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omnjiww'ddT
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n
A SYSTEM
MINERALOGY.
DESCEIPTIVE MINERALOGY.
COMPRISING THE
MOST RECENT DISCOVERIES.
JAMES DWIGHT DANA,
lLl>X.iN PROFESSOR OF OBOLOOT AND MINBRALOGT IN YALB COLLBQB ; AUTHOR OF A MANUAL OF OEOLOOY ;
OP REPORTS OP WILKES S. U. 8. EXPLORING BXPEDITIOM ON OEOLOOY; ON ZOOPHYTES;
AND ON 0RC8TACBA. BTO.
GEORGE JARVIS BRUSH,
.1 iif L-'s'iR or MiJtan^LpaY and metallurgy in the Sheffield scientific school of yale college.
^<'.IIS
y\ ^r •
•Jd^'Qii^ FIFTH EDITION.
SEWBITTESf IkSTD EXLABC8D, AKD ULUSTBATBO WITH UPWARDS OV SIX RCKDKED WOODCt'TS.
LONDON:
TRtJBNER & CO., 60, P.vrERNOSTER ROW.
NEW YORK: JOHN W'LEY & SON.
PREFACE.
The lai^e size of this volume on Descriptive Mineralogy, exceeding by one-lialf
the corresponding part of the preceding edition, is not without good reason.
In the first place, the long intervsd of fourteen years has elapsed since the last
edition was published, and during this period the science has made great progress.
Chemical researches have been carried forward in connection with almost every spe-
cies, and analyses have been largely multiplied ; and it is the plan of the work to be
complete in this department, so &r as to include all analyses. Crystallographic
investigations also have been numerous and important. Moreover, the number of
species has been much enlarged, and every part of the science has had accessions of
facts.
In addition, a new feature has been given the work, in the systematic recognition
and description of the varieties of species. The first edition of this Treatise, that of
1837, was written in the spirit of the school of Mohs. The multitudes of subdivi-
sions into subspecies, vaneties, and subvarieties, based largely on unimportant char
meters, which had encumbered the science through the earlier years of this century,
and were nearly smothering the species, were thrown almost out of sight by Mohs,
iu his philosophic purpose to give prominence and precision to the idea of the
species. Much rubbish was cleared away, and the science elevated thereby ; but
much that was necessary to a full comprehension of minerals in their diversified
states was lost sight o£ In the present edition an endeavor is made to give varieties
their true place ; and to insure greater exactness with regard to them, the original
locality of each is stated with the description.
Further, the work has received another new feature in its historical synonymy.
A list of synonyms has hitherto been mainly an index to works or papers on the
species, and often without any regard to the original describer or description.
IIacsmann's admirable Handbuch (1847) is partly an exception. Lbonhabd'b
" Oryktognosie " (1821, 1826), following the method of Rsuss of the opening cen-
tury, contains a full catalogue of references to publications on each species ; but it
fails of half its value because the references have no connection in any way with the
synonymy. In most recent works, an author who has merely adopted a name is
often quoted as if the original authority. The present work is no longer open to
this criticism. As now issued, the first author and first place of publication of each
species, and of each name it has borne, and of the names of all its varieties, are stated
iu chronological order, with the dates of all publications cited ; and, besides, remarks
are added in the text when the subject is one of special interest. The facts and con-
clusions have been derived in almost all cases from the study of the original works
themselves ; and this Treatise has become thereby, to some extent, an account of
ancient as well as modem minerals. These historical researches added a third to
the labor of preparing the edition for the press, thereby delaying the publication of
the work about a year. But such studies are endless, especially when they relate to
past centuries, and the work, however long continued, must be incomplete. As
an example : the word schorl, which figured largely in the mineralogy of the last
PBSPAUB*
' and file earlier part of tbe present, b traced by some writ<?rs to the Swedish,
and is cited from Ceokstsdt (1758), From Dr. NAUMAKNt of Lcipsic, I learned
of the occurrence of the word in the Magnalia Dei of Bhuckmann (1727), Afte^r*
warf! I found it in Ergker's Aula Subt^^rranea (1595); and later in Gs»kkr on
Foaails ^1665), and in the Sarepta of Matthkshjs (1562), wliit!h contains a detailed
deaeription of it In what earlier works the word occurs, and what was its ori^n,
art) among the tjueHtions unanswered, ^See further p* 205.)
The introduction of formulas on the basis of the new system of chemistry, with
the Deccs.sary e3t]>lanationa, constitutes another addition* The formulas it will he
observed, whiJe in principle those of the leaders of the system, have some peculiar
features, serving to ^ve them greater compactneaa on the page, and make them
more easy of comparison, and bdnging out well the unity and simplicity of type
amon^ inor^g^anic compounds.
In these and other ways the Tolume haa unavoidahly become enlarged. Not a
page, and scarcely a partqujaph^ of the preceding edition remmns unaltered, and fiill
tive-ftixths of the Toiume have been printed from manuscript copy. I may here add,
that^ notwithstanding the imj»aired state of my hoalttu tljis manuscript — the para-
graphs on the p) rognofttic cnaracters exceptecf — ^was almost solely in the handwri-
ting of the author, or in that of a copyist from it* Neither the consultation of
original authorities the drawing of conclusions^ nor the putting of the renulta on
paper, has been delegated t^ another. And being now but half way between the
hfties and sixties, it is my hope that the future will aHbrd another opportunity for
similar work.
The optical quaHties of minerals have been but briefly stated^ and m general for
those species alone which seemed to rei]uire this addition to their dislinctjYe chamo*
tem, an a full presentation of them wuuld have added much more t^» the size of the
volume, llie be*t work on the subject, and one containing many original olm^rva-
tiona, b the exct-l' y of DssCloizeaux, the first volume of which, cm the
Silicatea, was pu J. Tlje aecond, unfortunately for the science, haa not
yet appeared. < tliis department are Baooks k Millee'b Mineralogy
(165)1) ; G lull. I ( lion of idii^tER^s Crystallography (1856), and his own
&mtiJtographiscb'Optische Linlersuchungen (1858).
In classification, the general system remains unaltered. It is tiftsed on a compre>
haniife view of the charactcre of minerals as species in the inorganic kingdom of
Dttlure, the preOminenoo hi^mr rflvcn to chemical, the next place to erystaltogruphic, the
third to the ditferent i hanictcrs. The author believes (afttr hanng tried
the socallcd natural h.-.,.. v .»Af45m of Moiia for two editions) that light from no
ttourco abould be shut out where the relations of species and ^rou[>s in uaturu aro to
he det^snuiued. As iu the preceding edition, the methud avoids almost entirely the
difltinctioUf in most cases wrong, founded on the fact of the base m oi^ygen teruaiies
or salts being in tlie protc»xyd state, or in the sesquioxvd^ or in botli combined, and
proceeds on the ground that the basic elcmenta in tbeao and the other different
statea m Hy raplaeeabl« in certain proportions dot«rmin«d by their oombtniog
fKiwer V ;eQ. But whilo the progress of cbemistry and the kindred wdmkcm
mpm^ no uioiiifietttian 0( the general pUn of the clajisi(lc4ition, bat givca it now
foppoft, it has rendered many minor changea necesaary, and soma that are of much
importance.
llie liiatorical inqttiries above atltidcid to were prompted by a doaire to place the
nomenebtttre of nitnenilogy on a pemuuieiii baauu Tmy wore incident to a search
aider a reaaon ht ohooauig one name rather than another from among the numbtr
that stand aa claimanta. Part of the existit) \ U due to natlunal par;
and much of it to inditTorence, It has bi^cu.,,^ .,h^ what common forantht... ..
aeleet llie name they Uke best without reference to authority, or to reject an old for
r&EFACK.
I
g cr- ' n no other ^ound than that of their preference. Increauinj? conftisron
ID ure had consequently attended the reeeut projErress of the science ; and
m vt* ^ of Tfij- Tart tlie novel expedient has been tried of eadt^avorin^r to encape the
confonion bv i i ii •_; one more to the number of names. The ri^ht met bod is mani-
festly that wliich has proved so successful in the other Qatura] science*, vii,, the
reco^itinn^ under proper restrictions, of the law of priority ; and thh method the
author ha* aimed to carr}' out.
Moreover, it has seemed best that the science should not only havo a ^Vf^t^m of
DomeDeh&lure, but should also stand by it; that, accordingly, the t a
inty which is prominently chemtcal^ should bo left to the chemiats, and i > r
ml§eeUAneoua endings should, as lar as possible, be Bel anide, or be made to conionn
to the >i\ /^toni. With this in view, cbantres have been made in accordance with
ih^ -^ eipkined in the course of the remarks beyond on Nomenclature.
L -- ^ jparation of this volume, the author owes much to the cooperation of hia
fnend, I'rof, George J. Bri:*8h, Prof Brush has had sole chaise of the blowpipe
drpArtment Tlte pyrognostic characters have been entirely rewritten by him ; and
while he has had the works of Plattker and von Kobell always at hand, he htis^
for ' ^' '^'^* larger part of the species, made personal trials of the reac*ions before
wri out ; so that^ altliouph the fecta stated are not ^newdly new, they still
v^ iijt'Xiv trom his own obser^^ations. His skill also in analytical chemistry, and
loi tborough knowledge of minerals, have enabled him to remove doubts, a0brd aid
and advice* and furnish new facts, on various points throu^jhout the pmi^res** of the
work Pfv>C BaiSH has also given the proofe, while the work was in the prcss^ the
benefit of hh revii^ion.
I take pfea&ure al^o in acknowledging the assistance of Pro£ GsoaoK R Baaker
rf this ' ve^llent chemist in both the old and new systems, during the la^t
m moiii r^i the book went to press; and later, that of Sfdney U. Smith*
IMislisii tn the £oologicaI department of Yale College.
The aiitbor is under obligations to many men of science for their kind response
Ifl lies, and for much information in their letters; among whom he would
ni^^' 'h gratitude. Dr. Carl F. Naumaktt of Leipzig, W. Haidingeb of Vienna,
Prot vox KoBKLL of Munich, Fbiedbiou Hessenbero of Frankfort-on-the-Main, Dr,
G. TOM £atii uf Bonn, Dr. G. A, Kbnngott of Zurich, Dr. IlAjrNa Bruno Gfii^rrz
of Dresden, Dr A* Kairra of Berlin* Dr. A. Krantz of Bonn ; Prof Forceiiiammer of
Oopeohageo, Dr. A, E. Noboenskiold of Stoekholra, Prof. C, W. Blomsthand of
hmd, Sweden, Mr. L. J. Igelstrom of Filipstad, Sweden, Prof. A, E. Aeppb of
Cbiiitiania, Norway; LO01B S^emann of Paris, whose letters were numerous and
aiwiva valtiable, and whose deaths in 1866, was a misfortune to this work as well aa
to the f' : ' ' I ; Prof A- DksCloizeaux of Paris, A, D amour of Paris,
F, PkSA^ vERDET of Paris; David Forbes, Es^., of London, N. 8,
UAJKELtiiE,, iu6L^,, oi the British Museum; Dr. F, A. Genth of Philadelphia^ Prof
C, U* Sbepard of Amherst, Prof. J. P. Cooke of Cambridge, Mass., Prof. C, M,
^A&KKN *jf the Technologica.1 Institute, Boston, Prof. T. B. Hl nt of Montreal, Prot
Jas.C. Booth of the U* S. Mint, Philadelphia. Prof. H. How of Windsor, Nova
Seotta, Prof:?. Silliman, 0. C, Marsh, A. E. Verrill, and W. H. Brewer, of New
Hiim, Ct^ W. W, JsiTERia, Esq., of Westehest^r, Pa, and Prof. A, Winchell of
AiKD Arbor^ Ui<^ig«iu
Id addition, the book has received private contributions to the text of analyses
tad other information from P. Collier, B. S. Burtox, C. S. Rodman, C, A. Goess-
MAjiK, a 8. Shaaples, G. F. Barker, G. C, Wheeler, and E. W, Root.
AmoQg works consulted, the pul^lications on chemical mineralogy of Rammelsbbro
ol Bcsfiti, and especiaUy his MLneralchemie, have afforded great aaaistanee. The
toy ftiU and able Annual Reports (or Uebersichte) of Dr» Keni?oott of Zurich, on
the progress of mincralogv from 184i to 1861, and those of the Giessen Jahresbe^
ricbt, liuve been {r<Hi\y ana constantly csoDSulted Much use haa heeu made alao of
the miuismlogical works of DsfiCLoizEAUx, Dufrknov, IIaubma^v, BRKiTriA.rPT.
Naumaxh^ Haidinobr, von EoBBLi^ KoKSCHAROF, Hessenbero, Quknstkdt, Brooek
& Mm <v df Lkttsom, and Subparo; also the valuable Ubtory (GeschicbUj)
of M i 1 1 f voK KoDKLL ; the classical work on the Precioua Stones and Gama, of
thcAf Kiafo; and the various recent American Geological Reports. Amon^
these 1 the volume of the Canadian suncy for the year 186:i» containing
ext4>iidod iiijiitfttlogicjil coDtributions by Pro^ T. S. Hurt, deserves «pcci»l mention,
A full Ibt of tlie works consulted in studying up the history of the species, and the
later pro|rreH» of the science, is to be found on pages X3unr to xlv of the lutroduotiou.
In Cry>itailo'^raphy, the sources of recent information have been mainly Kokscha*
KOF*d Mineralogio Kus^ilands^ and his Memoirs in the Bidletin of the St, Peternburg
Academy; DbsCloizk a ux's Mineralogie, and various Memoirs; the Minemlo^^ischQ
NotiKcn of h\ irKssENBBROi of which eight parts have appeared; Naumann's and
Quenstkdt's works on Mineralogy ; the Slemoirs of Zippb, von Zepharovich, O&ai*
Licit, A- ScHRAity, V. Lakg, Zirkel, and Kbxnoott, in the Berichte and Deokschrif-
ten (mostly the fcinuer) of the Vienna Academy; of Baubkr, G. Rosk^ vom Rath,
ScitaouKKf SoHADre, in Poijgendortf *s Annalen ; of WEasitT and vom Ratii, in the
Zeit»chrift of the German GeologiciU Society at Berlin ; of A. E. Nordenskiold, in
the CEfversitrt of the Swedish Academy ; of QuiNTi?ro Sella, in bin Studii, and in
the pu* ' of the Turin Academy ; of Miller, v* Lang, MASBELYKBf and Geso,
in tlj^ liical Maj^a^ine ; of Prot J. P. Cooke, in the American Journal of
Science, ilic Mineralogy of Brookb ^ Miller (1852) has been freely used agiin,
AS in the preparation of the preceding edition.
Thi« volumo would probably be more acceptable to some cliemi«t£ if the farnmUw
on the old nystem were rejected altogether. But chemistry has not advanced ao fi^
cm the now mat], but that most miueralogical papers are stUI written as if there ^^^^^^1
no new irysti^^mf and a larjo^ part of cbembta would utideribtand the constitution of j^^|
meies better from the old lormulaa than from the new. Moreover, the great mnjority
of the persons who consult a Mineralogy would find the new formulas and new lef-
mlnology quite unintcJUf^ble. It haa »oemed rciLsonablQ therefore that both svstetxia
shonld be f
from their
it only t>ari
where tlie |
Thi* wo:
Th<? fiict* \\
iPi Ruwfted in
of mppltiiienU io nj ^
April 30, lees.
'I The new fonnuiiis wilt be more easily understood or learned
I with the old^ and thus the book may help forward the view^
i^ I'he pa»t histarj.' of the work evinces no aversion to chaDge
f science requires it,
n posted up« as far as was possible, to the date of publication.
come to hand too late for their proper place in the vuhime^
And it is proposed to make this the first of a series
time to time in the American Journal of Seienoe,
JAMBS D, PANA.
From ik0 Pr^Qi^ to ikt Fint Editkm (1857),
♦ a ♦ ♦ Tlie elauificatlon of the mineral species, which w here adonte^
is itrietly a Xatural Arrarigement Tlie *ui>eriority of this melh'jd Lh ^ ' in
tlie bodv of thi* work, arnl i*. - -itit^.. |i,>n with tljo romarkji on (Zliemiciu Ul:|^
tioos, in' Appendix R A l.d by Mcjiis on the external eharaetera of
minerals, it exhibtta, in a .m.^**. ,.,.,. iogrcc, tlie chemical relations of the speelea;
and those who are accnutomcd to prcf»>r h chtMnicol arrangement will probably per*
ooivt that, in addition to such qttalities as appear to recommend the chemical meihod«
H poMoawi otltttr adviDtagea not lass important.
PSEFAOE. Vil
He changes wUch have been made in the nomenclatare of minerals appear to be
demanded by the state of the Science. The present names, excepting those pro-
posed by MoHS, are utterly devoid of system, unless we may consider such the
addition of the syllable ite to words of various languages ; and even this glimmering
of G^stem has been capriciously infringed bv a French mineralogist of much celebrity ;
—they seldoni designate any quality or character peculiar to the mineral ; neither
do they exhibit any of the general relations of the species, by which the mind may,
It a glance, discover their natural associations, and be assisted in obtaining a com-
prehensive view of the science. On the contrary, they are wholly independent, and
often worse than unmeaning, appellatives, and are onlv tolerable in a very unadvanced
itste of the Science. As a necessary consequence of this looseness of nomenclature,
most of the species are embarrassed with a huge number of synonyms, a fertile
lonrce of confusion and difficultv.
As a remedy for this undesiraole state of things, a system of nomenclature, con-
structed on the plan so advantageously pursued in Botany and Zoology, was proposed
by the author in the fourth volume of the Annals of the New York Lyceum. The
necessity for something of the kind is very apparent, and the author trusts that it
will not be considered a needless innovation. ••*••*
From the Preface to the Second JSdition * {1S44).
The natural system adopted in this Treatise has received such modifications in the
present edition as were demanded by the advanced state of the Science ; and the
lystematic nomenclature has required some corresponding changes..
Be»des the natural classification, another, placing the minerals under the princi
pal element in their composition, has been given in rart VIL ; and various improve-
ments on the usual chemical methods have been introduced, which m^ render it
acc^table to those that prefer that mode of arrangement * * f *
From tlte Preface to the Third Edition (1850).
This Treatise, in the present edition, has undergone so various and extensive alter-
ations, that few of its on^nal features will be recognized. The science of Mineralogy
has made rapid progress m the past six years ; chemistry has opened to us a better
knowledge of the nature and relations of compounds ; and philosophy has thrown
new light on the principles of classification. To change is always seeming fickleness.
But not to change with the advance of science, is worse ; it is persistence in error ;
and, therefore, notwithstanding the former adoption of what has been called the
Natural History System, and the pledge to its support given by the author in sup-
plying it with a Latin nomenclature, the whole system, its classes, orders, genera, and
L^n names, have been rejected ; and even the trace of it which the synonymy
might perhaps rightly bear has been discarded. The system has subserved its pur-
pose in giving precision to the science, and displaying many of the natural group-
ings which chemistry was slow to recognize. But there are errors in its very foun-
didon, which make it false to nature in its most essential points ; and, in view of the
character of these errors, we are willing it should be considered a relic of the past.
Yet Science is fEur from beinff ready with an acceptable substitute. Most chemical
•jstems have been more artificial than the '^ natural " system ; and doubts now hang
* This edition, fiedlmg to find a publisher in New York, was printed at the expense of the
lotiior.
TIU
PREFACE.
over some of the principles ot cbeinistry tbut are widest in their inflnonce on class!-
fic!iiUon* In new of tbe difficultiea on either aide^ it was a point long quettioned,
whether to rentore upon a cludsidcatioii that might be deemea mogt accordant with
truth among the many doubts that sarroUDd the subject ; or to adopt one tes^ strict
to science, that might serve the convenience of the student for easy retlorence, and
for the study of mineralogy in its economical bearings, wliilc, at the same time^ it
should cxliibit niany natural relationa, and inculcate no faUe affiliations or distino-
tioTis of species. The latter alternative has been adopted ; — the classification la
offered simply as a convenient arrangement, and not an exhibition of the true affiiii*
ties of species in the highest iKsnee of the term. Among the Silicates, however, it
will bo perceived that the groupings in the main are natural groupings ; and, througb*
out the work, special care has been taken iA:> inculcate, as far as poaaiUe, the tnie
relationa of species, both by remarka, and by an exhibition of them in tabiea. * *
From the Prtface io the Fourth Edition (1854).
In the Rrdkoe to the last edition of this Treatise, the classification of minerals
then adopted was announced as only a t^jmporary erpedient The fiystcni of Moits,
valuable in its day, bnd subst*rved its end ; and in throwing off its sUaeklea for the
more couBistent priM ving from recent views in Chemistry, the many dilB*
cultics in the way ui^ "g ^ t^^w chiSHification led the author to an arrange*
mrnt which should *' serve the convenieneo of the student withoot pret^snding td
strict sciencoi."
A classificatioTT on chemical principles was however proposed In the latter put of
the volume, in which the Bcrzclian method was coupled with dyataliograpiiy in a
manner cjilculAted to display the relations of species in composition as well aa form,
and prominently ''exhibit the varioaa caaes of isomorphism and pleomorpki|^^
amon^ minemls." The progress of BcteQce has afforded the means of giving grQil^^|
preeimou and simplicity to this arrangement, until now it seems entitled to becoi^P
the ftttthtjrixed method of a System of Mineralogy. Whether regarded from a phv-
aical or chemicid point of vinw, the gronpings appear in general to be a ^thml
exhibition of the true affinities of the speclea^
The mind uneducutini In Science may revolt at seeing a metallic mineral, aa
nlcaa, side by side with one of unmctallic luNtre, as blende ; and some systems,
m accordance with this prejudice, place these i^pocies in separate orders^ Like the
kwellfr, without as good rt^a^ou, the same works have the diamond and sapphire
m a c< tap. But it is one of the subli ns taught in the very por-
tid» nf V, thjit nature rests no grand -: ns on luFtre, hardness, or
c*'' externals, and this truth nhould be ackn»» ^y the min*
cr defied. Othens while reuugtiixing the i i ions of the
cr* '*i Urae, iron, zinc, and manganeju* (edcite, spathic iron, s^uithsonitc, and
dj 'f of the ailicatcii of ltm«' Imti rnanganeHe (wollastouite, auglte, rhodo-
nr 'tnewhat startled by fin \ie of xinc, or siticnte of cupper, among
til ' of the earths, or of olL.. .a , ..^ But the distinction of ^^ useful ^^ and
** > ir of '^ores'^ and ''atoneai** although bearing oa ''economy/' is not
okuc-iit^v. • • • • •
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
BetcriptiFellmcnlogy: Genend SubdivisionB 1
L Natiyb BLKiaans 2
IL SuiSHZDfi, TKCLUBOn^ SKLDnDSy A]anBni)6| ASTIXONIDfit Bl^^ 26
1. Sinqde Solphids and TeUnrids of Hetala of the Sulphur and Arsenic Qroupa. ... 26
2. Simple Sa^>hidB, Telluiids, Selenids, Arsenida, Antimonida, Biamuthida, Fhoaphida
of Metala of the Gold, Iron, and Tin Groups 83
8. Solpharsenitea, Solphantimonitea, Sulphobiamuthitesw 84
IlL OoKFoniDS or Chlorine, Brohdti^ lODDra. 110
lY. Fldobzr CoMPOuasB 128
Y. QXTGEV OOMFOUSDa 181
L Qxyda, or Binaxy Oxygen Gompounda 181
L Qxyda of Elementa of Seriea 1 131
A. Anhjdroua Qzyda 131
B. Hydroua Qxyda 167
n. Qzyda of Elementa of the Araenic and Sulphur Groups, Series II 183
HL Qxyda of Elementa of the Garbon-Silioon Group, Seriea H. 189
XL Ternary Oxygen Oompounda 202
1. SOioatea 202
A. Anhy drona SQicates. 202
L Bisilicatea 201
n. Uniailicates. 260
m. Subailicates. 862
B. Hydrous Silicates. 398
L General Section of Hydrous SOioatea 394
XL ZeoUte Section. 421
HL ICargarophyllite Section 447
Appendix to Hydroua SOioatea 609
2. Tantalalea, Ckdumbetea 612
3. Fhoaphatea, Arsenatea, Antimonates, mtratea 626
A. Fbosphatea, Araenatea, Antimonatea 626
L Anhydroua. 627
XL Hydroua 548
B. Nitiatea 691
X OQZrrENTS.
i. BorttOB 698
6. TungBtatea, Molybdatee, Vanadates. 601
6. Sulphates, Ghromates, TaUurates 612
L Anhjdroas 613
n. Hjdroos 632
7. Carbonates 669
L Anhjdrons 669
IL Hydrous 704
8. Oxalates 718
VL HTDBOOABBOH CtoXPOUNDS 720
Species of unoertain place in the System 761
Catalogue of American Localities 765
Supplement 7 93
Index 807
INTRODUCTION.
