SYRIAC GRAMMAR.
BY
GEORGE PHILLIPS, D.D.
PRESIDENT OP QUEENS' COLLEGE CAMBRIDGE.
THE THIRD EDITION,
BEVISED AND ENLARGED.
CAMBRIDGE': DEIGHTON, BELL, & CO, ;
LONDON: BELL & DALDY.
1866
LONDON :
- IT. WATTS, CEOWX CGTTBT, TEMPLE. BAE.
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION,
THE following "Elements of Syriac Grammar" are
intended for the assistance of those Students in He-
brew, who are desirous of extending their studies to
the Syriao language. This object may be easily ac-
complished in consequence of the close affinity which
exists between the two languages, both in 'their struc-
ture as well as in the multitude of words which they
possess in common. By bestowing therefore a small
portion of time and labour on the study of Syriac, the
Hebrew scholar will be sure to obtain a moderate
knowledge of the subject. It is indeed so nearly
allied to Hebrew, and especially to Chaldee, that
after he has read the Chaldee parts of the Bible he
may at once proceed to the reading of Syriac, Such
being the case, it becomes important that the student
should avail himself of the assistance which the
Syriac affords him for the better understanding of
Hebrew; not to mention that by it he will be
brought to an acquaintance with numerous eccle-
siastical documents belonging to the early and middle
ages, which treat of the creed and practice of the
IV PEERAGE.
Syrian branch of the church of Christ in those times.
The Syriac, as a dialect of the Hebrew, must always
be regarded as constituting a source of valuable
information for the criticism of the Hebrew Bible.
By an examination of a Hebrew word as it is used
in this language, essential service has been rendered
in elucidating many difficult and important passages
of Holy Writ ; and it has been the constant practice
of commentators to have recourse to Syriac, whenever
the Text of the Old Testament fails to establish
satisfactorily the signification of a word. In such
case every person allows that a reference to Syriac
is one of the legitimate means to be employed in
determining the sense of a passage; and although
this language is inferior to Arabic in the extent and
variety of its literature, it is nevertheless superior as
regards its much more intimate connection with the
original language of the Bible.
But the great claim, as it appears to me, which
the Syriac has on the attention of that class of per-
sons, for whose use this book is intended, consists in
the Syriac New Testament. The high antiquity of
this version, and its use in the early established Syrian
church, stamp an importance on it which can be
assigned to no other : and if, in addition to these
circumstances it be borne in mind, that the Syriac
PREFACE. y
language is so nearly the same as that spoken in
Palestine in the first age of Christianity, that by
many persons it has been termed the vernacular lan-
guage of our Lord, it must be allowed that the Syriao
New Testament possesses a value inferior only to that
which belongs to the original. Michaelis, who de-
voted his great talents to the study of Syriac, and
to an examination, of the Syriac version, has en-
deavoured, in his Introduction to the New Testament,
to fix the period when that version was made ; and
after bringing forward many cogent arguments in
favour of its high antiquity, has inferred that it must
have existed, either at the end of the first or the
beginning of the Hecoiul century. This great age,
and its frequent deviation from the common reading
in passages of importance, must recommend the use of
it to every critic ; and tho truth is, that it has been
more uftod than all other sources of critical assistance
together,
Prom those remarks it will obviously appear desir-
able that tho Hebrew scholar should not rest satisfied
till ho has obtained a knowledge of tho Syriac. To
afford facility for this attainment was my groat in*
duooment in sending forth, a few years ago, these
Elements of Syriac Grammar to the public ; and I
rfljoico that tho book, having been favourably received,
A*
VI PUSVACK.
has afforded me satisfactory proof thai I ho publication
has not entirely failed in being useful. The coph's
of the first impression having ken sold oil', [ havft
now tho pleasure of presenting a nwoml Edition, con-
taining many amendments and additions, which b.w
Leon made for tho purpose of adapting tho Grammar
to the somewhat more advanced Ktato to which flyriac
literature lias now gradually arrived,
In introducing these additionH tho plan of flic
Grammar has not been at all (listurld, and I think
I may cite, as equally applicable to this rrjmhlimtiou
of the book, the words I employed in (lit! jtrcfoeo to
tho first Edition whou speaking of the manner in
which it was executed, " I have endeavoured to bo
simple in tho arrangement, to account for tho vowel
changes, and tho various inflexions of words by (he
operation of a very few principles, and to exhibit in a
concise form the general structure of f ho language"
PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION.
IN tliis Edition of the Syriac Grammar I have
introduced a considerable quantity of new matter.
To make room for it, the Chrestomathy, which
appeared in the second Edition, has been omitted.
In the course of the last twenty years many Chresto-
mathies and Syriac books have issued from the press.
These I consider supply ample assistance to the
student in his early attempts at translation. Again,
the study of Syriac has of late years made beyond all
doubt an advance in this country, There are not only
more persons who at the present timo apply them-
selves to tho language; but there is also a larger
number of mature scholars than England could lay
claim to a quarter of a century ago, For these
reasons it appeared to me that the space in the second
Edition, which was taken up with Chrestomathy,
might in this be much more usefully filled by the
introduction of additional Grammar. Whatever new
forms or inflexions of words, or whatever new eon*
structions have been discovered in the Syriac MSS.,
which have been recently edited, I have taken care
to bring before the notice of tho student. I think
there arc few points of Grammar which will not bo
PREFACE.
found touched upon in the following pages. Its laws
and principles I have endeavoured to develop, and, in
accordance with them, to classify the nouns, and to
explain the irregularities in the verbs, and the changes
which words undergo in the process of inflexion. I
trust, therefore, that this new Edition, since the ele-
mentary character of the former Editions is preserved,
whilst the higher parts of Grammar are introduced
into it, will he thought adapted to meet the wants of
the beginner, and will also, to some extent, be found
profitable to the ripor student. I might have made
a larger book by greatly inevoasing the numbor of
examples ; but a larger book than necessary ought on
every account to bo avoided, and a rule of Grammar
may iu general bo as well illustrated by one or two
examples as by twenty.
CONTENTS.
JPAGK
ImoDUCTOBY Observations ...... 1
Tho Alphabet ......... 8
VowolB - ...... 10
Diphthongs ......... H
Properties and changes of Consonants U
Clwingos of flio Vowels ....... 18
Tho Diacritic Points, Ku&hoi and Eukok 20
Ribui .......... 24
Lines .......... 26
Marhotono and Mohagyouo ...... 28
Other Diiicritic Points ....... 30
On the pronunciation of certain letters, &c, - - - 31
Acccmt ......... 32
Method of oxprosHing numbers ------ 33
Heading Eiorciaoa ....... 35
NOUN8 .......... 37
Gander ........ 38
Number .......... 40
BtatCHufNouna ........ 43
. . . ..... 55
PRONOUNS .......... 60
Ponwud Pjroncran* - ..... 50
Demonstrative Pronouns ....... gj
Relative and Interrogative Pronouns - - . . OS
Pronominal Affixes - - 63
Nouns with Affixes ...... C5
Example of a nifific, noun with Affixes - * - - C5
Example of a fern, noun with Affixes CO
Numerals and Particles with affixes - - - .71
VERBS .......... 73
Tenses, &c, of the Verbs |o<n and M - 77
*
Paradigm of ^^D ....... 84
Olworvations OH regular Verbs ..... &p,
Verbs which iwvo a pfuttuwil for a nul. luttor - . 91
The ProHOiit TeiiH<, Ac. - - - 91
IERKUULAE VKHIW ....... 93
Verbs p or *& ........ 94.
Verbs o^ or ^ . , - Oi) ^
- 100
......... 107
'*
... V * - - - - . . . 107
*
Paradigm of )ooa ....... 10^
Verbs
CONTENTS XI
PAOH
The Objective affixes attached to Verbs - - - -115
Paradigm of ]p 11C
Observations on Objective affixes 323
The Verb jJ^with Affixes 125
Paradigm of the Verb JB^- 12<5
Doubly Defective Verbs 129
Qiiadrilitoral Verba 130
PARTICLES 132
Adverbfl 132
PrcpositionH 134
Conjunctions and Interjections 1 34
SYNTAX
Syntax of NmniB 135
OloiiHtrud.ion of Adjectives 140
Numerals 143
Syntax of Pronouns 145
Verbs 155
Adverbs - 177
Prepositions 178
Conjunction 180
Interjections - 183
Interrogative* - - 184
}Snallage of PovHons 186
... ' ... Ellipsis , 187
,,. , . Coltoofction of Words 188
SyriftoMotreB 100
APPENDIX 190
INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS,
TEE TSyriac language, a branch of the Shemitic family,
was the vernacular tongue of Syria for many ages pre-
viously to the Christian Era, and continued to be so
till the period of the Mohammedan invasion of the
country, when Arabic was introduced as the language
of the conquerors, and in a short time entirely super*
sodod that which had been heretofore in use. It was
also caUodAramraan, as the country itself had anciently
the designation of Aramc&a or Aram probably, as is
supposed from Aram the son of Shorn, by whose de-
scendants it was peopled. This name scorns to liave
obtained in very remote times, being known to llomer,
who calls the inhabitants ty^w, IL IL 783. The
word is found in 2 Kings xviii 26 ; Isaiah xrm. 11 ;
and Daniel il 4
The early history of the Syrians is but little known.
With the exception of a few particulars, which may
be gathered from Scripture, little can be said about
them till the time they were carried away into tine
kingdom of Assyria. It is considered that the de-
scendants of Ham were the earliest inhabitants of the
country. The Scripture evidence on this point rest*
a
2 INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS.
on Gen. x. 6, 15, 18. It seems that some time before
that of Abraham,, these occupants began to be sup-
planted by the posterity of Shorn. This appears from
I he Shcmitic names prevalent in the country, when
Abraham first entered it; such as Shcmcbcr, Abimc-
loch, Mclclrizedek, &c. David, after waging war with
the Syrians, having been successful in many battles,
compelled the country to submit to his government.
After the kingdom of the Jews became divided into
two, tho Syrians delivered themselves from foreign
subjection ; but only to be made a part of the gi-cat
Assyrian empire. Sulwcciuontly it passed to the
Babylonians, then to the monarchs of Persia; but
HOOR after the conquests of Alexander, it fell under
Greek rule, and became more prominent simony the
nations. SeleucuH, one of Alexander's generals, nflei*
the deatli of his master, was mado governor of .Baby-
lon, and, tempted by tho example of his brother gene-
rals, sol up for himself, when, after obtaining some
victories over Anligonusand Nieanor, he took the title
of King of Babylon and Media, II n continued on tho
throne till bis death, whon he \VUH succeeded by his
son, and HO on, ilio country being ruled by hi family
for several generations, Iho last of whom was Antio-
chuw, who began to roign u.c. 225, This monarch,
pONHOHsed of great military talents and beiritf very
ambitious, soon <m#a#ed in tho dew^u of oxlouding
his kingdom* Accordingly Lo inuhn-took an expe-
dition nguinut the Vavthiann, whom h obliged to
v osi:iiv moxs. ;;
conclude a peace on very advantageous terms. lie,
afterwards gained victories in Baetria and India. In
the year 201 B.C. he entered into a league; with Philip
ofMaecdon against. Ptolemy Epiphancs, tho king of
Egypt, lie defeated tho Egyptian general, and re-
covered all Palestine and Ccjnlos v \ ria. After this lie.
invaded Asia Minor in the hopr k s of reducing it also;
hut the free cities had recourse 1o tho i tomans, who
soon made a declaration of wnr sigimiKl Antiochus,
vanquished him lirst at Thermopylae, and afterwards
so completely al, llagin'sisi, thai Ilio issue, of tlt<*
battle was, that Syria liecamo a itomftn provinc< v -
Such being, in a ftnv words, the history of the- (;<>un-
try, we might inter that tho language! would, sifter
the people, hud mingled \rilh (he Persians, partake
of the Persian Idiom; that, ninny terms und phrases
would ho common to both languages; and this we
find is tho ease. Again, for the same reason, many
Greek and Latin words have crept into the. Syritie,
as wo perceive from the Peshito version of the New
Testament, but mow especially from writings of a
much later date, such, for insf-nnoe, as l,hn Chronicles
of liar-HobrwiiN, Most of these words nre nouns,
and some Greek particles are inirocluml; but very
few verbs appear to have a foreign origin. \Ve will
subjoin a few examples of such lewis, both as they
appear in the Nyr'wc and in tho original.
INTROOTCTOKY OBSERVATIONS.
IVrsum KjJ
TUTTOV,
worn,
}Lo
A
rwritwa.
The Arabw im<l Turkn, tVoiu their wnnection witli
tho country, Imvo also cxcrcuwxl an hiflucmoo over the
Ryriru) ]aup;ua{^. Tho OrunadoRi too, wore tho mmtm
INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. 5
of getting some European words, chiefly proper iwmes,
and titles, introduced into the Syrian, thus wo find
f
yjoo count 9 \*+\s* prince, *uz>$c marquis.
The Syriac and Ohaldoo are evidently dialects of
the same language, their differences, which ar<* very
small, consisting nearly as much in 1he pronunciation
as in grammatical inflexions and constructions. Sec,
tho Preface. Tho lormer was spoken iu Western
Aram tea, and the latter in the, Bust cm, vis?, in iho
province of Uabylon, bctwoou the Kuj)liralis and ih
Tigris.
Tho most anoiont Syriao writ ings are said io lx* ihe
apocryphal Letter, which Ahgnr the Icin^ scnf. to
Christ, and our Lord's answer. There nro also thosn
who thinlc that the original of Si. jMaf(h(i\v*s Gospel
was writte.n in Syriac. J3e this as il may, th^iv is no
doul)t of the very early e\'isien<<i of a Syrian version
of this and of the other GospHs, and it is perhaps 1ho
oldest documonli v?u know of; for the letter of Ab#ar
was most likoly wriii<m lon# after the, ]>eriod to whiHi
it refers.
The Syrians, like many other amrienl nations, linvo
laid claim to the invention of letters; but those who
have investigated this suhjoct, supposing the rt of
writing to he a mere, human invention and nof. a
divine pi ft, are inclined to assign the discovery either
to the Egyptians or IMiuuiic&uiH. JYom the PhdMii-
oiau or Cluildoo oluiurtcrH f 1.11(7 suppose the, Syriao
wore derived, as well as the Aruhiu.
(f INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS.
The arc two sets of Syriac letters, tlio one bohi<? a
modification of the other, or both of them havinpf a
common original. They are called the EstraiitfHo
and Peshito. The former is found in iho oldest
MSS., and in many monumental inscriptions. It is
written in Syriac P^fH, which Assemuni, in his
Bibl. Orient. Torn. iv. p, 378, supposes to 1)0 the same
as the Greek word <7rpoyyvXo?, round; but as romd*
ness is not a characteristic of this alphabet, J. 3).
Michaelis and Adler have sought out another olymo-
c
logy, viz. the Arab, ^k*, a writing and Josr*) </M/^'/.
The latter is more modem, and is the OHO wliioh is
generally used by the Maronites and Jacob itos. Tin*
origin of these characters is uncertain. It is ordi-
narily assigned to the seventh century, and It is said
that they were introduced by Jacob of Edesaa. It is
most likely, however, that they were gradually dn-
veloped, and underwent several modifications, be-
fore they assumed the precise forms which we HOW
have. It is supposed that the Estrangelo IcUors mm*
employed in copies of the Scriptures, whilst tho LV
shito alphabet, because it could be written with muHt
greater rapidity, was that which was hi use for th<!
common purposes of life.
The Nestorians use characters partly resembling
the Estrangelo, and partly the Peshito; they occupy
as it were a middle place between tho two
and persons accustomed to read these, may
make out the Nestorian,
INTRODTJCTOKY OBSERVATIONS. *7
It lias been very mucli tlie practice of the Syrians,
since Arabic became the spoken language of the
country, to write it with Syriac letters. This mode
of writing is called, after the name of the inventor,
Carshunic.
. 1. The Syrians, in common with many other
Eastern nations, read from the right hand to the left,
and have the same number of letters, which are all
consonants, as the Hebrews.
The following Table exhibits their forms, names,
powers, and numerical values.
INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. 9
. It appears from the forms of the letters exhibited
in page 8 that all of them except 1 9 a o } ^ a L
may be joined to the following letter of the word,
and that the nine letters a ^* 4 - a & + termi-
nating a word, receive a slight additional stroke, and
are written o . -* 4 * * *& ^ -* . The five
a ^ io j i> alter their figure at the end of a word,
assuming the forms ^ 3 ^, >o, r or ^, ^.
Oaro must be taken to distinguish between the
following letters, which have nearly the same figure,
and differ chiefly in their magnitude,
1 * > * - ^ ^
} => 9 O J ' i> ^
a
It may be also observed that one letter is joined to
another by a small horizontal line drawn from its
extremity ; as, 01 in <jiX The exceptions to this are
> 4 9 and L) which when joined to another letter
assume the forms *&\ and &..
The following compound characters are frequently
used.
Olaph-Lomad ^ for ^|
Lomad-Olaph p . . 1^
Lomad-Lomad ^ .
As letters of the same organ are frequently
changed for one another in the process of deriva-
tion, Grammarians have divided the whole Alphabet
into classes according to the organ of speech by which,
they arc enounced.
1Q VOWELS.
Gutturals ] 01 ** ^
Linguals \ 4 * J *-
Palatids ^ * ^
Dentals 1 ^ 3 ' *
Labials o o ic ^
The consonants 1 o -, frequently b<JConw(|iiicsc><Mii,
j. (?. lose their power as consonants ; as is the csiso wit h
tho Hebrew '
2, Vowels.
It is probable that the quiescent Him 1 o * \v<w
used in the early stages of tho lanfjua*^? as vw\'K
and were the only vowels which in those linios urrc
known. The consequence was that many words woiv
not sufficiently defined in writing, and that a vowel \v as
often understood, and had to be supplied hi ftpttakhitf.
To meet this defect, which existed at one period or
another in the whole family of the Rhumilfc lan-
guages, a system of punctuation came gradually into
use. Tho first step taken to moot tho wanis of llu*
reader was tho introduction of a point, which by UN
position, above or below a word, indicated tho proper
vowel. Tho employment of it, howover, was vory par-
tial, and its primary object, perhaps, was Jitlio mow
than the determining of those words whtoh, without
it, would be ambiguous. (Soo Appendix.) When this
point was first introduced into the written Hyriuo it is
now impossible to ascertain. Many Grammarians luivu
assigned its invention to the school of Edmsa ; Intj
although historical testimony on ikfe nmUer is vifi-v
VOWELS. 11
imperfect, we arc nevertheless inclined to go back to
a more remote period. It is pretty certain tliat it, or
something equivalent to it, must have been employed
in the third or fourth century, and perhaps much
before that time ; for Ephraim must have found some
note of distinction in Gen. xxxvi. 24, in his comment
on which he says : ,-1*2+] ]^ol \
* 6 ? * ? 1* * O
|J ^ ^JLi] ofnajj y*] lfi*> o-^o
Jjf is proper to observe ', ttatf j{{ wow? we find
in both Testaments, and not Ipc**, as some persons
have ignorantly thought. In this observation, Ephraim
must have had some mark whereby he could distin-
guish ]-^Oi* from ]-fifi*; and it is likely, if we had
works older than those of Ephraim, we should be able
to recognize a mode of distinguishing in them the
moaning of one word from that of another consisting of
the same consonants, and that mode would probably
be by the point we are here speaking of. It is quite
clear, however, that had this point been as extensively
employed as it is capable of being, still it would be
quite inadequate for the purposes for which it was
intended. The precise vowel could not be known by
such a mark ; and hence Grammarians set themselves
to work to devise some other method of more fully
defining the sense and pronunciation of words. Now
the Greek language and literature were much known
to the Syriac scholars of the time to which we have
referred, and their attention having been brought to
the imperfect condition of their vowel system; and,
12 VOWELS.
further, having been able to observe the accuracy 01
the Greek, they perceived that its vowel H might be.
advantageously engaged in the service of their own
language. Two modes of representing ihe said
vowels were adopted about the same time: on o was
by means of one or two points being placexl in diffe-
rent positions, and the other by writing above, or
below the consonants the Greek signs themselves, \\ it h
some slight change in their forms. This 8y,slem of
punctuation was originated by TlieophihiH of Odessa,
according to Assemani (see hisBibl. Orient. Tom. r.
p. 64), and was advanced step by step till it was
brought to its present state of porfoction. Theopli Hits
died about the year 791 of our era.
Vowels, by native Grammarians, are called Home-
times by one and sometimes by another of lh follow-
ing names : ]&liSo vocals ; ]Q] motions ;
sounds; luo positions ; \pvipoints.
The following Table exhibits their names,
and forms :
Names. Power. Figure.
Syr. Greek.
. v
Petliocho a 9 o Alpha (A)
ftovotso o O D o
OLovotso i ja ^D lota (j)
t *
Zekofo ooo Omionm(0)
EtSOtso u CO OD OD UpHlldti* (Y)
^ * Tho figure of the vowel Msoteo tuny luivo come from that of the
diphthong ov. Tho forni of tlio vowel in frcijuimtly oln^mnl in MSH.
to bo V.
VOWELS. 13
The points of the vowel Zekofo may coalesce with
the point of the letter >, as ~-^<n>" Roli-t'm.
X
The vowel Etsotso is always accompanied with o
* * ir>
except in the two words ^o cul, ****&, metul.
When no vowel is expressed, then, as in the Hebrew,
a Sheva (quiescent or moveable) will be implied
and read accordingly.
Vowels may be divided into two classes : pure, i. e.
those which complete their syllables : impure, i. e.
those which do not complete the syllable without the
addition of a terminating consonant,
Pure Vowek are
as
Wlion followed by
a quiescent | or
h.
as p^a ICtlw-bo, *"*
Impure Fowek are
7
, ? as in O cad.
Men.
id-to.
syllables are often, as in Hebrew,
lously long, on account perhaps of the accent; as,
14 VOWELS. DIPHTHONGS.
n, where 1 occurs with two consonants, so
also -*fc s
m- X
3. Diphthongs*
There are several diphthongs made, l>y Hie letters
Vauand Yud, which, losing their own pou ers, eojilesee
with the preceding vowel and form one syllable.
Vau makes four diphthongs cm, en, in t OH,
The first occurs at tho beginning middle and end
of words, and is produced by the vowel 'preeedinu-
o; as, ^joc| aiirkely liefed^ \&o$ iMnt-uw, Ihe ,/f/-v/, w-n
ho-nau, this is.
Tho seconds cu<> is produced}^ i\w vowel ' pr<mlinv
a.; as ^cna*2U,|j HsU-teii, I will flriufc If.
Tho third, to, "by a cncvotso pvooodin^; UH, *oia
7
7*<? wiM s% ftim ^cnaJ^, n'tJuuMit, Iw mil
- a*
him.
The fourth, ow, is when a radical o is preceded I,v
*
another o with >> ; as, ^OQA 8fiOM-(fa-yo 9 a pwunw*
Yud makes two diphthongs, f^'and ol : <d l>v before
^7 *
- ; as, Zu-\^#'to^, </^^ Aff^ wwaled: ol by " before
*; as, ^01 Iwi, she.
4. Properties nnd Changes of Consonants
Consonants possess various properties and undergo
certain changes arising from tho inlluemw of vowels,
or other causes, which we proceed to mention. ^!
The letters ] o -, when they are not
PROPERTIES AND CHANGES OP CONSONANTS. 15
but rest in the sound of the vowel on the preceding
letter, are called quiescent.
Olapli final rests in" or *; as, jp^fA* mem, IfaL
the men : except in a few verbs, such as ^ he
7 ') I 7?
polluted, V lie comforted, |K lie polluted, \\&L] lie was
^ A
decorated.
Olaph in the middle of a word rests in * or "; as,
7 7
^a]i>o to eat, cfco to say. Tud is sometimes changed
into Olaph quiescent in * ; as, J^D to beget, for ^^o.
Yud usually rests in * or * ; as, *}* he begum, M
X I
is, ^*> but.
Vau deprived of a vowel is for the most part qui-
escent in * ; as, VOQS rise, >oa* day. It is also used as
the fulcrum, or, as it is technically termed, the mater
lectionis of this vowel ; as, ^o^J, he will kill.
In foreign words Vau is frequently found to be
quiescent in the vowel * ; as, uao^La Peter, UDQJO/Z
throne.
The letters 1 o * are frequently not pronounced;
but they are nevertheless written for the sake of
orthography or etymology. In such instances these
letters are said to be otiose.
Olaph in the pronouns <o2ul and ^M, when they
are added to participles for the sake of forming the
* V *
present tense, is otiose; as, <pta] ^-^la kot-litm, and
^fcjif ^b kot-loten, ye slay, masc. and fern.
Vau and Yud, in certain persons of the verb, are
16 PEOPBETIES AND CHANGES OP CONSONANTS.
also otiose; as, al^Lo Htal> they slac, 3rd. JMTH. plitr.
prset, masc. *-^U> tital, they slcto, 3rd pors. plur.
prat. fern, J**4e KM, slay thou, imper. sin}?. frm.
Tud is likewise otiose in the pronoun -M ///, MM,
and in certain affixes ; as, < a!SAo ;//, w/// //'////
-asL) Viho-Vkek, % iew*. Also in some substantives
* V
and adyorbs j as, *-*!^A sfol, frtntguUlUy, -*^j i f ln*n f
In the above cases o and -* were pronounced in ancient ttin<^ 1
as is evident from tlie usage in Arabic and Hebrew ; for wi hav<*
1^. 'ntM , which arc pronounced c/ta/i and aksari\ w !ia\
also in the New Testament paftftowl, John xx. 3 (> ; rttMKt Afy,
Mark v. 41 ; and similar ox^rcsKions.
Consonants arc sometimes omitted in writing
especially the weak letter ] ; afi, Uf** <*wrf for z^l,
particularly in compound words ; as, ^jp mutt for
WAJ] p, ^aj for ^ *af although. The initial radical K
of Hebrew words sometimes altogether di sa incurs ; an,
t- ow^, Eel). TfJKt. Words which have tlio middle
radical doubled, on many occasion** loao one. of them ;
thus we have w**, for VAA* he jwrwiwtfi
from ^3.
Vau and Yud full off in nearly tho same
and the same situations as in Hebrew, wlu<*h nuiy
bo immediately observed by inspecting tho
of the classes of verbs beginning with thoMn
Letters are sometimes added to words for tho wake
of euphony. Thus, Olaph is prefixed to HOMO word*
PROPERTIES AND CHANGES OP CONSONANTS. 17
beginning with Tud ; as, W hand for , V^Ll day
* 5E SC
for p^u, fvLi fowio- for f*L. In old MSS. especially
this addition of the Olaph is very frequent. Thus we
have *S*1, t-^lj -*J*l &c. for t^-, ^^ *$!.
x ' * = = x x x x
Greek nouns, which commence with two conso-
nants, are usually written with an Olaph at the
beginning; but sometimes without; as, UQJL^CO or
07* *
Stephen ; v?*riH stadium ; ]t*s&] spliere ;
' *
scheme.
Olaph prosthetic occurs also in the verbs u*zu and
as, %*&*.] A& drank, and ^a^l he found.
* * ff* 7
We have also It^s, A ^^> from ^TJS Heb. ^^,
where the Nun seems to be a compensation for the
Dagesh forte in Ohaldee and Hebrew.
A great number of Hebrew words become Syriao
by the change of one or more of their letters.
f is changed into > as, 1JT gold,
* ................... 4 ... ttt rock,
Itf ................... L ... ff mow,
1 ................... 01 .. '
H ................... 1 or * n ^5 ^revealed,
sometimes into ^ .. H^Jl Juwwdered,
18 CHANGES OF THE VOWELS.
5. . Changes of the Vowels.
Inflexions of words are in numerous cases effected
by a change of vowels, certain vowels being selected
as characteristic of diJQferent forms of the same word.
The correspondence between Syriac and Hebrew
vowels is as follows :
Pethocho (') corresponds to Patach (-) ; as, oa
tote 1m king.
Revotso (<*) generally to the Hebrew T ; as, j
"flp^fl thoushalt visit, \z>l, ^W, //*<w dutlt kill.
Chevots6 (*) to the Hebrew TT; as, oo^ or
for fty Esau.
Zekofo (*) to Kamets v ; as, y^f, 075 #*;*
he revealed.
Btsotso (*) to Oholem, Kamets Ohatuph, Slmrc^ik and
Kibbuts; as, jl^, holiness, tthp ; ^., bb,ta e/U.
Olaph in the beginning of a word, and also Ee in
the same situation, when followed by en, instead of
being according to analogy without a vowel, will
receive a vowel, for the most part * or * ; as ^| for
. ? * * * 7 *
N^a| ; joiik for >n.
Tud observes the same rule at the beginning of a
word, and takes the vowel ; as, t-S* fie legal for
The foregoing rule holds good also for the lottm-H
Olaph, Vau and Tud, when they begin a syllabic, the
vowel in such places being remitted to the preceding
UHANGffiS OF THE VOWELS. 19
letter, if it has been previously without one ;
except when the Olaph, Vau or Tud is followed by
two consonants in the same syllable. A full exhi-
bition of these principles may be seen by looking at
the irregular verbs.
When two consonants come together at the begin-
ning of a syllable, as is sometimes the case in the
beginning of a word, in consequence of prefixing
prepositions or conjunctions not having a vowel ; and
also in the middle of a word from inflexion; the
former consonant will receive a vowel, for the most
part "T, but also ; as, j/vun for 1'vua m
heaven, }^i^for]l^the letter, tiL>L] for 2&404*fa
was slain, ]fiu*o=*Z glory for l2u*=x*. This is analo-
* <n
gous to the Hebrew, where the former of two Shevas
coining together in the beginning of a syllable, is
generally changed into .
Vowels are sometimes cast away: when another
syllable is added to a word, the final vowel is cast
away ; as, Zfjaa the feminine of *& he visited. But
it is preserved, 1st. if a letter only be added; as,
Zjns> thou hast visited : 2nd. *if the consonant from
the analogy of the Hebrew ought to have a Dayesh
forte; thus yL people; in the definite state l^L;
3rd. the vowels ^ and * are preserved ; as, ^jo,
Zekofo in nouns of the definite state, when it is
c2
20 TEE DIACBITIC POINTS, KTJSEOI AND IrtJKOK.
followed- by o<n is, is changed into Pethocho, so Hint
ii * *
it may make a diphthong with o ; as, o<n fl^ w-#-
lie is a liar, for 001 [1; cJoi lio-u<nt, thk to, i'w
Transposition of vowels takes place, imperially in
iiounsofone syllable; thus, ia^unw, delinite stale
fp^; *ot> holiness, definite state )I;ao. Many oilier
examples will be giycn in the Chapter on nouns.
' * -i v * *ji ji t*
The prepositions xoos and >ojao with the prefix
V X *V f *
Lomad become V^-pqS and >o t ^o^, and in (terhiin
compounded particles a iransposition lakes phtee; JIN
for jlc^ until.
6. The Diacritia Point*, Kutlun tw<f
The Syrians have no marks exactly
to the Dagesh forte and liaphe of the Jloluwn; hut
they use a point for the letters taaa^,
This point, when it is situated ahoyo a lotlcr,
away the aspiration, and, when placcxi l)olo\v y
it. In the former case it is called ~.4w AW/w, whicsh
signifies hardening, and in tlie latter yvo> liitkok,
softening. In Manuscripts tluise poinis arc made
with red ink.
Kushoi is used with the above-mentioned letters,
when any one of them begins a word; an (p ww,
l^a^ man. But if one of the letttsrs & $ o ^ l,t-
prefixed, then the radical te&^z receives a Itukok ;
as, foi,
THE DIACRITIC POINTS, KTJSHOI AND RTJKOK. 21
If one of the letters 1 o * precedes one of the
=>> the latter takes the sign Eukok; as, $
*
I a creature; \^*. **-*> I chosen.
^ X
If the first letter of the noun be without a vowel,
*
then the second will receive a Eukok ; as, ]&!. break-
The o of tel father, according to Sciadrensis, has
a Eukok when a natural father, but a Kushoi when
a spiritual father is meant. See his Grammar, p. 1^.
Of those nouns having T to the first letter, and
consisting of four letters, the third takes a Kushoi; as,
*|5o** sin, l&o a house; if, however, the noun be
feminine, then the third letter receives Rukok ; as,
]2p a daughter, Ifticf a female slave,, ] AJ-^ a garden.
If the noun consist of five letters, the third has a
Kushoi, and the fourth a Eukok ; as, Uasoa a star,
]\s&& a queen, IOJA a generation. There are,
however, a few which take a Eukok on the third,
and a Kushoi on the fourth; as, II?-\^D a teacher,
1/fd an ape, \L^^o a walk, or path, fiua^io an
edition.
Again, with respect to nouns, consisting of six
letters, the third takes Kushoi, but the fourth and
fifth Eukok; as, ILyXo candle,
* In this and the following remarks, when a Kushoi or Eukok
is spoken of as attached to a letter, a ZvstSf^ letter is always
meant.
22 THE DIA.CEITIC POINTS, KTJSEOI AND ETTKOK.
ftejoi knowledge. A few nouns receive Kushoi in
the fifth ; as, ]ftaio/ adcKtioti, ]i*s&i clothing.
