Synthetic organic chemicals : United States production and sales

UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION
WASHINGTON

Tariff Information Series — No. 35

CENSUS OF DYES

AND

OTHER SYNTHETIC ORGANIC
CHEMICALS

$

1926

UNITED STATES

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON

1927

BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY

3 9999 06317 182 9

UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION
WASHINGTON

Tariff Information Series — No. 35

CENSUS OF DYES

AND OTHER SYNTHETIC ORGANIC
CHEMICALS

1926

UNITED STATES

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON

1927

UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION

Office: Eighth and E Streets NW., Washington, D. C.

COMMISSIONERS

Thomas O. Marvin, Chairman.
Alfred P. Dennis, Vice Chairman.
Edward P. Costigan.
Edgar H. Brossard.
Sherman J. Lowell.
Lincoln Dixon.

John F. Bethune, Secretary.

additional copies

OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM

THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON, D. C.

AT

30 CENTS PER COPY

CONTENTS

Page

Introduction ix

Part I

Summary of census of dyes and other synthetic organic chemicals, 1926:

Introduction 3

Summary of domestic production, 1926 —

Crudes 4

Intermediates 4

Dyes 5

Statistics of production 6

International dye trade in 1 926 8

S3'nthetic organic chemicals not derived from coal tar 8

Part II

Production of dyes and coal-tar chemicals, 1926:
Coal-tar crudes —

Output of by-]:)roduct coke 13

Production of tars 14

Production of crudes 16

Coal-tar creosote 16

Imports of crudes 17

Exports of crudes 17

Statistics of production 17

Coal-tar intermediates —

Description 22

Production 22

Decreased production of synthetic phenol 22

Benzoic acid 23

Rubber accelerators 23

Phthalic anhydride 23

Anthraquinone 24

Aniline and its derivatives . 24

p-Nitroaniline 24

Cresylic acid 24

Naphthalene derivatives 24

Halogenated products 25

Malic and maleic acids 25

New intermediates 25

Other intermediates 25

Statistics of production and sales 25

Dyes and other finished coal-tar products-
Introduction 32

Summary of production of d3'es —

Increase in production 32

Stocks on hand 33

Further decline in domestic dye prices 34

Unit value of dyes produced, 1922-1926 36-

Progress in dye manufacture 37

Relation of production to consumption 37

Reduction in number of dye manufacturers 38

Tariff considerations 38

Court and Treasury decisions 3&

Effect of reduction in duty on dje imports 40

III

IV

CONTENTS

Production of dyes and coal-tar chemicals, 1926 — Continued.

Dyes and other finished coal-tar products — Continued. Page

Production of dyes by classes 41

Acid dyes 42

Basic dyes 43

Direct cotton dyes 44

S R A dyes 45

Mordant and chrome dyes 46

Sulphur dyes 47

Vat dyes . 48

Color-lake and spirit-soluble dyes 50

Food dyes 51

Export trade in dyes 51

Other finished coal-tar products —

Color lakes 52

Photographic chemicals 52

Medicinals 53

Flavors and perfume materials 54

Synthetic phenolic resins 54

Synthetic tanning materials 55

Statistics of production, imports, and sales 56

Dj^es not classified by Colour Index 66

Employees and rates of pay 72

Research work 74

Part III

Production of coal-tar products and of synthetic organic chemicals other
than those of coal-tar origin, by States, 1923:

Introduction ^^ 77

Intermediates 77

Dyes 77

Medicinals 81

Coal-tar flavors and perfumes 81

Synthetic organic chemicals other than those of coal-tar origin 81

Part IV

Dyes imported for consumption in the United States, 1926:

Introduction 87

Summary of imports of dyes in 1926 87

Import statistics 88

Index to table of dye imports 118

Part V

Census of synthetic organic chemicals other than those of coal-tar origin,
1926:

Introduction 131

Large increase in production .__■ 131

Organic solvents — - 132

Ethyl acetate 133

Butanol 133

Butyl acetate 133

Amyl acetate 134

Butvl propionate and ethvl lactate 134

Tetraetlivl lead . - - 134

Xanthates 134

Methanol —

Investigation under section 315 135

Synthetic methanol produced in the United States 135

Other products 136

Statistics of imports, production, and sales 137

CONTENTS V

Part VI
International dye trade:

Introduction — Page

Developments in 1926 145

World production of dyes 145

Exports from producing countries 146

Imports into consuming countries 147

Competitive conditions 148

International agreements 149

• The dye industry of Germany —

Organization of the I. G. Farbenindustrie A. G 150

Developments in 1926 150

Increase in capital stock 151

Dividend and wage data 151

Expansion of the dye trust 151

International agreements 152

Reparation dyes —

Payments in kind 152

Receipts and payments under the Dawes plan 153

Imports and exports 154

The dye industrj^ of Great Britain —

Developments in 1926 156

Formation of Imperial Chemical Industries (Ltd.) 156

Import licenses 157

Reorganization of I. G. selling agency 158

Anglo-German chemical negotiations 158

Imports and exports 158

The dye industry of France 160

Proposed new French import tariff 161

The dye industry of Italy 162

The dye industry of Japan 164

The dye industry of Poland 166

The dye industry of Russia 167

The dye industry of Spain 168

The dye industry of Switzerland 169

Exports in 1926 170

The dye trade of other countries —

Argentina 171

Austria 171

Belgium 172

Brazil 172

Canada 173

China 173

Czechoslovakia 175

Egypt. 176

India 177

Netherlands 179

Sweden 180

Dutch East Indies .._ 181

Part VII

APPENDIX

Statistics of domestic imports and exports of coal-tar products 185

Directory of manufacturers of dyes and other svnthetic organic chemicals,

1926 1 204

STATISTICAL TABLES

1. Dyes and coal-tar chemicals: Summary of the production, 1918-1926. 6

2. Synthetic organic chemicals of noncoal-tar origin: Production and

sales, 1921-1926 9

3. By-product and beehive coke: Production in the United States,

1913-1926 14

4. Coke-oven, coal-gas, water-gas, and oil-gas tar: Production and sales

in the United States, 1918-1926 .-- 15

/VI CONTENTS

5. Coke-oven tar: Production in the United States and percentage used

and sold, 1918-1926 15

6. Coal-tar by-products obtained from coke-oven operations, 1923-1926_- 17

7. Coal-tar crudes: Production 1926, by firms not primarily engaged in

the operation of coke-oven plants and gas houses 19

8. Total commercial production of benzene, toluene, solvent naphtha,

and naphthalene from all sources in the United States, 1918-1926.- 19

9. Phenol: Production and sales in the United States, 1917-1926 23

10. Coal-tar intermediates: Domestic sales price per pound, 1920-1926,

and invoice price of same intermediates imported, 1914 26

11. Coal-tar intermediates: Production and sales, 1926 26

12. Intermediates: Production bv groups, according to unit values, 1922-

1926 '_ 32

13. Dyes: Domestic production and sales, 1914 and 1917-1926 33

14. Dyes: Stocks on hand January 1, 1926 and 1927 33

15. Dyes: Weighted average sales price per pound, 1917 and 1920-1926- 34

16. Domestic sales prices of certain dyes, 1922-1926, compared with in-

voice values of dyes of the same kind imported in 1914 35

17. Dyes: Production by groups, according to unit value, 1922-1926 36

18. Coal-tar dyes : Imports into the United States, 1920-1927 (3 months) _ 40

19. Comparison of imports of dyes, by classes, fiscal year 1914, and calen-

dar vears 1922-1926, with domestic production, calendar vears
1922-1926 ; 41

20. Vat dves other than indigo: Production, imports, and consumption

in the United States, 1914 and 1920-1926 49

21. Coal-tar dyes: Exports from the United States, 1920-1926 51

22. Dyes: Domestic exports by months, 1924-1927 (4 months) 52

23. Medicinals and pharmaceuticals of coal-tar origin: Imports into the

United States, 1926 56

24. Synthetic aromatic chemicals of coal-tar origin: Imports into the

United States, 1926 57

25. Photographic chemicals, intermediates, and other coal-tar products:

Imports into the United States, 1926 58

26. Dyes and other finished coal-tar products: Production and sales, 1926- 59

27. Emplovees and rates of pay in the coal-tar dve and chemical industry,

1926 _" :. 73

28. Employees and rates of pay in the coal-tar dye and chemical industry,

1926, percentages receiving specified wages 74

29. Coal-tar products and synthetic organic chemicals other than those of

coal-tar origin — total production in 1923 77

30. Imports of dyes into the United States, by country of shipment,

1924-1926 88

31. Dyes imported into the United States, classified by method of appli-

cation, 1921-1926 88

32. Dyes of each class, according to method of application, imported in

largest quantity in the calendar year 1926, compared with corre-
sponding imports in 1925, 1924, 1923, and in the fiscal year 1914.. 89

33. Dyes remaining in bonded customs warehouse January 31, 1926, to

April 30, 1927 90

34. Imports of dyes, calendar year 1926 91

35. Organic solvents of noncoal-tar origin: Production in the United

States, 1923-1926 132

36. Pyroxylin (nitrocellulose) varnishes or lacquers: Production and sales,

'1926 132

37. Certain synthetic organic chemicals of noncoal-tar origin: Imports

and production, 1925-1926 137

38. Synthetic organic chemicals of noncoal-tar origin: Production and

' sales, 1926 138

39. Dyes: Production by chief producing covmtries, 1922-1926 146

•40. Coal-tar dves: Exports from chJef producing countries, 1913 and

1922-1926 147

41. Coal-tar dves: Imports into chief consuming countries, 1913, 1925,

and 1926 148

42. Coal-tar dyes: Exports from Germany, 1913 and 1920-1926 149

43. Germany: Imports of coal-tar dyes, 1926 155

44. Germany: Exports of coal-tar dyes, 1926 155

CONTENTS VII

Page

45. United Kingdom: Imports of dyes under licenses granted by the

DyestufTs Advisory Licensing Committee, 1921-1926 158

46. United Kingdom: Imports of coal-tar dyes, 1925 159

47. United Kingdom: Imports and exports of coal-tar dyes, 1924-1926. _ 159

48. United Kingdom: Imports and exports of coal-tar dyes, 1926 159

49. United Kingdom: Exports of coal-tar dyes, 1925 160

50. France: Proposed new import tariff 161

51. France : Imports of coal-tar dyes, 1926 162

52. France: Exports of coal-tar dyes, 1926 162

53. Italy: Imports of synthetic organic dyes by countries, 1926 163

54. Italy: Imports and exports of S5'nthetic organic dyes, 1926 163

55. Japan: Imports of coal-tar dyes, 1923-1925 165

56. Japan : Exports of coal-tar dyes, 1923-1925 166

57. Poland: Imports and exports of synthetic dyes, calendar year 1925__ 167

58. Spain: Imports of synthetic organic dyes, 1925 168

59. Spain: Imports of synthetic organic dyes, 1926 169

60. Switzerland: Imports and exports of coal-tar dyes, 1926 170

61. Argentina: Imports of coal-tar dyes, 1925 171

62. Austria: Imports and exports of coal-tar dyes, October-December,

1926 - 171

63. Austria: Imports and exports of coal tar dyes, year 1926 172

64. Belgium: Imports and exports of coal-tar dyes, dry and paste, 1926.. 172

65. Brazil: Imports of coal-tar dyes, 1925 172

66. Canada: Imports of coal-tar dyes, year ended March 31, 1926 173

67. China: Imports of dves, colors, and paints, 1925 173

68. China: Exports of indigo, 1925 174

69. Czechoslovakia: Imports and exports of coal-tar dyes, calendar year

1925 175

70. Egypt: Imports and exports of coal-tar dyes, 1926 176

71. India: Imports of coal-tar dyes and exports of natural indigo, year

ended March 31, 1926 177

72. India: Imports of coal-tar dyes, calendar year 1926 178

73. India: Exports of indigo, calendar year 1926 178

74. Netherlands: Imports and exports of coal-tar dyes, 1925 179

75. Sweden: Imports and exports of coal-tar dyes, 1925 180

76. Dutch East Indies: Imports of coal-tar dyes, 1925 181

77. Coal-tar products: Imports entered for consumption, calendar vears

1924-1926 185

78. Coal-tar products: General imports, 1922-1926 192

79. Coal-tar products: Domestic exports, 1922-1926 198

INTRODUCTION

This report is a survey of the domestic dye and synthetic organic
chemical industry in 1926. It presents the results of a special
investigation made by the United States Tariff Commission with
respect to the production in the United States of coal-tar dyes and
synthetic organic chemicals, both of coal-tar and of noncoal-tar
origin. It includes a detailed tabulation of coal-tar dyes imported
into the United States and official statistics of imports and exports
of coal-tar dyes by the large consuming and producting nations of the
world. There is also included a chapter on the production of coal-
tar products and of synthetic organic chemicals other than those of
coal-tar origin, by States, 1923.

The survey is divided into seven parts, as shown in Table of Con-
tents (pp. Ill to vii).

In the preparation of this report the Tariff Commission had the
services of Frank Talbot and Warren N. Watson, of the chemical
division of the commission's staff, and of others.

IX

PART I

SUMMARY OF THE CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHER
SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1926

Part I

SUMMARY OF THE CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHER
SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1926

Introduction

The United States Tariff Commission has reported annually
beginning with 1917, the progress of the American dye and coal-
tar chemical industry. In 1921 this annual census was extended to
include synthetic organic chemicals other than those derived from
coal tar.^

In addition to production and sales figures for the domestic indus-
try, the present report contains a detailed tabulation of coal-tar
dyes imported into the United States, a discussion of the inter-
national dye trade, developments in the foreign dye-producing
countries, and official statistics of exports and imports of the more
important dye consuming and producing countries of the world in
postwar years. A new feature of the present report is a section
showing the 1923 production by States of coal-tar products and
synthetic organic chemicals not of coal-tar origin.

The general grouping of coal-tar chemicals adopted in the present
report follows that of the tariff act of 1922, which conforms in general
although not in every detail, to common practice. Crudes, para-
graph 1549, free, are contained in and separated from crude coal
tar; intermediates, dutiable under paragraph 27 at 40 per cent and
7 cents per pound, are produced from the crudes by chemical proc-
esses; with certain exceptions, they are used only for the manu-
facture of dyes and other finished products by further chemical
treatment; dyes and other finished products are duitable under
paragraph 28 at 45 per cent and 7 cents per pound. The term
"other finished products" includes color lakes, photographic chem-
icals, medicinals, flavors, perfume materials, synthetic resins, and
synthetic tanning materials. Explosives derived from . coal-tar
materials, although dutiable under paragraph 28, are not included
in this census.

The domestic production of coal-tar products from 1918 to 1926,
according to the classes given above, is summarized in Table 1,
page 6. The figures for 1926 were compiled from the returns of
172 companies^ and are believed to form a complete record of the
manufacture of such products in that year. The quantity and value
of each product are given in as great detail as is possible without
revealing the operations of individual manufacturers. It has been
the policy of the commission not to publish either production or
sales figures unless at least three firms report a given product, and

1 Other reports prepared by the Tariff Commission relating to conditions in the dye industry include
(1) Costs of production in the dye industry, 1918 and 1919, and (2) dyes and other coal-tar chemicals, Dec.
12, 1918.

2 This census includes production returns of 200 flnns, of which 28 made synthetic organic chemicals
of noncoal-tar origin only, and 172 made synthetic organic chemicals of coal-tar origin or of both coal-tar
and also noncoal-tar origin. Of the 200 firms, 171 granted permission for the publication of their names and
29 did not grant such permission. The names of the 171 firms are listed in the directory of manufacturers
of dyes and other synthetic organic chemicals, p. 204.

4 CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHER SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS

then only whten production (or sales) is well distributed among
the different firms. In many instances neither production nor
sales figures are published, even where there are more than three
producers, because of the fact that one firm either produced or sold
a large part of the total output.

Summary of Domestic Production, 1926

CRUDES

The production of by-product coke in 1926 was 44,416,703 tons.^
This is the highest production on record and an 1 1 per cent increase
over 1925. The output of beehive coke in 1926 was 11,486,000 tons
which is a decrease of 6.7 per cent from the 1925 output. The trend
of the industry is toward an increased use of the by-product oven.
In 1913 only 27.5 per cent of the total production of coke was from
by-product ovens; by 1926 the proportion had risen to 79.5 per cent.
By-product ovens are supplying an increasing quantity of gas for
city consumption and of coke for domestic fuel.

Coal-tar production in 1926 totaled 583,000,000 gallons, which
was an increase of 9 per cent over 1925. As this production was
greatly in excess of the requirements of the tar distilling and chemi-
cal industry, approximately 57 per cent was used as fuel. Because
of the demand for partly refined products, such as motor fuel, sol-
vents, and pitches, only a part of the 248,000,000 gallons distilled
was converted into refined products, such as benzene, toluene, and
napthalene.

Creosote or dead oil, of great value as a wood preservative, is
made in increasing but insufficient quantities. The 1926 production
was 75,495,540 gallons. Imports of creosote oil in 1926 were
87,518,544 gallons, valued at $11,720,397. Measured either by
value or quantity, this was the largest single import of coal-tar
products in 1926.

INTERMEDIATES

Intermediates are prepared from the coal-tar crudes by chemical
treatment. They are further converted by complex chemical pro-
cesses into finished coal-tar products, such as dyes, medicinals, per-
fumes, flavors, photographic chemicals, synthetic resins, and tanning
materials. Other uses for intermediates are as accelerators in the
vulcanization of rubber, as camphor substitutes, insecticides, germi-
cides, and in the flotation process of concentrating ores.

The total production of intermediates in 1926 by 78 firms was
229,653,802 pounds, as compared with 210,699,779 pounds in 1925.
Sales in 1926 amounted to 86,916,836 pounds, valued at $18,990,042.
The production of intermediates for dye manufacture was about the
same in 1926 as in 1925. Specialty intermediates for fast and spe-
cialty dyes showed large increases in production in 1926.

Conspicuous among the intermediates showing expansion in manu-
facture in 1926 were anthraquinone, cresylic acid, and phthalic
anhydride. The production of phthalic anhydride was the highest yet
reported. Progress in the manufacture of rubber accelerators was
notable. Phenol was one of the intermediates showing a marked
decrease in production and sales.

' Preliminary figures of the Bureau of Mines.

SUMMAEY OF DOMESTIC PRODUCTION, 1926 5

COAL-TAR DYES

Production.— The output of dyes by 61 firms in 1926 was 87,978,624
pounds, an increase of 2 per cent over 1925. Sales amounted to
86,255,836 pounds, valued at $36,312,648, as compared with 79,303,-
451 pounds, valued at $37,468,332 in 1925. While there was an
increase in the volume of sales, due largely to greater activity in the
textile industry, the lower price of dyes in 1926 caused a decrease in
the value of production.

Progress in dye manufacture. — Significant progress was made during
1926 in the manufacture of vat dyes, alizarin derivatives, direct devel-
oped dyes, and a variety of special products for the dyeing of mixed fibers
and artificial silk. The increasing demand for fast dyes has greatly
stimulated research and has resulted in the commercial production
of a large number of dyes for the first time in the United States.

Many patents were granted to American dye firms on dyes and
intermediates. The development of new and original dyes by re-
search laboratories and their production on a commercial scale are of
vital importance to the future of dye manufacture in this country.

Decline in domestic dye prices. — The weighted average price of all
domestic dyes sold in 1926 was 10 per cent less than the weighted aver-
age of those sold in 1925. There has been a steady decline in prices
since 1917, when the average was $1.26 per pound. Prices in recent
years have run as follows: 1922, 60 cents; 1924, 54 cents; 1925, 47
cents; 1926, 42 cents. The decline in price since 1922 has caused
an average annual decrease in revenue from sales of over $6,000,000.

Relation of production to consumption. — Assuming consumption
to equal total sales plus imports minus exports, 93 per cent of the
total quantity of dyes consumed in the United States in 1926 was
supplied by the domestic industry. In terms of value, however, the
proportion was considerably less, for the reason that the average
price of imported dyes is much greater than that of domestic dyes.

Reduction in number of dye manufacturers. — In 1926, 53 firms
reported the production of dyes (exclusive of 8 firms producing stains
and indicators.) This is a decline of 16 producers since 1925 and of
37 since 1919. The United States has more dye manufacturers than
the rest of the world combined. The capacity of domestic plants,
estimated at about one-fifth of the world's total capacity, is far in
excess of the quantity that can be marketed. Increased competition
will doubtless continue to eliminate plants and will thus reduce the
productive capacity until it more nearly conforms to the demands
of the home and export markets.

Increased production of vat dyes. — An outstanding feature of the
domestic dye industry is the increase in the production of vat dyes
other than indigo. The output of 4,030,421 pounds in 1926 is a 54
per cent gain over 1925, which in turn was a gain of 43 per cent over
1924. Vat dyes are exceptionally fast to light and washing, and are
extensively applied to cotton and linen fabrics. Textile manufac-
turers have placed upon the market a variety of fast-dyed fabrics
or made up garments, marked with a trade name and bearing a state-
ment or guarantee as to their fastness to washing and light. The
buyer is thus enabled to purchase goods for whose fastness of color
the retailer through the manufacturer assumes full responsibility.

6

CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHER SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS

Dye imports. — Imports of coal-tar dyes in 1926 totaled 4,673,196
pounds, valued at $4,103,301. This is a decline of 10 per cent in
quantity and 11.5 per cent in value from the 1925 import. Germany
supplied 50 per cent of the total imports; Switzerland, 33 per cent;
England and France, 4 per cent each; and Italy, 2 per cent. Clas-
sified by method of application, 40 per cent of our imports were vat
dyes, 17 per cent direct dyes, 16 per cent acid dyes, 10 per cent mor-
dant dyes, and the remainder, basic, sulphur, and spirit soluble dyes.

Dye exports. — Exports in 1926 amounted to 25,811,941 pounds,
valued at $5,950,159. This was a slight increase in quantity but a
decline of 11 per cent in value. The average price per pound of dyes
exported in 1926 was 23 cents as compared with 26 cents in 1925.
The principal foreign markets were China, Japan, British India, and
Canada. Exports to China showed a 43 per cent decrease in value;
those to Japan and Canada an increase. The low-price bulk dyes,
such as indigo and sulphur black, are the principal colors exported
from the United States. Severe competition on this class of dyes in
the international markets has reduced prices in every consuming
country.

STATISTICS OF PRODUCTION
Table 1. — Dyes and coal-tar chemicals: Summary of the production, 1918-1926

1918

Number
of manu-
facturers

Production

Pounds

Value

Number
of manu-
facturers

Production

Pounds

Value

Intermediates (total)..

Finished products (total)

Dyes...

Color lakes

Photographic chemicals...

Medicinals..

Flavors

Perfumes -

Tanning materials

Synthetic phenolic resins..

357,

76,
58,

3,

662, 251
802, 959
464, 446
590, 537
316,749
623. 352
458, 256
116,263

233, 356

$124, 382, 892
83, 815, 746
62, 026, 390
5,020,023
823,915
7, 792, 984
4, 925, 627
584, 695

2, 642, 120

116

155

90

34

10

31

9

6

1

5

177, 362, 426

82, 532, 390

63, 402, 194

7, 569, 921

335, 509

6, 777, 988

610, 825

41,419

3, 794, 534

210, 079
585, 544
598, 855
179, 964
059, 340
883,071
318,654
164, 302

381,358

Number
of manu-
facturers

Intermediates (total) j 119
Finished products '

(total) I 161

Dyes ! 82

Color lakes i 43

Photographic

chemicals , 8

Medicinals ] 35

Flavors j 15

Perfumes : 12

Tanning materials. . . ' 4
Synthetic phenolic !

resins i 4

Production

Pounds

257,726,911

112,942,227
88. 263, 776
10,983,538

440, 759
5, 184, 989

166, 884

99, 740

3, 142, 861

4, 659, 680

Value

I Number
I of manu-
I factm-ers

$95, 291, 686

112,731,547

95. 613, 749

5, 871, 820

1, 015, 848

5, 726, 776

527, 493

332, 008

233, 674

3,410,179

108

147
74
43

5
34

17
15
4

Production

Pounds

70,899,912

51,457,565

39, 008, 690

6, 152, 187

183, 798

1,545,917

901,245

119,335

1, 902, 597

1,643,796

Sales

Pounds

33, 637, 326

60, 434, 009

47,513,762

6, 424, 612

170, 221

1, 876, 246

933, 662

119,691

1,721,359

1,674,456

Value

$8, 483, 463

47, 996, 514

39. 283, 956

2, 863, 189

248, 041

2, 930, 324

1,002,018

175, 815

141,005

1,352,166

SUMMARY OF DOMESTIC PRODUCTION, 1926 7

Table. 1. — Dyes and coal-tar chemicals: Summary of the production, 1918-1926 —

Continued

Intermediates (total) _
Finished products

(total)

Dyes...

Color lakes

Photographic chem-
icals --

Medicinals

Flavors

Perfumes

Tanning materials.
Synthetic phenolic

resins

Research chemicals.

Num-
ber of
manu-
fac-
turers

Produc-
tion

Pounds

Sales

Pounds

Value

165, 048, 155 58, 004, 435 $12, 910, 486

88, 368, 131 93, 370, 065; 57, 067, 326

64,632,187 69,107,105141,463,790

10,578,664 10,366,676, 4,551,572

345, 798
2. 946, 347
1, 215, 668

793, 148
1,910,519

5,944,133
1,667

Num-
ber of
manu-
fac-
turers

Produc-
tion

Pounds

103 231,393,871

83, 582, 808

115,297,586

86, 567, 446

43i 13,079,1151 12,627,359

164122,950,171
93,667,524

Sales

Pounds

347, 647
3, 092, 915
1,278,857

778, 696
1,981,588

6, 415, 931
650

483, 269

4, 233, 443

1, 260, 588

643, 436

103, 598

4,315,196
12, 434

343, 289
3, 273, 085
1, 458, 024
1, 365, 449

9, 763, 685

321,083
2, 995, 448
1, 442, 387
1, 275, 432

10, 068, 431

Value

$18,916,058

65, 898, 177

47, 223, 161

5, 124, 732

443, 697
4, 720, 253
1,780,313

789, 431

5, 816, 590

Intermediates (total) .
Finished products

(total)..

Dyes

Color lakes

Photogi-aphic chem-
icals

Medicinals..

Flavors

Perfumes

Tanning materials..

Synthetic phenolic

resins.

1924

Num-
ber of
manu-
fac-
turers

Produc-
tion

Pounds

186, 596, 562

Sales

Pounds

Value

76, 897, 521

97,730,211 93,636,109

68,679,000 64,961,433

9,343,1471 9,281,673

316, 183
2, 967, 944
1, 750, 555
1, 895, 267

12, 778, 115

321, 865
2, 688, 329
1, 691, 863
1, 945, 488

Num-
ber of
manu-
fac-
turers

$18,164,334

55,932,580;

35,012,400;

4, 045, 799

461,379
5,178,099,
1,471,089'

945,773

12, 745, 458' 8, 818, 041

Produc-
tion

Sales

Pounds Pounds

210, 699, 779

120, 554, 228
86, 345, 438
11,414.753

327,041
3, 237, 796
2, 207, 102
2, 335, 024

il4, 687, 074

Value

86, 066, 651 $19, 756, 200

112,671,779 60,811,400
79,303, 451 1 37,468,332
11,308,4441 5,544,371

348, 842
3, 294, 827
2, 148, 904
2, 370, 728

13, 896, 583

475, 095
6,331,918
1,409,311

883,617

8, 698, 756

Number
of manu-
facturers

1926

Production

Sales

Pounds

Pounds

Value

Intermediates (total)

78
134
61
43

5

26
15
17

2

229, 653, 802

122, 752, 021

87, 978, 624

11, 796, 203

393, 426

3, 696. 196

2,857,913

1, 922. 666

1 14, 106, 993

86,916,836

120.348.636

86. 255, 836

11, 425, 139

387, 698

3. 593, 226

2, 629, 126

1,731,887

14, 325, 724

$18,990,042

Finished products (total)

Dyes .

59, .533, 445
36,312,648

Color lakes... ... . .

6,023,011

Photographic chemicals

Medicinals

504,941
6, 742, 128

Flavors .. ...

1, 482, 697

Perfuires

820, 264

Tanning materials

Synthetic phenolic resins ..

7,647,756

49113—27-

8 census of dyes and other synthetic chemicals

International Dye Trade in 1926

Earlier issues of this publication have discussed pre-war conditions
in the international dye trade and have reviewed changes that occur-
red during the period 1922-1925.

Competition among the dye-producing nations of the world has
been severe, particularly in the sale of the cheaper bulk colors to
China, British India, and other nonproducing nations. The trend
toward an increased use of fast dyes, including vat dyes and other
high-priced colors, continues and promises to increase.

Germany continues to make organized efforts to regain her former
dominance of the world's dye markets. In 1926 the I. G. greatly
expanded its operations by gaining control of several German chem-
ical companies occupjdng important positions in related branches of
the chemical industry. It is reported that the capital increase of the
I. G. from 646 million reichmarks in 1925 to 1,100 million reichmarks
in 1926 will be used in extending its nitrogen plants and in erecting
new plants to utilize the Bergius process of liquefying coal.

A number of international agreements were negotiated in 1926
between important groups of the producing nations for the purpose
of stabilizing prices and reducing competition, possibly by a division
of world markets.

Germany has been successful in extending her export trade, partic-
ularly in the higher-priced dyes; her pre-war trade in the cheap
bulk colors, such as indigo and sulphur black, has not yet been fully
recovered. In 1926 the total export of dyes from Germany was
81,883,253 pounds, valued at $47,134,156, an increase of 8 per cent
in quantity and 6 per cent in value over the 1925 export. In value
the 1926 export ($47,134,156) was 91 per cent of the 1913 exports.

In Great Britain the chemical industry, as well as other indus-
tries, was seriously affected by the coal strike of 1926. The British,
like the Germans, have formed mergers which make it possible to
conclude trade agreements with similar large groups in other coun-
tries. The Imperial Chemical Industries (Ltd.), formed in 1926, is
a fusion of Brunner Mond and Co. (Ltd.), Nobel Industries (Ltd.),
British Dvestuffs Corporation (Ltd.), and the United Alkali Co.
(Ltd.).

In Switzerland the dye industry has suffered from the effect of
increased competition on indigo. Exports of indigo were smaller in
1926 than in 1925, but dyes other than indigo, which are of the high-
price class, were exported in increased quantity and at a higher value.

Italy has increased her production of dyes in recent years; an
output of 13,860,000 pounds is reported for 1925. The Italians
have begun the manufacture of synthetic indigo, for which they have a
modern plant with an annual capacity of over 3,000,000 pounds.

Japan is reported to have concluded an agreement with the I. G.
which permits the entry of German dyes under the same conditions
that govern dye imports from other countries.

Synthetic Organic Chemicals not Derived from Coal Tar

The manufacture of synthetic organic chemicals of noncoal-tar
origin is increasing so rapidly that in value of products it bids fair
soon to rival coal-tar chemicals. The production of 214,842,513
pounds in 1926 is a 37 per cent increase over the 1925 production.

SYNTHETIC OEGANIC CHEMICALS NOT DERIVED FEOM COAL TAR 9

Sales in 1926 were 168,712,158 pounds, valued at $29,719,270.
Several of these products, made on a commercial scale in 1926, were
laboratory curiosities a few years ago.

The 1926 production of solvents of noncoal-tar origin has assumed
a large tonnage and shows a gain each year. Butanol, butyl acetate,
ethyl acetate, and amyl acetate were each made in much larger
quantity in 1926 than in 1925. Ethylene glycol produced in large
quantit}^ in 1926 is expected to show a greatly increased production
in 1927. This product is used in manufacturing low-freezing dyna-
mite in which it partially replaces glycerin. Table 2 shows the
production and sales of synthetic organic chemicals of noncoal-tar
origin in the years 1921-1926.

Table 2.-

-Synthetic organic chemicals of noncoal-tar origin: Production and sales,
1921-1926

Year

Production

Sales

1921 - . -

Pounds
21, .')45, 186
79, 202, 155
90, 597, 712
115,817,865
156, 878, 013
214,842,513

Pounds
16, 761, 096
60, 494, 494
67, 727, 067
85, 933, 461
114,626,209
168, 712, 158

Value
$7, 226, 068
11 964 074

1922-.-

1923 -■

13 875 521

1924

20, 604, 717
23, 632, 779
29, 719, 270

1925

1926 --

PART II

PRODUCTION OF DYES AND COAL-TAR
CHEMICALS, 1926

11

Part II
PRODUCTION OF DYES AND COAL-TAR CHEMICALS, 1926

Coal-Tar Crudes

Output of hy-product coke exceeds 44,000,000 tons.- — The total
domestic production of coke in 1926 was 55,902,703 ^ net tons, of which
44,416,703 tons were obtained from by-product ovens. Since 1913
the trend has been steadily toward an increased output of by-prod-
uct coke until in 1926 the production was 79.5 per cent by-product
as against 20.5 per cent beehive. The 1926 production of by-product
coke is an increase of 11 per cent over the 1925 output, and is about
18 per cent in excess of production in 1923, formerly the peak year.

TONS

50

AO

30

20

10

E

iY-PR

ODUC"

r AN

UN

DBEt
ITEO

:HIVE
5TA1

COK

rEsj

E: PF
913-

iODUC
926.

TION

IN T

HE

—

\

/
/

•*^^

'"--^^

/

/

\

/

\

\

/

\

/

- f

N

4

7

^^

^

^

.'^^^

\

\

/

\
\

\

V

-M-

J9I3 1914 1915 I9»<> 1917 I9ie 19)9 I9ZO 1921 1921

»9Z4 \915 nib

The beejiive-coke industry serves largely as an auxiliary source of
coke when the output of by-product ovens is insufficient to meet the
demand of the steel industry. The anthracite coal strike ending in
February, 1926, increased the consumption and has tended to create a
permanent demand for coke as a house fuel. By-product coke ovens
are supplying an increasing quantity of gas for city consumption, the
coke having a local market for domestic fuel.

In the conservation of national resources the replacement of the
beehive oven by the by-product oven, which recovers the tar, ammo-
nia, and gas products entirely wasted by the old beehive type, is of

• U. S. Geol. Survey preliminary figures.

13

14

CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHER SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS

great economic significance for the following reasons: (1) The by-
product ovens increase the production of ammonia for fertilizer and
other uses; (2) the gas produced in them is used for municipal light-
ing and industrial heating; and (3) the output of tar insures an
abundant supply of coal tar for the preparation of crudes, which are
basic materials for the domestic coal-tar dye and chemical industries.
Table 3 and Chart I show the production of by-product and bee-
hive coke from 1913 to 1926, inclusive. The figures for 1926 are not
final; those for by-product coke are taken from preliminary reports
of the Geological Survey, and those for beehive coke are estimates
based upon the statements of producers as to the number of cars
loaded for shipment by the railroads.

Table 3. — By-product and beehive coke: Production in the United States, 1913-1926

Year

Net tons produced

Per cent of total
output

By-product

Beehive

Total

By-
product

Beehive

1913 . . ..

12, 714, 700
11,220,000
14, 072, 895
19, 069, 000
22,439,280
25, 997, 580
25, 137, 621
30, 833, 951
19, 749, 580
28, 550, 545
37, 597, 664
33, 983, 568
39,912,159
44, 416, 703

33, 584, 830
23, 336, 000
27, 508, 255
35, 464, 000
33, 167, 548
30, 480, 792
19, 042, 936
20,511,092
5, 538, 042
8, 573, 467
19, 379, 870
10, 286, 037
11,354,784
11,486,000

46, 299, 530
34, 556, 000
41, 581, 150

54, 533, 000

55, 606, 828

56, 478, 372
44, 180, 557
51, 345, 043
25, 287, 622
37,124,012
56, 977, 534
44, 269, 605
51, 266, 943
55, 902, 703

27.6
32.5
33.8
34.9
40.4
46.0
56.9
60.0
78.1

72.5

1914

67.5

1915. .

66.2

1916 ...

65.1

1917

59.6

1918

54.0

1919

43.1

1920

40.0

1921

21.9

1922

76.9 23.1

1923

66.0 34.0

1924 . . .

76.8 23.2

1925' . . ..

77. 9 22. 1

1926 2

79. 5 20. 5

1 Revised since last report.

' Preliminary.

Production of tars. — The output of tars in 1926, according to pre-
liminary figures, was 583,000,000 gallons, a 9 per cent increase over
1925. Sales in 1926 amounted to 349,000,000 gallons, valued at
$17,694,000, as compared with 289,000,000 gallons in 1925, valued
at $14,654,000. Nearly 60 per cent of the combined production of
coke-oven and coal-gas tar was sold and nearly 57 per cent of the
coke-oven tar. Reports submitted to the Tariff Commission by
firms not primarily engaged in the operation of coke ovens indicate
that approximately 248,000,000 gallons of tar were distilled in 1926.
Taking into account the 100,000,000 gallons of tar sold but not dis-
tilled, approximately 57 per cent of the total production of coal tar
in 1926 was used as fuel. The use of tar as a fuel tends to increase
as the price of crude oil or of coal advances.

Aside from its use as a fuel, there is a demand for tar for partly
refined products, such as solvents and soft pitches; only a part of
the tar is distilled into refined phenol, cresylic acid, naphthalene,
and anthracene. The light oil obtained from the coke-oven gas is
in part used for motor fuels and solvents and is separated into ben-
zene, toluene, and xylene.

Table 4 shows the production and sales of coke-oven, coal-gas,
water-gas, and oil-gas tar in the United States from 1918 to 1926,
inclusive. Table 5 shows the production of coke-oven tar in the
same period and the percentage used and sold each year.

COAL-TAK CRUDES

15

Table 4. — Coke-oven, coal-gas, water-gas, and oil-gas tar: Production and sales
in the United States, 1918-1926

[Compiled by the Bureau of Mines from reports of producers. The difference between production and
sales is accounted for by tar used by the producer and by changes in stools]

Coke-oven
tar 1

Coal-gas
tar 2

Total coal
tar 3

Water and oil
gas tar

Production (gallons):

1918

1919

1920

1921

1922

1923

1924

1925 8

1926 «.__

Sales (gallons):

1918

1919

1920

1921

1922

1923

1924

1925 8

19269

V^alue of sales:

1918-

1919

1920

1921..

1922

1923

1924

1925 8

1926 9

263,
288,
360,
253,
327,
440,
422,
480,
529,

200,
217,
174,
135,
162,
211.
209,
240,
300,

299, 470
901, 739
664, 124
051, 649
779, 734
907, 109
074, 326
848, 814
000,000

233, 002
707, 157
363, 696
293,047
204, 417
739, 469
979,999
160, 986
000,000

364, 972
918, 549
378, 040
645, 309
419, 743
2.50, 552
623,520
903, 196
994,000

52, 694, 826
53, 146, 421
51, 264, 956

(')
48, 082, 228

('.)
(■)

(•)

47, 727, 839
49, 307, 852
46, 604, 133
51.976.307
41.266.074
47,840,512

(')
49,175,979

(')

$1, 863, 580
2.156.471
2. 010, 186
2,811.728
1, 955, 9.'i0
2,461,691

(')
2, 750, 719

(■)

315.994.296
342, 048, 160
411,929,080
309, 051, 649
375, 861, 962
493,407,109
475. 074, 326
534, 848, 814
583, 000. 000

247, 960, 841
267.015,009
220, 967, 829
187.269.354
203. 470, 491
259,579,981
258, 479, 999
289, 336, 965
349, 000, 000

$8, 228, 552
9, 075, 020
8, 388, 226
8, 457, 037
8, 375, 693
11,712,243
12, 293, 520
14, 653, 915
17, 694, 000

100, 985, 156

' 105, 318, 339

116,073,907

(«)
104, 555, 028

(«)

(«)

(«)

(«)

55, 283, 484

* 58, 557, 947
59, 238, 730

* 53, 432. 945
47, 338, 489

< 49, 990, 820

(«)

< 61,471,124

(«)

$1,805,865

* 2,012.723
2. 109. 388

< 2,192,015
1,879,490

* 2,001,363

(«)

* 2, 594, 025

(«)

> Includes tar produced in by-product coke ovens operated by city gas companies.

' The figures here given for coal-gas tar include only the operations of coal-gas retorts. For 1918, 1920,
and 1922 they are taken from special studies by the U. S. Geological Survey. For 1919, 1921, 1923, and
1925 revised census figures are used. The census figures include the tar produced in by-product ovens
operated by city gas companies, A special retabulation has recently been made of the reports made to the
Bureau of Mines for coke ovens operated in conjunction with city gas plants, and the totals for this group
have been subtracted from the census figures. The more accurate statistics for 1919, 1921, 1923, and 1925
are here substituted for the estimates used in preceding issues of this publication.

3 Figures for 1919, 1921, 1923, and 1925 revised, as explained in Note 2.

< As reported by the Bureau of the Census,

• Estimate included in total, based upon reported sales as given below,

• No data.

' Estimate included in total.

• Revised since last report.

• Preliminary figures.

Table 5. — Coke-oven tar:

Production in the United States and percentage used
and sold, 1918-1926

[Compiled by United States Geological Survey and Bureau of Mines from reports of operators]

Coke-oven tar

Year

Gallons pro-
duced

Per cent
soldi

Per cent
used '

1918

263, 299, 470
288, 901, 739
360, 664, 124
253,051,649
327, 779, 734
440, 907, 109
422, 074, 326
480, 848, 814

76.0
75,4
48,3
53.5
49.5
48.0
49.6
49.9

24.0

1919

24.6

1920 . .

51.7

1921...

46.5

1922

50.5

1923

52,0

1924

.50, 4

1925 2

,50.1

1926 3

528,919,000 56.8

43.2

* No account is taken of changes in stocks. ^ Revised since last report. ' Preliminary figures.

16 CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHEK SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS

Production of coal-tar crudes. — Data on the domestic production
of crudes are collected both by the Tariff Commission and by the
Geological Survey. Crudes distilled from tar at by-product coke-
oven plants are reported to the Geological Survey; those made by
firms primarily engaged in the distillation of tar are reported to the
Tariff Commission.

Firms engaged primarily in distilling coal tar produced 248,391,-
308 gallons of tar in 1926. This is about 35 per cent more than the
quantity reported as distilled in 1925. The 1926 figure is believed
to be fairly accurate, but it is estimated that the 1925 figure (182,-
749,066 gallons) was from ten to twenty million gallons short of the
actual quantity produced.

Among the crudes made by tar distillation those showing rela-
tively large increases were light oil, naphthalene (crude), creosote
oil, and solvent naphtha. The output of crude naphthalene was
45,165,957 pounds in 1926, as compared with 34,135,175 pounds in
1925. Refined tar and anthracene oil were also made in increased
quantity. Crudes showing a decreased production in 1926 include
anthracene, benzene, carbolic oil, motor fuel, pyridine, toluene, and
xylene. Anthracene used formerly in the manufacture of anthra-
quinone has now been replaced by naphthalene, which is converted
into phthalic anhydride and then into anthraquinone.

Table 6 (p. 17) gives the quantit}^ of by-products obtained in coke-
oven operations from 1923 to 1926, inclusive, together with the quan-
tity and value of sales.

Table 7 (p. 19) shows the production of crudes by firms engaged
primarily in the distillation of coal tar in 1926.

Table 8 (p. 19) gives the total production from all sources of ben-
zene, motor benzol, toluene, solvent naphtha, and naphthalene in
the United States from 1918 to 1926, inclusive. Motor benzol,
naphthalene, and toluene were made in greatly increased quantities
in 1926; solvent naphtha and benzene were made in slightly decreased
quantities.

Coal-tar creosote.— Coal-tar creosote is the most effective of all
wood preservatives. It is used in increasing quantities for railway
ties, telegraph poles, and for mine and construction timber. The
Department of Agriculture reports that 167,642,790 gallons were
used in 1925, as compared with the following quantities of other pre-
servatives: 13,048,539 gallons of petroleum; 2,080,287 gallons of pav-
ing oil; 26,378,658 pounds of zinc chloride; 331,591 gallons of mis-
cellaneous preservatives.

Some of the advantages of coal-tar creosote are (1) high toxicity,
which makes it poisonous to wood-destroying fungi; (2) relative in-
solubility in water and low volatility, which cause it to remain in the
wood almost indefinitely; (3) ease of application; (4) ease with which
its depth of penetration can be determined; (5) general availability
and relatively low cost.^

The wood-preserving industry reported five more treating plants
in operation in 1925 than in 1924, and a total of 274,474,538 cubic
feet of wood treated in 1925.^ At the close of 1925 there were 177
treating plants, of which 112 were pressure plants, 58 nonpressure
or open-tank plants, and 7 both pressure and nonpressure plants.

' Hunt, Geo. M.: " Wood Preservatives," Forest Service, Dept. of Agr.

3 "Quantity of Wood Treated and Preservatives Used in the United States in 1925," Forest Service, Dept.
of Agr.

COAL-TAK CRUDES

17

The 1926 output of creosote oil, as reported to the Tariff Commis-
sion, by 16 manufacturers, was 75,495,540 gallons, valued at $9,767,-
537, or 12.9 cents per gallon. In 1925, 14 manufacturers reported
a production of 43,667,848 gallons, valued at $5,751,875, or 13.2
cents per gallon. Imports in 1926 totaled 87,518,544 gallons, valued
at $11,720,397, or 13.4 cents per gallon.

Imports oj crudes. — Imports are given in Table 77, page 185.

Exports oj crudes. — In 1926 the United States shipped abroad
143,527,826 pounds of benzene, valued at $5,513,173. Shipments in
1925 had been 58,890,162 pounds, valued at $1,748,034. Practically
the entire export in 1926 went to Germany, the United Kingdom, and
France, in approximately the following proportions: 42 per cent of
the total quantity to Germany; 32 per cent to the United Kingdom;
and 18 percent to France. In 1925 no exports had gone to Germany.

Exports of crude coal tar in 1926 amounted to 215,583 barrels,
valued at $883,169. Measured in terms of either quantity or value,
this was more than double the 1925 export.

STATISTICS OF PRODUCTION

Table 6. — Coal-tar by-products obtained from coke-oven operations, 1923-1926

[United States Geological Survey and Bureau of Mines]

Product

1923
Tar -gallons..

Light oil and derivatives:

Crude light oil do

Benzol —

Crude.. do

Refined do

Motor benzol ...do

Toluol-
Crude do

Refined do

Solvent naphtha do

Other light oil products do

Naphthalene:

Crude pounds..

Refined do

1924
Tar gallons.

Light oU and derivatives:

Crude light oil do...

Benzol * —

Crude do...

Refined do...

Motor benzol do...

Toluol-
Crude. do...

Refined do...

Production

440, 907, 109

1 135, 647, 175

4, 503, 428
12,364,043
80, 467, 883

37, 777

2,847,517

4, 162, 178

439, 253

2 104, 822, 079

11, 872, 007
1, 139, 922

Sales

Quantity

211,739,469

6, 539, 368

4, 348, 400
12, 375, 782
80, 480, 326

6,097

2, 628, 686

3, 399, 904
198, 098

109, 976, 661

10, 047, 427
■ 1, 198, 206

Value

Total Average

9, 250, 552

683, 545

768, 486
, 070, 751
, 145, 833

978

765, 052

608, 084

10, 605

19, 053, 334

174, 216
65, 483

13, Oil, 929

422, 074, 326

3 128, 956, 955

3, 856, 908
14, 278, 117
73,768,811

234, 244
2, 951, 187

11, 245, 633

239, 699

209, 979, 999

7, 840, 582

3, 860, 408
13, 880, 200
72, 921, 244

245, 079
2, 986, 423

9, 623, 530

652, 467

831,419
2, 905, 237
11,066,652

51, 041
718, 641

1 Refined on the premises to make the derived products shown, 132,517,389 gallons.
' Total gallons of derived products.

3 Refined on the premises to make the derived products shown, 125,580,743 gallons.
•Revised since last report.

$0.04A

.105

.177
.248
.163

.160
.291
.179
.054

.173

.017
.055

.083

.215
.209
.152

.208
.241

18

CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHEE SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS

Table 6. — Coal-tar by-products obtained from coke-oven operations, 1923-1926-

Continued

Production

Sales

Product

Quantity

Value

Total

Average

1924

Light oil and derivatives— Continued.

Solvent naphtha...

...gallons..

4, 474, 220

3, 884, 585

$724, 874

$0,187

Other light oils

do.-..

1, 364, 528

1, 077, 842

78, 934

.073

2 100, 928, 015

106, 696, 363

17, 029, 265

.160

Naphthalene:

Crude

do....

8, 378, 666

7,891,116

116,305

.015

Refined

do....

13, 302

327, 957

11,903

.036

8, 391, 968

8, 219, 073

128, 208

.016

192.5 <

Tar

...gallons..

480,848,814

240, 160, 986

$11,903,196

$0,049

Light oil and derivatives:

Crude light oil

do....

5 146, 443, 106

10, 201, 900

1, 052, 585

.103

Benzol-

Crude.

do....

6, 119, 160

5, 907, 106

1, 321, 597

.224

Refined

do....

16, 231, 714

15, 909, 280

3, 566, 64o

.224

Motor benzol

do....

81,469,925

80,957,983

13, 441, 422

.166

Toluol-

Crude

do

127, 584

46, 789

10,052

.215

Refined ...

do....

5, 329, 560

4,991,358

1, 300. 734

.261

Solvent naphtha

do....

4, 744, 431

3. 993. 735

805,251

.202

Other light oil products

do....

2,366,246

1,252,451

96, 073

.077

2 116,388,620

123, 260, 602

21, 594, 357

.175

Naphthalene:

Crude

..pounds..

9,238,890

9, 692, 185

92,369

.010

Refined

do-...

1,018

208,332

5,124

.025

9, 239, 908

9, 900, 517

97, 493

.010

1926 «

Tar

...gallons..

528,918,639

300, 129, 112

14, 994, 132

.050

Light oil and derivatives:

Crude light oil

do....

'160,053,992

10, 783, 508

1,330,208

.123

Benzol-

Crude

do....

4,753,334

4,660,621

1, 109, 974

.238

Refined

do....

17, 582, 399

17, 224, 800

3, 938, 475

.229

Motor benzol

ao

94,980,793

93, 539, 155

17, 595, 665

.188

Toluol:

Crude

do....

432, 317

400, 308

127, 298

.318

Refined--

do....

8,313,516

8, 204, 678

2, 777, 987

.339

Solvent naphtha

do....

4,683,576

3, 527, 047

1,041,936

.295

Other light oil products

do....

2, 397, 730

1,331,193

117, 652

.088

» 132,843,665

139, 671, 370

28, 039, 195

.201

Naphthalene:

Crude

..pounds..

7, 746, 821

7, 5.56. 372

96, 210

.013

Refined..

do....

139, 701

166, 851

1,100

.007

7,886,522

7, 723, 223

97,310

.013

' Total gallons of derived products.

• Revised since last report.

• Refined on the premises to make the derived products shown, 143,296,567 gallons.

• Preliminary figures.

' Refined on the premises to make the derived products shown, 143,836,611 gallons.

COAL-TAR CEUDES

19

Table 7. — Coal-tar crudes: Production, 1926, by firms not primarily engaged in
the operation of coke-oven plants and gas houses

[The numbers in the second column refer to the numbered alphabetical list of manufacturers given on
page 204. An X indicates that the corresponding product was made by a manufacturer who did not con-
sent to the publication of his name in connection therewith. A blank in the third and fourth columns
indicates that there was actual production of the corresponding article but that figures can not be pub-
lished without revealing the output of individunl firms]

Manufacturers' identification
numbers (according to list
on page 204)

1926

Name

Quantity

Value

Unit
value

Total crudes -

$28, 937, 755

Anthracene (crude, less than 30 per cent)
...lbs..

139

Anthracene oil. .. galls..

139, X

17,22, 126, X, X

377, 048

105,513

$0,280

Carbolic oil or middle oil do

32,40....

Cresol or cresvlic acid (crude) -do

17,86

Dead or creosote oil do

Extracted crude tar acids... . . go

17, 22, 32, 39, 40, 81, 86, 107. 139,

151, 164, 167,X, X,X,X

17

75. 495, 540

9, 767, 537

.129

32, 39. 40, 107, X, X, X

5, 732, 237

357, 589

.062

39, 126

Naphthalene (crude) lbs..

16, 17, 32, 39, 40, 86, 107, 139, 151,
X,X,X

45, 165, 957
7,897,993

498, 827

494, 986
1, 150, 671

9,302,819

.011

Other distillates galls..

Pitch of tar tons..

17, 22, 32, 39, 86, 151, X, X

17, 22, 32, 39, 40, 81, 86, 107, 139,
151, 164, X, X, X, X

.146
18. 649

17...

Pyridine . - . . do..

17, 103

Refined tars bbls..

Solvent naphtha .galls. .

17, 22, 32, 39, 40, 81, 86, 107, 126,

139, 151, 164, X, X, X, X

17,22, 139, X, X

1,026,358
995, 723

5, 368, 414
113.453

5.231
. 114

Toluene ..do _..

17

Xylene do

17

The instructions sent to manufacturers were as follows: Include under dead or creosote oil only products
which may be used for creosoting. Include under "other distillates" shingle stain oil, disinfectant oils,
and flotation oils which do not contain over 5 per cent of phenol. Include under refined tars those tars
which are used for road treatment, saturating felt, and for protective coatings. Phenol and all distillates
which, on being subjected to distillation, yield in the portion distilling below 190° C. a quantity of tar acids
equal to or more than .5 per cent of the original distillate, or which, on being subjected to distillation, yield
in the portion distilling below 215°C . a quantity of tar acids equal to or more than 75 per cent of the original
distillate are not to be included here but are to be placed under intermediates.

Table 8. — Total commercial production of benzene, toluene, solvent naphtha, and
naphthalene from, all sources in the United States, 1918-1926

[Data for coke ovens and gas works from reports to United States Geological Survey and Bureau of Mines;
for tar refineries and others to United States Tariff Commission]

By-product

coke plants

(sales) 1

Gas works

not elsewhere

included

(sales) 1 2

Tar refiner-
ies and all
other estab-
lishments 5
(produc-
tion)

Total com-
mercial pro-
duction ♦

Benzene (all grades except motor benzol):
Gallons—

1918

43. 441, 980
5 63, 077. 463
17, 230, 776
6, 839, 021
12, 256, 348
16, 724. 182
17, 740, 608

7 21, 816, 386

8 21, 885, 000

2, 177, 168
(6)
(«)

3, 015, 848

1, 826, 373

87."; ."ifii

48, 634, 996
65, 403, 836
18 141 337

1919

1920

1921

(6) 2 171 fiai

9, 045, 642
13 071 288

1922

C)
(»)

(«)
(«)

774, 940
394, 906
629, 934
741, 576
377,048

1923

17 154 088

1924

18 417 542

1925

22, 607, 962
22, 272, 048

1926

' Sales instead of production are here given to avoid double counting between production of crude and
pure grades, and because such of the product as is used in the coke plant or gas works is not available for
commercial use.

' In order to eliminate duplication, the figures for gas works are exclusive of by-products coke ovens ojjer-
ated by city gas companies, which are included in the preceding column, and exclusive of recoveries from
such tar-refiuing operations conducted by the city gas companies as are included in the following column
headed "tar refineries." From time to time plants formerly included in the column headed "gas works"
have been transferred to the column "tar refineries," hence the figures in the "gas works" column are not
strictly comparable from year to year. The total commercial production shown in the last column con-
tains no duplication and is comparable from year to year.

' See note 2.

* Totals include estimates for firms not reporting, or actual figures for items that can not be shown sep-
arately without disclosing individual returns.

' Includes motor benzol and 13,000 gallons of gasoline used in blending.

' Reports incomplete. Estimate included in total.

" Final figures, revised since last report. ^ Subject to revision.

20

CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHER SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS

Table 8. — Total commercial production oj benzene, toluene, solvent naphtha, and
naphthalene from all sources in the United States, 1918-1926 — Continued

Benzene — Continued.

Value —

1918

1919

1920....

1921

1922

1923

1924

1925

1926

Motor benzol:

Gallons —

1918

1919 (included under benzene above) .

1920

1921

1922

1923

1924

1925

1926

Value —

1918

1919 (included under benzene above) -

1920

1921

1922

1923

1924

1925

1926...

Toluene, all grades:

Gallons —

1918

1919

1920

1921

1922

1923

1924

1925

1926

Value—

1918

1919

1920

1921....

1922

1923

1924

1925

1926

By-product

coke plants

(sales) I

$11,
5 $11,
$4,
$1,
$3,

$3, 7i
'$4,
'$5,

966, 367
643, 645
497, 823
611,721
435, 381
839, 237
736, 656
888, 240
048, 000

Gas works

not elsewhere

Included

(sales) 1 '

$572, 950

'"55,
50,
54,
80,
72,
'80,
8 93,

764, 265
022, 573
930, 203
480, 326
921, 244
957, 983
539, 000

10 $12,

$8,

$10,

$13,

$11,

'$13,

«$17,

$12,

644, 931
966, 686
491, 309
145, 833
0C6, 652
441, 422
596, 000

541, 366
353, 827
470, 364
835, 493
910, 060
634, 783
231, 502
038, 147
605, 000

249, 702
355, 990
740, 722
233, 378
557, 015
766, 030
769, 682
310, 786
905, 000

Tar refiner-
ies and all
other estab-
lishments '
(produc-
tion)

467, 126
11 350, 000

(12)
(«)
(«)
(«)
(«)

$994, 161
$560, 547
$287, 586
$463, 205
$215, 136
$118, 505
$155, 973
$171, 005
$105, 513

$112,849
11 $70, 000

(12)
(«)
C)
(•)

3, 965, 518
(«)

11 2, 000
11 1, 000

(13)

11 2, 000

11 2, 000

II 2, 000

II 200

$5, 597, 353
(«)
"300
11270

(U)

"570
11500
II 500
11 170

(«)
(«)
(»)

(U)
(U)
(12)
(12)
(12)

(•)
(»)

(9)
(12)
(12)
(12)
(12)
(12)

1, 596, 353
510, 957

(13)

(13)
(13)
(13)
(13)
(13)

^8, 044, 890
235, 321

(13)
(13)
(13)
(13)
(13)
(13)
(13)

Total com-
mercial pro-
duction*

$13,533,478
$12, 296, 192
$4, 794, 409
$2, 082, 926
$3, 664, 517
$3, 968, 742
$3, 901, 629
$5, 070, 245
$5, 155, 513

(')
(«)
(»)
55, 622, 482

83, 664, 846
76, 072, 771

84, 789, 206
96, 929, 783

(»)

(»)
$10, 657, 074
$13, 851, 704
$11,678,665
$14, 270, 746
$18,311,146

14, 103, 237

1, 884. 784

(13)
(13)
(13)
(13)
(13)
(13)
(13)

$20, 891, 945
596,511

(13)
(13)
(13)
(13)
(13)
(13)
(13)

See notes 1 to 4 on p. 19.

5 Includes motor benzol and 13,000 gallons of gasoline used in blending.

6 Reports incomplete. Estimate included in total.
' Final figures, revised since last report.

' Subject to revision.

» Data not collected from tar refiners prior to 1922.
1" Includes 1,333,000 gallons of gasoline used in blending.
11 Estimate.

" Included in total, but can not be shown separately without disclosing individual returns.
13 A certain quantity of toluene was produced at gas works and at tar refineries, but the figures can not
be given without disclosing individual returns.

COAL-TAK CEUDES

21

Table 8. — Total commercial production of benzene, toluene, solvent naphtha, and
naphthalene from all sources in the United States 1918-1926 — Continued

Solvent naphtha, crude and refined,
xylene:
" Gallons—

1918... .-

1919

1920 --

1921

1922

1923

1924

1925

1926

Value —

1918

1919

1920

1921

1922

1923.

1924...

1925

1926

Naphthalene, all grades:
Pounds—

1918

1919

1920

1921

1922

1923..

1924

1925...

1926

Value—

1918

1919

1920

1921

1922

1923

1924

1925

1926

including

By-product

coke plants

(sales) 1

n 3, 284,037

IS 3. 649, 066

4, 695, 464

2,881,656

2,861,482

3, 399, 904

3, 884. 585

' 3. 993, 735

« 3, 527, 000

» $458, 689

16 $557, 41 6

$851,048

$510, 509

$538,512

$608, 084

$724, 874

^ $805, 251

« $1, 042, 000

15,890,447
6. 702. 040

14. 448, 702
1. 983, 523
4. 887, 935

11,245,6.33
8,219,073

7 9,900,517

8 7, 723, 000

$650, 229
191,364
487, 974
59, 335
131, 252
239, 709
12S. 208
^ 97, 483

8 897, 310

Gas works

not elsewhere

included

(sales)' 2

1,442,267

(")
(«)

(6)
(.2)

(«)
(«)
(«)
(6)

$191, 475

(«)

(8)
(«)
(12)

(«)
{')
(6)
(6)

Tar refiner-
ies and all
other estab-
lishments'
(produc-
tion)

IS 965, 458

(12)
(12)
(12)
(12)
(12)

812,378
530, 833

(12)

15 $232, 003

(12)
(12)
(12)
(12-1
(12)

$153,941
$148, 801

(12)

896, 080

40, 138, 092

(«)

12,612,203

1, 760, 293

26,393,411

(«)

16, 948, 464

«

19,323,393

•1.115,563

41,45.3,002

(»)

34, 683, 803

1, 266, 037

34, 135, 175

(«)

45, 16.5, 957

$14,282

$1,281,440

(«)

327, 201

63,449

791, 403

C)

380, 167

(9)

352, 957

1' 42, 247

652, 148

(«)

441,333

34, 751

519, 773

(«)

494. 986

Total com-
mercial pro-
duction ■•

5, 691, 762
4, 128, 747
5, 384, 560

3, 627, 488
3.680,811
4,041,497
4,781,963

4, 609, 568
4, 569, 727

$882. 167
$672, 685
$994, 205
$644, 548
$773, 336
$800, 698
$896,815
$972, 052
$1, 180, 427

56, 924, 619
20,114,243
42, 602, 466
19,432,987
25,411,328
53,814,198
44, 102, 876
45,301,729
53, 058, 957

$1, 945, 951
542, 565
1, 342, 826
462, 502
536, 209
934, 104
602, 541
652, 017
594, 296

See notes 1 to 4 on p. 19. , , ^

6 Reports incomplete. Estimate included in total.
' Final figures, revised since last report.
s Subject to revision.

12 Included in total, but can not be shown separately without disclosing individual returns.
1' Includes 52,847 gallons of xylene, valued at $9,937, and 107,375 gallons of crude heavy solvent, valued
at $8,769.

15 Includes 192,969 gallons of xylene, valued at $67,935.

16 Includes 2:'.,088 gillnns of xylene, valued at $4, .563.

17 Revised figure, to eliminate duplication through certain plants reporting both to the Census Bureau
and to the Geological Survey.

22 census of dyes and other synthetic chemicals

Coal-Tar Intermediates
description

Intermediates do not occur as such in coal tar, but are made from
the crudes (benzene, toluene, naphthalene, and anthracene) by chem-
ical treatment with sulphuric acid, nitric acid, alkalies, chlorine, or
other chemicals. From fewer than 10 coal-tar crudes, 200 to 300
intermediates are prepared for use in the production of hundreds of
dyes. The various chemical stages in the conversion of crudes to
intermediates are (1) nitration, (2) reduction, (3) sulphonation, (4)
caustic fusion, (5) chlorination, (6) alkylation, (7) liming, (8) con-
densation, (9) carboxylation, (10) oxidation, and (11) diazotization.

Intermediates are in turn the raw materials which are converted by
complex chemical processes into dyes, medicinals, perfumes, flavors,
photographic chemicals, synthetic resins, and tanning materials.
They are also used as accelerators in the vulcanization of rubber,
as camphor substitutes, insecticides, germicides, fungicides, in the
flotation process for concentrating ores and for other purposes.
Certain intermediates are used in the direct production of dyes on
the fiber and also for increasing the fastness of dyes on the fiber.
When used for the latter purpose they are known as developers.
After purification many intermediates are used directly a's drugs,
perfumes, and flavors.

The relation between the heavy chemical industry and the inter-
mediate and dye industry is an intimate one, as the latter industry
is an important consumer of heavy chemicals and other products.
The manufacture of intermediates and dyes requires large quantities
of acids, alkalies, and other heavy chemicals, such as sodium nitrite
and sulphide, salt, chlorine, bromine, sulphur, and in addition non-
coal-tar organic compounds, such as methanol, formaldehyde, and
acetic anhydride.

The coal-tar chemical industry plays a conspicuous part in the
industrial life of the Nation, (1) as consumer of raw materials in the
chemical industry, (2) as a producer of essential products for textile,
leather, paper, and paint factories, and as a producer of medicinals,
synthetic tanning materials, and a wide variety of other products.

PRODUCTION

Statistics of the production of intermediates are given in Table 11
(p. 26) in as great detail as is possible without disclosing the output
of individual manufacturers. The total production in 1926 was
229,653,802 pounds, as compared with 210,699,779 pounds in 1925.
Sales in 1926 amounted to 86,916,836 pounds, valued at $18,990,042,
or a unit value of 21.8 cents, as compared with 23 cents in the previous
year.

Most of the intermediates normally consumed in large quantity
in dye manufacture were made in about the same amounts in 1926 as
in 1925. Anthraquinone and its derivatives, together with many
specialty intermediates required in the production of fast and specialty
dyes, showed a large increase. There was also a notable increase in
the output of intermediates used as accelerators in the vulcanization
of rubber.

Decreased production oj synthetic phenol. — The combined production
of natural and synthetic phenol by sLx firms in 1926 was 8,691,181

COAL-TAE INTEEMEDIATES

23

pounds, a 41 per cent decrease from 1925. More than three-fourths
of this production was synthetic phenol. Sales in 1926 totaled
5,479,727 pounds, valued at $987,631. Table 9 shows production
and sales figures from 1917 to 1926, inclusive.

Table 9. — Phenol: Production and sales in the United States, 1917-1926

Year

Production
(pounds)

Sales
Pounds Value

Unit
value

1917 -

64, 146, 499

106, 794, 277

1, 543, 659

I $23, 715, 805

1 37, 270, 284

1 155, 624

$0.37

1918

.35

1919

.10

1920

1921 --- t

292,645
1, 266, 552
2, 180, 244
8, 273, 598
8, 524, 178
5, 479, 727

41,617
268,311
589,822
2. 505, 533
1,771,332
987, 631

.14

1922

1923

1924

1925

1926

1, 285, 978
3,310,911
10,521,944
14, 734, 065
8, 691, 181

.21
.27
.30
.21
.18

I Values of production.

Benzoic acid. — The production of benzoic acid, USP, in 1926 was
216,345 pounds, as compared with 183,906 pounds in 1925. The unit
sales price of benzoic acid declined from 58 cents in 1925 to 54.8
cents in 1926. Benzoate of soda, used chiefly as a food preservative,
showed an increase in production from 800,841 pounds in 1925 to
897,848 pounds in 1926.

Rubber accelerators. — Coal-tar chemicals for the rubber industry are
an important branch of intermediate manufacture. The total con-
sumption of these products in the manufacture of rubber products
can not be measured accurately, as some of the production reported
goes into dyes and other products.

Among the accelerators that have replaced to some extent such
accelerators as hexamethylenetetramine, are diphenylguanidine and
its related compound o-ditolylguanidine. These compounds are non-
pcdsonous, have no objectionable odor in the cured stock, and can
be used with low percentages of sulphur to produce rubber products
with satisfactory ageing qualities. The output of each of them was
larger in 1926 than in 1925 ; the unit value was smaller. Other rubber
chemicals showing an increase in production in 1926 over 1925 were
mercapto-benzo-thiazol, nitroso-dimethylaniline, methylene dianilide,
heptylidine aniline, and ethylidine aniline and derivatives. Those
reported in 1926 but not in 1925 include crotilidine aniline, p-ditolyl-
thiourea, thiocarbtoluide, and dimethylamine, made from dimethyl
aniline. The following chemicals of this group show a decreased
production in 1926: Thiocarbanilide, anhydroformaldehyde-p-tolui-
dine, p-toluidine triphenylguanidine, formanilide, and o-ditolyl-
thiourea.

Statistics of production of organic rubber accelerators of iioncoal-
tar origin are given in Table 38, page 138.

Phthalic anhydride is made by the catalytic oxidation of naphtha-
lene. The output in 1926 was the highest on record — 4,379,108
pounds, as compared with 3,900,332 pounds in 1925. The unit
value of sales dropped from $4.23 per pound in 1917 to 20 cents
49113—27 3

24 CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHEK SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS

in 1925 and to 17.6 cents in 1926. In 1914, when our entire con-
sumption was imported, the invoice value was 24 cents per pound.

Phthalic anhydride is the raw material for diethyl phthalate,
and other esters, and for anthraquinone required in the manufacture
of many vat dyes and in alizarin and alizarin derivatives. It is
used directly in the preparation of fluoresceins, cosines, and rhodamine
dyes.

Anthraquinone is the basis for a variety of fast dyes known as the
vat and the alizarin colors. It is made from phthalic anhydride
and benzene. Production was much larger in 1926 than in 1925.

Aniline and its derivatives. — The 1926 production of aniline was
26,028,939 pounds, an increase of 1,039,638 pounds over 1925.
In 1926 the value of sales was 14.9 cents per pound, as compared
with 16 cents in the period 1923-1925. Aniline hydrochloride showed
a decreased production from the previous year.

An important intermediate derived from aniline is dimethylani-
line, made by using methanol aS the methylating agent in the presence
of a catalyst. Production increased in 1926 as compared with
1925. The unit sales value in recent years has been as follows:
28.4 cents per pound in 1926, 30 cents in 1925, and 38 cents in 1923.

p-Nitroaniline, another aniline derivative, is used in the production
of color lakes, Direct green B and G, and Chrome yellow R, certain
sulphur dyes, and in producing Para red directly on the fiber. There
was a large decrease in the production of this intermediate in 1926.
The unit value of sales also declined.

Cresylic acid. — Cresylic acid, together with phenol, is extracted
from the crude tar acid fraction obtained in the distillation of coal
tar. The acid is separated from the phenol by extraction w4th
caustic soda solution and fractional distillation. The production
of cresylic acid by two firms in 1926 shows a large increase over the
previous year. o-Cresol also recorded a large increase.

The 1925 issue of this publication called attention to a possible
new source of tar acids from the low and medium temperature
distillation of coal. A recent report of the Bureau of Mines states
that in the opinion of fuel technologists the low temperature carboni-
zation of coal is not likely to be commercially developed in the near
future for the reason that the main product, semicoke, must be
sold in competition with gas and by-product oven coke. Most
of the low-temperature coke is too friable and porous to be used
as a domestic fuel without first being briquetted, an operation which
adds to its cost. It is the marketing of the coke at an adequate
price, rather than of the liquid and gaseous products, that will
insure the success of the process.

Naphthalene derivatives. — Among the intermediates showing a
large increase in production in 1926 is naphthol AS (b-hydroxide
naphthoic anilide), used in conjunction with certain other coal-tar
intermediates for the direct production of bright, fast shades on
cotton. Dyes of this group compete with alizarin and vat dyes.
The large increase in consumption of naphthalene derivatives for
the so-called "ice" dyes was a feature of the year. Imports of
intermediates of the naphthol AS types totaled over 29,000 pounds
and of special intermediates for coupling with them over 166,000
pounds.

COAL-TAR INTEEMEDIATES 25

Halogenated products. — Conspicuous gains occurred in the output
of the chlorinated intermediates, foremost of which are monochloro-
benzene, p-dichlorobenzene, o-dichlorobenzene, o-chloro toluene, and
o-nitrochlorobenzene .

Malic and rnaJeic acids. — These intermediates, made synthetically
by the "cracking" of benzene, are used as substitutes for certain
organic acids. Both of them were produced in larger quantity in
1926 than in 1925.

New intermediates. — Of the 319 intermediates made in 1926, 48
were not made in 1925. Many of the 48 w^ere made for the first
tiiiie in 1926. These intermediates are used in the preparation of
new dyes, rubber chemicals, medicinals, and other finished coal-tar
products.

Other intermediates. — Among the many intermediates used in the
preparation of the specialty dyes, the following showed increased
production in 1926: l-amino-2-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid; 2-chloro-5-
toluidine-4-sulfonic acid; dianisidine; tolyl-peri acid; 1-naphthylam-
ine-5-sulfonic acid; phenyl- l-naphthylamine-8-sulfonic acid, chromo-
tropic acid, and xylidine. Halowax, a synthetic wax, reported for
the first time in 1925, also showed an increased production in 1926,
as did tricresyl phosphate, a substitute for triphenyl phosphate,
in the manufacture of pyroxylin plastics. Diphenylamine, a stabi-
lizer, used in the manufacture of smokeless powder, showed a decrease
in production in 1926.

STATISTICS OF PRODUCTION AND SALES

Table 10 gives the weighted average sales price of a list of domestic
coal-tar intermediates for the period 1920 to 1926, together with the
invoice price of imports of the same intermediates in 1914. The
invoice price is below the cost to the consumer, as it does not include
the profit to the importer and certain other charges.

Table 11 is a detailed record of the production and sales of coal-tar
intermediates in 1926.

Table 12 is an arrangement of intermediates in ten groups of unit
values and shows the quantity and percentage of total production
falling within each group, for the years 1923 to 1926, inclusive.

26

CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHEE SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS

Table 10.

-Coal-tar intermediates: Domestic sales price per pound, 1920-1926,^
and invoice price of same intermediates imported, 1914

Intermediate

Acetanilide, technical

l-Amino-8-naphthol-3:6-disulfonic acid (H acid)..
2-Aniino-8-naphthol-6-sulfonic acid (gamma acid)

p-Aminophenol and hydrochloride

Aniline oil

Ant hraquinone

Benzidine ---

Chlorobenzene (mono) ._-

Dianisidine

p-Dichlorobenzene

Diet hylaniline

Dimethylanliine

Naphthalene, solidifying 79° or above (refined,

flake)

b-Napthol , technical

l-Naphthol-4-sulfonic acid (Nevile & Winther's).
l-Naphthylamine-4-sulfonic acid (napthionic

acid)

p-Nitroaniline

Phenol- -

p-Phenylenediamine - .

Phthalic acid and anhydride

Sulfanilic acid

Thiocar banilide

o-Toluidine

m-Tolylenediamine

Xylidine and salt .

Invoice
price

1914

s$0. 15
2.23

"Vie

2.08

2.19

. 31 3. 55
2.09
2.40
'.09

Domestic sales price

1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926

,15

3.018
2. 07 3. 09

$0.42
1.23
3.10
1.81

.28
1.66
1.15

.10

2. 13 3. 14

.06

2. 31 3. 44

2.25

2. 06 3. 16

.09
1.36
.71

.08
.47
1.41

.42
1.17

2. 09 3. 10

2.19

3.12

.46
.36
.41
.29
1.20
.47

50.23
.95
2.10
1.39
.22
1.59
.85

$0.21
.73
1.72
1.10
.15
1.34
.83
.07

.16
.97
.54

.06
.39
1.22

.44
.85
.14

1.70.
.39
.24
.42
.25

1.14
.49

.16
.32

.06

.24

.39
.68
.21
1.39
.35
.19
.27
.18
.94
.33

$0.26
.68
1.51
1.13
.16
.95
.80
.07
3.69
.15
.48
.38

.06
.22

.40
.69
.27
1.32
.29
.17
.25
.13
.93
.43

.05
.22
1.00

.43
.64
.30

1.27
.24
.17
.23
.13
.86
.39

1.30
1.12
.16

$0.23 $0.22

.65 I

1.18
1.11

.16

.95

.74

.06
3.34

.16

.40

.34

.72
.06

$1.02
1.05
.15

.30

.21
1.16
.20
.16
.23
.17
.81

1 For the year 1920 the value represents the weighted average of the total production; and for the years
1921-1926 the weighted average of the total sales. For 1917 to 1919, see Census of Dyes and Other Syn-
thetic Organic Chemicals, 1924.

2 Artificial Dyestuffs Used in the United States, Special Agents Series 121, Department of Commerce.

3 Chemicals and Allied Products Used in the United States, Miscellaneous Series No. 82, Department
of Commerce.

Table 11. — Coal-tar intermediates, production and sales, 1926.

[For 1917 to 1919, see Census and Dyes and other Synthetic Organic Chemicals, 1924]

[The numbers in the second column refer to the numbered alphabetical list of manufacture's printed on
page 204. An X signifies that the manufacturer did not consent to the publication of his identification
number in connection with the designated product. A blank in the third and fourth colun.ns indicates
that the sales figures can not be publishcil v\ itliout reveaiiig inlorn at ion in regard to the output of indi-
vidual firms. A blank in the sixth column indicates that the production of the corresponding product
In the United States can not be published without revealing information in regard to the output of individ-
ual firms. The figures thus concealed are, however, included in the total]

Manufacturers' identifi-
cation numbers (according
to list on p. 204J

Sales

Intermediate

Quantity

Value

Aver-
age

price

per

pound

Produc-
tion
(quan-
tity)

Total

Pounds
86, 916, 836

$18,990,042

$0.22

Pounds
229,653,802

Acetaldehyde aniline and derivatives

X

9,49,95,139

9

Acetyl-p-plit'iiylenediamine (p-ami-
no-acetanilide''

9 49 70 104 139, 166

35,49, 121, 139

308, 459

X

104 .

49,X

35, 49, 50, 72, 104

107, 738

Aminoazobenzene sulfonic acid

Aminoazobenzene disulfonic acid

49 104 106

104

8, 35, 49, 50, 70, 72, 104, 106..
104 -

14,731

10, 942

.74

97, 606

49, 138

49

m-.\minocresol methyl ether

35

COAL-TAE INTEEMEDIATES 27

Table 11. — Coal-tar intermediates, production and sales, 1926 — Continued

Intermediate

Manufacturers' identifi-
cation numbers (according
to list on p. 204J

p-Aminodimet hylaniline

Aminodiphenylaniine sulfonic acid..
l-Amino-'2-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid__.
l-Amino-8-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid...
1 - Amino - 8-napht hoi - 2: 4-disulfonic
acid (Chicago acid).

1 - Amino - 8 - naphthol - 3: 6-disulfonic

acid (H acid).
2-Amino-5-naphthol-7-sulfonic acid

(J acid) .
2-Amino-8-naphthol-6-sulfonic acid

(gamma acid) .

2 -A mino - 8 - naphthol - 3: 6-disulfonic

acid.

o-Aminophenol

o-Aminophenol-p-sulfonic acid

p-Aminophenol and hydrochloride..
p-Aminophcnyl-p-tolylamine sul-
fonic acid.

p-Aminophonylarsonic acid

A minosaiicy lie acid

Anhydroformaldehyde-p-toluidine...

Aniline hydrochloride

Aniline oil

l-Aniline-2-methylanthraquinone —

Aniline sulfate

Aniline sulfonic acid

.\niline disulfonic acid

o-Anisidine

Anthranilic acid (o-aminobenzoic acid)

Anthratiuinone (100 per cent)

Anthra'4uinnne-2; I-acridone

Anthra(iuinnne-l;5-dihydroxy (an.-

thrarufln).
Anthra(juinone-l:5-disulfonic acid —
Anthraquinone-2-sodium sulfonate

(silver salt).

Benzaldehyde

Benzanthrone

Benzidine base and salt

Benzidine disulfonic acid

Benzoate of soda

Benzoic acid, tech

Benzoic acid, USP

Benzotrichloride

Benzoyl chloride

Benzoyl peroxide

Benzyl chloride

Benzylamine

Broenner's acid. (See 2-naphthyla-

mine-6-sulfonic acid) .

Carbazole, refined

C hloroacetophenone

p-Chloro-o-aminophenol

p-C hloroaniline

o-C hlorobenzaldehyde

C hlorobenzanthrone

C hlorobenzene (mono)

l-Chloro-2:6-dinitrobenzene - 4 - s u 1 -

fonic acid.

C hlorometanilic acid

6-Chloro-4-methoxy-3-hydroxy thio-

naphthalene.

o-Chloro-p-nitroaniline

p-Chloro-o-nitrophenol

C hlorophenol

Chloro-m-phenylenediamine

o-C hlorotoluene

o-Chlorotoluene-p-sulfonic acid

2-C hloro-5-toluidine-4-sulfonic acid . .
Chromotropic acid. (See 1: 8-dihy-

droxy naphthalene-3:6-disulfonic

acid) .

Cresidine

o-Cresol, purity of 90 per cent or more.

9, 35, 49, 70, 104, 106, 118, 139

35,49,104..

35,49,104,109

49,98,104,109..

35,49,104, 106, 109, X.

35,49, 104, 109

109,X

Sales

Quantity

Pounds

3,404
59, 605

66,161,166

49, 104, 166

11,49,54,66, 161, 166, 171... 160,949
35

X

9, 35, 49, 70, 109.
49

27,48.49,69,95,101,104,105
49

14, 672, 947

72,105,124

104.

104,109, X

49,109,166

48,101

19,70,83. 104, X.

X

104

49, 70. 104.
19,49, X..

62,74,93,95,137

49,109..

3,35,49,62,70, 104, X..

9,64, 106

49,62.74,75,93, 138, X.

74,95.

49, 75, 93, 138, X

74

18, 74, 75,
X,X ...

74,137...
105

49..
54-.
166-

104

49

48, 75, 101, 137.
166

70, 104, 106.
49

49, 94, 139, 140.

166. ---.

49, X

106

104

49

8,49,94,139...

238,502

247,393
"834,"365

100, 186
"35." 908

4, 844, 602

Value

$8, 072
61,071

2,185,314

154, 565

180,600
396,623'

54,905
'25," 136

276, 730

Aver-
age

price

per

pound

$2.37
1.02

26, 028, 939

.06

Produc-
tion
(quan-
tity)

Pounds

638, 772

"168,156

2, 270, 696

171, 898

314,020

241, 937

19,509

13, 166

209,258

1, 516, 301
"897," 848

216,345
"41,' 966

10, 400, 260

18, 585

146, 799

28 CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHEE SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS

Table 11. — Coal-tar intermediates, production and sales, 1926 — Continued

Intermediate

C resoti ni c aci d

Cresylic acid, refined (distillates

yielding below 215° C. tar acids

equal to more than 75 per cent of

the original distillate) .

C rotilidine aniline —

Cumidine

Dehydrothio-p-toluidine, base

Dehydrothio-p-toluidine sulfonic acid

Dehydrothio-m-xylidine __

Diaminochlorobenzene-p-sulfonic

acid.

Diaminodimethyl acridine

Diaminostilbene disulfonie acid

Dianisidine

l-Diazo-2-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid

Diazo salicylic acid

Di beiizanthrone

Dibenzy laniline -

Dibromisatin

Dichloroaniline

Dichloroaniliue sulfonic acid

2:5-Dichloroaniline-4-sulfonic acid

o-Dichlorobenzene

p-Dichlorohenzene

2:4-Dichlorophenol

Dichlorophenylhydrazine s u 1 fo n i c
acid.

Diehlorosulfophenylpyrazolone

Dichlorosulfophenylmethylpyrazo-

lone.

Diethylamine

b-Dicthylamino ethyl alcohol _-

D:ethyl-m-aminophenol

Diethylaniline _ . _

DiethylaniHne-m-sulfonic acid

Diformyl-m-toly]enediamine

6:5-Dihydroxy-7:7-disulfonic-2:2-di-

naphthylamine (Rhoduline acid).
5 :P-D i h y "d )■ 0 X y-7 :7-disulfonic-2:2-di-

naphthylurea (J acid urea).

1 :5-Dihydroxynaphthalene--

l:8-Dihydroxynaphthalene-3:6-disul-

fonic acid (chromotropic acid).

Dimethylamine

Dimeth ylaniline -

2:2-Dimethyl-l : 1 -dianthraquinonyl. . ,

Dimethylphenazine (tolazine)

Dimeth ylphenylbenzylammonium

disulfonie acid, calcium salt (Leu-

ko trope W),

2'A - Di ni troaniline

Dini troanthraqui none

Dini trobenzene

m-Dinitrobenzeno sulfonic acid

Dinitrochlorobenzene

Dinitrohydroxydiphenylamine

Dinitronaphthalene

Dinitrophenol and sodium salt

Dini trostilhene -•

Dinitrostilbcne disulfonie acid.

p-Dinitrostilbene disulfonie acid

Dini trotoluene

Dipheny iamine

Diiihpnylgn.midine.

Di phen y hnci hane sulfonate _ .

Distilhrnedi phenol

Dithidtifiiziiatt' sodium salt

o-Ditolylk'uanidine ---

Di toly liiictha no (crystals)

o-Di tul yl thiourea . _ _

p-Di tolylthiourea

6-Ethoxy-3-hydroxy thionaphthalene

Manufacturers' identifi-
cation numbers (accor.ling
to list on p. 204)

Sales

74._..

17, X.

X

104, X___,

109

35, 64, 109.

109

106

124

49,104,109.-

35,49, 104, 109, X. -
35,70,104,106,118.

104..

109

49

49

161,166,X -

124

106

48,101,137

48,49,75,101,111,137.

X

124

35, 106.
124.-..

1,115,170.

115

49

48,170.-..

49

49

49

49, 104, 109.

49,70,104--
104, 109, X.

49,170 -

9,27,49,69,104.

49

104

X

9,49,94...

106

27,49,104-

49,70, 104, X-
35,70

49,70,83.

49-

35,104...

27, 49, 50, 65, 69, 72, 104,

109, X
49.

47,49, 104, 132, X,X,X-..

104- - -

104..--

105

49,X

104

49,68

49 -.

49

Quantity

Pounds

2, 186, 034

1,146,020

4,474,514

1,419,336

Value

$352, 254

325, 681

1, 106, 399

Aver-
age

price

per

pound

$2.19

.28

Produc-
tion
(quan-
tity)

Pounds

146,374
92,529
157, 222

2, 474, 044

8,475

76, 851
3,232

2,831.911

1, 340, 392

6, 498, 194

.12 i 6,176,322
.'78Ti,'.m863

COAL-TAE INTERMEDIATES 29

Table 11. — Coal-tar intermediates, production and sales, 1926 — Continued

Manufacturers' identifi-
cation numbers (according
to list on p. 204)

Sales

Intermediate

Quantity

Value

Aver-
age

price
per

pound

Produc-
tion
(quan-
tity)

104

Pounds

Pounds

X

49

49 104 170

33 49,104,170 . ..-

55, 772

$56, 214

$1.01

179, 123

33,35, 104 - -

49 70

^

49

X ...

49 .

Ethyl-o-toluidine-p-suJfonicacid

Ethylidene aniline and derivatives..

49

105 132

43 49 72

Formaldehyde-p-aminoaniline

68 . . -

49 132, 139, X .......

72,049

24, 321

..34

110,952

aniline.)

Formyl-m-plienylenediamine

Gamma acid. (See 2-amino-8-naph-

thol-6-sulfonic acid.)

35

35

H acid. (See l-amino-S-naphthol-3:
6-disulfonic acid.)

X ...

105 . -

X

35 49 -. -

b-IIydro.xy naphthoic anilide (naph-

thol AS).
p-Hydroxy phenyl arsonic acid and

sodium salt.

9 49

92 --

8

8 ...

J acifl. (See 2-amino-5-naphthol-7-

sulfonic acid.)
Laurent's acid. (See 1-naphthyla-

niine-.5-sulfonic acid.)

105 -. ...

104

104

X

X - ---

8,9,49,70,72,104,106,109.
64

463,638

83,109

Methylamine anthraquinone

1-Methylamine - 4 - bromoanthraqui-
none.

70 .

70 ...

49

X

X ...

Michler's hydrol (See tetramethyl-

diamino-henzhydrol) .
Michler's ketone. (See tetramethyl-

diamino benzophenone.)
Naphthalene, solidifying 79° C. or

above (refined, flake).

17, 27,49,86, 109, 167

49 .

12, 455, 739

575,711

.05

18, 071, 619

1:5-Naphthalene disulfonic acid

2:7-Naphthalene disulfonic acid

2:,5:7-Naphthalene benzoyl hydroxy

sulfonic acid.
2:8:6-Naphthalene dimethylhydroxy

sulfonic acid.
1-Naphthalido anthraquinone-2-car-

boxylic acid.

49 104

49 139

106

106

49

166 - -

Naphtho-1 ;8-sultam-2;4-d i s ul f o n 1 c
acid (sultam acid) .

49

35,49,72, 104, 153, X

257, 777

27, 35,72, 139

l-Naphthol-8-chloro-3:6- d i s ul f o n ic

acid (chloro H acid).
l-Naphthol-4-sulfonic acid (Nevile &

Winther's acid).

104

35, 49, 104, 109 . .

130,010

8, 35, 49, 70, 98, 104, 109...

122, 547

l-Naphthol-3;8-disultomc acid

109....

30 CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHER SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS

Table 11. — Coal-tar intermediates, production and sales, 1926 — Continued

Manufacturers' identifi-
cation numbers (according
to list on p. 204j

Sales

Intermediate

Quantity

Value

Aver-
age

price

per

pound

Produc-
tion
(quan-
tity)

l-Naphthol-3:6:8-trisulfonicacid

104, 109 _

Pounds

Pounds

2-Naphthol-l-sulfonic acid

49

2-Naphthol-6-sulfonic acid (Schaef-

8,9,35, 49,50,70, 104

101, 630

fer'sacid).
2-Naphthol-7-sulfonic acid

35,49, 139..

2-Naphthol-8-sulfonic acid -

35, X

1

2-Naphthol-3 :6-disulfonic acid

2-Naphthol-6:8-disulfonic acid

3, 27, 35, 49, 70, 104, 139,

140, 163.
9,35,49,70, 104, 139.

72, 389

$28,764

$0. 40 569, 711

a-Naphthylamine

104, 109

b-Naphthylamine

35, 49, 104

.59

433, 139

l-Naphtiiylamine-4-sulfonic acid

9,35,72, 104, 109, X

1, 313, 931

(naphthionic acid) .
1-Napht hylamine-5-s u 1 f o n i c acid

8,49,70, 104,106, 109

165, 117

(Laurent's acid).
l-Naphthylamine-6-sulfonic acid

104, X

l-Naphthylamine-6 and 7-sulfonic

8,35,49, 70, 104, 109

150, 797
395. 253

acid.
l-Naphthylamine-8-sulfonic acid

49.70, 104, 106, 109. X

l-Naphthylamine-3:8-disulfonic acid.

35,49, 109.

l-Naphthvlamine-4:8-disulfonic acid.

35,49, 104, 109

.70 211,633

l-Naphthylamine-3:6:8-trisulfonic

49, 104, 109

acid.
2-Naphthylamine-l-sulfonic acid. ...

8, 28, 35, 49, 139 .

212, 970

168, 393

.79 342,804

2-Naphthylamine-6-sulfonic acid

35,49,104

(Broenner's acid).
2-Naphthylamine-4:8-disulfonic acid.

35,49, 109 _

26,761
292,890
569,835

2-Naphthylamine-5:7-disulfonic acid.

35,49, 104, 106, 109

2-Naphthylamine-6:8-disulfonic acid.

35,49, 104, 106, 109

2-Naphthylamine-3:6;8-trisulfonic

X

acid.
Nevile & Winther's acid. (See 1-

naphlhol-4-sulfonic acid) .
p-Nitroacetanilide.- .

139

Nitroaminophenol . .

49, 50, 70, 106

16, 265

m-Nitroaniline ...

49,161

p-Nitroaniline

9, 101, X, X .

240,451

108,063

.45 1 6.3.3.048

p-Nitroaniline sulfonic acid. ...

8, 35, 49, 64, 70, 166... ...

33,218

p-Nitro-o-anisidine . . .

49

o-Nitroanisole

49, 101, 109,X

276,682
42,934,570

Nitrobenzene (oil of mirbane)

Nitrobenzene sulfonic acid . . .

27,49,69, 104, 105, 109

49, 64, 106 .

2,566,151

222,390

.09

p-Nitro benzoic acid

1, 49, 138...

41, 203

o-Nitrochlorobenzene

49, 101 „.

o-Nitrochlorobenzene sulfonic acid...

104, 166

p-Nitrochlorobenzene .

49, 101

p-Nitrochlorobenzene-o-sulfonic acid.

35, 49, 64, 166

56, 421

o-Nitro-p-chlorophenol

X

Nitrocreso) .. . ...

49

■

m-Nitro-p-cresol.. . .

35

Nitrocresol methyl ether

49

Nitrocumene

104

8-Nitro-l-diazo-2-naphthol-4-sulfonic

35,49, 70

acid.
Nitrodichlorobenzene .

109, 166

1

3-Nitro-4-hvdroxyphenyl arsonic acid

92, X

1

Nitronapht halene

17, 109

'

o-Nitrophenol and sodium salt

161, 166

49, 101, 161

p-N it ropheni'tole

49

Nitro.sobelanaphthol ._

118

Nitrosodimethylaniline. .

27, 70, 83, 104, 170, 171

11,19,35, 49,54,70, 104, X.
104

75. 276

73,236

.97

155, 605

Nitrosophenol

287,641

Nitrosulfoanthrarufln

Nitrotoluene .

27, 49, 50, 72, 104, 109, X..

7, 009, 377

m-Nitrotoluene

49, 109

o-Nitrotolume

49,65,69, 104, 109, X

64, 106

101, 273

16, 701

.16

3, 828, 677

o-Nitr(it>ilu('iie sulfonic acid ...

p-Nitrotolui-ne . ..

49,65,69, 104, 109, X

8, 35, 49, 65, 104, 106, 109,

166
35,49, 121, 139,

75, 054

20, 368

.27

2, 046, 810

p-Niirotolueui'-o-sulfonic acid

716,427

m-Nitro-p-toluidine

1.70

251,184

p-Nitro-o-toluidine

35,49 .

Nitroxylene . .-.

49, 104, 109 . .

342, 740

Oxalylarsanilie acid

X

Oxalyl-p-nitroaniline

49

Oxalylphenylenediamine

49

COAL-TAR INTERMEDIATES

31

Table 11. — Coal-tar intermediates, production and sales,

1926 — Continued

Manufacturers' identi-
cation numbers (accord-
ing to list on p. 204)

i

Sales

Intermediate

Quantity

Value

Aver-
age

price
per

30und

Produc-
tion
(quan-
tity)

8

Pounds

Pounds

Phenol -- - --

17,48,49, 101, 144, X

49, 104, 109,

49

5,479,727

$987, 631

$0.18

8,691,181

Phenyl-2-amino-5-naphthol-7 -sulfon-
ic acid (phenyl J acid)

Phenyl-2-aiiiino-8-naphthol-6-sulfon-
ic acid (phenyl gamma acid)

16, 289

49 —

Phenyl-l-naphthylamine-8-sulfonic
acid

49 70, 104, 106, 109, X

.89

281,619

106

8, 9, 27, 35, 49, 70, 72, 104,

106, 109, 118, 161
35 104

710, 190

m-Phenylenediamine sulfonic acid...

66 161 X

p-Phenylenediamine sulfonic acid

35

48, 49 104

8,756,452

Phenylhydrazine and hydrochloride .
Phenylhydrazine-p-sulfonic acid

49 64 124 150

27 104 124

.. 121,706

64, 124 — -

Phenylmethylpyrazolone sulfonic

49 124

49, 101, 104, 136

3,446,175

604,949

.18

4, 379, 108

27 49 104 --

54, 166

49 „

35 104 109

164, 900

104 -

9, X

43, 121 - -

Resorcinol USP

121, X

72 . -

48, 74,97, 101, 137

305,686
1,440,878

72, 980
383, 288

.24
.27

4,083,341

Salicylic acid, USP

48, 74, 97, 101

2, 966, 757

90 — -

9, 27, 35, 49, 72, 90, 104,

124, 152
X

.15

1,546,120

76 -

76 .

p-Sulfodichlorophenvlmethylpyra-
zolone

X

106

49 124

72 - -

Tetrachlorophthalic anhydride

Tetramcthyldiami nohenzhydrol

(Michler's hydrol)
Tetramethyldiaminobenzophenone

(Michler's ketone)
Tetramethyldiaminodiphehylmeth-

oane

43 --- --

49

49 70 - -

27 49 69, 104

451,492

8

49, 68, 104, 105, X

1,266,383

276,419

.22

1,493,396

104 -.

35,49, 104, 109 —

196, 105

9

X

X

p-Toluene sulfochlofide

p-Toluenesulfonyl ethyl ester

Toluidine

o-Toluidine

1 101

27 35 69

27* 49^ 65,' 69, 104, 109, X..
i 49 70, 72 - -

979, 585

228,937

.23

2, 430, 166
62,427

p-Toluidine -

p-Toluidine sulfonic acid

Toluidine disulfonic acid

m-Tolylenediamine

m-Tolylenediamine sulfonic acid

p-Tolylenediamine

Tolyl-I-naphthylamine-8-sulfonic
acid (tolyl-peri acid)

i 49,65,69, 104, 109, X_ ...

250, 548

107,622

.43

505,362

106

8, 9, 35, 49, 50, 70, 72, 104,

109
9 49 104

186,373

136, 401

.73

688, 303

1 50

30

49, 104, 105, 132

27,49, 104, 109

. 127. 898

45,906

.36

221, 920

40 109 ^ ^ -1

32

CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHEK SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS

Table 12.-

-Intermediates: Production by groups, according to unit values,
1922-1926

1922

1923

1924

1925 ' 1926

Group

Per

Per

Per

1 Per

i Per

Pounds

cent
of

Pounds

cent
of

Pounds

cent
of

Pounds 1 ^^'

Pounds

cent
of

total

total

total

total

total

0-15 cts...

94, 688, 278

.57.372

104, 419, 258

45. 127

88, 160, 641

47. 247

89.686,885 42.566

135, 324, 911

58.93

16-25 cts _

2t), 233,6041 15.894

50. 233, 638

21.709

37, 359, 904

20. 022

62,801,070 29.806

47, 228, 385

20.57

26-50 cts. _

24, 399, 085

14. 783

42, 556, 640

18. 391

37, 179, 993

19. 925

32,081,452

15. 226

24, 130, 013

10.51

51-75 cts _.

8, 289, 387

5.022

16, 486, 1.59

7.125

10, 588, 270

5. 674

13, 442, 218

6.380

10, .571, 635

4.60

$0.76-$!.. .

5, 918, 904

3.586

9, 664, 153

4.176

6, 246, 565

3.348

5, 787, 1 65

2.747

7, 097, 246

3.09

$1. 01-$1. 50

3, 957, 355

2.398

5, 587, 436

2.415

4,112,585

2.204

3, 632, 570

1.724

2,621,011

1.14

$1.51-$2...

.568, 339

.344

914,837

.395

968, 676

.519

1,614,041

.766

1, 434, 404

.62

$2.01-$3-.-

721, 637

.437

951, 521

.411

1, 407, 047

.754

994, 224

.472

916, 665

.40

$3.01-$4-..

197, 071

.119

136, 302

.059

303, 938

.163

111,432

.053

144, 587

.06

Over$4_..

74, 495

.045

443, 927

.192

268, 943

.144

548, 722

.260

184, 945

.08

Total.-.

165, 048, 155

100

231, 393, 871

100

186, 596, 562

100

210, 699, 779

100 |229, 653, 802

100

Dyes and Other Finished Coal-Tar Products
introduction

Finished coal-tar products may be divided into eight classes:
(1) Dyes, (2) color lakes, (3) photographic chemicals (developers),
(4) medicinals, (5) flavors, (6) perfume materials, (7) synthetic
phenolic resins, (8) sjmthetic tanning materials. In previous reports
the Tarift" Commission has emphasized the close relationship existing
between the manufacture of explosives, poisonous gases, and dyes.
The dye industry is now considered a key industry by the industrial
nations of the world. Closely connected also with dyes is the manu-
facture of flavors, perfume materials, photographic chemicals,
medicinals, and other coal-tar products, which, although produced
in smaller quantities, use as raw materials many of the by-products
obtained in the manufacture of coal-tar dyes.

The total production of dyes and other finished coal-tar products
in 1926 by 134 firms was 122,752,021 pounds, as compared with
120,554,228 pounds by 151 firms in 1925. Sales in 1926 amounted to
120,348,636 pounds, valued at $59,533,445. This is an increase in
quantity but a decline in value from 1925, when sales totaled 112,671,-
779 pounds, valued at $60,811,400. Table 26, page 59, shows the 1926
production of dyes and other finished coal-tar products in as great
detail as is possible without disclosing the output of individual
manufacturers.

SUMMARY OF PRODUCTION OF DYES

INCREASE IN PRODUCTION

The output of dyes in 1926 by 61 firms was 87,978,624 pounds,
an increase of 1.9' per cent over 1925. Sales totaled 86,255,836
pounds, valued at $36,312,648, as compared with 79,303,451 pounds,,
valued at $37,468,332 in 1925.

While there was an increase in volume of sales, due largely to
greater activity in the textile industry, the lower price of dyes in
1926 caused a decrease in the value of production. Exports were
slightly larger in quantit}' than in 1925.

The outstanding features for the year were (1) continued price
recessions resulting from severe competition among domestic manu-
facturers, (2) a large increase in the production of vat and other fast
dves, (3) a reduction in the number of domestic manufacturers,
(4) a decline in the dye imports, and (5) a decline in the value of
exports with practically no change in quantity.

DYES AND OTHER FINISHED COAL-TAR PRODUCTS 33

Table 13. — Coal-tar dyes: Domestic -production and sales, 1914 c-nd 1917-1926

Year

Production

Sales

Quantity

Value

1914 .

Pounds
6, 619, 729
45, 977, 246
58, 464, 446

63, 402, 194
88, 263, 776
39, 008, 690

64, 632, 187
93, 667, 524
68, 679, 000
86, 345, 438
87, 978, 624

Pounds

1 $2, 470, 096

1917 .

1 57, 796, 228

1918 . .

' 62, 026, 390
'67,598,855
1 95, 613, 749
39. 283. 956

1919 - . .

1920 -. .- .

1921 ...

47, 513, 762

1922 -

69, 107, 105 41. 463. 790

1923.

86, 567, 446
64, 961, 433
79, 303, 451
86, 255, 836

47, 223, 161

1924

35, 012, 400

1925

37, 468, 332

1926

36, 312, 648

1 Value of production.

Stocks on hand. — Commencing with 1924 the commission has pub-
Hshed annually figures as to the quantity of dyes on hand at the be-
ginning of the year. Table 14 gives current data for the same 36
dyes reported in the Census of Dyes for 1925. For this selected
Hst the total stocks on hand January 1, 1927, was a small decline
from January 1, 1926, but an increase of more than b}/2 million
pounds over January 1, 1925.

Table 14. — Domestic dyes: Stocks on hand January 1, 1926 and 1927

Colour

Index

No.

Schultz
No.

Name of dye

Jan. 1, 1926

Jan. 1, 1927

20
31
79
138
151
179
189
202
208
246
289
326
332
365
401
406
448
518
520
581
582
693
596
620
640
680
737
812
814
865

33
42
82
134
145
163
173
181
188
217
257
279
284
304
333
337
363
424
426
462
463
474
476
9
23
515
566
616
617
700

Total of all dyes.

fhrysoidine Y ...

Amide naphthol red G

Ponceau 2R

Metanil yellow

Orange II

Azo rubine

Lake red R

Chrome blue black U

Fast acid blue R

Acid black lOB

Fast cyanine 5R

Direct fast scarlet

Bismarck brown 2R

Chrvsophenine G

Developed black BHN...

Direct blue 2B.

Benzopurpurine 4B

Direct pure blue 6B

Direct pure blue

Direct black EW

Direct black RX

Direct green B.._

Direct brown 3G0

Direct yellow R

Tartrazine

Methyl violet

Wool green S

Primuline

Direct fast yellow

Nigrosine (water-soluble).

Sulphur black

Sulphur blue_^

Sulphur brown

Sulphur yellow

Indigo, 20 per cent paste..
Zambesi black

37,382,913 | 39,015,391

252. 971

301, 526

83, 419

65, 069

76,817

122, 814

179, 376

134,364

295, 236

220,419

59, 281

116,494

102, 298

108, 399

211,604

1(5, 364

57, 760

103, 331

462, 757

511,445

127, 920

19.5, 923

112.081

121, 668

187, 278

161,665

170, 929

233, 365

177. 492

224, 713

396, 828

573, 349

142. 370

187, 957

56, 105

221,992

74, 518

159, 065

1, 451, 954

2, 180, 105

152, 038

331, 998

72.010

147, 794

275, 088

329, 094

171, 554

146, 461

214, 852

161,223

118,439

199, 039

59, 142

66, 053

60,848

104, 736

38,780

f8, 109

35->. 263

426, 518

6, 267, 917

6, 654, 510

356.071

379, 746

792, 649

606, 833

297, 019

236, 692

15,112,876

12, 376, 020

131, 868

120,878

Total of 36 dyes listed above ! 29,155,408 28,464,731

34

CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHER SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS

PUaXHER DECLINE IN DOMESTIC DYE PRICES

The weighted average price of all domestic dyes sold in 1926 was
10 per cent less than the weighted average of those sold in 1925.
Price recessions occurred in both the low and the high priced dyes.
Indigo, the leading color manufactured in this country, sold at an
average of 12.8 cents per pound in 1926 as compared with 16 cents
in 1925. In 1917, when it was first produced in the United States,
the average price per pound was $1.42.

Table 15 shows the steady decline in prices since 1917. The 1926
average price was about one-half the 1921 price and one-third the
1917 price. The effect of this decline on the income from sales has
been very great. At the 1921 price, the total quantity of dyes sold
in 1926 would have been double the value aetiialiv received — that
is, nearly $72,000,000 instead of $36,000,000. In the period 1922 to
1926 the decline in the weighted average selling price caused an aver-
age annual decrease in revenue from sales of over $6,000,000.

Table 15. — Domestic dyes: Weighted average sales price per pound,^ 1917 and

1920-1926

Year

Weighted
average
sales price
of domes-
tic dyes

Year

Weighted
average
sales price
of domes-
tic dyes

1917..

2. $1.26
1.08
.83
.60

1923

$0 55

1920.

1924

54

1921.

1925

.47

1922

1926 .. .

.42

' The total value of all dyes divided by the total quantity. 2 Unit value of production.

Table 16 affords a comparison of the domestic sales prices of nearly
100 dyes for the years 1920 to 1926, inclusive, with the invoice prices
of the same types of dyes imported in 1914. The dyes for which
statistics are given in this table constitute about 90 per cent of do-
mestic production. Strictly speaking, domestic sales prices can not,
of course, be compared with invoice prices, for the reason that the
latter do not represent the cost to the consumer, since they do not
include the importer's profit and the usual charges for containers,
packing, freight, insurance to seaport, consular certification, and
minor shipping charges at point of departure and at seaport.

The Colour Index number in Table 16 is indicated in the first col-
umn and the Schultz number (Farbstoff Tabellen (dyestuff tables)
by Gustav Schultz, 1914 edition) in the second column. The third
column gives the type name of the dye adopted by the Tariff Com-
mission for designating all dyes reported under a given Colour Index
or Schultz number.

The invoice price (1914) shown in column 4 represents the weight-
ed average of all dyes classified under a given Schultz number in
''Artificial dyestuffs used in the United States," Department of Com-
merce, Special Agents' Series No. 121. This weighted average price
for all types is frequently higher than the invoice price per pound of
the bulk of dyes imported under a given Schultz number. The indi-
vidual dyes imported under given Schultz numbers in the Norton

DYES AND OTHER FINISHED COAL-TAR PRODUCTS

35

census show wide variation in price, frequently amounting to several
hundred per cent. This is due chiefly to the great difference in con-
centration of the different dyes and also to variation in the prices of
special and pure brands which are more costly than the ordinary
brands. The figures in column 5, the domestic-sales price as reported
to the Tariff Commission, represent the weighted average price of
all dyes reported under a given Colour Index or Schultz number.

Table 16. — Domestic sales prices of certain dyes, 1922-1926, corn-pared with invoice
values of dyes of the same kind imported in 1914

Schultz
No.

Common name

1914

invoice

value

imported

dyes
(weight-
ed aver-
age of all
types)

Average price per pound

Colour

Index

No.

1922

1923

1924

1925

1926

20

33
34
38
42
48
58
66
82
112
134
141
145
154
161
163
164
168
173
177
181
188
217
227
236
257
275
265
266
283
284
304
327
333
337
342
340
343
344
363
391
405
419
424
426
462
463
474
475
476
477
485
9
11
23
493
495
502
512
515
530

Chrysoidine Y

$0. 136
.165
.148
.150
.077
.154
.604
.095
.159
.164
.249
.081
.256
.118
.198
.188
.138
.083
.149
.156
.252
.134
.165
.143
.166
.172
.110
.144
.186
.183
.270
.255
.133
.041
.189
231
.362
.194
.133
.209
.234
.222
.275
.440
.144
.139
.174
.230

$0.63

.63

.58

.83

.50

.61

.66

.61

.75

.92

1.30

.38

1.34

.83

.92

1.50

.86

1.25

.76

.55

.91

.79

1.09

1.02

1.21

.94

1.14

.66

.66

.63

1.70

1.44

.91

.48

.93

.89

1.39

1.10

90

.78

1.64

1.45

1.52

1.22

.42

.61

.92

.98

.73

.88

.93

.88

1.32

1.08

1.66

1.22

1.77

2.26

1.29

1.86

$0.58
.57
.59
.71
.52
.61
.78
.58
.73
.80

1.06
.37

1.09
.78
.85

1.27
.71

1.15
.65
.53
.85
.71

$0.49
.50
.55
.57
.49
.54
.70
.55
.62
.72
.96
.33

1.11
.71
.79

1.17
.49
.91
.54
.48
.76
.46

$0.43
.45
.52
.53
.42
.45
.55
.51
.56
.69
.88
.29
.99
.69
.76
.87
.63
.86
.57
.44
.65
.55
.95
.96
.83
.81
.84
.72
.47
.45
.78
1.22
.58
.34
.83
.69
.95
.77
.66
.46
1.32
.97
.97
.67
.34
.45
.61
.70
.44
.80
.72
.61
.94
.67
2.00
1.54
1.30
1.81
.99
1.49

$0.34

21

Chrysoidine R.- ._

.36

27

Orange G _ _

.44

31

Amido naphthol red G . .

.46

36

Chrome vcllow 2G . ...

.50

40

Chrome vellow R

.58

57

Amido naphthol red 6B -..

.54

79

Ponceau 2R

.48

88

Bordeaux B

.56

138

Metanil vellow

.64

146

Azo vellow...

.78

151

Orange II

.27

167

Acid chrome brown B. .

.92

176

Fast red A

.62

179

Azo rubine ...

.71

180

Fast red VR

.66

184

Amaranth

.58

189

Lake red R

.85

195

Mordant yellow .

.55

202

Chrome blue black U.

.37

208

Fast acid blue R. . .

.63

246

Acid black lOB..

.46

252

Brilliant croceine

.84

262

Cloth red 2B

1.16
.91
.87

""."86'

.60

.58

1.03

1.39

.73

.41

1.15

.80

1.20

.95

.89

.54

1.67

1.51

1.40

.97

.43

.52

.82

.83

.64

.94

.78

.81

1.22

.87

1.72

1.60

1.72

2.08

1.25

1.86

1.06

.89
.86
.91
.67
.53
.51
.84
1.28
.65
.37
.81
.72
1.06
.83
.73
.51
1.42
1.19
1.26
.79
.38
.49
.68
.79
.49

"""."72'
.66
1.07
.76
1.52
1.70
1.61
1.72
1.13
1.72

.98

289

Fast cyanine 5R .

.74

299

Chrome black F ....

.73

307

Fast cyanine black B .

.80

308

Naphthvlamine black D

.61

331

Bismarck brown.

.44

332

Bismarck brown 2R-

.42

365

Chrysophenine G

.55

394

Direct violet N _

1.21

401

Developed black BHN

.50

406

Direct blue 2B .

.31

410

Chrysamine G _

.55

415

Direct orange R ... _

.62

419

Direct fast red F

.82

420

Direct brown M _

.70

448

Benzopurpurine 4B

.58

477

Direct blue3B.

.39

495

Benzopurpurine lOB

1.27

512

Direct blue RW.. . .

.87

518

Direct pure blue 6B

.77

520

Direct pure blue

.59

581

Direct black EW .

.31

582

Direct black RX

.35

593

Direct green B

.51

594

Direct green G

.66

596

Direct brown 3G0 . .

.39

598

Congo brown G

.194
.170
.178
.239
.200
.240
.241
.255
.294
.248
.281 1

.68

606

Direct brown G

.74

620

Direct yellow R.. .

.49

621

Chloramine orange Q

.81

640

Tartrazine

.58

655

Auramine..

.90

657

Malachite green

1.31

666

Acid green B .

1.13

677

1.81

680

Methyl violet

.93

698

Acid violet

1.36

36

CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHER SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS

Table 16. — Domestic sales prices of certain dyes, 1922-1926, compared with invoice
values of dyes of the same kind imported in 1914 — Continued

Colour
Index
No.

Schultz
No.

Common name

704
737
768
793
812
814
860
861
864
865
883
922
978

1035
1099
1177
1180

536
566
587
606
616
617
697
699
698
700
626
659
720

782
763

874

Alkali blue _ - -

Wool green S _

Eosine

Phosphine

Primuline

Direct fast yellow

Induline (spirit -soluble)

Induline (water-soluble) - -

Nigrosine (spirit-sol uble)

Nigrosine (water-soluble) . _

Gallocyanine _ _

Methylene blue.

Sulphur black __.

Sulphur blue _ _ .

Sulphur brown

Sulphur tan

Sulphur maroon

Sulphur yellow

Alizarin brown

Anthraquinone vat dark blue BO.

Indigo, synthetic

Indigo e-\ tract

1914
invoice
I value
imported
! dyes
I (weigh t-
! ed aver-
I age of all
i types)

Average price per pound

$0,409
.353
.418
.352 !
.144 '
.136
.198
.258 I
.126
.149 I
.347 I
.390
.100

,107

.186

.290
.227
.128
.340

$2.42
1.10
1.90
2.05
1.07
1.29
.94
.82
.54
.53
1.92
1.40
.21
.60
.40
.56
.79
.78
1.86
1.65
.25
.45

$2.39
.83
1.84
1.93
.70
1.17
.93
.83
.52
.46
1.93
1.47
.20
.50
.39
.48
.77
.73
1.24
2.00
.23
.58

$2.56
.75
1.85
1.86
.79
1.09
.78
.74
.48
.48
1.86
1.26
.19
.55
.38
.37

.53
2.08
2.23

.22

.56

$2.24

$2.59

.57

.59

1.80

1.56

1.52

.64

.54

1.06

1.05

.56

.69
.45
..42
1.79
1.11
.17
.55
.35
.35
.56
.46
2.16

1926

.47
.39
1.85
.94
•15
.54
.35
.30
.53
•40
2.18
1.68
•13
•57

UNIT VALUE OF DYES PRODUCED, 1922-1926

Table 17 shows the domestic production of dyes in the years 1922
to 1926, inclusive, arranged according to eight value groups. The
actual quantity is given for each group and the relation of each
group to the total production.

Table 17. — Dyes: Production by groups, according to unit value, 1922-1926

1

1922

1923

1924

1925

1926

Unit value

Pounds

Per

cent of
total

44.449

15. 840
13. 025
10.818
10. 573
3.111
1.298
.886

Pounds

Per
cent of
total

Pounds

Per
cent of
total

Pounds

Per

cent of
total

Pounds

Per
cent of
total

0-25 cents 28,728,401

26-50 cents '10, 237, 825

51-75 cents 8,418,271

$0.76-$l 1 6,992,018

$1.01-$1.50 6.833,577

$1.51-$2 ; 2,010,413

$2.0i-.$3 .-■ 838,849

Over .$3 .572,833

44,651.483 47.670

15,205,298 16.234

12,717,5461 13. .577

8, 604, 351 1 9.186

8, 207, 420t 8. 762

2,318,343! 2.475

1. 244, 493 1. 329

718, 5901 . 767

31,725,493
13, 853, ,503
9,105,018
4, 259, 988
6, 283, 687
1,774.660
1,118,953
557. 693

46. 194
20. 172
13. 257
6.203
9.149
2.584
1.629
.812

45,815,114
16, 1.34, 929
9, 598, 483
4, 851, 7.50
5,027,117
2, 578, 233
1, 568, 4.58
771, 354

53. 060

18. 687

11. 116

5.619

5. 822

2.986

1.817

.893

43, 747, 263
20, 666, 640
8, 794, 368
8, 045, 922
2. 808, 457
2.241,741
1, 402, 063
272,170

49.72

23. 49

10. 00

9. 15

3.19

2. .55

1..59

.31

Total 64,632,187

100 193,667,524 100

1 1

68, 679, 000

100

86, 345, 438

100

87,978,6241 100

DYES AND OTHER FINISHED COAL-TAR PRODUCTS

37

PROGRESS IN DYE MANUFACTURE

Significant progress was made during 1926 in the manufacture of
vat dyes, alizarin derivatives, direct developed dyes, and a variety
of special colors for the dyeing of mixed fibers. Manufacturers have
continued to concentrate on the more complex dyes and on those
ordinarily termed ''specialties." The increasing demand for fast dyes
has greatly stimulated research and has resulted in a number of new
dyes being put on the market. The domestic industry now supplies

7-10-

AVERAGE PRICE

(U.S. PRODUCTION)
1917-1926

DYES

g INTERMEDIATES

1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 |921 1923 1924 1925 1926 Ijl

more than 90 per cent of the domestic requirements and in addition
has an export trade in certain dyes amounting in value to 16 per
cent of our total production. Imports are largely the higher priced
dyes bought for special requirements of the textile trade.

Relation of production to consumption. — Imports of coal-tar dyes
in 1926 were 4,673,196 * pounds, with an invoice value of $4,103,301.
Domestic production in 1926 was 87,978,624 pounds, and sales
amounted to 86,255,836 pounds, valued at $36,312,648. Imports

* This total poundage is in excess of the actual quantity imported, because nearly all of the vat dyes,
as well as the rhodamines, were reduced to a single strength basis in order to compare imports and pro-
duction. The invoice value is below the actual selling price to the consumer.

38 CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHEE SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS

constituted 5.3 per cent of the total production by quantity and 11
per cent by value. Assuming consumption to equal total sales plus
imports minus exports, 65,117,091 pounds of dyes were consumed
in 1926. Of this quantity only about 7 per cent was imported, the
remaining 93 per cent being supplied by the domestic industry. In
terms of value, however, imports were considerably more than 7 per
cent for the reason that imported dyes are much higher priced than
domestic dyes.

Reduction in number of dye manufacturers. — Of the 61 firms report-
ing the production of dyes in 1926, 8 made only bacteriological stains
and indicators. The 53 producers of dyes, exclusive of stains and
indicators, is a decline of 16 since 1925 and of 37 since 1919, when the
largest number of manufacturers operated in the United States.

This steady decline in the number of manufacturers is due to com-
petition arising from a productive capacity far in excess of con-
sumptive requirements, which leads to efforts on the part of some
producers to retain a portion of their trade at prices at or below cost
of production. Elimmation of plants will doubtless continue until
productive capacity more nearly conforms to the demands of the
home and export markets. Certain plants are likely to amalgamate
in the near future for the purpose of effecting economy in purchases
and sales and for the elimination of duplication in manufacture.
Such a fusion might well include producers of intermediates and heavy
chemicals.

The United States has more dye manufacturers than the rest of the
world combined. The capacity of its plants, estimated at about
one-fifth of the world's total capacity, is far in excess of domestic and
foreign demands.

As pointed out in the census of 1925, the number of dye producers
in the United States is in striking contrast to the number in Germany
and Switzerland. In Germany six firms have been taken over by
the Badische, now known as I. G. Teerfarben Industrie, leaving two
other large producers and several others of minor importance. In
Switzerland three of the four manufacturers have a close affiliation
of business interests. In the United States there is relatively little
cooperation among the producers such as exists in foreign dye manu-
facturing nations.

TARIFF CONSIDERATIONS

The act of 1922 provides that the ad valorem rate of duty on any
imported coal-tar product coming within paragraph 27 or 28 shall be
based upon the American selling price (as defined in subdivision (f)
of sec. 402, Title IV) of any similar competitive article manufac-
tured in the United States. A product is defined by the act as similar
or competitive with any imported coal-tar product when it accom-
plishes results substantially equal to those accomplished by the
domestic product when used in substantially the same manner.

If a similar competitive article is not manufactured in the United
States, the ad valorem rate is based upon the United States value (as
defined in subdivision (d) of sec. 402, Title IV), which is the selling
price in the United States of the imported article less certain statutory
deductions, including profit, general expense, cost of insurance,
transportation, and duty.

DYES AND OTHER FINISHED COAE-TAR PRODUCTS 39

The commission's Dye Census of 1924 (pp. 41-45) discussed the
American selling price as applied to coal-tar products, reviewed the
principal features of the administration of these provisions by the
Treasury Department, summarized the major regulations issued by
that department, and gave important Treasury Decisions up to
G. A. 9004, T. D. 40925, of 1925. The Dye Census of 1925, con-
tinuing this feature of the report, gave an abstract of decisions up
to May, 1926. Decisions up to May, 1927 follow:

COURT AND TREASURY DECISIONS

Where the invoices or the immediate containers of dyes do not
bear the descriptive statements required by paragraph 28 of the
tariff act of 1922 the dyes should be seized as illegal importations
under section 593 (b) of that act. The importer may file a petition
for remission or mitigation of the forefeiture under section 618, T. D.
41525 of 1926, citing T. D. 39566 and 39744.

The general expressions in paragraph 27 and 28 of the act of 1922
have been held not to include a chemical (bromhydrate d'homatro-
phine was there in issue) not manufactured from coal tar where
one of the minor vegetable substances used in the course of such
manufacture consists of an article which can also be produced from
coal tar. To include such a substance, the court said, would unduly
expand the coal-tar provisions beyond the reasonable congressional
intent. {McKesson v. United States, 14 Ct. Cust. Appls. — ; T. D.
.41795 of 1926.)

The specific duty under paragraph 28 of the act of 1922 falls on
the actual weight until the Secretary of the Treasury has exercised
his power to apportion strengths from a commerical standard. (Ab.
(N) 602, 615, and 694, of 1926.)

Prior to the tariff act of 1922, it was the duty of the collector to
ascertain dutiable costs and charges and add them to the value
found by the appraiser. By sections 402 and 500 of this act such
duty devolved upon the appraiser. Section 503 provides that duty
shall be assessed upon the appraised value. Section 489 (upon the
subject of additional duties) forbids the assessment of duty on less
than the entered value except as therein specified. Paragraph 28
levies duty on coal-tar products, basing it on the American selling
price of any similar competitive domestic product. All these pro-
visions must be construed together and every part of each effectuated.
This can not be done by holding that the injunction of section 503
to assess duty on the appraised value overcomes that of section 489
to assess on the entered value if higher than the appraised value,
leaving that of section 489 to operate only in cases of additional
duty for, in such case, that of section 489 would have no meaning,
since no additional duties are assessed unless the entered is lower than
the appraised value. That of section 503 is an order to the collector
to carry out the new policy taking away from him the ascertainment
of dutiable costs and charges; and that of section 489 remains an order
to him never to assess on less than the entered value, except as therein
directed. Coal-tar color entered under paragraph 28 at a higher
value than that found by the appraiser on the basis of American
selling price was correctly assessed on the entered value. {Ciba v.
United States, 14 Ct. Cust. Appls. — ; T. D. 41913, of 1926.)

Method to be used in distillation of cresylic acid as a substitute for
the regulations promulgated in T. D. 41735. (T. D. 41868 of 1926.)

49113—27 4

40

CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHER SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS

EFFECT OF REDUCTION IN DUTY ON DYE IMPORTS

On September 22, 1924, under the provisions of the tariff act of
1922, the ad valorem rate on dyes and other finished coal-tar products,
paragraph 28, was reduced from 60 per cent to 45 per cent, while
the specific duty remained at 7 cents per pound. In the commis-
sion's Census of Dyes for 1923 it was pointed out that the specific
duty is more effective on the low-priced dyes, and that consequently
a reduction in the ad valorem rate would more directly affect the
higher priced dyes.

Since this reduction in the rate of duty became effective, imports
have greatly increased. Table 18 shows the quantity and the invoice
value of imports and the monthly average for each year since 1919.

Pronounced competition from German and Swiss dyes continued
in 1926, particularly from the high-cost types.

rovtas

■J)

DYE5:iMP0RT5 BYM0NTH5 THR0U6H
THE PORT Of NEW YORK.

500

MR APR. JUlt OCT. JAN. APR. /OOf OCT. JAN. A(K. JWtY OCT. JAN. Afd. XUW OCT, JHH. «<*

1923 I 1924 I 1925 I I926> 1 1927

Table 18. — Coal-tar dyes: Imports into the United States, 1920-1927 (3 months)

Period

1020.
1921.
1922.
1923.

lf'24 (first 9 months).,..

1924 (last 3 months)

Total. 3.022,539

1925 5,315,158

1926 _ I 4.67.3,196

1927 (3 months) i 913^ 611

Quantity

Invoice
value

1, 642, 632
1, 266, 146

2, 908. 778

4, 791, 908

4, 103, :mi

801, 165

Monthly average

Quantity Value

179, 103
470, 203

251, 878
442, 930
389, 433
304, 537

242, 398
399, 326
341,941
267, 055

DYES AND OTHER FINISHED COAL-TAR PRODUCTS

41

PRODUCTION OF DYES BY CLASSES

The dyes produced in the United States in 1925 are classified
according to method of appHcation as follows: (1) Acid dyes, (2)
basic dyes, (3) direct dyes, (4) lake and spirit-soluble dyes, (5) mor-
dant or chrome dyes, (6) sulphur dyes, (7) vat dyes, subdivided into
indigo and other vats, and (8) unclassified dyes. While in certain
instances the classification is arbitrary, because a dye may have
properties which permit of its application by more than one method,
it is believed that the above classification facilitates a comparison
of production and import figures.

Comparative data for dyes produced in the United States from
1917 to 1925, inclusive, and those imported in the fiscal year 1914
and in the calendar years 1920 to 1925, inclusive, are arranged
according to the classes given in Table 19.

Table 19. — Comparison of imports of dyes, by classes, fiscal year 1914 O'^d calendar
years 1922-1926, with domestic production, calendar years 1922-1926

Class of dye

Acid

Basic

Direct

Lake and spirit soluble-
Mordant and chrome. _

Sulphur

Vats (including indigo) .

(a) Indigo

(h) Other vats

Unclassified

Total ...,. 45,950,895

Imports

Pounds
9, 28e, 501
3, 002, 480

10, 264, 757
1, 512, 605
4, 450, 442
7, 053, 879

10, 352, 663

8, 407, 359

1, 945, 304

27, 568

Per cent
of total

20.2

6.5

22.3

3.3

9.7

15.4

22.5

18.3

4.2

.1

100

1922

Domestic
production

Pounds

9, 880, 014

2, 937, 585

11,931,737

1, 009, 512

3, 749, 701

16, 913, 767

16, 926, 744

15, 850, 752

1, 075, 992

1, 283, 127

64, 632, 187

Per

cent of

total

15.29

4.54

18.46

1.56

5.80

26.17

26.19

24.52

1.67

1.99

Per
Imports cent of
total

100

Pounds

601,395

155, 084

671, 621

76, 853

716, 790

194, 883

1, 549, 024

505

1, 548, 519

16, 981

3, 982, 631

15.10
3.89

16.86
1.93

18.00
4.89

38.90
.01

38.89
.43

100

Class of dye

Acid .-

Basic

Direct

Lake and spirit soluble.

Mordant and chrome

Sulphur

Vats (including indigo) .

(a) Indigo

(b) Other vats

Unclassified and special.

