BOSTON
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UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION
SYNTHETIC
ORGANIC CHEMICALS
United States Production
and Sales, 1976
USITC Publication 833
RECENT REPORTS OF THE UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION ON
SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS
♦Synthetic Organic Chemicals, United States Production and Sales, 1971 (TC Publication 614
1973), $2.70
Synthetic Organic Chemicals, United States Production and Sales, 1972 (TC Publication 681
1974), $2.70
♦Synthetic Organic Chemicals, United States Production and Sales, 1973 (ITC Publication 728
1975), $3.25
Synthetic Organic Chemicals, United States Production and Sales, 1974 (USITC Publication
776, 1976), $3.20
Synthetic Organic Chemicals, United States Production and Sales, 1975 (USITC Publication
804, 1977), $3.10
NO I E. — The reports preceded by an asterisk (*) are out of print. Theotlier reports listed above may be purchase
from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. All IS. bate
national Trade Commission reports reproduced by the Government Printing Office may be consulted in the officii
depository libraries throughout the I'nitcd States.
UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION
SYNTHETIC
ORGANIC CHEMICALS
United States Production
and Sales, 1976
l I.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON : 1977
USITC Publication 833
UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION
COMMISSIONERS
Daniel Minchew
Chairman
Joseph O. Parker
Vice Chairman
George M. Moore
Catherine Bedell
Italo H. Ablondi
Kenneth R. Mason
Secretary to the Commission
OFFICE OF INDUSTRIES
This report was prepared principally by Roger Adams, David B. Beck,
Tedford C. Briggs, Edmund Cappuccilli, Louis N. DeToro, John J.
Gersic, Anne Klein, J. Ross Lewis, Thomas O'Connell, and K. James
O'Connor, Jr.
Assistance in the preparation of this report was provided by Mildred
Higgs, Frances Battle, Sharon Greenfield, Linda Hoover, Ralph Gray,
Kenneth Kozel, and Charlotte Alderman. Automatic Data Processing
input was provided by Patricia Augustine, James Gill, and Dean Stout
Please address all communications to
UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20436
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402
Stock Number 049-000-00046- 1
^
CONTENTS
Page
Introduction 1
Summary 3
General 4
Tar 7
Tar crudes 7
Primary products from petroleum and natural gas for
chemical conversion 19
Cyclic intermediates 25
Dyes 73
Organic pigments 112
Medicinal chemicals 123
Flavor and perfume materials 154
Plastics and resin materials 181
Rubber-processing chemicals 191
Elastomers 201
Plasticizers 215
Surface-active agents 225
Pesticides and related products 263
Miscellaneous End-Use Chemicals and Chemical Products 282
Miscellaneous Cyclic and Acyclic Chemicals 298
APPENDIX
Directory of manufacturers 341
U.S. imports of benzenoid chemicals and products 354
Cyclic intermediates: Glossary of synonymous names-- 356
INTRODUCTION
This is Che sixtieth annual report of the U.S. International Trade Commission on domestic production and sales
of synthetic organic chemicals and the raw materials from which they are made. The report consists of 15 sec-
tions, each covering a specified group (based principally on use) of organic chemicals as follows: Tar and tar
crudes; primary products from petroleum and natural gas; intermediates; dyes; pigments; medicinal chemicals; flavor
and perfume materials; plastics and resin materials; rubber-processing chemicals; elastomers; plasticizers; surface-
active agents; pesticides and related products; miscellaneous end-use chemicals and chemical products; and miscel-
laneous cyclic and acyclic chemicals. Data have been supplied by approximately 800 producers.
The first table in each section gives statistics on produ
possible without revealing the operations of individual produc
of chemicals are given only when there are three or more produ
over, even when there are three or more producers, statistics
publication would violate the statutory provisions relating to
fidence by the Commission. 1
:ts and groups of products in as great detail as is
:rs. Statistics for an individual chemical or group
:ers, no one or two of which may be predominant. More-
ire not given if there is any possibility that their
unlawful disclosure of information accepted in con-
Data are reported by producers f
exceeds certain minimums. Those mini
value of sales with the following exc
medicinal chemicals, flavor and perfu
$1,000. They are usually given in te
idered to be 100 percent pure
and
TIk'
Dlvents; such
only those items where the volume of production or sales or value of sale
ms for all sections are 5,000 pounds of production or sales and $5,000 of
tions: Plastics and resin materials— 50,000 pounds or $50,000; pigments,
materials, rubber-processing chemicals, and elastomers — 1,000 pounds or
s of undiluted materials; however, products of 95 percent or more purity
Commercial concentrations are applied to dyes, certain plastics and resin
tions are specifically noted.
11 known d
statistics given in this report include data f
elude the total output of each company's plants, i.e., the quantit
plant, as well as the quantities produced for domestic and foreign
therefore, generally exceed the quantities reported as sold. Some
to changes in inventory.
: producers of the item covered and in
produced for consumption within the producin
le. The quantities reported as produced,
these differences, however, are attributable
The second table in each section lists all ite
ary manufacturers, identified by manufacturers'
which is assigned on a permanent basis.
which data
Each code
Dr sales have been reported, by
ot more than three capital let-
alphabetized by the codes of the manufactu
Table
and include
of the Appendix is
their office addre
alphabetized by the
of the manufacturers reporting in all
Table 2 of the Appendix summariz
Intermediates and finished benzenoid
the United States.
of U.S. general imports
parts IB and 1C, of the
in 1976 of benzenoid
Tariff Schedules of
Table 3 of the Appendix lists synonymous names for cyclic intermediates. Infor
of the organic chemicals included in this report may be found in the SOCMA Handbook:
Names, published by the Chemical Abstracts Service of the American Chemical Society,
Third Edition), published jointly by the Society of Dyes and Colourists and the Amer
Chemists and Colourists.
lation on all synonymous naaes
Commercial Organic Chemical
or the Colour Index (Revised
can Association of Textile
cified in the reporting instr
are defined as follows:
production and
PRODUCTION is the total quantity of a commodity made available
by ORIGINAL MANUFACTURERS ONLY within the customs territory
of the United States (includes the 50 states, the District
of Columbia, and Puerto Rico). It covers synthetic organic
chemicals, specified crudes from petroleum and coal tar, and
certain chemically described natural products, such as,
alkaloids, enzymes, and perfume isolates. It is the sum —
expressed in terms of 100% active ingredient unless other-
wise specified in the reporting instructions — of the quan-
tities:
Produced, separated, and consumed in the same plant or
establishment. A commodity is considered separated
either when it is isolated from the reaction system
or when it is not isolated, but weighed, analyzed,
or otherwise measured. This includes byproducts
and co-products that are not classifiable as waste
materia Is;
Title 18, U.S.C. 1905 and Title 44, U.S.C. 3508.
INTRODUCTION
Produced and not isolated, but directly ■ converted to
a finished or semifinished item not included in
this report (e.g., polyester film, polyurethane
tires, nylon fiber, bar soap, etc.). (See specific
instructions in individual sections) ;
Produced and transferred to other plants or establish-
ments of the same firm or 100%-owned subsidiaries
or affiliates;
Produced and sold to, or bartered with, other firms
(including less than 100% owned subsidiaries);
Produced for others under toll agreements (see gen-
eral instructions) ;
Produced and held in stock.
PRODUCTION EXCLUDES :
Purification of a commodity, which is purchased by, or ^
transferred from within, your company, unless inclusion
of such processing is specifically requested in the
reporting instructions for individual sections;
Intermediate products which are formed in the manufact-
uring process, but are not isolated from the reaction
system — that is, not weighed, analyzed, or otherwise
measured; except such products as described above as
being produced and not isolated, but directly converted
to a finished or semifinished item.
Materials that are used in the process but which are
recovered for re-use or sale;
Waste products having no economic significance.
SALES are actual quantities of commodities sold
MANUFACTURERS ONLY . Sales include the quantity and value of:
Shipments of a commodity for domestic use or for
export, or segregation in a warehouse when title
has passed to the purchaser in a bona fide sale;
Shipments of a commodity produced for you by others
under toll agreements;
Shipments to subsidiary or affiliated companies, pro-
vided the ownership is less than 200%.
SALES EXCLUDES :
All intra-company transfers within a corporate entity;
All shipments to 100% owned subsidiary or affiliated
companies;
All resales of imported or purchased material, including
materials obtained by barter;
All shipments of a commodity produced for others under
toll agreements.
VALUE OF SALES is the net selling price f.o.b. plant or ware-
house, or delivered price. F.o.b. prices are preferred,
but if they are not readily available from your records,
delivered prices are acceptable.
SUMMARY
Combined produ
af all synthetic organic chemi
i u,],'
nd primary produ
petr
and natural gas in 1976 was 289,292 million pounds — an increase of 17.3 percent over the output in 1975 (see table
1). Sales of these materials in 1976, which totaled 151,760 million pounds valued at $33,657 million, were 11.3
percent larger than in 1975 in terms of quantity and 19.0 percent larger in terms of value. These figures include
data on proudction and sales of chemicals measured at several successive steps in the manufacturing process, and
therefore, they necessarily reflect some duplication.
howevt
petrol
In 19 76 prodi
totaled 162,873 m:
decrease in production of 37.0 per
to the section on primary products
high apparent increase in production. Pesti
percent from 1975, was the only other sectio
million pounds) lead the increase with a gai
greater than in 1975; flavor and perfume mat
pounds) increased 24.4 percent; plastics and
(synthetic rubber) (5,386 million pounds) in
of all synthetic organic chemicals, including cyclic intermed
pounds, or 4.9 percent more than the output in 1975. Cyclic
eluded
ates and finished products,
ntermediates showed an apparent
this section were transferred
n, therefore, shows 'an inordinately
pounds), with a decline of 14.9
n production. Rubber-processing chemicals (384
ic pigments (68 million pounds) were 36.4 percent
ds) increased 27.1 percent; dyes (256 million
n materials (29,680 million pounds) increased 19.4 percent; elastomers
ed 17.6 percent; plasticizers (1,587 million pounds) increased 17.4
des and
to exhibit
of 37.6 percen
ials (129 mill
items previously
tural gas. This latte
lated products (1,364
decli
orga
percent; medicinal chemicals (236 milli
pounds) increased 5.4 percent. The sec
cyclic and acyclic chemicals were previ
these two new sections show an increase
>n pounds) increased 13.2 percent; a
lions on miscellaneous end-use chemi
msly included in the section listed
of 15.3 percent over the output of
sllaneous chemicals
(4,582 million
ts and miscellaneous
als. Together
in 1975.
TALLE 1. —Synthetic organic chemicals and their raw materials;
U.S. PRODUCTION AND SALES, 1975 AND 1975
PRODUCTION
SALES
QUANTITY
VALUE
1975
1976
Increase,
decrease
(-), 1976
1975 1
1975
1976
Increase,
decrease
(-), 1976
over
1975'
1975
1976
Increase,
decrease
(-), 1976
1975 1
Grand Total 2
Mil ' ■■
pounds
246,587
Million
pounds
289,292
Percent
17.3
Million
pounds
135,773
Mi I lion
pounds
151,760
Percent
11.8
pounds
28,293
.'■.':','. 1; ■!
pounds
33,657
Percent
19.0
6,455
6,797
73,089
6,364
7,182
112,873
-1.4
5.7
44.5
2,848
4,378
44,562
2,905
4,519
59,083
2.0
3.2
32.6
99
268
2,908
96
285
5,490
-3.0
6.3
83.7
Primary products from Petroleum
Synthetic organi
total 2
Cyclic intermedia
Dyes
Organic pigments-
Medicinal chemica
Flavor and perfum
Plastics and resin
materials
Rubber-processing chemicals
Elastomers (synthetic
rubber)
Plas t ic i zers
Surface-active agents
Pesticides and related
produc ts
Miscellaneous end-use chem-
icals and chemical products 5 -
Miscellaneous cyclic and
acyclic chemicals 5
31,412
206
24,868
279
4,579
1,352
4,349
19,796
256
68
236
129
29,680
334
5,386
1,587
4,582
1,364
15,851
83,553
4.9
-37.0
24.4
36.4
13.2
27.1
19.4
37.6
17.6
17.4
5.4
14,780
209
20,9 iS
204
3,948
1,338
2,182
7,664
250
54
161
111
24,337
224
3,710
1,466
2,512
1,193
9,160
33,912
-48.2
19.7
27.9
19.5
9.8
-6.0
9.6
15.1
3,169
476
186
7,003
207
1,458
470
717
2,366
( 7,971)
27,786
2,387
620
261
742
195
1,529
566
821
2,410
2,251
7,137
11.4
-24.7
30.4
40.4
-4.0
36.2
23.1
19.3
4.9
-21.1
14.5
Percentages calculated from figures rounded to thousands.
2 Because of rounding, figures may not add to the totals shown.
J Estimated in part to avoid disclosing individual company operations.
" The large increases in 1976 over 1975 for primary products from petroleum and natural gas, and decreases for
intermediates were caused, in part, by the transfer, in 1976, of echylbenzene, cyclohexane, styrene, m-xylene,
o-xylene, p-xylene, and cumene, from the intermediates section to the primary products from petroleum and natural
gas section.
5 Items in these two sections were previously Included in the section named miscellaneous chemicals
SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1976
GENERAL
repor
>, dye
svntht-
c organi
pigment
chemi
of thei
al chemi
elude
essing materials, elastomers, plasticizers, surf a
us end-use chemicals and chemical products, and mi
further subdivided either by use or by chemical c
of finished products, aggregate figures that co\
siderable duplication.
flavor and perfu
pri
:ipal
plast
folio
cycli
;ents, pesticides and related products,
cyclic and acyclic chemicals. Most of these
As intermediate chemicals are used in the
irmediates and finished products necessarily
Total production of synthetic organic chemicals (intermediates and finished products combined) in 1976 was 162,873
million pounds or 4.9 percent more than the output of 155,246 million pounds reported for 1975 and 55.5 percent more
than the output of 104,711 million pounds reported for 1967 (see table 2). Sales of synthetic organic chemicals in 1976
amounted to 85,253 million pounds, valued at $27,786 million, compared with 33,990 million pounds, valued at $24,939
million in 1975 and 55,177 million pounds, valued at $10,438 million in 1967. Production of all cyclic products (inter-
mediates and finished products combined) in 1976 totaled 44,192 million pounds or 11.5 percent less than the 49,963 mil-
lion pounds reported for 1975 and 32.0 percent more than the 33,479 million pounds reported for 1967, however, the
transfer of several items, in 1976, from the cyclic intermediates section to the section on primary production from
petroleum and natural gas has caused the output of cyclic products to appear much lower in relation to 1967 and 1975
than would otherwise have resulted. Production of all acyclic products in 1976 totaled 118,681 million pounds, or
12.7 percent more than the 105,283 million pounds reported for 1975 and 66.6 percent more than the 71,232 million
pounds reported for 1967.
TABLE 2, --SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS: Summary of U.S. production and sales
OF INTERMEDIATES AND FINISHED PRODUCTS, 19G7, 1975, AND 1976
[Production and sales in thousands of pounds; sales value in thousands of dollars]
1967 1
1975
19 76
1976 ove
1967
1976 ove
1975
Organic chemicals, cyclic and acycli
Grand total:
Production
Sales
Sales value
Cyclic, total:
Production
Sales
Sales value
Acyclic, total:
Production
Sales
Sales value
i. Cyclic Intermediates 2
Production
Sales
Sales value
2. Dyes
Production
Sales
Sales value
3, Organic Pigments
Production
Sales
Sales value
104,711,357
55,176,823
10,438,453
33,479,469
19,328,628
4,610,293
71,231,888
35,848,195
5,828,160
20,793,132
9,461,180
1,000,359
206,240
198,592
332,049
53,322
42,867
108,354
155,245,961:
83,990,306:
24,938,928:
49,962,996:
28,562,903:
11,316,374:
105,232,965:
55,427,403:
13,622,554:
31,412,575:
14,779,570:
3,169,243:
206,034:
203,763:
475,609:
49,653:
42,372:
185,990:
162,873,300
85,252,538
27,785,930
44,192,345
23,993,824
11,547,071
118,680,955
61,258,714
16,238,859
19,795,832
7,663,691
2,386,993
256,250
249,887
620,294
70.9
178.6
-19.0
138.6
24.2
25.8
-11.6
-16.0
2.0
12.7
10.5
18.8
-37.0
-48.2
-24.7
24.4
19.7
30.4
67,727
54,211
261,089
4. Medicinal Chemicals
Cyclic:
Produc
Sales-
Sales
Acyclic:
Produc
Sales-
Sales
See foot
110,129
70,120
348,373
69,941
56,804
36,402
123,624:
77,847:
676,431:
34,765:
70,966:
95,674:
136,374
79,581
642,829
99,431
81,253
93,692
23.8
13.5
84.2
42.2
43.0
171.1
17.3
14.5
end of table.
GENERAL
IhbLc 2.— Synthetic organic chemicals: Summary of U.S. production and sales
of intermediates and finished products, 1%7, 1375, and D76— Continued
[Produ
°f p°
thousands of dollars]
1967'
19 76 ove
1967
5. Flavor and Perfume Materials
Cyclic:
Production
Sales
Sales value
Acyclic:
Production
Sales
Sales value
6. Plasties and Resin Materials
Cyclic:
Produc t ion
Sales
Sales value
Acyclic:
Production
Sales
Sales value
7.
Rubber-Processing Chemicals
Cyclic:
Production
Sales
Sales value
Acyclic:
Production
Sales
Sales value
8. Elastomers (Synthetic Rubber)
Cyclic:
Produc t ion
Sales
Sales value '
Acyclic:
Production
Sales
Sales value
9. Plasticizers
Cyclic:
Production
Sales
Sales value
Acyclic:
Production
Sales
Sales value
10. Surface-Active Agents
Cyclic: 5
Produc t ion
Sales
Sales value
Acyclic:
Production
Sales
Sales value
57,973
47,285
52,866
53,550
49,311
40,495
5,033,497
4,224,121
1,036,940
8,759,452
7,753,242
1,635,690
220,139
169,970
116,318
43,994
30,873
15,477
2,297,637
1,940,099
439,530
1,524,908
1,321,945
434,657
929,871
865,084
167,327
332,908
296,767
93,142
,418,444
852,233
95,810
,060,851
897,786
220,877
44,751
33,044
91,851
56,589
49,639
51,580
7,306,999
6,696,592
2,763,341
17,060,723
14,258,062
4,219,701
224,997
172,637
186,853
53,995
31,198
20,040
2,773,384
2,302,339
639,357
1,799,841
1,645,726
818,335
1,033,204
1,042,138
307,923
313,498
296,129
162,467
1,921,353
1,084,899
211,449
2,423,039
1,096,630
505,972
55,090
48,503
125,479
73,756
62,445
69,84 3
8,943,083
7,684,865
3,113,430
20,737,169
17,151,982
5,505,923
334,735
186,393
218,263
49,688
37,879
28,594
3,146,083
1,970,636
560,386
2,239,717
1,739,501
968,676
1,185,909
1,110,869
360,453
401,525
354,842
205,812
2,312,728
1,393,489
319,422
2,269,670
1,118,596
501,818
-5.0 :
2.6
137.4
77.7
81.9
200.2
136.7
121.2
236.6
22.7
84.8
28.4
114.8
20.6
19.6
121.0
63.0
63.5
233.4
See fc
at end of table
SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1976
TABLE 2.— Synthetic organic chemicals: Summary of U.S. production and sales
OF INTERMEDIATES A:*ID FINISHED PRODUCTS 1967, 1975, AND 1975— CONTINUED
thousands of
Pesticides and Related Products
Cyclic:
Production
Sales
Sales value
Acyclic:
Production
Sales
Sales value
12. Miscellaneous End-Use Chemicals and
Chemical Products **
Cyclic:
Production
Sales
Sales value
Acyclic:
Production
Sales
Sales value
13. Miscellaneous Cyclic and Acyclic
Chemicals **
Cyclic :
Production
Sales
Sales value
Acyclic:
Production
Sales
Sales value
1 Standard reference base period for Federal G<
The large decrease for cyclic intermediates i
cyclohexane, styrene, m- xylene, o-xylene t p-xyient
products from petroleum and natural gas section.
Includes ligninsulfonates.
* Items in these two sections were previously :
823,158
681,532
627,742
226,505
215,831
159,301
( 1,535,922)
( 775,540)
( 283,575)
(58,159,771)
(25,225,631)
( 3,192,119)
1,196,310
964,739
1,891,064
406,706
363,297
475,319
( 3,159,607)
( 1,157,853)
( 717,263)
(83,078,809)
(37,615,706)
( 7,253,466)
940,263
838,814
1,843,896
424,128
353,790
566,238
3,137,093
909,875
412,387
12,713,987
8,249,695
1,838,740
3,881,178
1,803,010
682,150
79,671,884
32,108,731
6,454,523
1976 ov
1967
63.9
255.4
1976 ove
1975
nt general-purpose index numbers.
jsed, in part, by the transfer, in 1976, of ethylbenzene,
cumene, from the intermediates section to the primary
ellaneous chemicals.
The following tabulation shows, by chemical groups, the number of compa
ore of the chemicals included in the groups listed in table 2:
Chemical group
Cyclic intermediates
Dyes
Organic pigments
Medicinal chemicals
Flavor and perfume materials
Plastics and resin materials
Number
of
companies
Chemical group
Rubber-processing chemicals
Elastomers (synthetic rubber) —
Plastic izers
Surface-active agents
Pesticides and related products
Miscellaneous end-use chemicals
chemical products
Miscellaneous cyclic and acycli
icals
Number 1
of _
companies
TAR AND TAR CRUDES ]
TAR
John J. Gersic
Coal tar is produced chiefly by the steel industry as a byproduct
of the manufacture of coke; water-gas tar and oil-gas tar are produced
by the fuel-gas industry. Production of coal tar, therefore, depends
on the demand for steel; production of water-gas tar and oil-gas tar re-
flects the consumption of manufactured gas for industrial and household
use. Water-gas and oil-gas tars have properties intermediate between
those of petroleum asphalts and coal tar. Petroleum asphalts are not
usually considered to be raw materials for chemicals.
The quantity of tar produced in the United States in 1976 was al-
most entirely coal tar, which amounted to 636 million gallons (see table 1) .
Production in 1976 was 1.4 percent less than the 646 million gallons of
coal tar produced in 1975. Sales of coal tar in 1976 amounted to 291
million gallons compared with 285 million gallons in 1975. U.S. production
of water-gas and oil-gas tars was not reported to the Commission for 19 75
or 1976; production of these tars in 1968 amounted to 21 million gallons,
according to trade publications.
Consumption of tar in 1976 amounted to an estimated 604 million
gallons, of which 72 percent was consumed in distillation. Tar used by
the producers as fuel amounted to 165 million gallons; a lesser amount, 5.5
million gallons, was consumed by coke-oven operators in miscellaneous uses
(see table 1A) .
TAR CRUDES
Tar crudes are obtained from coke-oven gas and by distilling coal
tar, water-gas tar, and oil-gas tar. The most important tar crudes are
benzene, toluene, xylene, creosote oil, and pitch of tar. Some of
these products are identical with those obtained from petroleum. Data
for materials obtained from petroleum are included, for the most part,
with the statistics for like materials obtained from coke-oven gas and
tars, and are shown in table 1 and IB.
Domestic production of industrial and specification grades of benzene
reported by coke-oven operators and petroleum refinery operators in 1976
amounted to 1,425 million gallons — 39.2 percent more than the 1,024 million
gallons reported for 1975. These statistics include data for benzene
produced from light oil and petroleum. Sales of benzene by coke-oven
operators and petroleum refiners in 1976 amounted to 637 million gallons
compared with 548 million gallons in 1975. In 1976 the output of toluene
(including material produced for use in blending in aviation fuel) amounted
to 999 million gallons — 42 percent more than the 705 million gallons
reported for 1975. Sales of toluene in 1976 were 618 million gallons
SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1976
compared with 441 million gallons in 1975. The output of xylene in 1976
(including that produced for blending in motor fuels) was 722 million
gallons, compared with 639 million gallons in 1975. Over 99 percent of
the 722 million gallons of xylene produced in 1976 was obtained from
petroleum sources.
Production (or sales) figures on crude naphthalene from coal-tar oils
in 1976 could not be published without disclosing the operations of
individual companies. Production of petroleum-derived naphthalene in 1976
amounted to 107 million pounds, compared with 110 million pounds in 1975.
Production figures on road tar for 1976 cannot be published; in 1972
production amounted to 30 million gallons.
Some of the products obtained from tar and included in the statistics
in table 1 are obtained from other products for which data are also in-
cluded in the table. The statistics, therefore, involve considerable
duplication, and for this reason no group totals or grand totals are given,
Data for 1976 tar crudes were supplied by 9 companies and company
divisions .
TAR AND TAR CRUDES
SECTION I
Tar and Tar Crudes
Extensive revisions were made to the 1976 SOC questionnaire. These
revisions were made after consultation with an industry task force,
government agencies, and considerable reflection on what the finished
report's objectives should be.
A new subsection B (Inventory and Capacity of Selected Items for
Fuel, Chemical and Other Uses) was added to the questionnaire for Section
I; its purpose was to obtain inventory and capacity data on benzene,
toluene, xylenes and benzene-toluene-xylenes concentrate. These data will
increase the value of the report to its users. However, so few of the
respondents have yet completed subsection B that it is not possible to
publish a meaningful compilation of these data at this time.
10 SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS/ 1976
Organic Chemicals From Coal
Although coal-tar chemicals have been around a long time, the
manufacture of coal-tar dyestuffs, medicinals, and photographic chemicals
was relatively unimportant in the United States until after World War I.
Prior to that time Germany dominated the world's production and trade,
accounting for three-fourths of world production of coal-tar dyes and
even more of that of coal-tar medicinals. U.S. shortages caused by the
war, coupled with increases in U.S. import duties on dyestuffs and related
products, encouraged U.S. capital investment in a domestic dye industry. 1/
Coal remained the basis of the world's synthetic organic chemicals
industry through the 1930's, until the development of petrochemical
proce-sses, which was due at least in part to the abundance of relatively
cheap petroleum. The U.S. petrochemical industry was developed during
World War II to supply synthetic materials to replace natural products
which were unavailable. The industry expanded considerably after the
war with the discovery of large Middle East oilfields.
Because of the availability of petroleum and its easy transport,
it rapidly displaced coal as the primary fossil fuel, and at the same
time petrochemicals largely displaced coal-tar chemicals.
Prospects for the "chemicals fr om coal" industry
Traditionally, the major source of "chemicals from coal" has been
the light oils produced as coke-oven byproducts during the carbonization
of coal. These oils contain benzene, toluene, and xylene along with
lesser amounts of other chemicals. Few coke ovens are built today for
any purpose other than the production of metallurgical coke, most of
which has been used in blast furnaces for steel production. But today,
owing to the use of supplemental fuels in blast furnaces, the consumption
of coke per ton of metal produced is decreasing and will probably continue
to decrease, at least in the near future, although metal production will
probably continue to increase.
If there is to be a renaissance of production of chemicals from coal,
new technology must play a leading part. Of particular concern are high
manufacturing costs, sulfur content problems, and the increasing tendency
of producers of light oils to sell these oils to petroleum refineries,
which process them along with their petroleum fractions. This, however,
does not mean that customary processes will be replaced entirely. For
example, in the United Kingdom there are presently three producers of
coal liquids producing some 19,000 barrels of chemical feedstock a day,
with projected production of 22,000 barrels a day by 1980. 2/
\j United States Tariff Commission, Dyes and Other Coal-Tar Chemicals ,
1918, p. 11.
2/ Oil and Gas Journal , Dec. 5, 1975, p. 82.
TAR AND TAR CRUDES 1 1
About a 10-percent increase in the price of naphtha or gas oil adds about
2 cents a pound to the ethylene transfer price, 1/ which would make
ethylene from coal economically competitive.
Currently, aromatics from coal are roughly competitive with those from
petroleum. The following tabulation contains cost data from aromatics
arrived at in the Chem Systems study: 2/
Aromatic cost
Process ( cents per gallon )
Hydropyrolysis 52
Crude oil processing 60
H-coal 64
COED 3/ 78
Overall, it therefure appears that chemicals from coal will probably
increase in importance in the future. With our large coal deposits, raw
materials should be readily available. In addition, expected domestic
shortages of crude petroleum could be partially alleviated by the diversion
of feedstocks intended for petrochemical manufacture to fuel uses, thus
decreasing import dependence. Further, depending upon the relative prices
of coal and crude petroleum, chemicals from coal could help the United
States increase its healthy trade surplus in chemicals.
Trade
Though imports of benzene, toluene, and xylene doubled from 1971 to
1976 (from $48 million to $96 million), exports increased more than
elevenfold (from $13 million to $156 million). The largest growth was in
toluene exports, which rose from $2.6 million in 1971 to $75.2 million in 1976.
Benzene has had a negative trade balance (in both volume and value)
since 1971. This has been due to the availability of cheap benzene from
overseas sources. Imports decreased in 1976, and exports increased to the
point that the trade balance was less unfavorable than in the preceding
5 years. In 1977, as the world continues to emerge from recession, benzene
exports could exceed imports again, as last happened in 1970.
Toluene had a negative trade balance from 1969 through 1973. In each
year since 1974 the trade balance has become increasingly favorable. Most
of the toluene exports are used for octane improvement of gasoline and as
solvents. As decreasing quantities of additives are permitted to improve
octane, the demand for certain aromatics, including toluene, should continue
to rise. However, while this means an increasing export market for toluene,
it is possible that increasing demand in the United States could prevent
our export trade from increasing as rapidly as otherwise might be expected.
1/ Chem Systems, Inc., op. cit., p. 224.
2/ Ibid., p. 58.
3/ Pyrolysis Process.
SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 197 6
New technology
New developments in coal technology are centered, essentially, in
the areas of combined fuels/chemicals operations, synthetic natural gas,
coal-chemical complexes, and flash hydrogenation. The last is the newest
and perhaps the most promising route to a more attractive chemical product
mix from coal. The principal products are benzene, toluene, xylene, char,
and smaller quantities of methane and ethane. The aromatics would be used
to make other chemicals or in gasoline. The methane would be the feedstock
for synthetic natural gas, while the ethane would be the feedstock for
producing ethylene. The development of flash hydrogenation is principally
funded by the Government, although some private funds have also been
invested in research and development. The Energy Research and Develop-
ment Administration is deeply involved and has at least four outside
principal contractors. 1/
The coal-chemical complexes could include synthetic natural gas
plants, flash hydrogenation facilities, and acetylene-processing hardware.
Such complexes could lead to a quadrupling of coal's share of markets for
a dozen key chemicals from 1.6 percent in 1975 to 6.6 percent in 1985. 2/
A plan linking together 11 major process steps into a "comprehensive
combined energy and petrochemicals production complex" has been presented
by a prominent engineering firm at a national technical society meeting. _3/
The complex is designed to consume 66,000 tons of coal a day and produce
17 major products, including 1 billion pounds of ethylene and 434 million
pounds of propylene a year, 34 million gallons of benzene, 16 million
gallons of toluene and 71.5 million gallons of mixed xylenes a year and
2,395 tons of sulfur and 214 tons of ammonia a day. 4/ Assuming extensive
development of such complexes, in 1980 and 1990 coal-derived chemicals
could supply the following shares of U.S. demand for the following basic
organic chemicals (in percent): 5/
1980 1990
Ethylene 10.0 10.0
Propylene 8.2 8.2
Benzene 6.4 7.5
Toluene 3 . 8 4.6
Xylene 19.2 23.0
The yield pattern of chemicals from coal depends upon both the
process and the type of coal used. A recent patent on flash hydrogenation
indicates a yield of 46 percent benzene, plus minor amounts of toluene and
1/ Chemical Week , Sept. 1, 1976, p. 33.
2/ Oil and Gas Journal , Feb. 2, 1976, p. 90.
2_l Chemical and Engineering News , Sept. 6, 1976, p. 7.
47 Ibid., p. 8.
5/ Ibid., p. 33.
TAR AND TAR CRUDES 13
xylene. 1/ Another patent claims a 90-percent conversion of coal to liquids
and gases, 2/ while an entrained-flow reactor using North Dakota lignite for
feedstock yielded 15 percent benzene, 10 percent oils, 31 percent methane,
4 percent propane, and char and unreacted carbon. 3/ In general the major
task for coal conversion technology is to increase the yields of gases and
liquids at the expense of char and unreacted material.
Economics of coal chemicals vis-a-vis petrochemicals
To be commercially viable, any chemical-from-coal process must be
able to compete with processes based on natural gas or petroleum. As
most of the coal processes generate synthetic natural gas, the "wellhead"
price of natural gas is obviously very important. It has been stated
that coal-based projects are likely to be started as soon as the "wellhead"
price reaches around $3.00 per million Btu's. 47 Currently, interstate
natural gas is sold for a maximum of $1.42 per thousand cubic feet (roughly
1 million Btu's), while intrastate natural gas, not being regulated, has
been sold at times for as much as about $2.50 per thousand cubic feet.
The National Energy Plan proposes that "all new gas sold anywhere in the
country from new reservoirs would be subject to a price limitation at the
Btu equivalent of the average refiner acquisition price (without tax) of
all domestic crude oil." Under this proposal the price would be approximately
$1.75 per thousand cubic feet at the beginning of 1978, 5/ and the refiner
acquisition price of all domestic crude oil would have to reach approximately
$18.00 a barrel for natural gas to be priced at $3.00 per thousand cubic
feet. It appears that under the proposed oil pricing scheme outlined in
The National Energy Plan such a price could only occur in the 1980 's,
assuming an inflation rate in the United States of 5 percent a year.
Ethylene-f rom-coal economics based on the two most promising coal-based
routes (methanol homologation and dimethyl ether cracking) are compared
with the petroleum-based routes in the following tabulation, which contain
the transfer prices for ethylene which were arrived at in the Chem
Systems study: 6/
Ethylene transfer price
Process (cents per pound)
Natural gas liquids cracking 16.61
Gas oil 17.24
Naphtha cracking 1 7.66
Dimethyl ether cracking 18.22
Methanol homologation 19 . 89
Coal syncrude 22 . 70
1/ Chemical Week , Sept. 1, 1976, p. 33.
2/ Ibid., p. 36.
3/ Ibid.
47 Hydrocarbon Processing , Mar. 11, 1977, p. 15.
5/ Executive Office of the President, Energy and Policy Planning, The
National Energy Plan , Apr. 29, 1977, p. 53.
6/ Chem Systems, Inc., Chemicals from Coal and Shale: An R&D Analysis
for the National Science Foundation , June 1975, p. 224.
245-856 0-77-2
14 SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1976
The xylene trade balance became positive in 1974 and has increased
each year since. It had been negative in the previous 5 years. As with
toluene, major end-uses include those as a gasoline octane improver and
as a solvent. Exports have increased during each of the last 6 years
and could continue, depending primarily on domestic xylene demand for use
in nonleaded gasoline.
A renaissance in the chemicals-f rom-coal industry could greatly expand
our trade surplus in benzene, toluene, and xylene. Lowered manufacturing
costs resulting from technological breakthroughs in the production of
aromatics from coal could enable the United States to maintain and possibly
increase export markets even in the face of large-scale manufacture of
aromatics in the Middle East.
TAR AND TAR CRUDES
TABLE 1.— Tar and tar crudes: U.S. production and sales, 1976
Listed below are all tar crudes for which any reported data on production or sales may be published. (Leaders
(...) are used where the reported data are accepted in confidence and may not be published or where no data
were reported.) Table 2 lists separately all products for which data on production and/or sales were reported
and identifies the manufacturers of each]
PRODUCTION
Tar: Coke-oven operator
Crude light oil: 3 Coke-o
operators
Intermediate light oil:
operators
Light-oil distillates:
Benzene, specification
grades, total 1 *
Coke-oven operators —
Petroleum refiners
Toluene, all grades, to
Coke-oven operators —
Pet
11 grades,
en operate
Xylene
Coke
Petroleum refi
Solvent naphtha:
operators
:id
operato
Creosote oil (Dead Oil) (tar
distillers and coke-oven
operators) (100% creosote
basis) , total
Distillate as such (100% creosote
basis)
Creosote content of coal tar
solution (100% creosote basis) —
All other distilla
Coke-oven operat
From light oil
Other
Tar distillers 6 -
total-
total-
han
Tar, refined, for uses (
road tar
Pitch of tar (tar distillers and
coke-oven operators), total
Soft (water softening point le
than 100° F) : Coke-oven
Other 7
1,000 gal-
1,000 gal-
1,000 gal-
1,000 gal-
1,000 gal-
1,000 gal-
1,000 gal-
1,000 gal-
1,000 gal-
1,000 gal-
1,000 gal-
1,000 gal-
1,000 gal-
1,000 gal—
1,000 gal—
1,000 gal—
1,000 gal—
1,000 gal—
1,000 gal—
1,000 gal—
1,000 tons-
1,000 tons-
1,000 tons-
636,382
198,056
5,419
1,425,222
60,411
1,364,311
998,976
8,824
990,152
722,014
1,496
720,518
1,968
113,967
77,126
36,841
6,475
3,993
2,482
16,668
1,314
516
7MS
',
dollars
290
536
96,417
104
645
52,532
1
923
543
637
284
489,485
59
822
47,526
577
462
441,959
618
291
334,376
8
446
4,642
609
.345
329,734
714
546
352,583
1
251
732
713
295
351,851
73,284
51,913
26,371
35,321
3,750
1,398
2,352
31,571
5,712
984
17,526
12,740
856
505
351
11,384
3,038
100.440
25,347
75,093
$0,332
.502
.282
.768
.794
.765
.541
.550
.541
.493
.585
.493
.474
( 5 )
.361
.228
.361
.149
.376
.532
102.073
92.507
105.765
Unit value per gallon, pound, or ton as specified.
2 Includes only data for coal tar reported to the Division of Fuels Data, U.S. Bureau of Mines, ( Mineral
Industry Surveys, Coke and Coal Chemicals . Feb. 11, 1977). Data on U.S. Production of water-gas tar and oil-gas
tar are not collected by the U.S. International Trade Commission, but according to trade publications, production
of these tars amounted to 21 million gallons in 1963.
3 Data reported by tar distillers are not included because publication would disclose the operations of individu
companies.
Includes data for material produced for use in blending motor fuels. The annual production statistics for
petroleum refiners on benzene, toluene, and xylene are not comparable with the combined monthly production figures
of fiscal year revisions.
SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1976
Footnotes for table 1 — Continued
3 In 1976, product io
thousand gallons; sales
$0,486 per gallon.
s Includes data for crude light
cresylic acid, methylnaphthalene,
anthracene* crude tetralin, crude
7 Includes pitch emulsion, medi
f coal-tar solution containing creosote (100% solution basis)
re 36.076 thousand gallons valued at 17,526 thousand dollars,
il, solvent naphtha, pyridine crude bases, crude t
ude tar for other uses, unspecified tar distillate
al tar solvent, carbon black, and primary and refi
and hard pitch, and small amounts of soft pitch.
r-acid oils, crude
, road tar and refi
^tory oil.
Note. — Statistics for materials produced in
Data, U.S. Bureau of Mines, Department of the
refineries are compiled by the U.S. Internati
compiled by the
rials produced
al Trade Commis
n of Fuels
nd petrole
TABLE 1A.— Tar: U.S. production and consumption, 1975 and 1976
(In thousands of gallons)
Product
1975
1976
PRODUCTION
Coal tar from coke-oven byproduct plants, total 1
645,537
636,382
CONSUMPTION
Total
617,235
604,376
Tar. consumed by distillation, total
450,159
433,747
Coal tar distilled or topped by coke-oven operators 1
173,147
163,051
Coal tar and water-gas tar distilled by tar distillers 2
272,012
270,696
Tar consumed by the producers chiefly as fuel 1
162,112
165,169
Coal tar consumed at coke-oven plants in miscellaneous
uses
4,964
5,460
Reported to the Division of Fuels Data, U.S. Bureau of Mines.
Reported to the U.S. International Trade Commission. Represents tar purchased from compani
coke-ovens and gas-retort plants and distilled by companies operating tar-distillation plants,
include tar consumed other than by distillation by tar distillers.
TAR AND TAR CRUDES
TABLE IB.— Tar and tar crudes: Summary of U.S. production of specified products,
19G7, 1975- and 1976
Leaders (...) are used where Che reported data are accepted in confidence and may not be published or where
data were reported.]
INCREASED, OR
DECREASED (-)
1976 OVER
1967
1976 OVER
1975
Tar'
lienzene: J
Coke-ove
Petroleu
Total-
1,000 gal-
1,000 gal-
1,000 gal-
90,642
878,704
65,050
958,863
60,411
1,364,811
Percent
-18.4
-33.4
55.3
Toluene:
Coke-oven oper
Petroleum refi
Total
1,000 gal-
1,000 gal-
1,000 gal-
19,357
624.454
9,841
695.226
8,824
990.152
-54.4
58.6
Xylene: 3
Coke-oven oper
Petroleum refi
Petroleum
grades —
Total —
aphthalene, all
1,000 gal-
1,000 gal-
1,000 gal-
1,000 lb
1,000 lb
5,488
449,349
1,884
637.215
1,496
720,518
520,991
376,679
( 6 )
107,191
(')
-71.5
Creosote oil (Dead oil): 7
Distillate as such (100Z
creosote basis)
Creosote content of coal
solution (1002 creosote
basis)
Total
1,000 gal-
1,000 gal-
Peraent
-1.4
-7.1
42.3
-10.4
42.4
-20.6
13.1
Standard reference base period for Federal Government general-purpose index numbers.
2 Includes only data for coal tar reported to the Division of Fuels Data, U.S. Bureau of Mines.
Data reported by tar distillers are not included because publication would disclose the operations of individual
companies.
Includes data for material produced for use in blending motor fuels. Statistics are not comparable with monthly
figures which include some o-xylene.
Naphthalene solidifying at less than 79°C. Figures include production by tar distillers and coke-oven operators
and represent combined data for the commercial grades of naphthalene. Because of conversion between grades, the
figures may include some duplication. Statistics on naphthalene refined from domestic crudes are reported in the
section on cyclic intermediates.
6 Statistics for 1975 and 1976 cannot be published; to do so would disclose the operations of individual
companies.
Includes data for creosote oil produced by tar distillers and coke-oven operators and used only in wood
preserving.
SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1976
TABLE 2.
-Tar crudes for which U.S. production or sales were reported,
IDENTIFIED BY MANUFACTURERS, 1976
[Tar crudes for which separate statistics are given in table 1 are marked with an asterisk (*); products not so
marked do not appear in table 1 because the reported data are accepted in confidence and may not be published.
Manufacturers' identification codes shown below are taken from table 3. Table 3 identifies all U.S. producers
of tar crudes (except producers that report to the Division of Fuels Data, U.S. Bureau of Mines)]
Manufacturers' identification codes
(according to list in table 3)
•Crude light oil 1
♦Light-oil distillates: Solvent naphtha 1
Pyridine, crude bases 1
Naphthalene, crude, solidifying at: 1
Less than 74° C
74° C. to less than 79° C. :
74° C. to less than 76° C
76° C. to less than 79° C
Methyl naphthalene
*Crude tar-acid oils: 1
Tar-acid content S-o to less than 24°
Tar-acid content 24% to 50%
Cresylic acid, crude
♦Creosote oil (Dead oil): 1
♦Distillate as such
♦Creosote in coal tar solution
♦All other distillate products 1
Tar , road
Tar for other uses:
Crude
♦Refined 1
♦Pitch of tar: 1
♦Soft (water softening point less than 110° F.)
Medium (water softening point 110° F. to 160° F.)-
Hard (water softening point above 160° F.)
Pitch emulsion
CBT.
NEV.
KPT.
ASC,
COP.
KPT.
ASC,
KPT.
KPT.
KPT.
ASC.
KPT,
PRD.
ASC,
CBT,
COP,
HUS, KPT
ASC,
KPT,
RIL,
WTC.
ASC,
KPT,
WTC.
ASC,
KPT,
RIL.
KPT,
RIL.
ASC,
KPT,
RIL.
ASC, KPT.
ASC, CBT, COP, KPT, RIL.
ASC, HYS, KPT, RIL, WTC.
JEN.
Does not include manufacturers' identification codes for producers who report to the Division of Fuels Data, U.S.
Bureau of Mines. Those producers are listed in the U.S. Bureau of Mines Mineral Industry Survey, November 6, 1976,
entitled "Coke Producers in the U.S. in 1976."
TABLE 3.— Tar and tar crudes: Directory of manufacturers, 1976
ALPHABETICAL DIRECTORY BY CODE
[Names of manufacturers that reported production or sales of tar and tar crudes to the U.S. International Trade
Commission for 1976 are listed below in the order of their identification codes as used in table 2]
Code
Name of company
Code
Name of company
ASC
Allied Chemical Corp.
KPT
Koppers Co., Inc., Organic Materials
Div.
CBT
Samuel Cabot, Inc.
KPT
Koppers Co., Inc., Roads Materials D
COP
Coopers Creek Chemical Corp.
NEV
Neville Chemical Co.
HUS
Husky Industries, Inc.
RIL
Reilly Tar 8. Chemical Corp.
JEN
Jennison-Wright Corp.
-Complete names and addresses of the above reporting companies are listed in table 1 of the appendi
PRIMARY PRODUCTS FROM PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS 19
FOR CHEMICAL CONVERSION
PRIMARY PRODUCTS FROM PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS
John J. Gersic and J. Ross Lewis, Jr.
Primary products that are derived from petroleum and natural gas 1 are
related to the intermediates and finished products made from such primary
materials in mJch the same way that crude products derived from the
distillation of coal tar are related to their intermediates and finished
products. Many of the primary products derived from petroleum are identical
with those derived from coal tar (e.g., benzene, toluene, and xylene). Con-
siderable duplication exists in the statistics on the production and sales
of primary petroleum products because some of these primary chemicals are
converted to other primary products derived from petroleum and because data
on some production and sales are reported at successive stages in the
conversion process. The statistics are sufficiently accurate, however, to
indicate trends in the industry. Many of the primary products for which
data are included in the statistics may be used either as fuel or as basic
materials from which to derive other chemicals. In this report every
effort has been made to exclude data on materials that are used as fuel;
however, data are included on toluene and xylene which are used in blending
aviation and motor fuel.
The output of primary products derived from petroleum and natural gas
as a group amounted to 112,873 million pounds in 1976. Production in 1975
was 78,089 million pounds. However, these totals can not be compared owing
to transfer of items from the cyclic intermediates section to this section.
The output of aromatic and naphthenic products from petroleum amounted
to 48,167 million pounds in 1976, compared with 20,605 million pounds in
1975. Sales amounted to $2,757 million in 1976 and $897 million in 1975.
The output of 1° and 2° benzene from petroleum in 1976 (9,827 million pounds)
was 40.0 percent more than the 7,019 million pounds produced in 1975.
Production of all aliphatic hydrocarbons and derivatives from petroleum
and natural gas was 64,706 million pounds in 1976, compared with 57,484
million pounds in 1975. Sales of these products were valued at $2,732 mil-
lion in 1976 compared with $2,091 million in 1975. Production of ethylene
was 22,475 million pounds in 1976 — 9.6 percent more than the 20,499 million
pounds produced in 1975. The output of 1,3-butadiene in 1976 (3,507
million pounds) increased from the production in 1975 (2,597 million
pounds). Production of 1,3-butadiene (3,682 million pounds) in 1974 was a
record production.
Data for 1976 crude products from petroleum and natural gas for chemical
conversion were supplied by 77 companies and company divisions.
Statistics on aromatic chemicals from coal tar are given in the report
on "Tar and Tar Crudes."
Items transferred from cyclic intermediates are ethylbenzene, cyclohexane,
styrene, m-xylene, o-xylene, p-xylene .
20 SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1976
SECTION II
Primary Products from Petroleum and Natural Gas
For Chemical Conversion
Three new subsections (i.e., A, B and D) were added to the 1976 SOC
questionnaire for Section II. These sections were added after consultation
with Government agencies, an industry task force, and extensive discussion
with users of the report.
Each of the added subsections were designed to fulfill a particular
need. Subsection A (Production and Sales of Selected Items for Fuel,
Chemical and Other Uses) was designed to capture all of the basic aromatics
and olefins that are produced regardless of use. Subsection B (Inventory
and Capacity of Selected Items for Fuel, Chemical and Other Uses) was
added to obtain inventory and capacity data for the basic aromatics and
olefins. Subsection D's (Captive Uses of Cj to C 4 Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
for Use as Petrochemical Feedstock for Your Own Use) purpose was to
capture all (nine) of the lower aliphatic hydrocarbons used as chemical
feedstocks. Few respondents have yet supplied data; in many cases those
sections completed must be corrected. Therefore, it is not possible to
publish summaries of these sections at this time.