If 7 be placed to the second letter of a noun,
then the third letter, if it possesses a vowel, will
take Kushoi; as, ]?* new, l^a splendour, &e. But
if the letter which follows 7 be without a vowel, then
the one after this will receive Rukok; as, It-p ,
lird, iLaoIa revenge, Jftiaco foolish. Pour, however,
* t>
have a Kushoi on the fourth letter, via.
folmd, 1^4 heifer, 1^ Imping, and
chariot.
The letter after % if it be without a vowel, re-
ceives a Rukok; as ]i^ a finger, 11^5 a ,/{*>/, ]j?l
<?ar 9 )^1 wisdom. There axe a few exception**,
which are mentioned by Sciadrensis.
When nouns consist of four letters, the first having
*, the third will take Rukok; ar, ]^a^o a wonl t
l^u> a wwg. Exceptions are ]** darkness,
a hole, lij^ evening, 1'LsJ ornament, iL&J hair,
pitch,
If the vowel * be placed on the second loiter of
a noun, then the third letter, if it have a vowel, re-
ceives a Kushoi; but if it bo quiescent, then it takes
Eukok; also, if after this there comes another letter,
it receives Kushoi; as, ]is^a vme,
]&^it aplmt, ^^a phlegm, )is^
A letter, which comes after ', whether it, has a
THE DIACRITIC POINTS, KUSHOI AND ETJKOK, 23
vowel or not, always takes Kukok; as, ffJm victory
X p 9 ^^ *
]t+=& work, It-ioi^ a disciple; but if another letter
comes between, then the haoy^a receives Kushoi-
. , . *
as, (fljfa just, ]Zf a congregation.
If a letter of a noun take *, then the following
one, whether with or without a vowel, has Eukok-
0000 '
as \n4 good, \*i\Ji t uit.
The letter of a noun which comes after the vowel
*, if it be itself without a vowel, receives a Rukok ;
as, Itacu beauty, ]&o=> first-born; but if the said letter
has a vowel, then the point attached to it f s Kushoi
O X *
as, K*|as a coat*
A letter elided, as there is no compensation by
Dagesh, the elision is indicated by Kushoi; as in verbs,
// // Af x ^
<-a, -*3 and o^ and their derivatives; as, <omaZ for
^amaaZ ye will slay.
These points serve to distinguish several words
which have the same letters and vowels; as, fpaj
disgrace has * hard, and l^ou pity has > soft ; fzojl
# heap of corn has j hard, and Uo^ yoy has ^ soft.
This is also the case with verbs in many instances ;
as, OT fj^ lie drew him, with ^soft and ? hard, is dis-
tinguished from 01^ he struck him, with hard and
> soft.
In many words, which, have been imported into the
Syriac from the Greek or some foreign language, the
aspirated letters arc accustomed to bo pronounced in
24 THE DIACBITIC POINT, BI15UL
the same way as they are in that language from which
they are derived; as, diuicliL, %\a/*&, uao^olz,
fleoxAyo?, it&x&t Xajwnfe: v of the Greeks is in Syrian
a
represented by *s> and by ^a; T by ^, by 4 5
by o, x by ca ; and f hy unb ; as,
ccocuumicuLa Philoxenus, uao^la
a * ,
According to Amira and other native grammarians,
KusM never douhlcs a letter; but on the other Imml
it must he said that the Eastern Syrians in Ih'm
respect followed the analogy of the Eelnw. W<5
have also *Pa/3fll 9 Master, John iii. 2, and iji Uu
writings of St. Paul wo have 'Apfa Jfittliw. 11* tins
duplication bo not admitted, then it is important to
state that in such cases where it would bo implied,
the preceding vowel will complete the syllable; thus,
pZ tab-bar or la-bar.
7. Ribul
Many nouns and verbs have the same form hi
both numbers. In such cases it was found nccxwnary
to employ some mark of distinction, Jb^or this purpoHu
Grammarians have invented the sign JtUwi (^c&t)
consisting of two horizontal* dots (") plactwl almvo
the word to denote the plural numboi 1 . The following
words will illustrate the use of this sign.
Ribui is usually placed obliquely ia ii ami Sfc; thuit,
THE DIACBITIC POINTS, UIBTJI 25
5oo, JSfta booh.
7
wu covered, -^V| wwe cowraZ, (phi. fern.)
.. 7
he arrived, ^c ttwj arrived, (plu. fern.)
A plural noun ending in ^ or <JL has no need
of the sign Eibui; since the number is already ra-
dicated by the termination, but still the sign is often
added.
It is sometimes used with a noun of multitude ; as,
00 Of
l& a flock of sheep, to distinguish it from jok a sheey,
If the word taking Bibui haye the letter Bish, one
of the points commonly coalesces with the point
belonging to Bish; as, ]^ a Jierd, |pl met*. In
MSB., however, we also find Ip^or lt^
It sometimes coalesces with the vowel Pethocho 3
when it is expressed by points, thus, Moioi&l&i hisfom-
7 ? *
dalions for ^TLQD|^.
Prepositions with pronominal affixes referring to
plural nouns receive these points ; as, ^001^ , ^-01^.
To this rule there are some exceptions ; as, >oja and
^i, which are never seen with this sign.
The numerals, according to some grammarians, do
not receive the dots except when they are joined
m qO *, 7 > V 6
to pronominal affixes; as, <-*>^, |^Z, ^oau?, ^iu^z m.
26 LINES,
Besides the name v*o3$, wliicli is given to those
points, they are also called by native grammarians,
l^lo positions, Jso^ drops, &c.
8. Lines.
A small line is sometimes found above and somo-
*
times beneath a letter of a word.
It is found above, a letter principally in the follow-
ing instances,
1. In abbreviated words ; as, *o for \L*tQ holy>
I V *
01 for ojoi that is.
2. When letters are used to express numbers ;
as, s^ 13.
3. In the Particle of Exclamation of 1 to
distinguish it from the particle o] or.
When it is found beneath a letter, it directs that
such letter is not to be read, and is therefore gone-
rally called the Imea occultms. Thus, -ip Balk not
barth, a dmghter. It is found,
(1) In nouns with the middle radical doubled;
07 n y
as, lii& manna, {& a hill, |.^s uutions.
(2) With Olaph in the beginning of a \vord
in several instances; as, J*\ a mint, &**]
9* * * *
mother^ Uf*) laslf especially in tin* pronoun
W, as often as it is used in the place of the
substantive verb ; as, ft & /
LINES. 27
(3) "With. Ddlath when it is without a vowel
before Thau ; as, liyl* new.
(4) With He in the following cases,
(a) In affixes ; as u*qirnSsn his kings, ^a^o
he called Jmn.
(b) In the verb loci was, when it is redundant 3
or when it assists in forming the imperfect
O 9
and pluperfect tenses; as, |oci ^cnoZu] he
was, ]o<n yna he was ordering )ooi |09
he had ordered. But when it is used in the
sense of to be, to exist) the line is not
found.
(c) In the pronouns 001 and -oi, when they
are put for the logical copula ; as, 001 ** t mn
my body it is.
(d) In some words which are derived from the
Greek and Hebrew; as, -^cooTi jRome,
,, *
}^o(7u a Jew.
(e) In the verb ^<ju he gave.
(5) With ** in ^i**, when it comes after the
active participle used as a present tense;
7*0
as, ,-x^ ^s 9 we create.
(6) With Lomad in some forms of the verb
^ll he went; as, l\\ she went, i$^}\* they
<i ~ *
will go.
(7) With Nun in the four pronouns k/1 <^te],
28 LINES.
^al, and in some nouns; as,
the ship.
(8) Bish in <p a daughter, and 4>*for 4**9 ?
a <
When a lino is found under u letter in a verb
of the imperative mood of a passive conjugation, ii.
implies that such letter is deprived of its vowel ; n f
ethkatl
9. Marhetono an
In many words, when two lottors (^o
each without a vowel, a lino is placed Hcnmlinu*N
above and sometimes below the first of tluwn I pliers.
In the former case it is eallod J&xrlwfottu (U^oif&e
making to run> from ^<yi5 fc r), and in tlio latlor
MeJwffyono (\L^mxi) according to Amim front ^-n
to meditate; but according to Jlolfnmn and others
from the Arab, U* to connect ; for th hvo Id few ly
this sign are connected and Tnik<^ a HyllnbJ^, Th(*so
lines seem to bo used only in certain words, ntid in
the first instance for purposes of poetry. Tint pnH ry
of the Syrians, as appears from tlui Kpocinions \\hla\i
remain, (see for instance tho hyinn of JSphrnhn,) con-
sisted in having a certain number of Hyllablos in
line ; and hence it would bo convenient, i u many WHOM,
to give to some words an additional yllabl<f, To in*
MARHETONO AND MEEAGYONO. 29
dicate this addition, a line was put "beneath the first
of the two letters without a vowel, which had the force
generally of Bevotso, hut occasionally of Pethocho ;
. * * . * 0.* $ * *
as, ]hQ\ i.e. l^v* a ring; ]&Xo i.e. ]J^^> fear.
When this additional syllable is in such words not
required to complete the measure, the Marhetono is
written, and denotes that its letter and the following
haye no vowels. It corresponds to the Sheva in
Hebrew, except that the latter is employed according
to general rules, whilst the former is used only in par-
ticular words, and in these words only under certain
circumstances. Grammarians, however, aie'not fully
agreed as to the primary use and signification of these
lines, and it is not now of much consequence, if we
cannot make ourselves folly acquainted with them.
It is supposed, by some persons, that the Mehagyono
is found only when the following letter is > ^ ^ >o ^;
but to these, others add 01, others -*, and others
* o ). Again, whether every word which has one
line, must, in a different situation, have the other;
or whether some words have only one of the lines
and others only the other, it is impossible to say,
and happily it is not important to determine, Who-
ever is curious to know more of this subject, may
have his curiosity satisfied by consulting the chapter
on these lines in the Syriac Grainmar of Sciadrensis,
in p.
30 OTHER DIACRITIC POINTS.
10. Other Diacritic Points.
It has boon stated, in pngc 10, thai- n point \ins
sometimes used which, by its position either abov*' or
below the word, would dotormiuo the true pronuncia-
tion and meaning; when "without it and without Ihe
vowel points, it would ho amWgomtH: thus, <*& for
(ni> to Jim; ou* for oiJL to li<n\ It is also frequently
A
used as a note of Interrogation, Exelnwation, Admira-
tion, Command, &a ]?or a further aceounl of this
various offices which this j>oi)il performs, m\\ the
Appendix.
There are also certain signs for marking ihn wul of
a sentence, and subdividing it into clause**, of which
the following axe tho principol,
(1) At the end of a section or parajjnijjh are
found four points (*) or (;:),
(2) Two points placed obliquely from the ritfht.
hand towards the left, finish a elfins,
and are equivalent to our colon; UIUH,
:)4i^^ ^0^4, ^y l^a ^ When- Jt>Hit% MM
the multitudes.
These points are sometimes put UM a Hij^n of
interrogation or exclamation,
(3) Two points placed obliquely from the Ml
hand to the right, thus (*), Kplit the
PRONUNCIATION OF CERTAIN LETTERS. 31
into different members, and are equivalent
to our comma or semicolon. They are fre-
quently placed perpendicularly (:).
-r written wider the last letter of a word
is the shortest pause, viz. a comma; as, |]].
These points are sometimes found after a
long interrogation, see Matt. xii, 10.
(4) One point frequently ends a period.
11. On the Pronunciation of certain Letters when they are
under peculiar circumstances.
These letters are differently pronounced in different
situations. Olaph is pronounced as Tud,
(1) When it is preceded by another Olaph ; as,
(2) When it is followed by another Olaph with-
out a vowel; as, )jLo m* lay o, fulness.
(3) When it is the second letter of the participle
peal; as, ^ tso-yem, fasting.
Vau is pronounced as v when it begins a word or
syllable; as, o 00, o ve, o vi: in other places it has
* x
the sound of u or w.
Tud in the beginning of a word with the vowel
1 is not pronounced. It preserves only the sound of
its vowel; as, JM* Inek> he sucked ; v^ Hwr* he was
*x x
heavy. Hence we find that before a Yud of that kind
Olaph is sometimes placed, and the vowel belonging
32 ACCENT.
to theYud is transferred to llw Olajih; ilius, 1^ ;i
liand, from the Hebrew T, is written W- \\V Ias<*
* i
also ]-<pA glory, liaicul r%, &c. Tlio promnu'iutiim
of either word is the same*
1 when followed by a loiter with link ok, or l>y o
either with a Eukok or Kiushoi, is pronouum! liki*
9 +>
d&; as, Uy^geatho, wool; li **A0 f //<' MMtiiwwL
Some persons add that 1 is o pronounced wln*n vj
comes after it; as, Isuoj ^Aj/b, rr #m#. ^o wlirn
followed hy one of the loiters o, >^ * is
like i; as; Ifisu clwsdJiOi mewy ; J^\ f/tf/t, //<>
plied. If z with a Bukok coin iii'tcr ^ or u& 9 rat'h of
these letters has the force of o ; as
12.
Grammarians have given a fw ruf<\s for
the Accent,
1. In words of two syllables, if tlm lirsf
terminate in a consonant without a vowl, this SN II;u
ble has the accent; ?is, \ltel ythu-#/Wt <'/"<"// ///// l^r\.
gdtvno, tone.
2. If on the contrary the iiuul Ictlor of tint uonl
be without a vowel, then the oum&t is pnf on (iu
second syUable; as, ^ i~l6d, ho faynt; ^ jw-M,
conmmdwff. If oach syllable bo formal in thai,
manner, still the second is aflbctal with llu*
METHOD OF EXPRESSING NTJMBEBS. 33
7
as, Zfaa pek-ddth, she has visited. The accent is also
placed on the second syllable in nouns ending in
o; as, aa.Vf>.
3. In words consisting of more than two syllables,
the accent is generally placed on the penultimate;
.* ? o e> ,
as, lA-u^a po-rdch-to, bird; ]2L^oa)^o me-khul-to 9 meat;
,* * * *
|Zau^o mart-yo-nu-tho, admonition.
13. The Method of expressing Numbers.
It is found in Syriac writings that numerals are
more frequently expressed by the letters of the
alphabet than by numeral nouns.* In Section 1
the numerical^ power of each letter is given. It
will be seen by reference to the table exhibiting the
forms &c. of the letters, that the first nine numerals
are represented by the first nine letters, and the
decads, I. e. the numerals 10, 20, 30, &c. to 90, by
the nine following letters, viz. those from ^ to ^.
The remaining four letters *o, 5, -*, Z, represent
respectively 100, 200, 300, and 400. The Hebrews
use the final letters for expressing 500, 600, &c., to
900. The Syrians, however, employ a different
notation. They put a point over a letter representing
a dccad, viz. 10, 20, &c, and the effect of this point
is to multiply the numerical power of the letter over
* I have been informed by Dr, W. Wright^ that in the MSS. of the
British Museum, down to about the ninth or tenth century, a series
of arithmetical figures is employed to express the numerals.
D
34 METHOD OP EXVKKSSlXd NTMIUMSS.
which it is placed by 10. Honor U = 100, & !>oo,
&o. Hence also <J = 500, *s> = 000, '*, 700,
us = 800 and j = 900.
In order to express thousands, nn oblique lino is
drawn under a letter from the loft hand tounrcls tin 1
right. The number of units, which the, Jotter denotes,
will, with the said line under this loiter, show the
number of thousands : we havo, therefore, 1 1000,
o - 2000, sv = 3000, * - HOOO, ^ 0000,
\ ^ \ v
Ac.
Letters having a horizontal lino subjoined, n^rrscnl
tens of thousands, i.e. this lino donates ihnt th
number indicated by this lector is <o bo multiplied
by 10,000. Hence,
1 = 10,000, J3 = 20,000, feo c^ M 00,000, *** . ll*0,00i,
jp ca 200,000, ^ 300,000, ys * 400,000, ^ -s ,VKi,0(t< . . .
, 000,000, faOBs 1,000,000, 5 M 2,000,000. &?. . . , Z . ^O/IO^MH),
o . w
Decads of millions are expressed by moans of two
oblique lines placed under a letter; thus, ) -10,000,000,
o = 20,000,000, s, - 30,000,000 T . . . . ^
-V > ^V
3,000,000,000, / 4,000,000,000.
*\
fractions are roprcsentod by means of an obliqitr*
lino drawn from the loft hand lo the* rijjh< f pliiood
over a letter; as,o^ J, ^- J, i |, _^' fiftf ^c,
In the composition of units, decads, liiuulrcdH, &.,
the letter which exhibits tbe groats immlxtr is
placed on the right band; that which KfnmlH for llm
HEADING EXERCISES. 35
less number on the left; as, ^o = 43, ^ = 351,
oaa] = 1866. Both in MSS. and printed Looks it is
usual to draw a horizontal line over letters expressing
a numeral, to indicate the purpose for which the said
letters are employed ; as, Ia = 72.
14. Reading Exercises.
MATTH VI. 913.
^* p eve # * 5 v P
J> N^^L^D JA^3 ^D ^3 Pf pOkCd^ ^^Z )JO
TAe same in ErtgU&h Characters.
A-bun d'vash-ma-yo neth-ka-dash sh'moc, Ti-the
mal-ctl-thoo neh-ve tsev-yo-noc ai-ca-no dVash-ma-yo
oph-bar-o. Hav-lan lach-mo d'stm-ko-nanyau-mo-jio.
Vash-buk Ian chau-bain ai-ca-no doph ch'nan sh'vakn
Tcha-yo-vain. V'lo tha-lan Tnes-yu-nd, e-16 pa-tson
men b5-sho me-tul d'dl-loc hi mal-cu-tho v'chai-16
v j thesh-buch-to Tolam '61-mIn.
LUKE XXII. 63 65,
0001 A=^O ^>aA^ ooai
77 f*tf 7
-^ 0001 M^CO . cn-i 0091
o ocai
30 HEADING EXISKC1SKX.
TIte same m English Character*.
Tgav-re da-chi-dm van 1'yc-slui in'-vax-cliin vnti
beh, yam-clia-pon hvau loh. Viiio-clu'u, IIVHU
let 'al a-pau vom-rin cth-im-lK") jna-nu in'choc. Varii-
ron-yo-tho sa-gi-yo-ilio m'gad-plu hvau
'a-lau.
NOUNS,
15, THE simplest forms of nonus arc those which
consist oiily of the letters composing the root ; as,
r&D king, woj sacrifice. Such words arc evidently
in their primitive state,
The augmented forms consist of the root aug.
mcniecl by one or more of the letters ) o ** >o j z,
which to assist (ho memory may "be called
* *
Thus, **DD <(% altar from <-MS? sacrifice;
diMiple from ^^ lie adhered to, followed.
Those letters are probably al)l)rcviations of words,
and the signification of them qualifies that of the
]>rimitivo word to which tlioy are united,
Nouns having (~) with the first radical, and (ol)
with the socond, are generally nouns signifying
persons; aa, I^OM; & friend; whilst those having (ol(
with tho first radical, or ending in o , ZoJL, J/oJl, are
ufalraot nww8 s as, ji>o0 holiness, ]iQ^s^9trenffth.
Two words are sometimes compounded in sense ;
aa, |k zp a word. Sometimes tho two ^ords ara
00
joined l.ogether ; as, PO^D lord of enmity, i o. m
eMMy. A great number of compound words occurring
in Scripture may be found by referring to the Lexicoa^
38 NOUSS.
of Soliaaf and Castell under tho words fcl,
16. G'w/cr.
Tliore are two genders, tlie masculine and feminine.
Of the masculine are,
(1) The names of men and their office's ; as,
cttosai IiitAC) lu> JJW'W?, Iflq uiMUWtt*
(2) Names of nations, rivers, and mountains;
V i' N
as, ^13 Canaan, ^i^ou Jorflmt.
Of the feminhie lyendor are tho nsimoH ofwomni,
the offices of women, islnndn, cities, and names of
the double members of tlio human "body,
The feminine gender of nouns is also known by
the termination. These terminations an? ), o, ** Z;
as, V*a* praise, o=u^ goodness, <-^oZ coiifiwuM, tilo
(t. J!
aj9er^. The nouns not ending? with any ol'ihe for*-.
going letters, and not included in the {>rwedin>
paragraph, are generally masculine.
Nouns consisting of two HyllaLloH, and beginning
with a >o, if the first of those BylhibUw liav v , then
in becoming feminine they add another ' to the lt
which is next but one before i j as, t'lVs
iLlLo Inffh, Vlal&o fom. iLnliSo pmiw<l t )ap^ feuu
tf V 7 ,
]Zup^ blessed.
Nouns which begin and end vvifh Xekolb,
which consist of four loiters, when they
NOUXS. 39
nine, take Revotso upon the second letter, provided
that one of the letters is not a guttural ; as, ]^1 a
9 * p
father^ fern. \L t ^+ a mother. But if the noun contain
a guttural letter, then the Revotso is changed into
Pethocho; as, ]t+ fern. ]^^ an acquaintance, l^aL
9 7 *
fem. Upii> passing.
Nouns which begin with Zekofo and terminate in
U 3 when they bocome feminine take Chevotso upon
the second letter; as, l-'oi fem. |2uol worthy ', |lj?
* * x
fem. 12u?J flowing.
X
But if they begin with Pethocho and end in }I,
when they become feminine they take Ohevotso upon
the second letter and cast away the Pethooho from
the first; as, lln^fem. \&A^elected.
Nouns ending with Zekofo only, and having Pe-
thocho on the first letter, when they become femi-
nine change the Pethocho from the first letter to the
second; as, 1^** fem. Ut 2 ** companion, il^o king,
fem Ifl.-Asn queen, and a few others do not observe
this rule.
The feminine gender of adjectives is derived from
the masculine by the addition of | to the end of
the latter; thus, la^ good from ^ masc. Those
ending in *-* quiescent convert it into *^ moveable;
as, -{ pure, fem.
Some adjectives insert Yud immediately before the fem.
termination; as, 5^ small, fem. jlja^] . Adjectives in ^
NOUNS,
seem always to insert **; as, ]l^ol spiritual, from
9 7 0*7
masc. _^ZA^ obedient, fern, ]*
Tliere are masc. nouns of tlic clef, stale in ]Z, when Z irf one
*
of the radical letters of the noun; as, ]2Ua icw ]lu] o//rr. On
the other hand there are some nouns with a masv. omlhy in the
def, state, which are either fern., or common ; as, fcll **//>,
\l>o] way, lit'i* sword.
Some nouns are used in both genders, and arc ihwvlln>
termed common; such as, |ili^ to0z^ \i& ffowrf, l*AiCA
*
5M7?, &C.
The rules for distinguishing gondor are for tint i<>sl jmrf tlw
same as in Hebrew. The sixmo words, wluiu occturrin^ in iMtlli,
have the same gondor; an, 1BD and t aa A0/% 0^ uiul y>cu
rfa^ are maac. ; yi^ sind ^>) car///, tfM anl ^lc*4 A^/> r
fern.
Words derived from tho Greek do not ohwnu tlu* fore-
going rules, but generally retain their own guilder, a>,
y, fom.
17. Nwubvr*
There are two numbers, tlio singular and th<>
plural.* Masculine iiouus mako tho plural number,
V V
1st. by adding ^ to tho singular; an, p^w<M 9 r-p^
0M0&; 2nd. words cndiug in p or w f throw \v t v t!w
1- or i-- and add tho termination ,j ; aw, $4 buy,
t * . *
i plu. ^aaic reprobated
* There ure throe cxotnpk'H of tlm iluul ntiuiluT, vi/, ^
V V *
fern, ^Zj^, ulw> ^*t\te and *5*ic>,
NOTTNS. 41
Nouns of the fern, gender form the phiral by
changing the termination 1- into 5-, o and l into
* . *
<p, and - into ^*; as, U-am sfej?, v i>w 0/iyw; aioj
* * * * P7
similitude, ^cto similitudes ; 2u2e portion, I&&Q por-
tions; ^35 wt#y, in the plural <-*3>'.
Nouns which terminate in UQ , when they become
plural, change x into placed on the Yau; as,
9 * 06*.
I^os5 multitude, plu. jzasy multitudes. A few nouns
besides the take 7 on the second letter ; as, UoS^
plu. l^oi^ prayers; ]ofu Aip, plu, Uo^.. Others,
instead of f take * upon the first letter;* as, lloij
likeness, plu. I^Q^DJ .
Nouns consisting of three, four, and five syllables,
and terminating in |flu, change the *-> s into t* when
* * *
they become plural; as, IZUD* w^w^y, plu. ]ka>*.
Nouns which have 7 on the first letter and end
with Yud and Aleph with the vowel p , and which
consist of four letters, in the plural transfer 7 from
the first to the second letter; as, \*sL elect, plu.
Nouns having * on the first letter and ending with
}*, in the plural receive the vowel f upon the letter
immediately preceding.-; thus, ]lf^ Lord, plu, jl^s.
Those nouns which commence with a Mem and
have v either upon the first or second radical, in the
plural receive 7 on the letter immediately preceding
Yud ; as, C^m^ reprobated, plu.
42 NOUNS.
Feminine nouns consisting of throe, four, and
five letters, which end in L and have * upon th
letter before Tud, in the plural add another * lo the
" * . . 7 1 it*.** *
Tud; thus, I2ui**o> spiritual, plu. |ki-*c.
There are many other changes of vowels which
nouns undergo in passing from the sing, to (ho plu.,
which will be more particularly noticed in treating on
the const, and def. states.
Some feminine nouns terminating in U, insert *-*
in the plu. between the root and termination; UN,
]ls>09 place, plu. liuaoj; ]1>&\ WUttt, }>lu lfiu>'c&].
Other nouns in the masc. or [ton. gender insert o ;
e f o 9 'i o t>
as, (his a companion, plu. Uoi3; |iicof < ////##, plti.
jzoicl, There are nouns in which ci IH hiHorlcd in
like manner; as, W mother, plu. llonicf; ]&!&) wfW
servant, plu. ltoS|.
' Many Syriac uouns liave the masculine form in the sin^. find <
the fern, in tiio plural; as, ]&] physician, plu. #orc|; iZj ^/flrr,
v ,7 7* * *V*
plu. ^oi'Zj; *^a3oa wrowe, plu. ^ooijoo.
There arc others wliich have the fern, form in tlio ing. mid
masc. in the plural; as, |i] 0/^ plu. ^-Ac]'
Jro] ; ]Lic/ tor, plu. ^ic, ; \^ talent, plu.
year, plu. ^14.
Nouns compounded of two words sometime admit a |thmil
in the former; as, ), 4.1 1*3 sons of man or mm; s<tnu*tiuicH
in the latter; as, ]a:n t !^s.a enemies; and AomotiuKV in
<> P * ' *
as, m&ia (d ail g^tors of word), uvrdt.
NOUNS. 43
Some nouns are found in the plural form only; as, ]'*\
heavens, j^ life, \^ water.
Some nouns have a double form, one masc. and the other
fern. ; as, o] father, plu. ^oo] and ^ro| .
There are nouns, which admit in the plu. two forms; but in
a different sense; as, \lc] maid, plu. "jZoi^DJ; but when jiicj
signifies a cubit, the plu. is ]i|.
There are other nouns which are very irregular; as,
nation, plu. <oiol, jko house, ^Jio; p son,
Zp daughter, ^i5; )kl swter, ]ii;f; ]JUp ^%; jIjQo, &c.
~ X
Many words of a Greek origin retain the Greek termination
in the plural; as, }i^ SfyfAa, plu. l/l&o^o/ SoyfMra.
Others terminate in *&o], joo, us], orua, resembling the
termination 09 of the Greek accusative plural; as,
^uid^fcrj, plu. ijoaa-fclu^ SiaBrjica?, &c.; or in o_, uaol.,
corresponding to OA, ot9, so oiaaojoZS], op^oSofoi; ooo t 4JQfls,
?; or in uo*_. corresponding to t?; as,
18. States of Noms.
To the absolute and constructive states of nouns,
which the Hebrews have, the Syrians add a third,
the Definite, or, as it has been more generally called,
the Xhnphatic. This is indicated by the termination,
and is equivalent in general to the article n before
a Hebrew noun. It happens however that the primary
signification of this state has been departed from in
many instances, and nouns are found in the de state
44 STATES OF 3IASCVLIXH NOCKS,
when only an indef. sense is intended to bo expressed.
The rules for passing from one state to another depend
either upon the gender, the number, or i ho fi nal let t er,
or on more than one of those. Thirst for
19. Masculine Nouns,
In the singular number the absolute and construc-
tive states are the same.
The definite state is obtained by iho addition of
f to the end of the absolute). Hence I In 1 deimife
state of masculine nouns and the absolute sfnfe cif
feminine -nouns have the same form.
Those nouns ending in |~- in tho absolute stilly in
the definite the 1 is changed into ]1.
The constructive state, plural munber, is formed by
changing the termination^- of the absolute into *JL
and ^*- into *++ .
The del plu, is formed from the absolute by <ln lin-
ing the termination ^^- into | and <-* inlojll. This
* * *
and the preceding rules will bo illustrated ly
examples^ which will presently follow.
The object of the mnniiulcT of the station \\i\\
to ascertain the clumgcs of vowels whirh
undergo in tl\eir dilleront Htatos of both numbers;
or, which is tho samcs thing, givcm th^ aim. stnle sini?.
num. to find tho vowels and their position in lint
constr. and def. states for both numbers
1st, If a word consist of three consonant.* with a
vowel on the second consonant, which m the ease u hit
STATES OE MASCULINE NOTTOS, 45
a very large class of nouns, this form is equivalent to
one of the old forms of segolate nouns in Hebrew. In
Syriac these forms are, i. ^la the alternate form of
* "
which is x>.^lo or ^^lo . 11. ^-^lo alt. ^^Lo or ^.^lo .
in. ^0^.0 alt. ^.^Qa . Now whenever the noun in its
primitive form receives a syllabic argument, the alter-
nate form is used; thus, p^ttuw, def. 1r=^- We
have therefore only to add the proper termination to
the alternate form to obtain the def. state sing, or
the abs. const, and def. states plural. Thus,
Singular.
l)cf. Aba. and Oonsti
a 7 7
morning 1
6oo 2
servant 3
wing 4
captive 5
body, 6
>*
Plural
Eef. Conetr. AT
V 77 7
mornings 1
servants 3
captives 5
6
46 STATES OF MASCULINE NO CNN.
1. In the foregoing examples, that which is marked ( t) com-
prehends all those nouns having v on the socond cunvuiimt,
and remitting it to the first in the process of inflexion; such mv
7
C9 beard.
2. In the second example, we Imvc those nouns which <ak<
in the second consonant, but in inflexion it in chan^nl to *
and remitted to the first. The trutli w, the vowel * m the proper
vowel in both places, and the reason of the chants is, (hut, in such
nouns the last letter is a guttural or Rish.
3. In the third example arc included those nouns wliosi- forms
are ^lo and ^,^la; such are ^io kiity,
husband, Js^ anathema, ^ASU soul.
4. The fourth example belongs to that class of timms
forms are Vta and
5. Nouns having the third radical Oluph, take tho
which are exhibited in the example ]n\y but (L.
* *Vi
]ffla covered, have their definite forma ji^. and ]*i*l, f^j? ami
lima. P^ 56^, makes in tho dcf. phi. {^^ , us if from tlu
*>
obsolete form -^Ji wehavelikewi.se | f hpA- as If from
6. All nouns of the forms ^oLo and
la
T v * f
0^4, cMf* month) p*u, and the like, niav
njt K *
be considered as belonging to tho same chws of mmtiH us
p^. The Yud has Chevotto, because thi letter i MIVIT '
without a vowel when it begins a word. If th<i tofc
nant be a guttural or Rish, it is preceded by tho vowul
thocho instead of Revotw; as, w^ month t ^.^ A0tfrn
STATES OF MASCTJLINE NOUNS. 4?
Such, nouns as ^ eye, >oo* day, also correspond to
the Hebrew segolate nouns. In these the vowel is
changed into * in the def. state sing., and all the
states plu., and this new vowel makes a diphthong
with o or u*; thus,
!> f. Ab. and Constr.
day.
Plural.
Consti. Abs.
7V T
^<-S eyes.
2nd. Other classes of nouns are the following.
1. Such nouns as admit no change of vowels in
inflexion] thus,
Singular,
Drf Abt. and Constr
evil
Def. Consti.
The vowel Z^q/b is immutable, and therefore monosyllables
with this vowel are represented by WAO ; as, oka look. Nouns
48 STATES OF MASCULINE NOUNS.
having two or more syllables, if the penultimate terminate in n
consonant, or if the ultimate syllable be perfect uilluuit the
terminating consonant, also belong to this clans ; UN w*l^*l&
explanation ^o^Z disciple. Some nouns wanting mi aWluti*
state may be referred to it ; as, |L] the stay, }1>] //?< /W, }*G*
the $erpent,]Lti death, Johco winter, ]ic, cMrmutintti for the
form of the definite state remains in all the part* of their inflexion.
Finally, nouns which possess either of tins fullimin;; Uu-im
preserve their vowels immutable, vi/s. ^a^^ tiff. |*l*^ t \^,
^**^Lo def. IL^LO. A few nouns appear to eonvsjiond with flu 1
X X
segolate nouns in Hebrew, but which roally belong to thi< i-fa ; ;
as, ^X* carcase, jti] small, uk.O*0 (t
2. Monosyllables, the vowol of whIHi is or , n<i
nouns of many sylkl)lo, tlin last of wliich is
are exemplified in the following Tablo.
