296
218,929
185, 903
241, .560
166,281
191,356
311,496
518, 352

3 261,416
3 224,911
8 115,556

« 48, 503

1,957

5,711

19, 474

12,637,839

17,036,698

9, 433, 072

10,039,593

12, 672, 200

33,770,300

34,619,100

12, 210

1911

7,576

1912

9,807

1913

28, 268

1914

206, 446

1915

183, 652

1916

227, 184

1917

164, 115

1918

189,226

1919

308, 562

1920

502, 588

Argentina:

1913

25,867,000

132,806,000
88, 865, 000
20,369,000
15,108,000
89, 866, 000
19,107,000

i» 1, 371, 890

1915

1917

27,050,000

1919

1920

1 In this column are given imports into the United States for fiscal years from countries named, except
for Canada and Argentina. (See notes 6 and 9.)

» Australian Year Book, 1917-18.

» Supplement to Commerce Reports 63B, Dec. 2, 1920.

* New Zealand Year-book. 1919.

' Canadian Year Book and Monthly Bulletin of Agricultural Statistics.

« For fiscal years ended March 30, Monthly Report of Trade of Canada.

' Year Book, U. S. Department of Agriculture.

8 Ar'-'entine-year Book.

« 1914-1917, Anuario del Comercio Exterior de la Republica Argentina; 1917-1919, Boletin Mensual dc
Estadislica Agricola.

" Fiscal year, imports Into United States. From Argentina, from Commerce Reports.

CATTLE AND BEEF PRODUCTION IN" THE UNITED STATES. 49

Table 12. — Cattle and beef industry , by countries — Continued.

Country and year.

Total

number of

cattle.

Exports.

Exports to the United
States.

Pounds of beef. N^^f^t-f;

Pounds of
beef.

Number
of cattle.

Uruguay:

1908

"8,193,000

i
11 114,335,627 :» 171,390
119,3.59,910 : 202,8.58
135,927,2.59 143,934
134,449,738 | 65,100
129,172,585 1 77,444
16.5,583,538 j 87,916
177,478,677 1 33,104
226,876,488 1 25, .537
166,937,603 ' 84.697

1909

1910 2

1911

1912

1913

1914

25, 902, 732
13, 802, 565
192,229
86,662
13, 120
15,990
187, 441

1915

1916

7,803,000

1917

175,031,571
121,207,806

74,786

1918

1919

1920

United States:

1910

61,804,000

127, 405, 575

93,618,984

64,378,6.58

40,059,655

33,125,111

277,558,938

320,132,447

322, 766, 893

521,844,093

485, 730, 477

217,110,962

139, 430

1.50, 100

105, .506

24,714

18,376

5,484

21,287

13,387

18,213

42,. 345

93, 039

"3 188, 114

1911

"177,735
"315 187

1912

1913

"391 477

1914 :

56,592,666

12 57, .539, 975
12 8,676,776

"625,253
"346,004
" 197 788

1915

1916

1917

13 183' 827

1918

" 105, 470

1919

68, 563, 000
68,232,000

" 82 340

1920

" 82 760

11 Anuario Estadistica Agricola.

12 Reexports of beef, in pounds, from United Kingdom.
" Cattle, number of head, from Mexico.

CANADA.

There is no sharp natural division between the cattle industry
north and south of the international boundary. Both are parts of
one production unit, and important factors that have affected the
United States have similarly affected the Canadian industry. The
Canadian, like the American cattle industry, has felt the pressure of
the extension of grain growing, and ranges have been cut up by the
barbed wire fences of homesteaders. In common with other farm
industries, cattle raising has been affected by the demand for labor
in the cities in Canada as well as in the United States. Previous to the
World War the number of beef cattle had failed to keep pace wdth
the increase in population. The comparative size of the beef cattle
industry in the two countries is indicated by the number of cattle.
In 1919, there were 6,500,000 cattle, other than milch cows, in Canada,
or about one-seventh of the number in this country. However,
there were practically twice as many cattle per 1,000 population'*''
in Canada as in the United States.

Methods of raising beef cattle in Canada are in many respects
similar to those in the northern part of the United States. Range or
semiran^e conditions prevail in the West while the mixed farming
method is predominant in the East.

Nearly all of the cattle are kept in two distinct sections, the eastern
Provinces of Ontario and Quebec and the prairie Provinces of Alberta,
Saskatchewan, and Manitoba. In 1919, Ontario had 1,786,000;
Quebec, 1,213,000; Alberta, 1,247,000; Saskatchewan, 1,006,000;

" See Table 22, p. 82.

50 UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION.

and Manitoba, 554,000 cattle. Although the number in the two
sections was approximately equal, the population in the eastern
Provinces is more than three times that in the prairie Provinces, and
in the West there is a much larger surplus of cattle for export.

In the western Provinces there are three general methods of pro-
ducing beef — the ranching, the semiranching, and the mixed farming
systems.^^ Under the ranching system the range is divided into
winter and summer grazing areas. The winter range, protected in
summer from grazing and fires, is depended upon to carry the unsold
stock over the winter. Stocks of native hay are provided against
necessity. As in the United States, ranches have been largely cut
down by the inroads of settlers who have preempted the watering
places and cut up the ranges with barbed-wire fences. Consequently
more cattle are being raised under a semiranching system. In the
northern part of the prairie Provinces there are large areas of rough,
broken land lying near the great wheat sections. These areas are well
supplied with water and nutritious grasses. Comparatively large
herds are run under fence in the summer, are provided with rough
shelters or natural brush or bluff protection during the winter, and
are fed oats and barley chop, wheat screenings, wheat and oat straw,
and native hay during the cold season. The cattle are shipped off
grass in the fall for slaughter or export, or are sometimes moved into
the grain districts of the prairie Provinces or eastward for fattening.

The mixed farming system is followed in many parts of Manitoba,
Saskatchewan, and in northern and central Alberta. Cattle are being
produced in increasing numbers in order to save the prairie farms
from rapid deterioration caused by the exclusive production of wheat. .
In these sections small herds are run on cultivated or native pastures
and are given barnyard care in winter. With the rapid settling of the
country, large quantities of oats and barley are produced, the value
of which is lowered by the heavy freight charges from far inland points.
Much of this grain, together with large amounts of roughage produced .
on the farms, can be economically fed to cattle. However, there is
not much winter fattening in western Canada. Nearly all that is
done is on general farms.

In central Canada, especially in Ontario, there is considerable rais-
ing and fattening of beef cattle. In these general farming sections
two systems prevail. One is found in districts where the land is
valuable and close to large markets, and is similar to much of the
production in the United States east of the range country. Milk is
an important product; the cows are milked and the calves are raised
largely on skim milk. Where land is cheaper and markets more dis-
tant, the calves are run with the cows, which therefore need not be
copious milkers. This system parallels that used in more isolated
and rougher areas in the eastern and central parts of the United States.

In the East cattle raised on the farms, in a much larger proportion
than is the case in the West, are marketed as fat slaughter cattle.
The feeding and fattening of stocker and feeder cattle from the west-
ern Provinces is also an extensive industry. But the feeding industry
does not remotely approai^h in extent or importance that of our
Corn Belt, where the corn crop affords a great advantage. In eastern
Canada, ensilage, cut straw, grain chop, clover hay, and pulped roots

« Pamphlet 20, Dominion Livestock Branch, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, August, 1916.

I

CATTLE AND BEEF PRODUCTIOlSr IE" THE UNITED STATES.

51

are fed. Oil cake, cottonseed meal, and gluten meal are bought for
the final three or four weeks of feeding. Practically all of the oil
cake and meal imported comes from the United States.

THE SLAUGHTERING INDUSTRY.

Table 13 compares the slaughtering industry in Canada with that
in the United States. The census reports for 1919 show 82 slaugh-
tering and meat packing plants in Canada. Twenty-eight were in
Ontario and 15 in Quebec. Manitoba had 7, British Columbia 6, and
Alberta 7. The value of products of the Canadian plants was about
5^ per cent of that of the total products of the industry in the United
States. Canadian production of fresh and cured beef and veal
amounted to 350,000,000 pounds or 6.4 per cent of the amount pro-
duced in this country.

In the United States in 1920, 12,667,000 cattle and calves were
slaughtered under Federal inspection and 9,172,000 otherwise. In
comparison, 832,000 were slaughtered under Dominion inspection
in the same year. The most important stockyards and slaughtering
plants are located at Toronto, Montreal, Winnipeg, and Calgary.
In 1920, 44 per cent of the cattle were slaughtered in Ontario, 29 per
cent in Quebec, and 13 per cent in Alberta, Saskatchewan, and British
Columbia. These figures show the predominance of the East in the
slaughtering industry.

As in the United States, there is a tendency toward coficentration
i*i ownership of the large slaughtering plants and stockyards of
Canada. Several of the large American packing companies have
extensive interests there.

Table 13. — Comparison of the wholesale slaughtering and meat packing industries of the
United States and Canada, 1919, especially with respect to cattle products.

United States. i

Canada. 2

United States.'

Canada .2

Number of plants. . .
Total cost of all ma-

1,305

$3,774,901,000

10,818,000
$1,055,319,000

4,395,000
$95,720,000

$4,246,290,000

4,932,284,000
$846,806,000

422,928,000
$83,884,000

129, 960, 000
$28,360,000

82

$175,134,000

694,000
$57,558,000

200,000
3,711,000

$233,937,000

317,468,000
$57,582,000

20,310,000
$3,698,000

12,105,000
$2,203,000

Oleo oil:

Gallons

20,339,000
$30,953,000

242,084,000
$36,536,000

123,639,000
$36,778,000

10,818,000
$185,020,000

3,353,000
$24,797,000

1,791,000

$753 000

Beeves slaughtered:

Number

Cost

Tallow and oleo
stock:
Pounds

14, 220, 000

Calves slaughtered:

Value

$2,055,000
10,084,000

Number

Cost ...

Oleomargarine:
Pounds. .

Total value of all

Value

$2,655,000

products

Cattle hides:

Number

Value ....

Fresh beef:
Pounds.. .

581,000
$9, 649, 000

Value

Calf:

Number

Fresh veal:

169,000
$1,263,000

Value

Beef, pickled and
other cured:

Pounds

Value

1 PreUminary report of the Bureau of Census, Department of Commerce.
' PreUminary report of the Dominion Bureau of Statistics.

TRADE IN beef AND CATTLE.

Although Canada's proportion of the world beef exports has been
relatively unimportant within recent years, she has shipped the great
bulk of the cattle imported into the United States. It is only in live

52 UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION.

cattle that the Dominion has been a factor in the export trade; at
first these were sent to the United Kindom but more recently to
the United States. After 1896 the law required that all cattle
exported to Great Britain be slaughtered at the port of entry. In
spite of this handicap Canadian exports increased until 1906, when
164,000 cattle were shipped. Exports of fat cattle to the United
Kingdom, although favored by British preference for home-butchered
beef, began to decrease in 1909. On account of shrinkage in weight,
freight, difficulty in handling, and risk these exports were more costly
than exports of refrigerated meats; furthermore this trade felt the
increasing weight of the competition of cheaply produced Argentine
and Australian chilled and frozen beef, at the same time that cereal
production was making inroads upon the cattle ranges. The decline
in exports of cattle reflected the decrease in the number of beef
cattle, which fell away from 4,629,000 in 1908 to 3,363,000 in 1914.

The removal of our duty in 1913 gave a powerful stimulus to the
Canadian cattle industry. Exports of beef to the United States
increased from 19,000 pounds in 1913 to 12,772,000 pounds in 1914,
while exports of cattle increased from 28,000 to 206,000 head. This
stimulus of open American markets was supplemented in the following
years by the war-time demands for beef in Europe and in the United
States as well as in Canada. The number of cattle, other than
milch cows, increased from 3,363,000 in 1914 to 6,500,000 in 1919.
Owing to shipping difficulties between 1915 and 1920 Canadian
exports of fat cattle were almost entirely diverted from Great Britain
to the United States, while direct exports from Canada to England
took the form of beef. Exports of beef to the United Kingdom
reached their maximum in 1919, when they amounted to 91,645,000
pounds. The total exports for that year were 125,802,000 pounds.
Exports of beef to the United States continued to increase until the
fiscal year 1921 (ended Mar. 31) when they amounted to 36,038,000
pounds.

Exports of cattle to the United States reached their maximum
in 1920 when they passed the half -million mark. In the fiscal year
1921 they declined to 295,000. The nature of these exports is shown
by the oflEicial figures of shipments from Canadian stockyards to the
United States in the calendar year 1920.*- Of the total number
shipped from all stockyards, 21 per cent were calves, 29 per cent
were butcher cattle, 19 .per cent stockers, and 31 per cent feeders.
Of the shipments from the eastern stockyards of Toronto and Mon-
treal, practically all were butcher cattle or calves, while in the West
feeder and stocker shipments predominated; 80 per cent of the cattle
shipped from Winnipeg were stockers and feeders. Exclusive of
calves, 64 per cent of the shipments from all stockyards were stocker
and feeder animals, fattened or finished in the United States before
slaughter. In 1921 calves constituted 18 per cent, fat cattle 28
per cent, and stockers and feeders 54 per cent of the shipments
reported from Dominion stockyards. Excluding calves, 66 per cent
of the total were stockers and feeders.*^

The natural outlet for Canadian surplus cattle is southward, for
feeding and slaughter. This is due to several causes. The extent
of the feeding industry in this country and the large quantities of

« Annual Report, Dominion Livestock Branch, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, 1920.
« Ibid., 1921.

CATTLE AISTD BEEF PRODUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES, 53

roughage and ^rain available for feeding, especially in the Corn Belt,
create an active demand for good type feeders similar to those
produced in the Canadian Northwest. On the one hand the reduction
m the American supply of feeders from the range States has created
a demand for the Canadian stock; on the other, in the production
of beef, Canada can not compete with the Corn Belt of the United
States, or with the year round alfalfa pastures of Argentina. The
comparative nearness of St. Paul and Chicago as compared with
marketing centers in Ontario and Quebec also favors export to the
United States from western Canada, while the cattle feeder in Ontario,
under free trade, has as good a market in Buffalo as in Toronto.
There is a heavy demand for cattle by-products, in this country,
especially for hides and animal fats. There is also a heavy balance
of trade in favor of the United States: thus in the fiscal year 1922
our aggregate shipments to Canada amounted to $545,445,000,
while exports from that country to the United States were valued at
$307,984,000. Exports of Canadian cattle, valued at $41,865,000,
were of some importance in keeping down this balance. Such factors
contributed to the growth in exports of Canadian cattle to the United
States between 1914 and 1921.

Should the southern outlet for the Canadian surplus be definitely
cut off, Canadian producers would doubtless look to the United
Kingdom, which has been their only other important customer, to
take a large proportion of their product. Since the enactment of the
emergency tariff act of May 27, 1921, there has been considerable
agitation in Canada for the removal of the British embargo on
Canadian "store" cattle. It has been estimated that with the re-
moval of the embargo 200,000 such cattle would be exported to
Great Britain annually. This, however, was predicated on ship-
ments to the United States during the war years, when production
was tremendously stimulated by war prices. The number of beef
cattle in Canada virtually doubled between 1914 and 1919. The
removal of this stimulus can not but result in large decreases in pro-
duction both in Canada and the United States, where large increases
also occurred during the war years. In both countries the decrease
has already made considerable headway.

It should be noted further that exports from Canada to the United
States, on the hoof and in other forms, totaled 173,000,000 pounds
of beef and veal in 1919, as against only 92.488,900 pounds of fresh
and cured beef to the United Kingdom in that year. In 1920 exports
to Great Britain were neatly reduced, while total exports to the
United States increased much more than those to Great Britain
declined. In both years the large exports to this country, chiefly
in the form of live cattle, represented, to a considerable extent, a
liquidation of war-time increases. Such a decline, of course, means a
decrease in the per capita supply of beef cattle, with less surplus for
export from Canada, either in the form of beef or of live cattle for
slaughter or for fattening; undoubtedly the American duties
upon animals and animal products will further contribute to de-
creased exports. Canada does not possess a pastoral region com-
parable to that of the arid and semiarid western section of the
United States; in her farming region she can not compete with
South America and Australasia in the export trade in beef and veal;
prior to 1914 her beef cattle industry had steadily declined, just as

54 UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION.

had that in the United States. The subsequent increase resulted
primarily from war demand, which, in large measure, took the form
of a largely increased American demand for feeder cattle.

THE EMERGENCY TARIFF ACT.

It has already been indicated that Canadian production has
declined since the armistice. Heavy imports from Canada during
and subsequent to 1919 represented, to some extent, a liquidation
of war-time increases. Thus the total number of cattle in Canada
increased from 6,037,000 in 1914 to 10,085,000 in 1919, and declined
to 9,477,000 in 1920, while the total number sold in all Canadian
markets declined from over 1,000,000 head in 1919 to 688,000 in
1921." The number of cattle imported into the United States from
Canada totaled 249,316 head in the calendar year 1918, but increased
to 550,004 in 1919, fell to 316,559 in 1920, and in 1921 totaled only
179,408.*^ In 1921, owing largely to the emergency tariff, exports of
more than 33,000 head to Great Britain were reported by the Do-
minion Department of Agriculture. Only a few hundred found
that outlet during the years immediately preceding. Imports into
the United States declined sharply after the passage of the emer-
gency tariff act up to the time that the close of the grazing season
forced Canadian prices down to a point at which the duty was
absorbed by the producer.*'' Most of the 1921 surplus, therefore,
was marketed in the United States, but at an export value in line
with the seriously depressed world market, which had continued to
decline after June 1 as compared with an easement of the decline
in the United States after that date.

MEXICO.

Mexico has almost every variety of climate found in the United
States. Large sections, especially the interior plateaus and southern
mountain v^leys, possess climatic and other conditions that are
favorable to the raising of live stock. The luxuriant, nourishing
Para grass in the uplands of the southern States flourishes the year
around. Because of the flies, mosquitoes, and cattle ticks which
infest the lowlands, young cattle do better on the high plateaus of
Durango, Sonora, Coahuila, and Chihuahua. Transportation rates
and facilities are such that under normal conditions cattle can be
profitably raised and shipped to the markets of the United States.

The cattle industry in Mexico has suffered great losses in recent
years on account of the disturbed state of the country. The census
in 1902 showed 5,142,000 cattle, while figures published by the Pan
American Union estimate that in 1920 there were only 2,163,000.*^
During the disturbances there was a wholesale stripping of the
ranches in some sections; cows, heifers, and all were sold by the
ranchmen in order to protect themselves against depredations.

Because of ihe cattle tick, the carrier of the "Texas" cattle fever,
which infests such a large proportion of Mexican cattle, imports other

*'' Annual Report, Dominion Livestock Branch, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, 1921.
<5 Sec Table K, p. ing. See also report of the U. S. Tariff Commission, The Emergency Tariff and
its effect on Cattle, Beef, etc., 1922.
« See p. 80 ff.
« Bulletin of the Pan American Union, May, 1920, p. 554.

i

CATTLE AXD BEEF PRODUCTIOX IX THE UNITED STATES. 55

than those for immediate slaughter are prohibited by quarantine
regulations of the United States, except into regions below the
southern cattle quarantine line. In addition to our own Cjuarantine
regulations, Mexico levies an export duty. In November, 1920, this
duty was 15 pesos (S7.48 at par) per head for cattle up to 3 years of
age and 20 pesos ($9.97) per head on those over 3 years. Special
export permits must be obtained from the Mexican authorities. Cows
are rarely allowed to leave the country under any circumstances.

Since the United States is the principal market for exports from
Mexico, imports into the United States reflect the conditions in the
Mexican industry fairly well. From 1900 through 1914 Mexico was
by far the most important source of cattle imports. The number
which crossed the Rio Grande rose from 193,000, valued at $2,708,000,
in 1910 to 625,000, valued at $9,745,000, in 1914. This increase
was due largely to the unsettled conditions south of the border and
also to the removal of our import duty in 1913. Since 1914 imports
of cattle from Mexico have declined greatly. In 1919 they num-
bered 82,340, valued at $2,462,000. So great has been the reduction
in the Mexican supply that recently cattle have been shipped to that
country from the United States, 26,964 head during 1919, or con-
siderably more than twice as many as in any previous year in the
decade. This may indicate an effort to restock some of the Mexican
ranches, though most exports have been for slaughter. It will
require a number of years for Mexico to reestablish her herds on the
1902 basis. With the restoration of orderly government in that
country, Mexican stockmen will find an outlet for their live cattle,
particularly thin animals for further finishing. These animals are
of poorer quality and are much lower in price than the feeders shipped
from Canada. Wliile they would supplement the diminishing domes-
tic supply of feeders from the range States, and afford an additional
outlet for the enormous crops of grain and roughage of the United
States, they would also compete with the range production of feeders.

ARGENTINA.

Argentina is by far the largest exporter of beef, particularly of fresh
beef. She has reached this position during the last 20 years, partly
as a result of the decreasing American beef and cattle surplus and
partly because of changes in management which have greatly increased
her beef surplus with but little change in the number of cattle.

Up to 1900 sheep and cattle were the chief industries of the country.
Sheep were then kept mainly for wool;** cattle were maintained on the
coarse native grasses, with relatively little thought given to early
maturity of beeves and rapid turnover of capital. In fact little of the
natural grass land could produce fat cattle in less than five years.
In the humid northeastern region, where both cattle and sheep were
raised , ^rain growing has since made rapid progress. To-day, although
more sheep are kept in this area than elsewhere, the flocks have
greatly decreased. Cattle, however, have almost held their own
in competition with grain production. Elsewhere cattle are kept in

« See report of U. S. Tariff Commission, Sheep Raising in Argentina with Special Reference to Costs
of Production, 1922.

56

UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION.

relatively small numbers, since, with local exceptions, in the semiarid
regions which lie to the west and south rainfall is too low and grazing
too poor, or the climate too severe, for a profitable cattle industry.
These regions are devoted primarily to sheep.

In the humid northeast, the present and the future agricultural
region,*^ cattle have competed sharply with grain production because
of a steady reseeding of native pastures to alfalfa, which effected a
change in management whereby earlier readiness for market was
secured. Sheep, bein^ less adapted to alfalfa pastures, steadily de-
clined thereafter, but m the number of cattle there was little change
after 1908;^'' a decrease in number of cattle in the humid region has
been much more than offset by the increase in beef production effected
by the change in management which invariably followed the use of
alfalfa pastures.

Table 14 shows the number of live stock and the rapid expansion
in the grain acreage of Argentina since 1895. The extension of crop
area has occurred almost entirely in the northeastern region, as has
the more rapid change from natural-grass pastures to alfalfa for cattle
production. Relatively little grain is grown outside of central and
western Buenos Aires, the eastern half of La Pampa and Cordova,
Sante Fe, Entre Rios, and Corrientes. Most of this region is also well
adapted to alfalfa. Except locally, throughout this humid area the
pastoral industry is intermingled with general farming. The poten-
tial production is indicated by the fact that in this region there is
still much more land in the coarse native grasses than in grain and
alfalfa.

Table 14. — Crops and live stock in Argentina.

CROPS.

[Area in hectariasi; 000 omitted.]

Year.

Wheat.

Corn.

Linseed.

Oats.

Alfalfa.

1895-96

2,260
5,675
6,574

6,870

1,244
2,177
4, 152
3,340

387
1,023
1,779
1,384

713

1905-6

72
1,249
1,206

2 984

1913-14

6 690

1918-19

8, 073

NUMBER OF LIVE STOCK.
[000 omitted.]

1

Year.

Cattle.

Sheep.

Hogs.

1895

21, 702
29, 117

25,867
27, 053

74,380
67,212
43,225
44, 855

1908 ...

1,404

1914

2, 9!)1

1918

3,2:0

lA hectaria contains 2.471 acres, or roughly 2.5 acres.

The change to grain growino; in northeastern Argentina has been
of two general types. Up to tlie present time one has permanently
decreased the number of animals grazed; the other temporarily
restricted live-stock production, but later greatly increased it. Under

« Aside from irrigation developments. The humid region extends west and north of the Province o*
Buenos Aires and comprises Buenos Aires, most of La J'ampa, Sante Fe, and Cordova, as well as Entre RioS'
Corrientes, and a few subtropical divisions in the extreme nortli.

^"The census of 1914 showelSOper cent of the cattle to be in 5 of the northeastern Provinces. Buenos
Aires had 35 per cent of the total.

CATTLE AND BEEF PRODUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES. 57

the first type ranches (estancias) have been sold in blocks of up to
about 400 hectarias (approximately 1.000 acres) to farmers (colonists),
who have devoted most of their activities to tillage. After a time,
particularly on the larger farms, these farmers usually put on cattle,
sheep, or both, as a more or less important side line. In many in-
stances, however, these farmers have not completely availed them-
selves of the farm roughage and pasturage for live stock.

Under the second system of grain production, which has been
merely a transition from coarse native grasses to alfalfa, a part of the
estancia is turned over to tenant farmers for three to five years of
grain growing. At the end of the term the estanciero seeds the
cropped area to alfalfa and turns over a new area to the share tenants.
After a series of years the entire estancia is seeded to alfalfa, grain
production thereafter being only a minor incident or entirely lacking.
The carrying capacity is usually two to three times as large as before,
and cattle are kept virtually to the exclusion of sheep. Unless the
estanciero makes a specialty of stud flocks, sheep are kept only to
supply meat needs of the estancia or to utilize more completely such
feed as may not be fully grazed by the cattle.

In some sections this method of management has entirely changed
the aspect of the country during the last 10 years. Many areas
which a decade ago produced large quantities of wheat and other
grain now grow almost none. In other words, much of the grain
production lias been, a part of it yet is, on a shifting area.

The increase in number of cattle after 1895 resulted to a large
extent from extension of ranching operations into interior areas,
previously rendered somewhat unsafe by Indians, to improvements
m transportation, and to water developments which facilitated the
keeping of live stock in interior areas, where, owing to peculiar soil
conditions, surface water good enough for the use of stock is present
in very limited amounts. After 1908 the decline may be attributed

Erimarily to increased grain production, especially locally, in the
umid area; except in La Pampa every Province in the northeastern
region carried fewer cattle in 1914 than in 1908.

The quality of the cattle, however, rapidly improved. This im-
provement resulted partly from the entry of American packers in
1907; they introduced the practice of buying cattle on the basis of
quality rather than at a flat rate per head irrespective of quality. ^^
Furthermore, a rapid growth in the demand for lighter cuts in the
English market (the chief Argentine outlet), ^^ caused a steady change
from the sale of heavy 5 to 6 year old steers to that of animals about
30 to 42 months old. The widespread use of pure breds, imported
chiefly from Great Britain, and a more general use of good bulls
after 1907, made such a change possible. Shorthorn, Angus, and
Hereford cattle, which now rank in the order named, had implanted
inherent early maturity in most herds by the time this change in
management began. The extension of alfalfa acreage was of ec[ual
importance. Although such a change can progress only rather
slowly, the average age at which Argentine cattle are slaughtered has
pro])ably been lessened by more than one year during the last decade
and a half. As the cattle were ready for slaughter a year or more

" See also the Journal of the Ministry of Agriculture (London), November, 1921, pp. 692, 693.
62 See Table 26, p. 124.

58

UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION.

earlier, a much larger proportion were on fattening pasture each year,
and as a result the output of beef was greatly increased.

This increase in the production of heef is one of th(! outstanding
facts in the development of Argentina. That country has been the
world's largest exporter of beef during the last 15 years. Before the
erection of a plant by British interests in 1883, which marked her
entry into the export trade in fresh beef, only small quantities of
''jerked" and salted beef, beef extract, and live cattle were shipped.
Development of the fresh-beef trade was relatively slow until shortly
after 1900, and as already noted, was greatly accelerated by the
entry of American capital in 1907, the period when the great decline
in the beef production of the United States began. In 1919 American
packers shipped nearly 60 per cent of the total chilled and frozen
beef exported from Argentina. -^^ The extent of Argentina's beef sur-
plus is indicated by the fact that in 1918 there were 3,263 cattle,
almost exclusively beef animals, per 1,000 inhabitants, as compared
with 635 in the United States.^* Table 15 shows the rapid growth in
exports of fresh beef from Argentina after 1900. It is contrasted
with the equally rapid decline in similar exports from the United
States. The sudden increase in exports from the United States after
1914 was a war-time phenomenon which has since disappeared.