The object of this introduction is to supply such tables and information as will
make the work convenient for use ; and, toward this end, some explanations of an
elementary character are included, with special reference to readers not fftmiliitr with
chemistry and other collateral sciences.
1. C^KSRAL SCHBMB OF AbBANGBMBNT IN THB DbSCRIPTIONS.
In the Descriptions of Species, the characteristics are mentioned in the following
order : — 1, Crystidline Form and Structure ; 2, Hardness, Specific Gravity, Lustre,
Color, Diaphaneity, etc. ; 3, Varieties, Chemical Composition ; 4, Pyrognostic and
other Chemical characters ; 5, under the head of Observations, Geological position.
Localities, Mineral associates, etc.; 6, Altered forms; 7, Artificial and Furnace
products.
2. Chemistrt.
1. A barred letter in a symbol of an element, in the table of atomic weights which
follows, and also throughout the work (except in formulas after the new system, see
p. xv), signifies ttoo atoms of the element : e. ^., :^1=2 i 1 or AP.
2. Dotn over a symbol stand each for an atom of oxygeu in the compound referred
to: f. /7., Xl=2 Al-h3 O, or Al' 0' ; and Ba=BaO.
3. The atomic weight of a compound equals the sum of the atomic weights of its
constituents : e. y., for XI, the atomic weight=2 x 13*75-f-3 x 8=51-5 ; for Ba,=
68-5-f 8=76-5 ; for XI Si, the atomic weight=51 -5 4-30=81-5.
4. The atomic ratio for the constituents of a compound is the ratio between the
nnm!;>er of atoms of the same : e, g., for the aluminum and oxygen in XI, it is 2 : 3 ;
for the alunoina and silica in XI Si it is 1 : 1, there being 1 of alumina to 1 of silica ;
for the aluminum, silicon, and oxygen in XI 3i, it is 2:1: 5, there being in the
compound 2 of aluminum, 1 of silicon, and 6 of oxygen (6 dots).
5. The oxygen ratio for the constituents of an oxygen compound is the ratio
between the number of atoms of oxygen in the different oxygen compounds present :
e, g,, the O. ratio for the alumina and silica in XI 91 is 3 : 2, alumina containing 3 O
and silica 2 O ; for the magnesia and silica in Jilg Si, the O. ratio is 1 : 2.
6. The percentage ratio (or number of parts in 100) for the constituents of a
compound is deduced from the ratio between the atomic weight of the compound
and that of each constituent: e. g,y as 51*6 of alumina contain 24 of oxygen, so
100 will contain 46*6 ; or, for the percentage of aluminum, 51-5 : 27-5 : : 100 :
53*4 ; again, as 81*5X1 Si contain 30 of sUica, hence 81*5 : 30 :: 100 : the silica in
the compound, etc. ; or since XI Si contain 27-5 Al-hl4'0 Si 4- 40*0 O, making in all
88 before 81*5, hence 81*5 : 27*5 : : 100 : the p. o. of aluminum ; or 81*5 : 40 : :
100 : the p. c of oxygen ; etc
xu
TABLE OF ATOMIC WEiaHTS.
Aluvinum, A1
13-76
Gxyd of Cobalt, Co
87-5
(0 21*34)
Alumina, Si
61-6
(0 46*6)
COLUifBiuii, Cb (Niobium)
94
Ahtimoht (Stibium), Sb
122
Columbic add, Cb
184
(0 29-86)
Antimonious add,
Antimonic add, S
Sb
146
Ck)PPBB (CupmmX Gu
31-7
b
162
Subozyd of Copper,
^
71-4
(0 11-20)
SulpLAntim., Sb8»
170
(S 28*24)
Ozyd of Copper, Cu
89-7
(0 20-16)
Aboehtuii, Ag (SUyer
1
108
DlDTXIDlC, D
48
Arsenic, As
76
EBsniif, E
56-8
ArooDous add, Xc
\
99
Pbbbum, Fe (Iron)
28
Arsenic add, 1b
115
(0 34-78)
Protozyd of Iron, t
9
36
(0 22*22)
Solphid of ARABS'
123
(S 39-02)
Sesquiozyd of Iron, 9e
80
(O80)
AuBUM, An (Gold)
196
Fluobihb, F
19
Bauum, Ba
68-6
Hydrofluorio add, H F
20
(P96)
Baryta, Ba
76-6
(0 10-46)
Gldodtum (Beiyniom), Be
4-7
BiETLUOM, Be (Gludnom)
4-7
Gludna, Be
12-7
(0 63)
Be
12-7
(0 63)
Gold (Aurum), Au
196
BnofUTH, Bi
210
Htdbabotrux, Hg (Mercury)
100
OzydofBismathjBi
234
(0 10-24)
Htdbookst, H
1
BOBOV, B
11
Water, fi
9
(0 88*89)
Boric add, B
36
(0 68-67)
iNDHTlIfln
86-9
Bbomihe, Br
80
lODINl^I
127
(UDiiiux,Od
66
IsmnTM, Ir
99
CJ8IU1C, Cb
133
Iboh (Fterrum), Fte
28
OALonnc, Ga
20
Protoxyd of Iron, te
36
(0 22-22)
Lime,Ca
28
(0 28-57)
Sesquioxyd of Iron, Pe
80
(0 30)
Oabbon, 0
6
Knjux, K (Potassium)
39-11
Carbonic add, 0
22
Potassa,^,
47-11
(0 16-98)
OnxuMfCe
46
Lanthanum, La
46-4
ProtozydofC^Ce
64
(0 14-81)
Protozyd of 11, La
64-4
(0 14-7)
Chlobini, a
86-46
108-5
H7drodi]or.add,Ha
86-46
Ozyd of Lead, ^b
111-6
(0 717)
CHBOldTTM, Cr
26-24
Ldoe, seeOALOiDiL
Ozjd of Chromium, &
76-48 (0 31-88)
LirHiXTic, li
7
Chromic acid, Cr
60-24 (0 47-77)
Lithia,Li
16
(0 63*88)
OoBAi/r, Co
29-6
MAONXsnTV, Mg
12
1
2
8
4
5 6 7
8
9
Si 0-4660
0-9820
1-3980
1-8640
2*3301 2-7961 8*2621
8*7281
4-1941
Xb O'UIB
0-6966
1-0434
1-3913
1-7391 2-0869 24347
2*7826
3-1304
Ba 01046
0-2091
0-8137
0-4188
06228 0-6274 0*7320
0-8866
0-9411
Be 0-68
1-26
1-89
2*62
816 3-78 4-41
6*04
6-61
Ca 0-2867
0-6714
0-8671
1-1428
1-4285 1*7142 19909
2-2867
2-5714
C (yn%u
1-4646
2-1819
2-9093
3-6366 4*3638 6-0911
5-8184
66467
€r 0-8188
0-6276
0-9414
1-2662
1*6690 1*8828 21967
2-6106
2-8243
Cr 0^777
0-9664
1-4881
1-9008
2-8886 2-8662 3-3389
8*821fl
4-2993
Oo 0-2133
04266
0-6400
0-8638
1-0667 1-2800 1*4933
l-706fl
1-9200
^ OIUO
0*2240
0-8360
0-4480
0-6600 0-6720 0-7840
0*896C
\ 1*0080
Cu 0-2016
0-4030
0-6046
0-8060
1-0076 1-2090 1-4106
1-6120
1-8136
tB 0-2222
0-4444
0-6666
0-8888
MHO 1-8382 1-6664
1-7776
1-9998
TABLE OF ATOiaO WXIOHTS.
Xlll
lfagne«a.Sg
20
(O40)
BodB^t^tL
81 (0 25-81)
MAiBAnsB, Mn
27-5
Stanhux, 8n (Tin)
59
PMozydof IL, fin .
35-5
(0 22-53)
OxydofTin, 8n
76 (0 21-22)
SesquioxTd of BL, Sin
70
(0 30-38)
Stdiuii, Sb (Antimonj)
12S
Vboubt {BjdnrgyTum\ Hg
100
Antimonions addL Sb
146
46
Antimonic add, Sb
162
Moljbdicacid,So
70
(0 34-28)
SolplLAntim^SbS*
170 (S 28-24
23
43-75
8oda,]^a
31
(0 25-81)
Strontia, Sr
51-76 (0 15-46)
29-5
SULPHUB, S
16
Protoxyd of Nidcel, iSO
87-6
(0 21-33)
Sulphuric add, S
40 (0 60)
KkUulM (Cohiinbhim)| Cb
94
Tahtalux, Ta
182
OolmnbicaddfCb
184
(0 29-85)
Tantalio add, ta
222 (0 18-01)
NmoGET, N
14
TBLLUBIUMjTe
64-14
mtric add, 1^
54
(0 74 07)
THALLmX, Tl
208
KH«0
26
THORiuii,Th
119
OnouiE, 08
99-5
Thoria, th
135 (0 11-84)
OZTOD, 0
8
Tnr (StannumX Sn
59
53
OxydofTin, Sn
76 (0 21-88)
VmOBPBOKCS, P
31
TlTANIUlf,Ti
25
Phosphoric acid, f
71
(0 66-34)
Titanic add, ¥i
41 (0 39-02)
FUTcnm; Pt
98-94
TuHGsmr (WolframiumX
W
92
PuncBcii; Pb (Lead)
103-5
Tungstic add, W
116 (0 20-69)
0x7dofLead,^b
111-5
(0 7-17)
XJEANnni, n
59-4
POKAflSnixCEaUamX K
3911
ProtoxydofU., tr
67-4 (011-87)
Potassa, S:
4711
(0 16-98)
Sesquloxyd of U., S
142-8 (016-8)
100
Vahadium, V
68-5
SiODiirx,Rh
52-16
WoLPRAMiuii, W (Tungsten)
92
BoDHJif, Bb
85-4
Tungstic add, W
116 (0 20-69)
5216
Yttbiux, T
32-18
dnzncii, Se
89-5
Tttria,1r
40-18 (0 19-16)
SnxxuM,ai
14
Znro, Zn
82-53
aika, Si
80
(0 63-83)
Ozyd of Zinc, Za
40-63 (0 19-74)
aom (Aigentom), Ag
r
108
ZiBOOHiuic, Zr
44-80
ScBKUM (NatrinmX Ka
28
:aroonia,2r
60-80 (0 26-31)
1
2
8
4
5 6 7
8
9
fi 0-8889
1-7778
2-6667
3-5556
4-4445 5-8334 6*2228
7-1112 8-0001
]^ 0-1698
0-8896
0-5094
0-6792
0-8491 1-0189 11887
1-3686 1-6288
Li 0-6333
1-0666
1-5999
21332
2-6666 8-1998 3*7881
4-2664 4-7997
Ag 0-40
0-80
1-20
1-60
2-00 2-40 2-80
3-20
3-60
l(n 0-2253
0-4507
O-6760
0-9014
11267 1-3521 1-6774
1-8028 20281
Sn 0-8088
0-6076
0-911J
1 1-2151
1-5190 1-8227 2-1265
2-4304 2-7841
Jt 0-7407
1-4814
2-2221
2-9628
3-7085 4-4442 51849
5-9266 6-6668^
*ra 0-2581
0-5162
0-774J
1-0824
1-2906 1-5486 1-8067
2-0648 2-3229
P 0-5684
11268
1-6909
2-2586
2-8170 3-3804 8-9488
4-6072 6-0706
:h> 0-onn
0-1485
••2152
0-2870
0-8687 0-4304 05022
0-6740 0-6467
Si 0-5833
1-0666
1-600C
21883
2-6666 3-2000 3-7383
4-2666 4-8000
& 0-1545
0-8091
0-468^
f 0-6188
0-7729 0-9275 1-0821
1«367 1-3918
XkV
XSTTBODCCnOX.
The pcrcrntape of orifgen in each of the oxygen compounds enumerated in the
preceding tnble of atomic weights is stated in |>jirenthe9e8 after the atomic weight of
the compound ; mxd the percentage of sulphur^ in the same manner, after the atomic
wotglit of many of the BulphiUs*
7. The atomk ratio U calctilatttl from the percmta^e ratio, by dividing each
number by the atomic wei^^bt of the constituent : the percentage ratio of A I and 0
in alumina being 53-4 : 46-6, 53-4 - 13-75 gives 3^93, and 46*9-8=^6'85 ; wbenci»
the ratio 8-93 ; 6-85, which, by dividing the larger by the smaller^ is found to e([aal
1 : 1*5 or 2 : 3, which b the atomic ratio of the aluminum to the oxygen.
For the compouud 3tl ^i, the perceutiige of siJica and alumina ii» 3C'8, 03*2 ;
whence, dividing the former by 30 (at. w, of silica), and the latter by &V5 (at. w. of
alumina), the ratio obtained is 1 : 1, the compound consisting of 1 of cjich rilnmsna
and silica ; or ttikiug the percentage for the silicon, aluminum, and oxygen in the
same, and dinding them, respectivolv, by 14, 13*75, 8, the ratio deduced would b«
1:2:5.
8. The ratio of alumina and silica in a compound may also be obtained l>y eonh
paring the amounts of oxygen in the percentages of the constituent*. Take, e* f^
a silicitte of alumina consisting of W 3tJ-8, XI 63-2=100. If 100 of Mlica ciintaia
63*33 of oxygen (*cc Uible] then 36*8 will contain 36*8 X '5333 or 10*625 (since 100 ;
36'8 :: 53*33 : the required percentage); so if 100 of alumina conUin 46^
of oxygen, 63*2 will contiun 46*6 X -632 or 29*45; now 19*625 ; 29*45 (the mtio
obtained )=2 : 3; and sinct; »ilica conliiins 2 of oxygen and alumina 3, it followf
from the result of the calculation that the c^jmpound eoulaius 1 of «llii*a i^ 1 of
alumina, or \n\A the formula %1 if>L This is the usual method of call -< Ha
of the constituents in the case of oxyds. It involves multiplicHtinn nt.
age of cjM'h of tJic constituent by the percentage of oxygen for that ^ t;
and in order to facilitate these raultipiit^aiions a table is given below \ uf
atomic weigh Ia, containing multiples of these oxygen percentages for oach of the
dJgiU 1 to 0.
9. The letter U is used as & general symbol for any element; ^, for protoxyda ill
general ; H, for si*i«iuioxyds in gcneraL
I a In the fonnuU 3 da' Si-f^r si\ the prefix 3 applies to the whole C«' Si (oi^
Xfx .f.iur .1 fo iijl befure the first comma, or first -+* or — ) ; but tlio small ' only to C^
it LT 2 Ca; and, in the second part, the small ' signifies tliat there ixtn SZ|^
aui Lix nuiall ', 3 Si The oxygen ratio for the Ca and Si in tlje fir^t part is ] ; 1,
there being % Ca to t 6i, 2 Ca a» well ax 1 ^i containing 2 O ; and in the second part
it i ' ^ * being 2 til to 8 .^i. The oxygen ratio for the whole ra, ik\ si io
\h' : 6 : 12=1 : I : 2 ; and for the i)a4- i^l, ;?! it ia I -f 1 : 2 or 1 : K
Itj tiMj i^'iiuula (J CV-hi ^U* *^*V '^*® index * signifies 2 of jJI within the parea^
thenin. The oxygen ratio of tl»e part in the parenthesis i» 1 : I, there bring 1 Ca'
to J Al ; the O, ratio for t'a, ^1, ^l^ m the formula, is I : 1 : 2 ; and for Ca-f- 'j!i\^ i^i, it
is 1 : 1. l^u« the two formtdaa here explained express ideutieaily the same consti-
tutiou.
Tlirn^ nn* mnnT cntnpmiTid^ allied to the above, for example : (J Ag*+i XI)* Si*,
The fj ^ in the manniT abot«
:--r thr ffi j: thene ami nthcr n^
ii;* »r. So t( symthd fur a!»y c^bonattf
'. fii;n'rH'%ia, ^^ , '!• any oth»^ h«>e,
.rhoul this volume, except und«-«r the nuljihur
ita^^ nndcr the old »y§tem, would be morn
or :\is 6b, Bi, Ni» H, Tlie atomie weighti
Mru.4# tho value which U oftcoi given them b the
iNTBODncrnoN. xv
12. Binary compounds are those consisting of elements of two kinds, those of one
kind n^ative to the other : e, g,^ magnesia, Mg O, consisting of magnesium and
oz^zen; water, HO; silicic acid, or silica, 8iO*; pynte, FeS .
Ternary compounds (called also salts and double oinaries) consist of elements of
three kinds, (1) basicy (2) acidic^ (3) acidific, Thns a silicate of lime and magnesia
(or caldam and magnesium) contains (1) calcium and magnesium, (2) silicon, (3)
ozjgen ; sulphate of lead contains (1) lead, (2) sulphur, (3) oxygen ; the sulphanti-
monite, jamesonite, contains (1) leaa and iron, (2) antimony, (3) sulphur.
13. Polymeres are distinct substances that are atomically multiples of a conmion
type. Thus the compounds 26H*, 36H", 46H" (generally written 6* H*, 0* H",
6* H"), are polymeres of B H*.
14. The following principle is of great importance m connection with the chemical
constitution of inorganic compounds, and although explained briefly elsewhere (pp.
1-3 and 202), deserves to be formally stated in this place :
The replacing power of the elements is in proportion to their combining power ^ this
tmbining power being reckoned in number of atoms of oxygen (or sulphur, or the
iddific dement, whatever it may be).
The line A^ below, contains the formulas of the different kinds of oxyds ; B, the
tame, divided each by its number of atoms of oxygen (that is, severally, for the suc-
eeasive members, by 1, 3, 2, 5, 3, 7, 4), by which division they are reduced to the
protoxyd form ; 0, the basic elements without the oxygen :
A.
BO
B»0»
BO*
B»0»
B0»
B«0^
BO*
K
BO
Bio
Bio
B>0
Bio
B*0
BiO
a
B
Til
Bi
Bl
Bi
Bf
Bi
According to the above law, the B, R', R', etc, in the last line are mutually replace-
able, 1 for 1, although in atomic weight there is a variation from 1 to ^. They
represent different states in which elements may exist, and have, to a certain extent,
bdependent element-like relations. In some cases, as in iron, four of these states
jve represented in a single element, the compounds (1) Fe O, Fe S, (2) Fe' O', (3)
Fe S*, (4) Fe O', containing this metal in the four states Fe, Fe*, Fe*, Fe*.
These different states of elements are best designated in the symbol by the letters
of the Greek alphabet, as thus the confusion arising from the conflicting numbers
for atomic weights and combining relations are avoided. The above lines A, B, C,
thus written, will become :
A
«B0
3^0
2yB0
6^0
8(B0
7^B0
4nB0
B.
aBO
^0
yBO
6R0
cBO
^0
>}B0
a
«B
0R
yB
in
cB
i^
.^B
In each table the line B is like C, except in the addition of 0 ; and the line A is
equivalent to B multiplied for the successive members by the number of atoms of
oxysen in the oxyds, that is, severally, by 1, 3, 2, 6, 3, 7, 4. Examples of the use
of these symbols are unnecessary here, as they occur on the pages referred to, and
tfaron^out the volume.
15. In the statements of analyses throughout this volume, the use of brackets
enclosing figures implies that the substance referred to was determined by the loss.
New System of Chemistry, In the new system of Chemistry many of the elements
have their atomic weights of double the value given in the preceding table, and their
sjmbob are accordingly written with a barred letter, as foUows :
IVl
INTBODUCrnOK.
16. Tabli of Atomic Wei^htt according to the JVijw Syiknu
jff iTdiTniBttiint "^^
S71J
Glucmumf Bo
94
Bhodium, fill
104-31
AntimoDj, Sb
133
GoHAu
196
Eubidiuis, fib
170*8
Arireatum, Ag
lOd
Hj-dnLrgTrum, Hg
300
Butbe&iank, fiu
104*31
Aneoics As
. u
Hjdfogeo, H
1
Setomuui, Se
79
Auram, Au
106
Iodmi»,I
127
SUlooD^Si
28
Barium^ Ba
137
Iridii]iki,&
198
Silver, Ag
108
Ber^rUium, Be
9*4
Iron, Fe
56
Sodium, Ka
33
Bismuth, Bi
210
T^nthanum, h&
93-8
SUnnum, Sa
118
BoraOf Bo
IID
UU,¥h
807
SUbiuiD, Sb
133
Bromluei Br
80
Lithium, U
1
Stroutiunj, Sr
87-5
Gadmiuffl, €d
111
llagDAfllum, Mg
24
Sulphur, 6
33
GbsiuiD, Oa
139
BUDgiiiie«e, Mn
55
Tautalum, ^
183
Oddum, €tk
40
Mercury, Hg
300
Tellurium, 9e
13831
Ckrt>Qs^6
n
Molybdenum^ Mo
93
Thallium, Tl
303
OeHum» 6e
92
Nickdl Ni
59
Tin, Su
118
ClllOTilM% d
85'40
Nitrogen, Ni
14
Titanium, ^
50
Cliromium^ €r
6348
OeiDiiiiii,08
199
Tungsten, W
m
CoWt, €>o
59
Oxygen, O
IG
Uraniunj, B
n#t
Ootambium, 01
188
Palliidittm, Pd
106
TflDfldlum, V
137
Gopjirf, 6ti
634
Pbosphcfrtis, P
31
yttrium, Tr
6414
Erbhtm, fib
113*6
Flutintim, Pt
197*88
Zinc, 2q
65
Pemiiiir Fo
66
Plumbum, Pb
207
Zirconium, Er
8^6
TlitoHiM, F
19
Potaasium, K
391
The elementa in the precediQ^ table whose stomic weights arc Dot doubled (i
which have not barred letters in wie Bymbola), are hjdrogeit ; gold, gilver; the
metaliH potaisiinn. etc; the arsenic group, arsenic, antimony, bkmuth, nil
phoivphoras, with boron ; the chlorine group, chlorine, bromine, iodine.
17. In the combinationft between elements of the former series occur, K?i
being takcm as the unit, the ratios 1 : 1, 1 : S, 1 : 5 ; and, with reference to th«
nnmbeni I, 3, 6, Ihew elements ar© called periuadi, ^\Tiile in the combii
between elements of the latter seriei occur, taking the aame unit, the ratioa
S : 4, 2 : 6 ; and theae, in view of the evm nmnbers, are called artimU. The
cfpjfl'tfif and «pciof were the words for odd and evm numbers m ancient arithmetic
18. Aa oxygen is one of the donbled element*, a protoxyd of a periiead mnal
tain 2 of the latter ; and water, accordingly, has the formula HiO, potash Ki0,
NafO« etc Bnt the protoxyds of elements of the other series have simply \hm^
Wis MgO for magnesia, €aO for linae^ etc.
19. In the formulas of the salla, or ternarkn, iuatead of dividing the
b«?twee7) tlie acidific and basic elemental (thus making the acid and ba^ In tli«'
pound distinct, aa in the old system), the symbol of each of the elemunta ia ph..
separately. Tlm^ iCf ^i^i becomes Bi Mgi O* ; or, in the method of writing aaopi
in thia worl /••
'>'' ^' •- ^ M». in iome classes of rompounds only part of the pxymn
t«i < iio al«iii9nt (8i) to the basic For oxamplc, for ftg Si tl
muU i;^ r>i ''[*f,iMg, only two of the three of oxygen being reg&rded as umting
gvu To explain :
2^' " r^ombioM with 90, and 30 u« eouivalent to 4 U ; iind magnetia,
iO) , h \Bf which oquaU 2 U ; Uie comUniog chAjnoter of silicon is
jsTBOUucmos, xvii
H H
KDted by Si » and that of magnesimn by H — Mg — H, silicon having /our bonds of
H H
ittraction (being therefore a tetrad), and magnesinm two (it being a dyad), Combi
^/^
Ding the two makes 9i Mg. Substitating 0 for 2 H in the diagram, it becomes
e „/ \,„/
/ \ H HH
0=Si M^ ; in which only two 0 unite the Mg and Si, one 0 being combined
\/
0
alone with the SL Hence the form of the above formula, Si 0|0s|Mg.
If the silica is combined with two of magnesia (using the language of the old sys-
tem), the diagram becomes
/\ /^ A A
% Si Mg ; andy substituting oxygen as before, Mg Si Mg. Here
HH HH 0 0
sU the oxygen is unitwg oxygen, and the formula is accordingly Si|0«|Mg«.
21. The number of atoms of uniting oxygen is eqtial to the number of bonde of
€ttTaetion in the banc or acidic element, according as the former or latter has the
mailer number. If, in the case of a compound containing one of silica, the base is
one of a protoxyd (on the old system), there are two bonds of attraction in the prot-
oxjd, and therefore 0, is the uniting oxygen, one 0 remaining with the SL Ii the
base IB two of a protoxyd there are tour bonds of attraction in the basic element (as
well as the acidic), and' the uniting oxygen is 04. If the base is three of a protoxyd,
or one of a sesqmoxvd, the silica then has the smaller number of bonds of attraction,
namely hut fmtr, and the uniting oxygen will be 04, the rest being united with the
basic element and not the silicon ; and it cannot exceed this, however much the
amoont of base be increased, it being determined by the greatest number of bonds of
aUnetion common to the two, the basic and acidic elements. With two of silica the
bonds of attraction will be eight, and so on.