PI
STATES OF FEMININE NOUNS. 49
The noun p son, makes in the plural N ^ sons ; as if it were
derived from a different root. Also ^cu is peculiar in receiving
the consonant 01 in the plural ; thus, yv> ftj
3. Nouns of more than one syllable, terminating
in Olaph or Yud, may constitute another class. Such
are,
Singular.
Def. Abs and Constr.
Plural,
Def. Constr, Abs.
A few nouns double the last letter in the plural ;
but the linea occultam is placed under the first of
the two letters ; thus, ya* sea, plu. ^.VNi., fcoicu .
77
jsnVis, plu. of y* people, is another instance.
20. States of Feminine Nouns.
In the singular number, the constructive state
changes f of the absolute into 2 1.; thus, \L*yewr 9 Z\l*.
Nouns Which in the absolute state terminate in
o or , in the constructive end in o or &*; as, &]
* *
victory, constr. Zoai ; v*s> wntry, constr. HUai.
* a* W *
E
50 STATES OF FEMININE NOTTNS.
Tern, nouns having a masc. termination ; ns,
belly, and those ending in L JL j as, &&
make the abs. and constr. states the sumo.
The definite state of fern, noons which liavo a
masc. termination is the same as that of mnsc. nouns ;
P 7
as, jop belly, def, top.
Inthedef. state the f of the al>s. i olian# l <l info
)i; as, PIO w^ 3 def. fa^io.
If the word in the abs. state tovniinafo in U, ilu^
Tud becomes qnioscetit in tlio def. stole, and Jin 1
preceding 'consonant takes"; if lh torminaiiou in
the abs. be ]o, then Van becomos <iuiosconl in ' in lit"
def. Ex. 4, 5.
Nouns ending in o .1 or ** 7 malco tho d( k f. l)y the
addition of U; those ending in z_ add only }, in ili<*
def. Ex. 6, *!, 8, 9.
To avoid tho concourse of sorcm! consonanls
without a Towel, or, winch is the sanw (Iiiny, (o
facilitate the pronunciation, a vovrol, nitnu'Iy v rr ',
is placed with tho second or third radical ; us, |li>|
widow, def. lalisj.
Nouns ending in ^L ijj the alw. ninNc 1 ., in i-hr* Hi-P.
state fern, assume * under tho Nun, which JH
by 1&*; as, ^o-^o dof. fern, ]Lii**'^D w
See p. 40.
In tho plural number tho confiir, siato in dor! veil
STATES OF FBMINIHE NOUNS. 53
from the abs. by changing the final l into z. and
the def. 1S derived from the abs. by changing v into
The Examples in the folloTraig Table *m fl^er
illustrate what has been here said on the states of
Jtena. nouns.
Singular.
* * * *
JiuiP
Oonstr.
3
2
52 STATES OF FEMININE NOUNS,
ff -7 * -V
In No. 1, we have an example of those nouns imlhi# in 1
whiclmnclergo no change of vowels in thoir iliflbwif hfatos; Mi'-h
are,
2. Nouns which assume an additional vow<*I \\\ tlw? <luf* st
singular.
3. This example represents nouns in which tho v<*wi'l on
the 1st rad. of the -abs, sing, is removed to tho i2iul nul itt
the def. They partake of tho oharac,tor of segoluto iuw in
Hehrew.
4. 5. In these examples wo have nouns whose ffrmiwitiotiM
are jl and ]o . A few nouns belonging to the latter <*a*t
the vowel of the 1st, rad in tho def, Htato niu#. ; nn,
def*
6. This is an example of nouns ending in o , which
their vowels unchanged, and in which no new vowel is hitnirlutun I ;
as, o$V l*b&rly, O^OA equality,
7. Nouns represented by o^a are mich a rniv<
vowel in the plu. vk.^ or*, which is placed on tiro
as, CLCM prophecy, o^a military
CASES OF NOUNS. 53
8. This is the model of nouns the abs. state of which ends in
In the plural Yud quiescent is changed into Tud moveable.
X
9. In the nouns represented by Aoio we have in the plural iL
taken away and o moveable placed before die plural termination ;
such are, flj^ sacrifice, u*tt ablution.
In some instances the penultimate letter is written twice in the
plural ; as, |L bride, plu. x -
There are some anomalies; as, ]~->+^ praise,
in the def. ; f 2u* sister, plu, def, fzL] .
21. The Syrians have no oases which are marked
by terminations ; tut the nominative and oblique
cases of the Greeks and Latins are known by the
context, or are expressed by the constructive state,
by the influence of a transitive verb, or by some par-
ticle ; as, o 9 o ^ ^1 lok ^ , &o. preceding ; thus,
words of God; or, ]a Pio words of
God.
to Jesus, |^.m\ to the
,-4* ^<? have seen Ms fflory,
God loved the world. Sometimes we see &* in imita-
tion of the Hebrew n% ; e. g. Gen. i, 1.
o] ! woman. See also Acts i, 1.
ADJECTIVES.
with the king, &c.
If one of the letters o ? o \ be prefixed to a noun,
the first radical of which is 1 or -* , then the prefix
receives the vowel which the 1 or ** previously had ;
Pf 0V070 _ *
as, M $ brother, lp, M? lt*^* *00, l^-^s, | r *-^*? .
" 'ix 'as a ac
When one of these letters is prefixed to a word
consisting of three letters, and especially to those
which end in two Olaphs, it takes the vowel ; as,
jfccs with i hundred, Ifcco and a hundred. But this
rule is not always observed in words, which are not
composed- of three letters and do not terminate in two
Olaphs.
Again, should two or more of the letters ^> o > o
be placed before any word, # the first of these pre-
fixes be without a vowel the second will have one ;
also, the third will be without, and the fourth with a
vowel, as we see, for instance, in the noun )&& a
word; for we say llu^co, iLVtaai f^is^ and
Adjectives.
22. The Syriac adjectives are few, but this delect
is supplied by other words, which when placed in cer-
tain positions obtain the use and signification of adjec-
tives. Tor instance, the state of construction will
supply the force of an adjective; as, }!>*> hL^o city
of holiness, i.e. holy city, Matth. iv. 5. Also *a sub-
ADJECTIVES. 55
stantive put absolutely with > prefixed; as,
* O 7
a natural body, ***oh f^> a spiritual body, 1 Cor.
xv. 44 Also in other ways ; as, the fire, ]&*> $>
which is not extinguished, i.e. inextinguishable; ^ojcn
' 7 7 . TO
***** ,0 ariAsij <p<yiik u*o* ^)> 7^ /0 ^0? he shewed
himself alive, lit. (as living).
Adjectives arc distinguished by gender, number
and states, ^ which are the same as in substantives.
It is only necessary to notice that in adjectives the
masc. def., and the fern. abs. have the same form;
but they are easily known the one from the* other by
the substantive or the verb with which they are con-
nected.
The degrees of comparison are not to be found
in a change of the adjective, but are merely marked
by certain particles and connections.
The comparative is expressed by the positive con-
strued with ^o either preceding or following it ; as,
* V A
001 o$ ^,s> <-So he is greater than all ; there is some-
times added ^ well, very, or t*iu mwh, very ; as,
*, 90x? 0PV
ciiscaa ^>L> Ifcaaco ^o ^4 M**f*o and sharper than
a two-edged sword, lit. very much sharper, &c. Blessed
1 2 v
is he who ffi&es <^3su> (x*] ^o ^2u more than he
*. m, X
who receives. The comparative is sometimes marked
0V 77
by the sc&so of the passage only ; as, 1^ ]O<TU ]***&
P * j * *
]>oiV"^ the elder shall be servant to the yowiyer.
The superlative is often formed by the duplication
56 NUMERALS.
of the positive; as, ^-^ <%ssAo least; sometimes
by adding the particle *=4 #0^ which is equivalent
to the part. "N? of the Hebrews; as, ^ ]*2a worst,
* ' T
7 7 7 7
plu.; sometimes again by i-K^o mtch; as, U^^u^o *-^o
most honoured; or by ^ prefixed to the plural; as,
b\sm ]V$3 mall among twffs, i.e. the least ofkmys;
or as, UM^AJ <pai>Q^i feostf o/ ^ Apostles, literally,
* z
least of those who (we) the Apostles ; or it is ex-
pressed in the following manner; whosoever therefore
shall break one frol] ^tri l^oa ^o of these least
commandments, Matth. v. 19. See also two other
places in this verse.
Many adjectives are formed by the addition of U
to the words from which they are derived; thus,
UiflAa^ corporeal, jlio^ momtcmow, \4^z> primi-
tive. So also adjectives having a Greek origin ; as,
l*pp tarb&row, jlJj] aerial. In some instances the
termination \i is added to the primitive word to form
the adjective; as, IIA-J primary, Ijj^m hairy,
proper, ]&>] terrestial; or,tal; as,
V 00
5) earthly, \+^+> proper.
23. Numerals.
Numerals are either cardinal (l^Uis), or ordinal
NUMERALS. 57
Ordinal. Cardinal.
Fern. Mw. Jem. Has.
B P P 7 .PP 7
ft** fi* Ofttf
Constr. Oonatr.
T ." * 77 7 7
jZ |u3Z second
tUrd
, IL*-] or ]ix* sw;
PP
ninth
Prom ten to twenty the numbers one, two, &c. axe
prefixed to ten, in the following manner :
Cardinal.
Fern. Uaso.
t 7
eleven
twelve
58 NUMERALS.
Fom. Masc
ifl&LaJi t^^'l f urtee '
'* * * 7 /./
fifteen
7 7 V 7
seventeen
7 7 f> 9 7 9
ifflSftil^P/ *fpVi*sa/ tiightWl
7 V 77
wwaoto,
dewntk
Ordinal
Fern. Maw.
007 P 7
thirteenth,
&c. &c.
The law for deriving them from the cardinal is sufficiently
obvious.
Cardinal numbers from three are for the most part joined to the
thing numbered by Apposition either in the absolute state ; as,
707 ' ..> 7
^Mtf* psjj four months, or the del.; as, ]2C^z |Aiccu three
X
days. But the constructive state is occasionally used ; thus in Matt.
<( 7
iVi 25, we have |ft i ->|S" /tfliV ^n cities 3 literally ^ a dscctidaof Gities*
i
These numbers are frequently found to occupy the place of
ordinals. In Luke i. 59, we have LolcZj Jico* ///<? c/a^ ?^/Wi
(is) eight, i. e. ^ eighth day, - x ^ ^ **'a;^A /iowr. (Sco
Syntax.)
NUMEBALS. 59
Denary numbers from 20 to 90 are expressed in the plural,
and are of the common gender ; thus, ^mk twenty , ^ti^L
V y * * 9 *
thirty, ^3',] forty, ^^Lcu* fifty, ^Zu, sixty, ^a A seventy,
* * * * *
<--oiZ or ^jj^cZ eighty, ^2. ninety.
The ordinals are derived from these by adding the termination
\+ for the masculine, and ]u for the feminine ; as, masc,
i> 00
fem. 2uio^ twentieth.
The remaining numerals are, }\& a hundred, ^^o two
hundred, ||^oLS^ three hundred, <fec., which are formed by pre-
fixing the less number of the feminine gender before ^]&. PIu.
llo^o hundreds. Also, w^ 9 or ^^ a, tftousand, def. foj^
plu. ^g^j or |lsu^; os5 ten thousand, plu. ^oa'/.
Z 1
Twice, thrice, Ac. are expressed by cardinals, with the noun
jj time, after them; as, ^aj | once, lit, one time;
yO
#rice; -^l 2^^, thrice;
Words denoting a part of the wliole are, JlO^oZ a J/wrcZ jjcri,
> a fourth part, ^^v a ien^/*, &c.
Multiples, as double, treble, &c. are expressed by ^ and a
cardinal number following with *s prefixed, or sometimes without
it; as, ]^">t"> t^* seven f^> Kt one in or into seven, ^ ^
double.
i 7
The days of the week are, |a,A3 ^ fast day of the week,
Sunday; f-^ ^*5^ second day, Monday ; PAD l^Z Tuesday;
]"*-* jLai] Wednesday; ISAD U^u* Thursday. But Friday
is )oo*pt, and Saturday,
PKONOTOS.
24. PRONOUNS are sometimes separable, i. e. they
consist of words, and sometimes mepwdble, i. e. they
are expressed by certain particles called affixes placed
at the end of nouns, verbs, or other particles, The
following is a table of the personal pronouns.
.Plural.
Fem. Com. Masc*
Singular.
Pern. Com. Masc.
We
You
i 1st person.
001
?
001
v e
ooi and i-oi are also used for the demonstrative
pronouns; as, 001 ]y3^hatman 9 ^01 |l&j| thatwomm.
They are not often employed as substantive verbs ;
although they are occasionally so used in conjunction
with particles. (See 1 Cor. iv. 7, and elsewhere.)
They are met with to give emphasis or confirmation
to a sentence. Eoffinan in his Grammar cites an
instance from Ephraim Syrus, T. I. p. 122 D, and he
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 61
adds : uU plwra hujus generis invenies. Amira states
in Ms Grammar that the Maronites translate oji and
*-*oi by i/p8) ipsa, and 001 and ~oi by ille, ilia.
^ and ^1 are used indifferently in the oldest
MSS. In later ones we find ,-L*, and occasionally
<-i~(. In the latest, only ^L* .
ip] and ^1 are for the most part found after a
transitive verb; as, <al oS^o <QJOI tliey have filled
them, John ii. 9.
25. The Demonstrative Pronouns.
?<"(
. p ( tkis > fem - fl \ ^ ^, masc.
]><j\ or Ijci )
tot f
^ > this,
MOT)
{*^
oa<n these,
^Jdi these,
, raasc,
fern.
These become reflexive by being joined to the
personal pronouns ; as, 01 001 he himself, l*oi **& she
herself.
In the Theophania of Eusebius, we have yMci and
*jj
y^oi for ^uai and ^^01.
IJOT and IJCT coalesce with 001 and *-oi s and then we
7J "
have the following compounds, QJOI <Aw >, masc. l^oi
u*gi ttw ^ fern.
jj^i with the 01 expunged seems to be used as a
62 RELATIVE AOT INTEHEOGATIVE PRONOUNS.
suffix to the noun >ocu : thus, U^&* this day, or
to-day. See Mark xiv. 30, and elsewhere.
<oi of which tf<n may be regarded as the definite
form is occasionally found; as, |ato* *+> <oi, fait this
suspicion. Ephraim T. I. p. 370. In Assem. Biblioth.
Orient. T. III. p. 75, line 4, <<n is found between the
substantive and the adjective. Again, the fern, joi is
also met with ; as in Ephraim T. III. p. 590, joo in
The demonstrative pronouns in the plural number,
x a * o * >
viz. ^ojcri jind ^01 , etymologists derive from M^ tM&.
These pronouns are also found performing the office
of personal pronouns. (See p. 60.)
26. The Relative and Interrogative Pronouns..
The relative is > of both genders and numbers, and
is prefixed to words. It is the same as the JSthiopic
H, which in Hebrew has the same use and signification
as IKftj or ^f.
In the Jerusalem lectionary -? is found as a
relative according to the Ohaldee.
The interrogatives are,
of the person ^io who f
of the thing ji, ^, ]ii, <o>, ^ what f
^& is of both genders and numbers. ^vp is compounded of
7 .* 77" V
^o and 001 ; as, ^aiail^ cu -ul2 01^0 who kath opened
his eyes ? lit who is he, who hath opened for him his eyes ? Wo
have also Q*^n what is it ? for coi
AFFIXES. 68
Intorrogativos of both person and thing arc M
masc. lj*l fern, who, which, what? of the sing. numb,
and ^J\, who, which, what ? of the plural
The particle ** is not unfrequently found with an
interrogative pronoun. See Matth* xviii. 1. ; Luke i.
66 ; John vii. 35, &c. Schaaf says, "particular hujus
usus frequens est ininterrogationibus, et valet id quod
apud Graecos apa"
UJ, )t*), <-JL] have sometimes the force of the
Latin gualis, lohat sort fyc. ; as, lf^ }L]a zcith what
body f L e. with what sort of body ? 1 Oor. x^. 35.
poa compounded of o and fa expresses how great ?
or how many ? equivalent to the Latin qi^ntus ? or
quot ? See Matth. vi. 23 ; xv, 34, &c.
When s is used with these interrogatives, they
become relatives ; as, ^1^ P> ^ Tie who enteretli not,
John x. 1.
Care must be taken not to confound ^o with tlie preposition
^io. Before the use of vowels, flie former word was written ^o,
with a point above the ao, and the latter ^p, with a point below it.
The Greek particle ^5, /t& is also written ^ib. The context
of course shows whether this or the pronoun is intended.
27. The following Table exhibits what are called
pronominal affixes^ which are added to the end of
nouns. They are certain abbreviated terminations or
inseparable particles, and have the signification of
possessive nouns.
AFFIXES.
Singular.
* com gender, my *-* com * gender,
masc. thy y- tnasc.
fern. thy
masc. his
fern. Iwr
com. our
'
masc.
his
ul
fern.
her
r
com.
a.
00
masc.
your
*a
fern.
yow
X
)01
masc.
their
kOl
fern.
tfieir.
masc.
fem. their
28. There are separate possessive pronouns.
They are expressed by the letters ^j compounded of
*+9 which, the older form of j, Chald. ^ and ^> to.
*
These are put before the affixes ; thus,
thy, masc ; >nSi? z^/w, fern. ; oil^^
* K <*> X X
ow^ <oa!^j your, masc. ^^S.; yoe^,, fern. ;
* * i
their, masc. ; ^oi-^j their, fern.
Distributive pronouns are expressed by M,
and the preposition ^o ; sometimes the substantive
* In the Jerusalem Leotiouary we find y*o used for the affix of the
3rd pers. sing. masc. to a phi. noun.
is taken away and the distributive pronoun is in-
dicated by ^o only (perhaps ^ was originally a noun
denoting &parf) ; thus, ^oauio r ^\ some of them, or
^ocmSio some of them ; also by . 41 I^T> or V V>^*> tokosoever,
pol^a or ^o f SnSn whatsoever. The latter pronoun is
composed of ^ all, and ya^ something, or wy A{ftyr.
Other pronouns are formed by adding the affixes
9V 0*
to the nouns \+su soul or person, and j^coio substance
or person; as, ^aa l^a MZ?^ thyself; OIASJ <^IM ^jlo
* "
wd Ae went, Mnged himself ; oiiooios A himself.
See also John vi. 53.
29. Nouns with Affixes.
We come now to nouns with affixes. The vowel
changes of nouns receiving the affixes in Hebrew are
many and complicated; but in Syriac are few and
simple. The following is an example of a masculine
noun, which is first put in the definite state and
then takes the affixes in the place of the termina-
tion 1
Singular.
Def, State. l^i ti*ff
1st. pers. sing. com. **:& w# *M,<r
2nd. masc.
66 NOUNS WITH APPIXES.
fern.
3rd masc.
7
3rd fern. oia!^> her -
7.7
1st. pers. plu. com. v n^to our ,
X 7
2nd masc. t^"^ >-^ your
2nd. *. fom. ^ T ^V.vn your .
3rd masc.
3rd fern.
PluraL
7 7
1st. pers. sing. com. "iSsSf? my Mng*
2nd. masc. ^-^vn thy ...
' . '
2nd. . . . fein. - ^^.^x.y^ thy . . .
3rd. . . . masc.
3rd fern.
1st. pers. plu. com. .^^r> our . . .
2nd. .. . masc. ^.^^^y> your ..
7 v. *
2nd. **..** fern. '^'^^S" your . .
* * , *
3rd. masc, ^pm*J&o their...
3rd ,.... fern.
NOUNS WITH AFFIXES.
1. The word i.aVfl is pronounced 3falk 9 the *.*
being otiose.
2. Nouns in the singular number the definite
state of which terminates in ]1 9 form the affix of the
first person singular in ***, and the second and third
persons plural in <o^_, ^a , ^oou_, <^fft*_; thus,
\^4 boy, *~^4 my boy, <Q=U^ your boy, <piA/
their boy.
3. Such nouns as terminate in- and the letter
immediately before Tud having a vowel, frhen they
take the affixes the 1 is removed, another ^ is added
in the plural, and the first Yud changes its vowel to
Pethocho ; as, \*lz> an architect, plu. V^. With
affixes we have ^is, ^*ia.
4. Those nouns having the abs. state like ^pia, and
the definite like jjou> , retain the m with the affixes
of the first person sing, and second and third persons
plu. ; as, ^J<na my priest. Again, those in the abs.
state having the vowel 7 on the last syllable, and
any other vowel on the preceding syllable, the ' is
preserved with the affixes of the above-mentioned
' 7 ' ' 1. * 7 7
persons; as, ***=>& altar, * <n|Sp my altar, ^-r*c
yow altar, &c,
5. There are some nouns, namely, monosyllables,
which have the vowel * in the abs. state, and which
lose it in the definite. Such nouns preserve the *
68 NOUNS WITH AFFIXES.
with the affixes of the above-mentioned persons ; as,
yo> def. fay blood, **&> my Hood.
The nouns like fl^^o^o speech, and jl^LSsD shade,
which haye the linea occultans under the first Lomad,
when they take the affixes, the linea occultans is
removed, and the Lomad receives 7 ; as,
Lord, is not found with any pronominal affix.
The reason is, that under such circumstance, the
noun )fi is used in its place ; thus, **D my Lord,
ypD thy 'Lord, <n& his Lord, &c.
Three nouns, namely, |a| father, |lf brother, JLOu father-in-
law, take the affixes in an irregular manner.
1st pers. sing. com. -^l my father
2nd masc. yOZij thy . ...
* i
2nd fern. t*oo3J thy
" ?
31x1 masc. ^102] his
3rd fern. cios] her
*?
1st. pers. plu. com. ^oa| our
* *7
2nd masc. ^aaaa] your
* v
2nd fern, ^aas| yew
3** maso. ^poioa] their
3rd fern. ^OIQS} their ....
The other two nouns take the affixes in the same way,
NOUNS WITH AFFIXES. (jj)
except that jio* makes ^SQ~ zy father-in-law* See obs.
4, p. 46.
7 ,* * A * -
p, |p, sow, has **p my &on> ^osp yor MR, <pcnp their
son, &c.
30. In feminine nouns the same affixes are used
for both numbers ; namely, those which are annexed
to the singular number of masculine nouns. They are
put to the end of feminine nouns in the constructive
state in the first person singular, and in the second
and third persons plural, and at the end of their
definite state in the other parts, the termination 1
haying been taken away. The reason of this differ-
ence is, that as to the pronominal affixes mentioned,
if they were placed to the definite state of the noun,
there would be a concourse of several consonants
without a vowel.
The following is an example of feminine nouns
with affixes.
Singular.
7 77 * 7
abs. Pft family, const. &Sf* def. |AJ3ft
7 7
1st. pers. sing. com. ^kDf4, m V family
2nd ............ masc. y2o^k thy ......
7
2nd. ............ fern. t 1*
3rd ............ masc. oifio*^ ?n$ ......
70 NOUNS WITH AFFIXES.
) 7
3rd ............. fem. aitojA her family
7
1st. pers. plu. com. ^2i3^ our ......
* 7 S
2nd ............. masc. ^oata}* your
7 7*
2nd. . . fern. ^a^i* your
n 7 7
3rd ...... masc.
7 7
3id. . . . fern. oiZOf* tlmr ......
fl 7
Plural
1st perM. slug, com mkSfA. way families
7
2nd ............ masc.
fl 7
2nd. . . fern, t^o^OyA. thy ......
ir\
o 7
his
ft O 7
3rd. . fem.
1st. pers. plu. com.
jiiid. .... maso.
2nd. . fern.
3rd. . . . wftsc.
31 ........ fern.
7 O 7
Up with the affix w transfers the 7 from the first
to the foUowing letter; thus, ^p my daughter; but
it remains in the others;" as, x p thy daughter, <o^p
ywr daughter.
NUMERALS AND PARTICLES WITH AFFIXES. 71
31 Numerals and Particles with affixes.
Numerals receive the affixes of masculine nouns
in the plural number; thus, <p0u? these two,
masc,, ^autfi these two, fern., {pauZL^i these three,
*7fl7 * 7 7
masc,, <paute*s;| these four, ^oauLiiflM these five,
X 7J * 7 7 * -3 9 9
l these six, <pau2^a* these seven, <p<rujjicz
pou&^4i totf ame, tpouijffl^ these ten.
* *
When the singular affixes ajre annexed, they have
the power of possessive pronouns, and contain there-
fore another signification, ]?or example, fftZyx& his
7 * 7 *
ten, ^{mi> % fe, ^ooiZ^ their ten; and we find
very frequently in the New Testament *2y&l his
twelve, speaking of the twelve disciples of Christ,
A great number of particles take the affixes ; as,
* .
CD in to in me, ? in thee; to, ^^ to you; ^o
X *
from, ouia from him, ^ from m; itos after,
^ooiilcco e*/^ them, &c. Some particles take the
7 *
affixes of masc, nouns plu. ; as, y>f before, -^t
me, ^^ &<jfor<? #/^; so likewise ^ oor
**& for, mlead of, ^ besides, near, and
others.
VERBS.
32. IN Syriac, as in Hebrew, the root of the
rerb is the 3rd. pers, sing. numb, masculine gender
of the first conjugation. Most of the roots are
triliteral, a few are quadrilateral. The triliteral
roots have a vowel under the second letter, and
make only one syllable.
The different forms of the verb, which express
various modifications of the original sense, are usually
called conjugations. They amount to eight, of which
four have an active, and four a passive, and some-
times a reciprocal signification. They derive their
names from the verb ^a, and are contained in the
following table, from which the characteristic of each
conjugation may be observed.
Act. Pass.
1 Peal ^>la 2 Ithpeel
3 Pael \ 4. Ityaal
5 Aphel \s>] 6 EfktapM
m
7 Shapfal \zL 8* Mtaphal
The Peal conjugation is the same as the Kal of the
Hebrews ; that is, it expresses the verb in its simplest
form and meaning.
VERBS. 73
All the passive conjugations are formed by prefix-
ing 4 to the corresponding active conjugation. The
1 of the Aphel is changed into L in its passive, and the
ut of Shaphel is transposed with z in the EshtapheL
The Ethpeel is, 1st, the passive of the Peal conju-
gation; as, ^4-04 lie was slain, 2nd, It is reflexive;
as, >04>zteo exalteth itself. (2 Cor. x. 5.) 3rd, In in-
transitive verbs, the Ethpeel has sometimes the same
signification as Peal, e.g. Us and -aa4, as may be
seen in SchaaPs Lexicon under IAS, 4th, It is, ac-
cording to Hoffman (Gram. p. 178), in intransitive
and obsolete verbs, sometimes the pass, of Aphel ; as,
^^1 lie was commended from ^m he conmended.*
Pael is the Piel of the Hebrew ; when the signifi-
cation of the Peal conjugation is intransitive, the Pael
makes it transitive ; as, ow] it wasjwt m fitting, Pael
J3*1 fa justified : sometimes it expresses the Peal sense
tf.
with greater energy ; as, ^l* he asked, Pa. he asked
often or diligently. This conjugation has' a causative
7 7
sense in some verbs ; as, <pi he bought, ^p\ he corned
*
to tw/, i.e. he sold. To the Pael is sometimes assigned
the sense of comnwidwg, permitting and declaring
what is expressed by the Peal.
Ethpaal is the passive of the preceding conjuga-
tion. As the Pael, in many instances, signifies to
* I think this last use of the Ethpeel rests on no certain foundation.
74 VE3LBS.
make or ccwse to do whatever is indicated by the Peal,
the Ethpaal will necessarily signify to be made to do
that which is denoted by the Peal; and hence it is
that the Peal and Ethpaal conjugations in some verbs
possess nearly the same meaning ; as, WOAA* he thought ,
uHmZ| he was made to think, i.e. he thought, o^
lie drew near, Ethpaal, he was made to draw near, i.e.
Tie drew near.
Aphel corresponds to the Hiphil of the Hebrew.
In sense it is usually causative of Peal ; as, & he
remembered, Aph. &>] he caused to be remembered,
he commemorated. It is also found to possess the sig-
nification of desiring, permitting, declarmg, exhibiting,
&c. whatever is indicated by the Peal; as, *4^*I
he permitted or grmted power. In occasional in-
stances, the Pael and Aphel are found to have the
same signification : as, ^? and ^1>1 . The charac-
teristic of Aphel is 1 prefixed to the root.
The preceding conjugations are of very frequent use, and
are acknowledged by all Grammarians. Those which follow
are of much rarer occurrence. "
The Ethtaphal is the passive of the preceding con-
jugation. It is formed from the Aphel by prefixing
the particle z| , and changing the Olaph, the charac-
teristic of the Aphel conjugation, into Thau. Examples
of this form are seldom found. See Mark xiii. 24
(Philox. vers.) the sm yl*i&j shall be darkened We
have also wuZ) from Izj.
VERBS, 73
The Sliapliel conjugation is generally considered to
have the same signification as the Aphel; it is formed
by prefixing ^ to the root, and like the Pael and
Aphel takes * under the second radical instead of " .
By many persons this conjugation has been referred
to quadriliteral verbs ; but it is found so frequently
much more so than the Ethtaphal that Michaelis
and others have made it a separate conjugation of tri-
literals. Examples are, t=&+ lie made or caused to
serve, -DJU^A he inflamed, *^z he made perfect,
t *
. 7 77
t*^&* lie consummated, *-*a*- lie promised,* ^3$+ he
X X
announced.
Eshtaphal is the passive of the preceding conjuga-
tion, and is formed from it by prefixing L\ , transposing
the L with the .*, and changing * under the second
radical into 7 .
The EsJitGphal conjugation agrees in form with the tenth con-
jugation of Arabic verbs.
If the first radical of a verb be i, *&, ^ -*, it is
transposed with L of the particle ^] in the Ethpeel and
Ethpaal conjugations ; as, wo^M he was left, instead
of uaatAZ] ; wu^tap] he was lifted up, instead of uoLco^l,
After \, the L is changed into ? , and after ^ into - ;
as, **29\] he was conquered, ^^^1 he icas crucified*
Verbs are either regular or irregular. The former
class includes all those verbs which preserve their
radicals unchanged throughout all their inflexions,
. 76 VEK03S.
the latter those which lose or undergo a change of
one or more radicals,
There are two tenses, the prseterite and future.
Their forms are ^4b and ^G^OJ, and these forms
<n
determine the past and future times more accurately
than they do in Hebrew. The present tense may be
expressed by the active participle with the aid of the
personal pronouns, By means also of the auxiliary
yerb two other tenses are defined ; namely, the im-
perfect and pluperfect, of which some account will be
afterwards given.
Sciadrensis in his Gram. p. t ica writes on the tenses as
follows; Aicja pc^o }jp <J*iStfj <QJ| |Du^Z OoZ
.
v p v f f \* y7 f 7
fife \is]o >ota> U=1 t=^? U^l- Tenses also are three,
which we number in the first mood; namely, the praterite, the
present and the future. By the present tense he means the active
participle with a personal pronoun, and there is no doubt that
this combination is so often used for the purpose of representing
a verb in the present tense, not only in the versions of the
Scriptures, but also in Syriac writings of a later date, that a
grammarian may with propriety, as Sciadrensis has done, give to
this construction the name of a present tense, yo\>> ]ls]. In
this respect the Syriac language is much more perfect than any
of the others which belong to the Shemitic class. In Arabic the
V S t
tense which the grammarians designate c.U* resembling, viz,
.*/<> *-'
the form^ajb is very uncertain as to the time it is intended to
mark. Sometimes, when accompanied by certain particles, such as
* ^* 6'
it expresses the future ; at other times when it is
VERBS. 77
*
preceded by U ft h fts the force of the present ; but in numerous
instances the context alone can determine the tense -which this
form of the verb is designed to indicate. So likewise in JEthiopic
there is so much indefiniteness on this point that Ludolph, in his
JSthiopic Grammar, calls JETM1C tmpus contingent, which le
ta-anslates/ac^or/aci^p, 43; and in p. 37 he instructs us in
this tense as follows : " Contingens tarn Prsesens, quam Futurum
Indicativi reprsesentat."
Concerning the expression of the present tense, Hoflman says,
in his Gram. p. 3S5,plerumque in Jmcjtnem part, uswrpatur?
The different numbers, persons and genders are
formed by prefixes and affixes joined to the root of
the verb, as in the Hebrew.
The imperative form is used in an affirmative
sense. A negation or prohibition is expressed by the
future tense and the particle P not, placed before it.
The infinitive is in its nature an abstract noun, and
as such receives the pronominal affixes. It has an
active, neuter, or passive sense ; and when added to
the verb will give intensity to the signification.
33. Before we proceed to give the tables of the
different classes of verbs, it is desirable to present the
student with the tenses, &c. of the substantive verb
]ooi he was, and of M &, which are peculiar in their
z
forms, and because the former is much used in the
general conjugations.
VERBS.
Preterite Tense.
Poison.
Sing
Nuinlioi.
Qendei
ZUooi
I was
com.
7
uo<n
ihou wast
masc.