Table 15. — Exports of chilled and frozen heef from Argentina and from the United
States for the period 1901-1919.

Year.

From
Argentina.!

From

the United

States.2

Year.

From
Argentina. 1

From
the United

States.2

1901

Pounds.

81,000,000
133, 000, 000
163,000,000
195,000,000
314, 000, 000
326, 000, 000
361,000,000
379, 000, 000
430, 000, 000
487,000,000

Pounds.

352, 000, 000

302, 000, 000

255,000,000

300,000,000

236,000,000

268, 000, 000

282,000,000

201,000,000

123,000,000

76, 000, 000

1911

1912

Pounds.
612,000,000
686, 000, 000
732, 000, 000
813, 000, 000
800, OOC, 000
943,000,000
870, 000, 000
955,000,000
762,000,000

Pounds.
43, 000, 000

1902

15, 000, 000

1903

1913

7, 000, 000

1904

1914

6,000,000

1905 . . .

1915

170 000,000

1906

1916

231,000,000

1907

1917 . .

197,000,000

1908

1918

370, 000, 000

1909

1919

332, OOC, 000

1910

1 1901-1913 from Yearbook, U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1914, p. 383. Converted into pounds, 160
pounds per quarter. 1914-1919, Market Reporter, U. S. Department of Agriculture, May 22, 1920.

2 Fiscal years.

From 1911 to 1913, inclusive, Argentina contributed 75 per cent
of the world's exports of fresh beef, and 44 per cent of the world's
exports of all beef and beef fats. Largely because of the effect of
abnormal war-time prices in drawing increased supplies from sources
which ordinarily are of only small importance, her preponderance
was cut down during the war period. From 1914 to 1919, inclusive,
she contributed 60 per cent of the fresh beef and 41 per cent of all
beef and beef fats figuring in international trade. ^^ During the war
years as high as 83 per cent went to Great Britain;'"''' Argentina has
taken the place in the English beef market formerly held by the
United States.

'» See Table 27, p. 125. See also Table 26, p. 123,' for exports of beef from Argentina to principal markets.
'■>< See Table 22, p. 82. See also Table 19, p. 74, for exports of fresh beef, beef in other forms, and beef
fats, from the different exporting countries.
•"'■■ See Table 19. p. 74, for statistical summary of the world trade in beef products and beef fats.
58 W. Weidel & Co. (Ltd.), Review of the Frozen Meat Trade, 1918, p. 11.

CATTLE AND BEEF PRODUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES. 59

Until 1914, exports from Argentina to the United States were
negligible, but during the first vear of free trade they amounted to
133,000,000 pounds. The following year they dropped to 89,000,000
pounds, or 10 per cent of the total exported and slightly less than
8 per cent of the total production in that year." Owing to our own
return to a net export basis they virtually disappeared in 1916. If
conditions in the United States remain favorable, apart from imports
of live cattle from Canada and Mexico, this country will probably
continue to supply domestic needs, but the export trade will depend
primarily on Ai'gentina, Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay, Australasia, and
South Africa. Argentina probably will continue, for a considerable
period in the future, to be more important than all the rest combined.

METHODS OF PRODUCTION.

The displacement of sheep by cattle in northeastern Argentina
since 1900 may be in part attributed to the fact that the same amount
of labor will care for a far larger capital investment in cattle. A
good herder will look after about two-thirds as many cattle as sheep.
The rapid seeding of the land to aKalfa has been equally important;
the close grazing habits of the sheep has proved detrimental, partic-
ularly in drought years; hence cattle have virtually displaced sheep
on alfalfa land. On the best natural-grass lands in the Province of
Buenos Aires, ^* spoken of as "fine-grass camp," sheep have also vir-
tually disappeared. This land is deemed too valuable for anything
but cattle; in fact such ranches are used mainly for fattening steers
raised in less favored areas.

On the coarser native pastures in western Buenos Aires and in
eastern La Pampa, Cordova, and eastward, where cattle and sheep
are often run together, the importance of cattle increases directly
with the quality of the grazing. On the better lands sheep are kept
mainly to consume the coarser growth not relished by cattle.

There are three methods *of beef cattle production. One is in dual
purpose herds where milk is equally as important as beef, or more so;
another is in strictly beef herds maintained in different parts of the
country, often under one management; the cattle are bred in one
area and finished in another. The third is on farms and small ranches
located in the humid region where the cattle are bred and finished
on a single ranch. In the first system, which is followed on farms
and small estancias in the humid region, some or all of the cows are
milked once a day and the calves suckle the remainder of the milk.
Milk drawn from the cow is consumed mainly in butter and cheese
manufacture, an industry which has had a remarkable growth since
the beginning of the war. The system is similar to that used in
many parts of the United States; at the present time (1922) it is of
only secondary importance in the beef cattle industry of Argentina,
but is growing rapidly in the humid region and supphes raw material
for virtually all the dairy products produced in the country.

" See Table 12, p. 48.

^ This land, as a rule, lies in the eastern and southeastern part of the Province, where the soil is heavier;
alfalfa dies out quickly, probably because of the high water table (level of water in the subsoil), and the
length of time water remains on the surface after heavy rains. The surface run-off is very slow. In the
true alfalfa sections of central Buenos ^Vires and westward the surface is underlaid by a thick stratum of
sand which absorbs and holds the rainfall. The top soil is sufficiently light to perrnit the rains to perco-
late quite freely.

6303—22 5

60 UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION.

A second method is the maintenance of breeding herds in remote
areas, or in poor grazing sections. The young stock is trailed and
shipped to other ranches, generally located in or near the Province of
Buenos Aires, for further grazing, and are finally finished on fattening
"camp." This is a large scale system followed by relatively few
large estancieros and cattle companies. It is analogous to the
movement in the United States of southwestern and Mexican cattle
to the central and northwestern ranges and to parts of the Central
West.

Allied to the above method of operation and really differing from it
only in size of operations is the maintenance of breeding herds in
less favorable localities. Under this system the young stock are
retained until about 2 or 2^ years of age, when they are shipped to
fattening ranches owned or rented by the estanciero, or sold to others
who own or rent such land. This plan is analogous to movement
from the Texas Panhandle and central and northern ranges into the
Central and Middle West. It probably accounts for more than 40
per cent of the animals slaughtered each year in the Argentine pack-
ing plants.

Under this general plan part of the animals brought from breeding
areas are run through the winter on alfalfa pasture, and no effort is
made to fatten them until spring. Such stock may be held 10 to 12
months, not being sold until late summer or fall. Other cattle placed
on the same ranch may be grazed through a part or all the winter
on alfalfa pastures or "fine-grass" land, especially saved for that
purpose; ^^ possibly 5 per cent of the ranchers also feed aKalfa hay or
ensilage regularly during the winter to supplement this grazing,
particularly on straight alfaKa pastures, and turn off the winter-
grazed steers at any time from midwinter to early spring. Most of
the animals shipped to market during the winter, however, have
grazed on good "fine-grass" camp such as prevails in parts of Buenos
Aires Province. On such land no hay is necessary, as the grazing
stays fairly green during the winter and furnishes a good "bite"
for cattle despite occasional severe frosts. •"* Still other cattle brought
from breeding areas may be purchased in spring or early summer and
pastured for four to eight months. A good "finisher" thus buys and
sells steers fairly continuously throughout the year, and if an abun-
dance of hay is available he has about the same number on feed at all
seasons. However, few men put up sufficient hay to permit this.

On good alfalfa in favorable years the fattening steers are some-
times turned into knee-length grazing at the rate of two or three per
hectaria and kept there for about four to five months before slaughter.
Fine-grass land, if previously spared for about six weeks, sometimes
carries three or four steers per hectaria during the height of the grazing
season^about November 15 to April 15. For about six months on
good grazing producers reckon on an average gain of more than a
pound per head per day.

The third system is that of breeding and fattening cattle on the same
ranch. It is the plan generally followed by estancieros with one or two
plants, all located on good land, and by many farmers who run cattle

^9 Many estancieros sow Australian oat grass with their alfalfa for fall and winter grazing after the alfelfa
has been cut back by frost.

6" On alfalfa lands north of Buenos Aires Province much less hay is needed to offset frost damage, which
is less severe.

CATTLE AND BEEF PRODUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES. 61

in connection with grain production. With well-bred stock on good
pasture, most of the animals are disposed of in slaughtering condition
at from 2^ to 3 years of age as compared with 3 to 4 years of age on
straight fattening ranches. If alfalfa hay is fed regularly during the
winter, there is no difficulty in turning off prime steers at 3 years of
age in adverse seasons. Conservative producers usually figure on one
cow with her calf (until weaned), or one 2-year-old steer per year per
hectaria of fair to good alfalfa. In grazing requirements one calf
after weaning, and one yearling, are reckoned as the equivalent of a
2-year-old steer. This method is almost as important in Argentine
beef production as the two forms of the second system.

Under all these systems grain feeding is virtually nonexistent,
except in the Case of pure-bred stock or animals being fitted for the
shows. The animals graze the year round in commercial herds.
Mention has been made of alfalfa hay for winter feed, but this as 3^et
is the exception and not the rule. Very little hay is put up on other
than alfalfa ranches, or on natural grass ranches with a limited area
of alfalfa. On straight alfalfa land probably 30 per cent of the pro-
ducers put up hay and ensilage "^ more or less regularly, but not over
half the number do so every year. Probably not over 5 per cent
make a regular practice of feeding the hay each year, mainly to cattle
being fattened. Both hay and ensilage are used primarily as an
insurance against dry years. To maintain the milk flow, some pro-
ducers, especially those who maintain dual-purpose herds, sow wheat,
rye, or oats for winter grazing, but including such winter forage crops
on ranches where pedigree stock is an important enterprise, probably
not over 3 per cent of the stockmen make use of them. However,
these crops are commonly grazed in the winter on grain farms where
live stock is run as a more or less important side line. In corn-grow-
ing sections, after the ears are "jerked" from the stalk, the stover is
highly valued for winter grazing and is regularly rented for that
purpose if the farmer keeps no cattle or sheep. On the basis of prices
up to the winter of 1921, an acre of corn which made 40 bushels of
grain was valued at 2 or more pesos (paper) for winter grazing on
the stover.

COST OF PRODUCTION,

The cost of production in cattle raising varies more or less widely
among estancias and from year to year. Some cost data were
secured in Argentina by a special expert of the Tariff Commission
during the summer of 1921. These data are deemed typical for the
years 1918 to 1920 and are believed to represent fairly accurately
the conditions of production in the Province of Buenos Aires. They
are based on estimates made by a number of ranchers and cattle
dealers thoroughly familiar with conditions. Although perhaps more
nearly representative than returns from a limited number of indi-
vidual ranches, it must be borne in mind that they are estimated costs.
It was impossible to secure detailed figures from individual ranchers.
These data, as represented in Table 16, show that over half the total

«' This ensilage is alfalfa that has been rained on or caught in a heavy dew and which is then put into pit
silos— pits dug about a yard deep, 3 to 6 or 8 yards wide, and 15 to 30 yards long. The forage is hauled and
dumped from ordinary carts which thus pack the silage, and the whole is then covered with straw or rough
hay before it is given a coating of earth. It keeps perfectly for several years. In corn or grain growing
sections, both corn and small grain are ensiled for regular or emergency feeding, usually the latter. Cutters
ara not used in filling pit silos, and tubular silos are nearly unknown except on a few dairy farms .

62

UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION.

expenses consist of charges for interest on cattle investment and
land rental. These interest items were included in the Argentine
costs because similar items were included in domestic studies made
by the United States Department of Agriculture and presented else-
where in thfs report.

Table 16. — Estimated cost of producing f>eef in Buenos Aires Province, Araentina,

1918-1920.

[Costs are in paper pesos valued at 42.5 cents American gold at par exchange.]

Item.

Labor and super\'ision

Hay and ensilage

Inoculation at 50 centavos

Machinery, auto, etc

Freight, at 158.46 pesos per car (20 head)

Commission on sales, at IJ per cent

Land rent, at 6 per cent

Interest, at 6 per cent on cattle

Total expenses

Receipts

Cost of cattle

Net receipts

Expenses

Net profit

Percentage of net profit on cattle investment

Percentage of net profit on total investment, interest and rent ex-
cluded from costs

Sale price of steers to packers

Cost with interest included, at 6 per cent

Profit per head

Approximate dressed weight per head pounds.

Percentage of price charged to hides and offal

Cost of carcass to packers

Cost per dressed pound to packers, in United States currency

Average cost per pound ready for export

Charge for landing on dock, London, cMUed beef

Charge for landing on dock, London, frozen beef

Alfalfa
ranch: Fat-
tening
4,000
steers.'

Pesos.

8 19, 640

6 2, 400

2,000

4,000

31,058

13, 230

7 .54, 000

38, 400

164, 728

"882,000

640, 000

242, 000

164, 728

77, 272

12. 074

11. 018

225

205

20

730

29. 66

158. 26

Cents.

9.22

10. 34

3.05

2.77

Fine-grass
ranch: Fat-
tening
6,000
steers .2

Peso*.
3 19, 640

3,000

2,500

46, 587

19, 845

8 81,000

57, 600

230, 172

12 1, 323, 000
960,000
363, 000
230, 172
132, 828
13.836

11.75

225

205

20

730

29.66

158.26

Cents.

9.22

10.34

3.05

2.77

Alfalfa
ranch:
Breeding
and fat-
tening 2,000
cows.

Pesos.

< 22,040

6 3,000

2,000

5,000

10,617

3, 593

9 72, 000

10 41,010

159,260

13 239, 500

159,260

80,240

11.74

10. 26

195

14 127

15 68

"630

17 29. 66

137. 16

Cents.

9.26

1' 10. 34

1S3.05

18 2. 77

1 4,000 steers, bought at 160 pesos per head; sold at 225 pesos after 4 to 10 months grazing.

2 6,030 steers, bought at 160 pesos per head; sold at 225 pesos after 4 to 10 months grazing.
3 1 manager, 1 foreman, 6 herders and laborers.

•• 1 manager, 1 foreman, and 8 herders and laborers.

6 60 hectarias cut twice, at 20 pesos per hectaria per cutting.

* Cut 75 hectarias as in note 5.

^ 3,000 hectarias, at 300 pesos per hectaria.

8 3,000 hectarias, at 450 pesos per hectaria.

9 4,000 hectarias, at 300 pesos.

10 2,000 cows, at 150; 1,500 calves, at 75; 1,470 yearlings, at 130; and 40 bidls at 2,000 pesos; a total of
683,500 pesos.

11 3,920 head, at 225 pesos.

12 5,880 head, at 225 pesos.

13 LlOO long 2-year-olds, at 195 pesos, and 250 cows, at 100 pesos.

i< Expenses prorated to steers in same proportion as steer receipts are to total receipts; i. e., 89.56 per
cent.

15 This profit represents an accumulation of about 32 months as against about 7 to 8 months m columns
1 and 2.

16 Dressing percentage about 59 on live weight of approximately 600, 600, and 500 kilograms.

17 This percentage applies to 1919 market; supplied by one of the largest packers in Argentina.

18 This figure applies to 1919 costs, supphed as in note 17. Landed cost. New York, but little below
landed cost at English ports. These costs are believed to apply with approximate fairness to 1920.

Alfalfa fattening. — In column 1 are shown cost data for alfalfa
fattening "camp." For a year's output, conservative producers
(who put up considerable hay each year) reckon on fattening about
one-third more steers than they have hectarias of good alfalfa. On

CATTLE AND BEEF PRODUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES. 63

3,000 hectarias of alfalfa, during 12 months, with 4,000 steers purchased
each year at an average of 160 pesos per head, and grazed for a
period of about six to eight months, a 2 per cent loss is sustained,
and 3,920 are sold during the year. These cattle are cared for by a
foreman at 220 pesos per month and six herders and laborers at an
average of 100 pesos per month, under the supervision of a manager.
These wages include the cost of provisions other than food supplied
from the ranch. Little extra labor is hired other than to put up hay
and ensilage. On a ranch of this size a good manager takes two cut-
tings from about 60 hectarias in the season; the task is generally
performed by contract labor at about 20 pesos per hectaria per cutting.
Freight, and commission for selling, which averages IJ per cent of
gross receipts, constitute nearly 5 per cent of the sale price. Land
rent is charged at 6 per cent. Money invested in cattle is charged
at 6 per cent for the year on total purchases, but actually costs 8 to
10 per cent for the average period of about seven months during which
a given lot of steers are held.

The net profit on cattle investment averaged 12.1 per cent prior
to the decline in the market which began about January, 1921.
Estancieros state that unless more than 15 per cent is made on cattle
investment in good years, operations are severely crippled during
the recurrent bad seasons; as 1917 to 1920 was a series of good years,
and 6 per cent is deducted from "profit" on cattle investment, the
calculated net percentage in Table 16, column 1, conforms to general
experience. The inclusion of interest and land rent in costs of course
results in a hidden profit to the operator who owns both land and
capital, but much of the capital used in cattle fattening is borrowed,
and much of the land is rented.

^' Fine-grass' ' fattening. — Column 2 shows corresponding data on
first-class ''fine-grass" land extensively used for cattle fattening in
Buenos Aires Province. It is valued 50 per cent higher than good
alfalfa land.^^

This results from a higher carrying capacity. Conservative
ranchers calculate on an average of about two steers per hectaria
per year, and a gain of at least 220 pounds per head with six months'
grazing. On this class of camp there is virtually no greater labor
charge for the larger number of cattle fattened than on the same
area of alfalfa; the cattle are watched and fences are maintained
just as easily. Moreover, tl^ere is no danger of bloat, but stock not
accustomed to alfalfa must be carefully watched for a time after
being placed on feed. Owing to the saving in regular and contract
labor, the net return on cattle investment is slightly larger than
the figure shown in column 1. The same is true of net profit on
total investment with interest excluded from cost. On both alfalfa
and fine-grass fattening ranches, however, the net profit on total
investment represents a substantial return, and suggests one reason
why estancieros usually display small interest when prospective
buyers endeavor to secure improved land in the humid region.

Breeding and fattening . — In column 3 are shown details for a com-
bined breeding and fattening estancia of 4,000 hectarias of good
alfalfa land. Such a ranch carries about one 'breeding cow for every
2 hectarias, and a good manager figures on weaning 75 per cent

« 450 pesos per hectaria (about $80 United States gold per acre) as against 300 pesos for good alfalfa land.

64 UNITED STATES TAEIFF COMMISSION.

of calves. Enough heifer calves are retained to maintain the herd,
and annual sales amount to about 1,100 2^ to 3 year old beeves besides
about 12^ per cent of old cows. With two cuttings of hay and ensi-
lage per year from 75 hectarias of alfalfa, the stock is well fortified
against shortage of grazing. The net profit on cattle investment
amounts to 11.4 per cent with well-bred stock; this is a reasonable
figure for favorable years. This percentage would be lowered greatly
if the animals were indifferently bred and unable to make rapid growth
for sale at about 2^ years of age.

The relatively narrow spread in net profit on cattle investment
between columns 1 and 3 suggests that in favorable years the rancher
who fattens cattle of his own breeding operates on substantially even
terms with those who purchase animals from less favored areas. The
still narrower spread in net profit on total investment points to the
same conclusion. This is the opinion of most estancieros. Moreover,
the breeder is less affected by sudden changes in the market; all his
credits are book credits until his cattle are sold. The buyer of feeders
may easily suffer serious loss because, just as in the United States, he
gambles with his purchase money on the future, of the cattle market.
However, he is more favorably situated than most of his North
American competitors, who also must gamble on the price of feed.
The experience of Argentine ranchers who paid high prices for cattle
in 1920, to be grazed until May (1921), is a case in point. There was a
drop of 30 per cent in the price of fat cattle between November, 1920,
and the latter half of May, 1921. After putting on a gain of about
100 kilograms (220 pounds) at a cost of nearly 8.75 cents per pound
in United States currency, feeders bought for 6.3 cents sold at 5.07
cents instead of 7.24 cents per pound, the average price during the
two preceding seasons. Instead of making a profit of two-thirds of a
cent on the finished steers, a loss of more than 1 cent per pound live
weight was sustained.

In this connection it is of interest to note that with costs "figured
on the same basis as in Table 16, the average loss sustained by cattle
feeders in the United States during 1918-19 and 1919-20 was prac-
tically 1 cent per pound live weight on the finished steers.^^ This
was largely due to the high price of feed, particularly of corn. In
1920-21 the average loss per pound appears to have been equally
as large. During the two preceding years the Argentine grazer made
good profits; in 1920-2.1 he appears to, have lost about the same
amount per pound as his North American competitor.

Slaughtering and shipping. — Table 16 also shows the estimated
cost of butchering Argentine beeves and landing the dressed beef on
the dock in London in 1919. On the average the heavier 3-year-
old animals cost the packers approximately 225 pesos per head as
against 195 pesos for the younger steers. Deducting the credit to
hides, tallow, and other by-products, the heavy steers cost 9.22 cents
per pound, dressed weight, as against about 9.26 cents for the ''handy
weights." *** In 1919 the beef on the hooks in the cooler or freezing
chambers, ready for export, cost the packer nearly 10^ cents per
pound; transportation to England cost 3.055 cents per pound for
chilled and 2.77 cents for the frozen beef. The cost on dock in Eng-

M See p. 62.

'* Based on data supplied by one of the largest packers In Argentina for the year 1919. These figures are
believed to apply with approximate fairness to 1920 and the years immediately preceding.

CATTLE AND BEEF PRODUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES. 65

lish ports therefore averaged nearly 13^ cents for chilled and slightly
over 13 cents for frozen beef. Handling, selling, overhead charges,
and profit must be added to these to arrive at wholesale prices in
England. Both Argentina and the United States were on an export
basis during 1919, although the cost of Argentine beef landed at New
York would show a wide margin below the wholesale price of medium
to good native steer beef at that market. But owing to difference in
quality, Argentine chilled beef sold in the English market at a sub-
stantial discoimt below North American.**^

FUTURE OF THE ARGENTINE CATTLE INDUSTRY.

To a considerable degree, the extent and rapidity with which beef
production in Argentina may expand appears to depend primarily
on the British market. However, Argentina has a bright future in
cattle production, and there is small reason to expect a loss of her
dominant position in the international trade in beef. No other
country has a comparable area so admirably adapted to the
best forage crops and to corn; this, and the yearlong grazing season
are added factors in Argentine supremacy in the export beef trade.
This is of special interest to the North American producer because of
the low price at which Argentine beef can be landed at New York.
It is quite probable that the cattle industry in that country will
continue to expand after the present period of depression is past.
This expansion can take place in two ways, (1) on general farms, and
(2) through increasing the carrying capacity of the land by continued
seeding of coarse-grassed native grazing land to alfalfa.

Many farmers who have bought or are buying land in the humid
region of Argentina have been steadily putting on cattle as a side
line. The obvious advantages of having a herd of reasonable size on
moderate to large general farms should be more apparent to new
grain growers, as live-stock enterprises are more fully developed by
early settlers on farming land in the humid region. Such develop-
ment doubtless will be facilitated by the more or less ''spotted"
character of the existing grain-growing area. To a large extent, this
land is intermingled with grazing properties throughout the humid
section. Object lessons for the benefit of newcomers are thus scat-
tered all through the region where general farming is practicable and
where further sales of ranch lands for grain growing must take place.

It is possible that at some future time improvements in farm prac-
tice will give average crop yields comparable to those in the United
States, and that the fuller use of farm roughage and of winter graz-
ing incident to crop production will enable the Argentine grain farm-
ers to produce as much or more beef as a side line than was made
on the same land seeded to alfalfa, under the pastoral industry.

« From 1907 to 1911, inclusive, the wholesale price of North American chilled hind quarters in London
averaged about 12.3 cents per pound, Argentine 8.9 cents. Tn 1916 and 1917 the price averaged about 22J
cents as against approximately 2U cents. This greater gain in the price of Argentine beef was due in part
to the scarcity of beef and a logical effect on price spreads in order to attract larger supplies, and in part to
governmental control of prices and distribution. A few quotations for North American (Canadian) beef
on the London market during the late summer and early fall of 1921 show a price cut against Argentine beef
of about 1.^ per cent. The price preference for American versus Argentine beef results from a higher quality
of the domestic beef, largely corn fed, as against the strictly grass-fed South American. At the same time
North American chilled beef differs from Argentine cliille'd in that the latter is shipped at almost freezing
temperature. The same price preference would hold in the domestic market. From January to September,
inclusive, 1921, medium to good steer beef averaged between $14.50 and $1.5 per 100 pounds at New York,
and Argentine beef probably could have been landed at two-thirds of that price. But, despite favoring
exchange and a moderate freight rate to North American ports, imports have been \-irtually eliminated
by differences in quality and the price preference for domestic beef, and the duty of 2 cents per pound. In
June, 1921,1 he freight from Buenos Aires to New York was $2.50 per 100 pounds; from Omaha and Kansas
City, $1.34; and from Chicago, 96.V cents.

66 UNITED STATES TAEIFF COMMISSION^.

There is no doubt that this general fai'm development will do much
to maintain Argentine beef production; however, growth can not
be rapid. All the land in the humid area is privately owned. It
is being sold off in farming lots, but slowly; the present o^vners
make a satisfactory income from more or less extensive pastoral
uses and at the same time profit largely from rising land values. The
tax on land is almost negligible; hence there is every incentive to
hold for further increases in real estate values.

Aside from production on general farms, however, there are chances
for increase under the. pastoral type of management; probably over
90 per cent of the current production occurs on ranches where crop
production is virtually an incident. Many millions of acres admirably
adapted to alfalfa have never been plowed. Cattle and sheep are
there raised on the coarse native grasses. This land is equally
adapted to grain growing, but, for many years to come, on a large
part of it grain probably will be grown only to get a stand of alfalfa.
With the change to alfalfa, sheep will disappear in favor of cattle.
As already indicated many more cattle then will be kept on the same
area. There is every reason to believe that the extension of the
alfalfa acreage will proceed after the existing period of readjustment
is passed. Periodical drought and occasional damage from locusts,
which recur at intervals in sufficient numbers to consume nearly all
the vegetation in outlying regions, can not greatly hinder either
the extension of the crop acreage or that devotejd to alfalfa pro-
vided the crops prove profitable.

URUGUAY.

Uruguay is the only South American country, other than Argen-
tina, that has as yet exported frozen or chilled beef in large quantities,
although Brazil and Paraguay are now entering the field. Geo-
graphical position and climate are favorable to the development of
the industry in the natural pasture country comprising southern Bra-
zil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay. The latter country is well
watered and is somewhat less subject to droughts than Argentina,
but the soil is, for the most part, not so rich as the area in and about
Buenos Aires Province, where the bulk of the Argentine cattle is
raised or finished for slaughter. Bounded on the south by the River
Plate, on which are located most of the important meat-packing
establishments (several in Montevideo), Uruguay is well situated to
take advantage of her adaptation to live-stock production.

Owing to extensive use of English blood, the quality of Uruguayan
cattle is high. There were 7,803,000 head in 1916 and the number
per thousand population was 5,546,®** or more than in any other cattle
country of appreciable importance. The surplus for export therefore
is relatively large. Methods of production are the same as in the
humid region of Argentina, and there appears to be little difference
in the cost of production except as a somewhat lower average qual-
ity and value curtails somewhat the overhead charges in ranch costs.
The area in alfalfa is relatively small, however, and the carrying
capacity of the land is somewhat lower than on improved pastures in
the humid region of Argentina. In 1914, after the removal of the

« See Table 22, p. 82.

CATTLE AND BEEF PEODUCTION IjST THE UISJ^ITED STATES. 67

United States duty, 25,900,000 pounds of Uniguayan beef and veal
came into the United States, but our imports from Uruguay after-
wards diminished as sharply as they did from other South American
countries. Europe then took the Uruguayan surplus. (See Table 12.)
The recent decline in the world market for beef has had a depressing
effect on the cattle industry, but the natural advantage of the
country for beef production doubtless will quickly remedy present
difficulties.