89. He rule above given may be also stated in terms of the oxygen of the base
nd aeid in the old system : the number of atoms of uniting oxygen is double the
niDiber of atoms of oxvgen of the base, unless the number of atoms of the base is
peaier than that of the acid ; and in this latter case it is double the number of
ikoinsof oxygen in ihe acid. In the former case the formula should have the
non-uniting 0 after the symbol of the acidic element (after Si in a silicate, S in a
nlpbate, etc) ; in the latter, it is written after that of the basic element. In the
bmer, the acidic element makes the left part of the formula ; in the latter the formula
is tamed about, and it makes the right part See for examples of the latter, p. 362.
23. For the sulphur, selenium, and tellurium compounds (that is, sulphids, etc.),
the foimulaa are Hke those of the oxygen compounds, except that S> Se, or ¥e is
lobstitoted for 0. So also for ternary nuorids. In some oxygen compounds (topaz,
etc.) 0 is replaced in part by Fi (or, as the symbol for fluorine may then be written,
¥) ; and in a few others, by Cla.
24. In the new system the expressions on p. xv, /SK, y'R, 6R, sB, etc., become
^ yR, ^ cB ; or, in the case of perissads, /8R«, yRi, etc. As, i^s, and B of the old
ty«tem become As« Ott and Bi 0s m the new, and As and £ are not monads, these
brainlas are equiyalent under the new system to 3 /3As 0, 3 jSB 0.
25. The claasification in this work is based on the foUowing classification of the
eieoMntfl^ a partial exhibition of which is presented beyond on pages 1-3, and 202.
B
XVIU
nrrBODUcrnoN.
8«riML
A. Perissads.
Potassium, SodiuiOi Csssiumi
Bubidium, LithiiuD, Thallium,
Hydrogen, SUver, Gold.
Clamfication of the Elements.
Series IL
A. Perissads,
Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Arsenic,
Antimony, Bismuth, Colum-
bium, Tantalum, in the SR
state.
Boron?
B. Artiads.
1. Sulphur Gdoup.
B. Perissad (or Ait
Fluorine.
B. Artiadi,
1. Irox-Aluxinux Group.
0. Iron Sub-group. — ^Platinum,
etc.. Copper, Lead, etc., Iron,
Cobalt, Zinc, Cadmium, Nic-
kel, Manganese, Chromium,
Tungsten, etc.. Cerium, Yttri-
um, etc., Magnesium, Calcium,
Strontium, Barium ; also Hi,
Kt, Naa, eta C. Ariiad,
1, Aluminum Sub-group.— Alu- Sulphur (*S), Selenium, Telluri- Oxygen,
minum (/^A^l) ; also/^Fe, ^^Mn,
/Jer, /?B, eta
2. Tor Group.
Tm, Titanium, Zirconium, Tho-
rium; also yHa, yFe, yMn,
y€o, yPb, Y^M, eta
This classification aasomcs that the metal iron, for example, when in the <lcr
state, is of the same group with titanium or tin in the dentoxyd state ; that chro
molybdenum, etc., in the tritoxyd state, belong to the same group with sulplnii
nium, boron, etc, in the tritoxyd state; and further, that while silicon and tl
ments of the tin group are unquestionably allied, tJbe latter are basic to the i
in all combinations of the two.
In the earlier part of the volume, the formulas on the new system are not
Examples of the several kinds under each of the subdivisions are here prcf
and from them the student will easily supply those here omitted.
26. SulphidSj TelluricUj Selenids, Araenids^ Antimonids^ Bismuthids, T
lowing are the formulas of species from the lists on pages 26, 34, 84, 85, each
indicated by its number instead of its name. The atomic weights of the si
and arsenic groups in the new system are relatively the same with those tli
used in the sections beyond on the Sulphids, those of the arsenic scries oinplo
these sections being liaif less than are given in the table on pages xii, xiii.
Sulphur (*S), Selenium, Telluri-
rium, Molybdenum ; also tFe^
t^Tf cMn, *V, «W.
2. Carbon-Silicok Group.
Carbon, Sih'con; also >S, >Se,
yTe, eta
Series nL
A. Perisaads.
Chlorine, Bromine, led
1.
26. As, S,
27. As, 5,
34. Mo S,
2. L
35. Ag« Sb
36. Agi, Bi
87. €u, As,
2,1L
40. Ag,S
46. (Pb, €a) Se
66. KnS
41. (Ag„Pb)8
47. (Pb,Hg)Se
58. Ag, To
44. Pbt^
48. PbTe
61. irxi S
45. PbSe
49. (eu,Fe)8
62. (Cu,Agj.>
INTEODUOTTON.
a08, 0 H.4- 1 (iJPe. 0M))n e, 212. (I Ht-h^Ml), O, 216. (J Hi+J (Jj^Fe+f MgV»,
209. (|H,4-|(/?^,/?Fe))ie, 218, (|H, + i^^),0, e,^3aq
210. (iH,-»-iMg),e, 2U. (iH,-hitt^Al + |Mg)), 218, (i H.+H^^. ^I^))i ^i
211. (i H,+^ Mn). e, e,-f 2 aq
But if ternaries (or ealte], as generally admitted, the formolaB are ;
202. ^Fo,e»l04Ht
20$. ^ay»et|e,|Hi
205. ^Md. 0,|e,|H,
206. /rFe(e,|e/|H,
or /?F©» e |e,JH«
207. ^Fo, e|0 JH4
208. /?(Ai. Fo). eie.|H4
209. /?(H, Pe). eie.lH*
210. Mgie^H,
or Mgi|e.|H«
211. Mti|e4H,
212. i^Al.ie.lH.
213. ^Fe,|e.|n.
214 (^^ Mg),|0«|H»
216, (i^F^ Mg),|B4H,
or 3 (Mg|0,|Ht) 216. iS(F, FeK|e.tfl.
31, C. For the Oxyds of Elements of the Arsenic Group, etc., p. Idd, the formuJaa
Ai,e,
8b«e«
Bi,0i
MoO|(or, d^0t)
8b, (0, 6),
Tlie hydrated species are properly ternaries ; but there is still some doubt over
their eompositioa.
8. Pbysical akd Blowpipe Chabactebs,
1 . In the descriptions of tbe physical characters of mineralsi H. stands for
tiesa, and G. for specific gravity.
2. The scale of hardness is as follows, crystallized varieties of tbe minerals
tioncd being meant : 1,Talc; 2, Gtpsum; 3, CALcrrB; 4, Fluobttb; 5, Apai
ft, Ohthoclase; 7, Quartz ; 8, Topae ; 9, Cokuitduii ; 10, Diamond.
5. In crystallized minerals of the Isometric system, the physical chaiacton
same in the directions of the three azes, and in the directions of lines situated
metrically with reference to these tkxet^ In the Tetragonal and HawpmU ^1
these eharactirrs in a vertical direction differ from those in a horisonUuof
The optical axia has the directiou of the vertical axis,
4. in crystals of the remaining systems there are two axes of polanEatiou. A Uae
bisecting the acute, or the obtuse, angle between these optical axes is called a &are-
irix ; that bisecting the acuta angle is the acute inneirix^ or lAtf biMctri^ as the t«na
is employed in the descriptions beyond ; that bisecting the obtuse angle (and which
is at ri^ht ariglcA to the acute) is the obtum or amju^U buectrix,
6. In tho Orthorhombtc system, the two binectrices are parallel to the eryatAOo*
graphic axes ; and, consequently, the plane of the optical axes (the opiie^axial plaae)
IS parallel to one of the diametric sections of the crystal, and is at right aoglai la
the other two<
By a diametric plant or section, as here used, is meant a pUne paating ihiongh
any two of the tfyslaltographie axes ; tliat is, one through eaeh a and 6, a and «^ m
i and c*
6, In mineral tpecies, the position of the bisedm b constant, or nearly ao, whOt
the optic-axial angle often variea widely. The m0m mentioned in the descriptions
^ tboaa taken in the air, unless it is otherwise stoted*
t. Under Blowpipe characters, B.B, stands for h(/cn th^ hhwp^; 0*P. for
Itffdigittf JUm$ ; uJF, for ndmem§Jimk§^ A tUmd tubt is a small glass tube closed
eiODe eno.
3
Z21V
nrrsoDucnoN,
50a
Rg. 50 representa a common twin or compound crystal in Die
180111 e trie 8j6tem ; and 50a ill ast rates that it eorrosponds to an octi*
bedron cut across tbe middle parallel to an octahedral face, with one
half revolved 60 or 180 degrees.
B. Tetragmml System, (Also called Quadratic, PTramidal, Modo<U*
metric, Dimetric, Zwei-und-einaxige.) 5. In the I'etragon^ system
the lateral axcA (6) are equal, being the diameters or diagonals of a
sqaaret while the vertical (a) is either longer or shorter tban the lateral.
6» Owing to the square form, the planes of a kind arc in fours or eighth.
like planes on the four solid angles make a 4-sided p^famid, and those of the
Gxtremitie« combined a square octahedron. For any species one such octahe<
may be assumed to have the verticaJ aids let ; and then the other octahedml plj
on the same angles, with shorter or longer vertic^ axes, have the vertical axb a i
tiple or gubmuTtiple of a ; as ^, ^a, etc., 2a, |a, do, etc. ; and the planes of siieb
octahedrons are accordingly lettered 1, j^, ^, 2, }, 3, etc
7, So agMn like planes on the four e^^pes of each baso make an octahedron, bal
of an intermediate Acrics, called the rliainetric, the planes being parallel to a hiteral
axis or diagonal The vertical axis varies by simple ratios, aa in the other series ;
but in tlio iettering, lu* the pi lines are parallel to a lateral axis (and wonld therefore
meet it only at an inftnite dwtaneo), this paralJelism is expressed by adding the letter
ii initial of infinity, ITiuj* J*», 1h, 2-f, St, etc.
8. With the lengthening of the octahedron in each series, the numeral heoomta
larger and larger, until the octahedron is merged in a verikal square prism^ its
planes parallel to the vertical axis* This parallelism, expressed by the letter t again,
as luit explained, gives for the lettering of the square pri&m of the first or fundamenljd
Irenes, ior /; and for that of the second or diametric, t-i. The figures on pages ^17^ ^
279, ar« examples of these forms, and also uf the double 8*sided pyramids aad 6-8id«4
prisms which occur in this system.
9. The sn^ie^ b^^tween the planes cm the T^rtieal edges and /, or »^ are the same
aa thor- iir symbols in the isometric system, noting only this difference
in the . 0 in the cube is y4 in the squai*e prism ; tluH 0 ^ t'2 in the cube
or other ihuiuutric tMrm is the same with t-i "^ i-2 in the tetragoi* ; and so oa*
10, Tlie length of the vertical axis a is calculated from the mi^ ^ t (S) of
angle 0 "^ l-i. A line drawn vertically on the plane l-i (f. 260, p, 2/7), that is, at
angles to the lower or upper side, is the hypothenuse of a right-angled (rinn/!i%
hmaJi side of which triangle is parallel to a lateral axia A, and the vertical pa he
vertical axis a. Themj sides have the ratios, therefore, of the two axes ; , ;.,.,.ug
6sssanitv, a=:tau A (or angle of triangle at base, or opposite a), ThU angle A
equals tlie supplement of 0 1h ; and therefore, calling tlus supplement i^,a^=tan S,
IL Tlie value of the axis may also be obtained (rom the supplement {S') of tha
angle 0 ^ 1, by the equation :
a=4aii S'^vdc 45^; whence log «h=s1og tan S' — 10*1505150.
(X ttmifftmal Sfstem, 12. This tystem differs from the Tetragonal in having
ibwf equal lateral axea (6) instead of two ; the vertical (a) is at right anddet to Uie
frimlffiir. A).
IZ, I tagcmal section of the system the aymmetry of the crystals b hj
ibea Ai s M m flgs. A to ll; f. 410, p, 5;»0; C 527, pw 627. In't B, 1 eei^
reaptmdt to a hexagonal pyramid of tlie t^ndacaental series, and 1-J, |'2, :^-2, t^
iittiiUr pyramids of the inU^rmcHliat^e series ; / b the hexagonal priam of the fomier
ierka^ and 4*3 that of the intermediate prism, /a/=;120\ /At*2^^l50\ »-dA^S|
or. I^\fO\
14, In the Ehombohedrv] leetlon of the ayatem, Uie plnnea 1» 2, a, ^, etcu, ate
INTBODUCmOJr.
XXV
piKs of rbomboliedrons, lumng: fo? the vertical axis In, 2<7, 8a, ^^ etc, la
Mi^ the TaJoe of tlie axis in the fundamental rhainbohedron, (B) {fig%., p. 6). The
Ofit of a rhombohedroD mentioned is always that over a terminal edge, as that
Mwera the upper planes B of figure 141, p. 14L On gradually shortening Uie rhom*
bofceditm in fig. 141, it may become Ji?, ^R^ and so on, till the length becomes 0,
(Y^
\kjbJ
[the rhomhohedron is reduced to a flat plane. Hence, starting ^om this plane
"ch corresponds to the basal plane of the rhombohedron orhcxjigonrtl prism), the
i!ioml>ohedron bs it elongatcB reaches the form of fig. 141 ; and coutinuinjj the
"■""ligation, the vertical axis doubles, trebles, and so on, till finally it becomes innuite,
1 the rhombohedron b then a six-sided prism. If a diminution in length now
eOQiiiieiicet by planes inclined to the opposite extremities of the vertical axis, these
piaocs correspond to another series of rbombohedrons which are distinguished by a
wknm ( — }. The planes
0,_4..1,.2_./ (or Qo) ._._2_— 1_— ^,,,,0,
fit k 1 ftliigle vertical zone. Figa. 550, 551, p* 679, represent the forma B, -j^, -2,
■ IJu The ralae of the vertical axis a is obtained from the supplement :
I Of OAl-2 (S) by the equation a=tan S,
^^^^ Of OAl (iS") by the equation a=tan ^'-^scc 30%
^^■k falter giroa log a=1og tan iS^^— 10 0624694.
^^^VL Ortkorhombic System, (Also called Rectangular, Prismatic, Triroetric, Ein
^BfDi4«huixige.) 16* In the Orthorhombic system the three axes arc unequal and inter
^ aeet at. right angles; and the three diametric planes, or
, thoM containlag the axea, are consequently rectangular
tb iiiter»ectioii.
The annexed figure represents a rectanguhir prism
with replaced edges and angles.
17. n, 6, r, are the axes, of which a is the vertical, 6
the afaorler lateral or brackydiagomil^ c the longer lateral
or mtocrodm^tUiL 0 is the basal plane of the prism ;
|4 the Kasmr lateral plane, parallel to the longer lateral
ok; M tho smaller lateral plane, parallel to the shorter
5
/.
l^-\-
18. / are pUmea on the edges of the rectangular prism,
vUch when extended would form a vertical rhombic
mm, having ita axea h and c in the ratio of 16 : Ic,
U k therefore the unit or fundamental vertkal prism,
19, 1-1 are planes parallel to the langer lateral axis,
nd having for the axes a, 6, the ratio la : lb; extended
ipnnrdft tbcy form a dome (so named £rom domus^ a
nae), which ia called the jtmcrodome. The planes 14
IS
i^
XXVI
INTKODirCTION.
in a similar manncT form wliat is called a hntchydome^ they bcinp^ panilld io tbe
ikortrr lateral axis; iu axes a, c, have the ratio la ; Ic, that is, the two dingonals of
this horizontal prism have this ratio. These two domes are tlierefore the unit domm^
Tlioir suramit angles ai-e of course sapplemeuts of their basal angles (or those ovcf
the vertical planes «-i, »-t),
20. If the axis h=l ; half the ohtuse angle of the prism / be called X; half the
sunimit angle of the macrodoine l-i, F, and half the basal of the same Z; then we
have for the values of the other axes a and c :
ff==:^ot F=tan Z, c^tan X,
Further, X=U a I^^90- ; Y^ 0 \ l-l— SO' ; Z=
:t.iM-l— 90\
20. The planes 1 on the ei^^ht angles are planes of an octahedron, having for the
axes a, 5, f, the ratio la : ifc : Ic It is therefore the unit or fnndamonUil octahe-
dron (1). Its pyramidal edges, if the octahedron were complete J (as in f. 55, p. 20),
would be of two kinds, two at each extremitj opposite to the axis r, the longer
lateral axis, and two opposite to h^ the j^horter lateral axis. The former is Uie
macrodiagonal edge, the latter the brachy diagonal*
21. By doubling the length of the vertical axis, the lateral being fixed, wo form
the octahedron 2 ; by trebhnp it^ the octahedron 3; by halving it^ the octahedron
1; and so for tliu domes, doubling the vertical axis we fiave the dome 3-1 or ^ ; by
halving the sanjc, the dome J-l or ^4, and so on. The letter i, as Ijefore explain©!,
itatida for infinity, and means that the plane is parallel to one of the axes ; I, thai III
is parallel to the longer lateral axb; I, that it is pamljel to the shorter lateral ajdit
I or / alone, or as the initial letter in a symbol, sipittics that the plane is parallel ta
the vertical axis. A plane v-l is parallol both to the vertical and longer lateral; <4>
both to the vortical and shorter latetaL
TL The octahedrons alluded to abe?6 have for the area ^ c, the ratio 16 : le^
at ' to what ij* called the futi^amtntal series. But others may exist with
di tio<* for 6 and e, and any value for «. If the ratio for 6, f, is Ih : Sc^
thou, lonffer lateral axis, if the vertical axis is la, the octahedron is 1-1 ;
or if t il axis is 3rtr, the plane is 3-^1 ; or if ^, it is J-2. So fir the ratio
fib I If ; if the vertical axis in la, the octahedron is 1-S; or if So, it is 2-4; aod
if the vertical axis is infinite, the plane is paralUl to the vertical axis, and the ^yxxir
bol is i-A. Tlte first figure or letter in these symbols always refers to tho verucil
and the second to one of the lateral axes.
23, Th^ phines may thus be viewed as lying in vertical zoms^ a different zone for
_fcry ratio of the lateral axes h : €, Eai-h »enes, or tone, terminat^es ahovt in the
basal plane of die prism, for which a=0, and below in a vertical prism, for which a
is infinite. By taking the plane;) e4, 14, successively^ for the basal plane 0, thero
may l>o similar series of zones for each. The planes of a zone have their mutual
inter^^ * " 1 to one another; and wherever a series of planes exists haiiiig
such I lions, the series is called a worn.
TItc tmail tabU H iuHcrted in connection with the crystalline forms of some of
spiN^ies of this and oth**r •y^tcms of cryttalliaition (pp. 27, 36, 3^9) con«i»t of
fvrttca) Monn of oor^ nes, Tbo plannfi of a vt^rtical zone hnvi> mutuikl A^
tonfai inffr»efHnfnt v tnf. ^'otiJiraucntly in a cryitUil not oblii|UL» tht? inoUna*
ti I in ft ztme, (subtnictt-»d from 'JlO\ gives the
ill- M^ same Zf>ne on that plane, and tlu* trm^uti
of lilt (J un tilt? planes of a zone vary as the c-<
th^Tcr I J lie. Thus, suppoiie there are the planer
lakt the supplement of 0 ^14 (which, if 0 "^ 14 is 1^4', equals 180 — I
tbca tho tangent uf this angle, doubUii^ will be tho tangent of the euj.^. .. ..
O^S^ and trebled, of the supplement of the angle of 0 ^ 84, Hie latne for
i
Uie
nrrEODiTCTnos'*
xxni
^ 1, 2, 3» or 1% S-5, 3-1, and so on ; and if i-l be made the base, then in the same
mtumei the angles maybe calcolat^jd for aimiJar zones of planes tenniDating in ^-l ; oi
if it be made the base, for zones of planes termiuaiing similarly in 1 1 So if the
► tre giFen, the relations of the axes may be calculated by reverebg the proeesfi.
linking the brachydiagonal fr^^nnity :
as=4aQ. «Tippl O^l'i] and calling the angle /a/, over »-i, X:
c=stanJ^X
Monodmie Si/Hem* fAlso called Hem i prismatic, Clinorhombic, MonocUnohe-
\4aL Z«ret-nnd-emgliederigo.) 26, In this system two of the axial interaeetiona are
r, and one h oblltjne. In other words, the lateral axes are at right angles to
ODe Another ; but one is oblt^ue to the vertical axis, and the other at right angles to it.
26, If figure E on page xxv be taken as representing a monoclinic fonn in its
asttil poiitioa, then a wiU be the vertical axis ; h the inclined lateral, called the clino-
imgomai; e the other lateral, called the OTthodiaffonaL The angle a^h^ or the
aeiififttioii of the vertical axis, is called the angle C.
^, The seetioD of the crystal in which 6, the clinodii^nal, and (^ lie is the cUm}-
S^gomal section ; and that in which c and a lie is the orthfjdiagonal iecHon, The
ivtical fxlane t-l, of t E, is parallel to the orthodiagonal section, and is lettered simply
I if ; and the pkne m, of the *iame ^nr% is parallel to the clinodiagonal section, and
I Ji lettered i-i. The angle Oai-j=:C', or the inclination of the vertical axis; while
I Oa f4=0O*, and w a 1-1^=00". The cliuodia^gonal section is the plane of sif^mmetrif,
28^ Tbe domes having the planes parallel to the clinodiagonal are called clinodameM^
nul are lettered with an accent over the i, thus, 14 (1-1 in L E), 24.
25. The doroes parallel to the orthodiagonal are ftemidomen^ the planes in front at
top Wtng TiTiltkt* in inclination those in iVont below, each being a hemidome ; one
tdies is the acuU iuterecction of the axe^ and is the plus series^ lettered l-»,
M, «le.: F is opposite the obtu»e^ and is lettered -l-i, -2^\ etc.
9Qi The Qckihsdral planea are all hemiociahedral, and + and — are used in the
^vbols *m the same manner as in the symbols of the hemidomes. Thus in tig. E,
U tfci aegla between the upper 0 and the front plane ui is obtuse, then the upper
plmai !♦ 1, in &ont would be -1, -1, and the corresponding planes below, -|-1, +1|
written iksiially 1, I.
Zh If ibe clinodiagonal b^=l ; half the front angle of the prism / (over i-t) be
edled X, half the summit angle of the clinodome 1-i, X' ; the supplement of i-i a l-i
[t^O^* 14 — (7) be called ft; and supplement of O^l-i be v; and C be used as
dbove explained ; then^
sb C tan X ct:=:c-s-fiin C tan -y=sin v -r sin |A=8in ( C — fi^) -^ ein |ul,
F, Trkiime SjfstertK (Also called Doubly Oblique, Tetartoprismatic, Anorthic, Ein-
„ •) 3^« The three axes are miequal, and obliquely and unequally
Angles of 90^ and 135"* are not met with in TricUnic crystals. Examples,
a on pp, 297, 338, 349,
The cr " i|ihic symbols n&cd in this work are essentially those of Nan-
f the atii le system of crystallography which is foUowecL The only dif-
le ti thiit i, the initial of infinity, is substituted for the symbol 00, and the P is
diOBped, il being in almost all cases unessential Thus, P, 2P, 4P2, ooPoo,
1 « A 06^2, Sp2, of Naumano, are P or 1, *2, 4-2, t-i, t (or /), i% 3-5, of thia work.
I And is the rhombohedral section of the hexagonal system, for JR^ 2^, 3i?, ^, 2B*f
WSamtuuiis, are here written, B, 2, 3, 1', 2*. Moreover 0 or 0 is written for the
rUad pkne, Tbe distinction of capital or small letter in the symbols ia mathemati-
aO? oi no importance.
il* la the orthorhorabic system the shorter lateral axis is made the unit in this
»«k. The axes are lettered tf, 6, c, in different systems, except in that of Miller (or
XXVIU
INTEODUCnON*
i '^ mdicea ** referring to the ar6%
>erly WhewelFs), who uacs the letters A, /, it, i
ie order hero written ;
Vertioa],
In this work a
In NanmaiLQ a
In WeiM and Rose e
In MiUer k
For the tetragonal syBtem the axea are the aame^ except that &=c. In the mono-
cHnic :
YerticaL
Nanmann and thia work a
Weiss and Bose c
HiUer k
The following are convenient simple rules for use in connection with crjaUOo*
graphic measuremento and calcutations :
;i5. If a plane, p^ replaces the edge between any other two, *, t, malting paraQd
intersections, the sum of the angles between p and the two planes m^ i^ equals 160
pluit the inclination of t on ^. If the planes «, t^ meet at 00^^ the sum of theie
angles equals 180'-f 90''=270" ; and if the angles are equal, each is 185" ; if
planes *, /, meet at 110% the sum of the two angles equals 180 -hllO':=2dO'' j
if one is 130% the other will be 160%
36. On p. %s\% the relation between the symbols and the tangents of the incl
tions of pkues lying in zones between rcctangahu' axes (which aonea can be madi
be Tertical zones in one position or another of the crystal) is pointed oat. The si
method holds for all vertical zones in the tetragonal system, and for those that
come vertical on putting Uie crystal on its plane t-i; also for all the 2one» whifh
made vertical by placinpf a monoclinic prism on its iace i-i, that is the z- ".<>►
domes, the tone of vertical prisms, and all zones, then vertical, of hernia »^ Lis;
also for all the vertical zones of the hexagonal prism, and be net* for the zone of rhoui-
bohedrons of any species, or vertical Eones of scalenohedral planes.