PRIMARY PRODUCTS FROM PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS 21
FOR CHEMICAL CONVERSION
Olefins and Aroinatics
Though the terms "olefins" and "aromatics" cover many products, most
of the comments here will be directed toward ethylene, propylene, benzene,
toluene, and xylene. These are the most important "building block" raw
materials for all synthetic organic chemicals and are principally derived
from petroleum and natural gas. They are used to make products such as
chemical intermediates, plastics, synthetic fibers, synthetic rubber,
pesticides, and detergents.
Primary products from petroleum and natural gas
Of the top 50 chemicals ranked by production in 1976, as compiled
by a reputable trade publication, 11 were organic chemicals classifiable
in section II of this report. These organic chemicals are listed in the
following table by rank in the top 50 chemicals in 1975 and 1976; also
included are average annual U.S. production growth rates for the periods
1966-71 and 1971-76. Of those chemicals listed, the first four are the
organic chemicals with the largest production volume.
Future growth for these building-block chemicals is expected to
continue to be strong. An industry forecast indicates that ethylene
demand is expected to increase at an average annual rate of 8 percent
a year through the end of this decade and 6 percent a year in the early
1980' s. 1_/ The fastest growing ethylene derivatives and their growth
rates are expected to be high-density polyethylene (12 percent a year)
and vinyl acetate (10 percent a year) . 2] Propylene demand is predicted
to grow at a faster rate (8.5 to 9 percent a year) than ethylene through
1985 by at least one industry observer. 3/ The fastest growing derivatives
will be polypropylene (12 percent a year) and propylene oxide (10 percent
per year). Benzene demand growth is forecast to average about 5.6 percent
a year from 1976 to 1985; however, it could be lower owing to at least a
partial change from benzene to other feedstocks for the manufacture of
maleic anhydride and nylon intermediates. Furthermore, benzene exposure
levels as set by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration could
limit its use in certain applications and increase its cost. 4/
The toluene growth rate is forecast to decrease considerably to about
4.5 percent a year from 1976 to 1980; even lower growth rates are possible
from' 1980 to 1985. Styrene is an important derivative of ethylene and
benzene, and in 1976 its production accounted for some 44 percent of the benzene
demand and about 6 percent of the ethylene demand. For the past 16 years
styrene demand has grown at an average annual rate of 8.2 percent; this rate is
predicted to decrease to about 6 percent through 1980 and to 5 percent from
\j Chemical and Engineering News , Apr. 4, 19 77, p. 9.
2/ Oil and Gas Journal , Mar. 28, 1977, p. 32.
3/ Chemical and Engineering News , Apr. 4, 1977, p. 10.
4/ Ibid., May 23, 1977, p. 10.
22 SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS/ 1976
1980 to 1985. The fastest growing derivative from 1976 to 1980 is expected
to be expanded polystyrene (12 percent a year. ) Butadiene demand is expected
to increase slowly through 1980 and then average 3.6 percent a year from 1980
to 1985. 1/
Changes in technology, production methods, and production centers
Among the major changes expected is the increasing use of heavier
feedstock for ethylene production in the United States, with the result
that increasing quantities of byproduct aromatics and butadiene will become
available. It is also possible that increasing quantities of olefins and
aromatics destined as such or in derivative form for world trade will be
made in crude-petroleum- and natural-gas-producing countries, principally
those in the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). Unlike
the feedstock picture in the United States, ethane is expected to be the
principal steam cracker feedstock for OPEC. Also, European plants using
natural gas liquids from the North Sea are expected to be built.
The following tabulation indicates the feedstocks used to make ethylene
in the United States in 1976 and the forecasts for 1980 (in percent): gj
Feedstock 1976 1980
Ethane 46 40
Heavy liquids 1/ 27 48
Propane 25 10
Butane — 2 2
Total 100 100
1/ Naphtha and gas oil.
As this switch to heavier feedstocks progresses, increasing quantities
of byproducts such as propylene, butadiene, benzene, toluene, and xylene
will become available, and the steam cracker will increase in importance as
a source of these chemicals. In addition, fuels and other similar refinery
products will also be made. Since the economic viability of a heavy liquids
steam cracker will depend to a considerable extent upon obtaining good
prices for these byproducts, it is expected that petroleum companies, rather
than chemical companies, will build most of the future heavy-liquids steam
cracker capacity.
Currently, most petrochemical plants are located in the consuming
nations; that is, production and consumption centers are essentially
the same, whether the feedstocks are produced domestically or imported.
This situation is similar to that of petroleum refineries being situated
in the consuming countries. However, the likelihood is that in the future
1/ Chemical and Engineering News , Sept. 13, 1976, p. 11.
2/ Ibid. , Apr. 18, 1977, p. 12.
PRIMARY PRODUCTS FROM PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS 23
FOR CHEMICAL CONVERSION
a significant number of both petrochemical and refining facilities will be
built in areas rich in feedstock rather than in the consuming areas. These
facilities would be economically viable because of exports rather than local
market sales. The result would be a separation of production and consumption
centers with an increase in trade. To maintain security of supply in such
a situation there could be a trend toward protectionism by some of the con-
suming centers and an increase in the use of trade as a political weapon by
others.
World trade and patterns
The United States has been a leading chemical-exporting nation at least
partially because of lower feedstock costs compared with those in Europe and
Japan. The U.S. advantage is traceable to price-controlled domestic crude
petroleum, while most of the other current petrochemical-producing nations
are much more reliant on petroleum imports at world price. As the U.S.
price approaches the world price under The National Energy Plan most of this
advantage should disappear. 1/ U.S. exports to Europe and to third-world
markets may decrease. 2/ Those U.S. products particularly involved include
benzene, cyclohexane, and p-xylene.
Also working to reverse the position of U.S. exports in the future will
be the expected buildup of petrochemical facilities in OPEC, countries and
Mexico designed primarily to supply export markets. In addition, the
availability of ethane from the North Sea could decrease costs in Europe
and make European production more competitive in world markets.
A comprehensive petrochemical investment plan recently unveiled by
Petroleos Mexicanos if completely implemented could result in Mexico
"becoming a major exporter by the early 1980 's. 3/ At the same time a
massive buildup of Middle East petrochemical capacity is expected; the
questions appear to be how massive and when it will be. Those chemicals
that will probably be favored in this buildup are ethylene, ammonia , poly-
ethylene, aromatics, polyvinyl chloride, and methanol. 4/ The following
tabulation from a leading industry periodical indicates the share of forecasted
1990 demand in the United States, Western Europe and Japan that the announced
1990 Arab capacity would account for, as follows (in percent): 5/
Product United States Western Europe Japan
Ethylene 18
Propylene 5
Butadiene 7. 5
Benzene 6 . 5
o-Xylene 15
p-Xylene 8
Vinyl chloride 21. 5
Styrene 16. 5
Polyethylene, low density 27.8
Polyethylene, high density 14
Polypropylene 8
16.6
52
4
11.5
10
21.5
9
16.5
10
44
19
19
12.5
31.5
12.5
31.5
12.5
89
17.5
58
7.5
19
1/ Chemical and Engineering News , May 23, 1977, p. 7.
27 See "Organic Chemicals From Coal," p. 10, for comments on the possibility
of coal helping the United States remain a major organic exporter in the future.
3/ Oil and Gas Journal , Feb. 7, 1977, p. 36.
47 Chemical Week . Mar. 23, 1977, p. 31.
5/ Hydrocarbon Processing , Dec, 1976, p. 116.
24 SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS/ 1976
There is no unanimity among industry observers as to the competitive
problems olefins (and derivatives) facilities using natural gas liquids
from the North Sea and and OPEC countries could cause U.S. industry. This
lack of unanimity is to a large extent due to differing assumptions as to
the degree of host-country financial and subsidizing incentives that will
be forthcoming to encourage such investment. It is generally accepted that
under certain conditions such facilities could become competitive, particularly
with new heavy-liquids steam cracker facilities in the United States. 1_/ It
has been indicated that the major advantages for the Middle East lie with those
products that are energy intensive and have the lowest capital requirements. 2/
On the other hand, a leading foreign transporter of liquefied gases has fore-
cast that olefins will be transported by refrigerated tankers from producing
sites to countries around the world, where they would be made into the
various derivatives. 3/
Aromatics manufacture in future export centers around the world is
also possible, especially at those centers with refining capacity. The
Middle East might be at a disadvantage because much of its crude petroleum
lacks the large quantities of aromatics precursors found in crude petroleum
from other geographic areas. In addition, gas-liquids steam crackers do
not produce as byproducts the quantities of aromatics produced by heavy-
liquids steam crackers. However, aromatics, being liquids, are more easily
handled and transported than are the olefins. While ethylene and propylene
would be among the most expensive chemicals to ship, benzene, toluene, and
xylene would be relatively inexpensive. Accordingly, most of the Middle
East, countries do have active aromatics projects.
Probably the most attractive markets for exports from the Middle East
and North Africa would be via the Suez Canal to —
(1) Europe via Mediterranean and North Sea ports,
(2) The U.S. east coast, and
(3) The U.S. gulf coast.
Movements to the east via the Strait of Malacca would most likely go to —
(1) Japan
(2) The U.S. west coast,
(3) South America via Capetown, and
(4) India. 4/
From the above it is obvious that the United States is a prime future export
market for Middle East production. It /rould also be looked to as the prime
market by producers in both Canada and Mexico. All of this is not surprising.
1/ Oil and Gas Journal , Mar. 21, 1977, p. 101.
2/ European Chemical News , Sept. 24, 1976, p. 30.
3/ Chemical Week , Dec. 8, 1976, p. 45.
47 C. Van Den Brink, Middle East Petrochemical Logistics , Chemical Marketing
Research Association Meeting, Houston, Tex., Feb. 11-14, 1975.
PRIMARY PRODUCTS FROM PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS 25
FOR CHEMICAL CONVERSION
The United States is a favorably located, sophisticated market which will
probably be beset by increasing domestic production costs, and as such would
be expected to be attractive to those nations and companies seeking to
increase exports. The outlook may seem unfavorable for the domestic petro-
chemical industry as a whole, although individual petrochemical companies
may invest and produce in nations with favorable feedstock positions. The
domestic organic chemical industry may also be aided by the large coal
reserves and increasing production if economically favorable chemicals-from-
coal processes can be implemented. 1/
1/ See "Organic Chemicals From Coal," p. 10, of this report.
26
SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1976
Selected organic chemicals: Rank in 1975 and 1976 and average annual
growth rate, 1971-76 and 1966-71.
Rank in list
of all chemicals Average annual growth rate
1975
1976
1966-71
1971-76
5
5
Percent
10.4
Percent
4.0
16
13
3.5
5.8
13
14
8.1
7.8
Toluene,
all grades
18
15
9.0
2.6
Xylene,
all grades
21
18
13.6
4.5
20
19
8.0
6.1
Ethylbenzene
19
21
9.0
3.0
Butadiene (1,3),
rubber grade
31
30
2.7
1.0
i
32
31
26.0
13.4
37
33
19.1
4 8
Cyclohexane
39
37
(neg.)
4,6
Source: Ranks, from Chemical and Enginee
growth rates, based on data published annua
Trade Commission, Synthetic Organic Chemica
ring News, May 2, 1977, p. 37;
lly in U.S. International
Is: United States Production
and Sales.
PRIMARY PRODUCTS FROM PETROLEUM AID NATURAL GAS FOR CH01ICAL CONVERSIOH ■
TABLE 1.— Primary products from petroleum and natural gas for chemical
conversion: J.S. production and sales, 1975
[Listed below are the primary products from petroleum and natural gas for chemical conversion for which any reported
data on production or sales may be published. (Leaders (...) are used where the reported data are accepted in
confidence and may not be published or where no data were reported.) Table 2 lists separately all primary products
from petroleum and natural gas for chemical conversion for which data on production and/or sales were reported and
identifies the manufacturers of each]
CRUDE PRODUCTS FROM PETROLEUM AND NATURAL
GAS FOR CHEMICAL CONVERSION
PRODUCTION
SALES
UNIT
VALUE 1
Grand total
AROMATICS AND NAPHTHENES 2
Total
Benzene (1° and 2°)
Ethylbenzene
Cyclohexane
Cumene
Naphthalene, all grades
Naphthenic acid
Styrene ►
Toluene, all grades, total
Nitration grade, 1°
Pure commercial grade, 2°
All Other s ' H
Xylenes, mixed, total
3° grade
5° grade
All other 1 *
o- Xylene
p-Xylene
All other aromatics and naphthenes
ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS
Total •
C2 hydrocarbons, total
Acetylene 6
Ethane
Ethylene
C 3 hydrocarbons, total
Propane
Propylene 7
Ci* hydrocarbons, total
Butadiene and butylene fractions
1,3-Butadiene, grade for rubber (elastomers)-
n-Butane
1-Butene
1-Butene and 2-butene, mixed 8
Isobutane
Isobutylene, 2-butene and mixed butylenes
All other'
C5 hydrocarbons, total
Amylenes and pentenes
Isoprene (2-Methyl-l, 3-butadiene)
All other 1 °
1,000
pounds
112,873,340
48,167,093
9,826,636
5,769,602
2,186,581
2,715,832
562,645
44,433
6,301,397
7.138.997
,154,715
581,285
402,997
2,235,028
2,619,776
621,128
853,813
2,911,451
4,379,774
304,181
8,063,126
22,474,570
16,900.503
6,870,042
10,030,461
1,000
pounds
1,000
dollars
Per
pound
26,928,545
4,157,724
555,233
2,017,387
1,397,184
448,844
13,507
2,753,814
4.396.984
441,959
31,968
265,082
169,572
94,376
1,949
541,843
329.734
291,122
38,612
351.851
2,525,802
2,238,675
656,564
660,989
1,779,422
3,326,416
I2J .4.84 •
140,854
165,160
45,837
70,907
278,967
179,127
6,486,104
7,076,367
229,107
792,729
5,992,081
4,445,968
10.447.313 i 4.789.154
,398,731
3,507,295
1,948,426
61,424
1,157,915
1,127,584
564,932
681,006
1.137 , 758
215,926
341,261
580,571
406,743
,188,720
982,844
47,175
109,069
268,827
202,177
583,599
600.320
122,146
478,174
436,784
330,948
576.332
35,670
387,018
65,403
7,249
10,770
17,822
26,200
26,200
47.689
14,339
33,350
.106
.058
.131
.121
.210
.144
.197
.055
.073
.069
.107
.157
.054
.035
.112
.073
.074
.087
.176
.066
.153
.098
.066
.129
.044
.117
.070
See footnot
SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1976
TABLE 1.— Primary products from petroleum and natural gas for chemical
conversion.: U.S. production and sales, 1975— Continued
CRUDE PRODUCTS FROM PETROLEUM AND NATURAL
GAS FOR CHEMICAL CONVERSION
PRODUCTION
UNIT
VALUE 1
ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS— Conti
All other aliphatic hydrocarbons, deriv
mixtures, total
Alpha olefins"
Dodecene (Tetrapropylene)
Polybutene
Hexane
Hydrocarbon derivatives 12
Nonene (Tripropylene)
n-Paraff ins, total 1 3
All other"
1,000
pounds
313,736
302,110
283,256
275,572
264,797
260,247
,489,312
,189,766
1,000
pounds
288,141
115,058
215,678
255,299
247,741
128,303
988,721
525,910
1,000
dollars
318,561
55,650
14,781
30,155
19,026
33,646
10,107
69,993
85,203
Per
pound
.193
.128
.140
.074
.136
.078
.071
.162
rounded figures,
materials designated a
tar; however, the stati
Calculated fr
b in some cases identical with those obtained fro
the table above relate only to such materials as
derived from petroleum and natural gas. Statistics on production or sales of benzene, toluene, and xylene
all sources are given in tables 1 and IB of the report "Tar and Tar Crudes."
3 Includes toluene, solvent grade, 90 percent.
* Includes toluene and xylene used as solvents, as well as that which is blended in aviation and motor g
5 Includes data for alkyl aromatics, crude cresylic acid, distillates, solvents, and miscellaneous cycli
hydrocarbons.
6 Production figures on acetylene from calcium carbide for chemical synthesis are collected by the U.S.
of the Census.
7 Includes data for refinery propylene.
8 The statistics represent principally the butene content of crude refinery gases from which butadiene i
manufactured.
9 Includes data for butanes, 1-butene, and mixed d, streams.
10 Includes data for C5 hydrocarbon mixtures, pentanes, and piperylenes.
11 Includes data for the following molecular weight ranges: C 6 -C 7 ; C 6 -Cio; C 8 -Ci ; C 10 -C 16 ; Ci,-Cis; C12-
Cm-Ci65 C15-C20; Ci 6 -C 18 ; and Ci 6 -C 30 .
12 Includes data for methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl , hexadecyl, and miscellaneous mere
and other hydrocarbon derivatives.
13 Includes data for following chain lengths: C 6 -C e ; C 6 -C 9 ; C,,-Cn; Ci -Ci 6 ; C15-C17; and others.
ll * Includes data for di-isobutylene, methane, octanes, mixtures of C2 and C 3 hydrocarbons, triisobutylene
other hydrocarbons, and sales of acetylene, heptene* C9-C1 5 hydrocarbons, mixed heptenes and others.
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PRIMARY PRODUCTS FROM PETROLEUM ATJD flATURAL GAS FOR CHB1ICAL COTJ^ERSinrj
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SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1976
TABLE 1. — Primary products from petroleum and natural gas for chemical
conversion: Jirector of manufacturers, 1976
ALPHABETICAL DIRECTORY BY CODE
[Names of manufa
chemical conve
identification
that reported production or sales of primary produ
3 the U.S. International Trade Commission for 1976
as used in table 2]
from petroleum and
listed below in the
atural gas for
Drder of their
Code
Name of company
Code
Name of company
ACC
Amoco Chemicals Corp.
KPP
Arco /Polymers , Inc.
ACU
Allied Chemical Corp., Union Texas
Petroleum Div.
KPT
AIP
Air Products & Chemicals, Inc.
MCB
Borg-Warner Corp., Borg-Warner Chemicals
AMO
Amoco Oil Co.
MNO
Monochem, Inc.
AMO
Amoco Texas Refining Co.
MOC
Marathon Oil Co., Texas Refining Div.
APF
American Petrofina Co. of Texas
MON
Monsanto Co.
APR
Atlas Processing Co.
ASH
Ashland Oil, Inc.
NWP
Northern Petrochemical Co.
ATR
Atlantic Richfield Co.
OCC
Oxirane Chemical Co.
BFG
B. F. Goodrich Co., B. F. Goodrich Chemical
Co. Div.
OMC
Olin Corp.
BRP
BP Oil, Inc.
PAN
Amoco Production Co.
PAS
Pennwalt Corp.
CBN
Cities Service Co., Petrochemical Div.
PLC
Phillips Petroleum Co.
CCP
Crown Central Petroleum Corp.
PPR
Phillips Puerto Rico Core, Inc.
CLK
Clark Chemical Co.
PRD
Ferro Corp., Productol Chemical Div.
CO
Continental Oil Co.
PTT
Petro-Tex Chemical Corp.
COL
Collier Carbon & Chemical Corp.
PUE
Puerto Rico Olefins Co.
COR
Commonwealth Oil & Refining Co., Inc.
CPI
Commonwealth Petrochemicals, Inc.
RH
Rohm & Haas Co .
CPX
Chemplex Co.
CPY
Copolymer Rubber & Chemical Corp.
SHC
Shell Oil Co., Shell Chemical Co. Div.
CSD
Cosden Oil & Chemical Corp.
SHO
Shell Oil Co.
CSO
Cities Service Co.
SIO
Standard Oil Co. (Ohio).
CSP
Coastal States Petrochemical Co.
SKO
Getty Refining & Marketing Co.
SM
Mobil Oil Corp. & Mobil Chemical Co.
DOW
Dow Chemical Co.
SNO
SunOlin Chemical Co.
DUP
E. I. duPont de Nemours & Co., Inc.
SNT
Suntide Refining Co.
SOC
Standard Oil Co. of California, Chevron
EKX
Eastman Kodak Co., Texas Eastman Co. Div.
Chemical Co.
ELP
El Paso Products Co.
SOG
Charter International Oil Co.
ENJ
Exxon Chemical Co. U.S.A.
STY
Styrochem Corp.
SUN
Sun Oil Co.
FG
Foster Grant Co., Inc.
SWC
Corco Cyclohexane, Inc.
FRS
Firestone Tire & Rubber Co., Firestone
Synthetic Rubber & Latex Co. Div.
TBO
Tauber Oil Co.
TID
Getty Refining & Marketing Co.
GOC
Gulf Oil Corp., Gulf Oil Chemicals
TNA
Ethyl Corp.
Co. -U.S.
TOC
Tenneco Oil Co.
GRS
Champlin Petroleum Co.
TUS
Texas-U.S. Chemical Co.
TX
Texaco, Inc.
HCR
Hercor Chemical Corp.
HES
Amerada Hess Corp. (Hess Oil Virgin Islands
UCC
Union Carbide Corp.
Corp.)
UOC
Union Oil Co. of California
HMY
Humphrey Chemical Co.
US I
National Distillers & Chemicals Corp.,
U.S. Industrial Chemicals Co.
JCC
Jefferson Chemical Co., Inc.
VEL
Velsicol Chemical Corp.
Note. — Complete
reporting compani
are listed in table 1 of the appendix.
CYCLIC INTERMEDIATES 35
CYCLIC INTERMEDIATES
Roger Adams
Cyclic intermediates are synthetic organic chemicals derived princi-
pally from petroleum and natural gas and from coal-tar crudes produced
by destructive distillation (pyrolysis) of coal. Most cyclic intermedi-
ates are used in the manufacture of more advanced synthetic organic chem-
icals and finished products, such as dyes, medicinal chemicals, elastomers
(synthetic rubber), pesticides, and plastics and resin materials. Some
intermediates, however, are sold as end products without further processing.
For example, refined naphthalene may be used as a raw material in the
manufacture of 2-naphthol or of other more advanced intermediates, or may
be packaged and sold as a moth repellant or as a deodorant. In 1976
about 39 percent of the total output of cyclic intermediates was sold;
the rest was consumed chiefly by the producing plants in the manufacture
of more advanced intermediates and finished products.
Total product of cyclic intermediates in 1976 amounted to 19,796
million pounds. Sales of cyclic intermediates in 1976 were 7,664 mil-
lion pounds, valued at $2,387 million. These totals cannot be compared
with 1975 figures because several items were transferred to the primary
products from petroleum and natural gas section.
Intermediates whose production exceeded 1 billion pounds in 1976 were
dimethyl terephthalate (7,211 million pounds), and phenol (2,121 million
pounds) . Other large-volume intermediates produced in 1976 were isocyanates
(948 million pounds) , phthalic anhydride (902 million pounds) , cyclohexanone
(641 million pounds), aniline (544 million pounds), dodecylbenzene (529 mil-
lion pounds) , bisphenol A (449 million pounds) , nitrobenzene (409 million
pounds), 2,4 (and 2,6)-dinitrotoluene (396 million pounds), monochlorobenzene
(329 million pounds), and 2,4-dinitrotoluene (328 million pounds). The 12
chemicals noted above accounted for 75 percent ci the total output of
intermediates in 1976.
Items transferred from cyclic intermediates to primary products from
petroleum and natural gas are ethylbenzene, cyclohexane, styrene, m-xylene ,
o-xylene, p-xylene, and cumene.
CYCLIC INTERMEDIATES
TABLE 1, --Cyclic intermediates: U.S. production and sales, 1976
[Listed below are all cyclic intermediates for which any reported data on production and/or
(Leaders (...) are used where the reported data are accepted in confidence and may not be
data were reported.) Table 2 lists alphabetically all cyclic intermediates on which data
sales were reported and identifies the manufacturers of each]
sales may be published,
published or where no
on production and/or
CYCLIC INTERMEDIATES
PRODUCTION
Grand total
Acetoacetanilide
o-Acetoacetanisidide
o-Acetoacetotoluidide
A'-Aminoacetanilide (Acetyl-p-phenylenediamine)
4-Amino-4 ' -nltro-2 , 2 '-stilbendisulf onic acid
p- [ (p-Aminophenyl)azo] ben zenesulf onic acid
Aniline (Aniline oil)
Anilinomethanesulfonic acid and salt
Benzaldehyde, tech
Benzoic acid, tech
2-Benzothiazolethiol, sodium salt
Biphenyl
Chlorobenzene, mono-
4-Chloro-3-nitrobenzenesulfonamide
4-Chloro-3-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride
Cresols , total 2
o-Cresol
All other 3
Cresylic acid, refined 2
Cyclohexanone
Cyclohexylamine
1 , 4-Diamino-2 , 3-dihydroan thraquinone
o-Dichlorobenzene
p-Dichlorobenzene
2,4-Dichlorophenol
Dicyclohexylamine
N,N-Diethylaniline
9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-l-'anthracenesulfonic acid and
salt (Cold salt)
1,4-Dihydroxyan thraquinone (Quinizarin)
2,4-Dihydroxybenzophenone ;
l,8-Dihydroxy-4,5-dinitroanthraquinone
N,N-Dimethylaniline
N,N-Dimethylbenzylamine
N,N-Dimethyl cyclohexylamine
4,4'-Dinltrostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
2,4 (and 2 ,6)-Dinitrotoluene
Dodecylbenzene
N-Ethylaniline, refined
2-(N-Ethylanilino)ethanol
Hydroquinone, tech, grade
Isocyanic acid derivatives, total
Polymethylene polypheny lisocyanate
Toluene-2,4- and 2, 6-diisocyanate (80/20 mixture) —
Other Isocyanic acid derivatives
4,4'-Isopropylldenediphenol (Bisphenol A)
Melamine
DL-p-Mentha-l,8-diene
Metanilic acid (m-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid)
4,4'-Methylenedianiline
3-Methyl-l-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one (Developer Z)
a-Methylstyrene
3'-Nitroacetanllide
1,000
pounds
19,795,832
366
134
411
543,779
466
8,285
79,654
56,894
329,072
697
524
100,211
22,187
78,024
57,107
640,794
531
48,594
36,699
1,991
1,073
1,717
304
251
13,560
184
4,028
11,089
327,983
396,359
528,681
1,049
291
948,277
312,548
563,752
71,977
448,832
126,246
11,173
1,594
1,000
pounds
1,000
dollars
3,867
1,077
723
156,696
8,772
32,956
3,012
14,438
67,895
20,731
74,455
6,045
24,116
37,460
4,389
686
1,336
8,124
109
3,889
418,109
910
10,287
848.840
259.273
532,582
56,985
113,192
80,119
6,078
2,759
1,785
738
42,895
5,124
7,561
1,912
4,073
16,786
44,876
8,785
36,091
11,814
4,327
6,999
8,545
2,444
570
1,350
4,601
198
4,283
105,523
830
17,299
362,280
115,037
201,431
45,812
41,470
26,781
798
See footnotes at end of table.
SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1976
TABLE 1.— Cyclic intermediates: U.S. production and sales, 1976--Continued
CYCLIC INTERMEDIATES
PRODUCTION
UNIT
VALUE 1
Nitrobenzene
5-Nitro-o-toluenesulfonic acid [SO H-l]
Nonylphenol
l-[ (7-Oxo-7H-benz[de] anthracene- 3-yl) amino] anthra-
quinone
Phenol, total 2
From cumene
Other
2 , 2 ' - [ (Phenyl) imino]diethanol (N-phenyldiethanol-
amine)
Phthalic anhydride
2-Picoline (a-Picoline) 3
Piperidine
Salicylaldehyde
Salicylic* acid, tech. grade
Terephthalic acid, dimethyl ester*
Toluene-2,4-diamine (4-m-Tolylenediamine)
7,7'-Ureylenebis[4-hydroxy-2-naphthalenesulfonic
acid] (J Acid urea)
All other cyclic intermediates
Calculated from rounded figures.
2 Does not include data for coke ovens and gas-ret<
of Mines.
3 Figures include (o,m,p)-cresol from coal tar and
11 The figures for terephthalic acid, dimethyl estei
409,023
7,400
77,974
1,926,403
195,031
497
902,382
416
509
4,414
31,265
7,210,613
233,103
338
4,005,927
1,000
pounds
1,000
dollars
19,544
35,751
4,521
10,729
302
528,789
425
195,560
19,020
200
118,136
401
$0.23
.30
reported to the Div
jome m-cresol and p-cresol.
(DMT) include both the acid
,173
,298
3f Fuels Data, U.S. Bu
tself and the dimethyl
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TABLE 3. --Cyclic intermediates: Directory of manufacturers, 1976
ALPHABETICAL DIRECTORY BY CODE
[Names of manufacturers that reported production or sales of cyclic intermediates to the U.S. Internati
Commission for 1976 are listed below in the order of their identification codes as used in table 2]
Code
Name of company
Code
Name of company
ABB
Abbott Laboratories
GIV
Givaudan Corp.
AC
American Color § Chemical Corp.
GLY
Glyco Chemicals, Inc.
ACC
Amoco Chemical Corp.
GNT
General Tire 6 Rubber Co., Chemical/Plastics
ACS
Allied Chemical Corp. , Specialty Chemicals
Div.
Div.
GOC
Gulf Oil Corp., Gulf Oil Co., Chemical
ACY
American Cyanamid Co.
Co. -U.S.
ADC
Anderson Development Co.
GP
Georgia-Pacific Corp., Rebecca Chemical
AIP
Air Products & Chemicals, Inc.
Div.
ALD
Aldrich Chemical Co., Inc.
GYR
Goodyear Tire 6 Rubber Co.
ALF
Allied Chemical Corp., Fibers Div.
ALL
Alliance Chemicals, Inc.
HEX
Hexagon Laboratories, Inc.
AMB
American Bio-Synthetics Corp.
HK
Hooker Chemicals 6 Plastics Corp.
ARA
Araphahoe Chemical, Inc. Sub/Syntex
HN
Tenneco Chemicals, Inc.
Corp. (U.S.A.)
HPC
Hercules, Inc.
ARK
Armstrong Cork Co.
HSC
Chemetron Corp., Pigments Div.
ARS
Arsynco, Inc.
HSH
Harshaw Chemical Co. Div. of Kewanee Oil Co
ARZ
Arizona Chemical Co.
HST
American Hoechst Corp.:
ASH
Ashland Oil, Inc., Ashland Chemical Co.
Hoechst Fibers Industries
ASL
Ansul Chemical Co.
Rhode Island Works
ATR
Atlantic Richfield Co.
ICC
Inmont Corp.
BAS
BASF Wyandotte Corp.
ICI
ICI United States, Inc., Specialty
BJL
Burdick § Jackson Laboratories, Inc.
Chemicals Group
BUC
Synalloy Corp., Blackman-Uhler
Chemical Div.
IMC
IMC Chemical Group, Inc.
JCC
Jefferson Chemical Co., Inc.
CCW
Cincinnati Milacron Chemicals, Inc.
CEL
Celanese Corp., Celanese Chemical Co.
KF
Kay-Fries Chemicals, Inc.
CGY
Ciba-Geigy Corp.
KLM
Kalama Chemical, Inc.
CHL
Chemol, Inc.
KPT
Koppers Co., Inc., Organic Materials
CLK
Clark Chemical Corp.
Div.
CMG
Nyanza, Inc.
CNP
Nipro, Inc.
LAK
Lakeway Chemicals, Inc.
CO
Continental Oil Co.
LEM
Napp Chemicals, Inc.
CRS
Carus Chemical Co.
LIL
Eli Lilly 6 Co. and Puerto Rico
CSD
Cosden Oil 5 Chemical Co.
CWN
Upjohn Co., Fine Chemicals Div.
MAL
Mallinckrodt Chemical Works
MAY
Otto B. May, Inc.
DBC
Dow Badische Co.
MCB
Borg-Warner Corp.:
DCC
Dow Corning Corp.
Marbon Chemical Div.
DOW
Dow Chemical Co.
Weston Chemical Co.
DUP
E.I. duPont de Nemours 6 Co. , Inc.
MER
Merichem Co.
DVC
Dover Chemical Corp. Sub of ICC Industries,
MIL
Milliken Co., Milliken Chemical
Inc.
Div.
MLC
Melamine Chemicals, Inc.
EGR
Eagle River Chemical Corp.
MNR
Monroe Chemical Co.
EK
Eastman Kodak Co.:
MOB
Mobay Chemical Co.
EKT
Tennessee Eastman Co. Div.
MON
Monsanto Co.
ELP
El Paso Products Co.
MRA
Bostik South, Inc.
ENJ
Exxon Chemical Co. U.S.A.
MRK
Merck 6 Co . , Inc.
MRT
Morton Chemical Co. Div. of Morton Norwich
FER
Ferro Corp., Ottawa Chemical Div.
Products , Inc .
FG
Foster Grant Co., Inc.
MTO
Montrose Chemical Corp. of California
FIN
Hexcel Corp., Fine Organics Div.
FMP
FMC Corp., Industrial Chemical Div.
NCI
Union Camp Corp.
FMT
Fail-mount Chemical Co. , Inc.
NEP
Nepera Chemical Co., Inc.
FST
First Chemical Corp.
NES
Nease Chemical Co., Inc.
NIL
Nilok Chemicals, Inc.
GAF
GAF Corp., Chemical Div.
NOR
Norwich Parmacal Co.
GE
General Electric Co.
NPC
Northwest Petrochemical Corp.
SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, J976
TABLE 3, --Cyclic intermediates: Directory of manufacturers, 1976— Continued
Code
Name of company
Code
Name of company
OMC
01 in Corp.
SOC
Standard Oil Co. of California, Chevron
OPC
Orbis Products Corp.
Chemical Co.
ORO
Chevron Chemical Co.
STC
American Hoechst Corp. , Sou-Tex Works
ORT
Roehr Chemicals, Inc.
STG
Stange Co .
otc
Story Chemical Corp., Ott Div.
STP
Stepan Chemical Co.
STY
Styrochem Corp .
PAS
Pennwalt Corp.
SW
Sherwin-Williams Co.
PCW
Pfister Chemical, Inc.
PD
Parke, Davis & Co. Sub. of Warner-Lambert
TCC
Tanatex Chemical Corp.
Co.
TCH
Emery Industries, Inc., Trylon Chemical
PFZ
Pfizer, Inc. & Pfizer Pharmaceutical, Inc.
Div.
PIT
Pitt-Consol Chemical Co.
TEN
Cities Service Co., Copperhill Operations
PLC
Phillips Petroleum Co.
TKL
Thiokol Corp.
PPG
PPG Industries, Inc.
TNA
Ethyl Corp.
PRD
Ferro Corp., Productol Chemical Div.
TOC
Tenneco Oil Co.
PTO
Puerto Rico Chemical Co., Inc.
TRC
Toms River Chemical Corp.
ptt
Petro-Tex Chemical Corp.
TRD
Manufacturing Enterprises, Inc., Squibb
Manufacturing, Inc., Trade Enterprise,
QKO
Quaker Oats Co.
Inc., Ersana, Inc.
TX
Texaco, Inc.
RBC
Fike Chemicals, Inc.
RCI
Reichhold Chemicals, Inc.
UCC
Union Carbide Corp.
RDA
Rhodia, Inc.
UOP
UOP, Inc., UOP Chemical Div.
RH
Rohm $ Haas Co.
UPF
Jim Walter Resources, Inc.
RIL
Reilly Tar § Chemical Corp.
UPJ
Upjohn Co.
RPC
Millmaster Onyx Corp., Refined-Onyx Div.
USR
Uniroyal, Inc. , Chemical Div.
RSA
R.S.A. Corp.
USS
USS Chemicals Div. of U.S. Steel Corp.
RUC
Rubicon Chemicals, Inc.
VAL
Valchem Corp.
SAL
Salsbury Laboratories
VGC
Virginia Chemicals, Inc.
SAR
Sartomer Industries, Inc.
VPC
Mobay Chemical Corp., Verona Div.
sec
Standard Chlorine of Delaware, Inc.
VTC
Vicksburg Chemical Co. Div. of Vertac
SCN
Schenectady Chemicals, Inc.
Consolidated
SDC
Martin-Marietta Corp. , Sodyeco Div.
Sterling Drug, Inc. :
WAY
Philip A. Hunt Chemical Corp., Organic
SDH
Hilton-Davis Chemical Co. Div.
Chemical Div.
SDW
Winthrop Laboratories Div.
WIL
Inolex Corp. , Inolex Pharmaceutical Div.
Stauffer Chemical Co.:
WTC
Witco Chemical Co., Inc.
SFA
Agricultural Div.
WTH
Union Camp Corp. , Chemical Div. , Dover
SFC
Calhio Chemicals, Inc.
Plant
SFS
Specialty Chemical Div.
WTL
Pennwalt Corp., Lucidol Div.
SHC
Shell Oil Co., Shell Chemical Co. Div.
WYT
Wyeth Laboratories, Inc., Wyeth Labora-
SK
Smith, Klein § French Laboratories
tories Div. of American Home Products
SKO
Getty Refining § Marketing Co.
Corp.
SNT
Suntide Refining Co.
Note. --Complete na
and addresses of the above reporting companies
listed in table 1 of the appendi
DYES
DYES
Edmund Cappuccilli
Synthetic dyes are derived in whole or in part from cyclic inter-
mediates. Approximately two-thirds of the dyes consumed in the United
States are used by the textile industry to dye natural and synthetic
fibers or fabrics; about one-sixth is used for coloring paper; and the
rest is used chiefly in the production of organic pigments and in the
dyeing of leather and plastics. Of the several thousand different
synthetic dyes that are known, more than one thousand are manufactured
by one or more domestic producers. The large number of dyes results
from the many different types of materials to which dyes are applied,
the different conditions of service for which dyes are required, and
the costs that a particular use can bear. Dyes are sold as pastes,
powders, lumps, and solutions; concentrations vary from 6 percent to
100 percent. The concentration, form, and purity of a dye are deter-
mined largely by the use for which it is intended.
Total domestic production of dyes in 1976 amounted to 256 million
pounds, or 24.4 percent greater than the 206 million pounds produced in
1975 (table 1). Sales of dyes in 1976 amounted to 250 million pounds,
valued at $620 million, compared with 209 million pounds, valued at $476
million, in 1975. In terms of quantity, sales of dyes in 1976 were 19.7
percent greater than in 1975 and in terms of value, 30.4 percent greater.
The average unit value of sales of all dyes in 1976 was $2.48 per pound
compared with $2.28 per pound in 1975.
In general, the production of the six classes of dyes increased
substantially in 1976. Acid dyes increased by 50.5 percent from 18.7
million pounds in 1975 to 28.2 million in 1976. The other five classes
of dyes increased by the following percentages: basic dyes (24.5),
direct dyes (32.3), disperse dyes (13.7), fluorescent brightening
agents (13.0), and vat dyes (25.4).
73
DYES
TABLE 1,— Dyes: U.S. production and sales, 1976
[Listed below are all dyes for which any reported data on production or sales may be published. (Leaders
are used where the reported data are accepted in confidence and may not be published or where no data v.
reported.) Table 2 lists all dyes for which data on production and/or sales were reported and identifi
manufacturers of each]
Grand total ■
Total
Acid yellow dyes, total
Acid Yellow 17
Acid Yellow 23
Acid Yellow 34
Acid Yellow 36
Acid Yellow 40
Acid Yellow 151
Acid Yellow 159
Acid Yellow 174
All other
Acid orange dyes, total
Acid Orange 7
Acid Orange 8
Acid Orange 10
Acid Orange 24
Acid Orange 60
Acid Orange 116
All other
Acid red dyes, total
Acid Red 1
Acid Red 4
Acid Red 37
Acid Red 73
Acid Red 85
Acid Red 114
Ac'id Red 137
Acid Red 151
Acid Red 182
Acid Red 186
Acid Red 266
Acid Red 337
All other
Acid violet dyes, total
Acid violet 7
All other
Acid blue dyes, total
Acid Blue 9
Acid Blue 25
Acid Blue 27
Acid Blue 40
Acid Blue 113
All other
Acid green dyes
Acid brown dyes, total
Acid Brown 14
All other
Acid black dyes, total
Acid Black 1
Acid Black 52
See footnotes at end of table.
256,250
28,248
113
6,634
4,113
326
257
232
709
404
551
1,634
4,932
314
129
821
188
864
4,575
468
2,724
485
1,385
407
978
556
756
2,245
394
3,935
370
228
235
749
388
455
1,510
4,853
194
798
1,971
,420
630
42
676
419
,214
1,275
490
785
WO
620
1,000
dollars
UNIT
VALUE 1
Per
pound
460
685
99
410
409
4,117
1,142
18,023
801
497
556
,708
.214
,489
,369
215
60
584
229
1,014
594
1,809
286
152
767
347
9,152
659
18,038
2,461
3,725
226
3,207
1,443
6,976
1,907
1,627
3,020
,191
,844
SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1976
TABLE 1,--Dyes: U.S. production and sales, 1976--Continued
PRODUCTION
UNIT
VALUE 1
Acid black dyes-
Acid Black 107
All other
ACID DYES— CONTINUED
-Continued
Azoic Di
total-
AZOIC DYES AND COMPOS
Azoic Diazo Components, Bases
(Fast Color Bases)
nts, Bases (Fast Color Bases),
Azoic Diazo Components, Salts
(Fast Color Salts)
Total
Azoic Diazo Component 5, salt
Azoic Diazo Component 6, salt
Azoic Diazo Component 9, salt
Azoic Diazo Component 13, salt
All other azoic diazo components, salts
BASIC DYES
Total
Basic yellow dyes, total
Basic Yellow 11
Basic Yellow 13
All other
Basic orange dyes, total
Basic Orange 2
Basic Orange 21
All other
Basic red dyes, total
Basic Red 14
Basic Red 18
Basic Red 49
All other
Basic violet dyes, total
Basic Violet 1
Basic Violet 16
All other
Basic blue dyes, total
Basic Blue 7
All other
Basic green dyes
All other basic dyes
DIRECT DYES
Total
Direct yellow dyes, total
Direct Yellow 4
Direct Yellow 6
Direct Yellow 11
Direct Yellow 12
1,000
pounds
1,615
1,000
1,000
dollars
236
3,683
1,256
316
1,785
2,187
280
1,534
737
212
3,591
1,072
370
1,790
101
2,227
31,606
1,175
4,551
201
275
1,000
49,770
1,810
500
10,984
1,177
1,414
1,433
8,555
1,156
1,229
309
5,861
10,696
3,194
1,129
6,373
710
,650
1,545
1,296
28.258
1,086
647
3,015
320
Per
pound
See fo
3tes at end of table
DYES
TABLE 1.— Dyes: U.S. production and sales- 1976— Continued
DIRECT DYES
Direct yellow dyes — continued
Direct Yellow 28
Direct Yellow 44
Direct Yellow 50
Direct Yellow 84
Direct Yellow 105
Direct Yellow 106
All other
Direct orange dyes, total
Direct Orange 8
Direct Orange 15
Direct Orange 34
Direct Orange 39
Direct Orange 72
Direct Orange 73
Direct Orange 102
All other
Direct red dyes, total
Direct Red 1
Direct Red 2
Direct Red 23
Direct Red 24
Direct Red 26
Direct Red 39
Direct Red 72
Direct Red 80
Direct Red 81
Direct Red 83
All other
Direct violet dyes
Direct blue dyes, total
Direct Blue 1
Direct Blue 2
Direct Blue 76
Direct Blue 80
Direct Blue 86
Direct Blue 98
Direct Blue 218
All other
Direct green dyes, total
Direct Green 1
All other
Direct brown dyes, total
Direct Brown 2
Direct Brown 31 2
Direct Brown 95 2
All other
Direct black dyes, total
Direct Black 22
Direct Black 38
All other
DISPERSE DYES
Total
Disperse yellow dyes, total
Disperse Yellow 3
1,000
pounds
82
620
536
236
164
803
6,029
1,620
7,266
236
771
58
491
1,039
139
1,359
3,173
(95
718
1,499
3,759
819
1,000
pounds
585
546
255
714
5,763
37
50
281
404
644
135
2,085
172
230
771
41
471
862
164
1,253
2,919
455
216
239
532
U9
5,842
1,186
3,923
733
1,000
dollars
394
1,710
1,850
629
1,852
16,755
155
694
195
367
681
343
12,514
251
219
641
773
115
215
972
1,323
2,094
367
5,544
601
19,069
915
1,476
120
1,423
2,550
489
3,973
8,123
1,511
457
1,054
3,068
471
183
1,102
1,312
9,393
1,351
6,249
1,793
UNIT
VALUE 1
Per
pound
See fooCnoce
end of table
245-856 O - 71 - 6
SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1976
TABLE 1,— Dyes: U.S. production and sales, 1976--Continued
PRODUCTION
UNIT
VALUE 1
DISPERSE DYES— CONTINUED
Disperse yellow dyes — Continued
Disperse Yellow 23
Disperse Yellow 33
Disperse Yellow 34
Disperse Yellow 42
Disperse Yellow 54
All other
Disperse orange dyes, total
Disperse Orange 3
Disperse Orange 17
Disperse Orange 25
All other
Disperse red dyes, total
Disperse Red 1
Disperse Red 5
Disperse Red 15
Disperse Red 17
Disperse Red 60-
Disperse Red 65
Disperse Red 86
Disperse Red 177
All other
Disperse violet dyes, total
Disperse Violet 1
Disperse Violet 27
All other
Disperse blue dyes, total
Disperse Blue 3
Disperse Blue 64
Disperse Blue 79
All other
Disperse black dyes
Disperse brown and green dyes
FIBER-REACTIVE DYES
Fiber-reactive dyes, total
Reactive yellow dyes
All other reactive dyes
FLUORESCENT BRIGHTENING AGENTS
Fluorescent brightening Agent , total
Fluorescent Brightening Agent 28
Fluorescent Brightening Agent 61
All other fluorescent brightening agent
FOOD, DRUG, AND COSMETIC COLORS
Total
Pood j Drug, and Cosmetic Dyes
Total
FD&C Blue No. 1
FD&C Blue No. 2
FD&C Red No. 2
FD&C Red No. 3
FD&C Yellow No. 5
FDSC Yellow No. 6
All other food, drug, and cosmetic dyes —
1,000
pounds
753
194
126
605
893
3,380
4,993
399
106
358
,263
121
14,081
1,155
516
2,622
9,788
1,612
1,598
844
2,662
2,371
85
40,973
64
54
506
1,673
1,188
1,794
1,000
pounds
782
163
166
666
1,059
3,135
4,526
607
3,776
294
,047
155
27
183
,155
13,069
877
468
2,082
9,642
1,422
1,421
804
,178
2,220
607
35,121
1,000
dollars
1,499
353
365
1,487
3,422
10,323
11,854
217
106
1,555
9,976
36,501
735
180
199
741
.7,651
495
189
652
25,659
2,270
179
247
1,844
2,556
1,230
447
,403
991
,636
,969
,613
4,647
17,229
4,391
616
50,457
28,457
1,448
912
458
4,410
6,573
4,226
10,430
pound
2.56
2.64
4.41
2.50
2.17
4.74
2.52
3.74
3.20
6.93
3.57
4.98
5.06
2.56
4.94
4.58
2.91
2.63
2.83
5.21
2.09
1.98
10.16
1.44
8.48
11.93
5.02
9.87
4.68
4.26
See footnote
end of table.
DYES
TABLE 1.— Dyes: U.S. production and sales, 1976— Continued
PRODUCTION
Drug and Cosmetic and External Drug
and Cosmetic Dyes
Total
D&C green dyes
D&C red dyes, total
D&C Red No. 6
D&C Red No. 7
DiC Red No. 19
All other
All other drug & cosmetic and external drug &
cosmetic dyes
MORDANT DYES
Total
Mordant orange dyes, total
Mordant orange 1
All other
Mordant brown dyes
Mordant black dyes, total
Mordant Black 11
All other
All other mordant dyes
SOLVENT DYES
Total
Solvent yellow dyes
Solvent orange dyes
Solvent red dyes, total
Solvent Red 49
All other
Solvent blue dyes
All other solvent dyes
VAT DYES
Total
Vat yellow dyes, total
Vat Yellow 2, 8-1/2%
All other
Vat orange dyes, total
Vat Orange 2, 123:
Vat Orange 15, lOZ
All other
Vat red dyes
Vat violet dyes
Vat green dyes, total
Vat Green 1, b% .
Vat Green 3, 10Z
All other
Vat brown dyes
See footnotes on following page.
1,000
pounds
2,413
4,492
656
598
787
1,974
393
307
5,399
1,748
3,651
1,000
pounds
1,396
931
1,628
4,561
)94
375
741
220
1,632
378
328
1,073
1,843
2,548
1,000
dollars
549
1.451
217
180
116
938
628
910
705
205
2,852
8,466
747
7,719
11,132
8,011
686
2,971
3,237
947
7,906
1,312
10.275
2,034
3,477
4,764
SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1976
TABLE 1.— Dyes: U.S. production and sales, 1976— Continued
PRODUCTION
UNIT
VALUE 1
VAT DYES— Continued
Vat black dyes, total
Vat Black 25, 12-1/2%
Vat Black 27, 12-1/27.