Total

Per

production j««°'/

Domestic

Pounds

12, 498, 817

4, 157, 373

16, 858, 387

1, 171, 854

4, 078, 504

21, 558, 469

30, 113, 642

28, 347, 259

1, 766, 383

3, 230, 478

13.34
4.44
18.00
1.25
4.35
23.02
32. 15
30.26
1.89
3.45

93,667,524 100

Imports

Pounds
544, 048
210, 896
527, 014
23, 213
453, 415
1 14, 023

1, 207, 554

1, 207, 554
18. 030

3, 098, 193

Per
cent of
total

17.56
6.81

17.01
.75

14.63
3.08

38.98

1924

Domestic
production

Pounds

9, 187, 256

3, 676, 997

14, 662, 577

967, 550

2, 953, 987

14, 561, 257

21, 818, 022

19, 996, 703

1,821,319

851, 354

68, 679, 000

Per
cent of ' Imports
total 1

13.38

5.35

21.35

1.41

4.30

21.20

31.77

29.12

2.65

1.24

Pounds

324, 538

I 249, 068

421, 538

17, 334

I 413, 902

! 87, 764

i 1,499,322

i 5, 471

1,493,851

I 9, 073

Per

cent of

total

10.74
8.24
13.95
.57
13.69

2. yo

49.61
.18

49.43
.30

100

3,022,539 1 100

42

CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHEE SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS

Table 19. — Comparison of imports of dyes, by classes, fiscal year 1914 and calendar
years 1922-1926, with dornestic production, calendar years 1922—1926 — Contd.

1925

Domestic

Imports

Class of dye

Sales

Production

Pounds

Value

Pounds

Per cent
of total

Pounds

Per cent
of total

10, 356, 726
3, 973, 526
15, 058, 071

1, 532, 793

2, 694, 876
18, 453, 834
26, 702, 741
24, 449, 938

2,252,803
530, 884

$8, 376, 020
3, 720, 581
9, 309, 345
1, 468, 976
1, 990, 468
4, 171, 590
7, 105, 849
3, 805, 518
3, 300, 331
1, 325, 503

10, 214, 024
4,121,735
14, 787, 840

1, 606, 795

2, 543, 292
20, 760, 512
31, 730, 178
29,121,817

2, 608, 361
581, 162

11.8
4.8

17.1
1.9
2.9

24. 1

589, 959
607,637
759,024
57,540
642, 098
122. 230

11.32

Basic

11.66

Direct ... .

14.57

Lake and spirit soluble . -

1.10

Mordant and chrome

12.33
2.35

Vats (including indigo)

36.7 ; 2.418.842

46.43

33.7
3.0

.7

1,952

2, 416, 890

12, 271

.04

(b) Other vats

46.39

Unclassified and special .

.24

Total

79, 303, 451

37, 468, 332

86, 345, 438

100

5, 209, 601

100

Class of dye

Acid

Basic

Direct

Lake and spirit soluble.
Mordant and chrome _.
Sulphur

Vats (including indigo).

(a) Indigo

(b) Other vats

Unclassified and special

Total

1926

Domestic

Sales

Pounds

10, 045, 601

4, 180, 231

15,493,144

1,380,567

3, 276, 969

19, 979, 140

31,253,627

28, 438, 386

2,815,241

646, 557

8, 255, 836

Value

$7, 992, 701
3, 755, 244
8, 603, 291
1,115,867
2,716,407
4, 054, 027
7, 336, 959
3, 652, 786
3,684,173
738, 152

36,312,648

Production

Pounds

10,441,443
4, 406, 073
18,039,705
1,428,100
3,134,934
20, 023, 242
29,731,951
25,701,530
4,030,421
773, 176

87, 978, 624

Per cent
of total

11.87

5.01

20. 51

1.62

3.56

22.76

33.79

29.21

4.58

Import?

Pounds

793, 855

406, 732

805, 848

86, 106

500,004

149, 723

1,848,014

2,806

1, 845. 208

82, 914

4,673.196

Per cent
of total

16.99

8.70
17.24

1.84
10.70

3.20

39.55

.06

39.49

1.78

100

ACID DYES

Description. — The acid dyes are commonly applied in an acid bath;
they have acid properties and are usually sodium salts of a color acid.
They constitute the most important group used in wool dyeing,
being especially adapted to the dyeing of hosiery and carpet yarns^
suitings, dress goods, and hat materials; they have, in addition,
considerable application on silk. Because of their lack of affinity
for vegetable fibers, they are little used on cotton or linen, but are of
value in the dyeing of jute. In general they are used on goods not
requiring repeated washings.

Acid dyes yield clear, bright shades. They are superior to the direct
and mordant dyes in purity of shade, but are not equal to basic dyes
in this respect. They have a wide color range, and in fastness show
great individual variation; as a rule they are fairly fast to light and
acids, but have a tendency to bleed in washing. They yield faster

DYES AND OTHER FINISHED COAL-TAR PRODUCTS 43

shades on wool than on silk. Some of the more complex acid dyes,
many of which are of recent origin, produce shades of good general
fastness.

Their method of application in an acid bath is simple and of low
labor cost. A considerable part of this group is of the lowest priced
dyes produced.

The line of demarcation between acid dyes and certain coloi*s of
the direct and mordant groups is arbitrary. Certain acid dyes when
" af tertreated " with sodium or potassium dichromate yield shades
of good fastness to milling, light, washing, and other agents. Those
known as acid chrome colors are used chiefly on wool, especially on
loose wool yarns, and on piece goods such as men's suitings.

Most of the acid dyes are chemically included in one of the follow-
ing groups: (1) Nitro compounds, (2) azo compounds, (3) sulpho-
nated basic dyes (mostly triphenylmethane derivatives), and (4)
alizarin derivatives.

Production and imports. — Acid dyes ranked fourth in quantity
produced in 1926, with a total of 10,441,443 pounds, or 11.87 per
cent of all dyes manufactured. This output is a 2 per cent increase
■over 1925. Sales amounted to 10,045,601 pounds, valued at
$7,992,701. In value of sales this group ranks second — namely,
22 per cent of total sales — the direct dyes holding first place. The
leading acid dyes showed relatively small changes in production.
Progress in this group was in the manufacture of the fast and spe-
cialty types.

Three acid dyes — namely, Acid black 10 B, Orange II, and Nigro-
sine (w^ater-soluble) were each produced in a quantity exceeding
1,000,000 pounds. The ranking dye of this group is Acid black 10 B,
with a production of 1,234,258 pounds, and sales of 1,185,514
pounds, valued at $546,497. Orange II was second, w4th a produc-
tion of 1,194,535 pounds. In volume of production, the next
largest were Nigrosine (water-soluble), Tartrazine, Ponceau 2 R,
Fast cyanine 5 R, and Metanil yellow^ In value of sales Acid
alizarin blue B is one of the leading colors.

Among the acid dyes showing increases were Fast light yellow 2 G,
Patent blue, Fast red VR, x\lizarin cyanine green E, Acid glaucine
blue, and Eosine.

More than 25 acid dyes not made in 1925 were produced in 1926.

Imports of the acid dyes, the total of which was 793,855 pounds,
comprised 16.99 per cent by quantity of all dyes imported. The 15
imported in largest quantities were as follows:

Pounds , Pounds

Erioglaucine 71,502 Naphthalene green 18,539

Indocyanine B 51,295 Patent blue V 16,857

Alizarin saphirol B 41,945 Neolan blue 16,090

Patent blue A 29,899 Erioviridine B 14,977

Wool fast blue BL, GL 29,468 Neolan pink 14,548

Polar red 26,145 ] Cyanol 13,614

Fast green 23,993 Alizarin rubinol 12,940

Brilliant milling blue 19, 308 I

BASIC DYES

Description. — The basic dyes surpass all others in depth, brilliancy
of shade, and purity of tone. They possess high tinctorial power,
but as a class lack fastness, especially to light and washing.

44

CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHER SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS

Basic colors are used on cotton in dyeing and in printing where
bright shades Or color tints are desired without special requirements
for fastness. They also are used in the dyeing of paper and jute,
and for lithographic inks, typewriter ribbons, copy paper, and pencils.
With the exception of Rhodamine B and a few others, they have
little application on wool. They are chemically basic in character
and are fixed on vegetable fibers with an acid mordant — namely,
tannic acid — or more recently a synthetic substitute.

Dyes of this class are historically the oldest of the coal-tar dyes.
Mauve or Perkin violet, discovered by W. H. Perkin in 1856, was
the first aniline dyestuff produced on a commercial scale. Basic
dyes are not as important as formerly: for cotton dyeing they have
been superseded by direct and sulphur dyes, which cost less to apply
and many of which excel in fastness. The vat dyes are now being
used on cotton for many applications where basic dyes were formerly
used exclusively. In wool dyeing the acid dyes have almost entirely
displaced the basic colors. Chemically, basic dyes include a large
number of the triphenylmethane derivatives, and, in addition, mem-
bers of the following classes: (1) Azines, (2) azos, (3) thioazines, (4)
thioazols, and (5) acridines.

Production and imports. — -The 1926 output of basic dyes was
4,406,073 pounds, or 5.01 per cent of all dyes produced; this is a
7 per cent increase over 1925. Sales amounted to 4,180,231 pounds,
valued at $3,755,244. By value, basic dyes made up over 10 per
cent of all dyes sold. Chrysoidine Y, with a production of 813,527
pounds, and Methyl violet, with 753,231 pounds, both of which
were made in substantially larger quantities in 1926 than in 1925,
were the leading dyes in this group produced in 1926. Methylene
blue. Malachite green, Safranine, and Chrysoidine R showed an
increase in production over 1925 while Auramine, Phosphine, and
Rhodamine B showed a decline.

Imports of basic dyes in 1926 were 406,732 pounds, or 8.70 per
cent of all dyes imported. The Rhodamines (B and 6GDN) made
up 48 per cent of the imports of basic dyes, as compared with 70
per cent last year.

The nine basic dyes imported in largest quantity are as follows:

Pounds

Rhodamine B i 133, 945

Rhodamine 6GDN ' 61, 050

Methylene green 2 1 , 328

Euchrvsine . 18,080

Victoria blue B 18, 057

Pounds

Patent phosphine 17,787

Acridine orange 15, 621

Magenta 12, 777

Phosphine 10, 250

DIRECT COTTON DYES

Description. — The direct or substantive dyes have been intro-
duced within the last 25 j'^ears. Their method of application is
simple, as they dye vegetable fibers full shades in a neutral or alka-
line bath "directly," without the use of mordants. Although their
principal application is on cotton, they are of special value m dyemg
fabrics containing both cotton and wool, or silk and cotton (union
goods). They are also used on silk, linen, and paper, and to some
extent on wool, especially for knitting yarns, worsted and shoddy
yarns, and loose wool.

' Single strength.

DYES AND OTHEB FINISHED COAL-TAR PRODUCTS 45

On account of their high sohibility, dyes of this group when washed
have a tendency to run. Many of them, particularly those first
introduced, are sensitive to acids and fade on exposure to sunlight;
others, especially the newer ones, have good fastness to both acids
and light, as well as to other agents. Certain direct colors are of
good fastness, particularly to w^ashing, after a treatment of the dyed
fiber by "coupling" with certain intermediates. The developed
direct dyes are now^ manufactured in the United States on a large
scale and in a good variety of types. They are becoming of greater
importance each year for cotton and silk dyeing, in response to the
growing demand of the public for wash goods. It is probable that
the direct dyes whose fastness can not be developed or increased by
an aftertreatment with metallic salts or formaldehyde will in years
to come show a distinct trend toward a reduced consumption, while
the use of the so-called developed direct dyes will increase.

With a few" exceptions, the direct dyes are chemically "azo" com-
pounds and are nearly all derivatives of benzidine, tolidine, diamino,
stilbene, or a group closely similar to one of these. A small but
valuable group of direct colors belongs in the thiazol class.

Production and imports. — The direct or substantive dyes, ranking
third in quantity, constituted 20.5 per cent of all dyes produced in
1926. The total output of this group in 1926 was 18,039,705 pounds,
which is an increase of 22 per cent over 1925. Particularly conspic-
uous was the gain in the production of the faster types of direct
dyes, including the developed direct dyes. More than 20 direct
dyes not reported in 1925 were produced in 1926. In value of sales
($8,603,291) this group exceeded all others.

Direct black EW,the ranking dye of this class, with an output of
6,191,917 pounds, comprised 7 per cent of all dyes manufactured.
Sales were 5,465,339 pounds, valued at $1,680,906. The average
sales value per pound of 30.8 is a decline of 2.9 cents from 1925.
Direct blue 2B ranked second with a production of 1,074,619 pounds
and Developed black BHN w4th 933,123 pounds ranked third.
Others made in large quantity are Direct brown 3G0, 734,652
pounds, and Congo red, the figures for which can not be published.

Imports of direct dyes in 1926 amounted to 805,848 pounds, or
17.24 per cent of all dj^es imported. The 12 leading direct dyes
imported in 1926 were:

Pounds I Pounds

Chlorantine fast blue 40, 446 | Diaminogene blue GG 21, 602

Chlorantine fast violet 37,576 [ Brilliant sky blue 20,939

Diamine scarlet 3B 34,599 Trisulphoii brown B 18,509

Diaminogene blue 28,395 Diazo brilliant green 3G 17,935

Diazo sky blue 22,599 Benzo fast brown 17,496

Chlorantine red 8BN 21,930 Chlorantine fast brown 15,431

S R A dyes. — These dyes were developed after exhaustive research
work by the British Celanese Co. (Ltd.) (manufacturers of celanese
silk), especially for the dyeing of acetate cellulose, known as "acetate
silk." They are sold in the form of a 10 per cent paste, consisting of
a dispersion of the dye with a highly sulfonated castor oil; that is,
sulforicinoleic acid. When mixed with water the dispersed colloidal
solution is capable of dyeing cellulose acetate. In mixed fabrics
colored with these dyes, the cotton, as well as any artificial silk other
than acetate, is left unstained.

46 CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHER SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS

S R A dyes offer a good range of colors, are of easy application, and
possess good general fastness. Twenty-four of these special dyes
were manufactured in the United States in 1926. Their production
on a large scale is a development of great interest in view of the
remarkable expansion of the domestic Rayon industry, and the rapid
increase in the use of celanese or acetate silk. Measured in terms
of value, sales increased in 1926 but production decreased.

MORDANT AND CHROME DYES

Description. — These colors are used in conjunction with metallic
mordants, such as salts of chromium, aluminum, iron, and tin, to dye
both vegetable and animal fibers. The resulting shades are, in gen-
eral, of exceptional fastness to color-destroying agents. On wool
the mordant dyes yield shades fast to light, washing and other
agents. They are also important in printing on cotton piece goods,
but are little used on silk.

The mordant dyes are frequently designated as chrome colors.
As many of them are derived from alizarin, they were formerly called
alizarin dyes. Certain dyes may be acid, acid chrome, or chrome,
according to the method of application. The true alizarins are gen-
erally used with a mordant ; the new acid alizarins can be used either
with or without a mordant, and constitute a valuable group in the
dyeing of wool. When used on wool, the mordant may be applied
before, during, or after the dyeing operation. The labor cost of
dyeing with mordant and chrome dyes is higher than for many other
groups.

Formerly the most important dye of this class was alizarin, used on
cotton to produce the well-known Turkey red, one of the shades made
in ancient times from madder root. Alizarin has for about 50 years
been prepared synthetically from anthracene. In the United States
it has been replaced to a large extent for cotton by certain of the
so-called "ice" dyes, such as Para red and more recently by
Naphthol AS red. ^

Chemically, the mordant dyes are members of the following
classes: (1) Anthraquinone, (2) azo, (3) oxazine, (4) triphenyl-
methane, (5) nitroso, (6) oxyquinone, and (7) xanthone.

Production and imports. — The output of mordant and chrome
colors in 1926 was 3,134,934 pounds, or 3.5 per cent of all dyes manu-
factured. This production is an increase of 23 per cent over 1925.
Sales in 1926 were 3,276,969 pounds, valued at $2,716,407.

Progress in this branch of manufacture in 1926 was marked by the
production of more than 20 dyes not reported in the previous year.
This increased output has resulted in an actual and relative decline
in the imports of mordant and chrome dyes.

Chrome blue black U, with a production of 896,271 pounds,
ranked first among the mordant and chrome colors. Sales were
975,308 pounds, valued at $363,007. Other important dyes in this
group include Alizarin, Chrome blue black U and B, and the chrome
black types. Notable increases in the production of the following
dyes were recorded: Chromate brown B, Anthraquinone blue black
B, Chrome blue black B, Chrome black T and A, and Chrome red B,
while there was a decline in the output of Anthracene blue WR,
Chrome yellow R, and Alizarin; the latter is being replaced in cotton
dyeing by the naphthol AS types.

DYES AND OTHEE FINISHED COAL-TAR PEODUCTS 47

Imports of mordant and chrome dyes totaled 500,004 pounds,
which was 10.7 per cent in quantity of all dyes brought into this
country in 1926 and 15 per cent of the domestic production of
mordant and chrome dyes.

The 13 leading mordant and chrome dyes imported are:

Pounds I Pounds

Alizarin, synthetic 86,606 ! Metachrome blue black 15.353

Alizarin pure blue B 31,612

Purpurine 19, 948

Eriochrome azurol B 19, 886

Gallamine blue 18, 197

Alizarin viridine FF 17, 634

Anthracene blue 16, 294

Acid anthracene brown 13, 295

Alizarin cvanine green 11, 105

Alizarin red S 11, 119

AUzarin light gray BS 10, 998

Eriochrome blue black G 9, 921

SULPHUR DYES

Description. — These dyes are used largely on cotton, especially for
dyeing uniform cloths, hosiery, gingham yarns, and cotton warps to
be woven with wool and later dyed with acid dyes. They produce
largely heavy shades of blue, green, brown, and black. Their greatly
extended use during the war served to increase permanently their
application on cotton. Minor uses are in the dyeing of linen and
artificial silk.

The sulphur dyes possess excellent fastness to washing, fulling,
alkalies, and acids in cross dyeing. With some exceptions, their
fastness to light is good. As they are not fast to chlorine, they do
not withstand the repeated bleaching action of hypochlorites in the
modern laundry treatment. They are applied in a sodium sulphide
solution and sometimes aftertreatment is given with metallic salts
or other agents to improve their fastness. ''Cachou de Laval, " the
first of this group to be discovered, was made in 1867 by the fusion
of sawdust with sodium sulphide and sulphur. Sulphur dyes are now
prepared by the fusion of various intermediates (containing the nitro,
amino, or imino groups) with sodium sulphide and sulphur. These
dyes are not pure, distinct compounds, and the presence of other
substances renders them of comparatively low color value. Recent
developments, however, have greatly increased the tinctorial value
and shade range of many of them.

Production and imports. — This group, with an output of 20,023,242
pounds, ranked second in quantity, constituting 22.76 per cent of
all dyes manufactured. The 1926 production was a slight decrease
from 1925. Sales in 1926 were 19,979,140 pounds, valued at $4,054,-
027. The sulphur dyes ranked fourth in value of sales.

In 1926, as in 1924 and 1925, sulphur black ranked second among
all dyes in quantity produced. The output of 16,704,636 pounds
was a slight increase over 1925. Sales in 1926 were 16,358,043
pounds, valued at $2,476,217. The average sales price per pound
was 15 cents, a decline of nearly 12 per cent from 1925. Sulphur
black is an important item in our export trade, ranking second to
indigo.

Sulphur brown, with a production of 1,389,423 pounds, ranked
second among the sulphur dyes; Sulphur blue, with a production
of 899,596 pounds, and Sulphur yellow, with a total of 395,802
pounds, were produced in the next largest quantities.

Imports of sulphur dyes were relatively small, amounting to 149,-
723 pounds, or 3.2 per cent of all dyes imported. Thionol green.

48 CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHER SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS

with a total of 41,304 pounds, led this class, and Cross dye green
B and G, with 41,246 pounds, and Thionol brown O and R, with
18,110 pounds, were second and third, respectively.

VAT DYES

Description. — Vat dyes as a class possess exceptional fastness to
light, washing, acids, alkalies, and chlorine. Some of them are not
fast to all of these agents. The consumption of vat dyes is increasing
as a result of the increased demand for fast-dyed fabrics by the
ultimate consumer of textiles. As cotton goods dyed with these
colors withstand the severe treatment of the modern laundry, the
increased cost of dye per yard is a minor factor as compared with
the increased life of the fabric. A European colorist, referring to the
vat dyes, has said that Europe is too poor to afford anything but
fast dyes — that the loose or fugitive colors are an extravagance.
Their superior fastness and the variety and beauty of shades which
they yield have been largely responsible for a steady increase in their
use. They are applied on dyed and printed shirtings, blouse material,
dress goods, ginghams, muslin curtains, and other cotton wash goods
and have a limited application on silk and a still smaller one on
wool. Because of their higher cost they are used chiefly for color
stripes and small printed patterns on a white background rather
than for solid or fleavy shades. They possess technical advantages
in application over the alizarin mordant dyes.

With the exception of indigo, one of the oldest dyes known, vat
dyes are of recent origin, having been developed since 1904. The
Badische Co., of Germany, manufactured the first members of this
class, known in the trade as the indanthrenes. This group was
followed by the ciba dyes of the Society of Chemical Industry at
Basle, Switzerland, and later by other series, including the algols,
helindones, thioindigoes, and hydrous, produced by different German
concerns. Prior to the war vat dyes other than indigo were made
exclusively in Germany and Switzerland.

Vat dyes are among the most complex of dyes, difficult to manu-
facture and relatively high in cost. Chemicall}^ they consist of
indigoids (including thioindigoids), anthraquinone derivatives, and
the carbazole derivatives.

Following the outbreak of the war, the United States and Great
Britain, two of the leading consumers of these dyes, began their
manufacture on an extensive scale.

In 1924 a water-soluble leuco derivative of indigo, under the name
of indigosol, was placed on the market by Swiss and German firms.
Since then other indigosol types, including indigosol red, orange,
yellow, scarlet, pink, violet, and black have been made in commer-
cial quantity. A similar derivative of Caledon jade green, known as
Soledon jade green, was manufactured by the Scottish Dyes (Ltd.).
The commercial production of water-soluble leuco derivatives, which
can be used on animal as well as vegetable fibers, marks an advance
not only m this group but in the whole realm of dye manufacture.
Their application by the ''direct method" with subsequent oxidation
is less complex than by the alkali hydrosulphite process generally
used for the vat dyes. Extended use of these new derivatives will
depend in large part on their selling prices.

DYES AND OTHER FINISHED COAL-TAE PEODUCTS

49

Production and imports. — The total production in 1926 of vat dyes,
including indigo, was 29,731,951 pounds, or 33.79 per cent of all dyes
produced. Sales in 1926 were 31,253,627 pounds, valued at $7,336,-
959. The production of indigo (20 per cent paste) was 25,701,530
pounds or 29.21 per cent of all dyes produced. This was a decrease
of 12 per cent from the 1925 production. Sales in 1926 were 28,438,-
386 pounds, valued at $3,652,786, or 12.8 cents per pound, as com-
pared with 15.6 cents in 1925 and 21.8 cents in 1924. The 1926
selHng price is much below the pre-war price in 1913, when our
entire supply was imported.

Expansion in the manufacture of vat dyes, many of which were
made for the first time in this country in 1926, is an outstanding
feature of the domestic dye industry. The total production of vat
dyes other than indigo was 4,030,421 pounds, an increase of 54 per
cent over 1925, which in turn was a 43 per cent gain over 1924. The
increasing importance of this group of dyes to the textile industry
for the dyeing and printing of "fast-dyed fabrics" is indicated by the
production and consumption figures in Table 20.

Table 20. — Vat dyes other than indigo: Production, imports, and consumption in
the United States, 1914 and 1920-1926

Year

Produc-
tion

Imports

Consump-
tion

1914

Pounds

Pounds

1, 945, 304
716, 363
1, 045, 370
1,548,519
1, 207, 554
1, 493, 851
2, 418, 842
1, 845, 208

Pounds
1, 945, 304

1920

1, 159, 868
345, 152
1,075,992
1,766,383
1.821,319
2,608,361
4, 030, 421

1,921,231

1921 - -

1, 390, 522

1922 - .- - - --.

2,624,511

1923 -

2, 973, 937

1924

3,315,170

1925.-

5, 027, 203

1926

5, 875, 629

The ultimate consumer is rapidily coming to a realization of the
economy of fast-dyed fabrics. Many domestic textile manufactur-
ers have in recent years put on the market a variety of fast-dyed
fabrics of cotton and linen, marked with a trade name and bearing a
statement or guaranty as to their fastness to washing and light.
These fabrics are often made up into garments such as dresses, men's
shirts, and children's clothing, similarly guaranteed. The buyer is
thus enabled to purchase fabrics or garments for whose fastness of
<;olor the retailer through the manufacturer assumes full responsibility.

The Joint Committee of the Textile Industry, the ximerican Asso-
ciation of Textile Chemists and Colorists, the Bureau of Standards,
and a number of retail and selling organizations are all cooperating
in an effort to establish the practice of correct labeling and marking
of dyed fabrics. It is probable that colored textiles of cotton, linen,
and silk will soon be marked according to their fastness to light and
washing. A large variety of products or commodities are now graded
and sold according to definite standards, and it is logical that the same
policy should be adopted by the textile industry.

Credit is due domestic manufacturers of the vat dyes who, with no
experience prior to the war, have produced vat dyes on a commercial
scale and have each year increased the quantity produced and the
variety and number of types. They have overcome tremendous dif-

50

CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHER SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS

ficulties in developing one of the most complex of the whole group of
synthetic organic dyes. The buyer of a vat dye is assured of definite
properties of fastness in the fabric on which he uses it, and the ulti-
mate consumer is assured of the longer life of the garment made of a
fast-dyed fabric. The public at large is thus coming to a realization
that although the fast dye is more expensive, the cost of dj^e per yard
of fabric or per garment is in general a very small fraction of the total
cost, and that it is more economical in the long run to invest in the
fast-dyed fabrics or garment. The increased consumption of the vat
dj^es is proof of the demand for them.

Of the vat dyes other than indigo, Anthraquinone vat blue G C D
again led in quantity of production and in value of sales. Anthra-
quinone vat yellow G ranked second. Anthraquinone vat golden
orange R, Anthraquinone blue black B, Anthrene jade green, Anthra-
quinone vat green B, and black, and violet 2 R, and the brominated
indigoes showed notable increases in production.

The following vat dyes where manufactured in the United States on
a commercial scale for the first time in 1926. Several of them have
have been among the leading vat dyes imported, and their addition
to the domestic producing list is a significant step in the progress of
the domestic dye industry.

Ciba violet B, R.

Ciba scarlet G.

Ciba red R.

Indanthrene orange R.

Indanthrene brillant red 3 B.

Brom indigo 6 B.

Anthraquinone vat golden orange 4 R, pink B, red B N, red
violet R R N and B N X.

Sulphanthrene violet B.
Imports of vat dyes other than indigo totaled 1,845,208 pounds,
which was 39.49 per cent of all dyes imported into tke United States
in 1926. The 1925 import was 2,416,890 pounds. The following tab-
ulation shows the leading vat dyes imported and the quantity (single
strength) brought in during 1926.

Pounds

Indanthrene brown G 54, 420

Indanthrene golden orange R_ 53, 82&

Anthra flavone GC 41,002

Indanthrene brown R 37, 111

Cibanone vellow R 34, 830

Brilliant indigo B 32, 920

Indanthrene pink B 32, 548

Indanthrene dark blue BO-.- 27, 932

Ciba pink BG 27, 326

Hydron brown G, R 23, 690

Pounds

Ciba scarlet 142, 785

Indanthrene blue GCD 134, 832

Indanthrene red violet RH-.- Ill, 779

Ciba red R 111, 320

Hehndone printing black RD- 75, 000

Brilliant indigo 4B 65, 71 1

Indanthrene yellow G 63, 326

Indanthrene golden orange G- 60, 094

Indanthrene ohve R 56, 114

Ciba violet R 55,104

COLOE-LAKE AND SPIRIT-SOLUBLE DYES

These dyes, constituting one of the smaller groups, are used in the
preparation of a class of pigments known as color lakes, discussed in
detail on page 52. The spirit-soluble dyes are insoluble in water, but
dissolve in oils, fats, and various organic solvents; consequently
they find application for coloring varnishes, fats, oils, waxes, and
similar products. As many of them are converted by chemical treat-
ment, such as sulphonation, into water-soluble dyes for use in textile
dyeing, they may be considered as partly completed dyes.

DYES AND OTHER FINISHED COAL-TAE PEODUCTS

51

The output of color-lake and spirit-soluble dyes in 1926 was
1,428,100 pounds, or 1.6 percent of the total output of all dyes pro-
duced. This production is an 11 per cent decrease from 1925. Im-
ports of this group were 86,106 pounds, or 1.8 per cent of all dyes
imported.

FOOD DYES

Dyes classified under this group include a limited number of selected
dyes which meet the specifications of the Bureau of Chemistry,
Department of Agriculture. The total production of food dyes in
1926 was 288,454 pounds, with sales of 282,347 pounds, valued at
$1,115,578. Production in 1925 was 263,005 pounds; in 1921, the
first year in which they were separately compiled, production was
50,709 pounds. The average value of the sales was $3.95 per pound
in 1926, as compared with $3.65 in 1925, and $5.30 in 1921.

EXPORT TRADE IN DYES

Exports of coal-tar dyes in 1926 amounted to 25,811,941 pounds,
valued at $5,950,159, a slight increase in quantity, but a decrease of
11 per cent in value from the 1925 export. The average value per
pound in 1926 was 23 cents, as compared with 25.9 cents in 1925.

The principal markets for United States dyes in 1926 were China,
Japan, Canada, British India, and the Central and South American
countries. The Central and South American countries were the
smallest purchasers. Exports to China declined 43 per cent by value,
that is from $3,299,798 in 1925 to $1,877,030 in 1926; those to British
India decreased nearly 6 per cent. Exports to Japan increased 27 per
cent and to Canada 31 per cent.

Indigo and sulphur black made up the bulk of the dyes exported.
The remainder were largely the tonnage direct dyes. Indigo was the
leading dye exported during 1926. Of the 28,000,000 pounds of this
dye sold in 1926, only about 9,000,000 pounds were consumed in the
United States. Competition continues to be severe in the world
markets and the trend in prices is steadily downward.

Table 21 shows the total exports of dyes from the United States
in the years 1920 to 1926:

Table 21. — Coal-tar dyes: Exports from the United States, 1920-1926

Year

Pounds

V^alue

1920 -

$29,823,591

1921

6, 270, 139

1922 --

8, 344, 187
17, 924, 200
15, 713, 428
25, 799, 889
25,811,941

3, 996, 443

1923- . .

5, 565, 267

1924

5, 636, 244

1925

6, 694, 360

19261. ... .

5, 950, 159

' Preliminary.

Details as to the quantity and value of exports to the various
countries are shown in Part VII. The Dye Census of 1924, Table
22, page 58, gives monthly exports from 1919 to 1924, inclusive, and
the Dye Census of 1918 gives exports back to 1909.

Table 22 shows, by months, the total exports of dyes from the
United States from January, 1924, to April, 1927, inclusive.

52 CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHEE SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS

Table 22. — Dyes: Domestic exports, by months, 1924-1927 (4 months)

1924

1925

19261

1927'

Month

Colors, dyes, and
stains

Colors, dyes, and
stains

Colors, dyes, and
stains

Colors, dyes, and
stains

Pounds

Value

Pounds

Value

Pounds

Value

Pounds

Value

January

February

March

April

May

1, 432, 721
1; 739, 400
1, 244, 264
1, 014, 824
751, 152
1,288,177

1, 818, 873

2. 083. 628

$494, 666
571, 776
408, 029
344, 605
323, 917
410, 314
555, 615
667, 696
437, 352
538, 099
505, 546
378, 629

2, 006, 681
2, 067, 046

1, 990, 407
2,172,425

2, 076, 516
2, 126, 107
2, 080, 588

2, 205, 476
2,511,898
1, 717, 766
1, 840, 426

3, 004, 553

$6.57,919
602, 316
554,111
674, 799
491,578
528, 087
488,416
535, 093
612, 867
466, 910
401, 575
680, 689

1, ,552, 335
1,610,625

2, 924, 695
1, 666, 344
2, 325, 763

1, 660, 995

2, 742, 622
2, 448, 664

1, 882, 936

2, 220, 377
2, 672, 216
2, 104, 369

.$416, 975
403, 949
696, 538
425, 792
496, 251
417,693
579, 664
472, 378
461, 233
521, 069
611.539
447, 078

1. 865. 021
2,951,050
3, 595, 342
1, 226, 538

$404. 655
586, 145
701, 201
375, 720

June

July __. .

August

September 1 970. 880

October

1, 079, 935

1, 267, 978
1,021,596

November

Total

15, 713, 428

5, 636, 244

25, 799, 889

6, 694, 360

25, 811, 941

5, 950, 159

J Preliminary figures.

OTHER FINISHED COAL-TAR PRODUCTS
COLOR LAKES

Description. — A color lake is an insoluble color pigment. It is
commonly made by precipitating a coloring matter (a coal-tar dye)
on a carrier (the base). The desired properties of a color lake are
good coloring power; easy workability; brightness; and fastness to
weather, light, alkali, and acids. The precipitating agents used for
coal-tar colors are barium chloride, lead salts, aluminium hydroxide,
and tannin or tannin tartar-emetic. Among the more important
carriers are aluminium hydroxide, zinc white, lithopone, barytes,
whiting, China clay and certain native clays, and ocher. The prin-
cipal requirements of a carrier are (1) ready reduction to a finely
divided state and (2) absence of any deleterious effect on the shade of
the finished lake. The coloring matter includes groups of coal-tar
dyes known as acid dyes, basic dyes, and mordant dyes, as well as
certain azo dyes produced directly on the carrier. An example of the
last named is Para red, produced from the intermediate p-nitroaniline
and b-naphthol. Another group of color lakes is made by the precipi-
tation of a water-soluble acid dye, with the aid of a mineral salt to
form an insoluble product.

After precipitation the insoluble lake is filtered, dried, and ground
with or without oil; it is then ready for use as a pigment in paints,
lithographic inks, artists' colors, wall paper, rubber products, and for
other coloring purposes.

Production.— The total production of color lakes in 1926 was
11,796,203 pounds. Sales in 1926 amounted to 11,425,139 pounds,
valued at S6,023,011. Production in 1925 was 11,414,753 pounds.
The average unit value of sales of color lakes increased from 49 cents
a pound in 1925 to 52.7 cents in 1926.

PHOTOGRAPHIC CHEMICALS

Because of their strong reducing properties, coal-tar chemicals of
this class are used for developing photographic films, plates, and
prints. They are popularly known as developers, but are sold under
a variety of trade names.

DYES AND OTHER FINISHED COAL-TAR PRODUCTS 53

The total output of photographic chemicals in 1926 was 393,426
pounds, as compared with 327,041 pounds in 1925. Hydroquinol,
with an output of 257,038 pounds, continued to lead this group.
Metol was produced in next largest quantity. p-Hydroxy phenyl-
glycine and diaminophenol hydrochloride showed decreases in
production. The average selling price of each of the two last men-
tioned was higher in 1926 than in 1925.

MEDICINALS

Description. — Many of the coal-tar medicinals are of prime impor"
tance in the prevention and cure of disease. The clinical and labora-
tory work that has been under way in this field of science have resulted
in discoveries that have been of inestimable value to mankind.
Continued research will probably give the world many new synthetic
products in place of those now obtained from natural sources.

Production. — The total production of coal-tar medicinals in 1926
was 3,696,196 pounds. Sales in 1926 were 3,593,220 pounds, valued
at $6,742,128.

Among the important synthetic medicinals made in the United
States are the arsenicals neoarsphenamine, arsphenamine, and
sulfoarsphenamine, used in combating syphilis and other protogean
infections. Six firms reported a total production of neoarsphenamine
(3-diamino-4-dihydroxy-l-arseno benzene methanol sulfoxylate) in
1926 of 4,113 pounds. Sales amounted to 3,607 pounds, valued
at $1,157,225. Arsphenamine, which had declined each year during
the period 1921-1925, showed an increase in production in 1926
over 1925. Production in 1926 was 444 pounds as compared with
278 pounds in 1925. Sales in 1926 were 305 pounds, valued at
$90,406. Sulfoarsphenamine, with a production of 847 pounds
in 1926, showed an increase. Sales in 1926 were 736 pounds, valued
at $287,865.

Aspirin, the leading medicinal in quantity of output, with a total
of 1,823,748 pounds, showed an increase of nearly 22 per cent. Sales
were 1,796,155 pounds, valued at $1,079,477 — a unit value of 60.1
cents.

Sodium salicylate, with a production of 469,345 pounds, recorded
an increase. Sale? amounted to 444,847 pounds, valued at $158,978.

Acetanilide, with an output of 458,927 pounds, showed a large
increase in 1926. Sales for 1926 amounted to 379,173 pounds,
valued at $123,737.

Increases occurred in the production of amidopyrene, benzocaine,
bismuth betanaphthol, chloramine T, cincophen, iodeikon, luminal,
magnesium salicylate, tolysin, and others.

Medicinals showing a lower production in 1926 than in 192 5
include benzyl succinate, creosote carbonate, luminal sodium,
b-naphthol benzoate, phenolphthalein, phenolsulfonates, procaine,
salol, and others.

Among medicinals that were either reported for the first time in
1926 or were not reported in 1925 are calcium sulfocarbonate, copper
sulfocarbonate, cyclohexenylethylbarbituric acid, iron benzoate, and
tetraiodo phenolphthalein sodium salt.

54 CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHER SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS

FLAVORS AND PERFUME MATERIALS

Description. — There is no sharp line of demarcation between these
two classes of coal-tar chemicals, many of them being used both as
flavors for food products and as perfumes for soaps and other toilet
articles. Separate classification is therefore in certain cases purely
arbitrary.

Production of flavors. — The total production of flavors in 1926 was
2,857,913 pounds, a 29 per cent increase over the previous year.
Sales in 1926 were 2,629,126 pounds, valued at $1,482,697— a value
of 56.4 cents a pound as compared with 66 cents in 1925.

Methylsalicylate, a flavor used largely as an artificial wintergreen,
again led this group in quantity and value. The output was 2,456,684
pounds, which was a 35 per cent increase over 1925. Sales amounted
to 2,242,983 pounds, valued at $743,140.

Coumarin was reported by six firms in 1926. Production was
146,640 pounds, an increase of 45 per cent over 1925. Sales in 1926
were 138,925 pounds, valued at $355,915, or $2.56 per pound.

Production of perfumes. — The output of perfume materials of
coal-tar origin in 1926 was 1,922,666 pounds, an 18 per cent decrease
from the previous year. Sales were 1,731,887 pounds, valued at
$820,264 — an average value of 47.4 cents a pound as compared
with 37 cents in 1925.

Diethylphthalate dropped 50 per cent in production in 1926 as
compared with 1925. Of the 1,044,218 pounds made in 1926,
980,847 pounds were sold. The average sales value per pound was
29.7 cents.

Perfume materials showing increased production in 1926 include
benzyl alcohol, benzyl acetate, and benzyl benzoate. Benzyl
alcohol is finding a new use in the manufacture of lacquers, benzyl
acetate is used in many perfume mixtures, and benzyl benzoate
largely as a fixative and solvent, particularly for musk. Dibutyl
phthalate, diphenyloxide, phenylacetic aldehyde, and phenylethyl
alcohol also showed large increases in production in 1926.

Products showing a decreased production in 1926 include cinnamic
acid, cinnamic aldehyde, and methyl anthranilate.

Among the perfume materials reported in 1926 but not in 1925 are
benzyl succinate, musk ambrette, musk ketone, and musk xylene.
In the production of synthetic musks the domestic industry has
solved some technical problems that have in recent years engaged
the attention of chemists.

Imports. — Table 24 shows imports of synthetic aromatic chemicals
of coal-tar origin provided for in paragraph 28 of the tariff act of
1922.

SYNTHETIC PHENOLIC RESINS

Synthetic phenolic resins are made by condensing phenol or cresol
with formaldehyde in the presence of an alkali, such as ammonia, or
with hexamethylenetetramine. Their largest use is as a binder in
the production of molded insulation products, such as laminated
sheets and panels for automobile and radio parts. Their high dielec-
tric constant renders them especially valuable insulating material.
The clear or transparent phenolic resins are used as substitutes for
amber in the manufacture of cigarette and cigar holders, pipe bits,
and sockets, and in the manufacture of beads and other articles of

DYES AND OTHEK FINISHED COAL-TAR PRODUCTS 55

personal adornment, mechanical pencils, fountain pens, and many
other articles. Other uses are in the manufacture of varnishes and
lacquers for insulating purposes and in the production of cements.

The production of synthetic phenolic resins in 1926 was smaller
than in 1925. The publication of figures, however, would be a virtual
disclosure of the production of an individual company. The com-
bined output of synthetic resins and synthetic tanning materials in
1926 was 14,106,993 pounds, as compared with 14,687,074 pounds in
1925.

This industry is the principal consumer of phenol and is also one of
the largest users of cresylic acid and formaldehyde. Its large con-
sumption of phenol since the World War has resulted in a greatly
increased output of phenol in this country.

SYNTHETIC TANNING MATERIALS

The synthetic tanning materials known as syntans have come into
commercial use in Germany and England since 1912. They have
not yet been used extensively in this country, but it is possible that
in the tanning of leather they will be used in conjunction with natural
tanning extracts. Production figures can not be published without
disclosing the operations of individual concerns. The output in 1926
increased greatly over 1925.

Synthetic tans are made by the condensation of certain coal-tar
derivatives, such as the sulfonated phenols, cresols, and naphthols,
with formaldehyde in the presence of an acid. They are commonly
used in conjunction with the natural tanning extracts. Their use is
reported to result in (1) an economy of the time required for tanning,
(2) a satisfactory leather of light color, and (3) a reduction in the
amount of natural extract required.

49113—27 5

56

CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHEK SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS

STATISTICS OF IMPORTS, PRODUCTION, AND SALES

Table 23. — Medicinals and pharmaceuticals of coal-tar origin: Imports into the

United States, 1926

Name

Aceto-p-aminosalol.

Acetphenetidin

Acriflavine -

Allylphenylcinchoninic ester

p-Aminobenzoyldimethylamino-methyl

butanol __

Ami nophenyl salicylate

Aminopyrine

Antipyrine crystals

Asuntol

Attritin _

Benzoic acid

Beta eucaine hydrochloride

Biebrich scarlet R, med_

Bismuth guaiacol carbonate.

Bismuth suhsalic yhite

Cardiazol ampoules

Cardiazol powder

Chinofene tablets

Chinosol (Oxyquinoline sulfate) powder.

Chinosol tablets

Colchicine salicylate

Compral tablets

Cresol USP..

Cryogenine

Cyclohexenylethylcyanacetic acid

ethylester

Dimet hylaminoantipyrine

Dimol

Dormalgin tablets

Elbon tablets

Enesol

Epinine

Eupthalmin

E upt halmin hydrochloride

Eupinina

Europhen

Fluorescein, ophthalmic

G uaiaeol ampoules

Guaiacol benzoate

Guaiacol carbonate

Guaiacol crystals.

Guajamar _.

Hexamethylenetetramine and methyl-
ene blue

Hexamethylenetetramine salicylic sul-

phonic acid tablets..

Homatropine hydrobromide

lodei kon tablets

Iodine ester

p lodoethoxybenzoic acid benzylester..

lodorthoxyquinoline sulphonic acid

Iron benzoate

Mercurychlorophenol barbituric acid..

Mercury salicylate

Mercury succinimide

Mesurol (emulsion of the basic bismuth
salt of dioxy benzoic acid monomethyl
ester)

Quantity

Pounds

144

551

21

110

104

1, 533

1,212

11,225

3

42

5.5

3.4

50

66

8

14

77

5

110

220

5

62

501

5

1,432

441

80

754

22

58

356

1

8

64

12

135

5

3,942

2,822

25

14
6
6

55
55
24
353

Name

Methenamine and methylene blue

Methylaminoacetobenzocatechine hy

drochloride

Methylphenylquinoline carboxylic acid

ethyl ester

Methylisopropylcyclohexanon

b-Naphthol benzoate

b-Naphthol compound

Neocaine..

Neobios

Neumol

Neosalvarsan

Norolina

o-Oxvquinoline

Pellidol

Phenazone caffeine citrate

Phenol phthalein

Phenylcinchoninic acid

Phenylethylbarbituric acid

Phenylquinoline carboxylic acid

Phlorogluci nol

Physostigmine salicylate

Plasmochi n tablets

Plasmochin compound tablets

Potassium sulfoguaiacolate

Pyoktanin blue

Quinine salicylate...

Resorcinol

Salol _ _ _

Scilvarsan

Santal salol

Sandalwood oil and salol

Saponine.

Sodium-p-aminophenyl arsenate

Sodium mercury salicylallylamino-o-

acetate

Sodium phenate, dry

Sodium salicylallylamino acetate

Sodium salicylate

Sodium salicylate and iodide

Sodium salicylate and potassium bi-
carbonate

Staphylasse, simple

Staph ylasse, iodised

Sulfarsenol

Treparsol

Uraseptine

Yatren ,

Yatren, pure

Yatren casein

Zinc sulphanilate

Ail other medicinals, etc

Quantity

Total.

Pounds

84

11

220

22

231

62

53

94

30

1 12, 075

1,996

22

40

22

1,984

200

86

44

10

186

9

16

29, 990

25

7

5,070

20

1 1,000

10

10

88

75

33

220

22

591

43

198

132

1 1,503

24

40

11

21.

57

150

636

69, 693
$110,539

1 Grams.

DYES AND OTHEK FINISHED COAL-TAE PRODUCTS

57

Table 24. — Synthetic aromatic chemicals of coal-tar origin: Imports into the

United States, 1926

Name

Quantity

Acetophenone

Aldehydine

Ambrogene

Amyl salicylate .

Anisic aldehyde

Benzaldehyde f. f. c

Benzarine

Benzoic acid, natural

Benzophenone..

Benzyl acetate

Benzyl alcohol

Benzyl benzoate -

Benzyl butyrate

Benzyl cinnamate

Benzyl formate

Benzyl isoeugenol

Benzyl propionate

Benzyl salicylate

Benzyl valerianate..-

Benzylidene acetone

Bromsiy rol ._

Bromstyrol compound

Butyl ketone.

Butyl xylene

Centaurea crystals..

Cetone D...

Cinnamic acid

Cinnamic acid ethylester

Cinnamic aldehyde...

Coumarin

p-Cresol acetate

p-Cresol methylester

p-Cresol phenylacetate

Diethyl phthalate

Diphenyl methane

Diphenyl oxide

Ethyl anthranilate

Ethyl cinnamate

Ethyl niethylphenyl glycidate

Ethyl phenylacetate

Ethyl vanillin

Heliotropine

Hyacinth absolute

Hyacinth compound

Hydrocinnamic aldehyde

Indol.

Isobutyl benzoate

Pounds
1,113

,458
,898
.4&1
,559

4.5

225

547

,400

,032

,408

135

38

70

23

168

169

7

50

373

60

,407

,285

10

202

165

25

,674

,440

46

140

50

,600

125

,500

135

193

25

40

6.5

,811

66

225

22

99

440

Name

Isobutyl phenylacetate

Isobutyl salicylate

Jacinthe.

Jacinthe absolute

Methyl acetophenone

Methyl anthranilate

Methyl ben-zoate

Methyl cinnamate

Methyl p-cresol

Methyl methyl anthranilate

Methyl phenylacetate

Methyl vanillin

Musk

Musk ambrette

Musk ambrette residue

Musk C

Musk ketone

Musk oleo

Musk residue.

Musk xylene

Nerolia

Nerolin...

Neronia

Phenylacet ic acid

Phenylacetic acid methylester.. .

Phenylacetic aldehyde

Phenylethyl acetate

Pheny lethy 1 alcohol

Phenylethyl alcohol terpenes

Phenylethyl cinnamate

Phenylethyl propionate

Phenylethyl valerianate

Phenylglycol methylene acetal..

Phenylpropyl acetate

Phenylpropy 1 alcohol _

Phenylpropyl aldehyde

Phenylpropyl formate

Tetrahydroparamethylquinoline

Vanillin

Vertena

Vertena D..

Yara yara

Another

Total

Quantity

Pounds
415
25
38
56
559
8, 222

no

632

10,

13,

13,

257

132

121

Gbj

10

55

844

100

110

895

5

910

50

081

25

436

108.

178

24

10

71

5

6

54

162

5

20

57

305

22

44

,069

78

152,212
$191, 232

58

CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHER SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS

Table 25. — Photographic chemicals, intermediates, and other coal-tar products:
Imports into the United States, 1926

Name

Abalak

Acenaphthene

Acetoacetic anilide --

Activol

Aktivin (Sodium-p-toluenesulphochlor-

amid)

Amidol (Diaminophenol hydrochloride) .

Aminoazobenzeue. ._

Aminoazotoluene

Aminonaphthol sulfouic acid

p-Amiriophenol acid salts

p-Aminophpnol hydrochloride

Aminopyrazolone

Aniline sulfonic acid

Anthracene, refined

Anthra pyridone

Anthraquinone

Bakelite molding powder

Benzaldehyde, tech

Benzidine base

Benzoyl chloride

Benzoyl peroxide

p-B r 0 m o-a-monomethylaminoanthra-

quinone

Carbazole -_-

o-Chlorobenzaldehyde

p-Chlorometacresol

o-Chlorophenol

p-ClilorophenoL-

Chlorotoluidine

Chlorotoluidine sulfonic acid

Coal-tar distillate

m-Cresol

o-Cresol -

p-Cresol

Cresylic acid

Cyclohexanon

Dekorit

Dental plastic

Desensitiser

Diarlin

Diazodiphenyl ether

Dibronio-a-amino anthraquinone

Diethylaminoethanol hydrochloride

Dihydroxyphenyl indolinon

Diniethylaminoazobenzene

Dimethylaminopyrazolone

Dimethyl glyoxime

Diniethylhydroxyquinizine

Dinitroacetanilid

Diphenyl black base I

Dissolving salt B

Eikonogen

Ethylbenzeiie sulfonate

Ethylbenzylaniline

Ethvl-b-naphthylamine -.

Eulan BL --..

Fast black LB base... -

Fast black salt B

Fast blue salt B

Fast garnet OBU base

Fast orange salt OC

Fast orange salt R

Fast orange salt GR...

Fast red B base

Fast red OL base...

Fast red 3 OL base

Fast red KB base

Fast red RL base

Fast red TR base

Fast red salt B ..-

Fast red salt (JL _

Fast red salt GLA

Fast red salt 3 GL

Fast red salt 2 G .-. -

Fast scarlet TR base

Fast scarlet salt GG. -.-

Fast scarlet salt R ^

Gamma acid

Glycin - --

Hettolan

Quantity

Pounds

551

3,337

1,001

37.5

220

1,430

6,786

485

1,100

110

105

3,343

572

313

5,736

996.5

234

4, 579

2,259

107, 289

5,565

4.388

2,157

397

410

7,878

300

400

3,644

4,520

1,000

104, 029

410

86, 259

4,000

260

249

1

88

771

4,843

11

242

10

441

110

9,000

2,667

2,300

2,500

81

319

2,302

300

1,930

1,350

300

8,275

300

1,800

100

200

300

200

400

4,338

2,200

500

2,100

96,220

250

21,000

100

600

4,500

21,100

9,722

2,085

850

Name

Hexachloronaphthalene

Hexalin

Hydroquinone

b-Hydroxynaphthoic acid

b-Hydroxynaphthoic arylide

b-Hydroxynaphthoic arylide chlorin-
ated -

Katanol O

Katanol W..._

Kopan

Lacnoid

Lucidol

Ludigol

Methyl-p-aminophenol

Methlcyclohexanon

Methyldipheny lamine

Methylphenylpvrazolone

Metol

Metoquinone

Mianin, technical

Monomethyl-p-aminophenol

Monomethyl-p-aminophenol sulfate

Naphthol AS-BG

Naphthol AS-BO

Naphthol AS-BS

Naphthol AS-D

Naphthol AS-RL

Naphthol AS-SW

Naphthol AS-TR

a-Naphthol

b-Naphthol aluminum disulfonate

b-Naphthol monosulfonic acid F

a-Naphthylamine

Naphthylamine sulphonic acid

Nekal A, dry

Nekal S paste .-

Nevileand Winther's acid

Niketol

Novadelox

Oleocarnit

Ortol .-

Panamol cone

Paradichlorobenzene

Paraphenylenediamine

Pararosaniline .-

Paratol

Peramyl

Perlano KB

Phenol

Phenyldimothylaminopyrazolone

Phenyldiniethylpyrazolonaminome-

lh;in(> soiiinm sulfonate

PhL^nylhydiuzine

Phenylhydrazine hydrochloride

Piperidine piperidvl dithiocarbamate...

Plastol VB

Potassium-o-hydroxyquinoline sulfuric

acid

Pyridine

Quinazarine

Resorcinol, tech

Rodinal

Rubinic acid

Savonade

Sodium naphthionate

Solvenol ■

Succinic acid

Tamparino

Tar oil

Tetrachloroph thalic acid

Tobias acid

Toluene sulfomonomethylaminodime-

thylphenylpyrazolone

Tricresol

Triphenylphosphate

Xylidine

Yellow developer C-

All other .-

Total.

DYES AND OTHEE FINISHED COAL-TAR PRODUCTS

59

Table 26. — Dyes and other finished coal-tar products: Production and sales. 1926

The number in the first column identifies the dyes according to the Colour Index number, and the number
in the second column according to the 1914 edition of the Schultz tables. Th^ third column gives the
common name of the product. The numbers in the fourth column refer to he numbered alphabetical
list of manufacturers printed on page 204. An X signifies that a manuf;'"t;irer did not consent to the
publicaiion of his identification number in connection tiierewith. A blank in the fifth and si.vth columns
indicates that the sales figures can not he published without revealing information in regard to the output
of individual firms. A blank in the eighth column indicates that the production of the corresponding
dye in the United States can not be published without revealing information in regard to the output of
individual firms. The figures thus concealed are, however, included in the total]

Colour

Index I Schultz
No. No

Common name

Total finished coal-
tar products.

Dyes

nitroso coloring m.\tters

Naphthol green

NITRO COLORING MATTERS

137
68

149
32
33

Naphthol yellow S

AZO COLORING MATTERS

Monoazo coloring matters

Acid yellow G_.
Spirit yellow R.
Acid yellow R..
Butter yellow . _
Chrysoidine Y.

Chrvsoidine R. .
Oil yellow AB...

Sudan I --.

Croceine orange-
Orange G

32

182

34

44

3S

45

36

48

40

58

S3

61

54

64

,55

65

56

67

57

66

59

63

61

'

63

70 !

69

73 1

73

76 1

79

82

80

83

81

105

83

107

85

109

88

112

90

114

101

89

105

88

110

102

113

93

114

94

C hromotrope 2 R

Fast acid fuchsine B —
Amido naphthol red G .

Brilliant acid red B.

Azo archil red

Brilliant lake red R.
Chrome yellow 2G.,

Chrome yellow R.

Victoria violet

Lana fuchsine

Azo coralline

Chromotrope 6B

Amido naphthol red 6B__

Acid blue B._

Oil yellow OB

Brilliant orange O.
Toluidine red RL-

Sudan II

Ponceau 2R

Manufacturers'
identification num-
bers (according to
list on p. 204)

8,50-

72, 153-

49,104

9,37, 104, X-
72

9,37,72, X..
8, 9. 27. 49,

104, 118.
8, 49, 70, 72, 104
;2

0, 72,

37,72, 104,109, X..

9,104.139

27, 49, 70, 79, 104,

139.

104.109

9, 104. 109, 113, X-..
8, 9, 35, 37, 49, 70,

104, 118, U9.

106,113..

106-.-

94.

8, 9, 27, 35, 41, 70,

104. 118, X.

8, 9, 27, 35, 37, 49,
70,109,118, 139, X

8,35,104,109

106,109,139

70,106

8,104.109

8, 9, 35, 49, 70, 104,

109. 119.

X

72..
139.
X.

Ponceau 3R

Oil brown

Chrome brown A.

Acid claret B

Bordeaux B

9, 37, 49, 72, 104, X
8, 9, 27, 35, 49, 70,

104, 109, 139.
70

Sales

Quantity

Pounds
120, 348, 636

42, 638

21,790
763, 952

187, 340

49, 937
149, 804

17, 624
152, 437

90,928

73, 974

30,928
301

Value

Aver-
age

price
per

pound

$59, 533, 445

38, 454

15, 723
261,853

67,617

37, 371
"66,600

8,961
70, 866

45, 213
42, 695

28, 283
302

Produc-
tion
(quan-
tity)

Pounds
.495122,752,021

.902

.722
.343

.361

.748
.'445

.508
.465

.497

.577

.914
1.003

112, 162

61,012

Chromotrope lOB

Chromate brown B

Acid chrome brown R.

Chrome flavine G

Oil red S

Azo eosine G

139

139-

8, 9, 27, 35, 37. 49,

72, 104, 109, 139.
109

27,49,104,118

106,118.

109

109

20. 593
446, 499

19,684 i .956
216,468 .485

119,083 66,341 .,5.57

9,1>14 , .050

40, 656

31, 181
813, 527

176, 217

55, 555
'i3i,'324

127,840

99,345
75,658
14, 155

148, 016

8,754
492, 121

113, 156

60

CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHER SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS

Table 26. — Dyes and other finished coal-tar products: Production and sales,

1926 — Continued

Colour
Index

No.

Schultz
No.

119

100

122

126

117

12S

119

130

121

138

134

116

141

148

143

1.50

144

151

145

158

132

161

151

163

152

165

153

167

154

168

155

169

156

170

157

176

161

177

162

179

163

180

164

182

166

183

167

184

168

185

169

189

173

195

177

197

178

201

180

202

181

203

183

204

184

207

186

208

188

209

189

216

202

224

193

225

194

227

195

228

197

234

211

235

213

238

221

241

220

246

217

247

252

227

253

256

230

258

232

Common name

Dyes— Continued

AZO COLORING MATTEKS—

continued

Monoazo coloring matters —
Continued

Eosamine G

Chrome yellow 5G-
Direct pink E2GN.

Direct pink

Direct pink EBN..
Metanil yellow

Azo yellow

Resorcin yellow.

Orange I

Orange II

Lake red P

Orange R

Lake red 4B

Lake red C

Acid chrome brown B.
Acid chrome garnet R .

Chrome violet B

Chrome black PV

Fast red A

Brilliant fast red G-
Azo rubine

Manufacturers'
identification num-
bers (according to
list on p. 204)

109

50

109,120

104

109

8, 9, 35, 49, 70, 72,
104.

9, 49, 50, 70, 104,
153.

37,72

152

9, 27, 33, 35, 37, 72,

104.
139
^^J2,\q\'.'.'.\'.'.'.'.'.

9,35,49

8,9,49,94,139

70, 104, 106, X

104

49,104,106-

49,70,104

8, 27, 33, 35, 49, 70,

72, 104, 109, 113,

X.
37

Sales

Quantity

Pounds

Fast red VR.

Fast red E

Croceine scarlet 3BX.
Amaranth

Cochineal red

Lake red R.

Mordant yellow

Chrome yellow RN..
Chrome blue black B_
Chrome blue black U.

8, 9, 35, 49, 70, 104,

109.
8, 9, 35, 70, 104, 106,

109, 119.
8

Chrome black T.
Chrome black A.

Acid violet B

Fast acid blue R .
Fast acid blue B.
Chrome red B

35-..

9,35,72,104,109....

27,70,104,139

28,35, 139,143, X...

8,9,35,104

104.

35,49,70,104,106.-.
8, 9, 35, 49, 70, 104,

106, 118, 139.
35,49,70,104,106...
35,49,70,104,106...
49

Cloth red

Direct pink R

Direct scarlet SG.
Direct scarlet G..

Disazo coloring matters
Resorcin brown B

Resorcin dark brown _.
Acid chrome brown G.

Wool black 4B

Acid black lOB.

Acid dark green A.
Brilliant croceine..

Ponceau SS...
Cloth red 3G.
Sudan IV

8,49,70,104,109....

104

35, 37, 49, 70, 104,
109,118,171.

120

64,109,120.-.

64,106

64,120

8, 35. 49, 64, 70, 72,

104,113,118.
8,9,72, 104,113,118.

8, 9, 33, 35, 37, 49,
70. 104, 109, 113,
118, 119, 139, X.

33, 35, 49, 70, 72,

104, 139.

64,104

49,50

9, 35. 37, 49, 72, 104,

109, X.

512, 371
117,428

1, 226, 431

102, 490
30, 832

303, 042
28, 432

37, 868
125, 852

210, 300
201, 592

12, 172

346, 305
22, 041

975, 308

186, 669
"2i5,'778'
""67," 697'

169, 746

Value

$326, 105
91, 831

328, 782

37,741

59, 770

265, 209

26, 172

23, 895

78, 708

148, 554
132, 691

7,049

293, 529
12,110

363, 007

78, 708
'i36,"292'
'"48," 320

104, 129

1, 185, 514 546, 497

181, 938
"37,"457'

153, 280

39, 322

price

per

pound

.636

.782

.268

.368
1.939
.875
.921

.631
.625

.706
.658

.579

,549

.372

.422
.'632
.'714'

.613

.867

.461

1.050

DYES AND OTHER FINISHED COAL-TAE PEODUCTS

61

Table 26. — Dyes and other finished coal-tar products: Production and sales,

1926 — Continued

Schultz
No.

Common name

Manufacturers'
identification num-
bers (according to
list on p. 204)

Sales

Colour
Index
No.

Quantity

Value

.Aver-
age

price

per

pound

Produc-

ticn
(quan-
tity)

259

233
236

241
250
246

247"
256
257

261
275
276

"""265"
266
272
274
279
283
284

288
294
296
297
303
304
307
311
312
313
319
320
322
323
326
327

332
333

336
337

342
351
340
341
343

344

349
355

362'
363
365
378
382
385
386
387
391
392
400

Dtes— Continued

AZO COLORING MATTERS—

continued

Disazo coloring matters —

Continued
Cloth red B

70 -

Pounds

Pounds

262

Cloth red 2B.

8, 35, 50, 104, 106,

118.
109

$28,431

$27,795

$0. 978

42,639

267

Neutral grav G

274

Milling orange G

106

275

Cloth scarlet G

50, 70, 72

1.286

6,267

278

Direct fast red 8BL

Scarlet EC

106...

280

9,50,104

24, 514

23, 417

.955

288

Fast cyanine G

g

289

Fast cyanine 5R

8, 49, 70, 104, 106,

109.
8, 104,106

423, 831

15, 281
124, 326

312, 663

14, 528
90, 340

.738

.951
.727

491, 834

294

Acid black B

299

Chrome black F

8,35,49,104,109....

8, 49

116. 552

302

Chrome blue green B

Fast acid black N2B

Fast cyanine black B

Naphthylamine black D ..

Naphthol black 2B

Developed blue B

304

35, 109 .

307
308

8,49,70,104,106.-..
49,70 109

125, 125
5,128

100, 285
3,146

.801
.613

141, 593

315

37.

317

49..

326

Direct fast scarlet. .

35,49,104,109

35,49,50.70,72,104.
8, 9, 35, 37, 49, 70,

72, 104.
106

262, 360
145,731
404, 120

381, 706
64,039
170, 516

1.455
.439
.422

272, 843

331

Bismarck brown

159, 432

332
336

Bismarck brown 2R..

Acid chrome black F

Chrome fast yellow C

Direct fast yellow 5GL

Direct fast pink 2BL

Paper yellow.

Chrysophenine G

382, 443

343

8

346

49, 104

1

353

8,49,104

364
365

49,104,109

49,104,109

90, 532
560, 876

104,645
310, 418

1.156
.553

104, 699
623, 937

370

49, 104, 109

374

Direct orange TA

104

375

Congo corinth G

8,9,70,104,109,113.
35, X

376

382

Direct scarlet B .

8, 104, 113, X

8,35

90, 541

128,822

1.423

85, 447

385

Bordeaux .

387

Direct violet B .

35,104,109

30, 060

30, 580

1.017

33, 353

390

Direct brilliant blue R

Direct violet 0

113

393

109...

394

Direct violet N. . .

9, 35, 49, 104, 109,

113.
49

49, 706

60,049

1.208

57, 759

400

Direct fast red 9BL_..

Developed black BHN

401
405

8, 9, 35, 37, 41, 49,

104, 109, 113.
37, 104

874, 526

441, 185

.504

933. 123

406

Direct blue 2B...

9, 35, 41, 49, 104,

109, 113, 119, X.
9,35,49,104, X,X..
104

858, 244
23, 030

262, 758
12, 626

.306
.548

1, 074, 619

410

Chrysamine G . . .

8,756

411

Cresotine yellow G

Direct orange R

415

35, 49, 70, 109, X

X

48, 307

29, 745

.616

39, 911

417

Direct fast red R

419

Direct fast red F

8,9,35,49,70, 101,
106, 109, 113,118,
119.

8, 9, 35, 37, 49, 104,
lO'j, 109, 113.

113

191, 953
123, 614

156, 507
85, 977

.815
.696

184, 304

420

Direct brown M

138, 867

423

Direct fast brown B

431

109

443

Milling red ''G

9, 106

446

Direct orange RT

9, 104

448
450

Benzopurpurine 4B

Benzopurpurine B

9,35,49,104,109

8

426, 410

246,388

.578

460,448

464

Direct blue R

109

468

104

471

Direct blue 3R

104

472

Direct blue BX.

35, 104,109

36, 491

20, 814

.570

58,960

473

Direct blue O

49

477

Direct blue 3B

8,9,35,37,104,109..
9, 104, 109

125, 624

48, 795

.388

158,303

478

487

Acid milling red B

9, 106, X

12, 533

20, 870

1.665

13, 070

62

CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHER SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS

Table 26. — Dyes and other finished coal-tar products: Production and sales,

1926— Continued

Schultz
No.

Common name

IManufacturers'
identification num-
bers (according to
list on p. 204)

Sales

Colour
Index

No.

Quantity

Value

Aver-
age
price
per

pound

Produc-
tion

(quan-
tity)

495
502

405
410
415
419
421
424
426

436
441
449
456
457
462

463
464
469
470
471
473
474

475
476

477

480

485
487

9

11

10

206

19

20
21
22
23

29^

Dyes— Continued

AZO COLORING MATTERS—

continued

Disazo coloring matters —
Continued

Benzopurpurine lOB

Direct azurine G

Direct brilliant blue G

Direct blue RW

9,35,49,104,109

9, 49, 104, 109

Pounds
28, 739

$36, 568

$1. 272

Pounds
50, 635

508

103

512

9,35,49,104,109

104 .

101, 300

88,497

.874

114, 627

515

Direct blue B... .

518
520

Direct pure blue 6B

Direct pure blue.

9,35,49,104,109

9, 33, 35, 37, 49, 104,
109,118.

8, 35, 49, 104, X

104,109

8,109

425, 697
149, 787

153, 751

328, 426
88,332

93, 479

-- -
.772
.590

.608

585, 461
233, 218

539
552

Trhazo coloring matters

Direct fast black FF

Diazo black RS...

561

Direct brown BT

576

Direct fast blue B

49, 104 1 i

577

Direct brown T2G

8 ! i

581

Direct black EW .

9, 35, 49, 104, 109,

113,118.
9,35,49,104,109

5, 465, 339

1, 680, 906

.308

6, 191, 917

582

Direct black RX

583

Direct green ET..

8, 9, 104, 113, X

109 .

82,442

52, 389

.635

588

Direct black N_

589
590

Chloramine green B

Direct steel blue G

Direct fast black HW

Direct green B

8,9, 109 I 1 ..;

9,109 . 1 .. L. . l-_

592

9.113 ' ' ! -

593

8, 9, 35, 37, 49, 104,

109,113,118.
8,35,49, 109, 113, X.
8, 9, 35, 37, 49, 70,

104, 109, 113, X.
35, 49, 70, 104, 109,

120, X.
8,49

425, 470

86, 731
680, S18

130, 454

216, 007

57, 517
265, 061

88, 674

.508

.663
.389

.680

502, 313

594

Direct green G

88, 195

596

Direct brown 3G0„.

734, 652

598

Congo brown G

601

Congo brown R

606

Tetrakisazo coloring matters
Direct brown G.

37, 70, 113

608

Direct brown BT..

109

All other azo coloring
matters

2, 183, 034

2, 051, 876

.940

2, 436, 445

Total azo coloring
matters.

STILBENE COLORING
MATTERS

Direct yellow R

26, 347, 358

14, 561, 735

.553

29,091,752

8, 35, 37, 65, 104,

109, 119, 120
8, 65, 104, 109, 119
35, 49, 64, 65

620

412, 730
88,045

203, 346
71,381

.493
.811

405, 941

621
62''

Chloramine orange G

111,334

628

Direct catechine G

Total stilbene color-
ing matters.

PyRA.:OLONE COLORING
MATTERS

Fast light yellow 2G

106

.....

653, 973

398, 370

.609

732. 233

9, 49, 70, 104, 106,

124, 153
124

636
637

92, 821

182, 307

1.964

86, 812

638

Pigment chrome yellow L.
Fast light yellow.^

124

639

9, 35, 124, X

640

27, 70, 104, 134, 152.
124

541,833

• 312, 167

.576

493,204

645

Fast vellow 3G

652

Chrome red B

Direct orange GR.^

Total pyrazolone
coloring matters.

49 106 !

653

9 1 1 '__

700, 721

588, 861

.840

663, 666

DYES AND OTHEE FINISHED COAL-TAK PEODUCTS

63

Table 26. — Dyes and other finished coal-tar -products: Production and sales,

1926— Continued

Schultz

No. 1

1

Common name

Manufacturers'
identification num-
bers (according to
list on p. 204)

Sales 1

1

Colour
Index

No.

Quantity

Value

Aver-
age

price

per

pound

Produc-
tion

(quan-
tity)

655

493

495
499
502
503
505
506
512

513
515
516
517
521
527
528
529
530
531
536

537
538
539
543
544
545
548
555
558
559
562
564
565
566

573
571
582
585
587
692
596
597
559

Dyes -Continued

KETONIMINE COLORING
MATTER

27, 49, 104

657

TRIPHENYLMETHANE AND
DIPHENYLNAPHTHYL-
METHANE COLORING
MATTERS

Malachite green. .

49, 104, 169

169

Pounds
202, 169

$265, 596

$1,314

Pounds
202, 618

662

666

Acid green B

9,33,35,49,104,119.
33, 104

73, 308

82, 997

1.132

74,901

667

670

49

671

104

677

35, 72, 104, 130,

139, X
104 . -.-

678

680

Methyl violet -

49, 72, 79, 80, 104.X-
49

667, 161

620, 125

.929

753, 231

681

Crystal violet

683

Methvl violet 5B

104

689

72

695

33 -.

696

Fast acid violet lOB

Acid violet 6B

33, 49

697

33...

698

Acid violet

33,35,49, 104,119..
104

136, 322

185, 932

1.364

123,890

699
704

Acid fast violet BQ

35. 42, 72, 79, 104;

130, 139, 171
42

705

Methvl blue

706

Methyl cotton blue

72

707

42, 72, 104, 130

712

33, 104

713

33

714

33, 104

717

Acid violet 6BN

49

724

Aurine

49

728

Victoria blue R

49

1

729

Victoria blue B

49

1

733

49

735

Naphthalene green V

49 104

736

33

737

49, 70, 119

134, 535
132,091

79, 626
186, 892

.592
1.415

137, 003

All other triphenyl-
methane and diphenyl-
naphthylmethane color-
ing matters.

Total triphenyl-
methane and diphe-
nylnaphthyl m e t h-
ane coloring matters.

XANTHENE COLORING
MATTERS

137, 195

2,052,964

2,963,975 1.444

2, 128, 902

49

749

752

49

758

Fast acid violet A2R

49

768

72, 79..

768

43,72,79

773

Erythrosine B

9,43,49,72,79

49, 72

3,026

15, 299

5.056

3,456

778

779

49, 72...

781

171

Total xanthene color-
ing matters.

341, 450

633, 997

1 1.857

351,120

1

•

64

CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHER SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS

Table 26. — Dyes and other finished coal-tar products: Production and sales,

1926~Contmued

Colour
Index

No.

787
788
789
793

812
813
814
815
816

841
843
845
860
861
864
865

873
875

878

922
924
926
931

971

Schultz
No.

603
'606

613

616
198
617
618
615

679
683
687
697
699
698
700

681
923

622
626
631
649

659
660
661
667

748
748

Common name

Dyes— Continued

ACRIDINE COLORING
MATTERS

Coriphosphine O

Acridine orange A _.

Brilliant phosphine G..
Phosphine

QUINOLINE COLORING
MATTERS

Quinoline yellow.. ,

35, 104, 109, 120-

109, 120

64, 104, 109, 120.

109

120

TKIAZOLE COLORING

MATTERS

Primuline

Direct pure yellow M

Direct fast yellow

Thioflavine T

Direct brilliant flavine S.

AZINE COLORING MATTERS

Safranine 49, 104.

SafranineMN 104.

RosolaueO.. 49.

Induline (spirit-soluble) ... 70, 72, 104 .

Induline (water-soluble)... 70, 72, 104.

Nigrosine (spirit-soluble).. 27, 70, 72, 104.

Nigrosine (water-soluble).. | 27, 70, 72, 104.

ANILINE BLACK AND ALUED
COLORING MATTERS

Manufacturers'

identification num-

ers (according to

list on p. 204)

124

124

124

49, 72, 104, ]24.

New fast gray 27, 109.

Fur black.. 66, X..

OXAZINE COLORING
MATTERS

Delphine blue B

Gallocyanine

Gallo chrome blue V...
Cotton blue

THIAZINE COLORING
MATTERS

Methylene blue

Methylene green B

Thionine blue

Brilliant chrome blue...

SULPHIDE COLORING
MATTERS

Carbazole vat blue R...
Carbazole vat blue G...

Sulphur black

Sulphur blue

104, X._

9, 27, 104, 171.
104

9, 83, 104, X..

27, 104, 169.
104, 169, X.

X

64, 70

49.

49, 70, 83, 104, X...
19, 35, 49, 70, 104,
1 109, X, X.

Sulphur brown I 4, 9, 19, 35, 38, 49,

i 70,83, 104, 155,
i X, X, X.

Sulphur green i 9, 38,49, 70, 109....

Sulphur maroon. i 8, 49, 70, X, X

Sulphur olive 38, 49, 70, 155, X...

Sulphur orange _ 35, 70, X

Sulphur purple X

Sulphurtan 8,19,35, 38, 70,

155, X.

Sulphur vellow i 4, 19, 35, 49, 70,

104, 109, X, X,
I X.

Total sulphide color-

ing matters.

' Totals not included under sulphide coloring matters. In the dy
these two dyes are included in the vat dyes.

Produc-
tion

(quan-
tity)

Pounds

Pounds

135, 154 i $205, 494 |$1. 520 142, 678

187, 039 100, 542
168, 876 176, 804

.538
1.047

232, 562
202, 000

'-. .-.[ .662

134,295 1 91,035 1 .678

378, 942 I 176, 139 . 465

1, 106, 596 ; 430, 762 . 389

81,287 I 150,657

23, 893

35, 597

1.853

1.490

40, 285

111,851

336, 857

1, 176, 851

78, 074

29, 183

(')
(')
6,358,043
871, 383

1, 528, 905

152, 291
132,395'

2, 476, 217
472, 407

540, 677

.151
.542

157,846
463, 981

141,477 .929
.527
39, 497 . 298

47, 055
186, 690

.298
.402

16, 704, 636
899, 596

1,389,423

91, 588
156, 284
140, 155

106, 180
395, 802

979,140 j 4,054,027 1 .203 20,023,242
cs classified by method of application

DYES AND OTHEE FINISHED COAL-TAK PEODUCTS

65

Table 26. — Dyes and other finished coal-tar products: Production and sales,

1926 — Continued

Schultz
No.

779
780
782
785

858

789

856
865

760
761
763
765
767
a38
840
842

843
849
867
871
831

874

876
877
880
881

883

Common name

Manufacturers'
identifiedtion num-
bers (according to
list on p. 204J

Dyes— Continued

HYDROXYKETONE, HY-
DROXTQUINONE AND
HY^DEOXYLACTONE
COLORING MATTERS

774 1 Brilliant Alizarin black —

ANTHEAQVINONE COLORING
MATTERS

Alizarin

Alizarin orange

Alizarin red S (pdr.)

Alizarin brown

Alizarin GI

Acid alizarin blue SE

Acid alizarin blue B

Acid alizarin green G —

Anthracene blue WR

Alizarin astrol B

Alizarin cyanine green E
Anthraquinone blue black
B.
Acid alizarin rubine

ANTHRAQUINONE VAT
COLOR-MATTERS (SINGLE
STRENGTH)

Anthraquinone vat golden

orange G .
Anthraquinone vat golden

orange R
Anthraquinone vat dark

blue BO.
Anthraquinone vat green

B and black.
Anthraquinone vat violet

RR.
Anthraquinone vat blue

RS.
Anthraquinone vat blue

3G.
Anthraquinone vat blue

GCD.
Anthraquinone vat blue

BOS.
Anthraquinone vat blue

GC.
Anthraquinone vat yellow

G.
Anthraquinone vat brown

B,
Anthraquinone vat red

violet RRN.
Anthraquinone vat red BN

Total anthraquinone
vat coloring matters
(single strength).

INDIGOID COLORING
MATTERS

Indigo, synthetic, 20 per

cent paste.
Indigo vat

Indigo extract

Tribromindigo RB

Bromindigo blue 2B, 2BD,

20 per cent paste.
Bromindigo 6B, 20 per cent

paste.

9, 104._..
9, 104....

19,

19,

19

49,

19

70,

70,

70

51, 70, 104, 106

70 -

Sales

Quantity

Pounds

, 51, 104, 118, 171

,109

, 109....

, 104, 109

33,70, 171

5, 51, 70, 109, 171-.

70.

32, 528

16, 616

23,804
72,983

109

49, 109

49, 95, 109..
49, 95, 109.

9,49

49,109

49, 109

49, 109

Value

$70,774

22, 685

79.495
123, 602

Aver-
age
price
per
pound

$2. 176

1.365

3.340
1.694

109

49, 109.

J.09

109

49, 109.'

2, 084, 152

48,49, 104 ,28,438,386

104, X.
49, X_-

3,290,443

3, 652, 786

Produc-
tion

(quan-
tity)

Pounds

17,117

41.099
144, 914

1.579

.128

2,220,805

25, 701, 530

66

CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHER SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS

Table 26. — Dyes and other finished coal-tar products: Production and sales, *

1926— Continued

Schultz
No.

Common name

Manufacturers'
identification num-
bers (according to
list on p. 204)

Sales

Colour
Index

No.

Quantity

Value

Aver-
age
price
per
pound

Produc-
tion

(quan-
tity)

1207

912
919
913
901
907
908

7

83"
144
168

23
502
505
592
877

Dyes— Continued

INDOGOID COLORING
MATTERS— COntd.

Vat red B

9

Pounds

Pounds

1208

Vat Bordeaux B

9

1217

Thianthrene orange R

Ciba violet B, R

109

1222

48

1228

Cii:)a scarlet O

48

1229

Ciba red R

48.

PHOTOCHEMICAL COLORING
MATTERS

Dicvanine A

54.

Kry ptoc vanine

54

Neocyonine

54

Orthochrome T

54..

1

Pinacyanole

54

10

FOOD COLORING MATTERS

Naphthol vellowS

Yellow A B

X..

22

9, 52, 72, 104

61

Yellow OB

9, 52, 72, 104

9, 104, X

8,725

.$16, 975

$1. 946

80

Ponceau 3R

150

Orange I-..

9, 104, 163, X.

2.830
2.965
3.001

36, 525

184

Amaranth. .

9, 104, 163, X

9, 27, 104, 163, X...
104, 163, X

94, 143
74, 062

279, 178
222, 251

105,993

640

Tartrazine

69,143

666

Guinea green B

670

Light green SF (yellowish).
Ervthrosine

104, 163.-

773

9, 104, X

1180

Indigo disulfonic acid

Total food coloring
matters.

Bacteriological stains and
indicators.

Research chemicals

All other

9, 104, X

282, 347

1,115,578

3.951

288,454

36, 54, 55, 72, 76, 85,

104, 128, 145, 150.

54, 150

49

Total dyes... .

86, 255, 836

36,312,648

.421

87, 978, 624

DYES NOT CLASSIFIED BY SCHULTZ OR COLOUR INDEX NUMBER

Manufacturers were requested to report separately, in terms of
their familiar pre-war designations, the production of dyes not clas-
sified by Schultz or Colour Index number. The following table is a
list of such dyes, together with some new dyes of American develop-
ment for which there are no foreign equivalents.

DYES AND OTHER FINISHED COAL-TAR PRODUCTS

67

Common name

Manufac-
turers'
identifica-
tion num-
bers (ac-
cording to
list on
p. 204)

Acetyl celanese colors -

Acid alizarin blue B -.

Acid anthracene brown B, RH ex

Acid anthracene orange GR

Acid anthracene red GM

Acid anthracene yellow GR

Acid black J cone -.. .-.

Acid blue N

Acid blue R

Acid brown

Acid cherry

Acid dark green B

Acid naphthol blue black

Acid navy blue_ .--

Acid parrot green

Acid red

Acid red OTH

Acid yellow G

Acid yellow HM

Alizarin blue {indigo shade)..

Alizarin brown 5R

Alizarin serge blue GS

Alizarol black 3G

Alizarol brown B, G

Alizarol brown RH cone

Alizarol gray DG

Alizarol orange 3R

Alizarol yellow 3G

Alkali blue for ink

Amacid brilliant red 5B...

.\macid fast orange LW

Amanil black FTC

Amanil developed black OB

Amanil discharge black

Amido naphthol red 2B

Amido naphthol red X cone.

Anthracene blue RL__

Anthracene brown 2BL, RL

Anthracene chromate brown EB

Anthracene chrome black DNW

Anthranol chromate brown EBS

Anthranol chrome brown EB

Anthranol chrome violet ECB

Anthranol chrome yellow LSW

Anthraquinone vat blue GFC

Anthraquinone vat golden orange 4R.

Anthraquinone vat pink B

Anthraquinone vat red violet RRN...

Anlhrafjuinone vat violet BNX

Anthrene jade green, paste

Azanol brown N, RY ,

.\zanol red brown R

Azo dark green

Azo eosine 2B

Azo fast blue B, G, 2R

Azo fast violet

Azo violet

Azo violet 2B, BS, 2RL

Basic fuchsine SW...
Benzanol art black.. _
Benzanol brown FW.
Benzo chrome brown_
Benzo fast black L i..

Common name

33

171

70

64

X

64, 106

37

33

8

104

104

104

35

113

104

8, 104

109

104

72

171

171

51

8

104

104

104

104

104

139

9

9

9

9

9

106

37

33

171 I
9, 49, 109 1
33
106
106
106
106
109
109
49
49
109
109
X
X
109
109
104
104
33

Brown mordant CSO, CSW...

Buffalo black AR, 8B, 3G, NBJ, RB.

Buffalo black green B

Buffalo black high cone

Buffalo chrome black NS

Bulletin red

Manufac-
turers'
identiiica-
tion num-
bers (ac-
cording to
list on
p. 204)

33
104
104
104

104
139

64
109
64
104
49
33
171
33
9
27, 113, X
49
33
113
33
35
27
35
104
41
109
41
70
8,27
35
113
8,35
70
35
35
35
171
109
113
104
33

109

33

49,104

49

104

49

70

49

104

101

104

49

35

49

49

X

35

35

113

35

X

35

35

35

35

35

8

37

113

113

51

60

> Sales of Benzo fast black L were 130,951 pounds, valued at $145,517, with a production of 167,692
pounds.

Benzo fast blue FFL

Benzo fast blue 4GL

Benzo fast orange S

Benzo rhoduline red B

Brilliant croceine FL

Brilliant developed scarlet B.

Brilliant milling blue B

Brilliant orange G

Brilliant wool blue N

Bromo fluorescein

33
X
X

8

, 9, 49, 70,

104, 109

70

109

49

49

49

106

33

35

104

43

Chloramine fa.st orange EG, E3G, ER.

Chloramine green G

Chloramine yellow 4G

Chlorantine violet

Chlorazol fast brown RK

Chromate brilliant brown R

Chromate brown R

Chromate deep brown E

Chromaven brilliant orange 2R

Chrome black

Chrome blue ATX

Chrome blue BSW

Chrome blue F4B

Chrome Bordeaux SR

Chrome brown B, O

Chrome green

Chrome green B..

Chrome green CB

Chrome green SW

Chrome orange RB

Chrome red SW

Chrome red brown II-

Chrome yellow

Chrome yellow DS, 3G...

Chrome yellow G.

Chrome yellow 5G

Chrome yellow SS

Cindiazo black G

Cindiazo blue B..

Cindiazo red 2B

Coerulein

Columbia vellow__

Cotton black O, 3G

Croceine scarlet FP cone

Cyanine blue 6B..

Developed black 2B, G

Diamid blue

Diamine Bordeaux B

Diamine catechine

Diamine catechine B, 3G-

Diamine fast orange EG

Diamond green 3GA... .,

Dianol dark blue B

Diazine beta black N

Diazine black VJ, VX, VZ

Diazine black VN extra

Diazo Bordeaux 7B--

Diazo fast blue 2RW

Diazo iast red 5BL, 7BL

Diazo indigo blue M

Diazo seal brown

Direct black GX, GXR

Direct blue 3RX

Direct brown AHP. R

Direct brown G2R, G3R

Direct dark blue

Direct fast black B:

Direct fast blue B, R

Direct fast light blue FF

Direct fast orange R, 2R, RCL_

Direct fast scarlet 4BA

Direct fast violet

Direct gray G cone

Direct navy blue R

Direct scarlet S--

Dyco milling yellow 2G_

Dylene chromate brown EBN..

68

CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHER SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS

Common name

Empire fast violet AA

Erie brown GB

Erie catechine G cone.

Erie fast gray M, R, ZP

Erie fast rubine B cone

Erie chrome brown K

Erio violet RL

Fast acid blue RX_

Fast acid light red B

Fast acid violet ERR extra

Fast acid violet RM

Fast blue 2B

Fast brilliant blue EA

Fast chrome brown R

Fast crimson R

Fast mordant blue

Fast mordant blue B

Fast wool red BI>, OL

Fuchsine azo b-naphthol

Furol DB

Guinea fast red BL

Helio Bordeaux BL

Hydron orange R...

Hydron pink FF

Indamine navy blue 2BM, 2GM

Jet black APX

Lake scarlet Q

Laundry blue No. 44

Leather yellow

Light fast brown R, 3YL

Lithol fast orange

Metamine fast light red BL

Monochrome brown BC

Mordant green SN

Nerol black

Neutral gray B

Niagara blue NR

Niagara fast blue RL

Nigrosine base B, N, NB, R, 2R

Oil brow n

Oil brown 11,1

Oil brown M

Oil orange '-iQ

Oil orange Y

Oil pink B

Oil red C

Oil red I

OilredO.RO

Oil red 322

Oil yellow Pinv....

Oxaniine cojiper blue RRX

Oxydiaminogen OB

Palaside black G

PalF.side brown B cone...

Palaside grecti

Palaside yell(;w :',G.

Paranol direct orange GI,

Paranol direct viol( t R

Penetrating benzene brown R...

Pentaway mordant dyes

Permanent Bordeaux 2BL.

Permanent red R extra..

Permanent scarlet O

Manufac-
turers'
identifica-
tion num-
bers (ac-
cording to
list on
p. 204)

118
104
104
104
104
35
35
104
35
49
109
109
8
109
104
X
33
104
72
X

49

104
33
104
109
94

106
70

fi4
104
104
104

X

72

104

X

72

104

168

72

104

X

72

49

104

118
118
118
118
106
106
37
33
9
94

Common name

Pluto black

Pontachrome black SW

Pontachrome brown R, SW..

Pontachrome yellow SW

Pontacyl rubine BR_

Pontamine blue GH cone

Pontamine brilliant violet B..

Pontamine diazo black II

Pontamine diazo blue 3G

Pontamine diazo green 20L..
Pontamine diazo orange RR..
Pontamine diazo scarlet 2BL.
Pontamine diazo violet BL__.
Pontamine diazo yellow 2GL.

Pontamine fast orange ER

Pontamine fast scarlet 4BA..
Pontamine light gray GG

Resorcin brown D, YX cone.

Rosanthrene A, R

Rosanthrene orange

Rubber blue 5R

Rubber orange R R

Safranine SB...

Scarlet 3B cone

Serichrome black WSE

Serichromo green B, G

Silk black 4BF, G

Silk brown O

Silk red brown R

Solamine blue FF

Solantine blue FF

Solantine brown R

Solantine orange G

Solantine red 8BLN

S R A black III, IV, IV Hy spl

S R A blue III, IV, V.

S R A golden orange I, III

S R A golden veilow VIII, IX, X, XI.

S R A heliotrope I

S R A orange I, II, III

S R A pink II

S R A pure veilow I, II

S R A red I, III, V, VII

S R \ violet II

Sudan orange

Sulphanthrene violet B

Sulphon acid black N2BM

Sulphon lyanine 2B

Supcrchrome yellow 2G...

Thianthrene brilliant red 3B.
Thianthrene pink FB, FF...

Victoria fiist violet 2R extra.

Victoria fast violet 2RC

Violet CSW

Wool black B, GRF .

Wool black 6BG

Wool fast violet 2R..

i Wool green B

Wool navy B . _

Yellow TX.

Zambezi black BG, PC.

Zambezi black D

Zambezi black V._

Zambezi black VX.

Manufac-
turers'
identifica-
tion num-
bers (ac-
cording to
list on
p. 204)

' Sales of Zambezi black V were 210,650 pounds, valued at $146,196, with a production of 245,696
Pounds.

DYES AND OTHER FINISHED COAL-TAK PRODUCTS 69

Dyes and other finished coal-tar products: Production and sales, 1926

Common name

COLOR LAKES

Black lakes-
Blue lakes..

Brown lakes.
Eosine lakes.

Green lakes.

Lithol red lakes .

Maroon lakes.

Orange lakes.

Para red lakes.

Red lakes.

Scarlet lakes.

Violet lakes.

Yellow lakes.

Total color lakes

PHOTOGRAPHIC CHEMICALS

Diaminophenol hydrochloride

(amidol) .

Hydroquinol _.

p-Hydroxy phenylglycine

Methyl p-aminophenol sulfate

(metol) .
Quinone

Total photographic chemicals.

Manufacturers' identi-
fication numbers (ac-
cording to list on p. 204)

73,140, X, X

13, 15, 23, 28, 34, 45, 49, 53
57, 71, 73, 77, 79, 84, 9i:
135, 140, 141, 143, 148
171, X, X, X, X, X, X
X.

28, 34, 57, 84, 140, 143, 157
X.

13, 15, 23, 28, 34. 45, 53, 57
71, 73, 77, 79, 84, 88, 91
135, 139, 140, 141, 143
148, 171, X, X, X, X
X, X, X.

13, 23, 28, 34, 49, 53, 57, 68
73, 77, 79, 84, 91, 135
140,141, 143,148, X, X
X,X,X, X, X,X.

5, 13, 23, 28, 49, 52, 57, 71
73, 77, 79, 81, 84, 88, 91
135, 139, 140, 143, 148
168, 171, X, X, X, X
X, X.

5, 13, 23, 28, 34, 45, 49, 53
71, 73, 77, 81, 84, 91, 96
125, 139, 140, 141, 143
148, 157, 165, 168, X, X
X. X, X.

13,23,28,34,53,57,71,77
79, 84, 91, 135, 139, 140
141, 143, 148, 157, 171
X, X, X, X, X, X
X, X.

5, 13, 23, 28, 45, 49, 52, 53

71, 73, 77, 79, 81, 84, 88
91,125,139,140,143,165

168, X, X, X, X, X, x:
x,x.

13. 23, 28, 34, 45, 49, 53, 57
71,73, 77, 81,84, 88, 91
96, 125, 135, 139, 140, 141
143, 148, 165, 168, 171
X, X, X, X, X, X, X
X.

5, 13, 23, 28, 45, 53, 57, 71
77, 81, 84, 88, 91, 125
135, 139, 140, 141, 143
148, 165, 168, 171, X, X
X, X.X, X. x,x.

13. 23, 28, 34, 45, 53, 57, 71

72, 73, 77, 79, 84. 91, 96
135, 140, 141, 143, 148
168, X, X, X, X, X, X
X X.

13, 28, 49, .57,71,73,77, 79
84,91,140, 141, 143, 148,
168,171,X,X, X,X, X
X, X.

Sales

Quantity

Value

Pounds

I

'"847,"649V"$552,"i9i

58, 448
770, 038

433, 432
828, 371

764, 569

472, 489

2, 871, 550

1, 839, 142

635, 929
457, 206

8,206
641, 274

196, 154

568, 871

273, 353

134, 829

1, 072, 161

1, 159, 438

206,128
441, 789
318,987

11, 425, 139

166.

97, 171, X.
54

54, 171, X.
X

387, 698

6, 02.% on

Aver-
age

price

per

pound

Produc-
tion
(quan-
tity)

Pounds

.140
.833

.453

.687

.358

.373

.630

.324

.966

.480

858, 234

64,288
771, 010

435, 007
873, 773

790, 469

4.59, 272

3, 005, 179

1, 866, 085

635, 113
475, 773
684, 398

.527 111,796,203

504,941

1.025

257, 038

1. 302 393, 426

70 CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHEE SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS

Dyes and other finished coal-tar products: Production and sales, 1926 — Continued

Manufacturers' identi-
fication numbers (ac-
cording to list on p. 204)

Sales

Common name

Quantity

Value

Aver-
age
price
per

pound

Produc-
tion
(quan-
tity)

MEDICI NALS

Acetanilide, USP - -

95, 97, 108

Founds
379, 173

$123, 737

$0. 326

Founds
458, 927

X

1, 104

(3:6-diamino-10-methy) acridine
chloride) .

X -

138

74,90 . --

Anesthesine. (See Benzocaine.)
Apothesine (hydrochloride of diethy-
laminopropyl-cinnamate) .

X -

1,46,90,92, 127, 146, X

18, 48, 97, 101

305
1, 796, 155

2,874

90,406
1, 079, 477

30, 714

296.413
.601

10. 687

444

Aspirin (acetyl salicylic acid)

Atophan. (See Cincophen.)
Benzocaine (anesthesine) (ethyl p-
amino benzoate).

1, 823, 748

1, 115, 138, X

2,768

138 . .

Benzocaine picrate ---

X

138

138

Benzyl succinate, sodium salt

138

97, 108, 127... .

1,061

3,563

3.358

Bismuth salicylate and subsalicylate

90

97, 108

104

Bromeikon (tetrabromophenolph-

thalein sodium salt).
Butyn (p-amino benzoyl gamma di

normal butyl amino propanol

sulfate).

90

1

90

90

138

18

Calcium guaiacol sulfonic acid

18 -

90 -

Chloramine T (sodium p-toluene

X --

sulfochloramide) .
Chloroxyl (phenylcinchoninic acid,

hydrochloride).
Cinchophen (atophan) (phenyl cin-

choninic acid) (2-phenylquinoline-

4-carboxylic acid) .

87

1,7,27,87,123, X

90

74, 405

395, 233

5.312

79, 632

74

Cyclohexenylethylbarbituric acid —
Dichloramine T (p-toluene sulfone
dichloramide) .

18

101

X

acid derivative) .

74 .

lodeikon (tetraiodophenolphthalein
sodium salt).

90

138

95,138

1"

Luminal (phenylethylmalonyl urea)
(phenylethyl barbituric acid).

Luminal sodium (phenylethyl bar-
bituric sodium salt) (phenylethyl-
malonylurea sodium salt).

18

18

74,90 .

X

curisalicyloxy acetate^

90

18

X

18

salicylic acid.

104 ..- .

127

Monoglyeol ester of salicylic acid

18

138 -.-

Neocinchophen. (See Tolysin).
Neoarsphenamine

1, 46, 90, 127, 146, X

3,607

1, 157, 225

320. 828

4,113

DYES AND OTHER FINISHED COAL-TAR PRODUCTS 71

Dyes and other finished coal-tar products: Production and sales, 1926 — Continued

Manufacturers' identi-
fication numbers (ac-
cording to list on p. 204)

Sales

Common name

Quantity

Value

Aver-
age

price

per

pound

Produc-
tion

(quan-
tity)

MEDiciNALS— continued
Parafuchsine

104

Founds

Pounds

Peralga (l-diethylbarbituric acid-2-

7

amidopyrene) .
Phenacaine (ethenyl-p-diethoxy-

X

diphenylamidinehydrochloride) .
Phenolphthalein

123, X

Phenolsulfonates (calcium, sodium

97, 127

zinc, etc.).
Potassium acid phthalate

90.

Potassium salicylate

90

Potassium sulfocarbonate

90

Procaine (p-amino benzoyl diethyl

1, 115, X

6,749

$183,478

$27. 186

6 702

aminoethanol).
Proflayine (3:6-diamino acridine sul-

1, 104

fate) .
Resorcinol monoacetate

54

Salicaine (salicvl alcohol)

27

Salol (phenyl salicylate)

48,74,97

88, 686

66, 163

.746

84, 182

Salophen (acetylparaminophenyl

18

salicylate;; .
Scarlet red

55,104

X

Sodium salicylate .

48, 74, 97, 101

444,847

158,978

.357

469, 345

Stoyarsol

127

Strontium salicylate

74, 90. .

Sulfoarsphenamine

1,90,92, 127, 146, X

90

736

287, 865

391. 121

847

Sulfocarbonate sodium

Tetraiodophenolphthalein ( n o s o -

54

phen.
Tetraiodophenolphthalein sodium ..

54

salt (antinosin).
Tolysin (p-methylphenyl cincho-

ninic ethyl ester) (neocinchophen) .
Triphenylstilbene sulphide

1, 27

150

Trypan blue

104

Tryparsamide

127

90

3, 593, 226

6, 742, 128

1.876

3, 696, 196

25,48, 58, 93,95, 101

54

FLAVORS

Coumarin..

138, 925

355, 915

2.562

146,640

Dulcin

Ethvl benzoate

58, 62. 63, 78. 149, X

25. 58. 63. 78. X

Ethvl salicylate 1 .W. 63. 78. 149. X

Methvl cinnamate

25, 58, 63, 78, 149

Methyl salicylate

48, 74, 78,97, 101, 149, X..
X.

2, 242, 983

743, 140

.331

2, 456, 684

Saccharin

Vanillin (see Part II)

93

Total flavors

2, 629, 126

1,482,697

.564

2, 857, 913

25, 58, 63, 149, X

PERFtTME M.VTERIALS

Acetophenone

1,343
12, 353

3,606
14, 930

2.685
1. 200

1,362

Amyl salicylate

25,62,78, 142, 149, X,X,X.
25, 58, 62, 78, 149, X

13, 789

Aubepine (anisic aldehyde) (see Part
11).

58,63

Benzvl acetate

25, 63,78,95,142, 149, X,X-

41,351

32, 086

29,190

266

45. 574

45, 231

35, 381

2,134

1.102
1.410
1.212
8.023

39, 473

Benzyl alcohol

Benzyl benzoate

Benzvl cmnamate

Benzyl formate

Benzyl phenylaeetate

Benzyl propionate

Benzyl salicylate

Benzyl succinate

Benzylidene acetone.. ..

Bromstyrol

Cinnamic acid

25,78,95, 142, 149, X.X...
58,63,78,142, 149, X. X...
58, 63, 78, 149, X

35, 441

28,009

266

149

149

149

149

X

95 149

25, 149, X

4.246

186

62, 63

49113—27-

72 CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHEE SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS

Dyes and other finished coal-tar products: Production and sales, 1926 — Continued

Manufacturers' identi-
fication numbers (ac-
cording to list on p. 204)

Sales

Common name

Quantity

Value

Aver-
age
price
per

pound

Produc-

tion-

(quan-

tity)

PERFUME MATERIALS— continued

149 . ...

Pounds

Pounds

25, 62, 63, 149

149 ...

p-Cresylphenyl acetate

58

X..

1

160, X

1

Diethyl phthalate

21, 25, 58, 63, 78, 149, 158,

X, X, X.
149

980, 847

$291,066 $0,297

1, 044, 218

Dimethyl acetophenone

58

63, 149

25, 48, 78, 149

54,847

33,723

.615

58, 042

58

Hydratropic aldehyde

149 -

Indol

58

58

63 -

58

58,63

149

Methyl acetophenone

25, 63, 149 .

356

1,277

3.587

Methyl anthranilate

48, 58, 78, 149, X

Methyl benzoate

63, 78, 149, X, X

512

789

1.541

785

149

58 .

p-Methylbenzyl anthranilate

58

58

58

Methyl-p-cresol (p-eresyl methyl
ether) .

149

58, 149

"

1

Mcthvlphenyl acetate

25,58,63,78, 149, X

58

608

3,309

5.442

577

Methylphenv glvcidate

58 .

58

25

1

25

1

Musk xylene

25

:.::.::

b-Naphthyl anthranilate

58

Nerolin (b-naphthol ethyl ether)

63, 78, 149

58

25, 63

25, 58, 78, 149, X

-- . .

58

PhenvJthevl acetate

58, 78, 149

25, 48, 58, 78, 149

149

149

Phenylglycol acetate

58

Phenylyinylethylencmethyl ketone.
Skatol (methyl indol)

Tetrahvdroparamethvl quinoline

Yara yara (b-naphthol methyl ether) .

149

58 149

58

1

63, 149

1

1

Total Derfume materials

1,731,887 820,264

.474

1, 922, 666

17, X

Synthetic tanning materials

k4, 325, 724 7,647,756

1

.534

14, 106, 993

Synthetic phenolic resins

17, X

Employees and Rates of Pay

The number of employees receiving specified rates of pay on Decem-
ber 18, 1926, or on the nearest representative date for which tliis
information could be obtained, as reported by 139 firms manufac-
turino- coal-tar products in 1926, is shown in Table 21. The 33 firms
for which data are omitted either conducted a business in which
coal-tar products were not the primary articles of manufacture or did
not have separately organized departments dealing therewith.

EMPLOYEES AND RATES OF PAY

73

In 1914 there were but seven firms in the United States manufac-
turing coal-tar colors and other products.^ These gave employment
to 528 persons. The 139 firms reporting in 1926 gave employment to
10,142 persons. In recent years there has been a steady integration
of plants and a decrease in employees. Comparative figures are as
follows: 1925, 154 firms, with 10,971 employees; 1924, 158 firms, with
12,569 employees; 1923, 181 firms, with 14,841 employees.

Chemists and technically trained men in 1926 constituted 13.4 per
cent of ail employees, as compared with 14.6 per cent in 1925 and 13.4
per cent in 1924. Of the 1,358 men of this group in 1926, 32.70 per
cent received $75 and over per week, 29.23 per cent received between
$50 and $75, 8.02 per cent between $35 and $40, 6.48 per cent between
$40 and $45, and 6.48 per cent between $45 and $50. For men with-
out technical training the scale of compensation was as follows: 23.43
per cent received between $25 and $30 per week, 23.47 per cent
between $30 and $35, 16.08 per cent between $20 and $25. In
general, rates of pay were higher in 1926 than in 1925. Table 28
compares specified rates of pay of technically trained men wdth those
of men not having such training.

Among the technically trained men the increase in terms of per-
centages in the pay of each group was as follows: 5.46 per cent in the
group receiving $75 and over and 0.29 per cent in the group receiving
$50 and under $75. Of men without technical training the increase
was 3.8 per cent in the group receiving $30 but under $35, 2.89 per
cent m the group receiving $40 but under $45, and 1.19 per cent in
the group receiving $45 but under $50.

As stated in previous reports, the dye and coal-tar chemical in-
dustry has probably a larger propoi-tion of technically trained men
than any other manufacturing industry in the United States.

Table 27. — Employees and rates of pay in the coal-tar dye and chemical industry,

1926

Number of employees at each
specified wage engaged in
manufacturing operations

Percentage receiv-
ing each speci-
fied wage

Percentage receiv-
ing each speci-
fied wage or more

Wages per week

Chemists
and tech-
nically
trained
men

Men
without
technical
training

All em-
ployees

Chemists
and tech-
nically
trained
men

Men

without
technical
training

Chemists
and tech-
nically
trained
men

Men
without
technical
training

Under $10

22

191

548

1,412

2,058

2,062

1,106

694

392

266

33

22

194

566

1,454

2,134

2,155

1,215

782

480

663

477

0.25

2.17

6.24

16.08

23.43

23.47

12.59

7.90

4.46

3.03

.38

100. 00

$10 but under $15

3

18
42
76
93
109
88
88
397
444

0.22
1.33
3.09
5.60
6.85
8.02
6.48
6.48
29.23
32.70

100.00
99.78
98.45
95.36
89.76
82.91
74.89
68.41
61.93
32.70

99.75

$15 but under $20 ... .

97.58

$20 but under $25 -

91. 34

$25 but under $30.

75. 26

$30 but under $35.

51.83

$35 but under $40

28.36

$40 but under $45

15.77

$45 but under $50

7.87

$50 but under $75

3.41

$75andover

.38

Total

1,358

8,784

10, 142

100. 00

100.00

« Bureau of the Census, Dept. of Com,

74

CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHEE SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS

Table 28. — Employees and rates of pay in the coal-tar dye and chemical industry,

1926

Percentage receiving each specified wage

Wages per week

Chemists and technically 1 Men without technical
trained men training

1926

1925

Increase

1926

1925

Increase

Under $10

100. 00
99.75
97.58
91.34
75.26
51.83
28.36
15.77
7.87
3.41
.38

100.00

99.71

97.57

92.34

74.98

48.03

27.73

12.88

6.68

2.84

.27

$10 but under $15

100.00
99.78
98.45
95.36
89.76
82.91
74.89
68.41
61.93
32.70

iodoo

99.63
97.90
95.36
89.91
84.16
74.51
68.14
61.64
27.54

0.04

$15 but under $20

0.15
.55

.01

$20 but under $25.

1 1.00

$25 but under $30....

.28

$30 but under $35

1.15

11.25

.38

.27

.29

5.46

3 80

$35 but under $40

.63

$40 but under $45...

2.89

$45 but under $50

1.19

$50 but under $75

.57

$75 and over

.11

'Decrease.

Research Work

Of the 172 firms engaged in the manufacture of dyes and other
coal-tar chemicals in 1926, 44 had separately organized research
laboratories. The total cost of the research work carried on in these
laboratories, together with that done in laboratories not separately
organized for research, was $2,011,830. This figure is a decrease of
$426,405 from expenditures in 1925. The Tariff Commission's cen-
sus includes in 1926, as in 1925, not only the total cost of the research
work carried on by the companies reporting, but the net cost of such
work chargeable to coal-tar products alone. The $1,953,914 reported
as the net cost in 1926 is doubtless an understatement of the real
cost of experimental work, since the figures do not include in all
cases the cost of research forming a part of manufacturing operations
but not charged against research on the books of the companies.

The total sales of the finished coal-tar products in 1926 was nearly
$60,000,000. The high research expenditure, amounting to nearly
33^ per cent of the total sales, gives some indication of the large
amount considered necessary for such work in this industry.

PART III

PRODUCTION OF COAL-TAR PRODUCTS AND OF

SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS OTHER

THAN THOSE OF COAL-TAR ORIGIN,

BY STATES, 1923

75

Part III

PRODUCTION OF COAL-TAR PRODUCTS AND OF SYN-
THETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS OTHER THAN THOSE OF
COAL-TAR ORIGIN, BY STATES, 1923

Introduction

In this detailed study of finished coal-tar products and synthetic
organic chemicals other than those of coal-tar origin, the commission
has selected the year 1923 because production was then at its peak.
Table 29 shows the number of plants producing m 1923 and the quan-
tity and value of their production of coal-tar intermediates, dyes,
medicinals, and perfumes and flavors, and other synthetic organic
chemicals of noncoal-tar origin.

Table 29.-

-Coal-tar products and synthetic organic chemicals other than those of
coal-tar origin: Total 'production in 1923

Group

Coal-tar intermediates

Coal-tar dyes

Coal-tar medicinals

Coal-tar flavors and perfumes

Synthetic organic chemicals (noncoal-tar)

Number
of plants

104
90
32
22
74

Production

Pounds
231, 393, 871

93, 667, 524
3, 273. 085
2, 823, 473

90. 597, 712

Value

.$68, 962, 492

51.323,473

5, 468, 284

2. 780, 158

21, 70", 299

The value of production was obtained by applying the average
sales value per pound of each group of products of each individual
plant to the total production of that group. Alany plants manufac-
ture more than one group.

Production by States of each of the groups of products for which
total figures are given in Table 29 is shown in Charts 1 to 5.

Intermediates

From 200 to 300 intermediates are made from coal-tar crudes.
These are used in manufacturing finished coal-tar products, in vul-
canizing rubber, as camphor substitutes, as insecticides, and, after
purification, as drugs, perfumes, and flavors. Domestic producers
sell approximately one-third of the total production of intermediates
and consume the remainder in manufacturing finished coal-tar prod-
ucts. Sales in 1923 were 83,582,808 pounds, valued at $18,916,058.

New Jersey, with 35 plants, produced more than 40 per cent,
measured either by quantity or value, of the total output of the coun-
try. Pennsjdvania and New York produced more than half of the
remainder. Chart 1 shows the localization of the industr}^ in 1923.

Dyes

The manufacture of coal-tar products is intimately related to
several branches of the chemical industry. Heavy chemicals, includ-
ing acids, alkalies, salt, sulphur, and chlorine, and several noncoal-tar

77

78

CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHER SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS

DYES 79

organic chemicals, such as methanol, acetic anhydride, and formalde-
hyde, are used in large quantities in the manufacture of dyes and other
finished coal-tar products. Coal-tar dyes are essential raw materials
for the textile, paper, leather, ink, fur, varnish, food, and other
important industries.

A well-developed chemical industry is essential to an industrial
country not only in times of peace but in a national emergency,
when explosives, gases, medicinals, and countless other chemicals
are needed by the military and civilian population. The World
War proved conclusively that an organic chemical industr}^ is the
basis of an}' scheme of national defense. That there was an intimate
relation between the German dye industry and German military oper-
ations is a matter of common knowledge. After the battle of the Alarne
it was found that the large stocks of ammunition accumulated before
the war were nearly exhausted, and at a meeting between the I. G.
and the General Staff it was decided to mobilize the dye producers
Within six weeks dye plants were delivering millions of pounds of
T.N.T. and picric acid. From then on throughout the entire period of
the war they played a vital part in all military plans; they were the
source of supply of poison gas, explosives, and other needed chemicals.

The domestic production of coal-tar dyes reached its peak in 1923,
when 93,667,524 pounds were produced. In 1924 production de-
clined to 69,000,000 pounds, but by 1925 had increased to 86,000,000
pounds, and by 1926 to 88,000,000 pounds. The large increase in
1923 was partly due to market conditions abroad. During the
occupation of the Ruhr, German3''s output of dyes was greatly
reduced and she was unable to supply her Far Eastern markets.
China and Japan then turned to the United States and Great Britain
for a part of their requirements and thus helped to expand the export
trade of these two countries.

In 1923 the sales of the 88 firms (90 plants) manufacturing dyes
totaled 86,567,446 pounds, with a value of $47,223,161.

Dye manufacture is concentrated in the East. New Jersey and New
York, with 49 of the 90 domestic plants, produced about two-thirds
of the quantity of all the coal-tar dyes made in this country in 1923.
Their combined output was 60,769,711 pounds, valued at $35,336,-
101. Proximity to consuming markets is a factor of importance in
the location of dye plants. The textile industry, including cotton,
woolen and silk mills, located largely along the Atlantic coast, is the
chief consumer of domestic dyes.

Before the war, the German coal-tar dye and coke-oven industries
were even more concentrated than are ours today. They were com-
pressed within an area described by a square of 300 miles^ The
advantageous location of the German plants with cheap water routes
and short rail hauls of materials from one factor}^ to another or to sea-
port has been of great importance in the growth of the dye industry.

Chart 2 shows the number of dye plants and the quantity and value
of dyes produced in each state, or group of states, in 1923.

'Hesse, Bernhard C: The Industry of the Coal-tar Dyes, an Outline Sketch, in Journal of Industrial and
Engineering Chemistry, vol. 6, No. 12, 1013, December, 1914.

80

CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHER SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS

census of dyes and other synthetic chemicals 81

Medicinals

Coal-tar medicinals include such important products as neoars-
phenamine, of great value in the treatment of syphillis; aspirin,
used in the treatment of colds; acetanilide, for reducing fever; and
luminal, in the treatment of epilepsy. During the World War the
shortage of some of these products in this and other countries was of
grave concern to military and civilian health officers.

The vStates of New York and New Jersey produced more than 70
per cent of the cpiantity of coal-tar medicinals manufactured in the
United States in 1923. Chart 3 shows the geographical location of
plants and the size of the industry in 1923.

Coal-Tar Fla\ors and Perfumes

This group of products includes chemicals for flavoring foods and
food products and for perfuming soaps and other toilet articles.
New Jersey, the principal producing State, had 8 of the 22 plants
operating in 1923, and produced more than a third of the total
output. Chart 4 shows the combined production of these two groups.

Synthetic Organic Chemicals Other than Those of Coal-Tar

Origin

Products of this group show a steady increase in output. In 1923
the production amounted to more than 90,000,000 pounds, valued
at nearly $22,000,000. In 1924 this had risen to 116,000,000 pounds,
in 1925 to 157,000,000 pounds, and in 1926 to 215,000,000 pounds.
Sales in 1925 were valued at more than $23,000,000, and in 1926 at
about $30,000,000.

A large part of the increase in production is due to the growth of
the lacquer and pyroxylin plastic industries which are heavy con-
sumers of ethyl acetate, butanol, butyl acetate, and other solvents.
Another cause of increased production is the continued demand for
xanthates, used in sulfide ores containing copper, lead, zinc, silver,
and gold. Rapid developments in flotation processes have lowered
the cost of treating certain ores. It is estimated that over 45,000,000
tons of ore were treated by flotation methods in this country during
1926. The quantity of* flotation agent used per ton of ore has
decreased from more than 4 pounds per ton of ore treated in 1923 to
less than 2 pounds in 1926.

Other products included in this group are carbon tetrachlori'de,
ether, ethylene and its derivatives, formaldehyde, vanillin, and
tetraethyl lead.

Production centers in the East but is rather widely disseminated.
New Jersey had 27 of the 74 plants manufacturing in 1923 and pro-
duced nearly half of the 90,000,000 pounds made by the whole
industry. The Middle Western States produced a substantial part
of the remainder. Chart 5 shows the geographical distribution of
the industry in 1923.

82

CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHER SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS

MEDICINALS

83

84

CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHER SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS

PART IV

DYES IMPORTED FOR CONSUMPTION
IN THE UNITED STATES, 1926

85

Part IV

DYES IMPORTED FOR CONSUMPTION IN THE UNITED

STATES, 1926

Introduction

Beginning with 1919 the United States Tariff Commission has
annually compiled a detailed census of dye imports similar to that
published by the Department of Commerce under the title "Artificial
Dyestuffs Used in the United States (fiscal year 1913-14)/' commonly
known as the "Norton Import Census."

The commission first compiled such statistics for use in the admin-
istration of section 501, Title 5, of the tariff act of September 8, 1916,
which made the continuance of specific duties on coal-tar products,
after September 8, 1921, dependent upon the production in the United
States of as much as 60 per cent in value of the consumption of these
products. As the information was found to be of direct value to
manufacturers, consumers, and unporters, as well as to the commission
itself, in considering tarift' aspects of the coal-tar chemical industry,
the annual census of imports has been continued.

Imports for consumption for the year 1926, including warehouse
withdrawals for dyes and other products within paragraphs 27 and 28,
have been compiled and published each month under a cooperative
arrangement between the chemical divisions of the Department of
Commerce and the Tariff' Commission. Certain discrepancies will be
found to exist between the final figures published under this arrange-
ment for the year 1926 and the preliminary figures published in the
monthly reports for the reason that in checking the preliminary
figures, minor errors were corrected and a few additions made.

In tabulating the dye statistics the commission has followed in the
main the "Colour Index," issued by the British Society of Dyers and
Colourists, and the "Schultz Farbstoft'tabellen," and other sources of
information in the files.

Such dyes as could not be identified by Colour Index numbers are
classified by the ordinary method of application, as follows: Acid,
basic, direct, lake and spirit soluble, mordant and chrome, sulphur,
and vat. The classification of a dye by its method of application is
often purely arbitrary, as certain colors may be applied by either of
two methods.

The rate of exchange used in converting foreign invoice values to
United States currency is either the rate given on the invoice, or, in
comparatively few cases, the exchange value published by the
Treasury Department for the month in which consular certification
occurred.

Summary of Imports of Dyes

The total imports of coal-tar dyes in 1926 was 4,673,196 pounds,
valued at S4, 103,301, as compared with 5,209,601 pounds in 1925,
with an invoice value of $4,637,240. (For comparison of imports
with domestic production and effect of change of duty on imports,
see pp. 40-42.)

49113—27 7 87

88

CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHER SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS

Table 30. — Imports of dyes into the United States, by country of shipment, 1924-

1926

Country of shipment

Percentage of total
quantity

Country of shipment

Percentage of total
quantity

1924

1925 1926

1924

1925

1926

50

30

5

4

53 50

32 33

4 2

4 4

Canada

4
3
2
2

2
2
2

1

3

Switzerland - -.

France

Belgium

Netherlands

4

Italy. __.

England

4

IMPORT STATISTICS

Table 34, page 91, shows the quantity and the value (when pub-
iishable) of individual dyes imported in 1926. Table 31 is a summary
of dyes imported from 1921 to 1926, inclusive, classified according
to method of application. Table 32 compares the volume of the 1926
imports of the leading dyes in each class by application with corre-
sponding imports in the period 1923 to 1925 and in the fiscal year 1914.

Table 31.

-Dyes imported into the United States, classified by tnethod of application,
1921-1926

1921

1922

1923

Class of dye

Pounds

Per cent
of total

Pounds

Per cent
of total

Pounds

Per cent
of total

Acid-.

1, 455, 823

34.24

601, 395

15.10

544, 048

17.56

Vat:

{(i) Indigo

70, 975
1,045,370

1.66
24.59

505
1, 548, 519

.01
38.89

(6) Vat (other than indigo)

1, 207, 554

38.98

Total

1,116,345

26. 25

1, 549, 024

38.90

1. 207, 554

38.98

Mordant and chrome:

(n) Alizarin

136, 283
559, 678

3.58
12.78

27, 086

689, 704

.68
17.32

27, 716
425, 699

.89

(ft) Mordant and chi-ome

13.74

Total

695, 961

16.36

716, 790

18.00

453, 415

14.63

Direct

537, 664
220, 938
163, 527
43, 553
19, 100

12.64

5.20

3.84

1.02

.45

671, 621
194, 883
155, 084
76, 853
16, 981

16.86

4.89

3,89

1.93

.43

527, 014
114, 023
210, 896
23, 213
18, 030

17.01

Sulphur

3.68

Basic

6.81

Spirit-soluble and color-lake

.75

Unidentified, unclassified special

.58

Total

4.252,911

100. 00

3, 982, 631

100. 00

3,098,193 100.00

Class of dye

Acid

Vat:

(a) Indigo

(6) Vat (other than indigo) - .

Total -

Mordant and chrome:
• (a) Alizarin

(b) Mordant and chrome

Total.- - --

Direct.

Sulphur

Basic --

Spirit-soluble and color-lake

Unidentified, unclassified special.

Total

1924

Pounds

324, 538

Per cent
of total

5,471
1, 493, 851

1, 499. 322

42, 695
371, 207

413, 902

421, 538
87,764

249, 068
17, 334
9,073

3, 022, 539

Pounds

.18
49.43

49.61

1,952
2, 416, 890

2, 418, 842

13.69

75, 174
566, 924

642, 098

13.95

2.90

8.24

.57

.30

759, 024

122, 230

607, 637

57, 540

12, 271

100. 00 5, 209, 601

Per cent
of total

.04
46.39

46.43

1.45
10.88

12.33

14.57
2.35

11.66
1.10
.24

100.00

Pounds

Per cent
of total

2,806
1, 845, 208

1, 848, 014

.06
39.49

39.55

86,606
413, 398

500, 004

1.85
8.85

10.70

805, 848
149, 723
406, 732
86, 106
82, 914

4, 673, 196

17.24
3.20
8.70
1.84
1.78

100.00

DYES IMPOETED FOR CONSUMPTION

89

Table 32. — Dyes of each class, according to method of application, imported in
largest quantity in the calendar year 1926, compared with corresponding imports
in 1925, 1924, 1923, and in the fiscal year 1914

Schultz
No.

Class and type name of dye •

1926

1925

1923

1914

858
545

564
543

503

546

'257'

265

907
842
918
908

881
849
760
833
901

761
759

795

885

778
855
783
551
637
854
790

865

780

622

784

635
804
862

ACID DYES

Erioglancine

Indocyanine B

Alizarin saphirol B

Patent blue A

Wool fast blue BL, GL.

Polar red

Fast green

Brilliant milling blue,.,

Naphthalene green

Patent blue V

Neolan blue

Erioviridine B

Neolan pink

Cyanol

Alizarin rubinol

Sulphoneyanine G

Alizarin saphirol SE

Neolan yellow

Alizarin supra blue

Acid milling black B . _ .

VAT DYES *

Ciba scarlet

Indanthrene blue GCD

Indanthrene red violet RH

Ciba red R

Helindone printing black RD.

Brilliant indigo 4B

Indi.nthrene yellow G

Indanthrene golden orange G.

Indanthrene olive R

Ciba violet R

Indanthrene brown G

Indanthrene golden orange R.

Anthraflavone GC

Indanthrene brown R

Cihanone yellow R

Brilliant indigo B

Indanthrene pink B

Indanthrene dark blue BO

Ciba pink BG

Hydron brown G, R

MORDANT AND CHROME DYES

Alizarin, sjTithetic

Alizarin pure blue B

Purpurine

Eriochrome azurol B

Gallamine blue

Alizarin viridine FF

Anthracene blue

Metachronie blue black..
Acid anthracene brown. ..

Alizarin cyanine green

Alizarin red S

Alizarin light gray BS

Eriochrome blue black G_

Delphine blue B

Acid alizarin gray G.

Alizarin SX

Alizarin cyclamine R

Modern violet

Alizarin blue S

Alizarin blue black __

Pounds
71,502
51, 295
41,945
29 899
29,468
26, 145
23,993
19, 308
18, 539
16, 857
16,090
14, 977
14, 548
13,614
12, 940
12, 582
12, 497
12,235
11,188
11, 022

142. 785
134, 832
111,779
111,320
75, 000
65,711
63, 326
60, 094
56, 114
55, 104
54, 420
53, 826
41,002
37.111
34, 830
32,920
32,548
27. 932
27, 326
23, 690

86,606

31,612

19,948

19, 886

18, 197

17, 634

16,294

15, 353

13, 295

11, 105

11,119

10, 998

9,921

9,003

8,875

8,580

8,372

8,315

7,180

7,147

' The type name represents in most cases the prin-
cipal color imported in 1926
2 Included in Indamine 6R.
^ Included in Schultz No. 858.
' Included in Schultz No. 804.

Pounds

35, 295

16. 521

30, 425

31, 097

30,248

28,584

18, 967

8,400

15, 299

24.892

8,813

13,946

1,100

8,995

7,734

3,264

24,382 I

1,872

2,000

17,635

123, 473

139, 876
69, 107
85, 084
68, 000
92, 300

111,713
46, 646
22, 772

276, 858
51,813
90, 730
73,816
59, 033
34. 815
12,455
27,429
27, 961
22, 971
36, 076

75, 174

34, 352

28, 281

28, 093

36, 021

21, 798

500

15,000

5, 515

11,276

14, 402

9,503

2,204

3,481

8,705

12,506

15

7,983

16, 359

51,066

Pounds
28. 655

40.600

10, 715
4.940
7,756

30. 721
6,200
4,357

23,606

220

4.796

3,688

11,514

100

9,484

40, 200
68, 450
29. 038
17, 635
8.300
5,783
39, 771
76, 046
30, 665
82, 598
18, 155
112,339
35, 936
71,313
21,035
11.218
39, 131
2,943
21, 653
42, 681

42, 695

20, 729

271

12,664

5,778
1,493
9,500
86
7,636
3,611

5,597
7,025

11,773

796

1,925

8,152

78, 195

Pounds
38, 254
0)

26, 615

11,872

2,264

15, 031

17, 190

8,540

13, 328

66, 279

991

8,825

661

19, 979

48, 826

333

15, 543

37, 524

70, 546

21,916

7,388

6,417
87, 946
67, 265

1.050
64, 517
18, 07 1
79, 717
27, 721
55, 081

8 373
14,835
13, 348

5. 051
(0

4,065

27, 716
9,132

29,244

17,217

912

7,000

(«)

16, 241
25,017

2,205
2,001
13, 526
8,206
797
990
7,948
70, 917

Pounds

66, 526

23, 138

77, 148

63, 744

19.238

2,821

14, 347

9,966

22, 144

196, 228

40, 868

40,015
10, 917
86,911

i*)

69, 590

22, 265

478, 980

27, 874

1,001

16, 880
12, 683
20, 092
13, 334
20,836

50,496
7.143
1,596
298
8,175
602
11,096

1,600

202, 392-
19,471

21,060
2, 756

22,444
399

30, 555
2,000
53,154

13, 120;

21,231
51„706

' Included in Alizarin direct blue..

6 Single strength.

' Included in Schultz No. 912.

* Partlv included in Schultz No. 88..

« Included in Schultz No. 180.

90

CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHER SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS

Table 32. — Dyes of each class, according to method of application, imported in
largest quantity in the calendar year 1926, compared with corresponding imports
in 1925, 1924, 1923, and in the fiscal year 1914 — Continued

382
316

561

70
628

409
317
577
631

749

Schultz
No.

319
273

358
449

Class and type name of dye

339

274

457

14

S24

660

797

608

729

559

789

788

603

677

512

793

606

680

515

70fi

538

851

690

926

661

927

663

658

496

DIRECT DYES

Chlorantine fast blue

Chlorantine fast violet.-.

Diamine scarlet 3B

Diaminogene blue

Diazo sky blue

Chlorantine red 8BN

Diaminogene blue QQ

Brilliant sky blue

Trisulphon brown B

Diazo brilliant green 3G-.

Benzo fast brown

Chlorantine fast brown...

Rapid fast red GL

Diphenyl catechine G

Zambesi blacks

Diamine fast orange

Diamine orange B

Diaminogene B_

Trisulphon brown 2G

Diphenyl chrysoine GC.

BASIC DYES

Rhodamine B—

Rhodamine 6G DN. ,

Methylene green

Euchrysiue

Victoria blue B

Patent phosphine

Acridine orange

Magenta

Phosphine

Methyl violet

Methyl Lyons blue

Diphene blue B, R

Thionine blue GO

New methylene blue

Setoglaucine

SULPHUR DYES

Thionol green

Cross dye green B, G

Thionol brown O, R

Thionol yellow

Indo carbon

Pyrogene green GK

Pounds
40, 446
37, 576
34, 599
28, 395
22, 599
21,930
21,602
20,939
18,509
17,935
17,496
15, 431
14,500
13, 227
12,864
11,938
11,803
11.108
11,015
9,336

11 133,
II 61,
21,
18,
18,
17,
15,
12,
10,
9,

41,304
41,246
18,110
10, 960
9. 9;-0
5,511

'" Separate figures not obtainable.

11 Single strength basis.

12 Included in Schultz 571.

li Included in Schultz 606.

» Included in Schultz No. 748.

1' Included in Schultz No. 746.

The following table gives the stocks of coal-tar dyes and interme-
diates remaining in bonded warehouse each month since January 31,
1926, as published in the Monthly Summary of Foreign Commerce
by the Department of Commerce:

Table 33.-

-Dyes remaining in bonded customs warehouse January 31, 1926, to
April 30, 1927

Date

Coal-tar

I dyes and

colors

.Tan. 31, 1926.
Feb. 28, 1926.
Mar. 31, 1926
Apr. 30, 1926.
May 31, 1926.
June 30, 1926.
July 31, 1926.
Aug. 31, 1926.