87. For the transfer *j( hi k of Miller's system into the system of this work* take
the reeiprocala. Thus if symbol is 21 d, the reciprocals are ^, 1, ^, the last }
ring to the vertical axis. As the relation of the lateral axes ahould be in wl
numbers, double the whole and it gives 1:2:1; whence the plane b that w]
would be here designated 1-3. Bo 1 : 1 : 8 becomes 1:1:^, whenoe the si
il or 8 J 5 becomes 4, 1,4, or 1, 3, } ; whence j-3 ; and in the orthorhombic «yi
the 3 in J:-3 would have me short mark, or be Mrritten |-S ; whUo 185 would givt
the cymbol |-S,
38l In hexagonal forms the change is less simple, and the method for it is har^y
iiit '" ' ' to one not knowing something of both systems. The axes of Miller lu-
st I ig those of fig* A, p. XXV, are lines drawn ttrough the centre normal to ( that
ih, ^'s to) the alternate faoe« of the pyramid ; they are tl fhrtf in
til. L^ planes are thus referred to axes parallel to tne rh</i vl ed^.
TLtt pUn^i iu Eg. A, acconling to Nanmann*s syatem^ are all of cue kind in di<T
ktrti^fmnl scHion of Xh*- hexagonal system, but of two lands, R and -B (or I and -I)
ir »n. In Miller't system they are of two kinds in both ac^
Ij V een the two sectjons not being entertained.
The mxm a« 6p c, lA luiy plane in the hexagonal system of Kaomanoi hare the hV
lowing Tihiee ia terms of hkl of MUler :*
• yunkhid lbs aothor Ibr tbis pJaee by Prot J. E Oookci» of Harvard.
DTTBODUCnOlf. XXIX
I
I
Bui ID using tliese equations strict att^Dtion must be paid to the signs, as is Olns-
fated ID the examples below. The an^le 7 is the angle between the axes m Miller's
wT^Ueskf which equals the £acial angle ot the rhomb mce at the vertex of the rhombo-
lMBdlOII&
The tqnalions give the true ratios of Naumaun^s axes ; but these ratios often have
to be reditced to whole numbers, or otherwise modified, to obtain precisely the values
Hied in Naumann's sjrmbol. The second member in the equation for a gives the
ki^h of the axis ma in any form ; the first member in it is all that is required for
lite value of m in the symbol^ while the second ia the value of a,
Tkm IbilOfwing are some examples:
la C 564 (pb 012X plane H^ which is 100 of iCIler, gives, on subatitutin^ the valneB othkl, and
voKUog the eqiiatiOQSt ail. c=y : t (infinity) : -I. The parameters of thu pbme in Kaumoim'a
wjistm for the vertiGal and three luteral axes are 1 : 1 : 1 ; i.
The pla^ t^ to the right, is 2TT of Miller; whencea : 5 : c=i : i : -3, which, since fl and 6 arc
leh ifldSfkitj, 18 equivalent to 1 : t : -L
Hi* plaoe -2, to the right, ia ITi of Miller; whence a : 5 : ^=1 ; \ : j=S : 1 : f ; the Nsu-
■10 latio for thia plane is 2 : 1 : 1 : i ,
Ftew -I is »3S of Miller; whence aih; €={ : J : -i=} : -I : -L
Tba left upper plane I' ia 20T in Miller; whence a : 6 : c=l ; -1 : --^^3 ; -^ : -1, giving the
mammm myvibol S-3« from which oomes ita equivalent acaienohodral symbol l\
left opper plane ^' is Miller's 310 ; wheuoe ^:b i c^^ i -l : H^l : -3 : -1 ; giving the
ins ayinbol f*^ and it^ ffquiralent ^\
Ihi r^lbt upper of the two atijoining planes, i* in t 664^ ia 301 of Miller ; whence a : b i c=
LI : -i» Thia ia apparently a difTerent reault from the last But calculattng the length of the
rft of Ksumaiui^a parameters, it giyea A=n-*-(fi— l)=i-h(-^— ll^^i, from which it foilowB
Ibaillv pamnetets of the plane are |^ : I : i : -i; and on calculating the fourth panuneier in
^ITWifding. i would be obtained, proving that both are really the same plane,
5, NOMENOLATUKK.
L Tlie termination ite^ or UU (the origiual of He) was used, according to system,
■noQg the Greeks^ and from them among the EomaDs, iq the namea of stones, it
bcoig one of the regolar Greek snfllxea. It was added (sa ite in these recent times)
to iSm word signifying a quality^ constituent^ use^ or locality of the stone.
Some of the examples are: Hmmatites^ ft-om the red color of the powder
dlon'iit^ from the green color ; Steatites^ from the greasy feel ; Dmdriti^t, from a
memblasice to a tree or branch \ Alaha$iriii^^ for the stone out of which a vase
ttSkA mk aiabatiron was made ; B(i8anite9^ from the word for touchBtane ; tSlderii^^
ftom tkt word for iron ; Argyriti9^ from the Greek for silver ; Symitis^ from the
ke&Uif^ Sjeoe in Egjpt ; Mempkitis, for a marble from Memphis in Egy]>t,
2. The only modern kind of name not in vogue in Pliny's time is that after persons,
WffMf appeara to have been the first to Introduce personal names into mberalogy. The
exaanpte^ as fur as ascertained, was his naming what von Bom had called Orem Mica
Yiiidia), 2briefi^ aft^r its inTostigstor, tho chomiat Torber Bergmann (mom correctly written
p Iw aona mineralogtsts of last century, as Bergnuinn wrote hia name in Latin, the
cf ms sdeotific works, Torbemns Bergmfton), The name encountered objoetions j and
Wm^, in fiew of Beigmann^s annonnoement (alter some incorrect trials) that the mineral was
i Ofpcr on, aub^tuted In 1789 the name Chakj)lite. He, however, immediately afterward (early
M ITM) allowed that ha saw nothing bad in the style of name by dealgQating other new species
.ftrtfcaflte and WWuritit^ the former after Ck)l. Prehn, the discoverer, and the latter after Dr,
Wstfatsiag; tt>e diaooreref and analyst of the species. The same year Eatner, a raineralogiat of
** ' 'a pamphlet against the Werner school, with the title '' Frejmiithlge Gedanken
XXX
DTTBODUCniON.
fiber Herm Inspector Werner^a Terbessenmg^n in der iCneralogie," etc. (C4 pp. K- ' ""
which he makes ligbt of Werner'a hhoTB in the science, and under the head of Pr
thia method of croating a paterDity, and providing tho chCdleaa with ehUdrca to hni. . . ., „
names to posterity (p. 25), Such namefl were, however, too easily made, too pleasant,
general thing, to give and rec?ei?e^ and withal too free from real objection, to be thus stopped!
and they hare siuco become numerous^ even Vienna contributing her full share toward tMr
multiplication.
Asa port of the history of mineralogtcal nomendatiire, it may be here added that WerMTi
wben it was proved that hlA ckcUcotik w.ifl an ore of uranium with but little copper, instead of a
true ore of oopper, dropped tho name entirely, and called the mineral simply Uran^Hmm^
(Uranium mica); and Kkreten, tn hi* reply to Abbe Eetner (Berhn, 1793, 80 pp, limo), malGCi
out of the necessary rejection of chaJoolito ed argument against chemical names, and in DiTor of
names atler persona, as the tatter could nev^jr turn out erroneous in signification.
Werner, in an article written in dofoaoeof his introduction of thia dasa of names (Bergm. J- i
lOS, tTOO), mentions the case of Obnidian (more properly ObsUm) as a preci^ent from Fliiiy, Obsuui
being, as Pliny states, the reported disooTeror of the snbatanoe in Ethiopia. But ttiis b wA
strictly an example. For Pliny uses Obstan not as a substantive, bat as an adjective ; the mi
was not Ob&ia^ but Obifian glass or C^man sUme ; vitrum obsiamm, tapk tSmiama^ and dk
[Titra], ooourring in the course of the paragraph. Tho addition of the terminatioii tie to 01
would, according to mlneralpgical method, make a name equivalent to PHny^a Uipia
Karnes of persons ending in an (as Octavian, Tertnllian) were common among the Eoniaus ;
^Ib is so far reason for avoiding the terminatioa in names of stones.
Some critica question the existence of the reputed Obsius, and reject Pliny's explanation*
3« The ancient ongiD of thb termination ite^ its adoption for ino«t of the namet
in mociern mineralogy', \U distinctive character and convenient application, make il
evidently the true basis for nnifomiitv in the nomenclatarc of the science
4. If any other ttjrmination in addition is to be used, it should be so oulj wniw
system ; that is, it should be made characteristic of a particular natund l^^'iip rf
specie^ aud be invariably eniptoyed for the names in that ^oup ; and it6 nw
sLould not be a matter of choice or Cancy with de.scribers of species.
At a matter of fact, several other terminations are in use, but wholly witboat
reference to any such systenL The most common of them is iiu ; but it has not
beCQ employed for any particular div^ision of mincrala, and it could not now bo
fto n»ttrtcted ; it belongs by adoption and long usage to chemiattT, aud abould bo
left to that science
5. lo order then that the acquired unifonnity may bo attained, changes should be
mado in existing names, when it can be done without great inconvenience,
Nanicj* like Quartg^ GamcU Oypaum, Bealtjar, Orpiment^ with the nimifif
of the mctal» and gems, which are part of general litoratnre, muHt remdbi
undtercd. Mica wnd Feldipar^ equally old with (Quarts, Itarc become the nametf
of ffTQupt of mlnenila, and are no longer applied to particular speciea. I7itor
WM written flutmit last century by Napione* BUndt^ although one of the
snmber that might hi* allowed to stand among the exceptions, hft^ alrrady \^vtn
place with some rainemlogtst* to Sphaierik, a name proposed I Secaoad
bteodo wna nppHi^d nUo to other species) in 1846, aud «gJ»i , ^s i
Blcndo* Galena wan written Galenite by von Kobell some years since, Urthocjj
Lotfrrl'iHr. OHgochtie mij^ht be rightly lengthened to Orthoclamte^ etc, IVut
t< claif! (from the Greek tar fracture) h p<H!ulUr to namea of mineraK
auu . .^ ,., brevialed form in u^* may be allowed to stand for speciea of the Feldapiat
croup. It seems better that it be avoided eladwherc Many other oxamplea irill
Be found by the reader in the pages of this Tolame,
la lli» oourso cf tbt last ototorx, whaa Iht aoia&oa of rabonila was bV -
1,^ under 1
Uis doable namea of Botany and Zoology; and > :, tii<r. miderl
of Groosndl and Borgmauo, namoa anirasalfv of chonkal oompoaiuon, ai (ar aa h vai
; aad ttia two awtbods hava had tiMir adfooaki tfll lala k the itf^aoat oeotuiy. fiu^
Id ^iSBlBtiT was bot^log tt forward, tbara waa an oObrt on ooe atdt^
iBflnaaoa cr lioi
nrrsoDucnoN. xxxi
it^ game time, the necessity of single names was recognised by most of the early mineralo-
BstB ; and in the spirit of the system which had made its appearanoe among the Greeks and
lomans out of the genius of the Greek language, they almost uniformly adopted for the new
Btmes the termination He.
Urns we baTe from Werner the names Torberite, Chalcolite, Gr^hite, Prehnite, Witherite, Bora
ate, Angite, listacite, Finite, Aragonite, Apatite, Leucite, Cyanite (Kyanite) ; and fVom other sources
in the same century. Zeolite, Actinolite, Tremolite, Coocolite, Arendalite, Baikalite, Melanite,
8kaxm)lite, Lepidolite, Cryolite, Chiastolite, CoUyrite, Agahnatolite, Sommite, Moroxite, Pharmaco-
lite, StronUanite, Delphiuite, Titanite, Ceylanite, Gadolinite, BubeUite, Sahlite, Wemerite, Scapo-
fite, Mellite, eta
The termination ine was also adopted for a few names, as Tourmaline, Olivine, Mascagnine,
Serpentine ; and an in Yesuvian ; but the great bulk of the names were systematically termi-
Ditodin He.
With the opening of the present century (in 1801), Hauy came forward with his groat work on
Crystallography, and in it he brought out a variety of new names that defy all system, having
nothing of the ^stem of the earlier science, and no substitute of his own. Forgetting that the
adty of law which he had found in nature should be a feature of scientific language, he gave
to bis names the following terminations :
sae, in Gymophane ; ase^ in Eudase, Idocrase, Anatase, Dioptase ; ctaie^ in Pleonaste ; o^, in
DiaDage ; ene, in Disthene, Sphene ; gene, in Amphigenej fde, in Staurotide ; ime, in Analcime ;
sle^ in Amphibole ; ome, in Aplome, Harmotome ; ose, in Orthose ; ote, in Actinote, Epidote ; yre,
in Dipyre ; ype, in Mesotype. And the true mineralogical tenmnation Ue he admitted only in the
few foOowiug : Axinite, Mcionite, Pycnite, Stiibite, Grammatite.
Hauy had commanded so great and so general admiration by his briUiant discoveries in crys-
tdkgraphy, and by the benefits which he had thus conferred on mineralogical science, that his
Dimes with their innovations were for the most part immediately accepted even beyond the limits
of France, although a nmnber of them were substitutes for those of other authors. Some of
Werner's names were among the rejected ; and a break was thus occasioned between German
and French mineralogy, which will not be wholly removed until the rule of priority, properly
lestrictodf shall be allowed to have sway.
The substitutee among Haiiy's names in the 1st edition of his Crystallography (1801) are the fol-
lowing:
Amphibole, for Hornblende of last century and earlier.
Orthose, for Feidapar.
Pyroxene, for Augiie of Werner, and Volcaniie of Delam^therie. [Delam^therie was a contem-
porary of Haiiy at Paris, the author in 1792 of an edition of Mongez's Manuel du Mineralogisie
(after Bergmann's Sdagraphia) ; in 1*797, of an ambitious speculative work entitled Tkeorie de la
Terrt, the first two volumes of which consisted of a Treatise on Mineralogy; in 1811, 1812, of
LtfcmsdeMintrahgie, in 2 vols^ and for a number of years principal editor of the J(mmal de Phy^
tique. He gave oflfence to Haiiy by some of his early pubUcations. Haiiy's mineral Euclase ig
described in full by Delam^therie in the Jownial de Physique for 1792 (some years in advance of
Haiiy's description of it), without crediting the name or anything else to Haiiy; but five years
later, in his TlUorie de la Terre, he inserts the species with foil credit to Uaiiy.j
Cymophane, for C%ry«o6er^2 of Werner.
Idocrase, for Veswrian of Werner.
Pleonaste. for CeylaniU of Delametherie.
Disthene, for Oyaniie of Werner.
Anatase, for Octahedrite of de Saussure, and Oisanite of Delam^erie.
Ebhene, for TUanUe of Klaproth.
Kepheline, for Sommite of Delam6therie.
Triphane, for Spodumene of d'Andrada.
Amphigene, for Leuciie of Werner.
Actinote, for AcUnolUe of Kirwan, and ZiUerthUe of Delametherie.
Epidote, for ThaUite of Delametherie, Delphiniie of de Saussure, and Arendalite of Elarsten.
Axinite, for Janolite of Delametherie.
Harmotome, for Andreolite of Delametherie.
Orammatite, for Tremolite of Pini. .
Steorotide, for Siaurolite of Delametherie, and GrenaHte of de Saussure.
And, later, JParantMne^ for Scapolite of d' Andrada, and Rapidolite of Abildgaard.
Firt of the changes were made with good reason ; but others were wholly unnecessary.
Hiuy was opposed to names from localities, and hence several of the displacements. He objected
also to names based on Tariable characters, and characters not confined to the species. Moreover,
•i Mj! papH, Lucas, observes (in giving reasons for rejecting the name Scapolite and substituting
ParwUhifie), " le vice du mot lite, qui s'applique A toutes les pierres, ne pouvoient plus convenir
ieecte substance du moment od eUe seroit reoonnue pour un esp^." HaUy's own names are
xsxu
remarkable, in g^neral^ for tbelr IndeflxdteDess of sigoiflcatio&f which makes them etymoi
Dearly as good for one mineral as onotherT and Tery bad for alniost none : aa» for example, .ww
lagt, which is from the Greek for di^ence ; Anaidme^ from weaknesB m Greek ; Oriktme, from
Hmighi in Greek ; Epidote, from intrfose in Greek; Afuiiase^ from eredion in Gi^eek, faterpmad
by him as equivalent to length ; Idoeraaey from I see mi^turt m Greek, elCL His name Pi/fn
which he defiLnea h^ie ou tirainger dans k damaine du feuy is an mtforttuiate exception, m <
reoiarked, the mmeral being the moet common and uniTersal oonatlttieiit of igneona rodca,
Beodani succeeded Haiif , and had ihe same want of system in his ideas of nomenclature.
ing occasion to name TarioiiB mineral spedes which tUl then had only chemical names, he i
Hauy's method of mlsoellaueouB terminations, but indulged In it with leiis taste and Jtid_
end with little knowledge of the rules of etymdogy. In his work we find the termimition"^ \
Apherefte, Aphanese, Neoetese, Aoerdese, Mfmetese ; **?, in Leberkise, Spcrkise, Harkise (only
German words Gailidzed) ; Melaconise, Zincontse, Crocoise, Stiblooiniee, TJracooise ; ost, in Argf-
rose, Argyrythroee, Psaturogo, Apbttialose, Hhodaloae, Sidoroae, Blamioee^ Exaiithatose, Cy»nos%
Melinose, Disomone { 096, in Neoptase, Discraee ; irn«, in Tpolefoie ; sfe; in Exiiele ; while oaosi
eodfog in ^ are greatly multiplied.
In Geimany, the tendency has always been to uniformity through the ndoption of the tenxoBi*
^n it6. Broithaupt has been somewhat lawless, giving the science his Pllnlan, Alumian, 8an&
nlan, AsboUn, eta ; bis Castor and Pollux; GUuccwiot, Homidilin, Orthoclnse, Xanthowm, ate.;
BtUl, tkt the hu^r part of his numerous names are rightly terminated. Baidinger's maoj otONi
•r9 always right and good.
6. In fonnbo; names from the Greek or Latin the tcrmlnatian iU ia added to ^
penitive form alter dropping the vowel or vowels of the last syllable, and any foHoiP-^
log letters. Thus, p.i>^ makes f^^Xavo^ (melanoi) m the genitive, and gives the name
melanite. The Greek langaage ib the most approved source of names.
7. In compounding Greek words the aamo elision of the Greek genitive is nuuls
for the first word in tlie compouncl provided the second word begins with a vowd;
if not, the letter o is inserted. Thug, from cup, genitive ^mjpog (purog)^ and opl*^
(ortho^)^ comes pyrorthite ; and from the same and g^voj; {renoa) cornea pyroxene,
8. The liberty is sometimes taken in the rase of long compounds to drop a syD
ble, and when done with judgment it is not objectionable; thus r/ulaconite has b^
accepted in place of melanocrmiU. But mafffuyferriie (as if from the Latin ma^n
great, and fernmi, iron), for a compound of mat/r^^ia and iron, or cakitnan^te fore
containing lime and viangantie^ are bad.
9. In the transfer of Greek words into Latin or English, the x (k) becomea c, and
the u (tc) becoines y.
10. In the formation of the names of minerals, the addition of the tcrminataon tit
to proper names in niodern languages (names of places, person^ etc.), or namea of
diamcteristic chemical constitucnta, is allowable ; but malnng this or anj othcT sjU»»
ble a suffix to common words in such lanitrnnijos is barbarous.
11. Names made half of Greek and luilf Latin are objectionable ; but i
are ludf of Greek or Latin and half of a modem language are intolerable,
V2. Lfiw of Prioritt/, Tlie hiw of priority bus the same claim to recognition b
mineralogy aa in the other naturul scicuices. Its j>urpose is primarily to aecure lilt
stability, poritv. and perfection of Bctieiice, and not to insure credit to authoHL
13. i4 of the Law of Priority, The following ar« oaaea in whicli a I
having ^ . , may properly be set aaide :
9* When the name ts identical with the accepted name of another nmiefilj
cartiftr date.
b, Wh«D it is glaringly fidse in signification ; aa when a red mineral la decLved tm
ita name to bo black ; «« y., M§ianochrtnle (p. d30) ; or when m bonej-yeUow iiua#»
ral ia made to be nahen ; f, (f., Mtlinopham (p. 263),
f, ^^*hcn it i"* i - ** Mi without a description,
«f. When pu^ ha tiescnption so moorrect that a recognition of the i
rd hj tumxm of u \a imposaibUs ; and in consequence, and beeanae also of the i
of ^oeinMmi the aania speeioa ia deecribed under aaother name ulthoot the
raTRODUonoN. xxxiii
ieseribei'ft knowledge of the mineral bearing the former name. When, on the con-
tnry, a badly described bat well-known old mineral is redescribed correctly, there
is no propriety in the new describer changbg the old name.
Aocoidme to this oaoon !t might seem right that the name EmarylUe should have been substi-
ioted for MargarUe (p. 506). Tet margarite, though incorrectly described, was a species well
niown in cabinets, and Dr. Smith manifested his appreciation of the true interests of sdenoe —
he end of all canons — in adopting the old name so soon as he had ascertained by farther researdi
he identity of his species with margarite.
e. When the name is based on an uncharacteristic variety of the species. Thus
Sapenite was properly set aside for Buttle (p. 159).
/. When the name is based upon a variety so important that the variety is best
len to ri'tain its original name ; particularly where this and other varieties of the
species, introduced originally as separate species, are afterwards shown bv investiga-
tion to belong to a common species. Thus, the earlier name Augite is properly
retained aa the name of a variety, and HaUy*s later name Pyroxene accepted for
the group, as explained on p. 214.
g. When a name becomes the designation of a group of species : as Mica, Chlorite,
A. When the name is badly form^, or the parts are badly put together : as when
the terminal « of a Greek word is retained in the derivative ; e. ^., aphaneee from
a^enr^ ; Melaconise from the Greek for black and xo'vi; ; Rhodaloee from the Greek
for roMe<olored and aXo^ (halos), the genitive of oXc, salt. The last word is bad
not only in termination but in wanting an h before the a, and strictly an o after the
d. Also Siderofe (spathic iron), Argyroee (silver glance), ChcUcoeine (copper glance),
ffom, respectively, (fiS-npof, apTupo^, x°'^^^- ^^^ ancient Greeks showed us how the
deiif itives from these words should terminate by writing them Sideritis^ Argy-
rifts, Chalcitis.
Ignorance or carelessness should not be allowed to give perpetuity to its blunders
omfer any law of priority.
i. When a name is intolerable for the reasons mentioned in §§ 10, 11, as Harkise,
from the German Haarkies (hair pyrites) ; JSTupaphrite, from the German Kup/er-
td^um ; Bleimeritey from the German Blei-Niere,
j. When a name has been lost sight of and has found no one to assert its claim
for a period of more than fiftv years ; especially if the later name adopted for the
ipedes has become intimately incorporated with the structure of the science, or
with the nomench&ture of rocks. Thus, although Hiallite and jDelphimte ante-
date Epidotey it is not for the good of science that Epidote should be thrown aside.
Bat where a name has not this importance, and is unexceptionable, the law of
]Miority may be allowed to have its course.
The right to reo(^:nition, under this canon, where the names are those of the original describer
of the speciea, is strong. Bat with regard to names introduced for well-known old species to.
replace earlier chemical or provincial names, the claim is feebler; and if the names are not strictly
iororduig to rule, or are nnsatisfoctory in mode of pnblication, they may be more freely modified^
■bbfcriated if desirable, or rejected altogether. Prof. Chapman's " Practical Mineralogy," pnh-
liihed hi England in 1848, affords examples of the latter kind, and has occasioned some embar-
nnmeot The worir was by an author at that time unknown in the science (the preface says,
IB inkgineer, and '* a very young man **) ; it was small, of limited circulation, and practical in its
object, and therefore one in which new names for old species would not naturally be looked for. In
1S45, Haidlnger, then already a veteran in the science, the author of several works on mineralogy,
■ad of onmeroos researches in its various departments, issued his " Handbuch,*' in which also a
BBTDber oC old species were provided with mineralogical names. Through Chapman's publication,
HtidtDger's BretthaupUte is anticipated two years by Chapman's Hartmanniie; his FreiealehtnUe,
^tbe letter's DonaeargyrUe ; his ChratnOe, by the latter's Chromoferriie ; his Ouprite, hy Ruberiie;
■sd to on. Chapman's names have ever since remained unknown or forgotten ; while Haidinger's
^n had seoeral nooeptanoe among the mineralogists of Europe, and are now the cnrreot names.