All other
All other vat dyes
All other dyes 3
1,000
pounds
1,000
pounds
1,000
dollars
1,840
360
1,319
35,396
20,355
1,996
239
1,299
41,770
19,998
3,329
731
2,140
38,460
30,605
Per
pound
1.67
3.05
1.65
Calculated from rounded figur
2 The data Include dyes which a
3 The data include azoic compos
and miscellaneous dyes. Statistic
TABLE IA.-Dyes:
to, but not chemically
ic coupling components,
groups of dyes may not
ntical with, the indicated Colour I
idation bases, ingrain dyes, sulfur
published separately because publi
I in confidence.
U.S. PRODUCTION AND SALES, BY CLASS OF APPLICATION,
1976
CLASS OF APPLICATION
PRODUCTION
UNIT
VALUE 1
Total
Acid
Azoic dyes and components:
Azoic diazo components, bases (Fast color bases)-
Azoic diazo components, salts (Fast color salts)-
Basic
Direct
Disperse
Fiber-reactive
Fluorescent brightening agents
Food, drug, and cosmetic colors
Mordant
Solvent
Vat
All Other 2
1,000
pounds
28,248
532
1,370
14,595
33,527
39,100
3,506
43,429
5,757
660
11,940
53,231
20,355
1,000
dollars
467
1,350
14,889
31,606
36,289
3,982
37,948
5,110
656
11,509
59,077
19,998
1,572
49,770
78,772
138,019
21,876
55,464
31,754
2,149
35,341
86,876
30,604
Per
pound
1 Calculated from rou
nded figures.
2 The data include az
oic composition, azoic coupling components, oxidation bas
and miscellaneous dyes.
Statistics for these groups of dyes may not be published
would disclose infonnati
on received in confidence.
sulfur dye
se publica
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SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1976
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SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1976
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DYES
TABLE 3.— Dyes; Directory of Manufacturers- 1976
ALPHABETICAL DIRECTORY BY CODE
[Names of dye manufacturers that reported production or sales to the U.S. International Trade Commission for 1976
are listed below in order of their identification codes as used in table 2]
Code
Name of company
Code
Name of company
AC
American Color 5 Chemical Corp.
ICC
Inmont Corp.
ACS
Allied Chemical Corp., Specialty
Chemicals Div.
ICI
ICI United States, Inc., Specialty Chemica
Group
s
ACY
American Cyanamid Co.
ALL
Alliance Chemical, Inc.
ALT
Crompton & Knowles Corp.
KON
H. Kohnstamm 5 Co., Inc.
ATL
Atlantic Chemical Corp.
MAY
Otto B. May, Inc.
BAS
BASF Wyandotte Corp.
MRT
Morton Norwich Products, Morton Chemical
BDO
Benzenoid Organics, Inc.
Co. Div.
BUC
Synalloy Corp., Blackman-Uhler Chemical
Div.
MRX
PCW
Max Marx Color 6 Chemical Co.
Pfister Chemical Works
CCW
Cincinnati Milacron Chemicals, Inc.
PDC
Bemcolors-Poughkeepsie, Inc.
CGY
Ciba-Geigy Corp.
PSC
Passaic Color 5 Chemical Co.
CMG
Nyanza, Inc.
s
Sandoz, Inc.
DGO
Day-Glo Color Corp.
SDC
Martin-Marietta Corp., Sodyeco Div.
DSC
Dye Specialties, Inc.
SDH
Sterling Drug, Inc., Hilton-Davis
DUP
E. I. duPont de Nemours & Co., Inc.
SNA
STC
Chemical Co. Div.
Sun Chemical Corp.
American Hoechst Corp., Sou-Tex Works
EKT
Eastman Kodak Co., Tennessee Eastman
STG
Stange Co.
Co. Div.
SW
Sherwin-Williams Co.
FAB
Fabricolor Manufacturing Corp.
TMS
TRC
Sterling Drug, Inc. , Thomasset Colors Div.
Toms River Chemical Corp.
GAF
GAF Corp. , Chemical Div.
VPC
Mobay Chemical Corp, Verona Div.
HSC
Chemetron Corp., Pigments Div.
HSH
Harshaw Chemical Co. Div. of Kewanee
Oil Co.
WAY
Philip A. Hunt Chemical Corp., Organic
Chemical Div.
HST
American Hoechst Corp., Rhode Island
Works
WJ
Warner-Jenkinson Manufacturing Co.
Note. --Complete names and addresses of the above reporting companies are listed in table 1 of the appendi
112 SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMI CALS , 1976
ORGANIC PIGMENTS
David B. Beck and Edmund Cappuccilli
Organic pigments are toners and lakes derived in whole or in part from
benzenoid chemicals and colors.
Statistics on production and sales of all organic pigments in 1976 are
given in table l. 1 For a few important pigments already reported in table 1,
supplemental data on sales by commercial forms are reported in table 1A.
Individual toners and lakes are identified in this report by the names used
in the third edition of the C olour Index .
Total production of organic pigments in 1976 was 67.7 million pounds — 36.
percent more than the 49.9 million pounds produced in 1975 and 3.0 percent
less than the 69.8 million pounds produced in 1974. Total sales of organic
pigments in 1976 amounted to 54.2 million pounds, valued at $261.1 million,
compared with 42.4 million pounds, valued at $186.0 million, in 1975 and
58.5 million pounds, valued at $227.8 million, in 1974. In terms of
quantity, sales of organic pigments in 1976 were 27.9 percent greater than
in 1975 and 7.3 percent smaller than in 1974; in terms of value, sales
in 1976 were 40.3 percent greater than in 1975 and 14.6 percent greater than
in 1974.
Production of toners in 1976 amounted to 66.0 million pounds — 38.3 per-
cent more than the 47.7 million pounds reported in 1975. Sales in 1976 were
52.8 million pounds, valued at $256.7 million, compared with 40.8 million
pounds, valued at $182.1 million, in 1975. Sales in 1976 were 29.5 per-
cent greater than those in 1975 in terms of quantity, and 40.9 percent
greater in terms of value. The individual toners listed in the report
which were produced in the largest quantities in 1976 were Pigment Yellow
12, 7.8 million pounds; Pigment Blue 15, beta form, 6.5 million pounds;
Pigment Red 49, barium toner, 4.6 million pounds, and Pigment Red 53,
barium toner, 3.3 million pounds.
Production of lakes totaled 1.7 million pounds in 1976-11.6 percent less
than the 1.9 million pounds reported for 1975. Sales of lakes in 1976
amounted to 1.4 million pounds, valued at $4.4 million, compared with sales
in 1975 of 1.6 million pounds, valued at $3.9 million. Sales in 1976 were
12.6 percent less than those in 1975 in terms of quantity, and 11.7 percent
greater in terms of value.
For each of 8 selected pigments, or groups of pigments, table 1A gives
data on sales by commercial forms. Pigment Yellow 12, Pigment Red 53,
barium toner, and Pigment Blue 15, beta form, where sold principally in the
flushed form. The remaining 5 pigments, or groups of pigments, for which
statistics are published were sold principally in the dry full-strength
form. Statistics on sales by commercial forms could riot be published for
Pigment Blue 15, beta form, Pigment 49, barium toner, Pigment Red 49, calcium
toner and Pigment Red 52, without revealing the operations of individual com-
panies.
See also table 2 which lists these products and identifies the manu-
facturers by codes. These codes are listed in table 3.
ORGANIC PIGMENTS
TABLE 1.— Organic Pigments:
[Listed below are all organic pigments fo
(Leaders (...) are used where the reported data a
lists separately all organic pigments for which d
manufacturers of each]
U.S. PRODUCTION AND SALES
h any reported data on productio:
1976
accepted
a on produ
ion or sales may be published,
and may not be published.) Table
were reported and identifies the
ORGANIC PIGMENTS
PRODUCTION
Grand total
TONERS
Total
Yellow toners, total
Acetoacetarylide yellows:
Pigment Yellow 1, C.I. 11 680
Pigment Yellow 3, C.I. 11 710
Pigment Yellow 73, C.I. 11 738
Pigment Yellow 74, C.I. 11 741
Benzidine yellow:
Pigment Yellow 12, C.I. 21 090
Pigment Yellow 13, C.I. 21 100
Pigment Yellow 14, C.I. 21 095
Pigment Yellow 17, C.I. 21 105
All other
Orange toners, total
Pigment Orange 5, C.I. 12 075
Pigment Orange 13, C.I. 21 110
Pigment Orange 16, C.I. 21 160
Pigment Orange 34, C.I. 21 115
All other
Red toners, total
Naphthol reds, total
Pigment Red 2, C.I. 12 310
Pigment Red 5, C.I. 12 490
Pigment Red 9, C.I. 12 460
Pigment Red 17, C.I. 12 390
Pigment Red 22, C.I. 12 315
Pigment Red 23, C.I. 12 355
All other naphthol reds
Pigment Red 3 C.I. 12 120
Pigment Red 4, C.I. 12 085
Pigment Red 38, C.I. 21 120
Pigment Red 48, C.I. 15 865
Pigment Red 48, C.I. 15 865, barium toner
Pigment Red 48, C.I. 15 865, calcium toner —
Pigment Red 48, C.I. 15 865, strontium toner
Pigment Red 48, C.I. 15 865, manganese toner
Pigment Red 49, C.I. 15 630, barium toner
Pigment Red 49, C.I. 15 630, calcium toner-
Pigment Red 52, C.I. 15 860, calcium toner —
Pigment Red 52, C.I. 15 860, manganese toner
Pigment Red 53, C.I. 15 585, barium toner
Pigment Red 57, C.I. 15 850, calcium toner-
Pigment Red 63, C.I. 15 880
Pigment Red 81, C.I. 45 160, PHA
Pigment Red 81, C.I. 45 160, PTA
All other
Violet toners, total
Pigment Violet 1, C.I. 45 170, PMA
Pigment Violet 1, C.I. 45 170, PTA
Pigment Violet 3, C.I. 42 535, fugituve
Pigment Violet 3, C.I. 42 535, PMA
1,000
pounds
dry
17,025
506
239
701
1,735
7,830
380
3,000
767
1,867
fog
267
475
268
654
2,168
188
141
91
539
1,928
315
4,648
1,460
1,514
699
3,319
2,513
37
521
3.050
62
242
352
514
dry
basis 3
1,000
dollars
261,089
450
1,405
5,223
203
1,992
416
1,754
1,340
516
171
367
34
79
240
471
1,635
195
474
1,647
181
4,406
554
2,633
1,938
37
502
58
6,420
2.416
1
796
6
B82
17
917
828
7
216
1
723
12
372
8
477
1
.St.,
872
1
,768
90,272
6,43]
310
280
232
530
1,769
3,310
5,672
610
792
10,230
1,709
7,228
8,230
149
4,347
663
35,159
28.642
638
783
1,043
2,023
per
pound
See footnotes at end of table
SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1976
TABLE 1,— Organic pigments: U.S. production and sales, 1976--Continued
ORGANIC PIGMENTS
PRODUCTION
QUANTITY
SALES
VALUE 1
UNIT
VALUE 2
TONERS — Cont inued
Violet toners,
Pigment Viole
Pigment Viole
All other
Dtal — continued
3, C.I. 42 535, PTA-
23, C.I. 51 319
Bl
toners , total
Pigment Blue 1, C.I. 42 595, PMA
Pigment Blue 15, C.I. 74 160 alpha form
Pigment Blue 15:3, C.I. 74 160, beta fo
Pigment Blue 15:4, C.I. 74 160, beta fo
All other
Pigment Green 2, C.I. 42 040 and 49 005, PMA-
Pigment Green 2, C.I. 42 040 and 49 005, PTA-
Pigment Green 7, C.I. 74 260
Pigment Green 36, C.I. 74 265
All other
Brown and black toners, total-
Pigment Brown 5, C.I. 15 800
All other
Red lakes :
Pigment Red 60, C.I. 16 105-
Pigment Red 83, C.I. 58 000-
Violet lake: Pigment Violet 5, C.I. 58 055
Blue lakes
All other lakes
1,000
pounds
dry
basis
292
1,545
14,219
84
3,967
6,479
163
3,526
3,801
3,260
226
286
545
1,000
pounds
dry
basis 3
1,000
dollars
232
1,311
312
4,504
19,339
3,323
5,191
810
18,159
24,984
21,732
2,783
250
238
208
117
17,712
1,788
1,907
834
127
707
1,188
298
437
2,058
401
per
pound
$ 9.25
19.45
14.75
8.33
5.46
4.81
9.12
12.52
6.36
3.81
6.05
4.82
2.75
2.10
of sales for lakes
ng or packaging in
1 The value of sales from toners are reported on a dry full-strength basis and the
reported on a dry form basis. All sales value data exclude the additional costs of pr
mercial forms other than the dry full-strength or dry form.
2 Totals and "all other" unit values calculated from rounded figures.
3 Quantities for toners are reported as dry full-strength toner content, excluding the weigth of any dispersin
agent, vehicle, or extender. Quantities for lakes are reported as dry lake content, excluding the weight of any
dispersing agent or vehicle.
repor
the identifying numbers gi
the third
Note. — The C.I. (Colour Index) numbers shown Iri
dition of the Colour Index.
The abbreviations PMA and PTA stand for phosphomolybdic and phosphotungstic (including phosphotungstomolybdic)
cids, respectively.
ORGANIC PIGMENTS
TABLE 1A. — U.S. sales of selected dry full-strength colors, dry extended colors, dry dispersions,
AQUEOUS DISPERSIONS, AND FLUSHED COLORS, 1976
[Listed below are supple
table I]
ted pigments that have be
SELECTED PIGMENTS BY COMMERCIAL FORMS
QUANTITY
UNIT
VALUE 2
Dtal-
Pigment Yellow 12, C.I. 21 090,
Dry full-strength toner
Flushed color
Aqueous dispersion'' and dry dispersions 5
Pigment Yellow 13, C.I. 21 100; Pigment Yellow 14, C.I. 21
095; Pigment Yellow 17, C.I. 21 105; and other benzidir
yellows , total
Dry full-strength toner
Aqueous dispersions
Flushed color
Dry extended toner and dry dispersions
Pigment Red 3, C.I. 12 120, total-
Dry full-strength toner
Dry extended toner, aqueous disp
r, and flused colo
C.I. 15 865, total
Pigment Red 48:2 calcium toner
Dry full-strength toner
Dry extended toner, dry dispersion aqueous dispersions and
and flused color
Pigment Red 53:1, C.I. 15 585, barium toner,
Aqueous dispersions'*
Flushed color
Dry dispersion and dry full-strength toner-
total-
Pigment Red 57;1, calcium toner, C.I. 15 850, total
Flushed color
Dry full-strength toner, dry extended toner, and aqueou
dispersions '
alpha
Pigment Blue 15, C.I. 74 160,
Dry full-strength toner
Aqueous dispersions
Dry dispersions, dry extended toner
and flushed color
3tal-
Pigment Green 7, C.I. 74 260,
Dry full-strength toner
Flushed color
Aqueous dispersions'*
Dry extended toner and dry dispersions 5
1,000
pounds
dry basis 1
5,223
1,938
1,507
431
3,323
1,385
842
1,096
1,458
445
1,000
loll ;■■.'
per
pound
5,398
12,311
207
5,657
2,698
1,336
3,497
2,175
,'<1 I
,267
6,423
1,807
8,032
4,121
6,006
17,712
9,052
3,157
4,079
1,424
3.31
3.49
4.23
4.67
2.80
2.75
2.73
4.25
4.26
4.19
5.46
5.85
4.89
5.48
6.36
6.21
7.09
5.97
7.23
! identical in tables 1 and 1A; the sales value data in 1A ge
table 1A Includes the additional processing and packaging cos
ally exceed the
o( the various com-
of dry full-strength toner
Sales quantities
value in table 1 be
mercial forms.
2 Calculated from whole figures.
3 Quantity of the various commercial forms is given in
** Includes presscake.
5 Separate data on these commercial forms may not be published without revealing the operation of individual
companies.
Note. — The C.I. (Colour Index) numbers shown in this report are the identifying numbers given in the third
edition of the Colour Index.
The abbreviations PMA and PTA stand for phosphomolybdic and phosphotungstic (including phosphotungstomolybdic)
acids respectively.
SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1976
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SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1976
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TABLE 3. --Organic pigments: Directory of manufacturers, 1976
ALPHABETICAL DIRECTORY BY CODE
[Names of organic pigment manufacturers that reported production or sales to the U.S. International Trade Commission
for 1976 are listed below in the order of their identification codes as used in table 21
Code
Name of company
:
Code
Name of company
ACS
Allied Chemical Corp. , Specialty Chemicals
KCW
Keystone Color Works, Inc.
Div.
KON
H.' Kohnstamm § Co. , Inc.
ACY
American Cyanamid Co.
AMS
Ridgway Color S Chemical
APO
Apollo Colors, Inc.
LVR
C. Lever Co., Inc.
BAS
BASF Wyandotte Corp.
MGR
Magruder Color Co. , Inc.
BNS
Binney and Smith, Inc.
MRA
Bostik South, Inc.
BOR
Borden, Inc., Printing Ink Div,
MRX
Max Marx Color § Chemical Co.
BUC
Synalloy Corp., Blackman-Uhler
Chemical Div.
POP
Pope Chemical Corp.
CIK
Flint Ink Corp., Cal/Ink Div.
ROM
United Merchants S Manufacturers, Inc.,
Roma Chemical Div.
DUP
E. I. duPont de Nemours & Co., Inc.
S
Sandoz, Inc., Colors § Chemicals Div.
GAP
GAF Corp., Chemical Div.
SDC
Martin-Marietta Corp., Sodyeco Div.
SDH
Sterling Drug, Inc., Hilton-Davis Chemical
Co. Div.
HPC
Hercules, Inc.
SNA
Sun Chemical Corp.
HSC
Chemetron Corp., Pigments Div.
SW
Sherwin-Williams Co.
HSH
Harshaw Chemical Co. Div. of Kewanee
Oil Co.
HST
American Hoechst Corp., Rhode Island
TMS
Sterling Drug, Inc., Thomasset Colors
Works
Div.
TNI
Gillette Co., Chemical Div.
ICC
Inmont Corp.
UHL
Paul Uhlich 6. Co. , Inc.
Note. --Complete names and addresses of the above reporting companies are listed in table 1 of the appendix.
MEDICINAL CHEMICALS 123
MEDICINAL CHEMICALS
Tedford C. Briggs
Medicinal chemicals include the medicinal and feed grades of all
organic chemicals having therapeutic value, whether obtained by chemical
synthesis, by fermentation, by extraction from naturally occurring plant
or animal substances, or by refining a technical grade product. They
include antibiotics and other anti- infective agents, antihistamines,
autonomic drugs, cardiovascular agents, central nervous system depressants
and stimulants, hormones and synthetic substitutes, vitamins, and other
therapeutic agents for human or veterinary use and for animal feed supple-
ments.
The table shows statistics for production and sales of medicinal chem-
icals grouped by pharmacological class. The statistics shown are for bulk
chemicals only; finished pharmaceutical preparations and products put up
in pills, capsules, tablets, or other measured doses are excluded. The
difference between production and sales reflects inventory changes, pro-
cessing losses, and captive consumption of medicinal chemicals processed
into ethical and proprietary pharmaceutical products by the primary manu-
facturer. In some instances, the difference may also include quantities
of medicinal grade products used as intermediates, e.g., penicillin G
salts used as intermediates in the manufacture of semi-synthetic peni-
cillins. All quantities are given in terms of 100-percent content of the
pure bulk drug.
Total U.S. production of bulk medicinal chemicals in 1976 amounted
to 235.8 million pounds, or 13.2 percent more than the 208.4 million pounds
produced in 1975 and 4.0 percent less than the 246.5 million pounds pro-
duced in 1974. Total sales of bulk medicinal chemicals in 1976 amounted to
160.8 million pounds, valued at $741.5 million, compared with sales in 1975
of 148.8 million pounds, valued at $772.1 million, and sales in 1974 of
177.5 million pounds, valued at $814.8 million. 2 In terms of quantity, sales
in 1976 were thus 8.1 percent more than in 1975 and 9.0 percent less than
in 1974. In terms of value, sales in 1976 were 4.0 percent less than in
1975 and 9.0 percent less than in 1974. 2
Production of the more important groups of medicinal chemicals in 1976
1 Complementary statistics on the dollar value of manufacturers' shipments
of finished pharmaceutical preparations, except biologicals, are published
annually by the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, in Current
Industrial Reports, Series MA-28G. Many pharmaceutical manufacturers who re-
port to the Bureau of the Census are excluded from the U.S. International
Trade Commission report because they are not primary producers of medicinal
chemicals, that is, they do not themselves produce the bulk drugs which go in-
to their pharmaceutical products but purchase their drug requirements from
domestic or foreign producers.
Sales value and, to a lesser extent, sales quantity were overstated in
1974 and 1975 because a company erroneously reported sales of an antiobiotic
in dosage form.
124 SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1976
was as follows: Antibiotics, 20.5 million pounds (12.0 percent more than in
1975), of which 10.4 million pounds was for medicinal use and 10.0 million
pounds was for other uses; anti-infective agents other than antibiotics,
27.6 million pounds (3.0 percent less than in 1975); central nervous
system depressants and stimulants, 52.7 million pounds (10.5 percent
more); and vitamins, 33.3 million pounds (11.2 percent more).
Production of some of the more important individual products listed
in the table was as follows: Choline chloride, 47.0 million pounds (21.5
percent larger than in 1975); aspirin, 28.3 million pounds (11.2 percent
more); penicillins (except semi-synthetic), 7.1 million pounds (21.0
percent more); tetracyclines, 5.7 million pounds (22.0 percent more);
and vitamin E, 4.6 million pounds (111.5 percent more).
MEDICINAL CHEMICALS 125
Medicinal Chemicals
According to a recent report the drug industry suffered continued
declines in profit margins in 1976. 1/ The study surveyed the performance
of 10 major drug firms which account for more than 50 percent of the
industry's profits and sales. In 1976, before-tax profits for the 10
companies were 15.2 percent of sales, down from 18.1 percent in 1975,
19.6 percent in 1974, and 21.0 percent in 1973. After-tax profits of
the 10 firms climbed 9.1 percent in 1976 from 1975, whereas sales went
up 10.8 percent. After-tax profits as a percentage of sales sank,
therefore, even lower than 1975, which had the lowest value in more than
a decade.
One factor in the profit decline is that patents have been running
out on whole families of drugs developed during the 1950' s, resulting
in increased competition, especially foreign, and lower prices and profits
for those products. Another factor lowering profits is pressure by the
Department of* Health, Education, and Welfare, for the prescribing of drugs
by generic name rather than by the usually more costly brand-name products.
The drug industry benefits from heavy investment in offshore tax
havens, chiefly Puerto Rico and Ireland. The tax rate for the 10 companies
was 36.4 percent in 1976, up slightly from the 36.0-percent rate in
1975. Until 1976 the tax rate for drug companies had been dropping
steadily since 1969, when it was 49 percent — the high point for the
past decade.
One factor which would affect future growth in drug sales volume
would be the passage of some form of national health insurance. With
passage of such a program, the prescribing of drugs would be expected
to increase.
The best hope for growth in drug profitability may be in the new
generations of drugs. Here, the chief complaint from industry is Govern-
ment regulations. Reportedly, before 1962, about 2 years usually elapsed
between the discovery of a new drug and final approval by the Food and
Drug Administation (FDA) for marketing. Now 7 to 10 years may be required
because of increased time for tests to meet newer FDA regulations.
Future trends in the drug industry
Whole new generations of drugs, products of major breakthroughs in
molecular biology and biochemistry, are building up in drug-company
laboratories. Some have already been introduced abroad while others
are awaiting FDA approval. Many of the newer' drugs are hoped to be more
specific in their actions so that they will attack only disease-causing
agents or infected cells while having little or no toxic effect on the
patient.
1/ "Drug Industry Performance Continues to Slip," Chemical and Engineer-
ing News , May 2, 1977, pp. 11-12.
245-858 O - 77 - 9
126 SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1976
The empirical approach to drug development, in which thousands of
organic chemicals are tested for therapeutic effects, is now giving way
to specific drug design in which medicinal chemicals are modified in ways
that are likely to produce desired results. Computer programs are some-
times used in the com-plex strategy involved in deciding which changes to
make in a drug molecule so that it will precisely fit its intended target
in the human body.
Among the new drug developments is a custom-designed drug with highly
promising results in the treatment of peptic ulcers; another development
is an antiviral drug believed to be present in the human body in minute
amounts. This drug may have broad-spectrum antiviral activity and may
eventually be used to destroy cold and flu virus. Another discovery
is a possibly nonaddictive analgesic more effective than morphine. Drug
companies have developed new antihypertensive agents and at least one
drug that may be useful in the treatment of chronic heart failure. Some
scientists feel that drugs that control the levels of cyclic nucleotides
in the body will be useful in treating asthma and other diseases.
Another new approach in medicinal chemistry is the development of
new drugs resembling hormones that either produce a metabolic response or
block or reduce such a response. Antihistamines are an example of older
drugs of this type in that these antagonists prevent the hormone histamine
from binding to cell receptor sites. Not since the days of the discovery
and development of cortisone has a natural hormone attracted so much
attention in endocrinology, chemistry, and pharmacology as have the
prostaglandins. Most major drug companies have active drug development
programs focused around the chemistry of these potent and multiaction
natural hormones. In addition, receptor research recently led to the
discovery of a new class of brain hormones which appear to mediate a
large number of brain functions.
So, while the introduction of new drugs has slowed in the last 10
years, most drug companies remain optimistic about the future of the
industry. In view of Government and industry spending, medicinal chemistry
is one of the more active areas in the chemistry of the organic compounds. 1/
Production of drugs in Puerto Rico and in Ireland
Puerto Rico will strengthen its position as one of the principal
producing areas for medicinal chemicals when a new $70 million plant
built by Hoffman-LaRoche reaches full production in 1978. 2/ Hoffman-
LaRoche joins a host of other pharmaceutical companies with plants in
Puerto Rico, including Eli Lilly, Upjohn, Squibb, Bristol Myers, Merck,
Sharp and Dohme, Searle, Smith Kline & French, Warner-Lambert, Abbott,
Johnson & Johnson, Parke Davis, Richardson Merrell, Baxter Travenol,
Lenderele, Seifel, Pfizer, Schering Plough, Sterling Drug, and Endo Labs.
1/ Donald A. Buyske, "Drugs from Nature," Chemtech . June 1975, pp. 361-
369. "Future Drugs That Will Be Lifesavers," Fortune , December 1976,
pp. 152-162.
2/ "Roche Opening of Pharmaceutical Unit Seen as Spur to Puerto Rico
Drug Trade," Chemical Marketing Reporter, Dec. 12, 1976.
MEDICINAL CHEMICALS 12
In 10 years the value of exports of drugs from Puerto Rico has
increased from $31.4 million in 1966 to $352.6 million in 1976. Employ-
ment in the industry was up to 6,300 in 1976. The principal incentive
for locating plants in Puerto Rico is the 10 to 30 years of tax exemption.
Other factors are, reportedly, good worker productivity and a favorable
climate.
Another area noted for its concentration of pharmaceutical plants is
the Republic of Ireland. Production plants owned by 11 of the world's
top 16 drug companies are located in Ireland. Ireland's attraction to
drug producers, like that of Puerto Rico, is the tax exemption given for
plants located in Ireland. Ireland gives complete tax exemption on
export-derived profits until 1990, and Ireland reportedly exports over
95 percent of its drug production. There have been reports that changes
will be imposed by the European Economic Community Commission in Brussels
to reduce Ireland's tax holiday, presumably as part of its long-promised
harmonization of European Community investment incentives. The Industrial
Development Authority of Ireland declares, however, that there will be no
changes in any existing agreements. Another incentive offered to industry
by Ireland are grants ranging from $6,000 to $10,000 for each job created. \J
Production, foreign trade, consumption, and market trends of aspirin
Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) has been used to relieve pain, inflam-
mation, and fever since 1899. Consumption of aspirin is probably more
than that of any other drug with about 27 million pounds consumed during
1976 in the United States alone. The following figure shows a general
declining trend in domestic aspirin production and consumption during
1968-76. The principal factor believed to be responsible for the decline
in aspirin consumption is the substitution of acetaminophen by many
individuals who formerly used aspirin. Imports are not yet a major factor
in the aspirin market, accounting for less than 3 percent of domestic
consumption in 1976. This does not mean, however, that imports of aspirin
will not become important. And, in fact, there are reasons to expect that
imports will capture an increasing share of the domestic market. Imports
jumped from none in 1971 to 164,000 pounds in 1972 and 702,000 pounds in
1976. In 1975 almost all of the imports came from Poland, while in 1976
most of the imports of aspirin came from Poland and Romania. Exports of
aspirin peaked in 1974 and declined in the 2 subsequent years.
The decline in aspirin consumption will probably not continue as
aspirin remains one of the most effective drugs for the treatment of con-
nective-tissue diseases such as arthritis. These diseases affect, to a
varying degree, a large segment of the population with the incidence
generally increasing with age. Demographers predict a steady increase in
median age of the domestic population, and it is reasonable to predict
increased use of the drugs effective in geriatrics. Domestic production
may continue to decline as aspirin is a low-cost drug widely made through-
out the world.
1/ "Another U.S. Pharmaceutical Project for Ireland," European Chemical
News , Sept. 10, 1976.
128
MEDICINAL CHEMICALS
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SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1976 129
Production may shift to those countries that have the lowest production
cost.
Studies are now underway to determine if aspirin is useful in pre-
venting heart attacks. Aspirin is known to block prostaglandin synthesis
and is being tested in a clinical study sponsored by the National Heart,
Lung and Blood Institute to see whether aspirin can protect against heart
attacks. It is known that some of the prostaglandins promote blood
clotting and some scientists feel prostaglandins may be important in the
processes causing heart attacks or stroke. However, the discovery in
late 1976 that some of the prostaglandins inhibit blood clotting and
arterial contraction has led some investigators to question whether
taking aspirin would, in fact, prevent heart attacks. Perhaps the trial
called the aspirin myocardial infarction study (AMIS) will answer these
questions. The test group includes over 4,000 patients who have suffered
at least one heart attack. The experimental phase of AMIS will be com-
pleted by August 1979, and the results will be closely watched by the
medical profession.
In late 1976 a review panel studying nonprescription drugs for the
FDA recommended that labeling of over-the-counter pain relievers, such as
aspirin and acetaminophen, be restricted to indicate use for headaches,
minor aches and pain, and fever. The panel also recommended warnings
on the labels about the dangers of overdosage. Drug industry reaction
to the recommendations was fear that the $715 million market for the
mild pain relievers would be severely hurt if patients are forced to
rely on more expensive and powerful, and possibly more toxic, prescription
drug products for relief of specific pain symptoms. The panel's recom-
mendations were based upon its desire to curb what it feels is an overuse
of nonprescription pain relievers. The FDA is studying the panel's
proposals before taking action.
MEDICINAL CHEMICALS
TABLE 1,— Medicinal Chemicals:
[Listed below are all synthetic organic medicinal <
may be published. (Leaders (...) are used where
published or where no data were reported.) Tabl<
and/or sales were reported and identifies the mai
hemicals
the repo
U.S. PRODUCTION AND SALES, 1976
lich any
ed data ai
ists all medicir
turers of each]
reported data on production or
ccepted in confidence and may
chemicals for which data on pr
MEDICINAL CHEMICALS
PRODUCTION'
Grand total
Acyclic
Benzenoid 3
Cyclic nonbenzenoid**
Antibiotics, total 5
Penicillins (except semisynthetic), total
Penicillin G, potassium for medicinal use
All other, for all uses
Semisynthetic penicillins, for medicinal use,
total
Amp ic ill in
All other
Tetracyclines, for all uses
Other antibiotics, total
For medicinal use 6
For nonmedicinal uses 7
Antihistamines, total
Chlorpheniramine maleate
All other
Anti-infective agents (except antibiotics), total —
Anthelmint ics , total
Piperazine dihydrochloride
All other
Antifungal agents
Antiprotozoan agents
Sulfonamides
Urinary antiseptics
Other anti-infective agents 9
Autonomic drugs, total
Parasympatholytic (anticholinergic) tertiary
amines (except tropane derivatives)
Sympathomimetic (adrenergic) agents, total
Phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride
All other
Other autonomic drugs
Cardiovascular and hematological agents, total
Sodium heparin
All other
Central depressants and stimulants, total
Analgesics and antipyretics, total
Aspirin
Meperidine hydrochloride
Methadone hydrochloride
All other
Antidepressants
Antitussives
Hypnotics and sedatives (including barbi turates)-
Skeletal muscle relaxants
Tranquilizers
Other central depressants and stimulants 9
Dennatological agents (except salicylic acid) and
local anesthetics
1,000
pounds
99,431
114,905
21,469
7,132
2,182
4,950
1.433
900
533
5,695
6,212
2,680
3,532
27,640
11,133
1,649
9,484
820
7,079
4,015
399
4,194
987
426
4 5 1
46
185
28
:h:
29
2
17
872
147
L76
1
J 31
493
609
3
B35
1,000
pounds
1,000
dollars
81,253
63,140
16,441
485
378
2,769
15,693
6,116
1,517
4.599
870
4,760
1,361
2,586
695
649
649
134
,66
500
741,521
98,692
402,117
240,712
43.121
43,121
16,763
117,280
92,166
25,114
6.459
6,459
72,412
36,363
2,021
34,342
1,310
17,871
7,708
9,160
12,325
9,795
2,530
9,635
2,391
34,576
4,308
4,518
See footnotes at end of table.
SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1976
TABLE I,-- Medicinal chemicals: U.S. production and sales, 1976— Continued
MEDICINAL CHEMICALS
PRODUCTION'
SALES '
UNIT
VALUE 2
1,000
pounds
1,000
pounds
1,000
dollars
Expectorants and mucolytic age
Ethylenediamine dihydriodide
All other
Gastrointestinal agents (except methionine, hydroxy
analog) , total
Choline chloride (all grades)
All other
1,307
617
,186
490
4,334
3,017
47,009
2,476
38,656
3,884
16,774
4,550
Ho
and synthetic substitutes, tot
Synthetic hypoglycemic agents
Thyroid hormone and antithyroid agent
All other
Renal-acting
Benzothiadi
Theophyllin
All other-
Therapeutic n
educing agents,
114
1.954
74,422
5.391
206
1,748
121
178
1,117
22.746
142.527
Vitamin B
Vitamin D
Vitamin
All otlv
iscellan
E,
4,595
20,690
8,705
3,406
10,626
38,783
2,754
48,573
52,417
37,034
Per
pound
3.65
6.16
492.86
18.03
31.55
8.84
6.27
4.46
306.00
14.26
4.93
1.25
re for bulk medicinal chemicals only; they exclude finished prepar
jfactured from bulk chemicals. All quantities are given in terms
The data on production and s
and dosage-form products, which a
100% active ingredients.
2 Calculated from rounded figures.
3 The term "benzenoid " as used in this report, describes any cyclic medicinal chemical whose molecule contains
either a six-membered carbocyclic ring with conjugated double bonds (e.g., the benzene ring or the quinone ring) or
a six-membered heterocyclic ring with 1 or 2 hetero atoms and conjugated double bonds, except the pyrimidine ring
(e.g., the pyridine ring or the pyrazine ring.)
14 Includes antibiotics of unknown structure.
5 With the exception of bacitracin, the penicillins (except semisynthetic) , and a few other antibiotics which
were reported in terms of U.S. P. units, all quantities for antibiotics were reported as kilograms (kg) of antibiotic
base. (Thus production of 481 kg of tetracycline hydrochloride, for example, would have been reported as 444 kg
of tetracycline base.) For inclusion in the statistical table, all quantities were converted from kg of antibiotic
base to pounds of antibiotic base (1 kg = 2.2046 pounds), or from U.S. P. units to pounds (22.7 million units of
bacitracin, 458 million units of procaine pencillin G, 723 million units of potassium penicillin G, etc. = 1 pound).
Sales quantity and value are lower than in previous years because in previous years a significant quantity of an
antibiotic in dosage form was reported incorrectly as sales.
6 Production of all antibiotics for medicinal use amounted to 10,438,000 pounds, sales amounted to 2,741,000
pounds, valued at $162,299,000. Includes antifungal and antitubercular antibiotics.
7 Production of all antibiotics for animal feeds and other nonmedicinal uses amounted to 10,034,000 pounds,
sales amounted to 3,779,000 pounds, valued at $49,230,000.
8 Includes sales of urinary antiseptics.
9 Includes production and sales of amphetamines, general anesthetics, and stimulants; also includes sales of
antidepressants and tranquilizers.
10 All quantities for vitamins A, Bi^ , D, and E were reported in terms of kg or units, but were converted to
pounds for inclusion in the statistical table (1.317 billion units of vitamin A acetate, 0.824 billion units of
vitamin A palmitate, 0.4536 kg of vitamins B, 2 , 18.14 billion units of vitamin D, 617,000 units of d-alpha
tocopheryl acetate, 454,000 units of dl-alpha tocopheryl acetate, etc. = 1 pound.)
11 Includes production and sales of antineoplastic agents, diagnostic agents, methionine (hydroxy analog, calcium
salt), salicylic acid, smooth muscle relaxants, and unclassified medicinal chemicals.
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TABLE 3.— Medicinal chemicals: Directory of manufacturers, 1976
ALPHABETICAL DIRECTORY BY CODE
[Names of manufacturers that reported production or sales of medicinal chemicals to the U.S. International Trade
Commission for 1976 are listed below in the order of their identification codes as used in table 2]
Name of compa
ABB
ACY
ADC
ALD
ARA
ARN
ARP
ARS
ASH
AST
ATP
BAX
BEE
BJL
BKC
BKL
BOC
BRS
BUR
CDY
CGY
CHT
CPR
CWN
DLI
DOW
DUP
FIN
FLM
GAF
CAN
GIV
GNF
GNM
HPC
HET
HEX
HFT
UN
HOF
HYN
IMC
JCC
KPT
KVP
Abbott Laboratories
American Cyanamid Co.
Anderson Development Co.
Aldrich Chemical Co.
Arapahoe Chemicals, Inc. Sub/Syntex Corp.,
(U.S.A.)
Arenol Chemical Corp.
Armour Pharmaceutical Co.
Arsynco, Inc.
Ashland Oil, Inc., Ashland Chemical
Co.
Astra Pharmaceutical Products, Inc.
Northern Fine Chemicals, Inc.
Baxter Laboratories, Inc.
Beecham, Inc.
'' Burdick 5 Jackson Laboratories, Inc.
J.T. Baker Chemical Co.
I Kewanee Industries, Inc., Millmaster Chemical
Co. Div.
| Biocraft Laboratories, Inc.
Bristol-Myers Co., Bristol Laboratories Div.
Burroughs -We 11 come Co.
j Chemical Dynamics Corp.
I Ciba-Geigy Corp. and Ciba Pharmaceutical Co.
} Chattem Drug $ Chemical Co., Chattem Chem-
icals Div.
Certified Processing Corp.
Upjohn Co., Fine Chemical Div.
Diamond Shamrock Corp.
Dawe's Laboratories, Inc.
Dow Chemical Co.
E.I. duPont de Nemours S Co., Inc.
Eastman Kodak Co.:
Tennessee Eastman Co. Div.
Endo Laboratories, Inc.
Hexcel Corp., Fine Organics Div.
Fleming Laboratories, Inc.
GAF Corp., Chemical Div.
Gane's Chemical Inc.
Givaudan Corp.
General Foods Corp., Maxwell House Div.
General Mills Chemicals, Inc.
Hercules, Inc.
Heterochemical Corp.
Hexagon Laboratories, Inc.
Syntex Agribusiness, Inc.
Tenneco Chemicals, Inc.
Hoffmann- LaRoche, Inc.
Hynson, Westcott & Dunning, Inc.
IMC Chemical Group, Inc.
Jefferson Chemical Co., Inc.
Koppers Co., Inc., Organic Material
Div.
KV Products
LEM
LIL
LKL
MAL
MDJ
MON
MRK
NEP
NES
NOR
NTL
OMS
OPC
ORG
ORT
PEN
PFN
PFZ
RDA
RIK
RIL
RLS
RSA
SAL
SCH
SDG
SDH
SDW
SFS
SHC
SK
SKG
SRL
STA
TMH
TRD
WAG
WHL
WIL
WTL
WYT
Napp Chemicals, Inc.
Eli Lilly 5 Co. and Puerto Rico
Richardson-Merrell, Inc., Merrell-
National Laboratories Div.
Mallinckrodt Chemical Works
Mead Johnson 6 Co .
Monsanto Co .
Merck 5 Co. , Inc.
Nepera Chemical Co., Inc.
Nease Chemical Co., Inc.
Norwich Pharmacal Co.
NL Industries, Inc.
E.R. Squibb 6 Sons, Inc.
Orbis Products Corp.
Organics, Inc.
Roehr Chemicals, Inc.
Parke, Davis 6 Co, Sub. of Warner-Lambert
Co.
CPC International, Inc., S.B. Penick Co.
Pfanstiehl Laboratories, Inc.
Pfizer, Inc, and Pfizer Pharmaceuticals,
Inc.
Pharmachem Corp.
Rhodia, Inc.
Riker Laboratories, Inc, Sub. of 3M Co.
Reilly Tar 6 Chemical Corp.
Rachel le Laboratories, Inc.
R.S.A. Corp.
Salsbury Laboratories
Schering Corp.
Sterling Drug Corp.:
Glenbrook Laboratories Div.
Hilton-Davis Chemical Co. Div.
Winthrop Laboratories Div.
Stauffer Chemical Co., Specialty Div.
Shell Oil Co., Shell Chemical Co. Div.
Smith 6 Klein Chemicals
Sunkist Growers, Inc.
G.D. Searle 6 Co.
A.E. Staley Manufacturing Co.
Thompson-Hayward Chemical Co.
Manufacturing Enterprises, Inc., Squibb
Manufacturing Inc., Trade Enterprises, Inc.
Ersana, Inc.
Upjohn Co.
Vitamins, Inc.
West Agro-Chemicals, Inc.
Whitmoyer Laboratories, Inc.
Inolex Corp., Inolex Pharmaceutical Div.
Pennwalt Corp., Luc idol Div.
Wycth Laboratories, Inc., Wyeth Laboratories
Div. of American Home Products Corp.
Note. --Complete names and addresses of the above reporting companies are listed in table 1 of the appendix.
154 SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 197 6
FLAVOR AND PERFUME MATERIALS
Anne Klein
Flavor and perfume materials are organic chemicals used to impart
flavors and odors to foods, beverages, cosmetics, and soaps. These
aromatic chemicals are also utilized to neutralize or mask unpleasant
odors in industrial processes and products as well as in consumer
products.
Total domestic production of flavor and perfume materials in 1976
amounted to 128.8 million pounds (table 1). Sales of these materials
in 1976 amounted to 110.9 million pounds, valued at $195.3 million, com-
pared with 82.7 million pounds, valued at $143.4 million, in 1975. These
totals do not include benzyl alcohol, which, before 1973, was included
in flavor and perfume materials but is now shown in the miscellaneous
cyclic section of this series. U.S. production of flavor and perfume
materials in 1976 increased 27.1 percent from the level in 1975 and the
quantity of sales increased by 25.5 percent.
Production of cyclic flavor and perfume materials in 1976 amounted
to 55.1 million pounds; sales amounted to 48.5 million pounds, valued at
$125.5 million. Individual publishable chemicals in the .cyclic group pro-
duced in the greatest volume in 1976 were terpineols, anethole, benzyl acetate
and benzyl salicylate.
U.S. output of acylic flavor and perfume materials in 1976 amounted
to 73.8 million pounds; sales of these materials amounted to 62.4 million
pounds, valued at $69.8 million. Monosodium glutamate was by far the
most important of the acyclic chemicals in 1976, although the data are not
publishable. Other important acyclic compounds included linalyl alcohol,
geraniol, citronellol and hydroxycitronellal.
FLAVOR AND PERFUME MATERIALS 155
Flavor and Perfume Materials
U.S. production, sales, and consumption
Production in the United States of flavor and perfume chemicals in
1976 amounted to 128.8 million pounds, 27.1 percent higher than the 1975
level but not high enough to completely recoup the 1974-to-1975 decline.
Sales by domestic producers increased to 110.9 million pounds in 1976
and thus recovered by more than the 1974-to-1975 decline. The value of
sales in 1976 reached $195.3 million.
The benzenoid, other cyclic, and acyclic breakdown of the flavor and
aroma chemicals section accommodates tariff classification requirements
rather than industry practice. In 1976, acyclic compounds constituted
57 percent of total output, benzenoid cyclic, 31 percent, and other cyclic,
12 percent. Ranked in order of value of sales, the top-ranking single
chemicals were monosodium glutamate (MSG) , vanillin, saccharin, anethole,
coumarin, methyl salicylate, geranial, linalyl alcohol, geraniol, and
hydroxycitronella, whose aggregate value of sales amounted to $98.8
million, or 53 percent of the total. The top-ranking single chemicals
were monosodium glutamate (sales value not publishable) , anethole ($8.1
million), linalyl alcohol ($5.1 million), geraniol ($4.9 million), and
hydroxycitronellal ($4.3 million). MSG was the leader in both 1975 and
1976. The value of sales of MSG as well as those of all other top-ranking
chemicals increased in 1976 over their 1975 levels.
U.S. apparent consumption of flavor and aroma chemicals as a whole
rose by about 19 percent during 1970-76, to a 1976 level of 110 million
pounds, valued at $226 million. This rise, however, was interrupted by
depressed levels in 1971 and in 1975. MSG consumption in 1976 accounted
for a significant share of the total consumption of all flavor and perfume
chemicals rose by 32 percent. The following factors suggest that this
rise in demand will continue and perhaps accelerate:
(1) There is believed to be increasing public acceptance of
substitution of flavor and perfume chemicals for natural oils which are
subject to high prices and/or supply problems.
(2) Aroma chemicals are raw materials in products whose sales
are expected to grow at accelerating rates. Retail sales of cosmetics
and toiletries, according to industry statistics and estimates, grew from $4.7
billion to $7.6 billion between 1970 and 1977 at an annual rate of increase
ranging between 5.4 percent and 8.2 percent (the latter in 1977). The
industry expects that growth in sales of perfumes, colognes, aftershave,
and other fragrance products will be at the rate of 10 percent a year
until 1980; sales of cosmetics designed for blacks will grow by 20 percent
156 SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1976
annually; and sales of men's fragrances, aftershave lotions, and colognes
will increase 10 percent annually. The value of industry shipments of
aftershave preparations grew by 62 percent between 1967 and 1972,
from $93 million to $150.4 million. The value of industry shipments of
all toilet preparations rose steadily from $2.8 billion in 1967 to $5
billion in 1975. It is estimated that shipments of toilet preparations
will reach $6.2 billion in 1977.
(3) U.S. disposable personal incomes increased by 81.6 percent
during the 1970-77 period. Median incomes of all families and of black
families grew by 40 percent and 35 percent, respectively, between 1970
and 1975, according to Commerce Department statistics. From 1974 to 1975,
median family incomes increased for all families by 6.3 percent and for
black families (a recent growing market for cosmetics) by 9.6 percent.
This pattern will probably continue through the 1977-80 period. Increased
disposable income tends to increase consumption of luxury products such as
prepared foods, cosmetics, and toilet preparations — end-use products in
which flavor and aroma chemicals are raw materials.
The industry
Although the flavor and aroma chemical industry still largely consists
of privately owned companies, it is traditionally international in
orientation, and will probably continue to be so, particularly the aroma
chemical segment. Of all companies reporting sales of flavor and perfume
chemicals to the International Trade Commission for 1976, those companies
having affiliates in one to four foreign countries accounted for about 29
percent of total sales value and were represented among the top nine
companies ranked by sales values. For aroma chemicals alone, aggregate
sales value of companies having foreign affiliates accounted for 36 per-
cent of the total. The foreign affiliates are located in the United
Kingdom, France, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Italy, Mexico, and Brazil.
During 1976, ninth-ranking Universal Oil Products Fragrances division of
UOP, Inc., became a part of Naarden International N.V. of the Netherlands.
The concentration profile of producers of flavor and perfume chemicals
has changed, but not dramatically, during the 1970's. In 1971, 4 companies
together accounted for 42 percent of total sales value and 19 companies
for 72 percent of this total. In 1976, 4 companies together accounted
for 49 percent, but only 9 companies accounted for almost 75 percent of
total sales value.
In discussing the products and sales of this industry, it must be
noted that important products not included here are flavor and perfume
oil blends, and synthetic essential oils (worth probably over $100
million). For reporting companies, the mean total sales of included
flavor and aroma chemicals for 1976 was $4.4 million, the median, $1.8
million. The number of companies which reported production and/or sales
FLAVOR AND PERFUME MATERIALS 157
of flavor and perfume chemicals trended downward slightly during 1970-76,
from 50 in 1970 to 47 in 1976, having fluctuated in the interim. The
increasing use by this industry of sophisticated technology and instrumen-
tation in research and development and production will probably continue
to slow entry of smaller scale producers.
Continuation is foreseen in the use of crude sulfate turpentine,
a byproduct of kraft paper mills, as a raw material in the production of
about half, in terms of sales value, of all flavor and aroma chemicals.