Pounds
703, 159
596,154
447, 588
359, 164
535i 226
671, 396
512, 186
557, 852

Coal-tar
interme-
diates

Pounds
763, 409
855, 170
896, 530
928, 593
946, 120
772, 475
781,796
690, 031

Date

Sept, 30, 1926
Oct. 31, 1926.
Nov. 30, 1926
Dec. 31, 1926.
Jan. 31, 1927.
Feb. 28, 1927.
Mar. 31, 1927
Apr. 30, 1927.

Coal-tar

dyes and

colors

Pounds
395, 535

281. 320

303. 321
360,488
615, 542
896, 059
869, 963

1, 125, 983

Coal-tar
interme-
diates

Pounds
590, 520
557, 257
539, 561
562, 536
647, 692
719, 055
712, 617
827, 260

DYES IMPORTED FOE CONSUMPTION

91

Key to Abbreviations Used in Table

1. THE LEADING GERMAN COMPANIES

10 Interessen Gemeinschaft Teerfarben Industrie A. G.

A — Actien-Gesellschaft fur Anilin-Fabrikation, Berlin. Founded 1873.

B Badicche Anilin-und-Soda-Fabrik, Ludwigshafen-on-the-Rhine. Founded 1865.

By Farb^nfabriken, vormals Friedr. Bayer & Co., Leverkusen-on-tbe-Rhine. Founded 1862.

C - Leopold Cassella & Co., Frankfort-on-the-Main. Founded 1870.

K Kalle & Co., A. G. Biebrich-on-the-Rhine. Founded 1870.

M Farbwerke, vormals Meister-Lncius & Bruning, Hochst-on-t he-Main. Founded 1862.

AG Actien-Gesellschaft fur Anilin-Fabrikation, Berlin and Chemische Fabrik Griesheim-Electron,

Oflenbach-on-the-Main.

2. THE SMALLER GERMAN COMPANIES

rj Carl Jager, G. m. b. H., Anilinfarbenfabrik, Dusseldorf. Founded 1823.

GrE Chemische Fabrik Griesheim-Electron, Offenbach-on-the-Main. Founded 1842.

tM Chemische Fabriken, vormals Weiler ter Meer, Uerdingen-on-the-Rhine. Founded 1877.

Sg G. Siegle & Co., G. m. b. H., Stuttgart.

CN.
StD.

3. FRENCH COMPANIE.S

Compagnie Nationale de Matieres Colorantes et Produits Chimiyues. Founded 1917.
Societe Anonyme des Matieres colorantes et produits chimiques St. Denis (formerly A.
Poirrier), St. Denis, near Paris, France. Founded 1830.

4. SWISS COMPANIES, ALL AT BASEL

DH Farbwerke, vormals L. Durand, Huguenin & Co. Founded 1871.

G Anilinfarben-und-Extract-Fabriken, vormals Joh. Rud. Geigy. Founded 1764.

I Gesellschaft fiir chemische Industrie. Founded 1885.

S Chemische Fabrik, vormals Sandoz & Co. Founded 1887.

5. ENGUSH COMPANIES

Bro Brotherton & Co. (Ltd.), City Chambers, Leeds.

B. A. C... British .\li7,arine Co. (Ltd.), Manchester.

B. C British Celanese (Ltd.), London

B. D. C_. British Dyestuffs Corporation (Ltd.), London.

L. B. H... L. B. Holliday & Co. (Ltd.), Huddersfield.

Lo Charles Lowe & Co., Manchester.

N. B. C-. North British Chemical Co., Fairfield Road Works, Droylsden, Manchester.

SD Scottish Dyes (Ltd.), Grangemouth.

Q Importations of unknown source, through dealers in colors.

Table 34. — Imports of dyes, calendar year 1926

Col-
our
Index
No.

40

Schultz
No.

137

42
182

Name of dye

Total.

Naphthol yellow SXX

Fast yellow

Fast yellow extra

Manufac-
turer

IG.

IG.

Fast yellow S - IG-

IG.

Chrysoidine RL base.

Moti orange

Moti orange.

Moti orange R

Erio floxine 2G

BrOliant sulphon red

Brilliant sulphon red B...

Brilliant sulphon red lOB.

Fast sulphon violet 5BS--
Metachrome orange R

Chrome orange R

Metachrome orange R

Nitrosamine red paste

Victoria violet 4BS

Sorrel red X

Helio fast red RL

Rapid fast red GL paste

Ponceau 3R

Ponceau

Ponceau 3R.

Sg..

IG.

Scarlet 3R .1 IG.

tM.
IG.
G..

DH.
IG..
IG..

S....
IG..
By-.
IG.-

Imports

Quantity

Pounds
4, 673, 196

220
900

25
300

110
6,500

2,000

10

5,500

100

14, 500
225

Invoice
value

$4, 103, 301

5,712

92 CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHER SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS

Table 34. — Imports of dyes, calendar year 1926 — Continued

Col-

Schultz
No.

Name of dye

Manufac-
turer

1 Imports

1

Index
No.

Quantity

Invoice
value

104

88
94
100
129

118

119
121

122

125
126

140
144
145
133
153
154
159

175

iss'

'""'194'
217
227
230
231
233
240
248

256

257

259
275
264
265
273

274

Metachrome olive brown G

Pounds
6,500

Metaclarome olive brown G

Bro...

Metachrome olive brown G

AG

105

Acid anthracene brown R

IG

IG

IG

G_..

1,242

1,200

25

440

600

114

Guinea fast red 2R

119

Eosamine G.

124

Chromazone red new cone

127

Geranine

$801

Benzo brilliant pink G

By

Brilliant geranine B . .

By

Geranine G

By

128

Diamine rose GD

IG

300

755

130

ErikaB A....

Erika B cone ^ .__

s

Erika B extra ...

V

131

Erika GN

300

Cotton pink GN

IG.

Erika GN

IG.

134

Black JI (Janus black I)

IG

300
150

135

Janus blue

Blue JG

IG

Indoine blue BB

IG

145

Jasmine high cone. ...

G

2,297
200
31
1,102
1,134
2,000
4,400

150

Orange S .

ig::::::::

IG

G.

151

Orange IIP

157

Eriochrome phosphine RR

165

Lake red C

Q

167

Pilatus chrome brown RX

IG..

172

Acid alizarin black R... _

Acid alizarin black R

IG

Acid alizarin black.

S .

173

Metachrome violet B

IG.

Sg

2,100

25

1,331

184

196

Acid ponceau E..

Acid ponceau E .

G

Ponceau S._

I

200

Helio purpurine 7BL.

IG

IG

G

100

50

4,408

800
25

100
25
25
50

150

55

6,776

203

Chromogene black ET

219

Eriochrome flavine A .

225

Thiazine red RXX..

Alaska black lOBX

IG

IG

IG

IG

IG

IG

IG

G

246

252

Cotton scarlet extra

256

Cloth red 3G extra . .

257

Cloth red3B extra ...

259

ClothredB _

266

Red JB (Janus red B)

276

Wool fast scarlet R conc-

278

Benzo fast red 8BL

9, 402

Benzo fast red 8BL

By

Benzo fast rubine BL

By

Chlorantine fast red 7BL

I.. .

Chlorazol fast red K-- . . ..

BDC

Direct fast red 8BL

By

Fast cotton red 8BL

A

■288

Sulphoncyanine G .

IG

12, 582
600

289

Coomassie navy blue GNX

BDC

Sulphoncvanine 5R

IG

291

Croceine scarlet lOB ..

By

IG

s

100
50

600
11,022
28,395

299

Diamond black F

306

Fast sulphon black F

307

Acid milling black B

G

316

Diaminogen blue

25, 066

Blue NA.

IG

Diaminogen blue NA

C.

S

:317

Diarninogen

11, 108

6,681

Black extra

c

IG.

Diamine neron BBG

IG

Diaminogen extra

C-.

Diazo fast black MO

By

■319

Benzo fast heliotrope

4,613

By

Benzo fast heliotrope 2RL

By

321

Diamine fast scarlet GO...

IQ

50 1
3,603 I

324

Diazo brilliant orange - . .

IQ

Diazo brilliant scarlet ROA

IG

DYES IMPOKTED FOR CONSUMPTION 93

Table 34. — Imports of dyes, calendar year 1926 — Continued

Col-

Schultz
No.

Name of dye

Manufac-
turer

Imports

Index

No.

Quantity

Invoice
value

325

279

279

283

284
291
296

300
303
306
314
308
313
319

322

327

'"""339"
344

349

358
360

363

364
366
373

380

387

Diamine fast violet

Pounds
6,025

$8, 070

Brilliant benzo violet B.

By

Diamine brilliant violet B

C

Diamine fast violet FFBN

c

Diamine fast violet FFRN

c

326

Benzo fast orange S

3,270

2,910

By

By

By

Benzo fast scarlet 8BS- —

By

Direct fast scarlet 5BL

By

327

Benzo fast scarlet 4BS

1,697

Benzo fast scarlet 4BS

By

Diamine fast scarlet 4BS ... _ __

G...

331

Bismarck brown S

s

10

27

5

1,440

332

IG

DH

341

346

IG

IG

349

6,403

Benzo fast yellow 4GL.

IG

Chlorantine fast vellow 4GL ._

I...-

357

IG

s

800
100
750
125
180
200
34, 599

364

368

Ignamine (Pyramine) orange 3G

B

369

IG

IG

IG

371

376

382

18, 279

Chloramine red B, 3B

S

IG

Universal Bordeaux C-

IG

387

s

10
525

388

IG

Chlorazol violet R

BDC

394

IG

G

75

1,655

11,863

35

403

409

10..

420

c

Universal dark brown C . .

IG

423

475

Diamine brown B

IG

Universal olive brown C

IG

430

26, 145

17, 512

G

G

Polar red G cone .

G

Polar red R cone . ..

Q

Polar red RS cone -

G

436

Chlorantine red SB

21,930

17,188

Acetopurpurine SB . .

A...

Chloramine brilliant red 8B

S

Chloramine red 8BS

By

Chlorantine red 8BN

Diazol fast purpurine N8B

Toluylene red powder..

Ignamine (PjTamine) orange R

Chromocitronine R.. . _.

I . .

CN

AG

440

IG

1,800
1,983

441

Chrome fast yellow RD

Chromocitronine R

.\cid milling red G

IG..

DH

443

1,174

Acid anthracene red G ... . .

10..

Acid milling red G .

G.

448

Cotton red 4BX

1,575

Cotton red 4BX

IG.. .

Universal scarlet C

10

449

Diazo brilliant black B

IG

IG.

5,309
2,050
8,282

451

Deltapurpurine 5B

459

Congo orange R-.

Congo orange R

Diamine orange F

Benzo new blue 5B..

Columbia blue G

IG..

IG

466

By.

IG 1

10
100

473

94 CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHEK SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS

Table 34. — Imports of dyes, calendar year 1926 — Continued

Col-

Schultz
No.

Name of dye

Manufac-
turer

Imports

Index

No.

Quantity

Invoice
value

487

400

404
415
423

424

""'lis'

449

454
457
459
471

472
474

475
476

477
205
206
207
14
18

19

22

23

26"

29

"'"493'
494
496

498
499
500

501
503

505

Acid anthracene red 3B

Pounds
10,911

$7,404

Acid anthracene red 3B

By-

Acid milling red R . .

G .. : .

Brilliant milling red R

IG

Milling scarlet 4R

IG

488

Diamine yellow N

Universal light blue C

Diaminogen blue NBB_-.

IG

IG..

487

125

3,075

608

616

3,947

Blue NBB

Diaminogen blue NBB. . .

IG..

IG

Universal steel blue C

IG.. ....

518

Diamine sky blue FF . . . . . . ...

210

Chloramine skv blue FF.

S

Diamine skv blue FF

IG..

632

Diazo fast green BL. .

IG...

IG

IG

25

250

225

18, 509

543

Diamine brilliant Bordeaux R . . . .

559

Diamine bronze G__

561

Trisulphon brown B

Chlorazol brown LF

BDC

Trisulphon brown B.. .

S

570

Trisulphon Brown GS cone

s

5,004

11,015

325

4,856

577

Trisulphon brown 2G cone

s ..

578

Universal dark blue C

IG..

590

Chloramine blue 30

Chloramine blue 30 cone

S

PoJyphenvl blue OC

Q.

591

Chloramine blue IIW..

S

4,000
40

593

Diamine green B._

Diamine green B

IG

Universal dark green C

IG

594

Diamine green G...

IG

55
750

596

Benzo chrome brown Q

Benzo chrome brown G

By

Dianil chrome brown G

M

598

Diphenvl brown GS

G

1,653

110

13, 227

992

9,336
165

627

Diphenvl chrysoine RRC

G

628

Diphenyl catechine G supra

G

629

Diphenvl fast brown GF

G

631

Diphenvl chrysoine GC

G

632

Diphenvl fast vellow.. _ . .

Diphenyl fast veUow GL supra

G

Diphenvl fast yellow RL supra

G

636

Fast light yellow 3G '.

6,750

7,082

Fast acid vellow 3G

C.

Fast light yellow 2G .

By

Fast light vellow 3G

By

639

Xylene light vellow.

4,908

Supra light yellow 2QL

By .

Xylene light vellow 2G

S

640

Se

50

6,060

500

200

5,806

645

Kiton fast vellow 3G

i^":: —

649

Triazogcne orange R powder

IG...

S

652

Omega chrome red B cone

653

Pyrazol orange R

Direct fast orange K

I

Pyrazol orange R cone

s

654

Diazo fast vellow 2G

By..

Q - -

1,273

11

1,102

5, 750

655

Auramine 0 . .

656

Auramine G_ .

I

658

Setoglaucine

7,076

Basic blue 6G.. .

By

Rhoduline blue 6Q...

IG

Setoelaucine 753

G

661

Turquoise blue G

IG

IG

387

20

880

662

Brilliant green powder, cone

663

Setocyanine. - .

Brilliant silk blue B

I

Setocyanine 396

G

664

Acronol brilliant blue

BDC

190
14, 977

667

Erioviridine B_._

16, 805

Benzyl green B

I.

Brilliant acid green 6B

By

Erioviridine B supra..

Guinea fast green 3B

G

IG

IG

670

Light green SF yellowish

2,110

2,280

Acid green cone, powder

M

IG

Light green SF yellowish „„

Sg

DYES IMPORTED FOR CONSUMPTION 95

Table 34. — Imports of dyes, calendar year 1926 — Continued

Schultz
No.

715

506

507
508

512

516

518
522
523

528
529
531
532
533
535

536

537

538
539

543

Name of dye

546

E rioglaucine

Eriogiaucine AP

Erioglaucine EP

Eriogiaucine supra

Erioglaucine X high cone

Kiton blue L

Xylene blue VS cone. --_

Xylene blue AS

Brilliant acid blue NAS

Xylene blue AS cone -.-

Magenta

Fuchsine N

Magenta AB

Methyl violet

Methyl violet

Methyl violet base.. ._.

Methyl violet 4B

Methyl violet NFB

Violet extra fine

Violet BB..

Crystal violet

Crystal violet extra powder.

Crystal violet C cone

Ethyl violot

Victoria blue 4R

Fast green extra bluish

Fast acid green extra bluish.

Fast green extra bluish

Acid magenta

.\cid magenta

Acid magenta II

Fast acid violet lOB powder

Acid violet 6B

Eriocyanine AC__

Alkali violet A extra cone _

Acid violet 7BN

Alkali blue GB

-Alkali blue 6B

Methyl alkaline blue

.Alkali blue

Alkali blue 4R

Alkaline blue 3R

Alkaline blue IIR

Methyl silk blue

Methyl silk blue new

Reflex blue K

Methyl Lyons blue

Soluble blue

Opal blue, bluish

Soluble blue, I old

Soluble blue T

Water blue... _.

Brilliant dianil blue _

Betamine blue 8BL extra...

Brilliant dianil blue 6Q

Brilliant sky blue 5G

Direct brilliant blue 8B

Patent blue V

Brilliant acid blue V

Carmine blue V

Guinea blue V

Kiton pure blue V

Patent blue V

Poseidon blue BGX cone...

Patent blue A

Brilliant acid blue A.

Guinea blue A

Kiton blue A

Neptune blue BR cone

Patent blue A

Poseidon blue BR extra

Poseidon blue BXX

Cyanol.- - -

Blue extra

Blue FF

Cyanol blue powder

Cyanol FF

Xylene cyanol FF conc.,„,

Manufac-
turer

CN.

S._..

CN.
IG..

StD.
IG..
IG.-
IG..
IG..
IG..

IG.
G..
B..
I...

GrE.
By..

C...
BD.
By..
IG..
G...
IG..
IG..
IG..
IG..
IG.

IG..
C...
AG.

G..
By.
G..

IG.
IG.
IG.
IG.

IG.
IG.
IG.
I...

By..
M..
AG.
I— .
IG..
B..

IG..
AG.
I.-..
IG..
M..
IG..
IG..

IG.
IG.
C.
IQ-

S.-

Imports

Quantity

Pounds
71, 502

4,000
4,905

12, 777

9,047

4,190

3,000

1,102

23, 993

578

11

1,000

8,818

50

50

120

1,439

760

7,716
3,220

2,332

16, 857

29, 899

13, 614

Invoice
value

96 CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHER SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS

Table 34. — Imports of dyes, calendar year 1926 — Continued

Schultz
No.

Name of dye

Manufac-
turer

Imports

Quantity

549
551

552
553
554
555
557

558

559

560

562
564

565
571

673

572

574

581
580
582

584

585
592

596

Acid violet 6BN

Acid violet 6BN

Acid violet 6BN00.-

Acid violet 6BNO

Brilliant chrome violet 4B

Eriochrome azurol B

Brilliant blue O

Chromoxane brilliant blue G

Eriochrome azurol BC

Oxychrome brilliant blue PB

Chromal blue GC — .

Eriochrome cyanine RC

Chrome azurol S cone

Aurine

Chrome violet

Chrome violet

Chrome violet CG

Victoria blue R

New victoria blue B..

Victoria blue R base

Victoria blue B

Basic pure blue BO

Victoria blue B

Victoria blue B base

Victoria pure blue BO

Night blue

Night blue

Night blue

Intensive blue B

Erio green B

Alkali fast green 3G

Erio green B supra

Kiton fast green V

Naphthalene green cone

Naphthalene green V

Poseidon green V^GGX

Xylene fast green B cone

Wool blue G extra

Rhodamine S

Rhodamine S

Rhodamine S...

Sulpho rhodamine B

Sulpho rhodamine B

Sulpho rosazeine B

Rhodamine B (single strength)

Rhodamine B cone

Rhodamine B extra

Rhodamine B extra

Rhodamine B extra base

Rhodamine G extra (single strength)..

Rhodamine 3B extra (single strength) .

Rhodamine 3B extra...

Rhodamine 3B extra

Rhodamine 6G extra (single strength) .
Rosazeine 6G extra

Fast acid eosine Q. ,

Fast acid violet B

Erio fast fuchsine.

Erio fast fuchsine BBL...

Fast acid violet R

Violamine3B--.

Chromorhodine B

Chromorhodine BN

Chromorhodine BR...

Fluorescein

E r y throsine -\ - -

Ery throsine A

Ery throsine A extra

Ery throsine A extra

Phloxine

Auracine G —

Auracine G.

Auracine G

Aurazine G

Coriphosphine OX extra

I

IQ-
G„-
DH.

By.
By.
G..
A..
G..
G..
G..
Lo.

G...

By.
I...

B..
I.__
IG.
IG.

IG.
IG.

IG.
G..
I...
IG.

M.
B..

S...
IG.

M.
IG.

G-
I...
IG.
IG.
I...

I...
IG.

IG.
IG.
IG.

G..
IG-
IG-

DH.
DH.

M...

IG.
IG.

Sg..
M..

G..
IG.
G..
IG.

Pounds
3,324

110
19,886

993
3,306
4,408
1.232

715

1,742

"isi'os?"

675

300
18, 539

300
160

1,242
' 133," 945'

1,650
950

5,000

25

700

2,704

50
3,087

40
140

75
685

600

DYES IMPOETED FOE CONSUMPTION 97

Table 34. — Im-porta of dyes, calendar year 1926 — Continued

Col-

Schultz
No.

Name of dye

Manufac-
turer

Imports

Index

No.

Quantity

Invoice
value

788

603

606

""607"
608

613

"'"198"
617

618

671
672

673

680
687
688
686
690

"""699"
698
700

681

Acridine orange .

Pounds
15, 621

$32 120

\cridine orange DlIE . ._

DH

Brilliant acridine orange A ..j..

DH

Phosphine orange _ _

G

Rhoduline orange NO..

By

789

17, 787

22, 472

Brilliant phosphine 5G--

I

Patent phosphine Q

I

Patent phosphine 2G - .

I

Patent phosphine M

I

Patent phosphine R -

I

Xantho phosphine G. .-. .

DH -

793

Phosphine .

10, 250

10 327

Philadelphia yellow 2G

IG. . .

Phosphine 0

IG

Phosphine 3R

IG...

794

Flavophosphine G cone --

M

100
2,520

795

Rheonine AL cone

B

Runic AL cone

IG

797

18, 080

23 253

Euchrysine RRDX.

B

Patent phosphine GRNTN.... .._

IG...

Patent phosphine RRDX

IG

SOI

Quinoline yellow .

6.629

5 112

Quiuoline vellow .

G

Quinoline vellow cone

S

Quinoline vellow extra

I

IG

802

IG

G...

1,000

1,102

776

813

814

Chloraniine vellow FF - .

954

Chloramine vellow FF cone .

S - -

Diphenvl chloramie yellow FF supra

G

Universal yellow C

IG

815

Thioflavine T -

4,500

7,514

Basic j'ellow T

IG

Rhoduline vellow 6G.

By...

Tannoflavine T

S

827

M - -

150

5,811

828

Azo carmine GX

Azo carmine GX

B

Rosinduline GXF -

K

829

Azo carmine B -

6,626

8,017

Azo carmine B extra .. . . .

IG

Azo orseille BB

IG . .

Rosinduline 2B bluish

IG

833

Wool fast blue

29, 468

53,229

Acid blue AM

By

Benzvl fast blue BL.

I....

Benzyl fast blue GL • .

I . -

Wool fast blue BL

IG

Wool fast blue GL

IG

Wool fast violet B... _

Xvlene milling blue AE cone .

By -.

S

Xylene milling blue BL cone . .

S

s

842

Methvlene violet 3R.\ extra

IG

IG

StD

IG...

750
1. 3.50

100

15

7, .341

845

Methylene heliotrope extra strong

846

Rosolane paste

847

851

Diphene blue -._ _-. -..

Diphene blue B.

IG

Diphene blue R . .

A

853

Acid evanine BF

IG

IG

Q

500

50

11

2,105

861

Induline N'N

864

Nigrosiuc O (spirit soluble)

865

Nigrosine (water soluble)

1,087

Nigrosine T

IG

Nigrosine GF _

IG -

Silver gray P . ..

IG

873

Direct gray

1,161

Direct gray R paste

Q..

StD

By

3,868

],322

100

Malta gray J

New fast gray

98 CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHER SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS

Table 34. — hnports of dyes, calendar year 1926 — Continued

Col-

Schultz
No.

Name of dye

Manufac-
turer

Imports

Index

No.

Quantity

Invoice
value

875

923

620
622

625
627

635

637

""640'
645
653
654
659
660

661
663

667

""748"
748

746

774
778

779

Ursol - -

Fomids
10, 692

$9, 837

Fur black DB, SC

AG

Fur blue black A, B, D, SA, SB

AG

Fur blue black SDF

AG

Fur blue gray . _. . - -.

AG

Fur brown NZ, NZD, 0, P, PR, PY

AG

Fur brown 2R, 4R, SK, SKG, SO, SP

AG

Fur gray AL, ALA, B, G, B

AG

Fur gray brown SLA

AG

Fur olive DA, 3G, 6G

Fur red brown 6R...

Fur yellow 2G, 4G, 6G, 6B

Fur yellow brown A, 2GA, 4GL

Fuscamine G

Nako ER, PS, RH, 3GA

Nako black ST, D, B...

Capri blue GON_.

Brilliant delphine blue B

Chromazurine .

XQ

AG

AG

AG

IG

IG

IG...

876

IG

S

50
9,003
6,062

878

879

14, 555

Chromazurine E

i3H

Chromazurine G..

DH

Chromazurine G _

I

882

Modern heliotrope . . '

871

Gallo heliotrope BD.

IG

Modern heliotrope DH.. . ..

DH.

S84

Chromacetine blue S

4,545

11,419

Anthracvanine S

DH

Chromacetine blue S extra.

DH

Gallo navy blue S powder

By ... .

Modern cyanine V . .....

DH

892

8,315

16,876

Blue 1900 TCD

DH

Gallo violet DF powder

By _.

Modern violet DH

DH

Ultra violet MO .

S

894

Gallamine blue extra paste . .. .

G

18, 197

100

11

2,646

2,750

100

31

21,328

898

Fast green G

IG

DH

DH

IG

IG

IG

899

Modern azurine 2G

905

Gallazine No. 90

913

Danubia (Nile) blue BX

914

Danubia blue 2BX. ..

922

S24

Methylene green G

S

Methylene green W

Q

926

Thionine blue . . ...

6,841

9,525

Basic blue GO

M

Thionine blue G

I

Thionine blue GO _

IG

927

6,300

8,596

IG

New methylene blue NS . . . .

S

c

931

S

1,000

50

2,332

937

Eclipse brown 30K

G

969

Hydron blue R (single strength) .. . . .

IG

971

2,834

IG . .

IG

1006

4,779

3,480

I

S

S

1

1019

IG.-

3,727
86,606

1027

Mizarin, synthetic

13,205

I

IG

IG

G

By

1033

7,098

2,780

IG

BDC.

IG

Alizarin orange SVV powder (single strength)...

IG

DYES IMPORTED FOE CONSUMPTION 99

Table 34. — Imports of dyes, calendar year 1926 — Continued

Col-
our
Index
No.

1035

1037

1038
1039

lOiO

1045
1050
1051
1053

1054

JOS')
1059
1060
1063

1064
1067
1071

1073

Schultz
No.

782

783

Name of dye

785
784

788
799

858

800
801
790

804

1075

856

1076

859

1077

860

1078

865

1080
1081
1082
1084

853
864
863

854

862

Alizarin red S

Alizarin carmine

Alizarin red S

Alizarin red S

Alizarin red SW

Alizarin red AV

Anthracene brown --.

Anthracene brown R powder

Anthracene brown SW powder

Anthracene brown RD paste

Purpurine

Al izari n purpurine

Purpurine

Brilliant alizarin Bordeaux R paste

Alizarin red GI _-.

Alizarin red GI paste

Alizarin red XGP paste

Alizarin SX paste

Alizarin SX paste

Alizarin red SX paste

Alizarin Bordeaux BP paste

Alizarin cyanine WRR powder. _

Alizarin cyanine GG powder

Alizarin saphirol SE

Alizarin blue WS - ,

Alizarin light blue SE cone

Alizarin saphire blue SE..

Alizarin saphirol WSA powder

Erio fast cyanine SE

Alizarin saphirol B .._ -.

Alizarin light blue B

Alizarin light blue B cone

Alizarin saphire blue B

Alizarin saphirol B powder...

Alizarin emeraldole G

Anthracene blue WB paste

Anthracene blue SWGG extra powder

Anthracene blue SWR

.\nthracene blue BBN cone

Anthracene blue SWR powder

Alizarin cyclamine R paste

Alizarin blue S powder

Alizarin green S paste

Alizarin green S paste

Alizarin green S paste

Alizarin irisol R

Alizarin blue JR powder

Alizarin direct violet ER

Alizarin irisol R powder

Alizarin astrol

Alizarin astrol B powder

.\lizarin blue AS powder

Alizarin light blue R..

Alizarin direct blue RXO powder

Alizarin light blue R cone

C yananthrol G

Alizarin direct blue BGAOO

Cyananthrol BGAOO

Alizarin cyanine green

Alizarin cyanine green G extra powder..
Alizarin cyanine green 3G extra powder.

Alizarin light green GS cons...

Anthraquinone violet

Anthraquinone green GXNO powder.

Anthraquinone blue green BXO

.\lizarin viridine (single strength)

.\lizarin viridine FF paste-

Alizarin viridine FF powder..-

Alizarin viridine FF powder

Alizarin blue black

Alizarin blue black B powder...

.\lizarin blue black 3B powder

Chrome blue black B powder

Alizarin direct blue B . _

Alizarin direct blue B._

Alizarin leveling blue B

Manufac-
turer

BAG.
IG....
BDC.

I

By....

IG-
IG.
G..

IG.
IG.
Bv.

IG-
By.

B--
IG.
Bv.
By.
By.

By-

S...
I...
By.
G-.

S..
S...
I...
IG.
By.
IG.
IG.

M_
IG.
IG.
IG.

BDC.
IG...

By.
M.
IG.

By.
By.

IG-

S__

IG-
IG.

IG.
By.
S_.
IG.
IG-
IG.

IG-.
IG_.
DH.

IG.
By.

I...

IG.
IG.

Imports

Quantity

Founds
11,119

1,000

2,625
19,948

100
2,043

399
100
500

12, 497

41, 945

10

445

300

16,294

8,372
7,180
5,164

8,504

10, 374

4,100

6,750

ii,"io5'

4,464

1,135

600

17, 634

7,147

Invoice
value

2,015

29, 788

51,658

24, 500'

22, 665.

8,708
'6,167;

100 CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHER SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS
Table 34. — Imports of dyes, calendar year 1926 — Continued

Col-
our
Index

No.

1089
1091

1092
1093
1095

1096

1097

1098
1099

1102

1103

1104

1106

1108
1109
1110

nil

1113

1115

Schultz
No.

861

850
759

760

761

762
763

765

766

767

838

839

841

844
842

Name of dye

843

Alizarin pure blue B _.-

Alizarin blue SKY powder.

Alizarin sky blue B powder..

Chrome pure blue B powder _..

Anthraquiuone blue SR extra powder

Alizarin rubinol

Alizarin rubine QW powder..

Alizarin rubinol 3G powder

Alizarin rubinol 5G powder

Alizarin rubinol R powder

Anthra rubine B powder

Alizarin geranol B

Indanthrene blue WB powder

Anthraflavone O (single strength)

Anthra yellow GC paste

Anthra yellow GC paste, fine

Anthra yellow GC powder

Vat yellow GC paste

Vat yellow GC powder

Indanthrene golden orange G (single strength)

Cibanone golden orange G powder

Vat golden orange G double paste

Vat golden orange G double paste, fine..

Vat golden orange G powder

Indanthrene golden orange R (single strength)

Vat orange RRT paste

Vat orange RRT paste, fine

Vat orange RRTS powder...

Indanthrene scarlet G paste, fine

Indanthrene dark blue BO (single strength)

Vat dark blue BOA paste

Vat dark blue BOA paste, fine

Vat dark blue BOA powder

Vat dark blue BGO paste, fine

Indanthrene black (single strength)

Anthra green B powder

Helindone black IBB double paste

Vat black BB double paste

Vat black BB powder

Indanthrene violet R paste

Indanthrene brilliant violet RR (single strength) .

Cibanone violet R powder.

Vat violet RR paste

Vat violet Rli extra pa«te

Vat violet RR paste, fine

Vat violet RR powder

Vat violgt RRP powder

Indanthrene blue R8 (single strength)

Vat blue RS double paste, fine

Vat blue RS triple powder

Vat blue RSP powder

Vat blue RSP triple powder

Indanthrene blue RK (single strength)

Vat blue RK paste

Vat blue RK powder

Indanthrene blue 3G (single strength)

Vat blue 3G paste

Vat blue 3G powder

Indanthrene blue 2 GS (single strength)

Vat blue GGSNL double paste

Vat blue GGSZ double paste

Indanthrene blue oQ (single strength)

Indanthrene blue GCD (single strength)

Cibanone blue GCD double paste...

Indanthrene blue GCD double paste

Indanthrene blue GCD powder

Sandothrene blue NGCD

Vat blue GCD double paste, fine.

Vat blue GCD powder

Vat blue GCDN powder... _

Indanthrene blue BCS, BCD (single strength)...

Paradone blue FC paste

Vat blue BCD paste, fine .._

Vat blue B C S powder

Vat blue BCSO powder

Cibanone blue G (single strength)...

Cibanone blue G paste

Cibanone blue G powder

Imports

Manufac-
turer

By.
By.
By.
By.

By.
By.
By.
By.
K..
By.
B..

B-.
lO.
B..
B..
B..

I...
IG.
IG.
B..

IG.
IG.
IG.
IG.

IG.
IG.
IG.
IG.

IG.
M.
IG.
B..
B..

By.
By.

IG.
IG.

IG.
B..

By.

LBH.
B....
B....
lO...

Quantity

Pounds
31,612

750
12, 940

1,455

1,421

41,002

60,094

53, 826

500
27, 932

800
13, 746

441
23. 403

2,399

10, 878

"2,934 L

2,400
134, 832

15,957

2,646

DYES IMPORTED FOR CONSUMPTION
Table 34. — Imports of dyes, calendar year 1926 — Continued

101

Col-
our
Index
No.

Schultz
No.

Name of dye

Manufac-
turer

Imports

Quantity

Invoice
value

1116
1118

847
849

1120

867

1123

848

1129
1131

815
816

1132

817

1133

819

1134

821

1135

820

1136

822

1137

824

1139
1142

1143

1144
1145

1146
1149

810

811
830

827

870

834

873

833

1151

Vat (Algol) green BB powder (single strength)

Indanthrene yellow G (single strength)

Indanthrene yellow O double paste

Sandothrene yellow NO

Vat yellow G double paste

Vat yellow G double paste, fine

Vat yellow O powder _

Indanthrene brown B _

Anthra brown B paste

Indanthrene gray B (single strength)

Anthra gray B powder

Algol scarlet G powder (single strength)

Indanthrene red 5GK (single strength)

Vat red 5GK powder -.

Indanthrene yellow GK (single strength)..

V'at yellow GK paste

Vat yellow GK powder...

Algol red FF, R (single strength)..

Algol red R paste

Algol red R powder

Vat red FF extra paste

Vat red R paste

Indanthrene brilliant violet BBK (single strength).

Vat brilliant violet BBK powder

Vat violet 3B powder

Indanthrene brilliant violet RK (single strength)...

Grelanone violet BR powdei

Vat brilliant violet RK paste..

Vat brilliant % iolet RK powder

Indanthrene orange RRK (single strength)

Vat brilliant orange FR powder

Vat orange RRK powder

.■\.lgol orange R (single strength)

Vat orange R paste

Vat orange 6RTK paste

Vat orange 6RTK' powder

Helindone yellow 3GN (single strength)

Ilelindone yellow 3GN paste

Vat yellow 3GN powder .._

Algol yellow 3G paste.

Indanthrene red R (single strength)

Anthra red RT paste

Anthra red RT paste, fine

Anthra red RT double paste

Anthra red RT double paste, fine

Indanthrene Bordeaux B extra (single strength)

Anthra Bordeaux R paste

Anthra Bordeaux R paste, fine

.\nthra Bordeaux R powder

Vat Bordeaux R powder

Indanthrene corinth RK (single strength)

Vat corinth BB powder..

Indanthrene gray (single strength)

Helindone gray IGK powder

Vat gray GK paste ,

Vat gray GK powder..

Vat gray K paste

Indanthrene Bordeaux B (single strength)

Vat Bordeaux B powder

Indanthrene brown GR (single strength)

Helindone brown IGR powder

Vat brown GR paste

Vat brown GR powder

Indanthrene olive R (single strength)

Grelanone olive B powder

Hydron olive R paste

Vat olive B paste

Vat olive B powder

Vat olive R paste

Vat olive R powder

Indanthrene brown R (single strength)

Indanthrene brown R paste

Vat brown IR paste

Vat brown R paste

Vat brown R powder..

By.

B..

S...
B..
B..
IQ.

B..
By.

By.

By.
By.

By-
By.
By.
By.

By..
GrE.

GrE.
IG..
IG..

By.
By-

By.
IG.
IQ.

IG.
M..
IQ.

IG.
B..
IG.
B..

GrE.

M..
By.
IG.
IQ.

M.
IQ.
IQ.

GrE.
IQ..
GrE.
GrE.
IQ..
IG..

By.
M-.
lO.
By.

Pounds
1,600
63,326

3,456

400

104
1,600

9,850

19,944

1,832

9,924

3,088

400
264

1,760
"6,'775'

.$52,067

8,416

6,924

597

6,490

3,767

1,352

'4,"856"| i,'894

56, 114 34, 880

33, 276

102 CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHER SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS
Table 34. — Imports of dyes, calendar year 1926 — Continued

Schultz
No.

825
871
831

832

869
792

795

794

793

876

881

883
884

890
891

895
893
912

919
917

Name of dye

Indanthrene brown G (single strength)..

Grelanone brown B powder..

Helindone brown IG powder

Vat brown B paste

Vat brown B powder

Vat brown G paste...

Vat brown G powder

Algol red B (single strength).

-\lgol red B paste

Algol red B powder

Indanthrene red violet (single strength).

Vat red violet RRK paste

Vat red violet RRK powder

Indanthrene red BN (single strength)

Helindone red IBN extra paste

Vat red BN paste

Vat red BN extra paste

Vat red BK paste

Vat red BK paste, fine

Vat red RK powder.

Vat red RKP powder..

Indanthrene violet BN (single strength).

Vat violet BN paste

Vat violet BN paste, fine

Vat violet BN extra paste

Vat violet BN powder

Vat violet BN extra powder.

Vat (Algol) brown B paste

Cibanone orange R (single strength)

Cibanone orange R paste

Cibanone orange R powder

Cibanone yellow R (single strength)

Cibanone yellow R paste

Cibanone yellow R powder

Cibanone black B (single strength)

Cibanone black B paste

Cibanone black B powder

Cibanone blue 3G (single strength)

Cibanone blue 3G paste

Cibanone blue 3G powder

Cibanone green ._

Cibanone green B paste

Cibanone green G paste

Indigosol

Indigosol O

Indigosol O

Indigo BASF/pure RB paste

Brilliant indigo 4B (single strength)

Brilliant indigo 4B paste

Brilliant indigo 4B paste, fine

Brilliant indigo 4B powder.

Brilliant indigo 4BC paste

Durindone blue 4B paste

Indigo MLB/6B (single strength)

Indigo MLB/6B powder

Brilliant indigo BB (single strength)

Brilliant indigo BB paste

Brilliant indigo BB powder

Brilliant indigo B

Brilliant indigo B paste

Brilliant indigo B paste, fine

Ciba yellow O paste

Ciba green G (single strength)

Ciba green G powder

Helindone green Q (single strength)

Helindone green G paste

Vat green Q powder

Alizarin indigo 3R paste.. ._

Alizarin indigo G paste

Anthra red B paste...

Authra red B paste..

Anthra red B paste, fine

Ciba Bordeaux B paste

Helindone red B (single strength)..

Helindone red B paste..

Helindone red B powder..

Manufac-
turer

GrE.
IG..
GrE.
GrE.
IG...
IG..

By.

IG.

B..
IG.

M.
B..
B..
B..
B..
IG.
IG.

IG.
B.-
B..
B-.
B..
By.

By-.
DH.
IG..

B

IG...

B

IG...
BDC-

IQ.

B..
IG.

IG-
lO.
I...

M.,
M.
By.
By.

B..
IG.
I...

IG.
IG.

Imports

Quantity

Pounds
54, 420

2,196

4,693
'26," 584'

18, 383

425
15, 650

34,830

5,066

18, 266

1,212

200
65,711

14,490
""5,' 988'

32,920

2,863
4,400

1,580

399
1,199
5,034

551
850

DYES IMPORTED FOE CONSUMPTION 103

Table 34. — Imports of dyes, calendar year 1926 — Continued

Col-
our
Index

No.

1211

Schultz
No.

1212

1213
1215
1217

1218
1222

1223
1226
1227

1228

910

Name of dye

1229
1230

1247

921
914
913

915
901

902
906
904

Manufac-
turer

911
874

IG.
B._
IG.
IG.
M.
IG.
K..
M.
M.

I...
I...
M.
K._
K._
IG.
IG.
IG.

IG.

lO-

Helindone pink (single strength)

Anthra pink AN paste

Anthra pink BN paste

Helindone pink .A-N paste

Helindont' pink AN powder

Helindone pink BN paste

Helindone pink BN powder

Thioindigo rose BN extra paste

Vat rose AN paste -_-

Vat rose BN paste

Indanthrene red violet RH (single strength)...

Ciba red SB paste

Ciba red 3B powder

Helindone red violet IRH powder

Thioindigo red 3B paste

Thioindigo red 3B powder..

Vat red violet RH paste •

Vat red violet RH paste, fine...

Vat red violet RH powder

Indanthrene gray 6B (single strength)

Vat gray 6B powder

Helindone orange D (single strength)

Helindone orange D powder

Helindone orange R (single strength)

Helindone orange R paste

Helindone orange R powder

Hydron orange RF paste

Thioindigo orange R paste

Vat orange R paste. _

Vat orange R powder

Vat orange F H powder

Vat (Helindone) scarlet R paste

Ciba violet (single strength)

Ciba violet R paste

Ciba violet R powder

Thioindigo brown R (single strength)

Thioindigo brown R powder

Ciba red G (single strength)

Ciba red G powder

Helindone brown G (single strength) _.

Helindone brown G paste..

Helindone brown G powder j M.

Thioindigo brown G paste K.

Ciba scarlets (single strength) i

Anthra scarlet 2G paste 1 B.

Anthra scarlet 2G paste, fine 1 IG

Anthra scarlet 2G powder I IG

Ciba scarlet G extra paste .1 I..

Ciba scarlet G extra powder . 1 I..

Helindone fast scarlet C paste i M.

Thioindigo scarlet 2G paste , IG

Vat scarlet G paste ' S.

Vat scarlet G powder ..] S..

Vat scarlet 2G paste 1 K.

Vat scarlet 2G powder ! K.

Ciba red R (single strength) ] I--

Ciba orange G paste . . : I--

Indigo, natural ■

IG.

M.

Imports

Quantity

21, 741

111,779

350

22, 740

500
55, 104

375

2,200

3,400
2,392

36, 531

73, 825
11,500

20, 929

111,320

991

2,806

Invoice
value

$17,404

84,964

15,712

5, 300

113,870

49113—27-

104

CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHER SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS

Table 34. — Imports of dyes, calendar year 79:26— Continued
UNIDENTIFIED ACID DYES

Name of dye

Manufac-
turer

Imports

Quantity

Acid black 2R

Acid blue RBF

Acid brown RN_.

Acid magenta LLS..

Acid milling yellow G cone.

Acid navy blue MB..

Acid pure blue R supra

Acid rhodamine —

Acid rhodamine B

Acid rhodamine BG

Acid rhodamine 3R

Acid violet

Acid violet 8B extra

Acid violet lOB

Acid violet CBB.

Acid violet IR extra

Acid violet 3R

Agalma black 4BT

Alizarin astrol violet B powder

Alizarin brilliant sky blue R

Alizarin direct blue

Alizarin direct blue A

Alizarin direct blue A2G

Alizarin direct blue BB

Alizarin direct red 3Q —

Alizarin direct violet ERC

Alizarin irisol B powder

Alizarin levelling blue CjV

Alizarin light blue

Alizarin light blue AR cone

Alizarin light blue LR cone

Alizarin light violet RS cone

Alizarin supra blue.

Alizarin supra blue A

Alizarin supra blue SES

Alkali blue 6R extra...

Alkali fast green

Alkali fast green 2BF..

Alkali fast green lOG

Alphanol blue BRN cone

Alphanol brown B

.\.mido fast red GG

Amido fast yellow SR...

Anthosine -

Anthosine 3B

OnisB

Onis3B

Onis5B..

Azo acid black B

Azo brilliant red B

Azo fast blue BR couc

Azo wool blue SK

Benzyl fast blue L

Brilliant acid blue _

Brilliant acid blue EG

Brilliant acid blue FF..

Brilliant acid blue G

Brilliant milling blue

Brilliant milling blue B

Brilliant milling blue B_

Brilliant milling blue FG

Brilliant scarlet N

Brilliant wool blue

Brilliant wool blue B extra

Brilliant wool blue FFB extra.

Brilliant wool blue FFR extra.

Cashmire black TN

Chrysoline A, AG

Cloth fast brown 5R

Cloth fast orange G..

Cloth fast orange R

Cloth fast red _

Cloth fast red B

Cloth fast red 3B

Cloth fast red R

Cloth fast yellow G....

Discharge blue B

IQ...

I

O

BDC.

S

Q....
O

IQ.
IG.
IG.
IG.
IG.
Q-
IG.
IG.

Q--
IG.
IG.
Q--

M..
By.
C.

IG.

By.
IG.

By.
IG.
IG.
IG.
M..
M..

B..
B_.

IG.
IQ.
IG.
IG.
IG.
IG.
I...

By.
By.
I...

By-
C.
IG.
IG-

By.
IG_
IG.
By-
IG.
I...
I...
I...

Pounds

4,210

2.204

110

25

2,000

10

5,510

5, 479

22
350
200
520

110

53

50

200

678

1.500
11,188

50
2, 483

200

5

671

100

1,000
200
100
120
331

8,036

19, 308

2,600
8,681

706
75
220
440
331
1,871

2,091
100

DYES IMPORTED FOR CONSUMPTION

105

Table 34. — Imports of dyes, calendar year 1926 — Continued
UNIDENTIFIED ACID DYES— Continued

Name of dye

Manufac-
turer

Imports

Quantity

Invoice
value

Eric carmine 2BC

Eric fast yellow AE _.

Eriocyanine CR

Erioglaucine XFF pure..

Fast acid green BB extra

Fast acid marine blue HBBX.

Fast black O cone

Fast cyanino blue B

Fast cyanine violet B

Fast light red B

Formyl blue B

Guinea brown 2GL, 2R

Guinea fast green B

Guinea fast red. —

Guinea fast red BL

Guinea fast red 4BL

Guinea light blue A, A2G

Guinea rubine 4R

Indian yellow GAM

Indocyaniue. —

Indocyanine B..

Indocyaniue BF

Indocyanine FF

Ink blue

Ink blue BITBN powder-
Ink blue BITBNOO

Ink fast black A extra

Kiton fast green A

Kiton fast red

Kiton fast red BL

Kiton fast red 4BL

Kiton fast red GL

Kiton fast red R

Lanasol blue R -.

Lanasol orange 2R

Levelling silk blue B

Metanil red 3B extra

Milling brown R

Milling orange G

Milling red --,

Milling red 4BA

Milling red 6BA

Milling red GA

Milling red NJ

Milling yellow

Milling yellow GA

Milling yellow HG

Milling yellow H3G

Milling yellow 3G

Milling yellow 3G

Milling yellow F3G

Milling yellow 03G

Milling yellow O _-.

Naphthol black BGN

Neolan black

Neolan black GG

Neolan black RR

Neolan blue

Neolan blue B

Neolan blue BR

Neolan blue G

Neolan blue 2G

Neolan blue GR

Neolan blue RR

Neolan green

Neolan green B

Neolan green LBN

Neolan orange R

Neolan pink

Neolan pink B

Neolan pink G

Neolan violet R

Neolan yellow

Neolan yellow O

Neloan yellow G R

Neotolyl black TL extra

Novazol blue B

G.-
G-.
G..
G--
IG.
IG.
G..
I...
I...
By.
IG.
IG.
IG.

A-.

IG.
IG.
A-.
IG.

IG.
IG.
IG.

IG.
I...
IG.
I—

I—
I—
I...
I...
I—
I—
IG.
By-
IG.
IG.

IG..
CN.

iV..
IG.
IG.

IG..
AG.
A.

IG.
C.

I-.
I...
IG.
G..

Pounds

551

55

110

110

3,400

300

110

110

110

200

10

212

2,100

4,623

600

750

100

51, 295

9,904

25
110

,824

220
110
1,000
1,000
200
2,400
1,861

290

1,350

7,000
435
661

16,090

2,314

1,873
14, 548

220
12,235

525
2,425

106

CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHER SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS

Table 34. — Imports of dyes, calendar year 1926 — Continued
UNIDENTIFIED ACID DYES— Continued

Name of dye

Novazol violet B

Orthocyanine B

Oxamine acid brown G

Pilatus (Palatine) fast black GG...

Palatine fast blue -.

Pilatus fast blue B

Pilatus fast blue BR -.

Pilatus fast blue G. -.

Pilatus fast blue GG --.

Pilatus fast blue GR

Pilatus fast gray B

Pilatus fast green BL

Palatine fast pink

Pilatus fast pink B

Pilatus fast pink G

Palatine fast violet R

Palatine fast yellow,. _

Pilatus fast yellow G

Pilatus fast yellow GR

Polar gray

Polar orange R cone

Polar red B cone

Polar yellow 2G cone

Radio navy blue B

Radio yellow R

Resorcin brown B..

Selan printing brown 3R

Silk blue BSIC powder

Silk yellow R

Soluble blue 2B extra cone

Sulpho rhodamine

Sulpho rhodamine G

Sulpho rosazeine G -.

Sulphon orange G... -.

Sulphon yellov/

Sulphon yellow 5G

Sulphon yellow R

Supramine black BR

Supramine blue

Supramine blue FB

Supramine blue R

Supramine Bordeaux B

Supramine brown

Supramine brown G

Supramine brown R

Supramine green BL

Supram ine red

Supramine red B.

Supramine red 3B.-

Supramine red 2G

Supramine yellow

Supramine yellow 3G

Supramine yellow R

Tropaeolin RNP

Wool black

Wool black BR

Wool black GRF

Wool blue - -

Wool blue 5B...-

Wool blue 5B

Wool blue N extra

Wool blue R

Wool blue RR

Wool blue RRT.

Wool fast orange G powder

Wool fast yellow.

Wool fast yellow G.

Wool fast yellow 5G

Wool fast yellow R

Wool violet RC

Xylene briUi;int blue FFRX cone.

Xylene fast blue FF cone

Xylene milling orange R cone

Xylene milling red B cone

Xylene milling violet B cone

All other acid dyes..

Manufac-
turer

G..
IG.
B_.
IG.

IG.
IG.
IG.
IG.
IG.
IG.
IG.

IG.
IG.
IG.

IG.
IG..
G...
G...
G...
G...
C...
IG..
Q--
IG..
AG.
IG..
IG..

IG.
M..
By.

IG.
IG.

By-

By.
By.
By.

IG.
IG.
By.

IG.
By.

IG.

By.
By.
IG.

By.
IG.

A..
M..
IG-
By.
By.
By.
By.

By.
By.
By.
G..

S...
S...

s...
s...

Imports

Quantity

Various . . .

Pounds
1,101

500
1,300

100
1,000

500
200
700

100
300

606

11,021

1,102

6,614

50

500

10

60

500

900

480

579

3, 709
2,294

2,200
900

400
1.100

10, 200

1,470

100
,861

3,406

1,839
1,132

220
596
6,001
1,500
1,100
1,000
14

DYES IMPORTED FOR CONSUMPTION

107

Table 34. — Imports of dyes, calendar year 1926 — Continued
UNIDENTIFIED VAT DYES

Name of dye

Algol blue 3RP powder

Algol red 2B powder (single strength)

Alizarin indigo 5R paste

Alizarin indigo brown R paste. -

Alizarin indigo gray B paste

Alizarin indigo violet B paste

Anthra Bordeaux B paste

Anthra brillianr green 5G paste

Anthra orange RH paste, fine. .-.

Anthra scarlet B (single strength) .-- --.

Anthra scarlet B paste

Anthra scarlet B powder .

Caledon printing black BR double paste (single strength) .

Ciba black G powder, R powder

Ciba blue. __

Ciha blue L'BL powder

Ciba blue 2RH

Ciba pink (single strength) -.

Ciba pink BG paste

Ciba pink BG powder

Ciba red.

Ciba red 3BL

Ciba red RL

Ciba scarlet 2GL

Cibanone blue RSNL

Cibanone Bordeaux B powder

Cibanone brown R powder (single strength).

Cibanone green GC paste

Cibanone olive 2G powder

Cibanone orange 6R (single strength)

Cibanone orange 6R paste

Cibanone orange 6R powder

Cibanone red B (single strength)

Cibanone red B paste

Cibanone red B powder

Cibanone red 4B powder

Cibanone red G (single strength)..

Cibanone red G powder.

Eridan brilliant scarlet B paste

Grelanone red 2B paste

Grelanone red 3BR (single strength)

Grelanone red 3BR paste

Grelanone red 3BR powder

Grelanone yellow O powder

Helindone biue B powder

Helindone blue 3G (single strength)

Helindone blue 3G paste.

Helindone blue 3G powder

Helindone blue 3R paste

Helindone fast scarlet B paste

Helindone fast scarlet G (single strength)

Helindone fast scArlet G paste

Helindone fast scarlet G powder

Helindone printing black RD paste

Helindone yellow RN (single strength)

Vat yellow RK paste

Vat yellow RK powder

Hydron blue BBF paste

Hydron brown (single strength)

Hydron brown G paste

Hydron brown G powder

Hydron brown R paste

Hydron brown R powder

Hydron green G paste

Hydron navy blue C paste

Hydron olive GN paste

Hydron orange

Hydron orange GL paste

Hydron orange RP paste

Hydron pink FB (single strength)

Algol brilliant pink FB paste.

.\uthra pink B extra paste

.\nthra pink B extra powder

Helindone pink B extra paste

Hydron pink FB paste...

Vat pink FB jiaste

Vat pink FB powder

Manufac-
turer

By.
By.
IG-
By.
By.
By-
IG.
B-.
IG.

IG.
IG.
SD.
I...

I...
IG.
IG.

GrE.
GrE.
IG..
IG..

IG.
M.
IG.
IG.

IG.
M.
IG.

IG.
IG.
IG.

C
C.
IG.
IG.
IG.
IG.
IG.

IG.
C.

IG.
B..
B..

M.
C.
C.
C.

Imports

Quantity

Pounds

1,256

880

3,400

6,408

100

100

800

1,542

2,000

3,800

40
198
330

27, 326

110

220

1,110

1,102

110

3,520

660

220
4,165

3,000

250

1,805

25

50

1,850

110

500

2,100

75, 000
1,200

100
23,690

200

500

1,200

2,560

400
9,100

108

CENSUS OP DYES AND OTHEE SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS

Table 34. — Imports oj dyes, calendar year 1926 — Continued
UNIDENTIFIED VAT DYES— Continued

Name of dye

IG.

Hydron pink FF (single strength).

Anthra pink R extra paste

Antlira pink R extra paste flne_.

Antlira pink R extra powder

Helindone pink R extra paste.

Hydron pink FF paste

Thioindigo rose RN extra paste

Hydron scarlet (single strength) ,

Hydron scarlet 2n powder

Hydron scarlet 3B paste

Hydron scarlet 3B powder

Vat scarlet 2B paste .._

Vat scarlet 3B paste _ _

Hydron sky blue FK paste.

Hydron violet (single strength)

Hydron violet BF paste high cone

Hydron violet BBF paste high cone

Hydron violet RF paste high cone _..

Hydron violet R powder

Hydron wool red BB vat

Hydron yellow GG (single strength)

Hydron yellow OG powder

Hydron yellow NF paste.

Hydron yellow brown G paste

Indanthrene blue 8 GK (single strength)

Vat blue SGK paste

Vat blue SGK powder

Indanthrene blue RSN powder

Indanthrene blue RZ double paste (single strength)

Indanthrene blue green B (single strength)

Vat blue green B double paste, flne...

Indanthrene brilliant blue (single strength)

Vat brilliant blue 3G powder

Vat brilliant blue R paste

Vat brilliant blue R paste, flne

Vat brilliant blue R powder

Indanthrene brilliant violet

Vat brilliant violet 3B paste, flne

Vat brilliant violet 4R paste

Indanthrene brown 2G (single strength)

Indanthrene brown 2G powder

Vat brown 2G paste

Vat brown 2G powder

Vat brown IGO powder.

Indanthrene brown RT paste

Indanthrene brown 3R

Vat brown 3R paste..

Indanthrene golden orange 3G (single strength)

Vat golden orange 3G paste

Vat golden orange 3G powder

Indanthrene golden orange 3R

Vat orange 3R paste, fine

Indanthrene golden yellow GK

Vat golden yellow GK double paste, fine

Indanthrene grav 3B (single strength)

Vat gray 3B paste.. ' IG

Vat gray 3B powder IG.

Indanthrene gray RRH (single strength)

Vat gray RRH paste, flne

Vat gray RRH powder

Indanthrene green (single strength) _

Vat green G double paste

Vat green G powder

Vat green 2G double paste

Vat green 2G powder

Indanthrene khaki (single strength)

Helindone khaki IGG paste

Helindone khaki IGG powder.

Vat khaki OG paste

Indanthrene orange 4R (single strength)

Vat orange 4R powder

Indanthrene pink B (single strength)

Helindone pink IB double paste...

Vat pink B paste

Vat pink B double paste

Vat pink B double paste, fine

Vat pink B powder

Manufac-
turer

B.

By.
By.

B.

IG.

IG.
IG.

IQ.
IG.
IQ.
IG.

M..
B..
IG.
IQ.
IG.

Imports

Quantity

Pounds

20,441

600
16,297

1,400
1,050

25
3,600

220

1,000

300

350
13, 474
5,996

8,730

430

16,298

794

2,878

7,255

1,764

1,000

2,928

3,184

14, 148

9,280

4,460

32, 548

DYES IMPORTED FOR CONSUMPTION

109

Table 34. — Imports of dyes, calendar year 1926 — Continued
UNIDENTIFIED VAT DYES— Continued

Name of dye

IQ.
IG.

B..
IG.

B..
IG.
B..

IG.
IG.
IG.

IG.
IG.

IG.
IG.

IG.
IG.

Indanthrene red BK (single strength)

Vat red BK paste, fine

Vat red BK powder ..-

Indanthrene red GO (single strength)

Vat red GO paste

Vat red GO powder

Indanthrene red brown (single strength)

Vat red brown R paste _

Vat red brown R paste, fine _ -

Vat red brown R powder

Indanthrene yellow FFRK (single strength)

Helindone yellow IFFRK paste

Vat yellow FFRK paste.

Vat yellow FFRK powder .._

Indanthrene yellow GF (single strength)

Vat yellow GF paste

Vat yellow GF powder..

Indanthrene yellow 3GF (single strength)

Vat yellow 3GF double paste -

Vat yellow 3GF double paste, fine

Indanthrene yellow GGK (single strength)

Vat yellow GGK paste...

Vat yellow GGK powder

Indanthrene yellow 3RT (single strength)

Helindone yellow I 3RT powder

Vat yellow 3RT double paste.

Vat yellow 3RT powder

Vat yellow 3RT cone, powder

Indigosol AZG

Indigosol 04B_

Indigosol 04B._

Indigosol OR..

Indigosol black

Indigosol black TB

Indigosol black TB

Indigosol orange ._

Indigosol orange HR

Indigosol orange HR

Indigosol pink

Indigosol pink HR extra

Indigosol pink HR extra

Indigosol red HR

Indigosol scarlet HB

Indigosol violet

Indigosol violet AZB -.| DH..,

Indigosol violet .\ZB IG

Indigosol yellow HCG I By

Paradone gray B paste _.. -.1 LBH.

Manufac-
turer

IG..
IG..
IG..
IG..
DH.
By..
DH.
DH.

DH.
IG..

DH.
IG..

DH.
IG..
DH.
DH.

Sandothrene blue NG.

Soledon brilliant purple RR

Soledon jade green paste

Soledon yeUow G

Thioindigo black B..

Thioindigo black B paste

Vat black B paste.

Thioindigo brown GT paste

Thioindigo violet R paste

Vat blue RC paste.

Vat printing brown R (single strengt.h)...

Vat printing brown R paste

Vat printing brown R powder

Vat printing red

Vat printing red B paste..

Vat printing red G paste

Vat printing violet

Vat printing violet BF paste

Vat printing violet RF paste

Vat yellow 6G powder (single strength)...

Vat yellow 6GD powder (single strength).

Vat yellow GP powder

Vat yellow brown 3G paste

Wool vat brown 3R paste

All other vat dyes

S.
SD.
SD.
SD.

IG.
K-.
K..
K..
SD.

By.
By.

IG.
IG.

IG

IG

IG......

IG

IG

IG

By

Various.

Imports

Quantity

Pounds
180

4,185

2,677

1,341

700

2,000

290

5,600

2,702

330
410

149

138

77
595

120
226
100

20
122

25
7,679

200

110

224

14. 822

3,700

400

400

1,000

4,300

200

7

Invoice
value

110 CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHER SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS

Table 34. — Imports of dyes, calendar year 7 5^^— Continued
UNIDENTIFIED MORDANT AND CHROME DYES

Name of dye

Acid alizarin gray G

Acid anthracene brown

Acid anthracene brown PG

Acid anthracene brown WSG

Acid anthracene red

Acid anthracene red 3BL

Acid anthracene red 5BL

Acid chrome red B

Acid chrome yellow 3GL

Alizarin blue green BBS cone

Alizarin brown HD paste

Alizarin cyanine green 5G powder...

Alizarin fast gray 2BL powder

Alizarin fast light brown GL

Alizarin light gray BS cone.

Alizarin sky blue G

Anthracene chromate brown EB

Anthracene chrome blue R

Azol printing Bordeaux B extra

Azol printing brown 3RL paste

Azol printing violet 2R extra

Brilliant chrome blue S powder

Brilliant chrome printing red B

Brilliant chrome violet

BrOliant chrome violet 3R-.

Brilliant chrome violet 3RA

BrOliant chrome violet 3RN

Chromanol black RVI

Chromanol blue NR

Chromanol violet RI

Chroniazurine DN

Chrome azurol B

Chrome brilliant scarlet GD

Chrome brown G

Chrome fast printing red G

Chrome fast yellow 2G powder

Chrome gray HI

Chrome orange 2R

Chrome printing Bordeaux B

Chrome printing claret R

Chrome printing orange

Chrome printing orange BW

Chrome printing orange 2R

Chrome printing red

Chrome printing red B

Chrome printing red Y

Chromocitronine 3R

Chromogene indigo B, R

Chromogene red B cone

Chromogene violet 3R

Chromophenine FKN

Chromorhodine 60N.

C hromovesuvine RA.

Chromoxane brilliant violet

Chromoxane brilliant violet 5B..
Chromoxane brilliant violet BD.
Chromoxane brilliant violet SB..
Chromoxane brilliant violet SR.

Chromoxane pure blue.

Chromoxane pure blue B

Chromoxane pure blue BLD

Chromoxane violet RD-.

Colonial blue R..

Erio anthracene brown R

Eriochromal brown..

Eriochramal brown AEB

Eriochromal brown G

Eriochromal gray 5G cone

Eriochrome black E

Eriochromc blue S _

Eriochrome blue black G

Eriochrome brilliant green G supra..
Eriochrome brilliant violet B supra..

Eriochrome brown SWN supra

Eriochrome geranol R cone

Eriochrome red G

Manufac-
turer

M.

IG.
IG.

By.-
By..
IG..
IG-
S....
IG..
IG..
By..
By-.
S— .
By„
IG..
C...
IG-.
By..
IG..
DH.
G...

DH.
DH.
DH.
DH.
DH.
DH.
DH.
G...
By-
By..
G...
IG..
DH.
DH.
I....
DH.

DH.
I....

DH.
DH.
DH.
IG..
IG-.
IG..
DH.
DH.
DH.

By.
IG.
By.
By.

IG..
IG..
IG..
DH.
O...

Imports

Quantity

Pounds
8,875
13, 295

1,941

375

100

1,000

100

125

2,203

100

10, 998

10

5, 000

100

10

10

10

770

55

1,543

220
220
331
880
650
5
220

55
100

11

55
110

25
243

2,865

440

60

45

50

220

1,872

330

2,460

150
110
220
605

440 I
1,653
2,204
9,921

110
1,763

110
1,432
4,959

DYES IMPORTED FOR CONSUMPTION

111

Table 34. — Imports of dyes, calendar year 1926- — Continued
UNIDENTIFIED MOIlDANT AND CHROME DYES-Continued

Name of dye

Manufac-
turer

G..
G..
G..
M.
By.
IG.
By.

Eriochrome violet

Eriochrome violet B

Eriochrome violet 3B

Eriochrome yellow G paste..

Fast mordant blue B

Qallo fast black cone paste...
Gallo navy blue DA powder.

Gallophenine P...

Metachrome blue black 2BX ..I IG..

Metachrome brilliant blue.. .

Metachrome brilliant t)lue BL IG..

Metachrome brilliant blue BLO... IG..

Metachrome brilliant blue 8RL IG..

Metachrome brown •

Metachrome brown BL IG..

Metachrome brown 6G IG..

Metachrome olive __

Metachrome olive B A

Metachrome olive 2G ! A...

Metachrome red G ...j IG..

Metachrome violet 2R M..

Modern blue CVI I DH.

Modern gray.

Modern gray CVX.

Modern gray PS

Modern green N

Modern olive JN

Naphthochrome violet R.

DH.
DH.
DH.
DH-
I....

New gallophenine 5G ...I IG..

S...
IG..
K...

Omega chrome brown EB.

Radio chrome blue B

Salicine orange 2R cone. _ ,

Shoddy chrome black

Shoddy chrome black BA

Shoddy chrome black R.\

Shoddy chrome black TA.

Ultra corinth B

Ultra orange R

All other chrome and mordant dyes.

A..

A..
A..
S...
S...
IG.

Imports

Quantity

Pounds
5,286

4,916
300

5

99

841

15,353

800

704

7,002

2,996
600
715
132

220

110

3,636

50

500

4,500

150

15

200

1,000

6

Invoice
value

$564

UNIDENTIFIED DIRECT DYES

Azophor black DP

IG

By

IG

IG

IG

IG

By

IG

300

100

25

200

700

100

1,091

7,273

6,799

Benzo fast black L..

$9,810

io

Bv

Benzo fast blue 8GL

IG -.

By.-

1,430
17, 496

19, 162

Benzo fast brown GL

IG

IG

IG

By

IG

By

By...

Bv

100

10

75

300

5,607

1,961

600

4,382

235

Benzo fast copper violet B

Benzo fast eosine BL . . .

Benzo fast gray BL

IG

By

By

By

Benzo fast light scarlet 4BL

Benzo fast scarlet

Benzo fast scarlet 5B

By.

IG

Benzo fast violet BL

1,069

By

Developed fast violet BL..

By

112

CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHEE SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS

Table 34. — Imports of dyes, calendar year 1926 — Continued
UNIDENTIFIED DIRECT DYES— Continued

Name of dye

Benzo fast yellow RL

Benzo green G

Benzo red 12B

Direct red 12B

Benzo rhoduline red

Benzo rhoduline red B

Benzo rhoduline red 3B

Benzo rubine _

Benzo rubine HW

Benzo rubine SC.

Benzo violet RL extra..

Benzoforni blue G extra

Benzoform brown 4R

Benzoform yellow GL

Brilliant azurine 5R

Brilliant benzo fast yellow GL

Brilliant benzo green B

Brilliant benzo violet 2R powder

Brilliant congo blue 5R

Brilliant congo violet R

Brilliant copper blue GW

Brilliant diazol orange

Brilliant diazol orange NJN

Brilliant diazol orange NRN

Brilliant fast blue 3BX

Brilliant pure blue B

Brilliant pure yellow 6G extra...

Brilliant sky blue...

Brilliant sky blue 8G extra..

Brilliant sky blue R_..

Brilliant sky blue 2RM

Direct sky blue 8G extra

Brilliant triazol fast violet BL powder.

Chicago red III.. .,

Chloramine fast orange R cone

Chloramine light gray

Chloramine light gray B cone

Chloramine light gray R cone

Chloramine light violet R cone

Chloramine violet

Chloramine violet FEB...

Chloramine violet R

Chlorantine fast blue

Chlorantine fast blue 2GL

Chlorantine fast blue 4GL

Chlorantine fast blue 8GL

Chlorantine fast Bordeaux 2BL_ _

Chlorantine fast brown

Chlorantine fast brown BRL

Chlorantine fast brown 5GL .^

Chlorantine fast brown 3RL

Chlorantine fast gray B

Chlorantine fast green B

Chlorantine fast orange 2RL

Chlorantine fast red 5BL.__

Chlorantine fast violet _

Chlorantine fast violet SIBL...

Chlorantine fast violet RL

Chlorantine fast violet 2RL

Chlorantine fa~t vellow RL

Chlorazol drab RU

Chlorazol fast brown RK

Chlorazol fast orange AG

Columbia catechine

Columbia catechine

Columbia catechine A

Columbia catechine 3B

Columbia catechine O

Columbia red OB

Cotonerol

Cotoncrol A extra

Cotonerol G extra.

Cotonerol 2G extra

Cotton black AC

Developing blue B

Diamine azo brown

Diamine azo brown O

Diamine azo brown 3Q

Manufac-
turer

IG.
IG-

By.

By-
IG.

By..
By..
IG..
By..
IG..
IG..
IG..
By..
IG..
By..
A...
AG.
IG..

CN.
CN.
IG..
By..
By..

By..
By..

By..
By..
AG.
G...

S....

By-
By.

I

I

I

I

BDC.
BDC.
BDC.

IG.
IG..

A...
IG..
AG.

Imports

Quantity

Pounds
6,667
200
1,061

4,350

25

5

25

200

100

1,825

2,745

331

400

2,300

66

991

1,800

2,086

2,942

20, 939

224
7,716
2,200
1,614

1,510
1,135

40,446

8,044
15, 431

5,510
6,061

1,984
37, 576

2,204
400
3,500
5,500
3.375

100
1,020

700
1,900
3,274

DYES IMPORTED FOR CONSUMPTION

113

Table 34. — Imports of dyes, calendar year 1926 — Continued
UNIDENTIFIED DIRECT DYES— Continued

Name of dye

Diamine azo fast green G

Diaimine azo fast violet R

Diamine azo yellow 2Q ---

Diamine brilliant scarlet S -..

Diamine bronze brown PE

Diamine catcchine_

Diamine catechine B -

Diamine catechine G

Diamine catechine 3G -

Diamine dark blue B

Diamine dark green N -

Diamine fast black C

Diamine fast blue ---

Diamine fast blue FFB

Diamine fast blue F3G

Diamine fast Bordeaux 6BS --

Diamine fast brown

Diamine fast brown G

Diamine fast brown GB- -

Diamine fast brown GBB

Diamine fast brown GHB.

Diamine fast brown R

Diamine fast gray BN .-. -

Diamine fast orange

Diamine fast orange EG

Diamine fast orange ER

Diamine fast rose B -

Diamine gray G. --.

Diamine steel blue L

Diamineral blue BF

Diaminogene BW.. -..

Diaminogene blue GG --.

Dianil fast violet BL .-

Diazanil pink B...

Diazo black VG

Diazo Bordeaux 7B

Diazo brilliant blue 2BL extra

Diazo brilliant green

Developed brilliant green 3G

Develojjed brilliant green 6G.

Diazo brilliant green 3G_

Diazo green 3G

Diazo brilliant orange

Developed brilliant orange 5G extra.

Diazo brilliant orange 5G extra

Diazo brilliant scarlet

Developed brilliant scarlet 2BL

Diazo brilliant scarlet B extra

Diazo brilliant scarlet 6B extra

Diazo brilliant scarlet S4B

Diazo brown ._

Diazo brown BW

'^iazo brown 3G-

jjiazo brown 6G

Diazo brown 2G\V

Diazo brown 3R

Diazo brown RW

Diazo brown 3RW

Diazo brown SW

Diazo fast black extra -..

Diazo fast blue _.

Diazo fast blue 2B\V

Diazo fast blue 20L

Diazo fast blue 6QW -.

Diazo fast Bordeaux BL

Diazo fast green GF

Diazo fast violet

Developed fast violet BL

Diazo fast violet 3RL

Diazo light violet BL

Diazo geranine B extra

Diazo indigo blue..

Diazo indigo blue 4GL

Diazo indigo blue 2RL

Diazo indigo blue 3RL

Diazo light yellow 3GL

Diazo red N8B

Manufac-
turer

C.
C.
C
IG.
IG-

IG.
IG-
IG.
IG.
IG_

IG.

C.

c.

IG.
IG.
IG.
IG.
IG.

IG.
IG.
C.
IG.
IG.
IG.
C.
C .
IG.
IG.
I...
By.
IG.

By.
By-
IG.
IG.

By.
IG-

By.
By.
By-
By.

By-
By.

By.
IG-

By-
By-
By.
By.

By-
By.
By-
IG.
I...

Imports

Quantity

Pounds
5,019
1,787
1,488
4,182
200
1,910

60

5

100

1,725

550
5,250

1,000
11, 938

100

200

150

500

743

21, 602

1,600

1,350

551

661

2,300

17, 935

2,551

9,136

4,815

Invoice
value

50
6,172

1,492
1,300
4,076

480
5,218

441
2,212

114

CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHEE SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS

Table 34.^ — Imports of dyes, calendar year 1926 — Continued
UNIDENTIFIED DIRECT DYES— Continued

Name of dye

Diazo rubine B

Diazo sky blue

Developed pure blue B _.

Developed sky blue 3GL

Diazo sky blue B

Diazo sky blue 3G.. .-.

Diazo sky blue 3GL

Diazoeene orange Q

Diazol light red N8B

Diazol scarlet N3B

Diazophenyl black V

Diphenyl brown BBNC

Diphenyl dark green BC

Diphenyl fast Bordeaux Q cone...

Diphenyl fast bronze B

Diphenyl fast brown ONC

Direct brilliant yellow KG

Direct brown G cone

Direct cutch brown GR

Direct saf ranine R W

Fast cotton brown

Fast cotton brown QB

Fast cotton brown 4RL-

Fast cotton gray _

Fast cotton gray BL

Fast cotton gray VL

Fast cotton orange 4RL

Fast cotton rubine B

Fast cotton scarlet 4BL

Fast cotton violet 4R

Formal fast black G cone

Half-wool blue

Half-wool blue G.

Half-wool blue 3R

Neutral gray NY

Neutral orange G powder

New Bordeaux RX.

Oxamine light brown G

Oxamine light pink

Minaxo light pink BX

Minaxo light pink BBX

Oxydiamine blue PG

Paper red A extra.

Paper yellow GGX

Para black V

Para brilliant orange G

Para brown

Para brown GK

Para brown RK

Para brown V

Para orange G

Parasulfon brown

Parasulfon brown G

Parasulfon brown GS cone ...

Pluto black Vi extra

Pluto brown GG_._

Plutoform black BL

Rosanthrene

Rosanthrene B

Rosanthrene R

Rosanthrene RN

Rosanthrene fast red "BL

Rosanthrene orange R

Rosanthrene pink

Rosanthrene violet 5R

Sky blue N

Toluylene fast brown 2R

Triazol fast brown

Triazol fast brown G

Triazol fast brown 3GL

Triazol light, orange 2RL

Triazol light yellow RL

Trisulphon bronze BG, BG conc.

Trisulphon brown MB

Universal blue C

Uni versa 1 blue black C

Universal brown C

Manufac-
turer

By.

By-.
By..
lO..
By..
IG..
CJ.-
CN-
CN.
G...
G...
G...
G...
G...
G...
I-...

AG.
IG..

IG.
IG-
IG.
IG.
IG.
IG.
G..

IG-
IG.
IG.
By.
IG.
IG-

IG.
IG.
IG-
IG.
IG.
IG.
IG.

IG.
IG.
IG.
IG.

GrE.
GrE.
GrE.
GrE.

S

IG.
IG.
IG.

Imports

Quantity

Poum

2,

22,

150
816
220
614
612
551
110
613
818
110
336
637
110
325

3,750

100
500
50
200
990
,823

100

558
150
200
,203

50
,300
,500
350
350
,450

50
,200

,470
400
100

,619

440
,511
992

no

769
200
452

123

254

400

10

75

225

75

DYES IMPORTED FOR CONSUMPTION

115

Table 34. — Imports of dyes, calendar year 1926 — Continued
UNIDENTIFIED DIRECT DYES— Continued

Manufac-
turer

Imports

Name of dye

Quantity

Invoice
value

Universal gray C _

IG

lO

lO

IG

lO

Pounds
25
25
75
175
75
12,864

Universal green C

Universal heliotrope C

Universal jet black C .

Universal leather brown C

Zambesi black _..^

$5,888

Developing black ED ....

IG

Diazo fast black extra

IG

Diazo fast black SD

IG

Minaxo black BBNX

B

Zambesi black D..

IG

Zambesi black F

IG

Zambesi black V . ...

IG

DYES FOR ARTIFICIAL SILK

Artificial silk black R

Artisil carmine B cone

Art isil purple cone

.\zonine direct blue B paste

Azonine direct violet R cone

Blue extra paste

Celatene black

Celatene red paste

Cellit fast blue R.-

Cellit fast brown G

Cellit fast orange G

Cellit red B._

Cellit fast yellow 2 GN

Cibacete diazo black B paste..

Cibacete navy blue 3R powder

Cibacete orange 3G, 2R paste

Cibacete red O R paste

Cibacete scarlet G paste ---

Cibacete turquoise blue paste.

Cibacete violet 2R paste

Cibacete yellow

Cibacete yellow 3G paste... __

Cibacete yellow R paste

Ci bacete yellow 2R -

Dispersol yellow 3G paste -'-

Duranol tilack paste

Duranoi blue G paste. _

Durauol orange G paste. xc...

Duranol red

Duranol red 2B piste .- BDC.

Duranol red G paste I BDC.

Duranol violet 2R j BDC.

lonamine I

lonamine \ • BDC.

lonamine B ' BDC.

lonamine H .i BDC.

lonamine L BDC.

BDC.
BDC.
BDC-

lO.

s...

s...

IG.
IG.
IG.
SD.
SD.
IG.
IG.
IQ-
IG.
IG.
I...
I...
I...
I...
I...
I...
I...

I

I

I

BDC.
BDC.
BDC.
BDC.

lonamine MA

lonamine blue B

lonamine orange CB

lonamine red.--

lonamine red GA ' BDC

lonamine red KA BDC

Orange extra paste- IG...

Pink R extra paste 1 IG

Rose B extra paste ! IG

IG.

G.

Red R extra paste .

Setacyl direct blue

Setacyl direct blue G powder- ^

Setacyl direct blue R powder i G.

•^etacyl direct orange 2R powder. _ I O

t^etacyl direct red B powder G

Setacyl direct violet R powder G

Setacyl direct yellow R powder G

SRA red I, III BCC.

Yellow-

Yellow 3G paste , -- IG-

Yellow R paste ..^.-.. IG.

1.000

100

100

1.500

100

500

50

50

100

50

50

150

100

110

486

352

110

352

110

110

330

l.OCO
998

1,852
726

2.756

318

205

50

230

100
100
100
100
6.907

3,084
2,315

827
2.093
3,431

200

116

CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHER SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS

Table 34.— 7 mporis oj dyes, calendar year 1926 — Continued

RAPID FAST DYES

Name of dye

Rapid fast orange RG paste.

Rapid fast pink LB paste

Rapid fast red -

Rapid fast red B paste...
Rapid fast red GZ paste .

Manufac-
turer

By.
IG.

IG.
IG.

Imports

Quantity

Pounds
700
900
2,850

UNIDENTIFIED SULPHUR DYES

Cross dye green ,

Cross dye green B

Cross dye green 2G cone

Immedial brilliant green G extra.

Immedial brown W cone

Immedial direct blue B extra

Indo carbon

Indo carbon CL..

Indo carbon SN

Katigene chrome blue 5G

Katigene indigo CLOG extra

Kurgan (Kryogene) violet 3RX..

Pyrogene brown G

Pyrogene cutch 2R extra

Pyrogene green GK

Pyrogene pure blue SOL

Sulphide new blue _

Sulphide new blue BL._

Sulphide new blue BLX

Sulphur black MBWJ

Thiogene new blue BL cone

Thional brilliant blue 6BS cone.

Thionol black XXN cone

Thionol brown

Thionol brown O

Thionol brown R

Thionol green

Thionol green B

Thionol green 2G

Thionol yellow GR

BDC.
BDC.
IG...,
IG....
IG...,

IG.
IG.
By.
By.
IG-
I...
I...
I...
I...

M— ..
M....,

A

M.-..,

S

BDC.

BDC.
BDC.

BDC.
BDC.
BDC.

41, 246

100
4,000

100
9,950

1,752

1,439

500 I

992

1, 102 !

5,511

4,408

765

5

550

1,500

600

18, 110

41,304
' 10,960"

UNIDENTIFIED BASIC DYES

Acridine flavine R

Acridine red PS--_

Acridine scarlet J

Acridine yellow AO

Astra phloxine FF

Astra violet FF extra

Basic pink G powder

Brilliant acridine orange

Brilliant acridine orange R

Brilliant acridine orange 3R

Brilliant rhoduline blue

Brilliant rhodamine blue R...

Brilliant rhoduline blue R...

Diazine black G..

Diazine red B ,

Excelsior yellow 12G ,

Methylene blue 3G

Phosphine G

Rhodamine 6GDN extra (single strength).

Rhodamine 6QDN extra

Rhodamine 6GDN extra.

Rhodamine blue 6B cone. ...^

Rhodamine sky blue 3G

Rhodamine sky blue 3G

Rhoduline sky blue 3G

Taunastrol GO.

Tannoflavine F

Thio violet 5R

Xantho acridine MO...

DH-
DH.
DH.
IG..
IG..
IG..
Q —

DH.
DH.

By.
By-
IG.
IG.
IG.
lO.
IG.

B..
By.
By.

By..
IG..

S....
S-...
DH.
DH.

576

121

385

50

5,044
100
220

1,320

250

50

5

100

500

61, 050

55
1,908

2,000

499

55

661

DYES IMPOKTED FOE CONSUMPTION

117

Table 34. — Imports of dyes, calendar year 1926 — Continued
UNIDENTIFIED COLOR-LAKE AND SPIRIT-SOLUBLE DYES

Name of dye

Alizarin astrol B (oil soluble)

Alizarin cj'anine green G extra (oil soluble) .

Alizarin irisol (oil soluble)

Alizarin sky blue (oil soluble)

Alizarin viridine (oil soluble)

Autol orange powder

Brilliant helio blue FFR extra

Ceres blue I powder

Ceres red V ...

Ceres yellow

Ceres yellow I

Ceres yellow III «

Claret red BN paste

Fast Lake yellow G powder

Hansa green GS

Hansa orange R paste

Hansa red B powder

Hansa yellow G

Hansa yellow G paste

Hansa yellow G powder

Hansa yellow G lumps.. __

Hansa yellow 5G:

Hansa yellow 5G paste

Hansa yellow 5G powder

Hansa yellow GR paste

Hansa yellow GSA powder

Heli o black 1..

Helio Bordeaux BL (single strength)

Helio Bordeaux BL paste

Helio Bordeaux BL powder

Helio fast carmine CL powder

Helio fast green HGS powder

Helio fast pink R L paste

Helio fast rubine 2BL, LBK powder

Helio fast violet AL._

Helio fast yellow

Helio fast yellow powder

Helio fast yellow 5G powder

Helio fast yellow H5G powder...

Helio fast yellow HlOO powder

Helio fast yellow GL paste

Helio red RMT extra powder

Lake yellow RF cone

Lithol fast orange

Stone fast orange RN powder

Lithol fast rubine

Stone fast rubine G powder

Lithol fast scarlet 1

Stone fast scarlet Q powder ..

Lithol fast yellow.

Stone fast yellow GN lumps. .,

Stone fast yellow GN powder

Stone fast yellow GR paste

Moti orange G

Oil green .\LB lumps

Paper fast Bordeaux B

Permanent orange 2R extra lumps

Typophor black FB

Typophor brown .

Tero brown FR.--- .

Typophor yellow

Tero yellow FR

Zapon green G powder

Manufac-
turer

IG.
IG.
IG.
IG.
IG.
IG.
By.
IG.
By-

IG.
IG.
IG.
Q--
IG.
IG.
IG.

IG.
IG.
IG.

IG.
IG.
IG.
IG.
IG.

IG.
IG.
IG.
By-
By.
IG.
By.

By.
By-
By.
Bv.
By.
By.
IG.

IG.

ig!

B..
IG.
IG.
IG-
K..
IG.
IG.
IG.

IG.

IG.
IG.

Imports

Q-"tity I I^'

400

100

25

75

10

20

500

100

3

45

100
220
400
100
50

000
545
900

000
500
810
000
135
976

100
25
200
700
500
828

5
,356

200

200
"26"

700

,000

500

50

125

,201

25

400

75

,100

"ioo"

$11,366

1,090

1,977

118

CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHER SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS

Table 34. — Imports of dyes, calendar year 1926 — Continued,
UNIDENTIFIED UNCLASSIFIED DYES

Manufac-
turer

Imports

Name of dye

Quantity

Invoice
value

Orasol blue R .

G

22
22
22
55
10
11
22

250
11
11
71,600
10
10

166

Qrasol red Q .

G

O

Orasol scarlet G

...

Ink blue H

G

§h::::::;

DH

lO

DH

DH __

EJVIC >_..-

NBC

NBC

Various...

Kipper brown

Luxine orange R

Luxine violet 5RN

Navy blue KWSR

Poly trop orange 2R

Purple DH

Whites washing blue

Utopia brilliant green B cone.

Utopia brilliant green 6G cone

All other dyes

1 Eze Manufacturing Co., Canada.

Index to table of dye imports

Name of dye

Colour

Index

No.

Page

Name of dye

Colour

Index

No.

Page

Aceto purpurine 8B

436

172

93

92
110
110

92
110

94
110

93
110
104

97
104
104
110
110

97

94

95

95
104

92

93

94
104
104 .

92
104

93

93 1
104 !
104 i
104 1

95 ;

96 1
96

96 [
95

104 1

104

104

104

104

116 1

97 1
116 1
116
116

Acronol brilliant blue

664

94

Acid alizirin black R

Agalma black 4BT. .

104

Acid alizarin gray G

Alaska black lOBX

246

92

Acid anthracene brown PG

.Mgol blue3RP .

107

Acid anthracene brown R.

105

Algol brilliant pink FB .

107

Acid anthracene brown WSG

Algol green BB

1116
1137
1155

101

Acid anthracene red 3B

487

Algol orange R

101

Acid anthracene red 3BL

.^Igol red B

102

Acid anthracene red G

443

Algol red 2B

107

Acid anthracene red 5BL.._

.\lgol red FF

1133
1133
1129
1139
1040
1027
1075

101

Acid black 2R

.4,lgol red R .

101

Acid blue AM

833

Algol scarlet G

101

Acid blue RBF _

Algol vellow 30

101

Acid brown RN__ _. .

Alizarin SX n:iste-

99

Acid chrome red B

.Alizarin VI extra pure

98

Acid chrome vellow 3GL

99

Acid cyanine BF

853
670
692
692

Alizarin astrol B (oil soluble)

Alizarin astrol violet B

117

Acid green cone, pdr

104

Aci i magenta

1019
1075
1073
1067
1088
1053
1085
1085

98

A cid magenta II

Alizarin blue AS

99

Acid magenta LLS

Alizarin blue JR

99

Acid milling black B

307
443

487

Alizarin blue S..

99

Acid milling red G

Alizarin blue SKY

100

A fill milliag red R.

Alizarin blue WS..

99

Acid miiling vellow G . .

Alizarin blue black B

99

Acid navy bl:i: .MB ._ __ .

.\liz:irin blue black 3B.. .

99

Acid ponceau E

196

.\lizarin blue green BBS

110

Acid pure blue R supra

.\lizarin Bordeaux BP.

1045

99

Acid red G

430
430

.\lizariii lirilliimt sky blue R

104

Acid red RS._

Alizarin brown HD

110

Acid rhodamine B

.\lizarin carmine

1034
1051
1050
1078

""i078'

99

Acid rhodamine BG

99

Acid rhodamine 3R

Alizarin cvanine WRR

99

Acid violet 6B (IG)

697
717
717
717
701

.\lizarin cviinine green G

99

Acid violet 6BN

-Alizarin cyanine green G (oil soluble) .
.Vlizarin cvanine green 3G

117

Acid violet 6BNG

99

Acid violet 6BN00.

-Alizarin cvanine green 5G

110

Acid violet 7BN _

1064

99

Acid violet 8B

Alizarin direct blui^ A.

104

Acid violet JOB..

104

Acid violet CBB

1087

99

Acid violet 3R

.'Vlizarin diri'ct blue BB

104

Acid violet IR

Alizarin direct blue BGAOO

Alizarin direct blue RXO

Alizirin direct red 3G

1077
1076

99

Acridine flavine R

99

Acridine orange DHE

788

104

Acridine red PS. . _

1073

99

Acridine scarlet J

Alizarin direct violet ERC

104

Acridine yallow .\0

.\lizarin emeraldole G

1056

99

INDEX TO TABLE OF DYE IMPORTS
Index to table of dye imports — Continued

119

Name of dye

Colour

Index

No.

I
Page

Name of dye

Colour

Index

No.

Page

Alizarin fast gray 2BL

110
110 !
100

99
102
102
107
107
107
107
117 '
104

99

99
104
104

99
104

99

99
110

99
104

98

98

98

98

98
100

99

98

99

98

99

99

99

98

99

99
100
100
100
100

99

99

99

99

99
117
100
110
104
104
117

99

95

95
104
104

96
104

95

95

95
104
104

92
104
104
104
107
101
107
101
101
100
107
103
107

Anthra pink BN

1211

Alizarin fast light brown GL

Anthra pink R

Alizarin geranol B

1092
1071
1202
1200

Anthra red B.

1207
1142
1091

Alizarin green S

Anthra red RT

Alizarin indigo G

Anthra rubine B .

Alizarin indigo 3R

Anthra scarlet B...

Alizarin indigo 5R

Anthra scarlet G.

1098
1228
1095
1063
1060
1063
1059
1035
1035
1035

Alizarin indigo brown R. ..

Anthra scarlet GG

Alizarin indigo gray B

Anthra yellow GC...

Alizarin indigo violet B

Anthracene blue BBN .

Alizarin irisol (oil soluble)

Anthracene blue SWGG...

Alizarin irisol B

Anthracene blue SWR..

Alizarin irisol R -

1073
1087

Anthracene blue WB

Alizarin leveling blue B -

Anthracene brown R .

Alizarin leveling blue CA - . .

Anthracene brown RD _

Alizarin light blue AR.

Anthracene brown SW

Alizarin light blue B

1054

Anthracene chromate brown EB

Alizarin light blue LR

.\nthracene chrome blue R.

Alizarin light blue R

1076
1053

Ant hrac vanine S

884
1095
1089
1082
1081
1080

Alizarin light blue SE

Anthraflavone G

Alizarin light gray BS

Anthraquinone blue SR

Alizarin light green GS

1078

Anthraquinone blue green BXO

Anthraquinone green GXNO

Anthraquinone violet..

Alizarin light violet RS

Alizarin orange A.. . .

1033
1033
1033
1033
1027
1088
1037
1027
1039
1027
1034
1034
1040
1027
1034
1039
1091
1091
1091
1091
1054
1053
1054
1053
1053

Alizarin orange AO

Artificial silk black R

Alizarin orange RP

Artisil carmine B

Alizarin orange SW

Artisil purple .

115

Alizarin paste bluish

Astra phloxine FF

.

Alizarin pure blue B

Astra violet FF.. ..

Auracine G.

786
656
655
786
724

Alizarin red paste (Q) ..

Auramine G..

Alizarin red GI paste

Auramine 0

Alizarin red IB paste

Aurazine G

Alizarin red S

Aurine

96

Alizarin red SW

Autol orange powder...

117

Alizarin red SX extra paste

.\zo acid black B . .

104

Alizarin red VI old paste

Azo alizarin Bordeaux W

341

93

Alizarin red W . . ....

Azo brilliant red B

104

Alizarin red XGP

Azo carmine B

829

828

97

Alizarin rubine GW

Azo carmine GX.

97

Alizarin rubine 3G

.\zo fast blue BR .. ....

104

Alizarin rubine 5G

Azo orseille BB

829

97

Alizarin rubine R .

Azo wool blue SE

104

Alizarin saphire blue B

Azol printing Bordeaux B

110

Alizarin saphire blue SE

Azol printing brown 3RL

110

Alizarin saphirol B

Azol printing violet 2R . .

110

Alizarin saphirol SE

.\zonine direct blue B

115

Alizarin saphirol WSA

Azonine direct violet R

115

Alizarin skv blue (oil soluble)

Azophor black DP

111

Alizarin skv blue B

1088

Basic blue GO...

926
658

98

Alizarin sky blue G .

Basic blue6G--- . ....

94

Alizarin supra blue A

Basic pink G

116

Alizarin supra blue SES .. . .

Basic pure blue BO

729
815
127

96

Alizarin viridine (oU soluble)

Basic yellow T

97

Alizarin viridine FF

1084
703
704

Benzo brilliant pink G..

92

Alkali blue 6B

Benzo bronze E ...

111

Alkali blue4R.

Benzo chrome black B

111

Alkali blue 6R

Benzo chrome black blue B

111

Alkali fast green 2BF

Benzo chrome brown B .

111

Alkali fast green 3G

735

Benzo chrome brown G . .

596

94

Alkali fast green lOG

Benzo chrome brown 5G

111

Alkali violet A extra

700
704
704

Benzo dark brown extra

111

Alkaline blue HR

Benzo fast black L ...

111

Alkaline blue 3R

Benzo fast blue G, .

111

Alphanol blue BRN.

Benzo fast blue 4GL

111

Alphanol brown B

Benzo fast blue 8GL i

111

Amaranth

184

Benzo fast Bordeaux 6BL.

111

Amido fast red GG . .

Benzo fast brown GL

111

Amido fast yellow SR

Benzo fast brown 3GL.

111

Anthosine 3B

Benzo fast brown RL .

111

Anthra Bordeaux B

Benzo fast copper blue B .

111

iVnthra Bordeaux R

1143

Benzo fast copper brown 3GL

111

Anthra brilliant green 5G

Benzo fast copper violet B

111

Anthra brown B..

1120
1123
1102

Benzo fast eosine BL

111

Anthra gray B

Benzo fast gray BL

111

Anthra green B

Benzo fast heliotrope BL

319
319

92

Anthra orange RH.

Benzo fast heliotrope 2RL

92

Anthra pink AN .

1211

Benzo fast heliotrope 5RH

111

Anthra pink B

Benzo fast light scarlet 4BL

111

49113—27 9

120 CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHER SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS
Index to table of dye imports — Continued

Name of dye

Benzo fast orange 2RL

Benzo fast orange S

Benzo fast orange WS

Benzo fast red 8BL

Benzo fast rubine BL

Benzo fast scarlet 4BS

Benzo fast scarlet 5B

Benzo fast scarlet 5BS

Benzo fast scarlet 8BS

Benzo fast scarlet 2GL

Benzo fast violet BL..

Benzo fast yellow 4GL

Benzo fast yellow 5GL

Benzo fast yellow RL.

Benzo green G

Benzo new blue 5B

Benzo red 12B

Benzo rhoduline red B

Benzo rhoduline red 3B

Benzo rubine HW..

Benzo rubine SC

Benzo violet R

Benzo violet RL

Benzoform blue G

Benzoform brown 4R

Benzoform yellow GL

Benzyl fast blue BL

Benzyl fast blue GL

Benzyl fast blue L

Benzyl green B

Betamine blue 8BL

Bismarck brown S

Black extra

Black JI

Blue extra..

Blue extra paste

Blue JO

Blue FF

Blue NA

Blue NBB

Blue 1900 TOD..

Brilliant acid blue A

Brilliant acid blue EG

Brilliant acid blue FF

Brilliant acid blue G

Brilliant acid blue NAS

Brilliant acid blue V

Brilliant acid green 6B

Brilliant acridine orange A

Brilliant acridine orange R

Brilliant acridine orange 3R

Brilliant alizarin Bordeaux R...

Brilliant azurine 5R

Brilliant benzo fast yellow GL..

Brilliant benzo green B

Brilliant benzo violet B

Brilliant benzo violet 2R

Brilliant blue G

Brilliant carmine L cone

Brilliant chrome blue S

Brilliant chrome printing red B.

Brilliant chrome violet 4B

Brilliant chrome violet 3R

Brilliant chrome violet 3RA

Brilliant chrome violet 3RN

Brilliant congo blue 5R

Brilliant congo violet R

Brilliant copper blue GW

Brilliant delphine blue B

Brilliant dianil blue fiG...

Brilliant diazol orange N.TN

Brilliant diazol orange NRN

Brilliant fast blue 3BX

Brilliant geranine B

Brilliant green

Brilliant helio blue FFR

Brilliant indigo B

Brilliant indigo BB

Brilliant indigo 415..

Brilliant indigo 4BC

Brilliant milling blue B

Brilliant milling blue FQ

326
326

278
278
327

326
326

349
346

466

833
833

667
710
331
317
134
715

135
715
316
516
892
714

673
712
667

788

1038

325

720
357

127
662

1190
1188
1184
1184

111

93

93

92

92

93

111

93

93

111

111

93

93

112

112

93

112

112

112

112

112

93

112

112

112

112

97

97

104

94

95

93

92

92

95

115

92

95

92

94

98

95

104

104

104

95

95

94

97

116

116

99

112

112

112

93

112

96

93

110

110

96

110

110

110

112

112

112

98

95

112

112

112

92

94

117

102

102

102

102

104

104

Name of dye

Brilliant milling red R

Brilliant phosphine 5G

Brilliant pure blue B...

Brilliant pure yellow 6G..

Brilliant rhodamine blue R

Brilliant rhoduline blue R

Brilliant scarlet N

Brilliant silk blue B

Brilliant sky blue 5G

Brilliant sky blue 8G

Brilliant sky blue R.

Brilliant sky blue 2RM...

Brilliant sulphon red B

Brilliant sulphon red lOB

Brilliant triazol fast violet BL..

Brilliant wool blue B

BriUiant wool blue FFB

Brilhant wool blue FFR

Brilliant yellow cone

Caledon printing black BR

Capri blue GON

Carmine blue V

Cashmire black TN..

Celatene black

Celatene red

Cellit fast blue R

Cellit fast brown G

Cellit fast orange G

Cellit fast red B

Cellit fast yellow 2GN....

Ceres blue I..

Ceres red V..

Ceres yellow I..

Ceres yellow HI

Chicago red III..

Chloramine blue 3G cone

Chloramine blue HW

Chloramine brilliant red SB

Chloramine fast orange R

Chloramine light gray B

Chloramine light gray R..

Chloramine light violet R

Chloramine red B

Chloramine red 3B

Chloramine red 8BS

Chloramine sky blue FF

Chloramine violet FFB.

Chloramine violet R

Chloramine yellow FF

Chlorantine fast blue 2GL

Chlorantine fast blue 4GL

Chlorantine fast blue 8GL

Chlorantine fast Bordeaux 2BL.

Chlorantine fast brown BRL

Chlorantine fast brown 5GL

Chlorantine fast brown 3RL

Chlorantine fast gray B

Chlorantine fast green B

Chlorantine fast orange 2RL

Chlorantine fast red 5BL..

Chlorantine fast red 7 BL

Chlorantine fast violet 5BL

Chlorantine fast violet RL

Chlorantine fast violet 2RL

Chlorantine fast yellow 4GL

Chlorantine fast vellow RL

Chlorantine red 8BN

Chlorazol brown LF ,

Chlorazol drab RII

Chlorazol fast brown RK

Chlorazol fast orange .\G

Chlorazol fast red K

Chlorazol violet R

Chromacetine blue S

Chromal blue QC

Chromanol black RVI

Chromanol blue NR

Chromanol violet RI

Chromazone red new cone ,

Chromazurine DN

Chromazurine E

Chromazurine G..

INDEX TO TABLE OF DYE IMPORTS
Index to table of dye imports — Continued

121

Name of dye

Colour
Index
No.

Page

Name of dye

Colour

Index

No.

Page

Chrome azurol B

110
96
99
110
110
110
110
93
110
91
110
110 1
110
110
110
110
110
100
96
96
93
110
92
110
110
110
110
110
96
96
110
110
96
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
91
104
104
107
107
107
107
102
102
103
107
103
107
103
103
107
103
107
103
102
115
115
115
115
115
115
115
115
115
115
115
102
100
100
102
107
107
107
100
102
102

Cibanone green GC

107

Chrome azurol S

723
1085

Cibanone olive 2G ..

107

Chrome blue black B

Cibanone orange R

1169

102

Chrome brilliant scarlet GD.

Cibanone orange 6R . .

107

Chrome brown G

Cibanone red B

107

Chrome fast ])rinting red G

Cibanone red 4B . .

107

Chrome fast yellow 2G. .•..

Cibanone red G- .

107

Chrome fast yellow RD.

441

Cibanone violet R . .

1104
1170

100

Chrome gray III _ ..

Cibanone yellow R

102

Chrome orange R. -

40

Claret red for lake BN

117

Chrome orange 2R.

Cloth fast brown 5R

104

Chrome printing Bordeaux B...

Cloth fast orange G .

104

Chrome printing claret R..

Cloth fast orange R

104

Chrome printing orange BW.

Cloth fast red B

lOi

Chrome printing orange 2R

Cloth fast red3B

104

Chrome printing red B

Cloth fast red R

104

Chrome printing red Y

Cloth fast yellow G .

104

Chrome pure blue B ...

1088
727
727
441

Cloth red B

259
257
256

92

Chrome violet . . .

Cloth red 3B extra

92

Chrome violet CG .

Cloth red 3G..

92

Chromocitronine R

Colonial blue R . .

11

Chromocitronine 3R

Columbia blue G

473

93

Chromogene black ET.- -. ...

203

Columbia catechine .\^.. .

112

Chromogeno indigo B

Columbia catechine 3B

112

Chromogene indigo R

Columbia catechine G

112

Chromogene red B

Columbia red OB .

112

Chromogene violet 3R

Congo orange R .

459
376
289

787

93

Chromophenine FKN

Congo rubine B .

93

Chromorhodine BN.

762
762

Coomassie navy blue GNX.

92

Chromorhodine BR ....

Coriphosphine OX extra

96

Chromorhodine 6GN

Cotonerol A

112

Chromovesuvine RA

Cotonerol G

112

Chromoxane brilliant blue G _.

720

Cotonerol 2G .

112

Chromoxane brilliant violet 5B

Cotton black AC

112

Chromoxane brilliant violet BD

Cotton pink GN .

131
448
252
346
291

92

Cotton red 4BX

93

Chromoxane brilliant violet SR.. ..

Cotton scarlet extra .

92

Chromoxane pure blue B

Cotton yellow G extra

93

Chromoxane pure blue BLD

Croceine scarlet lOB . .

92

Chromoxane violet RD .

Cross dye green B

116

Chrysoidine RL base

21

Cross dye green 2G .

116

Chrysoline A

Crystal violet extra pdr

681
681
1077
715
715
913
914
451

95

Chrvsoline AG .

Crystal violet C cone

95

Ciba black G . .

Cyananthrol BGAOO.

99

Ciba black R

Cyanol extra

95

Ciba blue 2BL

Cyanol FF

95

Ciba blue 2RH

Danubia blue BX .

98

1208
1198
1230

Danubia blue BBX

98

Deltapurpurine 5B

93

Ciba orange G . .

Developed brilliant green 3G

112

Ciba pink BG .

Developed brilliant green 6G..

112

Ciba red 3B . .

1212

Developed brilliant orange 5G...

112

Ciba red 3BL

Developed brilliant scarlet 2BL

112

Ciba red O

1226
1229

Developed fast violet BL...

112

Ciba red R

Developed lieht yellow 2G

654

94

Ciba red RU .

Developed pure blue B

112

Ciba scarlet G

1228

Developed sky blue 3GL. .

112

Ciba scarlet 2GL-. . _ . .

Developing black B

317

92

Ciba violet R.-

1222
1196

Developing black ED

112

Ciba yellow G

Developing black OT

371

93

Cibacete diazo black B.- . _

Developing blue B

112

Cibacete navy blue 3R

Diamine azo brown Q .

112

Cibacete orange 3G ._.

Diamine azo brown 3G...

112

Cibacete orange 2R..

Diamine azo fast green G..

113

Cibacete red GR .

Diamine azo fast violet R

113

Cibacete scarlet G.

Diamine azo yellow 2G .

113

Cibacete turquoise blue . i

Diamine brilliant Bordeaux R

Diamine brilliant scarlet S

543

94

Cibacete violet 2R ' . ..

113

Cibacete yellow 3G . . .

Diamine brilliant violet B

325
559

93

Cibacete yellow R '.

Diamine bronze G._.

94

Cibacete yellow 2R

Diamine bronze brown PE

113

Cibanone black B

1172
1115
1113
1173

Diamme brown B.. .

423
420

93

Cibanone blue G .. .

Diamine brown R

93

Cibanone blue GCD

Diamine catechine B.

113

Cibanone blue 3G .

Diamine catechine Q

113

Cibanone blue RSNL...

Diamine catechine 3G

113

Cibanone Bordeaux B.. . .

Diamine dark blue B .

113

Cibanone brown R

Diamine dark green N

113

Cibanone golden orange G...

1096
1174
1174

Diamine fast black C

113

Cibanone green B

Diamine fast blue FFB

113

Cibanone green G

Diamine fast blue F3G

113

122 CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHER SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS
Index to table of dye imports — Continued

Name of dye

Colour

Index

No.

Page

Name of dye

Colour

Index

No.

Page

Diamine fast Bordeaux 6BS

113

113

113

113

113

113

113

113

113

113

93

92

93

93

113

94

94

92

93

93

92

93

93

94

113

94

113

113

113

92

94

92

92

94

113

92

113

113

113

113

113

93

113

113

113

92

113

113

113

113

92

113

113

113

113

113

113

113

113

113

92

113

113

113

113

113

94

113

113

113

94

113

113

113

113

113

113

113

113

114

114

Diazo sky blue 3G

114

Diamine fast brown G

Diazo sky blue 3GL

114

Diamine fast brown GB _

Diazogene orange G

114

Diamine fast brown GBB

Diazol fast purpurine N8B

436

93

Diamine fast brown GHB . .

Diazol light red N8B.

114

Diamine fast brown R

Diazol scarlet N3B

114

Diamine fast gray BN

Diazo phenyl black V

114

Diamine fast orange EG- _-.

Diphene blue B

851
851

97

Diamine fast orange ER

Diphene blue R

97

Diamine fast rose B

Diphenyl brown BBNC

114

Diamine fast scarlet 4BS

327
321
325
325

Diphenyl brown GS

598
628

814
631

627

94

Diamine fast scarlet GG

Diphenyl catechine G .

94

Diamine fast violet FFBN.

Diphenyl chloramine yellow FF
supra..

Diamine fast violet FFRN

114

Diamine gray Q . .

Diphenyl chrysoine GC.

94

593
594
317
409
459
128
382
382
518

Diphenyl chrysoine RRC

94

Diamine green Q

Diphenyl dark green BC .

114

Diamine neron BBG..

Diphenyl fast Bordeaux G

114

Diamine orange B

Diphenyl fast bronze B

114

Diamine orange F . .

Diphenyl fast brown GF .

629

94

Diamine rose GD

Diphenyl fast brown GNC

114

Diamine scarlet B _

Diphenyl fast gray BC

403
632
632
710

93

Diamine scarlet 3B...

Diphenyl fast yellow GL supra

Diphenyl fast yellow RL supra

Direct brilliant blue SB...

94

Diamine sky blue FF

94

Diamine steel blue L

95

Diamine vellow N-

488

Direct brilliant yellow KG

114

Diamineral blue BF...

Direct brown G .

114

Diaminogen BW

Direct cutch brown GR

114

Diaminogen blue GG .

Direct fast brown 3GL

114

Diaminogen blue N A ..

316
516
317
299
596

Direct fast heliotrope 2RL

319
653
326
278
326

92

Diaminogen blue NBB

Direct fast orange K

94

Diaminogen extra

Direct fast orange S

93

Diamond black F

Direct fast red 8BL

92

Dianil chrome brown G

Direct fast scarlet 5BL

Direct fast violet BL

93

Dianil fast violet BL

114

Diazamine blue BR

316

Direct fast yellow GL i

114

Diazanil pink B

Direct gray R

Direct red 12B

873

97

Diazine black G

114

Diazine red B

Direct safranine RW

114

Diazo black VG

Direct sky bliie 8G .

114

Diazo Bordeaux 7B

Discharge blue B

104

Diazo brilliant black B.

449

Dispersol yellow 3G

115

Diazo brilliant blue2BL

Duranol black..

115

Diazo brilliant green 3G

Duranol blue G .

"■ ■

115

Diazo brilliant orange 5G

Duranol orange G

115

Diazo brilliant orange GR

324

Duranol red 2B ,

115

Diazo brilliant scarlet B . .

Duranol red G

115

Diazo brilliant scarlet 6B

Duranol violet 2R

115

Diazo brilliant scarlet 2BL

Durindone blue 4B

1184
937
119

102

Diazo brilliant scarlet S4B

Eclipse brown 3GK .

98

Diazo brilliant scarlet ROA .

324

Eosamine G .

92

Diazo brown BW

Eridan brilliant scarlet B

107

Diazo brown 3G

Erika B cone

130
130
131

92

Diazo brown GG...

Erika B extra.. .

92

Diazo brown 2GW

Erika GN

92

Diazo brown 3R

Erio anthracene brown R

111

Diazo brown R W

Erio carmine 2BC

105

Diazo brown 3R\V

Erio fast cyanine SE ...

1053

758

99

Diazo brown SW

Erio fast fuchsine BBL

96

Diazo fast black extra

Erio fast yellow AE

105

Diazo fast black MG .

317

Eriofloxine2G

31
735

91

Diazo fast black SD

Erio green B supra .

96

Diazo fast blue 2BW

Eriochromal brown AEB

110

Diazo fast blue 2GL

Eriochromal brown G

110

Diazo fast blueCGW

Eriochromal gray 5G

110

Diazo fast Bordeaux BL

Eriochrome azurol BC

720

96

Diazo fast green BL.

532

Eriochrome black E

110

Diazo fast green GF .

Eriochrome blue S...

110

Diazo fast violet BL .

Eriochrome blue black G

110

Diazo fast violet 3RL

Eriochrome brilliant green G supra..
Eriochrome brilliant violet B supra

110

Diazo fast yellow 2G.

6.54

110

Diazo geranine B extra

Eriochrome brown SWN

110

Diazo green 3G

Eriochrome cyanine RC... ..

722
. 219

96

Diazo indigo blue 4GL

Eriochrome flavine A

92

Diazo indigo blue 2RL

110

Diazo indigo blue 3RL

Eriochrome phosphine RR

157

92

Diazo light violet BL

Eriochrome red G.

110

Diazo light yellow 3GL

111

Diazo red N8B

Eriochrome violet 3B

111

Diazo rubine B..

111

Diazo sky blue B

Eriocyanine AC

699

95

INDEX TO TABLE OF DYE IMPOSTS
Index to table of dye imports — Continued

123

Name of dye

Eriocyanine CR

Erioglaucine AP

Erioglaucine EP

Erioglaucine supra —

Erioglaucine X high cone.

Erioglaucine XFF

Erioviridine B supra..

Erythrosine A...

Ethyl violet

Euchrysine RRDX —

Excelsior yellow 12G

Fast acid eosin G

Fast acid green extra bluish —

Fast acid green BB

Fast acid marine blue HBBX.

Fast acid violet B

Fast acid violet lOB

Fast acid violet R

Fast acid yellow 3Q

Fast black G__

Fast cotton brown GB

Fast cotton brown 4RL

Fast cotton gray BL

Fast cotton gray VL_.

Fast cotton orange 4RL

Fast cotton red 8BL

Fast cotton rubine B

Fast cotton scarlet 4BL

Fast cotton violet 4R

Fast cyanine blue B

Fast cyanine violet B

Fast green extra bluish

Fast green G

Fast lake yellow Q

Fast light red B

Fast light yellow 2G

Fast light yellow 3G

Fast mordant blue B

Fast sulphon black F

Fast sulphon violet 5 BS

Fast yellow extra

Fast yellow S

Flavophosphine G

Fluorescein

Formal fast black G

Formyl blue B

Fuchsine N

Fur black DB

Fur black SC

Fur blue black A

Fur blue black B

Fur l)lue black D

Fur blue black SA

Fur blue black SB

Fur blue black SDF

Fur blue gray

Fur brown _..

Fur brown NZ

Fur brown NZD

Fur brown O

Fur brown P...

Fur brown PR

Fur brown PY..

Fur brown 2R

Fur brown 4R

Fur brown SK

Fur brown SKG

Fur brown SO

Fur brown SP

Fur gray AL

Fur gray ALA..

Fur gray B

Fur gray G

Fur gray R

Fur gray brown SLA

Fur olive DA

Fur olive 3G..

Fur olive 6G..

Fur red brown 6R

Fur yellow 6B

Colour

Index

No.

671
671
671
671

773

682
797

756
691

696
758
636

636
636

306

32

16

16

794

766

677

875
875
875
875
875
875
875
875
875
875
875
875
875
875
875
875
875
875
875
875
875
875
875
875
875
875
875
875
875
875
875
875
875

Page

105

95

95

95

95

105

94

96

95

97

116

96

95

105

105

96

95

96

94

105

114

114

114

114

114

92

114

114

114

105

105

95

98

117

105

94

94

111

92

91

91

91

97

96

114

105

95

Name of dye

Fur yellow 2G

Fur yellow 4G

Fur yellow 6G._.

Fur yellow brown A

Fur yellow brown 2GA

Fur yellow brown 4GL

Fuscamine G.

Gallamine blue extra

Qallazine No. 90

Gallo fast black

Gallo heliotrope BD

Gallo navy blue DA

Gallo navy blue S

Gallo violet DF

Gallophenine P

Oeranine G

Grasol blue R

Grasol red G...

Grasol scarlet G

Grelanone brown B

Grelanone olive B

Grelanone red 2B

Grelanone red 3BR

Grelanone violet BR

Grelanone yellow Q

Guinea blue A

Guinea blue V

Guinea brown 2GL

Guinea brown 2R..

Guinea fast green B

Guinea fast green 3B

Guinea fast red BL

Guinea fast red 4BL

Guinea fast red 2R

Guinea light blue A

Guinea light blue A2G

Guinea rubine 4R

Half-wool blue G

Half-wool blue 3R

Hansa green GS

Hansa orange R

Hansa red B

Hansa yellow G

Hansa yellow 5G

Harisa yellow GR

Hansa vellow GSA

Helindone black IBB

Helindone blue B__

Helindone blue 3G

Helindone blue 3R-

Helindone brown G

Helindone brown IG

Helindone brown IGR

Helindone fast scarlet B.

Helindone fast scarlet C

Helindone fast scarlet G

Helindone gray IQK

Helindone green G

Helindone khaki IGO

Helindone orange D

Helindone orange R

Helindone pink AN

Helindone pink B

Helindone pink BN

Helindone pink IB

Helindone pink R

Helindone printing black RD.

Helindone red B

Helindone red IBN

Helindone red violet IRH

Helindone yellow 3GN

Helindone yellow IFFRK

Helindone yellow RN.

Helindone yellow I 3RT

Helio black

Helio Bordeaux BL

Helio fast carmine CL..

Helio fast green HGS

Helio fast pink RL

Helio fast red RL..

Colour

Index

No.

875
875
875
875
875
875
875
894
905

892

127

1152
1150

1135

714
712

667

1227
1152
1149

1228

1145
1199

1215
1217
1211

1209
1162
1212
1138

124 CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHER SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS
Index to table of dye imports — Continued

Name of dye

Colour
Index

No.

Page

Name of dye

Colour

Index

No.

1
Page

Helio fast rubine 2BL..

117
117
117
117
117
117
117
92
117
98
107
98
98
107
107
107
107
107
101
107
103
107
107
108
108
108
108
108
108
108
108
108
108
108
108
93
93
93
116
116
116

100

100

100

100

100 1

100

108

101

101

100

101

108

101

108

101

100

100

100

101

102

103

100

102

100 :

101

105

103 ,

102

102 ,

109

102

109

109 1

109 i

109

109

109

109

109

109

1 Indo carbon CL

116
116
98
105
105

Helio fast rubine LBK

' Indo carbon SN

Helio fast violet AL..

i Indochromine RR

931

Helio fast yellow GL.

t Indocyanine B

Helio fast yellow SO.

Indocyanine BF...

Helio fast yellow H5G

Indocyanine FF

105

Helio fast yellow HIOQ

Indoine blue BB.

135

861
827

92
97
97
105
105
118
105
96
115
115

Helio purpurine 7BL

200

Induline NN

Helio red RMT..

Induline scarlet

Hydron blue B...

971

Ink blue BITBN

Hydron blue BBF

Ink blue BITBNOO

Hydron blue O

971
969

! Ink blue H._

Hydron blue R

' Ink fast black A extra

Hydron brown G

Intensive blue B.

733

Hydron brown R...

lonamineA..

Hydron green G

lonamine B

Hydron navy blue C...

1 lonamine H

115

Hydron olive GN.

lonamine L

115

Hydron olive R

1150

lonamine MA

115

Hydron orange GL.

lonamine blue B

115

Hydron orange RF

1217

lonamine orange CB

115

Hydron orange RP

1 lonamine red GA

115

Hydron pink FB .

lonamine red KA . .

115

Hydron pink FF

Iris violet extra

847
134
135
266
145

97
92

Hydron scarlet 2B

lanus black I

Hydron scarlet 3B

1 Janus blue...

92
92

Hydron sky blue FK

i lanus red B .

Hydron violet BF..

1 Tasmine, high cone .

92
116

Hydron violet BBF..

Katigene chrome blue 5G

Hydron violet R

Katigene indigo CLGG ..

116

Hydron violet RF

Kipper brown

118

Hydron wool red BB vat...

Kiton blue A

714
671

95

Hydron yellow GG..

Kiton blue L .

95

Hydron yellow NF

! Kiton fast green A

105

Hydron yellow brown G

Kiton fast green V...

735

96

Ignamine orange 3G

368
440
369

Kiton fast red BL

105

Ignamine orange R

Kiton fast red 4BL

105

Ignamine orange RR

Kiton fast red GL..

105

Immedial brilliant green G

Kiton fast red R

105

Immedial brown W

Kiton fast vellow 3G.

645

712

94

Immedial direct blue B. .

Kiton pure blue V..

95

Indanthrene black

1102
1113
1111
1108
1106
1093

Krvogene violet 3RX.

116

Indanthrene blue GCD

Kurgan violet 3RX...

116

Indanthrene blue 5G...

Lake red C

165

92

Indanthrene blue RK...

Lake vellow RF.

117

Indanthrene blue RS

Lanasol blue R

105

Indanthrene blue WB pdj .

Lanasol orange 2R...

105

Indanthrene blue RZ

Leveling silk blue B

105

Indanthrene Bordeaux B

1146
1143
1104
1120

Light green SF vellow shade

670
670

94

Indanthrene Bordeaux B extra

Indanthrene brUliant violet RR

Light green SF yellowish XX

Ivithol fast orange

94
117

Indanthrene brown B

Lithol fast rubme

117

Indanthrene brown 2G

Lithol fast scarlet .

117

Indanthrene brown R . .

1151

Lithol fast vellow

117

Indanthrene brown RT.. .

Luxine orange R

118

Indanthrene corinth RK

1144
1099
1096
1097
1123
1162
1212
1098
1163
1103
1118

Luxine violet 5RN.

118

Indanthrene dark blue BO

Magenta AB

677
873

95

Indanthrene golden orange G

Malta grav J

97

Indanthrene golden orange R

Metachrome blue black 2BX

111

Indanthrene gray B

Metachrome brilliant blue BL...

111

Indanthrene red BN.

Metachrome brilliant blue BLO

111

Indanthrene red violet RH

Metachrome brilliant blue 8RL

111

Indanthrene scarlet G

Metachrome brown BL

111

Indanthrene violet BN

Metachrome brown 6G

111

Indanthrene violet R... .

Metachrome olive B...

111

Indanthrene yellow G

Metachrome olive 20

111

Indian yellow GAM...

104
40

92

Indigo (natural)

1247
1186
1183

Metachrome orange R

Metachrome red Q

91

Indigo MLB/6B

111

Indigo pure BArfF/RB

173

92

Indigosol AZG

Metachrome violet 2R

111

Indigosol 0.

1178

Metanil red 3B i

105

Indigosol 04B

703
706
705
680
680

95

Indigosol OR

Methyl Lyons blue...

95

Indigosol black TB . .

95

Indigosol orange HR

95

Indigosol pink HR

Methv! violet base i

95

Indigosol red HR

Methvl violet 4B I

116

Indigosol scarlet HB

Methvl violet NFB

680
922

95

Indigosol violet AZB

Methylene blue B. ..|

Methylene blue 3G 1

98

Indigosol yellow HOG

116

INDEX TO TABLE OF DYE IMPOKTS
Index to table of dye imports — Continued

125

Name of dye

Methylene green G...

Methylene green W

Methylene hehotrope extra strong...

Methylene violet 3RA extra

MUling brown R

Milling orange Q..

Milling red 4BA.-

Milling red 6BA

Milling red GA...

Milling red NJ. -

Milling scarlet 4R... .-

MUling yellow F3G

Milling yellow GA

Milling yellow SG...

Milling yellow H3G

Milling yellow O...

MiUing yellow 03G

Mimosa Z cone

Minaxo black BBNX -

Minaxo light brown G.

Minaxo light pink BX

Minaxo light pink BBX...

Modern azurine 5G - -

Modern blue CVI

Modern cyanine V. -

Modern gray CVX

Modern gray PS - -.-

Modern green N

Modern heliotrope DH

Modern olive JN... -

Modern violet DH

Moti orange

Moti orange G

Moti orange R --

Nako ER

NakoSGA

Nako PS -

NakoRH -. -

Nako black B

Nako black D...

Nako black ST. .-.

Naphthalene green cone

Naphthalene green V...

Naphthochrome violet R..

Naphthol black BGN.

Naphthol yellow SXX

Navy blue KWSR

Neolan black OG

Neolan black RR

Neolan blue B...

Neolan blue BR

Neolan blue G...

Neolan blue 2G

Neolan blue GR

Neolan blue RR...

Neolan green B

Neolan green LBN

Neolan orange R

Neolan pink B

Neolan pink G

Neolan violet R

Neolan yellow O

Neolan yellow GR

Neotolyl black TL

Neptune blue BR cone

Neutral gray NY

Neutral orange G

New Bordeaux RX—

New fast gray

New gallophenine 5G

New methylene blue N..

New methylene blue NS

New methylene blue NSS —

New Victoria blue B

Night blue

Nigrosine G (spirit soluble)

Nigrosine GF.. ,

Nigrosine T

Nile blue BX.

Nile blue BBX

Nitrosamine red paste

Colour

Index

No.

924
924
845
842

487

882

892
24

24
875
875
875
875
875
875
875
735
735

873

927
927
927
728
731
864
865
865
913
914
44

97
105
105
105
105
105
105

94
105
105
105
105
105
105

97
114
114
114
114

97
111

98
111
111
111

91
117
91

98
96
96
111
105
91
118
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
95
114
114
114
97
111

Name of dye

Novazol blue B...

Novazol violet B.

Oil green ALB

Omega chrome brown EB

Omega chrome red B cone

Onis B

Onis 3B

Onis 5B

Opal blue, bluish

Orange extra paste

Orange IIP...

Orange S

Orthocyanine B..

Oxamine acid brown G

Oxamine light brown G

Oxychrome brilliant blue PB.

Oxydiamine blue PG

Palatine chrome brown RX..

Palatine fast black GG

Palatine fast blue

Palatine fast blue GR

Palatine fast gray B

Palatine fast violet R

Paper fast Bordeaux B

Paper red A

Paper yellow GQX

Para black V

Para brilliant orange G

Para brown GK

Para brown RK

Para brown V

Para orange G

Paradone blue FC

Paradone gray B

Parasulfon brown G

Parasulfon brown GS

Patent blue A

Patent blue V

Patent phosphine G

Patent phosphine 2G

Patent phosphine GRNTN..

Patent phosphine M

Patent phosphine R

Patent phosphine RRDX

Permanent orange 2R

Philadelphia yellow 2G

Phloxine

Phosphine G

Phosphine O

Phosphine 3R

Phosphine orange

Pilatus chrome brown RX

Pilatus fast blue B

Pilatus fast blue BR

Pilatus fast blue G

Pilatus fast blue GG....

Pilatus fast blue GR —

Pilatus fast gray G

Pilatus fast green BL

Pilatus fast pink B

Pilatus fast pink G

Pilatus fast violet R

Pilatus fast yellow G

Pilatus fast yellow GR

Pink R extra

Pluto black G.

Pluto brown GG...

Plutoform black BL

Polar gray

Polar orange R

Polar red B

Polar red G

Polar red R

Polar red RS

Polar yellow 2G

Polyphenyl blue GC

Polytrop orange 2R

Ponceau

Ponceau 3R

Ponceau S

Poseidon blue BGX

Colour

Index

No.

652

707

151
150

720

167

714
712
789
789
797
789
789
797

793

778

793
793
788
167

430
430
430

590

80
80
196
712

126 CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHER SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS
Index to table of dye imports — Continued

Name of dye

Poseidon blue BR extra

Poseidon blue BXX

Poseidon green SGX

Poseidon green VQGX

Purple DH

Purpurine

Pyramine orange 3G

Pyramine orange R

Pyramine orange RR

Pyrazol orange cone

Pyrogene brown G

Pyrogene cutch 2R...

Pyrogene green GK

Pyrogene green 3G

Pyrogene pure blue 3GL

Quinoline yellow

Quinoline yellow cone

Quinoline yellow extra

Quinoline yellow KT extra conc.

Radio chrome blue B..

Radio navy blue B

Radio yellow R

Rapid fast orange RG

Rapid fast pink LB

Rapid fast red B

Rapid fast red GL paste

Rapid fast red GZ.

Red JB

Red R

Reflex blue K

Resorcin brown B..

Rheonine AL

Rhodamine B cone

Rhodamine Bextra..

Rhodamine B extra base

Rhodamine 3B extra

Rhodamine G extra

Rhodamine 6G extra

Rhodamine 6GDN...

Rhodamine S

Rhodamine blue 6B

Rhodamine sky blue 3G

Rhoduline blue 6G

Rhoduline orange NO

Rhoduline sky blue 3G

Rhoduline yellow 6G

Rosanthrene B

Rosanthrene R

Rosanthrene RN

Rosanthrene fast red 7BL_.

Rosanthrene orange R..

Rosenthrene pink

Rosanthrene violet 5R

Rosazeine 6G

Rose B extra

Rosinduline 2B bluish.

Rosinduline GXF

Rosolane paste

Runic AL cone

Salicine orange 2R-.

Sandothrene blue NG...

Sandothrene blue NGCD

Sandothrene yellow NO

Scarlet 3R.--

Selan printing brown 3R

Setacyl direct blue G

Setacyl direct blue R

Setacyl direct orange 2R

Setacyl direct red B

Setacyl direct violet R

Setacyl direct yellow R

Setocyanine

Setoglaucine

Shoddy chrome black BA ,

Shoddy chrome black RA

Shoddy chrome black TA ,

Silk blue BSIC

Silk yellow R

Silver gray P

Sky blue N

Soledon brilliant purple RR

Colour

Index

No.

714
714
667
735

1037
368
440
369
653

801
801
801
802

70

266

705

795
749
749
749
751
750
752

743

658

788

815

752

829
828

795

1113

1118

80

663
658

Page

95
95
94
96
118
99
93
93
93
94
116
116
116
98
116
97
97
97
97
111
106
106
116
116
116
91
116
92
115
95
106
97

116

96

116

116

94

97

116

97

114

114

114

114

114

114

114

96

115

97

97

97

97

111

109

100

101

91

106

115

115

115

115

115

115

94

94

111

111

111

106

106

97

114

109

Name of dye

Colour

Index

No.

Soledon jade green

Soledon yellow Q

Soluble blue 2B.

Soluble blue I old.

Soluble blue T

Sorrel red X

S R A red I

S R A red III

Stone fast orange RN

Stone fast rubine G.

Stone fast scarlet Q

Stone fast yellow GN

Stone fast yellow GR

Sulphide new blue BL

Sulphide new blue BLX

Sulpho rhodamine B extra..

Sulpho rhodamine G.