V
v*2uooi
tJiou wast
fern.
looi
he was
masc.
Zoui
she was
fern.
Plural Number
7
M*0(71
we were
com.
* 7
^p2u*ooi
you were
masc.
7
^ZUOOT
you wew
fern.
7
OO01
they were
masc
^001
ifiey were
fern.
Future.
Peiion. Singalar.
1 |ooi| / sAa^ or iviU "be com.
2 IOOTZ t^ow sAo/f or wz# 6e masc.
2 <-*ocnZ t^ow j/wt^ or w/^ 6<5 feni.
AH (T'
3 IOOTJ he shall or m^ be masc.
3 ]ooiZ Ae *Aa2Z or will le fern*
VEKBS.
70
Plmal
*-ndcir
1
2
o
3
3
Person.
|oou wf shall or will If corn.
n *
*
ye dmll or will If inasc.
ye slut?? or mil he fern.
they shall or ZPS/^ 6e masc.
or will le fern.
to be
Imperative.
Singular
u^OOl If thou
Huial
0001
6e ye
Present Tense.
Singular,
1 W lam
031
art
* X XV
3 cuooi or 001 oai he is
maso
fern,
masc.
fern.
Gender
com*
maac.
fern.
masL-.
fern.
80
Person
1
VERBS.
Pluial.
we are
ye are
ye are
{0401 ^001 they are
they are
pep
Qendci.
com.
maso,
fern,
masc.
fern.
Participle,
Singulai.
loai being or is
or ^5
Pluial.
or are
masc.
fern.
masc.
.
t-' ^S(poi 6a7i^r or ore fern.
The personal pronouns are frequently used in the
place of the substantive verb after a participle, by
which means the present tense of verbs may be ex-
pressed, as will be afterwards seen. We have also
the personal pronoun in such an instance ; as, 001 <A^
lie is good. In these cases, ^ju] and ^1 are employed
in preference to <aj<n and
34, We come next to M is, which is the same as
X
the Hebrew #\ It takes the affixes in the following
manner,
VERBS. 81
}" IM!,
JHM M;,
If to 2u1 \vilh HH iiflLves bo joined iho vorb ]c, the
nwMvill bo forniod; ihns^luccj ^*Z
, Joari ^m^L*] fit' twx.
Thn vtH) ZJ si^nilirs //; ////^^vhcn it is followed
i
by Ismail uilh (lti fe . prohonnnnl allix( i s; ns,
J'1'n
ft 'tit.
Tho ticguiivo ibrni is &, a contraction of P niul
*l; wluttt it m joined with the pronominal affixes
o
VKIIBS.
'
wo obtain ilic following,
we, Lc. / /"<' '<. A ^ '*"* *"*' H0t ' aurl S
on for tlio oiliovs. Or l>y mnmxmtf ili'^ nflixcs io tl-
have, -iui I *o ^^A /* w/ .//,
we ff/
not, &c.
85. Wo will now giro a paiwligm of V= i ils
conjUKatioiiH, &o., as tin oxainplo of the iuil.jxi.iu of
roitdai' vorlis in Amoral.
CONJUGATION OF JIEGTJLAH VEKBS,
Prrot.3. maw.
3. fern.
2. UWHC.
2. ffiu.
1. com.
['In. 3, 11 11 we.
3. fism.
2. iiutHu.
iZ, fouu
1. com.
Infitiitlu 1 .
hiifur. JnuHC.
fctti,
P!ur. iniiHC.
fdlll.
i-~ -
Kut, 3. mtwo,
3. fern,
2. muse.
1 fnii.
1. com,
1'lur, 3. iMimc,
tin fdfl,
ii. TUIWU,
2. IViu.
Curl, act
[t.'l;,,',,
TllL'l.
AM
.,>..
EXAMPLE ^^10 he slew.
85
Aphol. Ethtaphal. Shnplid. Ealiiapluxl.
fc '
9 *
ZZl
1 t>
_ <T. V
i * - r AQA
SO IIKGUJUAJI VEU15S.
IJ6. Obsmatnm on Hcynltir f
The Pwterifa
The first Idler of i he root is gouorally without a
votvol, the second has for the most part ', Iwt somo-
times it has % especially in intransitive verbs and
vorlw denoting the affectioiiH, qualities, or sensations
of llio mind ; as, ^<ro 1w mw/, ^cro 7^
WBS> /ftf 6'7(V/^r/, ^>> 7/ti A*/^/;/, S N^5 7/6*
Atf ///// <//?w, ^A ///* htfntfj!lMl. Also y( k rl)s whoso
rfuluttil isOlnph; as, ^.jl ///? /w/rr/, ^^o 7^cf
/itwry. HonHM'( k rI)s I how arc whiHi admit both
' and ' ; as, ct^ and *&*^ tw fax nt/wi ; hut in many
of ih<\s* in,stan(MH a ditloronco of Ki;ni(i(*aiion is
denoted; ilius, aectonlin^ lo CaHt(H's Lexicon by
MiobactliM \M\ linvc ^.U /tPMtnlwl, and ^U lu'MHffhl.
Those also whose first radieal in Yud have fV<*<ju(jntIy
' undn' th( k Me< ( <Hul ; as, ja2U ///* M/.
i
The Van oflhc jnase- and Vud of the fejn. at lito
ondofllui third person, plural number are somolimOH
omitted, and thnvorh is wrilien '-\^j I fay *//*<?. Tbi
in often t ho cm so iu (ho oldest, AIKS* The reason is
that these, letters are, never pronounced.
Nun panmoffio IH added in some jtiNlaiufn* liotli
totbOTnaso. and fom. Bonders of 11m ihird person,
plural numhtir, hut movo fn<ju(,ntly to tho latter}
*. v *'
as, ^CU^D! *>**&* ^^ r( ' F' rs *' 'u. muc, and fern-
VE1U3S. 87
The force of this particle is supposed to be that
of giving energy or certamty to the expressions in
which it is found to occur.
The first person plural has frequently ,j instead of
^1 at the end, as, ^L^O , ^^o), &c.
Tho Ethpcel of the 3rd. pers. sing. fern, in some
examples terminates in Tud ; as, ci&aoj M^Z] P his
place was not known. Bar. Heb. Chron. 86. 5. Seo
also 135. 5; 482. 8.
A very few verbs are found to have Olaph pros-
7 *>
thetic ; as, v-*a*l he found, i*2U] he drank.
I* X
It will be observed by inspecting the Paradigm
that the numbers and persons of this tense are formed
by affixing a particle of one of the personal pronouns
to the radical letters ; thus, ^okl^Lo for ^oftj
The Future.
This Tense sooms to bo formed in the active con-
jugations by prefixing certain abbreviated forms of
the personal pronouns to the imperative mood ; thus,
for ^Q^U and W ; ^a$z for ^o^io and
In the passive conjugations the same forms are
used instead of ) of the particle zj .
Verbs having * under the middle radical of the
prorforito, in the future take 7 ; as, ^^1 ; a fow also
88 UJBGITLAR VEliBS.
* * * A"*
liaveo; as, o^, OD^OJ; ^, ?Q*^* Those whoso
third radical is a guttural or Hish take , A low
verbs submit to no rule as to tho vowels which they
receive ; thus, ^z] I will receive, which has tho saiuc
vowels as the Ilcb, IBN, We have also ^s\
Tho second and third persons singular foxnimno
sometimes admit Yud otiose or paragogic at the end ;
thus, .*iA(fe and J^a^bz .
The prutformalive letters are not four, as in lh*biv\v,
namely, yrtf ; but only tlmo, namdy, ^j- r no third
person sing, and plu. of both vendors iak< J, probably
from iicn, or <acn instead of*-* an in JUrbrew.
It is certainly somewhat remarkable that tlio prefix for tlio
3rd, pen}, of the fui should be Nun, when in Hoi). un<l alwj In
Chdd. Arab, and JKthiop, it SB Yticl. Tlie rhwiution of the
Syristc in tliifi particular from the rost of the Hiu'iwlio lanp!;uft^8
1ms been a piw/Jo to many, uml has frivtw rise to various (oti-
jcctural explanations. Tho oni 1 , however, in which wans (irmuma*
riuiw havo Hoenti'd ineliwwl to rt J*HO, is <his, vi/ that tlu k Nun
was writt.cn for Yud by mistako. This opinion In cx|inAsmi s
follows by lloilinan } but in \\hirl) this distin^ui.Mh^d linguist tlnci*
not at all concur, " A'M pnxiiornt. 3 p^rsonat tmiltit* Hiis|n i r4niu
fuit, quia in cognatis dinluctiH Yntluivon^batur.nt^nu! diibiturunt
litterarnni Yud ot Nun, qum nano mint figura similliinn% in
auxtlium vocarc punnutationoin f'acillinnim." Now ihi>, motto of
fir Nun iiwUwl of Yd appears <^i mo in tin* hitfluwt
hnprolmhlcr, imhiud alnioHt uI)Hur<l, sviicn wo conhitW that
tlu; lan^ua^c was written and spokwi at flu* same litms 'Uid tltut
REGULAR VERBS. 89
Nun is so unlike Yud in pronunciation that it is nest to impos-
sible one letter should bo mistaken for the other. Tt is better
therefore that we should rest satisfied with the fact, that the fut.
form of the 3rd. pers. is ^o^laj and not ^o^lo*, than to
attempt to explain what, for want of data, is obviously inexplicable,
An exception, however, to the use of the prefix Nun for the
third pers. fut. exists in the Jerusalem Lcctionary. Thero, tho
prefix is universally Yud, as in the other Shcmitic dialects. But
the whole Lectionary, both in its structure and words, has a very
strong Chaldaic complexion, and this circumstance may account
for the exceptional usage.
The verb .-m^ receives m, for * through the whole of tho
IT. X
Ethpeel conjugation, except tho infin., which is regular; thus,
prat. dsua^Z], he obeyed or consented, impor. a2L*a^z|, part.
Tho root dL3, used chiefly in the Apliol, is, in that conjugation,
he exhorted*
fafmilwe.
The Infinitive of all the conjugations lias Mom
prseformativo. Tho Poal is masculine, The others
*
have the termination o, and are feminine*
Imperative.
The observation on the vowel placed over Uie second
radical of the future holds good in the imperative ;
as, oaic> sleep ye, o^U atfk ye. In tho Ethpeel and
Ethpaal conjugations tho middle radical has no vowel,
90 UKGULAJl VKK1IM.
and under it is placed llic Uuea OMwIluus. This peeu-
luu'ity has probably arisen from the general practice
of* pcoplo to utter a command in a hasty and an abrupt
manner.
Nun paragogic is somet imes found wiih the forms
of the imper, in tho IVa-l, Pad and Aphcl conjuga-
tions; as, ^o^o for
Tho aclivo J*articiplo l\ k ,l hns ahvayw tho Ibrni
^,4 without the Van, which is insrHcd in lite
Jlolmnv ])nrti<n])inl noun KaL This cirrnunslanco
ariwH from Vnu not bring used with Iho vo\v<*l **, lut
with % On tho contrary, tho jmwivo pariutiplo has
u* with tlio vowtJi '; as, ^^s^o. The. participles of
all tho othor conjugations aro derived from llio pra>
toriio hy prollxing M<m. Tin's lottcn 1 IH very probably
a particle of tho pronoun ^si; o lhat ^4^0 iw //^'
w/<o 9litydh 9 i.e. ow<f tt/tn/htff. In ilm passive and
Aphel conju^ationH tho Olaph is otniiiedand Us vowd
tal<ou l>y tho 'Mt k in f
From tho last wmaHk must ho exempted some
verbs of tho Aphcl conjugation, which ivfain th<?
</
Olaph \vhon another lott(r i pr<j(ixe<l; a,
pe.nniUiuy to live. Thin i>s also tho ntse in the
Tho part. ^+o MimilmM tukos tho vowel ' on tho
first rad., especially in IntruiiH, verbs; n
ailvO I. 21.
YB11BS. 91
Occasionally the form ^S^LO has an active significa-
tion; as, *WiA taking up, ^4 carrying, *+*] hold-
ing, &G.
The Olaph of the Aphel conjugation is changed
in the Ethtaphal into L\ as, ^^oZteo for^.cJf*
This is likewise true in the whole conjugation.. See
p. 74
37. The gutturals produce a few anomalies, and only a
few; for the Syrians have not so great a variety of vowel
changes as tiie Hebrews. Verbs, tiie third radical of which
is at, WM, ^> or 3, havo in the future and imperative Poal for
the most part the vowel v under tho middle radical. In the
other conjugations and the active participle Peal, they have v iu
^ ff 7V V V
the place of*; as, w*-^o wor$Mjr>pi</ a , w ruSp glorying, I^D
lie mocked, pj] he commemorated, p>Z], p^J.
IK ir>
In tho imperative of tho passive conjugations of verbs, which
have a guttural for the third radical, the second radical receives
V 7 <n V *
a vowol; as, JpZ| for Jp4-
In tho Jerusalem Loctionary the future and imperative Peal
of verbs whose third radical is a guttural arc formed after the
paradigm of the regular verb ; as, ^aiOA*, w*o&a*, &c.
The verbs D he consoled, ]^l he dejihd, \L he polluted,
and a few others in the Pael and Ethpaal conjugations, havo the
same changes of the vowels as tho guttural verbs arc men-
tioned in the preceding paragraph.
38. The Present Tewe is formed by tho participles
(form %M and the personal pronouns placed after
them; thus,
VJBRBS.
i; M "M-s /
7 I
iu] ^*^ f/wt
, 001
I'lui.tl,
r S M (.0 ffl*
7/'/ 1 ff/r
ttw fl
The 1 ihird JXM I S. phi. is ^vnornlly < 4 .\ pressed simply
by (.ho ad. part, in ihr plural nuntbci*.
Tlui ]xu*K(>ual pronoun in ofu*n iound lHlon* UK woll
a ttltor tho participle; a, W ^f W / jr/, (!in. xv. 2.
wordH MoiuolimcH inb'rvotin b(twHn Ihc first
ami iho pnrtutiph", as I*) /)io 1-to p }a|
,/ ^/fc' without tikifrlwH. Alur Jacob's Scholiinn on I IHK
IREEGUT/AR YEBBS. 93
These auxiliary pronouns are sometimes contracted
and affixed to the verb; as, &^Lo, ^zJL^b thouart
slaymg, second pers. sing. maso. and fem. ^L^o
for both genders in the first pers. plural.
The substantive verb added to the participial form
^u? will usually express the imperfect tense; as,
r> p
looi ^Lo lie was slaying. But if this verb be added
to the prsBterite it will usually make the pluperfect
a 7
tense; as, locn ^^U> he had slain.
Tho pluperfect tense will not always be determined
in this manner; for it sometimes happens that the
auxiliary verb is thus found with the praeterite, when
the context will not permit it to signify the pluper-
fect tonso. In such case the praoterito or imperfect
tense will be expressed, and which of them the con-
text will determine.
IRREGULAR VERBS.
39. LA&QE classes of verbs deviate from tho fore-
going paradigm of ^^Lo, and present many irregu-
larities in the process of conjugation. They are pro-
duced by nearly the same causes as they are in
Hebrew, namely, by gutturals, which have been
VJ3UHS te OR
already noticed; by 1ho loiters Is**; by the first
radical being Nun; or by ilie second and 1hinl
radicals being the same. Fmlwd Hie saint* classes
of irregular verbs exist in Hie Jlobivw, (Jhaldee,
Syriac, Aral) in and ihe whole of thai family of Inii-
guagos.
Wo liavo awn thai (he verb '^io is (Mnplo\e<[ to de
the conjujcaiifui,^ The oh^sos cf inH^ul;ir vt*rlis td/.nim;
dcnoltMl, for thn wih* 1 of hr^vifv, by one of the letters hi
thus, 13, W,D , r Q n sbii'l for \MI-I,, thr (ir I, rfidi'al <f \\hieli
is j^orj.; ^, aL, i^u , M ^l* , tlu-e tin* tuitldli* iMiln-iil |'
which is ] o <u r , or the seeujul utitl ihirl railiVal-* the nuae ;
and liuully p 9 wu^,, flmsc* flui last rndirnl tf \vhieh i- | or ^ .
1. In accounting for the anomalies which evisf
in (his class, it is to be observed that, Olaph or
Yud begin ii ing a word must have a vowel; as, ji
//# AY////, fis /w />/'//rV, and not jLrf, r lx*. See j} r>.
2. In ihcj middh* of u \vord Olaph <H* Yud and
iho proawlinj^ lotlor crannt be boih wilhont vo\u-N.
This is ilw cK>ns(^{uene* of what is Kfaled in (1 \ ; for
in fhoxo fornm when* two consonants wilhoul v<uels
r tho Olaph or Yud beinty \\\v second
VERBS fc OR i-3. 95
would begin a syllable, and would consequently re-
quire a vowel as much as at the beginning of a word.
3. This vowel of the Olaph or Tud is generally
remitted to the preceding letter; but when an ad-
dition is made to the end of the word, to avoid
the concourse of several letters without vowels, the
Olaph or Tud retains its vowel ; thus, ^z] lie was
if, X*
begotten, o^Ul they were corroded, **+] I
4 In the Aphel, Shaphel, and their passive con-
jugations, the Olaph or Tud is changed into Vau 5
which coalesces with the preceding ? and makes the
9
diphthong au; as,
5. Olaph and Tud are dropped in the future first
person singular of the Peal conjugation ; as, ^os)
I shall eat, for ^oa]] , tL] I shall beget, for ] .
* * x
In other parts of the fut. Peal, and the infra,
the initial u* is changed into I ; as,
G. Verbs Ia arc regular in the Pael and Ethpaal
conjugations, which are therefore exceptions to (5).
7. In the Peal conjugation the vowel of the Olaph
is m in the preot , and of the Tud * . In the pass, par-
ticiple it is 7 in. the ono case, and * in the other. In
90 VKIUS8 1-3 OR i*0.
It
the impor. of verbs Jo in those oasos where the second
v )
vowel is % tho first is * ; as, '^osj Ml thm^ mow*. ;
but if the second vowel ho v , 1hc first is - ; ns,
D] tf# //tew, inasc. A similar rule IH oksorved in Iho
future tense, namely, when the fioocmd vowol iw * iho
first is " , and when thn second is f tli first i * .
8. The Olapli in tho Ethpccl and Eihpnnl con-
jn^iLions Ls sometimes changed into z ; as, tLL] fron
t*] lie look* -*jzzl he ItmcnlwL Tndotd Olaph pre-
coded by Thau is iV('<jiu k ntly cliniiKwl inlo Thau for
tho wuko ofmij)hony.
1), Olaph or Yud in ilw middle of a word
in R( k neral in ' or * * Tho lull <r is soiwtimrs cluui^
into the ionuer.
Tho verbal! he dt^ttrtfil t iiiukva ito iniju'rativ*' umod nf
Peal conjugation thiw,
Similarly M /r rt/w, 1ms impor. |i , w*2 ,
Th(; *^ of ''Vijj when it iiKsmrf f<*<j<i, luis th ////v/
as ofli'U JIM it (Hi|,rlit t^ luivi* Ji vowel fhi flic anui*y ut tl*
n^ulur vcrli, ami Zsiin l>,y ili<* HIUIII* rulo is withnut <*m- hi
wtich (SUHCH ilio vowel of Lomutl in r4*mitk'd to Xain;
In tlio pansivd [uirt. Pi/al tho radical ** in nonto vcrlm
the \owol iuntod of* ; an, uaAl /^A/, Itoitu li. i,
VERBS ^3 . 97
Tud in the verb ooi* has no need of the vowel *; because
the second radical is not pronounced, and therefore its vowel is
remitted to the first. There are however forms in -which the
tn is retained without the Unea occuUans ; as,
In lie imper. we have
The Yud remains in the Aphel conjugation in the verbs
^5^| he ejaculated, ^o*] he sucked. The verb ]1] changes the
7
final ] into w* ; as, w2u] he brought.
X
wu^& drops the first radical altogether in the Pael ; as,
for
he was faithful, in the Aphcl conjugation takes 01 as the
7
characteristic, and ] is changed into ^ ; thus, ^0*01 lie believed;
so Heb; P9*tfT, Arab. ^
Some verbs beginning with Yud reject this radical in the
imperai inf. and fui Peal ; as, ^ he knew, flit. ^ t a , infin.
*
^^o, imperat.^? ; .DU he set, fat. ou , infin. v^2\^D, imperat.
*
41. Verbs ^.
i
The anomalies belonging to this class of verbs
arc only few ; the principal one is the rejection of
Nun in certain situations, and tlie rule is this : when-
ever Nun is at the end of a syllable and without a
vowel, according to the analogy of the regular verb,
OS VtfRBK ^U
\
it is rejected. Wo have therefore ful. Peal ^=J
K V V
t for U5Q3JJ N(M~)nik 9 inf. uisio for u&jc.
* *, <n
for caauj from V^EJ. Fn snob eases UMI 2nd.
radical has kwlioi \vhen it- is a ^s 1^1 lor.
In tlio impor. Toal tlio Nun is Ihro^n away ai
iho boginning of tlio word ; as, *xoa for usoru, caa lor
atti. The reason, of this elision is porhQ]>R Hw
diffioully of pi-onouncslnf? it \\li\\ va])idi<y in mvl\ a
Rilualioti, and it lias thcvolbws l>mi iw^locstcd in
The lithpool, Ptu fc l and Kthpanl <'onjKJifiuns of
those vorlw are quiio n^ulnr in all ih<Mr forms.
Verbs of this class aw not found in IIu k Khnphrl
and its pa8ivc oonjugation.
The vowul of tlio H(<*ond nulical in lh fttf, and
im])cr. IVtil observes {pmornlly ili<*samo rule as regu-
lar verbs; thus, JBCJ fie mil> **& ///'
//^' Juwft lake, the vowel % ; lint O-M At 1
jj U Jltwwl ifaiiM, hnvo \ Thorc^ nr<? u few excep-
tion^ as, 2uj lunliweutletti which token* in thn fut-
<*
and impcr* ^a-j, Zcul,
The rule for the removal of Nun dou* not jj>ly
to voriw of this (ilasH, whcsu tlie second nitd third
radicals are the warno; nor when the middle mdieal
VERBS o^ or *-i>. 99
is one of the quiescent letters ; nor in some verbs
7 V *
whose second radical is He; as, Sou, 3ouj.
jcu^fio he ascended, is anomalous, and takes some of its forms
from the obsolete verb inM ; as, gp imper. *&&& inf.
flit, uott j Aphel.
Olaph, characteristic of the Aphel conjugation, is occasionally
7
retained with the prefixes; as, 2u*]< thou wilt "bring down, from
/
42. Verbs o^ or u*^.
Verbs having Vau and those having Yud for their
middle radical letter differ so little from eacK other in
their conjugations, that they may be both compre-
hended in one class. These letters are sometimes
placed in such situations as to lose their consonantal
power, and defects in consequence arise in those forms
of the verb where that power is lost.
1. Vau deprived of a vowel for the most part rests
in the vowel *. In such case whenever another vowel
is required by the analogy of the regular verb, the
Vau is usually changed into Tud; as *p&Lt\ for
, 7 7 V * *
I , 2o* for
2. Vau for the most part takes the vowel ' or *.
When therefore another vowel is required by the
analogy of the regular verb, the Vau is taken away,
or changed into Olaph or Yud; as, yw for
>o}o for >oo, fern. lo*o, plu ^ttuo, -&U3.
* &
H2
300
CONJUGATION OE VERBS \>.
Prwt. Sinjv 3. innJU 1 ,
&. foin.
ii. fan,
L.cuiu.
PI UP, 3. 1111W(5,
1$. fon.
2. ftm
l.Colll.
tt'ttl.
indiiiiivt 1 .
(hipcr, Sii
Plur. i
Fut, Si
ii. tmm
1. fun.
1'hir, 0. ILIUM?,
,'t. fun.
2. inutu*.
Purl, act
pUMM,
^Qftj
VS-a]
Ktliptvl.
Rid.
vi
Etlipaal.
EXAMPLE, <M lie eat.
101
Aphol.
Aloof
EUitaphal.
V. V 7 *
Shapkel,
7. *
k ,l >"a
EshtapM.
* 7
n\*\nVn
^7
XOOA.J
,-ioZZ
* " 7 IK
*, *
O^-D oZZ
102
CONJUGATION OF VERBS.
Poal.
Prujfc. Smg. 3. maHO.
3. fern.
a, fern,
Plur. 3. iasr,
U. ft'iu,
Ethpcel.
hitinilivi*.
littler. tSin
ffUJ.
I'liir,
Fut
IVia,
IS. xnnw%
3, fern.
I* com.
I'lur, -'}. ititiHC,
.'K ftun.
U, fotii.
I, Coin,
J'urt
07770^*
A * *
7^7 0<H
* * >.
4 %
77<
A >*
77<*r
*A J .
70^
A *J
70^*
1770^
1770^
0^770^*0
* ft 2 *
'71^
0^*^
! 7 rt
1770^7^
1770^7
80T
104 CONJUGATION OP VERBS ^a. EX. ...nni he went forth.
IVul.
Afel.
MhlufaJ.
?rwt. Siuy. 3. mum;.
3. fern.
2. matte.
2. font.
1, coin.
I'lur. & maw.
3. loin.
ooo]
fi-iih
Tniinitrivi\
ImjK'r, S!iif(. nifiwi.
fwn.
I*lr, tuust:.
ft 1 1 it.
Kui,. Siitft IJ, Jiiiur,.
ll, IlULSt',
-*. feu i*
Plur. 3, JIKWC,
It, font.
S. maw
li. ft'liU
1. corn,
furl, act,
UDQOJ
7 7
>ZZ
7 7
uaZZ
* 77
,-noZZl
.,017)ZZ]
toodZZ
VEUBS Qi Olfc wi>. 105
3. In the Aphel conjugation the Van is changed
into Yud ; the Vowel % which belongs to Van, is disci
changed into % and this vowel is remitted to the pre-
ceding letter ; as, yLo] for
There are some verbs which preserve the o in the Pael and
V 7 /
Ethpaal conjugations; jo> he disturbed, >o>Z| he was disturbed,
lie joined in matrimony.
In the part Peal the Vau is changed into Olaph, and is pro-
nounced Yud. When the third radical is a 'guttural or Risk
the vowel * is changed into * . See 37.
Throughout the Ethpeel conjugation z of the syl-
lable z| is doubled, except in the 2nd. pers. and 3rd.
pers. sing. fern. fat. This is the same as in the Ohaldce,
except in the latter language the duplication is made
by, the Dagesh forte.
The verbs of this class are not found in the Sha-
phel and Bshtaphal conjugations.
There are some verbs having the middle radical Vau 3
which are not conjugated after the paradigm ; namely
(1) Those which have Olaph or Yud for the
third radical; as, IOA. he was equal, ~o> he
X
was dmnk.
(2) Such verbs as *^offl he desired, IQ> he rejoiced,
;d* he danced, ^a^j he acted wjustly,
* *
In some verbs a difference of Signification is markec
108
CONJUGATION OP VERBS oi>.
Pnet. Smy, "5, mawc.
& fern.
-. frru,
1, com.
I'hir. 'I. muse,
Jl. finn,
ii. iniust',.
a. Ami,
J. com,
JaimiiJvi',
. Sin;?. HUM',
i<-m,
riiu\ xiuihc.
ftMlU
| ( 1 t t* o
. fi'in.
-. IlilKiC.
r, 3. num.
2.
Part, act,
Peal.
>cueZZ]
Fuel.
m 7
a*o
7 7
< V
>CUOI
* v
>OU6Z
>oloZ
v Sfl.i.Ql
ft V
* v
yucu
[7 1 atf
770^07^
IOG<%g; in so
[7^
60T
110 VETIBS P,
the Olaph is cither taken away or changed into Yud ;
thus, 2^^ ZuX^. This arises from the circumstance
that Oloph is seldom found in the middle of a word
beginning a syllable, or quiescent in the middle of
n syllable.
2nd, Participles form the fern, gender according
to the rules given in the Chapter on Nouns; as, fl^
fern, ll^, JJL^> fern. l^*.
3rd. Olapb in the 3rd pcrs. sing. priot. of all the
conjugations, oxwpf ?onl t becomes Yud quiescent in
* ; as, w2^ s .
4th, Tin* infnK is subject to tlio lt rule; but
in other respects ii IK regular.
fit.h* fn ibo im]K k r. INwtl and Uthpool Hin^. masc.,
Olapl) iw chnngod inlo Yud ; in ilu % former it refits in
', in ilia lattor ii mkcK a diphthong with v ; thua,
*-Xx and tJ^ % 4. Bui in ilm oiltor coTgugations
Olnph rnnninH and WSJH in . Tn tlw fom. " makes
udipbthonff ^lih M. in the plum! formn tlio third
rad. i <*ith<?r tak< v rt away in all tho conjugations;
or passes into ^ ((uitwuMii; thim,
In the Killed l\n\wr* nin^ inaHr. of |Ld or v*ia we have
fith. In the ftit. tcno and participles, Olaph rests
in * ; but before tho aflixcH ^o and ^ it IB taken
away. Itoibre the afilx ^ Olaph piascB into Yud
movcablc; an,
VE11BS
P, 111
In participles joined with pronouns, the third
radical 1 is changed into 4- quiescent, for the most
part in - ; as, k*X^ <o2u\..
In the plu. prat. Peal of the third person we
7 ,7 T 7
have o^^and ciX^for oji^. ^P^- Iu some instances
the Olaph is preserved when the affixes are annexed
to them ; as, *0io TV* they loosed him. Acts xvii. 14,
wK7io]jo they called Urn. Mark x. 49.
Some verbs in Peal change Olaph into Tud, and
are declined as the prseterite of the other conjugations ;
thus,
Plural Singular.
The verb u2u| is not of the Aphel conjugation, as
X AN
is manifest from the vowel * being under the Olaph.
It is the Peal conjugation with Olaph prosthetic.
A few verbs of this class have 7 in the sing. numb.
masc* of the imper. ; as, *-M drink, ^io. swear.
* AX
In the 3rd, pers. plu. praot. and 2nd. pors. plu.
impor. Peal, some verbs take the paragogic forms,
! - h* ! * r r ! ! P ?
! ?
n i - n n ? j
M
M
(f/ ! U.V
F-'il'o. !
7
Xp.
t :
EXAMPLE, jL he revealed.
113
Ethpaal. Aphel. Etlitaplial. | Shaphel. Eshtaphal.
0-^44
^4
n^N^ ft
ft A<vT>
11 i< VKUUS "s^.
45. /V/7/.s- "^,
Vcrhs tthioli liavo the second awl third radicals
the stnne lose the middle radical in the IVal, Aphel,
Ktlitaphul, Shaphel aad Ksliinphal conjugations. Tho
vo\vel ofthe middle radical expunged is remitted to
the first. With tin* exception of tins defect and a
peculiarity in (heaef. pm-t,. Peal, t lie whole, inflexion
is quite retrnlar. The Kthpec'I, Pael and Etlipattl
gal inns n-tain Iwith the radicals, and arc in (ivory
i regular. Hut lor flifH\Vf>la,st conjugal ions tlio
;ind Kl/i it"l juil ionns arc ntost ft^qucndy
If* ///v^, ^v^lu^ hr ttt/i/frfw/, op; //6*
i M , * V
.al^, L-uHw**, M s^b-A, rtnd v5> for
f rh< inipcr. nml fill. IVal re<Mi\e on tl.
U>e \o\\<-l * up , according to tin* rnlo laid
down lor <|MM fornis hi (he re*?, vcrlm ; tluin, ]oai
* *
In* //*/// *//r///, <^ 4 |J ///' it'!// rft'ttiw*
In the ae|, jmrK l't*al the middle radical in changed
into Olaph, hut il is pronutineod as Vu<l; ihuH, wjnl> IH
jn*imoniic'<d Jlt*-ffMi I II, 'When an addition mmatlc
(o Uie end of this |irt M th<^ Olajdi wilh its vowel
is usually taken fivvj^v ; as, ^j, ^v^- Hoind.inicH }
p, the (llafth iw retaitu*d, es|Hcilly in tho vcrh
twrtl; n.s % ^jl, (tan. j)|l, plu. winwe. ^)^>
fern, t&li, The passive partiei|il<* J*il is regularly
formed ; as, w 3 ^t(\ HottictiuM*H ilto iirnt radical
as, -*X, Matilu xxi. 5.
buu* O!it|ih f<r ho wcoml and third radicals
in i
OBJECTIVE AFFIXES. 115
In the part. Aphel the middle radical is sometimes retained
having the linea occultans ; as, ^*^^l^o shadowing.
The Olaph, characteristic of the Aphel conjugation^ is some-
times retained with the prseformatives ; as, n-^|v^ to kve.
N B. The 3rd. pora. sing. fern. fut. of all the conjugations both of
regular and irregular verbs, has sometimes Yud at the ond ; as,
The Objective Affixes attached to Verbs.
46. We have already seen that different affixes
are added to verbs to mark the person and nimber;
besides these, others are frequently attached, which
may be called the objective affixes; thus, ^Ai^Ls she
has slam thee. If the verb be intransitive, then it
must be translated with some preposition to preserve
its connection with the pronoun. We will first give
a Table of these Affixes.
When a Consonant precedes the Affix.
Brag. Plu.
*! imper.) <JL (^JL imper.)