Petroleum-based raw materials (e.g., acetylene) are used in the production
of the remainder.
Regulation
The flavor and perfume chemicals considered here are widely used in
food products or in cosmetics and toiletries. The scope and extent of
regulation of these chemicals varies, more when used in foods than in
cosmetics, the latter probably being the least regulated of all consumer
products. Consumer advocate groups have, however, in recent years
catalyzed the trend toward increasing controls and regulation for
cosmetics ingredients. Managerial, technical, and legal personnel in
the industry are thus focusing increasingly on problems of compliance
with Government directives deriving from authority under the Food,
Drug, and Cosmetic Act.
Tn 1970 the Food and Drug Administation (FDA) removed the flavor
enhancer monosodium glutamate from baby foods but not from its Generally
Regarded As Safe (GRAS) list. Consumption of MSG, which was the largest
volume chemical produced and sold in 1976 of any in the flavor and
perfume materials group, has, nonetheless, grown during the period
1970-76, and is estimated to reach 56 million pounds for 1977.
The sweeteners cyclamates and saccharin fared less well. The
FDA, under the Delaney clause, a 1958 admendment to the Food,
Drug, and Cosmetic Act which bans food additives found carcinogenic
for man or animals, banned cyclamates for use in the United States in
1969 and this past March issued a proposal, albeit postponed, to ban
saccharin. Debate on the Delaney clause is current, stimulated largely
by the diet food industry, which says that 50 million people in the United
States demand its products to control overweight, itself a health hazard.
There remain ongoing searches by industry and universities for alternative
artificial sweeteners.
Regulations governing perfume and cosmetic ingredients are relatively
new. FDA regulations begun in 1976 affecting aroma chemicals as raw
materials are involved in the following two labeling requirements for
cosmetic products: (1) the listing of ingredients in descending order of
prominence, effective for all labels ordered after May 31, 1976, and
for all products filled and shipped after November 30, 1976; and (2) the
245-856 O - 77 - 11
158 SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1976
obligation of the producer to substantiate the safety of the product
inherent in the requirement to designate ingredients on the label whose
safety has not been substantiated.
Several years ago the cosmetics industry initiated self-regulation,
still ongoing, by asking its member producers, on a voluntary basis, to
supply to FDA (1) a register of all manufacturing plants, (2) formula
information, and (3) semiannual product experience reports including
reported injuries from cosmetic use. During 1976, industry increased
self-regulation by sponsoring and financing research panels to carry out
a review of the safety of some 2,700 cosmetic and fragrance ingredients.
In view of the cosmetic industry's initiatives in these areas, Government
regulation will probably not be a retarding factor in research, develop-
ment, and shipments of perfume and cosmetic ingredients during 1977-80.
The labeling requirements for cosmetic products may, however, impede
the growth of imports of the ingredients.
International trade
The level of imports of all flavor and aroma chemicals in 1976 reached
28 million pounds, valued at $86 million — 35 percent in terms of quantity
and 25 percent in terms of value over the 1975 levels. Imports of mono-
sodium glutamate, principally from Korea and Japan, alone amounted to 13.5
million pounds or 48 percent of the total quantity, but their value of
$7.2 million constituted only 8 percent of total value. Other important
sources of imports were France, Switzerland, and Canada. Important items
imported in 1976 other than MSG were saccharin, vanillin, ethyl vanillin,
and various artificial musks.
Exports fluctuated during 1970-76, but rose (46 percent) in 1976 in
terms of quantity and 25 percent in terms of value from 1975 levels. France
and Spain were the principal markets for U.S. exports in 1976, which
amounted to 25.3 million pounds valued at $45.6 million.
Imports exceeded exports during 1970-76 except for the period 1971-73.
This unfavorable balance of trade in flavor and perfume chemicals broadened
in 1976. The ratio of exports to imports was 93.6 percent in 1970 and
98.2 percent in 1974, then it dropped to 95.9 percent in 1975 and to 90.9
percent in 1976. For monosodium glutamate, imports consistently exceeded
exports by a large margin during the 1970's. The ratio of exports to
imports was 54.6Vpercent in 1970 but it declined to 30.2 percent in 1976.
The multinational orientation of the principal producers of perfume or
aroma chemicals will likely lead to a continuation of this unfavorable
balance of trade, or trade deficit, during the 1977-80 period.
FLAVOR AND PERFUME MATERIALS 159
Monosodium glutamate produced in the United States became less
competitive with imports, particularly those from Korea in 1976. The
unit values of producers' sales of MSG in 1975 and 1976 were 69 cents
and 65 cents per pound, respectively, while those of imports were 59
cents and 53 cents per pound, respectively. Imports, even with duty
added, have a price advantage.
Brazil, the principal U.S. export market for monosodium glutamate,
is the site of a new MSG-producing plant which was constructed by a
major Japanese producer and became operational in late 1976. U.S. exports
of MSG will likely diminish during the 1977-80 period.
160
SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1976
Flavor and perfume materials: U.S. shipments, foreign trade,
and apparent consumption, 1970-76
(Semilogarithmic scale)
Million
POUNDS
200
Shipments —
Consumption
Imports
Exports
100
90
80
70
60
50
40 --
30 --
20
10 _-
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
Source: U.S. International Trade Commission, Synthetic Organic Chemicals, U.S. produc-
tion and Sales and official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
FLAVOR AND PERFUME MATERIALS
161
[lONOSODIUM GLUTAMATE: U.S. SHIPMENTS, FOREIGN TRADE, APPARENT
CONSUMPTION AND RATIO OF IMPORTS TO CONSUMPTION, 1970-76
Ratio
(percent)
~'60
Consumption
Shipments
Ratio - -
(imports/
consumption)
Imports 1/
50
40
30
IT
5 1
• •
• •
1/ Quantity of imports of MSG preparations estimated from unit value of
imports of MSG, and added to the quantity of imports of MSG to obtain a
total for both.
Source: Shipments: U.S. International Trade Commission, Synthetic organic
Chemicals, U.S. Production and Sales, except for the year 1970 which is estimated,
Exports and imports: official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce ex-
10
cept whore noted
a 7i
i —
73
75
76
162 SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1976
Flavor and perfume materials: Value of U.S. shipments of flavor and perfume
MATERIALS AND TOILET PREPARATIONS; MEDIAN DISPOSABLE INCOME OF ALL U.S.
FAMILIES AND OF U.S. BLACK FAMILIES; PER CAPITA DISPOSABLE INCOME, 1970"76
Index
1970=100
20..
10 ■
Median disposable family income (all families) 1/ X — — X-
Median disposable family income (black families) !_/
Per capita disposable income 2/ — -0
Value of shipments of all flavor and perfume materials ••
Value of industry shipments of toilet preparations 2/ —
"77
71
73
76
1/ Data for 1976 was not available.
2/ Seasonally adjusted at annual rates.
3/ 1976 figures were partly estimated.
Source: Based on official statistics of the
Department of Commerce.
FLAVOR AND PERFUME MATERIALS
163
Flavor m.d perfume chemicals and monosodium glutamate: U.S. balance of trade
AS A RATIO OF EXPORTS TO IMPORTS, 1970-76
Exports/ imports
(Percent)
All flavor and aroma chemicals
Monosodium glutamate X X X X X-
1970
Source:
1975
1976
1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976
Based on official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
1977
FLAVOR AND PERFUME MATERIALS
TABLE 1. --Flavor and perfume materials: U.S. production and sales, 1976
[Listed below
not be published
for which data on
all synthetic organic flavor and perfume materials for which any reported data on production
published. (Leaders (...) are used where the reported data are accepted in confidence and may
re no data were reported.) Table 2 lists separately all flavor and perfume materials
:tion and/or sales were reported and identifies the manufacturers of each]
PRODUCTION
1,000
pound
Grand total
FLAVOR AND PERFUME MATERIALS, CYCLIC
Total
Benzenoid and Naphthalenoid
Total
4-Allyl-l,2-dimethoxybenzene (4-Allylveratrole)-
4-Allyl-2-methoxyphenol (Eugenol)
Anisyl acetate
Benzophenone
Benzyl acetate
Benzyl cinnamate
Benzyl propionate
Benzyl salicylate
Cinnamaldehyde
Cinnamyl acetate
Cinnamyl anthranilate
Hydrocoumarin
Isobutyl phenylacetate
Isobutyl salicylate
Isopentyl salicylate
2-Methoxy-4-propenylphenol (Isoeugenol)
p-Methylanisole
Methyl anthranilate
a-Methylcinnamaldehyde
Methyl phenylacetate
Phenethyl acetate
Phenethyl isobutyrate
2-Phenethyl phenylacetate
2-Phenoxyethyl isobutyrate
Phenylacetaldehyde, dimethyl acetal
4-Phenyl-3-buten-2-one
3-Phenyl-l-propanol (Hydrocinnamic alcohol)
p-Propenylanisole (Ane thole)
All other benzenoid and naphthalenoid materials-
Terpenoid, Heterocyclic, and Alicyclic
Total
Cedrol
Cedryl acetate
Dihydronordicyclopentadienyl propionate
(cyclaprop)
Guaiac wood acetate
4-Hydroxynonanoic acid, gamma-lac tone (y-nonal-
actone)
Ionone (a- and B-)
Methyl ionones
Terplneols
a-Terpinylacetate
Vetivenyl acetate
All other terpenoid, heterocyclic, and alicyclL
materials
758
1,825
941
1 58
637
2,490
982
1,000
pound
1,000
dollars
Per
pound
453
,174
2,370
27,360
402
2,704
927
,350
,455
100
120
345
74
124
8,145
71,162
225
97)
167
126
228
2,463
1,587
921
569
26,929
See footnote
nd of table.
SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1976
TABLE 1, --Flavor and perfume materials: U.S. production and sales, 1976— Continued
PRODUCTION
UNIT
VALUE 1
FLAVOR AND PERFUME MATERIALS, ACYCLIC
Total
Allyl hexanoate
Butyl bytyryl lactate
Citronellyl acetate
Citronellyl formate
Citronellyl isobutyrate
Citronellyl propionate
3, 7-Dimethyl-cis-2 , 6-octadien-l-ol (Nerol)
3, 7-Dimethyl-trans-2, 6-octadien-l-ol (Geraniol)
3, 7-Dimethyl-cis-2, 6-octadien-l-ol acetate
(neryl acetate)
3,7-Dimethyl-l,6-octadien-3-ol (Linalool; Linalyl
alcohol )
3,7-Dimethyl-6-octen-l-al (Citronellal)
3,7-Dimethyl-6-octen-l-ol (Citronellol)
Ethyl butyrate
Ethyl heptanoate
Ethyl hexanoate (Ethyl caproate)
Ethyl myristate
Ethyl nonanoate
Ethyl octanoate
Ethyl propionate
Geranyl acetate
Geranyl formate
Geranyl propionate
2-Hexanal
7-Hydroxy-3 , 7-dimethyl-l-octanal (Hydroxy-
citronellal)
Isopentyl butyrate
Isopentyl formate
Isopentyl isovalerate
Rhodinol
All other acyclic materials
1 Calculated from the unrounded figures.
2 Includes significant quantities having other end
1,000
pounds
,050
723
,330
557
149
120
1,000
pounds
1,000
dollars
1,125
379
228
105
210
4,854
3,255
362
Per
pound
5.07
1.82
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180 SY.IThETIC ORGANIC CHEHICALS, 1976
TABLE 3. --Flavor and perfume materials: Directory of manufacturers, 1976
^ ALPHABETICAL DIRECTORY BY CODE
[Names of manufacturers that reported production or sales of flavor and perfume materials to the U.S. International
Trade Commission for 1976 are listed below in the order of their identification codes as used in table 2]
Code
Name of Company
Code
Name of Company
ABB
Abbott Laboratories
NCI
Union Camp Corp.
AIP
Air Products S Chemicals, Inc.
NEO
Norda Inc.
AMB
American Bio-Synthetics Corp.
NTL
NL Industries, Inc.
ARS
Arsynco, Inc.
NW
Northwestern Chemical Co.
ARZ
Arizona Chemical Co.
OPC
Orbis Products Corp.
BJL
Burdick § Jackson Labs., Inc.
OTC
Story Chemical Corp.
CI
Chem-Fleur, Inc.
PD
Parke, Davis § Co. Sub of Warner-Lambert
CWN
Upjohn Co., Fine Chemical Div.
Co.
PEN
CPC International, Inc., Penick Div.
DOW
Dow Chemical Co.
PFW
Polak's Frutal Works, Inc.
PFZ
Pfizer, Inc.
ELN
Elan Chemical Co.
RDA
Rhodia, Inc.
FB
Fritzsche, Dodge & Olcott, Inc.
RSA
R.S.A. Corp.
FEL
Felton International, Inc.
RT
Ritter International
FLO
Florasynth, Inc.
FMT
Fairmount Chemical Co., Inc.
SDH
Sterling Drug, Inc., Hilton-Davis Chemical
Co. Div.
GAF
GAF Corp., Chemical Div.
Stauffer Chemical Co.:
GIV
Givaudan Corp.
SFF
Food Ingredients Div.
GLD
SCM Corp., Glidden-Durkee Div.
SFS
Specialty Div.
GRW
Great Western Sugar Co.
SKG
Sunkist Growers, Inc.
SLV
Sterwin Chemicals, Inc.
HN
Tenneco Chemicals, Inc.
STP
Stepan Chemical Co.
HOF
Hof fmann-LaRoche , Inc.
sw
Sherwin-Williams Co.
HPC
Hercules, Inc.
ucc
Union Carbide Corp.
IFF
International Flavors § Fragrances, Inc.
UNG
Lingerer f* Co.
IMC
IMC Chemical Group, Inc.
UOP
UOP, Inc., UOP Chemical Div.
MON
Monsanto Co.
VEL
Velsicol Chemical Corp.
-Complete names and addresses of the above reporting companies are listed in table 1 of the appendix
PLASTICS AND RESIN MATERIALS 18
PLASTICS AND RESIN MATERIALS
Anne Klein
Plastics and resin materials are high molecular weight polymers
which, at some stage in their manufacture, exist in such physical con-
dition that they can be shaped or otherwise processed by the application
of heat and pressure. Depending on the chemical composition, manufac-
turing process or intended use, the commercial products may contain
plasticizers, fillers, extenders, stabilizers, coloring agents, or other
additives. Plastics materials may be molded, cast, or extruded into
semi-finished or finished solid forms. Resin materials may be in the
form of solutions, pastes, or emulsions for applications such as
protective coatings, adhesives, or paper and textile treatment.
Statistics on U.S. production and sales of synthetic plastics and
resin materials for 1976 are given in table 1. U.S. production of plastics
and resin materials in 1976 totaled 29,680 million pounds, or 21 percent
more than the 24,509 million pounds produced in 1975. Sales in 1976
totaled 24,837 million pounds, valued at $8,619 million compared with
20,955 million pounds, valued at $7,003 million in 1975.
Thermosetting materials are those which harden with a change in
composition in the final treatment so that they cannot again be softened
by heat or solvents. U.S. production of thermosetting materials totaled
5,970 million pounds in 1976 compared with 5,140 million pounds in 1975.
Production of the most important products in 1976 included polyether and
polyester polyols for urethanes (1,346 million pounds), phenolic resins
(1,305 million pounds), amino (or urea and melamine) resins (1,230 million
pounds), polyester resins, (unsaturated) (865 million pounds) and alkyd
resins (705 million pounds) .
Thermoplastic materials are those which can be repeatedly softened
by heat and shaped. U.S. production of thermoplastic materials totaled
23,710 million pounds in 1976 compared with 19,728 million pounds in 1975.
Production of the most important products in 1976 included polyethylene
(8,775 million pounds), vinyl resins (5,553 million pounds), and styrene
type materials (4,743 million pounds).
SYi.THETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1976
TABLE 1.— Plastics and resin materials: U.S,
Quantities and values are given in terms of the total weight of the ma
all plastics and resin materials, urethane type elastomers, and certain pr
data on production or sales may be published. (Leaders (...) are used whe
in confidence and may not be published and/or where no data were report
which data on production and/or sales were reported and identifies the
PRODUCTION AND SALES, 1976
terials (dry ba
) . Listed below are
for which any reported
re the reported data are accepted
) Table 2 lists all products for
ufacturers of each]
PRODUCTION
UNIT
VALUE 1
Grand total
'lastics and resin materials, benzenoid
'lastics and resin materials, nonbenzenoid
THERMOSETTING RESINS
Total
Alkyd resins, total'
Phthalic anhydride type
Polybasic acid type *■
Styrenated-alkyds or copolymer alkyds
Other copolymer alkyds
Dicyandiamide resins
Epoxy resins: 5 ' 6
Unmodified
Advanced
Furfuryl type resins
Melamine-formaldehyde resins (an amino resin)
Phenolic and other tar acid resins
Polyester resins, unsaturated 7
Polyether and polyester polyols for urethanes 8 -
Polyurethane elastomer and plastic products, to
Elastomers 9
Plastics ' °
Silicone resins
Urea-formaldehyde resins (an amino resi^)
Other thermosetting resins
THERMOPLASTIC RESINS
Total
Acrylic resins 1 l * 1 2
Engineering plastics 1 3
Petroleum hydrocarbon resins
Polyamide resins, nylon type 11 ' 1 **
Polyamide resins, non-nylon type
Polyester resins, saturated M ' 15
Polyethylene resins, total
Density 0.940 and below
Density over 0.940
Polyimides and amide-imide polymers
Polypropylene resins
Polyterpene resins
Polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE)
Rosin esters, unmodified (ester gums)
Rosin esters, modified
Styrene plastics materials, total
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) resins-
Straight polystyrene
Rubber modified polystyrene
Other styrene copolymers
Styrene-butadiene latexes
All other styrene latexes
All other styrene type plastics materials
1,000
pounds
dry basis
8,943,083
20,737,170
626,575
40,696
34,502
2,874
1,950
202,576
57,669
7,510
188,374
,305,294
865,198
,346,337
207,524
81,182
126,342
15,223
,041,360
26,182
888,469
92,723
306,143
124,313
30,967
107,910
8,774,658
5,661,328
3,113,330
2,153
2,550,950
13,055
15,567
20,950
43,421
4,742,895
1,003,074
2,207,887
778,208
251,053
303,205
29,851
169,617
1,000
pounds
dry basis 2
7,684,865
17,151,982
470,715
433,249
23,681
12,108
1,677
1,815
187,391
50,182
146,923
999,930
707,443
988,729
170,023
65,404
104,619
13,084
920,866
23,519
20,156,227
98,879
293,480
77,131
27,951
62,663
4,720,630
2,862,594
2,063,442
12,778
13,015
22,248
41,254
4,390,297
938,861
1,988,801
773,426
221,019
298,751
24,387
145,052
1,000
dollars
3,113,430
5,505,923
201,637
181,207
13,519
5,876
1,035
1,699
135,413
49,025
79,681
382,986
303,927
344,282
159,722
84,307
75,415
31,348
168,453
20,289
96,800
69,649
86,303
31,413
68,021
1,385,531
808,155
582,339
5,850
45,453
9,161
17,799
1,530,761
430,878
582,399
218,764
131,136
103,589
9,551
54,444
.24
1.12
1.12
1.09
.29
.28
.59
.35
PLASTICS AND RESINS MATERIALS
TABLE 1, --Plastics and resin materials: U.S. production and sales, 1976— Continued
PLASTICS AND RESIN MATERIALS
PRODUCTION
UNIT
VALUE 1
THERMOPLASTIC RESINS— Continued
1,000
pounds
dry basis
total ' 6
hloride and copolymers-
Vinyl resin
Polyvinyl
Polyvinyl
Polyvinyl alcohol 18
Polyvinyl butyral resins
Polyvinylidene chloride late
Other vinyl and vinylidene r
All other thermoplastic resirfs
1,000
pounds
dry basis 2
4,427,173
1,000
dollars
Per
pound
,544,811
617,152
126,465
16,640
248,137
443,030
3,579,067
548,276
105,628
42,913
16,053
135,236
1,042,692
925,609
216,743
67,091
64,336
9,483
59,857
660,537
$0.26
.40
eluding water
the total weight of the
and other additives, but
rials.
1 of schedule 4 of the Tariff Schedules
not defined in part 1 of schedule 4 of
Excludes the weight of hardeners sold
; which is further pro-
Calculated from rounded figures.
2 Dry weight basis unless otherwise specified. Dry weight basi
including resin and coloring agents, extenders, fillers, plasticiz
and other liquid diluents unless they are an integral part of the
3 Includes benzenoid plastics and resin materials as defined in
of the United States; also includes urethane type elastomers which
the TSUS.
" The total now includes data for styrene alkyd polyesters.
5 Includes reactive diluents which are an Integral part of the
in association with the resin as part of a two-component system.
6 Data shown for advanced epoxy resins are that part of the unmodified epoxy
cessed.
7 Polyester resins are unsaturated alkyd resins, later to be copolyraerized with a monomer (such as styrene
or methyl methacrylate) , and polyallyl resins (such as diallyl phthalate and diglycol carbonate). Data are on
an "as sold" basis, including monomer if part of the resin system.
8 In addition to the polyols, the other principal starting materials used in the production of urethane pro-
ducts are the isocyanic acid derivatives, mainly the 80/20 mixture of toluene-2,4- and 2 ,6-diisocyanate .
Statistics for the isocyanic acid derivatives are reported in the cyclic intermediates section of the Synthetic
Organic Chemicals report.
' Data for urethane type elastomers are now included in this section of the Synthetic Organic Chemicals
report; these statistics previously were reported under the elastomers (synthetic rubber) section. The data
on urethane elastomers are believed to be not fully representative of the total urethane market in view of the
very large number of urethane elastomer producers.
10 The term plastic encompasses compounds containing additives such as plasticizers ( Whittington's Dictionary
o f Plastics , First Edition, published by Technomic Publishing Co., Inc.).
fi Does not include production or sales for fiber use.
12 Includes data for acrylic resins reported to the U.S. International Trade Commission as thermosetting resins.
13 Engineering plastics; Includes acetal, polycarbonate, polyimide (sales only; production separately shown),
polysulfone, and polyphenylene oxide. Engineering plastics are defined in Whittington's Dictionary of Plastics ,
as "Those [plastics] which have mechanical, chemical and thermal properties suitable for use in construction,
machine components and chemical processing equipment". The above list of plastics (all of which are thermoplastic)
was selected from a larger group in this source. The other plastics named in Whittington's Dictionary as engineerir
plastics, ABS resins and nylon resins, are not included in the above list as they are published separately.
Statistics for nylon 6 and nylon 6/6 which are used in plastic applications (e.g.
sed in plastics applicatio
olding etc.)
(e.g., molding, etc.)
, extenders, fillers,
included here.
15 Statistics for polyethylene terephthalate which
included here.
16 Data are on the basis of dry resin content, excluding the weight of plasticiz
coloring agents, stabilizers, or impact modifiers, unless otherwise noted.
17 Data for polyvinyl acetate produced and sold in latex form includes the weight of any protective colloids
which are used as emulsion stabilizers and form an integral part of the resin system. Production and sales do
not include polyvinyl acetate used as a reactive intermediate for polyvinyl alcohol or other vinyl resins.
18 Production and sales do not include polyvinyl alcohol used as a reactive intermediate for polyvinyl
butyral or other vinyl resins.
" Includes acrylic resins (sales only), cellulose plastics and resins, coumarone-indene resins, polybutylene ty
resins, fluorocarbon resins except PTFE, and other thermoplastics materials.
Note. — Data reported to the U.S. International Trade Commission do not necessarily coincide with that reported
to the Society of the Plastics Industry (SPI) because of differences in both the reporting instructions and in
the coverage of certain resins.
SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1976
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TABLE 3.— Plastics and resin materials: Directory of manufacturers- 1976
ALPHABETICAL DIRECTORY BY CODE
[Names of manufacturers that reported production or sales of plastics and resin materials to the U.S. International
Trade Commission for 1976 are listed below in the order of their identification codes as used in table 2]
Code
Name of company
Code
Name of company
ABS
Abex Corp., Friction Products Group
DSO
DeSoto, Inc.
ACC
Amoco Chemical Corp.
DUP
E.I. duPont de Nemours 5 Co., Inc.
ACR
CPC International, Inc., Acme Resin Co. Div.
ECC
Eastern Color 5 Chemical Co.
ACS
Allied Chemical Corp., Specialty Chemical Div.
EFH
E.F. Houghton § Co.
ACY
American Cyanamid Co.
Eastman Kodak Co. :
AEP
A 5 E Plastics Pak Co., Inc.
EKT
Tennessee Eastman Co. Div.
AIP
Air Products 5 Chemicals, Inc.
EKX
Texas Eastman Co. Div.
ALF
Allied Chemical Corp., Fibers Div.
EMR
Emery Industries, Inc.
AME
Stauffer Chemical Co.
ENJ
Exxon Chemical Co. U.S.A.
AMR
Pacific Resins 6 Chemical Co.
EPI
Eagel Pitcher Industries, Inc.,
APT
Whittaker Corp., Whittaker Coatings 6
Ohio Rubber Co.
Chemical, Mol Rez Resins
EW
Westinghouse Electric Corp., Industrial
APX
Apex Chemical Co., Inc.
Plastics Div., Chemical Products Plant
ARK
Armstrong Cork Co.
ASH
Ashland Oil, Inc., Ashland Chemical Co. Div.
FAR
Syncon, Inc., Farnow Div.
ASY
American Synthetic Rubber Corp.
FCD
Synres Chemical Corp.
ATR
Atlantic Richfield Co.
FG
Foster Grant Co., Inc.
AZS
AZS Corp., AZ Products Co. Div.
FIR
Firestone Tire § Rubber Co., Firestone
Plastics Co. Div.
BAL
Baltimore Paint £ Chemical Corp.
FLH
H.B. Fuller Co.
BAS
BASF Wyandotte Corp.
FLN
Franklin Chemical Corp.
BCM
Belding Chemical Industries
FLW
Fuller-O'Brien Corp.
BEN
Bennett *s
FMP
FMC Corp., Industrial Chemical Div.
BFG
B.F. Goodrich Co., B.F. Goodrich Chemical
FMS
First Mississippi Corp.
Co. Div.
FOC
Handschy Chemical Co., Farac Oil 5 Chemi
cal
BLS
Life Savers, Inc.
Co. Div.
BME
Bendix Corp., FMD Div.
FOM
Formica Corp.
BOR
Borden Co., Borden Chemical Co. Div.
FRE
Freeman Chemical Corp.
BRU
M.A. Bruder 6 Sons, Inc.
FRF
Firestone Tire 6 Rubber Co., Firestone
Synthetic Fibers Co.
CBD
Chembond Corp.
FRP
FRP Company
CBM
Carborundum Co .
FRS
Firestone Tire 5 Rubber Co., Firestone
CBN
Cities Service Co., Petrochemicals Div.
Synthetic Rubber § Latex Co. Div.
CBY
Crosby Chemicals, Inc.
CEL
Celanese Corp. :
GAF
GAF Corp., and Chemical Div.
Celanese Plastics Co.
GE
General Electric Co.:
Celanese Polymer Specialties Co.
GEI
Insulating Materials Products Sec.
CGL
Cargill, Inc.
GIL
Gilman Paint 6 Varnish Co.
CGY
Ciba-Geigy Corp., Resins Dept.
GLC
General Latex 5 Chemical Corp.
CHC
Choate Chemical Co.
GLD
SCM Corp., Coatings and Resins Div.
CHP
C.H. Patrick 6 Co . , Inc.
GNM
General Mills Chemicals, Inc.
CLK
Clark Chemical Corp.
GNT
General Tire 6 Rubber Co., Chemical
CMP
Commercial Products Co., Inc.
Plastics Div.
CNE
Conchemco, Inc.
GOC
Gulf Oil Corp., Gulf Oil Chemicals
CNI
Conap, Inc.
Co. -U.S.
CNT
CertainTeed Corp.
GOR
Carl Gordon Industries, Inc.
CO
Continental Oil Co.
GP
Georgia-Pacific Corp.:
COO
The Terrell Corp.
Rebecca Chemical Div.
CPV
Cook Paint 5 Varnish Co.
Resins Operations
CPX
Chemplex Co.
GPM
General Plastics Manufacturing Co.
CSD
Cosden Oil 6 Chemical Co.
GRA
Great American Chemical Corp.
CTR
Customs Resins, Inc.
GRD
W.R. Grace 5 Co., Polymers Chemicals
CWN
Upjohn Co., Fine Chemical Div.
GRG
Div.
P.D. George Co.
DA
Diamond Shamrock Corp.
GRV
Guardsman Chemical Coatings, Inc.
DAN
Dan River, Inc.
GYR
Goodyear Tire 5 Rubber Co.
DCC
Dow Corning Corp.
DEG
Degan Oil 6 Chemical Co.
HAN
Hanna Chemical Coating Corp.
DGO
Day-Glo Color Corp.
HER
Heresite 6 Chemical Co.
DNS
Dennis Chemical Co.
HKD
Hooker Chemical Corp., Durez Div.
DOW
Dow Chemical Co.
HLM
U.S. Industries, Inc., E. Helman Co.
DPP
Dixie Pine Products Co., Inc.
Div.
PLASTICS AND KESI.J MATERIALS 189
TABLE 3. --Plastics and resin materials: Directory of manufacturers, 1976— Continued
Code
Name of company
Code
Name of company
HN
Tenneco Chemicals, Inc.
PER
Perry S Derrick Co.
HNC
H 6 N Chemical Co.
PFP
Midwest Manufacturing Corp.
HPC
Hercules, Inc.
PLC
Phillips Petroleum Co.
HRT
Hart Products Corp.
PLN
Disogrin Industries Corp.
HVG
Haveg Industries, Inc. Sub. of Hercules, Inc.
PLS
Plastics Engineering Co.
HYC
Dexter Corp., Hysol Co. Div.
PMC
PNT
Plastics Manufacturing Co.
Pantasote Co.
ICF
Inmont Corp.
POL
Polymer Corp.
ICI
ICI United States, Inc. :
PPG
PPG Industries, Inc.
Plastics Div.
PPL
Pioneer Plastics Div. of LOF Plastics, ]
nc
Specialty Chemicals Div.
PRC
Products Research 6 Chemical Co.
IMC
IMC Chemical Group, Inc., McWorter Resins
PRT
Pratt 6 Lambert, Inc.
INL
Inland Steel Co., Inland Steel Container
PVI
Polyvinyl Chemical Ind.
Co. Div.
PYZ
Polyrez Co. , Inc.
INP
Indipol, Inc.
IOC
Ionac Chemical Co. Div. of Sybron Corp.
QCP
Quaker Chemical Corp.
IPC
Interplastic Corp.
QUN
K.J. Quinn 6 Co., Inc.
IRI
Ironsides Resins, Inc.
RAB
Raybestos-Manhattan, Inc., R.M. Friction
JCC
Jefferson Chemical Co.
Materials Co. Div.
JNS
S.C. Johnson S Son, Inc.
RBT
Robintech, Inc.
JOB
Jones-Blair Paint Co.
RCC
Rexene Polyolefins Co.
JSC
Jersey State Chemical Co.
RCC
Rexene Styrenics Co.
JWC
J.W. Carroll 6 Sons Div. of U.S. Industries
RCD
Richardson Co., Polymeric Septems Div.
Inc.
RCI
Reichhold Chemicals Inc.
KMC
Kohler-McLister Paint Co.
RED
Red Spot Paint and Varnish Co., Inc.
KMP
Kelly -Moore Paint Co.
REL
Reliance Universal, Inc., Louisville Resi
ns
KPP
Arco/Polymers, Inc.
Operations
KPT
Koppers Co., Organic Materials Div.
REZ
Hexcel Corp., Rezolin Div.
KYS
Keysor Corp.
RGC
RH
Rogers Corp.
Rohm 6 Haas Co .
MCA
Masonite Corp., Alpine Div.
RPC
Millmaster Onyx Corp., Refined-Onyx Div.
MCB
Borg-Warner Corp. , Borg-Warner Chemicals
RSC
Resinous Chemicals Corp.
MCC
McCloskey Varnish Co.
RSN
Rilsan Corp.
MFG
Rockwell International Corp., Plastics Div.
RSY
Resyn Corp.
MID
Dexter Corp., Midland Div.
RUB
Hooker Chemical Corp., Ruco Div.
MMM
Minnesota Mining 5 Manufacturing Co.
MNP
The Valspar Corp.
S
Sandoz, Inc.
MOB
Mobay Chemical Co.
SAC
Southeastern Adhesives Co.
MON
Monsanto Corp.
SAR
Sartomer Industries, Inc.
MRA
Bostik South, Inc.
SCN
Schenectady Chemicals, Inc.
MRB
Marblette Co.
sco
Scholler Bros., Inc.
MRO
W.R. Grace 6 Co., Hatco Polyester Div.
SED
Conchemco, Inc., Colony Paint
MRT
Morton Chemical Co. Div. of Morton Norwich
SFP
Stauffer Chemical Co., Plastics Div.
Products, Inc.
SHA
SHC
Shanco Plastics 6 Chemicals, Inc.
Shell Oil Co., Shell Chemical Co. Div.
NCI
Union Camp Corp.
SIC
Vistron Corp., Silmar Div.
NEV
Neville Chemical Co.
SIM
Simpson Timber Co.
NPV
Norris Paint 6 Varnish Co., Inc.
SKP
Shakespeare Co., Monofilament Div.
NSC
National Starch 6 Chemical Corp.
SKT
Textron Inc., Spencer Kellogg Div.
NTC
National Casein Co.
SLC
Soluol Chemical Co., Inc.
NTL
NL Industries, Inc.
SLT
Soltex Polymer Corp.
NVT
Novamont Corp. , Neal Works
SM
Mobil Oil Corp., Mobil Chemical Co.,
NWP
Northern Petrochemical Co.
SNW
Chemical Coatings Div.
Sun Chemical Corp. , Chemicals Div.
OBC
O'Brien Corp.
SOL
Polysar Resins, Inc.
OCF
Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp.
SOR
Thomason Industries, Inc., Southern Resir
OMC
Olin Corp.
Div.
ORO
Chevron Chemical Co.
SPC
SPD
Insilco Corp., Sinclair Paint Co. Div.
General Electric Co., Silicone Products
PAS
Pennwalt Corp. ,
Dept .
PC
Proctor Chemical Co., Inc.
SPL
Spaulding Fibre Co., Inc.
245-856 O - 77 - 13
190 SYNTHETIC ORGAfJIC CHEMICALS. 1976
TABLE 3, --Plastics and resin materials: Directory of manufacturers, 1976— Continued
Code
Name of company
Code
Name of company
STC
American Hoechst Corp. , Sou-Tex Works
USI
National Petro Chemical Corp.
STT
Standard T Chemical Co.
USM
USM Corp. , Bostik Div.
SW
Sherwin-Williams Co.
USO
U.S. Oil Co.
SWS
Stauffer Chemical Co., SWS Silicones
USR
Uniroyal, Inc., Chemical Div.
Div.
USS
VAL
USS Chemicals Div. of U.S. Steel
Valchem
Corp.
TKL
Thiokol Corp.
VEL
Veliscol Chemical Corp.
TNA
Ethyl Corp.
VPC
Mobay Chemical Corp., Verona Div
TX
Texaco, Inc.
VSV
Valentine Sugars, Inc.
UBS
A.E. Staley Manufacturing Co., Chemicals
WCA
West Coast Adhesives Co.
Specialties Div.
WLN
Wilmington Chemical Corp.
ucc
Union Carbide Corp.
WRD
Weyerhaeuser Co.
UNO
United-Erie, Inc.
WTC
Witco Chemical Co., Inc.
uoc
Union Oil Co. of California
UPJ
Upjohn Co.
ZGL
Carolina Processing Corp.
USI
National Distillers S Chemical Corp., U.S.
Industrial Chemicals Co. Div.
Note. --Complete names and addresses of the above reporting companies are listed in table 1 of the appendix.
RUBBER-PROCESSING CHEMICALS
191
RUBBER-PROCESSING CHEMICALS
David B. Beck
Rubber-processing chemicals are organic compounds that are added to
natural and synthetic rubber to give them qualities necessary for their
conversion into finished rubber goods. In this report, statistics are
given for cyclic and acyclic compounds by use — such as accelerators,
antioxidants, blowing agents, and peptizers. Data on production and sales
of rubber-processing chemicals in 1976 are given in table l 1 .
Production of rubber-processing chemicals as a group in 1976 amounted
to 384 million pounds, or 37.8 percent more than the 279 million pounds in
1975. Sales of rubber-processing chemicals in 1976 amounted to 224 million
pounds, valued at $247 million, compared with 204 million pounds, valued at
$207 million, in 1975.
The production of cyclic rubber-processing chemicals in 1976 amounted
to 304 million pounds, or 35.1 percent more than the 225 million pounds in
1975. Sales in 1976 were 186 million pounds, valued at $218 million, com-
pared with 173 million pounds, valued at $187 million, in 1975. Of the
total production of cyclic rubber-processing chemicals in 1976, accelerators,
activators, and vulcanizing agents accounted for 42.3 percent and antioxi-
dants, antiozonants, and stabilizers for 52.8 percent. Production of anti-
oxidants, antiozonants, and stabilizers, which amounted to 160.3 million
pounds in 1976, included 121.2 million pounds of amino compounds and 39.1
million pounds of phenolic and phosphite compounds. Sales of amino anti-
oxidants, antiozonants, and stabilizers in 1976 amounted to 80.1 million
pounds, valued at $94.4 million, sales of phenolic and phosphite antioxi-
dants, antiozonants, and stabilizers, were 26.0 million pounds, valued at
$30.4 million.
Production of acyclic rubber-processing chemicals in 1976 amounted to
49.7 million pounds, or 8.0 percent less than the 54.0 million pounds re-
ported for 1975. Sales in 1976 totaled 37.9 million pounds, valued at $28.6
million, compared with 31.2 million pounds, valued at $20.0 million, in
1975. Dithiocarbamic acid derivatives accounted for 15.0 percent of sales
(based on quantity) of acyclic rubber-processing chemicals in 1976 and bis-
(dimethylthiocarbamoyl) disulfide accounted for 12.9 percent.
1/ See also table 2 which lists these producers and identifies the manu-
facturers by codes. These codes are given in table 3.
RUBBER-PROCESSING CHEMICALS
TABLE 1.— Rubber-processing chemicals: U.S. production and sales, 1976
Listed below are all rubber-processing chemicals for which any reported data on production or sales may be pub-
lished. (Leaders (...) are used where the reported data are accepted in confidence and may not be published
or where no data were reported.) Table 2 lists separately all rubber-processing chemicals for which data on
production and/or sales were reported and identifies the manufacturers of each]
RUBBER-PROCESSING CHEMICALS
PRODUCTION
UNIT
VALUE 1
Grand total
RUBBER-PROCESSING CHEMICALS, CYCLIC
Total
Accelerators, activators, and vulcanizing agents,
total
Aldehyde-amine reaction products
Dithiocarbamic acid derivatives
Thiazole derivatives, total
N-Cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazolesulfenamide
2,2'-Dithiobis(benzothiazole)
2-Me reap tobenzo thiazole
All other thiazole derivatives
All other accelerators, activators, and vulcanizing
agents 2
Antioxidants, antiozonants, and stabilizers, total
Amino compounds, total
Aldehyde- and acetone-amine reaction products
Substituted p-phenylenediamines
N-Phenyl-2-naphthylamine
All other amino compounds
Phenolic and phosphite compounds, total
Phenolic compounds, total
Polyphenolics (including bisphenols)
Phenol , alkylated
Other
Phosphite compounds
Peptizers
Retarder : N-Nitrosodiphenylamine
All other cyclic rubber-processing chemicals'*
RUBBER-PROCESSING CHEMICALS, ACYCLIC
Total
Dithiocarbamic acid derivatives, total 5
Dibutyldithiocarbamic acid, sodium salt
Dibutyldithiocarbamic acid, zinc salt
Dimethyldithiocarbamic acid, zinc salt
All other dithiocarbamic acid derivatives
Bis(dimethylthiocarbamoyl) disulfide
Bis(dimethylthiocarbamoyl) sulfide
Shortstops: Dimethyldithiocarbamic acid, sodium salt
All other acyclic rubber-processing chemicals 6
159,614
722
209
118, 048
4,097
18,538
95,413
160,307
71,780
746
48,647
39,134
22,496
13,662
5,543
3,291
16,638
1,856
1,307
11,651
8,094
2,919
1,893
3,282
5,358
2,266
3,080
30,890
1,000
pounds
1,000
dollars
186,393
66,194
649
172
58,010
2,937
8,331
5,351
41,391
7,363
80,111
4,363
41,776
33,972
26,035
15,060
10,977
1,567
2,516
10,975
1,850
843
11,360
2.367
1,377
1,963
4,895
2,034
25,173
68,678
1,078
624
55,860
3,488
7,134
3,217
42,021
11,116
124.791
94,404
4,133
58,311
31,960
30,387
24,259
20,015
1,167
3,077
6,128
2,145
817
21,832
28,594
2,645
1,251
3,853
3,832
3,069
13,883
Per
pound
1.66
3.62
1.19
.86
1.51
1.18
1.18
.95
1.40
.94
1.17
1.61
1.82
.74
1.22
.56
.97
1.92
1.54
.91
1.96
1.51
.55
1/ Calculated from rounded figures.
2/ Includes guanidlnes and other uses not separately shown.
3/ Includes aldehyde- and acetone-amine reaction products (production only) and N-phenyl-2-naphthylamine (sales
only).
4/ Includes blowing agents and other uses not separately shown.
5/ Data on dithlocarbamates included in this table are for materials used chiefly in the processing of natural and
synthetic rubber. Data on dithlocarbamates which are used chiefly as fungicides are included in the report "Pest-
icides and Related Products".
6/ Includes "other" thiurams, xanthates, sulfides, conditioning and lubricating agents, polymerization regulators,
shortstops, and other uses not separately shown.
194
SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1976
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TABLE 3. --Rubber-processing chemicals: Directory of Manufacturers, 1976
ALPHABETICAL DIRECTORY BY CODE
[Names of manufacturers that reported production or sales of rubber-process
Trade Commission for 1976 are listed below in the order of their identifi
ng chemicals to the U.S. International
iation codes as used in table 2]
Code
Name of company
Code
Name of company
ACY
American Cyanamid Co.
LAK
Lakeway Chemicals, Inc.
ALC
Alco Chemical Corp.
ARA
Arapahoe Chemicals, Inc. Sub/Syntex Corp.
MCB
Borg-Warner Corp., Weston Chemical Div.
(U.S.A.)
MON
Monsanto Co.
ASH
Ashland Oil, Inc., Ashland Chemical Co.
NEV
Neville Chemical Co.
BFG
B. F. Goodrich Co., B. F. Goodrich Chemical
Co. Div.
NPI
Stepan Chemical Co. , Polychem Dept.
PAS
Pennwalt Chemicals Corp.
DA
Diamond Shamrock Corp.
PIT
Pitt-Consol Chemical Co.
DUP
E. I. duPont de Nemours 6. Co., Inc.
PLC
Phillips Petroleum Co.
FER
Ferro Corp. , Ferro Chemical Div.
RBC
Fike Chemicals, Inc.
FMN
FMC Corp., Agricultural Chemical Div.
RCD
Richardson Co., Organic Chemical Div.
RCI
Reichhold Chemicals, Inc.
GYR
Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.
SDC
Martin-Marietta Corp., Sodeyco Div.
HK
Hooker Chemicals & Plastics Corp.
VNC
Vanderbilt Chemical Copr.
ICI
ICI United States, Inc., Specialty Chemicals
Note. — Complete
reporting compa
table 1 of the append!
ELASTOMERS
201
ELASTOMERS
David B. Beck
Elastomers (synthetic rubber) are high polymeric materials with pro-
perties similar to those of natural rubber. The term "elastomers" as
used in this report, means a substance, whether in bale, crumb, powder,
latex, and other crude form, which can be vulcanized or similarly processed
into a material that can be stretched to at least twice its original length
and, after having been so stretched and the stress removed, will return with
force to approximately its original length. U.S. production and sales of
elastomers in 1976 are shown in table 1 .
Total U.S. production 2 of synthetic rubber in 1976 amounted to 5,386
million pounds, an increase of 18 percent from that produced in 1975. Total
sales 2 of elastomers in 1976 amounted to 3,710 million pounds, a decrease of
6 percent from that produced in 1975.
Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR, or S-type rubber) in 1976 continued to
be the elastomer produced in the greatest quantity as it has been for more
than a quarter of a century. U.S. production of S-type rubber, including
30 million pounds of its vinylpyridine sub-type, amounted to 3,010 million
pounds in 1976, an increase of 14 percent from that reported for 1975. Solu-
tion polymerized butadiene rubber, a stereo type elastomer, was produced
domestically in 1976 in the next largest amount — 752 million pounds; pro-
duction of isoprene and ethylene-propylene rubbers, the other stereo types,
amounted to 164 million 3 and 303 million pounds, respectively. Total U.S.
production of these stereo type elastomers amounted to 1,219 million pounds
in 1976 — an increase of 25 percent from 1975. Other principal types of
synthetic elastomers for which U.S. production data are reported separately
are isobutylene-isoprene (butyl) rubber, production of which was 277 million
pounds 3 in 1976, acrylonitrile-butadiene (N-type) rubber, production of which
was 166 million pounds, and polychloroprene (Neoprene) rubber, production of
which was 383 million pounds .
Sales of S-type rubber by U.S. producers in 1976 (including its vinyl-
pyridine sub-type) amounted to 1,786 million pounds, a decrease of 18 percent
from sales reported for 1975. Sales of solution polymerized butadiene rubber
amounted to 413 million pounds, and those of ethylene-propylene rubber to 245
million pounds. Sales of N-type rubber in 1976 amounted to 130 million pounds.
Sales of solution polymerized butadiene rubber in 1976 decreased from sales
in 1975 by 12 percent, and sales of ethylene-propylene rubber increased 27 per-
cent. Sales of N-type rubber in 1976 were 23 percent above those in 1975.
1 See also Table 2 which lists these products and indicates the manufacturers
of each by code. The codes are identified by company name in table 3.
2 Does not include urethane type elastomers.
3 Reported by the Rubber Manufacturers' Association.
202 SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1976
Synthetic Elastomers
During 1976 the U.S. synthetic elastomers industry was hampered by
1) the United Rubber Workers (URW) strike against the Big Four tire
producers, and 2) a cancer scare which set the National Institute of
Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and certain producers to the task
of researching potential occupational hazards germane to the rubber
industry. Despite these and other developments, overall production of
synthetic elastomers was up from 1975, and the outlook for 1977 and beyond
is favorable.
Styrene-butadiene rubber workers and leukemia
B.F. Goodrich reported in March 1976 that three employees of its
Port Neches, Texas, styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) plant had died of
leukemia since 1971. A quick check by other SBR producers revealed
that several other leukemia-related deaths and illnesses had similarly
occurred.
NIOSH began an investigation having the same urgency as its vinyl
chloride monomer study. Pinpointing the potential carcinogen in SBR
is complicated, however, by the fact that SBR production involves over
200 monomers and rubber-processing chemicals. Two university studies
funded by the rubber industry to research occupational diseases have
been in progress since 1970, but some producers now have initiated
inquiries of their own. The International Institute of Synthetic Rubber
Producers (IISRP) is also concentrating a massive factfinding effort
on butadiene monomers.
United Rubber Workers strike
Contract negotiations between the URW and the Big Four tire producers
broke down in 1976, as they had in 1967, 1970, and 1973. But the 1976 URW
strike was to last longer (140 days) than any previous one. The key issues
were a cost-of-living escalator clause and wage differentials between tire
workers and other rubber-product workers.
The effects of the strike were not immediately felt because tire
inventories were initially high (55 million units compared with a normal
inventory of 40 to 50 million units), and stocks of the monomers butadiene
and styrene were low. Production of the monomers, SBR elastomers, and
rubber-processing chemicals continued at a normal pace through April to
build supply in anticipation of heavy tire production once the strike was
settled.
The strike was not settled as soon as most hoped. As stocks rose,
throughout May and August , SBR production dropped 12 to 26 percent (see
the following figure). This triggered declines in the demand for, and in
the price of, styrene and butadiene monomers.
ELASTOMERS
203
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204
SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS/ 1976
The strike curbed what could have been a very good year for tire
producers. When the strike ended in Angust, tire inventories had dropped
to 20 million units, and at yearend they were about 10 million units short
of normal reserves. Sales for the year generally increased 5 to 6 percent
over 1975, but after-tax profits fell almost 30 percent for some companies.
While hose and belting generally rebounded from the 1975 recession,
flat belt sales (serving high capital expenditure markets such as coal
mining) were dampened by the length of the strike. Producers of fibers,
tire yarn, and other products related to tire manufacture also reported
feeling the impact of the strike.