Sulpho rosazeine B extra

Sulpho rosazeine G

Sulphon orange G

Sulphon yellow 5G

Sulphon yellow R

Sulphoncyanine G

Sulphoncvanine 5R

Sulphur black MBWJ

Supra light yellow 2GL

Supramine black BR

Supramine blue FB

Supramine blue R

Supramine Bordeaux B

Supramine brown Q

Supramine brown R

Supramine green BL

Supramine red B

Supramine red 3B

Supramine red 2G

Supramine yellow 3G

Supramine yellow R

Tannastrol GO

Tannoflavine F

Tannoflavine T

Tartrazine

Tero brown FR

Tero vellow FR

Thiazine red RXX

Thio violet 5R_ ._

Thioflavine T__

Thiogene new blue BL

Thioindigo black B

Thioindigo brown G

Thioindigo brown GT

Thioindigo orange R

Thioindigo red 3B

Thioindigo rose BN

Thioindigo rose RN

Thioindigo scarlet 2G_

Thioindigo violet R

Thional brilliant blue 6BS..
Thional brilliant green QG.

Thional green B

Thioniue blue O

Thionine blue GO

Thionol black XXN

Thionol brown O

Thionol brown R

Thionol green B

Thionol green 2G

Thionol yellow GR

Toluyene fast brown 2R

Toluyene red

Triazogene orange R_ _.

Triazol fast brown G..

Triazol fast brown SOL

Triazol light orange 2RL

Triazol light yellow RL

Trisulphon bronze BG

Trisulphon brown B_..

Trisulphon brown 20

Trisulphon brown GS

Trisulphon brown MB

Trisulphon violet B

707

707

54

748
'748"

639

815
640

225

"sis"

1217
1212
1211

1228

1006
1006
926
926

436
649

561
577
570

387

INDEX TO TABLE OF DYE IMPORTS
Index to table of dye imports — Continued

127

Name of dye

Colour
Index

No.

Page

Name of dye

Colour
Index
No.

Page

Tropaeolin RNP

106
94
117
117
117
111
111
98
114
114
93
114
94
93
94
115
115
115
115
115
94
93
93
94
93
97
98
118
118
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
108
108
100
100
108
100
108
108
101
108
108
101
101
108
101
100
100
108
102
102
102
108
101
108
101
101
108
101
100
100
100
108
108
108
108
103
101
101
108
101
102
108

Vat green 2G .

108

Turquoise blue O

661

Vat khaki GG

108

Typophor black FB

Vat olive B...

1150
1150
1217
1137
1217
1136
1097
1097

101

Typophor brown_ _.

Vat olive R

101

Typophor yellow

Vat orange FR..

103

Ultra Corinth B _

Vat orange R (By)

101

Ultra orange R.

Vat orange R (M)

103

Ultra violet MO

892

Vat orange RRK

101

Universal blue C

Vat orange RRT .

100

Universal blue black C ...

Vat orange RRTS

100

Universal Bordeaux C

382

Vat orange 4R_

108

Universal brown C

Vat orange 6RTK

1137

101

Universal dark blue C

578
420
593

Vat pink B

108

Universal dark brown C

Vat pink FB

108

Universal dark green C

Vat printing brown R.

108

Universal gray C

Vat printing red B .

108

Universal green C

Vat printing red G

108

Universal heliotrope C

Vat printing violet BF.

108

Universal jet black C

Vat printing violet RF

108

Universal leather brown C

Vat red BK .

109

Universal light blue C...

508
423
448
516
394
814
875

Vat red BN..

1162
1133

102

Universal olive brown C .. . .

Vat red FF

101

Universal scarlet C

Vat red GG

109

Universal steel blue C

Vatred5GK

1131
1133
1162
1162

101

Universal violet C .

Vat red R

101

Universal yellow C .

Vat red RK

102

UrsoL.

VatredRKP

102

Utopia brilliant green B_

Vat red brown R

109

Utopia brilliant green 6Q..

Vat red violet RH

1212
1161
1211
1211

103

Vat black BB

1102
1114
1114
1114
1113
1113
1110
1110
1109

nil

Vat red violet RRK

102

Vat blue BCD

Vat rose AN . .

103

Vat blue BCS

Vat rose BN _

103

Vat blue BCSO .

Vat (Hvdron) scarlet 2B

109

Vat blue GCD .

Vat (Hydron) scarlet 3B

109

Vat blue QCDN

Vat scarlet Q (S)

1228
1228
1218
1134
1163
1103
1104
1104

103

Vat blue OGSNL

Vat scarlet 2G (K)

103

Vat blue OGSZ

Vat (Helindone) scarlet R .

103

Vat blue 3G.

Vat (Grelanone) violet 3B

101

Vat blue 5G-

Vat violet BN

102

Vat blue 8GK

Vat violet R

100

Vat blue RC (SD)

Vat violet RR

100

Vat blue RK

1108
1106

Vat violet RRP

100

Vat blue RS

Vat yellow FFRK

109

Vat blue RSN.--.

Vat yellow G

1118

101

Vat blue RSP

1106

Vat yellow 6G

109

Vat blue RZ..._

Vat yellow 6GD

109

Vat yellow GC

1095

100

Vat Bordeaux B extra .

1143

Vat yellow GF

109

Vat brilliant blue 3Q

Vat yellow 3GF

109

Vat brilliant blue R ....

Vat yellow GK..

1132

101

Vat brilliant orange FR . . . .

1136
1134

Vat yellow GGK...

109

Vat brilliant violet BBK..

Vat yellow 3GN

1138

99

Vat brilhant violet 3B

Vat yellow GP

109

Vat brilliant violet RK

1135
1104
1104

Vat yellow RK (Helindone yellow
RN)

Vat brilliant violet RR

107

Vat brilliant violet RRP

Vat yellow 3RT

109

Vat brilliant violet 4R

Vat yellow I 3RT

109

Vat brown B (GrE)

1152
1166

1152

Vat yellow brown 30

109

Vat brown B (By) . .

Vesuvine B . _

332
729
729
728
690
729
53
760
680
680
707

93

Vat brown G..

Victoria blue B..

96

Vat brown 2G

Victoria blue B base..

96

Vat brown GR .

1149

Victoria blue R base

96

Vat brown IGQ

Victoria blue 4R..

95

Vat brown IR..

1151
1151

Victoria pure blue BO.

96

Vat brown R

Victoria violet 4BS

91

Vat brown 3R

Violamine 3B

96

Vat Corinth BB

1144
1099
1099
1096

Violet extra fine

95

Vat dark blue BOO

Violet (for ink pencil) BB..,.

Water blue

95

Vat dark blue BOA

95

Vat golden orange G

Whitex washing blue

106

Vat golden orange 3G

Wool black BR

106

Vat golden orange 3R

Wool black GRF

106

Vat golden yellow GK

Wool blue 5B

106

Vat grav 3B

Wool blue G extra. ...

736

96

Vat gray 6B

1213
1145
1145

Wool blue N

106

Vat gray GK

Wool blue R

106

Vat gray K

Wool blue RR

106

Vat gray RRH

Wool blue RRT

106

Vat green BB

1116
1199

Wool fast blue BL...

833
833

97

Vat (Helindone) green G

Wool fast blue GL

97

Vat (Indanthrene) green G

Wool fast orange O

106

128 CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHER SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS
Index to table of dye imports — Continued

Name of dye

Wool fast scarlet R

Wool fast violet B

Wool fast yellow G.

Wool fast yellow 5G

Wool fast yellow R

Wool vat brown 3R..

Wool violet RC

Xantho acridine MO

Xantho phosphine O

Xylene blue AS cone

Xylene blue VS cone

Xylene brilliant blue FFRX.

Xylene cyanol FF cone

Xylene fast blue FF

Colour

Index

No.

276
833

673
672

715

Page

92
97
106
106
106
106
106
116
97
95
95
106
95
106

Name of dye

Colour

Index

No.

Xylene fast green B cone j 735

Xylene light yellow 2G i 639

Xylene milling blue AE.
Xylene milling blue BL.
Xylene milling blue GL.
Xylene milling orange R.

Xylene milling red B

Xylene milling violet B..

Yellow 3G

Yellow R

Zambesi black D

Zambesi black F

Zambesi black V..

Zapon green G

833
833
833

Page

94
97
97
97
106-
106
106
115
115
115
115
115
117

PART V

CENSUS OF SYNTHETIC ORGA.NIC CHEMICALS
OTHER THAN THOSE OF COAL-TAR ORIGIN

129

Part V

CENSUS OF SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS OTHER
THAN THOSE OF COAL-TAR ORIGIN, 1926

Introduction

Beginning with 1921 the Tariff Commission has compiled an annual
census of synthetic organic chemicals other than those of coal-tar
origin. This census has shown, wherever the figures could be pub-
lished without disclosing operations of the individual producer, the
quantity of production and the quantity and value of sales.

As the Bureau of the Census collects data for the more important
noncoal-tar organic compounds, the commission has not attempted
to gather statistics on such, except on a few compounds where the
importance of the chemical or conditions in the industry appeared
to warrant a departure from this practice. The present report
follows the precedent established in 1921 of omitting certain types of
compounds classifiable in three groups: (1) Aliphatic compounds
derived from natural sources by isolation, distillation, extraction,
hydrolysis, or purification. Examples of these are alkaloids, con-
stituents of essential oils, sugars, and acids such as stearic and tar-
taric. (2) Cyanides, cyanamides, or carbides of metals or of inor-
ganic radicals. (3) Products obtainable from other sources.

Large Increase in Production

The production in 1926 of sjmthetic organic chemicals other than
those derived from coal tar was 214,842,513 pounds, an increase of
37 per cent over the output of 156,878,013 pounds in 1925. Sales in
1926 amounted to 168,712,158 pounds, valued at $29,719,270.

Progress in the manufacture of synthetic organic chemicals of
noncoal-tar origin is the outstanding feature of the American chemical
industry in 1926. Many of these products now^ produced on a large
commercial scale were, only a few years ago, scientific or laboratory
curiosities. The pioneer work done in developing commercial proc-
esses for their production and in finding new uses and markets for
them has been distinctly an American achievement.

Expansion in this field promises to continue until the organic chem-
icals of noncoal-tar origin rival in importance those of coal-tar
origin. Indeed, if artificial silk be included in synthetic organic
products of noncoal-tar origin, the value of the annual output of
these two groups is even now not far apart.

From such raw materials as natural gas, petroleum, corn, molasses,
coke, cellulose, sulphur, chlorine, and carbide are made a variety of
finished products which find extended use as solvents, medicinals,
perfumes, flavors, rubber accelerators, flotation agents, photographic
developers, and explosives. Many of these products have wide
application — from the tanning of leather to the dyeing of textile
fabrics. One of their principal uses is for solvents in the manufacture
of nitrocellulose lacquers. The consumption of lacquers for painting
automobiles and furniture is steadily increasing.

131

132

CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHER SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS

Among the chemicals in this group showing increased production
in 1926 are (1) solvents, such as butanol; (2) acetaldehyde, used in
the preparation of rubber accelerators; (3) ethylene glycol, which in
the nitrated form serves to lower the freezing point of dynamite;
(4) methyl chloride, used as a refrigerant; and (5) lactic acid.

ORGANIC SOLVENTS

The production of esters and solvents for the pyroxylin plastic and
lacquer industry has assumed a large tonnage and shows a conspic-
uous gain each year. Table 35 shows the production of organic
solvents of noncoal-tar origin (including denatured alcohol and metha-
nol) for the period 1923-1926. In 1926 the production of solvents of
noncoal-tar origin (not including ethyl alcohol and methanol) was
well over 125,000,000 pounds. Many automobile manufacturers are
using nitrocellulose lacquers exclusively for finishing their cars.
Another use for these lacquers is for furniture and inside house
painting. For automobiles the lacquer is applied by the spray
method and for furniture by the brush. Table 36 shows the pro-
duction and sales of various classes of pyroxylin varnishes and lac-
quers in 1926.

Table 35.

-Organic solvents of noncoal-tar origin: Production in the United States,
1923-1926

Solvent

1923

1924

1925

1926

Denatured alcohol ' proof gallons..

Methanol, refinied ' gallons..

Acetone ^ pounds..

Methyl acetone ^ do

Chloroform do

Ether USP do....

Ethyl acetate do

Amyl acetate do

Butyl acetate do

Butyl alcohol do

Amyl alcohol do

Isopropyl alcohol do

Carbon tetrachloride do

121, 314, 403
5, 175, 880

10, 927, 841
6, 602, 336
1, 585, 250
5, 104, 157

25, 887, 720
3, 207, 022
1, 816, 086

« 4, 613, 396

134, 736, 222

13, 513, 644

1, 301, 492

5, 314, 928

27, 222, 761

1, 514, 123

7, 095, 662

' 14, 250, 062

149, 654

163, 603, 131
5, 870, 658

(')
3, 644, 272
1, 305, 868
5, 355, 050
26, 678, 737
1, 338, 456
16, 472, 914

199, 905, 7.50
3 7, 402, 715

14, 275, 057

154, 990
"16^163,164"

1, 909, 660

5, 896, 016

43, 661, 465

2, 702, 015

27,240,117

6 43, 800, 000

565, 010

18, 998, 848

1 Annual report of Commissioner of Internal Revenue.

2 Bureau of the Census.

3 Department of Commerce.
< Not publishable.

s Production as reported in the Boston News Bureau, Feb. 14, 1925.

' Estimated production, Journal of Industrial and Enginetring Chemistry, vol. 19, No. 1.

Table 36.

-Pyroxylin {nitrocellulose) varnishes or lacquers: Production and sales,
1926^

Production

Clear lacquers

Lacquer enamels

Thinners for nitrocellulose lacquers
Other

Total nitrocellulose products.

Gallons
5, 756, 200
7, 905, 600
7, 705, 300
1, 613, 300

22, 980, 400

Gallons
4, 621, 500
7, 073, 900
6, 864, 600
1, 529, 800

20, 089, 800

' Department of Commerce.

NONCOAL-TAK SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS 133

The production of pyroxylin lacquers and enamels, as reported
by the Department of Commerce, for 1925, was 4,930,982 gallons,
valued at $12,318,821; and of pyroxylin thinners and solutions,
2,456,524 gallons, valued at $3,573,330.

Ethyl acetate. — This ester leads in quantity of production and in
value of sales. The output in 1926 by 13 firms was 43,661,465
pounds, an increase of 64 per cent over production in 1925. Sales
in 1926 were 32,180,589 pounds, valued at $2,966,850, or 9.2 cents
per pound.

Butanol. — Butanol (butyl alcohol) is among the synthetic organic
chemicals showing each year the largest increase in production.
The continued demand for it and its derivative, butyl acetate, is
due to its consumption by the rapidly expanding pyroxylin lacquer
industry. For such use, a large part of the production of butanol
is converted to butyl acetate. In the manufacture of pyroxylin
products, butanol is tending to displace amyl alcohol and butyl
acetate to displace amyl acetate because of the higher price of amyl
alcohol and the uncertainty of obtaining supplies of it.

In this country butanol is made from corn by the Weizmann fer-
mentation process — a method that produces butanol, acetone, and
ethyl alcohol in the ratio of 6:3:1. During the war butanol was
made as a by-product of acetone which the British used in the manu-
facture of smokeless powder. At that time there was no demand
for butanol; large quantities, however, were saved for any uses that
might develop. Later, when low viscosity pyroxylins were made
available and the advantages of butanol and its derivatives for lac-
quer solvents were demonstrated, butanol became the main product
and acetone and ethyl alcohol the by-products.

The plant originally established at Terre Haute, Ind., and owned
and operated jointly by the United States and British Governments,
was closed following the armistice. In 1919, when the Commercial
Solvents Corporation was organized, it purchased the plant at
Terre Haute and started operations the following year. Later
this corporation acquired another plant at Peoria, 111. This com-
pany produced 4,613,396 pounds of butanol in 1923 and 14,250,062
pounds in 1924.^ It was reported in January, 1927,^ that this
company was producing more than 100 tons of solvents per day,
and that its productive capacity, which had already been more than
doubled during the past 12 months, is to be increased. A produc-
tion of 100 tons of solvents per day on a 6:3:1 ratio would permit the
output of 60 tons of butanol per day, or 18,000 tons (36,000,000
pounds) per year of 300 days, or 21,900 tons (43,800,000 pounds)
per year of 365 days. The increased production of butanol will
probably follow the expansion of the pyroxylin lacquer industry.

Imports of butyl alcohol dechned from 2,152,000 pounds, valued
at $393,000 in 1925, to 205,000 pounds, valued at $33,000 in 1926.
During the first three months of 1927, imports were 16,504 pounds,
valued at $2,477.

Butyl acetate. — The 1926 output of butyl acetate was 27,240,117
pounds. Sales amounted to 14,196,315 pounds, valued at $2,857,769.
The average sales value per pound declined from 27 cents in 1925
to 20.1 cents in 1926.

1 Boston News Bureau, Feb. 14, 1925.

' Journal of Industrial and Engineering ChemistrVt vol. 19, No. 1.

134 CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHEE SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS

Amyl acetate. — The production of amyl acetate in 1926 was 2,702,-
015 pounds, which was an increase of more than 100 per cent over
the 1925 production of 1,338,456 pounds. This solvent is said to
produce durable, brilliant, smooth, and adherent films. A restricted
supply of fusel oil limits the production of amyl alcohol and amyl
acetate. Although nitrocellulose lacquers have been made in greatly
increased quantity, the price of amyl acetate has declined because of
the tendency to substitute butanol and butyl acetate, which sell at
a lower price. A synthetic process for amyl alcohol is being watched
with much interest.

Butyl propionate and ethyl lactate. — The production of each of
these esters showed a conspicuous increase in 1926. Figures can
not be published, however, without disclosing the output of individual
concerns.

TETRAETHYL LEAD

A small quantity of tetraethyl lead in the gasoline used in an engine
will decrease the reaction velocity of combustion and so reduce the
"knock" that it is possible to use an engine of a higher compression
ratio and thus obtain a greater mileage per gallon of gasoline con-
sumed. Leaded gasoline is widely marketed in the United States
and its consumption promises to increase.

Tetraethyl lead production in 1926 was smaller than in 1925. Its
manufacture was discontinued from May, 1924, to May, 1925,
but was resumed following a favorable report of the Public Health
Service as to the health hazard involved in its use.

XANTHATES

The production of xanthates, used for the flotation of ores, shows
a small increase in 1926. Potassium xanthate is the leading salt
manufactured. Greater progress was made in the development of
flotation agents in 1925 than ever before, and their manufacture
was on a more scientific basis. In the past, the word "flotation"
has usually had the connotation "oil flotation"; to-day it means
"chemical flotation," as it has been found that certain chemicals
alone will float minerals. The use of potassium xanthate has
resulted in a marked decrease in the quantity of flotation reagent
required per ton of treated ore. The average number of pounds
of reagent used per ton of ore dropped from 3.96 in 1924 to 1.795
in 1925.

Of the 45,490,331 ^ tons of ore treated by flotation in 1925, by
far the larger part (40,576,067 tons) was copper ore. In the treat-
ment of this copper ore, 69,826,995 pounds of reagents were consumed.
Included in this total were 39,868,154 pounds of sulphuric acid —
the largest quantity of all "reagents" used — and 3,696,951 pounds
of xanthate. Other ores in which xanthates were used in 1925
were as follows: Gold-silver ores, with a consumption of 32,186
pounds of xanthate; silver-lead ores, with 100,906 pounds; lead
ores, with 38,980 pounds; lead-zinc-iron ores, with 128,900 pounds;
zinc and lead-zinc ores, with 31,923 pounds, and other miscellaneous
ores,

2 Consumption of Reagents used in Flotation, 1925. Bureau of Mines.

NONCOAL-TAE SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS 135

METHANOL

Investigation under section 315. — On November 27, 1926, the Presi-
dent issued a proclamation increasing the duty on methanol from 12
cents per gallon to 18 cents per gallon. This increase in duty fol-
lowed an investigation of the costs of production by the Tariff Com-
mission. Cost data were obtained from domestic manufacturers but
not from foreign. The one manufacturer of synthetic methanol in
Germany, the principal competing country, refused to submit cost
data to representatives of the Tariff Commission.

A preliminary statement of the information secured by the com-
mission in its mvestigation was issued on May 15, 1926, and a public
hearing was held on June 17, 1926, in the offices of the commission at
Washington.

The chief uses of refined methanol are in the manufacture of
formaldehyde and of dimethylaniline, both used for making coal-tar
dyes. Methanol from the distillation of wood is used extensively in
denaturing ethyl alcohol, over 1,000,000 gallons having been con-
sumed for that purpose in the fiscal year ended June 30, 1925. The
regulations of the Internal Revenue Bureau specify that for denaturi-
zation of ethyl alcohol, methanol made by the wood distillation
process must be used.

Domestic costs of production of methanol, including transportation
to New York, for the 18 months' period covered by the investigation
(1924 and first six months of 1925) allocated on the basis of relative
sales returns for the same period are 75.61 cents per gallon; allocated
on the relative sales returns for a period of 33^ years, they are 72.9
cents per gallon. The costs of production of methanol in Germany,
including transportation to New York, when based on invoice prices
of methanol imported into the United States from that country, are
48.12 cents per gallon.

Imports of methanol during the first 11 months of 1926 were
553,000 gallons, valued at $252,000. In December, 1926, imports
increased considerably, amounting to 202,000 gallons, valued at
$93,000 in that month. The increase in December was largely due
to eft'orts on the part of importers to bring in as much methanol as
possible before the higher duty proclaimed by the President on
November 27, 1926, should become effective 30 days thereafter. All
imports in 1926 were from Germany, with a valuation of 45.7 cents
per gallon.

Foreign competition from German synthetic methanol has resulted
in a decrease in exports of methanol from the United States. In 1926
exports from the United States were 417,000 gallons, valued at 75
cents per gallon, as compared with 641,000 gallons, valued at $1.07
per gallon, in 1924. The average annual export of wood alcohol in
the period 1914 to 1924 was over a million gallons.

The wood chemical industry in this country is encountering com-
petition not only from synthetic methanol, but from acetone (from
the fermentation process) and synthetic acetic acid.

Synthetic methanol produced in the United States. — The domestic

production of synthetic methanol on a commercial scale was reported

by one firm in the latter part of 1926. This is a development of great

importance to the American chemical industry. During the early

49113—27 10

136 CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHER SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS

part of 1927 a second firm began the commercial production of syn-
thetic methanol, using the hydrogen and carbon dioxide evolved as
by-products in the manufacture of butanol by the fermentation of
corn.

OTHER PRODUCTS

Carbon tetrachloride. — This chemical is used in dry cleaning, as a
filler for fire extinguishers, and as a solvent. The 1926 production
was 18,998,848 pounds, which was a gain of 18 per cent over 1925.
Sales amounted to 16,010,293 pounds, valued at $967,103 — a sales
value of 6 cents per pound as compared with 5.75 cents in 1925.

EtJier.— The output of ether, USP. in 1926 was 5,896,016 pounds,
of which 4,760,957 pounds were sold for $1,391,999. The production
of ether for technical purposes increased considerably in 1926.

Etliylene glycol. — Ethylene glycol in the form of the dinitrate has
recently been introduced as a ''freeze resistant" in dynamite. It is
reported that the sensitivity of the explosive is not decreased and
that the lowering of the freezing point reduces or eliminates the
troublesome hazard of thawing out the dynamite in cold weather.
The ethylene glycol and glycerin are mixed before nitrating.

Another use for ethylene glycol is as an "antifreeze" for automo-
bile radiators, in which use it competes with glycerin. Whether
ethylene glycol or glycerin will be used by the automobile trade
will depend upon the prices of these two products.

The production of ethylene glycol mono ethyl ether as a solvent
for the manufacture of lacquers was reported in the early part of
1927.

The raw material for the manufacture of ethylene glycol is ethylene,
obtained from natural gas and from still gases produced by the
cracking of petroleum. Ethylene is converted into ethylene chlorohy-
drin by treatment with hypochlorous acid. The ethylene chlorohy-
drin is then converted into ethylene glycol by treatment with alkali.

Formaldehyde. — The production of formaldehyde in 1926 was
31,953,204 pounds. Sales amounted to 22,552,239 pounds, valued at
$2,050,967^ — -an average value of 9.1 cents as compared with 8.1 cents
in 1925.

Vanillin. — In value of production and sales this flavor ranks first
among synthetic flavors. Production in 1926 was 357,300 pounds,
an increase from 1925. Sales amounted to 333,389 pounds, valued at
$2,123,962.

Other products. — Increased production was also reported for iso-
propyl alcohol, propionic acid, bromocamphor, acetaldehyde, butyl
aldehyde, isopropyl acetate, and lactic acid.

NONCOAL-TAR SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS

137

STATISTICS OF IMPORTS, PRODUCTION, AND SALES

Table 37. — Certain synthetic organic chemicals oj noncoal-tar origin: Lmports and

inoduction, 1925-1926

Acetaldehyde

Paracetaldehyde.-

Aldehyde ammoni a -.

Chloral hydrate

Formaldehyde solution (not more

than 40 per cent) ._

Hexamet hylenetet ramine _ .

Acetic or pyrohgneous acid, con-
taining by weight not more than

65 per cent acetic acid

More than 65 per cent acetic

acid

Formic acid

Gallic acid

Lactic acid, containing by weight
65 per cent or more of lactic acid..

Oxalic acid..

Pyrogallic acid

Butyl alcohol

Methanol _

Carbon tetrachloride

Chloroform

Glycerophosphoric acid, and salts

and compounds

Ethers and esters:

Containing not more than 10
per cent alcohol-
Ethyl ether

Ethyl chloride

Amyl acetate

Amyl nitrite

Ethyl acetate

Other, n. s. p. f

Containing more than 50 per

cent alcohol

Tetrachloroethane

Trichloroethylene

Urea

Thymol

Vanillin

Imports

1926

Pounds

267, 023

808, 049

2,694

3,097

20, 771

362, 214

2, 059, 185
1, 487, 149

130. 855
2, 569, 275

2,152,092
1 508, 409

15
49, 528

23

9,174

20, 534

15

12, 759

56, 271

7,069

375, 129

77, 602

146, 438

33, 039

584

Value

$41,790

124,363

1,032

3,147

16
10, 453

29, 130

232, 950
105, 155

41. 335
117,639

392, 770

231,086

2

14

M, 576

43
9,847
7. 160

99

2,150

28, 148

14, 122
13, 740

3, 519
15,886
88, 490

1,274

Produc-
tion
(pounds)

31, 455, 716
1, 657, 993

550, 604

174, 251

I 7, 651, 125

16, 163, 104

1, 305, 868

5, 355, 050

1, 338, 456
"26,'678,"737

Imports

Pounds

Value

Produc-
tion
(pounds)

94,724 I $12,950

60,645 10,859

363 125

396
23, 481

6, 026, 859

1, 995, 982
2, 315, 308

191, 462
1,583,011

205, 317

I 754,917

100

6

61,506

5,412

855
283,965

315,344

33,444

22

377, 729

18, 765

2,221

431
10, 237

289, 282

232, 855
164, 045

31,953,204
1, 495, 220

57, 465
71, 685

33, 237

rB45, 530

36

11

49,604

2,564

77,832

1,772

3

30, 346

46, 740

1,021

573, 842

189, 847

18, 998, 848
1, 909, 660

5, 896, 016

2, 702, 015
43,'66i,"465

357, 300

1 Gallons.

138

CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHER SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS

Table 38. — Synthetic organic chemicals of noncoal-tar origin: Production and

sales, 1926

[The numbers in the second column refer to the numbered alphabetical list of manufacturers printed on
p. 204. An X indicates that the manufacturer did not consent to the publication of his name in con-
nection with the particular product. A blank in the third and fourth columns indicates that these
sales can not be published without revealing information in regard to the sales of individual firms. A
blank in the sixth column indicates that the production can not be published without revealing informa-
tion in regard to the output of individual firms. The details thus withheld are, however, included in
the totals!

Manufacturers' identifi-
cation numbers (ac-
cording to list on p. 204)

Sales

Produc-
tion

Name of chemical

Quantity

' Value

Aver-
age

price

per

pound

Quantity-

Total

Pounds
168,712,158

$29,719,270

$0. 177

Pounds
214,842 513

90,110, 132, X

Acetaldehyde

Acetamide

63

Acetin (mono)...

X,X

Acetvlbromodiethylacetyl carba-

18

mide.
Aldehvde ammonia.

132

Aldol (acetaldol)

110

AUyl bromide . -

117. - .

i

Allvl isosulfocvanate

117

Allylisothiocyanate..

31

p-Aminobenzovldimethylaminome-

18...

thylbutanol hydrochloride.
Amyl acetate and sec amyl acetate-..

.\myl alcohol and sec amyl alcohol...

.\mvl, butyl, hexvl, and higher ace-

10,12,49,61,78,89,100,114,
158, 160, 166, X, X, X.

10, 15,61, 100,133,158,160,
X, X.

122. .

1, 873, 138
456, 227

535, 823
155, 907

.286
.342

2, 702, 015
565,010

tates (mixed secondary).
Amyl, butyl, hexyl, and higher alco-

122

hols (mixed secondary).
Amyl nitrite.-

90

Am vl oenanthate

58

:::::::::::::::::::::

Amvl propionate

166, X

Amvtal (isoamvlethyi barbituric

87

acid).
Anethol. ... ._

58

Aubepine (anisic aldehvde) .

25, 58, 62, 78, 149, X

1,18

5,434

17, 855

3.286

5,415

Barbital (veronal) (diethylbarbituric

acid) .
Barbital sodium (diethylbarbituric

18

acid sodium salt) .
Brometone (tribromotertiarybutyl

X

alcohol) .
Bromocamphor .

48, 90.

Bromodiethylacetylcarbamide.

18

Butanol. (See butyl alcohol.)
Butyl acetate (n and sec) _.-

10, 12,49, 61, 89, 100. 158,

160, X.
x,x

14,196,315 2,857,769

.201

27,240,117

But vl alcohol (butanol) (n and sec).

Butyl aldehyde

X

Butyl butyrate

166.

Butyl furoate..

129.

Butvl propionate.. .

61, 166, X

Butylxanthic disulfide.

105.

n-Butyric acid-

58,78,114,166.

d-Camphoric acid

90

n-Caproic acid

90,114

Carbon tetrachloride

24,48,54, 112, X,X

18

16, 010, 293

967, 103

.060

18, 998, 848

Chaulmoogric ester .

Chloral hydrate

97,101 -

Chloretone (trichlorotertiarybutyl

X

alcohol) .
Chloroacetic acid (mono)

48, 101

Chloroarsenobehenolate of strontium

18

(tannin yeast combination).
Chloroform

24,48,112.

1, 871, 224

383, 179

.205

1, 909, 660

58

58

Cinnamvl valerate

58

Citral

25..

Cltronellol...

58,78

Citronellyl acetate

58, 149

Crotonaldehyde

110

NONCOAL-TAR SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS

139

Table 38. — Synthetic organic chemicals of noncoal-tar origin: Production and

sales, 1926 — Continued

Manufacturers' identifi-
cation numbers (ac-
cording to list on p. 204)

Sales

Produc-
tion

Name of chemical

Quantity

Value

Aver-
age

price
per

pound

Quantity

Cyanacetic acid sodium salt

18

Pounds

Pounds

Decyl alcohol...

58

Decvl aldehyde..

58,78,X

Diallyl ether

117..

Dibromin (dibromomalonylureide) . .

X

Dibromobehenate of calcium

18

n-Dibutvlamine . ,

1.

Dibutyl tartrate

X

Diethylacetic acid

18 -

Diethvlbarbituric acid (veronal).

(See Barbital.)
Diethvlbromoacetyl bromide (bromo

18

acid).
Diethyl malonate (malonic ester)

1,18

Diethyl malonic ethyl ester..

18

Diethyl sulfate . .. .

29

Dihvdro vanillone

58

Dihydroxvcitronellic ketone

58

.

Dihydroxvtartaric acid

27,124

Diiodohvdroxypropane .

18

1:3 Dimethylxanthine sodium acetate

18

Duodecvl alcohol. .

58

Duodecyl aldehvde

58

Erucicacid

18

Ethoxyacetic acid__

18

Ethyl acetate (85 per cent)

Ethyl acetoacetate...

10,12,15,49,58,59,61,89,

100, 158, 160, X, X.
158. . ...

32,180,589

$2, 966, 850

$0,092

43, 661, 465

Ethyl bromide

18,48,170

Ethvlbutvrate..

26,61,63,114, 158, X,X

Ethyl n-caproate

114..

Ethyl carbonate

158

Ethyl chloride

48, 61, 62, 90, 132, X, X

Ethvl chloride, USP

67

Ethvl ether, tech

X

Ethvl ether, USP

10,90,127,146,158-

4, 760, 957
2,680

1,391,999
1,953

.292
.729

5, 896, 016
3,665

Ethyl formate

58, 90, 114, 158, X

Ethyl furcate.

129

Ethvl glvcolic acid ester of menthol..

18.

Ethyl iodide

90,97,127...

97
443

674
1,291

6.948
2.914

Ethvl isovalerate .

58, 114, X. .

391

Ethvl lactate --

63,158

Ethvl laurate

58,63

Ethvl malonate (mono) .. .

1.

Ethyl nitrite

10, 61, 90, 127

30, 721
5,405

22,831
8,929

.743
1.652

36,190

Ethyl oenanthate

58, 63, 78, 114, X

6,788

Ethyl oxalate

58, 158...

Ethyl pelareonate

26, 58, 78, X .

210

513

2.443

240

Ethyl propionate

58, 61,63, X.-

Ethyl n-valerate.,

58, 61, 63

1.675

633

Ethylene

158-

Ethylene chlorohydrin

29

Ethylene dibromide

48..

Ethylene dichloride

Ethylene glycol

Ethylene oxide

29 ::.

29...

29

Eugenol

63 . . .

Eugenol methyl ether. (See methyl

eugenol.)
Formaldehvde

44, 74, 132, X

22, 552, 239

2, 050, 967

.091

31 953 204

Formic acid

X

Furac I (dithiofuroic acid)

129

Furac II (zinc dithiofuroate)

129

Furac III (lead dithiofuroate)

129

Furfural

129

Furoic acid-.

129

Furyl acetate

129

"■ [ " "

Furyl alcohol (furan carbinol)

129

!

Galactonic lactone

145

Gallic acid

54, 90, 171

1

.695
4.664

573,842

Geranyl acetate

25, 58, 63, 78, 149, X, X

2,995

Geranyl butyrate

58

Geranyl formate..

58, 63,78, 149

5

33

6.600

26

140 CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHER SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS

Table 38. — Synthetic organic chemicals of noncoal-tar origin: Production and

sales, 1926 — Continued

Manufacturers' identifi-
cation numbers (ac-
cording to list on p. 204)

Sales

Produc-
tion

Name of chemical

Quantity

Value

-Aver-
age

price

per

pound

Quantity

Geranyl propionate

58

Pounds

Pounds

Glycerol diacetate

62.- .-

Qlycero phosphoric acid and salts of..

74,101

Guanidine

18

1

Heliotropin

25, 62, 78

18, 930

$29, 293

$1,547

22, 764

Heptadecyl aldehyde.

58

Heptaldehyde

58, 78, 105, X

n-Heptyl alcohol

78

Hexachloroethane

48

Hexadecyl aldehyde _-.

58

Hexamethvlenetetramine. ... . .. .

74, 132, X

.642

1, 495, 220

Hexamethylenetetramineanhydrome-

18

thylene citrate.
Hydrofuramide

129

Hydroxy citronellal

X 1

lodobehenate of calcium

18 -.

lodobehenate of iron, basic...

18 .. .

lodobehenic acid

18

Iodoform . .

90, 97, 108, 127

14, 637

19, 242

10, 685

1,241

85, 215

95, 108

13,001

623

5.822

in 7QT

lonone .

25,78,95, X, X

26, 58,61, 63, 114, X

58,61,114

4.943 20 .11 7

Isoamyl butyrate

1.217

.502

2.234

3.139

11,086

Isoamylformate

1,483

Isoamyl iso valerate

58, 114, X

l,55r

Isobutyl acetate .

58,78,114

5&

Isobutyl alcohol .

158

Isobutyl butyrate

58, 114...

Isobutyl formate

63,114

Isobutyl propionate

63

Isobutyraldehyde.

58 . .

IsoeugenoL-

25, 58, 78, 161

2,839

10, 760

3.790

IsomenthoL

108

Isopropanol (isopropyl alcohol).

29, 122, X

Isopropyl acetate

X-

Isovaleric acid

63, 114

'

Jasmin aldehyde

58

Jasmone..-

58

Lactic acid

14, 49

Linalyl acetate

58, 78, 149, X, X

Linalyl butyrate

58

Linalyl formate

58, 149...

Linalyl propionate

58

Linalyl valerate

58 - -

Menthyl isovalerate

115 .-

Methanol (methyl alcohol)

49

Methyl chloride.

48,132

Methyl eugenol.

149

Methyl isoeugenol

149

Methyl oxalate..

58

Methyl sulfate

X -

Methvlene citric acid.

18

Methylnonylacetic aldehyde

58 .

Neonal (butvl ethyl barbituric acid).

1

Nonyl alcohol

58, 78 -

Nonyl aldehvde

58

Octodecyl aldehvde

58-.

Octodecyl ketone .

58

Octyl alcohol

149

n-Octyl alcohol (capryl alcohol)

58

*"

Octyl aldehyde..

58, 78

Oxalic acid . ■.

116,162

Paracetaldehvde .

110

Paraformaldehyde

132

Phosgene...

35

Piperonone (piperinic ketone)

58

Propionaldehyde

58

Propionic acid

166 . .

Propionic ketone

58

n-Propvl acetate

X

n-Propyl alcohol...

117, 158

n-Propyl propionate i .

58 ...

Propvlene chlorohydrin

29,117

Pyrogallol (pyrogallic acid)

54,90,171 -

1.234

189, 847

NONCOAL-TAK SYNTHETIC OKGANIC CHEMICALS

141

Table 38. — Synthetic organic chemicals of noncoal-tar origin: Production and

sales, 1926 — Continued

Manufacturers' identifi-
cation numbers (ac-
cording to list on p. 204)

Sales

Produc-
tion

Name of chemical

Quantity

Value

Aver-
age

price
per

pound

Quantity

Pyruvic acid .. -... ...

27

Pounds

Pounds

54,145,150

78, X

25, 58, 149, X

58, 149

149

101

Succinic peroxide

X

Tannigen (tannyl acetate) (acetic

18 -

acid ester of tannic acid) .
Terpin hydrate ....

127, 161 . -

Terpineol -. .. .. ..

25, 78, 109, X

218,137 $477,183
15,208 ; 15,884

$2,188
1.044

235, 331

Terpinyl acetate .

25,58,78, 149, X,X

122

1.5.262

122

132

Tetradecyl aldehyde

58

!

Tetraethyl lead

49

Tetramethylthiouramsulflde

105 .

Tetramethylthiouramdisulflde

105

Triacetin

158, X

i

X . ...

48,132

105

1

166 --

58

Vanillic alcohol

58

Vanillin

25,62,93,95, 101, 161

58

333,389

2,123,962

6.371

357, 300

Vanillyl vanillate

Xanthates

68, 105, X, X .

Zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate

105

PART VI
INTERNATIONAL DYE TRADE

143

Pakt VI

INTERNATIONAL DYE TRADE

Introduction

Earlier issues of the dye census, published annually by the com-
mission, have discussed in detail the international trade in dyes in
pre-war years, changes that took place while the war was in progress
(1914-1918), and post-war developments through the year 1925.
This issue brings the situation up to date.

DEVELOPMENTS IN 1926

The principal developments in the international dye trade in 1926
were: (1) The expansion in size and increased activity of the I. G.;
(2) the trend toward international dye agreements; (3) the forma-
tion of the Imperial Chemical Industries (Ltd.), in Great Britain;
(4) keen competition and low prices throughout the world, partic-
ularly in the cheaper dyes and bulk colors; (5) a decrease in the
value of dye exports from producing nations other than Germany;
(6) the world-wide trend toward the use of fast dyes; (7) the manu-
facture of new types of fast dyes and specialty colors for mixed fibers
and acetate silk.

WORLD PRODUCTION OF DYES

The world capacity to produce dyes has been estimated at more
than 600,000,000 pounds, which is nearly double the pre-war capac-
ity. Production figures for 1925 indicate that, as a whole, the pro-
ducing nations were operating at not more than 60 per cent of their
capacity.^ The competition resulting from this excess capacity has
led to a continued drop in prices and to the elimination of some
producers.

The United States is the only country that compiles and pub-
lishes official statistics of dyes production. The estimated produc-
tion of Germany — 165,000,000 pounds — is probably high, as the Ger-
mans could hardly have consumed 91,000,000 pounds, which would
be the estimate for consumption calculated as production plus im-
ports minus exports. On the same basis, the United States in 1926
consumed about 67,000,000 pounds.

Table 39 shows the production of coal-tar dyes by the chief pro-
ducing countries in recent years.

> See Census of Dyes, 1923, Table 20, p. 124.

145

146 CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHEK SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS

Table 39. — Dyes: Production by chief producing countries, 1922-1926

Country

1926

1925

1924

1923

1922

Germany'

United States 2_
Great Britain '-
Switzerland ■"...

France'

Italy6

Japan'

Pounds
165, 000, 000
87, 979, 000

19, 200, 000

Pounds
165, 000, 000
86, 343, 348
32, 693, 402
18, 000, 000
35, 000, 000
13, 860, 000

Pounds
159, 549, 096
68, 689, 000
33, 242, 704
21, 000, 000
33, 020, 499
11,880,000
18, 631, 000

Pounds
144, 859, 572
93, 667, 524

20, 000, 000
24, 180, 152

Pounds
192, 806, 564
64, 632, 187
21, 000, 000
18.000,000
17, 782, 303
10. 780, 000

13, 457, 735

1 From the monthly reports containing the one-quarter monthly German production of dyes made to the
Reparation Commission. These reports covered the period, February, 1920, to December, 1924, inclusive.
The figures for 1925 and 1926 are estimates from German Chemical Developments, Dept. of Com.

* From annual Census of Dyes and Other Synthetic Organic Chemicals, U. S. Tariff Commission.

3 Estimate for 1922 is from Trade Information Bulletin, No. 231, Dept^ Com. Estimates for 1924 and 1925
were prepared by DyestulTs Industry Development Committee from voluntary returns of British dye
firms.

* Calculated on the basis that the home market consumes 10 per cent of the output of Swiss dyes; exports
consequently equal 90 per cent of production.

' L' Industrie Chimique, April, 1924. Does not include output of Swiss plant at St. Fous, except in 1925
estimates.

' Compiled by Hon. Ernesto Belloni for International Economic Conference, Geneva, Switzerland, May,
1927.

' Estimate for 1923 is from Chemical Trade Bulletin No. 24B, Dept. of Com. Estimate for 1924 is for the
fiscal year (August, 1923, to September, 1924) and is from Japan Advertiser, issue of Mar. 26, 1925.

EXPORTS FROM PRODUCING COUNTRIES

Table 40 gives comparative figures for dye exports from the chief
producing countries in the pre-war year 1913 and in the post-war
period, 1922 to 1926.

Exports from Germany in 1926 show an increase of 6 per cent by
value and 8 per cent by quantity over 1925. A comparison with
pre-war years, however, shows a marked decrease in German ship-
ments to foreign markets. Exports in 1926 were only about a third
as large as in 1913, although in value the decline was slight — about
9 per cent. The decrease in volume of exports is accounted for by
the loss of trade in the low-priced bulk colors; the decline in value
is due to heavy shipments of high-priced dyes, in which there is
relatively little competition.

The United States increased its foreign sales of dyes in 1926 by
only 12,000 pounds as compared with the 1925 export. In value
there was a decrease of 11 per cent, attributable to the fact that in
1926 exports consisted largely of indigo and certain other low-priced
bulk colors.

Among the other countries producing dyes on an export basis,
Switzerland and Great Britain did little more than maintain their
1925 volume of trade. Swiss exports on the whole showed a small
increase in 1926 over 1925, but in the exports of indigo there was a
large drop; in other dyes there was a gain of over 1,000,000 pounds
and of about $1,000,000. Italy substantially increased her exports
both in quantity and value.

INTEKNATIONAL DYE TRADE

147

Table 40. — Coal-tar dyes: Exports from chief producing countries, 1913 and

1922-1926

Exported from —

1913

Pounds

Value

1922

Pounds

Value

Germany

United States-
Great Britain.
Switzerland...

France

Italy

239, 598, 133

$51,689,400

5, 451, 376

19, 458, 902

1, 152, 134

117,725

862, 566

5, 549, 752

275, 716

22, 458

114,213,300

8, 344, 187

3, 860, 416

16, 167, 655

1, 502, 431

372, 578

$79, 826, 618

3, 996, 443

2, 300, 298

13,042,635

1,586,492

254, 250

Exported from-

1923

1924

Pounds

Value

Pounds

Value

Germany

United States
Great Britain
Switzerland..

France

Italy

Japan

73,974,473
17,924,200

9, 247, 504
18, 282, 967

4, 650, 382
647, 712

2, 296, 327

$41, 580, 742
5, 565, 267
3, 635, 058
12,253,711
3, 749, 442
548,481
396, 397

61,033,911
15,713,428

6, 622, 896

19, 015, 998

10, 604, 126

541,009

1,899,495

B30, 936, 462
5, 636, 244
3,052,911
12, 138, 346
7, 508, 787
276, 793
283, 179

Exported from-

1925

1926

Pounds

Value

Pounds

Value

Germany

United States .
Great Britain i
Switzerland-..

France

Italy

Japan.

75, 879, 025
25, 799, 889

7, 314, 608

16,161,041

10, 784, 463

426, 810

1, 685, 606

$44,311,155
6, 694, 360
3, 122, 149
11,979,718
7, 469, 903
295, 702
214,209

81,883,253
25,811,941
8, 481, 424
17,287,793
10, 335, 827
681,221

$47, 134, 156

5,950,159

2, 983, 500

11,971,452

5,902,946

453,235

1 "Dyes and dyestuffs (except dyewoods and raw dyeing substances) and extracts for dyeing and tan-
ning—products of coal tar."

IMPORTS INTO CONSUMING COUNTRIES

Table 41 shows that the new dye-producing nations imported
only a fraction of the dyes they consumed in 1925 and 1926, as
compared with 1913 when they were largely dependent upon Germany
and Switzerland. The United States, Great Britain, and Italy each
imported a smaller quantity of dyes in 1926 than in 1925. Great
Britain and Italy apparently bought higher-priced dyes, as their
imports increased in value.

Austria, Canada, and Germany each imported more in 1926 than
in 1925. Germany more than doubled her purchases, measured
either by quantity or value.

British India, one of the large consuming nations without a dye
industry, imported fewer dyes in 1926 than in any year during the
period 1921 to 1925, inclusive.

148

CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHER SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS

Table 41. — Coal-tar dyes: Imports into chief consuming countries, 1913, 1925,

and 1926

Imported into-

1913

Pounds

Value

1925

Pounds

Value

1926

Pounds

Value

China

British India 3

Czechoslovakia

Japan

United States

Italy..-.

Belgium _.

Great Britain

Netherlands

Dutch East Indies -

Germany

France.--

Canada 3

Austria..

Switzerland

Brazil-

Sweden-

Spain

Russia

Turkey.

696, 533
923, 607

$11,673,779
3,741,031

755, 260
950, 895
542,429

2, 100, 255
7, 537, 870
3,611,705

41,203,008

9, 207, 684

073, 434
138, 495
706, 601
633,516
168, 764
201,292

890, 366
1,682,422
1,416,316

594, 4;i4
3, 616, 199

431, 197

376, 166
303, 709
835, 647
631, 703

699, 737
1,021,368
3, 701, 186

641, 321

259,044.879
18, 460, 831
7, 569, 272
6, 786, 471
5, 209, 601
4,856,955
4,740,218
4, 438, 224
4,131,692
3, 746, 731
3, 689, 177
3,201,519
2, 343, 047
1, 954, 818
1, 804, 906
1, 783, 753
1, 701, 548
1, 105, 774

$13, 235, 322
8, 359, 488
4, 157, 745
3,432,268
4,637,240
6 1, 985, 695
1, 568, 733
3,123,859
1,919,778
2, 056, 693
1. 918, 939
2,885,144
1,492,909

949, 131
1,218.941
1, 104, 049
1,012,155

849, 893

10,048,499

$5,028,848

4, 673, 196
3, 374, 140
6, 189, 545
4, 237, 296

4, 103, 301
2,010,003
1, 571, 249
4, 258, 384

7,937,221
3,204,165
2, 656, 264
2, 089, 960
1.801,297

4,132,562
2. 546, 881
1,563,496
1, 209, 801
1,273,916

895, 969

659, 357

1 Exports to China, 1913, from France, Germany, and Switzerland amounted to 69,181,230 pounds, valued
at $11,516,567. Chinese statistics show value but not quantity of aniline dyes, and include "unclassified
dyes" which may contain other than coal-tar dyes.

2 Exclusive of aniline dyes and "dyes and QOlors unclassed" amounting in value to $3,501,114.

3 Years ended Mar. 31. Imports of British India for calendar year 1926 were 13,072,172 pounds, valued
at $5,779,712.

< Fiscal year 1914— quantity from Special Agents Series No. 121, value from Commerce and Navigation
Reports.
' Aniline dyes only in 1913.

8 Does not include the value of 2,288, 154 pounds of reparation dyes.
' Does not include the value of 987,890 pounds of reparation dyes.
' Quantity of synthetic indigo not shown for 1913.
« 1914.

COMPETITIVE CONDITIONS

As a result of the war-time stimulus to dye making, the world
capacity to produce is greater by far than the power of industrial
nations to consume. This excess capacity to produce has precipitated
a struggle for foreign markets and has led each producing nation to
adopt special measures for the protection of its home market.

The struggle for export markets is most severe in the nonproducing
nations, China and British India. There the United States, Great
Britain, and France have established a trade in the bulk dyes and are
resisting the efforts of Germany and Switzerland to regain their former
control of the entire trade.

As before the war, Germany and Switzerland are to-day the domi-
nating countries in the international dye trade. In Germany the
I. G. has so centralized and coordinated its organization of dye manu-
facture as to have the advantage of low manufacturing cost. Long
experience in the business, the sales agencies, and branch plants that
have been established throughout the world, and the international
agreements that have been negotiated are also factors of German
supremacy. The recent activities of the I. G. in extending its manu-
facturing interests to include a wide diversity of chemicals and allied
products other than dyes is also enhancing the prestige of Germany.
In the high-priced dyes Germany still dominates the world markets^
but in the bulk dyes she has lost a part of her trade to the new produc-
ing nations. The I. G., by steadily increasing its influence, is seeking
to recover this lost trade.

INTEENATIONAL DYE TEADE 149

Table 42 shows the exports of dyes from Germany in 1913 and the
trend of the export trade since 1920.

Table 42. — Coal-tar dyes: Exports from Germany, 1913 and 1920-1926

Year

Pounds

Value

1913

239, 598, 133
61. 140, 171
48, 304, 991

115, 974, 900
73, 974, 473
61,033,911
75, 879, 025
81, 883, 253

$51, 666, 168

1920

53, 002, 407

1921 1

15, 935, 585

1922

80, 781, 892

1923 -- . -

41, 580, 742

1924

30, 933, 368

1925 -

44,311,155

1926

47, 134, 156

' May to December.

The 81,883,253 pounds of coal-tar dyes, valued at $47,134,156, that
Germany exported in 1926 was an increase of about 8 per cent in
quantity and 6 per cent in vakie over 1925. As compared with pre-
war years, Germany's export trade, measured in quantity, has greatly
declined. In value, however, the 1926 export was 91 per cent of the
1913 figure. Further details of the exports for this country are given
in Table 44.

Export figures, taken alone, do not disclose the actual participation
of Germany in the international trade, for the I. G. controls or has an
interest in dye plants in Japan, Spain, the United States, and Russia,
and its extension subagencies handle products not of their own manu-
facture.

Switzerland has now, as was the case before the war, a larger share
of the world's trade than the relative size of her industry would indi-
cate. The Swiss specialize in high-priced dyes, in the manufacture
and marketing of which they have the advantage of long experience,
a well-organized selling force throughout the world, and a variety of
products. Furthermore, they operate, or have an interest in, plants
in the United States, France, Great Britain, and Italy. Their dis-
advantage—the lack of raw materials — is not serious, as crudes and
intermediates are readih^ available from several nations.

The world-wide trend toward the use of the fast dyes and the higher
priced specialty colors will favor the nations that are doing pioneer
work in the manufacture of new products; nations restricting their
output to the old types will be at a marked disadvantage in competi-
tive markets.

In the United States competition has been so keen in the home
market that many of the weaker producers have been eliminated.
Sixteen firms discontinued dye manufacture in 1926, and it is probable
that the number will continue to dwindle until the productive capacity
of the country more nearly conforms to its requirements. The trade
of the United States has been fully discussed elsewhere in this report.
The status of other countries in dye manufacture and trade will be set
forth in pages 150-181.

INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS

Outside of the United States a large part of the output of the
producing nations of the world is under the control of dye cartels or
consolidations.

150 CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHEK SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS

Agreements made among individual nations promise to be of
increasing importance in the international trade. The purpose of
these agreements is (1) to protect domestic markets, (2) to divide
the export markets, and (3) to stabilize prices. It is reported that
in 1926 the I. G. concluded agreements with the Russian, Spanish,
and Japanese dye and chemical industries, and entered into negotia-
tions with the French and British industries. An agreement is
also said to have been concluded between the French and Swiss
industries. The I. G. has further extended its influence by estab-
lishing plants, or by obtaining a working interest in plants in the
United States, Italy, Russia, and Japan.

The dye industry of the United States will probably be more
seriously affected by the I. G.'s new agreements as to export markets
than is the dye industry of any other country.

The Dye Industry of Germany

organization of the i. g. farbenindustrie a. g.

The amalgamation of the six largest dye companies at the end of
December, 1925, is one of the greatest consolidations in the history
of German finance. The purpose of this merger was to strengthen
the competitive resistance of the German dye industry by effecting
certain economies in manufacture, i. e., to allocate production among
the various units of the I. G. with a view to eliminating duplication
in manufacture, research work, overhead, and in buying and selling.
In carrying out its new policies the following changes were inaugur-
ated in 1926: The separate plants were formed into a production
association and the separate markets joined into a sales union.
Production was in four districts — (1) the upper Rhine, (2) the central
Rhine, (3) the lower Rhine, and (4) central Germany; in addition
there was one mining administration. Sales agencies were estab-
lished for five groups of products: (1) Dyestufts and auxiliary dye
products, the headquarters for which were Frankfort on the Main,
Hochst on the Main, Leverkusen, and Ludwigshafen on the Rhine;
the markets are divided according to countries. (2) Nitrogen
products, such as the nitrogen fertilizers are sold through the Sticks-
toffsyndikat G. m. b. H., with which the I. G. is associated. Head-
quarters for the sales agencies are in Berlin. (3) Inorganic products
and organic intermediates, the seat of which is at Frankfort on the
Main, with branch plants at Berlin, Hochst, Ludwigshafen, Lever-
kusen, and Uerdingen. The sales union for pharmaceutical and
veterinary products is at Leverkusen and Hochst, divided between
these two according to countries. (4) Insecticides, the headquarters
for which are Hochst and Leverkusen. (5) Photographic products,
artificial silk, and perfumes, the sales union for which is at Berlin
(Agfa).

DEVELOPMENTS IN 1926

The German dye industry was consolidated in 1926 by the I. G-
obtaining control over related branches of the chemical industry.
Expansion was chiefly in the oil, fertilizer, and rayon branches of the
chemical industrv.

INTEENATIONAL DYE TEADE 151

INCREASE IN CAPITAL STOCK

On September 1, 1926, at a general meeting of the stockholders
the I. G. at Frankfort on the Main voted to increase its capital stock
from 646 million to 1,100 milHon reichmarks, of which 258.4 million
was to be new common shares. Series A, amounting to 35.6 million,
with simple voting powers, was to be in 3 per cent preferred shares,
and series B, with tenfold voting powers, was to be controlled by
the cartel. This increase in capital, it is reported, will be used for

(1) extending the nitrogen plants and financing the fertiUzer business,

(2) erecting plants for the liquefying of coal by the Bergius process,
and (3) the acquisition of a group of plants known as Koln Rottweil,
manufacturing explosives.

The expansion of nitrogen production will enable the I. G. to
increase its export trade in the new fertilizers.

The Bergius process of liquefying coal is a new source of motor
fuels and other oils. By its use two short tons of pulverized bitu-
minous coal yields 45 gallons of gasoline. This quantity of gasoline
could probably be doubled by cracking the tars.

DIVIDEND AND WAGE DATA

At its annual meeting, held June 2, 1927, the I. G. approved a
dividend of 10 per cent for 1926 — the same rate that stockholders
received in 1925. More than 80 per cent of the capital stock of
1,100 milHon reichmarks was represented at this meeting. On
January 1, 1926, the I. G. gave employment to 65,392 laborers and
to 19,814 other employees; by January 1, 1927, its pay roll carried a
total of 88,152 employees — an increase of 2,900. According to Dr.
Karl Bosch, chairman of the I. G. board of directors, wages paid in
1926 to laborers amounted to 134,000,000 marks and to other
employees, 99,000,000. This was an average per capita of 2,167
marks for laborers as compared with 1,400 marks in pre-war times,
and an average per capita of 4,940 marks to other employees, as
against 2,845 marks before the war. The I. G. appropriated
11,790,000 marks to workmen's benefits in 1926, or 143 marks per
capita.

EXPANSION OF THE DYE TRUST

The I. G. is the largest industrial organization in Germany. It is
affiliated with 81 of the 620 stock companies in the chemical industr3^
These 81 companies represent 62 per cent of the total capitalization.
Among the concerns taken over in 1926 are the Farbwerke Muhlheim,
vorm. A. Leonhardt & Co., A. G., Muhlheim on the Main, and Koln-
Rottweil, A. G. The acquisition of these two companies did away
with duplication in manufacture, as they made the same products.
For the same reason agreements were concluded with the Dynamit
Aktiengesellschaft vorm. Alfred Nobel, the Aktiengesellschaft
Siegener Dynamitfabrik, and the Rheinische Westphalische Spreng-
stoff Aktiengesellschaft. Another agreement closed on October 14,
1926, with the A. Riebecksche Montanwerke Aktiengesellschaft,
was considered necessary because of the interests of the I. G. in the
oil industry and the advantages of extending its coal holdings for
the production of oil by coal distillation.
49113—27 11

152 CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHEK SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS
INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS

The I. G. is reported to have concluded several international agree-
ments in 1926 and to have made some progress in the negotiation
of others. The special commission sent to Russia succeeded in
negotiating an agreement extending over three years, by the terms
of which the I. G. will provide 70 per cent of Russia's dyes and
pharmaceutical products and a substantial but unstated quantity
of hea\'y chemicals. Russian chemical engineers, it seems, are to
be trained under the supervision of the 1. G. Offices and ware-
houses are to be maintained at Moscow, Leningrad, Charkow, and
other places. The indications are that a general reorganization of
the Russian chemical industry wiU be effected under the technical
direction of the I. G.

An important acquisition of the I. G. is its 50 per cent interest in
the Spanish dyes and explosives industry through an agreement
with the Fabricacion Xacional de Colorantes y Explosives S. A. of
Barcelona, an organization formed four years ago by the amalga-
mation of four of the principal Spanish manufacturers of dyes and
colors. Technical assistance will be provided by the 1. G. and 50
per cent of the stock will pass into its hands.

Evidence of growing cooperation between the German and Japa-
nese chemical industries was apparent during the last year. With
the assistance of German chemists synthetic nitrogen will be pro-
duced under the Haber-Bosch process and sold in Japan. The
Vereinigte Glanzstoff Fabriken are credited with having a large
interest in one of Japan's artificial silk plants, and in exchange for
export aid and the use of patented processes, negotiations are said
to be pending whereby Germany will share in the profits of the
Japanese dye industry.

REPARATION DYES

Under the terms of the treaty of Versailles provision was made
for deliveries in kind by Germany. A detailed account of the
agreements and of the deliveries of dj'es and pharmaceuticals to the
allied and associated powers under these agreements is given in the
Census of Dyes and Other Synthetic Organic Chemicals, 1923,
pages 156 to 167. The one-quarter production of the German dye
plants reserved for purchase of the allied and associated Govern-
ments, 1920 to 1924, was published in the Dye Census of 1924,
page 146.

Germany's receipts and her payments of the second annuity under
the Dawes plan for the year ended August 31, 1926, and the cumu-
lative total for the third year up to May 31, 1927, follows:

PAYMENTS IX KIND

In the first year deliveries of dye stuffs and pharmaceutical products
amounted to 26.2 million marks, distributed as follows: Italy, 9;
France, 5.2; England, 4.5; Japan, 3.8; and Belgium, 3.7. France
received chemical fertilizers valued at 19.7 million marks, and
Belgium obtained similar material to the value of 0.3 million marks.

In the second year deliveries of dyes and pharmaceutical products
declined to 11.2 million marks, of which Belgium obtained 4.8,
Italy 3.9, France 2.4, and the Serb-Croat-Slovene State 0.14. Chemi_

INTERN ATION\\L DYE TRADE 153

cal fertilizers and nitrogenous products delivered during this period,
valued at 50.8 million marks, were charged to France (47.9) and
Belgium (2.9). France obtained an additional 3 million marks worth
of coal by-products; Belgium, 2.5.

In the first 10 months of the third year (September 1, 1926, to
June 30, 1927) deliveries of dyes and pharmaceutical products
amounted to 10.1 million marks, a slight decrease from the preceding
year. Of this amount Belgium received 4.9; Italy, 2.7; France,
2.4; and the Serb-Croat-Slovene State, 0.1. Chemical fertilizers
and nitrogenous products delivered during this 3'ear amounted to
45.1 million marks, of which France received 34.3; Belgium, 8.1;
and Japan, 2.7. Coal by-products to the amount of 7.8 million
marks were distributed as follows: France, 3.9; Italy, 3.6; and
Belgium, 0.3.

RECEIPTS AND PAYMEXTS OF GERMAXY UXDER THE DAWES PLAN

The second year, September 1, 1925, to August SI, 1926

A. Receipts in second annuity year: Gold marks

1 . Budgetarv contribution 250, 000, 000. 00

2. Transport tax 241,904,574.39

3. Interest on railway reparation bonds 550, 000, 000. 00

4. Interest on industrial debentures 125, 000, 000. 00

5. Interest received 2, 738, 757. 28

6. Exchange differences 166,255.59

Total receipts 1, 169, 809, 587. 26

B. Balance of cash at August 31, 1925 107, 013, 270. 89

Total cash available 1, 276, 822, 858. 15

C. Payments in second annuity year:

1. Pavmeuts to or for the account of — •

France 565,630,271.47

British Empire 226. 687, 732. 71

Italy 77, 054, 447. 55

Belgium 116, 376. 026. 81

Serb-Croat-Slovene State 38, 185, 212. 56

United States of America 14, 844, 038. 20

Rumania 8, 976. 875. 30

Japan 2, 817, 457. 82

Portugal 6, 279, 581. 64

Greece 3, 159. 367. 06

Poland 153, 052. 85

Total payments to powers 1, 060, 164, 063. 97

2. For service of German external loan, 1924 97, 213, 009. 36

3. For expenses of —

Reparation Commission 3, 255, 522. 90

Office for Reparation Payments 3, 700. 000. 00

Interallied Rhineland High Commission 6, 933, 790. 48

Mihtary InteralUed Commission of Control. _ 4, 507, 261. 69

4. Costs of arbitral bodies 38,372.14

5. Discount on amounts received from Deutsche

Reichsbahn Gesellschaft in advance of due date-. 7, 410, 406. 98

123, 058, 363. 55
Total payments 1, 183, 222, 427. 52

154 CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHER SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS

The third year, cumulative total to June SO, 1927

A. Receipts in third annuity year:

1. In completion of second annuity — Gold marks

(a) Transport tax 8,095,425.61

(6) Interest on railway reparation bonds 45,000,000,00

2. On account of third annuity —

(a) Normal budgetary contribution 91,666,666.67

(6) Supplementary budgetary contribution... 195, 600, 000. 00

(c) Transport tax 225,000,000.00

(d) Interest on railway reparation bonds 405,000,000.00

(e) Interest on industrial debentures 125,000,000.00

3. Interest received 2,000,943.52

Total receipts 1, 097, 363, 035. 80

B. Balance of cash at Aug. 31, 1926 93, 626, 074. 81

Total cash available 1, 190, 989, 110. 61

C. Payments in third annuity year:

1. Payments to or for the account of —

France 463, 626, 105. 53

British Empire 225, 919, 472. 59

Italy 70, 331, 431. 40

Belgium 53, 114, 683. 36

Serb-Croat-Slovene State 35, 304, 059. 48

United States of America 74, 747, 570. 81

Rumania 8, 430, 403. 59

Japan 6, 156, 496. 39

Portugal 5, 831, 098. 14

Greece 3, 120, 664. 80

Poland 237, 310. 97

Total payments to powers 946, 819, 297. 06

2. For service of German external loan, 1924 74, 239, 014. 09

3. For expenses of —

Reparation Commission 2, 268, 572. 41

Office for Reparation payments 2, 938, 953. 99

Interallied Rhineland High Commission 2, 383, 484. 79

MiUtary Interalhed Commission of Control, _ 1, 233, 279. 66

4. Costs of arbitral bodies 66, 729. 14

5. Discount on amounts received from Deutsche

Reichsbahn Gesellschaft in advance of due date. 5, 798, 485. 79

6. Exchange differences 712,970.80

Total payments 1, 036, 460, 787. 73

IMPORTS AND EXPORTS

In 1926 Germany exported 27,408,249 pounds of indigo, valued at
$9,487,711, as compared with 31,897,035 pounds, valued at $9,515,614
in 1925. Exports to China dropped more than 7,000,000 pounds in
the year, but to British India and Japan they increased substantially.

German shipments of alizarin in 1926 were 1,100,095 pounds,
valued at $302,255, as compared with 1,655,875 pounds, valued at
$596,529 in 1925. Exports of alizarin colors (from anthracene) in
1926 were 5,516,791 pounds, valued at $5,266,851, which was a sub-
stantial increase over the 1925 export. British India received
2,796,977 pounds of alizarin colors from Germany in 1926, as com-
pared with 911,823 pounds in 1925 and 504,633 pounds in 1924.

Of aniline and other coal-tar dyes, Germany exported in 1926,
46,666,311 pounds, valued at $31,502,103. Exports of this group in
1925 were 38,281,997 pounds, valued at $30,099,190. The nations

INTERNATIONAL DYE TEADE

155

receiving the largest quantities were China, to whom went 8,534,448
pounds; British India, 4,823,003 pounds; Czechoslovakia, 4,071,896
pounds; Russia, 3,808,887 pounds; and Japan, 3,175,285 pounds.

Germany imported in 1926, 7,937,221 pounds of dyes, valued at
$4,132,562", as compared with the 1925 import of 3,689,177 pounds,
valued at $1,918,939. The principal source of imports in 1926 was
Switzerland, which furnished 2,340,182 pounds.

Table 43. — Germany: Imports of coal-tar dyes, 1926 '

Class of dye and country of origin

Pounds

Value

Aniline and other coal-tar dyes not elsewhere mentioned; sulphur dyes:

Latvia 150,133

Netherlands 539,025

Austria.-.. 240,522

East Poland ' 368,830

Russia... 159,393

Sweden , 138,008

Switzerland 2,340,182

Czechoslovakia 806,442

Other countries 2,518,315

TotaL. 7,260,850

Alizarin (alizarin red); alizarin colors, variegated, from anthracene, total 352,075

Indigo, natural and synthetic, total 323,635

Indigo carmine, color lakes, and new blue from indigo and indigo carmine, total. 661

Aggregate ! 7,937,221

$3, 722, 971

171,357

237, 996

238

4, 132, 562

1 From monthly review of the foreign commerce of Germany, issue of December, 1926. Values converted
on basis of 1,000 reichsmarks ($237,996).

Table 44. — Germany: Exports of coal-tar dyes, 1926 ^

Class of dye and country
of destination

Pounds

Value

Class of dye and country
of destination

Pounds

Value

Aniline and other coal-tar
dyes not elsewhere men-
tioned; sulphur dyes:
Belgiimi...

.^57. 366

Aniline and other coal-tar
dyes not elsewhere men-
tioned; sulphur dyes —
Continued.
Bolivia

51,367
351, 854
567, 244
119,048
208, 114

41,887
795, 420
133, 158
1,656,448
193, 564
384, 923

Bulgaria 247,356

Denmark 1 308,864

Brazil

Estonia i 104.498

Canada

Finland

375, 223
106, 703
2,017,650
1,181,445
539, 686
1 80. 99S

Chile

Greece

Colombia

Great Britain...

Italy

" " 1

Mexico

Yugoslavia. .

Peru

Latvia

United States

Lithuania. ! 75. 61S

1

Union of Australia

other countries

Total

Netherlands

2, 343, 490

319, 667

1,213,412

503, 751

435, 629

906, 972

3,808,887

1,119,716

1, 532, 638

571, 653

4, 071, 896

747, 800

194, 887

4, 823, 003

8, 534, 448

3, 175, 285

1,450,627

288, 362

252, 206

197, 532
276, 016

-Austria. ... .

'

46,666,311

$31, 502, 103

East Poland

Alizarin (alizarin red):

Portugal

27,117
24,030
519, 623
244,711
284, 614

Rumania

Russia

Czechoslovakia

British India . .

Sweden...

Switzerland

Dutch East Indies

other countries

Total

Spain

Hungary

1, 100, 095 j 302, 255

Alizarin colors, variegated,
from anthracene:
Denmark

British India

China

1

Japan

27, 998
317,021
108,025
250, 663
53, 572
17, 196
135, 583

Dutch East Indies

Great Britain. . .

Siam

Italy

Turkey

Netherlands

Other Asiatic coun-

Austria

tries -.

Argentina

Russia

' From monthly review of the foreign commerce of Germany, issue of December, 1926. Values converted
on basis of 1,000 reichsmarks ($237,996).

156 CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHER SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS
Table 44. — Germany: Exports of coal-tar dyes, 1926 — Continued

Class of dye and country
of destination

Pounds

Value

Class of dye and country
of destination

Pounds

Value

Alizarin colors, variegated,
from anthracene— Con.
Sweden

139, 992
89, 286
106, 482
145, 283
2, 796, 977
21,605
122, 576
339, 288
40, 344
610, 234
194, 666

Indigo, natural and syn-
thetic—Continued.

Straits Settlements

China

Japan

172,620

19, 077, 947

2,047,412

1,096,127

209, 217

164,904

128, 749

131,615
77, 381
92, 593

332, 233

Switzerland

Spain

C zechoslovakia - .

Dutch East Indies

Persia .

British India

China

Siam .

Japan

Turkey . .

Dutch East Indies

Other Asiatic coun-
tries

Canada ...

United States

Mexico

Other countries

United States .

Other countries

Total

Total

5, 516, 791

$5, 266, 851

27, 408, 249

$9,487,711

Indigo, natural and syn-
thetic:
Italv__

265, 654
49,824
543, 875
157, 188
101, 632
260, 143
113,096
503, 972
296. 519
367, 286
1,218,262

Indigo carmine, color lakes

Yugoslavia

and indigo carmine:
China.. . 1 751.989

Netherlands

A ustria

Dutch East Indies

Other Asiatic coun-
tries

Other countries

Total .

64, 374

145, 504
229, 940

Portugal.

Russia

Spain...

Hungary

1, 191, 807

575, 236

Grand total-

British India

81, 883, 253

47, 134, 156

The Dye Industry of Great Britain
developments in 1926

The British dye industry was seriously affected in 1926 by the pro-
longed coal strike. The formation of the Imperial Chemical Indus-
tries (Ltd.), and the consolidation of the selling agencies of the I. G.
in Great Britain under one firm, which became effective in Jul}^, 1926,
were the outstanding events of the .year.

Formation of Imperial Chemical Industries {Ltd.). — The companies
included in this merger are Brunner Mond & Co. (Ltd.), Nobel
Industries (Ltd.), British Dyestuft's Corporation (Ltd.), and the
L'nited Alkali Co. (Ltd.). These were incorporated with an initial
capital of £65,000,000 ($316,322,500). In a report of its directors, the
former British Dyestuffs Corporation (Ltd.), showed that for the nine
months' period ended December 31, 1926, its profit, including interest
and dividend but not depreciation on plant and buildings, was
£82,934 ($403,598), as against £253,517 ($1,233,721) for the preced-
ing 12 months. A dividend of 23^^ per cent was paid to shareholders
for the fiscal year ended March, 1926.

The position of the individual companies forming the Imperial
Chemical Industries (Ltd.), is as follows: ^

Brunner IVfond and Co. (Ltd.), manufacturers of alkali, was
registered in February, 1881, to take over the business of the firm of
this name. Its authorized share capital was increased in June, 1914,
to £15,000,000, of which £13,749,302 has been issued and paid up.
Annual dividends for the six years to 1914 were 273^ per cent; 1915,
25 per cent; 1916 and 1917,^273^ per cent; 1918, 11 per cent plus
bonus; 1919, 10 per cent; 1920, \\}^ per cent; 1921 and 1922, 8 per

' The Chemical Age, Oct. 30, 1926, p. 416.

INTEENATIONAL DYE TRADE 157

cent; 1923, 11 percent; 1924 and 1925, 103/^ per cent. The company
announced an interim dividend of 7 per cent less the tax for the half
year ended September 30, 1926.

The British Dyestuffs Corporation was registered in 1919 to manu-
facture dyes and colors in Great Britain. Under a reorganization
scheme, effected in 1926, its issued capital of £9,197,116 in three classes
was reduced to £4,775,580 in ordinary shares of £l. The Govern-
ment, which had been the holder of £850,000 in preference shares,
£850,000 in ordinary shares, and one extra share known as the
Government share, received £600,000 in cash in consideration of its
surrender of these shares and its relinciuishment of all rights to control
over the company. A short time ago the British Dyestuffs Corpora-
tion acquired a controlling interest in Scottish Dyes (Ltd.).

The United Alkali Company (Ltd.) was registered in 1890 to acquire
various chemical works in the United Kingdom. Recently it has
taken over salt mines and works, Durham County, England, and
mining and railway properties in Spain. Its authorized capital is
£4,500,000 in shares of £l-£3,000,000 in 7 per cent preference, and
£1,500,000 in ordinary. Of this total, £2,825,240 of the preference
and £900,000 of the ordinary have been subscribed and paid up.
Dividends in recent years have been as follows: Four years to 1919,
15 per cent annually; 1920, 5 per cent (after transferring £100,000
from special reserve) ; 1921 to 1923, inclusive, 10 per cent annually plus
bonus; 1924, 12}/^ per cent; 1925, 10 per cent.

In 1918 the Explosives Trade (Ltd.) was registered to acquire
interests in companies manufacturing explosives and allied chemicals,
and in 1920 it was renamed the Nobel Industries (Ltd.). Its
authorized capital is £18,000,000 in shares of £1. Dividends have
been as follows: 1918, 9 per cent on ordinary; 1919, 10 per cent on
ordinary and 5 per cent on deferred; 1920, preference only; 1921, 5 per
cent on ordinary; 1922, 7 per cent; 1923, 8 per cent; 1924, 9 per cent;
1925, 10 per cent on ordinary and 5 per cent on deferred. The general
reserve was £1,000,000, of which £230,527 was carried forward from
1925. The company holds an interest in many British powder manu-
facturing companies, British Celanese (Ltd.), the General Motors
Corporation of the United States, and in various German explosives
companies now associated with the I. G. and other concerns. The
acquisition of these interests will, it is expected, be in the interests of
economy, in that it will make for greater efficiency both commerciall}^
and technically, in saving unnecessary expense caused by duplication
and overlapping. It is not intended to destroy the identity of indivi-
dual units composing the new compan}^. The boards of the several
companies continue to operate the industries of which they have the
most intimate knowledge, and the board of the new company is a
supervising body that forms a connecting link in finance and policy.
Through the exchange of information among men of special and
technical knowledge, the British Chemical Industry will be able to
deal with similar groups in other countries.

IMPORT LICENSES^

Table 45 is a summary showing the quantity and value of imports
under licenses granted by the Dyestuffs Advisory Licensing Com-
mittee in the years 1921 to 1926.

3 The Chemical Age, July 31, 1926, p. 112.

158

CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHER SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS

Table 45. — Imports of dyes under licenses granted by the Dyestuffs Advisory
Licensing Committee, 1921-1926

Year

For importation
from Germany

For importation
from Switzerland

For importation
from other sources

Total

Pounds

Value

Pounds

Value

Pounds

Value

Pounds

Value

1921

671, 032
1, 325, 671
1,817.571
1, 805, 145
2, 175, 262

$760, 058

1, 663, 927

2, 257, 672
1, 758, 990
1. 616, 484

1, 796, 754
1, 638, 235
1,412,616
1, 191, 931
1, 157, 270

$2, 937, 981
3,077,118
2, 103, 784
1, 605, 660
1, 486, 127

209, 719
270, 987
461, 253
39, 158
66, 522

$315, 838
147, 952
165, 503
40, 655
43, 852

2,677,505 $4,013,877
3,234,893 1 4,888,997
3, 691, 440 : 4, 526, 959
3,036,234 ! 3,405,305
3,399,054 3,146,463
4 256 000 i "^Sfi 17S

1922

1923

1924

1925

1926'..

' The Chemical Trade Journal and Chemical Engineer, July 1, 1927, p. 7.

The figures in Table 45 are less than the actual quantity of dye-
stuffs imported previous to 1925, as they are exclusive of reparation
dyes imported from Germany. The total quantity of reparation
dyes received in all years is about 8,000 tons. Since December 31,
1924, the date of the expiration of the reparation agreement under
the treaty of Versailles, no reparation colors have been requisitioned
by the United Kingdom. The import of 3,400,000 pounds in 1925
and of 4,256,000 pounds in 1926 was under license.

REORGANIZATION OF I. G. SELLING AGENCY

The I. G. after reorganizing its selling agencies in Great Britain,
started business on July 1, 1926. The new concern will apparently
limit its activities to the distribution of dyestuffs and auxiliary
products; the other products of the German combine, such as photo-
graphic chemicals and material, will continue to be marketed by
the concerns that have handled them in the past.

ANGLO-GERMAN CHEMICAL NEGOTIATIONS *

Repeated references in the press to negotiations between the
English and German dye manufacturers have evoked the following
reply from the directors of Imperial Chemical Industries (Ltd.):
"The statements which have appeared in the press regarding alleged
negotiations between Imperial Chemical Industries (Ltd.) and the
Interessen Gemeinschaft Farbenindustries, A. G., purporting to
give the scope of such negotiations, and intimating that an agree-
ment is likely to be reached within a short time, are inaccurate and
entirely unauthorized. The facts are that only preliminary dis-
cussions have taken place between the two companies, with a view
to examining the question of closer cooperation in the various fields
of chemical activity."

IMPORTS AND EXPORTS

In 1925 Great Britain imported 4,438,224 pounds of coal-tar
dyes, valued at $3,123,859; in 1926, imports were smaller (4,237,296
pounds) but their value had increased ($4,258,384). Exports of
coal-tar dyes in 1925 amounted to 7,314,608 pounds, valued at
$3,122,149, and in 1926, to 8,481,424 pounds, valued at $2,983,500.

The following table shows the British foreign trade in dyes and
dyestuffs in the years 1924-1926.

• ' Chemical Trade Journal, May 20, 1927, p. 510.

INTERNATIONAL. DYE TRADE
Table 46. — United Kingdom: Imports of coal-tar dyes, 1925 ^

159

Name of dye and country of origin

Alizarin:

Germany

France --

Switzerland...
United States.

Total

Indigo, synthetic

Other coal-tar dyes:

Germany

Netherlands..

Belgium

France.. -

Switzerland... .i 1,045,856

United States.. 7,280

Other foreign countries 6,048

Pounds

1, 179, 136
3,248
57, 232
3,696

1, 243, 312

1, 980, 272
31, 920
63, 952
33,712

Total from foreign countries.

Canada

Other British countries .

Total from British countries.
Total imported

Aggregate.

3,169,040

25, 536
336

25, 872
3,194,912

4,438,224

Value

$323, 753

840

33,300

1,149

359,042

1,291,409
20.933
60, 434
28, 573
1, 329, 177
5,177
4,018

2, 739, 721

24, 768
328

25, 096
2, 764, 817

3, 123, 859

1 From annual statement of the trade of the United Kingdom with foreign countries and British countries.
Values converted at average rate, 1925, 1£ = $4.828946.

Table 47. — United Kingdom: Imports and exports of coal-tar dyes, 1924-1926 '

1924

1925

1926

IMPORTS

Coal-tar products:

Intermediates

Finished coal-tar dyestuffs —

Alizarin

Other sorts

Extracts for dyeing, natural:

Cutch..

Other sorts

Natural indigo

Extracts for tanning

Coal-tar products.
Other dyestuffs...

EXPORTS

Extracts for dyeing:

Cutch..

Other

Natural indigo

Tanning extracts

REEXPORTS

Pounds
72, 576

3, 377, 472

4, 554, 256

8, 757, 616

8, 128, 400

93,184

129, 689, 504

11,692,352
7, 478, 352

3, 077, 984

914, 928

36,064

5,131,616

Pounds
147, 728

1,243,312
3, 194, 912

7, 829, 136

5, 950, 448

25, 536

138, 511, 072

11,666,032

5, 787, 264

2, 430, 176

495, 600

14,784

11,511,920

Pounds
38, 640

179,424
4, 057, 872

6,711,712

3, 788, 064

51,968

125, 706, 224

8,481,424
7, 579, 824

1, 977, 920

311,808

7,392

6,361,488

1 Trade Information Bulletin, No. 465, Dept. of Com.

Table 48. — United Kingdom: Imports and exports of coal-tar dyes, 1926 *

Pounds

Imports for consumption: '

Alizarin

Indigo, synthetic

Other coal-tar dyes

Total.

179, 424
'4,'057."872"

4, 237, 296

Natural indigo 51,968

Experts: 1

Dyes and dyestuffs (except dyewoods and raw dyeing substances) and ex- i
tracts for dyeing and tanning products of coal tar 8,481,424

Value

$322, 674

3, 935, 710

4, 258, 384

55, 821
2, 983, 500

' From accounts relating to trade and navigation of the United Kingdom, issue of December, 1926. Values
converted at average exchange rate, 1926, £l = $4.858235.

2 An account of the principal and other articles of imported merchandise showing the consumption of
certain dutiable articles in the year ended Dec. 31, 1925.

49113—27 12

160 CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHEK SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS
Table 49. — United Kingdom: Ex-ports of coal-tar dyes, 1925 '

Name of dye and country of
destination

Pounds

Value

Name of dye and country of -p^.i^ Jc
destination I'ounds

Value

Alizarin:

British India ,

285, 376
9,968

$70, 691
5,017

Other coal-tar dyes— Contd.
Spain ... . -

36, 512
76,384
823, 760
115,472
174, 832
57, 456
116, 144

$38, 689

Other British countries..

Italy.

47, 575

China

308, 183
38, 733

Total to British coun-

295, 344
115,248

75, 708
32, 272

Japan .

tries-

United States

140, 146

Total to foreign coun-

Brazil

31, 862

tries

Other foreign countries..
Total to foreign coun-

67, 117

Tot al exported

410, 692

107, 980

2, 529, 968

1, 221, 143

Indigo, synthetic:

China.

2, 099, 888
79, 520

559, 728
28, 442

Irish Free State

162, 064
97, 552

103, 692

Other foreign countries..

Union of South Africa...
British India-
Bombay

82, 705

Total to foreign coun-

2,179,408
123, 088

588, 170
39, 013

590,016 1 271,242

tries

Madras

17,360 ' lfi-298

Total to British coun-
tries.

Bengal, Assam, Bi-
har, and Orlssa

27, 664

14, 896

741, 104

137, 760

216, 496

66,640

20, 996

8,093
466, 800

Total exported.

2, 302, 496

627, 183

Australia.. .

59,039
92,904

Other coal-tar dyes:

39, 312

91, 056
58, 240
24, 416
165, 088
150, 976
344, 400
255, 920

55, 093
57, 455
39, 752
20,711
64,215
43, 012
205, 925
62, 675

Canada.. .

Russia.. . _

Other British countries..

Total to British coun-
tries

44, 074

Norway

2, 071, 552
4, 601, 520

Denmark

1, 165, 843

Netherlands .

Total exported

2, 386, 986

Grand total .

France

7, 314, 608

3, 122, 149

Switzerland.. ... . . ..

' From annual statement of the trade of the United Kingdom with foreign countries and British coun-
tries. Values converted at average rate, 1925, £1 =$4.828946.

The Dye Industry of France

Detailed statistics of the production of dyes in France are not
available. It is estimated that the 1926 production was slightly in
excess of the 1924 output. France has now for several years been
manufacturing on a scale that is making her almost independent of
dye imports. Indigo and sulphur dyes are produced in greater
quantity than can be marketed, and of certain other dyes the output
is said to be rapidly approaching domestic consumption. Vat dyes
and specialties are not yet made in sufficient quantity to meet the
demand for them. In 1926 France had an exportable surplus of
dyes which, in the dry and paste form, were valued at $5,902,946.

Imports of dyes into France in 1926 were valued at $2,546,881, as
compared with $2,885,144 in 1925. Imports are obtained largely
from Switzerland, Germany, and Great Britain. Germany supplies
principally reparation dyes of the classes not made in France in
sufficient quantity to supply the demand; Great Britain largely
specialties, such as celanese dyes. The improvement in the exchange
value of the French franc in 1926 favored the export of Swiss dyes to
France. It is reported that Swiss and French dye manufacturers are
attempting to reduce competition through an informal agreement not
to cut prices.

Negotiations for an international cartel are said to be in progress
between French and German dye manufacturers, and several of the
largest French chemical companies are attempting to combine.

Tables 51 and 52, on page 162, show the foreign trade of France in
coal-tar dyes.

INTERNATIONAL DYE TRADE

161

PROPOSED NEW J'RENCH IMPORT TARIFF

Table 50 shows the minimum rates of duty on coal-tar dyes in
the proposed French import tariff. The new duties are not to be
subject to any "coefficients," as are the present duties/ but provision
is made in Article 2 for periodical re^dsions (up or down) in accordance
with the rise or fall of the wholesale price index number.

Only the proposed "minimum tariff" rates of duty are quoted.
Unless otherwise indicated, "general tariff" rates are to be three
times the "minimum tariff" rates.

Table 50. — France: Proposed new import tariff »

0^ o

Classification

Proposed

rate of duty

(minimum

tariff)

865

Coal-tar dyes, dry or classed as dry:

Nitroso coloring matters

Nitro coloring matters, except picric acid..

Pyrazolone coloring matters

Stilbene coloring matters

Monoazo coloring matters except those mentioned in the following paragraph

Reds for laices and monoazo safranine colors..

Mono-, di-, and tri-, azo colors —

Blacks -

Other colors

Reds, diazotisable and fast to light

Thiazol coloring matters, except thioflavine

Thioflavine

Sulphur colors:

Blacks...

Other colors

Carbazole derivatives

Indophenols, oxazines, thiazines, except new methylene blue

New methylene blue

Indulines, nigrosines

Other azines, safranines, eurhodines, and rosinduHnes

Pyronines

Phthaleines

Rosines, erythrosines, phloxines, cyanosines, galleines, coeruleines

Derivatives of di- and tri- phenylmethane and their homologues

Coloring matters derived from acridine and quinoline

Oxyquinone coloring matters or alizarine colors other than alizarine direct and

anthraquinone direct colors

Sulphonic derivatives of indigotine

Vat dyestufFs—

.\nthraquinone derivatives, and anthraquinone derivatives containing sulphur.

Thio-indigo colors and their derivatives

Chlorinated, brominated. and iodinated derivatives of indigo.

other

Synthetic indigo

Alizarin

Coal-tar dyes, in past§, containing at least 50 per cent of water— half the duties specified

in No. 8fi3, according to kind

Coal-tar dyes, dry, in grains or compressed — duties specified in No. 863, according to
kind, increased by 30 per cent

Francs per
kilo

9
12-50
16
15
16
24

17-50
20

37-50
19
40

14

20

22-50

22-50

32

15

27

25

44

49-50

25

30

37-50
17

75
46
29
75
17
23

Board of Trade Journal, Mar. 17, 1927, P. XXIII.

» See Census of Dyes and Other Synthetic Organic Chemicals, 1924, p. 178. U. S. Tariff Commission.

162 CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHER SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS
Table 51. — France: Imports of coal-tar dyes, 1926'^

Class of dye

Nitroso - -

Nitro

Pyrazolone -

Monoazo...

Polyazo

Thiobenzenyl

Sulphur

Indophenol-

Azines- _

Pyronines

Eosines

Diphenylmethanes

Acridines

Hydroquinones

Indigotines

Insoluble vat dyes other than indigo

Cibanones

Indigo 2._

Stilbene 3

Total

Dry

Pounds Value

1,764

136,

425,

450,

26,

125,

993,

65,

64,

5,

273,

32,

82.

29,

90,

11,

2,

2, 872, 373

$649

2,270

121,309

261, 264

294, 761

34, 891

47, 506

780, 032

67, 999

101,626

6,226

253, 644

35,313

128, 638

22, 310

150, 656

16, 019

1,686

38,880

2, 365, 679

Paste

Pounds Value

331, 792

12,566

$2,627

882
25, 353
3,968

162

8,204

2,043

32

76, 279
14,771

44,717

3.859

220
661

97
649

134, 922

882
35,715
25, 573

71,112

908

33, 854

12. 938

181. 202

' From December, 1926, issue of monthly foreign commerce statistics of France official,
verted at average exchange rate for 1926, 1,6C0 francs = $32,427.
2 Does not say whether dry or paste; probably natural indigo,
s First 11 months.

Values con-

Table 52. — France: Exports of coal-tar dyes, 1926

Class of dye

Nitroso

Nitro

Pyrazolone

Stilbene ■

Monoazo

Polyazo

Thiobenzenyl

Sulphur

Indophenol

Azines

Pyronines

Eosines

Diphenylmethanes

iVcridines

Hydroquinones

Indigotines.-

Insoluble vat dyes other than indigo.

Cibanones

Indigo 2...

Total 7,124,165 5,504,451

Dry

Pounds

197,

892,

2,

568,

8,

23,

,077,

12,

,945,

38,
,626,
678,

Value

$13, 684

2,497

2,529

97

51, 137

269,112

1,135

101, 626

5,675

4,669

, 379, 510

14, 268

, 408, 857

259

34, 535

930, 849

, 284, 012

Paste

Pounds

7,275

5, 952

10, 362

14, 991

441

9,259

5,291
5,732

65, 036

10, 582

3, 062, 190

13, 228

1,323

3,211,662

Value

$876

778

2,270

1,978

65

811

1,103
1,070

13. 198

3,729

365, 613

6,842

162

398, 495

1 From December, 1926, Issue of monthly foreign commerce statistics of France, official. Values con-
verted at average exchange rate for 1926, 1,000 francs = $32,427.

2 Does not say whether dry or paste.

The Dye Industry of Italy

After the war the Itahan manufacturers of explosives began to
make intermediates and dyes. The following tabular statement
shows the steady expansion of their output of intermediates.''

Year Pounds

1918 1, 764, 000

1922 3,748,000

1924 5, 292, 000

1925 : 7, 938, 000

» BeUoni, Ernesto: Statistics and other information regarding the Italian Chemical Industry.

INTERNATIONAL DYE TEADE

163

Among the intermediates made in large quantities are aniline oil,
chlorobenzene, H-acid, beta naphthol, para nitroaniline, and benzi-
dine. Of the 7,938,000 pounds of intermediates made in 1925, 22.2
per cent was exported.

Italy has also increased her dye production, which in 1925 reached
13,860,000 pounds. As production expands, fewer dyes are imported.
In 1926 imports were 3,374,140 pounds, valued at $2,010,003 (not
including 987,890 pounds of reparation dyes), as compared with
1925, when they were 4,856,955 pounds, valued at $1,985,695 (not
including 2,288,154 pounds of reparation dyes).

It is reported ^ that the Societa Italiana Prodotti Esplodenti of
Cengio, the Fabriche Italiane Materie Coloranti Bonnelli, and
Societa Italica Colori Artificiali are affiliated and that the Schiap-
parelli Co., which, at its Settimo factory, specializes in the manufac-
ture of pharmaceutical chemicals, will be closely associated with this
group. This cartel will have a wide range of chemicals, including
explosives, dyes, and pharmaceutical products, under its control.

At Cesarno Maderno there are extensive works, including a modern
plant for the manufacture of synthetic indigo. This plant has a
productive capacity of over 3,000,000 pounds annually. Its manu-
facture of sulphur black and other sulphur dyes is well developed. It
also makes azo colors, direct cotton colors, acid wool colors, and a
complete series of chrome colors for wool.

Table 53. — Italy: Imports of synthetic organic dyes by countries, 1926 *

Imported from—

Pounds

France

Germany

Germany, account of reparations

Switzerland

Other countries

Total

138, 228

987, 881
628, 531

3, 374, 140

' From official statistics of domestic exports and imports for consumption, Jan. 1 to Dec. 31, 1926. Values
converted at average rate, 1926, 1 lire=$0.038894.

Table 54. — Italy: Imports and exports of synthetic organic dyes, 1926 "

Class of dye

Sulphur black

Account of German reparations

Other sulphur dyes

Account of German reparations.

Other synthetic organic dyes, dry, or containing less than
50 per cent of water

Account of German reparations.-

In paste, or containing 50 per cent, or more, of water

.\ccount of German reparations

Total

Natural indigo

Imports

Pounds Value

38,580

882

149, 692

16, 534

1, 936, 962
776, 240
261, 025
194, 225

3, 374, 140
13,448

$8, 593

106, 594

1, 801, 825

92, 991

2, 010, 003
13, 107

Exports

Pounds Value

188,493 $37,241

14, 550

443, 125

35, 053

81,221
1,102

6,242

385, 593

24, 160

453, 236
1,012

" From ofiQcial statistics of domestic exports and imports for consumption, Jan. 1 to Dec. 31, 1926. Values
converted at average exchange rate, 1926, 1 lire=$0.038894.

' Chemical Trade Journal and Chemical Engineer, June 3, 1927, p. 552.

164 census of dyes and other synthetic chemicals
The Dye Industry of Japan

Until October, 1925, the manufacture of dyes in Japan was pro-
moted by a Government subsidy to the dye companies sufficient to
bring their dividends up to 8 per cent of the paid-up capital. Under
a new law which went into effect at that time the supplement to
dividends was discarded in favor of a payment to companies producing
certain specified varieties of dyes. The amount of this subsidy is
limited to a total of 4,000,000 yen, spread over a period of six years.

This new and reduced subsidy has been unfavorable to the Japan
Dye Manufacturing Co. (Nippon Senryo), established for the purpose
of developing the dj^e industry in Japan. Under the old law this
company had, in the course of 10 years, received approximately
14,000,000 yen in Government subsidies. The company's accounts
show a profit for the term ended March 31, 1926.

Besides the Japan Dye Manufacturing Co., three other companies
produce the varieties of dyes for which subsidies are paid under the
new law. These are the Mitsui Dyestuffs Industrial Co.; the Yura
Industrial Co., at Wakayama; and the Fuji Industrial Co.

The Japanese dye industry is further protected by a system of
licenses, dating from June, 1924, for the importation of coal-tar
dyes and chemical products derived from coal-tar distillates (other
than medicinal products and carbolic acid). Since the restriction of
imports by this license system does not apply when it conflicts with
the provisions of any treaty, imports from Germany — the principal
source of supply — are the only ones materially affected.^

Germany's position in the Japanese dye market is said to be
improving as the result of an agreement between the Japanese
Government and the German chemical industry, permitting the entry
of German dyes under the same conditions imposed on imports from
other countries. The Daido Dyestuft's Co. has been given the sole
agency of the I. G. in Japan, and an agreement will probably be
concluded with the Mitsui Co. It is reported that the Vereinigte
Glanzstoff Fabriken, which has a strong interest in a large artificial
silk company in Japan, will, with the aid of German chemists,
produce synthetic nitrogen according to the Haber-Bosch process.

The total imports of coal-tar dyes into Japan in 1925 were 6,740,306
pounds, valued at $3,400,670, as compared with 17,564,004 pounds,
valued at $6,689,382, in 1924. Imports from Germany in 1925 show
a decrease of more than 9,000,000 pounds from 1924.

The exports of dyes in 1925 (largely to China) were 1,685,606
pounds, valued at $214,209, as compared with 1,899,498 pounds,
valued at $282,946 in 1924.

8 The Chemical Trade Journal and Chemical Engineer, Oct. 29, 1926 ,i>. 500.

INTERNATIONAL DYE TRADE 165

Table 55. — Japan: Imports of coal-tar dyes, 1923-1926 '

Class of dye and country of

1923

1924

1925

origin

Pounds

Value

Pounds

Value

Pounds

Value

Indigo, artificial:

Great Britain

37, 302

312, 967

1, 007, 554

117,727
303, 576

$14, 575
179, 763
639, 372
60, 245
207,942

France

123, 679

1, 716, 030

40, 344

258, 337

15, 741

1, 140, 228

661

$81, 548

1, 009, 050

22,240

154, 858

8,237

319, 601

1,236

234, 792
1,111,920

$121, 057
591 332

Germany

Belgium -

Switzerland -..

228, 442

113 260

Holland

United States .

872, 235
518, 128

303, 167
319, 686

572, 892
132

248, 269

Other countries

410

Total

2 3, 169, 489

1, 724, 750

3, 295, 020

1, 596, 770

2, 148, 178

1, 074, 328

Aniline dyes:

China..,.

5,688

30, 688

114, 155

8, 190, 592

1,943

29, 151

70, 933

3, 535, 494

Great Britain . . ...

13,095

111,510

11, 832, 310

11,243

19,048

759, 535

1, 349, 490

132

7,825

42, 009

4, 096, 330

5,766

10, 296

358, 316

402, 384

1,648

46, 694

198, 019

2, 459, 823

14, 773

90, 690

1, 473, 610

France

Germany

Belgium

Italy

29, 101

640, 750

477, 520

1, 065, 756

15, 547
408, 596
165, 187
527, 628

2,116

440, 086

1, 347, 770

529

821

Switzerland. . .

239, 651
392 716

United States .

Other countries.

1,642

Total

2 10, 554, 250

4, 754, 479

14, 096, 363

4, 924, 574

4, 495, 037

2,213,903

Other coal-tar dyes:

Great Britain

9,524

77, 514

661

661

972

87, 452
486
486

529
91, 139

Germany . .

171,960

167, 214

109, 567

Italy

Switzerland

5,159

2,052

United States.

.

410

Other countries

5,689

5,344

661

824

264

410

Total

3 94, 049

94, 740

172, 621

168, 038

97, 091

112, 439

.\ggregate

13, 817, 788

6, 573, 969

17,564,004

6, 689, 382

6, 740, 306

3, 400, 670

Dry indigo, natural:

China

4,233

10, 714

10, 714

46, 165

265

2,873

British India

85, 980
6,217
8,333

34, 789

80, 650
4,373
5,344

24, 778

99,869
6,085

86,490
5,766

10, 259

Dutch East Indies..

12,311

United States.

31, 598

Other countries

132 !

820

Total

135, 319

115, 145

106,086

92,256

72,091

57, 861

■ From 1925 annual return of the foreign trade of the Empire of Japan. Values converted at exchange
rates of 1 yen=$0.485845 in 1923, $0.411857 in 1924, and $0.410362 in 1925.

■ Does not include imports through Yokohama during August, 1923, the returns for which were lost
during the great earthquake.

3 Does not include imports through Yokohama during July and August, 1923, the returns for which were
lost during the great earthquake.

166 CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHER SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS
Table 56. — Japan: Exports of coal-tar dyes, 1923-1925 ^

Country of destination

1923

1924

1925

Pounds

Value

Pounds

Value

Pounds

Value

China

2,049,500

114, 949

22, 884

2,513

$347, 865

18, 462

3,887

486

1, 756, 374
93, 784
30, 821
16,270

$251,233
13, 179
6,178
11, 532

1, 550, 816

32, 143

71,430

19, 974

8,333

2,646

264

$189, 177
4,514
8,618
9,849

Kwantung Province

Hong Kong

British India

Straits Settlements

821

Dutch Indies . .

93,917
12, 566

16, 519
8,745

410

Other countries

2,249

824

820

Total

2 2,296,329

395,964

1,899,498

282,946

1, 685, 606

214,209

1 From 1925 annual return of the foreign trade of the Empire of Japan. Values converted at exchange
rates of 1 yen=$0.485845 in 1923, $0.411857 in 1924, and $0.410362 in 1925.

2 Does not include imports through Yokohama during July, the returns for which were lost during the
great earthquake.

The Dye Industry of Poland

Coal-tar distillation has prospects of development in Poland.^
Coking coal and gas coal are distilled mainly in Upper Silesia.
There, it is reported, one coke plant treats 70,000 tons of coal tar
annually. Large quantities of benzene, toluene, xylene, naphtha-
lene, phenol, pyridine, and other coal-tar products were produced
in 1925.

Efforts are being made to develop the manufacture of intermediates,
largely centered at Zgiery and Zaglebie. The shortage of capital
available for investment in their manufacture, however, makes it
necessary to import a portion of the requirements for the production
of organic compounds.

Dyes are manufactured chiefly in Russian Poland. The capacity
of the Polish dye factories is reported to be 6,600,000 pounds a year.
The present production is considerabl}^ below capacity, partly because
of industrial depression and its effect on the textile industry. Pro-
duction in recent years has been as follows:

Year Pounds

1922 2, 142, 871

1923 4,303,379

1924 1 4,400,000

1925 1,320,000

All of the important plants belong to the Union of Chemical
Industries, the sections of which correspond to the various branches
of the chemical industry.

In 1924 Poland imported a total of 997,802 pounds of dyes, valued
at $798,441, and in 1925, 545,881 pounds, valued at $359,495.
Germany furnishes the bulk of dye imports.

Exports of dyes in 1924 from Poland, totaling 330,690 pounds,
valued at $198,983, went largely to Russia. Of the 378,971 pounds,
valued at $306,070, exported in 1925, only a small part went to
Russia.

1 Estimated on the basis of statement made by Dept. of Com. in World Trade Notes on Coal- Tar Products,
to the effect that the 1925 production was only about 30 per cent of the 1924 production.
• Chemical Trade Journal and Chemical Engineer, Jan. 14, 1927, p. 32.

INTERNATIONAL DYE TRADE 167

Table 57. — Poland: Imports and exports of synthetic dyes, calendar year 1925 '

Class of dye and country of origin

Imports

Exports

Pounds

Value

Pounds

Value

Alizarin dyes, in powder:

1,543

4,409

Other countries

2,205

Total -

3,748

$1, 952

4,409

$4, 436

Alizarin dyes, in paste:

220

Other countries

Total --- - ---

220

18

Sulphur dyes:

Total- - --

Azo dyes:

Germany .

22

Other countries .

Total

22

Other dyes:

488, 981

Russia - .

42, 769
331, 792

52, 910

Total --

541,891

357, 525

374, 562

301, 634

Grand total

545,881

359, 495

378, 971

306, 070

1 From Foreign Commerce of the Polish Republic. Values converted at average exchange rate, 1925,
1 zloty=.$0.177432.

The Dye Industry of Russia

At a meeting of the Council of Labor and Defense in Moscow, on
June 17, 1926, a representative of the Supreme Council of National
Economy stated that all industries in the year 1924-25 had been
brought back to 70 per cent of the pre-war level. But the chemical
industry considered alone was only 24 per cent of the 1913 level, and
a plan was being considered by the council for the development of
aniline dyes as part of the chemical industry.

The plan as worked out provided for a gross production in 1925-26
of 31,740 tons of aniline dyes, with an estimated value of 21,858,000
roubles, or 75 per cent more than in 1924-25. The development of
production of the major intermediates within Russia was also a part
of the program. ^° The Supreme Council was intrusted with a five-
year supervision of the program, and, with the National Commis-
sariat for Foreign Trade, was commissioned to attend to the granting
of licenses for the importation of intermediates.

The actual output of intermediates and dyes in 1925-26 fell short
of the quantity it was planned to make. Instead of the 6,306 tons
of intermediates planned for only 3,405 tons were made, and instead
of the 7,900 tons of sulphur black, the output was not over 5,500 tons,
as textile manufacturers had on hand large stocks carried over from
the preceding year. Three companies — The Aniline Trust, the
"Chimugolj," and the Moscow Heavy Chemical Trust — are engaged
in the manufacture of sulphur black.

'0 The Chemical Age, Aug. 21, 1926, p. 177.

168

CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHER SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS

The Dye Industry op Spain

A Spanish royal order of March 9, 1926, prohibited, temporarily,
imports into Spain of the intermediate products and the synthetic
organic coloring materials included in tariff Nos. 793-796 of a kind
manufactured in that country. A royal order dated May 29, 1926,
prescribed new regulations regarding imports. Licenses for the im-
portation of any colors considered as made in Spain are to be granted
only by the central commission in Madrid. Permission to import
any products not specified in the list may be given by the provincial
committee at Barcelona, which is also authorized to permit the clear-
ance of postal packages containing up to 5 kilograms of one color.^^

It is reported that the I. G. has acquired the Spanish dye company,
Compania Nacional de Colorantes y Explosivos, which has bought
the Flix dye plant, whose annual production is approximately 300
tons of azo dyes and 400 tons of sulphur black. The Compania
Nacional has a factory in Barcelona which produces intermediates in
larger quantities than are required for the domestic market.

Spain imported 895,969 pounds of dyes, valued at $659,357, in
1926, as compared with 1,105,774 pounds, valued at $849,893, in
1925. Germany furnished the largest quantity, and France and
Switzerland the next largest. Only a small fraction came from the
United States.

Table 58. — Spain: Imports of synthetic organic dyes, 1925^

Class of dye and country of origin

Synthetic organic dyes derived from coal tar:
In powder or crystals —

German y

Austria

Belgium

Czechoslovakia .-

United States _

France

Great Britain

Holland

Italy

Peru

Sweden

Switzerland

Total.

As liquid or paste containing at least 50 per cent of water-
Germany __

Austria

France

Great Britain

Italy.. _

Switzerland

Total -

Poimds

589, 338

185

5,146

633

6,978

178, 098

33, 596

30, 406

12, 660

22

1,907

93, 912

952, 881

30, 064

29

5, 527

11,865

992

14,647

63, 124

Synthetic indigo:

Germany

France-

Great Britain.
Switzerland...

52, 401

34, 345

179

2,844

Total.

89, 769

Aggregate 1,105,774

Value

$498, 491

157

4,352

535

5,902

150, 645

28, 417

25,719

10, 709

19

1,613

79, 435

805, 994

9,781
9
1,798
3,800
323
4,765

20,536

13, 638

8, 9.38

47

740

23,363
849, 893

" From foreign commerce statistics of Spain for the year 1925, official. Values converted at average
exchange rate, 1925, 1 peseta= $0.143443.

" Chemical Trade Journal and Chemical Engineer, July 16, 1926, p. 74.

INTERNATIONAL DYE TRADE 169

Table 59. — Spain: Imports of synthetic organic dyes, 1926 '

Class of dye and country of origin

Pounds

Value

Synthetic organic dyes derived from coal tar:
In powder or crystals-
Germany

381, 043

915

1,281

8,913

180, 446

23, 706

5,589

1,574

10,280

66,116

$334, 698
804

Belgium

Czechoslovakia - .. --

1,125

I'nited States. . . -

7,829

158, 500

20, 823

4,909

Great Britain

Holland

Italy

1,383

Sweden .. ....

9,030

Switzerland . ....

58, 074

Total-- -

679, 863

597, 175

.\s liquid or paste containing at least 50 per cent of water-
Germany

17, 705

4,641

359

14, 546

6,579

France . . ..

1,724

Great Britain.. .

134

Switzerland ..

5,406

Total

37, 251

13, 843

Synthetic indigo:

149, 368

26, 859

119

304

2,205

40, 370

7,259

Great Britain

32

Salvador . ...

82

Switzerland . _

596

Total-

178, 855

48,339

.\ggregate

895, 969

659, 357

1 From foreign commerce statistics of Spain for the year 1926, oflScial. Values converted at average
exchange rate, 1926, 1 peseta=.$0. 148959.

The Dye Industry of Switzerland

The chemical industry of Switzerland centers chiefly at Basel,
where about 90 per cent of the total output is produced. The
manufacture of aniline dyes at Basel is an important branch of the
Swiss industry.

Before the war the dye industry of Switzerland was second to that
of Germany and supplied about 10 per cent of the exports to all
countries. The Polytechnic Institute at Zurich, with its staff of
trained chemists, has been a factor in the success of the Swiss dye
industry. Salt, which is mined in large quantity near Basel, is the only
raw material that Switzerland possesses, but her cheap and plentiful
supply of electricity is an economic advantage. The Swiss industry
will probably always be dependent on other countries for coal-tar
crudes.

During the war chemical plants at Basel began the production of
sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, and caustic soda, products in
which the Swiss are now independent of foreign countries.

Only about 10 per cent of the aniline dyes produced in Switzer-
land is required for the domestic market; the remainder goes to
France, the Netherlands, Italy, Belgium, England, Sweden, Japan,
Czechoslovakia, China, Canada, and the United States.

The Swiss chemical industry seems to be on a stable financial
footing. Its capital investment steadily increases and a greater
number of workmen are employed each year. The Sandoz Chemical
Works declared a net dividend of 25 per cent for 1925; J. R. Geigy
S. A., a dividend of 18 per cent, and the Society of Chemical Industry
a dividend of 15 per cent. Stock quotations of the Swiss dye com-
panies showed marked increases in 1926, indicating a profitable
business year.

170

CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHER SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS

EXPORTS IN 1926

Switzerland exports about 90 per cent of her production of dyes.
The rapid increase in the export trade, therefore, reflects the progress
of the Swiss industry. In 1885 exports of aniline dyes amounted to
854 tons; by 1920 they had grown to 10,768 tons; and in 1926 they
totaled 8,600 tons, valued at nearly $12,000,000.

Table 60. — Switzerland: Imports and exports of coal-tar dyes, 1926 '

Imports from —

Germany

France

Italy

Belgium

Holland

Great Britain.

Jugoslavia

British India

Dutch East Indies .
United States

Total -

Exports to—

Germany

Austria

France.

Italy

Belgium ..-

Holland -..

Great Britain

Ireland -

Spain...

Portugal

Denmark

Norway

Sweden

Finland

Latvia and Estonia

Lithuania

Poland

Czechoslovakia

Hungary.

Yugoslavia

Greece

Bulgaria

Rumania

Turkey

Egypt

Algiers

Morocco

South Africa

Mesopotamia

Syria

British India

Straits Settlements

Indo-C hina

Dutch East Indies

China

Japan

Canada _..

United States

Mexico .._

Central America .

Colombia ..."

Venezuela

Brazil

Uruguay

Argentina

Chile.

Peru

Ecuador

Union of Australia..

New Zealand and South Sea Islands..
Other countries

Total 13,087,714

Aniline and other
coal-tar dyes

Pounds

1, 329, 774

178, 943

19, 725

5, 029

3.790

29, 200

9

44

157

9.351

1, 576, 022

2, 297, 976

195. 272

1, 540, 006

538, 028

585, 712

330, 212

1, 129, %il

5,020

205, 852

137, 920

121,531

54, 934

468, 120

80, 371

52, 196

551

331, 843

855, 621

64,/ 40

69, 178

7,150

97. 252

156. 286

97

27, 379

1,019

55

128

1,435

3,873

555, 471

423

24, 270

110, 186

204. 067

791, 828

287, 718

1, 260, 806

11.5,384

306

i,<;fi4

110

169, 681

9,365

138, 619

1.5. 029

2,704

2,119

30, 186

7,825

Value

$1, 082, 761

95, 416

11,905

2,696

3,726

23, 506

8

44

67

6,448

1. 226, 577

1, 479

132,

1,510,

604

332

219,

1,329

3

351

89

105

51

371

85,

43

334

557,

41

35

5,

67

105

1

2,

334

18
62,
126
623,
235,
1, 328,
92,

1,

171

5,

93

11

1

1

21

Indigo, indigo
solution

Alizarin

11,016,179

Pounds Value Pounds Value

64,751
18, 228

82, 979

10, 192

23, 023

5,364

3,172

77
1,078

1,803
220

3,759
134
607

1,984
496
778

3,530

15, 324
1,433

57, 906
220

632

3,904

125, 252

772

41,669

3, 738, 620

151, 824

1,102
442

220

897

60

4, 196, 494

$24, 458
2,938

141, 698
598

$19, 834
109

27, 396 142. 296 19, 943

3,156
3,755
4,204
3,277

114
1,160

2,169
255

3,769
230
657

2,309

588

737

1,404

6.690
740

18, 652
135

878

17, 767

722, 042

91, 973

1,490
1,738

348

24

954, 645

325

1 979 ,

6l!308 3,585

62J>

3, 5S5

62>>

' From official statistics of the foreign trade of Switzerland. Values converted at average exchange rate,
1926, 1 franc=$0.193130.

INTERNATIONAL DYE TRADE

171

Exports of indigo have steadily declined since 1924, because of the
loss of trade in China, the world 's largest consumer of indigo. Ger-
many and the United States have in recent years been strong com-
petitors of Switzerland in far eastern markets.

Of dyes other than indigo, the Swiss exports have increased both
in quantity and value. The United States and France, two of the
largest purchasers, decreased their orders in 1926, but Germany
took a much larger quantity than usual. The dyes exported to the
United States and France include high-cost products, which these
two countries made in increased quantity in 1926.

The Dye Trade of Other Countries

Table 61. — Argentina: Imports of coal-tar dyes, 1925^

Imported from—

Aniline dyes

Indigo

Pounds

Value

Pounds

Value

Germany

442, 174

46

84

188,083

3, 799

12, 705

$268,311

26

54

105, 860

1,849

7. 565

31
42

$20

Bolivia. __ ....

42

Chile

United States

France _.

55

34

Italv___

Netherlands . ..

6,259 ! 4.255

United Kingdom

134

93,742

406

90

57, 859

239

218

217

Switzerland

Uruguay

Total.

747, 432

446, 106

346

313

I From 1925 yearbook of the foreign commerce of Argentina. Values converted at average exchange
rate, 1925, l oro=$0.913822.

Table 62. — Austria: Imports and exports of coal-tar dyes, October- December, 1926 ^

Class of dye and country of origin

Imports

Exports

Pounds

Value

Pounds

Value

Coal-tar dyes other than indigo:

Germany

356, 263
441

$286, 448
141

39, 462

$12, 956

Italy

Rumania

3,527

1,972

Switzerland

86, 641
220

38. 140
3,307

28, 660

10. 141
661

51,121

Serbia

8,157
12, 566
6,834

4,084

Czechoslovakia.

12, 393

1,549

6,056

4,225

282

11,266

Hungary.

3,098

France

Netherlands

Other countries

2,647

1,268

Total

524, 474

362, 215

73, 193

34,644

Indigo, synthetic and natural:

Germany • ...

112,655

19, 998

Serbia

882

563

Czechoslovakia

10, 803

845

Hungary

441

282

Other countries

661

140

Total ...

124, 119

20, 983

1,322

845

Aggregate.

648. 593

383, 198

74, 515

35, 489

172 CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHEE SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS

Table 63. — Austria: Imports and exports of coal-tar dyes, year 1926 '

Class of dye and country of origin

Coal-tar dyes other than indigo.
Indigo, natural and synthetic...

Imports

Pounds Value

1, 869, 280
220, 680

$1, 165, 890
43,911

Exports

Pounds Value

185, 186
8,157

86, 555
3,518

1 From statistics of the foreign commerce of Austria during the fourth quarter, 1926, official. Values
converted at average exchange rate, October-December, 1926, 1 S. =$0.14083; for year 1926, 1 S. =$0.14074

Table 64. — Belgium: Imports and exports of coal-tar dyes, dry and paste, 1926^

Imports

Exports

Class of dye and country
of origin

Pounds

Value

Class of dye and country
of origin

Pounds

Value

Alizarin:

55, 550
1,931

$18, 529
554

Alizarin

28, 340

$1, 495

Germany

Total.

Other countries

Total

57, 481

19, 083

28, 340

1,495

Alizarin dyes:

Germany..

49,317
6.830

29, 662

898

Aniline dyes:
Germany

222, 167
51, 422
20, 626
37, 079

Other countries

83, 664

Denmark

Total

56, 147

30, 560

10, 908

Egypt

3,523

Aniline dves:

2, 067, 165
1, 910, 200
856, 730
323, 554
354, 650
121,312

688, 548
271, 300
247, 099

53, 557
182, 242

32, 454

United States

2fi. 702

Germany

Great Britain

26,949 i 13,220

United States

47, 198 ."iO. 295

France

4, 151

98, 981
18, 018
49, 575
74, 381

4, 395

Netherlands

Netherlands

36, 236

Switzerland.

Poland

15, 235

Other countries

27, 132

Other countries

Total

5,633,611

1, 475, 200

30, 107

Total- _

Indigo, artificial:

40, 643
225
751

650, 547

281,414

Indigo, artificial:
Total

France

2,632
3,360

Other countries

Total

413, 955

41,619

Other coal-tar dyes:

5, 655
16 585

1,682

1,782

42

1,281

Germany

4,795

366

Other coal-tar dyes:
Belgian Congo

Netherlands

Other countries ...

447
5, 664

10, 545
3,664
6, 131
18, 864
12, 542

704

Chili....

28, 351

4,787

261

France

2,869

Aggregate

6, 189, 545

1, 571, 249

Netherlands

3,941

Other countries

1,493

6,217

2,970

1,395

6

Total

Germany 66,101

51, 746

9,268

Aggregate ...

Great Britain

5,150
29

735, 428

292, 543

Netherlands

Total

88, 266

10, 588

' From monthly bulletin of the foreign commerce of the economic union of Belgium and Luxemburg
issue of December, 1926. Values converted at average exchange rate, 1926, 1 franc =$0.032649.

Table 65. — Brazil: Imports of coal-tar dyes, 1925 '

Class of dye

Pounds

Value

Aniline or fuchsine dyes

929, 929
853, 824

$944, 427

Indigo and ultramarine blue

159, 622

Total...

1, 783, 753

1 104,049

' From foreign trade of Brazil, official. Values converted at average exchange rate, 1925, 1 milreis,
paper =$0.121962.

INTEKNATIONAL DYE TEADE 173

Table 66. — Canada: Imports of coal-tar dyes, year ended March SI , 1926 ^

Class of dye and country of origin

Aniline and coal-tar dyes, soluble in water, in bulk or packages of not less than
1 pound weight, including alizarin and artificial alizarin

United EZingdom

Belgium

France,- .--

Germany

Italy -

Mexico

Netherlands

Sweden

Switzerland -.-

United States

Total

Aniline and coal-tar dyes, n. o. p.:

United Kingdom - -

Germany

United States -

Total - .-

Indigo:

United Kingdom

Belgium

United States -

Total...

Indigo paste, and extract of:

Netherlands

United States

Total

Aggregate

Pounds

135, 180

3,425

70,835

519, 797

162

1,543

111,467

16, 863

213,488

1, 422, 419

4,209

484

13, 152

17, 845

274
990
303

1,567

56,000
85, 673

141, 673

2, 656, 264

Value

$84, 022

3,173

26, 929

375, 576

125

489

82, 784

10, 301

150, 634

800, 834

2,495,179 1 1,534,867

1,722

627

8,131

10, 480

233

1,748
380

2,361

5,764
10, 024

15, 788

1, 563, 496

' From Trade of Canada, fiscal vear ended Mir. 31, 1926. Values converted at average exchange rate,
year ended Mar. 31, 1926, 1 Canadian dollar =$0.99933.

Table 67. — China: Imports of dyes, colors, and paints, 1925 '

Class of dye and country of
origin

Value

Class of dye and
country of origin

Pounds Value

1

Pounds

Value

Aniline:

Hong Kong . . ..

$494, 783

799

2,227

1,497

423

6,480

96, 499

6,871

948, 417

1, 258, 282

1,659

66, 716

71, 634

3,028

55

503

12,083

Indigo, artificial:
Hong Kong

1

Dried

64,665 1 $65,355

Liquid c

1, 832, 754

400

8,800
6,666

2, 863, 262
13, 713, 524
14, 075, 915

666, 650

2, 833, 396

3, 322, 717

24,533

34, 666
133

14, 947, 760

r paste
$633, 983

115

French Indo-China

Siam

French Indo-
China

Siam .

4,267 4,906

6,350

Singapore, Straits, etc

1,931

British India.

Great Britain -

Germany

Netherlands...
Belgium. -

-

705, 037

Great Britain

377, 857 228, 439
548, 253 336, 395

3, 223, 624

Sweden.

3, 499, 488

Germany

131, 603

Netherlands

France

Switzerland...

i2, 800 6, 89i

537, 513

Belgium

766, 452

France

Korea

6,695

Switzerland

Japan (includ-
ing Formo-
sa)

133 170

Italy--

Russia and Siberia —

7,963

26

By Pacific ports

Korea

United States
(including
Hawaii)

1

Japan (including For-

2,647, 893

mosa) -

84,764

1,974

615

226, 487

Total

Reexports

Total net im-
ports

Philippine Islands

Canada

United States (includ-
ing Hawaii) . ..

Total . ..

3, 285, 796
224, 741

1, 007, 975
76, 798

642, 156
47, 674

54,331,175
127, 597

12, 168, 673

Reexports

28, 396

Total net imports

3,061,055

931, 177

594, 482

54, 203, 578

12, 140, 277

174 CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHER SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS
Table 67. — China: Imports of dyes, colors, and paints, 1925 ^ — Continued

Class of dye and country of origin

Dyes and colors unelassed:

Hong Kong

Macao

French Indo-China

Siam

Singapore, Straits, etc

Dutch Indies

British India.

Turkey, Persia, Egypt, Aden,

etc

Great Britain

Germany

Netherlands

Belgium.

France .

Italy

Russia and Siberia— By Pa-
cific ports

Korea.

Japan (including Formosa)...

Philippine Islands

United States (including

Hawaii)

Total.-..
Reexports .

Total net imports.

Value

$214, 189
187
1,638
2,918
44, 863
3,358
5,174

16, 142
41, 535
2,592
3,420
8,327
34

759

8,039

86, 421

146

11,217

451, 925
11,866

440, 059

Class of dye and country of origin

Sulphur, black:

Hong Kong.

French Indo-China..

Singapore, Straits, etc

Germany..

Netherlands

Italy

Korea..

Japan (including Formosa)...

United States (including

Hawaii)

Pounds

Total...
Reexports .

Total net imports.
Aggregate

Indigo, natural, liquid or dried:

Hong Kong

Macao

Japan (including Formosa)..

Total.-

241, 732

267

667

139, 866

93,600

22,000

13, 600

2, 477, 327

940, 798

3, 929, 857
19, 733

3, 910, 124

59, 044, 879

365, 724

13, 733

533

379, 990

Value

$32, 982

51

72

19, 113

12, 634

4,170

2,377

322, 408

109, 831

503, 638
3,075

500, 563

» 13, 235, 322

23,640
737
406

24, 783

' From Foreign Trade of China. Values converted at average exchange rate, 1925, haikwan tael=
$0.8518.
2 Exclusive of aniline dyes and "dyes and colors, unelassed" amouting to a value of $3,501,114.

Table 68. — China: Exports of indigo, 1925

To—

Pounds

Value

Hong Kong

575, 998
18,400
4,933

165, 200
2,000
7,867

$19, 640

Macao.

1,049

French Indo-China.. ...

158

Singapore, Straits, etc

4,823

British India -

230

Japan (including Formosa) - - - - - - -

230

Total

774, 398

26, 130

INTERNATIONAL DYE TEADE

175

Table 69. — Czechoslovakia: Imports and exports of coal-tar dyes, calendar year

1925^

Imports

Exports

Class of dye and country of
origin

Pounds

Value

Class of dye and country of
destination

Pounds

Value

Anthraquinone dyes:

242, 823
17, 172
5,534
2,194
2,048
1,340

$65, 207
2,246
7,257

305
1,369

377

Anthraquinone dyes:

Russia

47, 224

14, 848

7,802

3,078

2,676

1,750

1,045

897

419

309

265

9

$18, 271

British India

Germany

2,838

Hungary

1,211

Netherlands

1,513

Rumania

400

Sweden

865

Austria

306

Poland

1,229

312

82

157

3

Total..

Total

271, 111

76, 761

80, 322

27, 187

Sulphur and azo dyes:
Germany

991, 175
80, 706

321, 270
40. 273

Sulphur and azo dyes:

Germany

341, 995

15, 514

9,603

2,952

247

187

121

104

64

53, 678

Switzerland

Netherlands

3,126

Netherlands

30,044 ' 6,879
4,123 ; 467

816 ! 188

1

i

Austria

2,089

France

Hungary

1,216

Other countries

Italy

128

59

Switzerland

25

219

Rumania

48

Total

Total...

1,106,864 369,077

370,787

60, 588

All other coal-tar dyes:
Germany

4,886,115 i 3,031,936

861,433 ! 449,764

313,334 ! 161,854

74,956 39,827

32, 178 ' 17, 193

5,974 2,834

5, 516 2, 040

5,004 3,015

3,016 1,244

2, 599 1, 408

791 679

382 1 114

All other coal-tar dyes:

Germany

610, 762

117, 265

55, 115

21, 673

18, 179

13,369

13,029

11, 279

9,791

8,796

3,386

1,396

1,356

1,246

710

584

445

267

258

249

214

196

174

428

364, 418

Switzerland

Hungary

54, 297

Austria

24, 790

Netherlands

6,008

Rumania

6,895

Hungary

Yugoslavia

6,480

Italy

Russia -

13,067

Poland

Poland

5,672

Great Britain

Sweden

4,414

Belgium

Switzerland

6,469

Hamburg

Italy

2,272

France

804

Belgium

923

454

412

Norway

383

United States

272

Trieste .

269

EEVDt

334

Turkey

216

Fiume..

212

French Morocco

Denmark

88
259

321

Total

Total

6,191,297 3,711,907

890, 167

499, 729

Aggregate

7, 569, 272

4, 157, 745

Grand total

1, 341, 276

587,504

1 From foreign commerce of the Republic of Czechoslovakia, ofiScial.
exchange rate, 1925, 1,000 crowns=$29.656.

Values converted at average

176 CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHER SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS
Table 70. — Egypt: Imports and exports of coal-tar dyes, 1926 '

Imports

Reexports

Class of dye and country of
origin

Pounds Value

Class of dye and country of
destination

Pounds

Value

Synthetic indigo:

136, 824 $35, 681
524, 146 146. 123

Synthetic indigo.

891
8,329

$449

France

Other coal-tar dyes

3,016

Germany

Total

Switzerland

59, 712

14, 695

Total

720, 682

196,499

9,220

3,465

Other coal-tar dyes:
Germany

183, 943
20, 838
34, 321

79,731
10,184
13,000

Switzerland. . .

Other countries..

Total

239, 102

102, 915

Other dyes:

United Kingdom

Germany

Other countries

5,055
6,473
9,810

4,955
4,232
4,740

Total

Grand total

21, 338

13, 927

981, 122
36,806

313, 341
32, 660

Natural indigo:

British India

Total

36,806

32,'660

' From monthly summary of the foreign trade of Egypt, issue of December, 1926. Values converted at
average exchange rate, 1926, 1 Egyptian pound=$4.98476.

INTEENATIONAL DYE TRADE

177

Talbe 71. — India:

Imports of coal-tar dyes and exports of natural indigo, year
elided March 31, 1926 '

Imports of coal-tar dyes

Class of dye and country of
origin

Alizarin:

United Kingdom.

Gibraltar

Ceylon

Germany

Netherlands

Belgium

France

Switzerland

Java..

Japan

Pounds

585, 289

18, 390

123

649, 544

329, 274

239, 396

2,270

28,232

1,680

300

Value

$141, 434

5,242

27

191, 524

103, 292

54, 588

378

5,523

383

61

Total .1 1,854,498

Aniline:

United Kingdom

Aden and dependencies.