BRAZIL.

Brazil, with vast fair to well grassed and well-watered upland
ranges, in the southern or plateau region, is just beginning to develop
her cattle industry. The herds undoubtedly will be largely increased
in the near future. But under normal market conditions widespread
use of improved blood will be necessary before Brazilian beef can
compete on even terms with that of Argentina. In the main, Bra-
zilian cattle are of rather primitive type, although in some localities
they are modified by infusions of zebu blood from India, and recently
by some English blood. As a class, they are late maturing, and the
annual output of beef is much smaller than the number of cattle
might suggest. Moreover, much of the surplus of the cattle region,
which borders on Uruguay, Paraguay, and Bolivia, is needed in other
parts of the country, whence it is shipped in the form of ''jerked"
beef. Brazilian beef is not of the best quality and under normal condi-
tions of supply and demand, when not cured in the customary primitive
way (a combination of salting and drying), must be exported chiefly
in the frozen form for the continental trade. However, the shipping
scarcity during the war, and the length of time necessary to move
supplies from Australasia as contrasted with South America, resulted
in a sudden increase in exports of frozen beef to the continent and
also to England. The pronounced decline in beef prices during 1921
and a serious outbreak of bovine disease seriously curtailed exports,
as the cheapness of grades below the best sometimes made them
almost unsalable. The more recent improvements in breeding,
through use of English blood, appear to have been temporarily halted
by the current crisis in the industry, but the natural advantages of
Southern Brazil for cattle production are too great to permit a
permanent set back to the industry. However, owing to heavy mor-
tality among cattle of superior breeds imported for the improvement
of stock, it will probably be a considerable period before Brazil is able
to export much beef of a quality that can compete on a normal
market with that from Ai'gentina.

PARAGUAY.

Paraguay, which is just entering the export trade in frozen beef,
has the same natural advantages as Brazil and is confronted with the
same problems. The cattle industry has been adversely aft'ected,
however, by frequent revolutions and by labor troubles on the river
steamers which carry beef to the seaboard. Paraguayan herds have
not yet been improved to any extent by the infusion of foreign blood,
and it is doubtful whether the country will be in a position to com-
pete in the dressed-beef trade for a considerable period.

68 UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION.

AUSTRALIA.

As a beef surplus country, Australia is second only to Argentina,
though a poor second, as will be noted in Table 12. The land area of
Australia is approximately equal to that of continental United States.
Thirty-nine per cent of the continent lies in the Tropics. This fact,
with its insular location and the absence of high mountain ranges,
results in an equable climate and a year-long grazing season similar
to its South American competitors. Since 70 per cent of the country
receives 20 inches or less of rainfall per year, and more than 40 per
cent only 10 inches or less, grazing is by far the most important
enterprise. Moreover, it must remain so, as there is relatively little
surface run-off from the large drainage basins, and relatively small
additions to the stream flow from the eastern mountains. In fact
the bulk of the water which does reach stream beds is lost by perco-
lation. There is thus only limited prospect for irrigation develop-
ments, and grazing promises to continue the chief industry west of
the mountains. Therefore, despite considerable extensions of the
area in grain, following the breaking up of large ranches (stations)
in the years before the war, the products of the Australian grazing
industry, almost entirely beef and hides, mutton and wool, were
twice as valuable as other agricultural products. In 1919-20, out of
total exports valued at £144,569,324," animal products, consisting
almost exclusively of pastoral products, totaled slightly over
£80,000,000 in value; grain and vegetable products £37,000,000.

Cattle are distributed about equally between the humid region on
the Pacific side and the region west of the coastal range, an area
comprising the greater part of the continent, where, except along the
coast, the rainfall decreases from 20 inches near the mountains to
about 10 inches along the border of Queensland and New South Wales,
and where practically the sole agricultural activity is cattle and sheep
production. Relative to land area, there are more cattle in the
moister coastal regions than sheep, which are better adapted to the
sparse grazing of the semiarid interior. Some cattle are also raised
along the north and west coasts and in the southeastern part of South
Australia, In most of the coastal region and in part of the trans-
mountain country the animals are run in fenced paddocks, but in
some areas, especially parts of Queensland and the Northern or
Federal Territory, vast unfenced grazing ranges or "stations," some-
times comprising 11,000 square miles, are under lease. The chief
difficulty west of the mountains is the lack of water. This is partly
met by impounding surface water and by deep artesian wells, but
there are vast areas where few such improvements have yet been made.
Thus Queensland and the Northern Territory are cdmost exclusively
cattle country north of a line about 100 miles north of the Tropic of
Capricorn. South of this line sheep compete sharply with cattle.
In the cattle country there is usually an abundance of stock water
during the summer or rainy season, November to April, and an
abundance of grass which cures on the ground for winter feed.
During the winter, however, there is a severe scarcity of water, and
a large part of the available feed can not be used.*'^ This water

67 Australian Year Book, 1921, p. 518. ^ The Producer, October, 1921, pp. 5, 6.

J

CATTLE AXD BEEF PRODUCTIOX IX THE UNITED STATES. 69

scarcity prevents extension of the cattle industry. To what extent
winter suppUes of water can be enlarged is not yet known. This is
the chief producing area for the production of beef for export.

As a rule the cattle disposed of from interior stations are fat enough
for slaughter from the natural herbage. Wlien ready for market
they are trailed over driveways or "traveling tracks" sonaetimes as
far as 800 miles before they reach railroad shipping points en route
to slaughtering centers on the eastern and southern coast. After
their slow passage over the well-grassed driveways, the animals gen-
erally arrive at shipping points in good condition for slaughter,
but the irresponsibility of the railways for damages (under State
ownership) , which results in rough handling and inadequate feeding
and watering facilities, subsequently cause heavy shrinkage and
considerable loss of cattle. Large numbers of cattle are bargained
for at the stations by cattle traders, and an appreciable percentage
each year is trailed east of the mountains to be finished on richer
grazing in the humid region ; this is more commonly done in seasons
of subnormal rainfall. Grain feeding is almost unknown except for
valuable breeding stock; in good seasons the ranchers apparently
make little provision in the way of dry forage for the drought years,
which make serious inroads on the herds. Hereford blood seems to
be most popular, though virtually all the British breeds are present
in Australia. Shorthorns also are quite numerous. Practically all
the dairy cattle, predominantly of dual-purpose type, are kept east
of the mountains, mainly in parts of New South Wales and Victoria.

The recurrence of regional or countrv-wide droughts, such as
happened in 1901-2, 1912, 1914-15, and 1919-20. and from which it
takes years to recover, constitutes a serious obstacle to more rapid
expansion of cattle raising. In 1913 there was a total of 11,484,000
cattle in Australia, or practically the same number as in 1895, before
the herds were decimated by the great drought. After the drought
which ended in 1915, the total was reduced to 9,931,000. In 1917 it
had increased to 11,956,000 head, but declmed to 11,040,000 in 1919.
In the latter year the number per 1,000 population was 2,216, or
nearly fom* times that in the United States. In fact the country
seems to have become stocked practically to capacity by 1917, except
as continued breaking up of stations in humid sections for mixed
farming finalh' results in a greater number of cattle being kept on
crop refuse and on artificially seeded pastures than are now run on
the natural grasses. Adverse legislation during recent years, alleged
to originate in an effort of the Labor Party to discriminate against
large stations, appears to have introduced an element of uncertainty
in the business which may prevent an extension of artificial seeding
of pastures in areas where rainfall is sufficient to make such a devel-
opment practicable on the ranches.

Most of the slaughtering plants are located on the Pacific coast be-
tween Adelaide and Townsville, 13 in Queensland alone, though a few
plants have been installed in north and west Australia during recent
years. Large public sales yards are maintained at the slaughtering
centers. There the producer or cattle trader usually disposes of his
animals at public auction. After slaughter the beef must be exported
in the frozen form because of the long ocean voyage, much of it
through tropical seas. Exports in the main have gone to Great

70 u:n'ited states tariff commission.

Britain, though appreciable amounts, practicall}^^ 20,000,000 pounds
in 1914 and over 10,000,000 pounds in 1915, came direct to the United
States. Somewhat larger quantities of Australian and New Zea-
land beef, nearly 58,000,000 pounds in 1914, and nearly 9,000,000
pomids in 1915, were reexported to this country from the United
Kingdom before war-time demand kept meats at European points.
The export of frozen beef and beef products during the past decade
is shown in Table 19, page 74.

In 1921 conditions were adverse in Australia, just as in the United
States and Argentina. The collapse of the British market resulted
largely from extensive Government-owned accumulations of meats,
curtailed demand owing to unemployment, and the hot summer wit]jL
its inhibition on the normal per capita consumption of beef. Then,
too, there was a rapid change from shipments of frozen beef to ship-
ments of chilled beef from Argentina. This, in connection with sharp
competition between packers, which resulted in overshipments of
chilled beef, necessitated the use of expensive refrigerated steamers
as cold-storage warehouses at British ports, and the visible supplies
forced prices downward at a rate which was disheartening to Aus-
tralian producers. After a time the outlet for Australasian frozen
beef became so restricted, despite low prices — the more desirable
chilled product from Argentina sold virtually at frozen prices — and
shipping charges absorbed so much of the price, that the freezing
works were virtually forced to cease buying beeves in Australasia.
Whereas at the beginning of the year prices offered producers for good
steers delivered at the plant averaged approximately $7.20 per 100
pounds, at the end of the year they had fallen to $3.60 or less and few
were taken even at that price. ^" Soon after the end of the year total
charges for slaughtering, freezing, freight (2| cents per pound), and
landing charges in England amounted to 6 cents per pound on frozen
beef, which was selling at 8 cents per pound by the carcass.^" This
left only 2 cents per pomid, besides value of hides and offal, to the
Australian cattleman, or less than was received during the depression
of the nineties. However, wages of station hands were 100 per cent
above the pre-war level, railroad freights 60 per cent higher, lolling and
freezing costs 50 per cent, and ocean freights more than 200 per cent.^^
Attempts on the part of northern producers to market part of their
surplus in the south of Australia resulted, on an average, in consider-
able losses, but a favorable season enabled them to carry over the
bulk of their marketable animals until the season of 1922. It is esti-
mated that North Queensland has about 400,000 prime bullocks
ready for slaughter during the season of 1922 instead of the normal
200,000." Many of the ranchers therefore have recently failed to
breed their cows, and some are killing the new calves as soon as they
are born, in order to avoid overstocking and to secure relief from ex-
cessive taxation. It is estimated that prices offered for good steers
at the close of 1921, $3.60 or less per 100 pounds, were not more than
two-thirds of the cost of production.''^

69 The Producer, January, 1922, p. 35.

'» Ibid, April, 1922, pp. 36, 37.

"1 Commerce Reports, Dec. 12, 1921, p. 881.

'2 National Provisioner, Nov. 12, 1921, p. 18; The Producer, January, 1922, p. 35.

" The Producer, May, 1922, p. 36.

I

CATTLE A2^D BEEF PEODUCTIOX IX THE UNITED STATES. 71

NEW ZEALAND.

Because of its equable climate, moderate to heavy precipitation, and
virtual freedom from drought New Zealand is peculiarly adapted
to live-stock production. In most areas there is some vegetation
even in the coldest seasons, and the English grasses flourish when
native bush and fern are cleared off. It is estimated that tame species
of grass are about nine times as productive as the native species, and as
it is reckoned that high-priced land can profitably be kept in sod, a
larger area is sown to grass than to any other crop. At the beginning
of 1918, there were 15,448,000 acres in tame grasses, a larger acreage
than in the whole of Australia and Tasmania. In addition, about
16,000,000 acres are still in native grass or tussock, but this is rapidly
being eliminated. No expensive housing and hand feeding are
necessary except when it is desired to give special care to blooded
stock. Most production is on farms which average much smaller
than the holdings in Australia. About 74 per cent of them contain
less than 320 acres, although there are many large grazing holdings
held under Crown grants or lease.

There has been a f airlv steady increase in the number of cattle in
New Zealand, from 1,257,000 in 1900 to 3,035,000 in 1919. In the
latter year there were 2,616 cattle per 1,000 of population, or more
than four times the ratio in the United States. Most of the leading
British breeds are represented, especially the Shorthorn, Aberdeen-
Angus, and Hereford, but a rapid development of the dairy industry
during recent vears has made inroads upon the purely beef herds.
Of the 2,869,000 cattle reported in 1918, 793,000 were dairy cows,
but of the beef produced a far larger proportion than these statistics
indicate is from sm-plus animals from dairy herds of the dual-purpose
type. In fact, it is stated that most of the beef comes from such
herds. Dairying was formerly handicapped by the lack of labor
but has recently been stimulated by the successful use of milking
machines. This development is sure to have an important effect on
the future of the beef-cattle industry, owing to the larger returns
per man and per farm and to the necessity for larger returns per
acre from the numerous moderate-sized farms.

Since both the north and south islands are relatively narrow and
well supplied with railways, the transportation of cattle from farms
to slaughtering plants is simple and inexpensive. A number of the
slaughtering plants are run on the cooperative plan, and if a producer
desires he can have his animals slaughtered on commission and sold
abroad for his account under his own name or brand. The freezing
and preserving of meat has been the most importan't industry in
New Zealand for many years, but just as from Australia, the risk and
time involved in the long voyage across equatorial seas have prevented
the shipment of fresh meats m other than the frozen form. Both
Australian and New Zealand frozen beef sell at a lower price on the
English market than the chilled beef from North America and
Argentina. Beef exports from New Zealand during the past decade
are shown in Table 19, page 74.

72

UNITED STATES TAEIFF COMMISSION.

GEE AT BRITAIN.

Great Britain has long been the source of pure-bred cattle for New-
World countries. All of the important beef breeds in America orig-
inated in the British Isles. The preeminence of the British strains
has resulted from generations of close selection and perseverance in
definite systems of breeding for the development and fixation of cer-
tain desirable traits characteristic of the different breeds.

In beef production, Great Britain has been a deficiency country
for the last century. During the years just prior to the war, approx-
imately 40 per cent of the consumption was imported, Argentine
chilled beef taking the place of the former heavy receipts from the
United States. The frozen beef from Australasia also went mainly
to Great Britain. In 1908, imports into the United Kingdom from
Argentina, Uruguay, and Australasia amounted to 464,369,000
pounds, with an additional 201,000,000 pounds of chilled and frozen
beef and heavy receipts in the form of live cattle from the United
States. In 1914, imports of beef from the former countries had
increased to 980,066,000 pounds; but from the United States there
were only 6,000,000 pounds, and no receipts from this country in the
form of live cattle.

Exclusion of Canadian feeder or store cattle under quarantine
regulations, and insistance on slaughter at the point of entry of all
live cattle other than feeders from Ireland, wiience about half a
million head arrive annually for fattening, have been measures
directly favorable to the home producers and in line with the British
preference for home-killed beef. However, strong agitation for
removal of the quarantine on Canadian cattle may result in a large
movement of such animals to Great Britain in the near future, partic-
ularly if continued free entry into the United States is denied.

For their value in indicating the importance of Great Britain in the
meat trade of the world, the following table is presented to show
British imports of cattle and beef during the period just prior to the
war. Great Britain is by far the leading importer of beef.

Table 17. — Imports into Great Britain: Cattle, their meat equivalent, and dressed beef,

1901-1913.^

[000 omitted.]

Year.

1901-1905 (average)
1906-1910 (average)

1911

1912

1913

Cattle.

Number.

509

390

198

46

12

Beef
equiv-
alent.

Cwt.
3,154
2, 525
1,294
307
78

Imports

of dressed

beef.

Cwt.
5,051
6,431
8,089
8,645
9,901

Total

imports.

Cwt.
8, 205
8,956
9,352
8,974
9,532

Home
kiUed.

Cwt.
15, 319
16, 048
15,737
16, 268
16, 498

Total
consump-

Cwt.
23,524
25, 004
25, 089
25,242
26, 030

Home

grown.

Per cent.
65
64
63
65
63

1 Agricultural Statistics, Great Britain (Board of Agriculture and Fisheries), 1912, pt. 2, p. 250; 1913,
pt. 3, p. 285.

From Table 17 it is evident that as imports of cattle from countries
other than Ireland declined, imports of dressed beef increased at a
slightly greater rate, while home production made slight gains. Per
capita consumption declined slightly. In 1913 this consumption
amounted to 63.6 pounds of beef, 28.4 pounds of mutton, and 33.9
pounds of pork. During the war years, although the military demand

CATTLE AND BEEF PRODUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES.

73

was very heavy, the number of cattle increased somewhat, and home-
killed beef and veal supplied virtually the same proportion (62 per
cent) of the total, as previously. Only the year ending May 31, 1919,
showed much of a variation from this average, ^^ and this may be
attributed largely to a sharp falling off in imports of concentrated
feedstuffs, during that year.

Table 18 is presented to show total British meat supplies from
1901 to 1913 and the percentage derived from the different ex-
porting countries from 1907 to 1913.

■Table 18. — Total meat supplies of Great Britain — Domestic production, imports, and
principal countries of origin.^

Total supplies.

Domestic production.

Imports.

Year ended May 31—

Quantity

(000
omitted).

Per head
of popu-
lation.

Quantity

(000
omitted).

Per cent
of total
supplies.

Per head
of popu-
lation.

Quantity

(000
omitted).

Per cent

of total

supplies.

Per head
of popu-
lation.

1901

Cwt.

50,266

50, 335

48,601

49, %1

50,638

51,095

50, 789

51,570

51,508

50, 116

51,259

53,255

52, 191

Pounds.
136.3
135.2
129.4
132.0
132.6
132.6
130.7
131.6
130.3
125.6
127.4
131.3
127.6

Cwt.

29,330

29,847

29, 856

29,366

29, 849

29,252

29,424

30, 033

30,667

30,602

29,693

32, 052

31,087

58.3
59.3
61.4
58.8
58.9
57.3
57.9
58.2
59.5
61.1
57.9
60.2
59.6

Pounds.
79.5
80.2
79.5
77.6
78.2
75.9
75.7
76.6
77.6
76.7
73.8
79.0
76.0

Cwt.

20,936

20,488

18,745

20,595

20,789

21,843

21,365

21,537

20, 841

19,514

21,566

21,203

21, 104

41.7
40.7
38.6
41.2
41.1
42.7
42.1
41.8
40.5
38.9
42.1
39.8
40.4

Pounds.

56.8

1902

55.0

1903

49.9

1904

54.4

1905

54.4

1906

56.7

1907

5.5.0

1908

55.0

1909

52.7

1910

48.9

1911

53.6

1912

52.3

1913

51.6

1 Agricultural Statistics, Great Britain, 1912, pt. 5, pp. 278, 279; 1913, pt. 3, pp. 285, 286.
PERCENTAGE OF IMPORTS FROM PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES.

Imported from—

1907

1908

1909

1910

1911

1912

1913

Australia

4.7
7.8
11.2
19.8
9.3
4.1
41.8
.6
.7

3.9

7.1

9.8

25.3

10.8

4.3

36.6

1.0

1.2

7.3
5.9
11.9

28.7

10.1

4.6

28.6

1.5

1.4

12.9

4.6

13.1

32.3

10.1

4.4

18.0

2.1

2.5

10.7
4.3
10.3
37.8
10.7
3.4
19.3
1.4
2.1

10.3
2.5
11.6
41.5
12.2
3.0
14.7
%2
2.0

15.1

Canada

1.6

New Zealand

10.9

Argentina

38.1

Denmark

11.5

Netherlands

4.3

United States

12.8

Uruguay . ...

3.4

Other countries

2.3

International Beef Trade.

In connection with production in the principal exporting countries
the total exports and imports in the international beef trade are
of interest. Table 19 shows these data by countries. The dominant
position of Argentina in the export trade, especially in fresh beef,
is again evident. From 1911 to 1913 practically 90 per cent of the
world's exports of fresh beef was from Argentina and Australasia.
The other 10 per cent was contributed chiefly by Denmark and
Holland, in the order named. Exports from the last-named coun-
tries are mainly to Great Britain and represent the meat surplus of
their dairy herds. The dominant position of Great Britain in the
import trade is also shown. That country imported 93 per cent of

'< Agricultural Statistics, Great Britain, 1919, pt. 3, p. 84; 1920, pt. 3, p. 106.

74

UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION.

the total international trade in fresh beef and retained virtually
all of it for home consumption. It is interesting to note that exports
of other beef — i. e., canned, pickled, salted, and other cured beef,
including dried — came chiefly from Uruguay, the United States, and
Argentina. The Netherlands, Argentina, the United States, and
Australasia contributed the bulk of the beef fats exported.

By 1918, however, war demands and the urge of high prices had
greatly increased exports of fresh beef, particularly from countries
which had been relatively unimportant from 1911 to 1913. Total
exports increased from 1,061,957,000 pounds in the earlier period to
2,216,884,000 pounds in 1918. Argentina and Australasia con-
tributed only 59 per cent of this total, while the United States and
Canada, which previously had shipped only trifling amounts, fur-
nished 29 per cent, and Uruguay and Brazil, which previously had
not developed an appreciable trade in fresh beef, contributed nearly
11 per cent. Denmark and British South Africa furnished nearly
all of the remainder. Exports of canned and other prepared meats
had also increased greatly by 1918, and the United States supplied
81 per cent of the total in that year. Exports of beef fats had greatly
decreased, and Argentina, the United States, Australasia, and Uru-
guay, in the order named, furnished nearly all the total.

The second section of Table 19, showing imports of fresh and other
beef and of beef fats, indicates a deviation from the exports just dis-
cussed. This may be explained primarily by imports by allied
military authorities direct for use of the armies. The import figures
are, therefore, not comparable with the section on exports.

Table 19. — International trade in beef and beef fats, calendar years 1911-1920.

EXPORTS.
[000 omitted.]

Exported from—

Average
1911-1913.

1914

1915

1916

1917

1918

1919

1920

Argentina:

Fresh, frozen, or
chilled beef

Pounds.

750,971

18,265

171,064

Pounds.

813,427

5,240

121, 142

Pounds.

799,694

470

114,908

Pounds.

942,908

2,467

113,676

Pounds.

870,457

16, 784

180, 439

Pounds.

1,092,631

6,127

262, 741

Pounds.

883,452

17, 602

214,337

Pounds.

other beef 1

Beef fats 2

Total

940,300

939, 809

915,072

1,059,051

1,067,680

1,361,499

1, 115, 391

(?)

Austraha:

Fresh, frozen, or
chilled beef

156,638
145,244

'292,066
127,260

114,676
32, 187

242,082
65,463

180, 249
42,565

119, 990
101, 394

121, 079
82,390

Beef fats

Total

301, 882

419, 326

146, 863

307, 545

222,814

221,384

203,469

{')

Belgium: Beef fats

1,577

14,863

9,340

Brazil:

Fresh, frozen, or
chilled beef

18, 770
4,994

74, 209

15, 700

1, 168

146, 500
28, 405
16, 258

133, 397
10, 603
1,231

113, 831
12, 250
20, 245

134, 255

Other beef

Beef fats

iog

62

305

378

17,392
8,008

Total

171

683

23, 764

91,077

191, 163

145, 231

146,326

159,655

British South Africa:
Fresh, frozen, or

chilled beef

Beef fats

239
76

487
412

5,986
619

17,687
204

47, 256
203

18,656
47

44,409
247

12,662
135

Total

315

899

6,605

17, 891

47,459

18,703

44,656

12, 797

1" other beef" includes dried, salted, pickled, canned, etc.

» "Beef fats" include stearin tallow, oleo oil, etc.

•Reports not available, "All countries," therefore, not complete.

CATTLE AND BEEF PRODUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES.

75

Table 19. — International trade in beef and beef fats,

EXPORTS— Continued
[000 omitted.]

calendar

years 1911-1920-

-Contd.

Exported from —

Average
1911-1913.

1914

1915

1916

1917

1918

1919

1920

Canada:

Fresh, frozen, or

chilled beef

Other beef

Beef fats

Pounds.
4,640

1,808

Pounds.

17, 837
(')
1,202

Pounds.
29,460

1,235

Pounds.
45, 837

292

Pounds.
84,376

Pounds.
126, 334
{')
361

Pounds.

107, 170

17

13, 308

Pounds.

64, 412

2,616

1,766

Total

China: Beef fats

Denmark:

Fresh, frozen, or

chilled beef

Other beef

Beef fats

6,448

19,039

30,695

46, 129

84,387

126, 695

120, 495

68, 794

8,787

18, .538

15-, 151

40, 800

36, 961

18, 762

16, 716

{')

39, 520

208

3,757

38,089

359

4,952

50, 181
1.5,647
6,681

34, 220
5,999
1,581

35, 370
2,752
2,230

21, 337

9,269

463

17, 730

532

3,981

38, 669

2,223

Total

43,485

43, 400

72, 509

41,800

40, 352

31, 069

22,243

40, 892

France:

Fresh, frozen, or
chilled beef

8,764

342

53,255

5,715

334

36, 732

1,626

198
20, 466

2,177

274

17,922

2,056

1,547

3,065

12,016

Beef fats

5,670

727

5,634

7,824

Total

62,361

42, 781

22,290

20, 373

7,726

2,274

8,699

19,840

Netherlands:

Fresh, frozen, or

chilled beef

Other beef

37,857

32,865

45, 646

33, 382

3,741

2,333

128

53

371

16

35,649
1,712
5,003

6,416
491

Beef fats

288, 319

315,853

400, 749

370, 032

15, 277

Total

326, 176

348, 718

446,395

403, 414

6,202

440

42,364

22,184

New Zealand:

Fresh, frozen, or

chiUed beef

Other beef

Beef fats

29, 582

976

49,985

69, 927

689

54,914

86, 477

425

59,949

112,071

311

50, 338

99,924

494

28, 222

82,308

549

36,783

86,493

478

104,997

84, 894

651

60,574

Total

80, 543

125, 530

146, 851

162, 720

128,640

119, 640

191,968

146,319

32

72

1,047

Sweden:

Fresh, frozen, or
chilled beef

15,311

133

1,841

12, 280
3,993
2,104

16,522
16, 277
2,236

7,186

3,628

138

6,149

4,366

452

10
46

3,693

4,662

Beef fats

168

4,296

Total

17, 285

18,377

35,035

10,952

10, 967

56

3,861

8,958

United Ivingdom: Beef
fats

27, 595

22,415

19, 551

10,790

2,837

1,983

(')

(')

United States:

Fresh, frozen, or

chilled beef

Other beef

Beef fats

14,886
40,016
158, 820

31, 422
54, 514
100, 657

262, 813
112, 747
159, 206

181,977
90, 710
118, 7.55

216, 420
133, 282

52, 728

514, 342

- 185, 663

92,788

174, 427
96,672
158, 333

89,649
49, 831
129, 131

Total

213, 722

186, 593

534, 766

391, 442

402, 430

792, 793

129, 432

268,611

Uruguay:

Fresh, frozen, or

153, 017
21, 462
23, 498

21.5, 115
11,761
21,919

157,568
9,215
12,414

158,399
17, 151
35, 216

106,247
15, 111
49, 559

86,061
33, 614

Beef fats

Total

119, 675

200,977

248, 795

179, 197

210, 766

170,917

(})

(')

Other countries:

Fresh, frozen, or

chilled beef

Other beef

Beef fats

3,549

1.36

8,297

423

10

7,608

67
2,398
4,015

441
1,106
5,095

323
2,331
1,520

32
1,969
2, 988

5

83

3,997

202
2,257
2,738

Total

11,982

8,041

6,380

6,642

4,174

4,989

4, 085

5,197

3 Reports not available, "All countries," therefore, not complete.
<'" Other" combined with "Fresh, frozen, or chilled."

6303—22 6

76 UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION.

Table 19. — International trade in beef and beef fats, calendar years 1911-1920—

E X P 0 R T S— Continued .
[000 omitted.]

-Contd.

Exported from —

Average
1911-1913.