Production and sales
Production of synthetic elastomers in 1976 amounted to 5.3 billion
pounds, up almost 15 percent from 4.6 billion pounds in 1975. The following
tabulation shows that all major types of elastomers made a good recovery
from 1975:
Production
Type of rubber
1975
(1,000 pounds)
1976
(1,000 pounds)
Percentage
increase
SBR 2 , 607, 907
Butyl 182 , 039
N-type 118, 767
Polybutadiene 655 , 778
Polyisoprene 135 , 154
EPDM 187, 392
Silicone 31 , 221
Styrene-butadiene-
vinylpyridine 29,500
Total synthetic
rubber 4,578, 725
2,980,253
14
277,685
53
165,924
40
780,756 1/
19
164,115
21
303,056
62
38,974
25
29,832
1
5,220,956 1/
14
However, in the overaj.0. perspective, only polybutadiene and EPDM managed to
exceed the 1974 levels of production.
Sales of SBR in 1976 amounted to 1,775,333 thousand pounds compared with
2,607,907 thousand pounds in 1975, or a decrease of 32 percent. Sales value
of SBR declined 17 percent from $572 million in 1975 to $473 million in 1976.
Similarly, production and sales of solution-polymerized polybutadiene declined
12 percent and 9 percent, respectively. Changes in sales quantities and values
for other synthetic elastomers were as follows:
1/ Census data.
ELASTOMERS 205
Percentage change in Percentage change in
sales quantity: sales value:
Type of rubber 1976 from 1975 1976 from 1975
Butyl 1/ 1/
N-type 23 32
Polyisoprene 1/ 1/
EPDM 27 39
Silicone 39 32
Styrene-butadiene-
vinylpyridine -35 -34
1/ Withheld to avoid disclosure of company confidential data.
Foreign trade
In synthetic elastomers, the United States maintained a favorable export/
import ratio of about 2.3 in 1976 (see figure on p. 206). That ratio has varied
no more than 0.3 from the average during 1972-76. However, if the quantity
of natural rubber imports is included (the United States does not produce
natural rubber, yet it consumes about one-fifth of the world's total, annually),
the export/import ratio drops to a less favorable 0.36 for 1976 (see figure
on p. 207).
The ratio of imports to consumption of synthetic rubber alone was steady
at 4.7 to 5.7 percent during 1972-76. If natural rubber data are considered,
the ratio of imports to consumption shows a steady (but gradual) increase
from 24.8 percent in 1972 to 30.3 percent in 19 76.
As the U.S. economy was depressed in 1975, so too were U.S. exports of
rubber. Export problems included currency devaluations, inflation, raw
materials costs, tariff barriers, and transportation costs. These factors,
coupled with increased foreign competition and the prospects of little growth
in U.S. tire demand, provided strong incentive for U.S. producers to expand
their facilities overseas, especially in the developing countries.
World demand and foreign competition
Latin America's automobile consumption in 1980 will be more than double
that in 1970. Similarly, Southeast Asia's demand for original-equipment tires
will increase at least 50 percent in the same period. Both these
regions, along with the Middle East and Africa, are ripe for industrial
development, which means that nontire rubber demand (especially for hose and
belting) will be strong in the coming decade.
U.S. multinational rubber companies face a number of problems in meeting
increasing demand overseas. The biggest question is whether expansion can
245-856 O - 77 ■
206
SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS/ 1976
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ELASTOMERS
207
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208 SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS/ 1976
occur fast enough to meet growing demand for U.S. rubber technology. Many
countries which are potential sites for new plants or for the expansion
of existing facilities are demanding a bigger share of the multinationals'
gross receipts. Cheap labor is becoming a scarcity and raw materials costs
are increasing. Foreign government red tape also tends to retard expansion
of U.S. industry abroad. Meanwhile, Japan and Western Europe are constantly
developing newer and better rubber know-how of their own and promise to be
strong competition for U.S. -owned companies in foreign markets.
Natural rubber
U.S. consumption of natural rubber (NR) in 1976 was about 1.5 billion
pounds, or 25 percent of total U.S. rubber consumption — second only to SBR.
Tire production accounted for 65 percent of SBR consumption and 73 percent
of NR consumption, and together the two accounted for 77 percent of total
rubber consumption by the tire industry.
In years to come the fraction of tire rubber accounted for by NR will
probably increase at the expense of SBR. There are two reasons: (1) New
radial tread designs for passenger tires are already consuming up to twice
the NR per tire used in older designs. Furthermore, the radial designs are
being tested for nonpassenger tires as well. (2) Consumption of NR since
World War II has been limited by supply, but higher yield agricultural
techniques, commercial redevelopment of guayule as a source of NR, and a
breakthrough in the battle against South American leaf blight (which wiped
out the Brazilian rubber industry at the turn of the century) will con-
tribute to increased future NR availability. World NR production is
projected to rise from 3.5 million metric tons, or 32 percent of world
rubber consumption, in 1976 to an estimated 10 to 12 million metric tons,
or 35 to 40 percent of projected world consumption, by the end of the
century.
A significant step was taken in August by the Association of Natural
Rubber Producing Countries (ANRPC) toward stabilizing the erratic NR prices
prevalent in recent years. Through an international buffer stock and
strategic open market purchases, the ANRPC (which accounts for over 90 percent
of world NR production) hopes to maintain NR supply in relative balance
with demand and thereby make prices more stable and NR more competitive.
Industry outlook: 1977 and beyond
The biggest factor in rubber industry growth in 1977 will be tires.
Production and sales of tires have been predicted to break all previous
years' records because of increasing demand and the efforts to replenish
inventories depleted by the 1976 strike.
Radial tires for automobiles (and for trucks and buses) will gain a
larger percentage of the domestic market in 1977. Some producers fear that
in the long run the greater mileage life of radials could put a damper on
ELASTOMERS 209
annual growth; but others agree that most Americans tend to underinflate
their tires and usually realize less than half of the 50-percent extra
tread life that radials allegedly offer. In any case, foreign tire
sources made further inroads into the U.S. market during the 1976 strike,
and U.S. producers will have an uphill battle to regain those lost sales.
Nontire synthetic elastomers will see strong growth at least through
1980. Industrial hose markets are projected to grow 5 percent per year
with the upswing in production of hydraulic, offshore drilling, and mining
equipment and with the recovery of the automobile industry. Rubber hose
will also be used as a less expensive alternative to rigid metal piping in
more and more applications.
Rubber and reinforced rubber belting have enjoyed tremendous growth
since 1974. The coal industry is the major contributing factor — conveyor
belting is the most efficient and economical way to handle bulk materials
such as coal and other mined products. Sales of belting are expected to
climb 8 to 9 percent annually through 1980.
A conservative estimate for growth of U.S. synthetic rubber consumption
through 1980 would be about 3 percent annually, barring unusual economic
conditions. At that rate U.S. consumption will reach 2.4 billion pounds
by 1980. Total U.S. consumption of all rubber could reach over
7 billion pounds by the year 2000. This estimate allows for longrun growth
of less than 3 percent, taking into account recessionary periods and other
possible (temporary) negative economic influences.
ELASTOMERS
TABLE L— Elastomers (synthetic rubber): 1 U.S. production and sales, 1976
[Listed below are all elastomers (synthetic rubber) for which reported data on production or sales may be published.
(Leaders (...) are used where the reported data are accepted, in confidence and may not be published or where no
data were reported.) Table 2 lists all elastomers for which data on production and/or sales were reported and
identifies the manufacturers of each]
ELASTOMERS
PRODUCTION^
SALES
UNIT
VALUE 3
Cyclic
Acylcic
1,000
pounds
5,385,800
1,000
pounds
1,000
dollars
Pep
pound
Acrylonitrile-butadiene type (N-type)
Butadiene (emulsion polymerized) type
Chloroprene type (Neoprene) 1 *
Isobutylene-isoprene type (Butyl) 5
Silicone type
Stereo elastomers:
Butadiene (solution polymerized) type-
Ethylene-propylene type
Isoprene type 6
Styrene-butadlene type (S-type)
Styrene-butadiene-vinylpyridine type
Ure thane type
All other elastomers 8
3,146,083
2,239,717
165,924
16,312
751,535
303,056
,980,253
29,832
( 7 )
,099,914
1,970,636
1,739,501
129,560
14,101
413,133
245,448
1,775,332
10,567
( 7 )
1,088,530
560,386
968,676
79,663
4,858
122,435
111,231
473,446
7,308
( 7 )
615,085
( 7 )
.57
The te
is defined as substa
in bale, crumb, powder, latex, and other crude forms which
st twice their original
oximately their original
eported by the Rubbe
be vulcanized or similarly processed into materials that can be stretched at 68° F. to at lea
length and, after having been stretched and the stress removed, will return with force to appr
length.
2 Includes oil content of oil-extended elastomers.
3 Calculated from rounded figures.
11 Included in "All other elastomers". The production of polychloroprene rubber in 1976 wa
Manufacturers' Association to be 164,581 metric tons (362,839,000 pounds).
5 Included in "All other elastomers". The production of butyl rubber in 1976 was reported by the Rubber Manufact-
urers' Association to be 125,493 metric tons (276,662,000 pounds).
6 Included in "All other elastomers". The production of polyisoprene rubber in 1976 was reported by the Rubber
Manufacturers' Association to be 74,428 metric tons (164,084,000 pounds).
7 The data on production and sales of urethane elastomers are reported in the section "Plastics and Resin Mat-
erials" with urethane plastics and polyols.
8 Includes production and sales data for acrylic ester, butyl, chloroprene, epichlorohydrin, fluorinated, isobutyl-
ene, isoprenes, and polysulfide elastomers, certain solution elastomers, carboxylated SBR latex, chlorinated rubber,
chlorosulfonated polyethylene, thermoplastic rubber, miscellaneous elastomers.
SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1976
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SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1976
TABLE 3,— Elastomers (synthetic rubber): Directory of manufacturers. 1976
ALPHABETICAL DIRECTORY BY CODE *
[Names of elastomers manufacturers that reported production or sales to the U.S. International Trade Commission for
1976 are listed below in the order of their identification codes as used in table 2]
Code
Name of company
Code
Name of company
ACY
American Cyanamid Co.
ICI
ICI United States, Inc., Specialty
ASH
Ashland Oil, Inc.
Chemicals Group
ASY
American Synthetic Rubber Corp.
ATR
Atlantic Richfield Co.
MIL
Milliken 6 Co., Milliken Chemical Div.
MMM
Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Co.
BFG
B. F. Goodrich Co., B. F. Goodrich Chemical
Co. Div.
PLC
Phillips Petroleum Co.
PRC
Products Research S Chemical Corp.,
CBN
Cities Service Co. , Columbian Group
Chemical and Sealant Div.
CPY
Copolymer Rubber 6 Chemical Corp.
PTT
Petro-Tex Chemical Corp.
DCC
Dow Corning Corp.
RCI
Reichhold Chemicals, Inc., Reichhold
DUP
E. I. duPont de Nemours £ Co., Inc.
Polymers, Inc.
ENJ
Exxon Chemical Co. , U.S.A.
SHC
Shell Oil Co., Shell Chemical Co. Div.
SPD
General Electric Co. , Silicone Products
Dept.
Firestone Tire § Rubber Co. :
SWS
Stauffer Chemical Co., SWS Silicones Div.
FIR
Firestone Plastics Co. Div.
FRS
Firestone Synthetic Rubber 5 Latex
Co. Div.
TKL
Thiokol Chemical Corp.
TUS
Texas -U.S. Chemical Co.
GNT
General Tire 6 Rubber Co., Chemical Div.
GRD
W. R. Grace 5 Co., Polymers 5 Chemicals
UCC
Union Carbide Corp.
Div.
USR
Uniroyal, Inc., Chemical Div.
GYR
Goodyear Tire 6 Rubber Co.
WAY
Philip A. Hunt Chemical Corp., Wayland
HDM
Hardman, Inc.
Chemical Div.
HPC
Hercules, Inc.
Note. --Complete names and addresses of the above reporting companies are listed in table 1 of the append
PLASTICIZERS 215
PLASTICIZERS
Edmund Cappuccilli and Louis N. DeToro
Plasticizers are organic chemicals that are added to synthetic
plastics and resin materials to (1) improve workability during fabri-
cation, (2) extend or modify the natural properties of these materials,
or (3) develop new improved properties not present in the original
material. Table 1 presents statistics on U.S. production and sales of
plasticizers in as great a detail as is possible without revealing the
operations of individual producers.
U.S. production of plasticizers totaled 1,587 million pounds in
1976, an increase of 17.4 percent from the 1,352 million pounds reported
for 1975. Sales of plasticizers totaled 1,466 million pounds, valued at
$566 million, in 1976, compared with 1,338 million pounds, valued at
$470 million, in 1975.
Production of cyclic plasticizers in 1976, which consisted chiefly
of the esters of phthalic anhydride, phosphoric acid, and trimellitic
acid, amounted to 1,186 million pounds, an increase of 14.2 percent from
the 1,038 million pounds reported for 1975. Sales of cyclic plasticizers
in 1976 totaled 1,111 million pounds, valued at $360 million, compared with
1,042 million pounds, valued at $308 million, in 1975. The most important
cyclic plasticizer was di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, with production of 297
million pounds, in 1976.
Production of acyclic plasticizers in 1976 totaled 402 million
pounds, an increase of 28.1 percent from the 313 million pounds reported
for 1975. Sales of acyclic plasticizers totaled 355 million pounds,
valued at $206 million, in 1976, compared with 296 million pounds, valued
at $162 million, in 1975. Epoxidized soya oils were the most important
acyclic plasticizer in 1976 with production of 91 million pounds.
PLAST1CIZERS
TABLE l.~ Plasticizer:
U.S. PRODUCTION AND SALES, 1976
[Listed below are plasticizers for wnich any re
(...) are used where the reported data are ac
reported.) Table 2 lists separately all plas
reported and identifies the manufacturers of
sales may be published. (Leaders
be published or where no data wer
on production and/or sales were
PLASTICIZERS
Grand total
Benzenoid
Nonbenzenoid
PLASTICIZERS, CYCLIC
Total
Phosphoric acid esters, total
Cresyl diphenyl phosphate
All other phosphoric acid esters
Phthalic anhydride esters, total
Dibutyl phthalate
Diethyl phthalate
Diisodecyl phthalate
Dimethyl phthalate
Dioctyl phthalates, total
Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Other dioctyl phthalates
Di-tridecyl phthalate
n-Hexyl n-decyl phthalate
All other phthalic anhydride esters
Trimellitic acid esters, total
friiso-octyl trimellitate
Tri-n-octyl n-decyl trimellitate
Tri-n-octyl trimellitate
All other trimellitic acid esters
All other cyclic plasticizers 5
PLASTICIZERS, ACYCLIC
Total
Adipic acid esters, total
Di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate
Diisodecyl ad ipate
n-Octyl n-decyl adipate
All other adipic acid esters
Complex linear polyesters and polymeric pi
t Lcizers, total
Adipic acid type
All other
Epoxidized esters, total
Epoxidized linseed oils
Epoxidized soya oils
All other epoxidized esters
Isopropyl myristate
PRODUCTION
1,000
pounds
1,303,772
233,662
1,185,909
4,513
70,343
13,702
16,135
143,129
8,836
313,952
296,739
17,213
10,472
19,840
516,367
23,030
9,279
11,302
59,535
39,292
2,045
3,366
9,332
33,320
19,557
6,361
91,437
19,594
1,000
pounds
1,207,225
253,486
1,110,369
3,574
53,585
936,560
14,679
11,797
103,755
8,295
393,454
330,293
13,161
14 , 312
3,730
426,538
17,104
943
445
7,480
3,236
45,046
37,698
1,337
41,805
25,009
16,796
5,750
83,857
19,470
1,000
dollars
566,265
416,383
149,882
2,326
38,176
293,018
5,491
4,928
30,071
3,053
102,989
99,266
3,723
5,075
2,412
138,999
3,293
463
276
3,558
3,996
18,640
16,373
904
17,270
12,203
4.117
36,604
9,232
Per
pound
SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1976
TABLE 1.— Plasticizers: ' U.S. production and sales, 1976—Continued
PLASTICIZERS
PRODUCTION
PLASTICIZERS, ACYCLIC — Continued
leic acid esters, total
Butyl oleate
Methyl oleate
Propyl oleates (including n-propyl oleate and
isopropyl oleate)
All other oleic acid esters
pounds
Phospho
Sebacic
•id
n-Butyl steara
Isobutyl stear
All other stea
1,772
3,064
570
4,523
25,708
1,705
12,103
6,703
1,530
3,370
1,000
pounds
1,751
2,389
449
4,370
20,740
745
11,715
6 , 700
5,015
100,300
1,000
dollars
Per
pound
165
2,203
14,650
378
4,632
2,278
2,354
73,450
.37
.50
.71
1.18
.40
.34
.47
1 Includes data for compounds used principally (but not exclusively) as primary plasticizers. Does not include
clearly defined extenders of secondary plasticizers.
2 Calculated from rounded figures.
3 Includes benzenoid products as defined in part 1 of schedule 4 of the Tariff Schedules of the United States
Annotated.
" Includes data for dibutyl phenyl phosphate, diphenyl octyl phosphate, tricresyl phosphate and other phosphate
esters.
5 Includes data for alkylated naphthalene, glycol dibenzoates, isopropylidenediphenoxypropanol, toluenesulf on-
amides, tetrahydrof urf uryl oleate, and other cyclic plasticizers.
6 Includes data for azelaic, citric and acetylcitric, myristic, palmitic, pelargonic, ricinoleic, acetylricinoleic,
glyceryl, and glycol esters, and other acyclic plasticizers.
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SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1976
TABLE 3,— Plastic i zers: Directory of manufacturers. 1976
ALPHABETICAL DIRECTORY BY CODE
ars to the U.S. Interr
reported production or sal
2 listed below in the order
s of plasticizers
jf their identifi
rial Trade Commis
table 2]
Name of Company
ACC
ARC
ASH
BAS
BFG
EKT
EKX
EMR
ENJ
FMP
GLY
GRH
GRO
HPC
HUM
ICI
IMC
Amoco Chemicals Corp.
Armak Co .
Ashland Oil, Inc., Ashland Che
F. Goodrich Cheir
BASF Wyandotte Corp.
B. F. Goodrich Co. , B.
Co. Div.
Inters tab Chemical, Inc
Chemol, Inc.
Continental Oil Co.
CPS Chemical Co.
Diamond Shamrock Corp.
Dow Chemical Co.
E. F. Houghton & Co.
Eastman Kodak Co.:
Tennessee Eastman Co. Div.
Texas Eastman Co. Div.
Emery Industries, Inc.
Exxon Chemical Co. U.S.A.
FMC Corp., Industrial Chemical Div.
Glyco Chemicals, Inc.
W. R. Grace S Co., Hatco Chemical Div.
A. Gross 6, Co., Millmaster Onyx Group,
a Kewanee Industry
C. P. Hall Co.
Tenneco Chemicals, Inc.
Hercules, Inc.
Kraftco Corp., Humko Plastics Div.
ICI United States, Inc., Specialty Che
Group
IMC Chemical Group, Inc.
NEV
NTL
SBC
SCP
SFS
TCC
TCH
TEK
TKL
VEL
VIK
VND
Neville Chemical Co.
NL Industries, Inc.
PFZ
Pfizer,
PPL
Pioneer
Inc.
PVO
PVO Inte
3 Div. of LOF Pla
al, Inc.
Reichhold Chemicals, Inc.
Rohm & Haas Co.
Hooker Chemical Corp., Ruco Div.
Scher Brothers, Inc.
Henkel, Inc.
Stauffer Chemical Co., Specialty Chemical
Div.
Mobil Oil Corp., Mobil Chemical Co. Div.,
Chemical Coatings Div.
Sherwin-Williams Co.
Unitech Chemical, Inc.
Tanatex Chemical Corp.
Emory Industries, Inc.,
Teknor Apex Co.
Thiokol Chemical Corp.
Uni
Carbide Corp.
Df U.S. Steel Corp.
Velsicol Chemical Corp.
Viking Chemical Co.
Van Dyk S Co., Inc .
Inolex Corp.
Witco Chemical Co., Inc
Union Camp Corp . , Chemi
Dover Plant
Note. — Complete
Df the cbove reporting companie
listed in table 1 of the appendix.
SURFACE-ACTIVE AGENTS
SURFACE-ACTIVE AGENTS 225
Edmund Cappuccilli
The surface-active agents included in this report are organic
chemicals that reduce the surface tension of water or other solvents
and are used chiefly as detergents, dispersing agents, emulsifiers,
foaming agents, or wetting agents in either aqueous or nonaqueous
systems. Waxes and products used chiefly as plasticizers are excluded.
Surface-active agents are produced from natural fats and oils, from
silvichemicals such as lignin, rosin, and tall oil, and from chemical
intermediates derived from coal tar and petroleum. A major part of
the output of the bulk chemicals shown in this report is consumed in
the form of packaged soaps and detergents for household and industrial
use. The remainder is used in the processing of textiles and leather,
in ore flotation and oil-drilling operations, and in the manufacture of
agricultural sprays, cosmetics, elastomers, foods, lubricants, paint,
pharmaceuticals, and many other products.
The statistics for production and sales of surface-active agents
are grouped by ionic class and by chemical class and subclass. All
quantities are reported in terms of 100-percent organic surface-
active ingredient and thus exclude all inorganic salts, water, and
other diluents. Sales statistics reflect sales of bulk surface-active
agents only; sales of formulated products are excluded.
Total U.S. production of surface-active agents in 1976 amounted to
4,582 million pounds, or 5.4 percent greater than the 4,349 million pounds
reported for 1975. Sales of bulk surface-active agents in 1976 amounted
to 2,512 million pounds, valued at $821 million, compared with sales in
1975 of 2,182 million pounds, valued at $717 million. In terms of quanti-
ty, sales in 1976 were 15.2 percent greater than in 1975; in terms of value,
sales in 1976 were 14.5 percent greater than in 1975.
Production of anionic surface-active agents in 1976 amounted to
3,356 million pounds, or 73.2 percent of the total output reported for
1976. Sales of anionics in 1976 amounted to 1,440 million pounds valued
at $317 million.
Production of cationic surface-active agents in 1976 amounted to
252 million pounds, 11.9 percent greater than the 226 million pounds
reported in 1975. Nonionic surface-active agents, however, continued to
decline in production as only 957 million pounds were reported in 1976;
8.6 percent less than the 1,047 million pounds reported in 1975. Sales
in both classes, however, showed increases over 1975. In terms of value,
sales increased 12.0 percent for cationic surface-active agents and 17.2
percent for nonionic surface-active agents.
226
SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS/ 1976
The difference between production and sales reflects inventory
changes and captive consumption of soaps and surface-active agents
by synthetic rubber producers, and by manufacturers of cosmetics,
packaged detergents, bar soaps, and other formulated consumer prod-
ucts. In some instances the difference may also reflect quantities
of surface-active agents used as chemical intermediates, e.g., non-
ionic alcohol and alkylphenol ethoxylates which may be converted to
anionic surface-active agents by phosphation or sulfation.
SURFACE-ACTIVE AGENTS 227
Surfactants
Although many analysts expected the surfactant industry to improve
significantly in 1976, production increased by only 5 percent to 4.6
billion pounds. Sales of surface-active agents, however, increased by
15 percent over the 1975 figures to 2.5 billion pounds. The value of
sales for 1976 also increased by 15 percent while, the average unit value
remained at $0.33.
The somewhat disappointing production figures are probably the result
of a decrease in consumer demand in 1975 and the buildup of excess invento-
ries which were liquidated in 1976. Some companies also reported a decrease
in production in the fourth quarter of 1976 due to severe weather which cur-
tailed production at some plants. This combination of factors, which made
1976 unique in the surfactant industry, are not expected to recur.
Several factors will affect the surfactant industry, and in particular
the synthetic detergent industry, for the next several years. Some of the
more important ones are the establishment of new markets, environmental or
governmental controls, and the introduction of new surfactants into the
market.
New markets may occur in the petroleum industry where the high price of
crude oil justifies employment of new methods to increase production from old
oil fields. Large amounts of sulfonated surfactants and cosurfactants such
as ethoxylated alcohols will be employed for a promising process known as
micellar flooding of old wells. Approximately 5 to 8 pounds of sulfonates
and 1 pound of cosurfactant will be needed to recover one barrel of oil using
this method. It has been estimated that between 30 and 40 billion barrels
of oil can be recovered by micellar flooding.
Governmental controls on surfactant-containing products will probably
increase over the next few years as consumers and Government officials
become more aware of the potential hazard of certain products either to
the consumer of the environment. The surfactant industry will thus be re-
quired to spend more time and research on the potential hazards of new
products long before they reach the consumer market. The increased amount
of time and research required for new products may cause some existing for-
mulations, which have yet to be marketed, to be modified or terminated because
of the increased cost. As a result, the surfactant producers will probably
emphasize more research on the development of cheaper processes for existing
major surfactants which have been proven to be consumer and environmentally
safe. This decrease in basic research on surfactants should lead to fewer
new products being introduced in the next several years.
Synthetic detergents
One of the main factors affecting the future of synthetic detergent
formulations is the degree of restrictions placed by the U.S. Government
228 SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS/ 1976
on phosphate content. Recent pressure by environmentalists and consumer
groups has resulted in legislation being drafted to effectively ban phosphate-
containing detergents in eight States bordering the Great Lakes. If this
legislation becomes law, the detergent producers must either reformulate
their products to conform with the new restrictions or introduce entirely
new products for these States.
Because of the trend away from phosphates in detergents, the heavy-
duty liquid detergents, which contain no phosphates, have come into
prominence in the past few years. The following is a typical heavy-duty
nonphosphate liquid detergent formulation (in percent):
Anionic surfactant (linear alkylbenzenesulfonate 10
Nonionic surfactant (alcohol ethoxylate) 35
Ethanol 10
Triethanolamine 5
Water 35
Miscellaneous 5
As can be seen by this information, approximately 45 percent of the detergent
is composed of surface-active agents, chiefly alcohol ethoxylates. This
development began about 1965 and has been responsible for the fast growth
in the production of alcohol ethoxylates, as follows (in millions of
pounds) : 1/
Linear alcohol Dodecylbenzene
e thoxylates sulfonates
1965— — 190 565
1970 328 561
1975 506 520
1976 540 538
The growth in the use of the alcohol ethoxylates should continue as phosphates
are phased out of heavy-duty powder detergents.
Another boost for the (higher-priced) alcohol ethoxylates came after
the Arab oil embargo when the prices of raw materials for the benzene sulfonates
increased at a faster rate than those for the alcohol- ethoxylates. This
advantage has now run its course; future price increases may actually favor
the benzene sulfonates.
Foreign trade and industry
Imports of surfactants and, in particular, synthetic detergent formulations
have generally not been increasing substantially during the past few years.
1/ From U.S. International Trade Commission publications.
SURFACE-ACTIVE AGENTS 22 9
In 1975, imports of synthetic detergents (TSUS items 405.35 and 466.30)
reached their highest level with 5.7 million pounds. However, in the
following year, 1976, imports dropped to 5.0 million pounds. This trend
seems likely to continue well into 1977.
One of the main reasons for this decline is that the U.S. industry
supplies virtually all the U.S. market demand at strongly competitive
prices. Even in the peak import year, 1975, the import-to-consumption
ratio was only 1 percent.
The level of imports is expected to remain in the range of 4 to 7
million pounds for the next several years. Any increase in imports would
probably be due to an increased demand for specialty products and not to
an increase in overall domestic demand.
Exports, on the other hand, have been increasing over the past few
years at approximately 25 percent per year. The following chart projects
exports to 1980. The projection is based on the expected increased costs
of raw materials, fuel, transportation, wages, and the increasing produc-
tion of detergents by foreign industries.
Japan is one country that has recovered quite rapidly from the recent
economic recession. Their total production and exports of synthetic
detergents for 1977 are expected to exceed their previous alltime high
production level. Similar situations exist in other major exporting
countries, possibly causing increasing competition for the world markets
in synthetic detergents in the coming years. These factors are responsible
for the expectation that export growth through 1980 will be in the range
of 7 to 10 percent per year rather than the 25 percent-per-year level of
the recent past.
230
SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1976
Synthetic detergents: 1/ U.S. exports, I970-SC
Million
pounds
260
240
220
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
Million pounds •
Million dollars
• •
Million
dollars
120
100
60
40
20
70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
1/ Schedule B numbers 555.2020, 554.2022, 554.2024, and 554.2026 (data are
partially estimated).
Source: Official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
SURFACE-ACTIVE AGENTS
TABLE l.~ Surface-active agents: U.S. production and sales, 1976
(Listed below are all surface-active agents for which reported data on production or sales may be published.
(Leaders (...) are used where the reported data are accepted in confidence and may not be published or where
no data were reported.) Table 2 lists all surface-active agents for which data on production and/or sales
were reported and identifies the manufacturers of each]
SURFACE-ACTIVE AGENTS
Grand total
Benzenoid 1 *
Nonbenzenoid
AMPHOTERIC SURFACE-ACTIVE AGENTS
Total
Anionic Surface-Active Agents
Total
Carboxylic acids (and salts thereof), total
Amine salts of fatty, rosin, and tall acids
Carboxylic acids having amide, ester, or ether
linkages
Potassium and sodium salts of fatty, rosin, and
tall acids, total
Coconut oil acids, potassium salt
Coconut oil acids, sodium salt
Corn oil acids, potassium salt
Mixed vegetable oil acids, potassium salt
Oleic acid, potassium salt
Oleic acid, sodium salt
Tall oil acids, potassium and sodium salts
Tallow acids, sodium salt
All other
Phosphoric and polyphosphoric acid esters (and salts
thereof) , total
Alcohols and phenols, ethoxylated and phosphated,
total
Mixed linear alcohols, ethoxylated and
phosphated
Nonylphenol, ethoxylated and phosphated
Tridecyl alcohol, ethoxylated and phosphated
All other
Alcohols, phosphated or polyphosphated
Sulfonic acids (and salts thereof), total
Alkylbenzenesulf onates , total
Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid
Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, calcium salt
Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, isopropylamine
salt
Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, sodium salt
Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, triethanolamine
salt
All other
Benzene-, cumene-, toluene-, and xylenesulf onates,
total -
Toluenesulfonlc acid, potassium and sodium
salts
Xylenesulfonic acid, ammonium salt
Xylenesulfonic acid, sodium salt
All other
Ligninsulf onates, total
Ligninsulfonic acid, calcium salt
See footnotes at end of table.
PRODUCTION'
1,000
pounds
4,582,398
1,018,889
3,563,509
3,355,799
1,035
5,429
814,477
8,861
151,853
186
3,999
2,140
675
8,838
353,397
284,528
3,597
10,660
9,536
7,666
1,942,049
647,951
147,789
7,490
3,676
327,451
3,358
158,187
65,822
20,473
5,347
34,602
5,400
1,109,760
532,299
SALES'
QUANTITY 1
1,000
pounds
2,512,085
475,386
2,036,699
1,440,867
146,108
439
4,579
141,090
1,272
1,619
203
3,704
187
275
5,323
20,296
108,211
13,128
3,149
4,451
365
5,163
5,996
173,854
75,765
10,229
3,851
46,288
3,666
34,055
5,130
23,725
21,183
754,807
515,319
1,000
dollars
201,571
619,669
53,78
404
4,270
49,115
722
646
132
4,364
80
152
2,605
5,392
35,022
9,345
2,408
2,922
284
3,731
4,629
63,079
22,069
7,477
2,217
15,363
1,505
14,448
1,404
6,055
5,068
36,965
15,757
SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1976
TABLE 1. --Surface-active agents: U.S. production and sales, 1976--continued
SURFACE-ACTIVE AGENTS
PRODUCTION
UNIT
VALUE 3
Anionic Surface-Active Agents — Continued
Sulfonic acids (and salts thereof )— Continued
Ligninsulfonates — Continued
Ligninsulfonic acid, sodium salt
All other
Naphthalenesulfonates
Sulfonic acids having amide linkages, total
Sulfosuccinic acid derivatives
Taurine derivatives
Sulfonic acids having eseec. or- 'ether linkages,
total
Sulfosuccinic acid esters, total
Sulfosuccinic acid, bis (2-ethylhexyl) ester ,
sodium salt
All other
Other sulfonic acids having ester or ether
linkages
All other sulfonic acids
Sulfuric acid esters (and salts thereof), total
Acids, amides, and esters, sulfated, total
Esters of sulfated oleic acid, total
Butyl oleate, sulfated, sodium salt
Propyl oleate, sulfated, sodium salt
All other
Oleic acid, sulfated, disodium salt
Other acids, amides, and esters, sulfated
Alcohols, sulfated, total
Dodecyl sulfate salts, total
Dodecyl sulfate, ammonium salt
Dodecyl sulfate, magnesium salt
Dodecyl sulfate, sodium salt
Dodecyl sulfate, triethanolamine salt
All other
Mixed Linear alcohols, sulfated, ammonium salt-
Other alcohols, sulfated
Ethers, sulfated, total
Dodecyl alcohol, ethoxylated and sulfated,
sodium salt
Mixed linear alcohols, ethoxylated and sul-
fated, ammonium salt
Mixed linear alcohols, ethoxylated and sul-
fated, sodium salt
All other
Natural fats and oils, sulfated, total
Castor oil, sulfated, sodium salt
Cod oil, sulfated, sodium salt
Neat's-foot oil, sulfated, sodium salt
Soybean oil, sulfated, sodium salt
Sperm oil, sulfated, sodium salt
Tallow, sulfated, sodium salt
All other
Other anionic surface-active agents 6,
Cationic surface-Active Agents
Total
Amine Oxides and oxygen-containing amines (except
those having amide linkages), total
Acyclic , total
(Tallow alkyDamine, ethoxylated
All other
Cyclic (including imidazoline and oxazoline
derivatives) , total
See footnotes at end of table.
1,000
pounds
88,494
488,967
8,051
4,607
1,697
2,910
77,163
14,394
11,855
2,539
62,769
28,695
17,352
4,970
1,713
515
2,742
55
948
14
234
322
17
593
5
555
18
244
94
307
144,167
120,371
17,807
23,595
4,986
1,910
2,120
656
187
5,641
8,095
169,632
252,326
63,989
2,410
61,579
1,000
dollars
89,285
150,203
6,782
2,241
1,339
902
26,292
12,180
10,269
1,911
14,112
14,338
234,938
13,269
5,013
1,706
510
2,797
5,405
2,851
38,504
29,803
6,032
310
16,471
4,862
2,128
1,163
7,538
161,646
11,657
24,312
125,677
21,519
4,255
1,849
1,581
638
188
5,430
7,578
13,111
2,490
10,621
11,477
9,731
3,972
2,855
1,434
1,421
28,919
12,167
10,491
1,676
90,962
3,035
701
289
2,045
1,838
1,016
29,939
23,574
4,190
339
12,444
3,638
2,963
746
5,619
48,486
8,404
7,504
32,578
6,648
2,008
402
535
207
75
1,162
2,259
10,019
1,661
8,358
per
pound
$0.13
.06
.59
1.27
1.07
1.58
1.10
1.00
.61
.41
.57
.73
.34
.36
.78
SURFACE-ACTIVE AGENTS
TABLE 1.— Surface-active agents: U.S. production and sales, 1976— Continued
SURFACE-ACTIVE AGENTS
QUANTITY 1
UNIT
VALUE 3
Cati.on.ic surface-Active Agents — Continued
Amine oxides and oxygen-containing amines (except
those having amide linkages) — Continued
Cyclic (including imidazoline and oxazoline
derivat ives) — Cont inued
l-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-2-nor(tall oil alkyl)-2-
imidazoline
All other
Amines and amine oxides having amide linkages,
total
Carho:<ylic acid - diamine and polyamine conden-
sates , total
Tall oil acids - diethylenetriamine and poly-
alky lenepolyamine condensates
All other
Other amines and amine oxides having amide
linkages
Amines, not containing oxygen (and salts thereof),
total
Diamines and polyamines, total
Imidazoline derivatives
N-(9-0ctadecenyl)trimethylenediamine
All other
Primary monoamines, total
(Hydrogenated tallow alkyl)amine
(Tallow alkyl)amine
All other
Secondary and tertiary monoamines, total
N, N-Dime thy 1 (mixed alky 1) amine
All other
Oxygen-containing quaternary ammonium salts
Quaternary ammonium salts, not containing oxygen,
total
Acyclic , total
Bis(hydrogenated tallow alkyDdimethyl
ammonium chloride
Trimethyl (tallow alkyl)ammonium chloride
All other
Benzenoid , total
Benzyl (coconut oil alkyDdimethylammonium
chloride
Benzyldimethyl (mixed alkyDammonium chloride
Benzyldimethyloctadecylammonium chloride
All other
Ttonionic Surface-Active Agents
Total
Carboxyllc acid amides, total
Dlethanolamine condensates (amlne/acid ratio=2/l)
total
Coconut oil acids
Coconut oil and tallow acids
Linoleic acid
Laurie acid ■
Oleic acid
Stearic acid
Tall oil acids
All other
Dlethanolamine condensates (other amine/acid
ratios) , total
Coconut oil acids (amine/acid ratlo-1/1)
See footnotes at end of table.
844
3,919
11,273
7,894
20,079
1,927
2,787
15,365
19,230
2,177
3,616
13,437
25,880
3,939
21,941
15,088
43
087
1
467
19
912
17
A78
272
8
1
..ii
6
828
1,000
pounds
420
2,592
1,000
dollars
11,276
7,589
,1 , HII'I
16,961
351
2,630
13,980
19,172
2,366
16,806
15,676
4,120
11,556
12,156
62,041
41,805
20,236
15,156
184
7,909
876,721
312
2,259
6,618
7,498
32,473
9,706
430
1,587
7,689
11,945
1,303
10,642
10,822
2,873
7,949
8,918
30,213
16,996
13,217
22,622
191
11,023
Per
pound
21,259
: 16,197
: 8,478
11,133
: 9,305
: 4,814
2,432
: 2,027
: 899
190
: 188
: 192
335
206
: 140
1,114
: 934
: 468
266
: 227
161
243
5,546
: 3,310
: 1,804
33,434
: 28,569
14,872
19,163
18,443
: 9,294
SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1976
TABLE 1.— Surface-active agents; U.S. production and sales, 1976--Continued
SURFACE-ACTIVE AGENTS
Nonionic Surface-Active Agents — Continued
Carboxylic acid amides — Continued
Diethanolamine condensates (other amino/acid
ratios) — Continued
Laurie acid (amine/acid ratio-1/I)
Stearic acid (amine/acid ratio=l/l)
All other
All other carboxylic acid amides
Carboxylic acid esters, total
Anhydrosorbitol esters
Diethylene glycol esters, total
Diethylene glycol distearate
Diethylene glycol monostearate
All other
Ethoxylated anhydrosorbitol esters, total
Ethoxylated anhydrosorbitol monostearate
Ethoxylated anhydrosorbitol monoleate
All o ther
Ethylene glycol esters
Glycerol esters, total
Complex glycerol esters
Glycerol esters of chemically defined acids,
total
Glycerol monolaurate
Gl -cerol mono-oleate
Glycerol monostearate
All other
Glycerol esters of mixed acids, total
Glycerol monoester of hydrogenated cottonseed
oil acids
Glycerol monoester of coconut oil acida
Glycerol monoester of hydrogenated soybean
oil acids
Glycerol monoester of lard acids
All other
Natural fats and oils, alkoxylated, total
Castor oil, ethoxylated
Lanolin, ethoxylated
All other
Polyethylene glycol esters, total
Polyethylene glycol esters of chemically defined
acids, total
Polyethylene glycol dilaurate
Polyethylene glycol dioleate
Polyethylene glycol distearate
Polyethylene glycol monolaurate
Polyethylene glycol mono-oleate
Polyethylene glycol monostearate
All other
Polyethylene glycol esters of mixed acids
Propanediol esters, total
1 , 2-Propanediol monolaurate
1 , 2-Propanediol monostearate
All other
Other carboxylic acid esters 7
Ethers, total
Benzenoid ethers, total
Dodecylphenol , ethoxylated
Nonylphenol , ethoxylated
Phenol , ethoxylated
All other
Nonbenzenoid ethers, total
Linear alcohols, alkoxylated, total
Decyl Alcohol, ethoxylated
Dodecyl alcohol, ethoxylated
See footnotes at end of table.
1,000
pounds
8,493
546
5,232
23,475
222,480
26,413
1,377
474
258
645
26,917
8,436
5,029
13,452
3,064
85,583
2,362
26,000
60
3,767
21,427
746
57,221
2,842
195
8,470
3,016
42,698
13,863
8,132
1,375
4,356
42,421
23,478
994
3,216
3,571
3,579
2,525
8,176
1,417
18,943
4,053
24
2,850
1,179
18,789
652,833
232,796
13,072
134,126
2,735
82,863
420,037
354,046
1,831
3,571
1,000
pounds
5,467
505
4,154
7,187
182,136
15,559
1,298
407
245
646
25,661
8,265
4,955
12,441
2,961
74,939
2,578
25,562
61
3,822
20,903
776
46,799
195
6,712
2,010
37,882
12,011
6,710
1,105
4,196
32,954
18,676
969
1,301
3,430
3,480
2,022
6,232
1,242
14,278
3,362
25
3,001
336
13,391
639,712
201,525
13,914
125,356
1,975
60,280
438,187
386,263
1,047
2,957
1,000
dollars
3,127
344
2,107
3,724
105,397
10,715
755
254
141
360
15,970
4,821
3,365
7,784
1,409
38,783
1,824
12,011
53
2,489
8,662
146
3,956
1,037
19,809
6,124
3,729
570
1,825
16,729
12,047
684
811
2,117
2,288
1,116
4,212
819
4,682
2,365
30
1,940
395
12,547
226,083
80,893
4,425
44,831
962
30,675
145,190
118,127
517
1,983
per
pound
.66
.33
.70
1.19
.65
1.18
.94
.40
.32
SURFACE-ACTIVE AGENTS
TABLE 1,— Surface-active agents: U,S, production and sales, 1976--Continued
SURFACE-ACTIVE AGENTS
PRODUCTION'
QUANTITY 1 ; VALUE
Nonionic Surface-Active Agents — Continued
Ethers — Continued
Nonbenzenoid ethers — Continued
Linear alcohols, alkoxylated — Continued
Hexadecyl alcohol, ethoxylated
Mixed linear alcohols, ethoxylated
Mixed linear alcohols, ethoxylated and pro-
poxylated
9-0ctadecenyl alcohol, ethoxylated
Octadecyl alcohol, ethoxylated
All other
Other ethers and thioethers, total
Tridecyl alcohol, ethoxylated
All other
Other nonionic surface-active agents
1,000
pound
651
228,282
17,411
944
1,759
99,567
65,991
8,188
57,803
3,286
1,000
pound
761
363,235
14,281
763
894
2,325
51,924
7,111
44,813
2,920
1,000
dollars
666
105,674
6,080
607
953
1,647
27,063
3,871
23,192
3,538
Per
pound
$0.87
.29
.43
.79
1.07
.64
.52
.54
.52
1.21
All quantities are given in terms of 100 percent organic surface-active ingredient.
Sales include products sold as bulk surface-active agents only.
3 Calculated from rounded figures.
* The term "benzenoid," used in this report, describes any surface-active agent, except lignin derivatives,
whose molecular structure includes 1 or more 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic rings with conjugated double
bonds (e.g., the benzene ring or the pyridine ring).
5 Includes ligninsulfonates .
6 Includes production of "all other" sulfated alcohols and other acids, amides, and esters, sulfated.
Includes ethoxylated sorbitol esters, polyglycerol esters, and miscellaneous esters.
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SURFACE-ACTIVE AGENTS
TABLE 3.— Surface-active agents: Directory of manufacturers, 1976
ALPHABETICAL DIRECTORY BY CODE
[Names of manufacturers that reported production or sales of surface-active agents to the U.S. International Trade
Commission for 1976 are listed below in the order of their identification codes as used in table 2]
Code
Name of company
Code
Name of company
AAC
Alcolac Chemical Corp.
EKT
Eastman Kodak Co., Tennessee Eastman Co
Div
ACT
Arthur C. Trask Co.
EMK
Emkay Chemical Co.
ACY
American Cyanamid Co.
EMR
Emery Industries, Inc.
AES
Penetone Corp.
ENO
Enenco, Inc.
AGP
Armour-Dial, Inc.
ESS
Essential Chemicals Corp.
AIP
Air Products 6 Chemicals, Inc.
AKS
Arkansas Co . , Inc.
FER
Ferro Corp., Keil Chemical Div.
APX
Apex Chemical Co., Inc.
FIN
Hexcel Corp., Fine Organics Div.
ARC
Armak Co .
ARD
Ardmore Chemical Co.
GAF
GAF Corp., Chemical Div.
ARL
Arol Chemical Products Co.
GLD
SCM Corp., Durkee Div.
ASH
Ashland Oil, Inc., Ashland Chemical Co.
GLY
Glyco Chemicals, Inc.
ASY
American Synthetic Rubber Corp.
GNM
General Mills Chemicals, Inc.
ATR
Atlantic Richfield Co., ARCO Chemical
GRC
Chemed Corp., Dubois Chemicals Div.
Co.
GRD
W.R. Grace S Co., Polymer 5 Chemicals D
v.
AZS
AZS Corp., AZ Products Co. Div.
GRL
GRO
Chemed Co ., Vestal Laboratories, Inc.
A. Gross 6 Co., Millmaster Onyx Group,
BAO
Bayoil Co. , Inc.
Kewanee Industries, Inc.
BAS
BASF Wyandotte Corp.
BFP
Breddo Food Products Co., Inc.
HAL
CP. Hall Co.
BLA
Astor Products, Inc., Blue Arrow Div.
HDG
Hodag Chemical Corp.
BLS
Life Savers, Inc.
HEW
Hewitt Soap Co., Inc.
BRD
Lonza, Inc.
HK
Hooker Chemicals S Plastics Corp.
BSW
Original Bradford Soap Works, Inc.
HLI
HMP
Haag Laboratories, Inc.
W.R. Grace 5 Co., Organic Chemicals
CCA
Interstab Chemical, Inc.
Div.
CCL
Catawba-Charlab, Inc.
HNT
Huntington Laboratories, Inc.
CCW
Cincinnati Milacron Chemicals, Inc.
HPC
Hercules, Inc.
CEL
Celanese Corp. , Celanese Coatings 6 Specialties
HRT
Hart Products Corp.
Co. , Wica Plant
HUM
Kraft, Inc., Humko Products Div.
CGY
Ciba-Geigy Corp.
CHL
Chemol , Inc.
ICI
ICI United States, Inc., Specialty
CHP
C.H. Patrick 5 Co. , Inc.
Chemicals Group
CIN
Cindet Chemicals, Inc.
IMC
IMC Chemical Group, Inc.
CLD
Colloids, Inc.
CLI
Clintwood Chemical Co.
JCC
Jefferson Chemical Co., Inc.
CO
Continental Oil Co.
JOR
Jordan Chemical Co.
CON
Concord Chemical Co., Inc.
JRG
Andrew Jergens Co.
CP
Colgate-Palmolive Co.
CRD
Croda, Inc.
KAL
Pathan Chemical Co.
CRN
CPC International, Inc., Amerchol
KNP
Knapp Products, Inc.
CRT
Crest Chemical Corp.
CRZ
Crown Zellerbach Corp., Chemical Products Div.
LAK
Lakeway Chemicals, Inc.
CST
Charles S. Tanner Co.
LEA
Leatex Chemical Co.
CTL
Continental Chemical Co.
LEV
Lever Brothers Co.
CWP
Consolidated Papers, Inc.
LIL
LKY
1.1 i Lilly 6 Co.
Lake States Div. of St. Regis Paper Co.
DA
Diamond Shamrock Corp.
LMI
North American Chemical Co.
DAN
Dan River, Inc.
LUR
Laurel Products Corp.
DEP
DePaul Chemical Co., Inc.
DEX
Dexter Chemical Corp.
MAR
American Can Co., Wood Chemicals Div.
DOW
Dow Chemical Co.
MCP
Moretex Chemical Products, Inc.
DUP
E.I. duPont de Nemours ft Co., Inc.
MIL
Vil liken 6 Co., Milliken Chemical Div.
DYS
Davies- Young Co.
MIR
MOA
Miranol Chemical Co., Inc.
Mona Industries, Inc.
ECC
Eastern Color 6 Chemical Co.
MON
Monsanto Co.
EFH
E.F. Houghton 6 Co.
SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICAL 1976
TABLE 3, --Surface-active agents: Directory of manufacturers, 1976— Continued
Code
Name of company
Code
Name of company
MRA
Bostik South, Inc.
SEA
Seaboard Chemicals, Inc.
MRD
Marden-Wild Corp.
SFS
Stauffer Chemical Co., Specialty Div.
MRT
Morton Chemical Co. Div. of Morton Norwich
SHC
Shell Oil Co., Shell Chemical Co. Div.
Products, Inc.
SID
George F. Siddall Co., Inc.
MRV
Marlowe-Van Loan Corp.
SLC
Soluol Chemical Co., Inc.
SLM
Salem Oil § Grease Co.
NCW
Nostrip Chemical Works, Inc.