Ceylon

Other British possessions.

Germany

Netherlands

Belgium

France.

Switzerland

Italy

.\ustria

Czechoslovakia

China

Portuguese East Africa..

Japan

Sweden

United States

Total.

Indigo, synthetic:

France

Switzerland...
China

Total.

Other coal-tar dyes:
United Kingdom.

Germany..

Netherlands

Total -

470, 295

300

1,551

121

4, 862, 499

497, 286

231, 933

100, 103

577, 850

109, 244

1,223

220

2,668

4,193

24,127

458

1,571,110

2,935

502, 452

270, 511

146

1,316

110

2, 796, 008

335, 374

144, 284

56, 376

409, 586

80, 181

1,267

138

2,230

3,077

19, 897

376

602, 630

8, 455, 181

4, 723, 509

1,344

224

2,128

755
173
783

3,696

1,711

20

2,691

224

331

2,257
127

2,715

Imports of coal-tar dyes

Class of dye and country of p„„„h=
origin rouuub

Re-exports:

Alizarin

Aniline

Total exports

Total net imports

34, 352
233, 459

67,811

IQ, 048, 499

Exports of natural indigo

Class of dye and country of
destination

United Kingdom

Cyprus

Palestine...

Aden and dependencies

Mesopotamia

Ceylon

France

Italy

Georgia

Greece

Turkey in Europe ,

Turkey in Asia

Syria ,

Maskat Territory and Tru-

cial Oman

Other native States in .Vrabia

Persia

Japan

Egypt

Total

Pounds

38, 304

3,696

1,008

560

41, 664

336

1,568

1,568

1,456

26, 096
6,160
1,120
2,240

560
672

34, 944
3,696

60, 256

225, 904

Value

$8,833
192, 706

201, 539

5, 028, 848

Value

$31, 079

4,442

1,014

569

41,729

445

949

1,998

2,073

27, 180

4,968

1,050

2,873

475

585

34, 587

1,688

46, 435

204, 139

' From annual statement of the sea-borne trade of British India with the British Empire and foreign
countries. Values converted at average exchange rate, 1925, 1 rupee =$0.36505.

178 CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHER SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS
Table 72. — India: Imports of coal-tar dyes, calendar year 1926 ^

Class of dye and country of origin

Alizarin:

United Kingdom.

Germany

Netherlands

Belgium

Switzerland

Other countries..

Total.

Aniline:

United Kingdom.

Germany

Netherlands

Belgium.-

Switzerland

United States

Other countries..

Total.

Other coal-tar dyes:
Total

Total of dyes obtained from coal tar.
Synthetic indigo

Pounds

565, 824

2, 243, 927

951,819

133, 866

80, 836

52, 991

4, 029, 263

349, 353
5, 396, 122
468, 900
314,810
464, 568
1, 729, 549
314, 438

3,041

13, 070, 044

2,128

Value

$109, 669

537, 377

253, 786

35, 250

15, 414

11,796

963, 292

216, 209
2, 895, 108
318, 323
231, 014
317, 973
630, 155
205, 191

9,037,740 I 4,813,973

1,196

5, 778, 461
1,251

' From accounts relating to the sea-borne trade and navigation of British India for the calendar year 1926.
Values converted at average exchange rate, 1923, 1 rupee =$0.363267.

Table 73. — India: Exports of indigo, calendar year 1926 ^

Exported to—

Pounds

Value

United Kingdom 52, (

Mesopotamia.
Persia

Egypt

Other countries.

Total.

46, 928
28, 672
42, 336
54,544

224, 560

$43, 892
47, 853
23, 386
32, 193
57, 742

205, 066

' From accounts relating to the sea-borne trade and navigation of British India for the calendar year 1926.
Value converted at average exchange rate, 1926, 1 rupee=$0.363267.

INTEENATIONAIi DYE TRADE 179

Table 74. — Netherlands: Imports and exports of coal-tar dyes, 1925 '

Country of origin or destination

Imports

Exports

Pounds

Value

Pounds

Value

Germany

2, 849, 277

187,190

36, 771

611,585

864

26

4, 561

4,414

2,092

$1, 425, 086

76, 355

18, 373

147, 030

701

8

1,506

1,466

1,375

484, 381
462, 322
85, 962
13, 177
24. 138
48, 305
10, 862
19,445
50, 790
13, 982
49, 196

4,374
19, 352

8,391
24, 575

4,630

836

18, 867

3,871
15, 168

4,440

7,011
113,470

8,776

$248,336

Belgium -.

85, 320

Great Britain . .

37. 618

France . . . . .

10, 686

United States.. ..

12, 408

Dutch East Indies

12, 622

European Kussia

4,819

Norway -..

8,144

Sweden ..

19, 554

3,080

Denmarli; and Iceland

1,254

1,660

24, 976

559
2,450
9,555

14, 835

Greece

4,921

Italy and Fiume

10,359

Hungary. . .... . .

2,309

\ustria

403

341

7,936

Portugal ...

1,591

Rumania

6,598

2,369

789

7,143

Spain __

454
384, 467

361
223, 333

3,212

16, 532

British West Africa..

2,746

1,414

Czechoslovakia

8,437

3,927

48, 720

Egypt

1,050

4,158

3,478

7,145

2,222

6,900

5,529

15, 392

24, 015

35, 858

743

1,320

500

29, 672

6,795

3,528

Hong Kong._

706

3,117

India Empire

1,565

1,045

2,941

7,042

11,799

Chile...- .

18, 678

Colombia

808

592

689

Uruguay.

14,558

Other countries

940

460

405, 477

Total ..

4, 131, 692

1, 919, 778

1, 632, 412

1, 036, 079

1 From annual statistics of the foreign trade of the Netherlands,
rate, 1925, 1 gulden = $0.401601.

Values converted at average exchange

180 CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHER SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS
Table 75. — Sweden: Imports and exports of coal-tar dyes, 1925 ^

Imports

Exports

Class of dye and country of
origin

Pounds

Value

Class of dye and country of
origin

Pounds

Value

Alizarin dyes:

Denmark .

1,160

112,754

776

152

$1, 059

102, 985

709

139

Alizarin dyes:
Norway ..

381

172

4

$860
576

Germany

Denmark

Czechoslovakia

Finland-

46

Other countries

Total . .

Total

114,842

104, 892

557

1 482

Aniline and other coal-tar
dyes:
Norway

Aniline and other coal-tar
dyes:
Norway... ...

12,187
28, 649

7, 568
1,076,649

34, 297
30. 207
60, 203

8, 521
2, 366

269, 810

9,072

14, 233

117

7,050

16,572

4,378

622, 800

19, 840

17,474

34, 825

4, 929

1,368

156,075

5,248

8,233

67

63, 261

14,240

10,401

459

661

459

3,944

2,800

658

59, 084

8,573

8,339

453

Denmark

Denmark- -

Finland

Finland

Germany _ . ..

Netherlands

Netherlands

Belgium- ..

438

Belgium . .

British East Indies

Mexico...

3,304
8,501

Great Britain

France

Chile---

3,412

Italy

Other countries

611

Switzerland.

Total .

Czechoslovakia.

United States

Other countries. .

Total ...

1, 553, 879

898, 859

96, 883

92 715

Indigo, synthetic:

Norway..

Indigo, synthetic:

Denmark

6. 845

22, 236

11

1,334

6,498

3

359

111

481

Germany--- ..

Denmark

185

Switzerland.

Total.

Total

29, 092

7,835

470

666

.\ggregate.

Other indigo dyes:

Germany

3, 506
229

534
35

97, 910

Switzerland.

Total

3,735

569

Grand total

1. 701, 548

1, 012, 155

94, 863

Indigo, natural:

Total...

55

125

• From official trade statistics of the Swedish Department of Commerce. Values converted at average
exchange rate, 1925, 1 kroner=$0.26847y.

INTEKNATIONAL DYE TRADE 181

Table 76. — Dutch East Indies: Imports of coal-tar dyes, 1925 '

Class of dye and country of

Dry

Class of dye and country of
origin

In paste

origin

Pounds

Value

Pounds

Value

Alizarin:

11,574
57, 258

$5, 798
28, 684

Alizarin:

Netherlands

147, 931
100, 530
553, 797
13, 558
10,582
7,937

$49,315

Great Britain

33. 513

Germany

184, 614

France...

4,520

British India . .

3,528

Japan. .. .

2,646

Total

Total

68, 832

34, 482

834, 335

278, 136

Indigo, synthetic:

Netherlands

Indigo, synthetic:

7,760
3,845
1,323

5,277

2,493

804

190, 345
781, 002
278, 443
3,342
106, 482

814
54, 057

75, 243

Germany

308, 728

France

110, 068

Italy

1,322

Switzerland.

42, 092

Other European coun-
tries

322

United States

21, 368

Total

Total

12, 928

8,574

1, 414, 485

559, 143

Aggregate.

Aniline dyes:

Netherlands

225, 524
6,184
1, 082, 272
27, 163
3,347
50, 856
18, 878
1,927

187, 336

5,137

899,015

22,564

2,780

42,244

15, 681

1,601

Great Britain

Germany

Belgium,

Italy . -.

Switzerland. .

Singapore

Other countries

Total

1, 416, 161

1,176,358

3, 746, 731

2, 056, 693

1 From annual review of the foreign trade of the Dutch East Indies during the year 1925, oflBcial, vols
A and 2B. Values converted at average exchange rate, 1925, 1 gulden = $0.401601.

PART VII
APPENDIX

STATISTICS OF DOMESTIC IMPORTS AND EXPORTS

DIRECTORY OF MANUFACTURERS OF DYES AND OTHER
SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1926

49113—27 13 183

STATISTICS OF IMPORTS AND EXPORTS

Statistical Tables

Table 77. — Coal-tar products: Imports entered for consumption, calendar years

1924-1926

GROUP I. CRUDE (FREE)

Benzene, pounds

Dead or creosote oil, gallons

Naphthalene, solidifying at less than 79°
C ., pounds

Coal tar, crude, barrels..

Pitch, coal tar, barrels

Toluene, pounds

Acenaphthene, fluorene, methylanthra-
cene, and methylnaphthalene, pounds..

Anthracene, purity less than 30 per cent,
pounds

Anthracene oil, gallons

Cresylic acid, pounds

Cumene, cymene, pounds.

Metacresol, orthocresol, and paracresol,
purity less than 90 per cent, pounds

Pyridine, pounds

Xylene, pounds

All other distillates n. s. p. f., which on
being subjected to distillation yield in
the portion distilling below 190° C. a
quantity of tar acids less than 5 per cent
of the original distillate, pounds

All other products found naturally in coal
tar, whether produced or obtained fro.Ti
coal tar or other sources, n. s. p. f.,
pounds

Year

1924

Quantity

Value

363, 742: $12, 632
9,687,632 13,463,689

5, 266, 708
14, 579
2, 630

96, 491

44,586

7,765

298, 022

18, 259

2, 327, 528

1,
604,235

2, 440, 358

2, 865, 954

8,759

3,863

157, 643

1925

Quantity

Value

1926

Quantity

1,573,250 $44,313 8,315.966
84, 868, 568 10, 973, 491 87, 518, 544

1, 979, 612

13, 452

1,948

73,400

26, 593

49, 877

8,361

2,642

470, 571

13, 156

2, 163, 557

499

454

268, 782 788, 979
110, 177

151, 850

5, 994, 803

151,083 1,480,792

7,582
1,

122, 742
135

6, 962, 719

18, 663

5,141

29,064

27, 782

444, 170

16, 213

5, 702, 740

394, 337
5,697

743, 283
298,113

367,672 3,136,

21,029

194, 172

Value

$215, 314
11,720,397

126, 088

57, 603

18, 508

1,797

4,175

8,165

2,483

331, 550

366, 161
15, 201

197, 009

4,374

GROUP II (DUTIABLE AT 15 PER CENT AD VALOREM PLUS 214 CENTS PER POUND;
DUTIABLE AT 55 PER CENT PLUS 7 CENTS PER POUND AFTER SEPTEMBER 21,
1922: DUTIABLE AT 40 PER CENT PLUS 7 CENTS PER POUND AFTER SEPTEMBER
21, 1924)

Article and year

Pounds

Value

Duty

Actual
and com-
puted ad
valorem
rate

Not colors, dyes, or stains, photographic chemicals,
medicinals, flavors, or explosives, n. s. p. f.:
Acids—

Arsanillic—

1923

223

$3,345

$1, 855

55.47

1924

1925

1,092

10,920

4,444

40.70

1926 '

Benzoic—

1922

100
100

365
410

57
233

15.68

1923 . - -

56.71

1924

1925

1926' -

• Included in other coal-tar acids.

185

186

CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHER SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS

Table 77. — Coal-tar products: Imports entered for consumption, calendar years

1 92 Jr- 1926 — Continued

GROUP n (DUTIABLE AT 15 PER CENT AD VALOREM PLUS 2% CENTS PER POUND
DUTIABLE AT 55 PER CENT PLUS 7 CENTS PER POUND AFTER SEPTEMBER 21,
1922; DUTIABLE AT 40 PER CENT PLUS 7 CENTS PER POUND AFTER SEPTEMBER
21. 1924)— Continued

Article and year

Pounds

Value

Duty

Actual
and com-
puted ad
valorem
rate

Not colors, dyes, or stains, photographic chemicals,
medicinals, flavors, or explosives, n. s. p. f.— Contd.
Acids — Continued.

Carbolic (phenol) which on being subjected to
distillation yields in the portion distilling be-
low 200° C. a quantity of tar acids equal to or
more than 5 per cent of the original distillate-
Crystal—

19221

280, 224
69, 310
126, 618
176,081
256, 126
218, 437

1,702
145, 375
2,815
62, 869
378, 777
98, 672
25, 932

2,276
1,107

$30, 414
16, 102
21, 389

46, 786
58, 958

47, 351

1,801

18,488
257
15, 169
29,066
23,618
4,748

1,881
854

$11,568
13, 708
20, 627
38, 058
41,512
34, 231

313
20, 345

338
12 744

38 03

19222 -•

85. 13

1923

96 44

1924

81 34

1925 -

70 41

1926

72 29

Liquid—

1922 L

17 36

19222...

110 04

1923

131 67

19243

Hi ni

1924<

38 141 1 1S1 99

1925

16, 354
3,714

339
547

69 24

1926 -.

Salicylic and salts of, not medicinal—

19221 _.. .

78.23
18 02

1923 . . -

64 07

1924

1925

1,757

521

331

63 61

19265

Other coal-tar acids—

1925 .

4,921
38, 078

2,267

400

65
30

5,707
49, 405

817

497

11
220

2,627
22, 427

485

227

10
123

46 03

1926

45 40

Acetanilide, not medicinal—

1926 . .

59 42

Aminonaphthol, aminophenol, and aminophe-
netol—

1926

45 63

Aniline oil and salts—

19222

1923

1924

90.00
55.95

1925...

1926 .

700
2

350
2

189

1

54 00

Anthracene, purity of 30 per cent or more-

19222

62 00

1923

1924

1925

10
313

6,686

20
200

4
122

8,116

11
240

2
71

3,714

7
146

57 50

1926

57 96

Anthraquinone, aminoanthraquinone, and nitro-
anthraquinone—
1926 .-

45 77

Benzaldehyde (not medicinal) and nitrobenzalde-
hyde—
19222

67 73

1923

60 83

1924

1925

2,204

3,852

72

7

1,212
4,151

56
23

639
1,930

36
13

52 73

1926

46 50

Benzidine, benzidine sulphate—
19222. . .

64 00

1923...

57 13

1924

1925

192fi6 _. .

137, 684

29
10

83, 841 43, 174

10 8
22 13

51 50

Benzyichloride, benzalchloride, and benzoylchlo-
ride—
19222..

75 30

1923...

58 18

1924

1925..

1926'

1

1 Act of 1916.

2 Act of 1922.

8 Jan. 1-Sept. 21, 1924.
* Sept. 22-Dec. 31, 1924.

' Included in "other coal-tar acids."
6 Includes benzanthrone, benoquinone, and benzyl,
benzal, and benzoylchloride.
' Included in benzidine and benzidine sulphate.

STATISTICAL TABLES

187

Table 77. — Coal-tar products: Imports entered for consumption, calendar years

i5^4-i5^(5— Continued

GROUP II (DUTIABLE AT 15 PER CENT AD VALOREM PLUS 2H CENTS PER POUND;
DUTIABLE AT 55 PER CENT PLUS 7 CENTS PER POUND AFTER SEPTEMBER 21,
1922; DUTIABLE AT 40 PER CENT PLUS 7 CENTS PER POUND AFTER SEPTEMBER

21, 1924)— Continued -

t
Article and year | Pounds

1

Value

Duty

Actual
and com-
puted ad
valorem
rate

Not colors, dyes, or stains, photographic chemicals,
medicinals, flavors, or explosives, n. s. p. f.— Con.
Carbazole, purity of 65 per cent or more—

1922 1

8,820

$3,865

$800

20 70

1922 2

1923

1924

1925

2,073
2,157

1,000

11

23, 576

33

10

2,224
1,008
8, 754

15, 326
1,000

34, 874
105, 238

977

828
324

540

16

8,134

106

12

107

167

5,410

1,995

663

5,741

15, 040

1,221

476
281

286

10

4,904

45

6

72
162
3,588
2,170
335
4,738
13,383

740

57 53

1926

86 60

Dihydroxy naphthalene and dianisidine—

1926

52.96

Diphenylamine—

1924 3

59 81

1924 i

60.29

1925.

42.18

1926

45 83

Metacresol, orthocresol, and paracresol, purity of 90
per cent or more —
1922 1

66.96

1922 2...

97.24

1923.

66.33

1924 3

108. 78

1924 <

50.56

1925

82.52

1926

88 98

Methvlanthraquinone—

1923

60.60

1924....

1925...

1926

4,989
75,680

1,147
7,684

808
3,045

70.45

Naphthalene soldifying at 79° C. or above —
1922 1

39 61

1922 2

1923...

9,605
4,549

194
1,147

779
949

401. 57

1924

82.76

1925

1926

424
658

125
799

80
136

63 74

1922 1

17 06

1922 2

1923

13,376

10, 976

4,310

23,765

29,300

29, 569

24, 202

1,435

33, 284

9,617

17, 199
14, 079

876
14, 977

5,898

58.17

1924

58.17

1925

61.02

1926.-

45.00

Nitroaniline, para and meta, nitrobenzene, nitro-
naphthalene nitrophenylenediamine, nitroso-
dimethylaniline, nitrotoluene, and nitrotolylene-
dia mine—

1926

61.33

Phenylhydrazine—

1924

1925

50
10, 237

475
11,875

194
5,467

40 74

1926 5

46.03

1922

1923

12, 520
2,240
16, 590
15,484

5

16, 976

3,360

22,392

20, 907

6

10, 213
2,005

10,118
9,447

4

60. 16

1924

59.67

1925

45.19

1926

45.18

Tolidine—

1923

60.83

1924

1925

1926 6

11,223
23,041

2,071
8,414

1,614
4,978

77.93
59.17

1 Act of 1916.
" Act of 1922.
'From Jan. 1 to Sept. 21, 1924.

* From Sept. 22 to Dec. 31, 1924.

• Includes phenylenediamine, phenylglycine and phenylnaphthylamine.

« Includes toluene sulfochloride, toluene sulfonamide, toluidine and tolylenediamine.

188

CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHER SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS

Table 77. — Coal-tar products: Imports entered for consumption, calendar years

1924-1926— Continued

GROUP II (DUTIABLE AT 15 PER CENT AD VALOREM PLUS 2V^ CENTS PER POUND;
DUTIABLE AT 55 PER CENT PLUS 7 CENTS PER POUND AFTER SEPTEMBER 21,
1922; DUTIABLE AT 40 PER CENT PLUS 7 CENTS PER POUND AFTER SEPTEMBER
21, 1924)— Continued

Article and yeir

Pounds

Value

Duty

Actual
and com-
puted ad
valorem
rate

Not colors, dyes, or stains, photographic chemicals,
medicinals, flavors, or explosives, n. s. p. f.— Con.
All distillates n. s. p. f., which on distillation yield
In the portion distilling below 190° C. a quantity
of tar acids equal to or more than 5 per cent of
the original distillate:
1922 '

328, 601

22, 163

245, 119

901

662, 037

252, 382

5,784

18, 2.57
195, 757
144, 971
233, 495
135, 833
7,042

389, 708

187, 377
1, 436, 982
2, 104, 299

158, 766
1, 901, 203

582, 859

$33, 784
9,128
30,328
1,491
47, 889
15, 441
10, 662

$4, 102
36, 382
21, 046
17, 798
29, 014
3,379

153, 625
61, 967
330, 514
475, 136
73, 973
963, 925
436. 074

$13, 283

6,572

33,839

883

65, 498

23, 843

4,670

$3, 534
33, 713
21, 723
23, 464
21.114
1,845

32, 786
47, 198
282, 371
408, 626
40, 703
518, 654
215, 230

39 32

1922 2, 8 __

72 00

1923 - -

111.58

1924 *

59. 23

1924 5

136. 77

1925

154,41

1926

43.80

All di.stillates of coal, blast-furnaces, oil-gas, and
water-gas tar which on being subject to distilla-
tion below 215° C. yield a quantity of tar acids
equal to or more than 75 per cent of the original
distillate:
19222

86.16

1923

92.66

1924 3

103. 22

1924 <_

131.83

1925 - .

72.77

1926 .

54.59

All similar products, obtained, derived, or manu-
factured in whole or in part from the products
provided for in Group I (free):
1922 1. _

21.34

1922 2 _

76.17

1923

85. 43

1924 3

1924<..._

1925

1926.

86.00
55.02
53.81
49.36

8 At 190° C. instead of 200° C, act of 1922.

GROUP III (DUTIABLE AT 30 PER CENT AD VALOREM; DUTIABLE AT 60 PER CENT
AD VALOREM PLUS 7 CENTS PER POUND AFTER SEPTEMBER 21, 1922; DUTIABLE
AT 45 PER CENT AD VALOREM PLUS 7 CENTS PER POUND AFTER SEPTEMBER
21, 1924)

Article and year

Pounds

Value

Duty

Actual
and com-
puted ad
valorem
rate

When obtained, derived, or manufactured in whole or in
part from any of the products provided for in Group I
(free) or 11, including natural indigo and their deriva-
tives:
Alizarin, natural —

1922'

28,399
1,547
9,283
6,665
5,137
1,755

21,614
1,836
3,002

$63, 304
3, 094

18, 600
9,335

13,243
1,521

22, 190
3,699
12, 008

$18,991

1.965

11,810

6,068

6,319

807

666
2,348
5,614

30 00

19222.

63.50

1923

63. 49

1924

65 00

1925 ...

47.72

1926--

53.08

Alizarin, synthetic —

1922'

30.00

1923

03.47

1924

46.75

1925

1926

1,496

293, 005

79, 542

711

468, 134

62. 986

425
140, 440
27, 077

59.73

Dyes obtained, derived, or manufactured from
alizarin —
1922"

30.00

Colors, or color lakes obtained, derived, or manufac-
tured, from alizarin—
1922'

35.05

1 Act of 1916.

2 Act of 1922.

3 From Jan. 1 to Sept. 21, 1924.
« From Sept. 22 to Dec. 31, 1924.

STATISTICAL TABLES

189

Table 77 — Coal-tar products: Imports entered for consumption, calendar years

1924-1926— Continued

GROUP HI (DUTIABLE AT 30 PER CENT AD VALOREM; DUTL\BLE AT fiO PER CENT
AD VALOREM PLUS 7 CENTS PER POUND AFTER SEPTEMBER 21, 1922; DUTIABLE
AT 45 PER CENT AD VALOREM PLUS 7 CENTS PER POUND AFTER SEPTEMBER
21, 1924)— Continued

Article and year

Pounds

Value

Duty

-Actual
and com-
puted ad
valorem
rate

When obtained, derived, or manufactured in whole or in
part from any of the products provided for in Group I
(free) or 11, including natural indigo and their deriva-
tives— Continued.
Colors, dyes, stains, etc., obtained, derived or
manufactured from alizarin—

1922 2

56, 294
274, 799
68, 762
4,671
27, 391
18, 796

330, 129

27, 535

17, 697

7,319

1,043

55

$82, 981
379,673
98, 693
4,830
52, 769
31,944

605, 187

63,102

26,002

8,126

863

490

$53. 729

247, 040

64,029

2,500

25, 663

15, 691

181. 556

20,032

16, 840

■5,388

591

224

64.75

1923

65.07

1924 8

64.88

1924 <

51.77

1925

48.63

1926

49.12

Dyes obtained, derived, or manufactured from an-
thracene and carbazole —
1922 1

30 00

Colors, or color lakes obtained, derived, or manufac-
tured fro:u anthracene and carbazole—

1922'

31.75

Colors and dyes, obtained, derived, or manufac-
tured from anthracene or carbazole—

1922 2...

64.76

1923

66.30

1924 3

68.46

1924 <

45.79

1925

1926

Indigo, natural-

1922'

14, 461

19, 074

5,722

30.00

19222

1923

9,102
3,863

4,149
741

3,427
715

73.70

1924

96.49

1925_.

1926...

275
86,585

270
123, 702

141
37,111

52.13

Indigo, synthetic —

19221

30.00

1922 2

1923

356
1,076
1,040
1,589

872
13, 864

220
4,641
14,834

2, 077, 712
677, 849
3, 059, 361
1, 905. 219
1. 357. 133
5, 606, 827
5, 101, 759

239

4,263

1,124

2,906

900

500

117
482
466
280

1,482

18. 636

544

5. 079
23,667

2,941,773
894, 844
4, 154, 091
2,320,712
1, 865. 036
6, 762. 764
5, 613, 847

262

3.635

2,270

1,521

881

835

95 81.30

1924

292
282
237

950
12, 152

342
2,610
11,689

96.5. 640

584, 356

2, 706, 610

1, 525, 793

60.63

192.5 -

60.62

1926

84.73

Colors, dyes, stains, etc., derived from indigo —

1922 2.. .

64. 11

1923

65.21

1924

62. 83

1925

51.40

1926

49.39

All other colors, dyes, or stains, whether soluble or
not in water, color acids, color bases, or color
lakes—

1922'

32.83

1922 2. .

65.30

1923

6,5. 16

1924 3

65. 75

1924 *

934, 266 50. 09

■1925...

3, 435, 722
2, 883, 354

174
2,479
1,441

888
459

50.80

1926

51.36

Color lakes—
1922 2.

66.38

1923..

68.21

19243 _

63.47

1924 <

.58. 37

1925... _

,52. 15

1926

411 i 49.19

' Act of 1916.
'Act of 1922.

3 From Jan. 1 to Sept. 21, 1924.
* From Sept. 22 to Dec. 31, 1924.

190 CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHER SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS

Table 77. — Coal-tar -products: Imports entered for consumption, calendar years

1924-1936— Continued

GROUP III (DUTIABLE AT 30 PER CENT AD VALOREM; DUTIABLE AT 60 PER CENT
AD VALOREM PLUS 7 CENTS PER POUND AFTER SEPTEMBER 21, 1922; DUTIABLE
AT 45 PER CENT AD VALOREM PLUS 7 CENTS PER POUND AFTER SEPTEMBER
21, 1924)— Continued

Article and year

When obtained, derived, or manufactured in whole or in
i part from any of the products provided for in Group I
i (free) or II, including natural indigo and their deriva-
tives— Continued .
Resinlike products prepared from articles provided
for in pars. 27 and 1549 —

1922'

1922 2

1923...

1924 3 _ __

1924 <

1925

1926

Photographic chemicals —

1922'....

1922 2 _.

1923

1924'

1924<..-.

1925

1926 :

Coal-tar medicinals—
Acetanilid —

1923...

1924

1925

1926'

Acetphenetidin —

1923

1924

1925._

1926 8

Antipyrine —

1922'

1922 2

1923

1924 3 _ _ _

1924 <

1925

1926

Arsphenamine (salvarsan) and neo-arsphena-
mine —

1923

1924

1925

1926 5

Benzaldehyde —

1922...

1923

1924

1925...

1926 0

Benzoic acid, medicinal—

1924 3

1924*

1925

1926

b-Naphthol, medicinal —

1924

1925...

1926'

Novocain or procaine—

1923...

1924

1925

1926

Pounds

762
1,756
3,183
8,169

5S7
1.537
1,649

3,287

8,183
10, 182

2,868
781

9,889
23,846

58

13

50

721

25
200
100

Value

12, 604
913

14, 250
3,080
3,920

12, 540

15,710

5
85
77
165

571
2,780

1,924
1,450

111
100
551
235

1,102
269

1,404
2,094
10, 512
2,568
1.615
889
1,298

4,465
8,208
28,504
9,612
2,272
31.623
61, 586

$82

26

112

1,524

238
720
300

18, 468
1,740

20, 602
3,650
4,715

12, 107

14, 929

211

7,136

6,790

20, 992

914
4,059

2, 308
2,243

168

72

364

190

992
470

210

610

Duty

452

1, 379

6,530

2,113

768

508

700

1,471

5,498

17,815

5,968

1,077

14, 923

29. 383

$53
17
54

736

145
b38
142

4,617
1,108
3,359
2,406
2,396
6,326
7,818

127
3,217
3,061

9,458

588
2, 630

1,173
1,111

109

39

202

102

672
230

126

275

1 Act of 1916.

2 Act of 1922.

3 From Jan. 1 to Sept. 21, 1924.
« From Sept. 22 to Dec. 31, 1924.

« Includes other similar arsenical

medicinal compounds.
« Includes beta-uaph'aol.
' Included with benzaldehyde.

STATISTICAL TABLES

191

Table 77. — Coal-tar products: Imports entered for consumption, calendar years

1 924-1 5^6'— Continued

GROUP III (DUTIABLE AT 30 PER CENT AD VALOREM; DUTIABLE AT 60 PER CENT
AD VALOREM PLUS 7 CENTS PER POUND AFTER SEPTEMBER 21, 1922; DUTIABLE
AT 45 PER CENT AD VALOREM PLUS 7 CENTS PER POUND AFTER SEPTEIMBER
21, 1924)— Continued

Article and year

Pounds

Value

Duty

Actual
and com-
puted ad
valorem
rate

AVhen obtained, derived, or manufactured in whole or in
part from any of the products provided for in Group I
Uree) or II, including natural indigo and their deriva-
tives— Continued.
Coal-tar medicinals— Continued.
Phenolphthalein—
1922 I

64
1,487
2,931
220
1,146
1,488

7,840
6,701
12, 136

40

4
330
237

131

7,937
43, 325
23, 257
45, 333
47, 238
51,513

31
11
2

$36
8,877
10, 891
2,646
1,763
1,935

9,800
9,124
19,758

81
55

324
1,620
2,039

24,410
164, 238
1)5,937

89. 953
169, 365
207, 577

90
13
33

$9

5,430

6,740

1,206

874

975

4,959

4, 575
9,741

51

33

169

746

927

15,202
101,576
71,190
43. 652
79, 521
97, 016

56
9
15

25.00

1922 2

61.17

1923. -

61.88

1924

1925

1926 -

45. .58
49.55
50.38

Resorcinol, medicinal —

1924

1925

1926

50. eo

50.14
49. 30

Salicylic acid and its salts, medicinal—

1923

63.46

1924 3.

60.51

1924*..

52.13

1925

46.02

1926 . .

45.45

Other coal-tar medicinals —
1922 2

62.27

1923

1924 3

61.85
61. 40

1924 <

48. 53

1925

46.95

1926

46. 74

Flavors—

1923

1924...

62.41
65.92

]925...

45.42

1926

Saccharin—

19221

1
1

15
14

1

8

4.33

60.50

1923

1924...

51

17

11

66.00

1925

j

Explosives—

1923 -

1,980

3,929

2,496

63. 53

1924

1925

[

1926

Ink powder «—

1923

261

18

100

308
6

172

203

5

84

65.93

1924

81.00

1925

49.07

1926

Synthetic tanning materials—

1923

1,412
1,643
1,010

2,162
3,926
2,079

1, 396
2.471
1,006

64.57

1924

62. 93

1925

48.40

1926 .

1

1 Act of 1916. 2 From Jan. 1 to Sept. 21, 1924.

3 Act of 1922. « From Sept. 22 to Dec. 31, 1924.

' Imports for coal-tar ink powder first separately reported for 1923. In the Commission's Census of
1923, on page 194, were published the imports from 1918 to 1923, of "Ink and ink powders," "Printers'
ink," " Writing and copying inks," and "All other, including ink powders," and also exports of " Printers'
ink," and ".'^il other inks."

192 CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHER SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS

Table 78. — Coal-tar products: general imports, 1922-1926
DEAD OR CREOSOTE OIL (FREE)

Imported from—

1922

1923

1924

Quantity

. Value

Quantity

Value

Quantity

V^alue

United Kingdom . ...

Gallons

22, 383, 535

14,471,820

2, 406, 364

1, 537, 376

768, 442

$2, 235, 686

1, 528, 941

193, 804

184, 485

97, 533

Gallons
42, 352. 723
9, 277, 700
3, 094, 709
8, 478, 364
996, 140

$6, 897, 368
1, 422, 521

470, 337
1, 153, 750

127,417

Gallons
59, 594, 877
10. 324, 675

6, 634, 494
11,064,665

2, 069, 073

$8, 992, 571

Netherlands

1,611,622

Germany

828, 528

Belgium

1,744,817

Canada.

286, 151

Total

41,567,537

4, 240, 449

64, 199, 636

10, 071, 393

89, 687, 784

13, 463, 688

Imported from —

United Kingdom...

Netherlands

Germany

Belgium

France

Mexico _

Canada

All other countries-
Total

Quantity

Gallons

36, 549, 854

30, 325, 455

4, 200, 382

10,017,631

2, 505, 192

355, 557

914,497

84, 868, 568

Value

$4, 692, 650

3, 973, 994

512, 835

1,317,161

303, 843

55, 794

117,214

10, 973, 491

Quantity

Gallons
38, 982, 648
23, 454, 374
2,550
21, 724, 079

Value

$5, 053, 401

3, 158, 693

890

3, 007, 472

990, 926

2, 363, 905

62

139, 309

360, 607

25

87,518,544 11,720,397

BENZOL OR BENZENE

1922

1923

1924 1

1925 1 1926 '

1

Imported from—

Quan-
tity

Value

Quan-
tity

Value

Quan-
tity

Value

Quan-
tity

Value ! Q-f-

Value

Canada

Pounds

172, 108

420

$1, 167
56

Pounds
700, 157
944

$21, 732
185

Pounds

362, 640

1,102

$12,432
200

Pounds
735, 403

44
911,123

80

Pounds
$23, 636

Germany

13 1

Mexico. .

23, 298 1

All other countries 2

800

20

8 ' 1

.- . . .

Total

172, 528

1,223 701.901

21,937 36,3.742

12, 632

1, 646, 650

46, 955

' Includes toluene. ^ From New Zealand.

NAPHTHALENE

1922

1923

1924

1925

1926 3

Imported from —

Quan-
tity

Value

Quan-
tity

Value

Quan-
tity

Value

Quan-
tity

Value

Quan-
tity

Value

United Kingdom...

Pounds

2, 488, 716

$38, 619

Pounds
16,991.359

$408. .584

Pounds

2.707.419

$56, 963
5,238

Pounds
28, 104

$478

Pounds

Belgium

501,508' 9!789| 28l!834

Canada

532, 935

11,316

110,365

1,000

12, 823

395. IO7I 6. 591

102, 840

7.5.5

Germany

446 1,872,457' 122,831

2. 11 2 (149

31, 146
3,144

1, 848, 668 25, 360

Netherlands

2, 047 1 . 276. n27i 30. 768 ' 165! 406

1

All other countries.

94

1

L. ..

1

Total

3, 144, 332

54, 029 21. 036. 4581 578. 563 5. 266. 708

96, 491

1, 97^ 612 26. 593

1

1

' Included in " All other crudes."

STATISTICAL TABLES

193

Table 78. — Coal-tar products: general imports, 1922-19^6— Continued
PYRIDINE (FREE)

Imported from —

Quantity Value

Belgium

France

Germany _

Netherlands

United Kingdom...

Canada

Panama

All other countries.

Total.

Pounds
24, 075

.$9, 410

14,215

7,018

87, 269

33, 382

22, 576

10, 279

452,611

203. 743

4,841

3,208

1,148

447

2,245

1,295

608, 980 268, 782

1925

Quantity Value

Pounds

24, 551

25, 077
90, 347
19,009

626,313

$11,216
11,435
47, 571
11, 484

310, 290

3,780

2,341

789, 077

394, 337

1926

Quantity Value

Pounds
4,734

194, 666
34, 359

509, 524

743, 283

$2, 227

90, 169
25, 031

248, 734

366, 161

• Included in "all other crudes" prior to 1924.

TAR AND PITCH OF COAL

1922 1923

1924

1925

1926 >

Imported from—

Quan-
tity

Value 1 *3uan-
^^'"® j tity

1

Value

Quan-
tity

Value

Quan-
tity

Value

Quan-
tity

Value

Barrels
( 162

: Barrels

$1,241 |\ „

956 / "^

56,229 14,406

$365
44, 184

Barrels
1 21
\ 282
16, 563

$197

1, 295

48, 427

Barrels

1 770

9,875

4,453

302

$3, 654

29,739

23, 167

1,678

Pounds

Canada ' 24 563

91 j 297

2,276

343

2,432

Total

24,853

58, 517 14, 775

46,825

17,209

52, 351

15,400

58, 238

2 Included in "all other crudes."

TOLUOL OR TOLUENE i

Imported from—

1922

1923

Quantity

Value

Quantity

Value

Canada.

Pounds
143, 900
337

$6,044
17

Pounds
194, 660

$7,928

Sweden ___ _ _ __ ....

Total...

144, 237

6,061

194, 660

7,928

> Included with benzol in 1924 and 1925, and with "all other crudes" in 1926.

ALL OTHER CRUDES

Imported from—

1922

1923

1924

1925

1926

France

$308, 895

/ 54, 943

\ 1, 570

8,199

6,373

142

$929
684, 774
65. 102
14,010
18, 873
6,370

$2, 160
\ 472 .S.'i?

United Kingdom

$373. 252

445, 909

Canada

73,720 ) -■-'—■
7,326 16,362
2, 840 23, 595

227, 929

Germany

210, 122

Netherlands

3,749

Mexico

11,482
5

74, 067

All other countries i ... _ .

17, 583

14, 592

23, 254

Total

380, 122

807,641

471, 730 1 526, 141

985, 030

194

CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHER SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS

Table 78. — Coal-tar products: general imports, 1922-1926 — Continued

CARBOLIC ACID

Imported from—

1922 1

1923 1 »

Quantity

Value

Quantity

Value

England

Pounds

610, 789

62, 715

11,098

1,702

$87, 325

12, 258

898

1,801

Pounds
61,541

$14, 715

Netherlands

Germany

20

37

All other countries

Total

686,304

102, 282

61, 561

14, 762

> Dutiable.

» Not reported separately in 1924, 1925, or 1926.
ALL OTHER ACIDS

Imported from—

1922

1923

1924 3

Quantity

Value

Quantity

Value

Quantity

Value

England

France...

Pounds
60, 471

$5, 228

Pounds

100

223

1,125

17, 496

$410
3,345

877
• 74, 885

Pounds
250,257

$64, 817

Germany . . . .

4,445
8,943

2,394
9,939

All other countries

M5,024 1

12, 606

Total

73, 859

17, 561

18,944

79, 517

295,281 '

77,423

1 All other composed of 17,376 pounds, valued at $74,492, from Switzerland, and 110 pounds, valued at
385, from Canada.
3 All from Scotland.
3 1924 includes carbolic acid.

COAL-TAR ACIDS

Imported from —

1925

1926

Quantity

Value

Quantity

Value

United Kingdom .. . .

Pounds
199, 743
40, 098

1,533
93, 678

1,757

$46, 708

8,709

11, 520

25, 622

521

Pounds
231, 551
122, 990

$31, 204

Netherlands ..

27, 446

France

Germany

156, 773

74, 294

All other countries

Total

336,809

93, 080

511,314

132, 944

ALL OTHER INTERMEDIATES

Imported from—

France

Germany.

Netherlands

England

Switzerland

■Tapan

Canada ..

All other countries.

Quantity Value

''ounds
45, 666

$31, 180

514, 437

83, 397

83, 998

18, 898

669, 475

124, 632

62, 261

43, 856

400

39

329

308

Total 1,376,566 302,310 2,598,281 513,692 1 3,811,819

1923

Quantity Value

Pounds

30, 174

128, 707

295, 939

1, 700, 550

284

60

48, 022

1 394, 545

$45, 070

115,513

59, 276

236, 069

1,758

31

8,166

1 47, 809

1924

Quantity Value

Pounds

7,227

$8,937

1, 964, 349

507, 224

373, 004

93, 359

1, 421, 393

102, 682

5,490

7,437

40, 356

9,978

729, 617

> All other includes 394,487 pounds, valued at $47,752, from Scotland.

STATISTICAL TABLES

195

Table 78. — Coal-tar products: general imports, 1922-1926 — Continued
OTHER COAL-TAR INTERMEDIATES

Imported from—

1925

1926

Quantity

Value

Quantity

Value

France ..

Pourtds

48,976

480, 600

1, 165, 293

523, 335

21, 494

141

725

$45, 382

465, 690

414, 259

40,447

37, 391

54

1,569

Pounds
23,544
687, 872
125, 672
99,035
36, 777
22,604
2,786

$29,445
492 751

German V

48,048
13, 422
43 720

United Kingdom

Switzerland-

Canada.. .

13 445

All other countries .. .

1 381

Total.. —

2, 210, 564

1, 004, 792

998,290

642, 212

ALIZARIN AND DERIVATIVES

1922

1923

1924

1925

1926

Imported from—

Quan-
tity

value Q--

Value

Quan-
tity

Value

Quan-
tity

Value

Quan-
tity

Value

Pounds

1,232

1.560

7,379

323, 239

46. 340

47, 791

28,672

22, 758

887

$2, 359

2,240

10. 137

498, 548

57, 686

61,043

41,670

28,002

249

Pounds
275

$457

Pounds
5,958

$8,802

Pounds
9,246

$19, 437

Pounds
4,031

$8,886

Denmark

France

13,206
139, 144
24, 046
11,219
73. 561
17, 792
2,813
8,074

24, 630

167, 728
38, 190
16.024
124,831
18, 165
4,422
9,165

1,927

90, 619

4,189

3,172

30, 126

15, 593

25

2,750

117,816

7,405

5,994

58, 343

13, 086

198

220

11,304

864

233

852

2 133

Germany.-

Italy

7,545

5,494
96

Netherlands

Switzerland

United Kingdom

Canada

13,069

11,996

880

4

40,620

9,101

2,250

209

9,018
805

22,916
£94

X\\ other countries..

Total

479, 858

701, 934

290, 130

403, 612

151, 609

214, 394

47,583

74,635

21,454

37 986

ANTHRACENE AND CARBAZOLE COLORS AND DYES

Imported from—

1922 >

1923*

Quantity

Value

Quantity

Value

Germany..

Pounds
11, 900
5,797

$23,128
2,874

Pounds
4,434

$4, 692

England

Italy

3,885

4,284

Total

17, 697

26, 002

8,319

8,976

COLOR LAKES

France

Germany.

England . . . . . . . . .

16
223

$23
239

88
2,175
2,000

$162

2,710

763

Total

239

262

4,263

3,635

1 Beginning Sept. 22, 1922.

> No report since 1923.

196

CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHER SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS

Table 78. — Coal-tar products: general imports, 1922-1926 — Continued

INDIGO (DUTIABLE)

1922

1923

1924

1925

1926'

Imported
from—

Natural

Synthetic

Natural Synthetic

Indigo and
derivatives

Indigo and
derivatives

Indigo and
derivatives

Quan-'y J
tity \^^^^^

1

Quan-
tity

Value

Quan-
tity

valued"

Value

Quan-
tity

Value

^t^y'Value

Quan-
tity

Value

I
Lbs.
6 fOl $9 482

Lbs.
fia ass

$84,553
818

Lbs.

Lbs.

Lbs.

Lbs. '

1, 465 $1, 657

Lbs.

England

4^413 2^9041 2,000

9,378

too

$4 624

5,979

$i, 689

450

■

5,324
610
929

13, 920

1, 756

401

220
220

167 439 391

Germany

Italy

1,536^ 1,462

544

, 275

$341

1,232 1,610

All other

1

195

142 1 356

- - .

12 450 13 848 ''' 9is "11 44«

10, 473

5, 216 631

1

458 6.419

2,400 3.136 3.658

1

1 From China. ' Included in " Colors, dyes, stains, color acids, and color bases, n. e. s."

INDIGO, DYES, COLORS, STAINS, ETC. (DUTIABLE) i

1922 »

1923

Quantity

Value

Quantity

Value

Pounds

Pounds
2,522
1,860
5,411
2,206
1,810

$2, 614

ioo

772

$752
730

2,676

Italy - -

7,035

2,548

3,301

Total

872

1,482

13, 809

18, 174

No report for 1924, 1925, or 1926. " Sept. 22 to Dec. 31.

COAL-TAR COLORS OR DYES (DUTIABLE)

Imported from-

1922 1

Quantity

Value i Quantity

Value

Belgium

France.-

Germany

Switzerland

England-

All other countries

Total.

Pounds

1,941

36, 103

1, 138, 951

1,109,301

165, Ga3

101,537

2, 553, 576

$849

16, 038

1,662,608

1,809,778

139, 577

133, 991

Pounds

3, 762, 841

15, HI
266, 255
295, 470

31,374
130, 149

738, 359

$17, 523
344, 569
390, 457
27, 812
226, 563

1,006,924

Imported from—

Belgium

France

Germany

Switzerland

England

All other countries

Total

1924

Quantity

Pounds
17, 269
209, 865

1, 580, 403
857, 406
106, 704

« 480, 733

3, 252, 440

Value Quantity Value

$33, 667

347, 596

1,945,814

1,331,075

104, 965

* 661, 194

Pounds

45,063

124, 958

1, 652, 784

1, 118,215

104,113

388, 813

$55, 488

183, 526

2, 079, 059

1, 523, 829

98, 427

519, 127

4,424,311

3,433,946 | 4,459,456

I

I Jan. 1 to Sept. 21.

* Title changed to: Colors, dyes, stains, color acids, and color bases, u. e. s. in act of 1922.
» Sept. 22 to Dec. 31.

* Inclu -es 346,520 lbs. valued at $490,717 from Italy.

STATISTICAL TABLES

197

Table 78. — Coal-tar products: general imports, 1922-1926 — Continued
COLORS, DYES, STAINS, COLOR ACIDS, AND COLOR BASES, N. E. S.

Imported from-

Belgium

France, _

Germany _-

Switzerland

United Kingdom..

Italy

Netherlands

Canada

All other countries

Total

1925

Quantity

Pounds

109. 610

118,321

2, 932, 216

1,970,951

170,443

202, 752

166, 065

111,845

96

5, 782, 329

Value

$180, 416

166. 275

3, 757, 846

2, 260. 165

144. 621

245. 859

241.552

165, 659

284

7, 162. 677

Quantity Value

Pounds

236, 340

178, 181

2.179.374

1,864,891

200,912

92,446

9,152

206.298

5,355

4, 972, 949

$366, 594

240, 731

2, 323. 272

2. 171.317

202, 642

111,183

16, 835

158,310

9,771

5, 600. 655

COAL-TAR MEDICINALS i

1922,2
value

1923

1924

1925

1926

Imported from —

Quan-
tity

Value

Quan-
tity

Value

Quan-
tity

Value

Quan-
tity

Value

France.- . . .

$20,089
74,983
16, 953
25, 462
35, 473
31,701
4,009

Pounds
23,117
22, 087
310
3,611
12,802
4.707
1.494

$59, 600
52, 766
1, 593
46, 024
36,113
13, 579
2.580

Pounds

31,868

10,092

271

1,652

41.351

3,112

3,857

$63,310
33,416
1,214
78. 755
60. 477
11.473
7.330

Pounds

67. .545

26, 867

84

1,310

8,095

3,681

307

$106, 786

58, 618

1,406

67. 674

9,779

8. 532

,554

Pounds
20. 229
24,190
2,721
3.679
14. 320
2, 379
2. 576

$48, 350
77, 965
6 125

Germany..

Italy -

Netherlands

Switzerland.

91,473
15 131

United Kingdom..

14. 422

All other countries

3.883

Total .

208. 670

68.128

212. 255

92, 203

255, 975

107,889

253. 349

70. 094

257, 349

I "Medieiaal preparations, n. e. s.," to and including Sept. 21. 1922.

EXPLOSIVES, 1922 i

Sept. 22 to Dec. 31.

Imported from—

Quantity

Value

Italy

Pounds
5,470

$6,843

1 None reported for 1923, 1924, 1925, or 1926.

ALL OTHER FINISHED COAL-TAR PRODUCTS

1922,
value

1923

1924

1925

1926

Imported from—

Quan-
tity

Value

Quan-
tity

Value

Quan-
tity

Value

Quan-
tity

Value

France

$430

16, 658

715

2, 157

1

Pounds
1,110
9.821
2. 372
383
3,241

$11,459

27, 856

8,778

973

5,731

Pounds
394
9,871
928
178
709

$1,506

7,971

2,411

217

1,979

Pounds

619

11, 145

$1, 993
34, 786

Pounds

1,507

18, 358

441

2,671

49

$5, 162

Germany...

47,512

Switzerland.

959

United Kingdom

1,815
20

2,130
13

9,47C

.\11 other countries...

388

Total

19, 961

16, 927

54,797

12, 080

14,084 1 13. ,599

38,922 23.026

63, 491

198

CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHER SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS

Table 79. — Coal-tar products: Domestic exports, 1922-1926

COAL TAR

1922

1923 1

1924 1

1925 1

1926 «

Exported to —

Quan-
tity

Value

Quan-
tity

Value

Quan-
tity

Value

Quan-
tity

Value

Quan-
tity

Value

Barrels

46

101, 396

580
63
57
8

$392

209, 631

3,142

545

245

100

Barrels

348, 105

149, 161

844

28

13

15, 683

$1, 299, 531

337, 501

5,677

278

161

51, 346

Barrels

163, 825

79, 767

986

88

108

24, 241

$666, 106

236, 117

8,374

1,016

2,247

162, 343

Barrels

697

105, 908

1,961

48

169

12

$7, 480

299, 893

16, 249

543

2,650

110

Barrels
131,342

$591. 724

North America .
South America..

82.408 275,926

1, 672 13, 881

50 382

103 1, 184

Africa.

81 72

Total

102, 150

214, 055

513, 834

1, 694, 494

269, 015

1, 076, 203

2 108, 795

326, 925

215, 583 883, 169

1 Crude tar and pitch.

2 The bulk of this trade is crude coal tar exported to North America.
COAL-TAR DISTILLATES— BENZOL

Exported to —

Germany

France

United Kingdom

Canada

Mexico

Argentina

Chile

Australia

British South Africa.
Algeria and Tunis...
All other countries...

Total.

1922

Quantity Value

Pounds

20, 158, 912

39, 649, 410

2, 045, 994

13, 405

445, 136

156, 251

86, 350

17,312

1, 529, 483

638, 149

64, 740, 402

$738,

1, 390,

69,

1,
27,

9,

7.

1,
68,
48,

2, 362, 821

1923

Quantity

Pounds

3, 024, 701

25, 932, 540

80, 899, 171

80, 725

14, 137

740, 496

92, 006

23,240

749

44, 777

484, 226

111,336,768

Value

$152, 407

975, 152

2, 415, 199

3,586

1,021

52, 230

4, 928

2,066

80

1.629

39, 362

Quantity

3, 647, 660

Pounds

76, 554

25, 160. 724

31. 206, 248

33, 221

51, 993

759, 301

171, 956

2,418

419, 756

57, 882, 171

Value

$5, 788

690, 683

936, 044

1,730

5,527

51, 254

9,903

260

38, 648

1, 739, 837

Exported to—

1925

1926

Quantity

Value

Quantity

Value

Pounds

Pounds

60, 179, 632

25. 647. 969

56, 153, 321

125, 469

5. 622

902, 448

138, 060

13, 785

$2, 041. 839

24, 982, 548

32, 887, 985

120. 817

22, 379

475. 212

179, 875

13, 424

$834, 180

852, 628

6,734

1,574

29, 616

9,605

788

1.041.891

2,340,211

Canada. . .

6,412

603

49, 269

Chile

7, 465

1.254

207, 922

12, 909

360, 620

24, 229

Total.

58, 890, 162

1, 748, 034

143, 527, 826

5, 513, 173

STATISTICAL TABLES

199

Table 79. — Coal-tar products: Domestic exports, 1922-1926 — Continued

OTHER CRUDE DISTILLATES

Exported to—

19221

1923 1

1925

1926

France -

Belgium

Canada

Honduras

Mexico

Brazil

Cuba

Japan

United Kingdom -
Chile-

Nicaragua

All other countries .

Total.

Value
$995

12, 849
51, 718
15, 454

13, 691
29,738

2,561
3,644

Value
$91

Value

Value
$5, 183

109, 770
20, 797
19, 102
16, 569
37, 675
10,316
8,027

$163, 559
16, 794
37, 383
3,820
66, 544
10, 083
8,498

24, 333

79, 355

147, 705

233,040

948
58, 045

619
60, 082
9,638
77, 996
75, 938
47, 848
71, 260

154, 983

301, 702

454, 386

640, 597

Value
$9, 750

281, 785
262

42, 303
1,198

18, 168

6,168

106, 792

135, 427

17, 702

43, 796

663, 351

1 Includes toluol and solvent naphtha.

CARBOLIC ACID

1922

1923

1924

1925 3

1926'

Exported to—

Quan-
tity

Value

Quan-
tity

Value

Quan-
tity

Value

Quan-
tity

Value

Quan-
tity

Value

Canada

Pounds
15, 306
50, 096
7,009
91,073

44, 211
15, 451

$1, 143

4,040

694

9,100

4,563
3,683

Pounds
2,808
9,545
8,195

67, 250

$344

1,099

1,461

17, 226

Pounds

1,461

17, 706

7,539

$93

1,716

711

Pounds

Pounds

Mexico

\

Cuba

t

Japan

j

Kwantung (leased
territory) ...

All other countries. _

145, 032

114, 259

224, 658

5,496

Total...

223, 146

23,223

232, 830

34,389

51,364

8,016

1 Includes 130,049 pounds, valued at $11,106, to Panama.
' Includes 8,563 pounds, valued at $2,116, to Panama.

3 Included in " Other intermediates " in
1925 and 1926.

ANILINE OIL AND SALTS

1922

1923

1924

1925

1926

Exported to—

Q-- value

Quan-
tity

Value

Quan-
tity

Value

Quan-
tity

Value

Quan-
tity

Value

Spain

Pounds
10,000 $1,450

Pounds

Pounds

Pounds

Pounds

Canada .

211,010 40.919

28S.043 $.^7,307

160,756 .^41.838

229, 230
114,747

$46, 836
21,236

124, 453
15

$25, 664

Mexico. .

26, 895
29,302
30, 600
17, 597

3, 575 22, 196 5, 675
7, 000 27, 885 4, 693
6,120 110,777 17,384
2.993 2.122 321

5,538

2,117

36

British India

Japan

165, 242

40, 280

312, 609

18, 449

99, 587

22,000

7,109

49, 591
3,761

19, 195
9,900
3,103

220, 486
12, 635
6,251

33, 761

Philippines

1,895

Australia

9,012 1 1,610 33,134 6,279

36, 900

9,403

1,073

France

All other countries..

6,804 1 1,945

13,300 1 3,364

7,023

7,799

15,302

3,497

Total

341, 220

65, 602

497, 457

95,023

375, 459

101, 437

803,731

153, 622

379, 142

65,926

49113—27-

-14

200

CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHEK SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS

Table 79.— Coal-tar products: Domestic exports, 1922-1926 — Continued

NAPHTHALENE J

Exported to—

1922

1923

1924

Quantity

Value

Quantity

Value

Quantity

Value

Switzerland

Pounds
6,000
17, 542
11,558
21, 127
11,853
14,610
8,388
18, 426

$1, 600
297

1,044

1,204
770

4,329
739

2,674

Pounds

Pounds

Canada

10, 554
7,247
25, 500
10,294
12, 529
3,220
25, 820

$798
1,322
1,907

672
3,045

406
2,236

25,004

7,686

1,464

274

10,058
1,860

65, 850

$855

Mexico

596

Cuba

128

British India

21

Japan

3,520
72

Philippines

All other countries

18,025

Total

109,514

12, 657

95, 164

10,386

112,196

13, 217

1 Includes 44,850 pounds, valued at $6,279, to Spain.
' Included in " Other intermediates" in 1925 and 1926.

NITROBENZOL i

Exported to—

1922

Quantity

Value

Norway .

Pounds

26, 880

5,682

3,203

3,040

• 2,147
2,028

$2, 957

Canada

683

Cuba

399

Dominican Republic.-

608

Australia .

312

All other countries _ _ ___ _ _ _

337

Total

42,980

5,296

1 Included in "Other intermediates" tor 1923, 1924, 1925, and 1926.

OTHER INTERMEDIATES

1922

1923

1924

1925

1926

Exported to—

Quan-
tity

Value

Quan-
tity

Value

Quan-
tity

Value

Quan-
tity

Value

Quan-
tity

Value

Lbs.
28, 463
65, 438
5, 054

172, 186
77, 642
10, 199
42, 618
12. 192

314, 774
54, 888
20, 050

$7, 280

13, 834

1,500

33, 695

3,481

1,636

8,275

1,823

65,047

12,910

11,844

Lbs.

9, 503

88,868

9,384

149, 740

130, 564

8,684

181,361

100

89, 336

256, 373

17,600

$2, 225
15, 088

4,311
22, 578
13, 2.58

1,007

34, 457

9

18,802

51. 407

8,103

Lhs.
23, 065
45, 818
2,024
.58, 971
177, 290
21. 949

$4, 060
7,423
1.814
23, 641
14, 395
4.546

Lbs.

2,925

7,730

1,100

125, 385

271.871

46, 886

340, 667

400

380

594, 061

38, 467

43, 111

157, 840

96,644

$760

2,101

990

44,035

33, 383

5,407

45, 708

160

22

97, 934

6,102

30, 000

24, 356

26, 564

Lbs.
2,500

$401

Switzerland ..

10, 921

155, 787

16. 642

36, 876

74, 149

400

32, 507

645, 248

68, 939

188, 462

43, 895

94, 366

2,762

Canada.- .

40, 605

Mexico

3,805

Cuba

3,743

Brazil

200, 526, 35. 847
200l 32

8,862

Chile.

36

China

15, 200

50.5, 914

26, 170

4.634

74, 071

5,821

10, 792

Japan .. . .. .

85, 039

13, 771

82, 716

6,028

All other countries

31, 630

6,277

276, 670

71,815

' 480, 302

64, 129

15, 093

Total

835, 134

167, 602

1, 218, 183

243, 060

1, 557, 429

240, 413

1, 727, 467

317, 522

1, 370, 692

273, 653

I Includes 409,880 pounds, valued at $28,550, to Russia in Europe.

STATISTICAL TABLES

201

Table 79. — -Coal-tar products: Domestic exports, 1922-1926 — Continued
OTHER COLORS, DYES, AND STAINS

Exported tc

Belgium..

France

Greece

Italy

Netherlands

Portugal

Spain

United Kingdom

Canada

Mexico

Cuba

South America

British India

China

Japan

Philippine Islands...

Australia

New Zealand

British South Africa-
Russia in Europe

All other countries...

Total.

Quantity Value Quantity Value

Pounds

107, 712

12, 100

16, 830

25, 702

16,915

24, 973

87. 566

16, 139

1, 861, 2.55

1.59. 857

39, 344

425, 551

753, 425

3, 588, 563

959. 409

33, 584

58, 665

36. 680

28, 542

71, 397

8, 324, 209

19231

$76, 342

11,975

8,434

51, 469

2,792

10, 787

42. 426

5,342

1,108,518

87, 920

27, 335

323, 922

311,504

924, 026

844, 458

8,618

31, 265

21, 439

31, 976

50, 669

3, 981, 217

Pounds

321, 888

15, 068

2,895

104

6,667

1,155

11, 598

32, 492

1, 616, 949
155. 302

63, 832

490, 619

899. 989

11.448.849

2, 463, 083

63, 906
37, 227
55, 147
23, 538

214, 228

17, 924, 536

$111,727

6,340

1,608

129

5,855

497

12,500

16, 687

927, 420

78, 536

38. 365

352, 265

349, 614

2.431.421

1, 035, 865

23, 234

29, 597

26, 313

18, 335

Quantity Value

99,063

5, 565, 371

Pounds

166, 988

1,137

3,294

2,344

10, 945

4,209

10, 329

2 10, 616

1, 256, 284

193. 394

39,711

508, 623

408, 395

9. 604, 760

3, 217, 514

56, 205

50, 823

27, 036

17, 106

123, 378

15, 713, 091

$80. 322

704

1,964

2,069

4,647

1, 650

7,643

7,738

740. 903

87, 376

37, 305

345, 838

216. 320

2, 227, 943

1, 703. 831

33. 185

42. 862

15, 982

10, 052

66, 730

5, 635, 064

Exported to —

Belgium..

France

Greece

Italy..

Netherlands

Portugal

Spain

United Kingdom

Canada

Mexico

Cuba

South America

British India..

China

Japan

Philippine Islands. .

Australia

New Zealand

British South Africa

Russia in Europe

AU other countries..

Total A

1925 1

Quantity Value

Pounds

680, 670

1,909

1, 577

11,607

32, 646

4,825

17, 888
6,943

1, 475, 856

304, 850

65, 321

434, 122

1, 886, 165

18, 303, 513

2, 126, 971

101, 003

33, 356

18, 582
24,255
72. 861

194, 969

25, 799, 889

$200, 116

3,057

725

7,255

4,795

2,048

9,194

10, 087

726, 935

150, 104

57, 943

266, 265

667, 483

3, 299, 798

1, 062, 613

3.5, 681

30, 112

11,117

15, 945

57, 895

75, 192

6, 694, 360

19261

Quantity Value

Pounds

1, 905, 611

2,953
2,517
4,062
8,240
2,990
13, 130
19, 574

2, 113, 587
321,635

61,390

483, 447

2, 136, 998

14, 922, 287

2, 984, 074

49, 441

49, 093

15, 869

13, 922

41,051

660, 070

26, 811, 941

$399, 446
2,729
1,013
3,621

8,057

1,754

9,791

8,662

956, 565

148, 547

52, 219

250, 888

628, 369

1, 877, 030

1, 350, 523

23, 923

34, 191

13, 090

7,093

27, 400

145, 248

5, 950, 159

1 Includes color lakes.

COLOR LAKES, 1922 1

2 England.

Exported to—

Quantity

Value

Canada

• Pounds

16, 900

7,616

100

1,000

135

2,440

37

$14, 627

Cuba.

1,028

Peru

30

China

800

Hong Kong

86

Japan

3,298

All other countries

59

Total

28,228

19, 928

1 Figures for 1923, 1924, 1925, and 1926 included in "Other colors, dyes, and stains."

202

CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHER SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS

Table 79. — Coal-tar products: Domestic exports, 1922-1926 — Continued

MEDICINALS

1922

1923

1924

1925

1926

Exported to—

Quan-
tity

Value

Quan-
tity

Value

Quan-
tity

Value

Quan-
tity

Value

Quan-
tity

Value

Belgium .. .

Lbs.
3,040
3,300
297, 223

80, 540

55, 874
5,916

37, S29

11,375
3,148
3, 330

27, 575
4,848

20. 168

$450

850

80, 9M

31.709

13,001

3,091
30, 476
16, 122

1,796

3,107
21, 135

3.863
17, 992

Lbs.

Lbs.
965

$1, 320

Lbs.
765
100

$1, 090
139

Lbs.

Turkey in Europe

96

221, 669

27, 397

2,593

44, 606

21, 427

930

895

110,348

2,116

301,331

$342

United Kingdom -. .

il, 169

10, 926
5,515

33, 999
3,147
5,141
2, 667

11,346
931

90, 134

$49, 301
8,617
5, 039

30, 840
3,681
3,355
1,458
5,653
988

55, 228

31, 641

48, 119
9.378

92, 097

5,938

1,768

24

16, 787
2,064

79, 624

25, 275
31, 553

8,728
133, 541

7,825

4,956

121

13, 861

1,426
93, 160

409, 492

22, 512

3,345

78, 195

13, 258

3,779

13,617

80, 948

579

101, 500

139, 162

26, 127

3,863

105, 478

12, 480

6,742

7,835

29, 421

715

114, 091

68, 314

Canada

14, 816

Honduras

3,627

Mexico

66,600

Cuba..

17, 375

Venezuela _

5,976

British India

541

Australia

47, 553

British South Africa .

1,211

All other countries '

160, 182

Total

554, 166

224, 546

237, 975

164, 160

288,405

321, 766

728,090

447, 143

733, 408

386, 537

All other countries include shipments to China, New Zealand, Philippine Islands, Chile, Japan, etc.
SYNTHETIC PHENOLIC RESINS i

Exported to—

1922

Quantity

Value

England

Pounds

500

121, 183

250

1,600

4,620

$69

Canada _.

7,786

Mexico ........ . .. ..

43

China _

1,762

Japan ^ - -

3,523

Total exports

128, 153

13,183

> Included in total "Other coal-tar finished products n. e. s." for 1923, 1924, 1925, and 1926.
PHOTOGRAPHIC CHEMICALS

1922

1928

1924

1925

1926

Exported to-

Quan-
tity

Value

Quan-
tity

Value

Quan-
tity

Value

Quan-
tity

Value

Quan-
tity

Value

United Kingdom

Canada..

Pounds

11,274

65,411

15, 019

16, 738
24, 526
39,815
11,709
10, 806
13,094

$4, 896
15,971
7,228
6,306
9,124
26, 809
5,509
9,018
4,302

Pounds
2, 205
23,427
10,349
10,223
34, 344
35, 894
8,862
12,716
22, 101

$1,054
5,775
5, 079
5, 406
9, 834

28, 309
5,051

12, 030
5,363

Pounds
1,992
20, 679
14, 721
18, 788
5,330
16, 845
10, 545
13.688
14, 883

$1,872
6,583
5,863
7,261
2,329

15, 455
4,063

12,731
3,230

Pounds

1,351

34, 019

40, 948

35, 626

41,773

7,694

26, 136

5,067

18, 906

29, 626

73, 345

$1, 700
6,787

13, 599
8,258

1 1, 363
3,339
8,005
2,478
4,183
8,879

26, 858

Pounds
2,892
38, 921
46, 177
30, 527
33, 651
60, 677
42, 991
10, 067
21,735
38, 021

111,722

$1, 305
11,882

Mexico

14, 501

Cuba

7,213

Argentina

13,413

Japan.

12, 661

Philippines..

9,490

Australia ..

5, 602

New Zeaand

China. _

3,442
16, 904

All other countries. .

39, 727

14, 690

48, 039

18,416 ! 56,524

21, 364

34, 853

Total.

248, 119

103,853 214. 160

96,317 173.995

80, 751

314, 491

95, 449

437, 381

131, 266

STATISTICAL TABLES

203

Table 79. — Coal-tar products: Domestic exports, 1922-1926 — Continued
OTHER FINISHED COAL-TAR PRODUCTS, N. E. S.

Exported to—

1922

1923

1924

Quantity

Value

Quantity

Value

Quantity

Value

Denmark

Pounds
37, 226
80, 800
48, 767

264, 009

2, 797, 967

28, 262

67, 434

470, 344
95, 545

984, 063

107, 043
39, 692
78, 574
80, 661
80,470
67, 948
21,«33

$1, 540

2,560

1, 275

33, 285

63,908

2,655

2,079

26,902

5,401

43, 497

8,831

2,598

4,664

13, 442

13,415

17, 550

4,533

Pounds
4,174
30, 893

$3,193
6,576

Pounds
1,000

$680

United Kingdom

167, 822

1, 128, 524

6,017

24, 809

334, 479

21, 854

868, 690

207, 900

1,510

4,742

103, 833

202, 251

154, 606

26, 785

37, 292
57,663

709

2,920

20,560

3,460

38, 382
9,200

381

1,155

18, 951

27, 707

38, 981

5,166

74, 137

209, 457

8,257

11, 420
150, 729

12, 769
279, 141
201, 125

22, 052

1,134

134, 398

214, 821

387, 275

18,038

23, 539

Canada ._

41, 520

Costa Rica

928

Panama

1,485

Mexico

13. 724

British West Indies

2,006

Cuba.

26, 670

Argentina

9.051

Brazil

3,004

Chile

136

Colombia ...

22, 625

Peru

30, 975

Japan

58, 253

Australia

2,948

194, 752

24, 707

11,212,257

206,808 2421,615

67, 418

Total

5, 545, 090

272, 842

4,501,146

479, 104

2,147,368

304, 962

1925

1926

Quantity

Value

Quantity

Value

Denmark

Pounds

8,036

2,178

2,807

570, 456

171,904

11,994

11,522

194, 460

14, 971

1, 342, 935

28, 332

36, 502

3,227

128.777

127, 484

95, 697

7,430

143, 300

44,771

17,272

138, 582

$2, 102

1,150

1,150

101, 279

31, 380
1,677
1,806

25, 620
1,967

38, 131

5,234

5,625

886

23, 721

20, 542

26, 124
2,513

10, 280
6,084
7,101

22, 878

Pounds

France

24, 192

58, 574

486, 655

83, 759

1,572

2,709

60, 345

6,218

137,575

22, 053

345

no

44, 772

56, 197

18, 051

19, 369

2,528

655

110

' 283, 091

$10, 440

Norway.

876

United Kingdom

102, 684

Canada

25, 080

Costa Rica

179

Panama. . ...._

266

Mexico

6,362

British West Indies

861

Cuba . .

5, 567

Argentina .

1,250

Brazil .. .

80

Chile

69

Colombia

6,736

Peru.

6,672

Japan . . .

6,066

Australia.. .... ...

13, 593

Philippine Islands..

3,403

Labrador

111

British India

17

All other countries . . . . ..

35, 468

Total

3, 102, 637

337, 250

1,308,880

225, 771

1 Includes 768,236 pounds, valued at $140,077, to China.
' Includes 217,369 pounds, valued at $34,212, to China.
3 Includes 205,638 pounds, valued at $24,423, to China.

204 CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHER SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS

Directory of manufacturers of dyes and other synthetic organic chemicals, 1926

Name of company

Office address (location of plant given in parentheses
if not in same city as office)

Abbott Laboratories, The.

Acids Manufacturing Corporation.

Agawam Chemical Works

Algon Color & Chemical Corporation

Alston-Lucas Paint Co

Althouse Chemical Co., The

Alyco Manufacturing Co. (Inc.)

Amalgamated Dyestuff & Chemical Works

(Inc.).
American .\niline Products (Inc.).

American Solvents & Chemical Co

Amido Products Co

Anderson Chemical Co

Ansbacher & Co., A. B. (Inc.).

Apex Chemical Co

Atom Chemical Corporation...

Baird & McGuire (Inc.)

Barrett Co., The

Bayer Co., The (Inc.).

Beaver Chemical Corporation

Benzol Products Co. (Inc.)

Berghausen Chemical Co., The E... .,

Berkheimer Manufacturing Co., J. E

Brooklyn Color Works (Inc.)

Brown Co

Bush, Burton T. (Inc.)

Bush & Co., W. J. (Inc.)

Calco Chemical Co., The

California Ink Co. (Inc.)

Carbide & Carbon Chemical Corporation..

CeUuloid Co., The ,

Central Specialty Co

Certain-teed Products Corporation

Chemical Co. of America, The (Inc.)

Childs Pulp Colors (Inc.)

Cincinnati Chemical Works (Inc.)

Coleman & Bell Co., The

Commonwealth Color & Chemical Co

Cooks Falls Dye Works (Inc.)

Coopers Creek Chemical Co

Crown Tar Works

Crystal Color & Chemical Works

David Chemical Co., Albert

Debrook Co. (Inc.) _

Delta Chemical & Iron Co..

Devoe & Raynolds Co. (Inc.)

Diarsenol Co. (Inc.)

Dovan Chemical Corporation

Dow Chemical Co., The

Du Pont de Nemours & Co., E. I

Dye Products & Chemical Co. (Inc.)

Dyes & Chemicals (Inc.)

DyestuSs & Chemicals (Inc.)

Eakins, J. S. & W. R. (Inc.)

Eastman Kodak Co

Empire Biochemical Co

Federal Color Laboratories (Inc.)

Fine Colors Co. (Inc.)

Florasynth Laboratories (Inc.)

Ford Motor Co

Foster-Heaton Co ,

Franco-American Chemical Works

Fries Bros

4753 East Ravenswood Avenue, Chicago, 111. (North
Chicago, 111.)

17 East Forty-second Street, New York, N. Y. (Pack-
er, Conn.)

531 Grosvenor Building, Providence, R. I. (North
Attleboro, Mass.)

132 Front Street, New York, N. Y. (Elizabeth, N. J.)

1031 Currier Street, Chicago, 111.

540 Pear Street, Reading, Pa.

86 Orange Street, Bloomfleld, N. J.

Plum Point Lane, Newark, N. J.

45 East Seventeenth Street, New York, N. Y. (Lock

Haven, Pa.)
285 Madison Avenue, New York, N. Y. (Albany,

N. Y.)
132 Front Street, New York, N. Y. (228 Emmett

Street, Newark, N. J.)
148 State Street, Boston, Mass. (Everett, Mass.)
527 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y. (Brooklyn,

N. Y.)
461 Eighth Avenue, New York, N. Y.
96 East Tenth Street, New York, N. Y.
Holhrook, Mass.

40 Rector Street, New York, N. Y. (Plants distrib-
uted throughout the United States.)
117 Hudson Street, New York, N. Y. (Rensselaer,

N. Y.)
Damascus, Va.

13 Margaretta Street, Newark, N. J.
915 Carr Street, Cincinnati, Ohio.
2928 South M Street, Tacoma, Wash.
129 Cherry Street, Brooklyn, N. Y.
404 Commercial Street, Portland, Me. (Berlin, N. H.)
101 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y. (Delawanna,

N. J.)
370 Seventh Avenue, New York, N. Y. (Linden, N. J.)
Boundbrook, N. J.
Station A, Berkeley, Calif.
30 East Forty-second Street, New York, N. Y.

(Charleston, W. Va.)
290 Ferry Street, Newark, N. J.
524 Delaware Street, Kansas City, Mo.
100 East Forty-second Street, New York, N. Y. (East

St. Louis, 111.)
Springfield, N. J.

43 Summit Street, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Evanston Station, Box 20, Cincinnati, Ohio. (Nor-
wood & St. Bernard, Ohio.)
Main and Waverly Avenues, Norwood, Ohio.
Nevins, Butler, and Baltic Streets, Brooklyn, N. Y.
68 William Street, New York, N. Y. (Cooks Falls,

N. Y.)
West Conshohocken, Pa.
418 Gas & Electric Building, Denver, Colo.
Saugus, Ma.ss.
43 Summit Street, Brooklyn, N. Y. (Chicago Heights,

111.)
1105 Metropolitan Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Wells. Delta County, Mich.
1 West Forty-seventh Street, New York, N. Y.

(Chicago, 111.)
771 Ellicott Square, Buffalo, N. Y.
30 Church Street, New York, N. Y. (Newark, N. J.)
Midland, Mich.

Wilmington, Del. (Deep Water Point, N. J.)
200 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y. (Newark, N. J.)
702 Court Street, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Eleventh and Monroe Streets, St. Louis, Mo.
24 Wallabout Street, Brooklyn, N. Y.
343 State Street, Rochester, N. Y. (Kodak Park

Works, Rochester, N. Y.)
502 East One hundred and eighty-seventh Street, New

York, N. Y.
4633 Forest Avenue, Norwood, Ohio.
21 McBride Avenue, Paterson, N. J.
Olmstead and StarUng Avenues, Unionport, N. Y.

(Bronx, N. Y.)
Iron Mountain, Mich. (Kingsford, Mich.)
833 Magnolia Avenue, Ehzabeth, N. J.
Carlstadt, N. J.
92 Reade Street, New York, N. Y. (Bloomfleld, N. J.)

STATISTICAL TABLES

205

Directory of manufacturers of dyes and other synthetic organic chemicals, 1926 —

Continued

No.

Name of company

63 Fries & Fries Co

64 ! Garfield Aniline Works (Inc.)

65 j Gary it Chesterton Chemical Co.

66 I Gaskill Chemical Corporation

Gebauer Chemical Co., The

Goodrich Co., The B. F

Granton Chemical Co. (Inc)

Grasselli Dyestufls Corporation.

Harmon Color Works.

Heller & Merz Co., The

Herrmann & Co., Morris (Inc).
Heyden Chemical Corporation..

Hooker Electrochemical Co

Hynson, W^estcott & Dunning...

Imperial Color Works (Inc.)

Ising Corporation, The C. E

Johnson & Co., Charles Eneu

Kent Color Corporation

Kentucky Color & Chemical Co.

Kessler Chemical Co., The..

Klipstein & Sons Co., E. C.

Kohnstamm & Co., H. (Inc.)

LaMotte Chemical Products Co..

Lewis ^Manufacturing Co., F. J

Lilly & Co., EU

Lucas Co.. J. Spencer

Maas & Waldstein Co

Mallinckrodt Chemical Works

Marx Color & Chemical Co., Max.. ,

Massachusetts Department of Public
Health.

Mathieson Alkali Works, The (Inc.)

May Chemical Works (Inc.)

May wood Chemical Works

Mepham & Co., George S

Merck & Co

Merrimac Chemical Co.

Metz Laboratories, H. A. (Inc.).

Miner Edgar Co., The.

Monsanto Chemical Works

Morana (Inc.)

National Ammonia Co. of Pennsylvania,

The.
National Aniline & Chemical Co. (Inc.)...

Naugatuck Chemical Co., The

New England .\niline Works (Inc.)

New Haven Gas Light Co

New York Quinine & Chemical Works,

The (Inc.).
Newport Co., The...

Niacet Chemical Co.

Niagara Alkali Co.

Niagara Smelting Corporation

Noil Chemical & Color Works (Inc.).

Office address (location of plant given in parentheses
if not in same city as office)

Northwestern Chemical Co

Novocol Chemical ^Manufacturing Co. (Inc.).

Oldbury Electro Chemical Co

Organo Chemical Co

Palatine Aniline & Chemical Corporation...

Passaic Color Corporation

Peerless Color Co

Pennsylvania Coal Products Co

Petroleum Chemical Corporation

Pfizer & Company, Charles (Inc.)

Pharma-Chemical Corporation

Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co. (Corona Chem-
ical Division).

Portland Gas & Coke Co

Powers- Weightman-Rosengarten Co

1501 West Sixth Street, Cincinnati, Ohio.

Midland Avenue, Garfield, N. J.

Chesterton, Ind.

3.55 Van Buren Street, Newark, N. J.

669 Erie Building, Cleveland, Ohio.

Akron, Ohio.

350 Madison Avenue, New York, N. Y. (New Bruns-
wick, N. J.)

1150 Broadway, New York, N. Y. (Grasselli, N. J.;
Kensselaer, N. Y.)

361 Harmon Street, Brooklyn, N. Y.

338 Wilson Avenue, Newark, N. J.

200 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y. (Newark, N. J.)

45 East Seventeenth Street, New York, N. Y. (Gar-
field, N. J.)

25 Pine Street, New York, N. Y. (Niagara Falls,
N. Y.)

Charles and Chase Streets, Baltimore, Md.

Glens Falls, N. Y.

Flushing, N. Y.

509 South Tenth Street, Philadelphia, Pa.

2 South Ninth Street, Brooklyn, N. Y.

Thirty-fourth and Bank Streets, Louisville, Ky.

575 Nassau Street, Orange, N. J.

644 Greenwch Street, New York, N. Y. (South
Charleston, W. Va.)

87 Park Place, New York, N. Y. (Brooklyn, N. Y.)

McCormick Building, Baltimore, Md.

2513 South Robey Street, Chicago, 111.

Indianapolis, Ind.

1126 Pine Street. Camden, N. J.

45 .John Street, New York, N. Y. (Newark, N. J.)

3^00 North Second Street, St. Louis, Mo.

192 Coit Street, Irvington, N. J.

Room 540, State House, Boston, Mass. (Brookline,
Mass.)

250 Park Avenue, New York, N. Y. (Newark, N. J.)

210 Niagara Street, Newark, N. J.

100 West Hunter Avenue, Maywood, N. J.

Twentieth Street and Lynch Avenue, East St. Louis,
111.

64 Park Place, New York, N. Y. (Rahway, N. J.)

148 State Street, Boston, Mass. (Woburn and Everett,
Mass.)

122 Hudson Street, New York, N. Y. (Brooklyn, N.
Y.; Newark, N. J.)

110 William Street, New York, N. Y. (Newark, N. J.)

1724 South Second Street, St. Louis, Mo.

61 Vandam Street, New York, N. Y. (Elizabeth, N. J.)

Delaware Avenue and Vankirk Street, Philadelphia,
Pa.

40 Rector Street, New York, N. Y. (Buffalo, N. Y.)

Naugatuck, Conn.

."Ashland, Mass.

80 Crown Street, New Haven, Conn.

99 North Eleventh Street, Brooklyn, N. Y.

P. O. Box 1582, Milwaukee, Wis. (Carrollville, Wis.;

Passaic, N. J.)
709 Sixth Avenue, New York, N. Y. (Niagara Falls,

N. Y.)
4133 Buflalo Avenue, Niagara Falls, N. Y.
Niagara Falls, N. Y.
152 West One Hundred and Eighth Street, New York,

N. Y.
Wauwatosa, Wis.

2923 Atlantic Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Niagara Falls, N. Y.
South Columbus -\ venue, Sandusky, Ohio.

81 North Water Street, Poughkeepsie, N. Y.
50 Eighth Street, Passaic, N. J.

521 North Avenue, Plainfleld, N. J.

Reiber Building, Butler, Pa. (Petrolia, Pa.)

30 Broad Street, New York, N. Y. (Tiverton, R. I.)

81 Maiden Lane, New York, N. Y. (Brooklyn, N. Y.)

233 Broadway, New York, N. Y. (Bayonne, N. J.)

205 Lake Street, Milwaukee, Wis.

310 Gasco Building, Portland, Oreg.
916 Parrish Street, Philadelphia, Pa.

206

CENSUS OF DYES AND OTHER SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS

Directory of manufacturers of dyes and other synthetic organic chemicals, 1926 —

Continued

No.

Name of company

Office address (location of plant given in parentheses
if not in same city as office)

128
129

130
131

133
134

135

136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146

147
148
149
150
151

152
153
154
155
156
157

159
ICO
161
162

163
164
165
166
167

168
169
170
171

Providence Chemical Laboratories-
Quaker Oats Co., The

Radiant Dye & Color Works (Inc.).
Rhodia Chemical Co

132 Roessler & Hasslacher Chemical Co., The..

Rossville Co., The .--

Rubber Service Laboratories Co., The.

Ruxton, Philip (Inc.)

Selden Co., The

Semet-Solvay Co —

Seydel Chemical Co

Sherwin-Williams Co., The

Siegle Corporation of America, G_

Siemon &. Elting (Inc.)

Simons, Harold L. (Inc.)..-

Sinclair & Valentine Co

Southern Dyestufls Co...

Special Chemicals Co

Squibb & Sons, E. R

Stearns & Co., Frederick

Sun Chemical & Color Co

Synfleur Scientific Laboratories (Inc).

Synthetical Laboratories, The

Tar Products Corporation

Texdel Chemical Co

Textile Chemical Co

Tower Manufacturing Co. (Inc.).

Trico Chemical Co. (Inc.)

Uhlich & Co., Paul (Inc.)..-

Ullman Co., Sigmund

United States Industrial Chemical Co.
(Inc.).

Van Dyk & Co. (Inc.)

Van Schaack Bros. Chemical Works (Inc.).

Verona Chemical Co

Victor Chemical Works.- -

Warner-Jenkinson Manufacturing Co

Watson Co., H. F

Western Dry Color Co

White Chemical Co., The Wilbur

White Tar Co. of New Jersey, The (Inc.).

Wilhelm Co., The A

Williamsburg Chemical Co. (Inc.).-
Wolff-Alport Chemical Corporation.
Zinsser & Co. (Inc.)

51 Empire Street, Providence, R. I.

1600 Railway Exchange, Chicago, 111. (Cedar Rapids,
Iowa.)

Neptune Avenue and West Twentieth Street, Brook-
lyn, N. Y.

21 Spruce Street, New York, N. Y. (New Brunswick,
N. J.)

709 Sixth Avenue, New York, N. Y. (Perth Amboy,
N. J.; Niagara Falls, N.Y.)

Lawrenceburg, Ind.

611 Peoples Bank Building, Akron, Ohio. (Nitro,
W. Va.)

220 West Forty-second Street, New York, N. Y.
(Brooklyn, N. Y.)

339 Second .\ venue, Pittsburgh, Pa.

61 Broadway, New York, N. Y. (Syracuse, N. Y.)

86 Forrest Street, Jersey City, N. J. (Nitro, W. Va.)

601 Canal Road, Cleveland, Ohio. (Chicago, 111.)

Rosebank, Staten Island, N. Y.

Linden, N. J. (Irvington, N. J.)

11 Fortv-fourth Road, Long Island City, N. Y.

11 St. Clair Place, New York, N. Y.

Nitro, W. Va.

Waukegan, 111. (Highland Park, 111.)

80 Beekman Street, New York, N. Y. (Brooklyn,
N. Y.; New Brunswick, N. J.)

Jefferson and Bellevue Avenues, Detroit, Mich.

309 Sussex Street, Harrison, N. J.

Monticello, N. Y.

5558 Ardmore Avenue, Chicago, 111.

99 Empire Street, Providence, R. I. (East Providence,
R. I.)

136 Water Street, New York, N. Y. (Nutley, N. J.)

90 Smithfield Avenue, Providence, R. I.

85 Doremus Avenue, Newark, N. J.

502 Iroquois Building, Buffalo, N. Y.

11 Clill Street, New York, N. Y. (Brooklyn, N. Y.)

Park Avenue and One Hundred and Forty-sixth
Street, New York, N. Y.

110 East Forty-second Street, New York, N. Y. (Balti-
more,.Md.)

4 Piatt Street, New York, N. Y. (Jersey City, N. J.)

3358 .\vondale Avenue, Chicago, 111.

26 Verona Avenue, Newark, N. J.

343 South Dearborn Street, Chicago, 111. (Chicago
Heights, 111.)

2526 Baldwin Street, St. Louis, Mo.

Erie, Pa.

Fifty-second and Wallace Streets, Chicago, 111.

Owego, Tioga County, N. Y.

Belleville Turnpike, Kearney, N. J. (Kearney, N. J.;
Cincinnati, Ohio.)

Third and Bern Streets, Reading, Pa.

230 Morgan Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y.

593 Irving .\ venue, Brooklyn, N. Y.

Hastings-on-Hudson, N. Y.

o

%

UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION
WASHINGTON

Tariff Information Series — No. 36

LAKE FISH

UNITED STATES

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON

1927

UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION

WASHINGTON

Tariff Information Series — No. 36

LAKE FISH

A STUDY OF THE TRADE BETWEEN

THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA

IN FRESH-WATER FISH

WITH COST OF PRODUCTION

DATA

UNITED STATES

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON

1927

UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION

Office: Seventh and E Streets NW., Washington, D C.

COMMISSIONERS

Thomas O. Marvin, Chairman
Alfred P. Dennis, Vice Chairman.
Edward P. Costigan.
Edgar B. Brossard.
Sherman J. Lowell.
Lincoln Dixon.

'UiWLNrS

John F. Bethune, Secretary.

1927

ADDITIONAL COPIES

OF THIS PUBLICATION MAT BE PROCURED FROM

THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS

V. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON, D. C.

AT

30 cents per copy

CONTENTS

Page

General considerations 1

Part I. Summary 9

Tariff considerations 17

Tariff history 18

Court and Treasury decisions 19

Part II. Surveys of the individual species:

General discussion 23

Whitefish 23

Lake trout 29

Ciscoes 34

Blue pike 44

Yellow pike 51

Yellow perch 56

Lake herring 61

Chubs -66

TuUibees 70

Jacks 74

Mullets 79

Saugers 85

Sheepshead 88

Part III. Details of methods, catch, and production costs:

GiU-net fishing 93

Vessel fishing 94

Pound and trap net fishing 101

Line fishing 102

Fishing costs — ■

Cost period and scope of investigation 105

Method of obtaining costs 106

Adjustment and treatment of data —

(1) Allocation of costs to the several species 106

(2) Weighting of costs by lakes 106

(3) Exchange rate used in computing costs 107

Comparison of cost items 107

Boxing and icing methods and costs —

Preparing fresh fish for shipment 110

Boxing and icing costs 111

Freezing methods and costs —

Freezing methods 113

(1) Natural freezing 113

(2) Salt and ice freezing _^ 113

Panning 114

Freezing 114

Removal of fish from pans 115

Glazing 115

Cold storage 115

Packing for shipment 116

(3) Mechanical freezing 116

(4) Brine freezing 116

The Peterson system 117

Cake freezing 117

Individual freezing 118

Ice making 118

The Kolbe system • 118

Fish panning 119

Quantities of lake fish frozen 119

Freezing costs 120

III

IV CONTENTS

Part III. Details of methods, etc. — Continued. Pag

Salting 12:

Localization of the industry 12.

Preparation of fresh lake herring ^ 12^

Methods of applying salt 12.

Repacking 12J

Salting costs 12i

Smoking —

Species selected for smoking 12'

Methods employed 12'

Smoking costs 12J

Filleting 13(|

Transportation costs 13]i

Rates of duty on lake fish . 13;;

Species of fish planted in Great Lakes:

Fish propagation statistics 13Sj

Laws governing fishing in international waters 13£]

Common and scientific names of lake fish 13£i

Production statistics: {

Jources of data 141 ,

Detailed statistics of catch and costs — !

Whitefish 1411

Lake trout 144|

Ciscoes 147

Blue pike 148

Yellow pike 150

Yellow perch 1531

Lake herring l56i

Chubs 158'

Tullibees l60i

Jacks 162

Mullets 165

Saugers 168

Sheepshead I69j

Catch of minor species — !

Carp 170

Catfish 171

Goldeyes 171

Sturgeon 172

White bass 173

Miscellaneous 173

Summary of catch, all species 174

V

Acknowledgment

In the preparation of this report the
commission had the services of Lawrence
T. Hopkinson, Frederick H. Meisnest,
and John Easton Brown, of the agricul-
tural division of the commission's staff,
and of others.

LAKE FISH

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

The object of this report is to present factual data that may be
useful in constructing a tariff schedule for fresh-water fish. With
this end in view the commission restricts its study to whitefish,
lake trout, ciscoes, blue pike, yellow pike, yellow perch, lake herring
chubs, tullibees, jacks, mullets or suckers, saugers, and sheepshead.
Three other species — catfish, buffalo, and carp — ^are taken in large
quantities, but they may be disregarded for tariff purposes because
imports are negligible.

The domestic production of the 13 species selected for study centers
in the Great Lakes. The competing foreign production also centers
in the Great Lakes and in the large northern lakes of Canada.

Fish caught in these waters are commonly referred to as fresh-water
fish, or more specifically as "lake fish," to distinguish them from fish
caught in the sea, but in the trade each variety is bought and sold
under its specific name and is regarded as a distinct article of com-
merce. It is this trade distinction and the difference in the com-
petitive status of the several species considered that determines the
form of the present report, which is in outline as follows: Part I, a
summary of the factual data given in the body of the report; Part
II, a series of 13 individual fish surveys; Part III, detailed descrip-
tions and statistics upon which the individual fish surveys are based.

The necessity of treating separately the individual species does not,
however, preclude some consideration of the lake-fish industry as a
whole. In fact, some broad generalizations are needed to a clear
understanding of the competitive problems of each species.

Summary oj trade. — The total United States trade in lake fish in
1924 may be summarized, thus: pounds

Catch 78,500,000

Imports (aUfrom Canada) 41,600,000

Consumption 120, 100, 000

The above figures include all grades and kinds of lake fish — fresh,
frozen, salted, and smoked. Fresh fish, the most important of the
four, are shipped by express, packed in crushed ice in wooden boxes
having a capacity of 100 pounds of fish. When the fresh-fish market
is glutted, the coastal buyer usually preserves the surplus catch by
freezing. In the lake herring fishery, however, the bulk of the catch
is salted, either by the fishermen or by the coastal buyers. In
freezing, the fish is subjected to a low temperature, produced by
artificial means, except in the winter fishery of the northern Canadian
lakes where advantage is taken of the naturally low temperature.
In the summer most of the surplus is frozen to be sold in the winter,

1

Z TARIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS

when no fishing of consequence is done on the Great Lakes. Some
producers smoke part of their catch, but smoking is, for the most
part, done in the large consuming centers. By the "hot smoke"
process, the method generally used, the fish is both cooked and
smoked, and is thereby rendered so very delicate and perishable that
it can not be transported long distances. Both fresh and frozen
fish are used for smoking.

Maintaining the fish swp^^Z?/.— Perhaps the outstanding problem of
the whole lake fishery is the maintenance of a breeding stock. The
border States have for years realized that any confined body of water
may readily be depleted by net fishing and have enacted legislation
designed to control fishing. The regulations that they have pro-
mulgated have not, however, completely checked depletion of the
fisheries. Notwithstanding the progress made in fish propagation,
the annual hauls are so large that inroads are still being made on the
breedinp; stock.

Juf^jspicTiowAL Boundaries Governing (Commercial T'ishing

Illinois

jlNDlANA

The problem of conserving a breeding stock is not purely a do-
mestic one. It has international complications. On the two sides
of the international boundary running between the Great Lakes of
the United States and Canada, fishing regulations differ. Many
attempts have been made to coordinate the regulations of the two
countries, but as yet complete agreement has not been reached.
Both countries have, however, been active in replenishing fish life
in the Great Lakes. Each year the several government agencies
plant there about one and one-half billion fry (young fish). During
the spawning season the milt and roe are stripped from part of the
catch, incubated in shore stations, and the fry released into the
Lakes. Of the 30 fish hatcheries on the Great Lakes, 5 are owned by
the United States, 16 by border States, 5 by Canada, and 4 by the
Province of Ontario.

Pollution. — Depletion of the Great Lakes fisheries is traceable not
only to exhaustion of the supply by net fishing, but to pollution of

TAEIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS 6

the feeding and spawning grounds by industrial waste and sewage.
Some fishing grounds once very productive have been made almost
barren. The area most affected is the United States half of Lake
Erie, particularly from Erie, Pa., westward. On the south shore of
Lake Erie representatives of 95 per cent of the fishing companies
stated to the commission's experts that pollution affected their sup-
ply of fish, w^hile on the Canadian side only 12 per cent admitted
pollution to any degree. The testimony of the companies is sub-
stantiated by the findings of the International Joint Commission
(United States and Canada) in its report of January 16, 1914, on
the "Pollution of boundary waters." This commission, composed
of eminent ichthyologists and other scientists, made some 19,000 bac-
teriological tests, covering a period of two years (1912-1914) in waters

Zones Of Pollution

found By The International Joint Commission, 1913.

LEGEND

of the Great Lakes from the St. Lawrence River at the one end to
Rainy River at the other. The tests showed that the area most
aft'ected w^as the western half of Lake Erie on the United States side,
the Canadian side being comparatively free from contamination.
The joint commission attributes pollution on the United States side
to the unrestricted discharge of sewage into the lake by cities and
by chemical and other industrial plants situated along the boundary
waters.^ Freedom from pollution on the Canadian side is explained

1 The following excerpt from a bulletin issued from the department of public utilities, city of Cleveland,
Ohio, on "Cleveland's water supply" (March 10, 1925), to the city council further bears out statements
made concerning Lake Erie water contamination:

"In 1924, Mr. Ellms conducted a * * * study over a 36 square mile lake area opposite Collinwood
and Nottingham. The purpose of this study was to determine a proper location for a new water intake
for the Nottingham plant which should be available by 1930. Results showed dangerous pollution of the
lake along certain lines, » * *

"The best location for the new intake would be between two highly polluted areas, about 5 miles ofl
shore. In other words, the best possible location at this time would be merely in an area somewhat less
polluted than those around it. This presents an unthinkable situation."

'i 4003— 27 2

4 TAEIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS

by the absence of large cities and large industries. Another reason
assigned by the joint commission for the pollution of Lake Erie fishing
areas is the dumping of sewage by vessels. Fishermen themselves
empty their clmkers mto the lake and use preservatives on their nets
which are deleterious to aquatic life. The amount of kerosene used
runs into thousands of gallons a year.

Variations in regional supply. — While pollution on the United States
side of Lake Erie doubtless adversely affects competition with Cana-
dian fishing on the same lake, a more potent factor is the much larger
amount of fishing gear employed on the United States half of the lake.
Fishermen contend that this tends to drive the fish into Canadian
waters. Winds and currents also have a decided effect upon the
movement of fish, but it is difficult to ascertain which country is
favored in this particular respect. The sum of all of these advantages
and disadvantages in competition, however, may be definitely meas-
ured by the bookkeeping records of the fishing companies in the two
countries. The records for 1924 ^ show that in the Lake Erie fishery
the Canadian catch of cisco, the most important single species, aver-
aged 110 pounds per 1,000 square yards of netting per fishing day,
while the United States catch averaged only 70 pounds. Obviously
this difference in size of catch has its effect on cost of production and
consequently on competition, since fishing is done by the same meth-
ods and during the same season on both sides of the lake. In fact,
during a considerable portion of the season the boats of the two
countries fish side by side along the international boundary.

To a lesser extent the same situation as that outlined above exists
with respect to certain varieties taken in other international waters.
While nearly all important species are found in each of the lakes under
consideration, some are more abundant in one than in another and
there is often a considerable difference in the supply of a species in
different parts of a single lake. For instance, in 1924 the Canadian
half of Lake Ontario yielded 2,653,810 pounds of whitefish and the
United States half only 136,922 pounds. On the other hand, most
of the saugers taken in Lake Erie come from the United States side.
The difference in the available supply of a species in one lake as com-
pared with another may be due to one or more causes, such as inade-
quate food supply, unproper water depths, abundance of predatory
fishes, industrial pollution, intensity of fishing, and law^s governing
commercial fishing. Variation in supply in the different parts of a
single lake is usually caused by the factors cited above, and by the
migratory habits of fish.

The northern Canadian laJces. — The United States industry com-
petes not only with the Canadian Great Lakes fisheries but with the
northern Canadian lakes — Lake Winnipeg, Lake Manitoba, Lake
Winnipegosis, Lesser Slave Lake, Buffalo Lake, and Lake Nipagon.
The exploitation of these newer centers of lake fish production, while
hampered by high transportation costs, is nevertheless extensive
because of low fishing costs. The northern Canadian lakes producers
have an advantage in their large supply of such fish as tullibees,
jacks, and j^-ellow pike, found only in relatively small quantities in
the Great Lakes. In the frozen fish business they also have the ad-
vantage of long cold winters which freeze the fish naturally and
thereby effect a saving. Expense is involved at times, however, in

2 For full discussion and for statistics see p. 42 .

TAEIFF INFOKMATION SUKVEYS O

preventing a portion of the catch from freezing. When high prices
are paid in the United* States for fresh wmter-caught fish, Canadian
producers resort to heated sleighs and heated express cars to keep
their fish from freezing.

History of the Tariff Commission's investigations. — This investiga-
tion of the lake fisheries is made mider the general powers conferred
upon the Tariff Commission by section 318 of the tariff act of 1922.

The investigation was ordered on April 30, 1925, and plans for
field work were approved on June 16 of the same year. Field work
was not begun, however, until September 3, 1925, the intervening
period being occupied with preparing for a halibut hearing at Seattle,
Wash., on August 10 and 11. By January 2, 1926, field work had
been completed. The area covered by the investigation includes
all of the important domestic and foreign fishing ports and centers
where lake fish are landed— in all, 65 centers, of which 40 are in the
United States and 25 in Canada — and the two principal consuming
centers — New York City and Chicago. On the Great Lakes, the
centers selected were in the ^States of New York, Pennsylvania,
Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, and in the
Province of Ontario. In addition to the Great Lakes centers, points
on the United States and Canadian shores of Lake of the Woods
were also included, as well as on the principal northern lakes of
Canada — Lake Manitoba, Lake Winnipeg, Lake Winnipegosis,
Lesser Slave Lake, Buffalo Lake, and Lake Nipagon. These areas
were selected for the following reasons:

1. The domestic catch of fresh-water fish, except that of carp
and catfish, comes principally from the Great Lakes and the Lake
of the Woods;

2. Imports of carp and catfish are too small to affect the domestic
market — less than 1 per cent of domestic production;

3. The Canadian Great Lakes and large northern lakes yield more
than 80 per cent of the total Canadian lake-fish catch.

Field work began on September 3, 1925, at Erie, Pa., the center
of largest production in the United States, with a conference between
the commission's fisheries experts and accountants and fishermen
and representatives of the wholesale fish business of Ohio, New
York, and Pennsylvania, and the Province of Ontario. A confer-
ence was also held at Port Dover, Ontario, November 3, 1925, with
Canadian fishermen and wholesalers.

Price data and information bearing on marketing problems were
obtained from jobbers in Chicago in December, 1925. Concur-
rently, data were being collected at other production centers from
fishermen, producers, and distributors. By June 1, 1926, the data
collected in the lakes region had been tabulated at Washington. To
complete the study the fisheries experts then proceeded to New York
City, the largest lake fish consuming center, to obtain price data
and marketing information. The figures obtained in the investiga-
tion were taken on prescribed cost schedules from the bookkeeping
records of the various companies and fishermen.

In the areas investigated, the 126 records taken in the two coun-
tries represent 28.7 per cent of the domestic production and 15.3
per cent of the Canadian. The year 1924, being a fairly normal
year, in the opinion of fishermen and producers, was selected for

6

TAEIFF INFORMATION SUJRVEYS

cost study. To understand fully the cost problems, it is especially
desirable to know something of the fishing mtthods, the customary
practice of dividing profits, and the way in which the commission
calculated its cost data.

Fishing methods and cost problems. — Among the various devices for
catching fish in interior waters, the ones most used are gill, pound,
and trap nets. Gill nets, the most used in both countries, are
usually carried to the fishing grounds in vessels and there set in the

TARIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS 7

water and allowed to remain overnight. The vessel returns each
day to remove the catch and to set the nets. When set the gill net
resembles a huge tennis-court net. The mesh is of fine cotton or
linen thread, and a fish swimming against it passes through one of
the openings until the thickness of its body impedes further progress
and the protrusion of its gills and fins prevents egress. Pound and
trap nets are constructed on an entirely different principle. In
them the fish does not become enmeshed, as in the gill net, but swims
along a wall of netting and in attempting to pass around the walls
follows other walls leading into an inclosure or pound. The nets
are allowed to remain in the water about 60 days. By this time
they are covered with an aquatic growth and must be withdrawn
for cleaning. The fish are removed when there is a sufficient catch
to warrant lifting the pot or crib of the pound. Trap nets are fixed
by means of anchors, and pound nets are fastened to piles driven
into the ground. Hook and line fishing is confined almost entirely
to lake trout fishing.

Whether gill or fixed nets are used, more than one kind of fish is
usually taken in a single haul or during a season's operations. A
trap net on Lake Erie in 1924 caught 13 different kinds, 9 of which
were important species. Since the nets are set to catch any kind
of fish, none of the items of operating costs can be directly charged
to any single species. In conseciuence, fishermen or net owners do
not prorate their expenses against the several species, but consider
their profits or losses as a whole on a seasonal basis. The price
realized for the several special varies widely, that of the trap-net
catch ranging from 2 to 8 cents per pound. The trade makes a
clear distinction between the several species, which are not directly
interchangeable, although to a limited extent one species may at
times be substituted for another.

When the fish are removed from the fishing gear they are imme-
diately carried ashore. In the vessel fisheries of some localities it
is customary to remove the entrails of the fish before port is reached,
and in the winter fishery of the northern Canadian lakes, where most
of the fish are frozen by exposure to the air, the same practice is
followed. If the fishermen own the equipment, the catch is imme-
diately sold to a coastal buyer at the "going price," usually the
price prevailing in the locality for fish caught by company-owned
boats. If they are working on shares, they receive a percentage of
the total sales value of the catch. On most of the company-owned
boats the fishermen are also paid shares based upon the sales value
of the catch, a rather peculiar system whereby the company buys
the catch of its own boats. The price paid to the fishermen, how-
ever, is determined by individual agreement or by agreement between
a group of companies and a union of fishermen.

Charging of costs to the several species.— In allocating costs it is pat-
ent from the foregoing statements that to charge to each species of
fish a portion of the expense in proportion to the price received by
the fishermen would be to ignore the fact that the price paid the
fishe'rmen is often artificial and does not always reflect the true mar-
ket value. The Tariff Commission has therefore selected the ''sales
value method" of charging costs — i. e., from the Chicago price is
deducted freight to the fishing center, 10 per cent commission, and
the 1 cent customs duty. By this method each species has been

8 TAEIFF INFORMATION SUEVEYS

charged a share of the expense in the direct proportion that the ratio
of its sales value bears to the sales value of the total catch. Thus,
for the haul of a vessel catching two kinds of fish, one of which sold
for $700 and the other for $300, one was charged 70 per cent of the
expense and the other 30 per cent. When the expense chargeable to
a given species was ascertained for each of the lakes, the average cost
per pound of that species caught on each lake was determined sim-
ply by dividing the expense by the pounds caught. Weighting of
costs on each of the several lakes to determine the average cost for
a group of lakes was on the basis of the relative production. For
example, if the catch of a certain species on one of the lakes amounted
to 70 per cent of the catch on all lakes, the cost per pound on that
particular lake was given a weight of 70 per cent, as against a weight
of 30 per cent divided among the other fishing centers.

Reflection of tariff in fishermen's shares.— In considering the indi-
vidual items of fishing cost it should be noted that m many of the
fisheries the fishermen are paid a percentage of the amount realized
for the catch. There is no uniform method of apportioning the fish-
ermen's shares. In fact, it often differs between ports on the same
lake. In some localities the fishermen work for wages during a part
of the year and on shares the rest of the year. In the vessel fisheries
the captains and engineers usually receive wages in addition to a
small percentage of the gross sales value of the catch. The fishing
cost statements given in this report include all wages, shares, and
bonuses paid to those employed in fishing. Obviously, if the cus-
toms duty of 1 cent per pound (which applied during the period for
which costs were gathered) is reflected in the price realized for the
catches of the foreign and domestic industries, it is also reflected in
the fishermen's shares, since they are based on the sales value of the
catch.

PART I

SUMMARY

Part I
SUMMARY

The tariff act of 1922, paragraph 717, levies a duty of 1 cent per
pound on all fresh and frozen lake fish. Each species is, however, a
distinct article of commerce, with its own peculiar competitive prob-
lems. None of them can be used interchangeably, but to a limited
extent certain ones serve as substitutes for others. This report,
therefore, treats separately the 13 varieties of lake fish considered
important, namely: Whitefish, lake trout, ciscoes, blue pike, yellow
pike, yellow perch, lake herring, chubs, tullibees, jacks, mullets,
saugers, and sheepshead.

Imports come entirely from Canada. Exports of domestic fresh-
water fish are small and consist only of mullets and carp. Production
in the United States centers on the Great Lakes, one of which. Lake
Michigan, is owned entirely by the United States. Canada, in
addition to its share of the Great Lakes as defined by the international
boundary, has extensive sources of supply to the north — Lake Nipagon,
Lake Winnipeg, Lake Winnipegosis, Lake Manitoba, Lesser Slave
Lake, Buffalo Lake, and many less important lakes.

In the summaries of competitive conditions with respect to indi-
vidual species, the production costs of the foreign product, f. o. b.
United States markets, do not include the 1 cent per pound customs
duty.

WHITEFISH

The Great Lakes have become seriously depleted of whitefish by
intensive fishing — particularl}^, the United States portion. In 1924
domestic waters supplied only 26.7 per cent of domestic consumption,
the bulk of imports coming from the northern Canadian lakes.
Many of these, however, also show signs of depletion so that any
substantial increase in foreign production must come from unex-
ploited lakes.

In near-by markets the domestic product of some localities has
an advantage in competition, but in the principal consmiiing centers
it is at a disadvantage. The cost of placing domestic fresh wiiitefish
in New York Citj^- in 1924 exceeded that of the foreign (excluding
duty) by 2.9 cents per pound and in Chicago the domestic cost
exceeded the foreign by 1.7 cents per pound. The cost of placing
the domestic frozen fish in these markets exceeded that of the foreign
by 7.2 cents per pound in New York City and by 7.2 cents per pound
in Chicago, about 65 per cent of the Canadian frozen product being
caught in the winter fishery at a comparatively low cost.

LAKE TROUT

Production of lake trout has probably reached its peak in the
waters of both the United States and Canada. Lake Michigan,
owned entirely by the United States, supplies 66 per cent of the

11

12 TAKIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS

domestic catch. The fishery of the other Great Lakes is divided
between the two countries by an international boundary. It is
probable that the lake trout of the other Great Lakes, except Lake
Erie, do not migrate from the waters of one country to those of the
other. If this theory is correct, imports which constitute 26 per
cent of domestic consmiiption come mostly from sources that are
available to Canadian fishermen only.

The principal market for lake trout is the mid western part of the
United States, and the largest single market is Chicago. In 1924,
the cost of the fresh domestic trout laid down in Chicago was 0.9
cent per pound more than that of the foreign product. The frozen
domestic lake trout in the same market cost 2.3 cents per pound
more than the foreign.

CISCOES

Ciscoes, as known to the trade in large con3u;iiing centers, are
caught in Lake Erie only. Scientifically they are the same as the
"herring" taken in the other Great Lakes. The two are so different
in appearance, price, and competitive status, however, that for
purposes of this study they must be considered separately.

In 1924, the latest year for which statistics are available, the
domestic catch of ciscoes was approximately 21,000,000 pounds.
The Canadian catch in the same year was 11,000,000 pounds, of
which about 90 per cent was exported to the United States. As the
fleets of both countries draw upon Lake Erie, and at times fish side
by side on opposite sides of the international boundary, the season
of largest production is the same for the one as for the other, and the
rise and fall from year to year in the annual catches coincides.

In these circumstances the differences in the cost of placing the
ciscoes caught in waters of the two countries in the principal com-
petitive markets, namely, New York City and Chicago, may be
taken as a measure of the extent to which their fisheries compete.
In 1924 the average cost of domestic fresh ciscoes laid down in New
York City exceeded the foreign cost, excluding duty, by 2.3 cents per
pound and in Chicago by 2.1 cents per pound. Frozen domestic
ciscoes cost 3 cents per pound more than the foreign f. o. b. New
York City and 3.2 cents per pound more f. o. b. Chicago. The
principal factors that cause this difference are: (1) The smaller
domestic catch per unit of fishing gear and (2) the higher wages in
the domestic fishery.

Inasmuch as United States fishermen are paid upon a share basis
instead of straight wages, it is probable that the duty of 1 cent per
pound causes the fishermen's shares, or income, to be higher than
they would otherwise be. The 1924 labor costs were, however, 1.6
cents per pound higher in the domestic fisheries than in the Canadian,
which, assimiing the duty to have been fully realized by the fisher-
men, would still leave a difference of 0.6 cent per pound. But to
measure definitely the eft"ect of the customs duty upon the share
income and therefore upon the cost of production is not feasil)le.

vSmoked ciscoes are important in the domestic trade, but imports
are small, largely because such fish are very perishable and the cost
of their transportation is comparatively high. In 1919 imports were
116,700 pounds; in 1924 they had dwindled to nothing. Smoked
ciscoes are dutiable, under paragraph 720 of the tariff act of 1922, at
1}4 cents per pound.

TARIFF INFOSMATION SUKVEYS 13

BLUE PIKE

More than 98 per cent of the United States and Canadian catch of
blue pike comes from Lake Erie. All but about 10 per cent of the
Canadian catch is exported to the United States. In 1924, 24 per
cent of the domestic consumption of blue pike was imported from
Canada.

As the fleets of both countries draw upon the same source of supply,
the difference between their costs of production may be taken to be
a fair measure of the competitive strength of the Canadian and United
States industries.

Costs of production vary, however, as between blue pike caught in
gill nets and those caught in pound nets, and this difference is reflected
in the sales price of the two grades. When taken from gill nets, the
fish are usually dead and consequently less valuable than the live
fish taken from pound nets. In New York City the pound-net fish
sells for from 2 to 5 cents per pound more than the gill-net fish, for
the reason that they are fresher. The distinction between gill-net
and pound-net fish, however, is probably too fine to warrant a separate
classification in the tariff law.

The bulk of the catch m the two countries is taken in gill nets —
in 1924, 71 per cent of the United States catch and 62 per cent of the
Canadian. Although a somewhat higher proportion of the United
States than of the Canadian is taken by this type of gear, fishing is
done under practically the same conditions on both sides of the inter-
national boundary. The gill-net fisheries may therefore be taken as
a basis on which to compare costs of blue-pike fishing in Canada and
the United States.

In 1924, the cost of the United States Lake Erie gill-net catch of
blue pike laid down fresh in New York City and in Chicago exceeded
the cost of the Canadian Lake Erie gill-net catch in the two markets
(excluding duty) by 1.7 cents per pound and by 1.5 cents per pound,
respectively. Domestic frozen blue pike, the product of gill nets,
cost 2.4 cents per pound more than the foreign f. o. b. New York City
and 2.6 cents per pound more f. o. b. Chicago.

YELLOW PIKE

The supply of yellow pike in domestic waters is relatively small.
In 1924 only 22 per cent of the domestic consumption came from
United States waters. Imports consist principally of fish taken in the
northern lakes of Canada, where the annual catch is larger than the
combined Great Lakes catch of the United States and Canada.

Like the domestic whitefish, the domestic yellow pike taken in
some localities has an advantage in near-by markets, but m the large
consuming centers it is at a cost disadvantage. Laid down in New
York City in 1924 the fresh domestic fish cost 0.2 cent per pound
more than the foreign product in the same market and in Chicago
0.3 cent per pound less. Domestic frozen yellow pike laid down in
New York City in 1924 cost 4.5 cents per pound more than the foreign
and laid down in Chicago 5 cents per pound more.

14

TAEIFF INF0R:\IATI0N SURVEYS

YELLOW PERCH

Competition between the domestic and foreign yellow perch is
practically confined to the catch of Lake Erie, and centers chieflT
on the gill-net catches of the two countries. The Lake Michigan
catch consists principally of small cheap fish in a class by themselves,
not taken extensively in other lakes. The pound-net catch of Lake
Erie, because of its freshness, is also considered by the trade to be in
a class by itself. A tariff classification recognizing these two grades
woidd, however, probably lead to administrative difhcidties.

Since the bidk of imports consists of Lake Erie gill-net fish, competi-
tive with the domestic gill-net product of the same lake, both drawn
from the same basic source of supply, comparison should be made of
their production costs as measuring more accurately the competitive
status of the domestic industry.

The differences in costs of production of yellow perch in 1924, as
calculated on three bases according to source of supply, are sho^^^l
in the following tabular statement:

Differences in cost of production of yellow perch as calculated on three bases, 1934^

[la cents per pound]

Amount by which United States costs are more (+) or less (— ) than
Canadian

Source

Fresh

Frozen

F. 0. b. F n h

New York ^-^^^

1
Simple
average

F. 0. b. IT n h

Simple
average

\U lake^

-1.10 -1.98

+.24 +.05

+1. 93 +1. 73

-1.54

+.14

+1.83

-0.82
+.90

+2.58

-0.82

+i.n

+2.80

—0 82

Lake Erie only

Lake Erie gill-net catch only..

+L01
+2.69

I Does not include the customs duty of 1 cent per pound.

LAKE HERRING

Lake herring is plentiful in L'nited States waters. Canada also
has a large supply and under favorable conditions, as, for example,
during the World \Yar period, exports large quantities to the United
States. Cost of production, which is taken to be a fair index of the
competitive strength of the lake-herring industrj' of the two countries,
must be considered separately for the three forms in which lake
herring is marketed, i. e., fresh, frozen, and salted.

(1) Fresh. — In 1924, excluding the customs duty of 1 cent per
pound, the fresh domestic lake herring, as compared with the foreign,
cost 1.8 cents per pound less than the foreign in the Chicago market,
and 0.8 cent per pound more in the New York City market. This
wide margin between the costs laid down in the two markets is due,
of course, to the higher express charges to Chicago — the foreign
catch being for the most part landed on the north shore of Lake
Superior.

(2) Frozen. — The domestic frozen lake herring has a less favorable
status than the fresh. In 1924 the cost of the domestic frozen lake

TAEIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS 15

herring laid down in Chicago was 0.4 cent per pound more than that
of the foreign product, and laid do^^^l in New York City 0.9 cent
more. Transportation costs on frozen fish shipped by freight are
not so significant as on fresh fish shipped by express.

(3) Salted. — The Tarift' Commission did not obtain any Canadian
cost data for lake herring salting. The absence of imports into the
United States in 1924, indicates that the duty oi \}/2 cents per pound
under the tariff act of 1922 was prohibitive. Even under free trade,
imports had declined from 1,571,100 pounds in 1919 to 278,900
pounds in 1921. There is, however, a large potential lake herring
supply in Canadian waters which under favorable market conditions
could be salted and exported.

CHUBS

The taking of chubs is largely confined to the United States
waters, about 88 per cent of the quantity consumed in the United
States coming from Lake Michigan. Imports since 1919 have never
exceeded 10 per cent of domestic consumption. Fishing gear records
show onlj^ a small catch of chubs in the other Great Lakes, indicating
a relatively limited supply in those waters. In years when there is
a shortage of ciscoes, chubs are substituted, but at no time has there
been a supply of chubs sufficient to replace ciscoes. Fresh domestic
chubs laid down in New York City in 1924 cost 2.1 cents per pound
more than the foreign, but laid down in Chicago the cost was the
same for the products of the two countries because of the higher
foreign transportation cost. Frozen domestic chubs in the same
year cost 1.4 cents per pound more than the foreign f. o. b. Xew
York City and 0.7 cent more f. o. b. Chicago.

TULLIBEES

The United States draws upon Canada for 90 per cent of its
tullibee supply. On the Lake of the Woods, the only domestic source,
the catch can not be greatly increased because of the limited avail-
able supply. In years of cisco shortage, the tidlibee serves to some
extent as a substitute, but at no time are the two fishes interchange-
able. Ordinarily the tullibee has a well-defined market of its own.
The cost of the fresh domestic tullibee laid down in Xew York City
in 1924 was 1 cent per pound more than the foreign and laid down in
Chicago 0.7 cent per pound more. Frozen domestic tullibees f. o. b.
Xew York City cost 4.7 cents per pound more than the foreign and
f. 0. b. Chicago 4.6 cents per pound more.

JACKS

Domestic waters contain only a small supply of jacks. In 1924
Canadian jacks supplied 92 per cent of domestic consumption.
Fresh domestic jacks laid down in Xew York City m 1924 cost 2.2
cents per pound more than the foreign and laid down in Chicago 0.8
cent per pound more than the foreign. Frozen domestic jacks
f. o. b. X"ew York City in the same year cost 5 cents per pound more
than the foreign and f. o. b. Chicago 4.9 cents per pound more.

16 TARIFF INFOEMATION SURVEYS

MULLETS

Mullets or suckers are plentiful in United States waters. In the
Chicago market they sell for less than any other important lake
fish. At times small quantities are exported to eastern Canada,
but when market conditions are favorable in the United States, as
they were during the World War, large quantities are imported —
indicating that Canada has a large supply.

The average cost of placing the catches of the two countries in the
principal United States markets in 1924 shows that the domestic
fresh mullets have a cost of 1.5 cents per pound less than the foreign
f. o. b. New York City and 2.5 cents less f. o. b. Chicago. The
domestic frozen mullets, on the other hand, cost 0.3 cent more laid
down in New York City and 0.9 cent more in Chicago. If these
data were used as the sole basis on which to determine the United
States customs duty, the fresh fish would be admitted free of duty
and the frozen would be dutiable.

It should be noted, however, that some of the northern Canadian
lake mullets are used for "car filling" ^ and some are shipped fresh
in winter when there is little or no domestic production. Moreover,
in 1924 the naturally frozen fish of the northern Canadian lakes
was placed in Chicago (excluding duty) for a cost of 1.3 cents per
pound less than the domestic artificially frozen in the same market.

If the factors just cited could be measured in cost, it would probably
be found that even though the domestic frozen fish was protected
by a 1 cent per pound customs duty in 1924, it was still at a dis-
advantage in competition. That this was true is shown by the
increase in imports from 395,000 pounds in 1921, under free entry,
to 1,016,000 pounds in 1924 when the 1 cent duty was in force.

SAUCERS

Saugers are abundant only in the United States half of Lake Erie.
The small quantities taken in the other Great Lakes and in northern
Canadian lakes are incidental to the catch of other fish. Imports
are less than 1 per cent of domestic consumption. Laid down in
New York City the fresh domestic product costs 2.6 cents per pound
less than the foreign, and laid down in Chicago 1.1 cents per pound
less. The cost of domestic frozen saugers exceeds the foreign by
3 cents per pound f. o. b. New York City and by 4.2 cents per pound
f. o. b. Chicago.

SHEEPSHEAD

Practically all domestic sheepshead comes from the United States
half of Lake- Erie. There is, however, a supply in the Canadian half
of this lake, but producers apparently do not find it profitable to
export. The small quantities landed by Canadian fishermen are
not separately recorded in statistics but are classified with other
species as "rough fish." Production cost data for the Canadian
catch, therefore, are unavailable.

' When a shipment of choice fish is made weighing slightly less than the mdnimum carload weight for
which the shipper must pay, the difference is made up in cheap fish.

TABIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS 17

TARIFF CONSIDERATIONS

In constructing a tariff schedule for fresh-water fish, regard should
be had for (1) the desu^ability and practicability of differentiating
between the several species of fish; (2) the determination of com-
pensatory duties to allow for shrinkage in processing; and (3) the
comparative effect of specific and ad valorem duties.

(1) Differentiation of species. — A single specific customs duty on
all fresh-water fish obviously causes a wide range of ad valorem
equivalents, since there is a wide range in the market price of the
diiferent species. In 1924, the Chicago market price of mullets was
7 cents and of whitefish 22 cents, yet both species were dutiable at
1 cent per pound. Moreover, the trade regards each species sepa-
rately and none of them are interchangeable, although at times and
to a limited extent a few species serve as substitutes for others. The
cisco may sometimes be substituted for the whitefish and the chub
and tullibee for the cisco, but none of the other varieties serve as
substitutes. Some of them are sold almost exclusively to a single
class of trade or in one particular section of the country. It is also
significant that the domestic supply of all species is not the same.
For example, the supply of herring appears to be adequate whereas
the supply of jacks is inadequate.

If, however, separate tariffs for the several species or groups of
species, are made, the phrasing of the law calls for the utmost pre-
cision for the reason that some species bear dift"erent names in differ-
ent parts of the industry, and many varieties separately distinguished
by the trade are the same species scientifically.

(2) Compensatory duties. — In the processes of salting, smoking, and
filleting the fresh or frozen fish, there is considerable loss in weight —
an average of 32 per cent in salting, 40 per cent in smoking, and 50
per cent in filleting.

Assuming that full compensatory duties for physical equivalents
are justified, these percentages would require the duty on salted
fish to be about 47 per cent higher than on fresh and frozen fish, that
on smoked fish 67 per cent higher, and that on filleted fish 100 per
cent higher.

(3) Specific versus ad valorem duties.- — With respect to many species
the peak of the domestic production occurs simultaneously with the
peak of the competing foreign production and of domestic imports.
This coincidence makes the specific form of duty the more desirable
from the standpoint of domestic producers. Unless, however, the
amount of the specific duty varies among the separate species or
groups of species there will be a wide variation in the equivalent ad
valorem rate. For example, in 1924 the 1 cent per pound customs
duty was equivalent to 22 per cent ad valorem on ciscoes and on lake
herring to 70 per cent. On the same basis an increase of 1 cent per
pound in the price of these species would make the ad valorem equiva-
lent 18 per cent on ciscoes and 45 per cent on herring.

From an administrative standpoint a specific duty would seem to be
the simpler form for fresh fish, for the reason that a considerable
portion of the imported product is sold on commission, and its foreign
value at the time of importation could not be determined with any
reasonable degree of accuracy.

18

TAEIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS

Iq framing a tariff for frozen, salted, and smoked fish, tiiis difficulty
would not arise, but the adoption of a specific duty on fresh fish would
necessitate levying the same form of duty on the salted and smoked
to allow for a physical compensatory duty.

Table 1 gives the estimated ad valorem equivalents of the 1 cent
per pound duty paid on the various species of fresh-water fish
imported in 1924.

Table 1. — -Estimated ad valorem equivalent of the dutij of 1 cent per pound on the
several species of fish imported in 1924

Fresh

Frozen

Species

Price 1

Ad valo-
rem

equiva-
lent

Ad valo-

Price 1 ' ^^^
^^^^^ equiva-
lent

Cents
5.68
5.50
4.57
5.85
1.43
12.23

Per cent

17
18
22
17
70
8

Cents \ Per cent

Chub ---

7.26 14

8.77 ; 11

5. 29 19

3.30
14.68

2.86

6.26
12.14
12.07

9.79

30

35

Tullibee -

5.22
14.49
9.09

10.44

19
7
11
10

16

Whitefish

8

Yellow perch --

8

10

> Chicago price, less 10 per cent commission, duty, and transportation.

TARIFF HISTORY

Under the various tariff acts since 1883 fresh and frozen lake fish
have either been on the free list or dutiable at not more than 1 cent
per poimd. The act of 1883 admitted them free, while that of 1890
made them dutiable at three-fourths cent per pound. Under the act
of 1897 the duty was reduced to one-fourth cent per pound and
remained at that rate until 1913 when it was removed. The act of
1922 levies a duty of 1 cent per pound.

The less important salted and smoked fish have been dutiable in
all tariff acts since 1883 except that of 1913. The duty on these
prepared products has ranged from 50 cents per 100 pounds (act of
1883) to 13^ cents per pound (act of 1922).

From 1919 to 1924 imports of fresh and frozen cisco, blue pike,
lake trout, and yellow pike increased, notwithstanding the change in
their tariff status. The most notable decrease during this period
was in the imports of tullibee and suckers. In Table 2 miports
from 1920 to 1924, inclusive, are compared with those of 1919. In
September, 1922, all of the fish for which the table gives figures were
removed from the free list and made dutiable at 1 cent per pound.

TAEIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS

19

Table 2. — Comparison on percentage basis of imports of fresh and frozen lake fish
from 1920 to 1924, inclusive, with those of 1919 ^

Species

Blue pike

Cisco and lake herring

Jack

Lake trout

Sucker

Tullibee and chubs 2..

Whiteflsh

Yellow perch

Yellow pike

1919

Per cent
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100

1920

Per cent
141. 30
107.44
75. 12
93.62
90. 12
103. 45
87.06
115.00
100.25

Per cent
267.84

75.76

69.74
102. 79

20.01
130. 37

91.63
153. 50
105. 07

1922

1923

Per cent

Per cent

265.86

136. 08

71.23

105. 29

67.61

75.09

98.43

107.04

28.49

32.61

85.45

45.01

91.45

78.67

153. 07

177. 79

134. 70

168. 27

1924

Per cent
127. 95
130. 76
92.83
114.78
50.92
69.71
87.34
170. 24
164.61

' For figures on which these percentages are based see "Imports" under the several specie headings.
2 Not separately shown in "Trade of Canada. ".

The provisions of the several acts from 1883 to 1922 for lake fish
may be found on p. 133.

COURT AND TREASURY DECISIONS

Under the act of 1890 fresh-water fish known as "cisco" or "lake
herring" were held not to be the herring of commerce, which is a
salt-water fish, and to be dutiable at three-fourths cent per pound as
fresh or frozen fish under paragraph 293 rather than at one-fourth
cent per pound as fresh herring under paragraph 294 of that act.
G. A. 2115, T. D. 14064.