Oi
2nd. pert. masc. Prat., 3rd. per*, fern. Prat., and Nunpreced,
Sing. H Q -
masc. plu.)
2nd. fern, plu,)
110
CONJUGATION OP VEBBS
Pnu*.8in&3. muse, j
3. fern '
\
3. tern, j
1. C011L I
*, *J, maso. |
& it Mil. j
2, iiuwc-
!
1. IVm. f
1. rdju. !
IUIJUT, Sni,". imiw. '
Kiit. Siu^. ,%. uiitw-. [
3, f,'tu, j
I', tlUtHC,
1', It-Ill,
1. crmi,
I*lur. 3, inmk'..
ft, ftm
y. tttitu
qco
Aylirl
Ethtaphal.
PI
-P)
p
T 7 -
pzz
T V V
optj
piZ
T *
t ? *
D f!
?Z2u
* ? *
fiLDZ2tt
ft 7 A
tpVvS/Z
# V *
ilSuZZ
t T
EXAMPLE, i>=> he destroyed.
Shaphel.
Esttaplial.
PoJpel.
>=>=
7 7
EthpaJpol.
opp
118 OBJECTIVE ATTIXKS.
Ptwel preceding.
Iln
Yiul nnd in lh Fuf.)
ft will no! ho necessary to extend ihc paradigm be-
yond the ,l*eal eonju^iiion, for the others avo inflected
liko it. Wlu'ilever devinlious Uiere nrn will 1> ^fivcn.
NeilhorwIH it be, neeessnry to{;iveexniuj)Iosofirre?u-
Itir wlw, exeepl thai elnss di'lhem which have Olnph
for iho third radical, nnd of v\ hieh, on aoconnt of Homo
Htrikitiff peeuIiariiieH, pariicuhir notice nnmtlmtiikon.
Tho first and second persons of boih jumihors
through both ih( lenses do not take, the* objective
ailixofl of lh saincs ]Krs(n, otherwise, tho HiKtiifldation
would 1)0 rwijjroeal, which !H usually i x])n i RWl l)y
certain, (jonju^ations*
Tn the pwl. the third ]xm phi. fcnu has two forms,
and <jtd, one the, simple and tho other tho
; eacli of them takes tho affixes. There is
also a mas. parago^ta form ^^10 *
Verl) of tho see, porn. phi. pnil, of both genders do
not receive tbo ttflixcH tpcr and ^01; instead of them
aro used tho gopurato pronouns ^j|aiul ^] .
The following trnuspoHition of vowelb takes place
in receiving tho objective afllxon :
OBJECTIVE AFFIXES. 119
V
becomes
47* Praterite.
3rd.$ers. sing. maw. ^S^LD he has slain.
he has slain me, ^2 ...... us,
thee, rnasc. ; -oX^ thee, fom. ;
you, masc.; v o\jLo you, fem.;
Jier, ^oj] ^U) ...... them, masc.;
...... them, fem. *
3rd.pers* sing. fem. ^S^lo she has slain,
...... Ihee, maso.; -aMi^U> ...... thee, fem.;
...... yow, masc.; ^sti^fro ...... you, fem; cn
...... ATO, AiXi^ ...... her, ^wl
masc.; ^1 ^^ ...... ^m, fem.
, sing
tJiou hast slam me,
%m 9 CH^^JD ...... her ^oa)
...... Ifcm maso. ; ^i ^^u= ...... ^0% fom.
OBJECTIVE APPIXKS.
Ikon
, muse,; <**] <-*^^J ...... M/w, fnn.
prr*. *
* *
9 masc. ; oJ^Io ...... ///^, fern.;
" v
, muse,; ^u^o ...... ///;//, fim. ;
fl V *
...... hint, AZC^w ...... ///
, ninttf, ; rr^l l&fc ..... ////'/,
fiim. ;
...... A/?/ 1 . ^Qa) oik^p ...... M**w* t mane,;
^4] ois^o ...... W/w, fom. The oth<*r form lMHJOiin
taken tho adiKOM of tlw 2nd JMW. Hirif(, timtus
mane. ;
...... yw/, fern*; w^
. The other forttt bwmun#
taken ihe afiixoH of tho 2nd, JKTH, HIII^. maw*
t'UMj '/^// ..... w
'//
c */"///
r* S;w
*
;//// wfl(/ v/T*
122 OBJECTIVE AWTXKS.
P/u. nwnb, 2mL pert* wane,
. pcrs, f<nn,
...... ///v.
,,.,., //^r* fVin. ;
...... /it'/ 1 .
thy*
w^O^OS Or w-OJO^QS ...... Mt\ ^aii^OjC Ol 1
or *-*oi-aa^ao ...... //////, en al^cs or
or ,iU^ajS ...... mr 1 , ^O^LO or
or ^qui^afljs ...... //////, <ni^o^ or
nuiHO, ; LiaioS^Ai ...... /^ fern.;
OBSERVATIONS 0>r OBJKCTIVK AFFIXES. 128
;irr/. per*. /tow. X
, mast*.; * iaaS&oa ...... //<w, finu.;
, masc.; ,-*ail&w
t
//////, CrUU^tNOJ ,,,.,. ///'/'.
Parliciplrs nn seldom founil with th
nlUx<*; wh<*n they are, tho mrHliiicatuin Hwy
is (lie name as thai for noun*.
with //J^>*%
11 will 1* olmcrvcd from 1h<> for<fjoin^ *xnmpli f s v
ihat vi'rhB nml nounn lmv* ni^nrly tin* wmw 1 vouri*!
chan^H; (bus, ^us, \vhnt it tok',*i flu 1 Hlx<% ri'iuits
\\\(\ in UP (s<u* p. 110), \\\I'H']} is siniilnr to
In iho uthrr )HrsonH of the win^. ilir voMcl JH
on thi WMsonil raiiirnl to v<i(l *hm h'tliTH
lofp*tlwr without a vowH. In tin* third jH*rHOi jihtnil
of Imth ({iMidivji Uw f in put l*c*k on the flrut ltinr v
o rceui vim % and - of UIA fern* in tekim ft*Ay* The
first ntid meond tmrwrna* plu, prewTve )K>tli
V(rl>H having* with tin* w^ond rud* it'tnin it in
wliorr v in iouiul in ^&,
Imviiig Olaph or Vud for the iirnt radical
may to referred to V^; for wlimutviT %6 in (Htituitf
of a vowel, thoro Oluph luui * and Yud * j wlum ^
', Olapli And Ynd htivo th wtmc*.
OBSERVATIONS ON OBJECTIVE AFft'IXfcft.
Pool, Aphol and Shaphel conjitKiifions retain the
first vowel immoveablo, but the Heeond they (linnet*
in tho same manner as in Peal.
The affix i*mo is used after Yud, **a after those
which oud in o sen-vile; this is the <*nse throughout
tho coiijiifjationa.
In t!io inftn. Peal tlio Innt vowel is taken nway,
except with the suffixes <oa and ^^s ; hut if it h % us
iaverlm having Vau <he fte<ond radieal, tlie viw*l
remains. In tho other conjugal ions having the tenni-
nation o z is added willi the suffixes.
Tho impcr. of all the conjugal 1011^ wherr the tnitldle
radical Ima anyone of the vowetn % or \ doe* not
chango it.s form in the sin^,, nnd inm'ttt Vud before
the affixes.
The vowel o in tho plu. nuiw-, in romiited to the
iirnt radical.
Paol, A])liol and Hhnphel etmju^aliuns, vvlirn the
hnpor. a^t i <H with the pr*l. f east away the \o\if! of
tho 2nd* radieal before the suffix PH; as, ^-^^-o^|
bring him. But verbs having the middle radir;l 1, ^
or , an well an Homo pHratyo^ir foriUM, retaia ttu*
OH,
Tho M* pern, of both wan bora, 2ntl, JHTH,
.i and JJrd, pern, KIH^ i>f both Kewler
neeond vowel before UtealJixoK aitd; but it
OBSERVATIONS ON OBJECTI VK A FFIX KM. 1 23
is lost in ihe others. The remaining persons koep
bo<h vowels In all tin* fornui.
The wrb IL irith
r
Tho forms 'whieh end in }, vix M prcd. IVal m,j
Imp. Pael, Aphel and Shnjiln*] in .')r<L prrs. sinty,
nmsc.ca.st nuayl, Iml wtaiu the unvel > 1 t v uliii'h
o annexed <o thr vrrlr, as, ^u^, ^i^ f
In tho Tuf, Poal fho 1 is channel Into
, ^? > . t.\^ > cruik^i; |>at
* * ** '*
and rr the ) iw removed, although " in
Tluwo forniH ofth<jfvi*rh ending in j, Much as <Jo
futures and [mrlicip^ vf]wn (hry im* the {il!lxifH, ai^
iUMniHiomed to elmn^' ) into ^, tlic vowel liein^ re-
iaine<l ; us, ^*i*X^ , yA^j .
There in (his jiecudmrSty In the fornin tenninaiiui;
in o, that they eliatw o into co or c|; a,
Maoka^ or ^o&^ %NaoaS^ or **ioJL^.
Tito fonn u% which itt the termination of tho 3rd,
pm*t plu. of ail tho oonju^ationa oxt^ept Poal, m
ed before (ho afllxe* into cu; tin, aj&jt
In ihoHO pnrtB of the verl> which end in ^., 1 lie vowd
IH either expun^od, and the ^ boooinen inoveahle, or
}oth % and A arc retained; ai
120
CONJUGATION OF VEIVttH |3 WITH AFFIXES.
AflU Sing.
Prut. IVftl. 3. mm A
,'l. ffllL
JJ. IUIIKC.
1 font,
1. com.
Vlur. il nmw,
r>. ft'in.
ii, urn HI'.
a. fcmi.
i. I'dtlt,
1 Mn^*.
J !-K
t "
, ^t .X . <A
" ^
I*IMT, Siiitf, ftwiw*. 1
fciu.
Tliir.
2 K.iiu
*v ' X
r-*^. k I ***^
t^, I), mu'e
Phir. Ui*luiiiH tlm finn <l* the rirular vi*rl*.
I'lur, 3 nuuut.
r flto othiir pomourt follow
1
fin |>or, Hii^, ninxc,
Pitir, i
fl'f.K
faf revealed,
,'t Muse. i 3 HI-HI, I 1. llur.
127
"srSi ...*^
loAAs I o^
SUiM wro j.iliwsl witli lln<
r 5 ^
X
2 K.I.I.
t ho wtim 1 muniH r.
r& '
328 OBSERVATIONS ON OBJKCTIVB
Thoro arc many parts of th< verb which follow tin 1
regular forms of ^jLo in wry rospoct, viz. llio pnni-
gogic forms, the 3rd. jiuro. MUJ:. fom., Isi. and
2nd. pare. shift, and plu. print. ; 2nd. prrs. winij. ftin. f
2nd. and 3rd. pon*. plu. mam*. uncl ft*nu fut. ; nrul tin*
inf. of all the conjugations, the inf. IVal
iiiHtfincas arn mr l t with in ilio 3rd* pors, plu.
of the Pealcofij. whoru flu* !lnl. nwl, Olnph in
it * V
roininod with tluj nflixos; *is, v*uio| ////;v An/v M\t
U. This remark applioM nlso to lli< i liud prrs. plu, Imp,
oi* bolh ^cndorH; KB, ^ol^ /^y^' //////> John \i, II.
Thin custom of preHcrvinp; ()l;tph I'H also fuiuxi in the
pnrtic\ JVnl IIH well at* in tho Tiiip, sin^. and plu. of nil
the active conjugations; aw, u*U^ //r////yy ?///', l*s, ix,
It ; **ijatt W^t^ m^ y Cant ii. 1 If.
In the futures, vvhcro YuJ qnuwtiut MW* i\w lu^t
before tho ttttttixos auothor Yud IK wmwfiwc* mUo
Hoffhmn, howcvT, douUs tltn truth nf tbin, mul i\ *(' ujinim
that tho Yiul him ppit into ihi* t^xi in t!ii,i nrt'l fli'r plwn
thnni^h t!t cmvli*iwmi of isliroi-H. Sn- hi* <rnw. S\n p. i
In I (*ur. xii. ft! w* luivtt tin i-Kani^l^ of lln- V*l Iwing iv
JoetoAs vhs. ^wo^ / w/// i** y
* utted ffr ' i*i[HK*MiIIy Iwfiin* I!HI (lix<*i wf
wing, fimp; t in l*n!> Muttb* ii. lf
In
DOITBLV DETECT? VK vKKns I2i>
with tin* affixes much more fre<iiipnily than tin* jinny IJL',I"; a,,
Mf-7/ /w/i*f/ A/M* I.H found rather than M
40, /
The irregularities in \erhs, il ' 1JH ' <pn J!n\*!d\
observed, nre i>r(MliHM<l 1>y lun inir n** nuliivt
ihr letters Olnpli, Van, Ywl ur Nnn, vOtit-h in
sitiintioiiK is dro]>|)f'(U or by
third rndic-als Ilio wtnu\ T!MTM IIKI.V 1>* rtMf hni
nioro than one* radical, which In mihjrci in elision
<jUit^<Hnjc(^ Of our* it will mil hitppiMi at fhn
Utno- that all ilm letters will disappear or I
qmVsmilj for the principlrK on whiVli thrM* jM*tMi-
iiariiufH depend cannot operate ^iinultaiteously hy fiy
eonihinalion of circumstances so aw It* produce thU
edect* H will therefore follow thai HOIIH* lettern uf
the root must reniain in every ^mrl uf theeunju^tion,
und that in general no two eoiisecuiive letter^ ran he
at the sarne tiine J4nhje<t to defeet, U Mill he snfll-
cle,n( to consider a few itiHttnicm of donhly
whiah mny 1w dirktad
1st. Verlm with the ftrni radical a Nun IMIC! thr
third Olaph ; a, U** /^* /^/yV/w/, Hthpeel w^jZl^ uher*
7
Ohipli JH changed into Vud; Aphel ^ when) (ho
ifiilin) Nun in im^ilatcuL Ho t*
ISO IjrADItfUTKKAl. UIKHS.
2nd. Vorlw having the first and third radicals
Olnph ; as, )Z] /// WM/>, fat. Peal UK Inf. Ufci ini|Hr.
U, Aph. h*2ul which possess the defects both ol M \af
|3 //r ltiM<*ntwl< ful. MI, inf.
JJrcl Thosn with the first radical Yuri and the third
Olaph ; as, }&*, or ^ic* ///? ^/ro/v, &*& / //r^v> ^rr>/v/ 4
I it * *
? irilt furfw, ]&]& fo jw/vvf/' t iinpcr, *JLcu A ph.
lco]. ^ ///' ///y/^ ful. MJ, inf, W^. imper, w*L
> i ii
Aph. v-*^:J,
'ltd, Ver))K having the wrond and ihird nidifvtls
Okiph. 11* h? foplHuh\ wln k ii(*f rjnl, pern, pnrL plu.
O^D, inf. HAID, iinpcr. Mi)a f ful, Jlw, ^*IJ A/*
1 , *
fut itf, inf. W^ impcr, *41, Aph, ^B1 f or
IDCH haw the shortened form of the ful. |M, an well
an the ordinary
The Hyriniift have some \erlw composed of more
than Uiwjo leifont; liny arc not numwmw, and an in
Hebrew and Arabic, an 1 - elw'lly derived from trilitenti
rootn* Thoy arc formed by (he additi<m or repel it ion
of n lottor, ami undorgo liltleorno ftllernfion tvhtm
the prcfixc-H arul nllixrH arc 1 annexed,
f. By the repefiiion of one or tun of tin* lettern
<;rAi>ttiuaim, \ MUJ<*. I'll
of tlm Irilitoral root, and chiefly i those CI^CK
i ho second and third radicals am the WUHS or the
in Iddlo radical Van (s<** g W, io); thus,
V V '
Kfc^/"' tlMgywl ftfottfj, fVoni ^
he mtft MMjuwf/wl, from ?flc //
dhl if/'f.fH) or ///v/r/Av^'/, Jroin ,r^- //> ///W t or
< *mv //^/^A*, nr ///,vv'//^ /*/;//, from .^**
/ry. It \\ill kn MTII JVow tl'M' nml tin*
following twamplw, that llir u-^n^nil f^flVci ol* tin 1
duplication in io #ivr tncroa^'d inlt k n,siiy to <hr signi-
fication of the orij^inal word,
If, IriMtunccH of tivool'tlti? radical* iM^n^n'prnUt'rl
aw, yiVnSMZl A/? ilwnM&IJht ** fatty thM\ from y^
A*" rfmutiwl ; v^^*M ///' itfwffiftwti frotn s^fA
HI* Home appear lo lc <'<iupoiindiMl f two * *<rl ;
as, ^j) ///' //v/w ;j/// //* HluiMCi from M ^ A
and ^ Ac iNMtltwt,
IV* By the addition of n li?ltcr to tin*
of a word.
(1) y>; at, *&& Ac 7>/^</c ;/^>/% +&S&BI) he
*
r*//w/r? y^ixw 1 , from lln Arnbi<i , ///
(i) us ; aw, *flni //w Intott'iiwl) Ac tn'j/*'tl) from
Thin in pt'olmMy a variety of HhapbcL
(#} Z ; a jlfili Ac A/^A/, IVom
k !
1-'W PAUTICLKS.
The hitter Van is sometimes inserted iu the middl
of a word ; as, ycsi* /// /fr/Wfv/, *^ai**l] //*' /<//#
plwil, from the root ,& //<* Awtmf ; pc //*
\vo havo *- ; jw t
from ^^ //r? clwuffrtl, p0 //^'
" 9 /
fi from fax ya; n, ^micu. //< pfwrcri'tlt from
twitf/* $ ; an, ^s^;^ /^' r///v/ t from v *^*
AMIic <*n<l of :i wonl vv* 1 find sunu'tinn's tin* i
ti/ittt'fff) from Z^ ^ /MUM*; *+t** /it 1 .Y//
'.
or L*M! //wr/fr, hc/aw/It. (.'miiiuon fontin of this
kind MI* -*?rl "*^P> nt
* ^ i i
H is umiwfMNury to ^i
only oi)H< i rv<' tlmt t in UK*
follow in #(>ru*nil thr, principle* Initl duwu fur
01. I'AHTICLKS.
Iftidnr lliiH i^nu may lH^omj>*t k la*ndod words wliirli
n used in ^xplainin^ inoilifvin,^ and rmuMriin^
purlH of a wntrnri', f nj nuhnu^
?, Advorl*H, t'r^pomUou^ Cunjitni-tiuus uiul
t Ofthw.
^l <// <w/fv,
ADVHJIHS
hi {Jt<*c/trJ,(t
!
or
2nd. Ofplruw.
tllHirf whhth wty / ^Z ////vv.
dttwrfa o
or - NN
////// ///i//', ^>-*^ t ^ p //r;/ ///'A *-
rt ^ ^>, >? wtetbtrf fwjff A-ao i.o t w,
wr A^ / (which i forftuul fmrn tlto mtrorb
and tho pwHOimt pronoun ocn) 5 ^ii^ /M l/*
any m^tiv^ tin tulvcrhmay lx fornuMlhy adiiing
termination lul~; an,
UM-
SOUK* hvpositiotiK iiro iiivlixftl In vi-plis. iwun*.
AT,, uiul others arc wpnrah 1 wonk Tlnw imM row-
niouty used nro D />/, i* /#, -diii A;, <*////, ^A
or
or <t(/((htxfi V- f/V//, */C| A(;/J;/v\ +&*wtiu t it!tui to,
c
^ PI (/ //<//,
^ fa* /////, V s !
Thn ItrjVrtimH arr lot
Mcrf/ ^ imr/ ikas / ;/m^ }i ^v/
HJ), rfu/r/' fe V /
ADVHJIHS
hi {Jt<*c/trJ,(t
!
or
2nd. Ofplruw.
tllHirf whhth wty / ^Z ////vv.
dttwrfa o
or - NN
////// ///i//', ^>-*^ t ^ p //r;/ ///'A *-
rt ^ ^>, >? wtetbtrf fwjff A-ao i.o t w,
wr A^ / (which i forftuul fmrn tlto mtrorb
and tho pwHOimt pronoun ocn) 5 ^ii^ /M l/*
any m^tiv^ tin tulvcrhmay lx fornuMlhy adiiing
termination 2u|~; an,
UM5 SYNTAX OF SIMM' \\TIVLs.
Ifcir. Ileh. 3U7. 2; 1*3* wiis ///c iwth uf (j
//<ww r/ //>// /('//', Kplir. Hvr. ;J.'I:K
s, u here the absolute uml eonst. states ha\e
the waiuo ioi'iH, air p, ^ws, o xst y*, y-cu, mid tnans
ih<* Hocond hnw the iorw <f an ncljiTiivo; ss ^.^
tuJ-cu> //w /v///// ^^\ ILuk* 1 xxii. T0; {i*t^> ^i^ /////
/////// rj/<\ Alaftli. v, 2. n l 5 ll.
TlMtr'Uitiv<M^ used ii"{ <*niy jicti\rl\, htit pns^iv^lx ;
i.e. tlir liouit \\lii<'li isplli in tin- i;vit. is unl ;ilu;i\s |)ir
subjn'if htii tin* f>hj<'< 4 l of ,'i ph'cnlinit' noun ; ;s Jnil,
i,\. SI I, **^liS;yJ i^aiui ^AA; pfi^ ////' injury (lining
fa UH' wrt'Mffj MHM of Mtilrtf'hH ; !M# En i^ib
11, u<* haw*, ^> onl^! /,v/^// (at) tint
Although pmp<*p nnm wlil^tn rrw
y<l th<* imw^H of ( v ounii*it*H, cities, fivers, \< i , r lor th
Hake of nil nreiifttte tleseriptiun, do sn
of (his euuslrucliou; us, l:ru */3*il.2M*s
i, xui. !.
A noun iHofien louud in th
atwoluto ntuiiv \vlten it IH follwved hy
a preiKmtti
,/J'<w, i* (**
* Mutlll, HIV. J! ; JilS f^ijS Mi'
SYNTAX OK St HH'JANTIVIX
) whw wo have IA*P for }a
*4^ for ^-po, 2 Tun. iii. 2* The
*
KOinetimos separated fromlhr nouu; as, |p>
1 Tim. i. 10, wlinv w< 1 haw 3i*. for ..... *aa
Tin* (Ipfnuir slnlo in its ]>riiuary oflin 1 i
(! ly inti'iidrd <t> tvxpivss a (l(linitc* MMISP, /,/. it isu.sril
to dirod th<j atlmtioii lonjmrtit'ulnruljjii'l orolyrris
known cither liy tiTUvorwilily or jiroM^niiifiH!!*! or
[wviottHly by fionic riivitinstan^r ; ;IN, U*^**
bony IMX cwMi Ito^ }il W / w// /A
occurs in all (ho mw'H whrrn I ho !Hibr*w
wl, iifututy b(^ (^bscrvdd by com]ini*iiiK th<
\vilh Us Syrinc version, 1'Vom ilm same com,
parison It may also In 1 soon thai Syr noimn nrr put
in 1h<* drf, Mate iti niuiuM'otis in*i;mt'<* uln i n' (In*
Hr.lu'ow nriirli 1 tu Iht'corn'spondiujjc wiiwU iMoiiiitli'il,
this M'liii 1 has IMVOJUI* of much woir %www\
tluui in ail probability it orient filly had, and
many o&mtjilim arc 1 ibimd whew iho d<*Jlnita Jurja is
rmiploymli which hM<int tt> Hhovvthal it and thtutlmohttc
arc put itdiwn*imluutdy for two anotltcr; for lluw in
no npjMirni rrftsou why (Mi<^ should )jav( v hr(Mi tinrnt ia
ptrJWciu'o (o thi 1 other, Th rmuwjiiwici* in that to
cortrun ruio ran 1^ ^ivcu lor unin^ the driinito Mnt\
At tho (nuiio limn its nnnl(^y to the Hebrew n in very
ftf uud lhcr<^ tn no doubt in the mrly period of
r it wu Ixnuul by
' l * L. *;
* *" **<* 4
: v r r ;
" - * *
* r * JJ S J *<
* 5 - S *J * ? *
t : " ; 7 s t S ;
j s i ; ^1 72 5
i f
M
?** -";ii =
-i-*5 i ' 1 "j
/ r . s U
* * 2 \ h 7 Z
? - ^ 5 J 2
U ^ '! l*t Iw
H:i^;;
,
^f'.isS
nirM
*\ I j s x i
^ * ftl ^ ' **
.>*"?:-
* "
^ ft! |H
J * **
;^i
Uli'Hi'^ !jl !t
* .: '' s " t i . s " ? ; t - :
-':-.- ^ i J . . i . : n
? *^ - : f I
2 ff* *"
r^ii?;
4 * * 1 * I* '*
- ^la 1 * 5 v- * 'it
.' ' 5 f ji ^ * i
i'.rliiM;: ji::t
8VXTAX OF StBSTANTIVLS. 130
such cases > is usually prefixed 1o thefolUwinj* noun ;
as, ]L*o> Ijlik ,/#/#/ o/' ///f yjc/wMitt'/ 1 , John xiii. I ;
*^* a
)!& f&Jaa*Z Mr' //to/// fl/ 1 6W, John xi. 1. KIT
21, Thin construction way be 04111 vnlrnt to ^ "^'**
or ^ iu !M>n\v, wliirli serves somclim^s s n t*ir-
cunilocufion lor 1!io const niffivr sljitis
HoviM'sil \\orrts JUT sonu'litnrs luaiid to tnl4 > r\ t ni*
^n tin- first and wcoml of tliu nouns su con-
; us, V^l&u^ ^o>Zu ]sw *9tolu) oip> ///^/
mtu t/n> wit t{j* ttnyiwl, 5htr Jwob's Ki*liolin
hy PhillipH, p, *.
Tin* propor unnioH of nnu ilo not arhnit a drlinitr
statis. A few appear <o Iiav* 1 it, l'caus* tluy (ormi-
naio with Olnph ; htit nuoh nouns an* in lit* 1 al>Holuf<>
A noun is put in apposition with another lor Hie
purpose oCcli'limni; or c\ plaining more Hinirlj. Hence
we frequently liml employed in this manner nouns like
}tt}^ittlittttl) iLuJjfr f/7// t &. Ht> also K.i tilth nn
afllx, when plmnul after the m*lfetauUv<% tuny he
; aw* ot^o )^* the ;><w/>/< v /// r/ /Ar//>^ L e,
A noun in aHontenen ban Momotimw to 1)** (nuts-
later! into Kn^linh prefucuul hy wueh expansions as
ttflCWtlitiff tu, irit/t /YW/WW/ fu, (lit tf which rttttihw (u,
4<t; UH, ^ ^M IdDta* *cu*i-o ^///// (vuth rt'Hpeci to)
/ w/W lw ywttlw thtnt HIM* Cjun* xi H ;
neronlintf to) /Ar umttl^t' qf <tll thaw,
i, 5
1 iO COXftTUUraOtf OF ADJECTIVES.
In Hebrew Iho parliclo n# Ls sometimes found bo-
forts the subject noun, but tho Syriac has rarely
imitalod it in this respect by the use of tho corre-
sponding parficln u. Nevertheless there are some
examples ofllw prefix ^ bem<* put before tho sub-
ject; as, \z+z]9 oiiuo ai^ Vsz] ]&&> has the offence
of I he mw witked f Oal. v. 11. See also Matth.
xxvi, 11; John xxii. H,
A jtfiwf nftwv/h'MM ih<^ Wyvians have not, except
ft levMNslanttrs wliielj nre lound in tlioiv version of the
Old Tcsiaiueni an<i which ntny be eonsequontly re-
T|M reiK'tidon (fu noun wmietlmcw denote** diver-
sily or a nuiliiiuile ; as, ^*.\ t^ 3 wM* dhon tongues,
Aelw x. 4(J; ^1 ^p /// MMQHH HUMM, John v* 4;
^f^c^ *^u uu ttfJMcd wtlh mtny coils, Mark ii. 17.
' / - 4
It denotes also a dislribuiive, WMISC; 4i8j fu? v 4 *? ^w*
X
i Matth. xx. 0.
Kulistuntivcw a> often expressed lay the
partieln p put before the noun ; an, l2c^ P ignorance.
Kotan iliiiiiwitivu notniM ur Foiunl. They are demoted by tho
ti'rmtimUtm 10 *r uao; |jop
tt mtttt Jimtoiiii ov fltffc
*, y
tttaa!So ^ link dag.
My \vhellw$r they aro used us qualifying
or \vhetltci* they aro employed as predicate*,
CONSTRUCTION OP ADJECTIVES.
agree generally with their substantive in gender and
number.* The exceptions to this rule are the same as
in Hebrew.
When an adjective, or passive participle, has the
office of the predicate, the logical copula being ex-
pressed or understood, it is put in the absolute state
with the same gender and number as its substantive,
and before it ; as, ^ w^Zcu^m M <n pa 3 my sin is greater
than Gen. iv. 13. Occasionally the adjective or
participle is put after the substantive; as, l^oL^
jn^o the feast is prepared. Matth, xxii. 8.
An adjective is usually placed after the substantive
which it qualifies ; as, ]te*4 tlo$ the unclean spirit.
Some exceptions to this rule exist : when an adjective
is made the important word in the sentence, it takes
precedence of its substantive; such adjectives arc the
epithets of saints, holy men and women, &c. ; as,
?*>*> 79/>0*
Ogatas p-3o- blessed Paul, ^0*^0 |2uiao^ blessed
at
Mary, &c.
If an adjective, or passive participle be used as an
epithet, and it be found in the absolute state, the
Dolath is prefixed to it; as, -AIJ poj the dry fish.
ELnos. Ohrest. p. 76. The same rule is observed with
respect to an active participle, used either partici-
pially or as an adjective; as, lLJ ? |k$o> a high place.
Bar. Heb. p. 288.
Negative adjectives are expressed in various way&
1st by p put before au adjective m th<* doftolte st$,te,
1 L2 <JOX8TRrf!TIOy OP ADJECTIVES,
\vhni it is used. as uuopilhot; as,
,//////; fL^lc P h'wfhiuif; U^si&i p bitlimitte;
)adh0 P iiMM*i>wltfmiblt\ When tho negative
wljHivn is nuploywl as u proclicailo, tliou it is ex-
pressed by placing P before ii in its absolute state ;
ns, p*jU p iujnttft' is (!o<l.
J3f Hi>mtiu*s nmlcpH ilio atljoctivo negative. Tho
adJHtfivo is in t!u nltsoluio Ktntii and omployod as
nn opithrf ; ns *z*2Lte P nw^lkMc.
A n<"^ili\<* aiijcclivp is somotimos oxpvossod hy
Py |iit< licfiM-i 1 it Hitbsiaiiiivn; as, licoio p ? without, a
//to/, u 1 . iMiiMMlutt* ; lie? P? fr/V///r/ Wwx/, i,(^. blood-
ft ^ ji
//w, ]&LD Pj irillitwl dwtti) i.e. mniofM. A o is
found pn i !i:'d to tin 1 suhsianlivo; as, I^D p> 7^7//-
Hvc.ral KuI>H<ai)tiv(H wmio together, and an
ndj<'cti vv (M 1 part iciplr iw addod {o thorn, it IB put in tho
pltiml nuruhor and maw* gomW. Soo Horn, xvi- 21.
Tl word ^o //// is plawd Ar/rw its substantive,
and iiidMluoM in a ploowtHfio use of Iho pronominal
; as, U*& sri> /*/' vM? tnnlUfnd^ Aois, xv. 12;
/^ rhirfpi'itmb, III, all
f >, . f
w, Mnlth, ii, I; |*a) cii^
Hub. p, !KI.
In thn <mtpnmtivo dogrr^o thnws is Homctimow an
Hlipsw of tlw adjpctive by which tlm sort or reason
* V * *
IH indicated; M, Itaj^ (clearer)
SYNTAX OF NUMERALS. 143
than the noon-day, Job xi. 17; ^
p * * x
^f^QA ^oo >o^t>o| idols and sculptures, (which are
X X
more powerful than the idols) of Jerusalem and Sa-
maria, Isaiah x. 10. The comparative degree, which
itv
is made by the particle ^ , is sometimes to be other-
wise explained than it ordinarily is ; as, ]toj *+<* ]z>i
\+o ^o Is the thing too great for the Lord ? Gen.
xviii. 14; U>o] j&s oi U*^D <Jo but iflhe way be loo
long for thee, Deut. xiv. 24. So also when ,-i is
placed before an inf. ; as, inn^ViS ^ *^o!^ai ^^ |a/
my sm is too great to be forgiven, Gen. iv. 13.
The word u*-J is sometimes instrumental in ex-
pressing the superlative ; as, ->Zo^ -**> the head of
M>yjoy, i.e. my greatest joy, Cant. iv. 14. So also |po= ;
as, IIM^O fctpoo the Jirst-bom of the poor, i.e. the
poorest, Isaiah' xiv. 30.
A word is sometimes placed between the substan-
tive and adjective; as, t=>J ^ l^i but the great king,
Bar Hcb. 335. 3. For the neuter of adjectives in
other languages the fern, is employed; as, &L}i)r
one thing Iha06 asked, Ps. xivii 4.