^ ^ tettied tbatk after so long a period of oblivion, it would be doing uo good to science, to dis-
0
XXXIV
INTaODUCmON,
plQ<se the tatter, and a uselesa endGiiTor to attempt It The later English Ifinoraldgre^ nf mcoQ
(1849), Brooke t Miller (1862), and Greg k Leitsom (185BX contain noao of Chapmau'e nainea.
L Where the adopted system of uomencliitiire in the science is not confonned
to. I ti accordance with this last principle, the author, believing that the syatem
demands that the names oT* species should have as far as possible, as above explained,
the common terroinatiou ite^ has changed, accordingly, a number of the Damea in
the course of this volume,
1 4* It has appeared desirable that the names of rocks should have some diffeTcncc
of fonn from those of minerals. To secure this end, the author has written the
final sylkble ite of such names with a y ; thus Diorite, Eurite, Tonalile, etc., are
written Dioryte, Muryte, Tonalyte, The y h already in the name Trachyte, Hie
author has allowed Granite and Syenite to remain as they are urdinarilr writteOf
BiDce tliey are familiar names iu common as well aa in scientific literature.
Bee farther^ on Nomenclature, the excellent Miueral-NameD of t, Kobell
6. BiBUO GRAPH Y.
The following wtdogue contains the titles of the works which are referred to b
the following pdgea, with their abbreviated titlea. As the value of these rt*ft?r«ne«%
and of the vanous historical conclusions deduced, depends on tbeir havLnrf beea
derived from the original publications themselves, the abbreviated titles of Lh« Jouf»
nab and other works whico the author has had by him for consultation are pat in
black letter; while the rest^ that is of those he has not seen, are in small capitAk^
Some titles also are added of works consulted, but not referred to. Many other
titles might have been inserted, a considenible number from tlie author^a UbnufJS
but they would swell the list witbuut iuereaAing much iU value.
The abbreviations of the more important words iu the abbreviated title*, and of tlli
names of the States in the United States (some of which are in the titles and
in the oW'n-ations on minerals^, are aa fallows :
Ahhrtmattd wordi, — Am., American ; Can,^ Canada ; C^, Chemistry, Cli<
-Chemie, Chimio; />,, French; G., Geological, Geology, Oeologie, GtHtlogiaclMm ;
(7«rm., German ; Jl, Journal; if., Mines; Jfiia., MinerSogy, Mineralop- \f.tw,i^^
^cal ; pt.^ iu part ; ^., Quarterly ; ^c, Sn.^ Science ; Soc,, Society ; Z*> ift,
AhbnmaM namrji of thif United States, — Ala.^ Alabama; Jr*., Ark*M»- i^ . Cal^
Califoruia; (7/., Conn,, Connecticut; Dei^ Delaware; &<?,, Georgia ; i7/., ILlinoU;
/nrf., Indiana; A'ian., Kan wis; fCy., Kentucky; Me.^ Maine; Momm,^ MassacbiawMli|
Md,^ Maryland; Mick.y Michigjin ; Minn,^ Minne^otii; Mis$,^ MiK^iMippi; JU^
Mbaouri ; iV. CW«, North Oitrolina; iV. ^., N* Hamp,, New Ihrnipuhire; 371 X,
New Jeraey ; N, F., New York; 0,, Ohio; Ptnn.^ Pennsylvania; R, /., Rliode
bland; S, Oar,, South Carolina; TV/m., Tennessee; Va., Virginia; F/,, Vermont
Other abbremtaona are explained below. The caUlogue n» divided inU> thim
puta; I, Periodieala not iasued by Scientific Societies; 3^. Publieatioiu of ScMOlaii
Doctetie*; S, Independent works or publications.
In giving abbreviations of the publications of ^ fhiname^ 'fn
the SutUty U established is in alt cant ttattd^ lie tdie ot . i^ »
made the iatt word in the abbreviated title, a method which it wero weli il aiwmjra
followed. For the prominent journals, and the serials of flome tocidioai tho timo
of pablicatton of the successive volumes^ or of the folitisea of eveiy atieo««8i?e <?•
yeAi% iaattttod.^
3. '10; 4^ *15; fi, «, M8,
e nud Art«. lat serieis^ 50 vojg, 8vo; conducted bj B.
m. Jr., from 1840, Four oumber« to vol ], and two to
Aug., iSl8? No. 2, Jan., 'i9; No. 3, Mar ,/ n» ; Ko. -4,
8, Feb., Mflj, '21 ; 4, Oct, Feb., '21, '22 ; 5, Jum-, Stpt,
C, Jiio^ May, "23 ; 7, Nov., Feb., '23, ^24 ; 8, May. Aug,, '24 ; 9, Feb., Juuev '2i ; 10,
Feb, '25» '26; 11, June, Oct., '2tS; 12, 13, Mar,, June. Sept., Dec, 'i? ; •aerwatd
■ jQfm, M$; vol 2, Ap., Not.
L
rtfrularly ou tlie Bret of April, July, Oct, Jan- ; vols. 14, 15, in *28, *28-*29; 24, 25, m '33,
'33-'34 ; 34, »5, iti '38, '38-*S» ; them regrnlarly, Jan., May, July, Oct^ 36, 37, in '89 • 38,
39. In ^40 * 48, 49, in '60 ; 50, Index volume.
Sd mgr^ by the name and Joraei D. Dana, until 1865, after whioh, by B. Siliiman and
JwrnvA D. Da&a ; trom 1851, aided by A. Uray and W, Gibhs; *A3 to *dd, by L. Afoasiz ;
from *fl8, by G, J. Br J8h and S. W, Joticiaon ;' Ijom '64, by R A, Newton. 2 vok. ann. \
I, 2, 1846; 11, 12, 61 : 21, 2^ '56; «1, 32, »61 ; il, 42, '06; wheaoe, 49, 50, 1870. All
indez 10 1^ rnlR. tn eadi vols, H*, 20, 30, etc.
,Oh. At hemte. 8vf>, Paris, vols. 1-3,1789; 4-7, *90 ; 8-11, *91 ; ia-l6/92; 16-
18^ V3, . 25*27, '98; 28-^1, *y9; tbeu regularly 4 v. ann,; 32-35, 1900 ; 62-
S5, *0S; ; - . .u lu ; 92-95, 96, '16, an lodei to volfl. 31 to 00 inclusive. Continued in the
Ami. Ch. Pbys, (q. v.),
PCb* PbanzL AnnaieD der Cliemie und Fhanna^^e ; by Wdhler and Liebig'; from vol 77,
try W<jhler, Liebig;, and Konp^ and rulled new serien. 8vo, Leipzig and Heidelberg, 4 vola.
aca. VoL 1-4, l«32; 13-1.;, HS ; :i:>-36, '40; 63-56, '46; 73-76, '60; 93-96, '66; 113-
tlfi, MO; ISS-l.'ie, '<S6; 153-156, '70. Supplementbatid, 1, 1861; 2, '62, '63; 3/64; 4,
Cfh, Phys* Ann ales de Cheroie et de Phvpiqoe; at first bv Gay Luseao ©t Araga 8vo,
Pkfia; 3 vols, aou. ; 1-3, 1816; 1«-18, '"21 ; 31-33, '26; 46-18, '31 ; 61-63, »36; 73-75,
'4(1. Vr'- -^^ -■ made 2d sor.. and nuinl>erod l-». 3d ser. 1-3, *41 ; 16-18, '46; 31-
33. '51 : GI-«3, '6J ; 67-69, 'e.l. 4th aer., 1-3, lh64; 16-18. *6».
■ Aab CM* A ^ Mines. 8vo, Paris. Begun in 1816 as sequel to Journal des Mines ;
^K ivoi a year luitil 1825, and subsequently 'l vols, a year. Vol 1, 1816; 6, '21; 16, 11,
■ •»: 12, 18, »2fl, 2d aer., 1, 3, '27; 9, 10, '31. 3d ser., 1, 2, '32; 19, 20, '41. 4th ser,,
■ r 19, 20, '51. 6th Per., 1, 2. '52 ; 19, 20, '6i, 6th aer,, 1, 2, ^62,
Ar kBT. Nat, Auntth-s du Mii;?i'um d'Lifftolre naturelie par les Profvsstitirs de cet
r^Lni--*»?ment, MM, Haiir, Foureroy^ Vauqiiclin, D^pforilaines, A. L. de Juasieu, GeollYoy,
tfllSTpede, etc. 4U\ Pans; vols, T-iii*, 2 a yviir, 18i):^.-lHl5,
AflB^ndL Aanala of Philosophy. 2 vols, ana., 8vo, Eduibiirgh, lat ser. by Thos. Thomson;
ftila. I, 2, 1813; 1 1, 12, '18; 16, 16, '20* 2d aer., vola. 1, 2, 1821; 11, 12, »26. Then
Bvcrged m Phil Mofr. fq. v ),
&B.Zif. B* r^- und h ig. 4to, Ltepig, 1 vol. ann. Begun by Hartmann^
and »-nmeli«Tefl enJi u'. Now edited by B. Kerl and F. Wiinmer. Vol
■-.' ' '" '' ;>'■; 14, .^i>f !■.% r».p; ?4, '65; 2^, '7i»"
Phy^ik und Matbemutik ; edited by Baumgartner and Kttingshausen.
-18:^2, Wien,
.J hes Jourual; edby A. W. Kobler. 12roo, Freyberg, Sat 1,2, 1788; 1,
i , 2, '93, by Kohler and HoffhmnrL Afterward, Neuos Bergm, J,, of K.
AH.; i, ;Ty^ ; 2, 98 ; 3, 1802 ; 4, '16. Contains papers by Werner, Hoflbiann, Klaproth,
aod tmicb on mineralogy.
.0iktw. Bibfiotheque Univeraelle do Geneve. Begun in 1816. In 1846, 4th aeriea of S6
volit. coauDenoBd, and the scieattflc part of the Review takes tbe title, Archives dea Sct-
9 plnrsiqtiea et Naturelles. 5th series commenced In 1858,
I Afli. Man. J. The American Klineralt^cal Journal; conducted by Archibald Bruce, M,D.
O&ly 1 vol, 8to, Begun Jan., 1810 ; No. 1, 62 pp., 1810, and 2, to p. 126, MO ; 8, to p.
IM, *\\t 4^ to end, p. 270, '13.
\U^U Ctoadlon Naturalist and Geologist 8vo, Montreal Vol 1, 1856; 5, '61 ^ 8, '63;
3d ttr^ ^l 1, '64; 2, '66 ; ^, '66.
Ba,
i ^mof Hit yearv ia Buooeaslon, bev^
I 0tfH «f Ihe scTera] jomtnals to the I
io the «f»H- ■■ *'" ^' * '
li 1770, at the top of the columns of squarea, the
number of the volume or volumes of each issued
.iL.cii a table was constructed by the author, with refe-
liWi l» Ite fwpftrtv; lO, It would be a vast bcneUt to Bclence if a series of such
M^i, eoituiiiif ail ; ; ortanee, aod also the publicutions of societies, could be made
•And aograT^ and thus pbced within the reach of students in soieuoe.
XXXVl
INTRODlTCnOIf*
Caxu J. Canadiftn Journal of Industrv, ScieDCfis &nd Art Toronto^ Ganadfl ; %A. aoi
18&6; 5, '60; 10, '66; 11, '66, '67.
Oh« Qae. Chemicfll Giizette^ by W. FniDois* 8to, London; 1 roL ann. after rol. 1, of 1041,
Oh. Hews. Cliomical Kews ; edited bj W. Crookes. Sm. 4to^ London^ 2 t. ann ; toUl 1^ ^
I860; 11, 12, *6fi; 21, 22, '70.
Or«U^s Ann« Chemiicbe AxmiOeo ; by L. Crell. 4 0 vols.^ 1 3mo, Uelmstadt u. Liepc% ; Tola nnm-
bcre^l 1^ 2, for each year, from 1784 to IS 03 induuTeu
Dingier J. Polyt^Hilmiscbea Jouma] ; by J. 6. A; E, M. Di&^ler. 3 Tolg, fliit^ Bv<^ Aii||^lmi||^
Begmn in 1820; vol 187, in 18d8,
Dublin Q. J. Sci. Dabliu Quarterly Journal of Scieooe ; edited by BeT. 3v Haugbtoa, 6 vol%
8vo, 18C1-66, Dublin.
S«L J. Set. Edinburgh Jouroal of Science ; edited by D. Brewsler (of^en callod Brewtter^s J^
Svo, Edinburgh, 2 vali. aou. 1st ser., vol 1, 1821 ; 2, 3, '25 ; 0, 7, *27 ; 10, '19, 2d mr^
vol I, 1H29 ; 2, 3, *80; 4, 6, '31 ; 6, '.'i2. Morged iu PhiL Mag.
Sd. PhiL J. Edinburgh Philoaopblcnl Journal ; edited by Brewsler and Jameson. Stoi^ t toU.
aun. ; vol 1, 1819; 2, 8, 'zO; ti, 7, 'v2 ; 10, 'ti] edited by Jameson alone, II, 1824; 12,
18, '26 ; 14, '26. BeoomoB Ed, N, PhiL J. Iq. v.).
Bd. N. PhiL J. Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal ; edited by Prof. Jameion (often callfd
Jameeon's Journal). Bvo, 2 vok, ana, lat aer., vol. 1, 182D; 2, 3, *27; 13, 13, *Z7; %%
23, '37 ; 32, 83, '42 ; 42, 43, ^47 ; 62, 63, ^52 ; 58, 67, '54. 2d »^T., Vo\a. I, 2, IS&6 ; II,
12, '60; 19, 20, '64. Here ends,
BRMA3r*s Aboh. ArchiT far wiaaenachaltliche Ruaaland. Begun in 1841 ; 1 Tot Aim. Toi t|
1841 ; 11, '61; 21, "61, etc,
Qehlen*! J. Neuea allg, Journal dor Chemie ; by A* F. Gehlen. 6 role., Berlin ; 1, I p 04;
6, '<j6. 2d Ber, under the till© Journal fur die Chemie und Phj»ik und vw ., , S
Tola., Berlin; 1, 2, 1806; 6, 6, '08; 9, '10. Afterward, Schwoigger's JoumaHq. f.j bcgn
at Nuremberg.
Oilbw Ann* Anoaleii der PhysUe ; conduct4?d by L. W. Gilbert 8vo^ Leip- ™ ^*> - -'- ■ lit
Bfims, n^&^ldOt); then SO vola., 2d mr., IBOO-'IB; then Annalen d. i y>
fikaliacbeii Chemie, 16 frola., 3d aer, lB19-'23. The yo1& of the aev ily
counted oonaeeutively ; 1, 2, 17 V9; afterward 3 vola. a year, ^^ 18«K»; i.i-ia, m; t^
30, '08; 4^-fi, 'U; 6^-60, M8; 73-5, '23; 76, '24. AOerwrnid oontinued as Pogg^ndoriT^
AiinDlon (q. v.),
J. D. U, Joumid doa Bfinea, 870, Parit. In monthly nofl> 2 ▼. ann.; I, 2, 1797; II, 12, l$02;
21, 22, Un ; 81, 82, M2; 37, 38, '16. Continued aller In Annalea 6&9 Minea (q, f,y
J, da Phya. Journal de Pliysique. 4to, Paria, 2 Tola. ann. Edited by Abbu R<>£ier (and hecica
called RoEier'a J.), for yoU 1-43 (for a time with aJao Mong^ex, Jr.); by Delatnclli^fii
for vola, 44-84; and afterward by Blainville, Two introductory vola^ 1171, 1778; foia. 1,
2, 1773; n, 12, '78; 22, 23, '83; 3if, 3H, 'SS; 42. 4.% '93; 44, 46, '04 (Prrn^h It-roln^
tion); 4«,47,'9B; 51,57, 1803; 66, 67, 'U8 ; 76, 77, '13; 86,87,^18; 94,96, -*1»
/* ptt Oh. Journal fur praktiatjho Chcrmio« Svo, Leipzig. 3 voUu ann. Bc^un rst
edited by Krdmann k Sohweigger-Soidcl (aee Schweigg^r J.) ; fVorn 1 83^ ' .4;
(torn 1^52, by R k Wertber. Tola. 1>3, 1834; 19-21. '40; a4-3t;, 1 4^
ee. 'W; 79-81, '60; 94-»e, '66; lOS^-Ill, '70. Preceded by J. f. pr. ;.„,. w..,.,„,.^.,,iia
Cberoiei, 18 toIb. 8vo. 3 rola. ann., begun in 1828.
Jahrb. Win, Jahrbudi fTir Mineralogie, Gi>ognoaie« Oeologia, und F^trafakteukunda: odISad bf
K. 0. V. Leonhnrd k H. G. Bronn. 8to. Heidelberg, t vol ann. 18S0-82, 4 Koe, ayoff;
aAer '»2, 6 Nog., and called Xt^ucti Jalirbuch 4?te. Vol 1, 1830; «, '36 ; U, '4;V; 1«, *4A;
21, '60; 26, »66; 81, *60; 3G. y»5 ; 41, '7U.
Arah. ) Arabaf<elMr ocd IVaniitegcn i Kemi och Mineralogi, af Jaa BeraoKoa. lu Geroan,
Jahrefth.) Jabiesberiehi Ober die Fortadu-itto der Chemie unrt *^* a„,.^ u^.... ..^^.^^j^
daaksaled by the year. OoffiiD«QOed with 1820. Vol. i H,
I84f; Kbe laat three ToU bySffttiberg. Coo turned in the < uad
bv Uebig ft Kopp, fhmi 1847 to '66 ; by R Zamminer, '67 ; Kopp4 Wiil m ^tt ) miiI WB
akme ttw *63 00. The flrat vol corora the yean 1847, '48«
Xaivt. Aroh. Min. Ardiiv far Eincfaiogie, Goognosie, Bergbau and nuttonkunde. St fvii.
8V0, 1829-U&6, Berlin. Kditol for Toto. 1-10 by C. J. B. Kanton; laler ^ Ktfaltt t
▼. Decbeu.
KAflif. Amau Nat, Arehtf. fUr die geiammte Naturtelire; adltad by K. W* 0. Kavtaiar. $w%
Kttreoiberg, 27 vuU., a vola. ann*, 1824-^86.
X*iL A Ttedm. Nor :.dier IConataK'Hcht r ride; edJKd ligrD^
W.^ ICeUer * Df uiatm. 4 voU., 8vu, - 1, l»AO; 2. S, *!!{
4, *61,
Lei&pe*e Mag. M^paln fiir die Bergbauknnde, by J. F. liefiipe. DrefdfQ,vola,8m L ItH:
% 3, ♦86; \ •$! ; iben 1 VOL aim. tiU U, '84 ; 13, '88 ; 13. ♦W.
mrEODUonoiir. xxxvii
ZAnstitat. Llnstitat, a weekly journal in email fol., Paris, 1 yoL ann. ; begun in 1832. 36th
yeur or voL in 1868.
MifluHAT. Heltst. Magwrin fiir die Nalurkunde Helvetiens; herausg. A. Hopfher, Zurich.
B^^un in 1787.
ICoIFi Bfem. Bfemeriden der Berg^ und Hiittenkunde ; edited by 0. EL von MoU. 6 vols. ; 1,
1805, at Munchen ; afterward at Numberg, 2, *06 ; 3, '07 ; 4, '08 ; 6, *09. Preceded by
▼. MoU'fl Jahrb. £ B. R, Salzburg, 6 yols., 1797-1801; and Annalen id., Salzburg, 8 vols.,
18O2-'04.
NSchoIflOii'a J. Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, and the Arts ; by Wm. Nicholson.
London, Ist ser., 5 yoIs., 4to, yoL 1, 1797; 5, 1801. 2d ser., 36 Yols. 8yo, yoL 1, I8o2;
3ft, 1813.
Ktt Uag. Nyt Ifagazin for Natunridenskabeme ; by 0. Langberg. 8yo, Ohristiania.
FliiL Hag. Philoaophical Magaane. 8yo, London. Ist ser. by Tillooh, 2 or 8 yoIs. a year; 1,
2, 1798; 8-6, *9d; 6-8, 1800; 21-28, '06; 80-32, '08; 33,34, '09 (thence 2 Y. ann.); 36-
36, '10 ; 45, 46, '15 ; 55, 66, '20; 66, 66, '25 ; 67, 68, '26. 2d ser., or PhUosophical Maga^
zine and Annals of PhUosophy, 2 y. ann. ; 1, 2, 18-27 ; 11, '32. 3d ser., London & E(Un-
borgh PhiL Mag.; 1, 1832; 2, 3, '33; 12, 13, '88; 22, 28, '43; 82, 83, '48; 86, 37, '60.
4th ser., L., K & Dublin PhiL Mag., 1, 2, 1851 ; 11, 12, '66 ; 21, 22, '61 ; 81, 82, '66.
Fogg, or Pogg. Ann. Annalen der Physik und Chemie ; edited by J. 0. Poggendorfi*. 8yo,
Lripzig, 8 Yolfl. ann. Preceded by Gilbert's Annalen (q. y.). Vols. 1, 2, 1824 ; 3-5, '25 ;
18-20, '80; 27-29, '38; 80, Index yoL; 31-33, '84; 34-86, '85; 49-61, '40; 68-66, '46;
79-81, '50; 94-96, '55; 109-111, '60; 124-126, '65; 139-141, '70.
Q. J. SdL Brandes' Quarterly Journal of Science. 8yo, 2 yoIs. ann. after 1819. Published by
the Boyal Institnaon. Vol 1, 1816; 2, 8, '17, '17-'18; 4, 6, '18; 6, 7, 8, '19; 9, 10, '20;
19, 20,'i5; 27, 28, '29.
Bac. Oen. 8oL Records of General Science ; by Thos. Thomson. 4 yoIs., 8yo, Edinburgh. Vols.
1,2, 1885; 8, 4, '36.
Bffviita BCinera. BeYista SOnera, Periodico cientifico 6 industrial redactado por una Sociedad
de Ingenieios. 2 yoIs., 8yo, Madrid. YoL 1, 1860; 2, '61.
SdMraor'a H Allgemeines Journal der Chemie ; conducted by A. N. Scherer. 10 yoIs., Leip-
zig und Berlin; 1, 1798; 2, 3, 1799; 6, 7, 1801; 10, '03. Oontmued as Gehlen's Jour-
nal (q. Y.).
Sckvaigg. J. Journal fiir Chemie und Physik ; conducted by J. S. C. Schweigger. Numberg,
8Ya Also under the title Jahrbuch der Chemie und Physik. 3 yoIs. a year; 1-3, 1811 ;
16-18, '16; 28-30, '20; afterward issued by Schweigger & Meinecke; then by J. S. C.
Sdiweigger & Fr. W. Schweigger-Seidel; then by Fr. W. Schweigger-Seidel ; 31-88,
1831 ; 46-48, '26; 61-63, '31; 67-69, '33. The next year began the J. pr. Ch. (q. y.),
by Erdmann & Sdiweigger-SeideL
Tudi. Min. Tasdienbuch fur die gesammte Mineralogie, Yon C. C. Leonhard. 18 yoIs., 12mo,
fteikfdrt a. M., 1 yoL ann. YoL 1, 1807 ; 4, '10; 9, '16 ; 14, '20 ; 18, '24.
2. Trathsactions^ etc^ of Scientific Societies.
AJblkL Ak. Bflrlin. Abhandlungen der koniglichen Preuss. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu
Berlm. 4to, Berlin. YoL 1 (for 1804-1811) issued in 1815.
Abeavsil. SsnL Geb. Fsahkvurt. Abhandlungen you d. Senkenbergischen naturforschenden
Gesellschaft zu Frankf\irt Begun in 1854. YoL Yil in 1868.
Ak. B. Stooldioliii. K. Yet-Aoademinens Handlingar, Stockholm.
Amor. Aaooc Proceedings of the American Association for the AdYancement of Science. 8yo.
YoL 1, meeting at Philadelphia in 1848 ; 2, at Cambridge in '49 ; 3, at Charleston in '50 ;
4, at N. HaYon, '50; 5, at Cincinnati, '61 ; 6, at Albany, '61 ; 7, at ClCYeland, '63 ; 8, at
Washington, '54; 9, at ProYidenoe, '55; 10, at Albany, '66; 11, at Montreal, '67; 12, at
Baltimore, '68; 13, at Springfield, '69; 14, at Newport, '60; 16, at Buffalo^ '66; 16, at
Buriington, '67.
Aim. Xfyo. N. Bl^t. N.T. Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York. Begun in
1824. YoL 8 unfinished in 1868.
Ajualg. Ak. Wlm. Anzeiger der E. K. Akad. d. Wissenschaften. 8yo, Wien. Begun in 1864.