SM
Mobil Oil Corp., Mobil Chemical Co.,
NES
Nease Chemical Co., Inc.
Chemical Coatings Div.
NLC
Nalco Chemical Co.
SNW
Sun Chemical Corp., Chemicals Div.
NMC
National Milling 6 Chemical Co., Inc.
SOC
Standard Oil Co. of California, Chevron
NPR
Safeway Stores, Inc.
Chemical Co.
NTL
NL Industries, Inc.
SOP
Southern Chemical Products Co., Inc.
NW
Northwestern Chemical Co.
SOS
Southern Sizing Co.
SPA
Scott Paper Co .
OMC
Olin Corp.
STC
American Hoechst Corp., Sou-Tex Works
ONX
Millmaster Onyx Corp., Onyx Chemical
Co.
Chevron Chemical Co.
stp
Stepan Chemical Co.
ORO
tcc
Tanatex Chemical Corp.
TCH
Emery Industries, Inc., Trylon
PC
Proctor Chemical Co., Inc.
Div.
PCH
Peerless Chemical Co.
TCI
Texize Chemical Co.
PEK
Peck's Products Co.
TEN
Cities Service Co., Copperhill Operations
PFZ
Pfizer, Inc.
TMH
Thompson-Hayward Chemical Co.
PG
Procter S Gamble Co. and Procter 6 Gamble
TNA
Ethyl Corp.
Paper Products Co.
TNI
The Gillette Co., Chemical Div.
PIL
Pilot Chemical Co.
TXC
Tex Chem. Co .
PLX
Plex Chemical Corp.
PNX
Murphy-Phoenix Co.
UCC
Union Carbide Corp.
PRX
Purex Corp.
UDI
Petrochemicals Co., Inc.
PSP
Georgia-Pacific Corp., Bellingham Div.
UNN
United Chemical Corp. of Norwood
PVO
PVO International, Inc.
UNP
United Chemical Products Corp.
USR
Uniroyal, Inc., Chemical Div.
QCP
Quaker Chemical Corp.
VAL
Valchem
RAY
ITT Rayonier, Inc.
VND
Van Dyk 5 Co., Inc.
RBC
Fike Chemicals, Inc.
VPC
Mobay Chemical Corp., Verona Div.
RCD
Richardson Co., Organic Chemical Div.
RH
Rohm 6 Haas Co.
WAW
W.A. Wood Co.
ROB
Robeco Chemicals, Inc.
WAY
Philip A. Hunt Chemical Corp., Organic
RPC
Millmaster Onyx Corp., Refined-Onyx Div.
Chemical Div.
WBG
White § Bagley Co.
S
Sandoz, Inc., Sandoz Colors 5 Chemical Div.
WHI
White 5 Hodges, Inc.
SBC
Scher Bros. Inc.
WHW
Whittemore-Wright Co., Inc.
SB?
Sugar Beet Products Co.
WM
Inolex Corp.
SCO
Scholler Bros. , Inc.
WTC
Witco Chemical Co., Inc.
SCP
Henkel, Inc.
WVA
Westvaco Corp., Chemicals Div., Poly-
SDC
Martin-Marietta Corp., Sodyeco Div.
Sterling Drug, Inc. :
chemicals Dept.
SDH
Hilton-Davis Chemical. Div.
SDW
Winthrop Laboratories Div.
Note. --Complete
and addresses of the above reporting companies are listed in table 1 of the appendi
263
PESTICIDES AND RELATED PRODUCTS
PESTICIDES AND RELATED PRODUCTS
Edmund Cappuccilli
Pesticides and related products include fungicides, herbicides, insec-
ticides, rodenticides, and related products such as plant growth regulators,
seed disinfectants, soil conditioners, soil f umigants , and synergists. The
data are given in terms of 100 percent active materials; they thus exclude
such materials as diluents, emulsif iers , and wetting agents.
U.S. production of pesticides and related products in 1976 amounted to
1,364 million pounds — 14.9 percent less than the 1,603 million pounds re-
ported for 1975 (table 1) . l Sales in 1976 were 1,193 million pounds, a de-
crease of 10.2 percent, as compared with 1,328 million pounds reported in
1975; the value of sales was $2,410 million in 1976, compared with $2,366
million in 1975 — a small increase of 1.8 percent.
The output of cyclic pesticides and related products amounted to 940
million pounds in 1976 — 21.4 percent less than the 1,196 million pounds
produced in 1975. Sales in 1976 were 839 million pounds, valued at $1,844
million, compared with 965 million pounds, valued at $1,891 million in 1975.
Production of acyclic pesticides and related products in 1976 amounted to 424
million pounds, compared with 407 million pounds reported for 1975, an in-
crease of 4.3 percent. Sales in 1976 were 354 million pounds, a decrease of
about 2.6 percent, as compared with 363 million pounds reported in 1975; the
value of sales was $566 million in 1976, compared with $475 million in 1975-
-an increase of 19.1 percent.
See also table 2 which lists these products and identifies the manufacturers
by codes. These codes are given in table 3.
264 SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1976
Pesticides
In 1976, while other sectors of the chemical industry were rebounding
from the recession of 1975, the production of synthetic organic pesticides
decreased by approximately 15 percent. The quantity of sales also declined
from the 1975 figures by 10 percent. The value of sales, however, remained
at its 1975 level as the average unit value for pesticides increased from
$1.78 in 1975 to $2.02 in 1976.
Weather conditions in various parts of the country and surplus inven-
tories in the hands of both distributors and consumers are the causal
factors behind the declines in production and in the quantity of sales.
These factors, which depressed the industry in 1976, were temporary, and
the statistics for 1977 should show improvement. The value of sales in
1976 (and 1977) has shown signs of slowing down as compared with previous
years' increases. In 1974 and 1975, increases were approximately 32 percent
per year while the unit values went from $1.33 to $1.78. These earlier
increases were attributed principally to higher costs for fuel, labor,
transportation, and raw materials which were often in short supply.
Herbicides
Herbicides were again the leading class of pesticides produced in
the United States in 1976, accounting for approximately 50 percent of
the total pesticides production as compared with 49 percent of the total
in 1975. Herbicides' share of the total pesticide market in 1976 had
earlier been estimated by industry to be much larger than 50 percent
because of increased planting of certain crops in 1976. However, drought
conditions in the Midwest and the West coupled with the price resistance
of farmers all but eliminated the predicated larger increase. Production
of most types of herbicides has been increasing over the past few years;
however, for one class, the phenoxyacetic acids and their derivatives,
production has been slowly declining. The main products in the group
are 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic
acid (2,4,5-T), and their derivatives. In 1970, 10 companies were actively
producing approximately 60 million pounds of these herbicides for con-
sumption both here and abroad. By 1976, only seven companies were producing
approximately the same amount of these herbicides while the total production
of herbicides had increased from 404 million pounds in 1970 to over 800
million pounds in 1976. The two major reasons for the lack of growth of
the phenoxyacetic acid herbicides are the increased use in the recent
years of newer herbicides (e.g., triazine and urea-derivative herbicides),
increased environmental controls, and greater competition by foreign
pesticide producers.
Insecticides
The most significant trend in the production of insecticides in
recent years has been the decrease of the organochlorine insecticides
PESTICIDES AND RELATED PRODUCTS 26 5
(e.g., DDT) and the rise in the production of the organophosphorous
insecticides (e.g., methyl parathion) . This trend is illustrated in the
following graph. The decline in the output of the organochlorine-type
of insecticides can be attributed to two major factors: (1) a decrease
in product effectiveness, and (2) an increase in regulations by the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). With regard to product effective-
ness, it has become apparent that insects exposed to a certain insecticide
over .a long period of time begin to develop immunity to that insecticide.
The use of alternate products, such as organophosphorus insecticides,
every other year decreases the degree of immunity.
In 1972, the EPA banned the use of DDT in the United States except
in cases of extreme infestation. Since then, that agency has banned
or severely limited the use of several other chlorinated insecticides,
among them aldrin, chlordane, dieldrin, heptachlor , and mirex. Additional
organochlorine insecticides are under investigation by the EPA for possible
restriction in the near future. Further restrictions and controls will
decrease the production of organochlorine insecticides still further in
the next few years.
The production or organophosphorous insecticides surpassed the
production of organochlorine insecticides for the first time in 1975
as pesticides producers began to increase production of alternative
insecticides for farm use to replace aldrin and dieldrin, which were
banned in 1974. The production of other insecticides, mainly the
organophosphorous compounds, should increase rapidly over the next
several years .
Imports and foreign industry
During the past few years, imports of benzenoid pesticides (TSUS item
405.15) have increased at a dramatic rate. In 1975, 50.4 million pounds
of pesticides were imported into the United States. This was a 78-percent
increase over 1974 when only 28.3 million pounds were imported. In 1976,
benzenoid pesticide imports amounted to 62.1 million pounds, an increase
of 23 percent over 1975, and they accounted for 7 percent of domestic
consumption.
A sharp decline in the level of domestic inventories of pesticides in
1974 was a major reason for the large increase in imports of pesticides
in 1975 over 1974. This drop in inventories was attributed to the oil
embargo which led to raw material shortages and a resultant slowdown in
the production of pesticides. Inventories were more than restored in
1975. The unit values and prices of imports have also increased, owing to
an increase in demand as well as increases in the costs of transportation
and fuel. The following table shows the increase in the value of imported
benzenoid pesticides which occurred between 1974 and 1975. The 1975 value
266 SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS. 19715
of $97.1 million was 127 percent over the 1974 value. The value of imports
in 1976 amounted to $128.8 million, an increase of 33 percent over that in
1975. It is expected that future increases in the value of pesticides will
average about 10 to 15 percent per year.
For the past few years, imports of pesticides into the United States
have come principally from four countries: Japan, Switzerland, the United
Kingdom, and West Germany. As shown in the following table, these four
countries have annually accounted for well over half of the imports under TSUS
item 405.15 during the period 1973-76. From 1973 to 1975, United Kingdom
producers annually allocated a large share of their expenditures to
pesticide research and development. These producers have two distinct
advantages over their U.S. counterparts in the area of research and
development of new pesticides. First, it costs considerably less in the
United Kingdom to develop a new pesticide than in the United States;
approximately 50 percent less in some cases. Second, the United Kingdom
has a more favorable working relationship between government and industry
concerning the registration of new pesticides for public use. In addition,
their firms aggresively market their new pesticide products in all the
world markets, especially in the United States.
It does not seem likely that the growth of production and sale of
pesticides in the future will match the gains of the past. Increasing
pesticide prices caused by rising costs of raw materials, research, and
Government registration will probably keep sales from rising at their
previous rate. However, increased food production for both domestic
and foreign markets and increased exports of pesticides to foreign
markets should provide the industry with moderate growth in the near
future.
PESTICIDES AND RELATED PRODUCTS
U.S. Imports of pesticides, 1/ 1973-76
Principal sources of imports
267
Source
1973
1974
1975
1976
Quantity
United Kingdom
15,381
16,759
17,587
12,988
(in 1,000 lb
s) West Germany
2,962
3,125
7,362
15,732
Japan
3,634
2,293
3,922
5,613
Switzerland
1,337
1,131
6,388
10,885
Canada
987
1,793
4,842
2,289
All other countries
4,550
3,241
10,315
14,607
Total imports
28,851
28,342
50,416
62,114
Value
United Kingdom
17,121
22,197
29,493
19,904
(in $1,000)
West Germany
5,138
7,327
20,035
48,643
Japan
3,936
3,210
6,323
10,599
Switzerland
3,136
2,244
14,618
26,060
Canada
1,011
1,728
5,043
3,383
All other countries
4,526
6,032
21,615
20,244
Total imports
34,868
42,738
97,127
128,833
Avg. unit va
lue United Kingdom
1.11
1.33
1.68
1.53
West Germany
1.73
2.35
2.72
3.09
Japan
1.08
1.40
1.61
1.89
Switzerland
2.35
1.98
2.29
2.39
Canada
1.02
.96
1.04
1.48
All other countries
1.00
1.86
2.10
1.39
Total imports
1.21
1.51
1.93
2.07
1/ TSUS item 405.15 only.
Source: Official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
268
SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1976
Organochlorine insecticides and organophosphorous insecticides:
U.S. production, 1970-76
160.
130.,
£
Organochlorine insecticides 1_/ X X X X
Organophosphorous insecticides 2/ . .
in in in in
in
1/ Includes aldrin, chlordan, DDT, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, and
others.
2/ Includes acephate, diazinon, fonofos, methyl parathion, parathion,
phorate,-and others.
Source: Compiled from data contained in various U.S. International
Trade Commission publications.
Note: Data are partially estimated.
PESTICIDES AND RELATED PRODUCTS
TABLE 1.— Pesticides and related products: U.S. production and sales, 1976
[Listed below are all pesticides and related products for which any reported data on production or sales may be pub-
lished. (Leaders (...) are used where the reported data are accepted In confidence and may not be published or
where no data were reported.) Table 2 lists all pesticides and related products for which data on production
and/or sales were reported and Identifies the manufacturers of each]
PESTICIDES AND RELATED PRODUCTS
Grand total
Benzenoid
Nonbenzenold
PESTICIDES AND RELATED PRODUCTS, CYCLIC
Total
Fungicides, total
Naphthenic acid, copper salt
Pentachlorophenol (PCP)
Phenylmercuric acetate (PMA)
All other cyclic fungicides 2
Herbicides and plant growth regulators, total
2,4-Dlchlorophenoxyacetlc acid, dimethylamine salt —
2,4-Dlchlorophenoxyacetic acid, iso-octyl ester
Plant growth regulators, total
l,2-Dihydro-3,6-pyridazinedione (Maleic hydrazide)
All other plant growth regulators
All other cyclic herbicides 7
Insecticides and rodenticides, total
Organophosphorus insecticides
Toxaphene (chlorinated camphene)
All other cyclic insecticides and rodenticides 5
PESTICIDES AND RELATED PRODUCTS, ACYCLIC
Total
Fungicides, total
Dlthlocarbamic acid salts 6
All other acyclic fungicides'
Herbicides and plant growth regulators 9
Insecticides, rodenticides, soil conditioners and
fumlgants, total
Methyl bromide (Bromomethane)
S-Methyl-N-[(methylcarbamoyl)oxy] thioacetimldate
(Me thorny 1)
Organophosphorus insecticides'
Trlchloronitromethane (Chloropicr In)
All other acyclic insecticides, rodenticides, soil
conditioners and fumlgants
See footnotes on following page.
1,000
pounds
1,364,391
750,170
614,221
109,635
906
43,868
172
64,689
511,560
15,699
8,361
7,522
3,822
3,700
479,978
319,068
114,325
42,164
162,579
424,128
32,627
30,975
1,652
247,016
14,328
75,554
6,423
SALES
1.192.604
642,592
550,012
99,442
895
43,796
141
54,610
445.348
14,203
3,022
7,759
7,759
420,364
294,024
98,162
47,919
147,943
31,888
1,459
61,253
5.773
1,000
dollars
2.410,134
1,401,613
1,008,521
1,843.896
120,021
585
16,128
1,022
102,286
16,273
2,763
19,070
19,070
1,195,835
210,561
20,745
258,628
566,238
32.934
28,719
4,215
170,750
2,865
Per
pound
2.18
1.83
.37
7.26
1.87
1.15
.91
2.46
2.46
2.85
2.15
.43
1.75
245-856 O - 77 ■
SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1976
Footnotes for Table 1
1 Calculated from rounded figures.
2 Includes benomyl, captafol, captan, chlorothalonll, dinocap, DMTT, folpet, pentachloronitrobenzene, sodium
pentachlorophenate, 2,4,5-trichlorophenol salts, all other phenylmercury compounds, and others.
3 Includes alachlor, atrazine, barban, benefin, bensulide, 2,4-D acid (esters and salts), 2,4-DB, dicamba,
dimethylurea compounds, dinitrophenol compounds, isopropyl phenylcarbamates (IPC and CIPC), MCPA, molinate, NPA,
picloram, propanil, silvex and its esters, 2,4,5-T acid (esters and salts), triazines, trifluralin, uracils, and
others.
** Includes carbophenothion, diazinon, dioxathion, fensulfothion, methyl parathion, parathion, ronnel, and other
phosphorothioates and phosphorodithioates, and others.
5 Includes carbaryl, carbofuran, chlorinated insecticides (BHC + lindane, chlordan, chlorobenzilate, DDT, di-
cofol, endosulfan, endrin, heptachlor, methoxyclor, and others), insect attractants, DEET and other insect re-
pellents, small amounts of rodenticides, piperonyl butoxide and other synergists, and others.
6 Includes ferbam, maneb, nabam, PETD, and zineb, plus the remaining dithiocarbamates which are used chiefly as
fungicides.
7 Includes dodine, and others.
8 Includes cacodylic acid, CDAA, dalapon, methanearsonic acid salts, sodium TCA, thiocarbamates, thiolcarbamates,
and organophosphorus herbicides, and others.
9 Includes dichlorvos, disulfoton, ethion, malathion, monocrotophos, naled, phorate, and other organophosphorus
insecticides.
10 Includes DBCP, soil conditioners and fumigants, aldicarb, small quantities of rodenticides, and others.
Note. — Does not include
data are included in the s
dithiocarbamic acid, sodiu
in the section on "Rubber-
"Miscell.
ta for the insect fumigant, p-dichlorobenzene nor the fungicide, o-phenylphenol. These
tion on cyclic intermediates. It also does not include data for the fungicides, dimethyl-
salt and dimethyldithiocarbamic acid, zinc salt (i.e., ziram) . These data are included
Dcessing Chemicals." The data for ethylene dibromide, a fumigant, are included in the
End-Use Chemicals and Chemical Products" section.
PESTICIDES AND RELATED PRODUCTS
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PESTICIDES AND RELATED PRODUCTS
TABLE 3. --Pesticides and related products: Directory of manufacturers. 1976
ALPHABETICAL DIRECTORY BY CODE
[Names of manufacturers of pesticides and related products that reported production or sales to the U.S. International
Trade Commission for 1976 are listed below in the order of their identification codes as used in table 2]
Code
Name of company
Code
Name of company
ABB
Abbott Laboratories
MGK
McLaughlin, Gormley 6 King Co.
ACN
Allied Chemical Corp., Agricultural
SIMM
Minnesota Mining 5 Manufacturing Co.
Dept.
MON
Monsanto Co.
ACY
American Cyanamid Co.
MOT
Motomco, Inc.
ALC
Alco Chemical Corp.
MRK
Merck 6 Co. , Inc.
ALP
Alpha Laboratories, Inc.
MRT
Morton Chemical Co., Div. of Morton Norwich
AMC
Amchem Products, Inc.
Products, Inc.
Div. of Rorer-Amchem, Inc.
MTO
Montrose Chemical Corp. of California
AMP
Kerr-McGee Chemical Corp.
ARA
Arapahoe Chemical, Inc. Sub. of
NES
Nease Chemical Co., Inc
Syntex Corp. (U.S.A.)
NLC
Nalco Chemical Co.
ASH
Ashland Oil, Inc., Ashland
Chemical Co.
NLO
Niklor Chemical Co.
ASL
Ansul Chemical Co.
OMC
Olin Corp.
0R0
Chevron Chemical Co.
BKL
Kewanee Industries, Inc., Millmaster
Chemical Co. Div.
OTC
Story Chemical Corp.
BKM
Buckman Labs., Inc.
PAS
Pennwalt Corp.
PCW
Pfister Chemical, Inc.
CCA
Interstab Chemical, Inc.
PD
Parke, Davis 6 Co. Sub of Warner-Lambert
CGY
Ciba-Geigy Corp., Agricultural Div.
Co.
CHF
Chemical Formulators, Inc.
PEN
CPC International, Inc., Penick Div.
CHG
Mobay Chemical Corp., Chemagro Agricultural
PFZ
Pfizer, Inc.
Div.
PIC
Pierce Organics, Inc.
CLY
W. A. Cleary Corp.
PLC
Phillips Petroleum Co.
CWN
Upjohn Co., Fine Chemical Div.
PPG
PPG Industries, Inc.
DA
Diamond Shamrock Corp.
RBC
Fike Chemicals, Inc.
DOW
Dow Chemical Co.
RCI
Reichhold Chemicals, Inc.
DUP
E. I. duPont de Nemours 6 Co., Inc.
RDA
Rhodia, Inc.
RH
Rohm & Haas Co .
EFH
E. F. Houghton 5 Co.
RIV
Riverdale Chemical Co.
EGR
Eagle River Chemical Corp.
S
Sandoz Inc., Crop Protection Dept.
FER
Ferro Corp., Ferro Chemical Div.
SDC
Martin-Marietta Corp., Sodyeco Div.
FMN
FMC Corp., Agricultural Chemical Div.
Stauffer Chemical Co.:
FMT
Fairmount Chemical Co.
SFA
Agricultural Div.
FRO
Vulcan Materials Co., Chemical Div.
SFC
Calhio Chemicals, Inc. Div.
SHC
Shell Oil Co., Shell Chemical Co. Div.
GAF
GAF Corp., Chemical Div.
SM
Mobil Oil Corp., Mobil Chemical Co.,
GNW
Greenwood Chemical Co.
Phosphorus Div.
GOC
Gulf Oil Corp. , Gulf Oil
Chemical Co. - U.S.
TMH
Thompson-Hayward Chemical Co.
GTH
Guth Chemical Co.
TRO
Troy Chemical Corp.
GTL
Great Lakes Chemical Corp.
UCC
Union Carbide Corp.
UK
Hooker Chemicals 6 Plastics Corp.
UOP
UOP, Inc., UOP Chemical Div.
HN
Tenneco Chemicals, Inc.
USR
Uniroyal, Inc., Chemical Div.
HPC
Hercules, Inc.
VCC
Vinings Chemical Co.
IMC
IMC Chemical Group, Inc.
VEL
Velsicol Chemical Corp.
VIN
Vineland Chemical Co.
KF
Kay-Fries Chemicals, Inc.
VNC
Vanderbilt Chemical Corp.
VTC
Vicksburg Chemical Co. Div. of
LAK
Lakeway Chemicals, Inc.
Vertac Consolidated
LIL
Eli Lilly 6 Co.
WTC
Witco Chemical Co., Inc.
MAL
Mallinckrodt Chemical Works
MCI
Mooney Chemical Corp.
Note. --Comp
ete names and addresses of the above reporting
companies a
re listed in table 1 of the appendix.
282 SNYTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 197G
MISCELLANEOUS END-USE CHEMICALS AND CHEMICAL PRODUCTS
K. James O'Connor, Jr. and Thomas O'Connell
The Miscellaneous Chemicals section was extensively revised in 1976
to incorporate the proposed suggestions of an industry task force. Because
there is a radical shift in the composition of this section as well as in
many of the subgroups within this section, the 1976 data are not strictly
comparable with previous reports. Production of the end-use groups
contained within other sections generally increased over 1975 levels
paralleling the organic sector as a whole. This section incorporates those
end-use groups which are not readily classifiable within the prior sections
of this report. Both cyclic and acyclic chemicals now fall with this
section.
In 1976, the production of miscellaneous end-use chemicals exceeded
15.8 billion pounds. Sales in 1976 reached 9.2 billion pounds, valued
at $2.3 billion. Polymers for fibers and urea collectively accounted for
84 percent of the 1976 production of these miscellaneous end-use chemicals.
Urea, alone, accounted for 71 percent of the 1976 sales quantity of these
chemicals although in terms of value it accounted for only 17 percent of
the total value of merchant sales.
Production of gasoline additives for 1976 totalled 1.1 billion pounds.
Sales exceeded 931 million pounds, valued at $736 million. The future
growth of the lead additive portion of this market is seriously threatened
by pending environmental legislation governing its use.
MISCELLANEOUS END"USE CHEMICALS AND CHEMICAL PRODUCTS 283
Methanol
Methanol production reboun ds in 1976
In 1976, methanol ranked 20th among the 50 most important U.S.
industrial chemicals with production in excess of 6.2 billion pounds.
This volume represented a significant increase of 21.6 percent over
the 1975 level of 5.2 billion pounds, a figure which reflected the
doldrums that industrial chemical producers faced in the recession of
1975. Despite this encouraging increase in the 1976 production of
methanol, it, nonetheless, lagged 1973 and 1974 output figures and re-
mained slightly below the recent trend line shown in figure 1. On a
more optimistic note, methanol fared better in 1976 than the organic
chemicals sector as a whole, which registered an overall increase of
18 percent in production over the 1975 level.
Moderate growth of 5 to 6 percent projected for methanol
Industry sources are projecting, amid considerable speculation,
that methanol production for nonfuel use will expand at a moderate rate
of 5 to 6 percent a year for the remainder of this decade and into the
early 1980's. These projections are predicated to some extent on the
level of new housing starts reaching 1.5 to 2.0 million a year for the
remainder of the decade. The correlation between methanol and the number
of housing starts stems from methanol's major end use as an adhesive in
the production of plywood and particle board, products which are sensitive
to changes in the rate of new housing construction. On this score,
methanol producers have reason to be encouraged with the renewed activity
in the housing sector in recent months. In 1976, total new housing
starts numbered 1.55 million, 32 percent more than in 1975. Through the
first quarter of 1977, the 370,000 recorded new housing starts are well
ahead of the 283,000 recorded in the first quarter of 1976 and dramatically
ahead of the 194,000 recorded in the first quarter of 1975. 1/ Despite
this upward trend, producers remain guarded in their projections, in
that a sustained surge in housing construction will be largely dependent
upon the Nation's ability to contain its inflation rate and to maintain a
prime rate low enough to encourage new housing.
The 5 to 6 percent projected growth rate is also dependent upon the
producers' ability to achieve moderate growth in methanol's other multiple
commercial markets, such as the polyester fiber and solvent markets.
Domestic capacity expected to keep pace with projected
demand through 1980
There is a general consensus among industry experts that new capacity
additions scheduled for completion by 1980 will keep pace with projected
1/ U.S. Department of Commerce, Survey of Current Business , November 1976
(vol. 56, No. 11) and May 1977 (vol. 57, No. 5).
SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS/ 1976
demand requirements. By 1980, U.S. capacity for methanol production is
projected to reach 11 billion to 12 billion pounds a year, representing
a 20-percent increase over current capacity levels. DuPont, alone, is
scheduled to place a new plant with a capacity of 1.3 billion pounds a
year on stream by 1980.
Domestic demand estimates, excluding methanol produced for fuel use,
border on 8 billion pounds a year for 1980, representing an increase of
5 to 6 percent a year in the domestic demand for methanol.
Methanol may make inroads into new markets
There is continued speculation as to whether methanol will make new
inroads into two potentially significant markets; one for clean-burning
automotive fuel and the other for an intermediate in the production of a
synthetic food source — single-cell protein.
In recent years methanol has undergone considerable testing for use
in automotive fuel applications, the results of which have not to date
been encouraging. However, testing continues, and industry sources fore-
cast that if a breakthrough occurs, there will be a dramatic shift in
the composition of the industry away from traditional chemical producers
and toward the oil producers and refiners. The reason for this possible
shift is that methanol (a primary chemical feedstock) is derived directly
from natural gas, and is very close in the vertical chain to traditional
oil producers' and refiners' markets. It must be pointed out, however,
that such a breakthrough and consequential shift in production is certainly
not expected over the short term and is questionable on a cost/performance
basis over the long term.
The outlook is unclear for methanol's use as an intermediate in
the production of single-cell protein, a product which is still very much
in its experimental stages. The benefits of single-cell protein in
alleviating some of the world's nutritional needs are potentially great,
and one would expect significant markets to open for this product if
technical and commercial difficulties can be overcome. Although incon-
clusive, current research indicates a leaning away from methanol as an
intermediate in the production of single-cell protein in favor of ethanol.
M ethanol imports on the rise
Imports of methanol for nonfuel use reached a record high of 277
million pounds valued at $8.5 million, in 1976, representing nearly a
150-percent increase by volume over the 1975 level. These imports
supplied approximately 4 to 5 percent of domestic demand in 1976, or
more than twice as much as in any other year in this decade; more than
70 percent come from Canada. Imperial Chemical Industries and Alberta
Gas Chemicals are believed to be the major exporting companies to the
United States.
MISCELLANEOUS END-USE CHEMICALS AND CHEMICAL PRODUCTS 285
According to Public Law 93-482, enacted October 26, 1974, methanol
can be imported into the United States under TSUS item 427.96 free of
duty (col. 1 rate) for fuel use or for use in producing synthetic natural
gas. In 1976, 6.9 million pounds of methanol valued at $289,000 entered
the United States under this category, a significant increase over the
3,700 pounds of methanol imported under this category in 1975.
Imports of methanol under the nonfuel use category in the first
quarter of 1977 were substantially higher than those in the first
quarter of 1976, indicating that imports are continuing their rising
trend. Imports through the first quarter of 1977 reached 79 million
pounds, compared with 53 million pounds imported through the first
quarter of 1976. There were no imports of methanol for fuel use
recorded in the first quarter of 1977.
Exports increase 22 percent over the 1975 level
Exports of methanol, both natural and synthetic, increased from
458 million pounds, valued at $16.8 million, in 1975 to 561 million
pounds, valued at $23.2 million in 1976. There is no indication of
fundamental changes in the composition of U.S. export markets for methanol.
The international outlook, for methanol through 1980 's is unclear
There is little question that the chief determinant in the future com-
petitiveness of world methanol producers will be raw material costs. The
most economic technology, the Imperial Chemical Industries process, is
readily licensable, and as such is no longer a crucial variable in
establishing a nation's comparative advantage vis-a-vis other producing
nations. Labor cost differences are not likely to be major determinants
in the competitiveness of methanol producers, given the facts that the
labor input in methanol production is low and that these differences in
labor costs have equilibrated in recent years. Thus, it would seem that
the future competitiveness of world methanol producers will greatly depend
upon their ability to secure an adequate long-term raw material supply at
a competitive price.
Given this determinant, all eyes are directed toward the announced
plant construction in the Middle East, which, if it materializes could
substantially alter established trading patterns not only in methanol but
in many other commodity chemicals as well. There are, however, a number
of indeterminate factors which may well mitigate the raw material cost
advantages that these oil-rich nations currently enjoy. Their construction
and distribution costs are presently much higher than those in the developed
nations. In addition, these oil-rich nations may well decide to upgrade
the commodity chemicals with low unit costs into intermediate and end-use
products with higher unit values; the trade impact would then be felt in
those sectors.
245-656 O - 77 - 19
286
SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS/ 1976
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MISCELLANEOUS END-USE CHEMICALS AND CHEMICAL PRODUCTS
TABLE 1. --Miscellaneous end-use chemicals and chemical products: U.S. production and sales, 1976
Listed below are all miscellaneous end-use chemical
and/or sales may be published. (Leaders (...) art
not be published or where no data were reported.)
and chemical products on which data on production
each]
s and chemical products for which any reported data on production
used where the reported data are accepted in confidence and may
Table 2 lists alphabetically all miscellaneous end-use chemicals
and/or sales were reported and identifies the manufacturers of
MISCELLANEOUS END-USE CHEMICALS AND CHEMICAL PRODUCTS
Grand total
Chelating agents, nitriloacid and salts, total
(Diethylenetrinitrilo)pentaacetic acid, penta-
sodium salt
(Ethylenedinitrilo)tetraacetic acid, tetrasodium
salt
(N-Hydroxyethylethylenedinitrllo)triacetic acid,
trisodium salt
All other
Enzymes
Flotation reagents
Gasoline additives, total 3
N,N'-Di-sec-butyl-p-phenyldiamine
N.N'-Diisopropyl-p-phenylenediamine
Ethylenedibromide
Tetraethyl lead
All other gasoline additives
Lubricating oil and grease additives, total
Oil soluble petroleum sulfonate, calcium salt
Oil soluble petroleum sulfonate, sodium salt
All other lubricating oil and grease additives
Paint driers, naphthenic acid salts, total"' 5
Calcium naphthenate
Cobalt naphthenate
Lead naphthenate
Manganese naphthenate
Zinc naphthenate
All other
Polymers for fibers, total
Nylon 6 and 6/6
Polyacrylonitr lie and acrylonitrile copolymers
Polyethylene terephthalate
All other polymers for fiber
Polymers, water soluble, total
Cellulose ethers and esters, total
Polyacrylamlde
Polyacryllc acid salts, total
Sodium poly aery late
All other polyacryllc acid salts
All other water soluble polymers
Tanning materials, synthetic
Urea, total
In feed compounds
In liquid fertilizer
In solid fertilizer
In plastics
All other
All other miscellaneous end-use chemicals and chem-
ical products 7
1,000
pounds
15.851,080
151,043
4,791
96,615
( 2 )
5,568
1,050,995
2,715
1,178
201,080
363,775
482,247
234,316
104,119
761,820
11,336
842
2,901
4,629
1,003
980
981
5.082.003
1.634,132
' 551,961
1,988,132
907,778
6 185.312
115,294
41,507
17,302
6,783
10,519
11,209
59,468
8,161,726
490,378
2,268,234
4.176,474
392,636
834,004
1,000
pounds
9,159,570
1,000
dollars
2,251.127
125.11 4
59,223
2,821
32,701
3,349
86,243
931,211
2,146
20,598
2,868
33,611
735,589
2,259
1,067
148,516
409,641
369,728
557.430
3,247
2.139
41,942
364,056
324,203
182.847
138,805
101,623
317,002
11,151
37,657
21,802
123,388
8,322
802
2,938
4,629
985
885
912
766.809
419
3,497
2,217
599
435
1,155
205.852
560,957
99,256
36,829
16.265
16,265
8,668
6.524,000
86.179
488,051
164,766
101,250
41,479
9,596
9,596
12,441
22,365
376.363
421,679
2.175,599
3,500,481
298,360
127,881
26,585
99,973
217,588
24,526
7,691
See footnotes on following page.
SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1976
Footnotes for Table 1
1 Calculated from rounded figures.
2 Not available.
3 Statistics exclude production and sales of tricresyl phosphate. Statistics on tricresyl phosphate are given
with the section on "Plasticizers ."
** Quantities are given on the basis of solid naphthenate.
5 Statistics exclude production and sales of copper naphthenate. Statistics for copper naphthenate are given
in the section on "Pesticides and Related Products."
6 Greater than 10 percent of this total is data which were estimated. It was necessary to estimate these data
because one or more manufacturers of the compounds failed to supply the U.S. International Trade Commission with
their data in sufficient time for its inclusion in this report. Such manufacturers are presumed to have continued
production of the compound in question in 1976, therefore the volume of production and sales has been estimated
by the USITC staff members.
7 Includes all other items listed in table 2 which are not individually publishable or publishable as groups.
MISCELLANEOUS EM-USE CHEI'ICALS AND CHEMICAL PRODUCTS
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SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1975
TABLE 3. --Miscellaneous end-use chemical and chemical products: Directory of
MANUFACTURERS, 1976
ALPHABETICAL DIRECTORY BY CODE
Chat reported production or sales
Dnal Trade Commission for 1976 are
iscellaneous end-ust
ed below in the ordt
chemicals and chemical products
r of their identification code
Name of company
Name of company
Allied Chemical Corp.:
Agricultural Div.
Specialty Chemicals Div.
American Cyanamid Co.
Agway, Inc., Olean Nitrogen Complex
Air Products & Chemicals, Inc.
Gardinier Big River, Inc.
Allied Chemical Corp., Fibers Div.
Alliance Chemical, Inc.
Alox Corp.
American Bio-Synthetic Corp.
Atlas Powder Co. Subsidiary of Tyler
Corp.
Ashland Oil, Inc., Ashland Chemical Co.
BASF Wyandotte Corp.
Baxter Laboratories, Inc.
B. F. Goodrich Co., B. F. Goodrich Chemical
Co. Div.
Beker Industries, Inc.
Borden Co., Borden Chemical Div.
Buckeye Cellulose Corp.
Interstab Chemical, Inc.
Cincinnati Milacron Chemicals, Inc.
Celanese Corp. :
Celanese Fibe
Cooperative Fan
Ciba-Geigy Corp
Co.
Chemicals Association
and Pharmaceutical Div.
CHR. Hansen's Laboratory, Inc.
N-Ren Corp., Cherokee Nitrogen Div.
Columbia Nitrogen Corp.
CPC International, Inc., Amerchol
Crest Chemical Corp.
Diamond Shamrock Corp.
Dan River, Inc.
Dow Corning Corp.
Dawe's Laboratories, Inc.
Castle & Cooke, Inc., Castle 4 Cook
Foods, Hawaii Region
Dow Chemical Co.
E. I. DuPont de Nemours £. Co., Inc.
Eastman Kodak Co. :
Tennessee Eastman Co. Div.
Exxon Chemical Co. U.S.A.
East Shore Chemical Co., Inc
Ferro Corp. :
Ferro Chemical Div.
Keil Chemical Div.
Hexcel Corp., Fine Organics
FMC Corp. :
Industrial Chemical Div.
First Mississippi Corp.
Fairmount Chemical Co., Inc.
Fiber Industries, Inc.
MCI
MIL
MLS
MON
MOR
MRK
MSC
NEP
NLC
NTL
OMC
OMS
ORO
OXC
PAR
PAS
one Tire S, Rubber Co., Firestone
Synthetic Fibers Co.
GAF Corp., Chemical Div.
W. R. Grace & Co., Agricultural Chem. Group
G. Frederick Smith Chemical Co.
Glyco Chemicals, Inc.
Goodpasture, Inc.
W. R. Grace 6. Co., Polymers & Chemicals Div.
Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.
Hodag Chemical Corp.
Hooker Chemicals & Plastic
Durez Div.
Hawkeye Chemical Co.
W. R. Grace 6, Co., Organic
Tenneco Chemicals, Inc.
Hercules, Inc.
Chemicals Div.
Nipak, Inc.
George A. Jeffrey's & Co., Inc.
Jordan Chemical Co.
Kennecott Copper Corp., Utah Copper Div.
Mooney Chemicals, Inc.
Milliken & Co., Milliken Chemical Div.
Miles Laboratories, Inc., Marschall Div.
Monsanto Co.
Marathon Morco, Co.
Merck & Co . , Inc.
Mississippi Chemical Corp.
Nepera Chemical Co.
Nalco Chemical Co.
NL Industries, Inc.
Olin Corp.
E. R. Squibb & Sons, Inc.
Chevron Chemical Co.
Oxochem Enterprises
Pennzoil Co., Penneco Div
Pennwalt Corp.
Parke, Davis S.
Sub of Warner-Lambert
Co.
CPC International,
Pfanstiehl Laborat
Pfizer, Inc. «, Pfi
Pharmachem Corp.
Pierce Chemical, Inc.
P-L Biochemicals, Inc.
Phillips Petroleum Co.
Premier Malt Products, Inc
Premier Petrochemical Co.
Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co.
. , S. B. Penick
s, Inc.
Pharmaceuticals
Fike Chemicals, Inc.
Rohm & Haas Co.
Millmaster Onyx Corp.
Refined-Onyx Div.
ilISCELLANEOUS EJJ-USE CHEMICALS Ai!D CHEMICAL PRODUCTS
TABLE 3.— Miscellaneous end-use chemical and chemical products:
MANUFACTURERS, 1976— CONTI NUED
Directory of
Code
Name of company
Code
Name of company
RSA
R.S.A. Corp.
TRI
TRO
Triad Chemicals
Troy Chemical Corp.
SAG
Swift Agricultural Chemicals
TVA
Tennessee Valley Authority
SHC
Shell Oil Co., Shell Chemical Co. Div.
TX
Texaco , Inc .
SM
Mobil Oil Corp., Chemical Co.:
Chemical Coatings Div.
UPM
UOP, Inc.
SMP
J.R. Simplot Co., Minerals & Chemical
Div.
USR
Uniroyal, Inc., Chemical Div.
SNI
Kaiser Aluminum & Chemical Corp. , Kaiser
VLN
Valley Nitrogen Producers, Inc.
Agricultural Chemicals Div.
VND
Van Dyk & Co. , Inc.
SOC
Standard Oil Co. of California, Chevron
Chemical Co.
WAG
West Agro Chemical, Inc.
SOH
Vistron Corp.
WAY
Phillip A. Hunt Chemical Corp., Orgar
ic
SPD
General Electric Co., Silicone Products
Chemical Div.
Dept.
WBC
Worthington Biochemical Corp.
SW
Sherwin-Williams Co.
WBG
White & Bagley Co.
SWS
Stauffer Chemical Co., SWS Silicones
WLC
Agrlco Chemical Co.
Div.
WMP
WTC
Essex Group, Inc.
Witco Chemical Co., Inc.
TCC
Tanatex Chemical Corp.
WTH
Union Camp Corp., Chemical Div., Dove
r Plant
TER
Terra Chemicals International, Inc.
WYC
Wycon Chemical Co.
TNA
Ethyl Corp.
ZGL
Carolina Processing Corp.
Note. — Complete
and addresses of the above reporting companies are listed in Table 1 of the Appendix.
298 SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS/ 1976
MISCELLANEOUS CYCLIC AND ACYCLIC CHEMICALS
K. James O'Connor, Jr. and Thomas O'Connell
This section is extensively revised from that of previous years.
Many of these changes reflect suggestions proposed by an industry task
force. For this reason, the data contained within this section are not
generally comparable with the data from previous years. Several large
volume items such as urea and polymers for fiber were moved to the section
entitled Miscellaneous End-Use Chemicals and Chemical Products .
The term miscellaneous chemicals as it is used here comprises those
synthetic organic products that are not included in the use groups
covered by the other sections of this report. They include products
that are employed in a great variety of uses. The number of chemicals
used extensively for only one purpose is not large. Among the products
covered are those used for refrigerants, aerosols, solvents, and a wide
range of chemical intermediates.
U.S. production of miscellaneous cyclic and acyclic chemicals in
1976 amounted to 83.5 billion pounds. U.S. sales for 1976 totaled 33.9
billion pounds valued at $7.1 billion. Production of miscellaneous
cyclic chemicals comprised only 5 percent of this section's total produc-
tion.
The most important group among the miscellaneous acyclic chemicals
was the halogenated hydrocarbons. U.S. production for this group in 1976
reached 20.8 billion pounds or 25 percent of this section's total produc-
tion. U.S. sales for this group amounted to 8.8 billion pounds valued
at $1.4 billion. Other important groups were the monohydric unsubstituted
alcohols with production of 14.3 billion pounds, the aldehydes with a
total production of 8.3 billion pounds, and the nitrogenous compounds with
production of 7.6 billion pounds.
MISCELLANEOUS CYCLIC
ACYCLIC CHEMICALS
TABLE 1, --Miscellaneous cyclic and acyclic chemicals: U.S. production and sales, 1976
listed below are all miscellaneous chemicals for which any reported data on product
(Leaders (...) are used where the reported data are accepted In confidence and may
no data were reported.) Table 2 lists all miscellaneous chemicals for which data
were reported and identifies the manufacturers of each]
Lon or sales may be published,
not be published or where
>n production and/or sales
MISCELLANEOUS CYCLIC AND ACYCLIC CHEMICALS
PRODUCTION
Grand total
MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS, CYCLIC
Total
Benzoic acid, sodium salt
Benzoyl peroxide
Benzyl alcohol
tert-Butyl peroxybenzoate
2,6-Di-tert-butyl-p-cresol (BHT) :
Food grade
Tech . grade
Uloxane (1,4-Diethylene ox'.de)
Hexamethylenetetramine, tech. grade
p-Hydroxybenzoic acid, methyl ester
p-Hydroxybenzoic acid, propyl ester
2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone
Maleic anhydride
ct-Pinene
3-Pinene
Tall oil salts, total 2
Calcium tallate
Lead tallate
Tall oil salts, all other
All other miscellaneous cyclic chemicals
MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS, ACYCLIC
Nitrogenous Compounds
Total'
Amides
Amines , total
Butylamines
Ethylamines:
Diethylamine
Ethylamine, mono
1,6-Hexanediamine (Hexamethylenedlamine)
Isopropylamine, mono-
Methylamlnes : Dimethylamlne
All other
2-(2-Aminoethylamlno)ethanol (Aminoethylethanol-
Ethanolamines , total
2-Aminoethanol (Monoethanolamine)
2,2' -Aminod ie thanol (Die thanolamine)
2, 2 ',2' '-Nitr Hot rle thanol (Trie thanolamine) —
See footnotes at end of table.
1,000
pounds
3,881,178
14,197
3,841
8,636
1,690
779,659
8,862
10,947
14,873
47,102
797
192
530
263,968
25,366
1,992
123
317
1,552
79,671,884
294,762
1,777.299
49,585
13,897
36,806
855,965
33,353
787,693
286.224
92,992
88,568
104,664
1,000
pounds
1,000
dollars
7,136,673
1.303,010
682,150
12,727
8,536
7,394
1,579
8,046
10,909
5,654
713
231
487
201,775
5,300
2,757
1.909
6,444
15,005
4,884
2,752
6,711
9,700
4,070
1,726
620
1,522
64,454
724
828
1.561
124
293
1.492
32.108.731
142
1,351
102,854
415,658
62,361
227.511
43,202
8,320
37,417
43,229
283,490
10,789
260,175
21,192
4,865
13,388
13,233
174.833
7.862
87,652
82,314
81,487
95,874
27,364
27,433
32,855
SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1976
TABLE 1,— Miscellaneous cyclic and acyclic chemicals: U.S. production
and sales, 1976— Conintued
MISCELLANEOUS CYCLIC AND ACYCLIC CHEMICALS
PRODUCTION
UNIT
VALUE 1
MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS, ACYCLIC — Cont
Nitrogenous Compounds — Continued
sthylenediammonium adipate
itriles, total
Acrylonitrile
Nitriles, all other-
All other nitrogenous compounds
Acids, Acyl Halides, and Anhydrides
Tot
acid, synthetic, 100%-
anhydride, 100%
Acetic
Acetic
Acryli
Adipic acid
Fumaric acid
Lauroyl chloride
Polyacrylic acid
Propionic acid
All other acids, acyl halides, and anhydr
Salts of Organic Acids
Acetic
Bari
Total-
acid salt
Die acid (cx-Ethylcaproic acid) salts
Calcium 2-ethylhe
Cobalt 2-ethylhe
Lead 2-ethylhexanoate
Manganese 2-ethylhexanoate —
Zinc 2-ethylhexanoate
Zirconium 2-ethylhexanoate—
All other
Maleic acid salts
Oleic acid salts
Stearic acid salts, total'*
Aluminum distearate
Aluminum tristearate
Barium stearate
Calcium stearate
Cobalt stearate
Lead stearate
Magnesium stearate
Zinc stearate
All other
Tartaric acid salts
All other salts of organic aci
See footnotes at end of table.
1,000
pounds
732,409
3,171,053
1,517,830
1,653,223
6,725,256
2,463,342
1,506,050
256,331
1,280,907
33,765
2,041
2,452
76,102
1,104,266
23,998
16,420
2,524
4,413
2,595
990
1,491
2,606
465
496
80,723
2,419
1,001
45,545
362
1,254
5,530
22,254
2,358
388
246,94 7
1,000
pounds
1,000
dollars
600,987
89,774
1,360,648
544,419
178,021
35,881
101,703
30,583
1,656
39,266
429,119
20,661
208
20,425
14,873
2,499
959
1,466
2,417
1,776
1,473
501
81,016
2,426
290
1,005
45,873
351
1,133
5,292
22,484
2,162
147,144
19,611
394,388
70,429
36,145
11,313
52,166
12,748
1,405
7,111
203,071
301
10,249
15,377
,096
5,333
1,275
569
1,008
2,811
3,285
1,474
668
47,642
1,691
201
675
23,420
475
712
3,761
15,117
1,590
Per
pound
1.48
1.45
1.16
1.85
1.00
1.33
1.35
.63
.71
MISCELLANEOUS CYCLIC AND ACYCLIC CHEMICALS
table l.--.'1lscellaneous cyclic and acyclic c.iem1cals: u.s. production
aid sales, 1376— Continued
MISCELLANEOUS CYCLIC AND ACYCLIC CHEMICALS
PRODUCTION
MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS, ACYCLIC— Continued
Aldehydes
Total
llutyraldehyde
Formaldehyde (37% bv weight)
Isobutyraldehyde
All other
Ketones
Total
Acetone, total
From cumene
From isopropyl alcohol
2-Butanone (Methyl ethyl ketone)
4-rtydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone (Diacetone alcohol) —
4-Methyl-2-pentanone (Methyl Isobutyl ketone)
All other
Alcohols, Monohydric, Unsubstituted
Total
Alcohols, Cn or lower, unmixed, total
Butyl alcohols:
n-Butyl alcohol (n-Propylcarbinol)
Isobutyl alcohol (Isopropylcarbinol)
Ethyl alcohol, synthetic 5
2-Ethyl-l-hexanol
Isopropyl alcohol
Methanol, synthetic
Propyl alcohol (Propanol)
All other
Alcohols, C12 and higher, unmixed, total
Mixtures of alcohols, total
Esters of Monohydric Alcohols
Total
n-Butyl acetate, unmixed
Butyl aery late
Dibutyl maleate
Ui(2-ethyl-l-hexyl) maleate
Dilauryl-3 , 3 ' -thiodipropionate
Ethyl acetate (85Z)
Ethyl aery late
2-Ethyl-l-hexyl acrylate
Phosphorus acid esters, not elsewhere specified
Propyl acetate
Vinyl acetate
All other
Polyhydria Alcohols 7
Total
Ethylene glycol
Glycerol, synthetic only
Footnotes at end of table.