54. Numerals.
Cardinal numbers sometimes precede the thing
numbered, and sometimes follow it; as, HF\ V **M
f *V * ^ *
two men, Acts i. 10 ; A* ]&] pU w wafer-pots of
114 NVXTAX 01? NUMERALS.
t j , John ii, C. So also when thousands are to bo
numbered, tho wimo observation applies to the numeral
which numbers i hem; as, ^^ \*&* fine thoimnd,
Mark vi. 14, and jliaL }:xk Mallh. xiv. 21.
Cardinal nmnhtu'rtnro frequently found to occupy the
place of ordinals. In Luke i. 3D, wo have lliiczl lieu
lit. ////' fifty irjtwfi in <>if//i/ 9 i.e. MM eighth day; so also,
,i * V
^*+ &ba /// Mm* /w/v,-, i.e. at the third hour,
Matt h. xx. JJ; ^^ tui. w> //w//w, i.e. the tljtth hour,
Matih. xxvii. W. In many plaocs cardinal numbers
are, lined lor onlinaln, and the noun numbered precedes
in the onMmelive. state; as, !j* taJi* lo the Jirsl
ywr, lii* Mf yw *lfw* .Dan. i. 21 ; l^o Hiiu, 1 2ujo
lit. hi Ihi* r/wtt' uf nit 1 IntMlMtliniil (tut*, i.o. fa the six
tfa #h? ImNtlwtl tiHtlfvttrtli //mr, Bar Hob, p. 100. A
(ordinal number m in a few instance put before its
noun In tho eonHtruetivo state; aa f inMatth. iv. 25,
!, lit. a
OrduialH, likn adj<div(*H, whn joined to substan-
tives, w, found in tho same gender; as, Uiulz \*s>4
l,lw ttirtl *wl 9 ]LL&t llo-l liu* third te<t*t 9 Rcv.ri, 5,
Tho Kami) rule Ix observed for mrdinalw, whether thoy
IKJ (employed m eardinalH, or whethor llioy perform
tho oftittti of ordinnln.
When tho tiling numbered proeodos tho cardinal
mtmlwr, it in nfttmlty put in the dof* tato; M,
SYNTAX OF P310NOTJNS.
)^ jZoi one year, Ear Hob. p. 22. fcfcL )al ten
Rev. ii. 10. Occasionally it is found in the absolute
state ; as, Eu^z ^* three years, Luke iv. 25.
When tlie thing numbered follows the number, it
is generally put in the absolute state ; as, <-*!* l*
three years, Luke xiii. 7. Now and then it is found
in the def. state; as, U2ol ]&t three days, Kov. XL 11.
The half of any thing is ordinarily expressed by
as, cn^ao liS>z ]&ol three days and a faitf,
. xi. 9, 11 ; or by |/o^s ; as, **co3j ZCL^A the
half of my goods, Luke xix. 8,
In designations of weights, measures, jflnd times,
the noun which expresses the weight, &c. is some-
times omitted, though not so frequently as in lTobre,w ;
as, usms; fcS^ a thousand (stolcels) of silver, (Jon.
* * * *
xx. 16 ; whore the word |LoZ is understood.
N"S two (loaves) of bread, where the word
loaf 13 understood, 1 Sam. x. 4 MO ^aaol 2dZ
^?^ deny me three (times), where understand <.tat'
Mark xir. 30, 72. Ellipses of othor notuiB ore noticed
in Mickiolis's Gram. 180, and AgrdTa 83*
55. Syntax of Pronouns*
The logical copula, as has been already stated, is
frequently expressed by one or other of tho jxmonal
pronouns, aad that with tho Unea ocoullww* But
when existence is meant, tho gubstamtiro rorb i* luod,
14(1 SYNTAX OP
find {Ilia without. Iho li/wif occwllfttia; as, |ooi )il OLD
in him wv //'/!'.
ill, COT and uoi tsiko iho liuca omilhms under the
j
first 1Hfcr when they express the logical copula.
001 and *^n also fm|ucntly mnit the vowel to the
r
preceding wovd, or oust ii away altogftthor.
The WHIM pronoun in repeated in many instances,
HO that iho fornu k r is th .subject and the latter occu-
pies Iho ])laf!< of the logical copula; as, $ tl I
*> V /
<;/, Jolm x. 0; ^i* 1f*&& *ju w/ ^>'<? dUe!pk8 9
John ix. 2H. Wli*H personal proiiounn arc put for
lh(ftu1)Mt(ui<iv< vorh, they Kotuctimoft (Coalesce with the
prctTdinj; word; so i hut Ilio pronoun audit hecomo
cno word. vS<*t 25, p. 01. Thu wo have wio
0*001
i Clal v. SJ. oa^* / ywri, AHMOinani T. iii,
p. 204. i^^crui^^ Muuifwlt Gal iii. 1L v utM we
hunffWt 1< Cor* iv. 11.
The afllxoH to V(*rh, al though usually expressing
an amis., yoi Kom<*tunoH dt^noto othor carniH, OHpcoially
fhrc duiivc; an, -jtocru ^/^ /utvt (/hett to
xv. lU,att If *A to^u: the ablnti vo ; as,
/ww M#, I 1 **! Ixxiii. 27. When the socond of two
nounu in r<*|fimit IIOH th fc*roo of an adjective, the
pronominal affix it* appended to it tathc*r than to the
Connor; UK, w** ? oc*> 1^&* ///y j ^m/^ ^/^/,y hoUnm>i&*
xn'. xx. 3 ; yl?aef f/up M<? oUy qfthy
STTNTAX OF PRONOUNS.
holiness, i.e. thy holy city, Dan. ix, 24. Some few
exceptions to this rule are found; see Mattli. Y.
29, 30, 39; Lukexxii. 50.
The affixes are used passively in some instances ;
** v
as, ^Zo^ not my prayers, but prayers offered ivp to
me, Isaiah. Ivi. 7; see also Exodus xxi. 20; Isaiah
xxi. 2 ; Bar Hob. 218. 14.
A peculiarity of the Syriac language is to be met
with in the redundant use of its pronouns ; in such
cases as,
1. Affixes when they are placed before Dolath
of the genitive; at least they are of no use
when translated into our language; as,
<*>ot*> ci^o* lit. the fame of him who is Jesus,
i.e. the fame of Jesus, lljoicjw cnZp the
X X
daughter ofSerodias.
2. The affix of the verb, when the noun to which
it refers is placed after it; as, <nncod >t*
oiA*5 and he sent, out it off (I mew] his head,
f X
i.e. and he sent, cmd cut off his head. Mattli.
xiv. 10, Often the noun has a particle pre-
fixed to it ; as, V*\^ ov^o* lit. he took him
m
(I mean) the child, i.e. he took tlw child,
Matth, ii. 14.
8. When the affix is annexed to a preposition, a
ritnilar construction is observed; as, }ft^A 00
m it, the hour, i.e. in tlte how. Sometimes
148 SYNTAX OP PTIONOTTNS*
tho preposition is redundant as well as the
affix; as, Jtools ^j <o<?o fat in Me days,
Matih. iii. 1 ; ]*+*&> yii cc icilU him, with
at *
C7/m ( /j i.o. with Chmt, Horn. vi. 8 ; ^xy^o
i\ ** *
^Acn &from ffaw, 1 Tim. i. 0,
4 The pronoun cm or o<n in such instances as
^ii oep lip^ JFW/A to tftc Idly, Matth.
sv. 17, cot ]ZoiikJo fy /^////, 2 Cor. i. 21
W ^c^c oai ZCXD^I ^> 7 w/;w/^ John viii. 28.
Tin* pronoun ccnor om whe.a it couloaeos with
the ptvcrdinf; word, is Notnotirnon redundant;
jftK, (u!&o mranK not only iolio hf hut offcon only
irho? H(*o iliiiilu iii. 7. Also cui ?/^.
*'*
M((^ ifatth* xii. 7. coi^ to Ihw, is frequently
ftmtitl in AKwmftTi, Biblioth. Orient. Sets
Tom* iii. p. 2!)*% Tnum 5 and 0.
The prouoinift //^* lihN*t!l/M\& tlw *//w tho Syrians
have not, hut (hoy nro oxprrwHed by n little circum-
locution; UH,
1, By a repetition of Iho pcrnonal pronoun with
v
the purtiolo ^ placed botwemi; as,
Hob. x>
U, By tho juxtaposition of tho pronouns o# 6m ;
* * t * V t ft
IIH, Zogt iZcu llrfft* 001 ocno /^/c/ /7/^/ /wv? (Zr/y
wwir /A<* Mtihtth, John v, f),
'fl. By V> with an artlx; aw, "In tho month
SYOTAX OP PBONOUNS.
of June jAxt? oiX*> of the same
Mich. Chrest. p. 69, "Bishop lAi^ ?
"" X *
of the same city" Assem. T. L p. 28.
4. By the composition of the personal and de-
*>, Of
monstrative pronouns ; as, 001 and V 01 **<*
ffo e 7 o * *
and Ijoi &c. ; as, |^0 t= H 001 lie himself
when he came, Bar Heb. p. 508, line 14;
If* M>oi the same, Matth. v. 46. See 25,
p. 61,"
5. By an affix put to a noun ; as, A*& oiiccua
in his day, i.e. in the self-same day he died,
Bar Eeb. p. 278, line 10.
6. By }-lo5 spirit i as, ou.o> poip destroyed
himself, Sirach II. 22; by ]L> essence; as,
-u>u thyself, Cant. L 8 ; by lao,^ , Trpoawrov
* K 7 7
person; as, oisc^p ^^ ^o^ himself, Assem.
T. I. p. 485.
The prefix of a particle to ^ is frequently ob-
served; as, a&+>9 ^o he whose it is, Gen. xlix. 10.
X
Sometimes a preposition is found before it ; as, -^j ^
from mwe, John x. 14.
An affix annexed to the word ^*> is frequently
employed as a possessive pronoun ( 28), when the
sentence would bo rather ambiguously expressed by
placing the affix to the noun or the verb; as, .
thine is ike Tcwgdom, Matth. vi. 18 ;
SYNTAX OF PIIONOTOR.
I
to 7ti# oiw> and ///
* * *
MM ;wf, John i. 11. Thoso possessive pro-
nouns NOVVO also to give a particular onorgy* to the
word to which they belong; than *^+) ]!DJ w//y M;?.0,
John vii. S; 1his IH carnally Urn <*aso whon Iho affix
is liktnviso ndd(l to Iho noun; nsj *J^> i^is&o my
tm i 9 1 *
tti John v, Vi ; ^? yi^a / ///// ^', Luke vi. -12;
X. Jolni iv* 3k
A pronoun is in sowo ins(nn<*<'H found Imforo tlio
noun to which il rofiTs, mid i phiotul at a considor-
from it; UIUH, i**^ cn>c^L=> ^mikD|^ ife
aw it* ///# //w/// woutthtitt, PH. ixxxviu 1>
v. Jl. Kui'h <*oimtntciion (xiHt principally in
tlm vcTMioti of tlio Old Tcwtnmcnt, and on Uiat account
may pcrhajm b<* rcfrar<lod mfrnly as a Hebraism.
Oa tho othnr hand, oxaniploK arcmot ( with whoro
the pronmm WIIWH aftta* tlu^ ant<H^dcmt, but is sopa^
ratitd from it by KO Ion;; an interval, that for the sake
of more flmtralu HjK*<*ch tlt noun itwlf ought to have
employed; as, Iwaiah xlv% 13, <Zv*sl W JAoiw
fa vw. Cyrus who is montionodiavorsol*
* In Hyritttt tmiwlfttMuts frrui tlu Umk> newrdin^ to
^* with (Ui tiHlx in lint tu U inMiriclmKl * giving utiy oHjxxjijil cnotgy
lt tli word to wliirit it lutftu#t ; but only K tw'mx a Htrinior rondor-
iu^rf fhcHint'k jw^wvwivf, Umm, % 1'Ji!. r HiiH nnnurk oftho (liwim-
jrnmhnt (inimiuurian nwtH on no ottHuin
SYNTAX OF PRONOUNS. 151
Pronouns sometimes do not relate to the noun
which is nearest, hut to one going hefore and perhaps
separated from them by a long interval; as Psalm
xliv. 3, ^oj| Asuo |y^vV Ipc] y^i thy hand hath
destroyed the people; but thou hastplmted them (not
the people, hut the fathers in verse 2).
On the other hand, the noun itself is sometimes
repeated, instead of using a pronoun; as, Gen. xvi. 16,
Abrcvni was eighty-six years old when Eagar bore
IsJmael to Abram yopjl.
The Syriac writers occasionally indulge in a change
of the person of the pronoun; especially, from the
2nd. to the 3rd, pers. and vice versa; as, Luke xiii 34,
Jerusalem, Jerusalem, ^*L*p &^Jo jlzj ftL^io
07 .V *
ch^o^ ^M*Si> thou slaying the prophets and stoning
those who are sent to it (to thee). See also Gal. iv. 21;
Horn. ii. 1, &c. This kind of enallage hoth in pers.
and numb, is frequently noticed in Hehrew, especially
in the Hehrow Psalms.
Those nouns which have only the plural number
sometimes use .pronouns in the sing, numb* and
sometimes in the plu. ; as, Luke sxiii. 45, t^a] ^^]o
oiL^D <-i |la*ai> ]^JL and the veil (faces) of the door
of the tewple was rent from the middle of it; but in
John i. 4, we have a plural pronoun <o<n*M |lo
and the life is. The dual noun ^>$& Egypt, admits
a sing, pronoun. See Hob. xi. 26. Collective
nouns, signifying a multitude of men, take a plur.
1R2 SVXTAX OF IMIOXOI/XS.
niaso. pronoun ; as, Ifcii* Hoi). 121. 15, oi
*i V V
^QJ| *A3*o /// /t't/ {iicity hi* fatuity funltfiiU tliem wj;.
An inlciTotfalivu is somotinws promlcd by a noun
v y r
in ilw, cotiKtruHivc Htnfc fc ; as, *-.AJ] ^ Zp //^ daitgli-
let* of whwn tn*t HHW f <icn. XKIV, 2**$; or, which
is cujuivalont to it, fli*' di 1 !', sialo of the noun is
, (tnd Doluth ]>n*lix<*d to Iho inl<'rn)gat.ivc; us,
^# ///f //r/y/^ of whom have I
. xii. 1M.
pronouns are usually expivswd by > pro-
ftx(d J words; or by H> !nitni)}{iiiivo pronoun and
> ( 2fi). Hoiui'liai^s tin* personal pronouns with
1 a rotalivr; a, pi*.> o<w who Mtule,
Zv*] **oi ^///r?A w; Eplios. i. 14;
r y Mullh, xxv. 1* * prdixod to a
pcmmui pronoun inakon u relative; as, **0vaAfi 001?
wlwslwll rtitaii, Matth, H. (J; op^ ^aam^ ^Aa wmt/6'.
Multlu xix. M.
pronouns of tlm Iwtaiul 2nd jHtmoiiH arc
i tf v V
prrsscd Iy ; as, <J>> UJP oj mutt, who
jtulywti Itoni. ii, 1 ; ywufc*]? M/W ^/v, Acts xxv, 2*t,
An oblique* cno of the. relative Dobith IB indicutted,
Ut y byooiuwcling with tlto. I )ul nth a personal pronoun
put in thaiixuw ; as, C^ lo /////, cru
C* * ' 1.
! CTUA ; to /rfAw//, ^OJ0wt /o
SYNTAX OP PRONOUNS. 153
> in whom, ^ to me, ^ ...... > to
whom, r to thee, * ...... > to whom. jJnd. By an
oblique pronominal affix to the verb and Dolath ; as,
"I am Joseph your brother i-ojoai3i> whom ye sold.
Gen. xlv. 4 3rd. By an affix to a noun and >, the noun
having also a preposition prefixed ; as, o\^p> in whose
X
7 * * o o v ^
hand. H^Ul* l^co-a <pcro in the days in which he
was bomd. Bar Hob. p. 611, 19.
The accus. of > is sometimes marked by this letter
alone, without any connection with a pars, pronoun ;
as, ^=>v* >ojl man whom He had formed, (Jen. ii 8 ;
V ? 1^ ^
pihj ^D all things, which He had made, Gon. i. 31.
Other oblique cases of the rel. a*o occasionally ex-
pressed t)y > alone.
The relative pronoun 001, forms its oblique cases
* V ' P
thus ; CFIS9 001 in whom, masc. &o. We have also oo^ u*oi
in whom, fern. Asseman. T. III. p. 374.
The oblique cases of the relative pronoun > ooij are
expressed by an affix following; as, <nh*3h m ooTj whom
sto brought up. Bar Heb. p. 297.
Tho oblique cases of the relative pronouns > ^D
and. ? |!*j arc formod cither by an affix following, or
by prepositions prefixed or separate ; as, Mj r*
*
jf! oiii he wlw hath ears, Matth. xi. 15 ; " He slow
]iojl f r p wtom TM wisfod," Bar Hob. p. 850 j
hmi wJwm, II). p. 216.
15 t SYNTAX 0V 1>JIONOTJNS.
The pronoun > is occasionally omitted, but not so
frequently **w ilio relative ^ in Hoi) ; as, ]L]o
fcMfa*lsp </tf/J 7/0 re/to /,v <//;//', where |L] is put for > iLf.
Sots also 1>8. xxxii. 2 ; Bar Hol>. 487. 1.
iivtf pronoun*; (see 28) arc expressed by
with the affixes; ns, olaa ^JL agawat itself,
Luke xi. 17 : by feccoo wrtMftnHM ; as,
nffwiwf Hwlft Luko ii, 17 : occasionally by ]aS
as flfiaJM lr 2to*^o //^/rf 8<wik litttfflHitl wtlihi her*
&>tf t (Irn. xviii, 12, The wordn *ul and lial aro
^nf>l(yf'rt to pxprrgft w/jy 0/w ; as, ^ ^J] <]
// ////// / tthttll Hftjf to you,) Matth, xxiv. 23.
hig or ttHfft bluff i Hlgnillocl by
aw, (Icn. xviii. H; {Ijio ^i |Iosj ^m }D]
////>// /^ f/wtt fur the Limit The word
fro;v/ M/////, IH likewise ihuw used Soo Exod. xviil 26.
So atoo i y>jio tuiy thing* Reo Matth, xx. 20;
Lovit. v. 2, \Vc havo U!KO fl ^ o^tote one; as,
lii^ / ^rfr// <?//^, Ijuko x, 38 ; IH U'M
<7. eartttte wouwut Mark vii. 25, ^ and *-4ij arc
joined toother in this sonso; thus,
rt r^/y^/^ /7n^ Aw&cm. 1\ I. p. 83.
Wo havo nlfto ^ tl itRod thus ; j&co* ^ ^ f^ one
ttfllw d(ty# 9 l.o. OT ff nyfftoto r%, Bar Hob, p, 127 ^
or t&o only fo cm]>!oy(ul in the same way ; as, t*mo*1 ^
a wrfatu ant ofkb bwlhtwit Bur Hob. p 107.
SYNTAX OF VEKBS. 155
some of the branches, the Syriac translation
K\dSa>v. Horn. xi. 17. Also ^f^ )* M there are those
who say, i. e. certain say, Assem. T. I. p. 10. This is
another mode of expressing the Latin quidam.
7 7 9 v
One .... the other by t~o . . . . *** ; as, r^&J ^+
i-osZuj jao 002-0 ^aZZ #0 taken and the other left,
Matth. xxiy. 40 ; by *^j| and W ; as, mcu*)3 -*j]
6e o?a0 #o #/*<? otf/ae?* his trespasses," Matth. xviii. 35.
Some .... others by ^-ii) in the former member, and
*l in the latter, see Assem. T. II. p. 366 ; or by
repeated, see Assem. T. II. p. 304; or Jby \ M
m0 *
in the former member and faf*] in the latter; or
following members. See Matth. xvi. 14 ; John xii.
^ ___ - - * * V *" 77* 77)
12. We haye also ^ ^=> 3 ^M^D, *** t^=>> or ^ **
and their femininos for each one. > -*I^s whosoever
that. See Matth. xii. 50, &c.
56. Syntax of Verbs.
Agreement of the Verb with itt Subject*
A verb agrees with its subject in gender, number,
and person ; as, U1 ^QA* Jesus came,
Mary anointed, T ( *SQ.\Z o^]^ the disciples ashed.
Nouns which are used only in the plural number will
receive a verb cither in the sing, or plu. ; as, |ooi VMA ^ia
A
in 7*m w<zs ^, John L 4
HVNTAX 03? VEKBS.
and t/w life is ///<* tiff hi of wen 9 same place. Tho former
is gnumnutii'ally teriwd mnxtrurfifi ad senwm, and the latter
ciHtstrwlw ml forwam, Several other exceptions are fouud
to tlie fiwvgcmig Amoral ruls which, although not so fro-
qut'nt, arc of much the saino character as those which exist
in I
WIuw Hruirul sulMinntivcK come together, the verb belong-
ing to them i put in tlu phu uuinb. nuisc, gender.
Collcriivu nouiiH nw fc , on uwount of tlicir signiiica-
lion, joined to a vrh plural; as, &-1 <n^nj y in Bar
Jicl). Cliroit. 100. 1H, o^ t ..^iL] |Ll tiHottwr army
. * KtMi also ifi< ltJl.2. !l; Aswimu JJibl. Orion.
* V V * V
J 5, "' * ////, oocn w*ito> %o ^ f//;wi aU wAa
with tu<\ In Ihiw manner of (ronntruistiou \vo
iind
nuuiyoiluTS* \V<t have* wmtHimtw u nouniii
dcnolin^ hut oti in<lividuul, and yet being made to
ntuwl for a cl'ass, f he verb is put. in tho plu. nuiab. ;
*
Jet*, xxviii. 1.
A verb* in#, in domuUmroi joined with a plur. noun
when tho verb pr^fcdcH, oBpeciutly M attd &A; as,
c /^^/ ^^ *o/^ ; ota ]om u|
r/ /'/A 7 /^c* porches, John v. 2.
Mutth, 1IL 10> ^.^..* tfuS ^iLazf Mtf Aeww ?c^(?
0/vwrt/ /////o A/M ; Cfp i^aw /Af fuffiliw* fall upon*
Bar Hob. (Jimm, Uk . 7*
SYNTAX OF VEEBS. 157
A verb sing, is also occasionally joined with a plur.
noun, when the verb follows ; as, ]ooi ]teou the days
were, Bar Heb. p. 581. 8 ; pj \^ Me elders ruled.
Bar Heb. p. 16. 8. In this example, and others in
illustration both of this and the last paragraph, tho
plur. may be intended. The o or ^ at the end of tho
verb may have been omitted, as wo know that not
unfrequently it is.
Verbs, adjectives and pronouns have no dual
number. Henoo the numerals ^L maso. and ,-*2*z
fern., with the noun which thoy qualify are joined to
a plur. verb ; as, <po<?u ^vz two shall be] Matth.
xxiv. 40. See also Matth. xix. 5, and Luko xvii.
35, 36.
Collective nouns of the fern. gend. are often found
with plu. verbs of the masc, gond. ; but this diversity
of gend. may bo required by the sense; as, jLf oiSa
<* f p 7
<-co all the earth weep, 2 Sam. xv. 23, where M
earth, is put for people of the earth; similarly, Gen.
xli. 57, olf jLl o&> all the earth cwne, i.e. all fh,e
people of the earth. ]l**l] is thus constructed in. Bar
Heb, Ohron. 148. 16. The proper names of places are
for the same reason sometimes connected with verbs
and pronouns of tho plu. masc.
There are many examples collected by Hoffman
and AgroU of a difference in gender between the
subject and predicate ; as, *}'&&] oai*4 occasion was
SVNTAX OF
, Bar Hoi). p. 012, It,
(wo
, p.
/cy/ HiMtittuul MM/* /JwVf/f/W, ib. p, TOO, It,
"When a substantive is of tli coimnon fjonder a
diverttity of i^*n<kr is wmi(Jim<'< found between the
verb, adjective and pronoun in ronncdiornvith it; as,
shall be
ii. IL 1; wlnu-0 \vo hav jowiod to {IsJ the
Am. cf&Z and (ho maw. ufltx oil.
"\Vluti itmiiy iioutiH conuj iogothcr connceied l>y
th* oonjiiurtiuu o, (\\i\ vcrh Ixdon^in^ to tliosc nouns
K V *' A V
in j)iU. iu tlu i |jlnr. )iiinil)t'r; an, o<u&*o 1^]^ ^Q\{i
^utOaO ,7V/fV, ////(/ Jtintw t <tuU Jolm and
wk&l ///X Aliu-k xiil. !J 8eo Oen. viii. 22,
Ex* xvii* 10. Them arc uxwptionB to this rule ; espe-
cially whuwtlu* vt^rb is put lirnt ; us, *-ujdioo ^M^>^O
<nul Jfwtfi find his MM nutewtlt Oou, viu 7.
OecaHiostully nn cxtu'ption m Jbuiul, when the verb
i'ollowH tltc subject ; ns, 1|^&J P llicojo iLffl a ^//t6 J W
/iicrf *pwr iwiv w/ w^i Jud. v* H.
AVhoti Uio nouiiH mining together n numtionod in
UM* biNt pftrngmph dilHr iu fpmdttr, the {j<ndot of the
vorb u(fmH with that 1o which it to noureist ; as,
Miriam mid Aaron
SYNTAX OP VERBS. 159
Numb. xii. 1. toiujj |taS,ao ]$&*>]> justice and peace
shall kiss each other, Ps. Ixxxv. 11.
The 3rd, pers. of verbs sometimes admits an anomaly
as to gender; as, |2uf*&o oooi there were camps, Bar
Eeb, Chron. 324 6 ; see Mark xiii. 21, and many
other places.
The 3rd. pers. sing. both, of the masc. and fern.
gender, in passive as well as in active conjugations, is
sometimes used impersonally ; as, <oa^ *+]sj it will
be evil to you, Jer. vii. 6 \ ^ ^\&A it was good to us,
Deut. vi. 24 : -KJU^D it happened to him, Luke i. 9. ;
Ll\ it came upon thee, Job. iv. 5 ; U^ looiZ
it shall be to me a testimony, Gen. xxi. 30.
The Syriac has no neuter gender. Honce the fern.
is used in nouns, adjectives, pronouns and verbs,
where a neuter would be employed in languages
possessing this gender ; as, ^^x ll&-^ ^o*a l?oi
this happened on the third day, Bph. Tom. I. p. 220.
See Kirsch. Chres. 219. 6; 220. 1. There axe, how-
ever, several exceptions to this rule ; as, low ]*aata <]
'if it be possible, Kirsch. .Chres. p. 509. 1. 10, where
the masc. gender is used.
When two nouns come together, the latter being
ruled by the former, the verb occasionally agrees in.
90 w * 7
gender and number with the latter ; as, \i*o *&*&
P^LcJ the number of the slam went up. Bar Heb..
p, 552.
!(><> SYNTAX OF VEttJBS.
ttwa of the 7Vw',
lictiulcft the past, the prcrtovito is occasionally
employed to express other times,
Events of fut urn occurrence, \\hioh arc considered
as oortain to happen, have this certainty represented
by the verb boinj? placed in tlu 1 pwtoritrs tcnso; as,
ttitfltiff !)t tltirktitw py l>mw ov* W/^7/ */f
w/v/) ///vw/ %/// Isainli, ix.2 ; Ul fl ^L^
. P *
]-Cc ^ atbh J^ P] ///' comefh nut to con*
, * *
hM t /;/// fl//f/// /ww (A/^/// iMMint) ffMii (Iwrlfi to
life, John v. Uk
It IH found, an may bo iiift*wcl front tlio pro-
pnra^rapli, that tin 1 pwloritft in
\o cxprm a prophof'u? Cut. as in
On thi point it may bo wi*H to quoto tho following
remark of Jlolfmwi : jttwMbM/M 'hi rcwfaMi V* T.
/ft I iff jtwl* ww. fut. COMMW
vV wl twin: ntomH> JMtftthim
v//i/w. Ornm. ]). 3!BJ.
arc hypothetical wntonws in ivhldi it in
ttnmi!ttOii tlmt tlift tiling Kpokonofwill mmotopasfl:
in ftueh <mmi t thowfim*, tho pmt. in tho natural form
to employ ; IM ^ooiJbbd ^MTI ^H^CO <a
/// trnttbtn tmd till tknw thinyit httw
i 'Dinii. iv. 80.
SYNTAX OP VERBS. 161
We find the prat, of the substantive verb followed
by the participle of another verb not unfrequently
denoting the present of the conjunctive ; as, " wo
require from you ^S}3 ^^ {ob+ooiy that ye vnay know
them." 1 Thess. v. 12. "I will ^^o oooJ that they
pray." 1 Tim. ii. 8. In general the prset. is not often
met with to give to a sentence a subjunctive or con-
junctive character. That is usually done by the fut.,
sometimes assisted and sometimes not by particles
accompanying it a as will be found stated more fully
in the section which follows.
There are a few instances in which tho *pia>terite
of the verb ]ooi, followed by a participle or an
adjective, represents the imperative ; as, Juf ^>] ^1
t^L 2uooi liaoi go thou also (and) do the same, Luke x.
37. This application of the tense is undoubtedly to
give emphasis to the sentence. Por as a pra&terito is
employed to express our belief that some future event
will certainly take place, so is it readily seen that on
the same principle this tense may be regarded as
the emphatic form of the imperative, whenever it is
so applied.
The prseterite has sometimes the force of the plu-
7 V V 9
perfect ; as, y=&j -*opi! his worfo, which ho had
done, Gen. ii* 2. Again, in iii. 1, wo have, " And the
serpent was the most subtile of the animal*
the Lord had made, \1(& t=^?V*
H
102 SYNTAX OJ? VERBS,
In Syrino, as in llelivew, the pnetorilo is in some
instances used, where *\vo should employ tho pre-
sent ; ns, l&t* I tuotr, lit. J Jut re Iwoirn, as com-
prehending eertainty imd decision ; 1 know and
I am resolved to art on this knowledge, Luke
xvi. 't, Sec also John .vi. I. Tho pra'tcrito lilcc-
wiwMlonoirH pwHPiit linus vkhou condition and Mtatc
are implied; an, yla] *-ODZ| liii^o ^
why tn*t tJwtt r//V/j/wW, ^w// ir// f y w
*^n. i\ f . 0; u*Ay &a^|
i IX exviifp (Ueb. exix,) 28. It is likewise
employed in aeuteweH in whi'h the truths enunciated
are j^iiewl, niul not at all dependent on time ; aa,
IN, L 1, " Hh^ssed in the nmn > who wtlk* not (halli not
ji in tho eoanscl of the widcod." In-
the preterite, in tho lant example (evidently ox-
tho nenthnent eontjiined in it with more
accuracy, iHH'luisc with mem* tfenerality, than tho
; for we mny HuppoKetiicbleHKedneKBtohctho
ee, not wo mueh of not walking in tho counsel
of Uto wicked at some particular irtntant of time, as of
not having walked, or of not having Itfum In tho habit
of walking, at any ono period of life-
Tho pnoterito in tied for tho imperfect in hypo-
thetical sentence*, although tho future IH much more
frequently mot with in such cages ; na, <+am >oop r j|
^001 we should haw been like unto tiodom, Isaiah I 9.
In a eoitditional sentence the pluperfect is likewise indi*
SYNTAX OF VERBS. 163
oated by the preterite form ; as, > jo
and except the Lord had left to w, Isaiah i. 9,
Use of the Future*
The future is occasionally found in the place of the
present ; as, <QJ| >u It^l? l~ffl>'Q2 he caitseth them
to inherit (or giveththem) thrones of glory, 1 Sam. ii. 8.
See also Isaiah Tltii. 17.
The future also occupies the place of the prat in
a few instances ; as, Ut* louSL |=L^ God hath chosen
anew thing, Judg. v. 8; |>*2u P l-So5o |SLJD sword
* i> 7 * 7
and spear were not seen, ib. ; >OQS] *>taoj ^ I stood
in my place, Hab. ii. 1 ; ^Jojl P^ S^/br^ fAa^ I formed
thee, Jer. i. 5 ; lls^ ^i ^oai p^ S^/b^ thou earnest
forth from the womb, ib. In the two last places the
prseterite is indicated by the particles connected with
the respective verbs.
The fut. is almost always used when the verb im-
plies something , conditional or potential; and this is
done sometimes with and sometimes without any ac-
companying particles. Hence it includes all those
forms of speaking, where in English we use x one of the
auxiliary verbs, may, can, let, would, &c. ; as, *4XJ
t&jud may the evil (of the wicked) come to an end 9 Ps.
X
vii. 9 ; V^W> <**&J U^QSOTZ niay the life of the child
my <
return, 1 Kings xvii. 21 ; w^tujsu he would deliver hits*
TS2
SYNTAX OK VEttBK.
H. xxil 9 \ yioo*u let them &hew Miw, Fsaiali xix* 12 ;
oU ^ji (firm wmjwt freely ct, Gen. il 1C.