1914

1915

1916

1917

1918

1919

1920

All countries: 5

Fresh, frozen, or
chilled beef

Pounds.

1.061.957

Pounds.

1, 467, 555

89,906

837, 737

Pounds.

1,647,033

164, 917

859, 819

Pounds.

1, 851, 745

129, 410

808,668

Pounds.

1, 851, 220

207, 898

405,440

Pounds.

2, 216, 884

229, 708

569,848

Pounds.

1,591,003

129, 346

644, 219

Pounds.

Other beef 'i4fi!24fi

Beef fats

954, 133

Total

2, 162, 336

2, 395, 198

2,671,769

2, 789, 823

2, 464, 558

3,016,435

2,364,568

6 Yearbooic figure does not include dried beef.

IMPORTS.
[000 omitted.]

Imported by—

Average
1911-1913.

1914

1915

1916

1917

1918

1919

19201

Austria-Hungary:
Fresh, frozen, or
chilled beef

Pounds.
4,666

Pounds.

Pounds.

Pounds.

Pounds.

Pounds.

Pounds.

Pounds.

Other beef 2

43,026

Beef fats 3

8,317

5,403

Total

12 983

48,429

Belgium: Beef fats

6,034

20,367

5,408

Brazil:

Other than fresh,
frozen, or chilled
beef

48,093
896

8,678
3,145

4,528
12,589

1,724
1,817

3,464
726

2,953

4,828

2,099
880

9,823

Beef fats

864

Total

48,989

11,823

17,117

3,541

4,190

7,781

2,979

10,687

British South Africa:
Fresh, frozen, or

chilled beef

Beef fats

6,481
11,202

1,504
9,862

35
8,632

12
5,393

17
1,638

4

4,727

4
3,304

90
10,068

Total

17,683

11,366

8,667

5,405

1,655

4,731

3,308

10, 158

Canada:

Fresh, frozen, or

chilled beef

Other beef

Beef fats

1,549
1,267

275

2,279

1,040

213

1,916

3,580

127

4,228

5,365

190

14,663
3,623
1,148

2,233

315

6,992

1,460

368

5,418

2,369
1,295
6,083

Total

3,091

3,532

5,623

9,783

19,434

9,540

7,246

9,747

Cuba:

Fresh, frozen, or

59
32.346

^417

136
17,063
10,561

34
15,358
7,263

17
30,202
12, 052

65
31,308

8,427

147
18,421
5,779

557
31,207
11,753

Beef fats

Total

37,822

27,760

22,655

42, 271

39,800

24, 347

43.. 517

France:

Fresh, frozen, or

chilled beef

Other beef

Beef fats

5,290

80

35,948

33, 746

52

37,998

381,614

165

23,001

460,764

225

36,262

414,366

169

43,434

458,494

100

34, 166

526, 101

6,291

99,986

292,617

1,324

46,017

Total

41,318

71,796

404, 780

497,251

457,969

492,760

632,378

340,958

Germany:

Fresh, frozen, or

61,865

4,455

145,830

143,471

61,185

Beef fats

61,381

Total

212, 150

266,037

1 Complete data from some smaller countries not available.

2 "Other" beef includes dried, canned, pickled, salted, etc.
• Beef fats include stearin, tallow, oleo oil, etc.

CATTLE AXD BEEF PRODUCTION IX THE UISTITED STATES.

77

ABLE 19. — International trade in beef and beef fats,

IMPORTS— Continued
[000 omitted.]

calendar

years 1911-1920-

-Contd.

Imported by-

Average
1911-1913.

1914

1915

1916

1917

1918

1919

1920

inland:
Fresh, frozen, or

chilled beef

Other beef

Beef fats

Pounds.
4,214
6,333
4,207

Pounds.
3,479

2,714
3,285

Pounds.

2,309

855

2,300

Pounds.

1,058

572

1,834

Pounds.

21

2,476

1,305

Pounds.

12

5,375

23

Pounds.

Pounds.

2 434

Total

14, 754

9,478

5,464

3,464

3,802

5,410

2 434

etherlands:
Fresh, frozen, or

chilled beef

Other beef

3,360

3,768

1,083

85

52

81,242

5

47

23,698

12
31
733

35,992
122

41,858

14,901
143

Beef fats

252,936

199, 288

186,014

68 976

Total

256,296

203,056

187,097

81,379

23, 7.50

776

77,972

84 020

orway:
Other than fresh,
frozen, or chilled
beef

36
20, 167

68
21,030

9
26,592

8
30,789

155
26,219

35
1,495

Beef fats

20,016

18 748

Total

20,203

21,098

26,601

30,797

26,374

1,530

20,016

18 748

ussia: Beef fats

Dam:
Other beef

2,216

693

78

347

80

160

167

81

19

27

Beef fats

966

24

Total

966

24

80

160

167

81

19

27

yeden:

Fresh, frozen, or

chilled beef

Other beef

Beef fats

1,148

276

11,488

453

183

16,676

52

23

19,127

82

28

15, 767

291

48
1,282

10,7.54

1,483

23

7,091
14,294

449
9 408

Total

12,912

17,312

19,202

15,877

1,621

12, 260

< 21,385

9,857

ivitzerland:

Fresh, frozen, or

chiUed beef

Beef fats

5,166
3,886

2,109
2,435

472

4,518

1,276
5,078

583
3,743

3
5,975

126
7,831

Total

9,052

4,544

5,990

6,354

4,326

5,978

7,957

nited Kingdom:
Fresh, frozen, or

chilled beef

Other beef

Beef fats

903, 886

69,365

279, 041

920,980

82,576

299,014

922,7.58
196, 143
405,007

772,995
182, 720
435,302

681,796
178,260
319,957

844, 055
201,947
2.50,339

721,274
295, 161
205,666

1,026,743

18,259

212,995

Total

1,252,292

1,302,570

1,523,908

1,391,017

1,180,013

1,296,341

1,222,101

1,257,997

nited States:

chiUed beef

Beef fats

11,941
5,727

254,319
4,030

118,590
1,718

39,772
649

22,072
5,555

23,339
6,952

38,462
14,454

50, 182
15,897

Total

17,668

258,349

120,308

40,421

27,627

30,291

52,916

66,079

ther countries: &
Fresh, frozen, or

chilled beef

Other beef

Beef fats

15,688
12,554
49,501

14,649

7, .588

48, ISO

11,424

8,362

59,787

5,585

4,371

43,526

6,935
18,306
23,643

11,048
3,128
25,208

33,898

1,237

40,662

16, 149

580

18,749

[' Total

77,743

70,417

79,573

53,482

48,884

39,384

75,797

35,478

.11 countries:

Fresh, frozen, or

chilled beef

Other beef

Beef fats

1,025,313
174,805
844, 054

1,237,422
119,962
656, 434

1,440,367
229, las
757,673

1,285,874
225,427
670, 248

1,140,814
238,023
460, 775

1,350,101
233,869
346,240

1,357,874
343,595
486,489

1,547,522
136,111
482, 431

Total

2,044,172

2,013,818

2,427,143

2,181,549

1,839,612

1,930,210

2,187,9.58

2,166,064

* Later figure than in Yearbook.

.i^^^^t?^^* include imports in Austria-Hungary, Belgium, and Germany diu-ing the war period, 1914-

118. Therefore the total trade statistics during that period are not strictly comparable.

78 united states taeiff commissiolsr.

Relation of Domestic to World Prices.

Domestic prices of beef and cattle depend primarily on the world '
market, which of course varies with import demand, chiefly from '
Great Britain, and export supply, chiefly from Argentina and Aus
tralasia during the past 12 years. Seasonal fluctuations in the price
of beef in the importing countries of western Europe are minimized
because of the world-wide source of supply, as European imports
are drawn primarily from countries such as Argentina, where the
best grazing occurs during what is the winter season in the Northern
Hemisphere. This tendency toward the smoothing out of seasonal
price variations which results from supplemental grazing seasons is
felt in all exporting countries as well as in importing countries if the
home producers are not protected from foreign competition. Except
as indirectly affected by pork prices, which continued on an export
basis, withdrawal of the United States from the export beef trad(
tended to give this country a price level which was above the export
level after 1911. The free entry of foreign beef supplies begin
ning in October, 1913, would of course tend to put domestic prices
on a distinctly import basis, but the war quickly affected domes
tic production and exports, and reversed this condition.

Prior to 1912, while the United States was upon an export basis
American beef met sharp competition in the British market fron
Argentina and Australasia, but commanded a substantial price pre
mium because of the better quality of domestic corn-fed beef as com-
pared with the "grass" beef of competitors. The withdrawal of th(
United States from export trade prior to 1913 was not due to th(
lower prices at which competing beef was sold, but to the elimina
tion of a surplus. Figure 7 shows how Argentina, from 1905 t(
1911, was steadily able to undersell the United States in the Londoi
market. Quotations for United States beef virtually disappearec
after 1911. As already noted, the difference between prices of Ameri
can and Argentine chilled beef on the London market was a pre
mium which American beef commanded because of its superior quality

THE RELATION OF CATTLE PRICES IN CANADA TO THOSE IN THE UNITEI

STATES.

Owing to the intimate relation between beef production in Canads
and the United States since 1913. it is of interest to compare price!
of Canadian and domestic fat cattle. Figure 8 is therefore presentee
to show the relation between prices in Toronto for butcher steer|
and those in Chicago for fair to choice native beef steers. Toronti
is the main slaughtering market in Canada, corresponding to Chicai^
in this country. Prior to 1914 there was relatively little import;
tion of beef cattle from Canada, and animals shipped from Winnip
went to Toronto for slaughter or to Ontario lor further finishi:
before slaughter. In 1913, while the tariff' act of 1909 was in forci
the prices at Toronto were considerably lower than at Chicagci
But after November, 1913, Canadian cattle from west of the Grea|
Lakes could move to St. Paul and Chicago either for slaughter al
sale as feeders, or to Toronto or Ontario. Cattle finished in Ontario
could find an outlet at Buffalo as easily as at Toronto. Inasmuch
as prices in this country had been rising steadily for a number ot

FiQ. 7.— Comparison of wholesale prices of Amoriean and Argentine beef at SmithfieW market, Londoji, with wholesale prices of gooil

1)0pf, Cliicilgo, IW.-, 1112I1.

Cnm-22. (I":ii'('p.

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X T n I'ViOlO'lt Pijl

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^ L T ,

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1 1

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1 i, \tm^ 11, 1)H !•

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Pj -is'ltj -Ijist^ -lilSe' -I'ssr? o'-lit* •I'-'if'^ -l-iif^ -^"s'tJ -I'-'Je' •l-Sie'' -I'-iSc* -l-^it? "''11

idljlllHlslllljifilLyilliii!llilllll|j|!flllllllliHiJ4y

6303—22. (Face p. 79.)

Fig. S.— Comparison at prices of hesl butcher cattle, Toronto, with prices of nai

i, Chicago, 1910-1920.3

CATTLE AjSTD BEEF PRODUCTION IN THE UlSTITED STATES. 79

years, and coincident with free entry the diminishing domestic
production was suddenly curtailed by unusual climatic factors, the
removal of the tariff had relatively little effect on domestic prices.
The opening of the domestic market to Canadian cattle, however,
immediately raised prices in Canada, because that country had con-
tinued on an export basis. Furthermore, the bulk of Canada's sur-
plus is produced in the western Provinces and must pay heavy freight
charges for the long shipment eastward. With free entry into the
United States these western cattle could be shipped to St. Paul and
Chicago at much less cost than to central Canada. The transporta-
tion situation in Canada thus cooperated with free entry in bringing
about a pronounced rise in the Canadian markets, since, in order
to secure needed supplies, grazers and feeders in central and eastern
Canada had to meet the increased prices in western markets. The
Canadian beef market of course was inmiediately affected. This rise
is shown in Figure 8. After 1915 the war demand gave each country
a seller's market and they shared ecjually in the subsequent price rise.

This figure indicates that free entry of cattle into the United States
has been a valuable asset to the Canadian producer. His fat cattle
usually sold at Buffalo for from 50 cents to $1 per 100 pounds below
similar grades of domestic annuals, because practically all of the
latter that reach that market are finished on grain and have a slightly
higher dressing percentage than the Canadian product. Canadian
cattle are fed much less grain and little or no corn— the mainstay of
the American cattle feeder; the feeder animals are ready sellers, as
they are of excellent type, easy to handle, are not branded, and make
rapid gains when put on feed. They compare favorably with good
feeders from the Northern States in this country, and have become
quite popular with cattle feeders in the United States. They have
frequently topped the St. Paul and Chicago markets. This results
in part from the fact that a considerable proportion of them arrive
in such good flesh that competition between American packers and
feeders is very keen, since if put on feed they reach prime market
condition in a relatively short time. In fact, under free entry
virtually a special trade developed for heavy Canadian feeders, fre-
quently for spring and early summer arrivals which can be mark-
eted from grass before the height of the heavy "run" from the
American ranges.

The difterential between domestic and Canadian cattle prices
during 1921 is especially interesting because of the emergency tariff,
enacted May 27, 1921, and effective May 28. The following table
shows the changes in differentials before and after June 1. It will
be noted that American prices did not rise after June 1, but that
Canadian prices fell sharply. Canada, with her large surplus, of
course, remained on an export basis; her price levels, therefore, fol-
lowed the international level, and Canadian producers had to absorb
the duty in order to ship to the United States.

80

UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION.

Table 20. — Monthly average prices of cattle, 1921.

CHICAGO.

[Average price per 100 pounds.]

Month.

January

February

March

April

May

Average,

June

July

August

September

October

November

Average,

Native beef cattle.

Light,

750

to

1,050.

$7.90
7.50
8.40
7.65
7.75

.84

7.55
7.40
6.90
6.90
6.75
6.90

.90

Medium,
1,050

to
1,200.

$8.60
8.10
9.10
7.95
7.90

8.33

7.75
7.65
7.50
7.30
7.35
6.50

7.34

Medium

to heavy,

1,200 to

1,900.

$9.67
8.93
9.83
8.50

8.47

9.08

8.15

8.28
9.08
8.22
8.48
7.72

8.32

Fat cows

and
heifers.

$6.20
5.85
6.65
6.25
6.05

6.20

5.05
5.40
5.10
4.60
4.80
4.80

4.96

Canners

and
cutters.

$3.70
3.25
3.65
3.00
3.10

3.34

2.20
2.75
2.50
2.75
2.95
2.55

2.62

WINNIPEG.
lAverage price per 100 pounds.]

Steers.

Cows

and

heifers.

Cutters

and
canners.

Stockers

Month.

Heavy
finished.

Medium
weight.

Light
weight.

and
feeders, j

Current.
$6.59
6.76
7.19
6.88
6.60

Current.
$5.66
6.76
6.35
6.38
6.44

Current.
$5.26
5.29
5.85
5.91
6.17

Current.
$4.97
4.97
5.16
5.14
5.35

Current.
$2.81
2.61
2.78
2.31
2.51

Current.
$4.80

4.62

March

5.34

April

5.00

May...

5.07

Average

6.80

6.32

5.70

5.12

2.60

4.97

5.87
5.04
4.65
4.22
3.92
3.83

5.30
4.19
3.66
3.60
3.46
3.49

5.06
3.98
3.51
3.34
3.21
3.28

4.35
3.76
3.37
2.68
2.81
2.88

1.57
1.13
1.18
1.35
1.34
1.53

3.66

July

2.71

2.79

2.84

October

2.84

November

2.86

4.59

3.95

3.73

3.34

1.35

2.95

TORONTO.
[Average price per 100 pounds.]

January

February

March

April

May

Average

June

July

August

September

October

November

Average

$8.59
8.26
9.06
8.83
8.46

8.64

7.27
6.55
6.81
6.64
5.98
5.84

6.51

$7.52
7.23

7.85
7.82
7.60

7.60

6.60
5.44
5.78
5.47
4.96
4.65

5.48

$6.74
6 35
7.26
7.28
7.30

6.99

6.34
5.39
4.91
4.83
4.27
4.14

4.!

$6.32
5.74
6.49
6.62
6.57

6.35

5.59
4.52
4.28
4.16
3.83
3.83

4.37

$3.29
3.13
2.96
2.73
2.64

2.95

1.59
1.63
1.50
1.74
1.94
1.87

1.71

CATTLE AN^D BEEF PRODUCTION IIST THE UNITED STATES.

81

Comparison of Chicago and Canadian prices, 1921.
[Average price per 100 pounds.]

Date.

Steers.

Fat cows

and
heifers.

Cutters

and
canners.

Stockers

and
feeders.

Heavy.

Medium.

Light.

Chicago, Jan. 1-May 31

Chicago, June 1-Nov. 30

$9.08
8.32

$8.33
7.34

$7.84
6.90

S6.20
4.96

$3.34
2.62

$7.37
5.78

Difference. .

.76

8.64
6.51

.99

.94

1.24

.72

1 59

Toronto, Jan. 1-May 31

7.60
5.48

6.99
4.98

6.35
4.37

2.95
1.71

Toronto, June 1-Nov. 30

Difference

2.13

2.12

2.01

1.98

1.24

Winnipeg, Jan. 1-May 31

Winnipeg, June 1-Nov. 30

6.80
4.59

6.32
3.95

5.70
3.73

5.12
3.34

2.60
1.35

4.97
2.95

Difference

2.21

2.37

1.97

1.78

1.25

2 02

Difference between Chicago
and Toronto, Jan. 1-May 31. .

.44
1.81

.73
1.86

.85
1.92

.15
.59

.39
.91

Difference between Chicago
and Toronto, June 1-Nov. 30.

Increase

1.37

1.13

1.07

.44

.52

Difference between Chicago
and Winnipeg, Jan. 1-May
31

2.28
3.73

2.01
3.. 39

2.14
3.17

1.08
1.62

.74
1.27

2 40

Difference between Chicago
and Winnipeg, June 1-Nov.
30

2 83

Increase

1.45

1.38

1.03

.54

.53

43

As illustrating the effect of the emergency tariff on domestic beef
prices, which of course control cattle prices, Table 21 is also pre-
sented. It will be noted that the price of beef in the United States
averaged considerably lower after June 1, but that the price of beef
in foreign markets declined still more. In other words, it would
seem that, with the United States on a small import basis, the duty
held domestic prices substantially above the international level
after June 1.

Table 21. — Comparative heef prices, domestic and foreign, 1921.
[Average price per 100 pounds.]

New York, good steer beef

Toronto, carcass No. 1

Winnipeg, carcass No. 1

London, EngUsh beef

London, Argentine chilled Mnd quarters .

Buenos Aires, frigoriflco steer, good

Buenos Aires, fat steer, frigoriiico quality

Jan. 1 to
May 31.

June 1 to
Dec. 31.

Decline.

$17. 00

$15.61

$1.3^

19.02

14.65

4.37

14.22

11.27

2.95

27.79

19.54

8.25

17.54

14.81

2.73

9.70

6.90

2.80

8.96

6.80

2.16

Percentage
of decline.

8.2
23.0
20.7
29.7
15.6
28.9
24.1

Competitive Conditions in the Production of Beef.

The principal competing countries are grouped below in Table 22
to indicate approximately to what extent they may be competitive
at the present time. The actual number of cattle in a given country
may not be the best measure of competitive strength. The ratio of

82

UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION.

cattle to population is a better measure, provided facilities for
slaughtering and refrigeration are available.

Table 22. — Number of cattle and sheep and of cattle units, and ratio to 'population in
the principal competing countries.^

Country.

Argentina

Uruguay

Paraguay

Brazil

Australia

New Zealand .

Canada

United States

Popula-
tion (000
omitted).

8,284
1,407
1,000
27,474
4,981
1,160
8,361
106, 871

Year.

1918
1916
1915
1916
1919
1919
1919
1919

Cattle.

Number

(000
omitted).

27, 050

7,803

5,249

! 28, 962

11,040
3,035

10,085

67,866

Per 1,000
of popu-
lation.

3,263
5,546
5,249
1,054
2,216
2,616
1,206
635

Sheep.

Number

(000
omitted).

45, 000

11, 473

600

7,205
86, 650
25, 728

3,053
36,753

Per 1,000
of popu-
lation.

5,432

8,154

600

262

17,396

22, 179

365

344

Cattle
units
per 1,000
popu-
lation.

4

4,039
6,711
5,335
1,091
4,701
5,786
1,258
684

1 In this table the latest available statistics are used. Dates during the war are taken for some countries.
Their competitive status during the rest of the war period was not greatly changed. The total number of
all cattle is used because of difficulty in separating dairy from beef cattle, and because dairy cattle make
substantial contributions to the beef supply and release large amounts of beef for export.

For comparison, the number of sheep is also included in this table and the number per 1 ,000 of the popula-
tion. Sheep and cattle per 1,000 inhabitants are combined into "Cattle units per 1,000 population" on the
basis of 7 sheep to 1 cow— i. e., according to the average grazing and feed requirements on farms in the
United States. This ratio is a fair basis for estimating meat production.

2 Includes buffaloes.

It will be seen from this table that Argentina and her two neighbors
on the immediate north have an average of 3,750 cattle per 1,000 in-
habitants while Australasia has an average of 2,290, as against 635
in the United States. These countries have natural advantages for
cattle raising, and their ratio of cattle to inhabitants suggests that
in the production of beef they are serious competitors of the United
States. Excluding Brazil, whose cattle industry is just beginning
to develop, the other competing countries have four times as many
cattle per 1,000 inhabitants as has the United States and, with the
possible exception of Australasia, probably will increase their herds
in the future. They thus present a problem of potential competition
which may be much keener than present numbers of cattle indicate.

The present and the potential competition of these countries is
greatly heightened by the fact of yearlong grazing, entire absence of
grain feeding, and almost total lack of hay feeding in normal years.
With relatively few exceptions there is almost no hand feeding of any
kind. Periodical droughts, particularly in Argentina and Australia,
make inroads on the herds and add to costs of production, but, aside
from this, the items of heaviest cost are land rental, interest on cattle
and equipment, and marketing charges. Thus the producers south of
the Equator have a pronounced handicap in competition with the
cattle producer and feeder in the United States, where the cost of dry
feed is the largest item of expense for other than ''grass beef," and
is an important cost item for most of the latter. It may be assumed
that Argentina typifies this condition, and costs of production secured
in that country permit a comparison with the industrv in the United
States during the high-cost period of 1918-19 and 1919-20. This
comparison is based on data summarized in Tables 7 and 8, on pages
21 and 83 preceding. Unfortunately, there are no cost data for

CATTLE AXD BEEF PRODUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES. 83

"grass beef" in the United States, and the comparison must be made
between alfalfa and grass-fattened beeves in Argentina and corn-fed
beeves in this country.

Argentina graziers secured their feeder cattle during 1918-19 and
1919-20 at an estimated average cost of 6.3 cents per pound, live
weight. American cattle feeders paid an average of about 9.9 cents.
Argentine cattle were sold at approximately 71 cents per pound,
American at 13.14 cents. The respective costs per pound at sale
weights were approximately 6.6^^ and 14.3 cents. The difference
in purchase price and finished cost per pound represents the amount
of handicap held by the Argentine grazier under conditions which
prevailed before the recent decline in the cattle, beef, and feed mar-
kets in the United States. The Argentine beef carcass is reported
to have represented an outlay to the packer of 9^ cents per pound,
the American approximately 17^ cents. This difference in cost to
the packer was partly nullified by the superior equality of and price
preference for American chilled beef as compared with Argentine
frozen and chilled, and also in part by the difference in storage and
shipping charges for marketing from South America. Since 1920,
costs in beef fattening in the United States have greatly decreased,
partly because of cheaper feeder cattle, but largety because of cheaper
feeds tuffs. Argentine costs have fallen much less, as they were not
inflated to the same extent as costs in the United States, where most
cattle feeders must gamble not only on the cattle market but, to a con-
siderable extent, on the price of feed as well.

In Australia producers on lands leased from the State have a sub-
stantial advantage over those in Argentina, owdng to the low rentals
Eaid. Their lower grazing charge is partly offset, however, by the
eavier shipping costs from Australia, and b}^ the necessity of shipping
their beef in the frozen form. It therefore sells for substantially less
than that part of the Argentine exports which is marketed as chilled
beef. It has been estimated that in 1921 the cost per hundred pounds
for beef cattle produced on ranches in Queensland, the chief source
of export beef in Australia, averaged approximately $5.40,^" or sub-
stantially less than in Argentina, where there appears to have been
little change from 1920 costs.

Tariff History.

Changes in the duties upon beef; veal, and cattle have been frequent
and wide. Until about 1910 they could have had little influence either
on cattle or beef, as until that year this country was a heavy exporter
of both, and domestic prices remained in line with the world market.

Under the tariff act of 1883 the duty upon beef was 1 cent per
pound; in 1890 it was 2 cents; in 1894 J 20 per cent ad valorem; in
1897, 2 cents per pound; in 1909, 1^ cents; in 1913 beef was placed
upon the free list: under the emergency tariff act of May 27, 1921, it
was 2 cents, while the act of September 22, 1922, fixes the duty at 3
cents per pound. Reference has already been made to the fact that
it was not until the fiscal year 1914 that substantial imports of beef

■5 All items of interest included in cost, but no aUowance made for distribution of losses owing to drought
years.
'6 Statement of A. C. Mills, in The Producer, May, 1922, p. 36.

84 UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION.

occurred. On cattle the duty of 20 per cent ad valorem in the act of
1883 was made specific in the law of 1890, at $2 per head for animals
1 year old and under, and $10 per head for cattle over 1 year old.
Since the average value of those imported in 1890 was $6.30, this
duty was prohibitive except for high-priced cattle; in 1892 only
2,036 were imported, as against 26,760 in 1890.

While the act of 1883 was in force, Americans had invested con-
siderable sums in the Mexican cattle industry. They were particu-
larly affected by the specific duty of $10 per head, because most of
the imports from Mexico were thin stockers and feeders of inferior
breed, averaging much less in value than the amount of duty levied
upon them. These animals could not be grown and exported at a
profit under the 1890 tariff. Considerable numbers were held in
Mexico and brought in after the duty was changed back to 20 per
cent ad valorem in the act of 1894. Imports increased from 1,592
in 1894 to 149,781 in 1895. In the hearings preliminary to the
passage of the act of 1897, it was shown by people interested in the
Mexican cattle trade that the average value of animals coming from
Mexico was so much lower than that of animals bred in Canada that
a specific duty which the trade in the higher-priced cattle might
support would be prohibitive to those from Mexico. A rather com-
plicated combination of specific and ad valorem duties was decided
upon. On cattle less than 1 year old the duty was $2 per head; on
other cattle valued at not more than $14 per head, the duty was $3.75;
and if valued at more than $14 per head, it was 27| per cent ad valo-
rem. Since most of the animals imported at that time were valued
at less than $14 per head, the specific duty usually applied. But the
provision was somewhat difficult to administer and to some extent
invited fraud and undervaluation. The same duties were con-
tinued in the act of 1909. Cattle were put on the free list in 1913.^^
The emergency tariff placed the duty at 30 per cent ad valorem and
the act of September 21, 1922, places the duty at 1^ cents per pound
for cattle weighing less than 1,050 pounds and 2 cents per pound for
heavier cattle.

BREEDING STOCK.

Previous to the act of 1913, in which all cattle were put on the free
list, there was provision for the free importation of special classes of
cattle. Cattle imported by a citizen of the United States specially
for breeding purposes were admitted free, provided they were regis-
tered as pure bred of a recognized breed. Cattle straying across the
border into any foreign country, or driven across for temporary-
pasturage, were readmitted free, provided they were brought back
within six months. Cattle brought into the United States tem-
porarily for a period not exceeding six months, for breeding or exhibi-
tion purposes, were admitted free. General provisions, covering
these classes of animals, were carried over into paragraphs 397 and
398 of the act of 1913.

QUARANTINE.

Paragraph H, subsections 1 and 2, Section IV of the act of 1913
prohibits the importation of meat cattle with the provision that the
prohibition may be suspended by the Secretary of the Treasury in

" Tariff act of 1913, Sec. I, par. 619. Cattle (free list). See p. 122, for details by years under the various
acts.