1 YoL ann.
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8y0i
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- - — - B' at
. H^ ft. FWL i>ilU«^ ^ieitncjiinw tie i
il.'i^ >C «ir. vu. L 44^'M: i. '«^-'«>: ll. :SiI*34: li. »^'3«: 3U "^S-'M; H
, t^.. tab WaL Moaeoou B^iZifti^i 4fr a So^ IsiacriM 4tt SaBzz^Bfan dr IftoseoQ. 8va
J * M. U ;j '41; «.!:. 4A: Si. 33. "il : 4iL 43. ^K: $t«. <1: «l «S, ^€&
~. B*r. fs«M->r.>k .)wT d> M.yr»^"r;rjgwi roa Freoikiea der Wih. fa Ulen; eiSled Vf W,
f han. MmkIl '»tn« Ajsaagf; der K. bajviacben Akal der. IHcl la Mandien. 4tflL
i, A^ Fbttad. Jfj^ifTJu «A tiJs KraJi/rLj of Katcn! Soeocea %d FliSade^ikia. laL as^ Sfo^ T
T'i« ;>S'' 12, /4 Mrf. 4U>. >/«srTia in 1^47 : toL 6 fizuibed ia ld«&
/, Wat. UaC BoaC B/>«V/d Jctirru] <A Xatonl Hisiorr. )^Ta 7 Toia, 1834-'63L
/. Clb 0OC. J'jtinal 'A x\^ CL^nucal .Societj. In aer^ ciBed Qoarterlr JournaL ela 15 folt. ;
/>«A va (//f 4 Xoi) a rear; toL 1. 1»4*; 6, '^: 11. '5d; 1< '62. 2d aer., aiOBtiillr;
/afcrb. 0« ttaicha* iftljrt/och der Kai«erlsdi-E>jiiigiidien ge^dopsdieii BaidiaaBStalt» man.
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INTBODUOnON. XXXIX
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INTBODUCnON.
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nc'ure du Quarts; lijr A^Dm-
», Valparaisov 18&8.
. ^ i. ; by A. Dufrtinoy* 4 roU, Svo (lh# km
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by I^ A. Kamiorling. Svo, OteiOB, In vi.
DoilMjko^ Tralado de £ujiay«a; \i\ irl
Dnfr*, MiD^ 1844, 1866'10$O. Tnui i
ofnlatea), i*aria, 1844 ; 2d tuL, &
Bnuaarlkig. Min. I^lybucb der Mti
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iNTBODucmoar. xli
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Fsbrlctn*, Met* Be Tthnu tDetalliets ac nominibus obfleTTationea Tariae^ otc, cz ediodli Geor^ni
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foL; also at» 2U ed., 4 vob., ^vo^ with fol. alUa, l&t'l.
a, OHat. Hauy I i<- ; by id. 2 vols., Svo^ in ]H2%
Uy Taaiu Goxp. TttblLa ' r rita d© la Crifltallogmpliio et de Tttnalyae chimique
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Wm. Haidiijger. li vols., 8vo, Ediriburgh, 1825,
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Hal4i, Bjuadb. HandVjuch d ilyn Mineralogio; by id. 8 vo, Wien, 1845.
Hiii^ Heb. Ueberaicht der Minoralogischer Forachimgea im Jahre ll?43; by id.
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IT IS.
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SlocklibUn, lSii€. Alao
Bb> IfiiL Oeogr. Wohler. Yerauch einer mineralogiBdieQ GeograpMe von Sohwedeu, iiber-
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ikuK n7L (De Liale aaya it waa not isauod ilU 1772.)
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fiiL, part a, iaatied by Breithunpt, Uofmann having died March, 1813. Vol 4, part fe, con-
•iflB oC iiotea and additious by Breithaupt, and includoa oIao the Lot^toa Min. Syat. of
, IGa. Manuel de Mltu^mlogie ; by J. J. N, Huot. 2 vola., 16mo, Paris, 1841.
In^i IS04, 1816| 1820. A System of Mineralogy; by E. Jameson. 8vo, Edin*
Wmg^l Isted., S vols;., IHH; 2d, 8 vohi., H6; 3d, H vols, 1820,
l^db&■hed dbo a Manual of Min.. 8vo, in 1S!U ; and Mineralogy according to the Natural
%ftem (fKun KntTyd. Brit.), In 1887. Alao, in 1805, a Treatige on the External Characters
cf MtumK ^^^ Edinburgh.
xlii
INTBODUCnON.
Jasche, EL Schrift Elelne min. SchriAeu ; hj C. F. Jasche. ISmo, Sonderthatiaen, 1817.
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vol. 2, 181U; li, 1813: 4, 18l«; 6, 1821.
Karsten, Mua. Ijeak. Musoum LeakoaDum, Regnum minerale ; b/ D. L. Q. Kartten* 2 tqU, Srn^
L^ipzig^ 1789-
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Berlin, 1708.
Earst'i Wem, Verbeaa. Min. Ueber Herm Wemora Verb^aaerungexi in der Mlnoralogie aof
Verunlassuug dor freimiitbigtjn Gedankeiif etc, des Herra Abb6 Eatnerj by Id. 80 p^
l2rao, Berlin, 1793,
Kexmg., Ueb. Ueberaidite der Eesultate mineralogiBoher Forachungon ; bj 6, Ad. KiemML
For the years lS44-'49, Wieu, 1852; for years 185t>-'6I, Wien, 1863; for *H wleo,
1864; for '58, liepzig, 1855; for '64, ib,, I86d; for '65, ib., 1866; for '66, '67, lb., 1R6S: to
*58, ib,, 1860; for 'oS/ib,, I860; for '60, ib., 1863; for V>1, ib^ 186i; for 't\2-fi6, »U, I8«S.
[The last waa received just aa Ihia vol ume waa leaving the prvsa.]
E#iLng*, Min^ 1863. Daa Moha'ache MineraUystem ; by id. 8vo, Wien, 1863-
Kirwati, Min. Elements of Minemlogy; by E. Kirwau. 2 vola.^ Svo, Londoo, 2d <Kliiiozi, \t^L
3 at ed. was iaaued iu 1784, 8vo.
Elapr., Beitr« Bt3itrj*4^ zur chemis^cben Koantniaa d, Min©nilk5rperB ; by M. U. Klaprotlv «w^
vol 1, 1705; ^1, *d1] 'A, 1802 ; 4, 'U7 ; 6, '10; 6, '15.
Kob^ Char. Cbarakteriatik d- Mineralieu; by Fr. von Kobell, 8to, Kiimberg* Abtb. I, 1S30; X
1831.
Kob.^ Min. GruQdEitge d. Mtoeralogie; by id dvo^ Niiraberg, 183S.
Eob.,Taf., 1863. Tafeln zur Beatimmuug d. Mtnerali&n ; by id. 6tb dd., Ifilacbeo, 1868. Ill*
8th edit app<sared in 1864,
Eob. Min--Namen. IH v^' - ! Namon; by id. 8vo, Milneben, 1863.
Kob., Oesch. Min. i 1. Min, ; by id, 8vo, Miinchcn, 18«4.
Kokaob., Min. Rusat lea xur Mioeralogie Ruaalanda; by N. T. ^ok,sdiarofl Ho^
St. Peterabiirg, voi. J» 18»3, *54; 2, *64-'57 ; 3, *68: 4, Ml-'6fl; 5, stil! n. jUtO
by same author, VorieauDgeo iiber MineralDgie. VoL 1, 4to, St Fet«r>
Eopp, Gaach. Oh. GeBchichte d« Chemie ; by 11. Kopp. 4 porta, Svo, Braunachwci^', 1643-*I7»
Knu.vsTKDT. 8e« Cronatedt
Ijampaditia, Samml. SaincQluDg practiacb*cboniischer Abbaadltttigvn ; by W. A. Limpadlili.
3 voi>^., 8vo, Dreadcu; voL 1, 1706 ; 2, 171*7 ; 3, 180U.
L«tix, Min* Vcratich eitier voUatandlgen Auleituii)^ zur Kenntniaa der inmTrtlifjn • hr Ti fi J*
Lent 1 TTola, 8vo, Leipzig, nU4^ By the same, Tabellen, 1781 ; ^ ' ad-
riiw, im; Mu»U?rtAleltt, 171*4; Tabellvo, fwL, 18r>6; Syaletu, -ylk
1822.
Ii«onh^ Syat^Tabb Syatematiadi-tabcaiariaobe Uebendcbt and Char. d. MlotnUkdrper , l^ C €
LcKJuhaid, K. F, V t J. IL Kopp. Fol. FnnkfUrt m, U^ I8u«.
liaooh., Orykt. Uandi vkuigooosie; by K.C. Looohard, Stc^ Hatdelbci^, ISIU iJm
LM -.1 kvn Heiil...,.;^, .oiG.
X«aoah. Min. HandwOrkTbuch d. topograpbiadieu Mloafmlogia; by O. Loon^afl
I 184!*.
Xi«Ty*a li«aUud. Deacrlplioa d'tiuo • - Minnraux, form4^ pftr M. Itimri Ht^uland, at
oppartenant 4 M. Ok 11. Turner, ' . ^t, daua la oomti^ da Sumty oq Auglotem; by
A l«vy. « Toif., Byo, wilb on aUoa oi »:i pi,, London, 1887,
libATina, AJohcni. Alchemla, A. libarim. Fnmkftjrt, 1597.
Lam., BtWT, Sat, 9yate«aa Katun» of Unnttna. Ut edit, 1735 ; tOth o4. T. 3, 1770.
Z^ocaa, TabL Tal>leau m<^Uj04liqiie dea i£ap«^oea Mlneraux ; b^ J. A H. Luota^ Part 1, 9r%
lB**ft: 2, HtB, FartiL The flrat p«K contahii^ V»ri<if dc>4cM iitiona t4ken fh>tn Ilariy't W^tK
aud alao (h»ai bla aub«oqn«Qt lectntva and jv r^inenta of hia ooiiti<«. n*
aocund indudot In the main Eaily'ii Tabl., « i itU ooLea.
Xitulw|g*a Min, or Ladwlg^a W«ni. Handbuch U« MiUiinaui;h) naoh A. O. Warner; by G. K
lAidwig. t vela-, 8vo, Lcipaig, 1^03, 'U4.
Mftis, OiTBtallkunda, G«acbfi^t« dor Cfyvtallkitiide ; by Dr. 0. M. Marx, tvc^ Ckifoubo od
Badon, 1H26.
. Sarapta* Dortr roatOI^ odar Sarapta : bv J MatlTirfalu?. FoL yambarc, UtS.
, KdU Kab. Ih ^ V, Null MifMnh i mxj inmm
KanMaicban g»y- vitarmo gaofdnci ton, VS04.
I, Ohar, Charaetcriauc uf Um Kaiwal Ulttory dyawui ai Miuuralugy ^ by id. $f^ ttAi^
btirfb, 1820.
moibMi Bftitt^ IB22. Gnind R(9s der Mineralo^e; W id. 8to, roU. 1, % 1822, '34, Dre«dea
W. Uaidiiigt^r. Soo Hjuii.)
i lo der Nuturg^^sehiclite dea lUnomlrfidis j bjr F. MoluL
^ ^' ^' ^ : - ^vo, WiuD, 163»(Er8terTheil,liitrodtictOf7»
ork in 1832.
^ ' o ^ Vwsuviana; vol. 1, Orittognoak. '^vi* VumoU,
(TtuBxlutcd mto E
afqiu,MtB-, 1839. A
pablished in 1836;, A
MiDBt. A. Gov., Mm* Frodr
HAy«f>sv, yLts. KleiDCuti di Minendogia; bjr Napione. dro^ Turin, 17^9.
Hjuanaaa, Kryit. Xiehrbadi der KrTRtaQographie : bj C, F. Naumaiiti. 2 vols^f dvu^ wiih
immeroui ILes., Leipxig, 1829. Naumatiu has riince publisliod the anudler worka, AnTauga-
grtlnde ^^ ^ -- - 1854; Elemeat© der TheonsUacheu Kryi*t, 8vo, 1866,
If man amy M dc^r Mineralogid. 8yo, liepdg, 1st ed., 1846; 2d., 50; 3d ed.,
h2; 'Lu., ~^t -^ ■-'; 6th, '04. Naamaim publiahed Lehrbuch d«r Min., 8vo^ BerliDf
ISmxMM Mix. I« r&^e mineral ramene aus m^ihodes de Vblstoire tiaturetl^ ; b j L A. Neckor*
2 Toli^ 8ro, Paris, 18^5.
MdoI, BSin. Mantial of Mineralogy ; bj X NiooL Syo, Edinb,, 1849.
ifoi£|»mtiif Mia. Btud. Qeb. Nederrhefji. Mineralogiacbe iStudion ubcr die uc birge ani Nle-
dfefrhela: by J. J. NugK'eratlu hva, Frjnkturt a. M-, 1808.
A- B. Kordea&k^ Fiol, Mia. BcHkrifniiig uivt^r de i FlDlaud runoji Mweralier ; bj A. E. Nor-
de«»skiold. bvo, HelfliD^fors, 1855. Also 2d cd., lb, 1803.
P H* lfOEd«ti^c^ FinL Min. Bidrag tiU iiaraiare JCiLuuedoin af Finland;) Kmeralior ocli Geog-
H sodb; bjNils NordenHkiold. 8?q, Stockholm, 1820.
f V. 1MMBMS99K VFH2. YerzLeichiL d. ID Finland got Biin,; by id. Hdsingfors, 1852.
I Aattn^r ~ ' k. Die Probirkunst mit dem L'3throhr; by 0- F. Plattner. Last ed. bj T.
K 1865,
^ Pliau Iki^ii^'jia I^<tturalis C. PLinii Secnndi. first published A.». 77. Latin cd. oonsulted^
H SiQig'at iii^ T^^T 1851-'d8f and Kogljgh, that of Hostock Jb Riloy, 5 yola., 12rio^ Loudon,
H 1849. Flmyu Natural History is divided iuto xzxtII Book a ; and these into short chapters.
^m Tbe namberiiigor the chapters differs aornt^^what in diOcrent editions; that sUited in thu
^^^^ ivfefe^ces is from the English edition. The laat five books are those tliat paiticukfly treat
^^^^k «r me tali, ores, gtone^, and gema.
^^^■1^ Min., 1823] 1837. Klementtiry Introduction to Mineralogy. 8yo» dd ed., Londoo^
^^^^^1^23, 4th ed. by R Allan, 8vo, 1837. Tlie lat ed. appeared in 1816; and this woa
H f«ipablished in Kt^w York, in IS 18. For Algeria PliUlips, see Alger.
m QwDttoduMin. ILindbudi der Mineralogie ; by F. A. Quenstedt 8 vo^ Tubingen, 1853. Alao
td el^ ib., 1&63.
ff raw , Hjindw. HandworterbQcb des cbemischeu Tbeils der Mineralogie ; by 0. F. Rammeta-
»bef^. 8?Q, Berlin, 1841, Supplement I, '43; 2, '45; S, '47; 4, '4i>; 5» *63.
Bmm^ Mia. J. J. BontcUus's neues ahemischcs MlnerabiyBteni ; by id, 8yo, Niimberg,
lft47.
ftttwu Mm. Oh. nandb. d. Mineralcbetnie ; by id. Evo, Leipzig, 1800.
BwhlwiEli. Brit Min. Spedmeos of British Minerals selected from the cabinet of Philip Raah-
l»igh (descriptiona and colored plates). 4to, London. Parti, 17^^; 2, 1802.
IBapt. O. Ci Report on the Geology of Calilbmia ; by J. D» V/Tiitney. Large 8 to, Sao Frnn-
eificav 1865.
B^ O. Omtu Aontud Reports on the Pro^^ress of the Geological Surrey of Canada ; by Sir
Wm. E. LoL' i " leralogy by T. a Hunt 8vo» i846-'5&. In
l8^JaGenfe
Btp. Qw Maas. 1.. i^.. . >.. .-. ^.... ickusetta; by E. Hitchcock. 1st Rep., 1888,
fifo; 2ded^ 1835. 2i] 4to.
fiip. O. N. 7. Reports on n kjoI Survey of New York. Annual Reports in8vo, 1837
-'41 : final in 4to.
IE«p. Mis. N. 7. Report on the Mineralogy of the gtate of New York ; by L. 0. Beck. 4to,
lux
&MMfl|MliL Lehrbnch d- liineralogie ; by F. A. Reiiss. 8to, 1801 -'05^ Leipzig. DividodtDto
|»IH *n<i tlae parts into vols, Pt. 1 and pt % vol 1, 1801 ; vol. 2, '02 ; vol 3, 4, '03;
Bd pC^ vol I, 2, *0S ; 4th pt., including index, *U6.
Rlo» OryleL El<5inentos de Oryktognosia, o del Cooocimiento de loa F^asiles, diapuestoa segun
i(H pnecipioa de A. G. Werner; by A. M. del Rio. 4to, Mexico, 1795.
Bia Mot. Nuevo Sistoma Minerale; by id. Mexico, 1827,
^ TmhL Mia. Tobias mineralogicas por D. L. O. Karsten ; by A. M. del Bio. 4to, Mexico,
J dl. Oitalogue of American Minerala^ with their Localities; by S. Robinson. 8vo,
xUv
INTHODUCnON.
Rote, iUis. Ural Keise nacli d&xn TJnl, dom Altaic mud dem EMpiachdn Meera | bj Ctallnp
Rose. 8vo, Berliu; vol. 1, 1837 ; 2, U2.
Rose, Sryst.-Oh. Min. Das £xj8Uaio-i?h«fnlacbeu Miii^ra]*87Stem ; hj Q, Eode. 6vO| Lel^
uig, 1^52.
S^lpo, B£il £loiDoii9 de Mtn^ralogie dodmuetiqae ; hj B. G« Sage. 2d ed., i to1e«, ITTT, Ul
ed. appeared in 1772.
SAtrasTTits, VoT. Alpbs. Tojages dans Iob Alpee, par H. B. SauMUxe. 4 vola,, 4to. Tols. 1, 1,
1779/80: 3, 4, »9fi.
Scaochi, Mam* BAio. e GeoL Momorie mineralogicbe e geologjche; hj A, SencchL 8i%
Napoli, 1841.
Scacchi, Ortst. Quadrl CriBtallograild, e Distribuzioae fdstematioa d«1 ciUiora]e ; hj iiL §fO^
XapoH, 184?.
Scacchi, Mam. OaoL Oampanla. Memorte geologiche buUa Campania ; bj id 4to. Xapolv
ltt49. By the name, Memcria stillii lucandio Vesuriauo, 1866» Napcli| 186&, Palttunf
motria dci Oristalii 4to, 18(14,
Bohrauf. Atlaa Ihyst. Atlas der Kijstall-FormeD dea MlDendfoicha ; by Dr. A. 8clirati£ 41c^
1 Uat, Wicn, 1865.
Schumacher, Vers. Verauch emea Yerseichmsaea der in d&a D§Ai8cb-Kordiacbeii Sliilai
den fludeiideti elnfachen Minenilien, 4tov Copenbageu, 1801.
Sohutz, Nordamer, Foaa, Bo^ehreibung ctniger NordjimerikaniBohea FbasUiexi; bj A. Qk
Sdiuti, ofFfLyborg. ]6mo, Licpzig, 1T91. Contaou the first ootioe of oeivatime^ amii^
ml named by Werucr from Schiiu'a Amoricau i^pecimenfl.
Sella, Min. Sarda. Studii siiila Mioeralogia Sarua ; by Qumtino Sella. 410^ Turin, 1 856.
Bhap., Min., 1832-1836, 1844, 1862, 1867. Treatise on Mtneralogy; by C. U Sh#|>afi
Iti part, 1 vol, 12mo, New Haven, 1822; 3d part, 2 vob., New Haven,' 1 835. Alaa 14
ed iwith only the Ist part revised), New Havcu, 1844. AJao, ;id ed, avo» New Hiiv**u,
No, 1, 1862 ; No. 2, '67.
Shap., Min. Conn, Report on tha Gaologieol Surv«?7 of Coonacticat; by kL Svo^ K. HaToa,
1837.
8t#fieas, Bandb. Ilandb. d. Oryktognoaie ; by H. Staibiu. 3 vols^ 18mO| HaUe : vol 1, ISll ^
2, *16^ 3, '19.
SVSOMKTKB, Usn*. Untr n tiber die Miachung der MIneralkorpar, etc; by Fr, dtro>
meyer 8vo, Gt i jL.
Thaophr. Theophrastu- li '< ^. v (on Btoues); written about 315 Blc. Only a porlion of tlrt
whole work m oxtiinL, but sulUeiecit to iihow that the author Wit precise In mM I
of mlneralfl and carut\il in the btntemeut of t^ct4. T. born alxkut 37 i ft. a, and 4. j
Thomson, Min., 1802, 1836. Outlines of Mineralogy, Geology, aud Mineral Aiit1ymi«| vj
Thomson. 2 vols,, 6vo, Lomiuu. 183C. A troutii«o on Miuerntogy puhltshad aIso¥rilh|
ceding editions of hts Chvaibiry^ the aarUeet in lBu2.
Xnimann, Syat.-tab. Uab. Bysteoiatiacli-tabotUirisohe Ueborsioht dor muL-einiacshen Fo
by J, C. UUmann. Soiall 4 to, Oasael and Marburg, 1814.
Vol^gatr, Btadian, etc. F^mdien sur EntwicklnngBgesdbichte dor Mmerallen ; hv C IT O Va|»
ger, 8vo, 7 ; Other works : EntwicU der Miu. dTjak-Oliiii 5:
AjTsgonit fj i856; Blonogmphie des Boroxr^^a, llMnnovor, iua
Oranst, Bet.i ^ abor das gegeDseifige Verb^itniss cUt^aar KLry^UUls Zur^Uv, ii»4£;
Krystallogri. ..^aft, 1854.
TofTa Joach« (Jarigvoru/utnisaa und MinaralreichthuBi Joacbimsthala ; by J. Fl Yogi %t^
T«pUi£, 1857.
WaU.,orWalL,Mli
1747.
WalL, rr. TrL French edition of WaUeHoa** Min. of 1747. S vola, a?o^ Paiia, 1163. Pn^
I rnously.
WaU.,^. 2/75. Systems Mineralofnaim. 8vo, HoUnUa, vol V 1772; 1^ *Ti.
WalL, Min., r/ 7 a, Hv»L MJil 2volt$. " uia» 1778.
Waltaivli., Vulk. Oefit. Ueb^r die vi]l Ciaatel&a to SSoOien und latand (IcclamlX t
ihre subtiuiritio Umbildung; by \V\ .„,^..,.m v. Waltarshatisen. Kvg^ OdCtingvn, Iftftl.
Watla Diet. CTh. t^c^ionary of Cbemistry ; by IL Watts. 4 vob., 1663, ^ "ttt, ^ti ; a flftll
yrl to bo issued
Warn., Atiaa. Kanns. Foss. Yom d. iiiaaerlicban Kennaeidbao d. Foaafleii ; \^ JlQ^ Wtmm*
6vo, LefpEig, 177 L
Wacrm^ Uab. Oronat. Kronstadt^s Yeraneh aioar Ifin. Ilbaniatil nad TiRiiahn ¥00 A* 6, Wm*
Bar. Yol I, part I. Leipzig, 1780.
Wan^ltlA^-Sab. PabaL YaraalchiiJat dea Mfnendlim Kaldo^ta daa Rmu K. tk Pabal fm
Obaiti; by A G. Waner. 2 vol*., Fralbatg, 17»i, '^3.
Mineralogta, eQcr Mlncralriket; by J. G. Wallarius. Itmo, Sloc^holn.
b
»
I
k
W*^ I«e(zt. liiiu Sy»t, Lottt*?9 Miiieral*Syst<?m. Svo, Freibeiig ft Wlen, 181 T» A CaUJogu©
with Diote& Werner or his scholars igsued, fVom time to time, a tabular SToopsU of his
MincTml HTStem revised to the time of publication, oii folio sheets, or published them In
olhcf works. The earlieft ailer thm of Vrerutr's Crori3t4?dt was issued by liofDiana m
BcflfOi. J.« n89, voL 1, p* 369. Emmerling's Min., L ITDJ), contains the ayoopsiis of 171*8,
tod lAdwig's MiiL ooQtaiod that of 1900 and 1^03. Leonhard's Taach^ iii. 201, that of
lfi*>9,
Weftnmbi RLFhys^-Ch. Abh* Kkine phjaLkaliseb-chemieehe Abhandlungen ; bj J, F» West-
natnb. Svo, Leipzig, vol. 1, I7tf5 ; 2, '»7 ; 3, '88; 4, %9; Hannover, 6, 6, '03; T, *95 j
Witlcdn^ TrL B«rgm< &cUg^» Otitliiied of Mineralogy, trl fbom the original of Bergmann;
^Wm, Witb&ringr. Bvo, 1783 (Rophuted in vol 2 of Mem. and Tracta of the late Br,
WlUiorinfC, London, ^Sl'I),
WhstBtfj, IjMkm Sap. Report on the Geology of the Luke Superior land Di«lric* ; by J. W.