1,000
pounds
8,278,682
749,116
5,449,322
372,071
1,708,173
2,907,416
1,189,516
679,463
197,537
412,754
14,252,696
13,305,619
625,277
174,789
1,496,311
450,206
1,935,846
6,242,241
134,24 7
2,246,702
299,724
3.659,498
112,508
205,284
7,903
363
2,207
215,552
295,129
44,027
59,200
42,811
,480,647
,193,367
4,630,310
3,334,587
157,733
1,000
pounds
1,000
dollar 8
1,471,772
2,127
432,676
2,176,338
76,095
325
84,060
851,479
540,006
414,638
44,990
150,929
174,296
106,546
74,904
78,452
10,761
36,043
36,693
6,333,798
707,727
344,366
139,403
889,992
338,411
6 961,327
2,132,994
97,932
1,431,373
145.369
64,729
20,458
152,631
70,391
131,669
125,587
21,772
120,490
41,296
546,997
98,409
114,673
6,900
377
1,950
193,664
135,464
42,165
52,853
40,886
711,518
558,119
22,375
38,262
2,627
154
2,198
36,380
37,927
16,190
42,155
9,923
129,054
209,752
. ., 19 '
2,525,135
147,632
495,332
68,955
SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1976
TABLE 1. --Miscellaneous cyclic and acyclic chemicals: U.S. production
and sales, 1976— Continued
MISCELLANEOUS CYCLIC AND ACYCLIC CHEMICALS
UNIT
VALUE 1
MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS, ACYCLIC— Continued
Polykydrio Alcohols — Continued
Pent aery thritol
Propylene glycol
Sorbitol (70% by weight)
All other
Polykydrio Alcohol Esters
Total
Ethylene glycol diacrylate
Trimethylolpropane triacrylate
All other
Polyhydric Alcohol Ethers
Total
2-Butoxyethanol
2-(2-Butoxyethoxy)ethanol (Diethylene glycol
monobutyl ether )
Diethylene glycol
Uipropylene glycol
2-Ethoxyethanol
2-(2-Ethoxyethoxy)ethanol (Diethylene glycol
monoethyl ethers)
2-[2-(2-Ethoxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethanol (Triethylene
glycol monoethyl ether)
2-Methoxyethanol (Ethylene glycol mononethyl
ether)
2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol (Diethylene glycol
monomethyl ether) '
2-[2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethanol (Triethylene
glycol monomethyl ether)
Polyethylene glycol
Polypropylene glycol
Tetraethylene glycol
All other
Halogenated Hydrocarbons
Total
Carbon tetrachloride
Chlorinated paraffins, total
35%-64% chlorine
Other
Chloroethane (Ethyl chloride)
Chloroform
Chloromethane (Methyl chloride)
1,2-Dichloroethane (Ethylene dichloride)
Dichloromethane (Methylene chloride)
1,2-Dichloropropane (Propylene dichloride)
Fluorlnated hydrocarbons, total
Chlorodifluoromethane (F-22)
Dichlorodifluorome thane (F-12)
Trichlorofluoromethane (F-ll)
All other fluorlnated hydrocarbons
See footnotes at end of table.
1,000
pounds
105,167
516,932
195,474
320,417
349
499
102,776
1,409,730
100,128
31,313
276,076
49,615
193,169
34,790
16,031
37,611
10,110
20,538
91,741
33,335
13,663
441,605
20,790,916
75,949
15,739
669,216
291,855
377,672
8,041,846
537,729
71,040
1,000,356
169,753
393,001
256,111
131,491
1,000
pounds
6 104,256
469,850
135,405
146,040
1,000
dollars
b 43,698
122,390
42,735
1,139,677
133,531
24,982
186,600
42,705
108,636
26,455
91,267
26,220
12,457
382,098
37,987
7,445
32,488
11,283
27,417
7,209
33,773
9,446
5,022
125,459
63,536
55,423
13,108
316,612
265,400
184,443
,360,980
500,295
42,995
20,040
14,942
5,098
36,847
42,240
25,930
109,993
86,004
2,470
125,342
371,036
239,372
88,775
151,386
81,635
Per
pound
MISCELLANEOUS CYCLIC AND ACYCLIC CHEMICALS
TABLE 1,— Miscellaneous cyclic and acyclic chemicals: U.S. production
and sales, 197E-- Continued
MISCELLANEOUS CYCLIC AND ACYCLIC CHEMICALS
UNIT
VALUE 1
MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS, ACYCLIC— Continued
Halogenated Hydrocarbons — Continued
Tetrachloroethylene (Perchloroethylene)
1,1,1-TrichIoroethane (Methyl chloroform)-
Trichloroethylene
Vinyl chloride, monomer (Chloroethylene)--
All other halogenated hydrocarbons
1,000
pounds
668,930
631,255
315,496
5,676,895
1,575,873
All Other Miscellaneous Acyclic Chemicals
Total
1,000
pounds
572,470
614,863
298,476
3,110,464
248,061
.114.581
1,000
dollars
83,347
113,769
46,042
314,842
138,044
2-Butanone peroxide
tert-Butyl peroxide (Dl-
Carbon disulfide
etals
Dtal—
Epoxides, ethers, and
Ethylene oxide
Propylene oxide
All other epoxides, ethers, and acetals
6,350
2,669
507,926
6,600,816
6,157
2,526
394,205
6,515
2,394
26,529
321,768
4,184,258
1,823,222
593,336
Orga
lilii
pompon
total-
Phosgene (Carbonyl chloride)
Sodium methoxide (Sodium methylate)-
Al 1 o ther
439,443
985,606
107,722
111,663
210,105
160,930
814,302
13,997
853,805
14,745
164,177
5,753
116,523
Per
pound
1 Calculated from rounded figures.
2 Quantities are given on the basis of solid naphthenate, tallate, or linoleate content.
J Statistics exclude production and sales of fatty amines. Statistics on fatty amines are given with "Surface-
Active Agents."
** Statistics exclude production and sales of potassium and sodium stearates. Statistics on these stearates are
included with "Surface-Active Agents."
5 Statistics on production of ethyl alcohol from natural sources by fermentation are Issued by the Department
of the Treasury, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms.
6 Greater than 10 percent of this total is data which were estimated. It was necessary to estimate these data
because one or more manufacturers of the compounds failed to supply the U.S. International Trade Commission with
their data in sufficient time for its Inclusion in this report. Such manufacturers are presumed to have continued
production of the compound in question in 1977, therefore the volume of production and "sales has been estimated
by the USITC staff members.
7 Some polyols which are used as intermediates for urethanes have been included with "Plastics and Resin
Materials."
SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CIB'ICALS. 1976
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I O H
MISCELLANEOUS CYCLIC AND ACYCLIC CHEMICALS
TABLE 3.— Miscellaneous cyclic and acyclic chemicals:
MANUFACTURERS, 1976
Directory of
ALPHABETICAL DIRECTORY BY CODE
Names of manufacturers that reported productio
U.S. International Trade Commission for 1976
used in table 2]
llaneous cyclic and acyclic chemicals to the
the order of their identification codes as
Code
Name of company
Code
Name of company
AAC
Alcolac Chemical Corp.
CNP
Nipro Inc.
ABB
Abbott Laboratories
CO
Continental Oil Co.
Allied Chemical Corp.:
COL
Collier Carbon & Chemical Corp.
ACS
Specialty Chemicals Div.
CP
Colgate-Palmolive Co.
ACY
American Cyanamid Co.
CPS
CPS Chemical Co.
ADC
Anderson Development Co.
CPV
Cook Paint & Varnish Co., Inc.
AIP
Air Products 4 Chemicals, Inc.
CRN
CPC International, Inc., Amerchol
AKS
Arkansas Co., Inc.
CRZ
Crown Zellerbach Corp., Chemical Products
ALB
Ames Laboratories, Inc.
Div.
ALD
Aldrich Chemical Co., Inc.
CTN
Chemetron Corp., Chemical Products Dlv. •
ALF
Allied Chemical Corp., Fibers Dlv.
CWN
Upjohn Co., Fine Chemical Div.
ALX
Alox Corp.
AME
Stauffer Chemical Co.
DA
Diamond Shamrock Corp.
ARA
Arapahoe Chemicals, Inc. Sub/Syntex
DAN
Dan River, Inc.
Corp. (U.S. A)
DBC
Dow Badische Co.
ARC
Armak Co.
DCC
Dow Corning Corp.
ARM
USS Agri-Chemicals Div. of U. S. Steel Corp.
DIX
Dixie Chemical Co.
ARS
Arsynco, Inc.
DOM
Dominion Products, Inc.
ARZ
Arizona Chemical Co.
DOW
Dow Chemical Co.
ASH
Ashland Oil, Inc., Ashland Chemical Co.
DUP
E. I. DuPont de Nemours i Co., Inc.
ASL
Ansul Chemical Co.
DVC
Dover Chemical Corp. Sub. of ICC Industries
AV
Avtex Fibers, Inc.
Inc.
AZT
Dart Industries, Inc., Aztec Chemicals Div.
EFH
E. F. Houghton & Co.
BAS
BASF Wyandotte Corp.
EK
Eastman Kodak Co.:
BAX
Baxter Laboratories, Inc.
EKT
Tennessee Eastman Co. Dlv.
BFG
B. F. Goodrich Co., B. F. Goodrich Chemical
EKX
Texas Eastman Co. Div.
Co. Div.
ELP
El Paso Products Co.
BKC
J. T. Baker Chemical Co.
EMR
Emery Industries, Inc.
BKL
Kewanee Industries, Inc., Millmaster Chemical
ENJ
Exxon Chemical Co. U.S.A.
Co. Div.
EVN
Evans Chemetics, Inc.
BME
Bendix Corp., FMD Div.
EW
Westinghouse Electric Corp.
BOR
Borden Co., Borden Chemical Div.
BRD
Lonza, Inc.
FCA
Farmers Chemical Association, Inc.
BUK
Buckeye Cellulose Corp.
FER
Ferro Corp. :
Ferro Chemical Div.
CAD
Noury Chemical Corp.
Grant Chemical Div.
CAU
Calcasieu Chemical Corp.
Keil Chemical Dlv.
CBD
Chembond Corp.
FIN
Hexcel Corp., Fine Organlcs Div.
CBY
Crosby Chemicals, Inc.
FMC Corp . :
CCA
Interstab Chemical, Inc.
FMB
Industrial Chemical Div.
CCH
Pearsall Chemical Corp.
FMP
Industrial Chemical Dlv.
CCL
Catawba-Charlab, Inc., Polymer Specialties
FMT
Fairmount Chemical Co., Inc.
Co.
FOC
Handschy Chemical Co., Farac Oil &
ccw
Cincinnati Mllacron Chemicals, Inc.
Chemical Div.
CDY
Chemical Dynamics Corp.
FRO
Vulcan Materials Co., Chemicals Dlv.
CEL
Celanese Corp. :
FTE
Foote Mineral Co.
Celanese Chemical Co.
FTX
CF Industries, Inc.
Celanese Fibers Co.
Celanese Polymer Specialties Co.
CAF
GAF Corp., Chemical Dlv.
CGY
Ciba-Geigy Corp. and Pharmaceutical Dlv.
GAN
Gane's Chemical Works, Inc.
CHL
Chemol, Inc.
CIV
Givaudan Corp.
CHN
N-Ren Corp., Cherokee Nitrogen Div.
GLD
SCM Corp., Glidden-Durkee Div.
CHP
C. H. Patrick 4 Co. , Inc.
GLY
Glyco Chemicals, Inc.
CHT
Chattem Drug & Chemical Co., Chattem
GNM
General Mills Chemicals, Inc.
Chemicals Div.
GOC
Gulf Oil Corp., Gulf Oil Chemicals Co.-U.S
CLK
Clark Chemical Corp.
GP
Georgia-Pacific Corp.:
CLN
Standard Brands, Inc., Clinton Corp.
Rebecca Plant
Resins Operations
SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1976
TABLE 3.-
-MlSCELLANEOUS CYCLIC AND ACYCLIC CHEMICALS:
MANUFACTURERS, 1976--CONT I NUED
Directory of
Code
Name of company
Code
Name of company
GPR
Grain Processing Corp.
OCC
Oxirane Chemical Co.
GRD
W. R. Grace 6. Co., Polymers & Chemicals Div.
OH
Airco, Inc., Ohio Medical Products Div.
GRH
W. R. Grace & Co., Hatco Chemical Div.
OMC
Olin Corp.
GTL
Great Lakes Chemical Corp.
OMS
E. R. Squibb 6, Sons, Inc.
GYR
Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.
ONX
Millmaster Onyx Corp., Onyx Chemical Co.
0R0
Chevron Chemical Co.
HAL
C.P. Hall Co.
ORT
Roehr Chemicals, Inc.
HDG
Hodag Chemical Corp. t
OTC
Story Chemical Corp.
HEX
Hexagon Laboratories, Inc.
HFT
Syntex Agribusiness, Inc.
PAS
Pennwalt Corp.
HK
Hooker Chemicals & Plastic Corp.:
PCW
Pfister Chemical Works
HKD
Durez Div.
PD
Parke, Davis & Co. Sub of Warner-Lambert
HMP
W. R. Grace & Co., Organic Chemicals Div.
Co.
HMY
Humphrey Chemical Co .
PEN
CPC International, Inc., S. B. Penick Div.
HN
Tenneco Chemicals, Inc.
PFN
Pfanstiehl Laboratories, Inc.
HPC
Hercules, Inc.
PFX
Plastifax, Inc.
HRT
Hart Products Corp.
PFZ
Pfizer, Inc. & Pfizer Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
HSH
Harshaw Chemical Co. Div. of Kewanee Oil
PG
Procter & Gamble Co.
Co.
PIC
Pierce Chemical, Inc.
HUM
Kraft, Inc., Humko Products Chemical Div.
PLC
Phillips Petroleum Co.
PLS
Plastics Engineering Co.
ICI
ICI United States, Inc., Specialty Chemical
PMP
Premier Malt Products, Inc.
Group
International Flavor & Fragrances, Inc.
PNA
Pan American Chemical Corp.
IFF
PPG
Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co.
IMC
IMC Chemical Group, Inc., Nitroparaf f in Div.
PRD
Ferro Corp., Productol Chemical Div.
IOC
Ionac Chemical Co. Div. of Sybron Corp.
PTT
Petro-Tex Chemical
PUB
Publicker Industries, Inc.
JCC
Jefferson Chemical Co., Inc.
PVO
PVO International, Inc.
KAI
Kaiser Aluminum & Chemical Corp. , Kaiser
QCP
Quaker Chemical Corp .
Chemicals Div.
QKO
Quaker Oats Co.
KCC
Kennecott Copper Corp., Chino Mines Div.
KCH
Joseph Ayers, Inc.
RBC
Fike Chemicals, Inc.
KF
Kay-Fries Chemicals, Inc.
RCI
Reichhold Chemicals, Inc.
KPT
Koppers Co., Inc., Organic Materials Div.
RCN
Racon, Inc.
RDA
Rhodia, Inc.
LEM
Napp Chemicals, Inc.
REH
Reheis Chemical Co. Div. of Armour
LIL
Eli Lilly 6, Co . , Inc.
Pharmaceutical Co.
REM
Remington Arms Co., Inc.
MAL
Mallinckrodt Chemical Works
RH
Rohm & Haas Co.
MCB
Borg-Warner Corp., Weston Chemical Co.
RSA
R.S.A. Corp.
MCI
Mooney Chemicals, Inc.
RUB
Hooker Chemical Corp., Ruco Div.
MHI
Ventron Corp.
RUC
Rubicon Chemicals, Inc.
MIL
Milliken 6, Co., Milliken Chemical Div.
MLS
Miles Laboratories, Inc., Marschall Div.
S
Sandoz, Inc.
MMM
Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing Co.
SAL
Salsbury Laboratories
MNO
Monochem, Inc.
SAR
Sartomer Industries, Inc.
MNR
Monroe Chemical
SBC
Scher Bros .
MOB
Mobay Chemical Co.
SCP
Henkel, Inc.
MON
Monsanto Co.
SDC
Martin-Marietta Corp., Sodeyco Div.
MRK
Merck & Co . , Inc.
Sterling Drug, Inc. :
MRV
Marlowe- Van Loan Corp.
SDH
Hilton-Davis Chemical Co. Div.
MTO
Montrose Chemical Corp. of California
SDW
Winthrop Laboratories Div.
Stauffer Chemical Co. :
NCI
Union Camp Corp.
SFA
Agricultural Div.
NEO
Norda, Inc.
SFC
Calhio Chemicals, Inc. Div.
NES
Nease Chemical Co., Inc.
SFI
Industrial Div.
NEV
Neville Chemical Co.
SFP
Plastics Div.
NLC
Nalco Chemical Co.
SFS
Specialty Chemical Div.
NOC
Norac Co., Inc. and Mathe Chemical Co. Div.
SHC
Shell Oil Co., Shell Chemical Co. Div.
NOR
Norwich Pharmacal Co.
SHP
Shepherd Chemical Co.
NPI
Stephan Chemical Co., Polychem Dept.
SK
Smith 6, Kline Chemicals
NSC
National Starch & Chemical Corp.
SKO
Getty Refining & Marketing Co.
NTB
National Biochemical Co.
SM
Mobil Oil Corp., Chemical Co.:
NTL
NL Industries, Inc.
Chemical Coatings Div.
NWP
Northern Petrochemicals Co.
Phosphorus Div.
MISCELLANEOUS CYCLIC
ACYCLIC CHEMICALS
TABLE 3.— Miscellaneous cyclic and acyclic chemicals: Directory of
MANUFACTURERS, 1976 — CONTI NUED
Code
Name of company
Code
Name of company
SNO
SunOlin Chemical Co.
UCC
Union Carbide Corp.
SNW
Sun Chemical Corp., Chemical Div.
UOP
UOP, Inc., UOP Chemical Div.
SOC
Standard Oil Co. of California, Chevron
UPJ
Upjohn Co.
Chemical Co.
UPM
UOP, Inc.
SOH
Vistron Corp.
USB
U.S. Borax Research Corp.
SPD
General Electric Co., Silicone Products
US I
National Distillers & Chemicals Corp., U.S
Dept.
Industrial Chemicals Co.
STC
American Hoechst Corp., Sou-Tex Works
USO
U.S. Oil Company
STP
Stepan Chemical Co.
USR
Uniroyal, Inc., Chemical Div.
SW
Sherwin-Williams Co.
USS
USS Chemicals Div. of U.S. Steel Corp.
SWS
Stauffer Chemical Co., SWS Silicones
Div.
VAL
Valchem
SYP
Dart Industries, Inc., Synthetic Products
VEL
Velsicol Chemical Corp., Inc.
Co. Div.
VGC
Virginia Chemicals, Inc.
VND
Van Dyk S Co. , Inc.
TCH
Emery Industries Inc., Trylon Div.
VTC
VIcksburg Chemical Co. Div. of Vertac
TID
Getty Refining & Marketing Co.,
Delaware Refinery
Consolidated
TKL
Thiokol Chemical Corp.
WAY
Phillip A. Hunt Chemical Corp., Organic
TNA
Ethyl Corp.
Chemical Div.
TNI
The Gillette Co., Chemical Div.
WLN
Wilmington Chemical Corp.
TRO
Troy Chemical Corp.
WM
Inolex Corp .
TSA
Texas Alky Is, Inc.
WTC
Wltco Chemical Co., Inc.
TX
Texaco, Inc.
WTH
Union Camp Corp., Chemical Div., Dover Pla
TZC
Magnesium Elektron, Inc.
WTL
Pennwalt Corp., Lucidal Div.
WYC
Wycon Chemical Co.
of the above reporting companies are listed in table 1 of the Appendix.
APPENDIX
APPENDIX
TABLE l.~ Synthetic organic chemicals: Alphabetical directory of manufacturers,
by company, 197G
[Names of synthetic organic chemical manufacturers that reported production or sales to the U.S. International Trade
Commission for 1976 are listed below alphabetically, together with their identification codes as used in table 2
of the 15 individual sections of this report]
Identi-
fication
code
Name of company
Office addr
AEP
AZS
ABB
ABS
WLC
AGY
ALC
AAC
ALD
ALL
ACN
ALF
ASC
ACS
ACU
ALX
APH
ALP
AMC
AMB
MAR
HST
HST
STC
APF
ASY
ALB
ACC
AMO
PAN
AMO
ADC
ASL
APX
APO
ARA
KPP
ARD
ARN
ARZ
AKS
ARC
AGP
ARP
A & E Plastik Pak Co., Inc
AZS Corp .
AZ Products Co. Div
Abbott Laboratories
Abex Corp., Friction Products Group
Agrico Chemical Co
Agway, Inc., Olean Nitrogen Div
Airco, Inc., Ohio Medical Products Div
Air Products & Chemicals, Inc., Chemica
Group.
Alco Chemical Corp
Alcolac , Inc
Aldrich Chemical Co., Inc
Alliance Chemical Co., Inc
Allied Chemical Corp. :
Agricultural Div
Fibers Div
Semet-Solvay Div
Specialty Chemicals Div
Union Texas Petroleum Div
Alox Corp
Alpha Chemical Corp
Alpha Laboratories, Inc
Amchem Products, Inc. Div. of Rorer-
Amchem, Inc.
Amerada Hess Corp. (Hess Oil Virgin
Islands Corp.)
American Bio-Synthetics Corp
American Can Co., Wood Chemical Div
American Color & Chemical Corp
American Cyanamid Co
American Hoechst Corp. :
Hoechst Fibers Industries Div
Rhode Island Works
Sou-Tex Works
American Petrofina Co. of Texas
American Synthetic Rubber Corp
Ames Laboratories, Inc
Amoco Chemicals Corp
Amoco Oil Company
Amoco Production Co
Amoco Texas Refining Co
Anderson Development Co
Ansul Chemical Co
Apex Chemical Co., Inc
Apollo Colors, Inc
Arapahoe Chemicals, Inc. Sub/Syntex
Corp. (U.S.A.).
ARCO/Polymers, Inc
Ardmore Chemical Co., Inc
Arenol Chemical Corp
Arizona Chemical Co
Arkansas Co., Inc
Armak Co
Armour-Dial Co
Armour Pharmaceutical Co
14505 E. Proctor Ave., Industry, CA 91749.
762 Marietta Blvd., Atlanta, GA 30318.
2525 So. Combee Rd., Eaton Park, FL 33840.
14th St. and Sheridan Rd., N. Chicago, IL 60064.
P. 0. Box 3207, Winchester, VA 22601.
OK 74101.
a, NY 14760.
n, WI 53701.
05 Executive Mall,
P. 0. Box 3166, Tulsa,
1446 Buffalo St., Olea
3030 Airco Dr. , Madiso
636 E. Swedes ford Rd. ,
Wayne, PA 19187.
Trenton Ave. and William St., Philadelphia, PA 19134.
3440 Fairfield Rd., Baltimore, MD 21236.
940 W. St. Paul Ave., Milwaukee, WI 53233.
33 Avenue P, Newark, NJ 07105'.
P. 0. Box 2120, Houston, TX 77001.
1411 Broadway - 38th Fl., New York, NY 10018.
Columbia Rd . , Morrlstown, NJ 07960.
P. 0. Box 1219 R, Morrlstown, NJ 07960.
P. 0. Box 2120, Houston, TX 77001.
3943 Buffalo Ave., Niagara Falls, NY 14303.
Highway 57 East, Collierville, TN 38017.
1685 S. Fairfax St., Denver, CO 80222.
Brookside Ave. and Spring Garden St., Ambler, PA 19002
1 Hess Plaza, Woodridge, NJ 07095.
710 W. National Ave., Milwaukee, WI 53204.
American Lane, Greenwich, CT 06830.
P. 0. Box 51, Reading, PA 19603.
Wayne, NJ 07470.
Route 202-206 North, Somerville, NJ 08876.
129 Quldnick St., Coventry, RI 02816.
P. 0. Box 866, E. Catawba Ave., Mount Holly, NC 28120.
P. 0. Box 849, Port Arthur, TX 77604.
P. 0. Box 32960, 4500 Camp Ground Rd. ,
Louisville, KY 40232.
200 Rock Lane, Milford, CT 06460.
200 E. Randolph Dr., Chicago, IL 60680.
200 E. Randolph Dr., Chicago, IL 60680-
P. 0. Box 591, Tulsa, OK 74102.
200 E. Randolph Dr., Chicago, IL 60680.
1415 E. Michigan St., Adrian, MI 49221.
1 Stanton St., Marinette, WI 54143.
200 S. 1st St., Elizabethport, NJ 07206.
899 Skokle Blvd., Northbrook, IL 60062.
2075 Walnut St., Boulder, CO 80302.
1500 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19101.
840 Valley Brook Ave., Lyndhurst, NJ 07071.
40-33 23d St., Long Island City. NY 11101.
Berdan Ave., Wayne, NJ 07470.
185 Foundry St., Newark, NJ 07101.
300 S. Wacker Dr., Chicago, IL 60606.
2000 Aucutt Rd., Montgomery, IL 60538.
Ill W. Clarendon Ave., Phoenix, AZ 85077.
SY.JThtTIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1976
TABLE 1.— Synthetic orga.mic chemicals:
BY COMPANY,
Alphabetical directory of manufacturers,
1976— Continued
Name of company
Office addre
Armstrong Cork Co
Arol Chemical Products
Arsynco, Inc
Ashland Oil, Inc
Ashland Chemical Co
Astor Products, Inc., Blue Arrow DIv
Astra Pharmaceutical Products, Inc
Atlantic Chemical Corp
Atlantic Richfield Co
Atlas Powder Co. Sub. of Tyle
Atlas Processing Co
Avtex Fibers , Inc
Joseph Aye
Inc-
Corp-
BASF Wyando
BP Oil, Inc
J. T. Baker Chemical Co
Baltimore Paint & Chemical Corp
Baxter Laboratories, Inc
Bayoil Co., Inc
Beecham, Inc
Beker Industries, Inc
Belding Chemical Industries
Bendix Corp., FMD Div
Bennett 's
Benzenoid Organics, Inc
Berncolors-Poughkeepsie , Inc
Binney and Smith, Inc
Blocraft Laboratories, Inc
Borden, Inc. :
Borden Chemical Div
Printing Ink Div
Borg-Warner Corp.:
Borg-Warner Chemicals
Weston Chemical Div
Bostik South, Inc. Sub of USM Corp
Breddo Food Products Co., Inc
Bristol-Meyers Co., Bristol Laboratories
Div.
M. A. Bruder & Sons, Inc
Buckeye Cellulose Corp
Buckman Laboratories, Inc
Burdick & Jackson Laboratories , Inc
Burroughs Wellcome Co
CF Industries, Inc
CPC International, Inc.:
Acme Resin Co. Div
Amerchol
S. B. Penick Co
CPS Chemical Co
Samuel Cabot, Inc
Calcasieu Chemical Corp
Carborundum Co
Cargill, Inc
Carl Gordon Industries, Inc
Carolina Processing Corp
J.W. Carroll & Sons Div. of U.S.
Industries, Inc.
Carus Chemical Co
Charlotte & Liberty Sts., Lancaster, PA 17604.
649 Ferry St., Newark, NJ 07105.
P. 0. Box 8, Carlstadt, NJ 07072.
1401 Winchester Ave., Ashland, KY 41101 and
P. 0. Box 2458, Columbus, OH 43216.
P. 0. Box 2219, Columbus, OH 43216.
P. 0. Box 2366, Jacksonville, FL 32203.
P. 0. Box 1089, Pleasant St. Connector,
Farmingham, MA 01701.
10 Kingsland Rd., Nutley, NJ 07110.
P. 0. Box 2679-T.A. , Los Angeles, CA 90071.
P. 0. Box 87, Joplin, MO 64801.
P. 0. Box 9389, 3546 Midway St., Shreveport, LA 71109.
P. 0. Box 880, Executive Mall, Bldg. 9,
Valley Forge, PA 19482.
Route 112, Bethlehem, PA 18017.
100 Cherry Hill Rd. , Parsippany, NJ 07054.
270 Midland Bldg., Cleveland, OH 44115.
222 Red School Lane, Phillipsburg NJ 08865.
2325 Hollins Ferry Rd., Baltimore,
6301 N. Lincoln Ave., Morton Grove, II
2 Union St., Peabody, MA 01960.
65 Industrial S. , Clifton, NJ 07012.
Carlsvad, NM 88220.
1430 Broadway, New York, NY 10018.
P. 0. Box 238, Troy, NY 12180.
65 W. 1st St., Salt Lake City, UT 84]
P. 0. Box 157, Route 140, Bellingham,
75 N. Water St., Poughkeepsie, NY 126
21230.
60053.
P. 0. Box 431, 1100 Church Lane
12 Industrial Way, Waldwick NJ
, Easto
07463.
180 E. Broad St., Columbus, OH 43215.
630 Glendale-Milford Rd. , Cincinnati, OH 45215.
International Center, Parkersburg, WV 26101.
103 Spring Valley Rd., Montvale, NJ 07645.
P. 0. Box 5695, Greenville, SC 29606.
18th and Kansas Avenue, Kansas City, KS 66105.
P. 0. Box 657, Syracuse, NY 13201.
52d St. and Grays Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19143.
2899 Jackson Ave., Memphis, TN 38108.
1256 N. McLean Blvd., Memphis, TN 38108.
1953 S. Harvey St., Muskegon, MI 49442.
3030 Cornwallis Rd., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.
Salem Lake Dr., Long Gr
IL 60047
1401 S. Circle Avenue, Forest Park, IL 60130.
Talmadge Rd., Edison, NJ 08817.
1050 Wall St. W., Lyndhurst, NJ 07071.
P. 0. Box 162, Old Bridge, NJ 08857.
One Union St., Boston, MA 02108.
P. 0. Box 1522, Lake Charles, LA 70601.
P. 0. Box 477, Niagara Falls, NY 14302.
P. 0. Box 9300, Minneapolis, MN 55402.
1001 Southbridge St ., Worcester, MA 01610.
P.O. Box 161, Severn, NC 27877.
22600 S. Bonlta St., Carson, CA 90745.
1500 8th St., LaSalle, IL 61301.
APPENDIX
TABLE 1. --Synthetic organic chemicals:
BY COflPANY.
Alphabetical directory of manufacturers,
197G--Continued
Identi-
fication
code
Name of company
CCL
CEL
CNT
CPR
GRS
SOG
CHT
GRC
GRL
CTN
HSC
CI
CDY
CHT
CHL
CPX
ORO
CHC
CHH
CGY
ecu
CIN
CSO
CBN
TEN
CBN
CBN
CLK
CLY
CLI
CSP
CP
COL
CLD
CNC
CMP
COR
CPI
CNI
CNE
SED
CON
CWP
CTL
Castle & Cooke, Inc., Castle & Cooke
Foods, Hawaii Pineapple Div.
Catawba-Charlab , Inc
Celanese Corp. :
Celanese Chemical Co
Celanese Coatings 4 Specialties Co.
Hie
Pla
Celanese Fibers Co
Celanese Plastics Co
Celanese Polymer Specialties Co
CertainTeed Corp
Certified Processing Corp
Champlin Petroleum Co
Charter International Oil Co
Chattem Drug & Chemical Co., Chattem
Chemicals Div.
Chembond Corp
Chemed Corp. :
Dubois Chemicals Div
Vestal Laboratories Div
Chemetron Corp. :
Chemical Products Div
Pigments Div
Chem-Fleur, Inc
Chemical Dynamics Corp
Chemical Formulators, Inc
Chemol, Inc
Chemplex Co
Chevron Chemical Co
Choate Chemical Co
CHR. Hansen's Laboratory, Inc
Clba-Geigy Corp
Agricultural Div
Pharmaceutical Div
Resins Dept
Cincinnati Milacron Chemicals, Inc—
Cindet Chemicals, Inc
Cities Service Co
Columbian Div
Copperhill Operations
Petrochemicals Div
Petrochemical
Clark Chemical Corp
W. A. Cleary Corp
Cllntwood Chemical Co
Coastal States Petrochemical Co
Colgate-Palmolive Co
Collier Carbon & Chemical Corp
Colloids , Inc
Columbia Nitrogen Corp
Commercial Products Co., Inc
Commonwealth Oil Refining Co., Inc
Commonwealth Petrochemicals, Inc
Conap , Inc
Conchemco , Inc
Colony Paint Div
Concord Chemical Co. , Inc
Consolidated Papers, Inc
Continental Chemical Co
Continental Oil Co
Cook Paint & Varnish Co
Cooperative Farm Chemicals Associatlo
650 Iwilei Rd., Honolulu, HI 96817.
P. 0. Box 948, Charlotte, NC 28231.
1211 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 100
P. 0. Box 1863, Louisville, KY 40201.
P. 0. Box 1414, Charlotte, NC 28201.
26 Main St., Chatham, NJ 07928.
One Riverfront Plaza, Louisville, KY 40202.
P. 0. Box 860, Valley Forge, PA 19482.
U.S. Highway 22, Hillside, NJ 07205.
P. 0. Box 9176, Corpus Chrlsti, TX 78408.
P. 0. Box 5008, Houston, TX 77012.
1715 W. 38th St., Chattanooga, TN 37409.
P. 0. Box 270, Springfield, OR 97404.
Dubois Tower, Cincinnati, OH 45202.
4963 Manchester Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110.
P. 0. 66251-AMF O'Hare, Chicago, IL 60666.
491 Columbia Ave., Holland, MI 49423.
300 Pulaski St., Newark, NJ 07105.
P. 0. Box 395, 3001 Hadley Rd., S. Plalnfleld,
P. 0. Box 26, Nitro, WV 25143.
P. 0. Box 20687, Greensboro, NC 27420.
3100 Golf Rd., Rolling Meadows, IL 60008.
575 Market St., San Francisco, CA 94105.
P. 0. Box 27205, Richmond, VA 23261.
9015 W. Maple St., West Allls, WI 53214.
444 Saw Mill River Rd., Ardsley, NY 19502.
P. 0. Box 11422, Greensboro, NC 27409.
556 Morris Ave., Summit NJ 07901.
444 Saw Mill River Rd., Ardsley, NY 10502.
West St., Reading, OH 45215.
2408 Doyle St., Greensboro, NC 27420.
P. 0. Box 1562, Lake Charles, LA 70602.
P. 0. Box 300, Tulsa, OK 74102.
Copperhill, TN 37317.
6th & Boston Sts., Tulsa, OK 74102.
P. 0. Box 1522, Lake Charles, LA 70602.
131st St. & Kedzie Ave., Blue Island, IL 6040
P. 0. Box 10, Somerset, NJ 08873.
4342 S. Wolcott Ave., Chicago, IL 60609.
P. 0. Drawer 521, Corpus Christi, TX 78403.
300 Park Ave., New York, NY 10022.
P. 0. Box 60455, Los Angeles, CA 90060.
394 Frellnghuysen Ave., Newark, NJ 07114.
P. 0. Box 1483, Augusta, GA 30903.
117 Ethel Ave., Hawthorne, NJ 07506.
Petrochemical Complex, Ponce, PR 00731.
Petrochemical Complex, Ponce, PR 00731.
1405 Buffalo St., Olean, NY 14760.
1000 Marshall Dr., Lenexa, KS 66215.
18th 4 Garfield Sts., Kansas City, M0 64127.
17th & Federal Sts., Camden, NJ 08105.
231 1st Ave N., Wisconsin Rapids, WI 54494.
270 Clifton Blvd., Clifton, NJ 07015.
P. 0. Box 1267, 1000 South Pine, Ponce City,
P. 0. Box 389, Kansas City, MO 64141.
P. 0. Box 308, Lawrence, KS 66044.
SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1975
TABLE 1.— Synthetic organic chemicals: Alphabetical directory of manufacturers,
by company, 1976— Continued
Name of company
Coopers Creek Chemical Corp
Copolymer Rubber & Chemical Corp
Corco Cyclohexane, Inc
Cosden Oil 4 Chemical Co
Crest Chemical Corp
Croda , Inc
Crompton & Knowles Corp
Crosby Chemicals, Inc
Crown Central Petroleum Corp
Crown Zellerbach Corp., Chemical Prodi
Dlv.
Customs Resins, Inc
Dan River, Inc ■
Dart Industries, Inc.:
Aztec Chemicals Div
Synthetic Products Co. Div
Davies-Young Co
Dawe's Laboratories, Inc
Day-Glo Color Corp
Degen Oil & Chemical Co
Dennis Chemical Co
DePaul Chemical Co., Inc
DeSoto, Inc
Dexter Chemical Corp
Hysol Div
Midland Div
Diamond Shamrock Corp
Disogrin Industries Corp
Dixie Chemical Co
Dixie Pine Products Co., Inc
Dominion Products, Inc
Dover Chemical Corp. Sub. of ICC
Industries, Inc.
Dow Badische Chemical Co
Dow Chemical Co
Dow Corning Corp
E. I. duPont de Nemours & Co., Inc
Dye Specialties, Inc
Eagle Pitcher Industries, Inc., Ohio
Rubber Co. Div.
Eagle River Chemical Corp
Eastern Color & Chemical Co
Eastman Kodak Co
Tennessee Eastman Co. Div
Texas Eastman Co. Div
East Shore Chemical Co., Inc
Elan Chemical Co
El Paso Products Co
Emery Industries, Inc
Try Ion Div
Emkay Chemical Co
Endo Laboratories, Inc
Enenco , Inc
Essential Chemicals Group
Essex Group Inc
Ethyl Corp
Evans Chemetics, Inc
Exxon Chemical Co. U.S. A
11101.
IL 60018.
River Rd., W. Conshohocken, PA 19428.
P. 0. Box 2591, Baton Rouge, LA 70821.
Petrochemical Complex, Ponce, PR 00731.
P. 0. Box 1311, Big Spring, TX 79720.
225 Emmet St., Newark, NJ 07114.
51 Madison Ave., Suite 2518, New York, NY 100
500 Pear St., Reading, PA 19603.
P. 0. Box 460, Picayune, MS 39466.
1 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21203.
Camas, WA 98607.
P. 0. Box 933, Henderson KY 42420.
P. 0. Box 261, Danville, VA 24541.
555 Garden St., Elyria, OH 44035.
1636 Wayside Rd., Cleveland, OH 44112.
2700 Wagner Place, Maryland Heights, MO 63043
450 State St., Chicago Heights, IL 60411.
4732 St. Clair Ave., Cleveland, OH 44103.
200 Kellogg St., Jersey City, NJ 07 305.
2701 Papin St., St. Louis, MO 63103.
44-27 Purves St., Long Island City
1700 S. Mt. Prospect Ave., Des Plaines, IL
845 Edgewater Rd., Bronx, NY 10474.
211 Franklin St., Olean, NY 14760.
1-7 E. Water St., Waukegan, IL 60085.
1100 Superior Ave., Cleveland, OH 44114.
Grenier Field, Manchester, NH 03130.
3635 W. Dallas Ave., Houston, TX 77019.
P. 0. Box 470, Hattiesburg, MS 39401.
882 3d Ave., Brooklyn, NY 11232.
15th & Davis Sts., Dover, OH 44622.
602 Copper Rd. , Freeport, TX 77541.
2020 Dow Center, Midland, MI 48640.
P. 0. Box 1592, Midland, MI 48640.
DuPont Bldg., Wilmington, DE 19898.
26 Journal Sq., Jersey City, NJ 07306.
P. 0. 1398, Denton, TX 76201.
P. 0. Box 2648, W. Helena, AR 72390.
35 Livingston St., Providence, RI 02904.
343 State St., Rochester, NY 14650.
P. 0. Box 511, Kingsport, TN 37662.
P. 0. Box 7444, Longview, TX 75602.
1221 E. Barney Ave., Muskegon, MI 49443.
268 Doremus Ave., Newark, NJ 07105.
P. 0. Box 3986, Odessa, TX 79760.
1300 Carew Tower, Cincinnati, OH 45202.
P. 0. Box 628, Mauldln, SC 29662.
319 2d St., Elizabeth, NJ 07206.
1000 Stewart Ave., Garden City, NY 11530.
P. 0. Box 398, Memphis, TN 38101.
28391 Essential Rd., Merton, WI 53056.
1601 Wall St., Fort Wayne, IN 46804.
330 S. 4th St., Richmond, VA 23231.
90 Tokeneke Rd., Darien, CT 06820.
P. 0. Box 3272, Houston, TX 77001.
APPENDIX
TAbLE 1. --Synthetic organic chemicals: Alphabetical directory of manufacturers,
BY COMPANY, 197G"-CONTINUED
Office address
FMP
FRP
FAB
FMT
FCA
FEL
FER
PRD
FND
RBC
FIR
FRF
FRS
FST
FMS
FLM
CIK
FLO
FTE
FOM
FG
FLN
FRE
CAN
AKL
GEI
SPD
GNF
GLC
GNM
GPM
GNT
SKO
TID
TNI
GIL
GIV
GLY
GPI
FMC Corp. :
Agricultural Chemical Div
Industrial Chemical Div
Industrial Chemical Div
FRP Co
Fabricolor Manufacturing Corp
Falrmount Chemical Co., Inc
Farmers Chemical Association, Inc
Felton International, Inc
Ferro Chemical Corp.:
Ferro Chemical Div *
Grant Chemical Div
Kell Chemical Div
Ottawa Chemical Div
Productol Chemical Div
Fiber Industries, Inc
Fike Chemicals, Inc
Firestone Tire & Rubber Co.:
Firestone Plastics Co. Div
Firestone Synthetic Fibers Co
Firestone Synthetic Rubber & Latex Co.
Div.
First Chemical Corp
First Mississippi Corp
Fleming Laboratories, Inc
Flint Ink Corp., Cal/Ink Div
Florasynth , Inc
Foote Mineral Co
Formica Corp
Foster Grant Co., Inc
Franklin Chemical Corp
Freeman Chemical Corp
Fritzsche Dodge & Olcott, Inc
H. B. Fuller Co
GAF Corp
Chemical Div
Gane's Chemical, Inc
Gardlnier Big River, Inc
General Electric Co
Insulating Materials Products Section-
Silicone Products Dept
General Foods Corp. , Maxwell House Div--
General Latex & Chemical Corp
General Mills Chemicals, Inc
General Plastics Manufacturing Co
General Tire & Rubber Co., Chemical/
Plastics Div
P. D. George Co
Georgia-Pacific Corp.:
Bellingham Div
Rebecca Chemical Div
Resins Operations
Getty Refining & Marketing Co
Delaware Refinery
The Gillette Co., Chemical Div
Gilman Paint 4 Varnish Co
Glvaudan Corp
Glyco Chemicals, Inc
Goodpasture, Inc
100 Niagara St., Middleport, NY
2000 Market St., Philadelphia, PA
& River Rd., Town of Tonawanda,
2000 Market St., Philadelphia, PA
14105 .
19103 and Sawyer Ave.
NY 14150.
19103.
31513.
. Box 2398, Paterson,
P. 0. Box 349, Baxley
24-1/2 Van Houten St.
NJ 07509.
117 Blanchard St., Newark, NJ 07105.
Salem Lake Dr., Long Grove, IL 60047.
599 Johnson Ave., Brooklyn, NY 11235.
P. 0. Box 46349, 7050 Krick Rd. , Bedford, OH 44146.
P. 0. Box 26 3, Baton Rouge, LA 70821.
3000 Sheffield Ave., Hammond, IN 46320.
700 N. Wheeling St., Toledo, OH 43605.
13215 E. Penn St., Whittler, CA 90602.
P. 0. Box 10038, Charlotte, NC 28201.
P. 0. Box 546, Nitro, WV 25143.
P. 0. Box 699, Pottstown, PA 19464.
P. 0. Box 450, Hopewell, VA 23869.
381 W. Wilbeth Rd., Akron, OH 44301.
P. 0. Box 1427, Pascagoula, MS 39567.
P. 0. Box 1249, Jackson, MS 39205.
P. 0. Box 10372, Charlotte, NC 28237.
1404 4th St., Berkeley, CA 94710.
1640 Bronxdale Ave., Bronx, NY 10462.
Route 100, Exton, PA 19341.
120 E. 4th St., Cincinnati, OH 45202.
289 N. Main St., Leominster, MA 01453.
2020 Bruck St., Columbus, OH 43207.
222 E. Main St., Port Washington, WI 53074.
76 9th Ave., New York, NY 10011.
4450 Malsbary Rd., Blue Ash, OH 45242.
P. 0. Box 6037, Chattanooga, TN 37401.
33 Riverside Ave., Rensselaer, NY 12144.
1144 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10036.
P. O. Box 825, Helena, AK 72342.
1 Plastics Ave., Pittsfield, MA 01201 and
1350 S. Second St., Coshocton, OH 43812.
1 Campbell Rd., Schenectady, NY 12306.
Waterford-Halfmoon Rd., Waterford, NY 12188.
1125 Hudson St., Hoboken, NJ 07030.
666 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02139.
4620 W. 77th St., Minneapolis, MN 55435
3481 S. 35th St., Tacoma, WA 98409.
1 General St., Akron, OH 44329.
5200 N. 2d St., St. Louis, MO 63147.
P. 0. Box 1235, Bellingham, WA 98225.
P. 0. Box 629, Plaquemlne, LA 70764.
900 S.W. 5th Ave., Portland, OR 97240.
P. 0. Box 1650, Tulsa, OK 74102.
Delaware City, DE 19706.
3500 W. 16th St., N. Chicago, IL 60064.
216 W. 8th St., Chattanooga, TN 37401.
100 Delawanna Ave., Clifton, NJ 07014.
51 Weaver St., Greenwich, CT 06830.
P. 0. Drawer 921, Brownfield, TX 79316.
245-851'. O -V> - M
SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1975
TABLE 1,— Synthetic organic chemicals: Alphabetical directory of manufacturers,
by company, 1976— Continued
Goodrich Co., B. F. Goodrich Chemic
Div.
Goodyear Tire 6. Rubber Co
Grace & Co. :
AG Chem. Group-
Hatco Chemical Div
Hatco Polyester Div-
Organic Chemic
Polymers 6. Chemicals Div-
ssing Corp-
aC American Chemical Corp-
at Lakes Chemical Corp-
Great Western Sugar Co-
Greenwood Che
Gulf Oil Corp., G
U. S.
Guth Corp-
H & N Chemical Co
Haag Laboratories, Inc
C. P. Hall Co
Handschy Chemical Co., Farac Oil and
Chemical Div.
Hanna Chemical Coatings Corp
Hardman , Inc
Harshaw Chemical Co. Sub. of Kewanee Oil
Co.
Hart Products Corp
Haveg Industries, Inc. Sub. of
Hercules, Inc.
Hawkeye Chemical Co
Henke 1 , Inc
Hercor Chemical Corp
Hercules , Inc
Heresite & Chemical Co
Heterochemical Corp
Hewitt Soap Co., Inc
Hexagon Laboratories, Inc
Hexcel Corp. :
Fine Organics Div
Rezolin Div
Hodag Chemical Corp
Hof fmann-LaRoche , Inc
Hooker Chemicals & Plastics Corp
Ruco Div
E. F. Houghton & Co —
Humphrey Chemical Co
Philip A. Hunt Chemical Corp., Organic
Chemical Div.
Huntington Laboratories, Inc
Husky Industries, Inc
Hynson, Westcott & Dunning, Inc
ICI United States Inc.:
Plas tics Div
Specialty Chemicals Group
IMC Chemical Group, Inc
McWorter Resins
Nitroparaffin Div
6100 Oak Tree Blvd., Cleveland, OH 44131.
1144 E. Market St., Akron, OH 44316.
P. 0. Box 277, Memphis, TN
King George Post Rd., Fords
38101.
NJ 08863.
1711 Elizabeth Ave. West, Linden, NJ 0703
Poisson Ave., Nashua, NH 03060.
55 Hayden Ave., Lexington, MA 02173.
1600 Oregon St., Muscatine, LA 52761.
650 Water St., Fitchburg, MA 01420.
West Lafayette, IN 47906.
Terminal Annex, Denver, CC
State Highway #690,
P. 0. Box 2200
P. 0. Box 5308
P. 0. Box 26 -
22943.
P. 0. Box 3766
80217.
d, VA.
Houston, TX 77001.
322 S. Center St., Hillside, IL 60162.
90 Maltese Dr., Totowa, NJ 07512.
14010 S. Seeley Ave., Blue Island, IL 60406.
7300 S. Central Ave., Chicago, IL 60638.
13601 S. Ashland Ave., Riverdale, IL 60627.
P. 0. Box 147, Columbus, OH 43216.
600 Cortlandt St., Belleville, NJ 07109.
1945 E. 97th St., Cleveland, OH 44106.
173 Sussex St., Jersey City, NJ 07302.
900 Greenback Rd., Wilmington, DE 19808.
P. 0. Box 899, Clinton, IA 52733.
400 Alfred Ave., Teaneck, NJ 07666.
Petrochemical Complex, Ponce, PR 00731.