CATTLE AND BEEF PRODUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES. 85

cases when he shall determme that such importation will not tend
to the introduction or spread of contagious diseases among the cattle
in the United States. '^^ This provision has been carried along in the
tariff acts since 1890, when general provision for the inspection and
quarantine of animals was made. (Act of August 30, 1890, 26 Stat.
L. 414; and in the act of February 2, 1903, 32 Stat. L. 791.) Under
these general quarantine acts powers are vested in the Secretary of
Agriculture for carrying out the acts, and the work is actually done
under his authority by the Bureau of Animal Industry. These
quarantine laws restrict the importation of cattle to some extent
and afford some indirect protection to the domestic producer.

Tariff Considerations.

It should be noted that a duty on beef and cattle at the present
time could not raise domestic prices by the full amount of the levy.
This was equally as true in 1913, when this country first showed a net
import balance of beef and meats. Exports of pork and pork prod-
ucts were and still are too large; the world market was and yet is too
potent a factor in determining hog and pork prices in the United
States; and there is too large a degree of mterchangeability between
beef and pork, especially during periods of depression, to permit a
duty on beef and on cattle to be fully effective. Pork is by far the
leading competitor of beef in the United States and elsewhere,
whatever the industrial situation, but during periods of partial
employment, as in 1921, or when beef prices are deemed too high, the
greater economy of the smaller, more convenient pork cuts reacts
unfavorably on the demand for beef. Thus during the period about
1910 to 1914, when beef prices were tending upward more or less
steadily, the per capita consumption of beef was greatly reduced,
but that of pork remained substantiall;^ unchanged. Virtually the
sole deficiency in American production in 1913 to 1915 was in beef
and beef products, net imports of which amounted to 461,271,000
pounds in 1914, or nearly 8 per cent of domestic production. '*' Our
net exports of pork and pork products, including lard, amounted to
900,000,000 pounds, or 10 per cent of our total pork and lard pro-
duction. This was enough to permit the world market to affect do-
mestic pork prices considerably, and indirectly to affect domestic
beef prices. In the fiscal year 1921 net imports of beef totaled
69,574,000 pounds, about 1 per cent of production; net exports of pork
and lard were 1,548,039,000 pounds, or approximately 15 per cent
of domestic production. In consequence, the effectiveness of im-
port duties upon beef and cattle would be lessened by the effect of
the world market on the domestic price of pork and hogs, which in
turn would react on the price of beef and cattle.

"Tariff act of 1913, Sec. IV, par. H, subsec. 1, That the importation of meat cattle and the
hides of meat cattle from any foreign country into the United States is prohibited: Provided, That the
operation of this section shall be suspended as to any foreign country or countries whenever the Secretary
of the Treasury shall offlcially determine, and shall give public notice thereof, that such importation shall
not tend to the introduction or spread of contagious or infectious diseases among the cattle of the United
States: and tlie Secretary of the Treasury is hereby authorized and empowered, and it shall be Ws duty
to make all necessary orders and regulations to carry this section into effect, or to suspend the same as
herein pro^■ided, and to send copies thereof to the proper officers of the United States, and to such officers
or agents of the United States as he shalljudge necessary.

Subsec. 2. That any person con\'icted of willful violation of the preceding subsection shall be fined not
exceeding $500, or imprisoned not exceeding one year, or both, in the discretion of the court.

" See p. 3S.

86 UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION.

If a duty be placed on beef and cattle, that on beef should be
carefully correlated with the duty on live animals. The form and
ratio of duties will largely determine whether imports take the form
of feeders and stockers, fat cattle, or beef and veal. Animals
imported for fattening are raw material for farmers engaged in the
feeding of cattle for market and add to the domestic production of
valuable by-products. These thin animals compete directly with
home-bred stocker and feeder animals. Imports of fat cattle com-
pete both with domestic producers of butcher and of thin animals.
The same is true of imports of dressed beef and beef products. Dairy
animals, like stockers and feeders, are not for immediate consump-
tion except in the case of relatively limited arrivals of cutter and
canner and some fat cows, but they compete with domestic dairy
cattle, which supplement largely the supply of beef. Cattle imported
for breeding purposes have been and should remain on the free list.

Canada and Mexico are the only countries from which the domestic
producer needs fear competition from butcher cattle in his home
market. Should a duty be levied on cattle, consideration should be
given to the large difference in average value of import from Mexico
and Canada. Thus imports of cattle from Canada in 1920 averaged
$85 in value, while the average value of imports from Mexico was
$31. Most of the cattle imported from Mexico have been light
cattle of inferior grades fit only for canner demand or at best for
grazers and feeders, while the animals imported from Canada are
large framed, well-bred animals, a large proportion of which either
are already fat or ready for rapid finishing. Some of these have
brought the top price for feeding steers in the Chicago and St. Paul
markets.

FORM OF IMPORT DUTIES.

Three forms of import duties on beef and cattle would seem to
merit serious consideration — (1) ad valorem rates; (2) specific rates
per pound on beef and on live cattle, the latter differing for cattle
under or over 2 years of age; and (3) specific rates on beef and on
live cattle, with two or three classes of the latter, to vary according
to weight. These forms are briefly discussed below.

The fact that a very large proportion of the live cattle imported
comes from neighboring countries lessens the force of several of
the general objections to the ad valorem form of duty. An ad
valorem duty would give flexibilit}^ to duties on the different classes
of cattle, i. e., fat cattle, ready for immediate slaughter; feeder and
stocker cattle, brought into this country for fattening; and dairy
animals. These different classes show a considerable range in value
per 100 pounds. An ad valorem duty would take care of differences
in grade, quality, and value, and a given ad valorem rate on live
animals would be approximately offset by the same rate on dressed
meat, since the relation between live and dressed values is fairly
constant. But ad valorem duties on agricultural commodities are
open to serious objection in that the relation between market prices
and production costs is much less close than in the case of manufac-
tured articles. In addition, seasonal climatic variations cause
fluctuations in volume of production and changes from normal
price levels. Ad valorem duties exaggerate the effect of such varia-
tions against the producer's interest when prices suddenly fall, and

CATTLE AND BEEF PRODUCTION IN" THE UNITED STATES. 87

more protection is needed: and against the consumer's interest when
prices suddenly rise, and, speaking general!}^, less protection is
needed. Moreover, it is especially in the case of agricultural com-
modities that seasonal factors cause changes from normal volume of
production and variations from normal price levels.

A specific rate per pound on cattle and on beef would obviate the
latter difficulty, and this method would also levy the duty roughly
according to value, i. e., would in some degree approach an ad
valorem rate in flexibility, since the value of imported beef cattle
varies largely according to weight of the animal. While this is
not so true of dairy cattle, the latter constitute only a small pro-
portion of the total imports. However, a flat specific rate per
pound on cattle would overlook an important difference in value of
different classes of animals, and would discriminate somewhat
against thin animals, particularly those of the Mexican type.
Among beef cattle the most important dift'erence in value per 100
pounds is between fat cattle on the one hand and stocker and feeder
animals on the other. Thus if a proportionally higher duty per
pound were levied on fat than on feeder and stocker cattle, the dis-
tribution of the duty would be more nearly according to value.

An attempt to remove the discrimination against thin animals
by applying a higher rate on animals 2 years old or over would be a
step in the right direction, but falls short of the desired effect, since
most feeder cattle which have been imported were 2 years of age or
over, and would be taxed at the same rate per 100 pounds as fat
cattle. A higher rate on cattle 3 years of age or older would be
equally incorrect. Age is not necessarily an accurate measure of
the need for higher or lower duties as between different classes of
cattle.

A better plan would be to levy a graduated specific duty on live
weight without respect to age. In most cases, v/ithin a given class
weight is closely related to quality, and a duty in this form would
approximate fairly closely to the flexibility of an ad valorem rate.
Unless careful weight estimates are made by experienced inspectors,
or central market weights were used for cattle shipped in, platform
scales would be necessary at points of entry, but their value in elimi-
nating controversy would make them well worth their cost. How-
ever, the great bulk of the imports are consigned to central markets,
where accurate weights are matters of routine procedure. In the
case of cattle driven in, small platform scales are already available
in towns along the border. Railings to pen cattle for weighing on
such scales can be supplied at small cost.

The simplest graduation in duty per pound of live weight would
be on the basis of average differences in price of stockers and feeders
as compared with beef steers on the Chicago market during a series
of pre-war years. Thus from 1910 to 1916, inclusive, stockers and
feeders averaged 74 per cent as high as native beef steers. This
would suggest a proportionate duty per pound live weight. With
some allowance made for hides and offal, and assuming a dressing
percentage of 55 for imports of fat cattle, a duty oi S^ cents per
pound on dressed beef corresponds to a duty of 2 cents per pound
live weight on fat cattle and H cents per pound on stockers and
feeders. A further refinement would be a duty of 2 cents on fat
cattle, 1.6 cents on feeders, and 1.4 cents on stockers. The latter

88

UNITED STATES TAEIEF COMMISSION.

would be more equitable for cattle of the Mexican type, but would
complicate somewhat the administration of the duty. For this
reason the simpler levy would seem preferable; it deals with ap-
proximate fairness with all classes. With no allowance for hides,
or with hides on the free list, a duty of 3.5 cents per pound on beef
would correspond with 1.9 cents on fat cattle and 1.4 cents on stockers
and feeders, or 1.5 cents on feeders and 1.3 cents on stockers. With
a specific duty of 2 cents per pound on beef, and hides on the free
list the proper live-weight duty on fat cattle imported would be
approximately 1.1 cents on fat cattle and 0.8 cent per pound live
weight on stockers and feeders.

A proper division in weight ^^ between fat cattle and the lighter
class would be approximately 1,050 pounds. Thus the higher rate
should apply to animals weighing 1,050 pounds or more. The
more fleshy feeders which are received from Canada would then be
dutiable in the fat-cattle class, but such animals are normally com-
peted for sharply by the packers and, if put on feed, usually are
returned to the markets in a comparatively short time. This
weight division would deal with the stocker and feeder class with
approximate fairness. If two weight divisions were made, fat
cattle might properly be considered as weighing 1,100 pounds or
more, feeders about 750 to 1,099 pounds, and stockers those weigh-
ing less than 750 pounds.

Statistical Appendix.

DOMESTIC EXPORTS, 1906-1921. v

Table 1. — Cattle.

Fisca

year.

Exported to—

1906

1907

1908

Number.

Value.

Number.

Value.

Number.

Value.

Canada

15, 633

18, 641

1,503

130, 639

32

$453,350

666,962

109. 889

1, 977, 088

2,815

13, 125

30, 802

1,131

24, 062

9

$355,786

836,729

84,446

439,795

784

8,273

30,304

688

7,586

1

$255, 855

Mexico

722, 585

Bermuda

53, 219

Cuba

146, 781

Guatemala

150

United Kingdom

405. 277

9,516

30

1,359

37,729,300

918,620

13,600

104, 890

343, 971

8,273

14

610

3i, 933, 162

809,510

5,600

47, 152

294, 026

7,143

2

369

27,354.651

Belgium

701,350

Argentina

2,700

Brazil

32, 712

France

Germany .

600
454

48,000
36,428

1,609

104,656

818

69, 131

Total

584,239

42,081,170

423,051

34,577,392

349,210

29,339,134

8» The class known as fat cattle varies considerably in weight, but a fair minimnm would be approxi-
mately 1,050 to 1,100 pounds for imported animals.

CATTLE AXD BEEF PEODUCTIO]^ IN THE UNITED STATES. 89

DOMESTIC EXPORTS — Continued.
Table 1. — Cattle — Continued.

Fiscal

year.

Exported to—

1909

1910

Number.

Value.

Number.

Value.

Canada

8,103

8,372

807

2,196

32

$209,914

381, 481

70,163

40,349

1,675

10,283

5,149

761

207

2.5

$323,274

Mexico

253,160

Bermuda

62, 022

Cuba... ...

8,642

Guatemala

1,475

United Kingdom

185,303
1,968

17,094,215
191,520

122, 139

270

1

37

11,479,129

Belgium

27,000

Argentina. .

500

Brazil.. .. .

132

10, 715

5,061

]

All other countries

629

46,944

558

39, 891

Total .

207,542

18,046,976

139,430

12, 200, 154

■

Fisca

year.

Exported to —

1911

1912

1913

Number.

Value.

Number.

Value.

Number.

Value.

Canada

7,890

6,513

1,111

328

152

3

131,273

2,332

15

87

$257,934

306, 615

88,486

12,330

7,020

755

12,211,910

233,200

7,000

8,215

6,705

9,457

1,786

476

42

1

76,925

9,515

3

66

$244,918

412,266

146, 824

11,585

3,778

135

7,015,042

954, 080

1,000

8,711

11,691

8,358

1,183

127

52

37

1,773

$391,644

Mexico

362,243

Bermuda

105,948

Cuba..

5,220

Guatemala

5,282

Dominican Republic

2,908

United Kingdom

164,680

Belgium

Argentina

BrazO

France

923

2,950
90,500

Germany

1

All other countries

396

30,455

530

71, 736

547

45,824

Total

150, 100

13,163,920

105,506

8,870,075

24,714

1,177,199

Fisca

year.

Exported to —

1914

1
1915

1916

Number.

Value.

Number.

Value.

Number.

Value.

Canada

8,957
7,230
952
506
176
133

$330,005

124,640

105, 767

34,418

8,525

4,885

751
829
1,030
186
15
96

$48,854

45,728

114,520

5,420

985

4,620

4,511

3, 990

952

826

17

62

815

$162,515
104, 853

Mexico

Bermuda

107, 585

Cuba

47, 307

Guatemala

4,365

Dominican Republic

3,205

United Kingdom

169, 016

Belgium . . . 1 . . .

1

Argentina

10
3

2,610
1,400

10

413

2,082

5,000

53,690

416,400 1

1

56

1

9,901

37,300

BrazO

France

750
1,722 755

Germany

All other countries

409

35,038

72

7,630 1

156

18, 597

Total

18,376

647,288

5,484

702,847

21,287

2,378,248

90

UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION.

DOMESTIC EXPORTS — Continued.
Table 1. — Cattle — Continued.

Fiscal year.

Exported to —

1917

1918

1919

Number.

Value.

Number.

Value.

Number.

Value.

Canada

6,382

■ 4,324

&12

1,476

57

3

$462,728

231,893

99, 405

88,456

4,855

215

7,286

7,777

1,203

1,607

2

26

19

$638,304

249,654

141,310

142, 880

100

4,359

2, 850

9,335
26,964

$749,357
742 974

Mexico

Bermuda

Cuba

5,013

257 545

Guatemala

Dominican Republic

8

7.50

United Kingdom

Belgium ..."

530
48
30

135

282

185 olX)

Argentina

31
16

16,6.50
4,808

49 175

Brazil

59

18,830

13 410

France

28 .595

All other countries

256

40,493

234

49,513

65 510

Total

13,387

949,503

18, 213

1,247,800

42,345

2, 092, 816

Fiscal year.

Exported to—

1920

1921

Number.

Value.

Number.

Value.

Canada

6,. 596

9,985

18

19,921

33

71

100

33,512

106

6

11,263

$541,135

722, 005

5,918

1,215,302

9,705

7,645

20,000

6, 550, 641

156, 700

2,100

2,173,955

7,749

83, 524

27

20, 653

40

271

24,935

5,685

208

104

184

1,485

808

$803, 747

Mexico

3, 479, 05^<

Bermuda

4, 852

Cuba

1,758,662

Guatemala

18,900

IS, 850

Dominican Republic

United Kingdom

3,372,287

94.5,211

Argentina

189, 525

Brazil

57, 275

France

36, 800

Germany

So, 650

AU other countries

1,428

516,412

179, 690

Total

83,039

11,921,518

145, 673

10,950,507

Calendar year.

Exported to—

1918

1919

Number.

Value.

Number.

Value.

Canada ... ...

7,314

7,885

318

1,333

$567,415
256,116
41,006
122, 623

11,192

23,923

10

13,943

2

57

9,067

48

20

11,314

283

$858, 621

Mexico

823, 250

Bermuda

2, 150

Cuba

627, 649

Guatemala

275

Domiuican Republic

2,220

Belgium

1,759,021

49, 175

Brazil

France

70

23,990

8,450
2, 179, 406

All other countries

360

71,608

129,304

Total

17, 280

1,082,758

69,859

6,439,521

CATTLE AND BBEF PRODUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES.

DOMESTIC EXPORTS — -Continued.

*

Table 1. — Cattle — Continued.

91

Exported to —

Canada

Mexico

Bermuda

C«ba

Guatemala

Domixiican Republic.

United Kingdom

Belgium

Argentina

Brazil

fiance

Germany

All other countries . . .

Total.

Calendar year.

1920

Number.

4,624

27, 758

31

20, 766

69

290

100

29,300

168

82

184

1,930

85,302

Value.

$575, 194

1,478,779

8,336

2,043,021

27,930

24, 395

20,000

5,734,656

202, 675

46,925

43, 144

547, 470

10,752,525

1921

Number.

7,823

138, 239

20

15, 182

2

3

31,324

2,013

183

25

84

1,485

150

196,533

Value.

$728,399

5, 139, 263

5,304

745,715

400

630

4, 399, 949

263, 075

189, 750

11,250

16,800

185, 650

54,385

11,740,570

Table 2. — Fresh heef and veal.

Fiscal

year.

Exported to—

1906

1907

1908

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

Panama

99,724
524,216
163,048
116, 186
265,444,554

$9,710
47,463
16,974
10,047
24,075,717

1,660,500
515,767
237,078

1,020,208
277,018,017

$144, 462

46,324

24,311

92,057

25,939,485

4, 014, 648
698, 806
155,912
620,594
195,220,020
175, 645
92, 824
175,656

$331, 409
61,940

Bermuda

Canada

13, 997

Cuba ...

53 359

United Kingdom

19,832,743
17, 566

France

Italy

110,574
1,595,925

9,118
141,009

184,346
1,015,586

14, 847
105,801

8,576

All other countries

11,787

Total

268,054,227

24,310,038

281,651,502

26,367,287

201, 154, 105

20,339,377

Fiscal year.

Exported to—

1909

1910

1911

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds,

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

Panama

4,876,836
555, 627
190, 989

1,073,580
115,783,556

$425,297

55,694

20, 278

94,096

12,060,183

4,041,542

393,623

136,389

95, 197

70,795,239

$354,886
41,488
13, 148
10,271

7,288,483

4,221,393

561,483

247, 598

42,058

37,257,683

$374,593
54, 589

Bermuda

Canada

25 777

Cuba

4 904

United Kingdom

3,998,463

France

Italy .

204,649
267, 434

i5,467
27,579

86, 049
181,627

5,546
19,929

1,000
179,516

125

All other countries

19, 950

Total

122,952,671

12,698,594

75,729,666

7,733,751

42,510,731

4 478 401

6303—22-

92

UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION.

DOMESTIC EXPORTS — Continued.

Table 2. — Fresh heef and veal — Continued.

Fisca

year.

Exported to —

1912

1913

1914

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

5,400,785

175,582

585,222

44,911

8,872,378

$549,660

21,095

77,769

5,353

920, 225

5,935,198
379, 883
640, 078
124, 516
126, 885

$704, 877
48,606
98,061
15,143
12,677

5,534,391

483, 050

253,781

37,950

$666,640
62,942

Bermuda

Canada

39, 336

Cuba

6,051

United Kingdom

14,348
171, 094

1,148
21,069

All other countries

155, 828

22,785

85,232

13, 824

Total

15,264,320

1,596,319

7,362,388

902, 149

6,394,404

788,793

Exported to

Panama

Bermuda

Canada

Cuba

United Kingdom..

France

Italy

All other countries

Total

Fiscal year.

1915

Pounds.

3,706,596

655,701

545,356

533,334

54, 497, 192

99, 620, 095

10, 472, 425

410, 235

170, 440, 934

Value.

$449,753

76,522

66, 528

72, 078

6, 813, 887

12,931,138

1, 270, 444

51,283

21,731,633

1916

Pounds.

1,504,583

885, 046

3, 192, 196

53,236

117,409,488

49, 100, 444

47,887,945

11, 181, 062

231,214,000

Value.

$202,275

102,721

320, 030

8,596

15, 158, 886

5,436,020

6,340,028

1,317,443

28,885,999

Fiscal year.

Exported to —

1917

1918

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

235,034 $45,438

1,326,911 160,193

17,771,159 2,171,951

58, 103 9. 516

144,442

509,584

37.349,521

'203,401

285,789,315

36,926,941

8,566,613

543,083

$34,525

89, 873

Canada ■.

6,309,684

Cuba .

29,916

United Kingdom

125,687,523

17,338,095

54,399,916

France

38, 042, 276

13,066,277

989, 818

4,833,959

1,569,318

148, 801

5, 7%, 676

Italy

1,638,064

84,772

Total

197,177,101 26.277.271

370,032,900

67,383,426

'

CATTLE AliTD BEEF PKODUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES. 93

DOMESTIC EXPORTS — Continued.

Table 2. — Fresh heef and veal — Continued.

Exported to —

Panama

Bermuda

Canada

Cuba

United Kingdom...

France

Italj'

All other countries '

Total ,

* Includes the foUowing:

Calendar year.

1918

Pounds.

357, 366

929, 837

10, 390, 596

■ 152, 741

446, 080, 785

47, 170, 950

8, 877, 471

381, 783

514,341,529

Value.

S104, 207

188, 846

1,728,229

26, 139

96, 364, 943

9, 410, 674

1,715,353

1919

Pounds.

Value.

51, 950

823,486

2,621,011

256,780

73,073,602

816, 275

171,732

481, 298

41, 442

17, 206, 380

21,375,475 ' 4,621,058
66,972 I 76,224,695 17,742,562

109,605,363 ! 174, 426,!

40, 280, 747

Calendar year.

Exported to—

1920

1921

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds. Value.

86, 537

1, 185, 243

2,330,963

450,025

5,699,488

730, 217

211,447

78,955,228

$23, 146

231, 277

393, 236

92,003

1,019,012

141, 2S5

40,682

15,624,246

317,522 j $61,724
1,165,789 ls9 fi.<^

Bermuda

Canada

228,624

346,554

2, 139, 119

37, 544

Cuba .

73 613

United Kingdom

281 347

France

Italy

All other countries >

6, 143, 399

1 154.487

Total

89,649,148

17,564,887

10,341,007 1 1 798 398

Exported to—

1918 1919

1920

1921

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

Belgium

105,000

$18,387

23,469,602
31,083,572
13, 708, 452
5, 942, 657

$5,044,664
7, 499, 508
3, 364, 776
1, 469, 841

35,205,492
26, 159, 680
15,922,196

$7,098,318
5,167,412
3,098,622

4,897,473

431,665

14,615

$979, 490

Germany

54, 828

1,004

Sweden

94

UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION.

DOMESTIC EXPORTS — Continued.

Table 3. — Canned heef.

Fiscal year.

Exported to-

1906

1907

1908

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

United Kingdom

44,335,871

1,465,671

5,047,053

263, 989

243,929

273, 531

1.058,309

91,939

460,310

11,282,757

$4,431,616

155,017

480, 475

26,363

23, 585

27, 562

104,676

9,201

45, 424

1, 126, 527

7, 188, 584
317, 732
679, 475
407,208
173,378
261,436
986,491
114,621
98,788

5,582,113

$740, 318
34, 551
75, 115
41,368
17,618
26,882
98,644
11,409
11,426
558,477

15,343,302

456, 838

1,299,476

301, 833

182,970

140,003

629,805

59, 170

80,077

4,882,973

$1,619,572
50, 154

Belgium. . .".

British South Africa

142, 377

Panama

28,969

Cuba

20, 989

Mexico

15, 183

France

65, 037

Italy

5,985

Canada

9,969

All other countries *

509, 640

Total

64,523,359

6,430,446

15, 809, 826

1,615,808

2.3,376,447

2,467,875

Exported to-

Fiscal year.

1909

Pounds. Value

1910

Pounds. Value

1911

Pounds. Value

United Kingdom

Belgium

British South Africa

Panama

Cuba

Mexico

France

Italy

Canada

All other countries ».

Total

9,301,253

363, 816

1, 010, 228

331, 836

261, 540

80,080

398, 881

77,755

77, 233

2,992,885

$1, 024, 599

40, 020

119,703

33, 778

34, 856

8,636

40,470

8,247

10,775

324, 738

9,299,525

405,812

740, 250

375,461

97, 401

98, 144

225, 889

22, 312

204, 763

3,335,039

$1,

050,913
45, 909
91,917
40,119
12,230
11,387
22, 417
2,414
24, 024

377, 122

6, 292, 350

282,637

862, 569

367,476

282, 744

103, 470

78,096

9,560

40,884

2, 504, 718

$718, 006

31, 292

102, 344

42,224

33, 627

13,239

8,278

1,162

6,795

298,012

14,895,527

1,645,822

14,804,596

1,678,452 10,824,504

1,254,979

1 Includes the following:

Exported to—

1906

1907

1908

1909

1910

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

Germany

1,715,288

$166,736

2,003,143

98, 112

300,042

$198,231

1,686,563

35,144

547,276

$175,902
4,049
58,283

497,280

10,304

448,742

$50, 530

1,315

50,874

83,022

11, 591

664,025

$8,677

Japan

2,306,5831 a.'?!. IS.";

9,810
27,805

1,359

Portuguese Africa

1,056,868

108,000

71,308

Total

5,078,739

505,921

2,401,297

237,846

2,268,983

238,234

956,326

102,719

758,638

81,344

CATTLE AND BEEF PRODUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES. 95

DOMESTIC EXPORTS — Continued.
Table 3. — Canned heef — Continued.

Fiscal year.

Exported to—

1912

1913

1914

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

5,743,114
286,080
726, 788
307, 204
1&5,424
197, 262
108, 844
11,960
123,322

3, 338, 433

$633, 160
32,373
91, 723
35, 073
22, 170
24, 113
10, 788
1,512
18,211
434, 281

3,117,149
117,750
475, 408
423, 628
129, 554
326,660
119,450
4,200
111,347

2,016,202

$385, 294
24, 957
63, 638
50, 336
20,621
40, 548
12, 353
486
16, 203
243, 390

1, 193, 804
381, 099
299,057
279,517
173, 415
145, 693

39,550
4,040

63, 358
885,200

$154,065
52, 978

Belgium

British South Africa

41, 139

Panama

33, 298

Cuba

24, 797
21, 154

Mexico

France

5,447

Italy

521

Canada

9,272

All other countries

119,230

Total

11,026,431

1,303,404

6,840,348

857, 826

3,464,733

461, 901

to—

Fisea

year.

Exported

1915

1916

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

United Kingdom

64,700,738

28,381

251, 140

51, 296

183, 479

80, 044

6,439,680

964, 500

72, 460

2, 471, 543

$9,927,173

4,723

41,512

6,634

19, 787

13,315

1, 386, 430

149,381

9,023

415, 552

38,205,216

$7,546,162

British South Africa

395,9.33

57, 219

54, 115

270, 701

6,508,241

1, 967, 935

35,303

3, 309, 102

73,306
7,132

Cuba

7,198

41, 895

France

861,964
349, 299

Italy

Canada

7,382

544, 728

75,243,261

11,973,530

50,803,765

9,439,066

to—

Fiscal

year.

Exported

1917

1918

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

United Kingdom

40, 218, 190

230,924

51, 858

49, 907

298,376

17,653,357

187,634

7,570,982

1, 274, 897

$9,960,653

50, 323

11,497

10,718

61, 761

4,231,426

45, 456

2, 276, 519

297,677

46, 375, 149

105, 641

12,273

173, 837

146, 501

30,417,036

17, 698, 743

1,U8,377

1,295,726

$14, 246, 557

British South Africa

24, 439

Panama

2,887

Cuba

45, 814

Mexico

38, 992

France

9 116,301

Italy

5,813,019
391, 087

Canada

AU other countries

355,611

Total

67,536,125

16,946,030

97, 343, 283

30 034,707

1 Includes 2,205,835 pounds, valued at $370,000, to Russia in Europe, 1916.

96

UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION.