Paragraph 259 of the act of 1897 was held to provide for all dis-
tinctly fresh-water fish, frozen or packed in ice, while the other
paragraphs of the fish schedule provided for salt-water and migra-
tory fish not distinctly fresh-water fish. Certain fresh-water fish
packed in ice were held to be dutiable at one-fourth cent per pound,
paragraph 259. G. A. 3954, T. D. 18313; Abstract 30705.

The eastern brook trout, brook trout, or speckled trout is non-
migratory or migratory in its habits according as it lives in small
streams at the headwaters of the Atlantic coastal rivers or in the
larger rivers near the sea; the burden was held to be upon importers
seeking to have this species classified as "fresh-water fish" under
paragraph 259 of the act of 1897 to show the habitat of the fish
imported. G. A. 5138, T. D. 23722.

Under the act of 1909 fresh-water fish imported in packages of less
than 100 pounds were held dutiable at one-fourth cent per pound
under paragraph 271, unless the fish were skinned or boned, in
which case they were held to be properly dutiable at 13^ cents per
pound under the last clause of paragraph 273 of that act. T. D.
32308.

Under the act of 1913 fresh-water fish skinned or boned were held
to be properly dutiable at three-fourths cent per pound under para-
graph 216. T. D. 34836. Under that act fresh-water fish packed
in tins were held to be dutiable under the provision for fish in tin
packages, n. s. p. f. in paragraph 216, and not entitled to free entry
as fresh-water fish under paragraph 483. G. A. 8025, T. D. 37000.

PART II

SURVEYS OF THE INDIVIDUAL SPECIES

WHITEFISH, LAKE TROUT, CISCOES, BLUE PIKE, YELLOW PIKE

YELLOW PERCH, LAKE HERRING, CHUBS, TULLIBEES

JACKS, MULLETS, SAUCERS, SHEEPSHEAD

21

Part II
GENERAL DISCUSSION

All pertinent data with respect to the 13 important species of lake
fish have been brought together in this part of the report. Each
species, however, is treated separately. The arrangement of subject
matter is the same for all species, i. e., the first topic under each
species is, "Description and uses," followed by "Production — domes-
tic and foreign"; "Imports"; "Prices"; "Cost of production"; and
"Competitive conditions." Throughout this report the cost of the
foreign product laid down in United States markets does not include
the 1 cent per pound customs duty.

WHITEFISH

DESCRIPTION AND USES

The whitefish, a member of the salmon family, is probably the
most widely known and one of the most highly prized of the fresh-
water fishes. It is distinguished by its large body, small short head,
and thick upper lip. The average size is about 33/^ pounds; the very
large variety, called the "Jumbo," usually weighs over 4 pounds.
Whitefish from Lake Superior, Lake Huron, and Lake Michigan are
all known as "Lake Superior whitefish." Those from Lake Superior
are considered the best, although in the region of Lake Erie, the local
light-colored^ fish are preferred. The "Selkirk" from Lake Winni-
peg, also light colored, sells in the Erie district as Lake Erie whitefish.
The "Slave Lake" whitefish, which is dark in color, is superior to the
type classified simply as "whitefish." Species other than those
named above are called "whitefish" without any qualifying phrase
as to source.

The larger sizes of whitefish are preferred by the restaurant trade
and the smaller sizes by the family trade. About 90 per cent of the
catch is sold "dressed" (entrails removed).

Whitefish are taken primarily for the fresh-fish trade, except in the
winter fishing of the northern Canadian lakes, where weather condi-
tions usually make the cost of keeping the fish from freezing pro-
hibitive. Of the United States catch over 85 per cent is sold fresh,
and of the Canadian catch probably about half.

The method of freezing whitefish is determined by the fishing season
and the location of fishing centers. In the Great Lakes region and in
the summer fishery of the northern Canadian lakes artificial means
are used while in the winter fishery of the northern Canadian lakes
the natural method obtains. Some of the fresh Canadian product
exported to the United States is subsequently frozen in transit or at
destination.

A few thousand pounds of the true whitefish are smoked. The
term "smoked whitefish," however, is usually applied to smoked
ciscoes, chubs, and tullibees.

1 The terms "light" and "dark colored" refer to the outer surface of the whitefish, not to the flesh, which
is^always white.

23"

24

TAEIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS

PRODUCTION, DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN

Since the inception of the lake fish industry the whitefish has been
one of the most highly prized species and, in consequence, the United
States waters have become seriously depleted. Production statistics
collected by the United States Bureau of Fisheries show that in 1880
the Great Lakes catch was 21,463,900 pounds. By 1900 it had
declined to 5,094,014 pounds, and by 1924 to 3,790,146 pounds. As
the price has increased the practice of salting part of the catch has
been discontinued. Lake Erie fishermen received 4.9 cents per pound
in 1890 and 18.8 cents in 1922.

The Canadian Great Lakes catch, it also appears from available
data, has reached the peak of production. The largest supply is
now obtamed from the less depleted northern Canadian lakes.
While the 1924 catch of the northern Canadian lakes— 10,022,800
pounds — approximates the average annual catch in that area for the
period 1913 to 1924, many of the once important producing lakes
show signs of depletion. It is only because of the extension of fishing
operations to new bodies of water that large quantities continue to
be taken. - ,

The following table shows the domestic and foreign catches of
whitefish from 1913 to 1924.

Table 3. — United States and Canadian catch of whitefish, 1913-1924

Year i

United

States 2

Canada

Great
Lakes

Great
Lakes 3

Northern
lakes <

Total

1913

Pounds
3, 803, 505
5, 452, 174
4, 382, 269

4, 952, 103

5, 773, 242
5, 695, 272
4, 444, 359
3, 633, 674
3, 532, 344
4, 324, 710
3, 675, 916
3, 790, 146

Pounds
4, 994, 933
5, 035, 067
5, 934, 208
4, 607, 049

4, 576, 495

5, 710, 084

6, 487, 758
6, 375, 458
6, 289, 141
6, 025, 181
6, 487, 947
5, 728, 043

Pounds
7, 960, 700
8, 324, 800
10, 046, 200

8, 533, 200
5, 643, 700

14,123,400
13, 029, 500
11, 150, 500
11,913,300

9, 715, 100
9, 174, 700

10, 022, 800

Pounds
12,955,033

1914

13, 359, 867
15, 980, 408
13, 139, 249

1915

1916- - -

1917 -..

10, 220, 195

1918 .-

19, 833. 484

1919

19,517,258

1920

17, 525, 958

1921

18, 202, 441

1922

15, 740, 281

1923

15,662,647
15,750.843

1924

1 2-year average

4, 454, 976

5,687,614

9, 969, 825

15,657,355

1 United States, calendar year; Canada, calendar years 1917 to 1924, inclusive, and fiscal years ended Apr.
1, 1913 to 1916, inclusive.

2 From State fish commissions.

3 From game and fish department of Ontario.

* From department of marine and fisheries of Canada.

IMPORTS

In 1924 the United States imported 10,490,800 pounds of fresh
and frozen whitefish, and its waters yielded a catch of 3,790,145
pounds, or 26.53 per cent of domestic consumption. This ratio
between imports and domestic catch was practically the same during
the six preceding years from 1919 to 1924, when the quantity taken
averaged 26.65 per cent of consumption.

Table 4 gives the imports into the United States of Canadian-
caught whitefish from 1919 to 1924, inclusive.

TAEIFF INFOKMATION SURVEYS 25

Table 4. — Imports into the United States of fresh and frozen whitefish, 1919-1924 >

Calendar year

Pounds Calendar year

Pounds

1919

12,011,800 i 1923

9, 449, 900

1920

10,457,900 1 1924

11,006,000

10,985,300 i| 6-year average

10, 490, 800

1921...

1922

10, 733, 616

i

1 From

' Trade of Canada,"

"Exports to United States goods the produce of Canada."
PRICES

Whitefish prices in the various producing centers illustrate by their
extreme variation the effect of trade grades and transportation costs
on values. The United States Lake Erie whitefish catch in 1924 was
sold at the lake shore by coastal buyers for 22.04 cents per pound,
while the comparable "Selkirk" whitefish brought on Lake Winnipeg
only n.41 cents per pound. To reach a competitive center such as
New York City, however, the Selkirk must pay 3.4 cents per pound
more in transportation charges and the 1 cent per pound customs
duty. Between the domestic and foreign "Lake Superior whitefish"
(including fish from Michigan and Huron) the price difference is not
so great — about 5 cents per pound in favor of the domestic fish.
The lower grade fish taken in largest quantities in the shallow Cana-
dian northern lakes bring the coastal buyers from 6 to 8 cents per
pound.

Throughout the whole lake region the seasons of production are
important in determining prices. The available supply of whitefish
from all sources rather than from a single locality is the basis of price
fixing from day to day. During June, July, and August there is a
large catch in ail of the important centers. In consequence the
areas that produce during other than the three summer months are
favorably situated with respect to prices. For example, the fresh
fish shipped in winter from Lake Winnipegosis and Lake Manitoba
although of a lower grade sells for a higher price than the summer
catch of Lake Winnipeg.

Frozen fish, like the fresh, is graded according to the source of
supply. Since frozen fish are carried by freight, the price at the
point of production is not so materially affected by transportation
costs. In fact, the difference in transportation costs between fresh
and frozen fish is so large in some fishing centers that the price of
the preserved fish is generally the higher, although when the two
finally reach the large consuming centers the price of the fresh is
generally the higher. On Lake Winnipeg in 1924 the wholesale
price of fresh whitefish was only 13 per cent higher than that of the
frozen, whereas in Chicago the price of the fresh was 36 per cent
higher than that of the frozen. The price of the preserved fish is not
affected by the daily fluctuation in supph", as is that of the fresh fish,
but is governed more by the stocks on hand and the prospects of future
catches. The stabilizing effect of freezing on price quotations is
shown in the Chicago prices which in 1924 ranged between 14 and 19
cents per pound for frozen whitefish, as compared with 18 to 37 cents
per pound for the fresh.

Tables 5, 6, and 7 give the prices realized by fishermen, coastal or
lakeside buyers and inland jobbers in 1924.

26

TAKIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS

Table 5. — Average price per pound realized for whitefish by fishermen and by

coastal buyers, 1924

Price reaUzed by-

Country and lake

Fisher-
men
(fresh)

Coastal buyers

Fresh

Frozen

United States:

Cents
17. 77
17.18

Cents
20. 85
21.07

Cents
19.90

20.05

Erie -

1 23. 75 1 22. 04

19.50

1 18. 93

9.33
23.80

9.32

5.00
2 4.65

3.77

18.08

14.00
25.80
13.22
11.41
2 7.53

16.76

Canada:

Huron . -

Erie .

14.21

10.18

7.24

1 Includes some fish sold direct to retailers.

■ Includes some fresh winter caught.

Table 6. — Price per pound realized for fresh whitefish by coastal buyers and

inland jobbers, 1924

Price

realized by —

Coastal bu>

ers

Inland jobbers

Month

United States

Canada

Chicago

New
York
City

Mich-
igan

Huron

Erie

Supe-
rior

Winni-
peg

Winni-
pegosis

Mani-
toba

Cents

Cents

Cents

Cents

Cents

Cents
14.96
16.54
11.50

Cents
19.25
21.94
24.35

Cents
30.32
30.37
35.40
37.34
23.88
18.25
20.06
19.66
23.12
24.16
21.70
27.16

Cents
28.88

February -

22.00

Alarch -

55. 00

27.00
26.66
19.00
19.18

"23.' 07"
20.05
18.14
24.98
28.56
24.25
17.94

15.96
28.00
21.31
24.36
25.00

""26.'66"
17.80
25.00

15.66
15. 15
11.91
11.47
11.97
15.99
19.64
13.14
12.20

53.51

May

36.30

June .

9.00
10.26
12.75
10.51
11.82
11.68

26.62

July

21.81

7.24
7.35
7.40
9.00
15.01

""ii.'fo"

18.13

27.88

September - --

23.05
21.00
22.00
20.43

34.57

October

26.75

November

26.80

December. . --

32.16

Annual average

20.85

21.07

22.04

13.22

11.46

7.53

18.85

22.22

30.05

TARIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS

27

Table 7. — Price per pound realized for frozen ivhitefish hy coastal buyers and

Chicago jobbers, 192 J/.

Price realized by —

Coastal buyers

Month

United States

Canada

Chicago
jobbers

Erie

Superior

Superior

Winni-
peg

Winni-
pegosis

Mani-
toba

Cents
25.00
22.11
17.70

Cents
18.00
17.55
18.00

Cents
14.82
13.95
15.82

Cents

Cents
7.62
4.35
4.35

Cents
8.19
6.96
7.01

Cents
17.22

9.28
13.00

17.18

16.98

15.44

15.28

15.32

July

19.03

10.00

17.65

10.00
10.00
10.00

15.95

1

15.25

November - - -

15.90
16.54

10.66

8.86
8.62 i

13.91

14. 00 10. 00

9.26

16.24

Annual average

19.50

16.76

14.21

10.18

7.24

8.14

16.31

COST OF PRODUCTION

The domestic cost of catching whitefish in 1924 ranged from 10.3
cents per pound on Lake Michigan to 19.6 cents on Lake Superior, and
the foreign cost from 3.4 cents on Lesser Slave Lake to 14.9 cents on
Lake Erie. The fishing cost in the various producing areas is gov-
erned not only by the distance from market but also by the grade of
fish caught. Some localities, although more distant than others from
the large consuming centers, may produce a superior grade of fish, and
in consequence be able to incur additional expense. The average
cost of fishing is 4.5 cents per pound more in the United States than
in Canada.

When the fresh products of the two countries are placed on the
United States market, the foreign must pay more on the average for
boxing and icing and transportation, so that laid down in Chicago
(excluding customs duty) it cost only 1.7 cents per pound less than
the domestic, but laid down in New York City the foreign cost is
2.9 cents per pound less.

The artificially frozen whitefish of Canada in 1924 cost 3.2 cents
less than the domestic when laid down in New York City and 3.3
cents less w^hen laid down in Chicago. The naturally frozen fish of
the northern Canadian lakes cost less than half that of the frozen
domestic fish in these markets, the difference being 9.3 cents per
pound in New York City and 9.3 cents in Chicago. When the cost
of the foreign artifically and naturally frozen products are averaged
and compared with domestic costs they are found to be less than
the domestic by 7.2 cents per pound f. o. b. New York City and 7.2
cents per pound f. o. b. Chicago.

Tables 8 and 9 give the cost of production of fresh and frozen
whitefish in Canada and in the United States in 1924.

54003—27 3

28 TAEIFF INFOKMATION SURVEYS

Table 8. — Cost of fresh whitefish, f. o. h. New York City and Chicago, 1924 *

[In cents per pound]

Item of cost

United
States

Canada

Amount
by which
United
States costs
are more
(+) or less
(-) than
Canadian

Fishing cost:

Excluding interest.

Including interest..

Boxing and icing cost:

Excluding interest.. -

Including interest.

Total, fishing, and boxing, and icing cost:

Excluding interest

Including interest..

Transportation cost:

To New York City

To Chicago

Total, fishing, boxing and icing, and transportation cost:

F. o. b. New York City —

Excluding interest

Including interest..

F. o. b. Chicago-
Excluding interest

Including interest..

11.7000
12. 1781

1. 7328
1. 9166

7. 4302
7. 7972

2. 2150
2. 2789

+4. 2698
+4. 3809

-. 4822
-.3623

13. 4328

14. 0947

9. 6452
10. 0761

+3. 7876
+4. 0186

3. 5910
2. 1562

4.7483
4. 5095

-1. 1573
-2. 3533

17. 0238
17. 6857

15. 5890
16. 2509

14. 3935
14. 8244

14. 1547
14. 5856

+2. 6303
+2. 8613

+1. 4343
+1. 6653

» Does not include the customs duty of 1 cent per pound. For detailed statistics of cost see pp. 142-144.

Table 9. — Cost of frozen whitefish, f. o. b., New York City and Chicago, 192^ ^

[In cents per pound]

Item of cost

United
States,
artifi-
cially
frozen

Canada

Artifi-
cially
frozen

Naturally
frozen
(winter
caught)

Weighted
aver-

Amount
by which
United
States
costs are
more (-f)

or less
(— ) than
Canadian

Fishing cost:

Excluding interest

Including interest

Freezing and storing cost:

Excluding interest

Including interest

Boxing cost:

Excluding interest

Including interest.-

Total, fishing, freezing, and storing, and boxing cost:

Excluding interest

Including interest

Transportation cost:

To New York City

To Chicago

Total, fishing, freezing and storing, boxing, and
transportation cost:
F. o. b. New York City —

Excluding interest

Including interest.

F. 0. b. Chicago-
Excluding interest

Including interest-- -

11. 7000
12. 1781

1. 8893
1. 8991

1. 2159
1. 2902

7. 4302
7. 7972

2. 0207
2. 0976

1. 3082
1. 3516

3. 8800
3. 8800

1.3082
1. 3516

5. 1226
5. 2510

.7072
.7342

1. 3082
1.3516

14. 8052

15. 3674

10. 7591
11.2464

5. 1882
6. 2316

7. 1380
7. 3368

1. 1840
.7198

15. 9892

16. 5514

15. 5250
IC. 0872

2. 0626
1. 5356

2. 0626
1. 5356

2. 0626
1. 5356

12. 8217
13. 3090

12. 2947
12. 7820

7. 2508
7. 2942

6. 7238
6. 7672

9.2006
9. 3994

8. 6736
8. 8724

+6. 5774
-f 0. 9271

-f 1. 1821
-t-1. 1649

-. 0923
-. 0614

-f 7. 6672
-f8. 0306

-. 8786
-.8158

-f 6. 7886
+7. 1520

+6. 8514
-f7. 2148

1 Does not include the customs duty of 1 cent per pound. For detailed statistics of cost see pp. 142-144.
' Weighted on basis of estimate that of total quantity frozen 35 per cent is preserved by artificial means.

TARIFF INFOHMATION SURVEYS

29

COMPETITIVE CONDITIONS

In competition with imports, the domestic whitefish industry is at
a cost disadvantage in the large consuming centers. The domestic
cost of placing the fresh fish in New York and Chicago in 1924 ex-
ceeded that of the foreign product by 2.3 cents per pound. The cost
of the domestic frozen fish in these markets exceeded that of the for-
eign by 7.2 cents per pound. In certain small markets adjacent to
the fishing ports the domestic fresh fish industry, however, enjoys
some advantages.

The supply in domestic waters is small despite efforts on the part
of the Federal and State Governments to propagate whitefish. From
1890 to 1924 the catch declined about 60 per cent and prices increased
about 300 per cent. Domestic consumption in 1924 was supplied to
the extent of only 26.7 per cent from domestic sources. The volume
of imports can not be materially increased unless it is found prac-
ticable to exploit new sources of supply in northern Canada. Most
of the large lakes now being fished in that region show signs of
depletion.

The following table summarizes the cost of production:

Table 10. — Summary of the cost of production of whitefish, 1924
[In cents per pound]

Amount

by which

Canada

United

Class and market

United
States

(exclud-
ing

States
costs are

duty)

more

than

Canadian

Fresh:

F. 0. b. New York City..

17.69

14.82

2.86

F. 0. b. Chicago

16.25

14.59

1.67

Simple average . . . .. .

16.97

14.70

2.27

Frozen:

F. 0. b. New York City...

16.55

9.40

7.15

F. 0. b. Chicago .. . . .

16.09

8.87

7.22

Simple average

16.32

9.14

7.18

LAKE TROUT

DESCRIPTION AND USES

Lake trout ranks with the whitefish as a choice fish. It is the
largest of the important commercial species, its average weight being
about 10 pounds. Classifications for trade purposes are No. 1, the
weight of which is from 13/^ to 43/^ pounds; medium, from 4^ to
8 pounds; and large, over 8 pounds. There is a decided preference
for the large fish by restaurants and for the small fish by private
families. Practically all lake trout are sold dressed and those over
8 pounds in weight are usually beheaded.

In all grades pink-flesh trout are preferred to white, but when a
shortage in the supply of pink trout occurs, certain localities will buy
the pink sea salmon. The pink lake trout are taken in all localities,
but in varying quantities; lake trout from the west shore of Lake
Michigan and from the south shore of Lake Superior is largely white
fleshed.

30

TARIFF INFOEMATION SURVEYS

Of the total United States catch, about 90 per cent is sold fresh
and of the Canadian about 75 per cent. The remainder is preserved
by freezing. Only rarely is there an oversupply of frozen lake trout,
for ordinarily the quantity frozen during a fishing season is entirely
disposed of within a few months after being placed in storage.

A very limited quantity is smoked, only the fat "half breed" being
used for this purpose.

PRODUCTION, DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN

The annual catch of lake trout in the United States and Canada is
fairly constant. From 1913 to 1923 the United States catch ranged
between 10,000,000 and 12,000,000 pounds annuall}^ and the Canadian
between 5,000,000 and 7,000,000 pounds a year. The center of lake-
trout fishing in the United States is Lake Michigan, where 66 per
cent of the catch for 1924 was taken. Lake Huron in the same year
yielded 53 per cent of the Canadian catch and 14 per cent of the
United ^States. Lake Superior, the only other important lake-trout
fishing center, yielded 20 per cent of the total United States catch in
1924 and 24 per cent of the total Canadian catch.

Scientific investigation ^ and general observation ^ point to the
conclusion that neither the domestic nor the foreign catch will increase
materially.

Table 11 shows the catch of lake trout in the United States and
Canada from 1913 to 1924.

Table 11. — United States and Canadian catch of lake trout, 1913-1924 ,

Year •

United
States <>

Canada

Great Lakes

Great Lakes '

Northern
lakes <*

Total

1913

Pounds
10, 871, 350

9, 899, 705
10, 891, 974

9, 934, 745
10, 732, 765

9, 785, 318
12, 277, 208
10, 065, 868
10, 239, 310
11,102,202

9, 939, 794
10, 143, 685

Pounds
5, 365, 342
5,212,471
6, 192, 321
5, 656, 806

5, 728, 739

6, 619, 599
5, 927, 507

4, 785, 464

5, 299, 485
6, 450, 760
6, 175, 581

6, 526, 666

Pounds
208, 300
432, 100
444, 000
379, 200
368, 400
754, 500
665, 800
330, 500
418, 400
412,400
444, 500
667, 800

Pounds
5, 573, 642

1914

5, 644, 571

1915 -

6, 636, 321

1916 -

6, 036, 006

1917

6, 097, 139

1918

7, 374, 099

1919

6, 593, 307

1920 -- -

5,115,964

1921 . -

5,717,885

1922 . ..

6, 863, 160

1923 -

6, 620, 081

1924

7, 194, 466

10,490,327 1 5.828.395

459, 658

6, 288, 053

° United States, calendar years; Canada, calendar years 1917 to 1924, inclusive, and fiscal years ended
Apr. 1, 1913 to 1916, inclusive.
' From Slate fish commission.
"= From game and fish department of Ontario.
^ From department of marine and fisheries of Canada.

IMPORTS

Imports of lake trout have remained about the same since 1919 and
probably were no smaller prior thereto. In 1924 they amounted to
3,594,100 pounds, or 26.2 per cent of domestic consumption.

In Canada, as well as in the United States, the lake trout is a
favorite article of diet, the Canadian exports in 1924 representing

'U. S. Bureau of Fisheries reports.

' Biennial Report, Michigan Department of Conservation, 1923-24: "Only the lake trout appears to hold
its own and this appearance is illusory for the efficiency in taking has greatly increased. Improved equip-
ment and a better knowledge of its habits have been factors in the catch of recent years. An urge to effl-
tieacy in taking has been the marked increase in the value of the catch."

TARIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS

31

only 50 per cent of the Canadian catch in contrast to much larger
proportion of exports of other fish. The foregoing facts, together with
the relatively high price of lake trout and the intensiveness of fishing
operations, indicate that imports can not be greatly increased.
Table 12 shows the imports of lake trout from 1919 to 1924:

Table 12. — Imports into the United States of fresh and frozen lake trout, 1919-1924^

Calendar year

Pounds

\ Calendar year

Pounds

1919

3, 131, 400
2, 931, 500
3, 218, 800
3,082,100

1 1923

1924

6-year average

3, 351, 700
3, 594 100

1920

1921

1922

3, 218, 266

1 From Trade of Canada. Exports to United States, goods the produce of Canada.

PRICES

Most of the United States trout-fishing centers are so situated
geographically as to supply a substantial local market where relatively
high prices obtain. In Canada there is also a local market for lake
trout but there the exportable surplus is about half of the total catch.
Competition is therefore greatest in the large United States markets
between the local domestic seasonal surplus of fresh lake trout
and the Canadian exportable surplus. Even in these markets the
demand is sufficient to cause high prices throughout the year. In
Chicago the lowest average monthly price received by the jobbers for
fresh lake trout in 1924 was 17 cents per pound compared with an
annual average of 19.6 cents.

In both the United States and Canada about 85 per cent of the
catch is taken from May to November, inclusive, and it is during
this period that the small seasonal surplus of lake trout is frozen,
for use in winter when the fresh-fish supply is small. The price
received by the coastal or lakeside buyer for frozen lake trout is
somewhat less than for the fresh fish, but in Chicago the annual
average price approximates that of the fresh fish. As with whitefish,
the cost of transportation influences the price realized by the fisher-
men and coastal buyers. This is well illustrated on Lake Superior
where the United States coastal buyers in 1924 received for fresh lake
trout an average of 3.26 cents per pound more than the Canadian
buyers, while for frozen lake trout they received only 1.15 cents more.
This difference is partly due to the more nearly equal cost of trans-
porting the frozen fish.

Tables 13, 14, and 15 give the average prices received by fishermen,
coastal buyers, and Chicago jobbers in 1924.

Table 13.

Superior . .

Huron

Michigan .
Ontario.-.

-Price per pound received for fresh lake trout by United States and
Canadian fishermen, 1924

Lake

Canada

Cents
7.25
8.93

'""'ia05

32

TAEIFF INFOEMATION SURVEYS

Table 14. — Price per pound received for fresh lake trout by coastal buyers and

Chicago jobbers, 1924

Coastal buyers in-

Month

United States

Canada

Chicago
jobbers

Michigan

Superior Huron

Huron

Superior

January

Cents

Cents

Cents

Cents

Cents

Cents
26.97

February . .

22.00

27.58

March . . . .

21.49
20.61
18.54
17.55
19.00
22.15
20.96
17.49
16.22
20.50

26.66

April _ .. ..

17.00
15.40
16.52
19.02
19.98
23.65
17.06
16.69

16.00
12.71
13.16
14.22
16.10
17.76
16.01
14.12

15.38
14.82
14.23
13.09
15.36
15.12
21.72
16.30
13.85

23.58

May. - -.

18.68
15.09
17.12
21.50
20.88
19.25
18. 55
20.00

17.32

June...

18.14

July

18.80

August

September . ....

22.30
22.05

October. . ...

16.86

November . .. .

18.30

22.05

Annual average

19.56

18.24

18.51

15.96

15.25

19.58

Table 15. — Prices per pound received for fro zen lake trout by Lake Superior buyers
and by Chicago jobbers, 1924

Month

January...
February.

March

April

May

June

July

Lake Superior
buyers in-

United

States

Cents
13.48
23.41
15.08
28.00

Canada

Cents
13.24
14.46
19.73

Chicago
jobbers

Cents
19.05
18.14
18.40
18.46
15.20

Month

August

September .

October

November.
December..

Annual average

Lake Superior
buyers in-

United
States

Cents

15.61
15.54

Canada

Cents

13.66

14.32

Chi-
cago
jobbers

Cents
18.53
17.68
18.48
19.26
20.24

18.70

COST OF PRODUCTION

The fishing costs of lake trout in 1924 averaged 3.4 cents per pound
more in the United States than in Canada. Between the principal
producing areas of the two countries, Lake Michigan in the United
States and Lake Huron in Canada, there is a difference in favor of
Canada of 2.5 cents per pound.

When boxed, iced, and shipped fresh to Chicago, the domestic
product cost 0.9 cent per pound more than the foreign product in
the same market. Unlike other lake fish, the lake trout finds only
a limited market in New York City. There is, however, a substan-
tial market in Ohio and adjoining territory, where the foreign product
of Lake Huron has a slight advantage in transportation costs.

Since transportation costs are less significant in the handling of
frozen lake trout than fresh, the cost of the foreign frozen product,
f. o. b., Chicago in 1924 was 2.3 cents per pound less than the domes-
tic. The quantities frozen in both countries, however, are relatively
small, probably not more than 15 per cent of the total catch.

Tables 16 and 17 give the cost of production in the United States
and Canada in 1924.

k^

TAEIFF INFOEMATION SURVEYS

33

Table 16. — Cost of fresh lake trout, f. o. b. New York City and Chicago, 1924^

[In cents per pound]

Item of cost

United
States

Canada

Amount
by which

United
States costs
are more
(+) or less
(-) than
Canadian

Fishing cost:

Excluding interest

Including interest

Boxing and icing cost:

Excluding interest...

Including interest

Total, fishing and boxing and icing cost:

Excluding interest..

Including interest

Transportation cost:

To New York City

To Chicago

Total, fishing, boxing and icing, and transportation cost:
F. 0. b.. New York City-
Excluding interest

Including interest .'

F. 0. b., Chicago —

Excluding interest..

Including interest

10. 7120
11. 1086

1, 6059
1. 7602

7.4841
7. 7408

1. 9699
2. 0334

+3. 2279
+3. 3678

-. 3640
-. 2732

12.3179
12. 8688

9. 4540
9. 7742

+2. 8639
+3. 0946

4. 2535
2. 1926

4. 0632
4. 3946

+.1903
-2. 2021

16. 5714
17. 1223

14. 5104
15. 0613

13. 5172
13. 8374

13. 8486
14. 1688

+3. 0542
+3. 2849

+. 6618
+. 8925

> Does not include the customs duty of 1 cent per pound. For detailed statistics of cost see pp. 145-147.

Table 17. — Cost of frozen lake trout f. o. b. New York City and Chicago, 1924 *

[In cents per pound]

Item of cost

Fishing cost:

Excluding interest

Including interest

Freezing and storing costs:

Excluding interest

Including interest ,

Boxing cost:

Excluding interest

Including interest

Total, fishing, freezing and storing, and boxing cost:

Excluding interest

Including interest

Transportation cost:

To New York City

To Chicago.. -

Total, fishing, freezing and storing, boxing, and transportation cost:

F. 0. b.. New York City-
Excluding interest

Including interest

F. o. b., Chicago —

Excluding interest

Including interest

United
States

10. 7120
11. 1086

1.9025
1.9119

1.2159
1.2902

13. 8304
14.3107

1. 3387
.6250

15. 1691
15. 6494

14. 4554
14. 9357

Canada

7.4841
7. 7408

2. 2136
2.4019

1. 2244
1.3167

10. 9221
11. 4594

1. 2679
1. 1469

12. 1900
12. 7273

12. 0690
12. 6063

Amount
by which

United
States costs
are more
(+) or less
(-) than
Canadian

+3. 2279
+3. 3678

-.3111
-.4900

-. 0265

+2. 9083
+2. 8513

+. 0708
-.5219

+2. 9791
+2. 9221

+2. 3864
+2. 3294

> Does not include the customs duty of 1 cent i)er pound. For detailed statistics of cost see pp. 145-147.

34 TARIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS

COMPETITIVE CONDITIONS

Lake Michigan, which suppHes 66 per cent of the domestic lake-
trout catch, is entirely in United States territory. On the other
lakes there is an international boundary, but even there both coun-
tries appear to be drawing upon different sources of supply for most
of their catch.'* If this theory be true, the supply in the waters of
both countries is practically a natural monopoly.

Much of the catch of each coimtry is sold in markets adjacent to
the producing centers, the principal competitive center for the
surplus being Chicago. Laid down in Chicago, the domestic fresh
fish cost 0.9 cent per pound more than the foreign, and the frozen
2.3 cents per pound more. In the less unportant Ohio and eastern
United States markets the foreign product has a slight cost advantage.

CISCOES

DESCRIPTION AND USES

In the trade usage the term "cisco" applies only to the fish of
that name taken in Lake Erie, although scientifically it is the same
fish as the so-called "herring" taken in the other Great Lakes. In
this report the trade designation is followed. The cisco, like the
whitefish, is a member of the salmon family. In appearance it
closely resembles the whitefish, but is smaller (about 12 inches in
length) and has a thin upper lip. The large, or "jumbo" cisco, of
which the supply is comparatively limited, approximates the smaller
whitefish in size. Ciscoes can not be distinguished from whitefish
by the average consumer. Practically all ciscoes are "dressed"
(entrails removed) before leaving the centers of production. In
Canada dressing is done by the fishermen, and in the United States
by the coastal buyer. Ciscoes are taken chiefly for the fresh-fish
trade, but when the market for the fresh fish is glutted they are
preserved 'by freezing. Ordinarily about half of the domestic catch
is so preserved. During years of short supply, however, the frozen
product may represent only about 25 per cent of the catch. Until
1925 Canadian ciscoes imported for the frozen -fish trade were prac-
tically all processed in the United States.

Some fresh and practically all frozen ciscoes are prepared for
market by smoking. The fresh ones when obtainable at reasonable
prices are preferred for this purpose. The "hot-smoke" method is
universally employed, a process whereby the fish is both smoked and
cooked in one operation. As the cooking of the fish makes it highly
perishable, the smoker endeavors to dispose of it the same day it is
processed. Smoking is done almost entirely in the consuming
centers because the transportation rate is lower on the frozen fish
than on the fresh or smoked fish and because advantage can be taken
of surplus fresh fish. Smoked ciscoes are usually marketed as
"smoked whitefish." The one-half-pound size is preferred by both
the restaurant and small-family trade.

< According to a letter from Dr. Walter Koelz, associate aquatic biologist, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries,
"Without marking fish, nothing can be stated positively about their migrations, but the study of body
structures and the life history of fish yield circumstantial evidence on this subject. * * * In the ease
of lalie trout it is reasonably certain that there are several schools in each of the Lakes excepting Erie which
are more or less local in habit. It is (luite improbable that any lake trout undertake such extensive
migrations as would be involved in a wandering from one side of the lake to the other, particularly since it
would require the transversing of the deep-water central basins into which the species does not normally
venture. * * *."

TAEIFF INFOEMATION SURVEYS

35

PRODUCTION, DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN

Ciscoes as defined by the trade are taken in commercial quantities
in Lake Erie only. The United States catch in 1924 was 21,292,733
pounds, and the Canadian 10,907,928 pounds. The ratio of 2 to 1
in favor of the domestic catch of 1924 also obtaius with respect to
the average annual catches for the period 1913 to 1924. Within
that period, however, there were fluctuations in the catches of both
countries — a general increase from 1913 to 1918, a sharp decline
in 1919 and 1920, and subsequently a gradual increase. The catch
in 1925 is estimated to have been about one-fourth that of the
preceding year, and available statistics indicate that every seven or
eight years the fishery is subject to a sharp depression. On this
assumption, there should be a general increase in the catches of both
countries from 1926 to about 1930 or 1931, unless new trade condi-
tions, legislation, or other factors interfere.

While available production statistics show periodic changes in the
annual catch, they do not indicate either a general decline or increase
during the last 20 years. According to the fishermen, however,
there has been an increase in the amount of gear used and more
efficient fishing methods have been developed. Most of the fisher-
men have therefore concluded that the available supply in Lake
Erie has been reduced.

Table 18 and the chart on page 36 show the catches of the United
States and Canada from 1913 to 1924.

Table 18. — United States and Canadian catch of cisco in Lake Erie, 1913-19S4

Year>

United
States 2

Canada 3

Year I

United
States *

Canada '

1913--

Pounds
12, 513, 180
14, 107, 982
15, 978, 219
8, 336, 954
19, 453, 146
35, 290, 527
17, 846, 290

Pou nds
11,608,428
5, 981, 542
5, 573, 688
5, 210, 531
14, 157, 839
13, 531, 993
7, 425, 713

1920 -

Pounds
12,893,192
14, 964, 135
14.021,882

20, 930, 284

21, 292, 733

17, 302, 377

Pounds

9, 651, 284

1914__

1921

5, 225, 300

1915

1922

6, 306, 318

1916-.

1923 -

9, 241, 118

1917.-

1924--

10, 907, 928

1918.-

1 2-year average.

1919

8, 735, 140

1 United States, calendar years; Canada, calendar years 1917 to 1924, inclusive, and fiscal years ended
Apr. 1, 1913 to 1916, inclusive.
* From State fish commissions.
3 From game and fish department of Ontario.

IMPORTS

Imports of ciscoes into the United States in 1924 amounted to
9,679,600 pounds, which, added to the domestic production of
21,292,733 pounds, shows total consumption to have been 30,972,333
pounds, none of the domestic product being exported. During the
six-year period, 1919 to 1924, imports averaged 6,572,367 pounds,
domestic production 16,991,419 pounds, and domestic consumption
23,563,786 pounds. Within this period, however, imports ranged
from about 5,000,000 pounds to 10,000,000 pounds; production from
about 13,000,000 pounds to 21,000,000 pounds, and consumption
from about 20,000,000 to 3 1 ,000,000 pounds. This range is accounted
for in a large measure by variation in the runs of fish, which in the
two countries rise and fall simultaneously. This synchronism of
54003—27 4

36

TAKIFF INFOKMATION SURVEYS

movement in the waters of the two countries is particularly significant
in that imports are largest during years of largest domestic production.
Even in 1923 and 1924, when the specific duty of 1 cent per pound

applied, this was true. It is also noteworthy that imports of fresh
ciscoes are received in largest quantities in months of heaviest
domestic production.

TAEIFF INFOEMATION SURVEYS

37

Only small quantities of smoked ciscoes are imported, largely
because of the very perishable nature of the fish and the comparatively
high transportation cost. In 1919 imports were 116,700 pounds; in
1924 they had dwindled to nothing.

Tables 19 and 20 give statistics of imports of fresh and frozen
and of smoked ciscoes from 1919 to 1924, and the relative quantities
of imports and sales of domestic-caught ciscoes by months in 1924.

Table 19. — Imports into the United States of fresh and frozen and smoked ciscoes

1919-1924 ^

Calendar year

Fresh and
frozen

Smoked •

Calendar year

Fresh and
frozen

Smoked

1919- ■-

Pounds
5,912,200
7, 136, 100
4, 546, 200
4, 762, 000

Pounds

116, 700

14, 700

35,200

2,900

1923

Pounds
7, 398, 100
9, 679, 600

Pounds
1,400

1920

1924

1921

6-year average

1922

6, 572, 367

28,483

1 From Trade of Canada. Exports to the United States, goods the produce of Canada.

Table 20. — Imports of fresh and jrozen cisco compared with United States Lake
Erie sales of domestic-caught ciscoes, 1924

Month

January.
February
March...

April

May

June

July

Per cent of total for

year

Sales of

Imports

domestic

catch

4

2

2

2

1

1

2

3

1

1

1

1

3

8

Month

Per cent of total for
year

August

September -

October

November.
December.,

Total

PRICES

Fresh ciscoes. — As with blue pike, the price paid United States
fishermen for their cisco catch is fixed by agreement between the
vessel owners and the Fishermen's Union, a rather peculiar system
whereby the vessel owner buys the catch from his employees. The
vessel owners pay this fixed price to the fishermen and sell on the
open market at fluctuating prices. In general, the established price
paid to the fishermen reflects actual market values, but since each
fisherman receives one-twelfth of the sales value of the catch the
established price is primarily a means of determining his share.
In 1924 the price fixed was 7 cents per pound for April, May, and
June, and 5 cents per pound for the rest of the year. But as a
quantity of low-grade fish is occasionally brought in, the average
price realized during a given month does not always equal the fixed
price.

The average price paid to Canadian fishermen in 1924 was 3.07
cents per pound, as compared with 5.02 cents to United States
fishermen — a difference in favor of the United States of approxi-

38

TAEITF INFOEMATION SUBVEYS

mately 2 cents per pound. In Canada the price is made by the
wholesaler, and, as in the United States, the fixed price determines
the fisherman's share.

A contributing factor to the lower price paid to Canadian fisher-
men for ciscoes is the higher price paid to them for blue pike, a
species taken in conjunction with ciscoes. This, hovrever, can
affect the price spread only slightly, since blue pike represent less
than 5 per cent of the Canadian gill-net catch, and the price paid
the Canadian fishermen for blue pike is only 0.51 cent per pound
greater than that paid United States fishermen.

In 1924 the United States coastal buyer who purchased the fisher-
men's catch received an average of 8.03 cents per pound for fresh
ciscoes, while the Canadian coastal buyer received 6.61 cents — a
dift'erence in favor of the United States buyer of 1.42 cents per
pound. Demand from the Canadian market, although limited,
tends to increase the price realized by the Canadian buj^er. On
the other hand, the United States price may be enhanced by the
effect of the 1 cent per pound customs duty and by the advantage
of lower transportation costs to domestic points in the vicinity of
Lake Erie. In the more important eastern markets, however, the
two industries are on practically the same footing with respect to
transportation costs. When the catches of the two countries reach
a competitive market, no price distinction is made between them.
In 1924 the average price realized by Chicago jobbers for the fresh
fish of both countries was 9.39 cents per pound.

Table 21 shows the average monthly price received for ciscoes by
United States and Canadian fishermen and by inland jobbers during
1924. In order to get the price data of the two coim tries on a
comparable basis, the value for that portion of the Canadian catch
which is sold dressed has been converted to round fish by deducting
15 per cent, because the United States catch is all landed round.

Table 21. — Weighted average price per pound of fresh ciscoes, 1924

Price realized by-

Fishermen

Inland jobbers

Month ,

United

States

Canada '

Excess
United
States
over
Canada

Chicago

New
York
City

March _ _

Cents

Cents
8.00
5.81
5.76
5.00
2.G9
2.50
2.55
2.70
3.15
3.21

Cents

CenU

CenU

April

7.00
7.00
6.91
5.04
4.96
4.94
4.98
4.99
5.00

1.19
1.24
1.91
2.35
2.46
2.39
2.28
1.84
1.79

15.50
11.04
11.98
10.04
8.30

17.60

May

15.89

June

6.50

July

13.52

August.

in .■?«

September

9.70 i 9.77

October

9.00 15.85

November

9. 19 12. 50

December

9. .^0 l.'J. M

1

Annual average

5.02

3.07

1.95

9.39

13.12

1 Dressed-flsh prices converted to round-fish prices by deducting 15 per cent.

TAEIFF INFOR]\IATION SURVEYS

39

Frozen and smoked ciscoes. — Most frozen ciscoes and large quantities
of the fresh are eventually smoked. In the United States freezing
and smoking are both long-established industries, the former prin-
cipally at the point of production and the latter in the large con-
summg centers. In Canada very little smoking is done, and it is
only since 1924 that the freezing industry has been of any consequence.

In the United States, Lake Erie freezers received an average of
7.28 cents per pound in 1924 for fresh, dressed ciscoes and 8.28 cents
for frozen ciscoes. In the same year smokers in Chicago received
20.68 cents per pound for their product. The spread between the
price received by the freezer and the smoker is accounted for in the
main by the expenses borne by the smoker which are (1) transporta-
tion from the fishing area; (2) storage charges if the catch is frozen;
(3) handling charges at destination; (4) cleaning, smoking, packing,
and selling costs; and (5) shrinkage of from 28 to 35 per cent of the
original weight of the fish.

The following table gives the average price realized in 1924 by United
States coastal buyers for fresh and frozen ciscoes; by Chicago and
New York City jobbers for frozen ciscoes; and by Chicago jobbers for
smoked ciscoes. The prices quoted for smoked ciscoes are for fish
known as ''smoked whitefish," consisting principally of ciscoes but
including small quantities of chubs and tullibees.

Table 22. — Price per pound of fresh, frozen, and smoked ciscoes, in the United

States, 1924

Price realized by-

Month

Lake Erie buyers Inland jobbers

Fresh Frozen Chicago

New

York

City

(frozen)

Chicago
(smoked)

January

Cents < Cents
9.16

Cents
9.33
13.38
13.18
12.01
11.99
12.00

Cents
11.84
11.33
7.18
9.10
8.66
8.74
9.00

Cents

21 78

February

8. 16

21 83

March... ..'

8.33

21 17

April

6.32 , 8.00
6.30 1

19 19

May

19 14

June. -

12.44

6.44

20 21

July

20 83

August..

6.64

20 76

September.

6.84 ' 8.50

6.12 8.46

7. 70 1 7. 91

11. 17 1 8.21

19 92

October

14.00

20 49

November

9.00
9.00

20 74

December

^•>. nn

20 46

Annual average.

7.28 ' 8.28 11-77

9.10

20.68

COST OF PRODUCTION

Cisco fishing costs in 1924 were 2.3 cents per pound higher in the
United States than in Canada. The higher domestic costs are
probably due to the lower catch per unit of fishing gear (see p. 42)
and to the higher labor costs (see p. 12).

40

TARIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS

When to the fishmg costs there are added boxing and icing costs
and express charges to Chicago or New York City, the total difference
approximates the fishing-cost difference, because the small domestic
transportation cost advantage is almost offset by the boxing and
icing costs disadvantage. The domestic cost laid down in Chicago
in 1924 was 2.1 cents per pound higher than the foreign and laid
down in New York City, 2.3 cents higher.

Since 1922 the Canadian cisco freezing industry has materially
expanded, while the domestic industry has remained about stationary.
In 1924 the domestic disadvantage in the production cost of frozen
cisco was even greater than the cost of the fresh because the domestic
cost of freezing, storing, and boxing exceeded the foreign cost by 0.9
cent per pound. Laid down in Chicago the domestic frozen cisco
costs exceeded the foreign by 3.2 cents per pound and laid down in
New York City by 3 cents per pound.

Cisco smoking costs in the United States in 1924 averaged 5.1 cents
per pound (see p. 128). No data relative to smoking costs in Canada
were obtained by the commission, exports to the United States being
too small to be considered.

Tables 23 and 24 give the cost of production of fresh and frozen
ciscoes in the United States and Canada in 1924.

Table 23. — Cost of fresh cisco, f. o. b. New York City and Chicago, 1924 ^

[In cents per pound]

Item of cost

United
States

Canada

Amount
by which

United
States costs
are more
(+) or less
(-) than
Canadian

Fishing cost:

Excluding interest

Including interest

Boxing and icing cost;

Excluding interest

Including interest ,

Total fishing and boxing and icing cost:

Excluding interest...

Including interest..

Transportation cost:

To New York City

To Chicago

Total fishing, boxing and icing, and transportation cost

F. 0. b., New York City —

Excluding interest

Including interest

F. o. b., Chicago —

Excluding interest

Including interest

4. 6970
4.8034

1. 6670
1. 7365

6.3640
6. 5399

2. 3125
2. 3750

8. 6765
8. 8524

8. 7390
8. 9149

2. 3980
2. 4630

1. 4001
1. 4418

3. 7981
3.9048

2. 6250
2. 8750

6. 4231
6. 5298

6. 6731
6. 7798

+2. 2990
+2. 3404

+. 2669
+.2947

+2. 5659
+2. 6351

-. 3125
-.5000

+2. 2534
+2. 3226

+2. 0659
+2. 1351

I Does not include the customs duty of 1 cent per pound. For detailed statistics of cost, see p. 148.

TARIFF INFOEMATION SURVEYS

41

Table 24. — Cost of frozen cisco, f. o. b. New York City and Chicago, 1924 ^

[In cents per pound]

Item of cost

United
States

Canada

Amount
by which

United
States costs
are more
(+) or less
(-) than
Canadian

Fishing cost:

Excluding interest ,

Including interest

Freezing and storing costs:

Excluding interest

Including intereist

Boxing cost:

Excluding interest

Including interest

4. 6970
4. 8034

1. 8374
1. 9119

1. 2159
1. 2902

2. 3980
2. 4630

1. 3174
1. 3701

.9220
.9749

Total fishing, freezing and storing, and boxing cost:

Excluding interest

Including interest

Transportation cost:
To New York City.
To Chicago

7.7503
8.0055

4. 6374
4.8080

.7157
.8297

.9310
.8297

Total fishing, freezing and storing, boxing, and transportation cost:
F. o. b., New York City-
Excluding interest - -

Including interest

F. 0. b., Chicago —

Excluding interest

Including interest

8. 4660
8. 7212

8.5800
8. 8352

5.5684
5.7390

5. 4671
5. 6377

+2. 2990
+2. 3404

+.5200
+.5418

+. 2939
+.3153

+3. 1129
+3. 1975

-.2153

+2.8976
+2. 9822

+3. 1129
+3. 1975

> Does not include the customs duty of 1 cent per pound. For detaUed statistics of cost, see p. 148.
COMPETITIVE CONDITIONS

Cisco fishing is" commercially important in Lake Erie only, and the
fishermen of the United States and Canada confine their operations
to the waters owned by their respective Governments. As in blue-
pike fishing, the fishermen of the two countries probably draw upon
a common source of supply. The theory that there is extensive fish
migration is supported by the fact that at times the Canadian and
United States fleets fish side by side at the international boundary.
There seems, however, to be a smaller available supply in the United
States waters. Data collected by the Tariff Commission for the
year 1924 from records of vessels producing 39 per cent of the domestic
catch and 34 per cent of the Canadian catch show that per day of
fishing the catch per 1,000 square yards of netting is 58 per cent
greater in Canada than in the United States.^ This smaller domestic
supply may be due to a more limited fish food supply in the United
States waters; to pollution of domestic waters by industrial or other
waste; or to the scaring away of fish by the large amount of fishing
gear employed in the United States.

From 1919 to 1924 domestic production increased from about
18,000,000 to 21,000,000 pounds and imports from 6,000,000 to
10,000,000 pounds. It will be noted that imports increased after
1922 when ciscoes were made dutiable at 1 cent per pound.

Considering New York City and Chicago as competitive markets,
the United States production cost of fresh ciscoes in 1924 exceeded

For detailed statistics, see pp. 42-44.

42

TAKIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS

the Canadian by 2.2 cents per pound and of frozen ciscoes by 3.1
cents per pound. It may be objected, however, that the year 1924
was abnormal and should not be selected for cost of production com-
parison, since United States fishermen were on strike from July 27
to August 19, during which period only a few independent boats were
operated, whereas the whole Canadian fleet was in full operation.
But it so happens that a year without a strike has come to be abnor-
mal, for in at least six years of the last decade strikes have occurred
in the United States' industry, while the Canadian industry has suf-
fered no such interruption.

Table 25 summarizes the cost of the domestic and foreign products
laid down in New York City and Chicago:

Table 25. — Summary of the cost of -production of ciscoes, 1924
[In cents per pound]

Class and market

Fresh:

F. 0. b. New York City.

F. 0. b. Chicago

Simple average

Frozen:

F. 0. b. New York City
F. o.b. Chicago

Simple average

United
States

8.85
8.91

■8.78

Canada
(exclud-
ing duty)

6.53

6.78

6.65

5.74
5.64

5.69

Amount
by which
United

States
costs are

more

than
Canadian

2.32
2.13

2.98
3.20

3.09

KELATIVE SUPPLY IN DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN WATERS

The fish producers of New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio in their
applications for an increase in the tariff on ciscoes stated that the
supply in the Canadian half of Lake Erie is greater than in the United
States half. Obviously, if the Canadian waters are more densely
populated with ciscoes, the Canadian fishermen have a natural advan-
tage in competition. The applicants, however, presented no statis-
tical data to confirm this statement. The commission finding no
such data available has, therefore, made a detailed analysis of gill-
net fishing records for the 1924 season. At least 90 per cent of the
cisco catch is taken in this type of gear, and fishing methods and sea-
sons are the same in the two countries. The data obtained from
these records cover the size of the catch of each fishing tug, the amount
of gear used, and the period of employment. From these the catch
per unit of fishing gear per day of fishing was computed. A copy of
the schedule used in obtaining information of this character is shown
on the following page.

TAEIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS

43

1

Kind of gUl nets

Bull
nets

Shallow
nets

White-
fish nets

1 Length of each net . . yards..

2 Depth of each net .. do

3 Area of each net (line 1 by line 2).. square yards..

4 Nets used per set number..

5 Area of netting per set (line 3 by line 4) square yards..

6 Days flshed number,.

7. Area of netting per year (line 5 by 6 divided by 1,000)
1,000 square yards..

9 Catchofciscoes per 1,000 square yards (line 8 divided by line 7). do

10 Catch of blue pike . do

11. Catch of blue pike per 1,000 square yards (line 10 divided by line 7)
pounds..

12 Catch of perch do

13 Catch of perch per 1,000 square yards (line 12 divided by line 7).. do

14 Catch of other flsli (specify) . - do

1

line 7) pounds

Data were obtained in the United States for 27 vessels taking
8,316,530 pounds of ciscoes, or 39 per cent of the total United States
cisco catch; in Canada, for 8 vessels taking 3,690,944 pounds, or 34
per cent of the total Canadian cisco catch.

Average catch. — The average catch of ciscoes per thousand square
yards of netting per day of fishing in 1924 was 69.9 pounds in the
United States and 110.2 pounds in Canada, a difference in favor of
Canada of 40.3 pounds. The smaller size of the domestic catch may
be due to such disadvantages as a smaller food supply in United
States waters, industrial pollution, or scaring away of some of the
fish by the large amount of fishing gear employed.

In the cisco fishery several species of minor importance such as
blue pike and perch, are taken. These, however, represent only
18 per cent of the total United States gill-net catch and 13 per cent
of the total Canadian gill-net catch. Tables 26 and 27 give the results
of the commission's study: Table 26 is a smnmary of Table 27.

Table 26. — Summary of Lake Erie gill-net catch per thousand square yards of
netting in the United States and Canada, 1924

United States

Canada

Species

Average
catch per
thousand
square
yards of
netting

Per cent
distribu-
tion of
gill-net
catch

Average
catch per
thousand
square
yards of
netting

Per cent
distribu-
tion of
gill-net
catch

Ciscoes

Blue pike

Pounds
69.9
12.5

82
15
2
1

Pounds

110.2

7.6

7.5

.7

87
6

Perch

All other

2.1
1.2

6
1

Total

85.7

100

126.0

100

44

TAEIFF INFOKMATION SURVEYS

Table 27. — Detailed statement — Lake Erie gill-net catch per thousand square
yards of netting in the United States and Canada, 19S4

UNITED STATES

Species

Average

catch

per

thousand

square
yards of
netting

Per cent
distri-
bution

Average

catch

per

thousand
square

yards of

netting

Per cent
distri-
bution

Average

catch

per

thousand

square

yards of

netting

Per cent
distri-
bution

Average

catch

per

thousand

square

yards of

netting

Per cent
distri-
bution

Blue pike -

Pounds

6.5

108.8

.1

5.6

94.3

.1

Pounds

29.6

25.8

6.9

2.8

(')

.2

8

45.2

39.5

10.6

4.3

(')

.3
(')
(')

Pounds

Pounds

12.5

69.9

2.1

.8

(')

.1
(')
(0

.3
(')

14.6

Ciscoes

8U5

Perch

2*5

Sauger

1.0

Sheepshead

(1)

Suckers

6")

(■)

.1

Trout...

(')

White bass

.3

Whitefish

4.6
1.1

91.9
8.1

Yellow pike

(')

.1

(1)

Total

115.4

100.0

65.3

100.0

5.1

100.0

85.7

100.0

CANADA

Blue pike

0.6
295.1

0.2
99.8

16.6
44.9
16.7
C)

21.2

.57.4
21.4

(•)

(')

7.6

110.2

7.5

(')
«
.7

6.0

Ciscoes

87.5

Perch

5.9

Suckers

0)
(')
.6

Trout

Whitefish

3.0

100.0

Total

295.7

100.0

78.2

100.0

3.0

100.0

126.0

100.0

1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent.

BLUE PIKE

DESCRIPTION AND USES

The blue pike is the young of the yellow pike, but is so different in
appearance that the trade regards it as a distinct species. Its aver-
age weight is about 1 pound. In gradmg blue pike, those weighing
more than 1 pound are known as Jumbo or No. 1 and those under
1 pound as Medium or No. 2. The distinguishing features of this
species are an elongated body and a grayish blue back.

Most blue pike are sold fresh in the round (not dressed). Probably
about 85 per cent of the total catch is so marketed; the remainder
are frozen.

PRODUCTION, DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN

Blue pike are commercially important only in Lake Erie, where in
1924 over 98 per cent of both the United States and Canadian catches
were taken. From 1913 to 1924, the average annual domestic catch
was 7,181,008 pounds, and the foreign 3,083,960 pounds, but within
this period there w^as a marked fluctuation in the yearly catch. In
1915 the United States catch amounted to almost 19,000,000 pounds,
in 1918 to about 1,000,000 pounds, and in 1922 to about 10,000,000
pounds. It is significant that a rise or fall in the domestic catch has
coincided with a like movement in the foreign. That is, a poor year
in the domestic fishery has synchronized with a poor year in the for-
eign. Since the amount of fishing gear used does not vary greatly
from year to year, it is obviously the migration of the fish that gen-
erally causes the fluctuation in the catch. This is particularly true
of pound nets, in which at least half of the catch is taken. In them
reliance is placed on the likelihood of the fish swimming inshore. To
some extent, however, the size of the cisco catch influences the blue

TAEIFF ]NF01tMATI0N SURVEYS

45

pike catch. During years of cisco scarcity more attention is given
to the catching of blue pike.

The following chart and table give the blue-pike catch of the United
States and Canada from 1913 to 1924:

Table 28. — United States and Canadian blue-pike catch, 1913-1924

Great Lakes

Year'

Great Lakes

Yeari

United
States 2

Canada 3

United
States «

Canada '

1913

Pounds
1,881,184
11,435,727
18, 811, 228
9, 402, 862
1, 654, 189
1, 330, 623
1, 709, 939

Pounds
488, 167
* 2, 967, 571

4,882,312

2, 538, 926
565, 476
799, 894

2, 390, 479

1920. . ..

Pounds
3, 982, 987
8, 945, 993
10, 361, 079
9, 686, 282
8, 969, 997

Pounds
3, 364, 365
6, 389, 588
6, 341, 295
3 243,545

1914

1921

1915

1922.

1916.

1923

1917

1924 . ...

3, 035, 898

1918

12-year average

1919

7, 181, 008

3, 083, 960

1 United States, calendar years; Canada, calendar years 1917 to 1924, inclusive, and fiscal years ended
Apr. 1, 1913 to 1916, inclusive.
' From State fish commissions.
' From game and fish department of Ontario.
• Estimated.

CATCH OF BLUE PIKE

IN THE

UNITED STATES AND CANADA
)9l3-l92-^

46

TAEIFF INFOJRMATIOlSr SURVEYS

IMPORTS

For the six-year period 1919-1924 imports of blue pike averaged
3,727,560 pounds annually, or 33.88 per cent of domestic consump-
tion, but within this period varied considerably from year to year.
From 1919 to 1921 imports increased from 2,152,530 pounds to
5,765,310 pounds, and then in 1924 declined to 2,754,090 pounds.
The ratio of imports to domestic production was 39.19 per cent in
1921 and 23.49 per cent in 1924.

The wide variation in imports is accounted for in a large measure
by the variable runs of fish in both countries and by the practice of
fishing for blue pike when the runs of ciscoes are light.

Table 29 gives the estimated imports into the United States from
1919 to 1924.

Table 29.-

-Imports of fresh and frozen blue pike into the United States,
191 9-1 9U 1

Year

Pounds

Year

Pounds

1919..

2,152,530
3, 041, 550
5, 765, 310
5, 722, 650

1923 . .

2, 929, 230
2, 754, 090

1920

1924 .- . .

1921 . .

6-year average .. -

1922

3, 727, 560

1 Estimated at 90 per cent of Canadian production.

PRICES

The price paid to United States gill-net fishermen for blue pike is
fixed by agreement between an organization of coastal buyers and
the fishermen's union. In Canada the price is fixed by individual
agreement, but a higher price than it would otherwise bring is often
paid for blue pike in order to get ciscoes, the more important part of
the catch, at a lower price. During 1924 the weighted average price
paid to United States fishermen was 5.24 cents per pound and to
Canadian fishermen 5.75 cents per pound — a difference in favor of
Canadian fishermen of 0.51 cent per pound. To some extent the
higher price paid to Canadian fishermen in 1924 was due to their
proportionately larger catch of blue pike during the early part of the
season when prices were high. Since some of the blue pike catch is
taken in pound and trap nets, the weighted average price is slightly
affected by the proportion so taken for the reason that in some areas
a premium is paid for pound-net fish because they are usually fresher
when shipped than gill-net fish.

Since most of the Canadian catch is sold in the United States the
price realized by coastal buyers is probably affected by the United
States customs duty of 1 cent per pound. In 1924 the average price
realized by Canadian coastal or lake-side buyers was 7.51 cents per
pound and by United States buyers 8.24 cents per pound.

Table 30 gives the average price received for fresh blue pike in 1924,

TARIFF INFOBMATION SURVEYS 47

Table 30. — Weighted average price per pound of fresh blue pike, 1924

Month

Price realized by —

Lake Erie fishermen

Lake Erie buyers

United
States

Canada

Amount

by which
United
States
prices

are more
(+)or

less (— )

than
Canadian

United
States

Canada

Amount
by which
United

States

prices
are more

(+)or
less (— )

than
Canadian

Inland jobbers

New
Chicago York
City

January

February..

March

April

May

June

July.-

August

September.

October

November.
December..

Cents

Cents

Cents

Cents

Cents

Cents

Cents

6.21
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
4.98
4.90
5.86

10.00
7.12
3.62
4.50
6.00
6.00
6.00
4.46
4.52
5.48

-0.91

+1.38

+.50

-1.00

-1.00

-1.00

+.52

+.38

+.38

10.48
5.84
6.83
9.20
8.57

10.02
9.40
8.98

10.30

, Annual average , 5.24

5.75

.51

8.24

+0. .59
+ 1.33

-.17
+1.02

-.22

+.05
+2.00
+2.29

-.85

16.24
14.67
12.66
12.42
11.67
16.66
15. 12
14.20
16.25
17.14

7.51

+.73

15.27

Cents
23.00
13.00
11.35
21.10
13.91
15.67
14.13
12.53
22.25
20.31
13.61
15.91

16.06

COST OF PRODUCTION

In 1924 the average cost of catching blue pike was 0.3 cent per
pound higher in the IJnited States than in Canada. Blue pike, how-
ever, when taken from gill nets are usually dead and consequently
less valuable than the live fish taken from pound and trap nets. If,
therefore, comparison of costs is made according to the fishing gear
used, the difference is found to diverge materially from the average.
In the gill-net fishery, where 71 per cent of the domestic catch is taken
and 62 per cent of the foreign, the Canadian cost is 1.7 cents per
pound lower than the domestic. In the pound-net fishery, on the
other hand, the cost is 1.8 cents per pound higher in Canada than in
the United States; but 38 per cent of the total Canadian catch is taken
in pound nets, while only 3 per cent of the United States catch is taken
in them. Trap nets, which are prohibited by law in Canada, yield
26 per cent of the domestic catch at a cost of 6.3 cents per pound, or
2.3 cents per pound lower than the Canadian pound-net cost.

Fresh Canadian blue pike when placed on the New York City
market averages 0.2 cent per pound less in cost than the domestic,
but on 'the Chicago market the cost is the same for the products of
both countries. If, however, the gill-net catch of the two countries is
compared, the domestic cost is found to exceed that of the foreign
product by 1.7 cents per pound when the fish is placed on the New
York City market and by 1.5 cents per pound on the Chicago market.

48

TARIFF INFOBMATION SURVEYS

Between the average cost of the domestic and foreign frozen blue
pike on the New York City market, the domestic is 0.9 cent per
pound higher than the foreign and on the Chicago market the domestic
is 1.1 cents higher than the foreign. The domestic gill-net fish when
frozen and placed in New York City cost 2.4 cents per pound more
than the foreign in the same market and in Chicago 2.6 cents per
pound more.

Table 31 gives the cost of production of fresh blue pike and Table 32
the cost of the frozen. Table 33 gives the fishing costs for the various
kinds of fishing gear.

Table 31. — Cost of fresh blue pike, f. o. b. New York City and Chicago, 1924^

[In cents per pound]

Item of cost

Fishing cost:

Excluding interest

Including interest.

Boxing and icing cost:

Excluding interest

Including interest.

Total, fishing, boxing and icing cost:

Excluding interest

Including interest

Transportation cost:

To New York City

To Chicago -

Total, fishing, boxing and icing, and
transportation cost:
F. o. b. New York City-
Excluding interest --.

Including interest

F. 0. b. Chicago-
Excluding interest

Including interest

All types of gear

United
States

5.7404
5. 9382

1. 6670
1. 7365

7. 4074
7. 6747

2. 3125
2.3754

9. 7199
9. 9872

9.7828
10. 0501

Canada

5. 3958
5. 6750

1.4001
1. 4418

6. 7959
7. 1168

Amount

by which
United
States

costs are
more
(+)or

less (— )
than

Canadian

+0. 3446
+.2632

+. 2669
+.2947

+.6115
+. 5579

2. 6368 -. 3243
2. 8927 -. 5173

9. 4327 +. 2872
7536 +. 2336

9.6886
10. 0095

-.0942
+.0406

Gill nets only

United

States

5. 4595
5. 5914

1. 6670
1. 7365

7. 1265
7. 3279

2. 3125
2. 3754

9. 4390
9.6404

9. 5019
9. 7033

Canada

3. 7484
3. 8751

1.4001
1.4418

5. 1485
5. 3169

2.6368
2. 8927

Amount

by which
United
States

costs are
more
(+)or

less (— )
than

Canadian

+1.7111
+1. 7163

+. 2669
+.2947

+1. 9780
+2. OHO

-.3243

-. 5173

7. 7853
7. 9537

8.0412
8.2096

+ 1.6537
+1. 6867

+1. 4607
+1. 4937

' Does not include the customs duty of 1 cent per pound. For detailed statistics of cost, see pp. 149, 150

TARIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS

49

Table 32. — Cost of frozen blue pike, f. o. b. New York City and Chicago, 1924^

[In cents per poundl

'

All types of gear

Gill nets only

Item of cost

United
States

Canada

Amount

bywhich
United
States

costs are
more
(+)or

less (-)
than

Canadian

United

States

Canada

Amount

by which
United
States

costs are
more
(+)or

less (-)
than

Canadian

Fishing cost:

Excluding interest

5.7404
5. 9382

1.8374
1.9119

1.2169
1. 2902

5. 3958
5. 6750

1. 3174
1. 3701

.9220
.9749

+0. 3446
+. 2632

+.5200
+. 5418

+. 2939
+. 3153

6. 4595
5. 5914

1. 8374
1.9119

1.2159
1.2902

3. 7484
3. 8751

1.3174
1. 3701

.9220
.9749

+1.7111

Including interest...

+1. 7163

Freezing and storing cost:

Excluding interest

+.5200

Including interest

+.6418

Boxing cost:

Excluding interest

+.2939

Including interest .

+. 3153

Total, fishing, freezing and storing, and
boxing cost:
Excluding interest -

8.7937
9.1403

7. 6352
8.0200

+1. 1585
+1.1203

8. 5128
8. 7935

5. 9878

6. 2201

+2. 5250

Including interest

+2. 5734

Transportation cost:

To New York City

.7157
.8297

.9310
.8334

-.2153
-.0037

.7157
.8297

.9310
.8334

-.2153

To Chicago--

-.0037

Total, fishing, freezing and storing, boxing,
and transportation cost:
F. 0. b. New York City-
Excluding interest-.

9. 5094
9.8660

9.6234
9.9700

8.6662
8. 9510

8. 4686
8.8534

+.9432
+. 9050

+1. 1548
+1. 1166

9.2285
9.5092

9.3425
9.6232

6. 9188
7. 1511

6. 8212
7. 0535

+2. 3097

Including interest

+2.3581

F. 0. b. Chicago —

Excluding interest--

+2. 5213

Including interest

+2. 5697

' Does not include the customs duty of 1 cent per pound. For detailed statistics of cost, see pp. 149, 150.

Table 33. — Comparison of blue-pike fishing costs according to type of gear used,
United States and Canada, 1924

[In cents per pound]

Type of net and country

Labor

Interest

All other
costs

Total

GiU nets:

United States .-

3.2483
1.9458

0. 1319
.1267

2.2112
1.8026

6. 5914

Canada -

3. 8751

(+) or

Amount by which United States costs are more
less (— ) than Canadian

+1.3025

+.0052

+. 4086

+ 1.7163

Pound nets:

United States -

4. 1375
4.8527

.3561
.5299

2. 3369
3. 2510

6.8305

Canada -

8. 6336

(+) or

Amount by which United States costs are more

-. 7152

-. 1738

-.9141

-1. 8031

Trap nets:

United States

4. 1936

.3608

1. 7596

6. 3140

All nets:

United States

3. 5110
3.0453

.1978
.2792

2. 2294
2. 3505

5. 9382

Canada - - -

5. 6750

(+) or

Amount by which United States costs are more
less (— ) than Canadian

+. 4657

-. 0814

-.1211

+.2632

50

TARIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS

COMPETITIVE CONDITIONS

Almost the entire domestic and foreign supply of blue pike is taken
from Lake Erie, the scope of each country's fishing operations being
defined by the international boundary. Since the fish may -migrate
from the waters of one country to those of the other, it can be assumed
that the fishermen of both countries draw upon the same general
supply. It does not necessarily follow, however, that the fish life
is evenly distributed in the lake. For example, some areas are
without fish food and consequently barren of fish. If an equal number
of nets were fished for the same period in the waters of both coun-
tries the catch might be larger in one than in the other, even though
the same basic supply were being drawn upon.

Since all of the domestic catch and probably 90 per cent of the
foreign is sold in the United States, it would seem that the cost of
placing the two catches in the principal United States markets is a
reasonable measure of competitive strength.

In such a comparison no distinction is made between gill-net and
pound or trap net fish; the trade, however, makes a price distinction
so that the higher value of the pound and trap net fish permits larger
expenditures than can be made for gill-net fish. If, therefore, one
country produces more fish in gill nets, which was true of the United
States in 1924, the weighted average fishing cost is proportionately
reduced. On the basis of the cost of production of gill-net fish only,
the catch of which in 1924 was 71 per cent of the total domestic
catch and 62 per cent of the foreign, the average of the domestic
cost laid down in New York City and Chicago exceeded the foreign
cost by 1.6 cents per pound for fresh fish and 2.5 cents for frozen fish.

The followmg table gives the costs of the gill-net fish laid down in
New York City and Chicago:

Table 34. — Summary of the cost of production of blue pike, the product of gill

nets, 1924

[In cents per pound]

Class and market

United

States

Canada

(excluding

duty)

Amount

by which

United

States costs

are more

than
Canadian

Fresh:

New York City.
Chicago

Simple average

Frozen:

New York City.
Chicago.

Simple average

9.67

9.56

7.95
8.21

7.15
7.05

7.10

1.69
1.49

1.59

2.36

2.57

While the foregoing situation points to the desirability of a tariff
distinction between gill-net fish and pound or trap net fish, the dis-
tinction is probably too fine to warrant separate classification in
the tariff law.

TARIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS 51

YELLOW PIKE

DESCRIPTION AND USES

The yellow pike, a member of the perch family, in the group of pike
perches, is a large yellow fish, averaging about 8 pounds in weight.
Those weighing less than 4 pounds are classed as "No. 1 " and those
4 pounds and over as "large." The trade makes a distinction
between Great Lakes yellow pike and pike taken in other lakes.
The Great Lakes yellow pike on reaching market are usually fresher,
firmer of flesh, and of a better flavor than those of the other inland
lakes. Moreover, they do not "slime at the gills" so readily. The
lower grade of the yellow pike taken in lakes other than the Great
Lakes is probably due to the fact that they are taken in compara-
tively shallow water and are transported a longer distance. About
90 per cent of the catch is sold round (not dressed).

Of the domestic catch, probably 90 per cent is sold fresh, and of
the Canadian about 70 per cent. The demand for fresh yellow pike,
principally from the Jewish trade, has given rise to the "winter
fishery" of Lake Manitoba. From there the fish are transported
in heated sleighs and express cars to prevent freezing.

Frozen yellow pike are in the main the product of the fall and
winter fisheries of the northern Canadian lakes. The comparatively
small domestic catch, consisting principally of the smaller sizes, is
taken close to centers of consumption, and there is therefore no
necessity for extensive freezing.

During the winter season on all the northern Canadian lakes except
Manitoba, and to some extent there, the catch is frozen naturally by
exposure to the cold air. Artificial freezing is also resorted to at
times during the fall, when the fresh-fish market is glutted, and espe-
cially when there is an abundance of large fish, which are best suited
to this method of preservation.

PRODUCTION, DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN

The total catch of yellow pike in the Great Lakes and in the north-
ern Canadian lakes in 1924 approximated 12,000,000 pounds, of which
about 21 per cent were taken in the United States Great Lakes, 22
per cent in the Canadian Great Lakes, and 57 per cent in the north-
em Canadian lakes. In the United States the bulk of the catch is
taken from Lake Erie, Lake Huron, and Lake of the Woods, and in
Canada the principal fishing areas are Lake Winnipeg, Lake Mani-
toba, Lake of the Woods, and Lake Winnipegosis. Since 1913 the
Great Lakes catch has been comparatively constant in both coun-
tries, the United States catch averaging about 2,800,000 pounds
annually and the Canadian about 2,200,000 pounds. In the northern
Canadian lakes fisheries, however, there has been an increase in the
annual catch from about 3,600,000 pounds in 1913 to 7,000,000
pounds in 1924.

The relatively constant catch on the Great Lakes may be accounted
for by the lack of additional supplies, the increase in the Canadian
northern lakes industry, the increased demand in the United States,
and the development of the winter fishing for the fresh-fish trade.

Available scientific data indicate that domestic production can not
be greatly increased.^ This conclusion is substantiated by the fact

• Reports of United States Bureau of Fisheries.

52

TARIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS

that United States production has not increased despite a price
increase of from 5.4 cents per pound in 1903 to 11.5 cents in 1917
and 12.7 cents in 1924.

Table 35 gives the United States and Canadian production of
yellow pike from 1913 to 1924.

Table 35. — United States and Canadian catch of yellow pike, 1913-1924

Year i

United
States »

Canada

Great
Lakes

Great

Lakes '

Northern
Lakes <

Total

1913

Pounds
1, 497, 860
2, 925, 693
3, 750, 190
3, 493, 200
3, 456, 028
3, 263, 194
2, 539, 451
2, 256, 483
2, 295, 510
2, 906, 400
2, 762, 401
2,529,685

Pounds
2, 578, 626
3, 869, 837
2, 623, 334
1, 909, 368
1, 813, 684
1, 525, 797
1,647,602
1,419,331
1, 880, 204
2, 273, 296
2, 564, 079
2, 718, 484

Pounds
3, 573, 200
3, 327, 700
5, 660, 800
2,782,000
6,079,800
4, 406, 000
4, 153, 200
4, 517, 700
4, 284, 800
5, 775, 100
7,351,500
6,997,800

Pounds
6, 151, 826

1914

7, 197, 537

1915 -

8, 284, 134

1916 . .

4, 691, 368

1917

7, 893, 484

1918

5, 931, 797

1919

5, 800, 802

1920

5, 937, 031

1921

6, 165, 004

1922 - -

8, 048, 396

1923

9. 915, 579

1924 --

9, 716, 284

12-year average

2,806,341

2, 235, 303

4,825,800

7, 061, 103

J United States, calendar years; Canada, calendar years 1917 to 1924, inclusive, and fiscal years ended
Apr. 1, 1913 to 1916, inclusive.

2 From State fish commissions.

3 From game and fish department of Ontario.

* From department of marine and fisheries of Canada.

IMPORTS

The average import of yellow pike is large compared with the
domestic catch. During the period 1919-1924 the catch was only
26.26 per cent of the total domestic consumption, and in 1924, 21.67
per cent. The United States production for the period 1919 to 1924,
inclusive, averaged 2,548,322 pounds annually, and imports averaged
7,156,395 pounds annually. In 1924 imports were 9,144,900 pounds
and domestic production 2,529,685 pounds.

Table 36 gives imports estimated on the assumption that 85 per
cent of the total Canadian catch is exported. Since there is a rela-
tively large demand for frozen yellow pike in the interior of Canada,
it is probable that not more than 70 per cent of the frozen product
is exported, but of the fresh product about 90 per cent is exported.

Table 36. — Imports of fresh and frozen yellow pike into the United States,

1919-1924 1

Year

Pounds

Year

Pounds

1919

5, 555, 430
5, 569, 470
5, 836, 950
7, 483, 410

1923

9, 348, 210

1920

1924 -.

9, 144, 900

1921

1922 -.-

7, 156, 396

1 Estimated at 85 per cent of Canadian production.

TAKIFF INFOKMATION SUEVEYS

53

PRICES

The bulk of the yellow-pike catch is sold to the Jewish people,
who in general are averse to eating frozen fish. To this trade more
than to any other freshness is of primary consideration. In winter,
when prime frozen yellow pike are available, the trade continues to
buy the imported fresh product, despite its high price. There is of
course a price limit, and consumption decreases as the price increases.
During February and March, 1924, the price realized for fresh yellow
pike by Chicago jobbers averaged about 28 cents per pound, as
compared with about 14 cents for the frozen. In the summer months
the Chicago jobbers' price averages about 16 cents per pound, while
that realized by the various lakeside buyers ranges from 18 cents
on the United States side of Lake Erie to 6 cents on Lake Winnipeg,
Canada. The lower price on Lake Winnipeg is largely due to the
long haul of the fish to the principal consuming centers, and to the
1 cent per pound customs duty. The longer haul of the northern
Canadian lakes product is significant both as to the added express
charges and its depreciating effect on the quality of the fish. On the
lower Canadian Great Lakes, however, the transportation costs
approximate those of the domestic industry and prices in general
are only slightly lower than in the United States.

Table 37 shows the prices realized for fresh yellow pike by fisher-
men and coastal buyers in 1924.

Table 37. — -Average price per pound realized for fresh yellow pike by fishermen

and coastal buyers, 1924

Country and lake

Fishermen

Coastal buy-
ers

United States:

Erie

Cents
12.73
12.72
12.50

Cents

18.30

Michigan

14.22

Lake of the Woods

13.71

Average

12.65

16.39

Canada:

Erie -.. -

10.15
11.00
11.44

16.00

Superior

12.64

Lake of the Woods..

12.41

Average

11.04

13.47

Manitoba

18.72

4.36

3 5.07

2 18. 33

Winnipeg

6.29

Winnipegosis

3 7.47

1 Principally fresh winter-caught fish, but includes some frozen winter caught.

' Fresh winter caught.

3 Includes some fresh winter caught.

Tables 38 and 39 show the price realized for fresh and frozen
yellow pike by coastal buyers and inland jobbers.

54

TAEIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS

Table 38. — Price -per pound realized for fresh yellow pike by coastal buyers and

inland jobbers, 1924

Price realized by —

Coastal buyers

Inland jobbers

Month

United States

Canada

Chicago

New

Erie

Woods

Woods

Winni-
peg

Mani-
toba

Winni-
pegosis

York
City

January-

Cents

Cents

Cents

CenU

Cents
18.49
22.22
22.76

Cents
15.05
13.39
11.12

Cents
18.95
27.50
27.89
23.98
17.08
15.46
19. 68
17.32
16.93
17.56
19.23
23.65

Cents
28.87

February .

34.15

March .

30.46

April

15.00
18.78
18.00
18.00

34.53

15.00

14.00
10.51
9.00
12.58
12.74

29.40

June

6.00
6.74
6.53
6.00
6.23
6.39

28.63

July

12.76
16.03
10.38
12.09
15. ,00

31.23

August

6.51
6.32
6.22

29.22

September

28.88

October

27.48

November

10.39
17.12

34.24

December

15.03

31.69

Annual average..

18.30

13.71

12.41

6.29

18.33

7.47

18.83

30.30

Table 39. — Price per pound realized for frozen yellow pike by coastal buyers and

Chicago jobbers, 1924

Price realized by —

Coastal buyers

Month

United States

Canada

Chicago
jobbers

Erie

Woods

Winnipeg

Manitoba

Winne-
pegosis

January

CenU
15.36
15.12
16.12
15.00

Cents
11.00
H.OO
11.02
11.00

Cents
7.59

Cents

10.38

Cents
9.74
9.29
9.29

Cents
11.73

February

10. 12 11. 34
9.25 11.80

13.02

March...

14.44

April

^

15.42

May

11.97

August.

6.66

September

12.19

October

7.00
6.52
7.14

14.00

November

i

8.29
8.54

14.00

December

16.00

8.94

14.26

Annual average

15.94

11.01

7.90

9.88

9.00

13.60

COST OF PRODUCTION

Yellow pike fishing costs in 1924 were 3.1 cents per pound higher
in the United States than in Canada, but the foreign product when
boxed and iced and exported fresh to the United States cost about
the same as the domestic. Laid-down in New York City the foreign
cost 0.2 cent per pound less and in Chicago 0.3 cent more per pound.
This reversal of cost advantages may be attributed to the fact that
more than half of the foreign production comes from the northern
Canadian lakes at a relatively high transportation cost. Despite
the 1 cent per pound customs duty, however, large importations of

Ti^EIFF INFOKMATION SURVEYS

55

the foreign come in, because much of the foreign catch is taken when
there is httle or no domestic production.

In the production of frozen yellow pike the domestic industry
relies almost entirely on fresh fish gluts in the centers of consumption
since the foreign may be placed in the United States at a much
lower average cost than the average domestic cost. In 1924 the
average cost of placing the foreign product in New York City (exclud-
ing duty) was 4.5 cents per pound less than the domestic, and in
Chicago 5 cents less. This lower average foreign cost is principally
due to the weight of the large northern Canadian catch taken in
winter at a low cost and frozen naturally. The cost of placing it on
the New York City market in 1924 was 6.9 cents less than the cost of
the domestic frozen fish, and on the Chicago market, 7.5 cents less.

Tables 40 and 41 give the United States and Canadian production
costs of yellow pike in 1924.

Table 40. — Cost of fresh yellow pike, f. o. b. New York City and Chicago, 1924 *

[In cents per pound]

Item of cost

Fishing cost:

Excluding interest

Including interest

Boxing and icing cost:

Excluding interest

Including interest..

Total, fishing and boxing and icing cost:

Excluding interest

Including interest.

Transportation cost:

To New York City

To Chicago

Total, fishing, boxing, and icing, and transportation cost
F. 0. b. New York City —

Excluding interest

Including interest

F. 0. b. Chicago —

Excluding interest .'

Including interest

United
States

9. 9955
10. 4564

1. 7825
1. 9355

11.7780
12. 3919

3. 3364
2. 5687

15. 1144
15. 7283

14. 3467
14. 9606

Canada

Amount
by which
United
States costs
are more
(+) or less
(— ) than
Canadian

7. 1616
7. 3677

2. 3190
2. 4007

9. 4806
9. 7684

5. 7503
5. 5074

15. 2309
15. 5187

14.9880
15. 2758

+2. 8339
+3. 0887

-, 5365
-. 4662

+2. 2974
+2. 6235

-2. 4139
-2. 9387

-. 1165
+.2096

-. 6413
-. 3152

• Does not include the customs duty of 1 cent per pound. For detailed statistics of cost see pp. 151-153.

56

TAKIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS

Table 41. — Cost of frozen yellow -pike, f. o. b. New York City and Chicago, 1924-^

[In cents per pound]

Item of cost

United
States,
artifi-
cially
frozen

Canada

Artifi-
cially
frozen

Naturally
frozen
(winter
caught)

Aver-
age 2

Amount

by which

United

States

costs are

more (-J-)

or less
(— ) than
Canadian

Fishing cost:

Excluding interest

Including interest-

Freezing and storing cost:

Excluding interest

Including interest..

Boxing cost:

Excluding interest

Including interest

Total, fishing, freezing, and storing, and boxing cost:

Excluding interest..

Including interest

Transportation cost:

To New York City

To Chicago

Total, fishing, freezing, and storing, boxing, and
transportation cost:
F. 0. b. New York City-
Excluding interest

Including interest-

F. o. b. Chicago-
Excluding interest

Including interest.-

9. 9955
10. 4564

1. 8334
1. 8448

1.2159
1. 2920

7. 1616
7. 3677

1. 9866
2. 0231

1. 6560
1. 6907

3. 9051
3. 9051

13. 0448
13. 5932

10. 8042
11.0815

1. 2787
.9354

2. 3392
1. 4485

14. 3235
14.8719

13. 9802

14. 5286

13. 1434
14. 2207

12. 2527
12. 5300

1.6560
1. 6907

5. 3705
5. 4633

.9104

1. 6560
1. 6907

-f-4. 6250
-f4. 9931

+. 9394
+. 9344

-. 4401
-. 3987

5.5611
5. 5958

7. 9205

8. 0644

-t-5. 1243
+5. 5288

2. 3392
1. 4485

2. 3392
1. 4485

-1. 0605
-. 5131

7. 9003
7. 9350

7. 0096
7. 0443

10. 2597
10. 4036

9. 3690
9. 5129

-f 4. 0638
+4. 4683

-t-4. 6112
+5. 0157

I Does not include the customs duty of 1 cent per pound. For detailed statistics of cost see pp. 151-153.
* Weighted on basis of estimate that of total quantity frozen 45 per cent is preserved by artificial means.

COMPETITIVE CONDITIONS

Most of the imports of fresh yellow pike come in times of high
prices when there is little or no United States catch. The average cost
of the foreign product, excluding duty f. o. b. New York City, is
0.2 cent per pound less than the domestic cost in the same market
and f. o. b. Chicago 0.3 cent per pound more.

The lower production cost of the northern Canadian lake frozen
yellow pike virtually prohibits freezing of the domestic catch at the
points of production. In 1924 the average cost of placing the foreign
product in New York was 4.5 cents per pound less than that of the
domestic, and in Chicago 5 cents less.

The principal domestic disadvantage in the production of yellow
pike lies in the relatively small supply in United States waters.'' In
1924 only 22 per centof the domestic consumption came from domestic

waters.

YELLOW PERCH

DESCRIPTION AND USES

The yellow perch is a small fish, averaging about one-half pound in
weight, and having very distinctive coloring. Its sides are golden
yellow, marked with 6 or 8 broad dark bars, and its belly is white.
The small sizes are known simply as "lake" perch and the larger as

^ Scientific investigations of the United States Bureau of Fisheries.

TAEIFF INFOEMATION SURVEYS

57

" Lake Erie " perch. The very large ones from the northern Canadian
lakes are called "Jumbo" or "English" perch. All perch are sold
romid. Probably about 80 per cent of the catch is sold fresh and 20
per cent frozen.

PRODUCTION, DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN

In volume of catch, yellow perch is one of the less important lake
fish. The United States catch in 1924 was 3,345,562 pounds, of
which 58 per cent was taken on Lake Erie, 31 per cent on Lake
Michigan, and 11 per cent on the other lakes. During the same
year the Canadian catch was 2,614,189 pounds, of which 80 per cent
was taken on Lake Erie. The Lake Michigan catch — the less desir-
able perch— declined from about 3,000,000 pounds m 1913 to 1,000,000
pounds in 1924; the Lake Erie catch for these years has averaged
about 2,000,000 pounds. The Canadian Lake Erie catch, on the other
hand, mcreased from about 1,000,000 pounds in 1912 to 2,000,000
pounds in 1924.

Table 42 gives the domestic and foreign catch of yellow perch from
1913 to 1924:

Table 42. — United States and Canadian yellow-perch catch, 1913-1924

Year

Pounds
6, 025, 528
5, 770, 313
6, 123, 694
5, 707, 560
4, 085, 020
3, 978, 269
6, 614, 669
4, 590, 870

1921 I 5,268,648

1922 : 3,554,358

1923 ' 3,524,780

1924 ! 3,345,562

1913.
1914.
1915.
1916.
1917.
1918.
1919.
1920.

United
States,
Great
Lakes 2

12-year average ! 4,882,438

Canada

Great
Lakes '

Pounds
1, 140, 760
1, 651, 000
1, 358, 534
1,113,720
1, 356, 778
2, 249, 514
1, 350, 579
1,533,511
2, 203, 469
2, 346, 125
2, 626, 612
2, 389, 989

1, 777, 549

Northern
Lakes *

Pounds

42,500

24, 300

122, 000

64,200

862, 500

92,000

100,500

67, 100

116,400

2C2, 900

417,800

224,200

199,700

Total

Pounds
1,183,260
1, 675, 300
1, 480, 534
1,177,920
2, 219, 278
2, 341, 514
1,451,079
1,600,611
2, 319, 869
2, 609, 025
3, 044, 412
2, 614, 189

1,977,249

1 United States, calendar years; Canada, calendar years 1917 to 1924, inclusive, and fiscal- years ended
Apr. 1, 1913 to 1916, inclusive.

2 From State fish commissions.

' From game and flsh department of Ontario.

* From department of marine and fisheries of Canada.

IMPORTS

In 1924 the United States imports of yellow perch equaled 38.47
per cent of the domestic consumption. Included, however, in the
statistics on which this percentage is based is the Lake Michigan catch
of small perch which are not as directly competitive with the bulk of
the foreign catch as are the Lake Erie perch. Imports of perch caught
on the Canadian half of Lake Erie in 1924 amounted to about 1,753,-
000 pounds, which almost equaled the United States catch on Lake
Erie, 1,940,000 pounds. The Lake Erie perch is a much-sought fish,
but is available only in limited quantities and there is little promise
of a material increase in the catch. The Lake Michigan perch is more
abundant and a large catch is not uncommon, but there is a relatively
limited market for the small fish.

Table 43 gives imports of perch (estimated) into the United States
from 1919 to 1924:

58

TAEIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS

Table 43. — Imports into the United States of fresh and frozen yellow perch,

1919-1924'-

Year

Pounds

1919

1
1, 160, 863 ]
1, 280, 489
1,855,895
2,087,220

1920

1921

1922

Year

1923

1924

Six-year average

Pounds

2, 435, 530
2, 091, 351

1,818,558

> Estimated at 80 per cent of Canadian production.

PRICES

On Lake Erie, the competitive center of the yellow-perch fishing,
the average annual price realized by Canadian fishermen and coastal
buyers is higher than that realized in the domestic fishery. In 1924
the Canadian fishermen received 1.22 cents more than the United
States fishermen and the coastal buyers 0.79 cent more than United
States buyers. This difference in the average annual price is due to
the relatively larger Canadian catch at the beginning and end of the
season when prices are high. The fact that there is a price premium
on large yellow perch also influences the average price on Lake Erie.
On Lake Michigan, the other large center, the fish are small, and
brought in 1924 an average of only 3.17 cents per pound. On the
northern Canadian lakes the fish are on the average larger than on
Lake Erie, but the catch is small, a considerable portion of it being
taken in winter and sold fresh at high prices. During the winter
fishing of 1924 the price realized by the Lake Manitoba coastal buyer
for fresh yellow perch ranged from 11 to 20 cents per pound and
averaged 17 cents per pound.

Table 44 gives the average price realized for yellow perch by Lake
Erie fishermen and coastal buyers and by inland jobbers:

Table 44.-

-Price per pound received by Lake Erie fishermen and coastal buyers
for fresh yellow perch, 1924

Price realized by-

Month

Lake Erie fisher-
men

Lake Erie coastal
buyers

Inland jobbers

United
States

Canada

United
States

Canada

Chicago

New
York
City

January

Cents

Cents

Cents

Cents

Cents
1 19. 75
1 13.61
22.62
12.67
11.86
14.36
17.15
14.46
16.35
15.72
14.24
19.28

Cents
1 27. 36

1 15. 82

10.00
7.47
6.71
5.00
6.00

15.00
13.22

6.94
13.12
11.12

8.00
10.83

7.87

7.02
13.00

13. 10

April

7.00
7.00
7.00
7.00

9.27
8.04
11.11
12.00
10.50
9.95
8.11
8.97
12.60

14.56

17.99

16.00

July

20.87

16.71

September

5.00
5.00
5.00
6.00

5.50
5.00
4.00
6.77

25.00

15.55

November

15.06

December

22.24

Annual average - - ....

5.98

7.20

8.88 i 9.67

14.64

17.30

• Perch from northern Canadian lakes.

TAEIFF INFORMATION SUEVEYS

59

COST OF PRODUCTION

If the weighted average cost of catching yellow perch in all im-
portant domestic lakes is compared with the foreign costs for the
year 1924, the foreign costs are fomid to exceed the domestic by 1.4
cents per pound. The reason for this difference despite the relatively
large exports over a 1-cent customs duty lies largely in the fact that
31 per cent of the United States catch consists of the small Lake
Michigan perch, which are produced at about half the cost of the
Lake Erie perch. As between the Lake Erie perch of the two coun-
tries, the cost of catching the domestic is 0.3 cent per pound higher
than the foreign. There is, however, a distinction between pound-
net and gill-net fish on Lake Erie — the pound-net fish, because they
are fresher, usually sell for a higher price. Since the gill-net fisheries
are comparable in the two countries with respect to season of opera-
tion and size of catch (64 per cent of the domestic Lake Erie catch and
68 per cent of the foreign), the difference in cost between these two
fisheries might be considered a fair measure of their competitive
strength. In 1924 the cost of catching the domestic product in gill
nets exceeded the foreign cost for the same kind of gear by 1 .94 cents
per pound.

Tables 45 and 46 give the domestic and foreign production costs
of yellow perch for all lakes combined, for Lake Erie only, and for
the gill-net catch of Lake Erie only in 1924.

Table 45. — Cost of fresh yellow perch, f. a. b. New York City and Chicago, 1924 ^

[In cents per pound]

All lakes combined

Lake Erie only

All nets

Gill nets only

J3 «" a
Urn S a

■s^^g

.a w ^ c

Item of cost

whi

es CO
)orl
anadi

•3 Si! "-3

S

>>a+a

M

>.d+0

M

>."S+o

(U

■^M^a

03

■^S^a

"S

■°S^c

M

+^■0 OX!

M

♦jTS OJ3

w

■^V. °J3

^

2

§sa^

1 i

3--§s:t

aS^X

a

S

at>sl

•3 I §

a!=«^

a

c3

e^u-l

t)

O

<

& o

<

&

O

■<

Fishing cost:

Excluding interest

6. 9519

8.1429

-1. 1910

8. 70791 8.2742

+0. 4337

8. 5038

6. 5257

+1. 9781

Including interest.

7.1908

8.5500

-1.3592

8.9653: 8.7098

+. 2555

8. 7177

6.7790

+1. 9387

Boxing and icing cost:

t

Excluding interest . .

1. 6536

1.4944

+. 1592

1.6670 1.4001

+. 2669

1. 6670

1.4001

+. 2669

Including interest

1. 7620

1. 5381

+.2239

1.7365; 1.4418

+. 2947

1. 7365

1.4418

+. 2947

Total fishing and boxing and

icing cost:

Excluding interest

8.6055

9.6373

-1.0318

10.37491 9.6743

+.7006

10. 1708

7. 9258

+2. 2450

Including interest.

8. 9528

10. 0881

-1. 1353

10. 7018 10. 1516

+. 5502

10. 4542

8. 2208

+2. 2334

Transportation cost:

To New York City

3. 0262

2. 9913

+.0349

2.3125 2.6250

-.3125

2.3125

2.6250

-.3125

To Chicago

2.2458

3. 0876

-.8418

2.3750J 2.8750

-.5000

2. 3750

2.8750

-.5000

Total fishing, boxing and icing,

■

and transportation cost:

F. 0. b. New York City-

Excluding interest

11.6317

12. 6286

-.9969

12.687412.2993

+.3881

12. 4833

10. 5508

+1. 9325

Including interest

11.979C

13. 0794

-1.1004

13.0143 12.7766

+. 2377

12. 7667

10. 8458

+1. 9290

F. 0. b. Chicago-

1

Excluding interest

10. 8513

12. 724S

-1. 8736

12.7499 12.5493

+. 2006

12. 5458

10. 8008

+1. 7450

Including interest

11. 1986

13. 1757

-1.9771

13.076813.0266

+. 0502

12. 8292

11.0958

+1. 7334

' Does not include the customs duty of 1 cent per pound. For detailed statistics of cost see pp. 154-156,
54003—27 5

60

TAKIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS

Table 46. — Cost of frozen yellow perch, f. o. b. New York City and Chicago, 1924 '

[In cents per poimdl

Lake Erie only

All nets

Gill nets only

Item of cost

m

•a
1

%
O

Amount by which
United States costs
are more (+) or less
(-) than Canadian

»

So

3

C8

a

C3

o

Amount by which
United States costs
are more (+) or less
(— ) than Canadian

1
.2

•a
a

ca

03

a
o

Amount by which
United States costs
are more (+) or less
(— ) than Canadian

Fishing cost:

Excluding interest

6. 9519
7. 1908

1. 8526
1.8635

1. 2159
1. 2902

8. 1429
8.5500

1. 4016
1. 4538

.9510
1.0047

-1. 1910
-1. 3592

+. 4510
+.4097

+. 2649
+. 2855

8. 7079
8. 9653

1.8374
1.9119

1. 2159
1. 2902

8. 2742
8. 7098

1. 3174
1. 3701

.9220
.9749

-0. 4337
+. 2555

+. 5200
+.5418

+. 2939
+. 3153

8. 5038
8. 7177

1. 8374
1.9119

1. 2159
1. 2902

6. 5257
6. 7790

1. 3174
1. 3701

.9220
.9749

+1. 9781

Including interest-

+1. 9387

Freezing and storing cost:

E.\cluding interest

+.5200

Including interest-- . .

+.5418

Boxing cost:

Excluding interest

+. 2939

Including interest

+. 3153

Total, fishing, freezing and stor-
ing, and boxing cost:
Excluding interest

10. 0204
10. 3445

10. 4955
11.00S.';

-. 4751
-. 6640

11. 7612
12. 1674

10. 5136
11. 0548

+1. 2476
+1.1126

11. 5571
11.9198

8. 7651
9.1240

+2. 7920

Including interest

+2. 7958

Transportation cost:
To New York City.

.9303
.7491

1. 0891
.9093

-. 1588
-. 1602

.7157
.8297

.9310
.8297

-. 2153

.7157
.8297

.9310

.8297

— . 2153

To Chicago -

Total, fishing, freezing and stor-
ing, boxing, and transporta-
tion cost:
F. 0. b.. New York City-
Excluding interest

Including interest

F. 0. b., Chicago-
Excluding interest

Including interest

10. 9507

11. 2748

10. 7695
11. 0936

11. 5846

12. 0976

11. 4048
11. 9178

-. 6339

-.8228

-. 6353
-. 8242

12. 4769
12. 8831

12. 5909
12. 9971

11.4446
11.9858

11. 3433
11. 8845

+1. 0323
+. 8973

+1. 2476
+1. 1126

12. 2728
12. 6355

12. 3868
12. 7495

9. 6961
10. 0550

9.5948
9.9537

+2. 5767
+2. 5805

+2. 7920
+2. 7958

1 Does not include the customs duty of 1 per cent per pound. For detailed statistics of cost, see pp. 154-156 ,

COMPETITIVE CONDITIONS

Competition between domestic and foreign yellow perch seems to
center on the Lake Erie catch. The catch of Lake Michigan, the
only other important source, consists mostly of small fish in a class
by themselves, not taken extensively in other waters. In 1924, the
United States Lake Erie fishermen received an average of 6 cents per
pound, while the Lake Michigan fishermen received only 3.2 cents
per pound.

On Lake Erie, however, there are two grades of yellow perch — those
caught in pound nets and those caught in gill nets. The pound net
fish, because they are fresher, sell for more than the gill net fish and
in both countries the cost of pound net fishing is more. This distinc-
tion indicates the desirability of separate consideration for tariff
purposes yet the administration of a separate tariff for the two grades
would probably be impracticable since only an expert can distinguish
the one grade from the other. On the other hand if the fishing costs
of the two grades are compared for 1924 it will be found that the do-
mestic gill net costs exceed the foreign by 1.94 cents per pound and
that the foreign pound net costs exceed the domestic by 3.83 cents

TAEIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS

61

per pound. The reasons for the higher domestic gill net costs are
given in the discussion of ciscoes which are the major product of
gill net fishing. The higher foreign pound net fishing cost is due, in a
measure at least, to the longer fishing season at the beginning and
end of which the catches are light and prices are high.

Since the bulk of the catch is taken in gill nets — 64 per cent of the
domestic and 68 per cent of the foreign — and gill net fishing is done
during the same season and under like conditions in both countries
it would seem that the difference in cost of production is a fair
measure of competition between the bulk of the domestic production
and the bulk of imports.

Table 47 gives the cost of production on the various bases in 1924.
The foreign cost does not include that 1 cent per pound customs duty.

Table 47. — Cost of production of yelloio perch calculated on various bases, United

States and Canada, 1924

[In cents per pound]

■

Fresh

Frozen

Bases and country

F. 0. b.

New
York
City

F. 0. b.
Chicago

Simple
average

F. 0. b.

New
York
City

F. 0. b.
Chicago

Simple
average

All lakes:

United States --

11.98
13.08

11.20
13.18

11.59
13.13

11.27
12.10

11.09
11.92

11.18

Canada (excluding duty)

12.01

Amount by which United States
costs are more (+) or less (— ) than
Canadian . .

-1.10

-L98

-1.54

-.83

-.83

-.83

Lake Erie only:

United States .

13.01
12.77

13.08
13.03

13.04
12.90

12.88
11.98

12.99
11.88

12.94

Canada (excluding duty)

11.93

Amount by which United States
costs are more (+) or less (— ) than

+.24

12.77
10.85

+.05

12.83
11.10

+.14

12.80
10.98

+.90

12.64
10.06

+1.11

12.75
9.95

+1.01

Lake Erie gill net catch only:

United States

12.69

Canada (excluding duty)

10.00

Amount by which United States
costs are more (+) or less (— ) than

+1.92

+1.73

+1.82

+2.58

+2.80

+2.69

LAKE HERRING

DESCRIPTION AND USES

^'The lake herring is a dark silvery fish, weighing about a half pound,
found in all the Great Lakes except Lake Erie. In the trade it is
regarded as a distinct species from ciscoes, chubs, bluefins, tullibees,
blackfins, and other fish of the same genus. Fully 95 per cent of the
catch is dressed (entrails removed) before leaving the fishing centers.
Lake herring is a comparatively cheap fish and is the only lake fish
that is salted in large quantities. For salting the fish are beheaded,
eviscerated, and split down the back. The water is then extracted
from them by the application of salt.* When they have been through
one salting process they are graded as "slime" fish, and when re-
packed in new brine as "inspected" fish. Salted lake herring are

8 For details of the salting process, see p. 123.

62

TAllIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS

sold mostly in the cotton and coal districts of the United States. The
lake herring meets some competition from the salt-water whiting, but
none from the sea herring.

PRODUCTION, DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN

The United States catch of lake herring in 1924 was 12,816,082
pounds, as compared with the Canadian catch of 1,567,843 pounds,
a ratio that has been fairly constant since 1913. Unlike most of the
other important lake fishes, the catch of lake herring is more directly
affected by market conditions than by the effectiveness of the fishing
gear employed. Ordinarily the relatively large supply of lake herring
in the waters of both countries easily satisfies the market.

The most important fishing area is Lake Superior, which yields
about 42 per cent of the domestic catch, and 67 per cent of the
Canadian. Large quantities are taken on Lake Michigan and
Lake Huron.

Table 48 gives the domestic and Canadian catch from 1913 to 1924,
inclusive.

Table 48. — United States and Canadian catch of lake herring, 1913-1924

Great Lakes

Year '

Great Lakes

Year!

United

States 2

Canada 3

United
States 2

Canada '

1913 -. ...

Pounds
14,099,567
14,411,902
14, 922, 882
16, 980, 391
20,340,293
20, 726, 390
22, 293, 861

Pounds
1, 201, 989
1, 984, 014
4,843.611
5, 028, 323
4,879,126
5, 808, 928
3, 449, 962

1920

Pounds
16, 802, 527
10, 884, 563
11,730,160
11, 159, 654
12, 816, 082

Pounds
2, 820, 618

1914

1921

1, 627, 872

1915 - -

1922

1, 188, 881

1916

1923.-

1, 557, 872

1917

1924

1, 567, 843

1918

12-year average...

1919

15, 597, 356

2, 996, 587

1 United States, calendar years; Canada, calendar years 1917 to 1924 inclusive and fiscal years ended
Apr. 1, 1913 to 1916, inclusive.

2 From State fish commissions.

' From game and fish department of Ontario.

IMPORTS

Imports of fresh and frozen lake herring are small; 1,600,717
pounds in 1924 as compared with a domestic production of 12,816,082
pounds. There is, however, a large potential supply in Canada,
particularly in Lake Superior, where at present the bulk of the
Canadian catch is taken. This w^as demonstrated during the World
War demand for cheap fish in the United States when imports from
Canada were greatly increased.

An obstacle to the Canadian export of fresh herring is the high
transportation cost for so cheap a fish; with frozen and salted lake
herring the transportation cost is of no special significance. Never-
theless the domestic salt lake-herring producer has the advantage over
the foreign lake-herring producer of a slightly lower transportation
cost, mass production, and established markets. Because of these
advantages imports of salted lake herring are smaller than of fresh
lake herring and have declined from 1,571,100 pounds in 1919 to
nothing in 1924. Most of the imports are of the frozen product.

Table 49 gives the United States imports of fresh and frozen, and
salted lake herring from 1919 to 1924:

TARIFF INFOBMATION SURVEYS

63

Table 49.

-Im-ports into the United States of fresh and frozen and salted lake
herring, 1919-1924

Calendar year

Fresh and
frozen i

!

Salted » i

Calendar year

Fresh and
frozen i

Salted >

1919.

Pounds
2, 603, 100

Pounds
1,571,100
491,300

1923_.

Pounds
1, 558, 400
1, 443, 800

Pounds
118,400

1920--

2. n03. 400

1924..

278,000
47,600

6-year average

1922 -

1, 297, 300

1, 600, 717

417, 883

1 Computed from Trade of Canada statistics.

' From Trade of Canada. May include some salted ciscoes.

PRICES

An exception to the general rule that the fresh-fish price trend in
the large consuming centers is reflected in the fisherman's price
obtains with respect to most of the lake herring catch. Since the
bulk of the catch is finally salted, it is largely the price of the salted
product that influences the price realized by the fishermen.

Some of the catch, however, is finally sold fresh and lesser quanti-
ties are sold frozen, the proportions so marketed usually depending
upon the distance from market and the prevailing market price.
For example, on Lake Superior, the United States fishermen received
an average of 3 cents per pound for their fresh lake herring catch in
1924, whereas the Canadian fishermen received only 0.85 cent per
pound. Of the domestic Lake Superior catch that was not salted,
a considerable portion was later sold fresh, whereas most of the
Canadian catch was frozen and probably exported.

The price of salted lake herring remains comparatively constant.
In 1924 the average price realized by the Green Bay packers for
inspected fish in 100-pound half barrels was 4.5 cents per pound.
In purchasing the fishermen 's catch the coastal packers usually supply
the salt and barrels and collect the salted product, paj^ing for the
fresh round fish in 1924 on the basis of 1.5 cents per pound. Since
it requires 160 pounds of round fish to make 100 pounds of salt fish,
the raw product actually costs the packers 2.4 cents per pound. In
Chicago, salted lake herring sold in 1924 at an average of 5.58 cents
per pound in job lots and 7.18 cents per pounds in small lots to the
local retail trade.

The following tables give the average prices realized for lake herring
by the fishermen, coastal buyers, and Chicago jobbers.

Table 50. — Price per pound received for fresh lake herring by fishermen, 1924

Lake

Canada

Ontario

Huron

Superior

Michigan

J Pound-net fish sold direct to jobbers.

Cents
4.11
14.25

.85

64

TAKIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS

Table 51. — Price per pound received for lake herring by coastal buyers and Chicago

jobbers, 1924

Fresh lake herring

Frozen lake herring

Price realized by-

Price realized by —

Month

United

States

Lake

Superior

buyers

Chicago
jobbers

Lake Superior
buyers

Chicago

United
States

Canada

jobbers

January .

Cents
4.72
10.00
4.48
5.46
3.42
2.75
2.87
2.81
2.95
3.06
2.91
2.67

Cents
9.83
10.42
11.70
13.40
11.34
8.44
8.97
8.67
8.39
8.87
7.26
6.04

Cents
2.65
3.07
6.84
7.22

Cents
1.85
2.02
1.55

Cents

7.44

February

6.84

March

6.75

April

5.89

May

5.74

June

July.

August-..- -

Seotember -.

4.00

Octooer

4.16

November

2.53
2.68

2.09
1.93

4.03

December

4.68

Annual average

3.20

9.12

2.74

1.98

6.18

COST OF PRODUCTION

The weighted average cost of fishmg for lake herring in the United
States in 1924 was more than double the cost in Canada, the domestic
product costing 1.7 cents per pound more than the foreign product.
In transportation costs, however, the foreign lake herring, particu-
larly when shipped fresh, is at a disadvantage. When placed in the
Chicago market the cost of the fresh fish is 1 .8 cents per pound more
for the foreign than for the domestic, but when laid down in New
York City the foreign has a cost advantage of 0.8 cent per pound.
This difference is largely a matter of transportation costs, the trans-
portation cost of the foreign to Chicago being 3.4 cents per pound
more than that of the domestic.

In the lake herring trade of Canada, the frozen-fish industry is
more favorably situated than is the fresh-fish industry because the
transportation costs of the frozen are more nearly parallel with do-
mestic transportation costs. This is particularly true when shipment
is made to New York City where the cost of the foreign product is
0.9 cent per pound less than the domestic. Laid down in Chicago,
the cost of the foreign product is 0.4 cent per pound less than the
domestic.

Salting, the most important branch of the domestic industry, in
1924 cost 3.7 cents per pound of fish prepared. (See p. 125.) No
data were obtained to show the cost of salting in Canada. Produc-
tion there amounted to only 29,900 pounds in 1923 and to nothing
in 1924.

TARIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS

65

Tables 52 and 53 give the cost of production of fresh and frozen
lake herring; in the United States and Canada in 1924:

Table 52. — Cost of fresh lake herring, f. o. h. New York City and Chicago, 1924 *

[In cents per pound]

Item of cost

United
States

Canada

Amount by

which

United

States

costs are

more (+)

or less (— )

than
Canadian

Fishing cost:

Excluding interest

Including interest

Boxing and icing cost:

Excluding interest...

Including interest

Total fishing and boxing and icing cost:

Excluding interest

Including interest

Transportation cost:

To New York City

To Chicago

Total fishing, boxing and icing, and transportation cost:

F. 0. b. New York City-
Excluding interest

Including interest

F. o. b. Chicago-
Excluding interest

Including interest

3. 0689
3. 1963

1. 7482
1. 9471

4. 8171
5. 1434

4. 1306
2. 3726

8. 9477
9.2740

7. 1897
7. 5160

1. 4093
1. 4633

2.0389
2. 0688

+1. 6596
+1. 7330

-.2907
-. 1217

3. 4482
3. 5321

+1. 3689
+1.6113

4.9083
5. 7813

8. 3565
8.4404

9.2295
9. 3134

-. 7777
-3. 4087

+. 5912
+.8336

-2. 0398
-1.7974

1 Does not include the customs duty of 1 cent per poimd. For detailed statistics of cost see pp. 157, 158-

Table 53. — Cost of frozen lake herring f. o. b. New York City and Chicago, 1924 *

[In cents per pound]

Amount by

which

United

Item of cost

United
States

Canada

States
costs are
more (+)
or less (— )

than

Canadian

Fishing cost:

3.0689
3. 1963

1. 4093
1. 4633

+1. 6596

+ 1.7330

Freezing and storing costs:

1. 8257
1.9025

2. 2918
2.6292

-. 4661

Including interest . . . - - . .

-. 7267

Boxing cost:

1. 2159

1.2280

-.0121

Including interest

1.2902

L3223

-. 0321

Total fishing, freezing and storing, and boxing cost:

Excluding interest

6. 1105

4.9291

+1. 1814

Including interest

6.3890

5. 4148

+. 9742

Transportation cost:

To New York City

1. 3997
.6989

1. 4795
1. 2688

-. 0798

To Chicago...

-.5699

Total fishing, freezing and storing, boxing, and transportation cost:

F. 0. b. New York City-

Excluding interest

7. 5102

6. 4086

+1. 1016

7. 7887

6. 8943

+.8944

F. 0. b. Chicago-

Excluding interest

6.8094

6. 1979

+.6115

7.0879

6. 6836

+.4043

» Does not include the customs duty of 1 cent per pound. For detaUed statistics of cost see pp. 157, 158.

66 TAEIFF INFOEMATION SURVEYS

COMPETITIVE CONDITIONS

The competitive resistance of the fresh and salted lake herring
industry of the United States seems to be strong, imports since 1920
of the two products having amounted to less than 6 per cent of
domestic consumption. The frozen domestic lake herring industry,
however, is less favorably situated. The cost of placing the domestic
product in New York City in 1924 was 0.9 cent per pound more
than the Canadian, and in Chicago 0.4 cent per pound more, indi-
cating that without the tariff of 1 cent per pound the foreign product
probably would have an advantage in these markets. That Canada
has a large potential supply in its waters is shown by its large export
during the World War.

CHUBS

DESCRIPTION AND USES

Scientifically the chub and the tullibee are the same fish. In the
trade, a distinction is made on the basis of the shape of the body,
the chub being long and narrow, and the tullibee short and com-
pressed. In some localities the varieties known as bluefins and
blackfins are distinguished from the chubs, but as there is no general
agreement as to this classification and as practically the entire catch
is finally smoked as a substitute for ciscoes, they have, in this report,
been grouped with chubs.

The chub is the only lake fish that is better suited to smoking
than to use as a fresh fish, but before being smoked at least 95 per
cent is frozen. Fresh fish must be shipped by express; the catch is
therefore frozen and shipped by freight to reduce the cost of trans-
portation and to permit storage without the hazard of spoilage. A
superior grade for smoking is taken in Georgian Bay on Lake Huron.
All other than these "Georgian Bay" chubs are known simply as
''chubs." Smoked chubs, like ciscoes, are usually classified as
"smoked whitefish." Chubs are always dressed before they are
shipped to market.

PRODUCTION, DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN

The bulk of the chub catch comes from Lake Michigan. Of the
3,041,149 pounds caught in the United States in 1924, 88 per cent
was taken from Lake Michigan. The Canadian catch is small — ■
241,975 pounds in 1924 — and comes almost entirely from Lake
Huron. The domestic catch on Lake Huron in 1924 exceeded the
Canadian catch by 14,122 pounds. In the important Lake Michigan
fishery, the freezing of the bulk of the catch permits a measure of
regulation of fishing operations in accordance with market demands.
Since the chub serves as a substitute for the cisco in the smoked
fish trade, production is usual increased during the periods of short
cisco supply.

Table 54 gives the domestic and foreign chub catch from 1913 to
1924.

TAEIFF INFOEMATION SUKVEYS 67

Table 54. — United States and Canadian catch of chubs, 1913-1924

Great Lakes

Yeari

Great Lakes

Year'

United

States »

Canada '

United
States 2

Canada '

1913

Pounds
5, 161, 524
3, 938, 382
3, 865, 040
3,246,411
5,099,658
7, 709, 983
6, 349, 552

Pounds
329, 511
486. 422
374, 171
651, 532
819, 159
383, 854
250, 785

1920

Pounds
3, 846, 544
2, 437, 603
2,364,832
1, 954, 801
3, 041, 149

Pounds
303, 065

1914

1921

253, 829

1915

1922

206, 613

1916

1923

203, 172

1917

1924

241, 975

1918

12-year average

1919

4,084,623

375, 340

1 United States, calendar years; Canada, calendar years 1917 to 1924, inclusive, and fiscal years ended
Apr. 1, 1913 to 1916, inclusive.
s From State fish commissions.
3 From game and fish department of Ontario.

IMPORTS

Imports of chubs have never been large because of the Imiited
supply in foreign waters. As compared with a domestic catch of
3,041,149 pounds in 1924, imports were 184,900 pounds. Since
Lake Michigan is owned entirely by the United States and yields 88
per cent of the domestic catch, it seems likely that it will continue
to be the chief source of domestic supply.

Table 55 gives an estimate of the quantity of chubs imported from
1919 to 1924:

Table 55. — Imports of fresh and frozen chubs, 1919-1924 '

Year

Pounds

Year

Pounds

1919

244,200
372, 500
244, 300
178, 100

1923

176, 300

1920

1924

184, 900

1921..

1922

6-year average

233,383

1 Estimated by prorating tuUibee exports to chubs in proportion to relative Canadian production of
chubs to tullibees.

PRICES

Because of the comparatively small import of chubs the principal
foreign product competing with the Lake Michigan chub is the Lake
Erie cisco. To a limited extent the Lake Winnipeg tullibee also
competes. The price realized for chubs by Lake Michigan fisher-
men approximates that paid to United States Lake Erie fishermen
for ciscoes, but is higher than that paid for the Canadian-caught
ciscoes. In 1924, the average ex-vessel price of United States chubs
was 5.01 cents a pound and of ciscoes 5.02 cents; Canadian ciscoes
in that year sold ex-vessel for 3.07 cents per pound. In the same
year, Lake Winnipeg fishermen realized 2.35 cents per pound for
tullibees.

54003—27 6

68

TAKIFF INFORMATION SUEVEYS

The following table shows the comparative value of fresh chubs and
ciscoes in the Chicago market in 1924:

Table 56. — Weighted average price per pound of fresh chubs and ciscoes, 1924

Weighted average price

Month

Chubs

Ciscoes

Excess

ciscoes

over

chubs

January

Cents

Cents

Cents

February..

March..

April..

12.00
11.00
8.11
8.83
8.22
8.00
7.00
6.90
5.50

15.50
11.04
11.98
10.04
8.30
9.70
9.00
9.19
9.30

3.50

May

.04

June

3.87

July.

1.21

August

.08

September

1.70

October

2.00

November

2.29

December

3.80

Annual average

8.34

9.36

1.02

COST OF PRODUCTION

Chub-fishing costs in 1924 were 1.6 cents per pound higher in the
United States than in Canada. When boxed and iced and shipped
fresh to New York City, however, the domestic product cost 2.1
cents per pound more than the foreign, excluding the duty. Laid
down in Chicago, the situation was reversed, the higher transportation
cost on the foreign product bringing its cost to the same amount as
the domestic.

For the more important frozen chub the domestic cost in 1924 f. o. b.
New York City exceeded the foreign by 1.4 cents per pound, but f. o. b.
Chicago the domestic cost was only 0.7 cent per pound more than
the foreign.

Smoked chubs, which are prepared in conjunction with ciscoes,
cost 5.1 cents per pound for processing in the United States. (See
p. 128.) Comparative cost data were not obtained from Canada for
the reason that no smoked chubs are imported.

Tables 57 and 58 give the cost of production of fresh and frozen
chubs in the United States and Canada in 1924.

TARIFF INFOEMATION SUBVEYS

69

Table 57. — Cost oj fresh chub, f. o. b. New York City and Chicago, 1924 *

[In cents per pound]

Item of cost

United
States

Canada

Amount
by which

United
States costs
are more
(+) or less
(— ) than
Canadian

Fishing cost:

Excluding interest

Including interest

Boxing and icing cost:

Excluding interest ,

Including interest

Total fishing and boxing and icing cost:

Excluding interest ,

Including interest.

Transportation cost:

To New York City

To Chicago

Total fishing, boxing and icing, and transportation cost

F. o. b. New York City-
Excluding interest

Including interest

F. 0. b. Chicago —

Excluding interest ,

Including interest.

5. 2086
5. 4759

1.5648
1. 7063

3. 8484
3. 9000

1.9178
2. 0032

+1. 3602
+1. 5759

-. 3530
-. 2969

6. 7734
7. 1822

5. 7662
5. 9032

+1. 0072
+1. 2790

4. 2568
2. 0770

3.4464
3.3888

+.8094
-1.3118

11.0292

11. 4380

8. 8504

9. 2592

9. 2126
9. 3496

9. 1550
9. 2920

+1. 8166
+2. 0884

-. 3046
-. 0328

' Does not include the customs duty of 1 cent per pound. For detailed statistics of cost see pp. 159, 160.

Table 58. — Cost of frozen chub, f. o. b. New York City and Chicago, 1924 ^

[In cents per pound]

Item of cost

United
States

Canada

Amount
by which

United
States costs
are more
(+) or less
(-) than
Canadian

Fishing cost:

Excluding interest.- ,

Including interest

Freezing and storing costs:

Excluding interest ,

Including interest

Boxing cost:

Excluding interest

Including interest

Total fishing, freezing and storing, and boxing cost:

Excluding interest

Including interest

Transportation cost:

To New York City

To Chicago

Total fishing, freezing and storing, boxing, and transportation cost

F. o. b. New York City —

Excluding interest

Including interest

F. 0. b. Chicago-
Excluding interest...

Including interest

5. 2086
5. 4759

1. 8257
1. 9025

1.2159
1. 2902

8. 2502
8. 6686

1. 2788
.5894

9. 5290
9. 9474

8.8396
9. 2580

3. 8484
3. 9000

2. 1650
2. 2666

1. 2280
1. 3223

7. 2414
7.4889

1. 0729
1.0211

8. 3143
8. 5618

8. 2625
8. 5100

+1. 3602
+1. 5759

-. 3393
-. 3641

-.0121
-. 0321

+1. 0088
+ 1. 1797

+. 2059
-.4317

+1.2147
+1. 3856

+. 5771
+. 7480

' Does not include the customs duty of 1 cent per pound. For detailed statistics of cost see pp. 159, 160.

70 TAKIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS

COMPETITIVE CONDITIONS

Foreign competition with domestic chubs, as such, is negHgible.
Imports in 1924 were only 5 per cent of domestic consumption. As
shown in the catch records of Canadian fishing gear, the quantity
of chubs taken with the other fish is small, indicating that the
available supply in Canadian waters is likewise small.

The domestic chub is usually frozen and later smoked in competi-
tion with smoked ciscoes. The proper comparison is therefore
between the domestic frozen chub and the foreign frozen cisco.
Laid down in New York City the cost of domestic caught frozen
chubs exceeds the cost of Canadian frozen ciscoes by 4.2 cents per
pound and in Chicago by 3.6 cents per pound. Fishing gear records
and scientific investigation indicate a relatively limited domestic
supply of chubs, however.

TULLIBEES

DESCRIPTION AND USES

The tullibee is considered in the trade a distinct variety of fish,
but scientifically it is the same as the chub. In appearance, it more
closely resembles the cisco than the chub. Its body, however, is
shorter and thicker than that of the cisco. The average weight of the
tullibee is about 2}/^ pounds.

On the basis of the trade designation tullibees are caught in large
quantities only in Lake Manitoba and Lake Winnipeg. Between the
fish of these two areas the trade again distinguishes. The "Manitoba
tullibee" is "dry" (lacking oil) and is therefore a "nonsmoking"
fish, while the "Winnipeg tullibee" is well suited to smoking.

Practically none of the Lake Winnipeg tullibee are sold fresh, and
ordinarily ^ only about 5 per cent of the Manitoba tullibee are so
marketed. The limited sale of fresh tullibees is attributed to the high
cost of transporting them to market in competition with choicer
varieties.

Tullibees caught in winter are frozen by exposure to the air and
those caught in the fall by artificial means. After being transported
to the centers of consumption, the Manitoba tullibees are held for the
fresh-fish trade. About 98 per cent of the Winnipeg catch is finally
smoked.

The smoked tullibee fills the demand for a low-priced fish. Its sale,
however, is very materially affected by the abundance or scarcity of
ciscoes and chubs. During years of short production of ciscoes and
chubs the tullibee, prepared by the "hot smoke" method, is sub-
stituted. As with other lake fish, the smoking is done in the larger
centers of population, where the final product is immediately disposed
of to the retail trade. Put up in 10 and 20 pound baskets, such fish
are sold either as "smoked tullibees" or "smoked whitefish." A dis-
advantage in the sale of smoked tullibees is their excessive weight, as
a fish weighing one-half pound is preferred.

• In 1925 the unusually short supply of ciscoes made possible the sale of additional quantities of tullibees
as a substitute.

TARIFF INFOEMATION SURVEYS

71

PRODUCTION, DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN

Tullibees are caught in commercial quantity only in Lake of the
Woods and in the northern Canadian lakes, principally Lake Winni-
peg and Lake Winnipegosis. The catch in the United States portion
of Lake of the Woods amounted to only 300,680 pounds in 1924 and
in the Canadian portion to 255,373 pounds, whereas the northern
Canadian lake production during the same year was 3,734,200
pounds. The smallness of domestic catch is accounted for by the
relatively limited supply in domestic waters. As with the Great
Lakes catch of herring the northern Canadian lakes catch of tullibeec
is restricted primarily by the limited market for the product, the
tullibee being generally considered one of the less desirable lake fishes.
As a cheap fish, however, it found a comparatively large sale during
the World War, as may be noted in the following table of production:

Table 59. — United States and Canadian tullibee catch, 1913-1924 '

United

States 2

(Lake of the

Woods)

Canada

Year ^

Lake of the
Woods *

Northern
lakes s

Total

1913

Pounds

Pounds
177,379
127, 133
262,110
138, 566
174, 445
240, 418
241, 263
129, 430
116,654
130, 774
HI, 692
255, 373

Pounds

914, 400
1,441,900
4,224,500
4, 915, 700
12, 573, 900
6,741,500
4, 440, 700
3, 426, 100
5,867,900
4, 204, 900
2, 063, 400
3,734,200

Pounds
1,091,779

1914

1,569,033

1915

4, 486, 610

1916

5, 054, 266

1917 ..|

12, 748, 345

1918 1

6,981,918

1919.

4, 681, 963

1920- .-

3, 555, 530

1921

5, 984, 554

1922

4, 335, 674

1923 . 1

2, 175, 092

1924

300, 680

3, 989, 573

12-year average...

175,436

4, 545, 758

4, 721, 194

1 Not separately enumerated in the United States prior to 1924.

2 From State fish commissions.

3 United States, calendar years; Canada, calendar years 1917 to 1924, inclusive, and fiscal years ended
Apr. 1, 1913 to 1916, inclusive.

* From game and fish department of Ontario.

' From department of marine and fisheries of Canada.

IMPORTS

Almost the entire quantity of tullibees consumed in the United
States is in the frozen form and is imported from the northern Cana-
dian lakes; imports in 1924 represented 91 per cent of domestic con-
sumption. Of the small quantity imported fresh, a considerable
quantity comes from Lake Manitoba in winter when there is no
domestic production. Since tullibees serve to some extent as a sub-
stitute for ciscoes, imports are least during years of large cisco pro-
duction, but even during years of short cisco production the com-
paratively high transportation and handling costs for so cheap a
fish as tuUibees is a material deterrent to shipment from the northern
Canadian lakes to the United States. There is, however, a small
but constant demand for tullibees in some localities. Imports in
1917 under the stimulus of World War demands rose to about
10,000,000 pounds, but they have since declined. In 1924 they
amounted to only 3,194,100 pounds.

72

TARIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS

The following table gives the imports of tullibees from 1919 to
1924:

Table 60. — Imports into the United States of fresh and frozen tullibees,^ 1919-1924 *

Calendar year

Pounds

Calendar year

Pounds

1919

4,581,700
4, 739, 700
5, 973, 200
3, 914, 900

1923

2, 062, 300
3 194 100

1920 - . . - -

1924

1921

Average . - .

1922

4,077,650

1 May include a small quantity of chubs, not over 5 per cent.

' From Trade of Canada. Exports to United States, goods tbe produce of Canada.

PRICES

The difference between the Lake Winnipeg and the Lake Manitoba
tullibee is reflected in prices. During the winter season 1924-25,
the average price realized by the coastal buyers on Lake Winnipeg
was 3.67 cents per pound and on Lake Manitoba only 2.31 cents
per pound. Between the fishermen's prices in these localities there
is also a decided difference, the price on Lake Winnipeg being about
double that on Lake Manitoba. When the fish reach the inland
centers the distinction is also maintained, although the price data at
hand does not show such distinction. The weighted average price
realized by Chicago jobbers during the 1924-25 season for both
grades was 9.70 cents per pound. Before the fish reach the inland
jobber, there must be added to the fishermen's price the cost of
handling, boxing, freight, customs duty, and profit, if any, to the
coastal buyer.