910 Market St., Wilmington, DE 19899.
822 S. 14th St., Manitowoc, WI 54220.
Ill E. Hawthorne Ave., Valley Stream, NY 1158
333 Linden Ave., Dayton, OH 45403.
3536 Peartree Ave., Bronx, NY 10475.
205 Main St., Lodi, NJ 07644.
20701 Nordhoff St., Chatsworth , CA 91311.
7247 N. Central Park Ave., Skokie, IL 60076.
324-424 Kingsland St., Nutley, NJ 07110.
MPO Box 8, Niagara Falls, NY 14302, and
Walck Rd., N. Tonawanda, NY 14121.
P. 0. Box 456, Burlington, NJ 08016.
303 W. Lehigh Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19133.
Devine St., North Haven, CT 06473.
P. 0. Box 4249, E. Providence, RI 02914.
P. 0. Box 710, Huntington, IN 46750.
62 Perimeter Center E. , Atlanta, GA 30346.
Charles and Chase Sts., Baltimore, MD 21201.
Wilmington, DE 19897.
Wilmington, DE 19897.
P. 0. Box 207, Terre Haute, IN 47808; P. 0. Box
149, Orrington, ME 04474 and 100 Lister Ave.,
Newark, NJ 07105.
P. 0. Box 308, Cottage PI., Carpentersville, IL 60110.
IMC Plaza, Libertyville, IL 60048.
APPENDIX
TABLE l.~ Synthetic organic chemicals: Alphabetical directory of manufacturers,
BY COMPANY, 1976--CONTINUED
Identi-
fication
code
Name of company
Office address
RAY
INP
INL
WIL
SPC
IFF
IPC
CCA
IOC
IRI
JCC
JFR
JEN
JRG
JSC
UPF
JNS
JOB
JOR
SNI
KAI
KLM
KCC
KCU
AMP
BKL
KYS
KCW
KNP
KMC
KON
KPT
LKY
LAK
LUR
LEA
LEV
LVR
BLS
LIL
TZC
MGR
MAL
Inc-
ITT Rayonier
Indpol, Inc
Inland Steel Co., Inland St
Co.
Inmont Corp
Inolex Corp
Inolex Pharmaceutical Div
Insilco Corp., Sinclair Paint Co. Div
International Flavor and Fragrances, Inc-
Interplastic Corp
Inters tab Chemical, Inc
Ionac Chemical Co. Div. of Sybron Corp
Ironsides Resins, Inc
Jeffers
George
Jennisc
Andrew
n Chemical Co., Inc
. Jeffreys & Co., Inc-
-Wright Corp
ergens Co
al Co-
Jersey State Chemic
Jim Walter Resources, Inc
S. C. Johnson & Son, Inc
Jones-Blair Co
Jordan Chemical Co
KV Products
Kaiser Aluminum & Chemical Corp. :
Kaiser Agricultural Chemicals Div--
Kalser Chemicals
Kalama Chemical, Inc
Kay-Fries Chemicals, Inc
Kelly-Moore Paint Co
Kennecott Copper Corp. :
Chlno Mines Div-
Utah Copper Div
Kerr-McGee Chemical Corp
Kewanee Industries, Inc., Millmaster
Chemical Co. Div.
Keysor Corp
Keystone Color Works, In
Knapp Products, Inc
Kohler-McLister Paint Co
H. Kohnstamm & Co., Inc
Koppers Co. , Inc. :
Organic Materials Div
Roads Materials Div
Kraft, Inc., Humko Products Div--
Lake States Div. of St. Regis Paper
Lakeway Chemicals, Inc
Laurel Products Corp
Leatex Chemical Co
Lever Brothers Oo
C. Lever Co., Inc
Life Savers, Inc
Eli Lilly & Co
Lonza , In
Magnesium Elektron, Inc-
Magruder Color Co., Inc
Mallinckrodt Chemical Works
605 3d Ave., New York, NY 10016.
P. 0. Box 1087, Tustin, CA 92680.
4300 W. 130th St., Chicago, IL 60658.
1255 Broad St., Clifton, NJ 07015, and
150 Wagaraw Rd., Hawthorne, NJ 07506.
Jackson & Swanson Sts., Philadelphia, PA 19148.
2600 Bond St., Park Forest South, IL 60466.
3960 E. Washington Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90023.
521 W. 57th St., New York, NY 10019.
2015 NE. Broadway St., Minneapolis, MN 55413.
500 Jersey Ave., New Brunswick, NJ 08903.
Birmingham Rd. , Birmingham, NJ 08011.
270 W. Mound St., Columbus, OH 43216.
P. 0. Box 52332, Houston, TX 77052.
P. 0. Box 709, Salem, VA 24153.
P. 0. Box 691, Toledo, OH 43694.
2535 Spring Grove Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45214.
59 Lee Ave., Haledon, NJ 07508.
3300 1st Ave. N., Birmingham, AL 35222.
1525 Howe St., Racine, WI 53403.
2728 Empire Central, Dallas, TX 75235.
1830 Columbia Ave., Folcraft, PA 19032.
2503 S. Hanley Rd., St. Louis, MO 63144.
P. 0. Box 246, Savannah, GA 31402.
P. 0. Box 337, Gramercy, LA 70052.
P. 0. Box 427, Kalama, WA 98625.
200 Summit Ave., Montvale, NJ 07645.
1015 Commercial St., San Carlos, CA 94070.
Hurley, MN 88043.
P. 0. Box 11299, Salt Lake City, UT 84147.
1101 Kerr Tower, Oklahoma City, OK 73102.
99 Park Ave., New York, NY 10016.
26000 Springbrook Ave., Saugus, CA 91350.
151 W. Gay Ave., York, PA 17403.
187 Garibaldi Ave., Lodi, NJ 07644.
P. 0. Box 546, Denver, CO 80201.
161 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 100L3.
Koppers Bldg., Pittsburgh, PA 15219.
Koppers Bldg., Pittsburgh, PA 15219.
P. 0. Box 398, Memphis, TN 38101.
603 W. Davenport St., Rhinelander, WI 54501.
5025 Evanston Ave., Muskegon, MI 49443.
2600 E. Tioga St., Philadelphia, PA 19134.
2722 N. Hancock St., Philadelphia, PA 19133.
390 Park Ave., New York, NY 10022.
736 Dunks Ferry Rd., Cornwells Hgts,
Church St., Canajoharle, NY 13317.
307 E. McCarty St., Indianapolis, IN
Box 4388, San Juan, PR 00936.
22-10 Route 208, Fair Lawn, NJ 07410
19020.
46206 and G.P.0.
Star Route A, Box 202-1, Flemlngto
1 Virginia St., Newark, NJ 07114.
2nd & Mallinckrodt, St. Louis, M0
NJ 08822.
SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1976
TABLE l.~ Synthetic organic chemicals: Alphabetical directory of manufactjrers,
BY COMPANY. 1976~CONTINUED
Name of company
Marath
Marath
Marble
Manufacturing Enterprises, Inc., Squibb
Manufacturing, Inc. , Trade Enterprises
Inc., Ersana, Inc.
Morco Co
Oil Co. , Texas Refining Div
Co
Marden-Wild Corp
Marlowe-Van Loan Corp
Martin-Marietta Corp., Sodyeco Div
Max Marx Color & Chemical Co
Masonite Corp. , Alpine Chemical Div
Otto B. May, Inc
McCloskey Varnish Co
McLaughlin Gormley King Co
Mead Johnson & Co
Melamine Chemicals , Inc
Merck & Co. , Inc
Merichem Co
Midwest Manufacturing Corp
Miles Laboratories, Inc.:
Marschall Div
Milliken & Co. , Milliken Chemical Div
Millmaster Onyx Corp.:
Onyx Chemical Co. Div
Refined-Onyx Div
Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing Co
Miranol Chemical Co., Inc
Mississippi Chemical Corp
Mobay Chemical Corp
Chemagro Agricultural Div
Verona Div
Mobil Oil Corp
Mobil Chemical Co
Chemical Coatings Div
Phorphorus Div
Mona Industries, Inc
Monochem, Inc
Monroe Chemical Co
Monsanto Co
Bircham Bend Plant
Chocolate Bayou Plant-
Plastics Div
Springfield Plant
Textiles Div
Montrose Chemical Corp. of Calif orn
Mooney Chemicals, Inc
Moretex Chemical Products, Inc
Morton Chemical Co. Div. of Morton
Products, Inc.
Motomco , Inc
Murphy-Phoenix Co
NL Industries, Inc
N-Ren Corp., Cherokee Nitrogen Div-
Nalco Chemical Co
Napp Chemicals, Inc
National Biochemical Co
National Casein Co
P. 0. Box 609, Humacao, PR 00661.
P. 0. Drawer C, 4401 Park Ave., Dickinson, TX 77539.
P. 0. Box 1191, Texas City, TX 77590.
37-31 30th St., Long Island City, NY 11101.
500 Columbia St., Somerville, MA 02143.
P. 0. Box 1851, High Point, NC 27261.
P. 0. Box 10098, Charlotte, NC 28237.
192 Coit St., Irvington, NJ 07111.
P. 0. Box 2392, Gulfport, MS 39503.
52 Amsterdam St., Newark, NJ 07105.
7600 State Rd., Philadelphia, PA 19136.
8810 10th Ave., N. , Minneapolis, MN 55427.
2404 Penna. St., Evansville, IN 47721.
P. 0. Box 748, Donaldsonville, LA 70346.
126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065.
1914 Haden Rd., Houston, TX 77015.
Oak St. at Bluff Rd., Burlington, IA 52601.
1127 Myrtle St., Elkhart, IN 46514.
1127 Myrtle St., Elkhart, IN 46514.
P. 0. Box 817, Inman, SC 29349.
190 Warren St., Jersey City, NJ 07302.
624 Schuyler Ave., Lyndhurst, NJ 07071.
3M Center, St. Paul, MN 55101.
660 Stuyvesant Ave., Irvington, NJ 07111.
P. 0. Box 388, Yazoo City, MS 39194.
Penn Lincoln Parkway, W. Pittsburgh, PA 15205.
P. 0. Box 4913, Kansas City, MO 64120.
Iorio Ct., Union, NJ 07083.
P. 0. Box 900, Dallas, TX 75221.
P. 0. Box 3868, Beaumont, TX 77704.
1024 South Ave., Plainfield, NJ 07062.
P. 0. Box 26683, Richmond, VA 23261.
65 E. 23d St., Paterson, NJ 07524.
P. O. Box 488, Geismar, LA 70734.
Saville Ave. at 4th St., Eddystone, PA 19013.
2710 Lafayette St., Santa Clara, CA 95050 and 800 N.
Lindbergh Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63166.
190 Grochmal Ave., Indian Orchard, MA 01151.
P. 0. Box 711, Alvin, TX 77511.
5100 W. Jefferson Ave., Trenton, MI 48183;
River Rd., Addyston, OH 45001 and P. 0. Box 1311,
Texas City, TX 77590.
730 Worcester St., Indian Orchard, MA 01151.
800 N. Lindbergh Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63166.
3250 Wilshlre Blvd, Suite 1800, Los Angeles, CA 90010.
2301 Scranton Rd., Cleveland, OH 44113.
P. 0. 1799, Spartanburg, SC 29304.
110 N. Wacker Dr., Chicago, IL 60606.
267 Vreeland Ave., Paterson, NJ 07513.
9505 Casslus Ave., Cleveland, OH 44105.
1221 Aveune of the Americas, New York, NY 10020.
P. 0. Box 429, Pryor, OK 74361.
2901 Butterfield Rd, Oak Brook, IL 60521.
199 Main St., Lodi, NJ 07644.
3127 W. Lake St., Chicago, IL 60612.
601 W. 80th St., Chicago, IL 60620.
APPENDIX
TABLE 1.— Synthetic orga.mic chemicals: Alphabetical directory of manufacturers,
BY COMPANY, 1976 — CONTI MUED
Name of company
Office address
NMC
US I
NSC
NES
NEP
NEV
NLO
NIL
JDC
CNP
NOC
NEO
NPV
LMI
ATP
NWP
NW
NPC
NOR
NCW
CAD
NVT
CMG
OBC
FLW
OMC
OPC
ORG
BSW
OCF
OCC
OXC
PLB
PPG
PVO
AMR
PNA
PNT
PSC
KAL
CHP
CCH
PEK
PCH
AES
PAS
WTL
PAR
PER
UDI
PTT
PFN
PCW
PFZ
National Distillers 4 Chemicals Corp., U.S.
Industrial Chemicals Co.
National Milling & Chemical Co
National Petro Chemical Corp
National Starch & Chemical Corp
Nease Chemical Co., Inc
Nepera Chemical Co., Inc
Neville Chemical Co
Niklor Chemical Co
Nilok Chemicals, Inc
Nipak, Inc
Nipro , Inc
Norac Co., Inc
Mathe Chemical Co. Div
Norris Pa
North Ame
Northern
Northern
Northwest
Northwest Pet
Norwich Pharm
Nostrip Chemi
Noury Chemical Corp
Novamont Corp. , Neal Works
Nyanza, Inc
O'Brien Corp
Fuller-O'Brien Div
Olin Corp
& Varnish Co. , Inc
n Chemical Co
Chemicals, Inc
ochemical Co
Chemical Co
rochemical Corp
1 Works, Inc
Orbis Products Corp
Organics, Inc
Original Bradford Soap Works, Inc-
Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp
Oxirane Chemical Co
Oxochem Enterprise
P L Biochemical, Inc
PPG Industries, Inc
PVO International, Inc., Chemical
Specialties Div.
Pacific Resins & Chemicals, Inc
Pan American Chemical Corp
Pantasote Co. of New York, Inc
Parke, Davis & Co. Sub. of Warner-
Lambert Co.
Passaic Color & Chemical Co
Pathan Chemical Co
C. H. Patrick & Co., Inc
Pearsall Chemical Corp
Peck's Products Co
Peerless Chemical Co
Penetone Corp
Pennwalt Corp
Lucidol Div
Pennzoil Co., Penreco Div
Perry & Derrick Co.
Petrochemicals Co. ,
Petro-Tex Chemical
Pfanstiehl Laborato
Pfister Chemical, Inc
Pfizer Pharmaceuticals, Inc
Inc
99 Park Ave., New York, NY 10016.
4601 Flat Rock Rd., Philadelphia, PA 19127.
99 Park Ave., New York, NY 10016.
10 Finderne Ave., Bridgewater, NJ 08876.
P. 0. Box 221, State College, PA 16801.
Route 17, Harriman, NY 10926.
Neville Island P. 0., Pittsburgh, PA 15225.
2060 E. 220th St., Long Beach, CA 90810.
2235 Langdon FarmRd., Cincinnati, OH 45230.
P. 0. Box 2820, Dallas, TX 75221.
P. 0. Box 1483, Augusta, GA 30903.
405 S. Motor Ave., Azusa, CA 91703.
169 Kennedy Dr., Lodi , NJ 07644.
140 Route 10, E. Hanover, NJ 07936.
P. 0. Box 2023, Salem, OR 97308.
19 S. Canal St., Lawrence, MA 01843.
93 Main St., Franklin, NJ 07416.
2350 E. Devon Ave., Des Plaines, IL 60018.
120 N. Aurora St., W. Chicago, IL 60185.
P. 0. Box 99, Anacortes, WA 98221.
17 Eaton Ave., Norwich, NY 13815.
P. 0. Box 160, Pedricktown, NJ 08067.
2153 Lockport-Olcott Rd., Burt, NY 14028.
P. 0. Box 189, Kenova, WV 25530.
Maguno Rd . , Ashland, MA 01721.
2001 W. Washington Ave., South Bend, IN 46634.
450 E. Grand Ave., S. San Francisco, CA 94080.
120 Long Ridge Rd., Stamford, CT 06904 and
P. 0. Box 991, Little Rock, AR 72203.
140 Route 10, E. Hanover, NJ 07936.
.7125 N. Clark St., Chicago, IL 60628.
200 Providence St., W. Warwick, RI 02893.
Fiberglas Tower, Toledo, OH 43659.
10801 Choate Rd., Pasadina, TX 77507.
King George Post Rd., Fords, NJ 08863.
1037 W. McKlnley Ave., Milwaukee, WI 53201.
1 Gateway Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15222.
416 Division St., Boonton, NJ 07005.
1754 Thome Rd., Tacoma, WA 93421.
21 Stable Ct., Wilmington, DE 19803.
26 Jefferson St., Passaic, NJ 07056.
Jos. Campau at the River, Detroit, MI 48232.
28-36 Paterson St., Paterson, NJ 07501.
427 Mover St., Philadelphia, PA 19125.
P. 0. Box 2526, Greensville, SC 29602.
P. 0. Box 437, Houston, TX 77001.
610 E. Clarence Ave., St. Louis, MO 63147.
12416 Cloverdale Ave., Detroit, MI 48204.
74 Hudson Ave., Tenafly, NJ 07670.
3 Parkway, Philadelphia, PA 19102.
1740 Military Rd . , Buffalo, NY 14240.
Union Bank Bldg., Butler, PA 16001.
2510 Highland Ave., Norwood, OH 45212.
P. 0. Box 2199, Fort Worth, TX 76101.
8600 Park Place Blvd., Houston, TX 77017.
1219 Glen Rock Ave., Waukegan, IL 60085.
Linden Ave., Ridgefield, NJ 07657.
235 E. 42d St., New York, NY 10017.
P. 0. Box 628, Barceloneta, PR 00617.
SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEfllCALS, 1976
TABLE 1,— Synthetic organic chemicals: Alphabetical directory of manufacturers,
by company, 1976— Continued
Name of company
Pharmachem Corp
Phillips Petroleum Co
Phillips Puerto Rico Core, Inc
Pierce Chemical Co
Pilot Chemical Co
Pioneer Plastics Div. of LOF Plastics,
Inc.
Pitt-Consol Chemical Co
Plastics Engineering Co
Plastics Manufacturing Co
Plex Chemical Corp
Polak's Frutal Works, Inc
Polymer Corp
Polyrez Co., Inc
Polysar Resins, Inc
Polyvinyl Chemical Ind
Pope Chemical Corp
Pratt & Lambert, Inc
Premier Malt Products, Inc
Premier Petrochemicals Co
Procter 6. Gamble Co.:
Procter & Gamble Mfg. Co
Procter & Gamble Paper Products Co.
Proctor Chemical Co., Inc
Products Research & Chemical Corp
Publicker Industries, Inc
Puerto Rico Chemical Co., Inc
Puerto Rico Olefins Co
Purex Co rp
Quaker Chemical Corp ■
Quaker Oats Co
K. J. Quinn & Co., Inc
R.S.A. Corp
Rachelle Laboratories, Inc
Racon , Inc
Raybestos-Manhattan, Inc., R. M. Friction
Materials Co. Div.
Red Spot Paint & Varnish Co., Inc
Reheis Chemical Co. Div. of Armour
Pharmaceutical Co.
Reichhold Chemicals, Inc
Reichhold Polymers, Inc
Reilly Tar 4 Chemical Corp
Reliance Universal, Inc., Louisville
Resins Operation
Remington Arms Co., Inc
Resinous Chemicals Corp
Resyn Corp
Rexene Polyoleflns Co
Rexene Styrenics Co ;
Richardson Co. :
Organic Chemical Div
Polymeric Systems Div
Richardson-Merrell, Inc., Merrell-National
Laboratories Div.
Ridgway Color & Chemical
Riker Laboratories, Inc. Sub. of 3M Co
Rilsan Corp
Rltter International
Rlverdale Chemical Co
Robeco Chemicals, Inc
Robintech , Inc
P. 0. Box 1035, Bethlehem, PA 18018.
16D2 Phillips Bldg., Bartlesville, OK 74003.
GP0 Box 4129, San Juan, PR 00936.
P. 0. Box 117, Rockford, IL 61103.
11756 Burke St., Santa Fe Springs, CA 90670.
Plonite Rd., Auburn, ME 04210.
P. 0. Box 1267, 1000 S. Pine, Ponca City, OK 74601.
P. 0. Box 758, Sheboygan, WI 53081.
2700 S. Westmoreland Ave., Dallas, TX 75224.
1205 Atlantic St., Union City, CA 94487.
33 Sprague Ave., Middletown, NY 10940.
2120 Fairmont Ave., Reading, PA 19605.
P. 0. Box 320, Woodbury, NJ 08096.
29 Fuller St., Leominster, MA 01453.
730 Main St., Wilmington, MA 01887.
33 6th Ave., Paterson, NJ 07524.
P. 0. Box 22, Buffalo, NY 14240.
917 W. Juneau Ave., Milwaukee, WI 53201.
Meadows Bldg., Dallas, TX 75206.
45201.
tl, OH 45224.
28144.
91505.
PA 19102.
P. 0. Box 599, Cincinnati, 01
6100 Center Hill Rd. , Cincin;
P. 0. Box 399, Salisbury, NC
2919 Empire Ave., Burbank, C,
1429 Walnut St., Philadelphia, PA
P. 0. Box 496, Arecibo, PR 00613.
Firm Delivery, Ponce, PR 00731.
5101 Clark Ave., Lakewood, CA 90712.
Lime & Elm Sts., Conshohocken, PA 19428.
Merchandise Mart Plaza, Chicago, IL 60654.
195 Canal St., Maiden, MA 02148.
690 Saw Mill River Rd. , Ardsley, NY 10502.
700 Henry Ford Ave., Long Beach, CA 90801.
P. 0. Box 198, Wichita, KS 67201.
75 E. Main St., Stratford, CT 06497.
110 Main St., Evansvllle, IN 47703.
111 W. Clarendon, Station 3206, Phoenix, AZ
525 N. Broadway, White Plains, NY 10603.
525 N. Broadway, White Plains, NY 10603.
1615 Merchants Bank, Indianapolis, IN 46204.
P. 0. Box 21423, Louisville, KY 40221.
939 Barnum Ave., Bridgeport, CT 06602.
1399 W. Blancke St., Linden, NJ 07036.
1401 W. Blancke St., Linden, NJ 07036.
P. 0. Box 37, Paramus, NJ 07652.
W. 115 Century Rd . , Paramus, NJ 07652.
2400 E. Devon Ave., Des Plaines, IL 60018.
15 Meigs Ave., Madison, CT 06443.
110 E. Amity Rd. , Cincinnati, OH 45215.
75 Front St., Ridgway, PA 15853.
19901 Nordhoff St., Northridge, CA 91324.
139 Harristown Rd . , Glen Roc, NJ 07452.
4001 Goodwin Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90039.
220 E. 17th St., Chicago Heights, IL 60411.
99 Park Ave., New York, NY 10016.
1407 Texas St., Fort Worth, TX 76102.
APPENDIX
TABLE 1.— Synthetic organic chemicals: Alphabetical directory of manufacturers,
by company, 197G— Continued
Identi-
fication
code
Name of company
MFG
ORT
RGC
RH
RUC
GLD
NPR
SLM
SAL
SCN
SBC
SCH
SCO
SPA
SEA
SRL
SKP
SHA
SHO
SHC
SHP
SW
SID
SMP
SIM
GFS
SK
SLT
SLC
SAC
SOP
SOS
SPL
OMS
STA
UBS
CLN
SIO
STT
STG
AME
SFA
SFC
SFF
SFI
SFP
SFS
SWS
STP
Rockwell International Corp. ,
Plastics Div.
Roehr Chemicals Div. of Aceto Industrial
Chemical Corp.
Rogers Corp
Rohm £■ Haas Co
Rubicon Chemicals, Inc
SCM Corp. :
Coatings & Resins Div
Durkee Div
Glidden-Durkee Div
Safeway Stores, Inc
Salem Oil (, Grease Co
Salsbury Laboratories
Sandoz , Inc
Colors & Chemicals Div
Crop Protection Dept
Sartomer Industries, Inc
Schenectady Chemicals, Inc
Scholler Bros., Inc
Scott Paper Co
Seaboard Chemicals, Inc
G. D. Searle & Co
Shakespeare Co., Monofilament Div
Shanco Plastics & Chemicals Co
Shell Oil Co
Shell Chemical Co. Div
Shepherd Chemical Co
Sherwin-Williams Co
George F. Siddall Co., Inc
J. R. Simplot Co., Minerals
Simpson Timber Co.
G. Frederick Smith Chemical Co
Smith, Kline Chemicals
Soltex Polymer Corp
Soluol Chemical Co., Inc
Southeastern Adheslves Co
Southern Chemical Products Co., Inc
Southern Sizing Co
Spaulding Fibre Co., Inc
E. R. Squibb & Sons, Inc
A. E. Staley Mfg. Co
Chemical Specialties Div
Standard Brands, Inc., Clinton Corn
Processing Co. Div.
Standard Oil Co. of California, Chevron
Chemical Co.
Standard Oil Co. (Ohio)
Standard T Chemical Co
Stange Co
Stauffer Chemical Co
Agricultural Div
Calhio Chemicals, Inc
Food Ingredients Div
Plastics Div
Specialty Div
SWS Silicones Div
Stepan Chemical Co
Polychem Dept
4501 Benefit Ave., Ashtabula, OH 44004.
52-20 37th St., Long Island City, NY 11101.
Rogers, CT 06263.
Independence Mall West, Philadelphia, PA 19105.
P. 0. Box 517, Geismar, LA 70734.
299 Park Ave., New York, NY 10017.
299 Park Ave., New York, NY 10017.
299 Park Ave., New York, NY 10017.
8390 Capwell Dr., Oakland, CA 94604.
60 Grove St., Salem, MA 01970.
2000 Rockford Rd., Charles City, IA 50616.
P. 0. Box 357, Fair Lawn, NJ 07410.
Route #10, E. Hanover, NJ 07936.
P. 0. Box 207, Wasco, CA 93280.
Cov. Printz Blvd. & Wanamaker Ave., Esslngton, PA
19029.
P. 0. Box 1046, Schenectady, NY 12301.
P. 0. Box 538, Allwood Station, Clifton, NJ 07012.
1011 Morris Ave., Union, NJ 07083.
Collins and Westmoreland Sts., Philadelphia, PA 19134.
106 E. Central Ave., Oconto Falls, WI 54154.
30 Foster St., Salem, MA 01970.
P. 0. Box 5110, Chicago, IL 60680.
P. 0. Box 246, Columbia, SC 29202.
2716 Kenmore Ave., Tonawanda, NY 14150.
P. 0. Box 2463, Houston, TX 77001.
One Shell Plaza, P. 0. Box 2463, Houston, TX 77001.
4900 Beech St., Norwood, OH 45212.
101 Prospect Ave., NW Cleveland, OH 44115.
P. 0. Box 925, Spartanburg, SC 29304.
P. 0. Box 912, Pocatello, ID 83210.
2301 N. Columbia Blvd., Portland, OR 97217.
867 McKinley Ave., Columbus, OH 43223.
1500 Spring Garden St., Philadelphia, PA 19101.
P. 0. Box 1000, Deer Park, TX 77536.
Green Hill and Market Sts., W. Warwick, RI 02893.
P. 0. Box 791, Lenoir, NC 28645.
P. 0. Box 205, Macon, GA 31202.
1550 E. Taylor Ave., East Point, GA 30344.
310 Wheeler St., Tonawanda, NY 14150.
Georges Rd., Brunswick, NJ 08903.
2200 E. Eldorado St., Decatur, IL 62525.
2200 E. Eldorado St., Decatur, IL 62525.
1251 Beaver Channel Parkway, Clinton, IA 52733.
575 Market St., San Francisco, CA 94105.
270 Midland Bldg. , Cleveland, OH 44130.
P. 0. Box A-3351, Chicago, IL 60690.
342 N. Western Ave., Chicago, IL 60612.
P. 0. Box 1110, Long Beach, CA 90801.
San Francisco, CA 94108.
San Francisco, CA 94108.
San Francisco, CA 94108.
San Francisco, CA 94108.
San Francisco, CA 94108.
San Franclsoc, CA 94108.
San Francisco, CA 94108.
RR #1, Elwood, IL 604217 and
100 West Hunter Ave., Maywood, NJ 07607.
51 Fames St ., Wilmington, MA 01887.
636 California St
636 California St
636 California St
636 California St
636 California St
636 California St
636 California St
SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1976
TABLE 1.— Synthetic organic chemicals: Alphabetical directory of manufacturers,
BY COMPANY, 1976— CONTI NUED
Name of company
Sterling Drug, Inc. :
Glenbrook Laboratories Div
Hilton-Davis Chemical Co. Div
Thomasset Colors Div
Winthrop Laboratories Div
Sterwin Chemicals, Inc
Story Chemical Corp
Styrochem Corp
Sugar Beet Products Co'
Sun Chemical Corp.: -.
Chemical Div
Pigments Div
Sunkist Growers, Inc
Sun Oil Co
SunOlin Chemical Co
Suntide Refining Co
Swift Agricultural Chemicals
Synalloy Corp. , Blackman-Uhler Chemical
Div.
Syncon Resins, Inc
Synres Chemical Corp
Syntex Agribusiness , Inc
Tanatex Chemical Corp
Charles S. Tanner Co
Tauber Oil Co
Teknor Apex Co
Tenneco Chemicals, Inc -
Tenneco Oil Co
Tennessee Valley Authority
Terra Chemicals International, Inc
Terrell Corp
Texaco , Inc
Texas Alky Is, Inc
Texas-U.S. Chemical Co
Tex Chem Co . , Inc
Texize Chemicals, Co
Textron, Inc., Spencer Kellogg Div
Thiokol Corp
Thoraason Industries, Inc., Southern Resin
Div.
Thompson-Hayward Chemical Co
Toms River Chemical Corp
Arthur C. Trask Co
Triad Chemical
Troy Chemical Co
UOP , Inc
UOP Chemical Div
USS Agri-Chemicals Div of U.S. Steel Corp—
USS Chemicals Div. of U.S. Steel Corp
Paul Uhlich & Co. , Inc
Ungerer & Co
Union-Camp Corp
Chemical Div. , Dover Plant
Union Carbide Corp
Union Oil Co. of California
Uniroyal, Inc., Chemical Div
Unitech Chemical, Inc
United Chemical Corp. of Norwood
Office address
90 Park Ave., New York, NY 10016.
2235 Langdon Farm Rd., Cincinnati, OH 45237.
120 Lister Ave., Newark, NJ 07105.
90 Park Ave., New York, NY 10016.
Military Rd. , Rothschild, WT 54474.
500 Agard Rd., Muskegon, MI 49445.
Petrochemical Complex, Ponce, PR 00731.
P. 0. Box 1387, Saginaw, MI 48605.
P. 0. Box 70, Chester, SC 29706.
441 Tompkins Ave., Staten Island, NY 10305.
P. 0. Box 7888, Van Nuys , CA 91409.
240 Radnor-Chester Rd., St. Davids, PA 19087.
P. 0. Box F, Claymont, DE 19703.
P. 0. Box 2608, Corpus Christi, TX 78403.
P. 0. Box 2175, Beaumont, TX 77704.
P. 0. Box 5627, Spartanburg, SC 29301.
77 Jacobus Ave., S. Kearny, NJ 07032.
209 N. Michigan Ave., Kenilworth, NJ 07033.
P.O. Box 1246 SSS, Springfield, MO 65805.
P. 0. Box 388, Lyndhurst, NJ 07071.
1310 Barcelona Dr., Greensville, SC 29605.
1610 Melrose Blvd., Houston, TX 77052.
505 Central Ave., Pawtucket, RI 02662.
Park Eighty Plaza West-One, Saddle Brook, NJ 07662
P. 0. Box 2511, Houston, TX 77001.
Muscle Shoals, AL 35660.
P. 0. Box 1828, Sioux City, IA 51121.
820 Woburn St., Wilmington, MA 01887.
135 E. 42 St., New York, NY 10017.
P. 0. Box 600, Deer Park, TX 77536.
P. 0. Box 667, Port Neches, TX 77651.
20-21 Wagaraw Rd., Fair Lawn, NJ 07410.
P. 0. Box 368, Greenville, SC 29602.
120 Delaware Ave., Buffalo, NY 14240.
P. 0. Box 1000, Newtown, PA 18940.
P. 0. Drawer 1600, Fayetteville, NC 29302.
5200 Speaker Rd., Kansas City, MO 66110 and
2 E. Madison St., Waukegan, IL 60085.
P. 0. Box 71, Toms River, NJ 08753.
7666 W. 63d St., Summit, IL 60501.
P. 0. Box 310, Donaldsonvllle, LA 70346.
One Avenue L, Newark, NJ 07105.
10 UOP Plaza, Algonquin & Mt . Prospect Rd.,
Des Plaines, IL 60016.
State Highway 17, E. Rutherway, NJ 07073.
P. 0. Box 1685, Atlanta, GA 30301.
600 Grant St., Rm. 2880, Pittsburgh, PA 15230.
1 Railroad Ave., Hastings on the Hudson, NY 10706.
161 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10013.
P. 0. Box 6170, Jacksonville, FL 32205.
P. 0. Box 220, Dover, OH 44622.
270 Park Ave., New York, NY 10017.
200 E. Golf Rd., Palatine, IL 60067.
Ernie Bldg., Naugatuck, CT 06770.
115 W. Jackson Blvd., Chicago, IL 60604.
Endicott St., Norwood, MA 02062.
APPENDIX
TABLE 1. --Synthetic organic chemicals: Alphabetical directory of manufacturers,
by company, 197G— Continued
Identi-
fication
code
Name of company
UNP
UNO
ROM
USB
HLM
USO
UPJ
CWN
VSV
VLN
MNP
VNC
VND
VEL
MHI
VTC
VIK
VIN
VCC
VGC
SOH
SIC
VTM
FRO
WAG
WCA
WVA
WRD
WBG
WHI
WHL
APT
WHW
WLN
WTC
WAW
WBC
WYC
WYT
United Chemical Products Corp
United-Erie, Inc
United Merchants & Manufacturers, Inc.,
Roma Chemical Div.
U.S. Borax Research Corp
U.S. Industries, Inc., E. Helman Co. Div
U.S. Oil Co
Up j ohn Co
Fine Chemical Div
Valchem Chemical Div. of Unite* Merchants '
& Manufacturers, Inc.
Valentine Sugars, Inc
Valley Nitrogen Producers, Inc
The Valspar Corp
Vanderbilt Chemical Corp
Van Dyk & Co., Inc
Velsicol Chemical Corp
Ventron Corp
Vicksburg Chemical Co. Div. of Vertac
Consolidated.
Viking Chemical Co
Vineland Chemical Co. & Corp
Vinings Chemical Co
Virginia Chemicals, Inc
Vistron Corp
Si lmar Div
Vitamins, Inc
Vulcan Materials Co., Chemicals' Div
Warner- Jenkinson Manufacturing Co
West Agro-Chemical, Inc
West Coast Adhesives Co
Westinghouse Electric Corp. , Industrial
Plastics Div., Chemical Products Plant.
Westvaco Corp. , Polychemlcals Dept
Weyerhaeuser Co
White & Bagley Co
White S Hodges, Inc
Whitmoyer Laboratories, Inc
Whittaker Corp., Whittaker Coatings &
Chemicals, Mol Rez Resins.
Whittemore-Wrlght Co., Inc
Wilmington Chemical Corp
Witco Chemical Co., Inc
W. A. Wood Co
Worthington Biochemical Corp
Wycon Chemical Co
Wyeth Laboratories, Inc., Wyeth Laboratories
Div. of American Home Products Corp.
472 York St., Jersey City, NJ 07302.
438 Huron St., Erie, PA 16512.
749 Quequechan St., Fall River, MA 02721.
3075 Wilshire Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90005.
P. 0. Box 5129, Akron, OH 44313.
P. 0. Box 4228, E. Providence, RI 02914.
7000 Portage Rd., Kalamazoo, MI 49002.
410 Sackett Point Rd., North Haven, CT 06473.
1407 Broadway, New York, NY 10018.
ns, LA 70130.
CA 93717.
MN 55415.
06801 and Rt . 5 - Box 54,
726 Whitney Bldg., New Orli
1221 Van Ness Ave., Fresno
1101 S. 3d St., Mlnneapoll:
31 Taylor Ave., Bethel, CT
Murray, KY 42071.
Main & Williams Sts., Belleville, NJ 07109.
341 E. Ohio St., Chicago, IL 60611.
12-16 Congress St. Beverly, MA 01915.
P. 0. Box 3, Vicksburg, MS 39180.
838 Baker Bldg., Minneapolis, MN 55402.
W. Wheat Rd., Vineland, NJ 08360.
2555 Cumberland Pkwy . , Suite 200, Atlanta, GA 3
3340 W. Norfolk Rd., Portsmouth, VA 23703.
393 Midland Bldg., Cleveland, OH 44115.
12333 S. Van Ness Ave., Hawthorne, CA 90250.
200 E. Randolph Dr., Chicago, IL 60601.
P. 0. Box 7689, Birmingham, AL 35223.
2526 Baldwin St., St. Louis, M0 63106.
501 Santa Fe, Kansas City, M0 64108.
11104 NW. Front Ave., Portland, OR 97231.
Manor, PA 15665.
P. 0. Box 5207, N. Charleston, SC 29406.
118 S. Palmetto Ave., Marshfield, WI 54449.
P. 0. Box 706, Worcester, MA 01613.
576 Lawrence St., Lowell, MA 01853.
19 N. Railroad St., Myerstown, PA 17067.
3134 California St., NE., Minneapolis, MN 55418.
62 Alford St., Charlestown, MA 02129.
P. O. Box 66, Wilmington, DE 19899.
P. 0. Box 305, Paramus, NJ 07652.
108 Spring St., Everett, MA. 02149.
Halls Mill Rd., Freehold, NJ 07728.
5 Greenway Plaza East, Houston, TX 77046.
P. 0. Box 831, Paoli, PA 19301.
354 SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 1976
U.S. IMPORTS OF BENZENOID CHEMICALS AND PRODUCTS
U.S. general imports of benzenoid chemicals and products entered under
the Tariff Schedules of the United States (TSUS), schedule 4, part 1, sub-
parts B and C are analyzed by the U.S. International Trade Commission an-
nually and published in detail in a separate report. General imports of
benzenoid items entered in parts IB and 1C totaled 362.4 million pounds
with a foreign invoice value of $493.8 million in 1976 compared with 337.2
million pounds with a foreign invoice value of $394.3 million in 1975.
Benzenoid products that are "competitive" with similar domestic pro-
ducts, because they accomplish results substantially equal to those accom-
plished by the similar domestic product when used in substantially the same
manner, are subject to a special basis of valuation for customs purposes
known as the "American selling price". If "noncompetitive", the benzenoid
products are valued for customs purposes on the basis of the "United States
value." The essential difference between these two values is that "Amer-
ican selling price" is based on the wholesale price in the United States
of the "competitive" domestic product, whereas "United States value" is
based on the wholesale price in the United States of the imported product
less most of the expenses incurred in bringing the product to the United
States and selling it. When neither of these two valuation bases applies,
then the "export value," "foreign value," or "constructed value" is used
as the valuation basis under section 402 or 402a Tariff Act of 1930, as
amended. The competitive status of benzenoid imports in 1976 is shown in
table 2.
Industrial organic chemicals that are entered under part IB consist
chiefly of benzenoid intermediates and small quantities of acyclic compounds
which are derived in whole or in part from benzenoid compounds. Also in-
cluded are mixtures and small quantities of finished products not specially
provided for in part 1C (e.g., rubber-processing chemicals). In terms of
value, 36.6 percent of all the benzenoid imports under part IB in 1976 came
from West Germany; 21.0 percent, from Japan; 10.8 percent from Italy; and
7.8 percent, from the United Kingdom.
Finished organic chemical products entered under part 1C include dyes,
pigments, medicinals, flavor and perfume materials, pesticides, plastics
materials, and certain other specified products. In terms of value 36.0 per-
cent of all finished benzenoid imports under part 1C in 1976 came from West
Germany; 15.7 percent, from Switzerland; 13.4 percent, from the United King-
dom; and 10.7 percent, from Japan.
1 Imports of Benzenoid Chemicals and Products, 1976, TC Publication 828,
1977.
APPENDIX
TABLE 2.— Benzenoid chemicals and products:
Schedule H, Parts IB and 1C of the TSUS,
Summary of U.S. general imports entered under
AND ANALYSIS BY COMPETITIVE STATUS, 1976
Part and competitive statu
Percent
of total
quantit y
Foreign
invoice
value
Percent of: Unit
foreign : foreign
value : value
Schedule 4, Part IB
Total 1
Competitive:
Duty based on ASP 2
Noncompetitive:
Duty based on U.S. value
Duty based on export value
Competitive status not available
Schedule 4, Part 1C
Total 1
Competitive:
Duty Based on ASP 2
Noncompetitive:
Duty based on U.S. value
Duty based on export value
Competitive status not available
Summary (Schedule 4, Parts IB and 1C)
Total 1
Competitive:
Duty based on ASP 2
Noncompetitive:
Duty based on U.S. value
Duty based on export value
Competitive status not available
244
146
1,038
219
1,282
365
IJ000
peloids
1,000
dollar 8
17,103
9,554
7.5
4.2
30,341
27,371
310.817
16.6
15.0
27,708
34,850
20.5
25.8
90,882
97,487
493.843
44,811
44,404
12.4
12.2
121,223
124,858
24.5
25.3
Per
pound
2.71
2.81
Detail may not add to total due
American selling price.
Source: Compiled by the U.S. International Trade Co
records of the U.S. Bureau of Custo
Note:— The totals shown in this table differ from those given In the official statistics of the U.S.
Department of Commerce chiefly because of differences in coverage and in the methods used in compiling
the data. In general, the statistical coverage in 1976 varies from a low of 51 percent for flavors and
perfumes, to about 84 percent coverage of 84 percent dyes, 80 percent intermediates, and 78 percent
pigments .
SYNTHETIC dRSAillC ChE?1ICALS, 1976
TABLE 3.— Cyclic intermediates: Glossary of synonymous names
Common name
Standard (Chemical Abstracts) name
1,2, 4- Acid
Acid yellow 9
p-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid
Amino G acid
Amino I acid
Amino R salt
Aniline oil
Anthraflavic aci£
Anthrarufin
Benzal chloride
Ben z an throne
Benzotrichoride
Bisphenol A
B.O.N
Bromobenzan throne
Broenner's acid
C acid
Chlorobenzan throne
Chronotropic acid
Chrysazin
2-Cyanopyridine
3-Cyanopyridine
Cyanuric chloride
DADI
DBB
Decacyclene
Developer Z
o-Dianisidine
l,l*-Dianthrimide
Dibenzan throne
4,4 ' -Dihydroxydi phenyl sulf one-
Dimethyl POPOP
4,5-Dinitrochrysazin
Durene
Fast Red G base
Fast Scarlet R base
G salt
Gamma acid
Gold salt
H acid
He 1 1 i me 1 1 i tene
J acid
J acid urea
Koch's acid
MEP
Me s i t y 1 ene
Methane base
Michler's hydrol
Michler's ketone
4- Ami no- 3-hydroxv-l -naphthalene sulfonic acid.
6- Amino- 3, 4 '-azodibenzenesulfonic acid.
Sulfanilic acid and salt.
7- Amino- 1,3-naph thai enedisulfonic acid.
6- Amino- 1,3-naph thai ene disulfonic acid.
3- Amino- 2, 7-naph thai enedisulfonic acid.
Aniline.
2,6-Dihydroxyanthraquinone .
1 , 5-Dihydroxyanthraquinone .
a,a-Dichlorotoluene.
7H-Benz [de]anthracen-7-one .
ot,a,ot,-Trichlorotoluene.
4,4'-Isopropylidenediphenol .
3-Hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid.
3-Bromo-7H-benz[de]anthracene-7-one.
6- Amino- 2 -naphthalene sulfonic acid.
3- Amino- 1, 5 -naph thai enedisulfonic acid.
Chloro-7H-benz[de]anthracen-7-one .
4, 5 -Dihydroxy- 2, 7 -naph thai enedisulfonic acid.
1 ,8-Dihydroxyanthraquinone .
Picolinonitrile.
Nicotinonitrile.
2,4,6-Trichloro-s-triazine.
Dianisidine diisocyanate.
p-Dibutoxybenzene.
Diacenaphtho[l,2-j : 1 ,2 '-£]f luoranthene.
3-Methyl- l-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one .
3,3' -Dime thoxybenzi dine .
1 ,1 '-Iminodianthraquinone.
Violan throne.
4,4'-Sulfonyldiphenol .
1 ,4-Bis [2- (4-methyl-5-phenyloxazolyl) ]benzene.
l,8-Dihydroxy-4,5-dinitroanthraquinone.
1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene .
2-Nitro-p-toluidine [NH 2 =1] .
5-Nitro-o-anisidine [NH 2 =1].
7- Hydroxy- 1,3-naph thalenedisulfonic acid.
6-Amino-4-hydroxy-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid, sodium
salt.
9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-l-anthracenesulfonic acid
and salt.
4 - Amino- 5 -hydroxy- 2, 7 -naphthal enedisulfonic acid.
1 ,2 ,3-Trimethylbenzene.
7-Amino-4-hydroxy-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid, sodium
salt.
7,7'-Ureylenebis [4-hydroxy- 2 -naphthalene sulfonic
acid].
8- Amino- 1, 3, 6 -nap thai ene tri sulfonic acid,
5- Ethyl -2 -pi col ine
1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene.
4,4'-Methylenebis[N,N-dimethylaniline].
4,4 '-Bis [dime thy 1 amino ]benzhydrol.
4,4'-Bis[dimethylaniino]benzophenone.
APPE.IDIX
TABLE 3,— Cyclic intermediates: Glossary of synonymous names— Conti
Naphthionic acid
o-Naphthionic acid
6-Naphthol
Naphthol AS
a-Naphthylamine
Nevilles Winther's acid--
Pentaanthrimide
Phenylbiphenyl
N-Phenyldiethanol amine
Phenyl J acid
Phenyl peri acid
POPOP
Pseudocumene
Pyrazoleanthrone
Pyrazoleanthrone yellow---
Pyrazolone T
Quinizarin
2-Quinizarinsulfonic acid-
Quinoline yellow base
R salt
Schaffer's acid
Silver salt
Solvent Yellow 1 ---
Solvent Yellow 3
o-Sulfobenzaldehyde
Thiosalicylic acid
Tobias acid
TODI -
o-Tolidine
a-Toluic acid
a-Tolunitrile
4-m-Tolylenedi amine
Trimellitic anhydride
Trimethyl base
Trinitrophenol --
Vinyl toluene
Standard (Chemical Abstracts)
4-Amino-l-naphthalenesulfonic acid.
l-Amino-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid.
2-Naphthol, tech.
3-Hydroxy-2-naphthanilide.
1-Naphthylamine.
4-Hydroxy-l-naphthalenesulfonic acid.
l,4,5,8-Tetraxis(l-anthraquinonylamino)anthraquinone.
Terphenyl .
2,2'- [(Phenyl)imino]diethanol .
7-Anilino-4-hydroxy-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid.
8-Anilino-l-naphthalenesulfonic acid.
1 ,4-Bis [2- C5-phenyloxazolyl) ] benzene .
1 , 2 ,4-Trinethylbenzene .
Anthra[l,9 cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one.
[3,3 , -Bianthra[l,9-cd]pyrazole]-6,6'-(2H,2'H)dione.
5-Oxo-l-(p-sulfophenyl)-2-pyrazoline-3-carboxylic
acid.
1 ,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone .
9 , ln-Dihydro- 1 ,4-dihydroxy-9 , in-dioxo-2-anthracene-
sulfonic acid.
Quinophthalone.
3-Hydroxy-2,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid, disodium
salt.
6-Hydroxy-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid.
9,in-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2-anthracenesulfonic acid
and salt.
p-Phenylazoaniline and hydrochloride.
4-(o-Tolylazo)-o-toluidine.
o-Formylbenzenesulfonic acid.
o-Mercaptobenzoic acid.
2-Amino-l-naphthalenesulfonic acid.
Bitolylene diisocyanate.
3,3'-Dinethylbenzidine .
Phenylacetic acid.
Pheny lace ton i tri le .
Toluene-2 ,4-diamine.
1 ,2,4-Benzenetricarboxylic acid, 1 ,2-anhydride.
l,3,3-Trimethyl-2-methyleneindoline.
Picric acid.
ar-Methy 1 s tyrene .
D. S, GOVERNMEN1 PRINTING OFFIC1 : ItTi o - 245-856
Library Cataloging Data
U.S. I nternational Trade Commission .
Synthetic organic chemicals, United
States production and sales, 1976.
Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,
1977.
298 p. A-356. illus. 27 cm.
(USITC Publication 833)
1. Coal-tar products. 2. Petroleum
industry and trade — U.S. 3. Intermediates.
A. Dyes and dyeing. 5. Drugs. 6. Flavoring
essences. 7. Plastics industry and trade — U.S.
8. Rubber industry and trade. 9. Elastomers.
10. Cleaning compounds. 11. Pesticides.
12. Chemicals — Manufacture and industry — U.S.—
Directories. I. Title.
Open Library