DOMESTIC EXPORTS — Continued.

Table 3. — Canned beef — Continued.

Calendar year.

Exported to-

1918

1919

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

United Kingdom

Belgium

51,250,973

244, .S48

6,000

6, 817

$18,068,7.83
116, 157

685
1.818

13,947,951

6,471,198

57,918

8,534

126,334

114,993

1,837,883

1.5,405,107

352, 721

15,544,688

$.5,2.5.5,462
2, 712, 115

British South Africa

20, 655

Panama

■ • 4, 055

Cuba

264,1.51 ! 81^454

201,297 1 71,434

39,791,821 1 14,031,746

47,675,117 1 18,437,206

804,098 ! 310,750

1,212,041 1 377,977

46, 414

Mexico

40, 816

France

Italy

Canada

752, 2Si
6, 454, 1.56

109,539
5, 277, 470

Total

141, 457, 163

51,498,010

53,867,327

20,672,964

Calendar year.

E.xported to-

1920

1921

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

United Kingdom

1, 795, 554

703,419

38, 467

17, 041

297, 120

162, 091

27, .367

512

358, 151

20,366,278

$693,605

208,309

15,289

5, .557

97, 616

50,857

7,747

126

124, 208

4,586,397

3,762,787

395

16, 815

21,567

98, .314

281,612

70, 132

576

258, 191

1,566,859

$740,925
196

5,312

Panama

4,603

Cuba

25,223

75, 067

France

11,242

Italy

152

Canada

78,633

All other countries i

334, 794

Total

23,766,000

5,789,711

6,077,248

■

1, 276, 147

1 Includes the following:

Exported to—

1918

1919

1920

1921

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

Austria-Hungarv--- - ! -- -

2,407,790

1,085,509

2, 128, 219

14, 198

$8,81,. 899

446,815

694,0.53

4,673

Denmarlc '. ■

5,000

144, 133

1,0.80,9.50

16, 722, 800

20,846

$1,500

36,443

330,591

3,443,677

7,462

Germany

802,875
72
98

$136, 470

Greece. . .

26

Poland and Danzig

25

188

$72

5.. 530, 871

1,545,636

Total

188

72

11,166,587

3,573,076

17,973,729

3,819,673

803,045

136,521

CATTLE AND BEEF PRODUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES. 97

DOMESTIC EXPORTS — contiiiued.

Table 4. — Pickled and other cured heef.

Exported to—

Newfoundland and Labrador

"United Kingdom

Germany

British Guiana

Dutch Guiana

Canada

British West Indies

Norway

Belgium

Netherlands

Russia in Europe

All other countries i

Total

k:-^^

Fiscal year.

1906

Pounds. Value

5,784,435

18, 681, 138

24, 102, 929

1, 669, 338

1,775,012

2,905,076

6,046,778

2, 704, 514

3,231,398

1,303,307

66, 435

13,017,221

81, 287, 581

$307, 567

1, 102, 665

1,498,891

90, 176

107, 755

162, 626

329, 273

143, 823

171, 748

73, 793

4,200

727, 288

4,719,805

1907

Pounds. Value

5, 274, 470

18, 370, 818

10, 005, 794

1,335,000

1,441,000

3, 569, 700

4,955,987

2.471,130

3,617,638

903, 159

144, 536

11,609,336

63,698,568

$266, 880

1, 255, 946

592, 223

74,312

85, 183

186, 511

294,911

126,084

219, 216

59,314

8,904

678, 684

3, 848, 168

1908

Pounds. Value

4, 749, 770
14,240,732
4, 225, 635
1, 185, 996
1,759,676
2,149,119
5, 012, 188
1, 575, 857
2,805,608
750, 880

9,440,626

47,896,087

$313, 146

1,059,738

287, 536

79,770
119,980
128, 100
328,676

90,917
206,913

57,028

648, 146

3,319,950

Exported to —

Newfoundland and Labrador,

United Kingdom

Germany

British Guiana

Dutch Guiana

Canada

British West Indies

Norway

Belgium

Netherlands

Russia in Europe

All other countries •

Total

Fiscal year.

-* —
1909

Pounds.

4,669,620
13,591,934
5, 162, 946
1,352,402
1, 755, 168
2, 398, 726
3, 785, 427
1,. 503, 217
2, 402, 235
813, 233
119,560
7, 234, 595

44,789,063

Value.

$326,615

1, 106, 791

385, 581

104,411

139, 208

167,481

293, 664

114,413

192, 593

59, 008

9,821

572, 781

1910

Pounds.

3,472,367

5,073,693

10, 457, 073

4, 067, 732

1, 047, 235

1, 404, 630

1, 335, 621

2, 716, 681

1,2.51,048

2, 140, 067

629, 231

83,232

6, 665, 070

36,871.313

Value.

$348, 595
777,531
291,250

80, 071
110,740

92, 701
220,998

91,482
177,616

45,967

5,500

541,250

2,783,701

1911

Pounds.

5, 820, 850
10, 263, 107
4, 581, 262
1, 491, 734
1,713,955
1, 818, 246
3,731,397
1,810,634
1,842,617
792, 713
17,200
6,400,034

40,283,749

Value.

964, 721
385,665
131, 049
148,999
139,697
323,674
144, 055
153, 038
64,909
1,376
582, 098

3,501,179

1 Includes the following:

Exported to—

1906

1907

1908

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

Denmark

2, 179, 175

872, 624

2,487,566

$117,209
55,002
131,410

3,319,182

1,472,329

218,036

$199, 390
93,506
10,622

1,584,443

1,069,363

50,600

$110, 574
77 968

Panama

Russia in Asia

3 040

Exported to—

1909

1910

1911

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

Denmark

633,600
846, 058
201,844

$39,973
70,031
15,236

511,678

1,699,387

239,200

$36,306

1.50,635

16, 120

494,955
1,099,062

$38,907
107 350

Panama

Russia in Asia

98

UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION.

DOMESTIC EXPORTS — Continued.
Table 4. — Pickled and other cured beef — Continued.

Exported to-

Fiscal year.

1912

Pounds. Value

1913

Pounds. Value.

1914

Pounds. Value

Newfoundland and Labrador

United Kingdom

Germany

British Guiana

Dutch Guiana

Canada

British West Indies

Norway

Belgium

Netherlands

Russia in Europe

All other countries i

Total

5,077,404
8,747,355.
4,616,317
1,217,259
1,664,728
1,752,093
3,428,799
2,121,392
1,829,284
749, 096
53,250
6,830,930

$347,460
703, 858
320, 878

84,287
114,556
122,423
254, 774
146,375
151,713

55,643

3,774

526,368

3,807,237
5,929,949
3,080,823

945,923
1,274,105

712,086
2,413,078
1,331,732

553, 893

467,841

$332,347
594,217
303, 120

96, 491
140,081

62,341
253, 448
102,789

51,881

43, 750

4,935,657

4,113,347

1,757,786

1,351,705

1,371,678

1,331,150

3,008,610

657,610

555,614

275,668

$477,784

410,292

164,445

132,597

137, 197

125,032

308,256

57,932

64,736

25,610

5,340,252

509, 500

3,907,149

384,635

38,087,907

2,832,109

25,856,919

2,489,965

23,265,974

2,289,516

Exported to —

Newfoundland and Labrador

United Kingdom

Germany

British Guiana

Dutch Guiana

Canada

British West Indies

Norway

Belgium

Netherlands

Russia in Europe

All other countries i

Total

fiscal year.

1915

Pounds.

4,331,261
10, 994, 101

378,548
1,072,586

988,336
1,659,165
2,111,925

485, 790

1,907,913

2, 367, 745

2,000

5,575,373

31,874,743

Value.

$401,791

1,262,265

46, 804

108,843

103,655

156,017

223, 036

47,206

191,495

245,401

230

595,927

3,382,670

1916

Pounds.

5,027,163

12,003,390

400

1,090,532

938,367

5,101,349

2,241,972

1,316,434

4, 545, 864

95, 838

791,500

4,961,873

38,114,682

Value.

$465,498

1,429,897

51

104, 102

91,749

480,680

39,756

146,224

454,584

10,617

80,588

730, 449

4,034,195

Includes the following:

Exported to—

1912

1913

1914

1915

Pounds'.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

Denmark

639, 156
1,021,504

$43, 733
82,060

484,838
821,424

$38,607
82,366

257,330
733,411
25,876

$23,491
73,207
2,163

853,069

714,425

1,795,700

$105, 048

Panama

Sweden

73,967
182,951

CATTLE AND BEEF PRODUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES.

99

DOinESTic EXPORTS — -Continued.
Table 4. — Pickled and other cured heef — Continued.

Exported to —

riseal vear.

Pounds. Value,

1918

Pounds. Value

Newfoundland and Labrador

United Kingdom

British Guiana

Dutch Guiana

Canada

British West Indies

Norway

Belgium

Netherlands

Russia in Europe

All other countries i

Total

6,802,524
7, 489, 665
1,146,700

749, 490
9,394,712
1,652,345
2,604,065
19,986,803
4,986,920

224,092
3,016,351

$834, 354

1,063,3.34

150,227

96, 124

1,177,374

48, 769

326,267

2,022,259

453,215

26, 890

529, 546

5, 505, 008
4,205,294
1,021,004
457, 865
2,623,317
1,070,111

$894, 155
795,511
179,581
75,567
402,578
179,660

31,235,621

5,219,043
3,130,647

639,467
536, 164

58,053,667

6,728,359

54,467,910

7, 702, 524

Exported to —

Calendar year.

Pounds.

Value.

1919

Pounds.

Value.

Newfoundland and Labrador .

United Kingdom

Germany

British Guiana

Dutch Guiana

Canada ,

British West Indies

Norway ,

Belgium

Netherlands

Russia in Europe ,

All other countries '

Total.

5,418,221
3,228,816

$944,444
755,069

•564,685

672,200

2,044,979

946, 830

100,504
133, 279
358, 092
161,648

26,587,655

4,508,276

364,450

4,378,184

34,725
925, 183

5,676,761

5,551,743

2, .567, 542

792,750

404, 200

1,373,353

732,386

4,312,960

9,687,576

2,325,748

1,129,625

8,250,080

$1,019,972

1,317,417

483,191

162,661

83,203

176,805

141,465

799,256

1,936,658

523,292

228, 575

1,866,646

44,206,020

7,921,220

42,804,724

8,739,141

E.^ported to —

Calendar year.

1920

Pounds.

Value.

1921

Pounds.

Value.

Newfoundland and Labrador.

United Kingdom ,

Germany ,

British Guiana ,

Dutch Guiana

Canada ,

British West Indies ,

Norway

Belgium

Netherlands

Russia in Europe

All other countries '

Total .

5, 596, 298

4,210,631

1,604,050

824,861

1,227; 584

2,016,022

2, 407, 272

876,505

819,475

1,700,784

4,487,694

25,771,176

$708, 152
735,397
256, 865
106,959
166, 765
244,227
285,9.55
100,916
147,632
195,335

711,612

6,407,860

3,950,930

904, 562

918, 763

1,135,038

1,357,975

2,701,287

3, 293, 172

525, 896

223, 7.53

22, 400

3,148,946

$549,922

584,671

101,070

88,925

115,667

143,030

266,487

274, 164

99, 743

23,507

1,344

335, 186

3,659,815

24, 590, 582

2,583,716

1 Includes the following:

Exported to —

1918

1919

1920

1921

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

Denmark

1,945,120

123,155

3,033,172

$418, 157
25,597
799,492

500,949 S83.664

242. 300

$20, 084

France

1,895,750
1,052,426

$517,229
158,514

147,997
430,437

22,350 35,941
86,497 65.048

3,366

Italy

4,696

100

UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION.

DOMESTIC EXPORTS — Continued.
Table 5. — Stearin from animal fats}

Fiscal year.

Exported to—

1913

1914

1915

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

Canada

1,040,907
485, 086
501, 246
169, 051
675, 209
664, 043
169, 219
12, 911

$90, 662
38,446
38, 719
19, 182
61, 768
53, 451
17, 120
1,402

842, 016

422, 750

419, 876

390, 778

298, 351

168, 073

130, 155

5,676

5,000

3,985

$70, 162

35, 523

30, 183

39,190

28,540

14,865

10, 418

511

433

480

3,069,000

1,804,523

43, 108

498, 218

171, 816

$277 935

Netherlands

175' 164

Belgium

2 500

Cuba

48 697

Mexico

14 596

Germany

United Kingdom

2,727,592

33,237

399,055

94,662

755,015

192,087

55,000

43, 822

101, 445

408,825

470,317

400

589,785

249, 811
3,582

Peru

Venezuela

39,788

Japan

8,967
77, 573

France

20,035

2,003

Italy

19,471
4 510

Norway

Chile

4,445

Colombia

4,200

390

11, 066

China

38, 693

British India

46, 503

British South Africa

40

All other countries

2,979

233

37, 521

3,816

60, 324

Total

3,744,886

323, 376

2, 724, 181

234, 121

11,457,907

1,083,665

Exported to-

Canada

Netherlands

Belgiiun

Cuba

Mexico

United Kingdom

Peru

Venezuela

Japan

France

Greece

Italy

Norway

Sweden

Chile

Colombia

China

British India

British South Africa
All other countries . .

Total

Fiscal year.

1916

Pounds. Value

638, 244
890, 201

21, 727
553, 678
143, 050
725, 922
285, 691
131, 479
268, 702
427, 344
9,470
148, 175

52, 060
296, 077

61, 298
S80, 887

77, 316
255, 240

14, 096
681, 590

13,062,247

$164, 345

304, 163

3,476

178, 350

16, 047

196, 239

37, 591

133, 204

35, 276

41,710

1, 043

16, 574

5, 190

33, 836

7,335

44,614

7,731

32,700

1,883

200,354

1, 461, 661

1917

Pounds. Value,

2, 349, 021
77, 571

1, 639, 684

91, 0.58

1, 755, 909

352, 004

1, 006, 351

497, 914

1,549,911

109, 822

11,900

120, 280

79, 386

115, 819

205, 272

265, 251

448, 414

37, 272

2, 223, 518

$317, 582
9,622

12, 93f , 357

241,110
13, 965

242, 192
52,296

126, 015
69, 311

21.5, 817
19,000
1,675
18, 926
11,321
16,710
26, 017
36, 0.50
53, 122
4,140

323,446

1, 798, 317

1918

Pounds.

3, 044, 269

1, 96.3, 213
330, 336
884, 848
435, 814
693, 654
51, 2.50
330, 648

132, 272
190, 960
24
963, 251
148, 880
1,190,611

10, 360, 030

Value.

$557, 433

41.5, 256
80, 862

165, 443
99, 902

166, 498
10, 175
73, 846

23,925

42, 982

9

236,908
33, 021

275, 057

2,181,317

1 Included in "All other meat products" prior to 1913.

CATTLE AISTD BEEF PEODUCTIOiSr IIST THE UNITED STATES. 101

DOMESTIC EXPORTS — continued.
Table 5. — Stearin from animal fats — Continued.

Calendar year.

Exported to —

1918

1919

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

2, 917, 406

$542,470

1,020,773

3,197,373

2,111,081

1, 213, 865

314, 193

77,919

3,907,895

157, 125

597, 190

$209,825

612, 331

278, 537

Cuba

1,766,199

527,077

380,005
127, 212

2,54, 002

Me"s ico

79, 871

21, 374

L'nited Kingdom. .

866,448
42C,719
858, 114
40,000
63, 791

173, 048
97, 354

206, 152
8,800
13, 893

810, 694

Peru ...

39, 795

Venezuela

129, 143

Japan

3,007,986
63,670
1, 084, 560
256, 093
312, 931
60, 748
274,915
112,207
90,832
254, 710
377,900
2,360,758

540, 507

11,490

Ttaly

Norwav

336,000
56, COO

89, 450
13, 450

287,060
65, 292

Sweden

62, 475

Chile

Colombia

China

321, 556
186, 384
113,392
605, 251
121,605
172,816
1,177,483

67, 779
42, 258
31, 749

157,977
29,189
38,628

271,746

15,698
68, 717
31,314

British India

17, 850

Dutch East Indies

53,071

British South Africa

78,622

All other countries

503, 483

Total

10, 550, 241

2, 291, 16D

20,854,724

4, 171, 151

Exported to —

Calendar year.

1920

Pounds.

Canada | 3,

Netherlands I 3,

Belgium

Cuba 2,

Mexico

Germany

United Kingdom.

Peru

Venezuela

Japan

France

Greece

Italy

Norway ,

Sweden ,

Chile.

Colombia

China

British India

Dutch East Indies. . .
British South Africa.
AU other countries . . .

Total.

500, 969
366, 512
509,623
131, 584
937, 780

97, 557
410, 672
141,661
266,211
151,457
320, 600
547, 598
675, 568

55, 019
194, 725
233, 016
482, 876

38, 474

74,780
200,600

23,731
151,965

17, 512, 978

Value.

$573, 288

546,692

83, 159

420, 907

222,622

13,864

257, 103

34, 755

70, 782

42,188

52, 720

141,608

441,025

9,554

37, 421

56,410

134, 126

7,645

9,172

52, 108

5,926

274,503

3, 487, 578

1921

Pounds.

2, 729, 800

7, 375, 330

680, 174

876, 419

890,058

2, 623, 805

3, 718, 774

117, 640

607, 927

105, 016

4,677,018

1, 297, 531

703, 538

1,707,692

1, 497, 621

24,060

152, 227

331, 184

45,000
2,535,610

Value.

$224, 225

704,770

51,800

102, 707

108, 057

265, 282

340,952

12,104

55,992

13,663

518, 562

144,957

74,670

175, 885

160, 775

2,536

17,999

30, 607

4,539
254, 198

32, 6%, 424 i 3,264,280

102

UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION.

DOMESTIC EXPORTS — Continued.

Table Q.— Tallow.

Exported to-

United Kingdom..

Belgium

Germany

France

Netherlands

Cuba

Mexico

Guatemala

Austria-Hxmgary i

Chile !.....

Italy

Russia in Europe .

Japan

Denmark

Russia in Asia. ...
All other countries

Total

Fiscal year.

1906

Pounds. Value

37, 888, 851

9,177,577

8,679,492

18, 693, 257

2, 752, 690

249, 596

1,820,156

1,228,453

6, 607, 232

1,597,937

3,112,018

166,396

142, 929

109,214

547, 957

4,793,401

97, 567, 156

, 885, 773

424,217

444, 475

881,916

142,569

12, 558

82,312

66, 733

324, 692

82,019

148, 304

8,853

7,344

4,763

25, 787

248, 710

1907

Pounds. Value

54,847,383
14, 724, 658
13,206,334
14, 897, 879
7,884,618
790, 677
448, 537
1,032,856
6, 703, 733
1, 459, 777
2, 012, 259
2,725,339
1,645,053
1,595,114
50
3,883,472

, 137, 951

817, 689

739, 072

785, 710

434, 867

47, 945

23,075

59, 945

387, 663

79,912

108, 947

155, 882

89, 593

83,058

2

231,377

4,791,025 127,857,739

7, 182, 688

1908

Pounds. Value

37, 770, 778
9, 503, 939
8,385,391
9,703,387
5, 994, 413
1,121,665
1,190,776

598, 354
2, 397, 667

609, 562
3, 759, 777
3, 284, 929
1,119,478

450, 786

318,094
5,188,511

91, 397, 507

Exported to-

United Kingdom..

Belgium

Germany

France

Netherlands

Cuba

Mexico

Guatemala

Austria- Hungary. .

Chile :.....

Italy

Russia in Europe .

Japan

Denmark

All other countries

Total

Fiscal year.

1909

1910

Pounds.

28,563,394

3,771,057

2,192,884

5, 597, 734

1,946,564

1,582,822

1,061,423

770, 282

156, 665

173,236

2, 540, 310

586, 257

632, 645

581, 903

3,175,641

Value. I Pounds. ' Value.

$1, 623, 725

196,682

125, 234

300, 592

112,159

79, 589

57, 530

47,000

9,030

9,473

147, 227

32, 190

37,170

28, 069

194, 696

11,787,412
1,998,942
1,916,550
3, 615, 679
3, 368, 078

845, 630
1,140,615

614, 042

S688,931
112, 285
117, 258
198, 263
244, 096
50,338
71,970
41,362

161,661
653,008
430,511
30, 102
15, 597
2, 802, 165

53, 332, 767 l 3, 000, 366 [ 29, 379, 992

9,130

35,057

27, 934

1,640

1,480

179, 871

1, 779, 615

1911

Pounds.

10, 948, 184

2, 252, 714

2, 238, 988

4, 528, 849

2, 957, 759

969,377

656,348

397, 405

144,307

80, 952

1, 757, 167

689, 974

375

2, 190, 755

29, 813, 154

Exported to-

United Kingdom..

Belgium

Germany

France

Netherlands

Cuba

Mexico

Guatemala

Austria-Hungary .

Chile :..:..

Italy

Russia in Europe .

Japan

All other countries
Total

Fiscal year.

1912

Pounds.

10, 830, 944

3, 892, 905

4, 756, 433

7,001,308

2, 764, 156

1,846,837

570, 881

462, 148

2, 127, 497

170, 276

1,577,175

243, 590

871,4.30

2, 335, 839

39,451,419

1913

Value.

Pounds.

.S693, 923

219, 3.56

281,432

396, 696

172,423

107, 847

36,028

30, 704

118,292

11, 869

99, 024

13, 8.56

56, 248

150,348

2, 388, 046

5,821,309

3,164,978

3, 087, 386

7, 878, 416

3, 588, 545

1,394,899

995,479

834, 801

108, 190

133,505

418,907

369, 436

415,077

2,375,422

30, 586, 350

Value.

$379, 959

202, 445

171,461

471,467

228, 076

84, 968

63,924

58,419

8,535

9,104

27, 734

20, 959

27, 412

155,976

1,910,439

1914

Pounds.

4, 735, 379

1,852,157

1,621,357

1,321,665

1, 137, 586

846, 961

578, 446

610, 589

462, 286

404, 029

171,762

107, 307

99, 305

1,864,002

15, 812, 831

1 Austria after 1919.

CATTLE AND BEEF PRODUCTION IK" THE UNITED STATES. 103

DOMESTIC EXPORTS — Continued.

Table 6. — Tallow — Continued.

Exported to —

United Kingdom. .

Belgium

Germany

France

Netherlands

Cuba

Mexico

Guatemala

Chile

Italy

Japan

Denmark

All other countries

Total

Fiseal year.

1915

Pounds.

Value.

7,898,548

$543, 013

150, 658

8,556

220

19

1,316,453

87, 906

1, 083, 948

88, 489

2,201,573

126, 345

704, 303

42,376

314,848

20,049

512, 085

30, 934

1,432,652

105,602

110,941

9,511

500,214

36,459

4,013,525

287, 186

20,239,968! 1,386,445

1916

Pounds.

1,257,370

934, 795
320,267
875,491

1,398,295
187, 678

1,745,528

4, 652, 446
360, 351
235, 849

4, 320, 673

16,288,743

Value.

S102, 281

92, 226
27, 585
58, 112

101,317
16, 802

120, 506

390, 588
26, 216
16,028

374, 811

1,326,472

Exported to —

Fiscal year.

Pounds.

Value.

1918

Pounds.

Value.

United Kingdom...

France

Cuba

Mexico

Guatemala

Chile

Italy

Russia in Europe . .

Japan

Denmark

Russia in Asia

All other countries.

157,171
1, 519, 426
1,223,622 I

777,015 !

225,852 I

93,820

1,688,719 !

39,789

548,959 i

109,090 I
4,058,815 I
4,767,091

Total I 15,209,369

S17, 831

223, 263

134, 300

100, 281

28, 218

11,609

192, 686

4,137

60, 165

16,909

417,293

594,217

136,470

$33,005

, 700, 939

330, 637

, 593, 808

275, 968

203, 806

38, 430

18, 708

2,927

77,360

16,491

135,403

22,583

1,148,458

211,899

800. 909

5, 014, 964

931,941

Calendar year.

Exported to-

1918

1919

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

United Kingdom

23, 170

$3,885

4,663,847

5,478,257

421,674

10,603,756

5, 606, 612

1,983,768

666, 589

71,273

173,265

1,190

46,344

44,880

5667,394
912,091
108 137

Belgium

Germany

France

2,276,518

407,502

1,787,' 882
1 056 305

Netherlands *.

Cuba

975, 143
83,626

10,580

158,711
14,111
1,516

'241' 018

82,736

9,030

35,668

184

8,510

7,069

Mexico

Guatemala

Austria-Hungary >

Chile :..:

72,500
133.604

15,700
23,382

Italy

Russia in Europe

Japan

12

1

Denmark

3,263.474
5,928,854

487,916
966, 172

All other countries

647.504

121, 169

Total

4,222,657

745,977

38,953,783

6,370,112

» Austria after 1919.

104

"UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION.

DOMESTIC EXPORTS — Continued.

Table 6. — Tallow — Continued.

Exported to —

Calendar year.

1920

Pounds.

Value.

1921

Pounds.

Value.

i

United Kingdom. .

Belgium

Germany

France

Netherlands

Cuba

Mexico

Guatemala

Austria-Hungary i .

ChUe

Italy

Russia in Europe. .

Japan

Denmark

All other countries .

6,308,446

444, 200

1,362,417

998, 152

2,942,308

2,498,912

2, 669, 637

56,017

143, 047

320, 182

378, 363

$782, 788

79, 402

218, 481

177,394

454, 140

329,498

367, 839

7,503

14,303

59, 813

52,724

1,937,539
1,311,776
2,181,779
1,557,873
3,037,205
423,011
1,731,748
71,608

2,760
'2'567,"i97'

340

406,450

253, 061

106, 536

200

3,656

1,181,936

Total ! 20,691,638

2,950,675

13, 797, 928

S130,019
106, 687
197,497
101,274
228, 633
23, 260
116,0.50
4,601

19, 204

7,760

36

267

81,465

1,016,7.53

1 Austria after 1919.

Table 7. — Oleo oil and neutral lard}

Exported to-

Fiscal year.

1906

Pounds. Value

1907

Pounds. Value

1908

Pounds. Value

Netherlands

Germany

United kingdom

Norway

Denmark

Belgium

Turkey in Europe

Sweden

Newfoundland and Labrador..

Turkey in Asia

Austria-Hungary

Italy

Canada

Greece

France

All other countries

763, 237
959, 599
038, 714
469, 868
125, 738
590, 279
lis, 223
367, 402
789, 794
270, 992
315, 001
470, 293
106,514
61,344
48, 813
162, 264

S9, 591, 108

3,152,001

1,189,669

1,281,532

645, 862

317, 245

256,791

2.54,689

172,982

19,930

373, 360

199, 070

9,198

4,806

3,955

13,778

96, 112, 544

40,311,979

18, 809, 299

13,482,817

10,308,596

3, 420, 481

4,205,630

3,435,533

1,787,828

708, 659

60,444

2,364,914

81,073

133, 699

88,442,041

3,314,884

1,697,257

1, 095, 481

951,677

298.469

3217153

263,942

169, 825

57, 179

5,701

173, 897

7,336

11,175

113, (

9,916

87,923,933

40,922,348

29, 584, 172

14, 106, 053

18,735,972

2,505,213

5, 807, 826

5,673,477

2,115,827

1,834,744

470, 364

1,431,934

321,183

357,903

495, 121

256,087

Total 209, 658, 075 17, 455, 976 195, 337, 176 16, 819, 933 212, 541, 157

$7, 886, 859

3,682,333

2, 774, 878

1,272,257

1,778, .337

228, 828

508, 226

483,549

203,786

164,520

41,843

124, 842

28,410

34, 730

41,282

23,796

19, 278, 476

1 Oleo of almost exclusive'y. Neutral lard not included after 1910.

CATTLE AND BEEF PRODUCTIOlSr IN THE UNITED STATES. 105

DOMESTIC EXPORTS — Continued.

Table 7. — -Oleo oil and neutral lard — Continued.