Foaterand J. D. Whitney. 8vo, Part 1, 1850; 2» '61.
WhitBsy. Het. Wealth. The Metallic Wealth of the United States, described and eompared
with that of otherooun tries; by J. D, AVhlctiey. Svo, Pliiladelphia, 1854.
Whztaejr, BdOas. Ijead Region. Fteport of a ( roeilogicftl Survey of the Upper MisHiFaippi Lead
Be^on : by id. fMaiie by authority of the State of WiaconsiQ.) 8vo, 18G2,
Whitney, Rep. Q. Cat See Rep. G. CaL
Whiteey, B«rz. Blowpipe* Berzehua on the Blowpipe ; traniilated by J. D. Wlutney. Svo,
Bo<M&n, 1 845,
I'oonwAKD, Foes. Fossils of all kinds digested Into a Metljod suitable to their mutnal Eelntioo
aad JU&nity. bvo, London, 1728.
SfplHffcnrich, Min. I«ez. MineridogisclieB Leziooti ftir das CalBerthum OeaterTolch ; by Y. R. v.
ZffpharoTich. fivo, Wien, 1859.
Tie works in the above catalogue which are moat important for the »tudy of the
hifllofj of miDeral species are the following, the order citeil being tliat of tinic :
iWoptrntstoA; Dioscorifies; Pliny's Natural History; Agricola « works ; Liiinteus'i*
Syitaaia Nattua?, Isi ed., 1735; Wallerius'a Mineralogy in the original Swedish,
1T47 (the tlrst systematic, dewriptive work, following in its ajstera of classification
Diinhr ilie 1st edition of Linnmus^ which the anthor aHndes to in his preface,
fettoag other Swedish works by Forsius, llia»nie, Bromell^ and Swedenborg);
OnK^edtV Mineralogy, 1757 (a new chemical system); Linnams's Syetcma Naturse,
lOtb e<i^ 176^; Rome de Lisle^s Cryatallographie, 1772, 1783 (the first systematic
Afft u> apply the principles of crystallography to the science) ; Wallcrius'a Min, of
17*11 Tn and facts are little changed from the earlier edition) ; Wer-
Ms haracters of Minerals, 1774, and his Cronstedt, 1780; Berg-
ttiDn'^ ^ , 1780, and Sciagraphia, 1782; Ilofmann^s exposition of Werner*a
ijUfm i ' rgm. J., 1789; Emraerling^s Mineralogy, 1793-97, and 1799-1802;
Iw's MintJDilogr, 1794; KlaprotVs Beitrage, 1795-1810; Karsteo^s Tabellen,
tliO; Uaay's Treatise on Mineralogy', 1801; Reuss's Mmeralogy, 1801-1806;
1ji4w%'» Werner, 1803, 1804; Mohs's Null Kab., 1804; Karsten's Tabellen, 1808;
'A Tableau, part 1, 1806 (giving views of Haiiy of 1801 and 1801 to 1806) ;
's Mineralogy, 1807; ilauy's Tableau comparatif, 1809; llausmann's
leh, 1813; Hoffmann's Mineralogie, 1811-1817 ; UUmanu's Uebersicht, 1814;
hm*noiis Mineralogy, 1816, 1820; Werner's Last Mineral System (Letztea, etc.),
W ' ' -^veland's Mineralogy, 1816, 1822; Berzeliiia*a Nouv. Systeme, 1819;
U landbuch, 1821, 1826; Mohs's Mineralogy, 1822; Ilaidmger's transla-
tion ^ T .'i .11^ 1824 ; Breithanpt's Charakteristik, 1 820, 1823, 1832 ; Bendsnt*a Trea-
tise, 1824, 1832 ; Phillips^s Mm., 1823, 1837 ; Gloeker's Min., 1831, 1839; Shepard's
UnL, 1832-'35, and laU-r editions; von Kobelfs Grnndznge, 1838; Mohs's Min,,
1839; Br^itliaupt's Min., 1836-1847; Haidingers Ilandbnch, 1845; Hansmann'a
EtDdbocU, 1847 ; Dufr^^noy's Min., 1844-1847 (also 1856-1859) ; Glocker's Synop-
m, 1847; Brooke <fc Miller, 1853; von Kobeira Tafeln, 1858; Rammelsberg^s
Hiodv5irterl>acb and Supplements, 1841-1853; Kenngott's Uebersicht, 1844-1865;
JkMohKwax's Mineralogy, 1862 ; von KobeU^s Geschichte^ 1B64.
xlvi
iSpMMiciioif.
7. Ankotatsd Indijc to tftb Ussfui* Mxtais aitd Metallic O&zb.
QOLD, — ^aiit!« Gold (l),^ Bistiixgiiished from an mmerals It resemblet by Eta flattenijig utul«r
A httnun«r; its outtinfr Uke lead^ although considorably harder; tU reaistiog the actiOQ of cltHQ
»cUh liot or cold ; its high specific larrantr.
Gold alKO occurs io Gold Anmlgdm (1 \\ Stflvanite (SB), Nagya^iU (et>>, P^tiU (6SAk ftiid Cbii-
tvfi/(^ (Supplement). Also sooietioiei in tniceft in Pyrite, Qokutte^ Chakopyritd, Nati v^e TeiUuriuiir
PLATIKUM.—rBIDIUMl— PALLADIUM.— yo/iM HaUnum (3), the tcmree of tho pUtinofn
of comiiieroe, la distitiguished by the same teata na gold; iiiid it is mninly em ncooiif* "• •»- "'hU
lonbility tliat it occurs la tlatteood graina or sealesu iHatmmdium (4) \ti Aiiotlier ' ^% ■
hcirilert Jridosviine (7) rcaembles platinum ; but it ecratcbefi gloaa, aud gives Ua- of
oimiuaii besides being rather brittle. Native Paliaddnm (5).
SILVER. — Tbo iraportant Silrer minerals are: Native Stiver {21 senile and mal]<^AbIe lllo* gid4
the only one that haa a white color j ArgentUe or Sulphnret of Stiver {40\ blackinh leud-graf,
cutting (unlike the foUowiug) nearly like pure lead, cubic in crystaiuiatiou ; PyraroyrUe and
Prmutiite or Ruby Silver ore (117, 118), ruby red to blacky al wnya giving a bright nsa powtei
Ffeit*ltbenite or Gray Silver ore (111 '^ ' -rny, riitlier brittle, aud powder ateel'^ay ; S$epkaiitii
or Brittle or Black BUvcr ore (L'JO). und giving an iroii*blaok powder; OefWf^jfrii§ Vf
Horn Stiver {I AQ), resembling a dark -ray or greenish wa^ and cutting like wai : Kmf^
/t<« or Chloro-brorald of Silver (141), iike the lost, but more greenish. These Ofr
easily, wheu heate^d o*i cbnrcoal Besides these, TdmJiedrite or Gray Copper (12
valuable silver ore > U), which, although stUioiu yielding over seveuty-ftvi, cituit^u* %q
the ton, affbrda a ci part of the silver of eomnieroe. For other rarer ailvur mlnefifcv
too 36, B6, 41, 42, Oo^om. ^^, m, «a, 99, lOS, 111, lU, 110, 120, 131, 133, 142, 148,
OOPPEIL— The more valuable spedea are r Katiee Copper (12) ; ChaJIwpyrite or fkffper pffUm
(7SK of a bmas-yellow oolor, acntcbed easily with the point of a knife-blade, and giving a Kre«niahp
^»*r:
ilsir to the Iflfet ifi
\ but toriji r*
;-\ niid pOA'. h\
^ »9Uia
r Gr^
/./.(. -A' Ooffm
loseartlqrb
color, HuMT
I tion dtpfiMi
(u4»vof llbr»u»i«
- an lfirini#latica|
'3, 110,
•;36, e39, till, C65, ii70, TiK), 706, 700, 7aS (phosphates, arasaalM, aulpUat««);
uliifdtiie (79) and Cuhantte (77), which ar<* i^In
(49), pale ycllowiah, with a filight c
I reddish tints, easily a<Tatched with ^
;»rr (t51), of a dark lead-gruy color» nnd po
copper end not nilver when heated on eh
>tnc what paler a teel-^'j . . .,
Gr^m OorbtmaJie of r
.«iif*Tf« rilky; Azunh ^. ; .
re. All tlic aI>ov© are act*
Lj n strip of polished iron ;
u\ but paler green, and Ufn
^ftiowhiit wajtv luntfo, »ifi
QtnCEfilLVKIL— The only valtiable ore Ls Oonabsr (64) of a bright red to broWBipb<4}lMfc
oolor, with a red powder, and affording riuicka liver wheri heateil in an open tube. There are *1mi
bllro Quickallvor (8); Anuilgam (9; ; Selunid (06); Chlorid aUd lodid {\%% 144). Tatraheddlt
(til) igiDetUBfHi eontaina this metal
wli«a heaied frith <
tAt» (inimetite, 4U t
udnenla, aeo 41, 4 >
iiida,ei(L)i t4&. i:
«lf
^«SKi^"^ ^'
I); 6^1
~ only abnndsnt iMd ore ; it la s ked-ffrij'^ Itcittleors; jMdUi« lo»d
rha oarbonati (oomadics 729X plieepliats(|QmMMrpuii, 40S|i, arte*
hute (anglsaite, 63B), are nmy worked as ofvs. fbr udtor lesi
107, IU-114, 119, 123-124, 126, 128, 128 (anlphlda, anHa^-
177, 197 (oiyds); 502, 639 Ure^natea); 6CM^ (eatliBooato||
iruolvbdate); 619-621, 62S (vanadates); 68^ M^ «%
A\ 712(aeieuate)i 716, 733 (ciifbcNMilee|*
^ The tnmbera lelbr Io Hie nnmber of the apedea.
nfTBODCTGrnoN. xlvii
!fC — The most important ores are: 1, Smilhaomte or CarbonaU of Zinc (723), and 2, (Mc^
or Silieale of Zinc (361) ; they are alike in a white, grajiah- white, or greenish-white color,
xmlj a slight waxy lustre and smooth look (often stekotitic or mammillary), jret sometimes
.T ; and a hardness soch ^hat the surface is scratched with a knife-blade with some little
iilty. Thej differ in their action with muriatic acid ; when the surface is drusy, the silicate
-■ projections of minute rectangular prisms. Zincitc or Red Zinc Ore (176) is also important ;
tnight red and very distinctly foliated. Blende or Sulphid of Zinc (56) is a oommon ore, hav-
yellow to black color and resinous lustre, and distinctly deavable ; the black rarieties are
times a little metallic in lustre, but the powder is nearly or quite white. For other Zinc
rals, see 185, 188 (ozyds); 70 (sulphid); 67 (ozysulphid) ; 288, 241, 266, 270 (sUicate); 634,
sulphate) ; 500 (phosphate) ; 63u, 537 (arsenate) ; 749, 750 (carbonate).
)BALT, NICKEL.— The ores of cobalt : Smaliite (83) and CobalUie (85\, both of nearly a tin-
e color, with the powder grayish-black, color sometimes verging slightly to gray. The Black
I of odait (218X a kind of bog ore and very impure, is sometimes sufficiently abundant to be
ible. The useful ores of nickel are Chioanihitc or the nicooliferous smaltite (83), Gtradorffitc
idd Ghjmce (86), NicooUie or Copper Nickel (7 IX distinguished by a pale copper-red color, and
}Uforous Pyrrhotite (68), from which the larger portion of the nidcel of commerce is extracted,
other oree of ChbaU^ see 53, 81, 82, 84, 95, 97 (sulphids and arsenids) ; 618 (molybdate); 667
thate); 526, 529, 630 (arsenate); 748 (carbonate); of Nickel, 54, 66 (sulphid); 74^ 87, 88
loical or antimonial); 416 (silicate); 668 (sulphate)) 527, 529, 580 (arsenate) ; 747 (carbo-
AXGANESK — Common, as PyrolyMte (199) and PtUomelainc (217), both bladr or grayish-
k ores, and having little lustre, and a blackish streak or powder, in which last particular they
listinct from the iron ore called Limonite, with which they are often associated, and also fVom
latite or Specular Iron. Wad (2 18 Ms an earthy bog manganese, sometimes abundant and
abteL ManganUe (205) is abundant in certain mines, but is of little value in the arts, because
I containing so httle oxygen (one-third less Chan PyrolusiteX to which fact Beudant alludes
lis name for the species, Acerdeae; it differs fVom pyrclusite in its reddish-brown powder,
other manganese ores, see 52, 76 (sulphid); 73 (arsenid); 195, 196 (oxyds); 241, 262, 263
,4»1 (silicates); 498, 499, 531 (phosphates); 532 (arsenate); 663, 679, 680 (sulphates); 717,
, 122, 725 (carbonates).
THBOinUlL — Chromic Iron (189X a grayish-black, little lustrous ore, occurring mostly in Ser-
thie, is the source of chrome in the arts. For different chromates, see p. 614.
BOK. — The important iron ores are : Hematite or Specular Iron (the atitartrrfs or' bloodstone of
iophrastus) (180), characterized by its blood-red powder, and occurring either earthy and red,
aetallic and dark steel-gray; in the latter condition very hard, a knife-point making no impres-
i; Magnetite or magnetic iron ore (186), as hard as the preceding, but having a black powder,
. being attractable by a magnet; Frankliniie, an allied species, containing zinc and manganese
S): lAtnanitc, called also brown hematite (206X a softer hydrous ore, affording a brownish-
ow powder, earthy or eomi-metallio in appearance, and often in mammillary or stalactitic
us; nearly related to limonito are gothite (204), turgite (202X and limnite (218) ; Siderite or
Uhc Iron (721), a sparry ore, of grayish, grayish-brown, and brown colors, very distinctly dea-
ite, turning brown to black on exposure. The oommon clayey irou ores are impure ores, either
spathic Iron, Limonite, or Hematite ; when the last they are red ; when brown, reddish-brown,
jeOowish-brown to black, they may be either of the two former. One of the most common
1 niDerals is Pyriie or sulphid of iron (75X a pale yellow, brass-like ore, hard enough to strike
I with steel, and thus unlike any copper ore, and all similar ores of other metals. It is fVe-
otty mined and utilized for the sulphur it contains. Marcasite (90) is similar, but is prismatic
I often crested in its forms. Pyrrhotite or Magnetic Pyrites (68) is less hard and paler, or more
yiib in color. Leucopyriie and Mispickel (91, 93, 94) are white, metallic, arsenical ores, some-
it reeembling oree of cobalt Menaccanite or l^ianic Iron (181) resembles specular iron closely,
has not a red powder ; it is abundant in some regions. Por other irou minerals, see 260,
.,134, 369, 435, 486, 467, 469 (sUicates); 473-475 (columbatos, tantalales); 498, 499, 624^ 525,
, 557, 558^ 560, 567-570, 576 (phosphates, arsenates) ; 605 (borate) ; 610 (tungstate) ; 646,
, 664, 666, 672, 675, 682-687, 692. 696 (sulphates); 717, 719, 720 (carbonates); 768 (oxalate).
Hf.— Hie onlj yahiable ore is the Oxyd of Tin or CasgHerite (192X a very hard and heavy
eral of a dark brown to black color, sometimes gray or grayish-hrown, without any met^c
eanooe ; the crystals usually have a very brilliant lustre. Tin also occurs as a sulphid (80X
is fpanngiy fofond in ores of tantalum and some other mineral spedee.
xlviii nrrRODUonoN.
TITANIUM.— The only ore of this metal of any value is Rutile (193).
AB&ENI(X—Kaiive Araenic (17) la one aource of arsenic, but it is too rare to be of much ayail ;
also Orpiment (27), a sulphur-yellow, foliaceous, and somewhat pearly mineral, and Realgar (26),
bright red and yitreous. Arsenic is mostly derived for the arts firom the arsenical ores of iron,
cobalt, and nickel
ANTIMONY.— iS>«&»i^« or Oray Antimony (29) is the source of the antimony of commerce. It
is a lead-gray ore, usually fibrous or in prismatic crystals, and distinguished from a similar ore of
manganese by its perfect diagonal cleavage and its easy (Visibility. Native antimony (18^ senar-
monlite (220), valentinite (221), are sometimes found in sufficient abundance to be mined. Anti-
mony occurs also in numerous ores of lead, silver, and nickel ; also as oxysulphid (226).
BISMX7TH.— ^o/ive Bismuth (20), the source of the metal in the arts, is whitish, with a faint
reddish tinge, has a perfect deavage, and is very (Visible. For other bismuth ores, see 80-33.
36, 102, 103, 121, 123, 124 (sulphids, tellurids); 222, 228 (ozyds); 3S6-888 (silicates); 758 (oa^
bonate).
8. Abbreviations.
For explanations of the abbreviations Var., Oomp., Obs., Alt^ Arti£, as headings of secUons
in the descriptions of species, see p. xi ; of chemical symbols, pp. xi-xviii ; of H., G., B.6., O.F.,
B.F., p. XX ; of oilier abbreviations, p. xxxiv.
The flractional expression f , before the statement of an analysis signifies a mean of ttoo atudy-
908; f , a mean of three ; and so on.
Q in a formula after the new system stands for an accessory ingredient in the compound, and
the nature of this ingredient is to be learned from the formula after the old system in the same
line.
In the statements of the angles of crystals, abbreviations are used as follows:
^pyr., angle over a pyramidal edge.
hao.^ an^e over a basal edge.
mac., angle over a maorodiagonal edge.
hracK^ angle over a brachydiagonal edge.
top, angle between opposite planes over the summit
tenn.^ angle over terminal e^^ in a rhombohedron.
adj., angle between adjacent planes,
ai'., over; hrachyd,^ brachydiagonal; macrod.^ macrodiagonaL
DESCEIPTIVE MINERALOGY.
The following are the general subdivisions in the classification of mine-
rals adopted in this treatise :
GENERAL SUBDIVISIONS.
I. Native Elements.
n. Compounds : the more neoatiye element an element of Series II.
(See next page.)
1. Binary : Sulphids, Tellurids, of Metals of the Sulphur and
Absenio Groups (p. 26).
2. Binary : Sulphids, Tellurids, Selenids, Arsenids, Antimontds,
Bismuthids, Phosphids, of Metals of the Gold, Iron, and Tin
Groups (p. 33).
3. Ternary: Sulpharsenites, Sulphantimonites, Sulphobismuth-
ITES (p. 84),
in. Compounds : the more negative element an element of Series
E., Group I. (See page 3.)
1. Chlorids, Bromids, Iodids (p. 110).
IV. Compounds: the more negative element an element of Series
HI., Group II.
' 1. Fluorids (p. 123).
Y. Compounds : the more negative element an element of Series
ni.. Group III. Oxygen Compounds.
1. Binary : Oxyds (p. 131).
2. Ternary ; the basic element an element of Series I. ; the acidic
of Series II. (as silicon, columbium, phosphorus, etc.) ; the acidific
of Series III. (oxygen): 1, Silicates (p. 202); 2, Columbates,
Tantalates (p. 512) ; 3, Phosphates, Arsenates, Ajhtmonates,
NrrRATF^ (p. 626) ; 4, Borates (p. 593) ; 5, Tungstates, Molyb-
dates, Vanadates (p. 601) ; 6, Sulphates, Chromates, Tellu-
rates (p. 612) ; 7, Carbonates (p. 669) ; 8, Oxalates (p. 718).
VI. Hydro-Carbon Compounds : minerals of organic origin (p. 720).
BBBCHIFTIVB lONKRAXOGT.
L NATR^E ELEMENTS.
AKBANGEMENT OF THE SPECIES.
Beriei L
T. GOLD OEOUP.
1, QOW. 3* gCLTEB.
2, IRON GROUP.
Beties XL
1, ARSENIC GROUP.
11 Anflsmc.
18. AnTDioirr.
19. ALLEMOSrnTB.
ao. Bismuth,
2. SULPHUR GROUP.
3, PULTIXtTM.
4, PLATDfTErDIUM-
6. Palladiujc
«. ALL0PALLA.DTU3L
t. IimMSMDfB.
(1 ). Newjarakitc.
(21 Siaserskite,
6, QmCKBtLrER.
9. AlULOAll.
10. ARQtTERITB.
11. Gold- Amalgam,
12, GOPPBIL
13, Iron,
14 Zwc.
15. LSAD.
3. TIN GROUP
l«.¥iDi;
21. TELLtntlUM,
22. SutpnuR.
23. SSLSNSrLPITCB.
3, CARBON SIUOON GROUP.
24 DtAiioxD, 25. GiUFnin.
Two Berlo* of oloments ure hero rooogiilwdi ihiefini oontumin^ the more basics ad^ the
one diTiaioD of the rooro negative, TboM two aerios «re pamllt?! in their Buhdlrisionii bo t
•mitgeiDetit ia a Ddiuml ouo, whether read flcroes, or up and down, the piige. The flrM gron^
eedi oontidiii elemeiits whoBo oompoaods have an odd number of atums of the oegatlvi ^/tmumtf
aa I, a, &| or the perisaads (p, x?ui); the 0l/br two of each^ en eMii ntuabori ae 2, 4, 6^ or te
f M Tr.iUi* Qoid grcKip of elemente belong alao h\fdrofft% potamimn, mt^vm, lithiuvn^ rMSimi^
at m; the atomic ratio for the ox^'dfl ie I : 1, and the goner^ formula of the aama BO^
or u It? new afateisi of chemifltry.
To ihtt Af^nic group buloc^ the elements pVi^Vrrux, nitrogen^ e^lnmhium^ tantt/um^ ai\d prob»>
b^ denm, lu all but bonm. there are ozTda eon tain ing 3 and 5 atoms of oxjj^u ; In buron^ 3,
but tioi 5. •
(2). To the Iron erroup of elements belong wki%LT% magnrnttm^ o^iiiiiI^imii, her)[tl%um^ ecyp^,
eeioU^ n4cfe#Jt -• -^- -^nm (in portX manganene (in part), li^ fill Wi\ etc
dM atomlo TDt jrv iu the orAUxtkry protoxyddi havUig tae rormala
too TAntt »o ^vi . s^.^rk i hut H^>, in tbc oewfltfleof ohemiatr/.
atr: H* in the new eyttem)*
1 betoTv;; alao ««famjiiin. eotioifieni, and probably
w\ 1 luitf the atcunic ratio % i 6i Here alao maj be induded lliat
of iiiata in chromlo acid (OrO*, or ^O*), that of moa^aaete la nmp
ganicncLfl, nMM i liii ot morj^^xjeimni ia BK^jbdlc add.
(9)l To the Tin sfottp bobag also <itt«iHMi« aJi'eofiAtfit, Hor^AmiL The pNcnhmt oryd haa tli«
atomic ratio 2 : 4 (TitV nt \u t\u^ nt^w aviit^iu Hi^ Thia gfotip may oootaJn alao that stale of
isad which exjxu i and tlie same alao of f^i^n^aan exiatliif ia MaC^;
of pUtiauru aud p?ii .t45.*
te. Amotig the oai;|i%
B(^ aa 0fiBiiii4y inl^ |
The ratio 4 : f t» i
* The three Hales of a baaic metal, corrospoading to thie prM^fd, ieiKittiosr4 a&4 detit«i|€
of llii aaoie (la whiob I part of metal balanoaa. In iu aAnity, 1^ l|, and 2 parte oro3cyg«i)» Biqr V
GOLD. 3
The CSaibcm-SQioon Gnmp oontains Carbon and SMeon, They are rekted to one another
in the atonuo ratio of their prominent acids (SiO*, OC), but thej are yerr widely unlike in many
Rffpects, and Tery atnkingly so in the mineral oomponnda of the two adda.*
Sanaa m. — ^Besidea the aboTe two aeriea of elementa, there ia a iMrd^ oonaiating of the em»-
maS^ negatiTe elementa (for the moat part exdaaively negatire). The three groupa of thia
Seriee HI. are:
(I). Chlokink, Beoxini, Iooins.
(21 FLUoanca.
(3). OXTOKN.
The first of theae groupa (like the same in Series L and 11.) includes elementa of the odd divi-
sion ; the third of the even ; while fluorine ia of either.
1. GfrOIiD. SoL Aleheim, Gediegen Ckdd Germ, Or natif JV-.
Igometric. Observed planes <?, /, 1, i-2, 3-3, 4-2. Figs. 1 to 8, 15, 17,
and the following : the octahedron and dodecahedron (f. 2, 3), most com-
mon. Crystals sometimes acicular through elongation of octahedral or
other forms ; also passing into filiform, reticulated, and arborescent shapes ;
and occasionallj spongiform from an aggregation of filaments ; edges
51 52 53
of crystals often salient (f. 51). Cleavage none. Twins : composition face
octahedral, & in f. 50 ; and occurring also in trajxezohedral and other
f<«Tns. Also massive and in thin laminse. Often in flattened grains or
scales, and rolled masses in sand or gravel.