Upon reaching the inland centers the Lake Winnipeg fish is smoked.
During 1924 the smoked product sold in Chicago for about 18 cents
per pound wholesale. To the cost of the frozen fish laid down in
Chicago, the smoker must add the cost of cold storage, shrinkage in
smoking (about 30 per cent of the gutted weight), smoking, and
packing.

Table 61 gives the average price of tullibees during the winter
season 1924-25.

Table 61. — Price per pound of frozen tullibees, 1924-25 season

Price realized by-

Month

Fishermen

Coastal buyers

Chicago
jobbers

Lake
Winnipeg

Lake
Manitoba

Lake
Winnipeg

Lake
Manitoba

(Lakes
Winnipeg

and
Manitoba
combined)

Cents
3.00
2.90
3.71
2.04
2.60

Cents
1.50
1.49
1.45
1.50
1.80

Cents
4.00
4.12
4.91
3.03
3.44

Cents
2.35
2.63
2.50
1.71
1.09

Cents
10.00

9.62

10.00

10.52

9.84

6 months' average

3.02

1.49

3.67

2.31

9.70

TAEIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS

73

COST OF PRODUCTION

On the United States side of Lake of the Woods, the only im-
portant domestic production center, the cost of fishing for tullibees
was 6.8 cents per pound in 1924 as compared with 3.3 cents per pound
on the Canadian side. Boxing and icing costs and express charges,
however, so increased the cost of the foreign fish that by the time
they reached the Chicago market their cost was only 1.3 cents per
pound less than that of tullibees taken on the United States side of
Lake of the Woods, and by the time they reached the New York
market 2 cents per pound less. If the cost of fishing for tullibees
on the Canadian side of the Lake of the Woods be averaged with the
cost of fishing on the more important northern lakes and the cost of
transportation and boxing and icing be added, the resulting figure
is less by 1 cent per pound than the cost of domestic tullibees on the
New York City market and by 0.7 cent per pound on the Chicago
market.

Since imports constitute 91 per cent of domestic consumption and
the bulk of imports consist of frozen winter-caught fish from the
northern lakes, it is the production cost of the latter that is most
significant. Laid down in New York the frozen winter-caught prod-
uct in 1924 cost 7.3 cents per pound and laid down in Chicago 6.2
cents per pound, whereas if the domestic catch had been frozen and
placed in either of these markets it would have cost 5.1 cents per
pound more.

The following tables give the cost of production of fresh and frozen
tullibees :

Table 62. — Cost of fresh tullibee, f. o. b. New York City and Chicago, 1924^

[In cents per pound]

Item of cost

Fishing cost:

Excluding interest

Including interest

Boxing and icing cost:

Excluding interest

Including interest

Total, fishing and boxing and icing cost:

Excluding interest

Including interest

Transportation cost:

To New York City

To Chicago

Total, fishing, boxing and icing, and transportation cost:
F. 0. b. New York City-
Excluding interest

Including interest

F. 0. b. Chicago-
Excluding interest

Including interest

United
States

6. 4324
6. 7740

1. 6721
1. 7847

8.1045
8. 5587

5.3500
3. 6250

13. 4545
13. 9087

11. 7295
12. 1837

Canada

3. 9590
3. 9929

2. 5511
2.6004

6. 5101
6. 5933

Amount
by which

United
States cost!
are more
(+) or less
(-) than
Canadian

12. 7822
12. 8654

11.3977
11.4809

+2. 4734
+2. 7811

-. 8790
-. 8157

+1.5944
+1. 9654

-. 9221
-1.2626

+.6723
+1. 0433

+. 3318
+.7028

' Does not include the customs duty of 1 cent per pound. For detailed statistics of cost see pp. 161, 162.

74

TARIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS

Table 63. — Cost of frozen tullibee, f, o. b. New York City and Chicago, 1924 '

[In cents per pound]

Item of cost

United
States,
artifi-
cially
frozen

Canada

Artifi-
cially
frozen

Naturally
frozen
(winter
caught)

Weighted
average ^

Amount
by which
United
States
costs are
more (-f )

or less
(— ) than
Canadian

Fishing cost:

Excluding interest

Including interest

Freezing and storing cost:

Excluding interest

Including interest

Boxing cost:

Excluding interest

Including interest..

Total, fishing, freezing and storing, and boxing cost:

Excluding interest

Including interest

Transportation cost:

To New York City

To Chicago

Total, fishing, freezing and storing, boxing, and
transportation cost:
F. 0. b., New York City —

Excluding interest

Including interest

F. 0. b. Chicago-
Excluding interest

Including interest

6.4324
6. 7740

1. 8338
1. 9090

1. 2159
1. 2902

3. 9590
3. 9929

2. 0903
2. 1029

1. 5861
1. 5933

3. 1122
3. 1122

1. 5861
1. 5933

3. 2392
3. 2443

.3135
.3154

1. 5861
1. 5933

-f3. 1932
-1-3. 5297

-t-1. 5203
-1-1. 5936

-. 3702
-. 3031

9. 4821
9. 9732

7. 6354
7. 6891

4. 6983
4. 7056

5. 1388
5. 1530

4-4. 3433
-f 4. 8202

2. 4004
1. 2920

2. 5539
1. 4668

2. 5539
1. 4668

2. 5539
1. 4668

-. 1535
-. 1748

11. 8825
12. 3736

10. 7741
11. 2652

10. 1893
10. 2430

9. 1022
9. 1559

7. 2522
7. 2594

6. 1651
6. 1723

7. 6927
7. 7069

6. 6056
6. 6198

-1-4. 1898
-f4. 6667

+4. 1685
-1-4. 6454

1 Does not include the customs duty of 1 cent per pound. For detailed statistics of cost see pp. 161, 162.

2 Weighted on basis of estimate that of the total quantity frozen, 15 per cent is preserved by artificial
means.

COMPETITIVE CONDITIONS

The United States tullibee fishery is confined to the Lake of the
Woods. From this source about 10 per cent of the domestic con-
sumption is obtained, the remainder coming mostly from the north-
ern lakes of Canada. More intensive fishing on the Lake of the
Woods would probably result in a slightly larger domestic catch,
but the data at hand indicate that the domestic production could
not be materially increased.

In years of short cisco supply, the tullibee is substituted to a limited
extent for ciscoes. Ordinarily, however, the tullibee has its own
market which is not influenced greatly by the trade in other fish.
In 1924, when the domestic catch of cisco was slightly above the
average, the cost of the domestic frozen cisco laid down in Chicago
exceeded that of the foreign frozen tullibee in the same market by
2.2 cents per pound. Laid down in New York City, however, the
cost of the domestic cisco was only 1 cent per pound more than that
of the foreign tullibee.

JACKS

DESCRIPTION AND USES

"Jack" is a name only recently applied to the fish formerly known
to the trade as pike, pickerel, or grass pike. It is now almost uni-
versally used to distinguish this fish from the yellow pike. The

TARIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS

75

marked features of the jack are its comparatively large size (average
about 8 pounds), its long slender body and slender jaws, and its
bluish or greenish gray color, with small white or yellow spots. Jacks
weighing from 2 to 4 pounds are graded as ''No. 1" and those over
4 pounds as "Large." Substitution of jacks for yellow pike is some-
times possible by removing entrails, heads, and fins, in which condi-
tion it is difficult to distinguish them from similarly prepared yellow
pike. No. 1 jacks from deep water are preferred. Jacks are sold
both round and dressed; some of the dressed fish have the heads
removed also. Thirty per cent of the catch is dressed.

Most of the domestic catch and about 60 per cent of the Canadian
are sold fresh. Frozen jacks come largely from the winter fishery
of the northern Canadian lakes where they are naturally frozen.
In the fall fishery of the northern Canadian lakes and in the fishery
of the Rainey River region, the surplus is frozen by artificial means.

PRODUCTION, DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN

The domestic catch of jacks by commercial fishermen is small,
375,426 pounds in 1924, as compared with a Canadian catch of
5,146,637 pounds. Of the domestic catch, 56 per cent is taken in
the Lake of the Woods. The bulk of the Canadian catch is taken
in the northern lake region, the Lake of the Woods furnishing only
12 per cent.

The smallness of the domestic catch of jacks is due to the limited
supply in United States waters. Since the jack is essentially a
shallow-water fish the northern Canadian lakes are naturally well
suited to its development. In this region the principal fishing centers
are Lake Winnipegosis and Lake Manitoba.

Table 64 gives the domestic and foreign catch of jacks from 1913
to 1924, inclusive.

Table 64. — United States and Canadian catch of jacks, 1913-1924

United
States
(Great

Lakes) 2

Canada

Yeari

Great
Lakes 3

Northern
lakes <

Total

1913

Pounds
426, 647
493, 040
606, 984
322, 365
461, 655
416, 890
473,317
6Q6, 631
466, 219
401, 690
343, 931
375, 426

Pounds
3, 365, 826
4,337,863
2, 440, 684
1, 378, 992
1,423,136
1, 234, 291
1, 819, 829
1,009,078
1, 063, 566
1, 129, 523
1,085,443
1,144,837

Pounds
3, 671, IQO
2, 944, 100
5, 259, 300
4, 142, 300
5, 913, 100
4, 349, 100
3, 776, 500
3, 088, 500
2, 719, 300
2, 571, 200
3, 071, 500
4,001,800

Pounds
7, 036, 926
7, 281, 963
7, 699, 984
5, 521, 292
7, 336, 236
5,583,391
5, 596, 329
4,097,578
3, 782, 866
3, 700, 723
4,156,943
5, 146, 637

1914

1915

1916.

1917

1918

1919

1920

1921.

1922

1923

1924

12-year average

449,566

1,786,089

3,792,317

5,578,406

1 United States, calendar years; Canada, calendar years 1917 to 1924, inclusive, and fiscal years ended
Apr. 1, 1913, to 1916, inclusive.

2 From State fish commissions.

3 From game and fish department of Ontario.

* From department of marine and fisheries of Canada.

76

TAEIFF INFORMATION SUEVEYS

IMPORTS

Imports supplied 89 per cent of the domestic consumption of jacks
in the six-year period 1919-1924, production averaging 444,536 pounds
as compared with an annual import of 3,530,810 pounds during those
years. Domestic waters have become depleted of jacks, as of white-
fish, and there is little prospect of materially increasing production.
It is probable that larger imports would be received from Canada
were it not for the relatively limited market for such fish and the high
transportation costs from the northern Canadian lakes.

Table 65 gives the estimated United States imports of jacks from
1919 to 1924.

Table 65. — Imports of fresh and frozen jacks into the United States, 1919-1924^

Year

Pounds

Year

Potinds

1919

4,477,063
3, 278, 062
3,026,293
2,960,578

1923-
1924.

3, 325, 554
4, 117, 310

1920

1921

1922 - -

3, 530, 810

1 Estimated at 80 per cent of Canadian production.

PRICES

On the United States side of the Lake of the Woods, where 56 per
cent of the domestic catch is taken, the average price paid to the
fishermen for jacks in 1924 was 4.86 cents per pound, as compared
with 3.56 cents on the Canadian side. The Lake of the Woods
supplies only 12 per cent of the Canadian catch, however, the remain-
ing 88 per cent being obtained largely from the northern lakes. On
Lake Winnipegosis, the Canadian center of production, the average
price paid to the fishermen in 1924 was 1.50 cents per pound for fresh
summer-caught jacks, and 3.35 cents per pound for fresh winter-
caught jacks, the weighted average price for summer and winter
caught being 1.72 cents. As no jacks are caught in winter in the
United States, and as only a limited quantity of the domestic catch
is frozen, the principal competition is with the summer-caught
jacks of Lake Winnipegosis and Lake Winnipeg. In 1924, coastal
buyers on these two lakes received 4 cents per pound for summer-
caught jacks, while buyers on the United States side of Lake of the
Woods received 4.27 cents per pound.

Table 66 shows the prices received in 1924 for jacks by fishermen
and Tables 67 and 68 show those received by coastal buyers and
inland jobbers.

TAEIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS 77

Table 66. — Price per pound received for jacks by fishermen, 1924

United
States

fishermen
(Lake of

the Woods)
(fresh)

Canadian fishermen

Month

Lake of

the Woods

(fresh)

Winnipeg
(fresh)

Winnipegosis

Manitoba

(fresh and

frozen)

Fresh

Frozen

Cents

Cents

CenU

Cents
3.38
3.38
2.87

Cents
2.04
1.15
L83

Cents
1 69

February ..

1 52

1 69

April

5.00
4.00
5.50
5.50
4.00
4.00
4.00

4.00
3.51
3.55
3.00
4.00

2.00
2.00

July -

August

2.00

1 ."^n

September

2.00 1 ."iO

October

2.00
2.00

1.50

November .

1.62
L97

3.57

1.74

Annual average . .

4.86

3.56

2.00

1.72

1.92

1 67

Table 67. — Price per pound received for fresh jacks by coastal buyers and inland

jobbers, 1924

Coastal buyers

in—

Inland jobbers

United
States
(Lake
of the

Woods)

Canada

Chicago

Lake
of the
Woods

Winnipeg

Winni-
pegosis

Manitoba

New York
City

January

Cents

Cents

Cents

Cents
4.61
3.26

• 2.70
L61

Cents
5.16
5.97
6.50

Cents
14.28
15.04
15.06
22.38
14. 37
11.21
14.58
13.22
12.87
12.97
14.12
14.60

Cents
20 31

February

17 69

18.80

April -. . ..

16 25

May

6.03
4.65
7.00
7.38
5.48
5.68
5.43

5.00
3.30
3.50

4.82
5.13

15 82

June

4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.01
4.00

21. 16

July

14.84

August- -

4.00
4.01
4.00

18.67

September

24 14

October

12.58

November

4.43
2.49

17.57

December

19 16

Annual average

5.78

4.27

4.00

3.63

5.82

13.45

18.93

Table 68.-

-Price per pound received by coastal buyers and Chicago jobbers for
frozen jacks, 1924

Coastal buyers in-

Month

United

States

(Lake of the

Woods)

Canada

Chicago
jobbers

Winnipeg

Winni-
pegosis

Manitoba

January

CenU

Cents
4.00
4.00
3.50

Cents
3.64
3.09
3.09

CenU
2.83
2.34
2.38

CenU
9.70

February. - .

5.00
5.67

9.80

March .

8.71

April — -

7.58

May

7.39

June ... .

7.35

July

August

9.00

September —

1

October . ..

8.00

November

5.50
4.84

5.97
3.84

2.36
3.01

9.86

December

9.11

Annual average

5.20

4.46

3.64

2.84

8.73

78

TAEIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS

COST OF PRODUCTION

The cost of catching jacks in the United States in 1924 exceeded
the cost in Canada by 3.8 cents a pound. Because of the higher for-
eign express charges and boxing and iciug costs the spread in cost
when jacks are laid down in the United States (excluding duty) is
reduced, the difference in favor of fresh jacks from Canada being 2.2
cents per pound in New York City, and 0.8 cent in Chicago. It is
probably due to this cost difference, as well as to the inadequate
supply, that the domestic catch is sold in the vicinity of the pro-
ducing centers.

Frozen jacks, the product of Canada, f. o. b., New York City, cost
5 cents per pound less than the domestic, and f. o. b. Chicago, 4.9
cents less. The Canadian costs used to determine this average
difference include the catch taken in winter and frozen by exposure
to the cold air. This naturally frozen fish, constituting the bulk of
the Canadian frozen product, costs about 50 per cent less than the
domestic product when laid down in New York City or Chicago.

Tables 69 and 70 give the cost of production of fresh and frozen
jacks in the United States and Canada in 1924.

Table 69. — Cost of fresh jacks, f. o. b. New York City and Chicago, 1924 '

[In cents per pound]

Item of cost

United

States

Canada

Amount
by which

United
States costs
are more
(+) or less
(-) than
Canadian

Fishing cost:

Excluding interest

Including interest

Boxing and icing cost:

Excluding interest

Including interest

Total fishing and boxing and icing cost:

Excluding interest

Including interest

Transportation cost:

To New Yorlj: City.

To Chicago

Total fishing, boxing, and icing, and transportation cost

F. 0. b. New York City-
Excluding interest

Including interest

F. o. b. Chicago —

Excluding interest

Including interest

6. 7609
7. 1803

1.7547
1.9473

8. 5156
9. 1276

4. 8564
3. 0943

13. 3720
13. 9840

11. 6099
12. 2219

3. 3795
3. 4160

2.3547

2.4867

5. 7342
5. 9027

5. 9140
5. 5195

11.6482
11.8167

11.2537
11. 4222

+3.3814
+3. 7643

-.6000
-.5394

+2. 7814
+3. 2249

-1.0576
-2. 4252

+1.7238
+2. 1673

+. 3562
+.7997

1 Does not include the customs duty of 1 cent per pound. For detailed statistics of cost see pp. 163-165.

TAKIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS

79

Table 70. — Cost of frozen jacks, f. o. b. New York City and Chicago, 192 Jf ^

[In cents per pound]

Item of cost

Fishing cost:

Excluding interest

Including interest

Freezing and storing cost:

Excluding interest..

Including interest

Boxing cost:

Excluding interest

Including interest.

Total fishing, freezing and storing, and boxing cost:

Excluding interest

Including interest

Transportation cost:

To New York City

To Chicago

Total fishing, freezing and storing, boxing, and trans
portation cost:
F. 0. b.. New York City-
Excluding interest

Including interest

F. o. b., Chicago —

Excluding interest

Including interest ..-

United
States,
(artifi-
cially
frozen)

6. 7609
7. 1803

1.8906
1.9004

1. 2159
1.2902

9.8674
10. 3709

1. 9807
1.0297

11.8481
12. 3516

10. 8971
11.4006

Canada

Artifi-
cially
frozen

3. 3795
3. 4160

2. 0511
2.0920

1. 9194
1. 9554

7. 3500
7. 4634

2.4900
1. 5923

9.8400
9.9534

8.9423
9. 0557

Naturally
frozen
(winter
caught)

2. 0799
2. 0799

1. 9194
1. 9554

3. 9993
4. 0353

2.4900
1.5923

6. 4893
6.5253

5. 5916
5.6276

Weighted
average 2

2.4048
2. 4139

,5128
.5230

1. 9194
1. 9554

Amount
by which
United
States
costs are
more (-f)

or less
(— ) than
Canadian

-f 4. 3561

+4. 7664

+1. 3778
-t-1. 3774

-. 7035
-. 6652

4.8370
4. 8923

-f-5. 0304
+5. 4786

2.4900
1.5923

7. 3270
7. 3823

6.4293
6. 4846

-. 5093
-.5626

-1-4. 5211
-1-4. 9693

-1-4. 4678
4-4. 9160

1 Does not include the customs duty of 1 cent per pound. For detailed statistics of cost see pp. 163-165.

2 Weighted on the assumption that of the total quantity frozen 25 per cent was preserved by artificial
means.

COMPETITIVE CONDITIONS

The proportion of jacks taken by United States fishermen is almost
neghgible as compared with other varieties, except on the Lake of
the Woods. Even there the catch of jacks in 1924 represented only
5.3 per cent of the total pound-net catch. Since only 12 per cent of
the domestic consmnption comes from domestic sources despite
intensive fishing, production probably can not be increased.

To some extent the jack competes with the yellow pike, the domes-
tic supply of which is also inadequate.

MULLETS

DESCRIPTION AND USES

The mullet or sucker has a slender body, a long snout overhanging
its mouth, thick lips, small eyes, and small scales. About 95 per
cent of the catch is sold fresh, and the remainder is frozen. Only a
small quantity is salted. In both the fresh and frozen trade about
98 per cent is sold dressed. In some localities the dressed fish is
known as "mullet" and the round as ''sucker." The fresh-w^ater
mullet, however, is not related to the salt-water mullet.

80

TAEIFF INFORMATION SUBVEYS

PRODUCTION, DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN

Mullets are found in varying quantities in most of the inland
waters of the United States and Canada. The United States catch
on the Great Lakes in 1924 was 2,722,683 pounds, of which about 43
per cent was taken on Lake Huron, 25 per cent on Lake Erie, 23 per
cent on Lake Michigan, and 9 per cent on the other lakes. The
Canadian catch in 1924 was 1,354,400 pounds, of which about 52 per
cent was taken on Lake Winnipegosis, 12 per cent on Lake Manitoba,
and 36 per cent on other lakes. In both countries the catch has
fluctuated materially from year to year. The World War demand
stimulated fishing in Canada, and to some extent in the United
States. Ordinarily, the limited demand for this cheap, coarse fish,
is responsible for the comparatively small catch.

Table 71 gives the United States and Canadian catch from 1913 to
1924.

Table 71. — United States and Canadian catch of mullets, 191S-1924

Year i

1913-
1914-
1915.

United
States *
(Great
Lakes)

Pounds
2, 995, 025
6, 184, 830
4, 516, 606

1916 I 4,800,003

1917 -.1 5,699,145

1918.- 3.549,230

1919 I 5,008,383

Canada 3

(northern

lakes)

Pounds

* 508, 855

< 1, 050. 803

915, 800

667, 300

1, 101, 300

2, 455, 100

2, 783, 300

Year I

1920-
1921.
1922.
1923-
1924-

United
States s
(Great
Lakes)

Pounds
4, 079, 629
4, 040, 973
3,787,117
3, 186, 686
2, 722, 683

12-year average 4, 214, 192

Canada '

(northern

lakes)

Pound*

3, 138, 300

527,000

764,500

874,900

1, 354, 400

1, 345, 130

1 United States, calendar years; Canada, calendar years 1917 to 1924, inclusive, and fiscal years ended
Apr. ], 1913 to 1916, inclusive.

2 From State fish commissions.

*• From department of marine and fisheries of Canada.
* Estimated.

IMPORTS AND EXPORTS

No special fishery is conducted for mullets, as the catch taken with
other rough fish bring in normal times a comparatively low price.
Following the war demand for cheap fish, imports of mullets feU
from about 2,087,000 pounds in 1919 to 395,000 pounds in 1921, but
since 1921 they have increased, amounting in 1924 to 1,015,800
pounds, or 27 per cent of domestic consmnption. During periods
of short Canadian supply small quantities of the domestic product
are exported to eastern Canada.

Table 72 gives an estimate of imports from 1919 to 1924.

Table 72. — Imports of fresh and frozen mullets into the United States, 1919-1924 ^

Year

Pounds

1

Year

Pounds

1919

2, 087, 475

2, 353, 725

395,250

573, 375

] 1923

656, 175

1920

' 1924 -

1, 015, 800

1921

1922

6-year average

1, 180, 300

' Estimated at 75 per cent of Canadian production.

TAHIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS

81

PRICES

Mullets are one of the cheapest of lake fishes. In 1924, the price
paid to United States fishermen on Lake Huron, where 43 per cent of
the domestic catch was taken, averaged 2.15 cents per pound, while
on Lake Winnipegosis, where 52 per cent of the Canadian catch was
taken, the average price realized by the fishermen was only 1 cent
per pound. Of the Winnipegosis catch, however, a much larger
proportion was subsequently frozen.

Mullets are among the most widely distributed of fresh-water fish,
but are found in large quantities in only a few areas. Owing to the
dispersed sources of supply they are available throughout the year;
but because of a limited winter catch the prices are higher at that
time, ranging in the Chicago market from 13.07 cents per pound in
February, 1924, to 5.17 cents in May of the same year.

Since transportation costs are a considerable item in the marketing
of cheap fish the proximity to market of a fishing center regulates
in a large measure the price received by the coastal buyers. For
example, United States buyers on Lake Erie and Lake Huron being
favorably situated with respect to desirable consmning centers
receive slightly more for their fish than do Chicago jobbers. On
Lake Winnipegosis, the reverse is true, coastal buyers there receive
only 3.46 cents per pound for their fresh fish. Likewise, the Lake
Manitoba catch even though shipped fresh in winter brings only
5.52 cents per pound.

Relatively small quantities of the mullet catch are sold frozen and
these are in large part taken from the northern Canadian lakes.
In 1924, the Lake Winnipegosis fishermen received only 0.63 cent
per pound for their frozen catch, which was disposed of by the coastal
buyers at 1.09 cents per pound.

Tables 73, 74, and 75 give the prices paid for mullets in 1924.

Table 73. — Price per pound received for fresh mullets by United States and Canadian

fishermen, 1924

Lake

United
States

Canada

Ontario

Erie

Huron

Michigan

Superior

Winnipegosis -
Manitoba

Cents
5.00
2.80
2.15
4.06
2.00

Cents

2.39
14.88

'1.00
'.63
<1.79

' Includes some pound-net fish sold direct to retailers.
» Fresh.
• Frozen.
Fresh and frozen.

82

TARIFF INFOEMATION SURVEYS

Table 74. — Price per pound received for fresh mullets by coastal buyers and Chicago

jobbers, 1924

Price realized by-

Coastal buyers

Inland jobbers

Month

United States

Canada

Chicago

New York
City

Huron

Erie

Winnipe-
gosis

Manitoba

January

Cents

Cents

Cents

Cents
5.63
5.07
3.69

Cents
12.10
13.07
10.62
7.65
6.17
6.85
5.63
6.97
11.25
8.74
7.76
8.26

Cents
19.96

February

16.00

March

15.90

April

5.00
7.00
7.51
9.26
11.25
11.00
11.19

8.00
6.72
7.70
8.00
10.05
9.11
8.00
8.21

9.79

May

13.07

June

10.01

July . .

9.37

August...

3.60
3.45
3.50

12.38

September

15.38

October

10.86

November

5.66
6.13

13.09

December

17.98

Annual average.. .

8.37

7.91

3.46

6.52

7.18

13.40

Table 75. — Price per pound received for frozen mullets by coastal buyers and

Chicago jobbers, 1924

Price realized by —

Coastal buyers

Month

United
States
(Erie)

Canada

Chicago
jobbers

Winnipe-
gosis

Manitoba

January.

CenU
8.00
8.00
7.50
7.00
7.00

Cents
1.75
1.00
1.00
1.97
1.75

Cents
2.50
3.18
L29

Cents
8.00

February

7.87

March..

8.00

November

5.00

December

2.30

5.50

Annual average

7.91

1.09

2.44

6.25

COST OF PRODUCTION

The average fishing cost of the mullet catch in 1924 was 2.7 cents
per pound in the United States and 0.5 cent per pound in Canada,
a difference in favor of Canada of 2.2 cents per pound. To reach
the important United States markets, however, the bulk of the
Canadian product must pay more than twice as much in express
charges as the domestic, the average foreign transportation cost
being 3 cents per pound more to New York City and 4.1 cents per
pound more to Chicago. Moreover, the cost of boxing and icing is
0.6 cent per pound more for the foreign than for the domestic, so
that laid down in New York the average cost of fresh Canadian
mullets, excluding the 1 cent per pound customs duty, exceeds the

TAEIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS

83

average of the domestic by 1.5 cents per pound, and laid down in
Chicago by 2.5 cents per pound. It is obvious, therefore, that the
bulk of the Canadian fresh fish can be placed in the United States
markets at a profit only when there is a shortage in the domestic
supply — for example, in the winter, when there is no domestic pro-
duction and when prices are twice as much as in summer.

The naturally frozen winter-caught mullet of the northern Canadian
lakes, while costing more to box and to transport to the principal
United States markets, have a smaller fishing cost and are frozen
without expense, so that when placed in Chicago their total cost is
1.3 cents per pound less than the domestic product in the same
market; in the New York City market, however, the foreign cost is
only 0.6 cents per pound less than the domestic.

Tables 76 and 77 give the cost of production of fresh and frozen
mullets in the United States and in Canada in 1924.

Table 76.— Cos< of fresh mullet, f. o. b. New York City and Chicago, 1924- *

lln cents per pound]

Item of cost

United
States

Canada

Amount
by which

United
States costs
are more
(+) or less
(-) than
Canadian

Fishing cost:

Excluding interest

Including interest -.-

Boxing and icing cost:

Excluding interest ,

Including interest

Total fishing and boxing and icing cost:

Excluding interest..

Including interest

Transportation cost:

To New York City

To Chicago

Total fishing, boxing and icing, and transportation cost

F. 0. b. New York City-
Excluding interest..

Including interest

F. 0. b. Chicago —

Excluding interest

Including interest

2.5424
2. 6863

1.9613
1. 7808

4. 3232
4.6476

3. 1570
2. 1760

7. 4802
7. 8046

6. 4992
6. 8236

0. 5342
.5430

2.3750
2. 5571

2.9092
3. 1001

6. 1715
6. 2355

9. 0807
9. 2716

9. 1447
9. 3356

+2.0082
+2. 1433

-.5942

-. 5958

+1.4140
+1. 5475

-3. 0145
-4.0595

-1. 6005
-1.4670

-2. 6455
-2. 5120

1 Does not include the customs duty of 1 cent per pound. For detailed statistics of cost see pp. 166, 167.

84

TARIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS

Table 77. — Cost of frozen mullet, f. o. b. New York City and Chicago, 1924^

[In cents per pound]

Item of cost

Fishing cost:

Excluding interest

Including interest

Freezing and storing cost:

Excluding interest

Including interest

Boxing cost:

Excluding interest

Including interest

Total fishing, freezing and storing, and boxing cost:

Excluding interest - -.

Including interest-.

Transportation cost:

To New York City

To Chicago -

Total fishing, freezing and storing, boxing, and
transportation cost:
F. o. b. New York City-
Excluding interest -

Including interest. -.

F. o. b. Chicago-
Excluding interest

Including interest

United
States,
artifi-
cially
frozen

2.5424
2. 6863

1. 8622
1. 8728

1. 2159
1.2902

5. 6205
5. 8493

1. 0673
.7706

6. 6878
6. 9166

6. 3911
6. 6199

Canada

Artifi-
cially
frozen

0. 5342
.5430

2.0903
2. 1029

2. 1497
2. 1872

4.7742
4. 8331

2.6803
1. 7031

7. 4545
7. 5134

6. 4773
6. 5362

Naturally
frozen
(winter
caught)

1.4416
1.4416

2. 1497
2. 1872

Weighted
average

1. 1693
1.1720

.6271
.6309

2. 1497
2. 1872

3. 5913
3. 6288

2.6803
1. 7031

6. 2716
6. 3091

5. 2944
5. 3319

3. 9461
3.9901

2. 6803
1. 7031

6.6264
6. 6704

5.6492
5. 6932

Amount
by which
ffnited
States
costs are
more (-f-)

or less
(— ) than
Canadian

+1. 3731
+1. 5143

-f 1.2351
-M.2419

.9338
.8970

+1.6850
-t-1. 8486

-1. 6130
-. 9325

+.0614
+.2462

+. 7419
+. 9267

1 Doas not include the customs duty of 1 cent per pound. For detailed statistics of cost see pp. 166, 167.

2 Weighted on the assumption that of the total quantity frozen, 30 per cent is preserved by artificial
means.

COMPETITIVE CONDITIONS

There is an abundant supply of mullets in United States waters;
in 1921, when they were free of duty, the domestic fishery supplied
90 per cent of domestic consumption and had an exportable surplus.
When market conditions are favorable, as they were, notably, during
the World War, foreign mullets are imported in large quantities. It
is significant that from 1921 to 1924 imports almost trebled notwith-
standing the change in the tariff status of such fish from free entry
under the act of 1913 to a duty of 1 cent per pound under the act
of 1922.

Cost of production data for 1924 show that in the Chicago and
New York City markets the fresh domestic mullet costs 4 cents per
pound more than the foreign product. On the other hand, the
naturally frozen Canadian fish was laid down in Chicago at 1 .3 cents
per pound less than the domestic frozen fish; in New York City the
foreign cost was 0.6 cent per pound less than the domestic. In
connection with the cost of production, it should be noted that
mullets are sometimes used as "car fillers" in shipments from the
northern Canadian lakes; that is, when a shipment of choice fish —
e. g., whitefish — is made weighing slightly less than the minimum
carload weight for which the shipper must pay, the remainder is
made up of cheaper fish.

TAKIFF INFOEMATION SUKVEYS 85

The following table summarizes the cost of production of mullets:

Table 78. — Summary of the cost of production of mullets, 1924
[In cents per pound]

Class and market

Fresh:

F. 0. b. New York City
F. o. b. Chicago

Simple average

Frozen:

F. 0. b. New York City
F. 0. b. Chicago.-

Simple average

United
States

7.80
6.82

7.31

6.92
6.62

6.77

Canada

(excluding

duty)

9.27
9.34

9.30

6.67
5.69

6.18

Amount
by which
United
States costs
are more
(+) or less
(— ) than
Canadian

-1.47
-2.52

-1.99

+.25
+.93

+.59

SAUCERS

DESCRIPTION AND USES

The Sanger is of the same genus as the blue pike and in some aspects
is similar. Its body is elongated and dark and its average weight is
about 1^ pounds. Like the blue pike, it is a soft fish with com-
paratively poor keeping qualities. Large saugers are graded "Jas
" Sanger pike," and small ones as ''No. 1 sauger." About 95 per cent
of the catch is sold fresh without being eviscerated.

PRODUCTION, DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN

While saugers are found in several of the Great Lakes and northern
Canadian lakes, ahiiost the entire United States catch is taken on
Lake Erie. The small quantity taken on the Canadian half of Lake
Erie is usually included with the blue pike shipments. The northern
Canadian lakes yield a small quantity in winter when there is no
domestic catch.

Table 79 gives the domestic catch of saugers from 1913 to 1924.

Table 79. — United States catch of sauger 1913-1924 ^

Calendar year

Pounds

Calendar year

Pounds

1913

1,248,042
4, 568, 641
4,533,271
6, 187, 172
4,336,055
2,101,222
2,654,650

1920.
1921.
1922.
1923.
1924.

2, 931, 942

1914

5,009,882

1915

4,622,873

1916

3, 320, 922

1917

1,847,065

1918

12-year average

1919..

3,613,478

' From State fish commissions.

86

TAEIFF INFOEMATION SUEVEYS

IMPORTS

Domestic imports of saugers probably amount to not more than
1 per cent of domestic production. Statistics showing the actual im-
ports are not available.

PRICES

On Lake Erie, where practically all of the domestic sauger catch is
taken, United States fishermen receive between 5 and 7 cents per
pound for their catches — the average price in 1924 being 5.19 cents.
Canadian fishermen on Lake Erie occasionally catch saugers, but in
quantities too small to warrant their segregation from blue pike in the
sales records. On Lake Manitoba the fishermen realized 2 cents per
pound in 1924.

Table 80 gives the prices received in 1924 for saugers by fishermen
and coastal buyers.

Table 80. — Prices per pound received for fresh sauger, 1924

By fishermen in-

By coastal buyers in-

Month

United
States
(Lake
Erie)

Canada

(Lake

Manitoba)

United
States
(Lake
Erie)

Canada

(Lake

Manitoba)

January

Cents

Cents
2.00
2.00
2.00

Cents

Cents
6.17

February . ..

9.47

March

9.00

April

May

7.00
6.00
5.00
5.00
5.12
5.00
5.57

8.00

June

11.50
9.45

10.00
9.21

July

August . . . ......

September

October.- -.

9.00 (

November

11.00 '...

December...

13.18

Annual average

5.19

2.00

10.41 8.22

COST OF PRODUCTION

Comparison of fresh sauger production costs in the United States
with those of Canada show that there is little foreign competition
except when the domestic supply is short and prices are abnormally
high. Laid down in New York City the foreign fish cost 2.6 cents
per pound more than the domestic, and in Chicago 1.1 cents per
pound more.

The small quantities of frozen winter-caught saugers shipped from
the northern Canadian lakes cost less than the artificially frozen
domestic product; 3.3 cents per pound less in New York City and
4.5 cents less in Chicago.

Tables 81 and 82 give the cost of production of fresh and frozen
saugers in the United States and Canada in 1924.

TAEIFF INFORMATION SUEVEYS

87

Table 81.- — Cost of fresh saugers, f. o. b. New York City and Chicago, 1924 *

[In cents per pound]

Item of cost

Fishing cost:

Excluding interest

Including interest

Boxing and icing cost:

Excluding interest -

Including interest -

Total fishing and boxing and icing cost:

Excluding interest

Including interest

Transportation cost:

To New York City..

To Chicago

Total fishing, boxing and icing, and transportation cost:

F. 0. b. New York City —

Excluding interest

Including interest

F. 0. b. Chicago-
Excluding interest

Including interest.

United
States

5.1038
5. 2625

1. 6670
1. 7365

6.7708
6. 9990

2. 3125
2. 3750

9.0833
9.3115

9. 1458
9.3740

Canada

2. 8977
2. 8977

2. 5721
2. 6135

5. 4698
5.5112

6.3800
4. 9450

11.8498
11.8912

10. 4148
10. 4562

Amount
by which
United
States costs
are more
(+) or less
(-) than
Canadian

+2. 2061
+2. 3648

-. 9051
-. 8770

+1.3010

+1. 4878

-4. 0675
-2. 5700

-2. 7665
-2. 5797

-1.2690
-1.0822

' Does not include the customs duty of 1 cent per pound. For detailed statistics of cost, see p. 168.

Table 82. — Cost of frozen saugers, f. o. b. New York City and Chicago, 1924 '

[In cents per pound]

Item of cost

United

States
(artifi-
cially
frozen)

Canada

Artifi-
cially
frozen

Naturally
frozen
(winter
caught)

Aver-
age 2

Amount
by which
United
States
costs are
more (+)

or less
(— ) than
Canadian

Fishing cost:

Excluding interest

Including interest

Freezing and storing cost:

E.\cluding interest

Including interest

Boxing cost:

Excluding interest

Including interest

Total fishing, freezing and storing, and boxing costs:

Excluding interest

Including interest

Transportation cost:

To New York City

To Chicago

Total fishing, freezing and storing, boxing, and tranS'
portation costs:
F. o. b. New York City-
Excluding interest

Including interest

F. 0. b. Chicago —

Excluding interest.

Including interest

5. 1038
5. 2625

1. 8374
1.9119

1. 2159
1. 2902

2. 8977
2. 8977

2. 0903
2.1029

1. 5710
1. 5765

1.7511
1. 7511

1. 5710
1. 5765

1. 8658
1. 8658

.2090
.2103

1.5710
1. 5765

.1571
.4646

6. 5590
6. 5771

3. 3221
3. 3276

3.6458
3. 6526

.7157
.8297

2.5498
1. 4314

2.5498
1.4314

8.8728
9. 1803

9.2943

9.1088
9. 1269

7. 9904
8.0085

5. 8719
5. 8774

4. 7535
4. 7590

6. 1956
6. 2024

5. 0772
5. 0840

-f 3. 2380
-j-3.3967

+1. 6284
-i-1. 7016

-. 3.551
-.2863

-f 4. 5113
+4. 8120

2.5498 I -1.8341
1.4314 I -.6017

-f 2. 6772
+2. 9779

-f 3. 9096
+4. 2103

1 Does not Include the customs duty of 1 cent per pound. For detailed statistics of cost see p. 168.

' Weighted on the assumption that of the total quantity frozen, 10 per cent is prepared by artificial means.

88

TAEIFF INFOKMATION SURVEYS
COMPETITIVE CONDITIONS

Imports of saugers are less than 1 per cent of domestic consump-
tion, and the Canadian fishing-gear records indicate that there is
little likelihood of an increase. The quantity taken on the Canadian
Great Lakes is too small to be segregated from blue pike, and the
quantity taken on the northern lakes, incidenta-1 to the catch of other
fish, is almost negligible.

SHEEPSHEAD

DESCRIPTION AND USES

The sheepshead, in the Lake Erie region called "gray bass," is a
coarse, bony fish weighing about a pound and a half. It has a short,
stout body, silvery gray in color, with oblique dusty streaks along its
elevated back. Practically the entire catch is sold fresh without
being dressed.

PRODUCTION, DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN

Sheepsheads are taken almost entirely in the United States portion
of Lake Erie, less than 2 per cent being taken in other waters. While
no data are available to show the foreign catch, it is known to be of
no commercial importance. In the Lake Erie fishery pound nets are
used in taking the bulk of the catch. The irregularity of the supply
during the fishing season prevents the establishment of a satisfactory
market.

Table 83 gives the United States catch of sheepshead from 1913
to 1924.

Table 83. — United States catch of sheepshead, 1913-1924 *

Calendar year

Pounds

Calendar year

Pounds

1913

596, 178
2,282,369
2, 211, 8J7
2, 384, 254
3,013,492
2,982,365
2, 150, 598

1920.
1921.
1922.
1923.
1924.

l,98t,243

1914

2, 904, 603

1915 -

1, 415, 574

1916

1,521,617

1917

2, 333, 155

1918

12-year average .. . .

1919

2,148,355

I From State fish commissions.

IMP(

)RTS

No data are available respecting imports of sheepshead, but they
are probably less than 2 per cent of domestic consumption.

PRICES

On the United States side of Lake Erie the fishermen received in
1924 an average of 3.21 cents per pound. No data are avilable to
show the price Canadian fishermen received since their catch is small,
and, in sales, figures are included with mixed fish.

The L^nited States buj^crs on Lake Erie received in 1924 an average
of 6.27 cents per pound, ranging from about 3 cents at the beginning
of the season to 7 cents at the close.

TAEIFr INFOEMATION SURVEYS

89

Table 84 gives the average price of sheepshead in the United
States in 1924:

Table 84. — Price realized for sheepshead in the United States on Lake Erie and

in Chicago, 1924

Lake Erie

Chicago
jobbers

Month

Fisher-
men

Coastal
buyers

Cents
1.64
3.00
3.00
3.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00

Cents

Cents
12.73

3.24
5.53
6.50
6.50
6.35
6.25
7.67
7.16

5.99

6.40

July -

10.36

August --

12.73

September

12.46

October

12.46

10.39

14.00

3.21

6.27

n.32

COST OF PRODUCTION

Table 85 gives the cost of production of fresh and frozen sheeps-
head in the United States in 1924:

Table 85. — Cost of production of fresh and frozen sheepshead, United States, 1924 *

[In cents per pound]

Item of cost

Fishing cost:

Excludiug interest

Including interest

Boxing and icing cost:

Excluding interest

Including interest

Freezing and storing cost:

Excluding interest

Including interest

Boxing cost:

Excluding interest

Including interest

Transportation cost:

To New York City...
To Chicago

Total cost:

F. o. b. New York City-
Excluding interest

Including interest

F. 0. b. Chicago-
Excluding interest

Including interest

Fresh

6.5474
6. 7678

1. 6722
1. 7453

2. 3262
2. 3672

10. 5458
10. 8393

10. 5868
10. 8803

Frozen

6.5474
6. 7678

1.8259
1. 8375

1.2159
1.2902

.7235
.8292

10. 3127
10. 6190

10. 4184
10. 7247

1 For detailed statistics,, see pp. 169, 170.

COMPETITIVE CONDITIONS

The sheepshead fishery centers in the United States half of Lake
Erie, principally at the western end of the lake. There is a potential
supply in the Canadian half of the lake, but apparently producers
find it unprofitable to export. To a limited extent the sheepshead
is substituted for the salt-water croaker.

PART III

DETAILS OF METHODS, CATCH, AND
PRODUCTION COSTS

54003—27 7 91

Part III
DETAILS OF METHODS, CATCH, AND PRODUCTION COSTS

FISHING METHODS

The entire catch of fish on the Great Lakes and the northern
Canadian lakes is taken with gill nets; pound, crib, and trap nets;
lines, seines, and fyke nets. The gill nets and lines, when used in
open water, are set and lifted from vessels and boats, and in the
winter fishing of some localities are lowered through holes in the ice.
All other forms of gear are operated inshore and are usually set and
lifted from small power and row boats.

Gill Net Fishing

Gill nets are the type of fishing apparatus most widely used.
Practically all of the northern Canadian lakes catch and more than
half of the Great Lakes catch are taken in this type of nets.

In appearance the gill net closely resembles the ordinary tennis-
court net. It is made of much finer material, however, in order to
reduce its visibility in the water so that the fish will swim against it
and become enmeshed by the protrusion of their gills and fins. Once
the fish's head and gills have passed through one of the diamond-
shaped openings in the net its forward movement is impeded by its
large body, and egress is prevented by its projecting gills and fins.
Several types of gill nets, all constructed on the same principle,
are employed in the inland-water fisheries. The special names given
to some of these are bull nets, shallow nets, whitefish nets, pickerel
nets, tullibee nets, trout nets, and chub nets. In general, gill nets
consist of a netting of fine linen or cotton thread, a cork line on
which the upper edge of the net is hung, and a lead line similar to
the cork line but to which pieces of lead instead of corks are fastened.
The net is thus held suspended in the water by the buoyancy of the
corks above and the weight of the leads below. In the length and
depth the nets vary according to the fishing area, the season, and
the species sought. The bull net, the one most generally in use on
Lake Erie, averages about 215 feet in length and 18 feet in depth.
The diamond-shaped openings in this net measure 13^ inches on
each side, the circumference being, therefore, 6 inches. In fishing
terminology, one-half of the circumference of the opening — in bull
nets of 3 inches — is known as the "stretched mesh." It is custo-
mary to give the length of the net in fathoms and the depth in number
of meshes. Thus the whitefish net of the northern Canadian lakes
is usually described as being from 75 to 80 fathoms long by 18 to^6(>
meshes deep, with a stretched mesh of from 5 to 6 inches.

93

94 TAEIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS

VESSEL FISHING

A description of the Lake Erie gill-net fishery will suffice to show
how the industry is conducted from large vessels. Three types of
gill nets — bull, shallow, and whitefish nets — are used. The bull net
is the one in most general use and the one in which the greater part
of the catch is taken. It is essentially a deep gill net, with more than
the usual proportion of corks to leads, enabling it to be floated off
the bottom of the lake at varying depths. As a rule, the cork line
of a 200-foot bull net is equipped with 40 corks spaced 5 feet apart,
and the lead line with 20 leads spaced 10 feet apart. The holding
of this net at the desired depth is effected by means of anchors that
are fastened to the nets by ropes which may be lengthened or short-
ened as required. By reason of its adjustability to various water
depths, the bull net may be used for a long period, usually June 10
to December 1, when the fish are swimming at varying distances
from the lake bottom. This gives it a decided advantage over the
shallow net, which rests on the bottom at all times. Late in No-
vember and in December, when the ciscoes, the most unportant
species of Lake Erie, go to the bottom for spawning, the bull net is
valueless, and resort is then had to the shallow net.

In the several States bordering on Lake Erie the required mesh for
bull nets has varied. For several years prior to 1925 a 3-inch mesh
was allowed, but since then several States have increased the mini-
mum stretched mesh to 3i^ inches.

The shallow net, also called "narrow" and "shoal" net, functions
the same as the bull net, and its mesh being the same as the bull
net, it catches the same size fish. However, it averages only 22
meshes deep, as compared with 100 meshes in the bull net. It is
usually longer than the bull net, ranging between 240 and 300 feet,
with corks and leads at intervals of about 12 feet. The shallow net
is used on the bottom at all times and is fished only in the spring,
from March 15 to May 15 or 20, and in the fall from the latter part
of November to the middle of December.

The whitefish net is used only for catchmg the highly prized white-
fish and is designed especially for this purpose. It is only 16 meshes
deep, but is necessarily a large mesh — 4^ inches stretched — because
of the size of the whitefish. It ranges from 240 to 400 feet in length,
averaging 360 feet, with corks and leads about 12 feet apart. Like
the narrow net, it is used on the bottom because the whitefish is a
bottom-feeding fish. On Lake Erie it is used for the spring and fall
runs. Each run lasts a month or less.

The assembling of the various parts of the nets is usually done at
the fishing center. The twine and supply companies furnish the
netting, maitre cord, seaming twine, corks, leads, anchors, buoys,
and fiags. The netting usually sells by the pound, and there is
about 1 pound of twine in shallow and whitefish nets and a little less
than 3 pounds in bull nets. Cotton netting, which is used in the
construction of practically all bull and shallow nets, sold in 1924 at
an average price per pound of S3. 68 at Erie, Pa., and $3.67 per pound
at Port Dover, Ontario, the principal Lake Erie fishing ports. In the
same year the average price per pound at Erie was $4.14 for linen
whitefish netting, S5.19 for 16-thread seaming twine, and $5.14 for
168 maitre cord. At Port Dover the average price for the same grade

TAEIFF INFORMATIOX SURVEYS

95

of material was $4.18 for linen whitefish netting, $5.48 for seaming
twine, and $5.43 for maitre cord.

The following table shows the average cost of material and labor
used in the construction of a cotton bull net and a cotton shallow
net at Erie, Pa., in 1924:

Table 86. — Average cost of gill nets at Erie, Pa., 1924

Item of cost

Cost per net

Item of cost

Cost per net

Shallow net

Bull net

Shallow net

Bull net

$2.97
1.01
.66
1.10
1.20

$12.84

3.14

.41

2 25

Leads ._

$1.46
.70
.05

$1.95

Corking

1.00

Seaming twine .-_

Express charges

.18

Floats - .

L60

Total

9.15

23.37

The assembling of new nets requires workmen experienced in the
handling of fishing gear, and there is an increasing tendency in the
large centers to employ specialists known as "sluggers" for this and
all subsequent repair work. All of the net parts are received at the
fishing center ready to assemble, except the corks, which must first
be treated with preservatives to retard water-logging. The corks
consist of oval-shaped pieces of untreated turned cedar 6 inches long
and 3 inches in diameter with a lengthwise hole about three-fourths
inch in diameter. They are treated with preservatives by several
methods, the most common of which is to immerse them in boiling
Imseed oil for two or three minutes, drain for 24 hours, repeat the
immersion process, bake in brick ovens or kilns for 24 hours at 160°
F., repeat the oil immersion process, and then bake at a temperature
of 180° F. for three days or until the color is mahogany. x\ second
method utilizes a mixture in the proportion of 20 gallons of boiled
linseed oil to 4 pounds of litharge and 2 gallons of oxaline, combined
by boiling the linseed oil and litharge together and adding the oxaline.
The corks are immersed in the mixture for three minutes, drained
for 24 hours, rubbed by hand to smooth off, allowed to dry for 48
hours, and then baked in a kiln for two weeks at a temperature of
120° F. A third method employs a mixture in the proportions of 10
gallons of boiled linseed oil to 5 pounds of litharge, 5 pounds of red
lead, 1 pint of shellac, combined by heating the litharge and red
lead for one hour in 2 gallons of the linseed oil, allowing this mixture
to cool and adding the remaining 9 gallons of linseed oil and the shellac.
The corks are dipped into the liquid, drained for 12 hours and dried
for one week in a kiln at a steady temperature of 200° F.

When the parts of a single net have been assembled, the ends are
usually attached with ropes called ''bridles" in sets of four nets,
each set being placed in a box with sloping flanged sides. The boxes
most commonly used are open and run in size as follows: Bottom
26 by 173/^ inches, flange 12 inches, top 34 by 27 inches, all of seven-
eighths-inch stock. The use of these boxes has given rise to the
term ''box of nets" meaning four nets. In some localities a box of
four nets is referred to as a "gang," in others two boxes or eight
nets constitute a gang. To preserve the netting, each box is sprinkled
with kerosene or a solution of slacked lime before being placed on
the fishing vessel. •

96 TAEIFF INFOEMATION SUKVEYS

The fishing gear of an average Lake Erie vessel consists of 48 bull
nets, or 12 boxes of nets, 320 shallow nets, and 140 whitefish nets.
The average vessel usually has in reserve on shore 60 bull nets, 160
shallow nets, and 90 whitefish nets; but the fishing gear held in
reserve on board varies according to the size and need of the vessel.

In the Lake Erie gill net fishery, steam tugs and gasoline or Diesel
tugs are chiefly used. These range in size from 30 to 75 feet in
length, the gasoline tugs averaging 40 to 50 feet in length with a 13
or 14 foot beam drawing 4 feet of water and the steam tugs averaging
70 feet in length with a 17-foot beam drawing 6]^ feet of water.
Most steam tugs have 12 by 14 high-pressure engines, with Scotch
boilers 63^ by 9 feet, of 150 pounds pressure. These have seventy-
eight 3-inch tubes and develop 100 horsepower. Externally, steam
tugs resemble small freight boats. They are almost entirely inclosed,
to prevent a heavy sea from sweeping the decks, and to protect the
fishermen in the cold weather. A characteristic feature is the turtle
deck in the bow, over which the waves break without any damage to
the boat or fishing gear. Many gasoline tugs are constructed in the
same way except that the smaller ones are not mclosed. The steam
tugs carr}^ four fishermen, the captain, and an engineer; on the
gasoline boats the captain takes care of the engine and the crew is
thereby reduced to five men.

When the fishing season opens the vessels proceed to various
parts of the lake, from 1 to 25 miles from port and upon reaching
the desired location lower their nets into the water a half a mile or
more apart. The purpose in dividmg the nets between the two
fishing areas is to increase the prospect of catching fish should the
run occur only in one part of the lake. On the following day the
vessels return to the fishing grounds, lift the nets from the water,
remove the fish, and substitute four boxes of dry nets for four boxes
of wet nets. They then carry the wet nets to port and place them
on drying reels or racks, where they are dried for two days before
being used for replacement. Thus, a tug that keeps 12 boxes of bull
nets in the water must at the same time have four boxes aboard
and four boxes on the drying reels. While the purpose of keeping
a net exposed to the water only three days is to prevent marine
growth, such a practice incidentally permits the repair of damaged nets.

Once the season is under way the daily routine of the fishermen is
as follows: The tug leaves about 5 o'clock in the morning and on
the way out to where the nets have been set the day before, the
fishermen "clear" the four boxes of dry nets which are being taken
out as replacements. Clearing consists of stretching the nets over
a 2-inch galvanized pipe, or over a smooth wooden pole, which is
hung on a line or chain about 4 feet above the deck and 6 feet from
the stern. At the stern stands a man feeding the net over this pipe
or pole at the two ends of which stand a second and third man
stretching and straightening the net. A fourth man gathers it in,
the lead and cork lines together, and folds it mto another net box.
This clearing greatly facilitates setting the nets.

When the captain sights the flag marking the previous day's set of
nets, he signals to the fishermen, who thereupon test the winch or net-
lifting machine. After making sure that it is working correctly they
get the fish boxes ready. As the vessel comes up to the fishing-gear
marker — a flag on the end of a bamboo pole with a float in the middle

TARIFF INFOEMATION SURVEYS 97

of it and a lead at the bottom to hold it upright — it is pulled in and
the line fastened around the drum of the net-lifting machine. This
machine, which is the chief part of the equipment of the gill-net tug,
consists of a horizontally revolving drum driven by a small steam
engine or, if the vessel is not steam propelled, by power from the
gasoline motor. In the center of the drum is a groove into which the
cork and lead lines of the nets fit. As the lines are fed into the groove,
flat teeth close down on them, holding them fast for half a revolution,
until the net is dropped into a net box on the deck of the boat. A
tray of sheet metal fits into a semicircle under and outside the drum,
so that the netting and fish coming in slide around without injury.
As the drum of the net-pulling machine revolves, the first anchor is
brought up, and the net follows it and is folded into a net box, fish
and all, leaving the spreader and bridle ropes outside. By inserting
a "picking hook" into the mouth of the fish it can be pulled through
the netting. As the fish are pulled out they are thrown into boxes,
according to the species. Deep-water fish when brought up have
the air bladder protruding into the mouth. This is due to the
decrease in pressure. When the air bladder is broken, the fish may
be slipped through the mesh of the net. One of the crew stands by the
pulling machine to catch the "can line" and the three air-tight
sheet-iron cans, about 16 by 10 inch cylinders, attached to each box
of nets, one to the spreader of each net. Upon drawing a can in he
coils the line on top and takes it aft on the port side. When not
engaged in this work, he stands by with a dip net to catch any fish
that may fall out as the net is brought up. Another of the crew
helps lift in the anchors, coils the lines on them, and drags them aft
starboard. He also takes the boxes of the nets and fish to the aft
deck, and ties the markers to the ceiling of the stern, by means of
slings of small line. The men trade jobs from day to day. The tying
of the markers is called the "monkey's job," and it is the least
deshed part of the work. During the lifting of the nets, the captain
keeps the boat in position, and operates the pulling machine, the
control of which is in the pilot house. The engineer stands by await-
ing his signals.

When all the nets have been lifted, the captain turns the boat
toward the next setting place and the crew proceeds to separate the
fish from the nets. The men sit among the boxes of nets and fish
with empty boxes close at hand, and drawing the net across their
knees extract the fish with a picking hook and throw them into
boxes according to species.

When the setting ground is reached a marker is thrown overboard
at the stern, and its line, the end of which is attached to the anchor,
is payed out. The anchor is then thrown out, and its line is fastened
to the bridle of the first net in a box of nets. To the spreader of the
net a can is fixed as a float. The box of nets is placed amidships
about 10 feet forward of the stern, and a flsherman standing over it
feeds the net out over a piece of rubber inner tube. He keeps the
cork line to the starboard side of the boat and the lead line to the
port side. At the stern stands a man at each side pulling and stretch-
ing the net and paying it out over the stern. Where the spreaders
of the nets are connected, a can is attached, the man feeding the net
holding it while the attachment is made. At various intervals,
window weights, or iron rings are attached to the lead line, the number

98 TARIFF INFOEMATION SUEVEYS

depending on the depth to be fished. The length of the rope from
the cans to the spreaders regulates the depth. To avoid tearing the
webbing, the men at the stern must be skillful in paying out the nets.
They work rapidly, paying it out hand over hand, one hand under
the line, and the other over it. A flag and an anchor are put out,
then a box of nets, then another anchor and box of nets, and finally
a third anchor and a marker. Three cans are attached to each box
of nets, making six in all. This number of nets is usually considered a
gang. The set is repeated, until 10 or sometimes 12 boxes are set out.

Four boxes of nets are substituted for the dry nets that have been
taken out, and on the way home these are washed. They are payed
out into the water from the side of the boat and are taken in over the
stern and folded into a net box. If shallow nets are used, they must
be spread out in washing, as in clearing; bull nets are too wide to
make this possible. Shallow nets are also spread out on the reels
when drying. When the boat gets to port, the fish are emptied
into hand-carrying crates, and taken into the fish house to be weighed.
The crates measure 24 by 32 by 12 inches of seven-eighths-inch stock
and are painted once a year with weather-resisting paint. After the
fish have been weighed, the fishermen remove their dry nets from the
four drying reels and reel on the wet ones.

In the Lake Erie fisheries of both Canada and the United States
the fishing method just described is in common use. In the Canadian
fisheries, however, the fishermen remove the entrails of the cisco
catch either aboard the vessel or in the fish house. In all essentials
the methods in the gill net vessel fisheries of all of the Great Lakes
and northern Canadian lakes are the same as those of Lake Erie,
different types of gill-nets of course being employed according to the
season, depth of water, and species sought. The same is true of the
small-boat fishery of the northern Canadian lakes where rowboats
and sailboats are used. These are usually towed to the fishing grounds
by a power boat.

An entirely different method of gill-net fishing is followed in the
large winter fishery of the northern Canadian lakes. Here no boats
are used in the actual fishing operation, all of the work being done
on the frozen surface of the lake. The industry is conducted by
large companies for whom the fishermen work on shares or for wages.
These companies either furnish orsell the fishermen all of their supplies.
As a rule they have established bases on the lakes from which both
the winter and summer fishery is conducted. If fishing is done at a
considerable distance from base, the fishermen, with supplies enough
for the winter, are transported to various points along the lake
either by boat or after the ice forms by horse-drawn sleighs.

Before a net is set, it is necessary to establish a line under the ice
between two holes 240 to 300 feet apart, the distance depending on
the length of net to be used. If the ice is thin, the line is attached
to a 20-foot pole which is slid along under the ice from the first hole
toward the second. The pole is reached and moved forward through
a series of small holes cut in the ice at intervals of 20 feet or more.
If the ice is thick, a device known as a "jigger" or "go-devil " is used to
lay the line. The jigger consists of a 14-foot board slotted in the
center through which a spiked rocker arm projects. When lowered
into the water the rocker arm is jerked by a rope and the whole device
moves forward. Continued jerking of the rope finally carries the

TARIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS

99

jigger the desired distance. About 45 minutes are required for two
men to establish a Une by means of a jigger; when a pole is used the
same result is attained in about 15 minutes. When a line has been
established between the two extreme holes known as "fishing" or
"anchoring" holes the net to which it is attached is lowered into one

z
r

E-

CO

V

2

-J

o

CL

hole and drawn toward the other until it hangs in the water. From
time to time during the day the net is drawn from the water, cleared
of fish, and returned, the contact between the two ice holes being
maintained at all times. This is done as rapidly as possible to pre-
vent the net and its contents from freezing.

Preparation of winter-caught fish depends on the species caught, the
demands of the trade, and the location of the fishery. For example,
54003—27 8

100

TAEIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS

on the northern Canadian lakes, where a low temperature prevails,
none of the yellow-pike catch is dressed but a considerable percentage
of the more important whitefish catch is so prepared. Obviously if
dressing is to be done it must be done as soon as the fish are taken
from the nets before they freeze. Usually the fishermen pack the

u

T166ER OR NET Setter

used In Ice Fishing

,-^

Note— The Ji66ER'is inserted Ihrou^h a hole in the Iceland fhe line i&
jerked, causing the spiKeto dig into the ice and the ji^^er to
jump ohead. The rocker below the spike releases it from
the ice at the proper Time. E;ccept for the iron bar and
5pike the jigger is made, of wood.

^

catch in wooden boxes which are later collected by horse-drawn
sleighs and carried to a rail head. If the catch is intended for the
fresh fish market, it is boxed in crushed ice and carried to the rail
head in a heated sleigh or "caboose." The production of fresh
winter-caught fish, or "green fish," has developed since 1920 and is
carried on principally on Lake Manitoba.

tariff infoel] ation surveys 101

Pound and Trap Net Fishing

In the United States Great Lakes fishery, pound and trap nets
catch about 35 per cent of the total production. In Canada, where
the trap net is prohibited by law, the catch in pound nets as com-
pared with other gear is less than in the United States. No pound
nets are used in the northern Canadian lakes and on the Great Lakes
they are used most extensively on Lake Erie. Of the domestic
pound and trap net catch, about 60 per cent is taken on Lake Erie;
the methods there employed are essentially the same as on all of the
other lakes.

Both the pound and trap nets operate on the principle that a fish
striking an extended obstruction will ordinarily follow the obstruc-
tion in an effort to pass around it and unless frightened will not turn
back. The two nets differ in one respect only — the pound net is
fastened to piling inshore in relatively shallow water and the trap is
floated in relatively deep water. Both types consist of a lead, heart,
and pot; a fish striking the lead swims along it into the heart and
finally into the the pot.

The pound net, the older of the two devices, is made stationary by
stakes or piles driven into the lake bottom, much in the same manner
that a wire-netting fence is constructed. The lead is merely a 60
or 70 rod fence of coarse cotton netting with a 5 to 7 inch mesh
extending in a straight line to the heart of the net, usually from shal-
low to deeper water. The base of the heart-shaped inclosure is
toward the lead, with an opening at the V of the heart. From the
apex of the heart is a completely inclosed tunnel or apron, which
narrows as it extends from the heart, like a truncated cone, and
leads into the pot or crib — a basket or box having four sides and
a bottom with netting inside. The mesh is usually 5 inches in
the heart and 3 or 4 inches in the crib. All of the netting except
the tunnel extends above the surface of the water. It is set in
water from shallow depths to 60 or 80 feet, the maximum depth
being regulated, of course, by the bottom conditions, and the length
of the stakes available. The netting itself is heavily tarred. The
stakes, too, are often tarred or creosoted to protect them from
decay. They are driven about June 1 and left for 60 days or more,
the time depending on the fishing. The webbing is removed about
every 30 days for cleaning and retarring. The net is lifted every
day while in use, as the fish often escape if left longer. With good
handling and constant repairing, a net will ordinarily last about four
years, but a storm may ruin it overnight. The "coarse fish" are
mostly taken in pound, trap, and crib nets. In the opinion of some
operators the best catches are obtained in poor gill-net years, but
statistics show that this is not always true. Prevailing northeast
winds bring good catches, especially in the west end of the lake,
possibly because the polluted inshore water is driven back toward
the west, a^d the fish follow the pure water in.

The trap net is now (1926) the stationary net most generally irt
use on the United States side of Lake Erie. At the west end of the
lake it is called a crib net, but it lacks the special features of the true
crib net. Like the pound net, the trap net consists of a lead, heart,
and pot or crib, but its position is maintained by corks, leads, and
anchors instead of stakes. The heart as well as the crib is completely

102 TARIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS

inclosed, and the whole net is submerged when in use. The mesh of
the lead is 6 to 7 inches, that of the heart and the tunnel 4 to 5 inches,
and the crib 2 to 23^ inches except one-third of the back which is 2 J^
inches. Five specially made iron mud anchors weighing 25 to 50
pounds are used to each net. One is set at the outer end of the lead,
unless it is attached to the crib end of another net, 2 are at the base
of the heart — 1 on each side, and 2 at the outer end of the tunnel.
At the end of the crib or attached to the lead of another net there is
also an anchor. Trap nets are usually fished six months a year, and
will last about four years. Fishing is done in shallow water of 12 feet,
one-half mile from shore, to a depth of 60 feet near the Canadian
line, the size of the net used depending on the depth of the water.
Standard sizes are 12 to 30 feet, the average being about 25 feet. ■
The webbing of these nets, like that of pound nets, is tarred. One
tarring is sufficient for several months, when the water is cold, but
in the summer they must be retarred every three or four weeks.
Trap nets do not have to be lifted every day to keep the fish, as
pound nets do, and both the setting and lifting are easier and require
less time. Moreover, trap nets must be taken out for cleaning only
every GO days.

The boats for tending pound and trap nets are very much the same.
As a rule, boats 30 to 35 feet long, by 9 or 10 feet beam, drawing
about 2}/2 feet of water are used. Most of these are entirely open,
although some have small cabins forward to shelter the crew and the
engine.

Most boats are equipped with gasoline engines, capable of a speed
ranging from 8 to 13 miles per hour. For open boats they are very
seaworthy, particularly some special 35-foot models used at San-
dusky. These boats have no special equipment except a small
detachable hand winch standing upright at the stern of the boat for
lifting the nets. When the winch is not in use, it folds down flush
with the deck. The boat runner is the nominal captain; two other
men lift the nets and sort the fish when they are brought into port.
The men are paid straight wages at all times. In trap-net setting,
small barges carry the nets, and tugs about 50 feet long tow them.
Barges are also used in pound-net setting, and in addition, pile
drivers for driving the stakes.

Line Fishing

Hook-and-line fishing is commercially important only in the trout
fisheries of Lake Michigan and Lake Huron. A few lines are used
on Lake Superior and Lake Ontario, but none on Lake Erie. This
type of apparatus consists of a long line of No. 72 maitre cord,
from which hooks are suspended on short lengths of finer twine, or
gangeons. The gangeons are double, of linen thread, 4 feet long, and
the hooks are bqnt on with linen thread. They are placed at inter-
vals of 16 feet, and there are 350 to 400 of them to each box of line.
Thus the average length of a box of line is 6,400 feet, or more than
a mile. The hooks are of steel. No. 6-0 and No. 5-0 being used
exclusively.

Either six or eight boxes of hooks comprise a gang — the number
differing with the locality. As a rule, lines are set in one string, but

TAKIFF INFOEMATION SURVEYS

103

3 II :

z

£

Ul

a.
I-

© ®®®®®©®®

104

TARIFF TNFOEMATION SURVEYS

Box Or

Trout Line

Set For Fishing

Jj J*

1 ^ fcoo F^f^omy IS

tooo /V^f

®/

/\c!°"-«..

;s^ ®_ _^^__

£ El 2.^12.11 2. 5.

plsMng gear porpoaa

(1) Buoys SMpport b\ioyllnas

(2) Jfcrk*uoy» De8l«n8t9 gear location

(3) Buoyllnes Supports grounUlne

(4) CroundHne . . . Supports ganging

(5) G«nglngs Supports hooks

(6) Hooks Baited with bloaters

(7) Beckats Jol" C»nslns to jroundllne and hook

|8) Anchors K'^op gear from aHiftlnf

Lp

TAEIFF INFOKMATION SUKVEYS 105

where it is advantageous two strings are set. Only rarely are more
than two gangs set at one time. They are sometimes used in con-
junction with gill nets, but from November 5 to April 1 lines are used
almost exclusively. In the spring, when trout are plentiful, the lines
are also used, but only as a subsidiary to .the gill nets.

Before setting the lines the heavy maitre cord is coiled in the bot-
tom of the box, and as each hook and gangeon is taken up, the hook
is placed on a slender pole, or rack, which is fastened inside the box,
close to one side. By this means tangles are avoided in setting.
When the settiiig ground is reached, a line is attached near the first
hook, a trifle longer than the distance to the bottom of the water.
A 40-pound anchor is also attached at this point, and at the other end
of this line a float and a flag are fastened. As the line is payed out the
fishermen bait the hooks. Small fish called bloaters, 3 to 6 inches
long, serve as bait, and these are hooked through the back from the
dorsal fin into the mouth. Every 50 hooks, a stone weighing several
pounds is attached, to keep the hooks near the bottom. An anchor
is fastened to the end of the gang and another line with a float and
flag.

As a rule, a gang of hooks is lifted at the front of the boat while
one is set at the rear. The line is pulled up with the regular net-
pulling machine, and line, hooks, and fish are piled in boxes on the
deck. About 35 minutes are required to lift one box of hooks. On
the homeward trip the fish are taken from the hooks. When the shore
is reached the lines are dried and arranged in the boxes for the next
day's set.

As often as necessary, the bait nets are set to catch an adequate
supply of bloaters. The nets used are the regular gill nets, 13^-inch
stretched mesh, 40 meshes deep. They are set on the bottom, as are
the trout nets.

While hooks and lines are used primarily for trout, other species
are sometimes taken.

Fishing Costs

Included in fishing costs are all of the expenses contingent on catch-
ing fish and landing them ashore.

COST PERIOD AND SCOPE OF INVESTIGATION

Fishing costs were obtained on the United States and Canadian
Great Lakes, including Lake of the Woods, for the calendar year
1924 and on the important northern Canadian lakes for the smnmer
and fall of 1924 and the winter of 1924-25.

United States costs were obtained for 28.65 per cent of the total
Great Lakes catch. Of the important fishes, the catch of which
represented 91.89 per cent of the total domestic Great Lakes catch
in 1924, costs were obtained for the following percentages of the
total: Blue pike, 32.70; chubs, 23.94; ciscoes, 58.10; herring, 9.23;
trout, 15.34; saugers, 46.43; sheepshead, 24.38; suckers, 11.07;
whitefish, 17.07; yellow perch, 30.26; and yellow pike, 13.32. In the
offshore fisheries, costs were obtained for 59 vessels having a net
tonnage of 1,287 tons and crews numbering 317 men. In the inshore

106 TAEIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS

fisheries, costs were obtained for 11 pound and trap net fishing
companies, operating 63 boats with crews numbering 132 men.

Canadian costs were obtained for 15.29 per cent of the total Great
Lakes and northern lakes catch. Of the miportant fishes, the catch
of which represented 92.34 per cent of the total catch in 1924, costs
were obtained for the following percentages of the total: Blue pike,
13.40; ciscoes, 35.24; jacks, 7.77; herring, 20.91; trout, 18.80; suckers,
7.28; tuUibees, 22.82; whitefish, 8.71; yellow perch, 5.70; and yellow
pike, 11,81. In the floating-craft fisheries, costs were obtained for
39 vessels totaling 854 net tons, 34 sailboats and 25 rowboats with
crews numbering 299 men. In the inshore fisheries, costs were
obtained for four pound-net fishing companies, operating 14 boats with
crews numbering 46 men. Winter fishing costs were obtained for
the catches of 137 fishermen.

METHOD OF OBTAINING COSTS

Fishing costs were obtained by representatives of the Tariff Com-
mission from the fishing-gear owners or from their agents. Of the
126 fishing-cost records obtained in the field investigation, 122 were
copied directly from books of record and 4 consisted wholly or in
part of fishermen's estimates. The margin of error is small in such
estimates because the major items of expense, such as wages, fishing
gear, and fuel, can be calculated with comparative accuracy.

ADJUSTMENT AND TREATMENT OF DATA

In computing the fishing costs, certain adjustments were necessary
in order (1) to segregate the data for the catches of the several
species; (2) to weight the cost of catching the individual species ac-
cording to the size of the catch in each lake; and (3) to allow for the
discount in Canadian currency.

(1) Allocation oj costs to the several species. — During the course of
a year's fishing operations more than one kind of fish is taken. Even
in a day's haul this is usual. The fishermen's cost records, however,
make no segregation of the cost of catching the individual species.
The sales records, on the other hand, show separately the quantity
and value of each species marketed. While the fishermen have no
absolute control over the species that swim into their nets, they
usually endeavor to place their gear in areas where the choice varieties
are most abundant. This practice, in a measure, is the principle on
which the higher-priced fish are charged with more of the expense
than the cheaper. In computing fishing costs, therefore, the expenses
on each schedule were prorated to the several species in proportion
to their sales value in the Chicago market, not including transporta-
tion, 10 per cent commission, and customs duty,^ as shown in the
following example:

• The Chicago price less transportation, 10 per cent commission, and customs duty was used in determi-
ning the. relative amounts chargeable to each species in preference to the fishermen's prices, because the
latter does not always reQect prices in the wholesale market. For example, the price paid to fishermen
on the south shore of Lake Erie serves primarily as a wage-flxing basis.

TAEIFr INFOEMATION SURVEYS

107

Species caught

Ciscoes

Blue pike.
Whiteflsh.
Suckers...

Total.

Per cent
of total
value

4,000

100

Cost of catching all fish $2, 000

Cost of catching:

Ciscoes (50 per cent of $2,000) 1, 000

Blue pike (25 per cent of $2,000) 500

Whitefish (15 per cent of $2,000) 300

Suckers (10 per cent of $2,000) 200

Total 2,000

When the expenses for the individual fishing enterprise had been
allocated to the several species, all of the expenses chargeable to a
given species taken on a given lake were totaled. The total cost of
catching each species thus derived was then divided by the number
of pounds of fish caught to determine the average cost per pound on
the lake under consideration. The resulting unit costs for the several
lakes were then weighted, each in proportion to the total catch on
the lake whose average fishing cost it represented, to determine the
average cost for all lakes.

(2) Weighting of costs by lakes. — In the field investigation cost data
were obtained on each lake for at least 10 per cent of the total catch.
On certain lakes, however, cost data were obtained for considerably
more than 10 per cent of the total catch because the information was
readily available. To determine the average cost for all lakes, there-
fore, the costs obtained for the various lakes were not combined
directly but were weighted according to the ratio of the quantity
taken in each lake to the total catch. For example, of the United
States catch of lake trout in 1924 (the cost period), 66 per cent was
taken in Lake Michigan. The trout costs of that lake when com-
bined with the costs on other lakes, were given a weight of 66 per
cent regardless of the percentage of total production represented by
the costs obtained in the field study.

(3) Exchange rate used in computing costs. — During the period for
which costs were obtained, Canadian currency was at a discount of
1.27 per cent. Since all of the cost data collected in Canada were
expressed in Canadian currency, it was necessary, in order to get
them on a comparable basis with United States costs, to deduct the
difference in exchange.

COMPARISON OF COST ITEMS

The principal items of fishing costs are labor and fishing gear.
Other expenses vary considerably with the kind of fishing that is
being done. In the gill-net vessel fisheries the cost of fuel and vessel
maintenance is important, while in the pound-net fisheries these items
are relatively unimportant. When, therefore, the gill-net and pound-

108

TAKIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS

net fishing costs are averaged for a given lake, the individual items
of cost are obviously not representative of either fishery. Moreover,
direct comparison of the averages of individual cost items on the
several lakes do not show the competitive situation, since the propor-
tion of pound nets to gill nets is not the same on all lakes. In the
detailed cost tables that follow the various items of cost are so
segregated as to give a general view of the proportion of the whole
chargeable to each item.

Table 87 gives the proportion in the United States fishery and
Tables 88 and 89 give it for Canada. Table 88 is for the catch landed
fresh and Table 89 for that landed naturally frozen.

Table 87. — Ratio of fishing cost items to total fishing cost, United States, 1924

Item of cost

Lake
Erie

Lake
Michi-
gan

Lake
Huron

Lake
Superior

Lake
of the
Woods

Average 1

Labor:

Crew's wages.

Per cent

17.63

6.21

5.22

1.52

2.22

1.98

22.80

.06

Per cent

25.47

6.35

7.06

11.28

Per cent

39.39

5.85

4.01

Per cent

30.65

5.50

5.21

12.53

.03

Per cent

Per cent
22.90

Captain's wages . . . .

5.95

Engineer's wages . .

5.37

Shore labor.

4.77

Captain's bonus

1.15

Engineer's bonus

1

1.03

Fishermen's share

66.66

13.64

.86

1.44

.39

Total labor cost

57.64

51.02

49.25

55.36

66.66

55.20

All other:

Fuel...

6.63
14.29

9.96
.95
.20
.74

2.28
.37

3.03

1.34

9.43
20.82

8.46
.22
.71
.66

2.13
.60

1.95
.39

6.26

2L55

4.43

.16
1.95

.90
4.34

.65
2.65
2.35

9.64
21.98

2.49
.27
.56

1.09

2.80
.31

7.37

Fishing gear.

Vessel repairs and replacements

14.69

17.46

7.82

License fees .

1.72

.64

Taxes

.55

Insurance

.76

3.22

2.49

Rentals, land and buildings.

.43

Plant overhead..

8.66

2.55

Miscellaneous

1.54

1.22

Total other cost

39.77

45.37

45.15

40.68

28.29

41.39

Interest

2.59

3.61

5.60

3.96

5.05

3.41

Grand total

100.00

100.00

100. 00

100.00

100.00

100.00

1 Weighted on basis of relative production: Erie, 51.48 per cent; Michigan, 22. C
per cent; Superior, 11.43 per cent; and Lake of the Woods, 2.85 per cent.

per cent; Huron, 11.60

TAEirF INFOEMATION SURVEYS

109

Table 88. — Ratio of fishing cost items to total fishing cost for the catch landed

fresh, Canada, 1924

Item of cost

Lake
Erie

Lake
Huron

Lake
Supe-
rior

Lake
of the
Woods

Lake
Onta-
rio

Lake
Win-
nepeg

I,ake

Win-

nepeg-

osis

Lake Lesser
Man- Slave
itoba Lake

Aver-
age'

Labor:

Crew's wages

Per ct.

23.18

7.40

6.54

1.25

.49

.76

14.62

.43

Per ct.

23.44
7.67
4.80
6.03

Per ct.

23. 28

7.55

6.38

Per ct.
44.91

PCT ct.
21.94
24.91

Per Ct.

41.19

3.05

2.69

Per Ct.

48.85

Perct. Per Ct.
43.33 ! 48.13

Per ct.
31.61

6.59

Engineer's wages

j

3.40

Shore labor

4.95

.35

1.61

1.58

Captain's bonus

.15

.23

3.57
.02

8.50 j

5.68

4.95

.42

Total labor cost

54.67

45.53

37.21

54.81

47.20

46.93

48.85

51.83

49.74

49.66

All other:

Fishing gear

16.20
9.48

5.49

.22

2.35

.03

1.46

3.29

.52

1.73

1.13

23.14
9.85

8.43

34.15
14.10

10.79

24.75
3.71

2.47
7.42

26.27
11.10

2.43

"l'.h9

.15

1.34

3.04

.28

22.71
7.72

1.96
3.63
1.29

"43.'29'

37.08
.30

26.63
7.23

21.44

Fuel

11.39

Vessel repairs and replace-
ments

4.15

1.00

License fees.

3.10

1.87

4.96

.81

3.34

2.17

Taxes

.02

Insurance

.92

3.81

.05

.38
1.30

.89
5.15

.11
5.61
2.32

2.90

1.04

Depreciation

.04

"s.'oo'

2.96

Rentals

.66

.52

Miscellaneous

.87

.12

.19 ; 4.98

9.94

8.C6

2.31

Total other costs

41.90

50.17

62.71

44.39

46.39 t 50.33

51.15

48.17

50.26

47.66

Interest

3.43

4.30

.08

.80

6.41 1 2.74

2.68

Grand total

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00 [100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

"Weighted on basis of relative production: Erie, 30.22 per cent; Huron, 13.72 per cent; Superior, 6.08 per
cent; Lake of the Woods, 5.86 per cent; Ontario, 9.71 per cent; Winnipeg, 13.73 per cent; Winnepegosis
8.66 per cent; Manitoba, 9.18 per cent; and Lesser Slave 2.84 per cent.

Table 89. — -Ratio of fishing cost items to total fishing cost for the catch landed
naturally frozen, Canada, 1934

Item of cost

Lake
Mani-
toba

Lake
Winni-
peg

Buffalo
Lake

Weighted
average »

Labor:

Crew's wages

Per cent
41.51

Per cent
60.69

Per cent
35.30
2.46

Per cent
41.58

Captain's wages _ .

.76

Fishermen's share . ..-.

10.41

6.13

12.43

1.28

Total labor cost .-

51.92

73.12

37.76

49.75

All other:

Fishing gear

37.12

.37

9.72

.82

.05

14.07
4.05
7.20
L44

2.60

24.11

Repairs and replacements

.64

Teaming-

57.83
.82

24.27

License fees.. . .

.88

.03

Rentals

.72
.27

.23

Miscellaneous .. .. .

.12

.09

Total other cost

48.08

26.88

62.24

50.25

Grand total .

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

I Weighted on basis of relative production: Manitoba, 58.90 per cent; Winnipeg, 10.31 per cent; and
Buffalo, 30.79 per cent.

no

tariff information surveys
Boxing and Icing Methods and Costs

PREPARING FRESH FISH FOR SHIPMENT

When landed from the fishing vessels, the fish are either round
(just as they come from the water) or dressed. Whether they are
further processed before being packed for shipment depends on the
requirements of the purchaser. If shipped fresh, it is often necessary
to eviscerate them. When this is done the fish are dumped on a
dressing table where they are split with one stroke of the knife along
the belly as far as the vent and with a second stroke the viscera are
scraped out. The relative quantity of the important species sold
round and dressed are shown in Table 90.

Table 90. — Percentage of total catch of fish sold round and dressed, 1924 ^

Species

Round

Dressed

Species

Round

Dressed

Blue pike.- . . . ..

Per cent
80

Per cent
20
100
90
30
100
100
20

Sheepshead

Per cent

100

2

80

10

100

85

Per cent

Chub ..

Sucker..

98

Cisco - .

io

70

Tullibee

20

Whiteflsh

90

Yellow perch

Yellow pike

15

Sauger

80

I Percentages are based on estimates supplied by lake flsh distributers.

Either round or dressed fish, when shipped fresh, are packed in
boxes in the following manner: The box is lined with brown wrapping
paper and the bottom covered with about 2 inches of crushed ice.
Alternate layers of fish and ice are then packed in to the capacity
of the box. The fish are laid in fairly even double rows with their
heads to the sides of the box. When filled and the cover nailed on
'the box holds 100 pounds of fish and from 85 to 100 pounds of ice.
Throughout the packing process the soft fish are set aside to be dressed
and packed as second or third grade. This grading is particularly
necessary during the hot summer months. Usually only one species
and sometimes only one grade of a single species is packed in a box.
Thus jumbo ciscoes are separated from medium ciscoes. Blue pike,
lake trout, whitefish, and jacks are also graded by size.

When not engaged in handling fish, the fish house labor is usually
diverted to assembling boxes from ready-cut shooks. These boxes
are usually 28 inches long, 20 inches wide, and 11 inches deep. Dur-
ing the summer one company uses a box 30 inches long, 20 inches wide,
and only 10 inches deep. These dimensions allow for more ice and
reduce the pressure on the fish near the bottom of the box. On all
boxes the top piece protrudes on each side about 4 inches. This not
only facilitates handling the boxes but prevents them from being
placed on end while in transit.

TAEIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS 111

The following table gives the size, weight, and capacity of boxes
used in packing fresh fish.

Table 91. — Size, weight, and capacity of fresh fish boxes

Capacity :

Fisii pounds. _ 100

Ice -• do 70 to 100

Weight (dry) do.-... 29

Dimensions:

Sides —

Length inches. . 28

Depth do 11

Thickness do 5^

Top and bottom —

Length do 28

Depth do 20

Thickness do %

Ends-
Length do 20

Depth do 11

Thickness do ^

Gleets —

Width do 2}4

Thickness do M

BOXING AND ICING COSTS

In the boxing and icing process the principal items of expense are
labor, boxes, and ice. In both the United States and Canada
certain companies are engaged in both the fresh and frozen fish
business and their cost records do not segregate labor expenses.
The cost data for this item collected for the Tariff Commission's
study were, therefore, where necessary, charged to the several
operations in accordance with estimates made by the companies
furnishing costs. Included also in total labor costs of some of these
companies is the cost of fish dressing, an item of not more than 0.2
cents per pound of fish so prepared. Because of the relative un-
importance of dressing costs, and the difficulties involved in
segregating them, no attempt was made to show such detail.

In the following tables the costs of boxing and icing fresh fish are
for nine companies in the United States and for 11 companies in
Canada:

112 TARIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS

Table 92. — Cost per pound of boxing and icing fresh fish in the United States, 1934^

Lake
Erie

Lake
Huron

Lake
Michigan

Weighted average

Item of cost

Based on
produc-
tion for
which
costs were
obtained

Based on

relative

catch in

each

lake 1

Direct expense:

Cents
0. 4808
.0835
.5690
.0064
.0193
.0738
.0069
.0580
.0739

Cents
0. 4949
.2500
.2687

Cents
0. 5637

Cents
0. 4819
.0922
. 5513
.0060
.0184
. 0695
. 0065
.0718
.0714

Cents
0. 5046

.0840

Labor - - - .. -

.2165

.4353

.0038

Heat light, and power

.0601

.0275

.0003

.0444

Superintendence . .

.0041

.3169

.0777

.4449

.1619

Total

1. .3716

1. 3308

1. 2852

. 1.3690

1. 3433

Overhead expense:

.0687
.0297
.0670
.1263
.0037

.0482
.1347
.2704
.1963

.1727

.0681
.0352
.0780
.1296
.0034

.0934

Taxes

. 0361

Depreciation -- . . . .

.0677

.0947

.1024

. 0022

Total

.2954

.6496

.2404

.3143

.3288

Total expense (excluding interest) .....

1. 6670
. 0695

1. 9804
.2715

1. 5256
.1292

1. 6833
.0807

1. 6721

Imputed interest

.1126

1. 7365

2. 2519

1. 6548

1. 7640

1.7847

> Weight basis: Erie, 60.07 per cent; Huron, 13.53 per cent; Michigan, 26.40 per cent.

Table 93. — Cost per pound of boxing and icing fresh fish in Canada, 192-+

Weighted average

Item of cost

Lake
Erie

Lake
Supe-
rior

Lake
Huron

Lake

Winni-
peg

Buffalo
Lake
and
Lesser
Slave
Lake

Lake

Winni-

pego-

sis

Based
on pro-
duc-
tion
for
which
costs
were
ob-
tained

Based
on
rela-
tive

catch
in each

lakei

Direct expense:

Boxes and shooks..

Cents
0. 5783
.0878
.3797
.0008
.0121
.0978

Cents

0.9900

.0651

.4009

Cents
0. 9876
.0494
. 4358
.0010
.0386
.0632

Cents

0. 7212
.2921

1. 0264

Cents
0. 4160

.1590
1. 5122

Cents

0. 7164

.1206

.6341

Cents
0.6820
.1045
.5129
.0006
.0141
.0737
. 0039
.0190
.0518

Cents
0. 7124

Ice

.123&

Labor

.6114

Packing paper

.0005

.0115

.0019
.0400

.0813

.0586

Superintendence

. 0072

.0297
.0612

.0009
.0154

1. 5919

.0257
.0298

.0146

Miscellaneous

.1152

.0502

Total

Overhead expense:

Insurance . .

1. 2474

1. 4560

2. 1968

2. 0872

1. 6079

1. 4625

1. 5899

. 0476
.0072
. 0468
.0503
.0008

""."0250"
.5875

.0258
.0346
.0995

".'oiss'

.0124
.0036
.0074
.1846
.0343

.0088
.0292
.1723
.2045
.3486

. 0338
.0122
. 0575
.0702
.0842

.0249

Taxes

.0124

Depreciation

.0607

Salaries . ....

• . 1009

M iscellaneous

.1654

.3568

.1338

Total

.1527

. 6125

.3253

.3753

.2423

.7634

. 2579

.3327

Total expense (excluding inter-
est)

L4001
.0417

2. 0685
.0163

1. 9172
.0857

2. 5721
.0414

2. 3295
.0281

2. 3713
.1980

1. 7204
. 0561

1. 9226

Imputed interest

.0639

Total expense (including inter-
est)

1. 4418

2.0848

2.0029

2. 6135

2. 3576

2. 5693

1. 7765

1. 9865

I Weight basis: Erie, 38.87 per cent; Superior, 7.82 per cent; Huron, 17.65 per cent; Winnipeg, 17.66 per
cent; Buffalo and Lesser Slave, 6.85 per cent; Winnipegosis, 11.15 per cent.

TAEirr INFORMATION SUEVEYS 113

Freezing Methods and Costs
freezing methods

Freezing is generally resorted to as a means of conserving surpluses
for use in times of shortage. In the winter fisheries of the northern
Canadian lakes, however, economy in transportation costs is the
primary consideration. Strictly fresh fish, free from bruises and
blood marks, are preferred for freezing since the average consumer
can not distinguish them from the fresh product. Both round and
dressed fish are preserved. To save weight in shipping certain
varieties, such as large trout, are sometimes beheaded as well as
dressed.

Fresh-water fish are frozen by four methods: (1) Natural freezing,
(2) salt and ice freezing, (3) mechanical freezing, and (4) brine freezing.

(1) Natural freezing . — Natural freezing consists simply of exposing
the fish to the air when the temperature is below freezing. On the
Canadian northern lakes about 50 per cent of the catch is preserved by
this method; on the Great Lakes the proportion so frozen is of little
commercial importance as compared with the quantity frozen by
other methods. In the winter fishery of the northern Canadian lakes,
the fish are caught under the ice by means of gill nets. As the nets
are drawn from the water the fish are removed and laid out on the
frozen surface of the lake, and there exposed to the low temperature
of the air they soon freeze. This method has the advantage of being
economical and of preventing the fish from deteriorating before it is
preserved. At the beginning and end of the winter season, however,
losses sometimes occur if mild weather happens to cause slow freezing
or actual thawing of some of the frozen fish.

For shipment the fish are usually packed in wooden boxes and con-
veyed by horse or tractor drawn sleighs to a railhead collecting
station. Naturally frozen fish are generally known as " wintercaught."

(2) Salt and ice freezing. — The salt and ice method, the most com-
mon process of artificial freezing, has been used since 1861. It
requires only a low initial investment for equipment and is particu-
larly well adapted to the lake region where there is an abundance of
natural ice. In areas where the fishing season is short or the supply
irregular, the salt and ice plants may be closed down and economy
thereby effected, whereas mechanical freezing systems must be oper-
ated continuously.

Preparatory to freezing, the fish, whether round or dressed, are first
washed by dumping them into a bin (about 10 feet long, 4 feet wide,
23^ feet deep) of fresh cold water frequently renewed. The fish are
stirred around with a paddle to remove the blood and slime, and then
are lifted out by a dip net and deposited in trays set on a pan filling
bench. The bench is usually about 12 to 15 feet long and 2 feet wide.
The trays, set at intervals of about 3 feet, are square, 3 or 4 inches
deep, and have lattice bottoms for drainage. On each side of the
tray there is room for a metal pan beside which stands an operative who
fills it with fish. The pans vary in size according to the dimensions
of the fish handled. They are usually about 22 to 26 inches long, 8
to 16 inches wide, and 2 to 3 inches deep, and their capacit^^ is from
12 to 60 pounds of fish. They are usually made of No. 24-gauge
galvanized iron and have their corners turned down, riveted, and
soldered.

114

TAEIFF INFORMATION SUEVEYS

Panning. — The panning of fish is an important part of their pre-
servation. The usual process is to pack them so compactly in the pan
that the cover will come in contact with their upper surfaces. Better
protection in handling is afforded if the fish are laid with their backs
to the sides of the pans and with their heads to the ends. Since the
upper contents of the pan freeze first, the fish that are placed in the
center are usually laid belly side up to permit rapid freezing of the
bellies which decompose more readily than the backs. This arrange-
ment also lessens the pressure on the bellies. Small fish, such as
herring, chubs, and perch, however, are placed on their sides to a
depth of two layers in three transverse rows, the end rows with the
heads to the edge of the pan and the top row filling in the depressions
of the bottom row. Large fish, such as trout and whitefish, of which
there are only 3 or 4 to the pan, are also laid on their sides with their
backs out. Medium-sized fish that have been split and dressed are
placed with their backs up, to allow the moisture to drain from the
stomach cavity. In filling the pan no effort is made to count the
fish packed because of the wide variation in size.

The following table gives, for certain species, the size of pans used,
the estimated number of fish per pan, and the average weight of the
cake of frozen fish.

Table 94. — Dimensions and capacity of freezing pans used for certain species of

Great Lakes fish

Species

Blue pike

Chubs (Lake Michigan)
Chubs (Lake Huron)...

Ciscoes (Lake Erie)

Trout (Lake Huron)

Dimensions of pans

Length

Width

Inches
22
24
25
22
25

Inches

Depth

Inches
2
2

Capacity of pans

Number
offish

120
60-70
175
123
4-7

Pounds
of fish

45-60

125

12H-13

128

1 Average

When filled, the pans are covered to protect the fish from the freez-
ing materials. The covers, which are of the same material as the
pans, are made one-half inch longer and wider and 1 inch shallower.

Freezing. — From the panning table the covered pans of fish are
conveyed to temporary stalls or bins, set up on the fish-house floor,
and there laid on a 3 or 4 inch layer of crushed ice and salt (usually
20 pounds of salt to 100 pounds of ice). This layer of ice and salt is
covered with pans to within 3 inches of the sides of the bin and
another 2 or 3 inch layer of ice is added, and successively followed by
layers of pans and ice, the surface of each layer of the freezing mixture
being smoothed oft" by means of a straightedge. Sideboards are then
placed against the bins as the height of the pile requires, and a wide
board is put on top to furnish a walk for the workman who places the
freezing mixture and the pans. The pile is built up as high as con-
venience in handling the pans and the freezing mixture will permit,
usually not more than 6 feet. When the piling operation is completed,
a double layer of the freezing mixture is put on top. To complete
the freezing process the fish are generally left in the bin overnight.

TAKIFr INFOEMATION SURVEYS 115

but if more rapid freezing is desired the salt is increased. By in-
creasing the salt, the ice melts more rapidly and a larger amount of
it is consequently required per pound of fish frozen. Using the ordi-
nary coarse salt for freezing, an average of about 1 J/2 tons of ice is
required to freeze 1 ton of fish, but the amount varies greatly accord-
ing to the temperature of the fish and of the room. Larger quantities
of ice and salt are used in warm weather and more is necessary when
the atmosphere is moist than when it is dry. Some of the ice and salt
generally remains unmelted and may be used over again with fresh
materials and more salt. As this mixture is weaker than new ice it is
used mainly at or near the bottom of the pile, the top of the pile
taking care of the bottom, on the principle that cold descends.

Removal of fish from pajis. — Because of the moisture inherent in
their bodies, the fish freeze solidly to each other and to the surface
of the pans. By passing the pans for a moment through cold w^ater,
the frost is drawn from the iron and the fish may be removed in a
block without breaking apart. For this purpose most plants use a
trough or tank about 3 by 10 feet on the inside of which are two paral-
lel iron bearings fastened to a series of inclined scantling 6 or 8 inches
apart to permit the pans to slide from one end of the trough to the
other. The trough is equipped with two water sprinklers, one
mounted at each end for spraying the pans as they pass along the iron
bearings. The spraying device usually consists of a box about 36
inches long, 18 inches wide, and 3 inches deep, the bottom of which
is perforated.

Efficient operation of the pan-removing trough requires the serv-
ices of three men. One operator standing at the end of the trough
places the pan under the first sprinlding box, where the water falling
through thaws the top sufficiently to allow a worlvinan standing at
the middle of the trough to remove the cover. Turning the pan over
permits it to slide under the second sprinkling box, where the descend-
ing stream of water thaws the bottom sufficiently to permit a workman
at the end of the trough to lift it from the block of fish.

Glazing. — In the process of removing the pan, the block of fish is
exposed to water vapor, a considerable amount of which adheres to
it and is frozen by the surplus cold, forming a thin coating of ice or
"glaze" over the entire surface of the block. This film of ice serves
to protect the fish from direct contact with the air and to retard loss
in weight through evaporation. To make the ice coating thicker,
it is customary to pass the blocks through a second trough nearly
filled with cold water into which is suspended a box with a perforated
bottom and nearly filled with crushed ice. The passage of the fish
from one end of the trough to the other is effected by making the floor
of the trough in the shape of a semicircle and by starting the fish at
one end with sufficient force to carry it underneath the ice box and
out at the other end. The glaze resulting from the pan-removing
process is about one-fiftieth of an inch thick and from the water-
dipping process about one thirty-second of an inch.

Cold storage. — From the glazing trough the blocks of frozen fish
are immediately piled on edge in cold-storage rooms, care being taken
in the piling to prevent the blocks from sagging and tumbling down.
In some plants the fish are boxed before being stored. If individual
fish, such as whitefish and trout, are stored they are piled in the same
manner as cord wood.

116 TARIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS

The rooms used for the storage of fish are similar to those used for
most other frozen food products, being simply insulated chambers in
which the air is chilled by a medium such as melting ice. Where salt
and ice are used to produce the necessary low temperature (12° to
18° F.), the freezing mixture in galvanized-iron hoppers, usually three
in number, is placed within 5 inches of the walls of the room. In
some plants a hopper is placed close to each of the four walls. Usually
the hoppers are about 10 inches wide at the top, narrow to 4 mches at
the bottom, and extend from within a few inches of the floor to the
top of the storage room. The crushed ice and salt are put into the
hopper through the top by means of a trapdoor in the insulated roof
of the storage room. The water collecting at the bottom of the hop-
per is carried out by slanting gutters and drainpipes.

If the fish are kept in storage for more than three or four months,
each block is given another thin coat of ice by the same process used
to produce the first glaze. Reglazing is necessary because of the
evaporation of the original ice film.

Packing j or shipment. — Fish to be shipped are packed in blocks in
wooden boxes having, as a rule, a capacity for about 160 pounds,
although at times smaller purchases require boxes with less capacity.
The packing boxes measure 28 inches in length, 18 inches in width,
and 15 inches in depth.

(3) Mechanical freezing.— Yish are prepared for freezing in much
the same way by the mechanical as by the salt and ice method. The
essential difference between the two processes lies in the way the
refrigerant is produced and in the method of exposing the pans of
fish to the refrigerant. In mechanical freezing, the panned fish are
placed in insulated ''sharp" freezing rooms, provided with horizontal
layers of pipes containing ammonia gas which produces a sufficiently
low temperature to freeze them. The horizontal layers of pipes are
5 to 10 inches apart and run from the floor to the ceiling. The
"sharp" freezing rooms are constructed in a similar manner to the
salt and ice storage rooms. ^ The fish that have previously been
washed and panned are laid between the' coils for about 12 hours.
By that time they are generally frozen and are then removed from the
pans and glazed in much the same manner as by the salt and ice
method. They are then ready for storage.

In the storage rooms the pipes are run along the sides of the wall or
on the ceiling in order to give the maximum space for storage. The
average capacity of the storage rooms is about 250 tons, although some
will accommodate 400 tons. When the freezers are filled to capacity
the excess fish are again put through the glazing process after which
they are packed in boxes lined with brown paper. They are then
ready to be taken to the public storage warehouses to await the
readiness of the market. On the south shore of Lake Erie the charge
(1924-25) of the public warehouses for storing fish was 30 cents per
100 pounds for the first month and 15 cents for each month thereafter.

(4) Brine freezing. — Brine freezing is a comparatively new process,
the patents covering the various systems having been issued since
1915. At present the only plants on the Great Lakes using it are the
one at Bay City, Mich., known as the "Peterson System of Rapid
Freezing" ^ and another on the Canadian shore of Lake Erie, known

• For description, see p. 117. ^ Covered by United States patents.

TARIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS 117

as the "Kolbe Brine Freezing System."^ The principles of the two
systems are similar. Both use a solution of cold brine into which
the panned fish are immersed. Instead of sodium chloride, the salt
used is calcium chloride, which permits a Iowtt temperature. With
calcium chloride a temperature of —25° F. can be maintained while
with the sodium chloride (common salt) a temperature below 0° F,
can not be economically maintained.

As in the mechanical freezers, a machinery room is necessary to
house compressor, pumps, and driving motors. A "sharp freezer"
room is, however, not needed.

THE PETERSON SYSTEM

The Peterson system uses a brine tank 12 feet 9 inches square,
divided into a center space for a 20-ton brine cooler, an agitator, a
head house, and a stream divider. At each end of the tank, a space
9 inches to 12 inches is shut off to permit easy circulation; the remain-
der is divided into 16 equal spaces. The tank serves three purposes,
namely, (1) cake freezing of fish; (2) individual freezing of fish;
(3) manufacture of ice. Any two of these may be operated at the
same time, but with a reduction in the capacity of each.

Cake freezing of fisli. — When the fish are to be frozen in cakes or
blocks they are washed and packed in one layer into rectangular
metal scoops. Each scoop is then inserted into a metal container or
can which is just large enough to admit the scoop. The cans are made
of 16-gauge galvanized sheet metal and are of various sizes according
to the kind of fish to be frozen. The largest cans measure 28 inches
long, 3^ inches deep and 18 inches wide, and the smallest ones are
the same length and width but are only 2 mches deep. From five
to eight cans, according to their size, form a frame, a device made of
angle iron to which the cans are riveted. During the can filling
process the frame of cans rests on a bench about 15 inches off the
floor.

When the cans of fish in a frame have been filled, the frame is
tilted to an upright position, lowered into a tank of brine and the
scoops withdrawn. The fish are left tightly packed in the cans in
approximately the same formation as when they were in the scoop,
and only one w^all of the galvanized metal is left on either side of the
cake. The weight of the fish tends to keep them packed tight. A
frame of five cans will hold approximately 250 pounds of fish. Eight
of the smaller cans will fit one frame instead of five larger ones.
With the smaller cans only 200 pounds of fish are in the frame and
each cake weighs about 25 pounds. Whether the fish are "round" or
"dressed," the capacity of the cans does not greatly vary.

The tank into which the frames are lowered is provided with string-
ers to prevent the frame from going too deep into the brine. When
full of fish the cans will not float, so no additional weight is needed,
but if any are empty, enough water is poured into them to make the
frame sink to the proper depth.

The length of time required for freezing depends on the species and
size of the fish and the temperature of the brine. If the temperature
of the calcium chloride brine is between —20° and —25° F., freezing
will take only about two and one-half to three hours, for cans 3^

'Covered by United States patents.

118 TAETFF INFOEMATION SURVEYS

inches thick. If smaller cans are used, the time may be shortened to
one hour or even less. Freezing may be slowed up by allowing the
temperature of the brine to rise.

After freezing the frames containing the fish are put into a thawing
well to allow the solid block of frozen fish to slide out. The well is
arranged with a false bottom to permit a considerable quantity of
water under the cans. Were it not for this, ice would form around the
cans. Water enters from the bottom and overflows along the top
sides. Since it is not advantageous to thaw the frozen fish more than
necessary, the cans are locked in the well at an angle of 160 to 170
degrees, or nearly upside down. After a few minutes the can is
struck on a bumper and the shock and inertia of the block of fish
cause the cakes to slide out. The fish having been dipped or glazed
after freezing, easily slide direct into the tank, the water therein
acting as a cushion to prevent them from breaking. The cakes when
removed from the water are ready for storage.

Individual freezing of iish. — This method is very similar to the pan
freezing, the difference being in the number and shape of the cans in
the frame. Instead of 5 to 8 cans, 15 cans are assembled in one frame.
To make the cans, an oblong sheet of 30-gauge galvanized steel is
bent lengthwise but not creased, and the two edges are crimped and
soldered together to form a metal tube. One end is then crimped
and soldered to make the can water-tight.

By sliding the fish into the can tail first they fit compactly. The
size of the can used depends on the size of the fish. The freezing
takes two hours or less, the time varying according to the width of
the broadest part of the fish. After the fish are frozen the cans are
put into the thawing well and the fish slide out into the water, which
glazes them. This system is best for fish that have been dressed, as
the shape of the can prevents them from being deformed in any way.
If frozen round, fish are liable to be somewhat compressed around
the belly. The frozen fish are wrapped in parchment or transparent
paper to keep them from drying out. Usually only high-priced fish,
such as trout and whitefish, are frozen by this method, because it
requires more space in storage and double the number of boxes, is
more costly, and transportation charges are greater.

Ice making.- — Ice can be made by the Peterson system by using a
standard 300-pound ice can, which occupies about the same space
as one frame of fish. The tank heretofore described will freeze about
5 tons of ice per day. If the ice is to be used in shipping fish, no
air-circulating system is required, as opaque ice can be used for such
purpose. If frozen at a low temperature ( — 10° to —20° F.), the ice
is very brittle and will easily break.

The manufacture of ice is incidental to the fish freezing and is
usually done when the runs of fish are light.

THE KOLBE SYSTEM

This system is somewhat similar to the Peterson method in that
both have a machinery room, brine tank, and pans. The main differ-
ence between the two is in the construction of the pans for freezing
the fish in cakes or individually. The Peterson system uses a riveted
and soldered can which is lowered into the brine, while the Kolbe
system utilizes a pan similar to the one used in the salt and ice

TAEIFF INFORMATION SUEVEYS 119

method except that it has on the bottom pan two V-shaped projec-
tions ^ and the cover is about 1 inch longer and wider than the bottom
pan. When the pans are immersed in brine the diving-bell principle
serves to keep the liquid out of them.

Fish panning. — The boxes of fish to be frozen come into the fish
house on rollers through a trap door cut through the wall, where they
are emptied into a wash trough containing water. After being stirred
around the fish are removed by means of a dip net and deposited in
square trays 3 or 4 inches deep, on the pan-filling bench. This bench
is about 12 feet long and 2 feet wide, and the trays are placed at
intervals of about 3 feet. On each side of the tray there is room for
a fish pan and the operative engaged in filling it. The pan is 22^
inches long, 103^ inches wide, and 2}4 inches deep; the cover is 233^
inches long, 1134 inches wide, and 33^ inches deep. The two parts
are made of number 22-gauge galvanized sheet metal.

If the fish are small they are panned in three transverse rows, two
layers deep, as in the salt and ice method.^ If whitefish or lake trout
are to be frozen, only three or four are laid in the pan, so that they
will readily come apart after freezing. After being filled the pans are
put in angle-iron frames sufficiently wide for two pans to be set
side by side and high enough to hold 10 pans in a row. The sides of
the pans are held in position by the frame and the covers are held
down tight by a clamp which fastens each stack of pans in place.

The 20 pans hold about 15 pounds of fish each, a total of 300
pounds per frame. When the fish are frozen individually the weight
is much less, as there are only three or four fish per pan.

Each frame is lifted up by an overhead electric crane which oper-
ates on tracks, carried along and lowered in the brine in the desired
space. The brine tank is so constructed that it has a head space
and a propeller driven by a motor to allow for circulation of the brine.
The brine must be constantly agitated to keep it at a low tempera-
ture. At 0° F it requires about two and one-half hours to freeze the
fish. If the brine is not kept circulating the temperature will rise and a
longer time will be required.

After the fish are frozen the frames are lifted out of the brine by
the electric crane, are sprayed by running water, and removed from
the pans. They are then glazed, and if ''single frozen" are wrapped
in parchment paper prior to storage in boxes lined with brown wrap-
ping paper. On the parchment paper is printed the brand of the
fish, a picture of a fish, and the name and location of the producer.
The boxes in which the fish are packed are 2134 inches wide, 23^
inches long, and 103<^ inches deep (inside measurements), and hold
about 120 pounds of ciscoes and blue pike. Usually the boxes are
made of pine with paneled ends, and on the sides, printed in 4-inch
type, is the name of the company and its location.

Ice is made by a process similar to the Peterson system and is used
in the packing of fresh fish. It can be made during spare time when
no fish are brought in.

Quantities of Lake Fish Frozen

The following table shows the quantity of certain lake fishes frozen
and held in storage in the United States in 1924.

* Patented. , » For description see p. 113.

120

TARIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS

Table 95.-

-Quantities of certain fresh-water fishes, frozen and held in cold storage
in the United States, 1924 ^

FROZEN

Month «

January...
February..

March

April

May -

June

July

August

September.
October...
November-
December.

Cat-
fish

Pounda

7,772

14, 533

3,769

5,197

90, 641

17, 072

81, 646

29, 366

8,866

17, 573

90, 068

37, 116

Ciscoes '

Pounds

702, 719

2,621

34, 938

11, 032

76,512

149,217

329, 288

1, 058, 895

2, 561, 597

4,195,606

1, 292, 577

2, 608, 061

Tullibees

Pounds
38, 686
52, 976
55, 652
32, 996

101, 292
16, 257
75, 577

325, 258
39, 955
64,755

102, 847
99, 557

Total 403,61913,023,063 1,005,808 2,307,621 3,182,482 766,123

Trout

Pounds

72,642

64, 400

38, 786

4,341

70, 663

151, 799

258, 541

68, 097

159, 227

304,111

870, 734

244, 280

Pike

perch and

pike * or

pickerel

Pounds
115. 403
229, 968
149, 241

69, 677
412, 025
208, 507
251, 928

65, 507
154, 192
168, 433
449, 029
908, 572

Spoon-
bill, cat,
and
stur-
geon

Pounds
5,000

7,320
8,151
132, 492
127, 239
125, 387
167, 084
109, 404
43, 134
21, 356
19, 556

Suckers

Pounds
21, 495
12, 103
3, 496

White-
fish

20, 465:

8, 515

1,509

483

662

1, 798'

2, 7631
5, 879!

Pounds

41, 006

292, 884

246, 950

96, 201

49, 352

6,355

111,062

141, 691

114, 176

84, 010

328, 092

263, 481

79, 1681 1, 775, 260 22, 543, 144

Total

Pounds

1, 004, 723

669, 485

540, 152

227, 595

953, 442

684, 961

1, 234, 938

1,856,381

3, 148, 079

4, 879, 420

3, 157, 466

4, 186, 502

IN STOEAGE*

January

February..

March

April

May

June

July

August

September.
October. -.
November.
December.

234, 652

10, 299, 860

648, 081

1, 231, 044

2, 463, 629

299, 269

31, 979

1,381,416

16

170, 388

8, 233, 801

783, 064

907, 271

2, 462, 587

187, 481

32, 077

1, 469, 809

14

111,494

5, 385, 608

763, 121

422, 400

1, 542, 009

134, 217

22, 058

1,554,411

9

86, 557

3. 963, 579

726, 296

282, 200

543,112

54, 367

16,748

1, 440, 949

V

163, 677

3,117,908

770, 802

269, 522

886, 843

153, 083

35, 434

1, 072, 581

6

161,441

2, 697, 414

751, 270

406, 299

886, 224

258, 902

40,200

1, 024, 014

6

227, 198

2, 533, 406

810,073

690, 523

992, 344

369, 353

50, 491

1, 149, 463

6

219, 699

3, 057, 694

1,114,941

653. 072

790, 151

506, 172

43, 784

1, 306, 126

V

215, 984

5, 006, 502

731, 768

687,011

855, 024

548,383

34, 028

1, 351, 768

9

167, 556

7, 745, 327

785, 414

928,113

905, 983

557, 151

38, 435

1,410,453 12

297, 163

8, 093, 188

858, 980

1, 804, 524

1,239,416

530. 432

37, 582

1, 818, 403 14,

244, 358

9, 608, 580

712,911

1, 952, 914

1, 897, 949

554, 786

39, 024

2, 121, 170 17,

i

, 589, 930
, 246, 478
, 935, 318
,113,808
, 469, 850
, 225, 764
, 822, 851
, 691, 639
, 430, 468
, 538, 432
, 679, 688
, 131, 692

1 FroTi U. S. Bureau of Fisheries repDrts on Cold Storage HDldings of Fish.

2 Quantities listed are those frozen from the 15th of the preceding month to the 15th of the month shown.
5 Includes bluefins, blackfins, chub, and lake herring.

* Includes blue pike, yellow pike, sauger, and jacks.

• Quantities listed are those held on the 15th of each month shown.

The chart on page 121 shows the usual arrangement of the lake-side
fish buyers' establishments used for boxing and icing fresh fish and
for freezing and storing the surplus catch.

Freezing Costs

The principal items of expense in freezing and storing are labor,
boxes, and ice, since most plants use the ice and salt method of freez-
ing. As noted in the boxing and icing cost discussion, the companies
that engage in freezing usually handle fresh fish and do not keep
the costs of the two operations separate in their bookkeeping records.
Where necessary, therefore, the costs have been charged to the several
operations in accordance with estimates of the companies furnishing
costs. Frozen fish boxing costs were segregated by charging the
actual cost of boxes plus a portion of the other expenses as estimated
by the companies. The costs of freezing and storing given in Tables
96 and 97 are for 8 companies in the United States and for 1 1 companies
in Canada and the boxing costs given in Tables 98 and 99 are for 7
companies in each of the two countries.

TAEIFF INFOKMATION SURVEYS

121

Typical Sreat Lakes Tisn House

(Second Floon uiiad-for Si-orat)eJ

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

F>SH Met

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Oonna Ricu

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

0

/-

-LEGEND-

5hippin9 Room

z-

Cl«an'n9 ani Frgeyn^ Room

3-

lea Sierage

^-

Main Office

5-

5alf Storage

fc-

Crushed let Bin

1-

Nef Storage

8-

BaKe Hou»i(llMta>rK>)

9-

Ice Koem

10-

V'«u(+

Teilei-

Monaqenf Oif ice

- S+ora<)e (frceynt^ Pant)

- freeyn'j Koom

rr.vy

\h

- Cold 5fora<^e ^ocms

122

TAEIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS

Table 96. — Cost per pound for freezing and storing frozen fish in the United

States, 1924

Lake
Erie

Lake
Michigan

Weighted average

Item of cost

Based on
production

for which
costs were

obtained

Based on
relative
catch in

each lake '

Direct expense:

Salt

Cents
0. 1779
.2298
.9337
.0156
.0687
.0166
.0025
.0283
.0477

Cents

0. 2260

.4182

.8745

.3070

Cents
0. 1786
.2326
. 9328
.0201
.0676
.0163
.0025
.0279
.0470

Cents
0. 1926

.2873

Labor - - -.

Superintendence

Repairs _ -

Heat, light, and power

Water . .

.9156
.1046
.0477

.0115

.0017

Cartage --- -

Miscellaneous .

.0197

.0332

Total

1. 5208

1. 8257

1. 5254

1. 6139

Overhead expense:

.0687
.0013
.0311
.0671
.0978
.0506

.0676
.0013
.0307
.0660
.0963
.0499

.0477

.0009

Taxes -

.0216

.0466

.0679

.0352

Total

.3166

.3118

.2199

Total expense (excluding interest)

1. 8374
.0745

1. 8257
.0768

1. 8372
.0745

1. 8338

.0762

Total expense (including interest)

1.9119

1. 9025

1.9117

1.9090

» Weight basis: Erie, 69.47 per cent; Michigan, 30.53 per cent.
Table 97. — Cost per pound for freezing and storing frozen fish in Canada, 1924

Lake
Erie

Lake
Superior

Lake
Huron

Lake
Winnipeg

Weighted average

Item of cost

Based on
produc-
tion for

which

costs

were
obtained

Based on
relative
catch in

each

lake!

Direct expense:

Salt

Cents
0. 0721

Cents
0. 5357

Cents
0.2996
1. 1736
.3378
.0392
.0128
.0168

Cents
0. 3176

.0928
1. 4950

.0022

Cents
0. 1610
.1282
.9151
.0365
.0164
.0594

Cents
0. 2181

Ice ...

.2727

.7668
.0506
.0239
.0558

.6250

.8178

Repairs . .

.0329

.7500
.0550

.0855

Miscellaneous . . . . .

.0515

.0464

Total

.9692

1. 9657

1. 8798

1. 9591

1. 3166

1. 4734

Overhead expense:

Insurance

.0545
.0074
.2187
.0618
.0058

.0167
.0390
.0736
.1553

.0370
.0935
.0007

.0460
. 03-23
. 1513
.0534
.0037

.0374

Taxes .

.0320

Depreciation.. ....

.3571

.1537

.0627

Miscellaneous .

.0028

Total

.3482

.3571

.2846

.1312

.2867

.2886

Total expense (excluding interest)...
Imputed interest. - .. .

1.3174
.0527

2.3228
.3964

2. 1644
.0944

2.0903
.0126

1. 6033
.0500

1.7620
.0858

Total expense (including interest)...

1. 3701

2. 7192

2. 2588

2.1029

1. 6533

1. 8478

« Weight basis: Erie, 47.40 per cent; Superior, 9.53 per cent; Huron, 21.53 per cent; Winnipeg, 21.54
per cent.

TAEIFF INFOBMATION SUEVEYS 123

Table 98. — Cost per pound of boxing frozen fish in the United States, 1934

Item of cost

Lake Erie

Item of cost

Lake Erie

Direct expense:

Boxes or shooks

Cents
0.2995
.3877
.0391
.0024
.0173
.0160
.0722
.0190
.0483

Overhead expense:

Insurance .

Cents
0. 0695

Labor -

1 Taxes

.0306

Cartage on supplies . . .

Depreciation . .

.0690

Packing paper . .

Salaries . . .

.1170

Light, heat, and power.-

Miscellaneous ......

.0283

Total

.3144

Total expense (excluding inter-
est)

1 2159

Total .

.9015

Imputed interest

.0743

Total expense (including inter-
est)

1. 2902

Table 99. — Cost per pound of boxing frozen fish in Canada, 1924

Lake
Erie

Lake
Huron

Lake

Mani-
toba

Buffalo
Lake
and

Lesser
Slave
Lake

Lake
Winni-
pegosis

Weighted average

Item of cost

Based on
produc-
tion for

which

costs

were
obtained

Based on
relative

catch
in each

lake'

Direct expense:

Boxes or shooks

Cents
0. 5140
.1812

Cents
0. 7694
.1053

Cents

0.5049

.5991

.0109

.0067

Cents
0. 4737
.3128

Cents
0. 6026
1.0023

Cents
0. 5210
.4256
.0038
.0024
.0076
.0286
.0439

Cents
0. 5732

Labor .-.

.3394

Cartage on supplies

. 0015

Packing paper

.0009

Light, heat, and power

.0237
.0505
.0389

.0128
.0392
.0168

.0133

Repairs . .

.0339
.0902

.0353

Miscellaneous

.0333

Total.

.8083

.9435

1. 2457

.7865

1. 6049

1. 0329

.9969

Overhead expense:

Insurance

.0148
.0074
.0225
.0632
.0058

.0167
.0390
.0735

.0006

.0123
.0036
.0450
.1847
.0343

.0081
.0047
.0395
.0942
.1415

.0111

Taxes

.0116

D epreciation

.0482
.0988
.1777

.0307

.0393

Salaries

.0566

Miscellaneous

.1553

.7203

.1545

Total

.1137

.2845

.3253

.2799

.7510

.2880

.2731

Total expense (excluding
interest)

.9220
.0529

1. 2280
.0943

1.5710
.0055

1. 0664
.0080

2. 3559
.0468

1. 3209
.0276

1. 2701

Imputed interest

.0505

Total expense (including
interest)

.9749

1.3223

1. 5765

1. 0744

2.4027

1. 3485

1. 3206

'iWeight basis: Erie, 45.03 per cent; Huron, 20.45 per cent; Manitoba, 13.6
Slave, 7.92 per cent; Winnipegosis, 12.92 per cent.

Salting

I per cent; Buffalo and Lesser

Lake herring are the only Great Lakes fish preserved in large quan-
tities by salting. The United States production of salted lake herring
in 1924 represented over half (probably about 60 per cent) of the
total catch and about 99 per cent of all lake fish salted in 1924. Of
the Great Lakes salted lake herring production in 1924 about 99 per
cent was prepared in the United States.

54003—27 9

124 TARIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS

LOCALIZATION OF THE INDUSTRY

Lake herring are salted along the shores of Lake Michigan, Lake
Huron, and Lake Superior. On Lake Michigan and Lake Superior
the bulk of it is prepared by the fishermen. "The~salt' fish companies
as a rule furnish the fishermen the barrels and salt, and purchase from
them the salted fish for further processing. On Lake Huron the salt-
fish companies usually do their own salting and to some extent the
same practice is followed on Lake Michigan.

On Lake Huron lake herring are caught mainly in trap and pound
nets and on Lake Michigan in gill nets. The smallest size net allowed
by the Michigan State laws is the 2^-inch mesh, whereas the mini-
mum requirement of the Wisconsin State laws is a 23^-inch mesh.
In the knportant Green Bay lake-herring fisheries of Wisconsin the
■smaller meshed and more efficient nets are used.

Fish to be salted are carried directly from the fishmg grounds to
the fish houses where they are immediately salted. During June,
July, and August the fish are comparatively soft when taken from
the water and ice must be used aboard the vessels to preserve them.

PREPARATION OF FRESH LAKE HERRING FOR SALTING

When unloaded from the fishing vessel the fish are first beheaded
and eviscerated. The loss in weight in beheading averages 6 per
cent of the original weight; in removing the viscera, 12 per cent.

As the fish are dressed they are thrown into a box, from which they
are later emptied into a "wash trough" of fresh water, where the
slime and any blood that may remain after the dressing are rinsed
off. From the wash trough they are lifted out with a dip net and
placed in the center of a salting table so arranged that the water will
drain from the central pile of fresh fish without dissolving the salt
;that surrounds it.

METHODS OF APPLYING SALT

The purpose of salting herring is to effect their preservation by
the extraction of the body water. Of the several methods of apply-
ing the salt to the body of the fish the most common is as follows:

Five fish are picked up, their bellies rubbed in salt, and placed
together back to belly. These are set aside and the process is
repeated until 25 fish are accumulated. The 25 are then placed belly
side up in a half barrel (capacity 125 pounds of fish). As the fish
settle considerably upon standing packing is continued until the top
layer rises about 4 inches above the barrel. The top layer is turned
belly side down to protect the fish from subsequent contact with the
barrel head. After standing all night sufficient water has been
extracted from the fish to allow heading of the barrel. In this, the
first salting process, which produces what is known as "slime" fish,
the loss in weight is about 9 per cent. Allowing 18 per cent loss in
weight in dressing the fresh fish the loss at the conclusion of the first
salting is 27 per cent. All slime fish are eventually repacked, "in-
spected." If they are to be held a week or more before being re-
packed the barrels are filled with 100° brine and placed in cool
storage.

TARIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS

125

REPACKING

The final process in preparing salted herring consists simply of
removing slimed fish from the original container and placing them in
new brine in assorted sizes of barrels for the retail trade.

Repacking usually proceeds as folio w^s: The slimed fish upon
removal from cool storage are emptied onto a draining table 6 feet
square and wdth a capacity of 5 barrels of fish. After the old brine
has drained off the fish are transferred to a weighing table in the
quantities desired for the final package. The weighmg table and
the draining table, the surfaces of which are on a level, are placed
side by side. Rapid handling of the fish is facilitated by having the
weigher concentrate his attention on the one operation. The
weighed fish are passed from the "weigher" to the "packer" by a
revolving table, fitted with compartments. As a batch of fish is
weighed it is throwm into one of the compartments from which the
packer on the opposite side removes it as the rotating table brings it
within his reach. In packing, all of the fish except the top layer are
placed pkin side down. Before the containers are sealed a solution
of 100° (saturated solution) of brine is added and also a small quan-
tity of salt to protect the fish in the event that a leak develops in
the container. Fish put up in 5 to 25 pound packages are packed in
pails; from 30 to 100 pounds in barrels. Salt added is in the propor-
tion of 3 pounds to 100 pounds of fish. The loss in weight in repack-
ing averages 5 per cent; it is less in winter and more in summer. In
the entire dressing and salting process the loss averages 32 per cent
of the original w^ eight of the fish.

Table 100 gives the dimensions of packages of salted herring put
up for shipment and the quantity of 100° brine used in the various
sizes of containers.

Table 100. — Size and weight of packages of salted herring packed on the Great

Lakes

Depth

Diameter

Thickness

Weight
of empty
contain-
ers

Quantity
of fish
packed

Quantity

of brine

used

Top Bottom

Staves

Top

Bottom

Inches
6

6M
9

15

18
22

Inches Inches

91% 1 7K2

WA 1 SVs
\2% \ lOH

10 1 10

11 1 11

12 ! 12
13H 13H

Inches

Yi
Vi
Vi
Vi
%

Inches

y%

v»

%

Vi
Yi
Yi

Inches
%
%
%
Vi

Y2

Yi
Yi

Pounds

2Y2

3

3H
4^
6M
7M

12

Pounds

5-6

8orl0

15

25

30-40

50-60

70

100

Quarts
2
3
2
2
7
10
15
20

SALTING COSTS

The cost of salting lake fish includes all expenses incurred from the
time the fresh fish is received at the salting plant until the finished
product is packed for shipment. The principal items of cost are
packages and labor which together constitute 65 per cent of the
total cost. Table 101 gives the cost of salting lake fish in the United
States in 1924.

126

TAKIFF INFOBMATION SUEVEYS

TrpiCAL FLOOR Plan

OP-

Gi^EAT Lakes Salt Fish House

3uii.oiN«-rKnnE coNSTKucrioN

SECOND FLOOR U5E0 FOR STO«*M OF SALT (»N0 rMfTT eAOSeU

Stord^ l^om

Table 101. — Cost per pound of salting lake fish, United States, 192 J^

Item of cost

Direct expense:

Salt.

Packages and containers.
Heat, light, and power...

Labor

Repairs

Cartage on supplies

Miscellaneous

Total direct expense.

Amount

Cents
0. 1740
1. 7529
.0008
.5525
.0043
.0020
.3031

2. 7896

Item of cost

.\ mount

Overhead expense:

Insurance

Cents
0. 0510

Taxes..

.1297

Depreciation

.2591

Salaries ...

.1420

M iscellaneous.

.0554

Total overhead

. 6372

Total expense, excluding interest..
Imputed interest

3. 4288
.2600

Total expense, including interest.

3. 6868

tariff infoemation surveys 127

Smoking

species selected for smoking

Because of the perishable nature of smoked fish, smoking is generally
done in the large consuming centers. The "hot smoke" method,
the one most commonly used, cooks and smokes the fish. The
varieties used for smoking are ciscoes, tullibees, chubs, trout, white-
fish, and sturgeon, the most important of which is the cisco. Smoked
sturgeon brings a very high price — in 1925 about $1.50 per pound-
but the quantity smoked at the present time is negligible. Whitefish
were formerly smoked, but the quantity so treated is now very small.
The Lake Erie cisco resembles the whitefish and is sold on the market
as smoked whitefish and the trade accepts it as such. The catch of
chubs on the Great Lakes has been depleted, and since the runs of
ciscoes are variable, the cheaper northern Canadian lake tullibee is
the principal substitute for ciscoes in times of short supply. In
some localities there is also, however, a regular demand for smoked
tullibees.

METHODS EMPLOYED

The methods of smoking ciscoes, chubs, tullibees, and whitefish
are similar. Both the fresh and frozen fish are used for smoking and
the former are preferred when prices are low enough to make smoking
profitable. The advantage of using the frozen fish lies in its low cost
and in the fact that it may be held in storage and used as demand
requires without loss from spoilage. The frozen fish, when taken
from cold storage are thawed in a bin of cold, fresh running water.
They are removed from this bin by a dip net and placed on a table,
where they are split and cleaned, before being dumped into brine.
They remain in the brine for a number of hours, according to the
strength and temperature of the brine and the flavor of fish desired.
If 90° brine is used, the time required is from 6 to 10 hours, and if
60° brine, from 12 to 24 hours. From the brine they are thrown
into fresh cold water and thereafter hung head down on sticks, 14
to 18 on a stick. These sticks, which are 2 inches wide and 30 inches
long with sharp nails driven about 1 inch apart along the entire
length, are placed on a rack holding from 250 to 700 pounds. The
rack, suspended on an overhead trolley, carries the fish into the
smokehouse.