Exported to —

Netherlands

Germany

United Kingdom

Norway

Denmark

Belgium

Turkey in Europe

Sweden

Newfoundland and Labrador.

Turkey in Asia

Austria-Hungary ,

Italy

Canada

Greece

France

All other countries ,

Total 179,985,246

Fiscal year.

1909

Pounds.

194, 178
404,633
040, 691
381,992
402,401
006, 245
734, 826
699, 727
186, 765
856, 080
133, 000
036, 959

83,616
245, 168

65, 625
513, 340

Value.

$7,609,208

4,219,425

3,789,344

920, 234

1,419,644

99,940

251,036

264, 963

268, 254

78, 245

13,300

97,914

9,219

24, 172

7,481

54,362

1910

Pounds. Value,

47, 115, 136

29, 792, 155

21,147,116

9, 884, 061

6, 883, 607

720, 224

3,123,725

2, 178, 190

2,526,391

1, 027, 185

9, 500

594, 764

244, 819

9,375

835, 427

S5, 526, 638

3,433,843

2,357,158

1,028,058

818, 126

77,041

281,383

232, 526

289,916

95, 199

957

56,845

23, 526

1,200

82,917

19,126,741 126,091,675 14,305,080

Exported to—

Netherlands

Germany

United Kingdom

Norway

Denmark

Belgium

Turkey m Europe

Sweden

Newfoundland and Labrador.

Turkey in Asia

Austria-Hungary

Italy :..:

Canada

Greece

France

All other countries

TotaL

Fiscal year.

1911

Pounds.

67,690,748
28,571,311
9, 255, 210
10, 445, 402
7,544,755
1,740,925
5,718,352
2, 139, 689
1, 532, 214
2, 079, 364
298, 657
766, 261

483, 799
'436,"2i9'

138,696,906

Value.

$6,610,716

2,847,346

944, 842

1,068,335

730,301

181,244

517, 806

221,256

154,224

187, 121

29, 868

72, 244

50,223

43,236

13,658,762

Pounds.

66, 894, 182

18,042,333

9,959,942

9,004,322

4,894,296

2,720,048

4,949,860

3,128,049

1,712,058

1,945,110

865, 913

902, 950

Value.

$7, 157, 862

1, 910, 286

1, 059, 546

972, 880

563, 993

296,308

441,966

348,422

192,653

176, 990

87, 362

87, 518

675,037 I

300,490

472,534

60, 442
30, 446
47,344

126,467,124 j 13,434,018

1913

Pounds.

46,337,137

17,480,760

8,008,915

6,607,526

4,972,834

1,589,955

2,191,229

2, 144, 752

1,371,781

483, 887

640,014

402, 175

53,626

185, 126

Value.

$5,392,489

2,054,694

904,101

754,728

629, 162

181,627

224, 072

262, 747

174,483

47, 387

71, 861

41, 337

5,957

19,626

379,540

101,982

92,849,757 | 10,866,253

Exported to —

Netherlands

Germany ,

United Kingdom

Norway

Denmark

Belgium

Turkey in Europe

Sweden

Newfoundland and Labrador

Turkey in Asia

Austria-Hungary

Italy

Canada

Greece

France

AU other countries

Total

Fiscal year.

1914

Pounds.

47,414,421

16, 180, 268

9,243,952

7, 285, 043

5,445,882

2,818,612

2, 619, 195

1,988,600

1, 244, 121

609, 764

572, 759

433, 516

338, 613

246, 591

392

575, 336

97,017,065

Value.

$4, 944, 474

1,631,254

1,010,834

764, 333

580, 692

316, 166

257,478

223,366

141, 759

58, 559

59, 375

45, 608

39, 021

24, 556

39

59, 151

1915

Pounds.

32,767,906

1,001,252

14,361,603

9, 954, .544

13, 459, 913

545,080

451,334

4,190,022

1,029,540

26,241

20,800

337, 085

226, 228

1, 328, 826

380, 943

400, 629

10,156,665 80,481,946

Value.

$3,637,839

98,081

1, 734, 445

1,160,460

1,669,389

60,994

42,330

511,537

120, 474

2,337

2,080

38, 784

28, 025

146, 270

45, 868

42, 275

1916

Pounds.

29,762,451

30,657,569
14,062,716
6,614,373

9,234,361
1, 896, 1%

3, 233, 876
37, 338
1,325,364
3, 872, 410
1,949,260

9,341,188 102,645,914

Value.

$3, 558, 189

3,684,779

1,796,590

790,640

1,180,544
230, 463

396,631
5,233
124,117
480, 181
221,748

12, 469, 115

106

UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION.

DOMESTIC EXPORTS — Continued.

Table 7. — Oleo oil and neutral lard — 'Continued.

Exported to —

Fiscal year.

Pounds. Value.

1918

Pounds.

Value.

Netherlands

United Kingdom

Norway

Denmark

Sweden

Newfoundland and Labrador

Italy

Canada

Greece

France

All other countries

Total

8,081,795

31,761,124

15, 907, 144

2, 764, 095

2, 247, 553

1,761,149

760, 071

475, 952

532, 219

2, 199, 170

619, 839

$1,201,373

5,316,644

2,745,117

430, 716

310, 078

294, 394

115,706

85, 137

68, 459

391,141

106, 254

48, 244, 317

774,004

30, 000

13,313

1,623,929

68, 161

4,346,590

628, 572

412,147

462,355

$10,

184, 472

175, 106

6,225

2,000

376,382

14,861

030, 542

146, 571

106,926

109,702

67,110,111

11,065,019

56,603,388

12,152,787

Exported to —

Netherlands

Germany ,

United kingdom

Norway

Denmark

Belgium

Turkey in Europe

Sweden

Newfoundland and Labrador .

Turkey in Asia

Austria-Hungary ,

Italy ,

Canada ,

Greece

France

AU other countries i

Total.

Calendar year.

1918

Pounds.

57,783,111

$12,782,449

30,000

2, 240, 000
2, 081, 016

62, 375

5,409,619

946, 517

205, 445

348, 267

69,106,350

Value.

6,225

500, 000
520, 516

13, 588

1, 307, 061

228, 809

45,648

89, 025

15,493,321

1919

Pounds.

4,811,612

2, 126, 704

20,791,549

8,656,192

8,025,918

8,461,473

2, G35, 801

3, 494, 255

1, 890, 493

395, 088

619, 924

468, 173

1,377,794

3, 479, 879

4, 589, 290

3, 761, 019

75, 585, 164

Value.

81,367,792

688, 209

6,113,654

2,620,902-

2,427,011

2,252,853

800, 803

1,113,896

547, 878

123, 883

171,685

125, 463

37,5,638

974, 034

1,343,554

978,085

22,025,340

Exported to — '

Calendar year.

1920

Pounds.

Value.

1921

Pounds.

Value.

Netherlands

Germany

United Kingdom

Norway

Denmark

Belgium

Turlcey in Europe.

Sweden

Newfoundland and Labrador.

Turkey In Asia

Italy

Canada

Greece ,

France

AU other countries i ,

20, 107,

3, 428,

17, 593,

10, 566,

1,531,

1,030,

6,801,

3, 320,

1,475,

2, 160,

386,

2, 048,

2, 706,

434,

773,

390, 570
715,479
913, 808
389, 285
321,766
206, 628
556, 259
755,460
331,710
512, 926

81, 426
481,796
670, 232

93, 878
163, 9S6

46,670,711

20, 700, 512

11,543,163

18,040,180

3, 172, 458

1,512,145

9,235,697

3,783,541

1,626,440

763,289

73.5,812

565, 026

2, 349, 273

5,345,185

1,934,281

$5,094,607

2, 296, 516

1,378,953

2,220,325

366,659

181,958

1,008,275

447, 029

228,095

109, 412

69,047

68,682

316, 407

599,692

232,314

Total 74,368,344 16,585,209 127,977,713

14,617,971

' Includes the following amounts to Switzerland: 1918—182,641 pounds, valued at $48,137; 1919—3,454,660
pounds, valued at $895, 999; 1920—93,597 pounds, valued at $16,133; 1921—202,225 pounds, valued at $23,005.

CATTLE Al^D BEEF PRODUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES. 107

GENERAL IMPORTS, 1906-1921.

Table 8.— Cattle.

Fiscal year.

Imported from—

1906

1907

1908

Number.

Value.

Number.

Value.

Number.

Value.

FREE.

Mexico

2,197
362
629

$26, 626
33, 814
88,702

Canada

358
441
30

$.54, 134
60, 997
3,237

326
468
41

$49, 897

62, 780

9,553

United Kingdom

All other countries

Total

829

118,368

835

122,230

3,188

149, 142

DUTIABLE.

Mexico

23, 838

4,188

88

76

315, 603

99, 946

9,551

4,962

27, 112
4,427

28

3.55, 409

81, 739

5,744

63, 619

25, 537

2

10

865, 342
492 617

Canada

United Kingdom

80

All other countries

129

Total

28, 190

430,062

31, 567

442, 892

89, 168

1, 358, 168

TOTAL FREE AND DUTIABLE.

Mexico

23,838

4,546

529

106

31.5, 603

1.54, 080

70, 548

8,199

27,112

4,753

496

41

355, 409

131, 636

68, 524

9,553

65, 816

25, 899

631

10

891 968

Canada

526 431

United Kingdom

88 782

All other countries

129

Total

29, 019

548, 430

32, 402

565, 122

92, 356

1, 507, 310

Fiscal year.

Imported from—

1909

1910

1911

Number.

Value.

Number.

Value.

Number.

Value.

FREE.

Mexico

2,002

402

632

13

$23, 286

54,847

61, 218

1, 362

27
406

2,178

$1, 450

42, 966

246, 723

246

354

1,821

20

$2, 803
71 228

Canada

United Kingdom

285, 950
2 239

All other countries

Total

3,049

140, 713

2,611

291, 139

2,441

3(59 220

DUTIABLE.

Mexico

126,067

10,061

3

4

1, 683, 756

174, 064

235

654

188,114

5,168

42

3

2, 594, 796

109, 772

3,944

173

177, 735

2,689

58

2 517 .533

Canada

65 131

United Kingdom

8,193

All other countries

Total

136, 135

1, 858, 709

193, 327

2, 708, 685

180, 482

2, 590, 857

TOTAL FREE AND DUTIABLE.

Mexico

128, 069

10, 463

635

17

1, 707, 042

228,911

61, 4.53

2,016

188, 141

5,574

2,220

3

2, .596, 246

1.52, 738

250, 667

173

177, 981

3,043

1,879

20

2, 520, 336

Canada

United Kingdom

294' 143

All other countries

2,239

Total

139, 184

1, 999, 422

195, 938

2, 999, 824

182, 923

2, 953, 077

6303—22-

I

108

UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION.

GENERAL IMPORTS — Continued.

Table 8. — Cattle — Continued.

I

Fiscal year.

Imported from—

1912

1913

1914

Number.

Value.

Number.

Value.

Number.

Value.

FREE.

Mexico

40

309

1,780

8680

51,367

253, 175

519, 481

197, 087

1,784

88, 337, 638
7, 737, 143

Canada

425
963

$54, 697
179, 792

United Kingdom

Total

2,129

305, 222

1,388

234, 489

718,352 16,328,819

DUTIABLE. I

Mexico

315, 187

1,041

15

4, 463, 917

35, 004

1,431

391, 477

28, 761

18

5

5, 430, 259

971,604

2,616

1,700

105, 772
44,244

1 407 905

Canada

959, 994

United Kingdom

All other countries

Total

316, 243

4, 500, 352

420, 261

6, 406, 179

150,016 2,367,899

TOTAL FREE AND DUTIABLE.

Mexico

315, 227
1,350
1,795

4, 464, 597
86, 371
254, 606

391, 477

29, 186

981

5

5, 430, 259

1, 026, 301

182, 408

1,700

625, 253

241, 331

1,784

9, 745, 543

8, 697, 137

254, 038

Canada

United Kingdom

All other countries

Total

318, 372

4, 805, 574

421, 649 fi- 640 fifiS

868, 368

18, 696, 718

Fiscal year.

Imported from—

1915

1916

1917

Number.

Value.

Number.

Value.

Number.

Value.

FREE.

Mexico

346, 004

191, 540

623

$8, 088, 684

9, 285, 277

139, 214

197, 788

238, 025

1,161

2,211

$4, 084, 271

10, 850, 214

191,170

61, 938

183, 827

189, 285

1,714

$4, 201, 987
8,498,113

Canada

United Kingdom

321, 159

All other countries

Total

538, 167

17, 513, 175

439, 185

15, 187, 593

374, 826

13, 021, 259

Fisea

year.

Imported from—

1918

1919

Number.

Value.

Number.

Value.

FREE.

Mexico

105,470
185,089

1,063
112

1,985

$3,070,066
14,377,487

292,007
6, 883

105,733

82, 340

356,834

695

530

82,462,317

34,282,030

226,691

Canada

United Kingdom

Virgin Islands

24, 883

All other countries

Total

293,719

17,852,176

440,399

36,995,921

1 Figures for 1914 cover period from Jul]^ 1 to Oct. 3, 1913, inclusive.

CATTLE AND BEEF PRODUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES.

GENERAL IMPORTS — Continued.

Table 8. — Cattle — Continued.

109

Fisca

year.

Imported from—

1920

1921

Number.

Value.

Number.

Value.

FREE.

Mexico

82, 760

489,690

1,301

1,577

$2,558,789

41,865,349

588,025

69,016

19, 174

304,532

1,650

858

$518,057

Canada ..

22,318,378

706,602
46,087

Virgin Islands

Total

575,328

45,081,179

326,214

23, 589, 124

DUTIABLE.

Mexico

1,010

2,750

13, 130

32, 107

Total

3,760

45,237

TOTAL FREE AND DUTIABLE.

Mexico

82, 760

489,690

1,301

1,577

2,558,789

41,865,349

588,025

69,016

20,184

307, 282

1,650

858

531,187

22, 350, 485

United Kingdom

706,602

Virgin Islands

46,087

Total

575,328

45,081,179

329,974

23,634,361

Calendar year.

Imported from—

1918

1919

Number.

Value.

Number.

Value.

FREE.

Mexico

100,632

249,316

404

264

1,985

$2,917,027
22,317,247

162,623
15,955

105,733

90,541

550,004

806

1,044

$2,724,419
50, 276, 054

Canada

United Kingdom

251,899

Virgin Islands

43,706

All other countries

Total

352,601

25,518,585

642,395

53, 296, 078

Calendar year.

Imported from—

1920

1921

Nmnber.

Value.

Number.

Value.

FREE.

Mexico

58,926

316,559

2,113

1,516

$1,847,851

24,491,888

1,006,653

72,212

9,100

65,963

973

614

$191 473

Canada

3 274 287

United Kingdom

379 006

Virgin Islands

27' 732

Total

379,114

27,418,604

76,650

3,872,498

■ DUTIABLE. 1

Mexico

4,774
113,445

63 118

Canada

2 196 975

All other countries

' ' 15

Total

118,221

2 260 108

TOTAL FREE AND DUTIABLE.

Mexico

58,926

316, 559

2,113

1,516

1,847,851

24,491,888

1,006,653

72,212

13,874

179,408

973

614

2

954 591

Canada

5 471*262

United Kingdom

'379' 006

Virgin Islands

97 732

All other countries

15

Total.

379,114

27,418,604

194,871

6 13'^ 606

1 May 28 to Dec. 31, 1921.

110

UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION.

GENERAL IMPORTS — ^COIltinued.

Table 9. — Fresh beef and veal.
FREE.i

Fiscal year.

Imported from—

1914

1915

1916

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

Argentina

59,585,005
56,518,878
25,902,732
18, 232, 714
15,071,444
808,950
212, 865

$5,188,927
4,962,398
2,209,594
1,392,493
1,309,362
63,117
14,114

130,680,021
8, 676, 776
13,802,565
10,482,128
15, 305, 264
1,602,250
3,941,131

$12,064,195
779,258

1,173,293
838,900

1,575,633
126, 829
384,497

52,680,436

$5,240,834

United Kingdom

Uruguay

192,229

16 151

Australia and Tasmania

Canada

9,918,326

5,089

1,316,698

6,988,978

1,000 230

New Zealand

516

Mexico

127, 800

Brazil

722, 418

All other countries

484 ! 168

624 : 56

Total

176,333,072 15. 140.173

184,490,759 16.942.661

71,101,756

7,107,949

Fiscal year.

Imported from—

1917

1918

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

Argentina.

2,295,690

86,662

201,641

9,435,742

12,949

3,184,084

350

$203,331

8,452

21,207

1,054,852

1,313

323,917

18

431,041

13, 120

.569,053

20,768,167

$57, 146
2,333

Uruguay

Australia and Tasmania

80,428

Canada

3,104,367

New Zealand

Brazil

1,507,719
2 2,162,555

134,067

All other countries

273,519

Total

15,217,118

1,613,090

25,451,655

3,651,860

Calendar year.

Imported from—

1918

1919

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

Argentina

2,621,124

16, 438

268,536

14,910,005

$867,034

2,937

37,778

2,552,352

261,001

94,426

1,528,138

31,124,474

97

1,542

5,452,080

$45,542
19, 884

Uruguay ,

AustraUa and Tasmania

171,095

Canada

5,416,764

New Zealand

35

Mexico

158
5, 522, 770

40
699,045

342

All other countries 3

754,419

Total

23,339,081

4, 159, 186

38,461,758

6,408,081

' Figures cover period since Oct 3, 1913.

» Includes the following: Panama, 1,603,980 pounds, valued at $220,437; Cliiua, 307,231 pounds, valued at
$29,203; Phihppinos, 251,344 pounds, valued at $23,879.

8 Includes the following amounts: Panama, 1918—4,454,760 pounds, valued at $595,929; China, 562,487
pounds, vahicd at $51, 401; PliilipiJines, .505,52;} pounds, valued at $51,401; 1919 — Panama, 5,164,867 pounds,
valued at $722,635; Philippines, 285,359 pounds, valued at $31,243; 1920— Panama, 3,783,479 pounds, valued
at $566,274.

CATTLE AND BEEF PRODUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES. Ill

GENERAL IMPORTS — Continued.

Table 9.— Fresh beef and veal — Continued.
FREE— Continued.

Calendar year.

Imported from—

1920

1921 <

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

Argentina

2,428,393

19,655

1,090,284

2,444,431

37,488,425

2,923,105

1,305

8441,223

1,850

184,896

286,609

6, 280, 030

295, 776

199

799,682

8139,576

United Kingdom

Uruguay

410,475

1,067,436

9, 728, 273

1,022,687

2,231

235,000

751

59,088

138,693

1,383,743

Au!:;tralia and Tasmania

Canada

New Zealand

98,371
267

Brazil

89, 452

All other countries 3

3,786,507

566,687

292

Total

50,182,105

8,057,270

13,266,535

1,909,482

DUTIABLE.

Fiscal

year.

Imported from —

19146

1921 «

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

189,932
1,021,097

$8,024
94,762

251,280

$19, 147

45,344

125,322

16,740,847

1,946,639

481

1,474

3,491

Australia and Tasmania

1,625,812

848,355

50, 098

68, 817

113,472

58,751

3,781

4,948

11,094

Canada

1, 844, 133

New Zealand

157 152

Mexico

69

160

Total . ..

3,804,111

283,738

19,111,387

2, 035, 246

' Includes the following amounts: Panama, 1918 — 4,454,760 pounds, valued at $595,929; China, 562,487
pounds, valued at $54,404; Philippines, 505,523 pounds, valued at $54,404; 1919 — Panama, 5,164,867 pounds,
valued at $722,635; Phihppines, 285,359 pounds, valued at $31,243; 1920— Panama, 3,783,479 pounds, valued
at $566,274.

* Figures for Jan. 1 to May 27.

6 Figures for July 1 to Oct. 3, 1913.

« Figures for May 28 to Dec. 31.

112

UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION".

GENERAL IMPORTS — continued.

Table 9. — Fresh heef and veal — Continued.
TOTAL FREE AND DUTIABLE.

Fiscal year.

Imported from—

1914

1915

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

Argentina

59,774,951

57,539,975

25,902,732

19,858,526

15,919,799

859,048

281,682

484

$5,196,951

5,057,160

2, 209, 594

1,505,965

1,368,113

66, 898

19,062

168

130,680,021

8,676,776

13,802,565

10, 482, 128

15,305,264

1,602,250

3,941,131

624

$12,064,195
779 258

United Kingdom

Uruguay

1 173*293

Australia and Tasmania

'838^900
1 575 633

Canada

New Zealand

' 126' 829

Mexico

384* 497

All other countries

' 56

Total

180,137,183

15,423,911

184,490,759

16 942 661

Fiscal

year.

Imported from—

1916

1921

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

52,680,436
192,229

$5,240,834
16, 151

1,050,%2

455, 819

1,192,758

26, 469, 120

2,969,326

2,712

235,000

2,225

$158,723
62, 579

Australia and Tasmania

149, 787

9,918,326

5,089

1,316,698

6,988,978

1,000,230

516

127, 800

722,418

3, 227, 876

New Zealand

255, 523

336

Brazil

89,452
452

Total

71,101,756

7,107,949

32,377,922

3, 944, 728

Table 10

. — Bologna sausage {free).

Fiscal year.

Imported from—

1906

1907

1908

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

Germany

363,730

310, 176

.26,771

45

18,920

50

11,951

12,991

$381,542

58,559

3,012

7

2,405

10

1,337

2,721

324,418

63, 121

22, 552

3,100

10,292

340

$97,549

13,727

2,592

542

1,646

78

395, 446

45,424

44, 195

10,818

2,784

556

140

21,407

$86,599

Italy

9,049

Netherlands

6,760

Denmark

1,033

Spain

526

89

14

27,236

5,071

4,297

Total

744,634

149,593

451,059

121,205

520,770

108,367

Fiscal year.

Imported from—

1909

1910

1911

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

456,554

7,857

70,721

14,126

112

500

$115,565

1,397

8,109

1,694

30

80

454,575

7,048

48,282

25,300

6,850

300

1,188

15

11,966

$112,992

1,457

6,042

2,820

1,158

72

120

3

2,610

559,993

11,211

56,842

26,533

15

$119,696

Italy

2,809

10,748

3,573

10

11,003

2,693

12,394

3,699

Total

560,873

129,568

555,524

127,274

666,988

140,535

CATTLE AND BEEF PRODUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES. 113

GENERAL IMPORTS — Continued.

Table 10. — Bologna sausage (free) — Continued.

Fiscal year.

Imported from—

1912

1913

1914

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

Gennany

619,310

6,120

33,832

34, 023

$137,565
1,534
5,257
5,181

530,060

3,824

26,659

13,709

1,320

$131,404

944

6,082

2,568

428

594,551

60,541

32,382

7,006

11,200

5,785

2,787

$155, 156
16 642

Italy . ...

Netherlands

5 266

Denmark

l'393

2*838

Canada

488

Hongkong

623

Mexico

263, 852
14,638

29,710
3,735

143,646
9,251

13,618

2,827

All other countries

16,076

4 418

Total

971,775

182,982

728,469

157,871

730,326

186 824

Fiscal year.

Imported from—

1915

1916

1917

1918

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

Germany

72,866
92, 380
12, 080

5,620
420

5,700
12,053

8,365

$17,466
27,855
1,652
1,092
151
1,001
2,501
1,942

Italy

12,053
5,625

$4,260
1,424

Netherlands

Denmark

Spain

171
16,614
4,666

8,158

116
3,415
1,220

1,888

528

$230

1,240
12,626

(499

Canada

4,610

Hongkong

All other countries

154

44

1,190

555

Total

209,484

53,660

47,287

12,323

682

274

15,056

5 664

Calendar year.

Imported from—

1918

1919

1920

1921

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

Italy

57,857

70

324

18,091

26,310

49,258

4,825

$23,557

20

101

12,204

3,853

29, 802

4,459

23,367

$10,528

Netherlands

40

$23

Denmark

518
4,019

139

24,826

3,921

154

Spain

1,631

S79S

9,421

5,366

56,453

452

4,863

888

37,264

302

2 440

Canada

1,050 324

' 21

Hongkong

640
2,096

328
1,422

10,361
1 567

All other countries

Total

5,417

2,797

71,732

43,340

156,735

73,996

56,790

25,071

Table 11. — Stearin from animal fats (dutiable).

Fiscal year.

Imported from—

1906

1907

1908

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

United Kingdom. .'

733, 267
585,:349
120, 349

10, 204
218, 192

32,816

$58, 143
45,640
13, 165
538
14, 237
2, 473

705,710
436, 794

$61,676
30, 558

512,978
77, 363

$43,548
6 206

France

Italy

Netherlands

Austria Hungary

All other countries

41,783

1,151

844,504

85 985

Total

1, 700, 177

134, 196

1,184,287

93, 385

1, 434, 845

135 739

114 UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION.

GENERAL IMPORTS — continued.

Table 11. — Stearin from animal fats (dutiable) — Continued.

Fiscal

year.

Imported from —

1909

1910

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

United Kingdom

687, 538
91, 578

418,874

2, 573, 892

26, 503

96, 869

$67, 560

8,990

41, 548

281, 982
2,357
9,048

32, 714

50,584

88,184

265,029

1,000

22,416

$3,298
5,305

Italy

9,722

Netherlands

30, 288

220

All other countries

2,457

Total

3, 895, 254

411,485

459,927

51,290

Oleo stearin {free)}

Imported from-

Fiscal year.

1910

Pounds.

Value.

1911

Pounds.

Value.

1912

Pounds.

Value.

Argentina

United Kingdom...

France

Italy

Australia

Netherlands

Austria-Hungary . .
All other countries .

Total

17, 182
1,460,012
1,334,762
1, 205, 607

$1, 758
179, 505
164, 292
121, 688

3, 234, 469
110,800
321, 726

380, 596
13, 485
40,014

1,974,180
760, 741
665, 317
771,347
24, 912
716, 048
795, 963
6,840

$180, 066
78, 938
70,264
80, 643
2,039
79, 533
99,840
796

1,349,286
1,034,125
682,844
612, 430
150, 961
760, 196
257, 248
66,000

$112,768
92, 077
66, 692
53, 483
11,664
83, 551
23, 728
4.987

7, 684, 558

901, 338

5, 715, 348

592, 119

4,913,090

448,950

Fiscal

year.

Imported from—

1913

1914

1915

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

2, 419, 057

2, 054, 401

1, 180, 601

1,710,135

315, 705

273, 476

1, 465, 637

92, 122

$257, 073

212, 729

120, 275

166,070

26, 285

27, 152

149, 407

8,009

2, 136, 097
1,071,546
867, 723
610, 932
244, 216
162, 225
133, 227
17, 587

$185,596
92, 831
76, 715
55, 167
19, 880
15, 232
12, 896
1,672

1,916,149

$164,657

Italy

231,717

15,976

All other countries

276, 143

28,912

Total

9,511,134

967,000

5, 243, 553

459,989

2,424,009

209,545

Fiscal

year.

Imported from —

1916

1917

1918

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

Argentina

616, 422

$54, 763

924,536
1,000

$82, 269
170

5,474,722

$931,702

69,289
224, 767

6,253
20,264

10
1,100,647

2

187, 741

32,201

186,718

Total

910, 478

81, 280

1,113,277

114,640

6,575,379

1,118,422

1 Free on and after Aug. 6, 1909; figures for 1910 cover period from July 1 to Aug. 5, 1909, inclusive.
(See Stearin from Animal Fats.)

CATTLE AND BEEF PRODUCTION IN" THE UNITED STATES. 115

GENERAL IMPORTS — ^continued.
Table 11. — Oleo stearin (free) — Continued.

Calendar year.

Imported from —

1918

1919

1920

1921

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

1,347,785

$216,411

1,956,398

$372,137

508, 160
40, 161

$99,085
5,751

364,944
11,309

$28,133

United Kingdom

1,120

112,000

29, 120

10
208,986

2
33,709

i3, 440
29, 015

1,500

All other countries... .

290,048

73,899

414, 336

75,754

2,042

Total

1, 556, 781

250,122 2.358.446

475, 156

962,657

180,590

418,708

32,795

Total oleo stearin (free) and stearin from animal fats (dutiable).