A prohibition in fiyriac, as in llchrow, is invariably
by iho future ; as, V*>I p lAou s/^ ,0tf
, Lo. /tfr w/ Con. xlvi. 3; ^o^cl p ttow shall
till, or, rfr; ml kill, Excxl xx, 13 ; -aju^o2 p </MMI
*
nol wll wf, i*e. cfo w/ w ww, Euth i. 20. Tlio
impor. in somotimoR dof 1 by tlio fut. when there
i no prohibition; AH, ]tow Ion4 //i ///^^ 5<? %W,
(Jon. !. 8* Tin* partwloH > and p> wo often connected
with iho ful. whim a polontial Hignifloation is in-
; a, <*& ^ij ^1? /A"/ *^ would ffrant to him
e, l>n, ii. K>; yoVAJ? |5* tltt/ttfipy may nol hearken^
. xi, 7, Tlw* prefix o ftotwi'nwm ffivos this force
to the visrfo ; n, ^^0 tlutt they tuny know 9 Bssok. xx.
20; ^ayio rtn/ /**y way Mwijlw* Exod* viii 8.
in ttlo found lifwuic'fl > nH follows j yp^ ^4^
my mid wiy M<w thw> Qon. xxvii, 4.
Other imrtictoi in notno luBtanoem accompany j ; as,
Bar Hob. Chron. WJO. W, %-Liifl^u^ ^j tta< <%
w/^/ itoW/^ tf; VHf---^l^ ^
although (yo tthnil ay) to thi* mountain that it be
rwnoccd, Matthew xxi, 21* Tho imperfect conjunc-
tire Is often formed by moons of the fut, and the
verb Jo*; n, oow *&!* $i\**4*o that
were not able, Mark ill 20} lo* yal^Zu? V^>
Atf wwrity qf the dtp might 1$
SYNTAX OF VERBS. 165
established, Assem. Bibl. Orien. i. 393. 2. So in
Arab, we have the pluperfect and imperf. formed
*- ^
by putting the prseterite of the verb J6 before the
<* Ss> * -*
prat, and future of another verb ; as, \^3$ ^ Tie had
f tot*" s **
written; L--*& J& he was writing, See Stewart's
Arab. Gram. p. 64
A future is often expressed in the way of peri-
phrasis. A participle and the fut. of the yerb ]ooi
sometimes come together having the force of the fut. ;
? * *
as, ^r^o ^ooou they shall send, Assem. T. III.
p. 347. ^^cn l&^a ^ofri <ooou these words shall go
forth. Departure of my Lady Mary from ttia world,
p. ,j. 1. 3, by Dr. W. Wright.
The word ^^ similarly to the Greek /*Ax is some-
times joined to a verb in the infin. with ^ , and the
two ezpress jointly the future tense ; as, >onSnS ^ r Zii,
Z X
we shall stand; perhaps ice shall shortly stmd ;
literally, we are about to stand, Horn. xiv. 10. See
Schaaf s Lexicon under t*Ax Sometimes the future
of the verb following is found instead of the
with the prefix ? and occasionally without it, as, H
77*' * '
^*aAi> shall glorify* So says Agrell; Supp. p. 21.
But it seems to me that c*=ljj has rather the force of
the inftn. The expression consequently should be
rendered, is about to glorify, where the idea of inci-
pient future time is contained in t*j^. John xxl 19*
"We have a fut. with j prefixed in such'a construc-
tion as the following; as,
SYNTAX 01? VEftBS.
ilatth. ii. 22, whore wo KCO the fut. is employed,
when in EntfliKh wo should uso the iuf. See ib,
xvi. 8 ; Murk i. 15, (? 7 j Luke xiii. 11 ; i Cor.
ii.
fttflnUire.
An infinitive oonwvtcd with a finite verb adds
intensity io it, or drnotw wlial is si^n if ted by tho verb
to 1)0 wrftfiti, Ji.ml <r WHthnwl ; as, 1^] ol^ai J
ir!tlffwn/lff Mut/i/dy, (J( k n. xxii, 17; ^oZa^z zciio p
/A- w//^// UH/ */w/// r//V B (Urn. iii, 4,; |on ^ i^ hath
fitvw nwHwMy thyiMwl, (inL Hi, 1,
WlH'ti ntt iiiHnithc is t?(vtrnod by some verb aig.
nifvin^ //vV/, /w/r,y, cir WMunnnti it IMS generally V N pre-
flxcnl 5 ftH, v* f po| ^-xi
A; /v/wn ///f /w/ f John xiv. 6 5
<;' wttt him to f<wl tuning Luke xn 15 ;
Jem ^o v^l Iw wmketl fa ttltty him, Matth,
xiv 5,
AIW the wrh Ja Iho iitr. \vith ' ? . nuty be rendered
in EngUnh by ilw iKu-ticiplt*; UH, ojv^ |t^^ ]OCDO
flt//^/ /A// A'M /<?</* wtthtff) (Jon, xv. 12,
f rito amo n^inu'k in applied) lo to &A 9 when it in
employed us )c is lu tho preceding example: as,
' * V C' * * **V- t jr *
IjfiUA f*^ cruLCo flr.BCila.\ &A ^maJ^ ///? & #01 adding
to //, or faMnfffim it, Px k elr, iii. 14,
SYNTAX OE VEBBS. 167
It is not unusual for the infinitive to be found in
connection with other particles besides the Lomad
prefixed to it, giving to the said infinitive a participial
effect ; as, jZUfo lio^? ^c ots they ceased from
btiildwg the city, Gen. xi. 8. oNJsaNj ^ focn jli j]
he hath not ceased from praying, Assem. T. I. p. 36.
Use of the Imperative.
The imperative is not only employed to express
a command^ but also an exhortation, admonition or
permission; as, John xi, 15, ^c^ oa^ci g&%e hither.
JH
See also Mark i. 38.
The imper. of the verb |) is frequently found in
connection with a finite verb in the fut. tense ; thus,
lfi!o yucj \L V*cno md now come, we will make a
covenant, i.e. and now come, let m make a covenant,
Gen. xxxi. 44; ^fa o2 come, we will go, John xi. 7.
X
We have also the imper. in such constructions as
the following 3 I will gweyou h<e best of the fandof
Egypt* lW? *icA o^oslo and eat ye (i.e. ye shall eat
of) the f at of the land, Gen. xlv. 18 ', oLo op^ )joi
this do, md live, Le. (this do, and ye shall Iwe,) Gen.
xlii. 18.
An imperative is occasionally found in connection
with a participle; as, Z\j] f^ ^^4 cease, be th<w still,
Mark iv.' 39, It may be that *J^ the imper. in-
108 SYNTAX Ol 1 Vl'JKBS.
fluoneos the word which follows, and renders the ex-
profuuon of tho Hiibstnntive verb unnecessary, it being
ordinarily used with a participle when an imper. is
intended, In uttering a command it is natural not
to UHO mow words than arc necessary. The same
construction may be cxsn in Assem. 3Jil)L Orient.
T. f. p. W,
The |Kirtici|>lr is Uwelcss, <->. if lias no Ihno of its
own, liut |Kirlnk*H of every (hmuvith which it may
bo connrdtsl Thus, pirn must frc^^tu^ntly. Tho ful.;
an. O9t 1-*^*^ M<r.<i>,ff ^^u^Ccs 001 |icn ^.Aljo Thewfom
i* * *
//// vibick Kht'lt IM torn of HIM in holy, Luke i. JJ5 ;
|p ^ f^ y^iul % /'{/r* ^//^// 6m/* to Ihcc (/,
(ien. xvii. 1!K The- pra 1 !-.; UH t JkhoUl thmr Lord,
l&c*/tf<M r/wr/ rf/wrf, J uclgoM, iil 25* Parti-
when tlwy aw* l-k< an Hitcli^ and not for the
ti'nw 1 , liav placed before them for the most
part tint jmdidi 1 p or tkc pr< k (ix ? ; HH, UD ^pl^o p
fto trtuuterlttff /WM hwiM to hou^ 1 Tim. v. 13;
c&!? ^oi^ |>^ ho saw Jrtti sitting, Mark ii. 14
4*1* thing w BUM, (tof. )I1, i subject to tho same
ion j a, & p $v& <nJouo <r;icJI he gwe U&r
UM, Act \K. 41.
find a parUdplA umirping aB it were tho office
SYNTAX OE VEIUBS. 169
of an inf. after verbs of beginning and continuing, of
permitting and commanding, and also of power ; as,
POA S;-N^ o*f* ttgy S^aw plucking the ears, L e.
* *
they began to pluck, Matth. xii. 1 ; ^> OOOSA
<oou$z permit both of them to grow (growing), Matth.
* o * 7
xiii. 30; ^il QSOSU.O and permit (him) fo (70 (going),
John xi. 44 ; ^ ]i^D oxS $i| command her to assist
(assisting) me, Luke x. 40; <QJ| ^*1 w*a/| jh ^| ^o
ttai 7*^ was not able to recewe (receiving) them,
Mark ii. 2.
The active participles are in some instances found
in the constructive state; hut which are rendered
into English as if they were in the absolute state.
In such cases they are followed by a noun; as,
lao cA^a descending the ditch, i.e. into the ditch>
^ 9 7 S
Prov. i. 12 ; 1^5 Z i^]^ enter mg m at the gate, Gen.
xxiii. 10 ; laoicj J^^ knowing the law, Kom. vii. 1.
Active participles sometimes govern the noun
which follows, and in the same manner and using the
same partible as the verbs from which they are.de-
rived ; as, <n!L ]+> u-f* lie begem upbraiding him, Bar
Eeb. Chron. 328. 3 ; ^ loL dwelling m me, Eom.
* V*7 A V*C 7
vii. 17, 18, 20 ; pois IAIIHD ^ocn-i^o and destroying
all the men, Bar Heb. Ohron. 39 1 ?. 1.
Similarly passive participles observe this gbvem*
ment ; as, l^co .4.nb. clothed with linen* Ezek. ix. 2 j
170 SVXTAX or VISILES,
ft / v
l*Atain ^o Mwhited with oil, Lev. ii, ! |j ^
//WM qf WMic'ity Malth. xi. 11.
Although in Syriac ilio use of participles is very
grunt, yet in translating (hwk books into Syriac they
KomctimcM r<*nd( k r a CJm*k par(ici]>hj by a Syriac verb,
especially where the Oreel; participle is followed by a
verb, in which case the two verbs in Syriac luivo tho
* v *
flamoinood, icnse, and person; aw, ^^^^ o^ iropcvOwT^
{fyrtiirfWi t/f>, <";///////v\ Malih. ii. S; jo^a] ^]f t
vrfKHrKtiwifiM, J trill ////, / /^vV/ iwxli![j (him), ib. ; \t
I'artieiLiles are employed to cxprcsw a gradual but
continual progress or decline of w hat is denoted by the
. t . * f V
verb in the H'lttenec; as 7
Mff, i.o. gradually
and continnally, <icn. viii. ;i; o^o ^i) [A^o mid the
hnj fftritiff <iitt{ gtvwhiff* l.c*. was cfontinuully
1 Smu. ii, ;2<i>
TV/it futfH'r/wt fttnt
If, is wlnlotl in JiS how HMW*. tfitMON uro formed.
ofthc Iniprrfcct arc (ho following |cq ^il
/YW/, Mai Ih, ii. ',) ; U
if&iM'iillfi', ib. Ji. 20; Ltom ;<
/d!, Actu xx* 2K 4 KxnittplcK of the Vlup<*rfect
' ; l^, MI^X : " Aurh <*huo )om Mattlu iu. /I,
in
f * * *
J. In toy <*n|i) <rtlut IVHchit(*, liowiivoi', it in
SYNTAX OF VERBS. 171
* 7 * *
]oqi oij4*] fs. jmLoZ /or astonishment had taken him,
Luke v. 9 ; ooai ai^ they had gone up, John iv. 8 ;
IOOT ~i>^f 7a<? A0d! retired, ib. v. 13; Zooi Zooi &ad
ie0w, ib. iii. 25. Occasionally the prseterite has the
force of the pluperfect. In Matth. i. 24 we have
\+f&> owfLo cnS fAS* l^Lf t=^ ^ ^<^ ^^ the angel of
the Lord had commanded him.
The prsaterite, however, followed by the substantive
*
verb Ion does not always make the pluperfect \ but
only the prseterite, or imperfect ; as, |ogi *+$+ he began,
Mark i. 45 ; IOCPI ]ocn p ]Lz\ the twne was not, ib. xi. 13.
Joel, u| and
X
In addition to what is said of these verbs in sections
33 and 34, we subjoin the following remarks. The
substantive verb ]o<ji seems to be employed in some
passages for the purpose of giving emphasis to them ;
as, ^AS.SQSn ^pj) fs^Joai Vfor it was not ye $pea7cing,
Matth* x. 20. Hoffinan says these words may be
more ao6turaitely ^expressed by the Erench ; oe fa'est
pas vows, qui parlent. ^} ]y\*\ ^^ IOCT P^ that it
was not concernwff the bread I spake, ib. xvi. 11. It
is not unusual for lom }J to express a negative put
pp 7 0P0 &
interrogatively ; as, U^? *P \*<n low P is not this the
carpenters son? Matth. xiii. 55. See also Mattiu
xx. 25 ; Luke xi. 40,
looi is pleonastic in some instances, ^e. it is made
SYNTAX 01? VEUBS.
no account, of in iho translation of the passage in
which i( occurs ; as, cupZj }ik>|5 ciilk ]ocn p paiio ]!&]
M<? /mw rt//tf fa'/vta /cm? 0/ created with the earth,
Eplivuim T. I. p- 21- *l iVwro of the New Testament
is translated bv lo^o, > OT o being usually prefixed to
the following verb; as, oi]o l*^> licul* ]ocno and it
IKMM to yaw on tkr eighth thy that they came> Luke
i, 5!)* In wmio ilnct i s n< i ith(r ? nor o is prefixed to
the fnilmvinur verb; UN, **.CA* \l] ^wai Itoao ICOTO wc/
it flute (ft ftttHft />/ tlnwti tfttff* JtixiM e<nw 9 Mark i. 9.
*-UVwT is passed over in iho Syriac vor-
\vUliMiit un> untiee, Seo Mnith. Sx. 10; Murk
iv. I; Luke ii, HI The impiTfect ienso of lorn is
rormeil l 4 v plaein^ it aHer JSu) \vith tluuiflixto the
Irtllcr n^reeiiin; in Bender and number with tho noun
or pronoun \\ith \vtiielt it in coinu^icd See 31.
&1 is, It<>vve\ifr, occiiHtotuilly round without an affix; as,
a
jn+ ]$ ^t cca I*] MM lAnw were *wen brethren,
Mutth. xxii. Si5 |ccn in ohncrvcd in a few instances
before in^tctul of after M ; as, ^qioJu] |om U
* *
Bnv lleb, j>, {)t, lino 7. SomotimcB ]ooi diRap-
ptntrn and Lit itself in made to cxpWHH \mi tiruo; as,
young child ir<M, M at !h. i! 0* A^iiin, although as -a
ral< k , dm ImpCM'rct'fc Tcitno nffn^CH with its subject in
^cndei* ii ad number; yet toa 2u] in to bo met with in a
without any regard to tbis tkgroonumi ; as,
SYNTAX OF VERBS. 173
Joji Zuj l2o=yX^s there was enmity, Bar Heb. 288,
line 4 ; although we have 'in John ix. 16,
ji there was a division. We have also
0$ #*<? third how, Mark xv. 25, |ogi
were mcwz-y things, 2 John, verse 12.
composed of P and 2u| takes the affixes in the
same way as M (see 34), and when followed by
Lomad with a pronominal affix signifies to have not\
as, <A aAj ^i^ who hath not, Matth. xiil 13- See
also Luke ii. 7 ; John iv. 17. It has usually j prefixed.
Regimen of Verbs.
A transitive verb exercises an influence over a noun
or pronoun which follows it, either immediately or
mediately, and which limits its signification. The
noun or pronoun may he with or without a preposi-
tion; as, fO^ DX^CD If^o^Z he made many disciples,
John iv. 1; UO^D ^^os l*io, What has Moses com-
manded you? Mark x. 3; ja^'i^M; ^at I may call
the riffhteous, Mark ii. 17.
Verbs which are doubly transitive, such as transi-
tive verbs in those conjugations which are causative,
exercise this influence over two such nouns or pro-
nouns ; as, l^o^ 1-loa^ onr-i^V he commanded him to
be clothed with a garment" of fine Imen, Gen. xli. 42 ;
l^L^ f^v 1^ <^^V) he taught the people knowledge*
!
Eccles, xii. 9.
171- SVXTAX OF vnrs.
The* passive conjiigniions of vorlw oflontimcB ex-
press ihe cause or motive of action l>y tho jmrtiolo ^
in fcomo *meh manner as iho following; ^coui ^pv*zL
t/nil yc wtty hi* */vw ft// /A/'/w, Mutth. vi. 1. p^Li 001
{cu& /7 ///// fo* /to//// ft// //o/'t ExixL xii. 10. Soo also
Luke viii. il); John viii. !W; AHn xv. 21; xviii.18.
In the winin wnsu I ho jnvpositiou ^o is used; as,
\Lti ^ p>*] ///' inm //v/ A// ///f* /i/>//v7 t Matllt. iv 1.
Ii IK noi unftr|uonl thai, vorlw in lh ]>assivo con-
jutynlitMis hnvn tho (bn'<* of active coiyufpiiionH, and
mhnii mi aociisjiliw; as, p>i| /u* mj/mfawd Iris
intTi'v* Ly^o i. 51. lit liko inniinorllioptiKKivopnrti-
riph 1 of tla* poal cxMiju^ation has in many voi'lm the
ftmii of tin* active participle; nw, cni^ cc ^*j-**l /Acy
* * " *
Iwk ft! M, Mailh, xiv. fi; anii ^'^t-* Hni'MMMtinff him,
Mnttli, viii. 1H. So also ya!i fwitttlniiif^Tiim 1 8 ;
twyiuffi Litko vli. 1 !; A.c.iHiii. 2j
/ Cr!ton* Hpicilc^iiun, p. va!i lino 2ft*
/lw wW/(r Mmbx with <tr tr it/tout ft
H is not uncommon to si-d two V<T!>H coining togc.-
t ono of \vhi<*h |u*rforuiA tho ofltoo of an adverb to
the other, ouch verb bohtg in tho sumo number, Bonder,
and Ic-nw^, an, ^'>^* u*^x]> f^o //## ^/^ ww^A 2 Cor.
viii, 15 ; <niifi*> ^^otf //rr/A grwtly watted him, Phil
* *
iL II j jol |L| yo5tl / w7/ ayah fasti % jbo^ Gcn f
XJCK, Ul ; *lo ^ooj y/^> //c 1 ^^/, Luke, xx. 11, 12;
SYNTAX OP VEEBS. 175
entreated <p9o^ ^scta ^aoZAj p tfAdtf W should
not be spoken to them any more, Hebr. xii. 19 ; ^i^]
Ui^3 CTLSU^AO 7&e changed the letter craftily > Bar Heb.
p. 100.
There are instances in which the second verb is
found in the infinitive, the inflexion of the first de-
pending on circumstances ; as, ]v*^> uaaaoil P shall
no more see> Job vii, 7 ; NP ou^SsoS 002 ^coo] p I
will not any more curse the ground, Gen. viii. 21;
>l^ ^sifflQio again they say, Assem. T. III. p. 56,
col. \.line 20.
The second verb is occasionally found in the future
with 9 prefixed ; as, *-$$LA.ZJ La^jo (the suspicion) was
near to tie confirmed i.e. (the suspicion) was almost
confirmed, Bar Heb. p, 551, line 11.
The participle of the second verb is found, as we
might expect, as well as any other inflection of it ;
as, which book he desired oiL ]*> cnizta j that he read-
mg it, might admire, i.e. that he might read it admir-
ingly, Assem, T. II. p. 345, line 31.
Miscellaneous Observations.
The ordinary method of expressing a reciprocal or
reflective sense is by a transitive verb with the noun
liaa united to the affixes. But it is also in some
instances done by means of the passive conjugations.
In the Ethpeel; as, tia] he turned himself, Matth,
ix. 22. See also John viii. 6, 7, 59.
170 RYKTAX OF VERBS.
VH'bshzivo Komrtimos a passive signification ;
as, ]!*4 to iMMtlff, for lo Ic dccekefl, trhavaveat, Luke
xxi. S; JL/tf'/ww/, Tor IMS burnt, Matth. xiii. 30:
" K *
,/?>//, for te f/Ytf tffflrf rfflwi, John iii. 24;
twtutMf, for fc^ Ml/vcted, was lorn up, as
by ihcir roots.
Thoro is no form of tlin v(rl> expressing the Opta-
livn mood. 3<\>r ihis purpose tlie future of the
Imlictilm* (SCM* fh usn of il Jut* p. 303) is ordinarily
WiwI, the nmtesf or homo pnrticlo dotormining that
this wiiM' of Ihr vorl> is r(quir<i The pronoun
M M k rvM ihinpurpoAn; as 10} ^D docs in
'iww in NtiinbrrH xi. 20 wo have ^ ^o
///ff/ r/// ///^ jfJ^fe o//?
ij^ ix. 20: cn,^*| ^j ^i
v* r Jj poi IfrftvN O ///<// /A/ir iMQi*fo 1WM ffivw into my
: ioc in found (o indicate thoOptativo mood;
w* *///*/ r/i> fix. xvi. 3. Hotewx and
Imvft wiltatttwl pufisn^cfl in which ono of the
, woi, IA employed to de-
noi< 4 fit in mood.
Compound words in (ironk arc translated into Syriac
by Himplo wonln, either alono or in conjunction with
another word or pm*tteto ; as, ^<I foreknowing, Acts
xwl. ft } A^l ^t ' fw^^f Mark xttL 23 ; ^<nJ
* * * *
m&Djo //<- w>j ft^w Ww or <We/ onlw* Urn, John*
xx. 4 ; o with many others.
SYNTAX OF ADVERBS. 177
57. Syntax of Advert*.
The repetition of adverbs, like that of nouns, ex-
presses intensity ; as, ^A-S **+s very "badly : or
*
diversity ; as, t^o ]* hither <md thither : or con-
tinuation ; as, ^Jifl ^ J^> by little and little.
X *
Adverbs are used to qualify nouns by being placed
sometimes before them, and sometimes after them ;
as, l-i ^Ao a little water 9 ]&IDCU ^>^o a few days,
* X
|vS^yj ,^co many widows, Luke iv. 25 ;
^ X
a little lecwen, I Cor. v. 6. When ^-^a and
*
are put before nouns, they seem themselves to be
nouns, or to have the force of them, and might be
translated, a little quantity 0fand a great quantity of
respectively.
Adverbs derived fcom the names of nations ending
in M are found sometimes with and sometimes
without a prefix; as, M^oiio, or M^om Syriace ;
X X
or Iula|/j Arabice. So we have MJO!D, or
X
r&ke, T^^o^s, or 2u^Uo^ JEjpyptiaM.
An adverb is expressed by means of a noun with *
prefixed ; as, }te>* a moment of time, l&^t? imme-
diately, ]iDQA ^aj daily. Again, an abverb is formed
by a noun with o prefixed; as, Uo^ua astutely,
]i<&*^ > craftily, ]l\La lastly 9
Iz&thso diffusely.
KVXTAX OK
S8. Syntax nf Prepositions.
Pfl'iwwil i< ms aw* mnployod in conned ion with, verbs ;
thus o is found \vitU verbs Biguifyiiig to confess or
>//'////; also many verbs of HCIIHO arc construed with
9 *
trto Ml (It'Hy me, onlotoD W j] /^ ww?
in uw?d with V<V!>B
or twwHrifi ; ns V^ji ^ ''-^ P? ^o
//// the rfw^ t Jcilin x, ], 2.
ivith vtrl< of wrwtttf? or commanding ; as,
V^ Af* wwrnlt JUflith. Kvii. 5 j fid 7/t*
(1mm. xxstvl. 2.
whh vi*rhn of wtHtwthtff or
f/W MiMwfptl POJU*^ Jtmcui ius between
with Vf*r1iH of twninffg n, U] //(? <?<m/ Mark
K 7 : of //"% ; iw **ll *f rfi/w//W, John vi, 2 ; ^i;
A<? rww, 1 Oor. x*v. 1
The pn'jHmilions v Vaa^ ^ww/,^* agaimt) >oL
t^/VA* aiul many others nro fmjuontly ucd with verb* ;
at, )*) ^Acai> (Oicooi p r^t/W no/ evil; Matth.
v, 30. *8ee frit* Mattlh xivi, 02 ; Act* iv. 14; Bom*
vii, 23 ; A<'t** xxv. ft ; Hobn vi, 0, Ac*
The prefix o> ii somotimos nob expressed, but
SYNTAX OF P&EPOSITIOKS. 179
understood, before a noun in a state of construction;
as, c-s] A-a )^joj <QJ] ^tp^a m my -Father's home are
* X 5"^
many mansions, John xiv. 2. See also Acts vii. 20 ;
xiii. 29.
The preposition ,10 followed by a noun is found to
express, by way of periphrasis, an adj., or to give to
the noun the sense of an adj. ; as, ]!v r* 5 he was
of the celebrated ones, i.e, he was celebrated, Assem.
T. I. p. 426. col. 2. last line but one. t&J&ChD p ^o ? o,
-*? md that which is of the impossibles, ie. and that
which is impossible, ib. T. III. p. 605. ^i is also
to be met with as redundant. See Matth. i 12 ;
ii. 9 ; Assem. T. I. p. 54. 1. 7. This preposition is
also used as in the following example, |ou >Q*G] cruL
*
|^ic L^a ^ao whom God hath raised from among the
dead. Acts iii. 15.
After ko and other particles signifying between,
various particles are used, which in English have the
force of the conjunction and. 1st. The copulative o
itself; as, Upo o^ ZUs between interior and exterior,
Bat He*, p. 473. 1. 3. Us?o5o Uo^la ''Ax^* between
the armies and the chiefs, ib. 604. 1. 17. 2nd. Lomad
frequently; as, -nflJop ^ 2us between Haran and
Edessa, Bar Heb. p. 60. 1. 13. U^ V1 Zus between
earth and heaven, ib. 275. 1. 5; ]f niraS ^oalu-o
between you md the sons of the Church, Assem.
T. III. p. 307. last line. )2*^ rocn^^ between them
and the waters, Bar Heb. p* 511* 1, 9, 10. 3rd. by
3 80 CONJUNCTIONS.
V 5so; as, <psiiw M0iQiJ> between Mm and them* Matth.
xx. 17* ^o A ZUD between me and tJiee, Bar Heb.
p. 270, L 19, fL-Ao <pouua between, them and tfo
nrwy> ib. p. 412. L 10.
2*9 <!OOH not take an affix ; but tbo affix follows
with **s profixwl to if ; as, micJJo C& flus between him
and hi* mother, Bar Hob, p. 507, 1. 16, 17, cni* Zus
between him <wd the king, ib, p. 421, L 2, 3.
5^1 lua between Iheu and them, ib. p. 408.
1. If).
Whon ]iji. IH followed by the prefix % tlio two
particle 1m vo th for<*o of mr^M* rt in Latin. ]ooio
ciZoicik ^ A r^^ ^ /; ^ ^' ^^^ ^'^^ 7 ^^^ ^^ ^^ (of
Itonwl), Mafih. . 15,
jlj withtwti laki*H no affix ; but when a pronoun
follows, it in a neparato pronoun ; afl, ]j] p> without
we, John xv. 5.
A noun called by A#rdl nomen nitdum, 1.0. a noun
without proilxcB or afllxo.s, IB xiaod as a proposition ;
n lij^r, Bnr Mob, p. 203, hint lino; *-^su >Z]/or my
^ r 3 ) ^/ ^j U** <pl ^ investigation^ ib,
p, 59, 1, 8.
50. Conjunctions.
A conjunction !* on many occasions not expressed
in a Kmtenco, but understood, Tho conjunction o
as,
CONJUNCTIONS. 181
Matth. ix. 7. <-ooa >oo0 Arise, go, Gen. xxxi 13.
y*S^p \i ySoi ysoD #n$g #?#?& (and) ^0 o# tf% ,/eetf.
Acta Mart. II. p. 293. See also Is. xxxvii. 37. In
the two last examples the Vau would naturally drop
out, as commands are often given under the influence
of excitement, and consequently in as few words as
possible. We have also an ellipsis of oj in 2 Kings
ix. 32 ; ^iSnVuiSs ]&Sz, ^3L two or three eunuchs.
See Isaiah xviii. 6. <J is sometimes understood; as,
]&9\> oil* -*>KT?O and (if) tribulation should happen to
x * ^^ ^ ' **
him, Gen. xlii. 38.
Vau is often found prefixed to each word, or step
of the sentence ; as, >^>o ^ioZ]o ILLoo ^ojoa **
1Sfi4\ ^CL^O Our Saviour suffered, and died, and was
buried, and arose, and ascended to heaven. Bar Heb.
p. 51, last line. In explanation of this liberal use of
the Vau, Hoffman in his Gram., p. 383, note, says,
"Animo commotis etiam polysyndeton interdum
A conjunction is repeated when the clauses of the
sentence to which the said conjunction is appended
ore used correlative!^; as,o o,Bx.xxi. 16; *ai
*aj, Gen. xxiv. 25; <] <], Horn, i 16; .. r ...o]
o], Matth. vi. 24. Different conjunctions are fre-
quently employed in a sentence in this correlative
manner; as, \&9\ y*], Is. Iv, 9; >]> y4 M ...,J26tfi,
Acts i. 11; Jo <j, 2 Oor. xii. 2;
Eev. x il 2.
CONJUNCTIONS.
The particle *, besides being a pronoun and a mark
of the Gen. is also used as a conjunction. When it
has tho force of that. i.e. when it is causal, it is
construct ocl with a verl) in the future ; but when it is
used in another senso, it may be found with a prate-
rlta. Sue Mitt tit. L 22; ii. 8, 12, 15. &c. It is
found in connection with many other particles ; as,
! ! fdKM<r f Malih. vi. II). >&]^ wheresoever.
Bar Hob. p. JWH, 1. 10. > L1 as that, John viii 28,
^Z^cf w/v/ that, !1>, y t*msi fcwuw*, Bar Hob. 112,
linen 7, R > jLs iy/?<r M</<, ib, 3D, 7- ? 3 to ^i,
JUfttth. xx vi, 28; Lulco xxiL 20. > ]i wto, Mark
iv, 20, ? '*^o fc^fffw, Mflr Jacob's Scholia, p 1,
1.3. ?'*! twwtttCi War Hcb. 158, 12. There are
lttian(50 in which the conjunction * is omitted, $ ^>||
(101 fOj| J00 (tliat) / wmy <?^A jb^ John xxi. 3.
Hero !H aloofly itn ollipHiB of y Iwforo jp^f.
The copttlutivo o imn tho force of that; especially
aftw vorlw of aM#ff or wmwandlng, Epliraim T. I.
p. 81, J? , 7 ; p. 410, D. 8, 0. In Job y, 7, o has the
There aro otlior conjunctions, which have oxcep-
tlonal uHCrt. o] i employed in making a comparison,
and thu it 'porfonna the office which is usually
nwdgned to ^P; a t "it flhali be more tolorablo for
Tyro and Bidon in the clay of judgment ,-& J\ thm
for you: 1 Matth. xL tt.
is uod with a formula of imprecation; as, " God
INTERJECTIONS. 183
do so to thee, and more also, )2u& ~&o IJQDO^ $ ifthau,
conceal from me a tlvmg" 1 Sam. iii. 17. " David
sware, saying, So do God to me, and more also,
li^oi oj> >ojo ]4i*S >oLJ <] if I taste bread before
the sim be down" % Sam. iii. 35. See also 2 Kings
vi. 31. Cant. i. 9. P J the same as Vh DN has the force
of yea, verily > in Job. ii. 5, and elsewhere.
60. Interjections.
Interjections which denote threats have commonly
the preposition ^ following ; as, Eccles, x. 16, ^-a^ ~o
woe to thee. Matt. -T"i- 13, ^Q^ ^o woe to yqp. 1 Sam.
iv. 8; ^ MO woe to us. See Matth. xiii. 7 ; yri"- 13.
Sometimes the preposition is ^^; as/Jer. L. 27, *o
^ocruS^, ^o^ to them; or, ^ according to Amira,
Gram. p. 449, l^oi l^f*- ^ tno] wo^ to this generation.
When interjections are employed to express lamenta-
tion, the nouns which follow do not receive a prepo-
sition ; as, M^P 010] alass my dwghter 9 Judges xi. 35,
See 1 Kings xiii 80 ; Eev. xviii. 10> 16, 19.