The smokehouse is made entirely of brick. It is 4 feet wide, 12
feet high, and fitted with a door of one-eighth-inch steel plate cut
in three sections, the upper and lower of which are. 15 inches wide
and so adjusted as to allow a draft to pass from the lower to the upper
section. Usually three or four houses adjoin. Over the door of
each is arranged a sheet-metal hood through which the smoke from
all the houses is carried off by an electric fan inserted in an opening
in the smoke hood. The speed of the fan is regulated according to
the intensity of the fires, the conditions of the fish being smoked,
and the amount of fish on the racks in the smokehouse.

After the racks of fish have been run into the smokehouse on the
overhead trolley, a small fire is started on the floor, but the flames

128 TAKTFF INFORMATION SURVEYS

are not allowed to come in contact with the fish. The heat arising
cooks them while the smoke flavors them. The fire is generally
started with excelsior, and small pieces of hardwood are added —
this kind of wood having proved to be the best for cooking. Care is
taken to keep the lower and upper sections of the door adjusted so
as to regulate the draft in a way that will give the best results in
cooking. The middle section of the door is removed entirely or
left partially open, according to the condition of the particular fish
being smoked. The doors are at first left open to create a draft
and carry oft' the steam which would tend to soften the fish and allow
those that become soft to drop. Toward the end of the cooking,
the smokehouse doors are closed to create a dense smoke which
completes the smoking process. The fish are cooked from three to
six hours, the time depending upon the species and condition of the
fish and the intensity of the fire. The skill required of the attendant
is acquired only after long experience.

When the fish have been put through the final stages of the smoking
processes, they are carried by trolley outside and allowed to cool,
after which they are removed from the racks and packed in boxes
or baskets. The containers used are the common market baskets
of woven wood splits or of pine or hardwood. A patented oiled
cardboard container is also used by certain companies. The several
sizes of boxes or baskets hold 5, 10, 15, or 20 pounds of smoked fish.

Prior to packing, the fish are weighed, one layer at a time. The
container is lined with oiled paper, and the fish laid in rows on the
bottom. Alternate layers of fish are then filled in until the top is
reached. If baskets are used, a sheet of brown wrapping paper is
put over the top layer of oiled paper for additional protection. If
boxes are used the cover is nailed down, and if cardboard containers,
the cover is fastened down by a wire clip at each corner. Split
baskets are used for the local trade as they can be collected and used
a second time; for shipments to points outside the locality, boxes
are used.

SMOKING COSTS

The cost of smoking lake fish like that of salting includes all of the
expenses incurred from the time the fresh fish is received at the
plant until the finished product is packed for shipment. Labor
constitutes 61 per cent of the total cost of smoking. Of the other
cost items only two are important, namely, storage charges on frozen
fish held for smoking, which constitutes 13 per cent of the total cost;
and containers which constitute 11 per cent of the total cost. Table
102 gives the cost of smoking lake fish in the United States in 1924.

TARIFF INFOEMATION RUHVf<:YS

129

Typical FLOOKPLaN

For

Gl^EAT LAKES 5M0KE FI5H HOU-SE

OUlLDtN&- &RtCK CONSTRUCTION
COMCRCTV PCOOR OR^iNiH» TO CCnTVK

Table 102. — Cost per pound of smoking lake fish, United States, 19.

u

Item of cost

Amount

Item of cost

Amount

Direct expense:

Salt

Cents

0.0506
.5546
.1741

2. 5862
.1260
.1182
.0395
.6417
.0574

Overhead expense:

Insurance.

Cevif
0.1504

Containers

Salaries

.5252

Smoking fuel

Miscellaneous

.0506

Taxes..

.0071

Repairs

Depreciation

.0110

Cartage on supplies

7443

Paper

Total expense, excluding interest..

Storage on fish before smoking

Miscellaneous

5.0946
.0362

Total direct expense

4. 3503

Total expense, including interest..

5.1308

130 tariff infoemation surveys

Filleting

Fish fillets consist of fish flesh that is free or nearly free from bones,
and sometimes from skins. The round fish when made into fillets
are eviscerated, beheaded, and split down both sides of the backbone,
each fish thus yielding two fillets.

Filleting of fresh-water fish at the point of production is a compara-
tively new industry and as yet (1926) only small quantities of a few
species are so prepared. Plans are being made by some of the
wholesalers, however, to expand this part of their business. Fillet-
ing has the advantage of saving transportation and refrigeration costs
and of retarding spoilage. Then, too, there is a growing demand for
filleted fish of all lands.

Fillets are sold either by the pound or by the piece. Whitefish
and lake trout are generally sold by the pound; ciscoes, blue pike,
yellow perch, and sheepshead by the piece. The price charged by
the coastal buyer in 1924 was from 30 to 45 cents per pound for
whitefish and lake trout and from 3 to 7 cents per piece for the
smaller fish.

In preparing fillets, the loss by shrinkage varies with the size of
the fish's head, fins, and entrails. With ciscoes it is 35 per cent;
whitefish, 40 per cent; and blue pike and yellow perch, 50 per cent.

The principal species filleted on the Great Lakes are ciscoes, blue
pike, whitefish, lake trout, yellow perch, and sheepshead (gray bass).

Fish to be filleted are first scaled, either by hand, with a knife, or
with an electric scaler. All fins, except the caudal or tail fin, are
then cut off, the head is removed and the fish split along one side of
the backbone so that the two sides are laid open, permitting the
viscera to be scraped out. The backbone, together with the caudal
fin, is entirely cut away and the remaining flesh in two lengthwise
pieces, or fillets, is dropped into a tank of water and cracked ice.
After being stirred about and washed in the ice water, they are
lifted out by a dip net onto a table where they are wrapped in parch-
ment paper. If they are small, four are wrapped in a paper and will
measure approximately 12 by 18 inches. If large — i. e., made from
whitefish or trout — only two are wrapped in a paper. The wrapped
fillets are then packed in rows in tins, each holding approximately
20 pounds. The tins are about 14 inches long, 8 inches wide, and 4
inches deep, and have a capacity for about 100 of the smaller fillets.
When packed and covered the tin is inclosed in a wooden box large
enough to permit a 2-inch packing of crushed ice on each of the
surfaces. With the nailing down of the wooden box cover the entire
packing operation is completed.

If intended for the frozen-fish trade, the fillets are prepared in the
same manner as fresh fillets but are frozen immediately on coming
out of the wasliing tank. Where mechanical freezers are used, the
fillets are placed on strips of sheet metal resting on refrigerating coils.
By this method from two to three hours are required for freezing,
the time depending upon the size of the fillets and the temperature
of the room. If the salt and ice method is used, a longer time is
required. Extremely low temperatures can not be produced by the
salt and ice method.

TARIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS 131

A new process of fillet freezing is in use at Port Dover, Ontario.''
There the fresh fillets are placed one layer deep in water-tisrht circular
pans floated on a circulating calcium chloride freezing solution. The
pans measure 18 inches in diameter and have 3-inch sides riveted
and soldered to make them water-tight. The brine tank, which is
20 feet square, is insulated on the bottom and sides by 4-inch walls
packed with sawdust. It is lined with 24-gauge galvanized sheet
metal and has board partitions so arranged that the circulating brine
carries the fish pans continuously back and forth. The brine, which
is about 8 inches deep, is kept in circulation by a small centrifugal
pump driven by a one-horsepower motor. The tank is usually filled
with pans which are left there to float on the stream of brine until
the fillets are frozen. As the frozen fillets are taken out, they are
replaced by fresh fillets and the freezing process is repeated. About
20 minutes are required to freeze small fish, such as blue pike; larger
fish, such as whitefish, require more time.

Round or dressed fish may also be frozen by this method but they
require a longer time for freezing than do fillets. As yet this type
of freezing has not been extensively used for round fish.

TRANSPORTATION COSTS

Fresh fish, being highly perishable, are practically all shipped by
express. Frozen fish are shipped by freight at a lower rate but both
forms of transportation are high as compared with the value of the
species usually shipped — in fact the shipping costs from many areas
exceed the cost of production of the fish. For example, from Winni-
peg, Manitoba, the gateway for northern lake fish, the express charge
to New York City is 5 cents per pound on fish that cost 3 cents per
pound to catch.

For comparing transportation costs between the domestic and
foreign centers either New York City or Chicago may be considered
as a representative competitive market for practically all species of
fish. These two cities receive over half of the domestic and foreign
catches. New York City probably about 35 per cent and Chicago 20
per cent. In arriving at the transportation costs shown in the body
of this report for fresh fish the carload express rate plus 25 per cent
icing charge was used and for frozen fish the carload freight rate
plus 26.67 per cent for the weight of the box. In neither case were
the refrigerating costs included.

« Patent applied for by Robert E. Kolbe.
54003—27 10

132

TAEIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS

Table 103 gives the transportation rates from the important ship-
ping center on each lake to New York City and Chicago used as a
basis for cost calculations.

Table 103. — Carload express and freight rates per 100 pounds on fresh and frozen

fish, 1924

Country and lalje

United States:

Ontario

Erie

Huron

Michigan

Superior

Lake of the Woods.
Canada:

Ontario

Erie

Huron

Superior

Lake of the Woods.

Winnipeg

Manitoba

Winnipegosis

Lesser Slave Lake..

Buffalo Lake

From—

Cape Vincent, N. Y.

Erie, Pa ,

Bayport, Mich

Green Bay, Wis

Bayfield, Wis

Warroad, Minn

Belleville, Ontario

Port Dover, Ontario

Wiarton, Ontario

Port Arthur, Ontario

Kenora, Ontario

Sellkirk, Manitoba

Portage La Prarie...

Winnipegosis, Manitoba.

Edmonton, Alberta

do

Fresh ' (by car-
load express)

To New
York

Cents
3 184
« 185
6 229
3349
3394
428

270
210

275
8 480
8 480
8 480
8570
8 520
8 452
8 452

To
Chicago

Cents
3 262
3 190
3 157
3 165
3 221
290

320
230
270
3545
8 400
8350
8410
8 570
8395
8395

Frozen ^ (by car-
load freight)

To New
York

Cents

<56}^

* 87

MOl

'1893^

731-^
73^2
84^

135H

184

199

202

225

289

289

To
Chicago

Cents
* 88H
<65H
<65J^
M4V$
'53
M02

84

65H

80H

109

122

113

113

142

206

206

> Gross weight of shipment will be charged for except that where shipments are iced the net weight of
fish plus 25 per cent will be charged for not to exceed the actual gross weight of shipment. Minimum
carload weight 20,000 pounds; shippers must load and unload. Except in New York City, delivery will
be made at an additional charge of 20 cents per 100 pounds.

2 Carload minimum gross weight, 24,000 pounds. Refrigeration of carload shipments: The cost of initial
refrigeration when performed by the carriers at Canadian points is not available; such charge will be in
addition to the rates shown. The cost for initial refrigeration at United States points when performed
by the carriers, in addition to the rates shown are given in notes 4 and 7.

3 Any quantity. Second-class rates; rates include pick up and delivery where express companies main-
tain this service; icing of shipments must be performed by shipper.

< $4 per ton of 2,000 pounds for ice and 75 cents per 100 pounds for salt additional if refrigeration is
performed by carrier.
<• A charge of .$35 per car covers cost of refrigeration through to destination.

6 A charge of $40 per car covers refrigeration through to destination. If refrigeration is performed by car-
rier a charge of $7 per ton (2,000 lbs.) for ice and 75 cents per 100 for salt will be made for initial icing.

7 $3.50 per ton of 2,000 pounds for ice and 75 cents per 100 pounds for salt; where reicing is necessary at
intermediate points while en route to destination, additional charge therefor will be made. When ice or
other preservative is in the bunker or placed in the body of the car for protection of freight, no charge will
be made for transportation; but if ice is taken by consignee, charges will be made on actual weight of ice at
destination and at the carload rate applicable on the freight it accompanies; if not taken it becomes the
property of the carrier. No allowance in weight will be made for ice or other preservative placed in same
package with the freight whether in carload or less than carload quantities.

8 If refrigeration is performed by carrier a charge of $5 per ton (2,000 lbs.) for ice and $1.40 per 100 pounds
for salt will be made to cover initial icing.

TAKIFF INFORMATION SUEVEYS

RATES OF DUTY ON LAKE FISH

Table 104. — Rates of duty on lake fish, 1883-1922

133

Act
of—

Para-
graph

1883

699
279
280

283

1890

292
293

571

1894

209

1897

481
259
261

555

1909

271
273

567

1913

216
483

1922

717

718

720

TariS elassiflcation or description

Rate

Fish, fresh, for immediate consumption

* * * other fish, pickled, in barrels

Foreign-caught fish, imported otherwise than in barrels or half

barrels, whether fresh, smoked, dried, salted or pickled, not spe-
cially enumerated or provided for in this act.

* • * all other fish, prepared or preserved, * * * not spe-
cially enumerated or provided for in this act.

Fish, pickled, in barrels or half barrels, * * *

Fish, smoked, dried, salted, pickled, frozen, packed in ice, or other-
wise prepared for preservation, and fresh fish, not specially pro-
vided for in this act.
Fish, the product of American fisheries, and fresh or frozen fish
(except salmon) caught in fresh waters by American vessels, or
with nets or other devices owned by citizens of the United States.
Fish, smoked, dried, salted, pickled, or otherwise prepared for
preservation.

Fish, frozen or packed in ice fresh

Fresh-water fish not specially provided for in this Act

Fish, fresh, smoked, dried, salted, pickled, frozen, packed in ice
or otherwise prepared for preservation, not specially provided for
in this Act * * *.

Fish, skinned or boned

Fish, fresh, frozen, or packed in ice, caught in the Great Lakes or
other fresh waters by citizens of the United States.

Fresh-water fish not specially provided for in this section

Fish, fresh, smoked, dried, salted, pickled, frozen, packed in ice or
otherwise prepared for preservation, not specially provided for in
this section * * *.

* ' * fish, skinned or boned, * * *

Fish, fresh, frozen, or packed in ice, caught in the Great Lakes or

other fresh waters by citizens of the United States * * *.

* * * fish, skinned or boned, * * *

Fresh-water fish, and all other fish not otherwise specially pro-
vided for in this section.

Fish, fresh, frozen, or packed in ice; * * * other fish, not spe-
cially provided for.

* * * all other fish, skinned or boned, in bulk, or in immediate
containers weighing with their contents more than 15 pounds
each.

* * * all fish * * *, pickled, salted, smoked, kippered, or
otherwise prepared or preserved * * * in immediate con-
tainers weighing with their contents not more than 15 pounds
each.

In bulk or in immediate containers weighing with their contents
more than 15 pounds each.

Free.

1 cent per pound.

50 cents per 100 pounds.

25 per cent ad valo-
rem.
1 cent per pound.
% cent per pound.

Free.

li cent per pound.

Free.

M cent per pound.

% cent per pound. ,

\]4 cents per pound.
Free.

}4, cent per pound.
% cent per pound.

1)4, cents per pound.
Free.

% cent per pound.
Free.

1 cent per pound.

2J^ cents per pound
net weight.

25 per cent ad valo-
rem.

1)4 cents per pound net
weight.

SPECIES OF FISH PLANTED IN THE GREAT LAKES

FISH PROPAGATION STATISTICS

Table 105 gives the number of fry of the important commercial
species planted in the Great Lakes in 1924. The chart on the
following page gives the location of the hatcheries.

134

TARIFF INFOKMA-TION SURVEYS

Fish hatcheries on the Great Lakes, 1924

Cape Vincent, ■. t.
Glenora, Ont.
Ihmltlrk, R, T,
Irl8, Pa.
ThuTlow, Ont.
Konnandale , Ont .
Put-In-Bay, Ohio
KingSTlUe, Ont.
Sarnla, Ont.
Bay City, Mich.
Bay Port, Mich.
Southampton, Ont.
Wiarton, Ont.
Collingwood, Ont,

HarrlBTllle, JClch.

Alpena, Uioh.
Odon, Bioh.
Charlevoix, Mloh.
Benton Harbor, ISleh.
Shatoygan, Wis.
Sturgeon Bay, Wis.
Green Bay, Uia.
Peshtlgo, *1B.
Thompoon, Ulch.
Sault Ste. tarlo
Marquette, Mich.
Bayfield, Wis.
Duluth, Minn.
French Hlver, Uinn.
Port Arthur, Ont.

U— United States hatchery. S— State hatchery. C— Canadian hatchery P— Provincial hatchery

Table 105. — Number oj fry of certain species planted in the Great Lakes, 1924

[In millions, i. e., 000,000 omitted]

Agency of distribution

Blue
pikei

Cisco

Lake
herring

Lake
trout

White-
fish

Yellow
perch

Total

Lake Ontario:

New York ..

123

80
128

1
1

20

72
78
173

230

United States

201

54
40

132

21

234

Total

217

235

2

343

797

Lake Erie:

30

2
32

36
200

..

66

Ohio

206

United States

32

98
116

98

Ontario

1

12

129

Total

65

12

450

4

531

Lake Huron:

94

10

' i"

5

1

128

30

12

121

United States .

2

34

162

Ontario. -

30

Total -..

128

10

]

164

12

315

Lake Superior:

9

2

10

3

7

6

30

55

12

Minnesota . .

9

United States ---

16

30

Ontario

'

55

Total

21

101

122

Lake Michigan:

5

5

32

3

35

United States

15 35

50

Total

47 38

5

90

Grand total .

410

12

245

71 1. 096

21

1,855

1 Young of the yellow pike.

TARIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS 135

LAWS GOVERNING FISHING IN INTERNATIONAL WATERS

Regulation of commercial fishing in the border lakes rests with the
State governments in the United States and with the Province of
Ontario in Canada. The laws of the two Governments with respect
to mesh of nets, size of fish, and seasons when fishing is closed are
summarized in Table 106.

136

TAEIFF INFOEMATION SUllVEYS

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TARIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS

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TAKIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS 139

COMMON AND SCIENTIFIC NAMES OF LAKE FISH

In large distributing centers the names of most of the important
kinds of lake fish have become standardized. For example, the fish
formerly known as pike, pickerel, or grasspike is now called jack.
The name jack clearly distinguishes it from the yellow pike, formerly
known as wall-eyed pil^e, pike perch, or pickerel. By these two
simple designations the confusion that once existed between the terms
"pike" and "pickerel" is avoided. There are, however, some locali-
ties where the vernacular idiom still obtains. On certain of the
northern Canadian lakes the yellow pike is still called pickerel. On
Lake Erie the cisco is sometmies called herring, but this designation
for the true cisco is rapidly disappearing.

For tariff classification purposes the names used in the large dis-
tributing centers are preferable to those used in some of the producing
centers, and a study of fish nomenclature leads to the conclusion that
they are more likely to be adopted throughout the industry. The
general adoption of the name mullet for the fish once widely known
as sucker is a case in point. Another fish, the sheepshead, will in
time probably be generally known as gray bass, a more desirable
designation from the sales standpoint.

Perhaps the most pressing need in establishing uniformity in the
use of fish names is for cooperation from Federal and State agencies
that collect lake-fish statistics. No two of the publications issued
by them agree entirely in their designations. Some use the vernacu-
lar, while others follow in part the scientific classification and use a
single name for fish separately designated by the trade.

Table 107 gives the names of important lake fish as used by the
various governments, as well as the scientific names.

140

TAEIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS

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TAEIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS

141

PRODUCTION STATISTICS

Sources of Data

Data relative to the United States catch of lake fish are available
from both Federal and State sources. The latest Federal censuses
are for 1908, 1917, and 1922. As State statistics have been collected
annually and for more recent years, they have been used in this
report. In combining the data from the several States it was some-
times necessary to estimate a part of the catch, but in no instance
was resort had to an estimate for the catch of any species representing
an appreciable part of the total catch landed in a State.

Statistics of the Canadian Great Lakes catch were taken from data
furnished by the Ontario Department of Fish and Game and those
of the northern lakes by the Canadian Department of Marine and
Fisheries.

Detailed Statistics of Catch and Costs

Tables 108 to 161 give in detail the following kinds of statistics
with respect to each of the 13 important species of lake fish — (1) the
domestic and foreign catch from 1913 to 1924"; (2) fishing costs for
1924; (3) boxing and icing and freezing and storing costs for 1924;
and (4) transportation costs for 1924.

Table 108. — Whitefish: Domestic and foreign catch, 1913-1924

UNITED states

Lake

1913

1914

1915

1916

1917

1918

Ontario

Erie

Huron

Michigan.-

Superior

Lake of the Woods-

Total-. -

Pou nds

15, 500

1, 508, 801

745, 392

1.355,197

2 67, 329

2 111,286

Pounds

' 21,386
2, 083, 347
1,443,785
1,438,912
2 372, 404
2 92, 340

Pounds

27, 272
1, 145, 435
871, 045
1,612,803
2 600, 469
2 125, 245

3, 803, 505

5,452,174

4, 382, 269

Pounds

37, 707

930, 475

1,996,317

1,693,341

2 230, 682

2 63, 581

Pounds
116,141

1, 776, 856
888, 977

2, 663, 300
264, 797
2 63, 171

Pounds
101,112

1, 600, 453
1,170,138

2, 426, 822
333, 856
2 62, 891

4, 952, 103

5, 773, 242

5, 695, 272

Lake

1919

Ontario

Erie

Huron _

Michigan

Superior

Lake of the Woods-

Total

Pounds

75, 992

1,723,121

785, 297

1,548,118

265, 733

46. 098

4, 444, 359

1920

Pounds

43, 720

1,425,980

691, 646

3 1,151,486

3 281,692

39, 150

1921

Pounds
1 109, 143
922, 145
814, 729
1,397,102
259, 001
30, 164

3,633,674 3,532,344

1922

Pounds
J 106, 089

791, 053
1,635,181
1,434,519

329, 991
27, 877

4,324,710

1923

Pounds

' 129, 726

488, 577

1,230,919

1, 634, 077

154,102

38,515

3, 675, 916

1924

Pounds

136, 922

330, 791

1,427,106

1,600,813

268,519

25, 995

3, 790, 146

CANADA

Lake

1913

1914

1915

1916

1917 1918

Great Lakes:

Ontario

Pounds
473, 167

1, 938, 992

1, 010, 100
373, 468

1. 199. 206

Pounds

515. 537

1. 992, 618

1, 194, 307

337, 564

995,041

Pounds
809. 618

1. 832. 243

1, 100. 743
841, 980

1, 349, 624

Pounds
1, 130. 614
1, 086, 085
1, 240, 269
464, 941
685, 140

Pounds ] Pounds
1,140,445 1,273,501
1,239,521 1,128,256

Erie

Huron

1,069,355 1.113,226
446,457 1 1,517,395
680 717 1 677 706

Superior

Lake of the Woods

Total..

4. 994. 933

5. 035. 067

5. 934. 208

4. 607. 049

4, 576, 495 5, 710, 804

Winnipeg..

3. 197, 500

1, 101, 400

178, 000

195. 000

3. 288, 800

2, 141, 600

908. 800

6,800

316, 800

4, 950. 800

2, 247, 000
957. 400
306. 500
522, 200

6, 013. 100

2, 645, 300
576, 000
223, 800
876, 800

4,211,300

2, 815, 100

962. 600

262, 000

2,200

1, 601, 800

3, 052, 500
1 718 100

Winnipegosis

Manitoba

625, 000

Lesser Slave

1, 834, 200

All other «

6, 893, 600

Total

7, 960, 700 ! 8. 324. 800

10. 046, 200

8. .533, 200

5. 643, 700

14. 123, 400

Grand total

12,955,633 13. .■^59867

15, 980, 408

13, 139, 249

10, 220, 195

19, 833, 484

> New York catch estimated. 2 Minnesota catch estimated. ' Wisconsin catch estimated.
* Includes the entire whitefish catch of Saskatchewan which during the period, 1913-1924, averaged
,716,400 pounds annually.

142

TAKIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS

Table 108. — Whitefish: Domefitic and foreign catch, 1913-1924 — Continued

CANADA— Continued

Lake

1919

1920

1921

1922

1923

1924

Great Lakes:

Ontario -.

Pounds
1, 586, 333
1, 094, 280

1, 280, 963

2, 029. 699
496, 483

Pouruis
2, 024, 058

818, 304
1. 430, 248
1, 704, 733

398, 115

Pounds
2, 156. 986

964, 648
1, 285, 554
1, 497, 289

384, 664

Pounds
2, 096, 619

751. 270
1, 388, 943
1, 198. 100

590, 249

Pounds
2, 563, 764

536, 123
1, 517, 077
1, 267, 371

603, 612

Pounds
2, 653, 810

Erie

580, 356

Huron

1, 475. 691

Superior

282, 806

Lake of the Woods

735, 380

Total . .

6, 487, 758

6, 37^, 458

6, 289, 141

6, 025, 181

6, 487, 947

5, 728, 043

Nortiiern lakes:

Winnipeg - -.

2, 975, 500

1, 240, 400

471, 900

1, 768, 800

2, 903, 000
941, 300
53, 000
1,581,300
1, 780, 000
3, 891. 900

3, 243, 000
941, 100
77, 600
1, 564, 000
2, 000, 000
4, 087, 600

2, 644, 700
722, 200
77, 600
1, 540, 200
1, 552, 000
3,178,400

1,626,400
638, 000
78, 000
1, 478, 500
1, 143, 000
4,210,800

1. 690, 100

Winnipegosis.

822, 400

Manitoba

99, 000

Lesser Slave . .. ..

1, 093, 700

Buffalo - .

1, 159, 000

All other 1

6, 572, 900

5, 258, 600

Total

13. 029, 500

11,150,500

11, 913, 300

9, 715, 100

9, 174, 700

10, 022, 800

Grand total. .

19, 517, 258

17, 525, 958

18, 202, 441

15, 740, 281

15, 662, 647

15, 750, 843

* Inslulas the entire whiteQsh catch of Saskatchewan which during the period, 1913-1924,
2,716,400 pounds annually.

Table 109.— Whitefish: Fishing cost, 1924
[In cents per pound]

Country and lake

Labor

Interest

All other

Total

Fresh caught:

United States-
Erie - - -- -

8. 4926
5. 0292
12. 5740
7. 5038
9. 6342

0. 4913
.2464
.7017
.6881
.7291

5.2448

5. 0252

6. 3594
4. 1725
4. 0892

14. 2287

Michigan. . .. . . . ..

10. 3008

Superior ... ....

19. 6351

12. 3644

14. 4525

Weighted average '-- .. .... .

6. 8967

.4781

4. 8033

12. 1781

Canada:

Erie

7. 0785
4. 3794

1. 7212
4. 1902

2. 0972
2. 9510
4. 0057
7. 2266
2. 8268

.7391
.5513

7. 0870

3. 2065

1. 7204
4. 1463
2. 1958
4. 8417

4. 0563
6. 7395

2. 7397

14. 9046

8. 1372

Lesser Slave . ...

3. 4416

Lake of the Woods

.0669

8. 4034

4.2930

.0030
.5436

7. 7957

8. 6056

Manitoba .. . .

13. 9661

Winnipeg- .

.1878

5. 7543

3. 7888

.3670

3. 6414

7. 7972

Frozen caught:
Canada-

2.0872
L3954
2. 7927

2. 2869
2. 3032
2. 6391

4. 3741

Buffalo

3. 6986

5.4318

1. 5558

2. 3242

3.8800

1 B;\sed on relative production: Erie, 9.05 per cent; Michigan, 43.82 per cent; Superior, 7.35 per cent;
Huron, 39.07 per cent; Lake of the Woods, 0.71 per cent.

2 Bised on relative production: Erie, 7.08 per cent; Lesser Slave, 10.69 per cent; Huron, 18 per cent; Lake
of the Woods, 8.97 per cent; Winnipegosis, 1.60 per cent; Superior, 3.45 per cent; Ontario, 32.37 per cent;
Manitoba, 0.07 per cent; Winnipeg, 17.77 per cent.

3 Based on relative production: Winnipeg, 9.63 per cent; Buffalo, 83.66 per cent; Manitoba, 6.71 per
cent.

TARIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS

143

Table 110. — Whitefish: Boxing and icing, freezing and storing, and boxing cost,

1924-

[In cents per pound]
BOXING AND ICING (FRESH FISH)

Country and lake

Excluding
interest

Including
interest

United States:

Erie

Huron

Michigan

Weighted average i

Canada:

Erie.

Huron. --

Superior

Winnipeg

Winnipegosis

Buffalo and Lesser Slave

Weighted average ^

1. 6670
1. 9804
1. 5256

2. 2150

1. 7365

2. 2519
1. 6548

1. 7328

1. 9166

1. 4001

1.4418

1. 9172

2.0029

2. 0685

2. 0848

2. 5721

2. 6135

2. 3713

2. 5693

2. 3295

2. 3576

2. 2789

FREEZING AND STORING (FROZEN FISH)

United States:

Erie.

1. 8257
1. 9025

1.8374

Michigan ... ....

1.9119

1.8893

1. 8991

Canada:

Erie

1. 3174
2. 1644

2. 3228
2. 0903

1. 3701

Huron

2. 2588

Superior .. .

2. 7192

Winnipeg . . . . .

2. 1029

Weighted average *

2. 0207

2. 0976

BOXING (FROZEN FISH)

United States: Erie '

1. 2159

1. 2902

Canada:

Erie

.9220
1. 2280
1.5710
2. 3559
1.0664

.9749

Huron

1.3223

Manitoba

1. 5765

Winnipegosis

2. 4027

Buffalo and Lesser Slave

1.0744

Weighted average '

1. 3082

1. 3516

' Based on relative production: Erie, 9.85 per cent; Huron, 42.49 per cent; Michigan, 47.66 per cent.
2 Based on relative production: Erie, 8.29 per cent; Huron, 21.07 per cent; Superior, 4.04 per cent; Winni-
peg, 22.70 per cent; Winnipegosis, 11.74 per cent; Buffalo and Lesser Slave, 32.16 per cent.
' Based on relative production: Erie, 17.13 per cent; Michigan, 82.87 per cent.

* Based on relative production: Erie, 14.77 per cent; Huron, 37.56 per cent; Superior, 7.20 per cent; Winni-
peg, 40.47 per cent.

* No data available for other producing centers.

' Based on relative production: Erie, 11.10 per cent; Huron, 28.22 per cent; Manitoba, 1.89 per cent;
Winnipegosis, 15.72 per cent; Buffalo and Lesser Slave. 43.07 per cent.

144

TAEIFr INFOEMATION SURVEYS

Table 111. — Whiiefish: Transportation costs, 1924
[In cents per pound]

Country and lake

To New York City

Fresh Frozen

To Chicago

Fresh Frozen

United States:

Ontario

Erie -...

Huron

Michigan

Superior

Lake of the Woods...

Weighted average i

Canada:

Ontario

Erie

Huron

Superior.

Lake of the Woods. ..

Winnipeg

Winnipegosis

Manitoba

Lesser Slave

Buffalo..

Weighted average 2

2. 3000
2. 3125
2. 8625
4. 3625
4. 9250
5. 3500

0. 7790
.7157

1. 1020

1. 2794

1. 7164

2. 4004

3. 2750
2. 3750

1. 9625
2. 0625

2. 7625

3. 6250

3. 5910

1. 1840

2. 1562

3. 3750

2. 6250

3. 4375

5. 6500

6. 0000
6. 0000
6. 5000
6. 5000
5. 6500
5. 6500

.9310
.9310
1. 0704

1. 7164

2. 3307
2. 5207
2. 8501

2. 5587

3. 6607
3. 6607

4. 0000

2. 8750

3. 3750

6. 8125

5. 0000
4. 3750

7. 1250
5. 1250

4. 9375
4. 9375

4.7483

2. 0626

4. 5095

1. 1210
.8297
.8297
.5637
.6714

1. 2920

.7198

1. 0640
.8297
1. 0197
1. 3807
1. 5454
1. 4314
1. 7987

1. 4314

2. 6094
2. 6094

1. 5356

' Based on relative production: Ontario, 3.61 percent; Erie, 8.73 percent; Huron, 37. 65 percent; Michigan,
42.21 per cent; Superior, 7.08 per cent; Lake of the Woods, 0.69 per cent.

2 Based on relative production: Ontario, 25.30 per cent; Erie, 5.25 per cent; Huron, 14.07 percent; Superior,
2.70 per cent; Lake of the Woods, 7.01 per cent; Winnipeg, 15.15 per cent; Winnipegosis, 7.83 per cent;
Manitoba, 0.95 per cent; Lesser Slave, 10.42 per cent; Buffalo, 11.05 per cent.

Table 112. — Lake trout: Domestic and foreign catch, 1913-1924

UNITED STATES

Lake

1913

1914

1915

1916

1917

1918

Ontario

Pounds

27, 100

1,740

2, 162, 774

6, 306, 605

2 2,373,131

Pounds

1 29, 298

8,782

1,357,114

6, 837, 189

2 1, 667, 322

Pounds

31,497

16, 946

1, 773, 574

7,703,711

2 1, 366, 246

Poxmds

13, 939

20, 553

1,734,491

5, 999, 467

2 2, 166, 295

Pounds
23, 670

4,952
2,111,412
6,611,576
1,981,155

Pounds
21,971

Erie .

33, 457

Huron

2, 601, 139

Michigan

4, 810, 290

Superior

2, 318, 481

Total

10, 871, 350

9, 899, 705

10, 891, 974

9, 934, 745

10, 732, 765

9, 785, 318

Lake

1919

1920

1921

1922

1923

1924

Ontario

Pounds
26, 022
11,061
2, 315, 525
6,482,113
3,441,587

Pounds

27, 523

2,397

1, 209, 955

2 6,782,391

2 2, 043, 602

Pounds
1 25, 195
46, 046
1,358,240
6, 688, 926
2, 120, 903

Pounds
» 34, 315
2,152
1,827,059
7,065,427
2, 173, 249

Pounds
1 35, 642
943
1,826,699
6, 176, 578
1, 899, 932

Pounds
44, 735

Erie . .

1,118

Huron

1,420,960

Michigan

6, 627, 951

Superior .

2, 048, 921

Total

12, 277, 208

10, 065, 868

10,239,310

11,102,202

9,939,794

10, 143, 685

I New York catch estimated.

2 Minnesota catch estimated.

TARIFF INFOEMATION SURVEYS

145

Table 112. — Lake trout: Domestic and foreign catch, 1913-1924 — Continued

CANADA

Lake

1913

1914

1915

1916

1917

1918

Great Lakes:

Ontario

Pounds

547, 803

1,769

3, 324, 035

1, 401, 677

90, 058

Pounds
600,364
2,494
3,009,058

1, 438, 842
161, 713

Pounds

550, 769

2,383

3, 901, 138

1, 645, 278

92, 753

Pounds

347, 767

3,714

3, 728, 990

1,501,719

74, 616

Pounds

463, 924

2,344

3, 489, 710

1, 660, 957

111,804

Pounds
385, 601

Erie

2,446

3, 478, 290

2,659,057

94, 205

Huron . .

Superior .

Lake of the Woods

Total

5, 365, 342

5, 212, 471

6, 192, 321

5, 656, 806

5, 728, 739

6, 619, 599

Northern lakes:
Lesser Slave. -

12,000
196, 300

2,000
430, 100

2,500
441, 500

10, 200
369, 000

10,000
358, 400

51,900

All other

702, 600

Total

208, 300

432, 100

444, 000

379, 200

368, 400

754,500

Grand total

5, 573, 642

5, 644, 571

6, 636, 321

6,036,006

6,097,139

7, 374, 099

Lake

1919

1920

1921

1922

1923

1924

Great Lakes:

Ontario

Erie

Huron

Superior

Lake of the Woods

Pounds

553, 203

1,528

'3, 321, 747

1, 960, 222

90,807

Pounds

458, 663

1,044

2, 870, 097

1, 332, 428

123, 232

Pounds

529, 302

637

3,176,262

1, 512, 942

80,342

Pounds

720, 894

526

3, 769, 236

1,872,321

87, 783

Pounds

748, 781

239

3, 397, 306

1,956,211

73,044

Pounds

938, 994

511

3, 789, 782

1,711,028

86, 351

Total

5, 927, 507

4, 785, 464

5, 299, 485

6, 450, 760

6, 175, 581

6, 526, 666

Northern lakes:

Lesser Slave

95,500
570,300

86,300
244, 200

500
417, 900

400
412, 000

10, 500
434,000

86, 300

All other.

581, 500

Total

665, 800

330, 500

418, 400

412, 400

444, 500

667, 800

Grand total

6, 593, 307

5, 115, 964

5, 717, 885

6, 863, 160

6, 620, 081

7, 194, 466

Table 113. — Lake trout: Fishing cost, 1924
[In cents per pound]

Country and lake

Labor

Interest

AU other

Total

Fresh caught:

United States-
Erie

6. 1489
5. 3340
5. 9223
8. 4383

1. 0175
.3605
.4298
.5187

5. 9737
4.9100
4. 4272
4.9655

13. 1401

Michigan

10. 6045

Superior . . ...

10. 7793

Huron .

13. 9225

Weighted average '

5. 8902

.3966

4.8218

11.1086

Canada-
Erie

3,4624
3. 7693
2. 4787
3. 7939

.1947
.3067
.0043
.5149

3. 0732
4. 1581
4. 1148
3.5244

6. 7303

Huron

8. 2341

Superior

6. 5978

Ontario.- _ .

7. 8332

Weighted average '. . . . . .

3.4300

.2567

4.0541

7. 7408

' Based on relative production: Erie, 0.01 per cent; Michigan, 65.95 per cent; Superior, 19.90 per cent;
Huron, 14.14 per cent.

2 Based on relative production: Erie, 0.01 per cent; Huron, 58.84 per cent; Superior, 26.57 per cent;
Ontario, 14.58 per cent.

146

TARIFF INFOEMATION SURVEYS

Table 114. — Lake trout: Boxing and icing, freezing and storing, and boxing cost,

1924

[In cents per pound]
BOXING AND ICING (FRESH FISH)

Country and lake

Excluding
interest

Including
interest

United States:

Erie .„

1. 6670
1.9804
1. 5256

1. 7365

Huron .. ......

2. 2519

Michigan . . _ . _

1. 6548

Weighted average J . .

1. 6059

1. 7602

Canada:

Erie

1. 4001
1.9172
2. 0685
2. 3295

1. 4418

Huron .

2.0029

Superior .- . - -

2. 0848

Buffalo and Lesser Slave .. . .

2. 3576

Weighted average 2 —

1.9699

2. 0334

FREEZING AND STORING (FROZEN FISH)

United States:

Erie -„ . .

1. 8257
1. 9025

1. 8374

Michigan _. _ ._ -... _. .

1.9119

Weighted average 3

1.9025

1.9119

Canada:

Erie .

1.3174
2. 1644
2. 3228

1. 3701

Huron ______ _

2. 2588

Superior _ _ .

2. 7192

Weighted average <

2. 2136

2.4019

BOXING (FROZEN FISH)

United States: Erie » „ .

1. 2159

1. 2902

Canada:

Erie ..

.9220
1. 2280
L0664

.9749

Huron ._

1. 3223

Buffalo and Lesser Slave .

1. 0744

Weighted average «

1.2244

1.3167

> Based on relative production: Erie, 0.01 per cent; Huron, 17.65 per cent; Michigan, 82.34 per cent.

'Based on relative production: Erie, 0.01 per cent; Huron, 67.82 per cent; Superior, 30.62 per cent;
Buffalo and Lesser Slave, 1.55 per cent.

' No data available for other producing centers.

* Based on relative production: Erie, 0.01 per cent; Huron, 97.76 per cent; Buffalo and Lesser Slav^
2.23 per cent.

» Based on relative production: Erie, 0.02 per cent; Michigan, 99.98 per cent.

« Based on relative production: Erie, 0.01 per cent; Huron, 68.89 per cent; Superior, 31.10 per cent.

TAKIFF INFOEMATION SURVEYS

147

Table 115. — Lake trout: Transportation costs, 1924
[In cents per pound]

Country and lake

To New York City

To Chicago

Fresh

Frozen

Fresh

Frozen

United States:

Ontario . _

2.3000
2. 3125
2. 8625
4. 3625
4. 9250

0.7790
.7157
1. 1020
1.2794
1. 7164

3. 2750
2. 3750
1.9625
2.0625
2. 7625

1. 1210

Erie —

.8297

Huron . . .

.8297

Michigan ..

.5637

Superior .

.6714

Weighted average ' — .

4. 2535

1.3387

2. 1925

.6250

Canada:

Ontario

3. 3750
2. 6250
3. 4375
5. 6500
6. 0000
5.6500

.9310
.9310
1.0704
1.7164
2. 3307
3. 6607

4. 0000
2. 8750
3. 3750
6.8125
5.0000
4. 9375

1. 0640

Erie

.8297

Huron

1. 0197

Superior. -

1. 3807

Lake of the Woods

1. 5454

Lesser Slave

2.6094

Weighted average ' .

4.0632

1, 2679

4.3946

1. 1469

1 Based on relative production: Ontario, 0.44 per cent; Erie, 0.01 per cent; Huron, 14.08 per cent; Mich-
igan, 65.66 per cent; Superior, 19.81 per cent.

2 Based on relative production: Ontario, 14.20 percent; Erie, 0.01 per cent; Huron, 57.31 percent; Supe-
rior, 25.87 per cent; Lake of the Woods, 1.31 per cent; Lesser Slave, 1.30 per cent.

Table 116. — Ciscoes: Domestic and foreign catch, 1913-1924

UNITED STATES

Lake

Erie.

Lake

1913

1914

1915

1916

1917

1918

Erie

Pounds
12, 513, 180

Pounds
14, 107, 982

Pounds
15,978,219

Pounds
8,336,954

Pounds
19,453,146

Pounds
35, 290, 527

Lake

1919

1920

1921

1922

1923

1924

Erie

Pounds
17,846,290

Pounds
12,893,192

Pounds
14,964,135

Pounds
14,021,882

Pounds
20, 930, 284

Pounds
21,292,733

CANADA

1913

Pounds
11, 608, 428

1914

Pounds
5, 981, 542

Pounds
5, 573, 688

Pounds
5,210,531

Pounds
14, 157, 83'

1918

Pounds
13,531,993

Lake

1919

1920

1921

1922

1923

1924

Erie.-

Pounds
7,425,713

Pounds
9, 651, 284

Pounds
5,225,300

Pounds
6,306,318

Pounds
9,241,118

Pounds
10,907.928

148

TAEIFF INFORMATION SUEVEYS'

Table 117.— Ciscoes: Fishing cost, 1924
[In cents per pound]

Country and lake

Labor

Interest

All other

Total

Fresh caught:

United States— Erie-..

2. 7880
1. 2190

0.1064
.0650

1.9090
1. 1790

4. 8034

Canada — Erie

2.4630

Table IIS. — Ciscoes: Boxing and icing, freezing and storing, and boxing cost, 19S4

[In cents per pound]
BOXING AND ICING (FRESH FISH)

Country and lake

Excluding
interest

Including
interest

United States: Erie

1. 6670
1. 4001

1. 7365

Canada: Erie

1. 4418

FREEZING AND STORING (FROZEN FISH)

United States: Erie-
Canada: Erie

1. 8374
1.3174

1.9119
1. 3701

BOXING (FROZEN FISH)

United States: Erie

1.2159
.9220

1. 2902

Canada: Erie

.9749

Table 119. — Ciscoes: Transportation costs, 1924
[In cents per pound]

Country and lake

To New York City

To Chicago

Fresh

Frozen

Fresh

Frozen

United States: Erie

2.3125
2. 6250

0. 7157
.9310

2. 3750
2. 8750

0. 8297

Canada: Erie

.8297

Table 120. — Blue pike: Domestic and foreign catch, 1913-1924
UNITED STATES

Lake

1913

1914

1915

1916

1917

1918

Ontario

Pounds

38,500
1, 842, 684

Pounds
I 39, 304
11,396,423

Pounds
50, 379
18, 760, 849

Pounds

22, 126
9, 380, 736

Pounds

49, 517
1, 604, 672

Pounds

108, 177
1,222,446

Erie

Total

1, 881, 184

11,435,727

18,811,228

9,402,862

1,654,189

1,330,623

Lake

1919

1920

1921

1922

1923

1924

Ontario

Potinds

34,742
1, 675, 197

Pounds

' 18, 130
3,964,857

Pounds

1 1,518
8,944,475

Pounds
1 1, 892
10,359,187

Pounds

13,286
9, 682, 996

Pounds
3,149

Erie

8, 966, 848

Total

1,709,939

3,982,987

8,945,993

10,361,079

9, 686, 282

8,960,947

' New York catch estimated.

TAEIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS

149

Table 120. — Blue pike: Domestic and foreign catch, 1913-1924 — Continued

CANADA

Lake

1913

1914

1915

1916

1917

1918

Pounds

Pounds

Pounds

Pounds

Pounds

Pounds
14, 941

Erie - - -.--

2 488, 167

2 2, 967, 571

4, 882, 312

2, 538, 926

565,476

784, 953

Total

488, 167

2,967,571

4, 882, 312

2,538,926

565,476

799, 894

Lake

1919

1920

1921

1922

1923

1924

Ontario

Pounds

2,692
2, 387, 787

Pounds

9,842
3, 354, 523

Pounds

23,034
6, 306, 554

Pounds

28.706
6, 312, 589

Pounds

49, 808
3, 193, 677

Pounds
47, 801

Erie.-

2, 988, 097

Total

2,390,479

3,364,305

6, 389, 588

6, 341, 295

3, 243, 545

3, 035, 898

2 Estimated.

Table 121. — Blue pike: Fishing cost, 1924
[In cents per pound]

Country and lake

Labor

Interest

All other

Total

Fresh caught:

United States: Erie

3. 5110
3. 0453

0. 1978
.2792

2. 2294
2. 3505

5. 9382

Canada: Erie . . .

5. 6750

Table 122. — Blue pike: Boxing and icing, freezing and storing, and boxing

costs, 1924

[In cents per pound]
BOXING AND ICING (FRESH FISH)

United States: Erie.
Canada: Erie

Country and lake

Excluding
interest

1. 6670
1. 4001

Including
interest

1. 7365
1.4418

FREEZING AND STORING (FROZEN FISH)

United States: Erie

1.8374
1. 3174

L 9119

Canada: Erie

1. 3701

BOXING (FROZEN FISH)

United States: Erie..

1. 2159
.9220

1.2902

Canada: Erie

.9749

150

TAEIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS

Table 123. — Blue pike: Transportation costs, 1924
[In cents per pound]

Country and lake

To New York City

To Chicago

Fresh

Frozen

Fresh ■

Frozen

United States:

2. 3000
2. 3125

0. 7790
.7157

3. 2750
2. 3750

1. 1210

Erie

.8297

2. 3125

.7157

2. 3754

.8297

Canada:

Ontario .- -

3. 3750
2. 6250

0. 9310
.9310

4.0000
2. 8750

1. 0640

Erie ,

.8297

Weighted average 2

2. 6368

.9310

2. 8927

.8334

1 Based on relative production: Ontario, 0.04 per cent; Erie, 99.96 per cent.
'Based on relative production: Ontario, 1.57 per cent; Erie, 98.43 per cent.

Table 124. — Yellow pike, domestic and foreign catch, 1913-1934
UNITED STATES

Lake

1913

1914

1915

1916

1917

1918

Ontario

Pounds

4,340

422, 300

415, 992

164, 831

61, 507

1 428, 890

Pounds

Pounds

4,682

1, 824, 096

1,066,772

216, 026

71,410

1 567, 204

Pounds

4,723

2, 025, 392

845, 799

274, 956

29, 718

1 312, 612

Pounds

5,135

1, 616, 538

1, 146, 993

194, 127

24, 525

I 468, 710

Pounds
11,553

Erie

1, 850, 072

340, 288

224, 961

60, 517

1 449, 855

813, 679

Huron - --

1, 903, 800

Michigan . .

121,481

Superior

45, 488

Lake of the Woods

1 367, 193

Total

1, 497, 860

2, 925, 693

3, 750, 190

3, 493, 200

3, 456, 028

3, 263, 194

Lake

1919

1920

1921

1922

1923

1924

Ontario

Pounds

7,657

597, 444

1, 387, 897

121, 647

16, 793

408, 013

Pounds
8,907
883, 734
844, 404

3 113, 158
3 17, 738
388, 542

Pounds
2 22, 886

1,032,244
724, 220
141, 458
* 22, 401
352, 301

Pounds

2 36, 287

1, 050, 637

1, 283, 829

63, 842

28, 065

443, 740

Pounds

2 52, 445

1,127,336

809, 366

99, 102

21,808

652, 344

Pounds
37, 970

Erie

1, 002, 132

Huron

729, 270

Michigan - -

111,393

Superior

22, 727

Lake of the Woods

626, 193

Total.

2,539,451

2, 256, 483

2, 295, 510

2, 906, 400

2, 762, 401

2, 529, 685

CANADA

Lake

1913

1914

1915

1916

1917

1918

Great Lakes:

Ontario -

Pounds
26, 748
963, 670
604, 185
104, 068
879, 955

Pounds
64, 251

2, 085, 829
667, 482
129, 307
922, 968

Pounds

85, 965

607, 710

585, 963

179, 961

1, 163, 735

Pounds
40, 003
599, 152
539, 094
89, 733
641,386

Pounds

53, 660

227, 459

500, 842

70, 070

961, 653

Pounds
15, 141

Erie

184, 379

Huron

465, 625

Superior

107, 282

Lake of the Woods

753, 370

Total

2, 578, 626

3, 869, 837

2, 623, 334

1,909,368

1, 813, 684

1, 525, 797

Northern lakes:

Winnipeg

1, 534, 300

865, 000

785, 000

12,600

376, 300

1, 667, 200

1, 131, 100

62, 900

5,500

461, 000

2, 408, 600
978, 100

1,511,800

16,600

745, 700

1, 035, 500

431,900

451, 000

96,400

767, 200

1, 860, 100
1, 292, 000
1, 245, 000
367, 700
1,315,000

1, 561, 100

1, 353, 600

701, 100

Lesser Slave -

43, 400

All other

746, 800

Total - --

3, 573, 200

3, 327, 700

5, 660, 800

2,782,000

6, 079, 800

4, 406, 000

6, 151, 826

7, 197, 537

8, 284, 134

4, 691, 368

7, 893, 484

5,931,797

• Minnesota catch estimated.

* New York catch estimated.

3 Wisconsin catch estimated.
* Michigan catch estimated.

TARIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS

151

Table 124. — Yellow pike, domestic and foreign catch, 1913-1924 — Continued

CANADA— Continued

Lake

1919

1920

1921

1922

1923

1924

Great Lakes:

Ontario

Pounds
40, 459
144, 323
484, 805
140, 966
837, 049

Pounds
36, 551
166, 013
448, 944
118,779
649, 044

Pounds
73, 305
311,021
324, 493
199, 208
972, 177

Pounds
116,230
505, 070
446, 203
164, 192

1, 041, 601

Pounds
167, 985
602, 564
483, 077
158, 705

1, 151, 748

Pounds
121, 604

Erie.-

614 821

502, 448
81, 167

Superior

Lake of the Woods

1, 398, 444

Total . -

1, 647, 602

1,419,331

1, 880, 204

2, 273, 296

2, 564, 079

2, 718 484

Northern lakes:

Winnipeg

1, 613, 300

1, 189, 900

611, 900

97, 100

1, 686, 000

1, 370, 400

563, 000

59, 600

2,300

836, 500

1, 482, 200

1, 159, 700

900, OOO-

145, 400

10, 000

587, 500

2, 142, 800

1, 832, 800

1, 200, 000

74, 700

6,000

518, 800

3, 067, 500
1, 991, 300
1, 540, 000

128, 100
95, 900

528, 700

2, 840, 200

1, 280, 700

1, 832, 100

124 200

Winnipegosis

Manitoba

Lesser Slave .

Buffalo

1,500

All other

641, 000

919, 100

Total

4, 153, 200

4, 517, 700

4, 284, 800

5, 775, 100

7,351,500

6, 997, 800

Grand total ... .

5,800,802

5, 937, 031

6, 165, 004

8, 048, 396

9, 915, 579

9, 716, 284

Table 125. — Yellow pike: Fishing cost, 1924
[In cents per pound]

Country and lake

Labor

Interest

All other

Total

Fresh caught:

United States-
Erie

7. 0394
6. 0337
2.2322
7.8846

0.3748
.4356
.4664
.5968

5.2329
1. 7055
3.9188
3. 3465

12. 6471

Michigan

8. 1748

Huron

6. 6174

Lake of the Woods

11. 8279

Weighted average i

5.7883

.4609

4. 2072

10. 4564

Canada-
Erie

10. 2982
3.3938
1. 5293
3.3142
1.5928
2. 8205
5. 5257
1. 9934

1. 1431
.5281

6. 1231
5. 0160
1.6560
3. 2796
1. 6675
5.5824
5. 1021
2.5296

17. 5644

Huron.

8. 9379

Lesser Slave

3. 1853

Lake of the Woods

.0528

6.6466

Winnipegosis - .

3.2603

Superior .

.0239

8.4268

Manitoba..

10. 6278

Winnipeg

.0961

4. 6191

Weighted average 2..

3.6445

.2061

3.5171

7. 3677

Frozen, winter caught:
Canada-
Winnipeg

2. 5984
1.1834
1. 7498

2. 1283
1. 8202
1. 5921

4. 7267

Buffalo.

3.0036

Manitoba _

3.3419

Weighted average s

2.0787

1.8264

3. 9051

' Based on relative production: Erie, 40.59 per cent; Michigan, 4.51 per cent; Huron, 29.54 per cent;
Lake of the Woods, 25.36 per cent.

2 Based on relative production: Erie, 10.29 per cent; Huron, 8.41 per cent; Lesser Slave, 1.68 per cent;
Lake of the Woods, 23.40 per cent; Winnipegosis, 10.59 per cent; Superior, 1.36 per cent; Manitoba, 11.57
per cent; Winnipeg, 32.70 per cent.

3 Based on relative production: Winnipeg, 41.77 per cenf Buffalo, 4.52 per cent; Manitoba, 53.71 per cent.

152

TAEIFF TNFOEMATION SUEVEYS

Table 126. — -Yelloiv pike: Boxing and icing, freezing and storing, and boxing

cost, 1924

[In cents per pound]
BOXING AND ICING (FRESH FISH)

Country and lake

United States:

Erie

Huron

Michigan

Weighted average'

Canada:

Erie

Huron

Superior

Winnipeg

Winnipegosis

Buffalo and Lesser Slave

Weighted average 2

Excluding
interest

Including
interest

1. 6670
1. 9804
1.5256

1. 7365

2. 2519
1. 6548

1. 7825

1. 9355

1. 4001
1.9172
2. 0685
2. 5721
2.371.3
2.3295

1. 4418
2. 0029
2.0848
2. 6135
2. 5693
2. 3576

2. 3190

2. 4007

FREEZING AND STORING (FROZEN FISH)

United States:

Erie

1. 8257
1. 9025

1. 8374

Michigan

1.9119

Weighted average '

L8334

1. 8448

Canada:

Erie

1.3174
2. 1644
2.3228
2. 0903

1. 3701

Huron ... ....

2. 2588

Superior

2.7192

Winnipeg

2. 1029

Weighted average < ..

1. 9866

2.0231

BOXING (FROZEN FISH)

United States: Erie s

1. 2159

L2902

Canada:

Erie

0. 9220
1. 2280
1. 5710
2. 3559
1.0664

0. 9749

Huron.. . . .

1.3223

Manitoba ...

1. 5765

Winnipegosis

2. 4027

Buffalo and Lesser Slave

1. 0744

Weighted average^

L6560

1. 6907

1 Based on relative production: Erie, 54.38 per cent; Huron, 39.57 per cent; Michigan, 6.05 per cent.

' Based on relative production: Erie, 11.29 per cent; Huron, 9.23 per cent; Superior, 1.49 per cent; Win-
nipeg, 52.16 per cent; Winnipegosis, 23.52 per cent; Buffalo and Lesser Slave, 2.31 per cent.

3 Based on relative production: Erie, 90.00 per cent; Michigan, 10.00 per cent.

* Based on relative production: Erie, 15.22 per cent; Huron, 12.44 per cent; Superior, 2.01 per cent; Win-
nipeg, 70.33 per cent.

« No data available for other producing centers.

6 Based on relative production: Erie, 14.12 per cent; Huron, 11.54 per cent; Manitoba, 42.06 per cent;
Winnipegosis, 29.40 per cent; BuCfalo and Lesser Slave, 2.88 per cent.

TARIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS

153

Table 127. — Yellow pike: Transportation costs, 1924
[In cents per pound]

Country and lake

United States:

Ontario r.-.-..^..-..

Erie

Huron

Michigan

Superior

Lake of the Woods...

Weighted average i

Canada:

Ontario

Erie

Huron

Superior

Lake of the Woods...

Winnipeg

Winnipegosis

Manitoba

Lesser Slave

Weighted average 2,

To New York City

Fresh Frozen

2. 3000
2.3125
2. 8625
4. 3625

4. 9250

5. 3500

0. 7790
. 7157.

1. 1020
1.2794

1. 7164
2. 4004

3. 3364

1. 2787

To Chicago

Fresh Frozen

3. 2750
2. 3750

1. 9625
2. 0625

2. 7625
3.6250 I

2. 5687

3. 3750
2. 6250
3. 4375

5. 6500
6. 0000
6. 0000

6. 5000
6. 5000
5. 6500

5. 7503

. 9310.

. 9310
1.0704
1.7164
2. 3307
2. 5207
2. 8501
2. 5587
3.6607

2. 3392

4. 0000
2. 8750

3. 3750
6. 8125
5. 0000
4. 3750
7. 1250
5. 1250

4. 9375

5. 5074

1. 1210
.8297
.8297
.5637
.6714

1.2920

.9364

1. 0640

.8297
1.0197
1.3807
1.5454
1.4314

1. 7987
1.4314

2. 6094

1. 4485

1 Based on relative production: Ontario, 1.50 per cent; Erie, 39.62 per cent; Huron, 28.83 per cent; Michi-
gan, 4.40 per cent; Superior, 0.90 per cent; Lake of the Woods, 24.75 per cent.

2 Based on relative production: Ontario, 1.38 per cent; Erie, 6.99 per cent; Huron, 5.71 per cent; Superior,
0.92 per cent; Lake of the Woods, 15.90 per cent; Winnipeg, 32.30 per cent; Winnipegosis, 14.56 per cent;
Manitoba, 20.83 per cent; Lesser Slave, x.41 per cent.

Table 128. — Yellow perch: Domestic and foreign catch, 1913-1924-

UNITED STATES

Lake

1913

1914

1915

1916

1917

1918

Ontario

Pounds

4,265

756, 043

2,323,113

2, 934, 717

7,390

Pounds

Pounds

6,793

1,933,161

1, 370, 912

2, 789, 637

17, 130

16,061

Pounds

4,004

1,637,197

1, 795, 129

2, 262, 685

2,650

1 5, 895

Pounds
5,225

1,258,796
890, 572

1, 926, 708
3,203
1516

Pounds

3,456
1,088,419

Erie.

2,025,668

996, 635

2, 730, 732

16, 898

1380

Huron

933, 7C6

Michigan ..

1,927,8C6

19,328
1 5, 524

Lake of the Woods

Total

6, 025, 528

5, 770, 313

6,123,694

5, 707, 560

4,085,020

3, 978, 259

Lake

1919

' 1920

1921

1922

1923

1924

Ontario

Pounds

2,680

2, 775, 132

1, 336, 838

2,489,834

2,800

7,385

Pounds

3,814

1,259,489

1,051,157

3 2,256,513

3 13, 024

6,873

Pounds

2 9, 722

2,192,013

945, 205

2, 105, 499

10, 373

5,836

Pounds

2 8,247

1, 925, 528

673, 980

923, 840

17,100

5, 663

Pounds

29,213

1,869,945

758, 931

873, 382

5,579

7,730

Pounds
8,911

Erie

1,939,877

329,620

1,043,635

Huron

Michigan . .

Superior

8,722

Lake of the Woods.-

14, 797

Total

6, 614, 669

4,590,870

5,268,648

3,554,358

3,524,780

3,345,562

> Minnesota catch estimated.
2 New York catch estimated.

' Wisconsin catch estimated.

154

TABlFF INFOKMATION SURVEYS

Table 128. — Yellow perch: Domestic and foreign catch, 1913-1924 — Continued

CANADA

Lake

1913

1914

1915

1916

1917

1918

Great Lakes:

Pounds
124,909
954,829
61,022

Pounds

105, 428

1,407,984

136, 938

150

500

Pounds

119,310

1,042,091

188,858

300

7,975

Pounds

166, 838

769, 156

169, 714

255

7,757

Pounds
213,623
995,413
147, 063

Pounds
108, 469

Erie -

2, 056, 214

77, 663

Lake of the Woods

679

7,268

Total

1, 140, 760

1,651,000

1, 358, 534

1, 113, 720

1, 356, 778

2, 249, 514

Northern lakes:

34,900

24, 300

35. 500

500

58, 300

810, 300
11, 200
30,000

49,100

3,600

12, 600

4,000

27,700

51, 600

11,000

42,900

Total . — -

42,500

24,300

122, 000

64,200

862, 500

92,000

1,183,260

1,675,300

1,480,534

1, 177, 920

2,219,278

2, 341, 514

Lake

1919

1920

1921

1922

1923

1924

Great Lakes:

Pounds

158,802

1,096,935

85, 125

Pounds
107,383

1,272,181
141, 670

Pounds

87. 272

1,964,898

143, 434

Pounds

74,032

2,109,027

147,684

162

15, 220

Pounds

82, 703

2, 396, 778

142,447

Pounds
79,963

Erie -.- -

2, 191, 730

108, 377

57

9,717

12,277

7.865

4,684

9,862

Total

1, 350, 579

1,533,511

2,203,469

2, 346, 125

2,626,612

2, 389, 989

Northern lakes:

41, 500

6,500

86,200

13,800

182, 000

148, 200

500

56,500

50,000

31,000

4,000

214, 100

32,500

53,000

900

All other

2,500

10,600

30, 200

203, 300

21,600

Total - --

100, 500

67, 100

116,400

262, 900

417,800

224, 200

1,451,079

1,600,611

2,319,869

2,609,025

3,044,412

2, 614, 189

Table 129. — Yellow perch: Fishing cost, 1924
[In cents per pound]

Country and lake

Labor

Interest

All other

Total

Fresh caught:

United States-
Erie . -

4. 9634
2. 3879
1. 4481

5. 7472

0. 2574
.1685
.3447
.4396

3. 7445
2. 0820
2. 9703
2. 4396

8.9653

Michigan

4.6384

4. 7631

Lake of the Woods . .. ..

8. 6264

3. 8113

.2389

3. 1406

7. 1908

Canada —

Erie -

4. 5268
2.4110
3. 9935

.4356
.0305

3. 7474
3. 2640
3. 7701

8. 7098

5. 7055

7. 7636

Weighted average ' ... .

4. 4173

.4071

3. 7256

8.5500

1 Based on relative production: Erie, 58.29 per cent; Michigan, 31.36 per cent; Huron, 9.90 per cent;
Woods, 0.45 per cent.

2 Based on relative production: Erie, 93.14 per cent; Huron, 4.61 per cent; Manitoba, 2.25 per cent.

TARIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS

155

Table 130. — Yellow perch: Boxing and icing, freezing and storing, and boxing

costs, 192 If

[In cents per pound]
BOXING AND ICING (FRESH FISH)

Country and lake

Excluding
interest

Including
interest

United States:

Erie

! 1.6670

1. 7365

; 1.9804

2. 2519

1 1.5256

1. 6548

: 1.6536

1. 7620

(/anada:

Erie

Huron

Winnipeg

Winnipegosis -..

Buffalo and Lesser Slave.

"Weighted average '

1. 4001
1.9172
2. 5721
2.3713
2. 3295

1. 4944

1.4418
2. 0029
2.6135
2. 5693
2. 3576

1. 5381

FREEZING AND STORING (FROZEN FISH)

United States:

Brie

1. 8257
1. 9025

1 8374

Mi chigan

1.9119

Weighted average ' -.

1. 8526

1.8635

Canada:

Erie

1.3174
2. 1644
2. 0903

1.3701

Huron

2. 2588

Winnipeg

2. 1029

Weighted average * _■

1. 4016

1. 4538

BOXING (FROZEN FISH)

United States: Erie « ,

Canada:

Erie

Huron

Manitoba

Winnipegosis

Buffalo and Lesser Slave

Weighted average «

1. 2159

.9510

1. 2902

.9220

.9749

1. 2280

1. 3223

1.5710

1. 5765

2. 3559

2. 4027

1.0664

1. 0744

> Based on relative production: Erie, 58.55 per cent; Huron, 9.95 per cent; Michigan, 31.50 per cent.

' Based on relative production: Erie, 89.47 per cent; Huron, 4.42 per cent; Winnipeg, 6.05 per cent; Win-
nipegosis, 0.02 per cent; Buffalo and Lesser Slave, 0.04 per cent.

' Based on relative production: Erie, 65.02 per cent; Michigan, 34.98 per cent.

< Based on relative production: Erie, 89.52 per cent; Huron, 4.43 per cent; and Winnipeg, 6.05 per cent.

• No data available for other producing centers.

« Based on relative production: Erie, 93.09 per cent; Huron, 4.60 per cent; Manitoba, 2.25 per cent;
Winnipegosis, 0.02 per cent; Buffalo and Lesser Slave, 0.04 per cent.

54003—27-

-11

156

TAEIFF INFOEMATION SURVEYS

Table 131. — Yelloiv perch: Transportation costs, 192 J^
[In cents per pound]

Country and lake

To New York City

To Chicago

Fresh

Frozen

Fresh

Frozen

United States:

2. 3000
2. 3125
2. 8625
4. 3625

4. 9250

5. 3500

0. 7790
.7157

1. 1020

1. 2794
1. 7164
2. 4004

3. 2750
2. 3750

1. 9625
2. 0625

2. 7625

3. 6250

1. 1210

Erie

.8297

Huron .. . .-

.8297

.5637

.6714

Lake of tlie Woods

1. 2920

Weighted average i

3. 0262

.9303

2. 2458

.7491

Canada:

Ontario . ..

3. 3750

2. 6250

3. 4375
6. 0000
6. 0000
6. 5000
6, 5000
5. 6500
5. 6500

.9310
.9310

1. 0704
2.3307

2. 5207
2. 8501

2. 5587

3. 6607
3. 6607

4. 0000

2. 8750

3. 3750
5. 0000

4. 3750
7. 1250
5. 1250
4. 9375
4. 9375

1 0640

Erie ---

.8297

1. 0197

1 5454

Winnipeg - ....

1 4314

Winnipegosis

1. 7987

1. 4314

2.6094

ButYalo .... . .

2 6094

Weighted average '

2. 9913

1. 0891

3. 0876

.9093

1 Based on relative production: Ontario, 0.27 per cent; Erie, 57.98 per cent; Huron, 9.86 per cent; Michi-
gan, 31.19 per cent; Superior, 0.26 per cent; Lake of the Woods, 0.44 per cent.

2 Based on relative production: Ontario, 3.06 per cent; Erie, 83.83 per cent; Huron, 4.15 per cent; Lake
of the Woods, 0.38 per cent; Winnipeg, 5.67 per cent; Winnipegosis, 0.02 per cent; Manitoba, 2.03 per cent;
Lesser Slave, 0.03 per cent; Buffalo, 0.83 per cent.

Table 132. — Lake herring: Domestic and foreign catch, 1913-1924
UNITED STATES

Lake

1913

1914

1915

1916

1917

1918

Ontario

Huron

Michigan

Pounds

85, 445

5, 399. 295

8, 451, 907

2 3, 162, 920

Pounds
1 158, 510
2,357,440
7, 476, 345
2 4, 419, 607

Pounds
231,574

1, 490, 543
10,071,154
2 3, 129, 611

Pounds

188, 248

7,673,942

6, 780, 699

2 2, 337 502

Pounds

380, 877
4, 410, 812
8, 540, 009
7, 008, 595

Pounds

205, 763
5, 043, 539
7, 335, 205
8, 141, 883

Total

14, 099, 567

14,411,902

14, 922, 882

16, 980, 391

20, 340, 293

20, 726, 390

Lake

1919

1920

1921

1922

1923

1924

Pounds

181, 160
4, 836, 216
10, 932, 149
6,344,336

Pounds
143, 590

3,387,057
3 6,710,143
3 6,561,737

Pounds
1, 520, 614
2, 164, 233
2, 471, 620
4,728,096

Pounds

513, 569
4, 395, 902
3, 247, 535
3,573,154

Pounds

58, 788
3, 038, 570
2, 929, 923
5,132,373

Pounds
394, 442

3, 090, 303

3, 223, 178

6, 108, 159

Total

22, 293, 861

16, 802, 527

10, 884, 563

11,730,160

11,159,654

12,816,082

CANADA

1913

1914

1915

1916

1917

1918

Great I^akos:

Ontario

Pounds
685,812
217, 177
299, 000

Pounds
991, 406
210, 673
781,935

Pounds
1,706,391
360, 320
2, 776, 900

Pounds
1, 610, 490
290, 818
3,127,015

Pounds
1, 930, 186
505, 739
2,443,201

Poitnds
1, 795, 052
332, 267

3,681,609

Total

1, 201, 989

1,984,014

4,843,611

5,028,323

4, 879, 126

5,808,928

1 New York catch estimated.

2 Minnesota catch estimated.

Wisconsin catch estimated.

TARIFF INFOEMATION SUEVEYS

157

Table 132. — Lake herring: Domestic and foreign catch, 1913-1924 — Continued

C AN AD A— Continued

1919

1920

1921

1922

1923

1924

Great Lakes:

Ontario..

Pounds
1, 709, 412
232, 393
1, 508, 157

Pounds
1, 287, 580
246, 085
1, 286, 953

Pounds
1,014,419
188, 627
424, 826

Pounds
342, 608
269, 208
577, 065

Pounds
249, 635
229, 279

1,078,958

Pounds
263, 135

255, 135

1,049,573

Total

3, 449, 962

2, 820, 618

1, 627, 872

1, 188, 881

1,557,872

1,567,843

Table 133. — Lake herring: Fishing costs, 192^
[In cents per pound]

Country and lake

Labor

Interest

All other

Total

Fresh caught:

United States-

1. 3522
1. 9535
.8170

0. 0738
.1217
.1945

1. 1110
1. 7265
1. 6758

2. 5370

3. 8017

2. 6873

1. 5148

.1274

1. 5541

3. 1963

Canada—

1. 0020
.3316
1. 0326

.1582
.0027
. 1579

1. 5003
.6563
.9982

2. 6605

.9906

2. 1887

.5583

.0540

.8510

1. 4633

> Based on relative production: Michigan, 25.95 per cent; Superior, 49.17 per cent; Huron, 24.88 per cent.
'Based on relative production: Huron, 16.27 per cent; Superior, 66.95 per cent; Ontario, 16.78 per centi

Table 134. — Lake herring: Boxing and icing, freezing and storing, and boxing

cost, 1924

[In cents pe r pound]
BOXING AND ICING (FRESH FISH)

Country and lake

Excluding
interest

Including
interest

United States:

1.9804
1. 5256

2. 2519

1.6548

1.7482

1. 9471

Canada:

1.9172
2. 0685

2. 0029

2.0848

2. 0389

2.0688

FREEZING AND STORING (FROZEN FISH)

United States: Michigan.

Canada:

Huron

Superior

Weighted average 2.

1. 8257

2. 1644
2. 3228

2. 2918

2. 2588
2. 7192

2. 6292

BOXING (FROZEN FISH)

United States: Erie ^

1.2159

1. 2902

Canada" Huron

_ _ 1.2280

1. 3223

' Based on relative production: Huron, 48.95 per cent; Michigan, 51.05 per cent.
' Based on relative production: Huron, 19.55 per cent; Superior, 80.45 per cent.
' No data available for principal producing centers.

158

TAEIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS

Table 135. — Lake herring: Transportation costs, 1924
[In cents per pound]

Country and lake

To New York City

To Chicago

Fresh

Frozen

Fresh

Frozen

United States:

Ontario

2. 3000
2. 8625
4. 3625
4. 9250

0. 7790
1. 1020
1.2794

1. 7164

3. 2750
1. 9625
2. 0625
2. 7625

1. 1210

Huron

.8297

Michigan.

.5637

Superior

.6714

Weighted average •

4. 1306

1. 3997

2. 3726

.6989

Canada:

Ontario

3. 3750
3. 4375
5. 6500

.9310
1.0704
1.7164

4.0000
3. 3750
6. 8125

1. 0640

1. 0197

Superior

1. 3807

Weighted average ^ _ _ -

4. 9083

1. 4795

5. 7813

1 2688

> Based on relative production: Ontario, 3.40 per cent; Huron, 26.62 per cent; Michigan, 27.76 per cent;
Superior, 42.22 per cent.
2 Based on relative production: Ontario, 16.78 per cent; Huron, 16.27 per cent; Superior, 66.95 per cent.

Table 136. — Chuhs: Domestic and foreign catch, 1913-1924
UNITED STATES

Lake

1913

1914

1915

1916

1917

1918

Huron

Pounds

918,652

4, 209, 607

33, 265

Pounds
51,937

3,863,292
23, 153

Pounds

512,713

3, 297, 155

55, 172

Pounds
22, 700

3, 142, 141
81, 570

Pounds
214, 440

4,697,208
188,010

Pounds
741,901

Michigan. .

6, 758, 150

Superior .-

209, 932

Total...

5,161,524

3,938,382

3,865,040

3,246,411

5, 099, 658

7, 709, 983

Lake

1919

1920

1921

1922

1923

1924

Huron .

Pounds

497, 974

5,771,869

79, 709

Pounds

243, 155
3,544,633

58, 756

Pounds

494,311

1,849,605

93, 687

Pounds
341, 182

1, 860, 180
163,470

Pounds
368,711
1, 487, 621
98, 469

Pounds
255, 138

Michigan _ _

2, 702, 990

Superior . .. ..

1 83, 021

Total

6, 349, 552

3, 846, 544

2, 437, 603

2, 364, 832

1, 954, 801

3, 041, 149

CANADA

Lake

1913

1914

1915 1

1916

1917

1918

Great Lakes:
Huron . .

Pounds
328, 638
873

Pounds
478, 969
7,453

Pounds
365, 257
8,914

Pounds
649, 124
2,408

Pounds
819,159

Pounds
374, 981

Superior

8,873

Total

329,511

486,422

374,171

651,532

819, 159

383, 854

Lake

1919

1920

1921

1922

1923

1924

Great Lakes:

Huron .

Pounds
249, 945
840

Pounds
303, 015
50

Pounds
253, 529
300

Pounds
206, 535

78

Pounds
202, 572
600

Pounds
241, 016

Superior

959

Total

250, 785

303,065

253, 829

206,613

203, 172

241, 975

> Minnesota catch estimated.

TAEIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS

159

Table 137. — Chubs: Fishing cost, 1924
[In cents per pound]

Country and lake

Labor

Interest

All other

Total

Fresh caught:

United States-
Michigan

2. 8711
5.5965-
4. 0922

0.2604
.3105
.3231

2. 1752
2. 7256
1.6161

5. 3067

Superior. . .

8. 6326

Huron

6. 0314

Weighted average '

3. 0621

.2673

2. 1465

5. 4759

Canada-
Huron

1. 5575
.7405

.0518

2. 2988
1. 1166

3. 9081

Superior

1. 8571

Weighted average '

1.5543

.0516

2. 2941

3. 9000

1 Based on relative production: Michigan, 88.39 per cent; Superior, 3.27 per cent; Huron, 8.34 per cent.
' Based on relative production: Huron, 99.60 per cent; Superior, 0.40 per cent.

Table 138. — Chubs: Boxing and icing, freezing and storing, and boxing cost, 19B4

BOXING AND ICING (FRESH FISH)
fin cents per pound]

Country and lake

Excluding
interest

Including
Interest

United States:

Huron

1. 9804
1. 5256

2. 2519

Michigan _ - _-. . -__--. -._

1. 6548

Weighted average '..

1. 5648

1. 7063

Canada:

Huron

1.9172
2. 0685

2. 0029

Superior - __- -.- -_ - _-- - -- --

2. 0848

Weighted average '. .

1.9178

2. 0032

FREEZING AND STORING (FROZEN FISH)

United States: Michigan

1. 8257

1. 9025

Canada:

Huron

2.1644
2. 3228

2.2588

Superior ...

2. 7192

Weighted average '

2.1650

2. 2666

BOXING (FROZEN FISH)

United States: Erie '.

1.2159

1.2902

Canada: Huron . ... . .

1.2280

1. 3223

' Based on relative production: Huron, 8.62 per cent; Michigan, 91.38 per cent.
' Based on relative production: Huron, 99.60 per cent; Superior, 0.40 per cent.
' No data available for principal producing centers.

160

TARIFF INFORMATIOX SURVEYS

Table 139. — Chubs: Transportation costs, 1924
[In cents per pound]

Country and lake

To New York City

To Chicago

Fresh

Frozen

Fresh

Frozen

United States:

Huron

2. 8625
4. 3625
4. 9250

1. 1020
1. 2794
1.7164

1. 9625
2. 0625

2. 7625

0. 8297

Michigan -

.5637

Superior

.6714

Weighted average '

4. 2558

1. 2788

2. 0770

.5894

Canada:

Huron .... . .

3. 4375
5. 6500

1. 0704
1. 7164

3. 3750
6. 8125

1 0197

Superior ... .. ...

1 3807

Weighted average ^ ...

3. 4464

1. 0729

3. 3888

1 0211

1 Based on relative production: Huron, 8.34 per cent; Michigan, 88.39 per cent; Superior, 3.27 per cent.
' Based on relative production: Huron, 99.60 per cent; Superior, 0.40 per cent.

Table 140. — Tullibees: Canadian catch, 1913-1924

Lake

1913

1914

1915

1916

1917

1918

Lake of the Woods.

Pounds
177,379

Pounds
127, 133

Pounds
262, 110

Pounds
138,566

Pounds
174, 445

Pounds
240, 418

Northern lakes:

Winnipeg

841,000

1,351,000

3,493,900

23,700

449, 400

4, 541, 100

18, 800

95, 200

5,000

255, 600

4, 474, 200

312, 200

359, 100

1, 915, 700

5, 512, 700

5, 508, 700
69, 800

W'innipegosis.

Manitoba

691, 800

Lesser Slave

86,000

All other

73, 400

90, 800

257, 500

385, 200

Total

914, 400

1, 441, 900

4, 224, 500

4, 915, 700

12, 573, 900

6, 741, 500

Grand total

1,091,779

1, 569, 033

4, 486, 610

5, 054, 266

12,748,345

6, 981, 918

Lake

1919

1920

1921

1922

1923

1924

Lake of the Woods

Pounds
241, 263

Pounds
129, 430

Pounds
116, 654

Pounds
130, 774

Pounds
111,692

Pounds
255, 373

Northern lakes:

Winnipeg..-

W innipegosis

2, 794, 400

4,800

1, 032, 700

95,500

2, 702, 000

15, 600

565, 000

28,200

5, 148, 300

10. 600

580,000

14,000

3, 788, 500

10, 600

290,000

7,000

1,441,600

2,000

390, 000

1, 324, 800
79, 800

Manitoba

Lesser Slave

1, 974, 200
61,000

BufTalo

30,000
199, 800

Another

513,300

115,300

109,000

108,800

294, 400

Total.

4, 440, 700

3.426.100

5, 867, 900

4, 204, 900

2, 063, 400

3, 734, 200

Grand total

4,681,963

3, 555, 530

5, 984, 554

4,335,674

2, 175, 092

3, 989, 573

TAKIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS

161

Table 141. — Tullibees: Fishing cost, 1924
[In cents per pound]

Country and lake

Labor

Interest

All Other

Total

Fresh caught:

United States — Lake of the Woods

4. 5159

0. 3416

L9165

6. 7740

Canada-
Lake of the Woods

1.6376
2. 8606
1.6452

.0261

1.6206
2. 6873
1.5367

3. 2843

Manitoba - .

5. 5479

Winnipeg . . - -

.0777

3. 2596

Weighted average •

2. 0270

.0339

1. 9320

3.9929

Frozen caught:
Canada-

2. 6598
1.2531

1. 6867
1. 1604

4. 3465

2.4135

Weighted average ^ ..

1. 7616

1. 3506

3. 1122

' Based on relative production: Lake of the Woods, 37.21 per cent; Manitoba, 31.64 per cent; Winnipeg,
31.15 per cent.
2 Based on relative production: Winnipeg, 36.15 per cent; Manitoba, 63.85 per cent.

Table 142. — Tullibees: Boxing and icing, freezing and storing, and boxing cost,

1924

BOXING AND ICING (FRESH FISH)
[In cents per pound]

Country and lake

Excluding
interest

Including
interest

United States: All lakes K

Canada:

Winnipeg

Winnipegosis

Buffalo and Lesser Slave-
Weighted average 2

United States: All lakes L

Canada:

Manitoba

Winnipegosis

Buffalo ■ nd Lesser Slave-

Weighted average •

1. 6721

2. 5721
2.3713
2.3295

2.5511

1. 2159

1. 5710
2. 3559
1. 0664

1. 5861

1. 7847

2. 6135
2. 5693
2. 3576

2.60O1

FREEZING AND STORING (FROZEN FISH)

United Stites: All lakes i

1. 8338
2. 0903

1.9090

Canada: Winnipeg

2.1029

BOXING (FROZEN FISH)

1.2902

1. 5765
2. 4027
1. 0744

1.5933

1 United States average, no data available for Lake of the Woods.

2 Based on relative production; Winnipeg, 90.39 per cent; Winnipegosis, 5.45 per cent; Buffalo and Lesser
Slave, 4.16 per cent.

3 Based on relative production: Manitoba, 93.34 per cent; Winnipegosis, 3.78 per cent; Buffalo and Lesser
Slave, 2.88 per cent.

162

TAEIFF INFOKMATTON SURVEYS

Table 143. — Tullibees: Transportation costs, 1924
[In cents per pound]

Country and lake

To New York

To Chicago

Fresh

Frozen

Fresh

Frozen

United States: Lake of the Woods

5. 3500

2. 4004

3. 6250

1.2920

Canada:

Lake of the Woods

6. 0000
6. 0000
6. 5000
6. 5000
5. 6500

2. 3307
2. 5207
2. 8501

2. 5587

3. 6607

5. 0000
4. 3750
7. 1250
5. 1250
4. 9375

1. 5454

Winnipeg

1.4314

Winnipegosis .

1. 7987

Manitoba .

1. 4314

2.6094

Weighted average * . . . .

6. 2721

2. 6539

4.8876

1.4668

■ Based on relative production: Lake of the Woods, 6.91 per cent; Winnipeg, 35.85 per cent; Winnipe-
gosis, 2.16 per cent; Manitoba, 53.42 per cent; Lesser Slave, 1.66 per cent.

Table 144. — Jacks: Domestic and foreign catch, 191S-19S4
UNITED STATES

Lake

Erie

Huron

Michigan

Superior

Lake of the Woods

Total

1913

Pounds
> 55, 131
1 39, 812

« » 28, 412
« 5, 573

3 297. 719

426, 647

1914

Pounds
1 70, 536

1 26, 541
39, 785

2 29, 368
3 326, 810

493,040

1915

Pounds
> 15. 194
> 5, 223

2 1 51, 158
2 10, 341

3 525, 068

605, 984

1916

Pounds
1 10, 532
» 27, 191

2 1 62. 531

2 3, 614

3 218, 497

322,365

1917

Pounds

»3,415

1 43, 410

2 1 73, 904

^2, 958

3 338, 328

461, 655

1918

Pounds
> 5, 522
1 36, 213

2 > 85, 277

363

3 289, 515

416, 890

Lake

Erie

Huron..

Michigan

Superior

Lake of the Woods

Total

1919

Pounds

17, 550

83, 297

96, 649

2,770

273, 051

473, 317

1920

Pounds

28, 967

69, 488

2 1 79, 403

4,059

424, 714

605, 631

1921

Pounds
30, 018
82, 178
92. 648
10, 121
251, 254

466, 219

1922

Pounds

5,877

52, 926

93, 822

13, 324

235, 741

401, 690

1923

Pounds
4,807
54, 247
37, 586
10, 351
236, 940

343, 931

1924

Pounds
6,433
38, 297
35, 260
83,997
211,439

375, 426

CANADA

Lake

1913

1914

1915

1916

1917

1918

Great Lakes:

Pounds ■
221,331

2, 287, 602
125, 838
38, 201
692, 854

Pounds
248, 023

2, 926. 797
201, 202
201, 287
760. 554

Pounds

336, 988

630, 450

180, 428

70, 876

1,221,942

Pounds
283, 430
437, 007
125. 296
24, 771
508, 488

Pounds
280. 377
141, 682
195,912
17. 806
787, 359

Pounds
212, 800

Erie

229, 131

Huron . . .

100, 245

Superior .

18, 354

Lake of the Woods

673,761

Total

3,365,826

4, 337, 863

2, 440, 684

1, 378, 992

1, 423, 136

1, 234, 291

Northern lakes:

Winnipeg .

438, 800

1, 301, 400

1, 152, 000

34. 000

23, 000

721. 900

254, 000

1, 276. 300

50, 400

26, 500

59. 000

1, 277. 900

434, 300

1, 479, 200

1, 298, 900

56. 000

14, 400

1, 976, 500

260. 300

1, 233, 500

1, 288, 000

95, 000

17, 300

1, 248, 200

401,900
1, 589, 400
1, 679, 000

338, 400

328, 500

Winnipegosis

1, 682, 000

1, 233, 600

Lesser Slave

42, 600

Buffalo

All other

1, 904, 400

1. 062, 400

Total

3, 671, 100

2, 944, 100

5,259,300

4, 142, 300

5.913,100

4, 349, 100

'Grand total

7, 036, 926

7, 281, 963

7, 699, 984

5, 521, 292

7, 336, 236

5, 583, 391

1 Michigan catch estimated. 2 Wisconsin catch estimated.

' Minnesota catch estimated.

TAEIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS

163

Table 144. — Jacks: Domestic and foreign catch, 191S-1924 — Continued
CANADA— Continued

Lake

1919

1920

1921

1922

1923

1924

Great Lakes:

Ontario

Pounds
246, 095
727, 037
192,313
18,980
635,404

Pounds
311,432
115,259
117.659
15, 271
449, 457

Pounds
233, 143

96, 692
228, 584

53, 977
451, 170

Pounds
250, 225
143, 736
216, 904
30, 298
488, 360

Pounds
280, 800
129, 585
197, 058
22, 809
455. 191

Pounds
255, 982

Erie

71,696

Huron ..

194 976

Superior

19,480
602, 703

Lake of the Woods

Total

1, 819, 829

1,009,078

1, 063, 566

1, 129, 523

1, 085, 443

1, 144, 837

Northern lakes:

Winnipeg

377, 700

1, 711, 500

742, 600

26, 900

355, 000

1, 500, 300

500. 000

23, 500

3,700

706, 000

235, 500

1,332.400

302. 000

19,900

20, 000

809, 500

333, 900

1, 343, 500

346. 000

40, 500

4,000

503, 300

619,400
1, 194, 100
480, 000
111,400
60, 000
606, 600

643, 600

1, 527, 100

740, 000
137, 200

Lesser Slave

Buffalo

100, 000

All other

917. 800

853, 900

Total

3, 776, 500

3, 088, 500

2, 719, 300

2, 571, 200

3, 071, 500

4, 001, 800

Grand total

5,596,329

4, 097, 578

3, 782, 866

3, 700, 723

4, 156, 943

5, 146, 637

Table 145. — Jacks: Fishing costs, 1924
[In cents per pound]

Country and lake

Labor

Interest

AU other

Total

Fresh caught:

United States-
Michigan -.-

2. 5000
2.1640
5. 0974

0. 6875
.3597

.3857

3. 1875
2. 8241
2. 1635

6. 3750

Huron .

5. 3478

Lake of the Woods ..-

7. 6466

Weighted average '

4. 3819

.4194

2. 3790

7. 1803

Canada-
Lesser Slave . . ..

.8219
1. 9240

.7922
1. 4746
3. 3913
1. 2819

1.0181
1.9040
.8293
2.9119
3. 1909
1. 3537

1.8400

.0307

3. 8587

Winnipegosis

1.6215

Superior

.0124

4. 3989

Manitoba -- - .

6.5822

Winnipeg - -- ..

.0697

2. 7053

Weighted average ^

1. 6752

.0365

1. 7043

3. 4160

Frozen caught: ■
Canada —

Winnipeg.

.9447
. 5530
1.1386

1. 0370
.9535
1.0630

1.9817

Bullalo Lake..-

l..n065

Manitoba . .. . . ..

2. 2016

Weighted average '

1.0341

1. 0458

2. 0799

1 Based on relative production: Michigan, 12.37 per cent; Huron, 13.44 per cent; Lake of the Woods,
74.19 per cent.

2 Based on relative production: Lesser Slave, 1.27 per cent; Lake of the Woods, 48.93 per cent; Winni-
pegosis, 9.46 per cent; Superior, 1.41 per cent; Manitoba, 6.50 per cent; Winnipeg, 30.57 per cent.

' Based on relative production: Winnipeg, 22.85 per cent; Buffalo, 10.28 per cent; Manitoba, 66.87 per
cent.

164

TAEIFF INFORMATION SUBVEYS

Table 146. — Jacks: Boxing and icing, freezing and storing, and boxing cost, 1924

BOXING AND ICING (FRESH FISH)
[In cents per pound]

Country and lake

Excluding
interest

Including

interest

United States:

Erie

Huron

Michigan _.

Weiglited average ' - . .

Canada:

Erie

Huron

Superior.

Winnipeg

Winnipegosis

Buffalo and Lesser Slave

Weighted average ^...

1. 6670
1.9S04
1. 5256

2. 3547

1.7365
2. 2519
1. 6548

1. 7547

1. 9473

1. 4001

1.4418

1.9172

2. 0029

2. 0685

2. 0848

2. 5721

2. 6135

2.3713

2. 5693

2. 3295

2. 3576

2. 4867

FREEZING AND STORING (FROZEN FISH)

United States:

Erie

1. 8257
1. 9025

1. 8374

Michigan

1.9119

Weighted average ' _. _ . .

1.8906

1. 90C4

Canada:

Erie

1.3174
2. 1644
2. 3228
2.0903

1. 3701

Huron .. . .

2. 2588

Superior

2. 7192

Winnipeg

2. 1029

Weighted average < -- _

2.0511

2. 0920

BOXING (FROZEN FISH)

United States: Erie'

Canada:

Erie

Huron

Manitoba

Winnipegosis

Buifalo and Lesser Slave

Weighted average «

1. 2902

.9220

.9749

1.2280

1.3223

1.5710

1.5765

2. 3559

2. 4027

1.0664

1.0744

' Based on relative production: Erie, 8.04 per cent; Huron, 47.88 per cent; Michigan, 44.08 percent.

' Based on relative production: Erie, 2.66 percent; Huron, 7,24 per cent; Superior, 0.72 percent; Winni-
peg, 23.89 per cent; Winnipegosis, 56.68 per cent; Buffalo and Lesser Slave, 8.81 per cent.

' Based on relative production: Erie, 15.43 per cent; Michigan, 84.57 per cent.

* Ba.sed on relative production: Erie, 7.71 percent; Huron, 20.97 per cent; Superior, 2.10 percent; Winni-
peg, 69.22 per cent.

5 No data available for other producing centers.

6 Based on relative production: Erie, 2.59 per cent; Huron, 7.04 per cent; Manitoba, 26.70 per cent;
Winnipegosis, 55.11 per cent; Buffalo and Lesser Slave, 8.56 per cent.

TAEIFr INFOEMATION SUEVEYS

Table 147. — Jacks: Transportation costs, 1924
[In cents per pound]

165

To New York City

To Chicago

Country and lake

Fresh

Frozen

Fresh

Frozen

United States:

Erie -

2. 3125
2. 8625
4. 3625

4. 9250

5. 3500

0. 7157
1. 1020

1. 2794

1. 7164

2. 4004

2. 3750
1.9625
2. 0625

2. 7625

3. 6250

0. 8297

.8297

.5637

.6714

Lake of the Woods . -

1. 2920

Weighted average '

4. 8564

1. 9807

3. 0943

1. 0297

Canada:

Ontario - -

3. 3750

2. 6250

3. 4375
5.6500
6. 0000
6. 0000
6. 5000
6. 5000
5. 6500
5. 6500

.9310
.9310
1. 0704

1. 7164

2. 3307
2. 5207
2. 8501

2. 5587

3. 6607
3. 6607

4.0000

2. 8750

3. 3750
6. 8125
5.0000

4. 3750
7. 1250
5. 1250
4. 9375
4. 9375

1.0640

Erie

.8297

1.0197

1. 3807

1. 5454

1.4314

1. 7987

1.4314

Lesser Slave

2. 6094

Buffalo - --

2. 6094

5.9140

2. 4900

5.5195

1.5923

1 Based on relative production: Erie, 1.71 per cent; Huron, 10.20 per cent; Michigan, 9.39 per cent; Supe-
rior, 22.38 per cent; Lake of the Woods, 56.32 per cent.

2 Based on relative production: Ontario, 5.96 per cent; Erie, 1.67 per cent; Huron, 4.54 per cent; Supe-
rior, 0.45 per cent; Lake of the Woods, 14.04 per cent; Winnipeg, 15 per cent; Winnipegosis, 35.57 per
cent; Manitoba, 17.24 per cent; Lesser Slave, 3.20 per cent; and Buffalo, 2.33 per cent.

Table 148. — Mullets: Domestic and foreign catch, 1913-1924
UNITED STATES

Lake

1913

1914

1915

1916

1917

1918

Ontario-.

Pounds
9,030

465, 777
1,580,450

699, 569
2 240, 199

Pounds

1 15, 806
1,316,290
1,500,564
3,092,767
2 259,403

Pounds

22, 581

1,123,858

2, 306, 150

824,116

2 239, 901

Pounds

16, 635

1,320,688

2,266.478

962,588

2 233, 614

Pounds

12,990

1,057,846

1,465,130

2,955,497

207,682

Pounds
20, 433

Erie

911, 162

Huron

1, 778, 576

Michigan

663,194

Superior

175,865

Total-.- -

2,995,025

6,184,830

4, 516, 606

4,800,003

5,699,145

3,549,230

Lake

1919

1920

1921

1922

1923

1924

Ontario . . .

Pounds
39,892

953, 199
2, 714, 335
1,097,409

203, 548

Pounds

17,385

1,061,448

1,900,113

919,259

181,424

Pounds

120,000

1 1,419,610

1,803,021

639,087

159,255

Pounds

120,000

I 990, 735

1, 985, 563

626, 126

164,693

Pounds

23,882

1,038,082

1,444,800

569, 573

110,349

Pounds
92,026

Erie

683,637

Huron..

1,181,904

Michigan

619,494

Superior.

145, 622

Total

5,008,383

4,079,629

4,040,973

3,787,117

3, 186, 686

2,722,683

> New York catch estimated.

2 Minnesota catch estimated.

166

TARIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS

Table l-iS.— Mullets: Domestic and foreign catch, 1913-1924 — Continued

CANADA

Lake

1913

1914

1915

1916

1917

1918

Northern lakes:

Winnipegosis

Pounds

Pounds

Pounds
794, 800
68, 900

Pounds
435, 200
145,000

Pounds
966, 200
116,400

Pounds
1, 610, 700

800

All other

52, 100

87, 100

18, 700

843, 600

Total

3 508, 865

3 1,060,803

915, 800

667, 300

1,101,300

2, 455, 100

Lake

1919

1920

1921

1922

1923

1924

Northern lakes;

Winnipeg

Pounds
1,120,000
1,077,000
169,400

Pounds
1, 010, 000
1,019,400
80, 500

Pounds
25,000
267, 600
36, 000

Pounds

40, 700

383, 600

39,000

4,000

Pounds
17, 900
456,400
45,000

Pounds
24,900

Winnipegosis -

704, 600

Manitoba

157, 500

Buffalo

50,000

All other.

416,900

1,028,400

198,400

297,200

355,600

417, 400

Total..

2, 783, 300

3, 138, 300

527, 000

764, 600

874, 900

1,354,400

3 Estimated.

Table 149. — Mullets: Fishing cost, 1924
[In cents per pound]

Country and lake

Labor

Interest

All other

Total

Fresh caught:

United States —

Erie

2.0386
1. 4689
1.3714
.7675

0. 1146
.1866
.0851
.1458

1.4867
1.0988
1. 1955
1.1903

3.6399

Michigan

2.7643

Superior . . ..

2. 6520

Huron ..

2. 1036

Weighted average '

1. 2963

.1439

1.2461

2.6863

Canada-
Erie

.6952
.6622
.1637
.4870

.0117
.1029

.6650
.9763
.1610
.4598

1. 2619

Huron

1. 7314

.3147

Manitoba .. .- .

.9468

Weighted average ^

.2538

.0088

.2804

.5430

Frozen caught:

.7416

.7000

1.4416

1 Based on relative production: Erie, 25.99 per cent; Michigan, 23.55 per cent; Superior, 5.53 per cent;
Huron, 44.93 per cent.

2 Based on relative production: Erie, 1.06 per cent; Huron, 8.36 per cent; Winnipegosis, 74.04 per cent;
Manitoba, 16.06 per cent.

TARIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS

167

Table 150. — Mullets: Boxing and icing, freezing and storing, and boxing cost, 19^4

[In cents per pound]
BOXING AND ICING (FRESH FISH)

Country and lake

Excluding
interest

Including
interest

United States:

Erie -

1. 6670
1. 9804
1. 5256

1. 7365

Huron

2. 2519

Michigan

1.6548

Weighted average '

1. 7808

1. 9613

Canada:

Winnipeg

2. 5721
2.3713
2. 3295

2. 6135

Wiunipegosis

2. 5693

BufEalo and Lesser Slave

2. 3576

Weighted average '

2.3750

2. 5571

FREEZING AND STORING (FROZEN FISH)

United States:

Erie....

1. 8257
1. 9025

1. 8374

Michigan

1.9119

Weighted average'

1. 8622

1. 8728

Canada: Winnipeg

2. 0903

2.1029

BOXING (FROZEN FISH)

United States: Erie *

1. 2159

1. 2902

Canada:

Manitoba..

1. 5710

2. 3559
1. 0664

1. 5765

Winnipegosis

2. 4027

Butialo and Lesser Slave

1.0744

Weighted average '.. 1

2. 1497

2. 1872

1 Based on relative production: Erie 27.51 per cent; Huron, 47.56 per cent; Michigan, 24.93 per cent.

2 Based on relative production: Winnipeg, 3.19 per cent; Winnipegosis, 90.39 per cent; Buffalo and Lesser
Slave, 6.42 per cent.

3 Based on relative production: Erie, 52.46 per cent; Michigan, 47.54 per cent.
< No data available for principal producing centers.

« Based on relative production: Manitoba, 17.27 per cent; Winnipegosis, 77.25 per cent; Buffalo and
Lesser Slave, 5.48 per cent.

Table 151. — Mullets: Transportation costs, 1924
[In cents per pound]

Country and lake

To New York City

To Chicago

Fresh

Frozen

Fresh

Frozen

United States:

Ontario

2. 3000
2.3125
2. 8625
4. 3625
4. 9250

0. 7790
.7157
1. 1020
1.2794
1.7164

3. 2750
2. 3750

1. 9625

2. 0625
2. 7625

1. 1210

Erie.

.8297

Huron.

.8297

Michigan .

.5637

Superior

.6714

Weighted average '

3. 1570

1. 0673

2. 1760

.7708

Canada:

Erie

2. 6250
3. 4375
6.0000
6. 5000
6.5000
5. 6500

.9310

1. 0704

2. 5207
2. 8501

2. 5587

3. 6607

2. 8750
3. 3750
4. 3750
7. 1250
5. 1250
4. 9375

.8297

Huron

1.0197

Winnipeg

1.4314

Winnipegosis

1. 7987

Manitoba

1.4314

Buffalo

2. 6094

Weighted average '

6. 1715

2. 6803

6. 2355

1. 7031

' Based on relative production: Ontario, 3.38 per cent; Erie, 25.11 per cent; Huron, 43.41 per cent; Michi-
gan, 22.75 per cent; Superior, 5.35 per cent.

' Based on relative production: Erie, 0.97 per cent; Huron, 7.75 per cent; Winnipeg, 2.43 per cent; Winni-
pegosis, 68.64 per cent; Manitoba, 15.34 per cent; Buffalo, 4.87 per cent.

168 TARIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS

Table 152. — Saugers: United Slates catch, 1913-1924

Lake

1913

1914

1915

1916

1917

1918

Erie

Pounds
1, 248, 042

Pounds
4, 568, 641

Pounds
4, 533, 271

Pounds
6, 187, 172

Pounds
4, 336, 055

Pounds
2 101 222

Lake

1919

1920

1921

1922

1923

1924

Erie

Pounds
2, 654, 650

Pounds
2, 931, 942

Pounds
5, 009, 882

Pounds
4, 622, 873

Pounds
3,320,922

Pounds
1, 847, 065

Table 153. — Saugers: Fishing cost, 1924
[In cents per pound]

Country and lake

Labor

Interest

All other

Total

Fresh caught:

United States: Erie

2. 9080

0. 1587

2. 1958

5. 2625

Canada:

Manitoba

1. 5456
1.8256

1. 4436
.7824

2. 9892

Winnipeg.-

2.6080

Weighted average ' .

1.6128

1. 2849

2 8977

Frozen caught:

Canada: Winnipeg

.8355

.9156

1. 7511

1 Based on relative production: Manitoba, 76 per cent; Winnipeg, 24 per cent.

Table 154. — Saugers: Boxing and icing, freezing and storing, and boxing cost, 1924

[In cents per pound]
BOXING AND ICING (FRESH FISH)

Country and lake

United States: Erie-
Canada: Winnipeg..

Excluding
interest

1. 6670

2. 5721

Including
interest

1. 7365

2. 6135

FREEZING AND STORING (FROZEN FISH)

United States: Erie

1.8374
2. 0903

1. 9119

Canada: Winnipeg

2. 1029

BOXING (FROZEN FISH)

United States: Erie..

1.2159
1.5710

1. 2902

Canada: Manitoba

1. 5765

Table 155. — Saugers: Transportation costs, 1924
[In cents per pound]

Country and lake

To New York City

To Chicago

Fresh

Frozen

Fresh

Frozen

United States: Erie..

2. 3125

0. 7157

2. 3750

0. 8297

Canada:

Manitoba

6. 5000
6.0000

2. 5587
2. 5207

5. 1250
4. 3750

1.4314

Winnipeg

1.4314

Weighted average ' ... .

6. 3800

2. 5498

4.9450

1. 4314

> Based on relative production: Manitoba, 76 per cent; Winnipeg, 24 per cent.

TARIFF INFOEMATION SURVEYS 169

Table 156. — Sheepshead: United States catch, 1913-1924

Lake

1913

1914

1915

1916

1917

1918

Erie .

Pounds
596, 178

Pounds
2, 282, 369

Pounds
2,211,817

Pounds
2,384,254

Pounds
3,013,492

Pounds
2, 982, 365

Lake

Erie

Huron

Michigan

Total

1919

Pounds
2,119,477
13, 432
17, 689

2, 150, 598

1920

Pounds
1,926,257
41,759
16, 227

Pounds
2, 841, 598
47, 258
15, 747

1, 984, 243

2, 904, 003

Pounds
1,370,389
42, 100
3,085

1,415,574

Pounds
1, 455, 866
58, 466
7,285

1,521,617

1924

Pounds
2, 287, 949
40, 596
4,610

2, 333, 155

Table 157. — Sheepshead: Fishing cost, United States, 1924
[In cents per pound]

Lake

Labor

Interest

All other

Total

Erie.- -

3.7988
1.0619

0. 2199
.2527

2. 8071
2. 1780

6. 8258

Huron

3. 4926

3. 7512

.2204

2. 7962

6. 7678

1 Based on relative production: Erie, 98.26 per cent; Huron, 1.74 per cent.

Table 158. — Sheepshead: Boxing and icing, freezing and storing, and boxing

cost, United States, 1924

[In c^nts per pound]
BOXING AND ICING (FRESH FISH)

Lake

Excluding
interest

Including
interest

Erie

1. 6670
1. 9804
L5256

1. 7365

Huron

2. 2519

Michigan _ - -

1. 6548

1. 6722

1. 7453

FREEZING AND STORING (FROZEN FISH)

Erie .

1. 8257
1. 9025

1.8374

Michigan

1.9119

Weighted average ' . . .

1. 8259

1. 8375

BOXING (FROZEN FISH)

Erie-

1. 2159

1. 2902

' Based on relative production: Erie, '
" Based on relative production: Erie,

per cent; Huron, 1.74 per cent; Michigan, 0.20 per cent.
( per cent; Michigan, 0.20, per cent.

170 TAEIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS

Table 159. — -Sheepshead: Transportation costs, United States, 1924
[In cents per pound]

Lake

To New York City

To Chicago

Fresh

Frozen

Fresh

Frozen

Erie

2. 3125
2. 8625
4. 3625

0. 7157
1. 1020

1. 2794

2.3750

1. 9625

2. 0625

0. 8297

Huron .

.8297

Michigan

.5637

Weighted average '

2. 3262

.7235

2. 3672

.8292

1 Based on relative production: Erie, 98.06 per cent; Huron, 1.74 per cent; Michigan, 0.20 per cent.

Catch of Minor Species

Tables 160 to 165 give the Great Lakes and the northern Canadian
lakes catch of minor species excluded from consideration in the main
body of this report.

Table 160. — Carp: Domestic and foreign catch, 1913-1924-
UNITED STATES

Lake

1913

1914

1915

1916

1917

1918

Ontario ...

Pounds

500

J 1, 690, 046

375,442

6,394

Pounds
1514
112,023,905
14, 188

Pounds

528

9, 614, 501

516, 268

8,572

Pounds

730
5,859,008

Pounds

6,531

4,568,763

26, 100

Pounds

216

Erie —

4,172,403

642, 662

588

4,705

Total

2,072,382

12,038,607

10,139,869

5,860,326

4,601,394

4,819,986

Lake

1919

1920

1921

1922

1923

1924

Ontario

Pounds

2,602

2, 960, 692

1,108,915

6,946

Pounds

50

4, 102, 263

1, 720, 965

4,822

149

Pounds

116,710

16,542,035

857, 218

3,867

Pounds

1 32, 163

1 3, 886, 926

1, 168, 810

5,599

Pounds
261, 214

3, 214, 506

297,466

7,131

Pounds
20.857

Erie -

1,256,129

Huron

496,045

Michigan

6,731

Total

4,079,155

5,828,249

7,419,830

5,093,498

3,780,317

1,779,762

CANADA

Lake

1913

1914

1915

1916

1917

1918

Great Lakes:

Ontario

Pounds
47,600
373,948
1,600

Pounds
81,478

1,395,118
13, 922

Pounds
112, 518
904, 880
26, 569
1,400
190, 320

Pounds
267, 952
782,296
35,437

Pounds

391, 249

666, 773

16,494

700

173

Pounds
142, 378

Erie-.

711,493

Huron

13, 981

820

Lake of the Woods

124,730

12,000

12,001

Total

423, 148

1, 615, 248

1,235,687

1,097.685

1,075,389

880,673

Lake

1919

1920

1921

1922

1923

1924

Great Lakes:

Ontario

Pounds
169,471
378, 380
62,446

Pounds
65, 674
431,868
75, 520

Pounds

62, 867

345,427

83, 062

5,462

7,585

Pounds

121,004

233, 926

69, 941

7,187

2,640

Pounds

102, 989

286,319

68,899

4,732

13,814

Pounds
78,464

Erie

288, 598

Huron

50,458

Superior

1,974

Lake of the Woods

53,232

9,441

14,484

Total

663,529

582, 503

504,403

434, 698

466, 753

433, 978

1 New York catch estimated.

> Pennsylvania catch estimated.

TAEIFF INFOllMATION SURVEYS

Table 161. — Catfish: Domestic and foreign catch, 1913-1924
UNITED STATES

171

Lake

1913

1914

1915

1916

1917

1918

Otitario

Pounds
1,500
160, 483
2 33, 693

Pounds
1 1,285
771, 164
2 29, 481

Pounds
1,070
591, 615
2 2, 930

Pounds

14, 585

1,246,549

2 19,410

Pounds

3,483
2, 190, 899
2 101,810

Pounds
1,676

Erie—

420,212

Huron

2 91, 556

Total

195, 676

801, 930

595, 615

1,280,544

2, 296, 192

513,444

Lake

1919

1920

1921

1922

1923

1924

Ontario .

Pounds

645

1,090,912

70, 132

1,939

Pounds

1,490

730,048

42, 608

2,28i

Pounds

1 48, 790
1,422,016 1
28,329 1
2,540

Pounds

147,235

704, 556

48, 689

3,667

Pounds

148,028

641, 519

21,821

3,833

Pounds
42, 975

Erie

275, 103

Huron .

47,812

Michigan

251

Total ..

1,163,628

776,427

1,501,675

804,147

715,201

366, 141

CANADA

Lake

1913

1914

1915

1916

1917

1918

Great Lakes:

Pounds
279, 370
26, 546
8,680

Pounds

268, 613

49,092

5,140

3,460

66,420

Pounds
267, 698
38,436
10,087

Pounds

301, 993

22, 880

6,373

40

Pounds

225,348

36, 707

7,618

75

8,000

Pounds
235, 796

Erie - -

47,400

Huron

4,840

17, 006

118, 630

207, 524

Total

331, 602

392, 725

434, 851

331,286

277, 748

495, 560

Northern lakes: Winnipeg - .

64.800

75, 100

138,600

40,000

69,700

Grand total

331,602

457,525

509, 951

469,886

317, 748

565,260

Lake

1919

1920

1921

1922

1923

1924

Great Lakes:

Ontario.- .

Pounds

247,840

33, 972

6,442

76, 754

Pounds

170, 215

42,051

4,372

52,992

Pounds

183, 629

45, 582

18,409

51,062

Pounds
177, 776
58, 321
6,704

Pounds
180, 761

57, 765
7,749

Pounds
161, 766

Erie -

57, 199

Huron

6,770

Total

365,008

269,630

298, 682

242, 801

246,275

225,735

Northern lakes: Winnipeg

43,700

24,000

54,500

77, 800

79, 100

139, 800

Grand total

408, 708

293,630

353, 182

320, 601

325, 375

365, 535

1 New York catch estimated. * Michigan catch estimated.

Table 162. — Goldeyes: Canadian catch, 1913-1924

Lake

19131

1914

1915

1916

1917

1918

Winnipeg..

Pounds

Pounds
492, 000

Pounds
690, 800
20, 600
21,300

Pounds
364, 100
2,300
39, 100

Pounds
756, 900
36, 000
20. 200

Pounds
421, 600

Winnipegosis

70, 700

All other ...

16,900

16, 800

Total

508, 900

732, 700

405, 500

813, 100

509, 100

Lake

1919

1920

1921

1922

1923

1924

Winnipeg

Pounds
216, 000
100.000
12, 400

Pounds
410, 000
19,000
32, 300

Pounds
266,300
70, 600
10, 500

Pounds
314, 600
43. 600
30. 500

Pounds
408. 200
176, 700
28, 100

Pounds
461,900

Winnipegosis

170,400

All other .

27,400

Total

328, 400

461,300

347,400

388, 700

613,000

659, 700

1 Included with miscellaneous flsh.
54003—27 12

172

TAEIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS

Table 163. — Sturgeon: Domestic and foreign catch, 1913-1924
UNITED STATES

Lake

1913

1914

1915

1916

1917

1918

Pounds
3,530
5,586
7,898
12, 142
1,020
1 35, 793

Pounds

1 6, 854

11,696

6, 860

11,139

1,484

I 38, 216

Pounds
10, 177
20, 119
28, 457
12, 665
4,468
2 34, 161

Pounds

4,907

37, 819

6,863

6,551

92

2 3. 437

Pounds

2.870

27, 726

4,017

5,644

Pounds
11,813

Erie..

15. 557

Huron .. . ._

3.501

Michigan .

25, 821

167

Lake of the Woods

2 8, 161

' 9. 690

Total

65, 969

76, 249

110, 047

59, 669

48,418

66, 549

Lake

1919

1920

1921

1922

1923

1924

Ontario.-

Pounds
3,780
19, 098
56.541
7,148
3.361
5,711

Pounds

1.682

9.233

11,759

13,400

338

3.550

Pounds
13.204
8.031
3.786
7.057
135
3.295

Pounds
1 2, 958
15, 241
2,502
7.595
599
2,679

Pounds

1 5, 253

635

2.394

6,570

711

3.633

Pounds
11.656

Erie... -

6.867

Huron . ....

1.556

Michigan

4.568

Superior

1.033

Lake of the Woods

2.909

Total

95, 639

39, 962

25, 508

31,574

19, 196

28, 589

CANADA

Lake

1913

1914

1915

1916

1917

1918

Great Lakes:

Pounds

89

47, 976

51, 052

2,760

89, 730

Pounds
150
56, 266
51,710
8,502
95.804

Pounds
1,521
56,315
46, 209
16, 048
85. 639

Pounds

3,082

67,642

29, 272

3,307

8,616

Pounds

2,261

47, 163

32, 748

5,082

20, 460

Pounds
1,600

Erie

51. 928

33, 509

Superior ...

6.003

Lake of the Woods .

24, 291

Total.

191, 607

212, 432

205, 732

111,919

107. 714

117.331

Northern lakes:

Winnipeg .

85,300
182, 800

12, 300

All other .J

"

15, 300

103. 600

Total

15, 300

268, 100

115.900

Grand total -

191, 607

212, 432

205, 732

127,219

375, 814

233, 231

Lake

1919

1920

1921

1922

1923

i924

Great Lakes:

Ontario -

Pounds

Pounds

500

267

25, 635

30, 607

9.330

Pounds
1,798

Pounds

1.660

36, 359

26. 753

23,065

4,169

Pounds
2,948
40. 888
25. 459
27, 238
14, 023

Pounds
6,541

Erie

42, 709
26, 395
21,919
14, 316

43, 778

23, 820

26, 305

1,842

22.183

3,677

Lake of the Woods

43, 100

Total

105,339

66.339

53, 765

92, 006

110,556

119. 279

Northern lakes:

Winnipeg .

12,400
72,600

7,500
37. 800

20. 600
41, 000

25,100
67,900

52. 700
127, 800

88,600

All other

» 149. 900

Total

85,000

45, 300

61, 600

93,000

180, 500

238, 500

Grand total

190, 339

111,639

115,365

185, 006

291, 056

357, 779

1 New "y ork catch estimated.
• Minnesota catch estimated.
> Of this catch, 146,800 pounds (41.03 per cent) were caught in The Pas, Manitoba.

TAllIFP INFOKMATION SURVEYS
Table 164. — White bass: United States catch, 191S-1924

173

Lake

1913

1914

1915

1916

1917

1918

Erie —

Pounds
511,817
14, 460

PoiLnds
478, 210
109

Pounds
693,537
514

Pounds
342, 780

Pounds
332, 778

Pounds
128, 972

334

50

Total

526, 277

478, 319

694,051

342,830

332, 778

129, 306

Lake

1919

1920

1921

1922

1923

1924

Pounds
193, 347
9,977
2,025

Pounds
504, 444
'9,682

Pounds
840, 671
11,960

Pounds
821.307
I 10, 000

Pou nds
300,200
1 10, 000

Pounds

181,517

Michigan. ..

1 10,000

Total

205, 349

514, 126

852,631

831, 307

310, 200

191,517

1 Wisconsin catch estimated.

Table 165. — Miscellaneous fish: Domestic and foreign catch, 1913-1924
UNITED STATES

Lake

1913

1914

1915

1916

1917

1918

Ontario..

Pounds

18, 610

342, 082

182,413

2,810,015

465, 294

2 510, 306

Pounds
1 3, 914
575, 584
122, 936
2,480,014
238, 99 i
2 338, 535

Pounds

8, 0.58
1,045,584

299, 523
5,091,383

200. 624
2 168, 338

Pounds

8,054
1,501,931

758, 377
1,836,470

349, 213
2 682, 626

Pounds

48,908

169, 342

1,208,833

1,649.343

207, 178

2 1, 224, 390

Pounds
36, 763

Erie - - - ...

693, 670

Huron . _

17, 301

Michigan

2, 516, 960

Superior. .

302, 082

Lake of the Woods .

2 752, 927

Total

4, 328, 720

3, 759, 977

6, 813, 510

5,136,671

4,507,994

4, 319, 703

Lake

1919

1920

1921

1922

1923

1924

Ontario.-

Pounds

95, 283

517, 105

33,614

1,236,118

135, 774

537, 094

Pounds

47,066

469, 980

36, 209

3 1,451,337

3 103, 637

434, 568

Pounds

76, 148

51.5,909

9,241

1,590,261

72,613

406, 478

Pounds

87, 299

345, 222

21, 966

1, 258, 327

106, 021

261,102

Pounds

83, 142

300, 065

7,860

1,514,055

151,076

218, 909

Pounds
254, 677

Erie

185, 321

Huron.. ... ....

14, 735

Michigan . . . _.

1. 702, 744

Superior . ..

171,706

Lake of the Woods. ... ..

* 281, 392

Total -.

2, 554, 988

2, 542, 797

2,670.650

2,079,937

2,275,107

3, 610, 575

CANADA

Lake

1913

1914

1915

1916

1917

1918

Great Lakes:
Ontario

Pounds
550, 207
860, 090
549, 579
110,531
247, 002

Pounds
650, 678

1,115,985

647, 147

26, 022

163,860

Pounds
658, 387
969, 658
.551,839
157,068
141,034

Pounds
775, 287

1,105,052
476, 160
249, 772
365, 823

Pounds
843, 748
700, 147
518,375
332, 774
592,638

Pounds
846, 584

Erie ...

706, 522

Huron .

502, 321

Superior

755, 241

Lake of the Woods . - --

377,252

Total

2,317.409

2,603,692

2,477,986

2,972,094

2,987,682

3, 247, 920

Northern lakes:

Winnipeg

1, 306, 000

977, 200

975,000

4,000

4,500

3,905,900

603,000

420,000

907, 400

38, 000

1,000

3,302,400

6.50, 000

289, 000

375, 000

56,000

1,400

5, 784, 300

750,000

232,200

300,000

36,400

750,000

3,000,000

250,000
65, 000

Buffalo

All other

5, 969, 700

6,979,600

4, 100, 000

Total

7,172,600

5,271,800

7,155,700

7,288,300

8, 044, 600

7,100,000

Grand total

9, 490, 009

7, 875, 492

9, 633, 686

10, 260, 394

11,032,282

10, 347, 920

1 New York catch estimated.

2 Minnesota catch estimated.

3 Wisconsin catch estimated.

« Includes 300,680 pounds of tullibees from Lake of the Woods.

174

TAKIFF INFORMATION SURVEYS

Table 165. — Miscellaneous fish: Domestic and foreign catch, 1913-1924- — Contd.

CANADA— Continued

Lake

1919

1920

1921

1922

1923

1924

Great Lakes:

Ontario-- - _

Pounds

770, 200
794, 981
538, 121
290, 217
259, 972

Pounds

506. 073
939, 233
565, 406
142, 687
196, 525

Pounds

528, 551

1, 086, 708

652, 381

88, 463

166, 408

Pounds

595,474
1,227,177
613, 033
113,622
152, 114

Pounds

501,701
1, 287, 097
551, 265
49, 665
135, 102

Pounds
574, 899

Erie -

1,231,194

Huron

613, 823

'^ Superior - -

65,133

Lake of the Woods

211,901

Total---

2,653,491

2, 349, 924

2, 522, 511

2,701,420

2, 524, 830

2, 696, 950

Northern lakes:

Winnipeg- . . . .

8,300
124, 900

96,000
179,000

1

2,500

All other

391, 900

243, 200

290,000

320, 900

TotaL-

133,200

275, 000

391,900

243. 200

290, 000

329, 400

Grand total.-.

2, 786, C91

2, 624, 924

2,914,411

2, 944, 620

2,814,830

3, 026, 350

SUMMARY OF CATCH

Table 166 summarizes the domestic and foreign catch of all species
taken in each of the Great Lakes and northern Canadian lakes, and
Table 167 summarizes the catch by countries.

Table 166. — Domestic and foreign catch: All species, 1913-1924
UNITED STATES

Lake

Ontario

Erie

Hurou

Michigan

Superior

Lake of the Woods

Total

1913

Pounds

208, 320

22,119,890

11,184,926

26, 993, 856

6,417,628

1, 383, 994

8,308,614

1914

Pounds
276, 871
53, 570, 669
8, 247, 769
28,195.245
7,089.150
1,246,136

98, 625, 840

1915

1916

Pounds

394,011

59, 508, 2C2

10,244,110

31,678,894

5, 695, 372

1,426.077

Pounds

315,658

41, 222, 040

17,146,697

23,022,017

5, 435, 000

1, 286, 648

108,947,266 88,428,060

1917

Pounds
655, 347
41,415,276
12,512,506
29,317,316
9, 887, 743
2, 103, 276

95, 891, 464

1918

Pounds

522, 933
51,480,066
14,964,032
2C, 676, 065
11,547.425
1.487,740

106, 678, 261

Lake

1919

IMO

1921

1922

1923

1924

Ontario

Pounds
470, 455
35, 155, 175
15,240,013
29, 819, 605
10, 498, 436

1, 277, 352

Pounds
313, 357
32, 194, 231
11,250,275
23. 054, 735
9.266,156
1, 297, 397

Pounds
1,85.3.930

46, 730. 828
9, 331, 969

17,017,437
7, 476, 585
1,049,328

Pounds

890, 054

40,913,565

13, 479, 689

16.603,564

6, 569, 666

976, 802

Pounds
710, 619
44, 376, 683

9, 920, 250
15,356,716

7, 584, 750

1,158,071

Pounds
1,048,320

Erie

40, 2H3, 520

Huron.

9. 073, 342

M ichigan _ -

17.693,618

Superior

8, 942, 427

1, 463, 405

Total --

92,461,036

77,376,151

83, 460, 077

79, 433, 340

79, 107, 089

78, 484, 632

TAKirr INFORMATION SURVEYS

175

Table 166. — Domestic and foreign catch: All species, 191S-1924 — Continued

CANADA

Lake

Great Lakes:

Ontario

Erie

Huron_

Superior

Lake of ttie Woods

Total..

Northern lakes:

Winnipeg

Winnipegosis.

Manitoba

Lesser Slave. .

Buffalo..

All other

Total

Grand total.

1913 J

1914 1

Pounds

2, 957, 036
19,552,017
6, 281, 906
2, 330, 578
3,393,190

Pounds
3, 525, 928
19, 981, 296
6,616,548
2, 934, 522
3,418,723

34,514.727 | 36,477,017

1915

Pounds
4, 649, 166
16, 540, 166
7,317,411
5, 698, 725
4, 633, 762

38, 839, 229

7, 352, 500
4,245,000
3, 093, 600
257, 600
27, 500
8, 566, 600

6, 597, 900

3, 736, 200

1,027,500

388, 800

60, 000

10, 630, 000

23,542,800 | 22,340,400

58,067,527 | 68,817,417

10, 035, 200
4, 543, 300
4, 068, 800
653, 300
15,800
15,319,700

34, 636, 100

73, 476, 329

1916

1917

Pounds
4, 927, 456
12,622,441 :
7,290,547 i
5,463,961 '
2,442,392 |

Pounds
6, 544, 821
18, 780, 624
7,303,015
4, 977, 122
3, 337, 928

32,746,797 39,943,410

9, 734, 900
2, 929, 900
2, 615, 600
1,119,800
17, 300
13,014,100

11, 993, 800
6, 169, 600
3,941,500
2, 699, 000

17, 904, 600

29,331,600 I 41,708,500

62,078,397 i 81,661,910

1918

Pounds
5,031,863
19,494,715
6,496,848
8, 754, 634
3, 067, 796

42,846,866

14,003,600
6, 504, 900
3,251,500
2, 058, 900

14,897,500

40, 716, 300

83, 662, 166

Lake

1919

1920

1921

1922

1923

1924

Great Lakes: Pounds

Ontario.. 5,484,507

Erie.. 14, 127,745

Huron. 6,480,695

Superior.. 5,971,000

Lake of the Woods 2,714,997

Total 34, 778, 844

Northern lakes:

Winnipeg 9,202,800

Winnipegosis-- 5,323,600

Manitoba i 3,085,000

Lesser Slave.. , 2,083.800

Buffalo

All other j 9,844,600

Total I 29,539,800

Grand total—. | 64,318,644

Pounds
4,977,971
16,792,027
6,228,651
4,631,508
2,029,843

Pounds
4, 894, 306
16,407,467
6,378,155
3, 808, 772
2, 239, 769

34,660,000

Pounds
6, 182, 959

18, 975, 908
7, 260, 669
3, 215, 854
3, 367, 598

33, 728, 469 i 35, 869, 691 36, 645, 476 I 37, 992, 978

Pounds
4, 625, 228
17, 684, 319
7, 161, 144
3, 986, 090
2,512,910

Pounds
4, 931, 936
17, 772, 163
6,812,188
4, 666, 289
2, 562, 910

9. 200, 000
4,866,000
1,811,500
1.778,900
1, 785, 900
7,082,000

10,661,600
3, 788, 000
1, 895, 600
1,743,800
2,030,000
6, 683, 500

9, 381, 900
4, 336, 300
1, 983, 600
1,670,800
1,562,000
5, 674, 200

26, 524, 300

26,702,500 I 24,508.800

61, 184, 300

7,494,800
4,458,600
2, 565, 500
1,728,500
1,328,900
6, 984, 700

7, 264, 600
4, 685, 500
4,856,800
1,503,300
1,310,500
8, 850, 700

24.560,900 I 28,370,400

60,430,969 : 60,378,491 61,206,375 i 66,363,378

1 Does not iticlude mullets, caught in the northern Canadian lakes, the catch of which for the year
1913 is estimated at 608,865 pounds, and for 1914 at 1,060,803 pounds.

Table 167. — Summary of United States and Canadian Great Lakes and northern
Canadian lakes catch, 1913-1924

Year

United States
(Great Lakes!)

Canada

Great Lakes •

Northern
lakes

Total

Grand total

i Pounds

1913 68,308,614

1914 98,626,840

1916

1916

1917

1918

1919

108. 947, 266
88, 428. 060
96. 891, 464
106, 678, 261
92, 461, 036

1920 I 77,376, 151

1921 ' 83.460,077

1922 ! 79,433,340

1923 ' 79.107,089

1924 ; 78,484,632

Pounds
34, 514, 727
36, 477, 017
38. 839, 229

32, 746, 797
39, 943, 410
42, 846, 856

34, 778. 844
34, 660, 000

33, 728, 469

35, 869, 691

36, 646. 476

37, 992, 978

Pounds
24, 051, 666
23, 391, 203
34, 636, 100
29, 331, 600
41,708,500
40, 716, 300
29, 539, 800
26, 524, 300
26, 702, 500
24, 508, 800
24. 560, 900
28, 370, 400

Pounds
58, 666, 382
69, 868. 220
73, 475, 329
62. 078, 397
81,651,910
83, 562, 156
64, 318, 644
61.184.300
60, 430, 969
60, 378, 491
61, 206, 376
66, 363, 378

12-year average.

88, 100, 152

36. 686, 874

29.503,505 66,090,379

Pounds
126, 874, 996
158, 494, 060
182, 422, 596
150, 506, 457
177, 543, 374
190, 240, 417
156, 779, 680
138,560,451
143. 891, 046
139,811,831
140,313,464
144, 848, 010

164, 190, 532

> Includes Lake of the Woods-

o