Fiscal year.

Imported from—

1909

1910

1911

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

Argentina

17, 182
1,492,726
1, 385, 346
1,293,791

$1,758
182, 803
169, 597
131,410

1, 974, 180
760, 741
665,317
771,347
24,912
716,048
795, 963
6,840

$180,066
78, 938

United Kingdom

687,538
91, 578
418, 874

$67, 560
8,990
41,548

France

70, 264

80, 643

2,039

79, 533

Italy

Australia

Netherlands

2, 573, 892
26, 503
96,869

281, 982
2,357
9,048

3,499,498
111,800
344, 142

416,884
13, 705
42, 471

Austria-Hungary

99,840

AU other countries

796

Total

3,895,254

411, 485

8, 144, 485

952,628

5,715,348

592, 119

Table 12.— Tallow (free).

Calendar year.

Imported from—

19181

1919

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

New Zealand

4,061,912
827, 890
287, 741
217, 812

$515,467
104,696
54,318
27, 591

3,277,844
875, 397

3,487,417
260,390

3,377,728
707, 500
109,913

$510,081
152, 753
481 249

Australia

Canada

China

43 523

Argentina

490, 826
117 637

Uruguay

All other countries

50

3

16 83^

Total

5, 395, 405

5,702,075

12,0%, 189

1 812 903

Calendar year.

Imported from—

1920

19

21

Pounds.

Value.

Pounds.

Value.

New Zealand

8,253,979

2, 434, 158

1,002,216

138, 469

1, 851, 895

311,048

882, 872

$1,045,982
290, 130
93, 872
20,846
2.39, 367
42, 115
109, 434

AustraUa

1,538
410, 177

$133
23 346

Canada

China

Argentina

728, 962

776

728, 959

42 997

Uruguay

110

All other countries

39 281

Total

14,874,637

1,841.746

1, 870, 412

105 867

1 Figures for July 1 to Dec. 31.

116

UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION.

IMPORTS FO^ CONSUMPTION.

Table IZ.— Cattle.

ACTS OF 1897 AND 1909.

Fiscal year.

Rate of duty.

Number.

Value.

Duty col-
lected.

Value per
. unit of
quantity.

Average
ad valo-
rem rate.

1906

Less than 1 year old.
$2 per head

6,023
6,644
14, 157

28, 081
23, 824
21, 993
34, 299
63, 869
26, 281

14,921

13,246

42, 831

68, 804

108, 269

85, 717

172, 214

199, 868

54, 619

6,537
8,748
32, 094
40,193
61, 538
72, 753
109, 489
160, 076
54,091

858,365
77, 738
133, 472
249, 110
229, 136
194, 392
326, 2.56
578, 521
265, 779

202, 601

198, 617

573, 637

931,377

1, 478, 113

1, 168, 439

2, 341, .575

2, 512, 979

728, 161

144, 962

152, 783

639, 345

673, 093

992, 921

1, 225, 141

1, 818, 474

3, 228, 967

1, 132, 012

$12,046
13, 288
28, 314
56, 162
47,648
43,988
68, 598

127, 738
52,562

55, 954
57, 172
160, 616
258, 015
406, 008
321, 438
645, 802
749, 505
204,821

39, ,865
42, 015
175, 820
185, 100
273,053
336, 914
500,081
887, 416
311, 303

$9.69
11.70
9.42
8.87
9.62
8.84
9.51
9.08
10.12

13.58
13.03
13.39
13.54
13.65
13.63
13.60
12.57
13.33

22.18
17.46
19.92
16.75
16.13
16.84
16.60
20.16
20.93

Per cent.
20.64

1907

do

17.09

1908

do

21.21

1909

. ..do

22. 55

1910

do

20.79

1911

...do

22. 63

1912

... .do

21.03

1913

do

22.08

1914

do

19.78

1906

/ year old or over — Valued at
not more than $14 per head.

$3.75 per head

27.62

1907

...do

28.79

1908

.do

27.99

1909

...do

27.70

1910

do

27.47

1911

do

27.51

1912

do

27.58

1913 . ...

do

29.83

do

28.13

1908

1 year old or over— Valued at
more than $H per head.

27.50

1907

. do

27.50

1908

...do

27.50

1909

...do

27.50

1910

do

27.50

1911

do

27.50

1912

do

27.50

1913

do

27.50

1914

. .. do

27.50

ACT OF 1913.

1914.
1915.
1916.
1917.
1918.

Free . . .

do.

do.

do.

do.

736, .562
539, 361
447, 152
373, 686
294,207

$16, 450, 434
17, 546, 085
15, 342, 135
13, 021, 259
17, 801, 579

$22. 46
32.53
34.31
34.84
60.51

Unit of quantity.

Rate of duty.

Number.

Value.

Duty.

Calendar year 1918:

Cattle

Number

Free

do

1 108, 432
2 4, 198
2 2,692

2 237, 867

$4, 150, 791
178,356
252,671

20,588,770

Bulls

do

.do

do

All other

. .do

do

..-..do

do

Total

353, 189

25. 170. 588

do

do

Calendar year 1919:

Bulls

8,000

13, 840

620, 555

457, 897

1,050,509

51,787,672

do

do

All other

..do

do

.do

do

Total

642, 395

53, 296, 078

do

do

Calendar year 1920:

Bulls

3,302

4,479

371,333

480,668

854,717

26,083,219

do

do

All other

do

do

...do

do

Total

379,114

27,418,604

do

30 per cent . .

Free

do

Calendar year 1921:

Cattle

s 118, 219
234

587
984

74,845

2,244,941

7,766

86,914

360,375

3, 417, 443

$673, 482

do

Bulls

do

.do

do

All other

do

do

Total

.do

194, 869

6, 117, 439

673,482

> Jan. 1 to June 30, 1918. « July 1 to Dec. 31, 1918. » Emergency tariflf act, May 28 to Dec. 31, 1921.

CATTLE AND BEEF PRODUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES. 117

IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION— continued.

Table 14. — Fresh heef.
UNDER GENERAL TARIFF.

Fiscal year:
1906....
1907....

1908.
1909.

1911.
1912.
1913.

1914.

1915

1916

1917

1918

Calendar year:

1918

1919

1920

1921.

Rate of duty.

2 cents per pound

Duty remitted, sec. 14,
act July 24. 1897.

2 cents per pound ,

do

f....do

1.1 J cents per pound

do

do.

do.

/....do.
\Free...

do.

do.

do.

do.

do

do

do

r....do

[2 cents per pound .

Quantity.

Pounds.
269, 602
25, 713

187,562

169, 281

17,843

634, 434

374, 427

1,019,995

3, 957, 700

3, 633, 094

171,945,267

182, 829, 376

70, 383, 784

14, 399, 354

24, 781, 719

22, 501, 954
33, 588, 241
40, 520, 057
111,628,364
2 16,742,033

Value.

$28, 233
1,649

24, 822

18, 039

2, 863

41,671

21,669

77, 707

303, 934

270, 467

14, 762, 866

16, 772, 258

7, 039, 852

1, 462, 294

3, 495, 112

3, 974, 092
5, 394, 609
6, 160, 993
1, 673, 148
1,745,721

Duty
collected.

$5, 392

3,751

3,385
356
9,516
5,616
15, 300
59, 365
54,496

334, 841

Value per

unit of
quantity.

$0. 105
.064

.132
.107
.161
.066
.058
.076
.077
.074
.086
.092
.100
.102
.141

.176
.161
.152
.144
.104

Actual and

computed

ad valorem

rate.

Per cent.
19. IC

15.11

18.76
12.46

22.84
25.88
19.69
19. S3
20.15

19.18

FROM CUBA (RECIPROCITY TRE.VTY, DECEMBER 27, 1903).

Fiscal year:
190O

2 cents per pound less 20

per cent.
IJ cents per pound less

20 per cent.

338

246, 394

132

$20

14, 530

16

$5
2,956

1

$0. 060
.059
.121

27.05

1910

20.35

1911

9.88

DUTY REMITTED.

Fiscal vear:

1908

Sec. 14, act of July 24,
1897.
.do ..

20, 166

21, 793
24,706

192, 439
161, 794

$1,361

1,.547
2,045

11,440
11,631

$0,067

.071
.083

.059
.072

1909 .

1910

Sec. 21, act of Aug. 5,
1909.
do

1913

1914

Sec. IV, K, act of Oct.
3, 1913.

1 Old law, Jan. 1 to May 27, 1921. « Emergency tariff law, May 28 to Dec. 31, 1921.

Table 15. — Fresh veal.

Rate of duty.

Quantity.

Value.

Duty
collected.

Ad valorem
rate of
duty.

Fiscal year:
1906.

2 cents per pound

Pounds.

33,115

59,405

55,971

9,205

23, 807

7,250

3, 102

78,625

96,882

2, 550, 270

1, 690, 332

508, 703

821, 875

917, 696

939, 121
4, 873, 515
9,662,048
1, 638, 171
2,-369,354

$3,476

7,179

7,035

1,371

2, .346

1,512

852

7, 193

8,201

220, 282

171,405

67, 786

150, 808

188, 660

199, 353

1,013,472

1, 896, 277

236, 334

289,525

$662

1,188

1,119

184

357

108

46

1,179

1, 453

Per cent.
19.05

1907

do

16.55

1908

do

15.91

1909 ..

. ...do

13.43

1910

1 J cents per pound

15.22

1911

do

7.19

1912

do

5.46

1913

do

16.40

/ do

17.72

\Free

1915

do

1916 ..

.do

1917

do

1918

do

Calendar year:
1918

do

1919 .

do

1920

do

1921

do

19211

2 cents per pound

47, 387

16.37

^Emergency tariff law, May 28 to Dec. 31, 1921.

118

UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION.

IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION — Continued.

Table 15. — Fresh veal — Continued.

DUTY REMITTED.

Fiscal year:

1908

1910

Sec. 14, act July 24, 1897.
See. 21, act Aug. 5, 1909 .

1,074
1,900

$99
209

Table 16. — Corned beef, canned.

. Rate of duty.

Quantity.

Value.

Duty.

Fiscal year:

1914

Free

Pounds.

$1,004,468

610, 786

118,667

732,351

6, 752, 927

36,673,220

4,753,298

814,790

31,387

14, 816

1915

do

1916

do

1917.

.do

1918

..do

Calendar year:

1918

....do

1919

do

16,731,826

3, 979, 073

191,309

128, 243

1920

do

/ do.i

\25 per cent 2

1 Jan. 1 to May 27, 1921.

2 Emergency tariff act May 28 to Dec. 31, 1921.

Table 17. — Meat extract.
FLUID.

Rate.

Quantity.

Value.

Duty.

Equivalent
ad valorem.

Fiscal year:
1906

15 cents per pound

Pounds.

31,144

19, 772

9,525

2,883

2, 595

6,6.33

27,472

29, 091

969

2,799

3,738

172

1,990

12

43

13,000

2,542

139

S20, 76S

13, 702

8,275

2,011

2, 931

3,470

13, 842

11,096

1,068

2, 888

4,428

264

3,632

22

71

17,342

2,367

168

$4,672

2,966

1,429

432

389

995

4,121

4,364

145

140

187

9

99

1

2
650
127

7

Per cent.
22.49

1907

. . . do

21.65

1908

...do

17.26

1909

....do

21.50

1910

do

13.28

1911. .

....do

28.67

1912 .

do

29.77

1913. . ..

do

39.33

f do

13.61

\5 cents per pound

1915

do

4.22

1916

do

3.26

1917

do

2.74

1918

do

2.73

Calendar year:
1918 ... .

do

3.03

1919

do

3.75

1920

do

5.37

1921

.do

4.14

ALL OTHER, N. S.P. F.

Fiscal year:
1906

35 cents per pound

85, 608

107,924

50, 331

78, 067

94, 525

163, 812

154, 354

106,312

11,703

118,969

97,656

78,614

93, 108

1,401

5, 585
12, 003
62, 592
67,416

$160,097
201,869
90,620
122, 978
148, 467
209, 106
192, 012
138, 489
16, 145
182, 042
139, 936
100,652
155, 766
1,411

8,747
11,246
43, 990
49,463

$29, 963

37, 773

17,616

27,323

33,084

57,334

54,024

37,209

4,096

11,897

9,765

7,861

9,311

140

558
1,200
6,259
6,742

18.72

1907

do

18.71

1908

do

19.44

1909

do

22.22

1910

do

22.28

1911

do....

27.42

1912

do-...

28.14

1913

do...

26.87

f do

25.37

\10 cents per pound

6.54

1913

. .do

6.98

1916

....do

7.81

1917

do

5.98

1918

do

9.93

Calendar year:
1918

. do

6.39

1919 .

. do

10.67

1920 .

.. do

14,23

1921.. ..

...do

13.63

CATTLE AND BEEF PRODUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES.

IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION — Continued.

Table IS. — Livers, sweetbreads, etc., of beef, pork, and mutton.

119

Rate of duty.

Quantity.

Value.

Value per

unit of
quantity.

Fiscal year:

1914

Free

Pounds.
2,575,810

$188,941

1, 165, 989

671,444

158,719

169,927

165, 837

302, 256

■ 412,358

112,544

$0. 073

1915

do

1916

.. ..do

1917

do

1918

do

Calendar year:
1918

do

1919

do

3, .5.32, 074

3, 389, 507

763,578

.086

1920 . .

.. .do

.121

1921

::::.do:::.:..:

.147

Table 19. — Saicsage, bologna.

Rate of duty.

Quantity.

Value.

Duty
collected.

Value per

unit of
quantity.

Actual and

computed

ad valorem

rate.

Fiscal year:
1906

Free

Pounds.
752,458
450, 762
520, 744
560,955
580, 236
907, 478
993, 495
723,901
763,097
210, 543

47,389
789

15,056

5,417
71, 722
156, 735
56, 790

84,928

$149,310

121,124

108,363

129, 573

129,809

283,902

182, 981

156,683

189,957

53,375

12,322

318

5,664

2,797
43,340
73,996
25,071
34, 596

$0. 198
.269
.208
.231
.224
.247
.184
.216
.249
.254
.260
.403
.376

.516
.604
.472
.441
.407

Per cent.

1907.

do

1908

. . .do

1909

do

1910

do

1911

.do

1912

.. ..do

1913

do

1914.

do. .

1915

. .do

1916

do

1917

do

1918. .

do

Calendar year:
1918

do

1919..

' do. .

1920

.do

f do.i

\25 per cent 2

$8,649

1 Jan. 1 to May 27.

2 Emergency tariff act. May 28 to Dec. 31, 1921.
Table 20. — Oleo stearin.

Rate of duty.

Quantity.

Value.

Duty col-
lected.

Value per

unit of
quantity.

Average
ad valo-
rem rate.

Fiscal year:

1906

20 per cent

Pounds.

1,669,785

1,162,303

1,317,451

4,104,098

404,888
8,922,977
5,708,462
4,912,710
9, .540, 347
5,679,535
2,644,490

910,478
1,113,277
6,575,379

1,556,781

2,358,206

962,657

418,708

$125, 4.56

109, 852

121,238

419,359

45, .344

930, 160

591,072

448,950

967,000

497,973

226,661

81,280

114,640

1,118,413

250, 122
475, 156
180,590
32,795

$25,091

21,970

24,247

83,871

9,068

$0. 075
.095
.092
.102
.112
.104
.104
.091
.101
.088
.086
.089
.103
.170

.161
.201
.188
.077

Per cent.
20

1907

do

20

1908

do

20

1909

...do.. .

20

/....do

20

\Free

1911

do

1912

do

1913

do

1914

do

1915

do

1916

do

1917

. ...do.. .

1918

do

Calendar year:
1918

do

1919

do

1920

do

1921

do

120

UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION.

IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION — Continued.

Table 21.— Tallow.

1

Rate of duty.

Quantity.

Value.

Duty col-
lected.

Value per

unit of
quantity.

Average
ad valo-
rem rate.

Fiscal year:

1906

J cent per pound

do

Pounds.

908,259

421,305

304, 765

364,964

117,464

794, 008

984, 383

347, 837

488,607

365, 440

3,003,393

12,631,594

4,779,076

31,136,527

98,176,560

51,885,808

12,096,189

14,874,637

1,870,412

863,805

29,733

23,074

28,299

7,081

61,402

81,640

25, 595

41,562

32,005

199,919

823,958

396,787

3, 108, 274

14,365,676

7,444,230

1,812,903

1,841,746

105,867

86,812
3,160
2,285
2,737
880
3,970
4,921
1,739
2,443
1,827

$0,070
.071
.075
.078
.060
.077
.083
.074
.085
.088
.066
.035
.083
.099
.146

.143
.149
.123
.056

Per cent.
10. 6&

1907

10. 63

1908

do

9.90

1909..

... .do.. .. .. .

9.67

r do....

12.44

\J cent per pound

do

1911

6.46
6.03

1912

do

6.79

1913

5.88

/....do

5.71

\Free

1915

do

1916..

. .do

1917

... .do

1918

do

Calendar year:
1918

do

1919

do

1920

do

1921

do

FROM CUBA (RECIPROCITY TREATY, DECEMBER 27, 1903).

Fiscal year:
1907

1912.
1913.

f cent per pound, less 20

per cent,
i cent per pound, less 20

per cent.
do

3,570
1,544
1,898

192
107
147

.054
.069
.077

11.16

5.78
5.17

DOMESTIC SLAUGHTERINGS OF ANIMALS, AND PRODUCTION OF MEATS.*

Table 22. — Number of animals slaughtered annually under Federal inspection, and
estimated number slaughtered otherivise (including farm) in the United States.

Calendar year.

1907— Federally inspected

Total

1908 — Federally inspected

Total

1909 (census) — Federally inspected

Total

1910— Federally inspected

Total

1911 — Federally inspected

Total...'.

1912— Federally inspected

Total

1913— Federally inspected

Total

1914 — Federally inspected

Total

1915 — Federally inspected

Total.,

1916 — Federally inspected

Total

1917— Federally inspected

Total

1918 — Federally inspected

Total

1919 — Federally inspected

Total

1920— Federally inspected

Total

1921 — Federally inspected

Total

Cattle.

633, 365
469, 900
279, 260
845, 000
713, 807
611,422
807, 600
549, 600
619, 096
958, 100
252, 378
979, 000
978, 361
477, 600
756, 737
001, 500
153, 395
822, 100
310, 458
026, 700
350, 052
723, 900
828, 549
750, 400
089, 984
635, 100
608, 691
847, 691
608, 2S0
271, 280

Calves.

2, 024, 387
6, 026, 800
1,958,273

5, 829, 900
2, 189, 017
6, 515, 976
2, 238, 587
6, 552, 600
2, 183, 533

6, 264, 500

2, 277, 946
6, 348, 000
1,902,414
5, 284, 500
1, 696, 962

4, 661, 400
1,818,702
4, 639, 500
2, 367, 303

5, 773, 900
3, 142, 721

7, 030, 700

3, 456, 393
7, 767, 193
3, 969, 019
9,041,019
4, 058, 370
9, 223, 370
3, 807, 568
8, 654, 568

Sheep and
lambs.

10, 252, 070
13, 300, 600
10, 304, 666

13, 368, 800
11,350,349

14, 724, 699

11, 408, 020
14, 800, 200

14, 020, 446

15, 189, 500
14, 979, 265
19, 433, 400
14, 105, 759
18, 6S9, 400

14, 229, 343

15, 460, 500
12,211,765
15, 843, 000
11,941,366

15, 492, 200
9, 344, 994

12, 123, 800
10,319,877
13, 230, 577
12,691,117

16, 2'i4, 817
10, 982, 180
14, 079, 680
13, 004, 905
16, 673, 005

Goats.

56,750
161, 000

42, 981
121,900
100, 659
285, 553
100, 379
284, 800

38, 891
110,300

72, 894
206, 800

75, 655
214, 600
175, 906
499, 000
153, 346
435, 000
198, 909
561, 300

165, mo

470, 000
137,725
390, 125

S7, 380
247, 480

42, 477
120, 477

12, 133

34, 433

Swine.

32, 885, 377
55, 737, 900
38, 643, 101
65, 496, 800

31, 394, 896
53, 219, 568
26, 003, 463
44, 073, 500
34, 232, 955
58, 022, 000

33, 052, 727
50, 022, 000
34, 19S, 585
57, 973, 500

32, 531, 840
55, 148, 100
38, 381, 228
65, 064, 000
43, 083, 708
73, 035, 600
33, 909, 704
57, 488, 800
41,214,250
65, 732, 450
41, 811, 830
66, 680, 330
38, 018, 684
60, 449, 400
38, 982, 356
62, 172, 856

1 Data furnished by the U. S. Department of Agricilture.

CATTLE AND BEEF PEODUCTION I'N THE UNITED STATES. 121

A few horses are slaughtered under the Federal inspection, and
probably more otherwise, the flesh being mostly used to feed wild
animals^ in zoological gardens, menageries, ete. The Federal in-
spection of horses commenced in September, 1919, and 433 were
slaughtered up to the end of the year. During 1920 and 1921 the
nmnber slaughtered was 894 and 2,562, respectively. A large
proportion of the inspected horseflesh is exported.

Table 23. — Domestic production of meats: Estimated total, and Federally inspected.^

[000 omitted.]

Beef.

Veal.

Mutton and lamb.

Calendar year.

Total.

Federally
inspected.

Total.

Federally
inspected.

Total.

Federally
inspected.

1907

Pounds.
7,320
6,676
7,071
7,323
7,036
6,509
5,913
5,639
5,816
6,118
6,686
7,320
6,283
6,463
6,194

Pounds.
4,336
3,955
4,189
4,240
4,137
3,938
3,595
3,601
3.979

. 4; 362
5,169
5,638
4.774
4,578
4,113

Pounds.
626
605
684
687
657
668
488
433
428
536
662
791
860
936
864

Pounds.
210
203
230
235
229
239
176
158
168
220
296
352
a78
402
367

Prunds.
559
555
604
600
738
788
738
720
626
612
473
489
602
538
626

Pounds.
431

1908

428

1909

466

1910

463

1911

569

1912

608

1913

569

1914

555

1915.

482

1916

472

1917

364

1918

381

1919

470

1920

423

1921

494

Calendar year.

Pork.2

AU meats, excluding
lard. 3

Lard.

Total.

Federally
inspected.

Total.

Federally
inspected.

Total.

Federally
inspected.

1907

Pounds.
7,491
8,226
6,690
5,881
7,511
7,189
7,492
7,228
8,050
8,634
6,901

' 8,854
8,933
8,193
8,475

Pounds.
4,420
4,853
3,946
3,470
4,481
4,242
4,420
4,264
4,749
5,196
4,071
5,551
5,584
5,133
5,351

Pounds.
16,003
16,067
15,060
14,502
15, 946
15, 162
14,640
14,039
14,937
15,922
14, 740
17,469
16,687
16, 135
16, 160

Pounds.

9,399

9,441

8,8.35

8,412

9,368

9,030

8,763

8,585

9,384

10,248

9,906

11,927

11,209

10, 538

10,325

Pounds.
1,693
1,8:34
1,505
1,344
1,717
1,643
1,713
1,652
1,840
1,973
1,577

Pounds.
993

1908

1,094

1909

888

1910

793

1911

1,013

1912

969

1913

1,011

1914

975

1915

1,086

1916

1,164

1917

930

1918

2,015 ' 1.263

1919

2,089
2,022
2,095

1,327

1920

1,326

1921

1,384

1 Based on data supplied by the U. S. Department of Agriculture. Columns marked "Total" include
meats from both Federally inspected and other.

2 Pork, exchiding lard. Botn pork and lardl^production fluctuate widely, owing largely to the corn crop
in a given year and in part to the general economic situation. The fecundity and quick maturity of the
hog permits an extremely rapid recovery fromlean vears, as in 1909, 1910, and i917. In 1917 theproduction
was lessened primarily by overmarketing during the year just preceding, when pork prices increased at
an unprecedented rate.

3 Includes a small amount of goat meat.

109

}

UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION.

RATES OF DUTY.

Table 24.— Cattle.

Act of—

Par.

Tariff classification or description.

Rate of duty.

1883

1890

Schedule
G.

248

1894

189

1897

218

1909

225

1913

619

1921

12

Animals, live

Cattle, more than 1 year old

1 year old or less

AU live animals, not specially provided for in this
act.

Cattle, if less than 1 year old

All other-cattle, if valued at not more than $14
per head.

If valued at more than $14 per head

Cattle, if less than 1 year old

All other cattle. If valued at not more than $14
per head.

If valued at more than 314 per head

Swine, cattle, sheep, and all other domestic live ani-
mals suitable for human food not otherwise pro-
vided for in this section.
Cattle

20 per cent ad valorem.

$10 per head.

$2 per head.

20 per cent ad valorem.

$2 per head.
$3.75 per head.

27i per cent ad valorem.
$2 per head.
$3.75 per head.

27J per cent ad valorem.
Free.

30 per cent ad valorem.

Table 25. — Beef and veal.

Act of—

Par.

Tariff classification or description.

Rate of duty.

1883

253

311

224i

274

285

545

14

Beef

1 cent per pound.

2 cents per pound.

20 per cent ad valorem.

1890

.do

1894

Fresh beef

1897

Fresh beef, veal

2 cents per pound.

1909

.do

IJ cents per pound.
Free.

1913.

do

1921

Provided, however, That none of the foregoing
meats shall be admitted into the United States
unless the same is healthful, wholesome, and fit
for human food, and contains no dye, chemical,
preservative, or ingredient which renders the
same unhealthful, unwholesome or unfit for human
food, and unless the same also complies with the
rules and regulations made by the Secretary of Agri-
culture, and that after entry into the United States
and compliance with said rules and regulations,
said imported meats shall be deemed and treated as
domestic meats within the meaning of and shall be
subject to the provisions of the act of June 30, 1906
(34 Stat. L., p. 674), commonly called the meat-
inspection amendment, and the act of June 30,
1906 (34 Stat. L., p. 768), commonly called the
food and drugs act, and that the Secretary of Agri-
culture be, and hereby is, authorized to make rules
and regulations to carry out the purposes of this
paragraph, and that in "such rules and regulations
the Secretary of Agriculture may prescribe the
terms and conditions for the destruction for food
purposes of all such meats ofl'ered for entry and
refused admission into the United States unless the
same be exported by the consignee within the
time fixed therefor in such rules and regulations.

2 cents per pound.

Meats of all kinds, prepared or preserved, n. s. p. f .

25 per cent ad valorem.

CATTLE AND BEEF PKODTJCTION IN THE UNITED STATES, 123

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CATTLE AND BEEF PRODUCTION IN THE UNITED »TATES. 125

STATISTICS OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES — Continued.

Table 27, — Number of frozen and chilled quarters of heef ex-ported from Argentina, by
companies, 1918 and 1919 (calendar years). ^

1918

1919

Company.

Number
of quarters.

Per

cent.

Number
of quarters.

Per

cent.

American:

834, 903

685, 181
779, 884
304,616
731,984

Cia Swift de la Plata

1,415,817

S79 974

Frig Armour de la Plata SI s*<9. 855

Total American .

'

3, 515, 549

56.4

2, 501, 665

58.5

Britisb:

1, 487, 521
600, 015
352, 803

431,978
801, 190
292, 892

The Anglo. So. Am. Meat Co. (Ltd.)

Total British

2,440,339

39.2

1,526,060

35.8

275, 511

4.4

244, 000

5.7

Total

6,236,399

100.0

4,271,725

100.0

1 United States Daily Commerce Reports, Mar. 13, 1920, p. 1471.

Table 28. — Number of frozen and chilled quarters of beef exported from Uruguay, by
companies, 1918 and 1919 (calendar years). ^

1918

1919

Company.

Number of
quarters.

Per
cent.

Number of
quarters.

Per

cent.

251,523

38

277,632

23

286,217
123,517

768,878
137,451

409,734

62

906,329

77

Total

661,257

100

1,183,961

100

I United States Daily Commerce Reports, Mar. 13, 1920, p. 1471.

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