^1 is a particle of invoking aa well as of affirm-
ing. See Gen. xxx. 34. ^o2u[ O that is almost
always joined with the particle ^; as, ^*> tao&*1
wA ^oZuoji ^(-limsn that ye would bear with me,
% Cor. xi. 1. , See also Gal. iii. 4.
|oi behold I This interjection serves to mark em-
phatically the sentence, or that part of the sentence,
18'1 INTEHHOGATIVES.
at the beginning of which it is placed. It is used
especially whero teMfitt or vicis is signified ; as, ^ij
0iZcui4 ^ 1 *& iMtailh to him, Mold, from Us child-
honJ, Mark ix. 21. "That ihou hast smitten me
^osj &lz ]m IwfioM, three tiwes" Niimb. xxii, 28. In
the Ntnv Testament ?m is often found as the translation
of tliu Greek particle >/5^ ; as, ^cua jl^J f<n ^ ^^ ^
Maltlu iii. 10. With JJ preceding, |oi is
interrogatively. See Itatlh. v. 46.
h$ //, is cmiHtrucd with ^ of the person and
prefixed io flie vcrhj us, piS> cnS uxu/w i^> ^
(fail he nhouhl do, Job. xxxiv, 10* See Matth*
Sometimes iiin verb in in tlie, infin, with V X prefixed,
Beo Gen, xlir. 7. Iwhlcttd of > the conjunction <j is
found in 1 Bum. xxiv. 7, &e. ^00^ 7^/// It is the
same an *7f8 in Hebrew* It Ls found with a plu,
affix, although tho ninpilat !N occasionally mot with,
and a noun with ^> following, to which tho affix of
the inteiji!<;tion rafara, Se Maltlh v- 3; Pfi* i 1
Somrtirnt'K tho noun iw without V S. See Deut,
xxxiii. 20,
Question* arn n^ked not only by interrogative
pronoun* ; but alo by various particles, such a*
U*-l //^o / llicu'j ^e frwn whence? or whcref&&
Tbwe wo many Jatemgative ientonoe0, which hftve
INTERBOGATrVES. 185
no particle to mark them; but which the context
shews to be. In these cases the prominent word in
the question commonly begins the sentence : 001 LJ]
]oou> ^o art thou the kmg of the Jews ? Matth.
xxvii. 11.
A question with J3 ordinarily comprises an affirma-
tion; as, ]>L* )2| ^^ ]L=>)] )LS9 -*G\ <p2uj P say not
^ x ae -
ye that after four months cometh harvest ? John iv. 35.
When, however, a question is asked by li^ a negative
is implied; as, o*2LaLo^ ] tVwr p- x - J-^^^n |Q^ |^S g is a
devil able toopen the eyes of the bUnd ? Job x. 21. Some-
times a doubt is implied; as, *+> \i] \^ Lord, is it
If Matth. xxvi. 22. See also John ix. 27 ; xviii. 25,
The last remark is applicable to the particle *o when
it is used interrogatively ; as, ^ |Zailacn <^o .^4^0
^ ' __
pj] and shall Hejindfwth on the earth ? Luke xviii.
8. The particle <] is employed to express what
Uhlemann calls indirekte Frage; as, that thou tell
us jau^j ofip IMJ^V) 001 L] <J whether thou art the
Christ, the Son of*Goti ? Matth. xxvi 63.
The interrogation is sometimes continued by means
of the disjunctive o| to make, it would seem, the
question more distinct and definite ; as, jjoi |^u 01^0
7 P 7 V
<^oiooo) o| who hath simed f this mem or his parents ?
John ix. 2, > i omSn 001 ~*i*t)] o] \i}) 001 001 LJ| art thou
^ x - ' if '
*^ tf&atf Aow^ (?o^, or cfo we look for <wotfteff
Matth. xi. 3. See also Assam* T, I. p. 87.
180 EXALLAGE OF PEKSOSS.
The affirmation or denial of a question is usually
madnliykocpiugkick tho verb and pronoun, which
dt'ftno the question; as, .... ZjScjJ yo'ji ^Lj foZcsi*
/ * * * Y - * " ^
jLfa]) yjjloio ^i*LcL*, oficjo /WM //* 7w/W, my brethren,
t/wf, irlifcfi I hnn* mM ! And I hay amwcrcd, We have
Itrttf'd envy thing vhkh thon haul said. Assom. T.
L p. 375. 1 7.
* ftf /'
The enallnjye of persons dom not occur so fre-
quently in Byrinct a in Hebrew, and especially as
in the JM>n*w TsjilinH ; but *omo instances are
mot with in the Hyruut HeripturcB ; OH, lui ^4^
mpl (tj> lllp o] ilop uaaio ^ &A wfwwfore tlm
art itWMUwhl<\ wwi who jwlgeth his MighloWi
where we bave mya* for ^p* Bom, ii 1, i.<?. the
3rd petwn for Die 2nd 4^0^; y&odt loi 2uL
lul jl^ fto di2o2^f ^t*? 1M^ r=^ P=^ j ^r w not
u, (iwl lib* unto {hw*t fwyiriHg iniquity, and yass*
ing tyt ft** 1 twiitgwwtoto <\f tlw witidne of his in*
wt and Mntwt nvts whuro wo havo mio^f.
I, 3rluab vll. 18, .<?, tbn 3rd per. for tho 2nd,
wlioro wo
luivn ^OMI fot ^peenZi Gal iv. 21, f,e?. tho 3rd, pom for
tho 2nd H<*o uho Inuiah xlil 21
ELLIPSIS. 187
63. Ellipsis.
This figure occurs most frequently in the omission
of the substantive verb ; as, caeca* <JOA,O md his name
was Joseph. oiZoajj ^^] those who (are) like him, Bar
Heb. 328. 12. There are other words which it is
sometimes necessary to supply in order to complete
the sense ; as, a subs, in Eocles. vi, 3, ]]D l^o^^oj J
if a man shall beget a hundred, namely sons; Zulcu |^
once have I sworn, where ^s) is understood. Psalm,
Lsxxix. 35 ; <ojiacn; ^a*&a? ^*Loi ^|, ttlso these
things that were written (were written) that ye may
believe, John xx. 35.
There axe very many passages in which a 00/*& of
some kind or another has to be supplied, in order to
complete the sense ; as, t*22cji ]^D^ mtil when 9 viz.
wilt thou bring assistance, Fs. yi. 4; ^5co y& ^^
% blessmff (may it come) ^po^ % people, Ps. iii* 9 ;
1^] )iUo }3a^ fpz ^ destruction qf the impious
<wd the wicked (will come) together, Isaiah i. 28.
There are some sentences in which a word requires
to be repeated, in order to obtain a full and con-
nected sense; as, JLoftj? ^oou <nLa ^J ]><n but all this
which was done (was dotie) that it might
Matth. i. 22. See also John xx. 31 : Bom. r*
Heb. vii. 18, viii. 3.
188 COLLOCATION OF WORDS,
An accusative is sometimes omitted; as, / t
brought forth> via. sows, Gen. xvi. 1; ^^ h
viz. a ic /#, Noli. xiiL 25 ; v-ic5) fo mtf, viz. the lot,
1 Sam. xiv. 42. Also to ^j in John k. 7, some
*f *"
such noun a 1^ is to "be supplied,
A nominal ivo Ls occasionally omitted: as LoX]
7 * r^^^"* B
^^ w*W (UiH anger) be retained for ever?
Jor. iii- 5, Tlusni IB also an ellipsis in the Hebrew.
A noun cxpreswod in the early part of the sentence
i not rotated in a following part with some genitive,
although required l)y the aonso, the genitive alone
t ' <* <*ff V f ft
being put? a*, pi ^lo? t*r*"T| v\ ***** &* g^ry as
(the fflory) r/if//<? ow/// h'flotttM of the Father, John
L 14, Jn tho (Jm*k *^ in repeated, |om t-.moLl
Ifkif <nio& ///> clot hi ttff wf(ft (the clothing) qfhafo,
Matilu Hi. 4. Ju*ol? ^ ^? )Zo>ra ^ 2ul JAa^ ^
tti9thMMy 9 w&fak hgrwlwttwn the testimony qfJofa,
John v. 3(1 In comparisons thia mode of oonstmo
tion itt prevalcud, of whicli the last example is an in*
fitanop. An <illii>His of a word expvoHsitig a definite
portion of time ; us, >oo* a ^, or ]iXx4 a y<?ar 9 is quite
common.
In gcwornl the collocation of words in Byriao is
simple and natural ; but in some instances it departs
COLLOCATION OP WORDS, 189
from the ordinary rules. A few of these instances it
may be well to notice.
The verbs ]o<n and of are sometimes so placed in
a sentence that the grammatical connection of the
former part with that of the latter is dissevered ; as,
^ T ^ |o<n <-Aiiz p tioioo and Moses was eighty years
old, Ex. vii. 7 ; oi$l ^ r^\ U^ m d they *ay to
us, make bricks, Ex, v. 16 ; ^-o* ^rn^o fr fti p lam
a hundred and twenty years old, Dent. xxxi. 2. A
personal pronoun standing for the logical copula is
found placed between two nouns in a state of regi-
men; as, >o0ipl> ,OM oiL)] toe are the seed of Abraham,
John viii, S3
In a long sentence the verb is occasionally found
at the end of it, and separated a long distance from
its object; as, p^ fcL^ he made a banquet,
Ephraim T. II. p. 210. D. 6...E, 3. The verb is also
found separated by many words from its auxiliary;
as, li^....,,v*a* y^, <] ifthou art indeed able
to read, ib. T. II. p. 211. 0. 8...D. 2. j j] jti.^o
|ocn and he did not wish to be fatigued ; where the
verb comes before that on which it depends, ib. T. II.
p. 212. 0. 5, 6. The infinitive with ^ prefixed comes
before the verb on which it is dependent in Ephraim
T. I. p. 83. D. 3, 4
A noun sometimes comes after both the verb and
100 SYRIAC METRES.
its object; as,
~ ti * \ f ^s ' ~ v^ - N^^^
for they feared lest the people should stone them,
Acts. 7. 26. Tho object is found between the auxili-
ary and the verb in Matth. xxi. 1, and other places.
There are instances of particles occupying unusual
places; as the Adverb ZUjli^in Mark i. 45 ; " ''* ?
h 00
\> openly to enter the city ; P in ^>
reprove me not in Mine anger, Ps, vi.2.
04, Kyriae Metre*.
According to Halm, tho first hymnologist of the
Syrians was the celebrated Gnostic Bardesanes, who
flourished in tho second half of tho second century.
la this ho is in some degree supported by Ephraim
in his 5Srd homily, against heretics, T. II. p. 553,
where, although ho docs hot actually assert that
Barctoflamss wiw tho iuvontor of measures, yet he
HpeakB of him in terms which show that he not only
wrote hymns, but also imply that at least ho revived
and brought into fashion a taste for hymnology.
Theso are his words:
he composed hymn*, and adapted them (mixccfy to
eoundt; he ako composed psalms, and intro-
STEIAO METRES. 191
duced metres, and distributed words ly measures md
weights. These hymns were, according to the same
authority, called "by various names, They were de-
nominated U>'r^ ? which word, according to Castell
by Michselis, signifies Hymns consisting of mawy
strophes, l^oli poems, -*fu. songs, and Uf*^i o* If^l
xx |ac
Psalms. It is stated that he wrote 150 Psalms in
imitation of the number of the Psalms of David.
"Whether the poems bearing the different names here
mentioned make together the number 150, or whether
they are comprised in the (4^1 alone, is not cer-
X
tain.
Ephraim says that the heresy of Bardesanes
became powerful, because the people were taught
through poetry, and they were consequently influenced
and charmed by the melody of his numbers. It was
by this contrivance that he succeeded in infusing his
poison into the minds of those who were attracted by
the power of his teaching. He gathered around him
a company of youths whom he taught to sing to the
harp. Ephraim says, in T. II. p. 489. D, Uaioos
]op*^ vMft cnZ^q by the melodies of his Psalms he
vomited the youth. It is to be regretted that of the
Hymns of Bardesanes, which it appears, in consequence
>f their high poetic merit, exercised an extensive
fatfluen.ee over the religious opinions of the age in
which he lived, and gave so much strength and popu-
larity to his gnostic ertore, a very few fragment* only
102 RVJIFAC METRES.
remain. Thiw fragments arc <o be found scattered
ovor <ho workfl of Ephrnim. Jt is to this lioly father
that we arc indebted for all we know of tho Hymno*
logy of Bardosanes, and of tin* c<mse it was meant to
wrve. Jli.s testimony, however, after making some
alhnvnnoe for lim sw*ai nipunal tho gnoptio heresy,
wliitih determined him to concentrate all the powers
of hut mind io put it down, ought for anything we
know 1o ilie ronlvary, l>o aocc k ptcxl as in the main
On t!m Bubjwt ofthe ini*trc in which Bardesancs
wrote vvr ntust <*<>ntiu(* io nprnk on the amo autho-
rity, At Hi<* fi*t of hymn 05
(in* tlww wordn P^
; M^o^Af //if/v* end HewntMK hyniw to the mea*
qf the* wng* (if JhmfaaM*. Thcwo hymns are
numhoriul 19 to M incluniv^ It is a pity that
thr; l^tHHlictiiMMfdiitou did not arrange thorn metri-
cally, BO tlmf th^ nitMiHuro of tho verno might bo at
once prrnratful to the* oycf. Aft or a nhort examina-
tioit* liow<vr, it may bn H<rt^rtain(?d that those poems
are irrilton in pontoyll<iWc vcwo, U. och line eon-
of fivo wyllahlf^ Ilahn, in hia "Bardosanoe
," p. M, litM j?iv<n the flrnfc utrophe oonsit-
ing oftmflvo IUHH of tlio >10tli hymn- TIiD twelfth
lino in nn follows, oo ]s^ ^ai ///^ /<? Atw t&Aa
wwptwwl tcitk MM. This in a doxology, and auch
U may he nlmwYed is the butt lino of each airopho of
METRES. 193
the poem. It is probable that in the Church service,
the custom was for the congregation, or the whole
choir at least, to sing the doxology. In some poems,
such as the 53rd, the doxology is found only at the
end of the first strophe ; but in such cases it is most
likely that it was understood at the end of each of the
others. There arc other hymns, such as the COth and
6Jith, that contain no doxology. llahn conjectures
that in these, the congregation might have used some
one of the doxologies best known at the time* Some-
times the doxology consists of two qr three verses, as
in hymn 50, p. 19, D and E, where wo have,
Praise to him, who wut him
13lc3sed be his coming*
Harmonius, the son of Bardesanes, stands next in
the history of this subject, both chronologically and
for his successful cultivation of sacred poetry. He is
reported to have studied at Athens, and to have be-
come well acquainted with the literature of the Greeks*
Some writers have stated that he indeed was the first
to compose hymns in Syriae, and they assign to him
the honours, which by on almost general consent
have been assigned to his father. This statement is
not in any way confirmed by Ephraim, who, in con*
sequence of Ms position and of the time in which he
lived, is undoubtedly entitled to be regarded as the
ItH SYIUAC METRES.
greatest authority. It is said that he also trod in the
footstep** of his father in regard to the gnostic doc-
trine*, mid thufc in imitation of Bardosanes, ho, too,
wrote pnefry for ihe purpose of propagating those
lewts* In AHNpnumi Btbl Orient., Tom. L, p. 48,
note, is the foltmvini* extract from a Syriao MS. in
the Vatican on KerleR, Hist. t**jp? ot
^ S^ fO l&Jku,Z >*,$ ^ )cm
n y^o ]Ati+9 |fciV.a?r.!^ |ooi 2
*, tftt* MM tofIhwlMfntM 9 fofuMrly composed
of />/v*/w /'//// wfming (miring) hk Iwyktyin
i ht\ //v 'A** wwlium ftf/he w/v/#;w, allured t/te
How fjtr fheHtiilemoiil of Kphntim (p, 301) may ho
relieil on it may mil Iw easy loMty, hut it ia evident ifiat
In* tittuwlf Mir\*il llml I hi* Mtd^HwrnrH wore strongly
in Ilti(n<jed hy po( ry and music. 'Whdhcr the motive
IK; imputes to !iat'desan<'.s whioh Ims boon ciuotod, bo
or not, it Is < ( erluhi that Bphraim also made
of HUM instrument for eounloractiti^ the baneful
wluelt Ihe vriiiiii{M of Hnnh'fwines had produced.
He looked upon thoHr t'H'curtH with groat diHmuy and
expreHHed lumwlf piinst them in tho Btrong<mttorms*
In Itin Hfi\ newmipmtyinK IUH work^ Tom, VL p 53,
by nn unonymotiK author, ho ! ruado to ay: cursed
i* h<*> who ihnlt ^///, tut fa (liardoitanc^) mid: kt him
be MwttottM who *hM Mtow, $* he Mtewd &o- Wo
ant told hy thiH biogrnplH^r what rticana Ephraim
adopted to bring back tho foibwerH of Bardceancs to
SYEIAXJ METRES. 195
the pure doctrines of the Church. He established
daughters of the convent* lie taught them odes and scales
of music and responses. Every day these daughters of
the convent were gathered together in the church.
Jfyhram, as the father 9 stood in the midst of them,
arrwginff and teaching them the various chwts, 8fC. 9
till all the city was gathered together to him, and the
adverse party was confounded and defeated. The ex-
tant works of Ephraim prove that he must have dili*
gently cultivated this art. A considerable portion of
them consists of compositions in various metres.
Whatever obscurity and doubt exist as to tho origin
of hymnology among tho Syrians, it is certain that at
no time subsequent to Ephraim did it reach a higher
state of perfection than it attained to through the
labours of that holy father.
I have already said that the metre in which Barde-
sanes wrote is pentesyllabic, i.e. that each line con**
gists of five syllables* Metres in Syriac, so far as a
knowledge of thorn has come down to us, consist not
of a particular number of feet as tn, Greek and Latin,
but of a certain number of syllables. Dr. Burgess,
indeed, whose Essay on this subject In his " select
metrical hymns and homilies of Ephraim Syrus," is
by far the best with which, I am acquainted, thinks
that there are traces of an artificial arrangement of
words, by which the sense is in some cases obscured,
and that there might have existed among them a
theory as to accent, or quantity* If so, that theory
02
SYEIAC METEES.
has not been discovered, and all thai we can yet say
of a Syriac metro is, that it is determined by a certain
number of syllables. In this respect they are similar
to the measures of our o\vn hymns, except that the
Syrians do not appoar to have written much in rhyme.
Thus the octosyllabic metro woiild correspond to our
long metre. The Hhortcst measure, so for as we are
able to Bpealc, was tetntsylMic, and the longest
The intermediate measures are pente-
, h&MttyUhic 9 and ovloMjlluUo. Not one of
thorn) motm<4 mn.s to be confined to subjects of a
particular character; but all of thorn are found em-
ployed in lively as will m in Holwuu compositions.
To incc i t the ncwffisilinA of the metro wo find that
SytuftWhiH and DWWHI'H arc Homctimos employed, of
each of which wu will now briefly epoaL
Syntorosifl in the contraction of two syllables into
ono. It may bo regarded as a pootic licence indulged
in to maintain tlw motro; thus, tho 5th rerse of the
lt strophe of liyiun 49 already quoted is o!Wl]J
]iox*0. Hero aro HIX syllablofl in a pentesyllabic
hymn. Tfc to therefore necessary to make two syllables
Into one- Now in verbs of tho Ethpaal conjugation
tho mhliUfl vowol in sometimes withdrawn. Hence
tho atom* vorms is i*oad foUkfatfb chfafaho. Synaoresis
ooctttfl tn tho beginning of a word by taking away the
initial vowel ; as, <wl ^ot^oZ Pmihirtm, Hero the
gylkblo 1 i not pronounced. So also we meet with
STEIA.O METRES, 197
samenph, ^a| ^>ji hoclianph, &o. It is also
// V " O
met with in verbs ]a; as, c] fy d'lo*mar; in Greek
words beginning with S> which, in passing into Syriac,
9 <*
takes the initial ] ; as, 0%wa Syr, ]snr>m] s&0a0. In
words of three syllables, the vowel of the first is elided
when the middle syllable has a long unchangeable
vowel; as, UcoJ r'lntho* In the middle of a word
the vowel is sometimes passed over in the pronuncia-
J7 V *
tion : in verbs; as, K^aZ] eihph'lag ; in nouns, espe-
cially whoro the second syllable has tho vowel JL; as,
]Zo<n3> allnttno. Tho vowel at the end of a word may
fall away : in a verb, when the grammatical form will
continue to bo known, notwithstanding tho Vowel is
omitted in tho pronunciation; as, JaS& M'ph ; &afpo
sob* with ; in a noun, as, 1^ pagr*.
There are Instances whoro tho first syllable of a verse
is taken away and made in tho pronunciation the last
syllable of tho preceding verso, Thus the deficiency
in tho first vorso is supplied by the redundancy of the
next. In hymn 51> Tom. Ill, p. 94, lino 13, we have
$ $ teoropen> where fooro ends oue verse, and pen
begins the one which immediately follows.
Die&rosis lengthens a word by ono syllable ; so that
monosyllables become dissyllables, c. Dkeresis,
therefore, performs pretty much the same office as
Mefatffyono ( 9,)* Tho difference between them sedma
to consist principally in this. Dicoreeis gives the force
of a towel in the pronunciation, whore there would
198 SYKIAC METRES.
otherwise be a moving sheva 9 a,n& Mehagyono exercises
the same force where there would otherwise be a
quiescent sJieva. Examples are, ^ooiA^" lialayliun;
* V v *
as if ^ocnui^; }\~&& metlichze, pronounced in case of
Disercsis wietlicheze ; onn^ schbak becomes in the same
way schebak.
APPENDIX.
IT in sttttml in 10, that a simple point is some-
f imrs used for various purposes. The practice of the
Hyriiui writers appears to have been to employ a
point, which, by its position above or below the letter
to \Utirh it is aimuxcd, would determine the true
signification of a word that would otherwise, in the
til wn<p of the vowola, remain ambiguous. It is pro-
IwWt 1 flint 1h position of this point defined in some
di'^rw the kind of vowel intended to be supplied,
and thus served UN ft quido in the pronunciation. The
following iusiunct'B of its application, taken princi-
pally from thft Grammars of Amira, Hoffman and
l)<* Oini, will illustrate tho nature and utility of this
j lj-1 r r j what
\i\ |4 fl>fV
w
w
* *
>, pwi ttot
lls
200 APPENDIX,
i
{ "
{^OJCTl
V"?
I ^*j0i
I <***?
( o&
\ T^
IS
coi oon
*s " / *-
ocn ocn
king.
infant*
ywr.
APPENDIX. 201
It jippruvK, from the foregoing examples, that tMs
point performed the office of vowels; that when it
wan pluwrl ovor the letter, it denoted for the most
part cmo of the vowels *, *, and when beneath the
IrttiT, il denoted , *, or *.
This point was further used to distinguish the
prwrms and IITIHIS of verbs. "When it was put he-
iti'jiili tlir It'tti'i*, ii di'iiolcd,
I. All tho porMona of the prcoterite, the first of the
sinif, ntinth. bring oxceptod- The tliird person sing.
l'"tiu has ihin poini frwiucmtly on the left-hand side of
llw last lit<<T I.
& Tin* iuip(*nitiv and infinitive whenever any
point iw Iniunl
H. AH pofHonn of the future, the first of each
mimtwr being nxocpted.
\Vlwn it JH phurod above a letter in verbs, it de-
Ulltt'H,
I. Tlw llnrt. iMfHon of the pnotorite.
2* Tim m*tlv pttrti<5iple; a to Pool coxtfug&tion
i^J, l*fcel %ofc> %iuakj unless one of the
1 o M riHtulrai It to bo placed below; as, >ou$io
or >cu4&
#
. tho find pwwm of lioth numlras of the fixture.
Tit* following paradigm af the Poal conjugation of
will cxcwplUy wJmt luu been now etated.
202
APPENDIX.
Fern,
Yett.
Prteterite.
Masc.
-9 3rd P 01 " 8 ' sing.
2nd ............
i 1st ............
o 3rd pcrs. phi.
1st ............
Imperative.
^o^Lo sing.
a^o^Lo plu.
Future,
o.
lnj 3rd pors.
j&) 1st
u 3rd ......
Participle.
APPENDIX.
This point in some places is found with
and in other places with another letter of the same
word. The distinction is produced only by its situa-
tion above or below the word.
The Names of the Months.
We give here the names of the Lunar Months,
which occur very frequently in the Scriptures.
October,
November,
December,
-
tM| cQia January,
February,
March*
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of PuntheJHtlo IMnoiplf* to tta Theory mid IlUtorto Ctttfc'kni of thit
Qwraeli, By W. a M nft- i),U,, late ftoiriun i^^tur of
tiM 6nltSftyof Cambridw. S^mrf ^W vf/A^ >I^
o^ Ki oiil^cw. Mid by hi* lAo^in-law, th K*r, l\ t
Looturos on the Catochifltn. Delivorod in th>
Church of Knuttcd, In the Dlocpw of r^iti'rliMry, y W, Et<
D.D. EkllUxIbythcKov, 13. Wwai^.A. ftup' N w. 0*. tU,
BormonB preaohod in Lent IMS* and cm (wontl former
Uy W, I L Mti.i,, ti.
Four Sonnoiw prcmohod Ixiforo tbu TFnivt^n*ity on (h
Fifth, of Norember nU tlio thwo Huttdayn itn'MtliiiK Atlvrm, in rlw
..... An AnalyftiK of Uio Kxi^Hiiion of tho dmNl, written
by Uie Ktfrht tU-vrrml ftthcr lit OtMt, J. PKAIlMtX, tUl,,
Bishop of Chrafc'r. <:otaplcd, ^ It h urttiM' mtUKhrtut R
lntr^nwl t far tbr u< of Kt^tftu of Ltt^^'
By W, It Miu* at). rA/rd AWi/.^, rtflmi w& wr
MISSION LTFti amoi tho Zula-Kaflm. Mm^ of
MOEHlff (Jo0w) Word* of Comft>rt fiir tlu* Wnyfcr<ir t fto
BRIGHTON, BELL, AND 00.
PEARSON'S (Rsv. J. B.) The Divino Ptewmdtty, being a
Conmderatlcm of the \rgnmenta to prove that the Author of Nature Is
a Being endued with liberty and choice. Tho Buniey Prlae fibsay for
1M4, By 3 B, PMKMN, B,A , Hcholor of Ht, JoUnB College/and
Curate of Ht Michael's Church, Cambridge, 8vo. 10, fcf ,
PIEROTTJ'H (EEMETE) Jerusalem Explored : being a Descrip-
tion of the Anefont and Modmi City, with upwatdn of One Hundred
TlhiHtratlorw, cnnHiHting of Vlmm, Qround-plan f and AeotionH By
Ktmi:T PIKHOTTT, Doctor of MttthomutlcR, (^ntitn of the Corni of
KnKiUrtTH IA th< ttnny of Hnrdinla, Aichitoct-Kntfibocr to hi* Ex
Hooruya Puaha of JoruwilMu, and ArohiUMit of tlui Holy Land
Tlio Cuntomfl fttid Traditions of Palostino Oom-
naml with th* B(bk, from OlwmitHon* mode daring A it^ldimoo of
falj(ht TimrB. By Dr. BKXKTK PUBKKTX, Auttwr of "JeruwOom
TO. 01*
PHILLIPB* (Rnv. GBO.) Short Bermon on Old ToetAraent
M*lanifl I'cits pmMhcd in ttu* Ohaptl of Qtimw' OoUaff,X^nibridM,
By Uw Jftw, OKO, liuiM D.D., l>mklentof tHe OoIlagA. Bro. U.
PSALTER (Tlie) or TValmg of Drna in EnKlUhVero. With
ami KoU*. Ay * Hmuter of tho UnJvwtity
to the Lmi !M of ttty, i
B'$ (. H.) JPtah Inte>aw*ten to Ih* Oritjotam ol
10 LIST OF WOBKB PUBLISHED BY
HCJUVENER'8(F. H.) A Full Collation of tho Codex Rind-
UI-IH with the Itwlvrd TW f th* N'W 'IVtnmr,nt: to which in
nHlxwl a CritM Intioduotioa. l\y V. il, Hnuvuwu, ,ftlA. Pup,
Bvo, 3#.
' Mr, Htrtiwnrr him now plwwl thti iwiUN of TlwhrtuIorfX cllwinwry
within tilt* ttwh of ull m A riuniiutK little volume, ^hicti <mtrhl to
the <rwk Ti^Uiiidit ui the Mbrury of <t\*
'
nm^ In th^
An Kauri Tmnwnpl of tlu'(tni>nx AriKNKr.
MwtMwtrlpt in t'nrinl Irtfrv* ttf H. I'/mtV
wlilwt w Full T
lirturnry f Trmlty (' t ,!!', <HimtiHafi To nhui 1,
Unfion itf Mfty Mnntivrltt*i roriMlnlntt v,num . |NirtlntiH
of lh* k <iH'*k NY* 'IV.t.iuunt ilnmifi*l in f iiHlnli Lili^iiit'^ with
u full f'nlUMl liilrodmtuMU ll> I'' It. *ikm;%Hi, M,A lU.y.il lu<i
ttfi '.
TUi < ( ni*'
^. Novum Tiwlnim-nium Urn^itii Tf'rttw Ktn*tlm-
tl*-^
K H.
I*
VrtlHit*i#p,t far jftfut I/",
At|tttlu<,
J , KUlttll MM* If M.
hi
I'MfJ
in
ilM,
OrWoftln
| K,f , fl
Centra (VUuni, T/ttmr I.
in Vri^rxw Ti^ttnirrtt** t**pt
DBTOHTON, BELL, AND CO, 11
SINKER'S (REV. R.) The Charactorfotie Difference* betwwm
the IkwkM of tht* N r c* TfttMiicnttiul ihf unufcllftit'ly prccttlinfr^C'wUti,
and the lmau*dUlf4jr Muvwdbig GtuMUn Utt'iutuw, crm*irUtnfl MM tui
evidence of the IHviiw Authority <if tlio New ToHtatncut Ikuzitf tiw
TJulH'nn I'nin' h<"uiy for 1MM, By tlw* Itrv R. HiMCfcn, Trinity t
HmallHm
STUDKNT'S (JUIDK (Tho) to thft Umvormty of
Keup.Hvo.
fntnuluHltni f h> f J. It Srru r v f MA
wn'H, ty tltr Urr II. fAin\M, M,\, <n thf
by J- it. rittiftY, M.A. On thi* (Vtiir^
Trlixw, by tht JU v, U, I}I*HN, M, A, 1^1 th Court* of rUf*rtio r frir
the* MntYMttMflnd Trtitni, Hs tbr ItftV. W, M. ('*% .!>, (to
ttH'C'rmr... r^f KtwliitK ^ *Iir MnNl H(|H^ Trljx^, br thr K^v,
4, a Mvvoi,, M,\, <m llr ffmr* nf Kiwilwt V t^ NutMnU
i Trip*! h> l^tittr^ir I.i>t'iN^, M,A. On Law MmiUn ftttrt
rmfr,Mifr J.T, Am*, M,I>. -Mid^U Xhwlf utwt
, III Mi<tmv t M,l.
, JItnoi,ii Ilmtwwr,
dvll Htrvkr nt ImU'u^y tin Hv. It, tiAifU t
KxrfiuitmttiMt,* of th( Cui^i>it,v by 11 J. f
Hf<rvlr',-MniUil Ammut f the M^
Tim AwJ^y or
tulliuit Wlih Fi^rti<h N<t*r* iiut u I^AIIHS littHit|l n4 on
dwtimt t< tin- Miu.Iy nf l^trUkiit ytMt K"l,^tiii4Hi Utmlty.
' M.
U* A, Wwimuft, I 4 ri.l>. AVY0'{ M/I'IUM ttvi, ft*
TODD'fl (HKV. J, P.) Thn Aiionllo Paul tmd tlio
(Jhtm-li of ri.lUpt.l, Au K*p*wUiun CHt.ml MV! IrHrilcJ tl thf
tecntli rtuiptrr Tif thi^ Art. ir tlii'sUwHrtt^ nii(j of tU^ Kr^Htlm to ttw
ruilmphmH. My tw Ut tar. J. F. Totn., M,A, t Tnnhy
TURTON'n ([jrnor) Tho Tloly Cnthollc Doctrine of tlir
to (tr, Wl^mmi'j* AwrnitNtt fhi wl|t*
*>, HI, n /.
ml Transom 1t r a ft. 0,
"
WATBRT/XX A U
of tha Four
m tfe
'* (d A.) P*Hh Hifrnwni* woonHnif to UM <>r4tr of
ti^Oltffciiw Yrw, By tlw U*> A A. Wmi^J^A, BOtttdVyJ, K.
u WOIIKH prni.wiiKn IIY imnamiN, UKLU & <,u
UrilKWKiil/H (Ui,v, Dr.) Ktaumte of Mimd'to, including
IWH, H, ito- IKiv W. ttmrni, 1 I)., Mi.tor of fatally rtaUiw,
tWdlilu*. frrrA/>W<*u,iiiit<ii, sto. Ifo,
|ji*(*tiHY<i on tlw History of Moral Philowphy
IV !to< llw W. WururM,, H l>. A'
rht\n> H'ftM <t>i't*'*'.nir> /.nfwn A,
diDMiirr pliuttfl
wlih hn\" {mrrh^Hl thr tornur Ivutlon
ilcri'fl
mum*
.' ^ , . - i
*J*'"I> ' '^ * '"Mi,Vvi of ?M Vf*> ^V
n M c,i* ,t< M
,1,1 S' (Uuv. il) r (V Aroint ttir.il ilitlnr
ttn. s tty tw AUi II MIMI i, I 1 ft ',, J^M'.^hn tW*"',< 4,
WIN WMI, Mfi^n, ir.t^ rulUl Umiin.v A.K <fti>. *75iV
WIU, JAMS' rU'>wt,vM*) UuioMiHi lirMlm.^ AtW tbn Mimi
< MiHs4*, K
ti*, frm f^*.
(A. 11*) NM* ami Di*wrruwtm