H.=2-5 — 8. G.=15-6— 19-5 ; 19-30— 19*34, when quite pure, G. Rose.
Lustre metallic. Color and streak various shades of gold-yellow, some-
times inclining to silver-white. Very ductile and malleable.
Oompoaitioii, Varlettea. — Qold, hut containing ailver in different proportiona, and aometimea
•bo teioea of copper, iron, palladium, rhodium.
Tar. L Ordinary, Containing 0*16 to 16 p. a of ailver; or, the atomic ratio of gold to sil-
Tw varTing from 160 : 1 to 3 : 1. Color varying, accordingly, from deep gold-yellow to pale
yellow; 0.=19 — 16*5. Batio for the gold and silver of 3 : 1 corresponda to 16-1 p. a of silver;
4 : 1, 13 p. a ; 6 : 1, 8 4 p. a ; 10 : I, 6*3 p. c. (a) In distinct cryatals or groupa of crystals ; (6)
■rixmcent or reticolated; (c) filiform ; (d) spongy ; («) in laminse ; (/) rolled maasea ; {g) ncales
or grains.
1 ArgmtiferouB ; Eledrum, (Anrtft yovir6s ffsrod.; 'Hx^rrpov Horner^ Sirabo; Electrum Plin,
xxxiil 23.) Co^ pale yellow to yellowish-white ; Q.= 1 6-6— 1 2*6. Ratio for the gold and silver
designated respectively (using the letters of the Greek alphabet) the aJpha, heia^ and gamma states.
While the iron or F^ in EeO is doaely related to magnesium, calcium, eta, that in FeH)* ia as
cfesdy related to alnmlnnm ; and that in PeS", or Pb in PbO'', or Mn in MnO*, as closely related
to tin and titaniiini, whose ordinary ozyd is RO*. This relation is apparent in the ciystallographlo
and chemical diaracters of the corresponding oxyds. See Airther on this subject a paper by the
•nthor in Am. Jomr. 8cL^ II. xliv., 1867, and Introd., p. xv.
* Jn s^ict Sjrsteoi, the Silicates ahould come in dassification next before the Carbonates, instead
of where they are placed in thia work. But aa there are no analogiea between the apeciea of these
twn gnrnpsj the separation ia without serious objection.
NATm; ELEMENTS.
f 1 : 1 cdireitpoodg to 36 p. c of silver (anuL 3, 4, 26, 27, 45) ; H : 1, to 26 p. a (anaL 15, 41-41);
2 : It to 21 p. c, (annl 64, 56) ; 2^ : 1, to 18 p. c. (anal 40). Pliny siiye thnt when tho proportko of
silver in the j^jIcI is one-fifth (=20 p. c) it is called etecb-uni, Th«t word ia Greek means nmo amhe";
ODd ita use for ihia alloy probably arose from ihe pale yellow color it biu na <?otnfMir ol4
An ftrgtntiferoufl i^^old from the Ophir Mine, Nevada, pale yellowish m oolar, ^^ jpl
(B. H. Z^.| xxr. 169) G.== 13*25, 13' 68. Ho observes tbftt it coutaina moro silver tumi ^hh^ bul
gives no Rim]yBiB.
3. FMidmm'Gotd^ Pfyrf^tP^k Frobel, oontaina nearly 10 p, c of palladium, besidea Bome ailTer;
color pale^ From Porpez in Brazil Another variety from Zacotinga and Condongft in fiiaiil
oontiL&B & to 6 p. G, of piilliidium.
4. Hkodutm-G<M, Coutains. according to del Rio (Ann. Ch. Phjs., zxix. 13t), 34-43 p. a oC
rhodium; 0,=:16'5 — 16*8; brittle. Eeqiiire« reeinmination,
AmUysoB by Avdejef (Fogg, liii 153); Bouaaingault (Ann. Ch. Phya., niv, 408); Forbes (Phil
Mag., lY. rxix, 129, and xxi- 142); T. H. Henry (PhiL Mag., IlL nxiv. 20&); Hofmami (Ann.
Clu Fharm*, lix. 265); T. a Hunt (Rep. G. Can , and Am. J. 8ci*, 11. xi* 448); Kt*rl (B. H- Zi^
1863, No. 3); Klaproth (Beitr^ iv. 1); A. Levol (Ann. Ch. Phys.. 11. nvil 310); Mallet (J. 0.
8oe. Dublin, iv. 27)); Marsh (Anu J, 8*1, H xniil 190); Norlbeoto (Phil Mag., IV. vi. 390); Oa-
wmld (Pogg., Ixxvil 06); Pietzscb (Arch. Pharm., IL xcviil 142); Rivot I Ann. d. M., FV'. liv, eT);
G. Eo«e (Pogg^ xxiiu 161); Terrell (0. R., Ux. 1047); Teacbemaclier (Q. J. Ch. Soc, ii, 19S){
Thomaa (Phil. Mag., lY. i. 261); E, W. Ward, at Mint of Sydney, N. 8. W. (W. B. ClMke'a 2^
aeanliea in Sotithem (^Id Fields), Sydney, 1860, p. 376):
Sp.gr.
Au
Ag
Pe
Ou
1 Wicklow Co., Ireland
16-324
93.32
6-17
0*78
= 99.27 Mallet
2. TranaylvanUL Barbara
84*80
14*68
0-13
0 04= 99*66 Boaau
a.
[a4'52]
36*48
=100Bau8a.
4. " VdrfiBpatak
60*49
38*74
99.32 ^oaa
6. Scbabrovakf (Kath.)
19099
93-96
0*16
= 99.13 Eoae.
G. Kutharinenburg
18*79
95'8l
358
o.er
= 100 Avd.
7. " 18*77-
-1889
96*50
4-00
o:if/
~ 100 Avd.
0.
94-09
666
0 36'
^lOOATd
«. "
93-76
6*01
0-24'
:=^ 100 Atd.
10. "
93*34
6*28
0U3
0*06^ 99*94 RcMML
11. "
93*80
7-oa
0*08
= 99*90 Roao.
12, " 18'll-
-18-40
92*23
6*17
1-60^
= 100 Avd.
13. •♦ 17*74— 18*36
91*21
803
0-76"
= 100 Avd.
14.
ie-03
79*69
19-47
0*84^
- 100 Avd.
16. **
15*627
70*86
28-30
0-84'
= 100 Avd.
18. Osar. Nikob^vsk (MioBk)
92*47
7*21
= 99 14 Soas.
17.
17-72
89-36
10*66
= 100 Hoae.
11 Pwrov-PavloTBkMKath.)
92-00
7*08
0-06
0 02= 99-76 Boas.
19. Bonifchka (K. Tagilikj
18*66
94*41
6-23
0*04
0*39= too Etoae.
20, **
17*74
90*76
902
:s 99*78 R<ia«.
21. ♦•
81*31
12*12
0*08= 99*61 Rmq.
22. "
17-06
83-86
1616
^-^-^
^ lOORoae.
23. Bereaof
91-88
8*03
0-09= 100 BoacL
24. Alex. Andrf^JevBk (Miask)
1764
87*40
12-07
0-09= 99*66 Eom.
26. PetrvtpAvIoTiki
17*11
66*81
V.V'S
[0*30]
= 100Ro«a.
S8. Srioovaki, Altai
14*66
60-96
3t{38
0*33= 99*G9 ncm\
S7. Sahlangenberg, Altai
64
36
— = ion
98. Malaoen
90-89
898
if.
tr, =99.>
S9« Bbiini Fa<di!ni
88'67
6*46
ft
1-43 Sl3;j;i:-'J* ITTom
10. AlHoi^ 80Degal
94*00
686
PtO-ift-iooLevoL
»l. **
9<E97
10 63
wmL
und,- 'o8«t
81
66-80
1180
0-90 :.jI
S3, **
84-60
15*30
0'30= lu" lA vai.
84. BfMEll
94*00
6-86
= 99-i6 Dmac '
tfi. Hblltla, Anoou
18*31
94*73
6*23
0*04
lOOFoHiM.
S6. >* Bomanptaya
18-673
94*19
6 81
^^^
= 100 Ftorbea,
IT. " Qrilada
17-906
9361
6-49
= 100 Ftifbe*. !
18. '' Tlimaia
99. H. amia4 Bogote
40. » Trftddj3
16*07
9I*9€
93-00
7>*7
8*00
^.
— gvnftie 0*67^ 100 l^rbM
=100 6otiia. '
83*40
17*60
= 100 Booat.
41. * Tititibi
74*00
3600
—
-
^ 100 Booic
GOLD.
Sp.gr.
An
Ag
Fb
Cu
41 K. Gienada, Titirlbl
73-40
26*60
48. "
73-68
26-32
= 100 BouBS.
44. "
ICannato
12-666
73-46
26*48
= 99-93 Bouas.
45.
Santa Bosa
14-15
64-93
36-07
= 100 BouBS.
46.
El Llano
88-64
11-42
= 99-96 Bousa,
47.
l£alpa80
14-70
88-24
11-76
= 100 Bouas.
48.
Baia
88-16
11-86
= 100 Bouaa.
49.
BioLodo
14-69
87-94
12-06
= 100 Bouas.
50.
Ojaa Anchas
84-50
16-50
= 100 Bouaa.
51. "
El Llano
82-10
17-90
= 100 Bouaa.
52. Peru, Carabaya
18-43
97-46
2-54
= 100 Forbes.
53. " :
B. Chuquiagnillo
16-693
90-86
0-14
= 100 Forbes.
54. "
YlUUBGUS
16-63
79-89
20-11
= 100 Forbes.
55.
«"
16-54
78-69
21-31
= 100 Forbes.
56. N. Scotia, Tan|?ier
18-95
98-13
1*76
tr.
006= 99-94 Marsh.
57.
Lunenbunr
18-37
92-04
7-76
tr.
0-11= 99-91 Marah.
58. Cafifomia
96-42
3-68
59.
93-53
6-47
= 100 Thomas.
60.
92-70
6-90
0-40= 100 LevoL
61. **
16-33
92-00
7-00
= 99 Teachemacher.
62.
89-61
10-05
md.
md. =■ 99-66 Hofmann.
63. "
16-96
90-01
9-01
0-86
= 99-88 Henry.
64. "
(17-48 fiiaed) 14*60
90-70
8-80
0-38
= 99-88 Rivot.
65. "
17-40
90-96
904
= 100 Oawald.
66.
16-63— 16-43
86-57
12-33
0-64
0-29= 99-73 Henry.
67. "
75-86
20-67
— quartz 2-44=98*97 Pietzach.
63. Canada, GhandiSre
16-57
89-24
10-76
= 100 Hunt
69.
<t
17-60
87-77
12-23
= 100 Hunt
10. "
u
86-73
13-27
= 100 Hunt
lUAnstnOia
99-28
0-44
0-20
0-07 Bi 0-01 =100 Northcote.
71 "
95*48
3-59
— quartz 0-10=99-17 Keri.
73. «
Bathnrst
96-68
3-92
0-16
= 99-76 Henry.
71 «
Aralaen
94-92
6-08
= 100 Ward
75. "
Adelong
94-64
6-31
0-06
= 100 *»
76. «
u
93-67
6-23
I-IO
= 100 **
77.
u
93-17
6-56.
0-27
= 100 "
78. *'
Aralaen
91-52
8-48
= 100 "
79. "
u
89*59
10-61
= 100 "
80. "
MittaMitta
89-57
10-43
= 100 "
81. "
Omeo
86-23
14-77
= 100 »*
81 Tasmania) Giandara
92-77
7-23
= 100 "
83. "
<t
92-58
7-34
008
= 100 "
8t "
u
93-35
6-56
0-09
= 100 "
85. "
If
92-47
7-31
0-22
= 100 "
86. "
tt
92-62
7-27
0-11
= 100 "
87. "
BlTc Boy Flat
94-76
604
=99-80 "
88. "
u
94-95
4-66
0-08
lar. = 99-69 "
69. »*
Nook, Rngal
92-55
7-10
0-17
tr. = 99*82 "
90. "
Kngal
90 89
8-02
^. Sn, Pb, Co 1*0 Ward.
The ayerage proportion of gold in the native gold of California, aa derived from aaaaya of aeve-
nl hundred milliona of dollara worth, is 880 thousandths ; wlule the range is mostly between
870 and 890 (Prof. J. 0. Booth, of U. S. Mint, in a letter to the author, of May, 1867). The range
in the ntetal of Australia is mostly between 900 and 960, with an average of 925.
The gold of the Ghaudi^ Canada, contains usually 10 to 15 p. c of silver ; while that of Nova
Scotia is very nearly pure.
The Chilian gold afforded Domeyko 84 to 96 per cent of gold and 16 to 3 per cent of silver
(Ann. d. Mines IV. vi).
I\>rpaUe afforded Berzelius (Jahresb. 1835) Gold 86*98, palladium 9*85, silver 4-17.
A mass of d^c^rutn, weighing 25 lbs., from Vorospatak, consisting of large crystals (^-^ in.), con-
tained 25 p. a of silver (DingL Polyt J., dxvL 396).
PyrogBoatic and othar Ohemical Oharactaxv. — B.B. fuses easily. Not acted on by
flaxes. TniK??"^!** in any single acod; soluble in nitro-muriatic add (aqua-regia).
6
NATTTE ELEMENTS.
ObservatioiiB. — Native gold is found, wh<Mi tit situ^ with comparatively small eacc^ptioQB^ in
tbe quartz TeLna that inWrsect metamorphic rcK'ks, and to aome extent in the wall ro^ of theitt
7cins. Tb© metamorphic rocks thus iutersected are moatly chloritic, talcose, and argillaceooi
schiai of duQ greeUf dark gray, and other colors ; alsOf much lesa oozunioiily, mica and hornblendio
schist, {rneiuft, diorite, porphyry; and Btill more rarely, gjaQifce. A tamlxiated. quartdte. eaUod
itacolumito, is common Id many gold regions, as those of Brazil and North Cnrolttm^ aiid fioia^
times sjMjcular 8cbiflt», or slaty rocks coDtaiuing much foliated specular iron (hcmatit^)^ or n»ago©^
tite in grains.
The gold occurs in the quartz in strings, scales^ platCB, and in masses which are iometimas ill
aeglomeration of crystals; and the scales are oflco invisible to tlie naked eye, massive qiuni
that apparently ooutains no gold frequently Tneldlng a oonsiderabio percootiige to ihe asaiijer. It
{a always very irregularly diatributt-d, and never in continuous pure bands of metal, Kko nuuiy
mctalltc ores. It occurs both disseminated through the mass of tlie quarts, aud in ita cavftke.
Tl^e htrger masses and the finer crystallizations are mainly in the latter; and Prof. Wurta has
suggested that these have been formed by a slow aggregation and crystaillzution carried oa
through the solvent power, as regards gold, of persulphate of Iron — thia salt of iron bein^ dcKvcd
from the decomposition of the pyrite present in the quartz veins.
The associated minerals are : pyrite, which fur exceeds in quantity all others, sad is g^rosfi^f
auri/erowt; next, chaleopyrite, galena, blende, misplckel, each frequently auriferous f ofWn ISOldgF*
mito and other tellurium ores, native bismuth, stibnite, magnetite, hematite ; somattmaa baiytiit
apatite, floor, aidorite, chrysocoUa.
The quarts at the surface, or in the upper part of a rein, Is tr"- ^'n1 ar and rusted fh>iiitlit
more or less complete disappearance of the pyrite and olh' i by deooro position; bd
below, it is commonly solid. The enclosing schists are sonjt . . -t and easily removed in
mining. In other cases, they are excessively tough, and the quartz, being s brittle mineral, yls&ds
the most easily to the drill.
The gold of the world has been mostly gathered, not directly from the quart* veins, but tttm
the gravel or aandg of rivers or valleys in auriferous n^^^cious, or the slopes of mountains or hUlSi
wboia rocks oontain iu " out fur distant, aviriferous veins j and sucb
mlnca are often called a/ < piw/^r-ditjf/inffs. Pliny spi^aks of tho **bHQ^
ing of livers firom the h . _, ,.. i os for a hundred miles, for tlio purpoae m
washing the debris,** ami d of hydraulic mining is now auricd on iu California on a
stupendotis scale, (See u Am, J. Set., IL xl 10.) The auriferous gravel snd eiftll
have been derived from tl»e diaiut«grntIou or wearing down of auriferous rocks. The aurlf^
ous gfnvel bodn in Oalifornin are of vast extent; those of the Tuba, an afDuont of F^thflr
Rjv ' r.et in deptli, and averaging probably 120 feet Most of tha gold
of ' utid nil other gold regions, has come from such alluvial wai^dii^
i i - >.>.u. . w ri riflttened soalas of dilTerGut degrees of fineDesa, the siae dapewi*
ing partly on < lition in the qtiarta veins, and partly on the distanos to whidlll
has been tran-^ i i-ination by nmoing water is an assorting process; the co^irser
pariitlos or UfK-at piooes requiring rapid currc^nts to transport theWt nnd dro] ^i»
nner 1>cirjg curried far away — sometimes scores of miles. A cavity in tl»e ri ,t-
tonv of (I VII Hoy, or s place where the waters may have eddied, geoaralJy provx'S in audi a it^giao
to l>e a iKu'kr4 lull of gtild.
In Um> aurUeroua saadS| crystals of eiroon are very oooinioa ; also garnet and kyanila tn gnte;
oftoo also mooaslta, diamondi, topaz, corundum, iridoamlne^ platiirain* The drpoiis are i
mlstaktll for dminoudn.
Q<M Is widr led over the glolte, and occurs in rocks of various sges, fHm the <
to the Oretao.'* > i mry. Tlie s<*hists that contain the nurifeniUB veins were Ottoe I
arj beds of day, ^mi, or mod, derivc<i rrf>m the wear of pr^^xisling rookti. Through somajm
OSSB, in whidi heat was ooooereed. tho Utter were met&marpboeed into 4 he hani crystiiufas
•oiliirta, and at the same tiiae upinr: " ' ' u. and often o|)ened between the lajars: aod
Ibn, ati Iha ftwom (catting aofOB«) the openings (mads betweeo the bmti^ aad
ttnirefofs tonff^rmU^.t x^frh Qiq lami:; ......... ililod with tho mtartsTs^ eootsltuiif goU
Tha quartf. w;« tito tlie intersectttifr ll«»turea, and the talenAmlDated epan flpaoM^ tal
tt^ia roi^ks eitli< rtaaos of the penDestiog heated waters (audi betted wmtf^n, at a tooitiil^
alure much abuv«^ Uiui of boiling water, having gn/at d^fvoniposlng and solvent powi»r, an^ ai^
fjibf Into OBvities whatever they win »*T»ther up frrmi ih« nv^ksy Thus, the geld of the vaiiia WMI
^Mfved from the rocks adyoihi iv adjoining, or above, or balovllf
and it must ihorafore haTo be< i ^ rooks before they wm csTttlK
Bsad uud tha veins wvre madi, >. . . ..^». ^ quantity in a oobio Ibol^ lliat IJki
bedsi wtlhout tha metaiuorphfsm > 'king, would haee beat wortbkn mlnfiy
Aa Mikiili wtth surtf^roiis qnsrU vein«9 were mode in Aaoto Uliia, ao were thff also fa FsImi*
tok^ etptdal^ at Ihs groat mouataia^making epoch which oloiad Iba Feleosoio era; also latoTf li
GOLD. 7
Ihe Jnnssic jieiiod, as in the Sierra Nevada ; and still later in the Cretaceous and Tertiary peri-
ods, aa in the Goast Monntaina of California. But whatever the age of the schists and yeins, the
original souroe of all the Paleozoic and later gold deposits must l^ the asoic or original rocks of
the globe, as they are the great source of the material shales and sandstones of all subsequent
ages, excepting such as may have been derived fVom aqueous solution or chemical deposition.
Auriferous quartz veins are in no case igneous veins — that is, veins filled by injection of melted
matter from below.
Gold exists more or less abundantly over all the continents in most of the regions of crystalline
rodcH, especially those of the semi-crystalliDe schists ; and also in some of tlie krge islands of the
world where such rocks exist In Europe, it is most abundant in Hungary at Eonigsberg,
Scbemnitz, and Felsobanya, and in Trausylvania at Kapoik, Vordspatak, and Offenbanya; it
occurs also in the sands of the Rhine, the Reuss, the Aar, the Rhone, and the Danube; on the
iouthem slope of the Pennine Alps fh)m the Simplon and Monte Rosa to the valley of Aosta ; in
Piedmont; ia Spain, formerly worked in Asturias; in many of the stroams of Cornwall; near
Ddgeilv and other parta of North Wales ; in Scotland, in considerable amount, near Leadhills, and in
Glen Coich and other parts of Perthshire; in the county of Wicklow, Lneland; in Sweden, at
I&ielfora.
At the Transylvania mines of Vorospatak, where one piece of 22 ozs. was found, the gold is
obtained bj mining, and the mines have been worked since the time of the Romans. The Rhino
has been most productive between Basle and Manheim ; the sands, where richest, contain only
about 56 parts of gold in a hundred millions ; yet sands containing less than half this proportion
are worked. The whole amount of gold in the auriferous sands of the Rhine has been estimated
at $30,000,000 ; but it is mostly covered by soil under cultivation.
In Asia, gold occurs along the eastern flanks of the Urals for 500 miles, and is especially abun-
dant at the Bcresov mines near Katharine nburg (lat. 56° 40' N.) ; also obtained at Petropavlov-
(^ (60' N.) ; Nischne Tagilsk (59'' N.) ; Miask, near Slatoust and Mt Ihnen (55** N., where the
largest Russian nuaiget was found), etc. Eatharinenburg is the capital of the mining district
The Urals were wiUiin the territory of the ancient Scythians ; and the vessels of gold reputed,
anwmiing to Elerodotus, to have fallen from the skies, were probably made from Uralian nuggets.
Botthe mines were not opened until 1819; soou after this they became the most productive in
tfat worid, and remained so until the discoveries in California. They are principally alluvial
wiihings, and these washings seldom yield less than 65 grains of gold for 4,000 lbs. of soil, and
miy more than 1 20 grains. At Bereso^, there are workings in the parent rock. Siberian
ndaco le« extensive occur m the lesser Altai, in the Eolyvan mining region (about 1,500 miles
ea«t of Katharinenborg, near long. 100^ £., between the Obi and Irtisch, and 1,500 miles west of
the other great Siberian mining region, that of Nertschinsk, which is between Ids'* and llO"* K,
east of Lb Baikal); among the localities are Schlangenberg and Sir^novski, noted for affording the
efectrum (anaL 26, 27). Asiatic mines occur also in the Cailas Mountains, in Little Thibet, Cey-
km, and Malacca, China, Corea, Japan, Formosa, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, the Philippines, and
odier Kast India Islands.
lo Africa, gold occurs at Kordofan, between Darfour and Abyssinia ; also, south of the Sahara
in Western Africa, from the Senegal to (}ape Palmas ; in the interior, on the Somat, a day's jour-
ney from Cassen; along the coast opposite Madagascar, between 22"* and 35' S., supposed by
lome to have been the OpJiir of the time of Solomon.
In South America, gold is found in Brazil (where formerly the larger part of the annual pro«
doce of the world was obtained) along the chain of mountains lying nearly parallel with the coast,
especially near Yilla Rica, and iu the province of Minas Gemes ; in Now Grenada, at Antioquia,
(Thooo, and Qiron ; Chili ; in Bolivia, especially in the valley of the Rio de Tipuani, east of
Sorata; sparingly in Peru. Also in Central America, in Honduras, San Salvador, Guatemala,
&)8ta Rica, and near Panama ; most abundant in Honduras, especially along the rivers Guyape
and Jalan, in Qlancho^ while found also in the department of Yoro, and in Southern
Hoodurai.
In North America, there are numberless mines along the mountains of Western America, and
others akmg the eastern rauge of the Appalachians from Alabama and (Georgia to Labrador, be-
•ideo some indications of gold in portions of the intermediate Azoic region about Lake Superior.
They occur at many points along the higher regions of the Rocky Mountains, in Mexico, in New
Mexico, near Santa F^. CerilloR, Avo, eta ; in Arizona, in the San Francisco, Wauba, Yuma, and
other districtB ; in Ck>iorado, abundant, but the gold largely in auriferous pjnrites ; in Utah and
IdahoL Also along ranges between the summit and the Sierra Nevada, in the Humboldt region
and elsewhere. Also in the Sierra Nevada, mostly on its western slope (the mines of the eastern
being prindpally silver mines). The auriferous belt may be said to begin in the Califomian penin-
fola. Near the Tejon pass it enters California, and beyond for 180 miles it is sparingly aurifer-
ous, the alate rocks being of small breadth ; but beyond this, northward, the slates increase in
extent^ and the mines in number and productiveness, and they continue thus for 200 miles or
Qold oocurs also in the Coast ranges in many localities, but mostly in too small quantities
BESCRIFTTVE MlNERAXOOr.
to
■ < *
:i
to T - fj^^ regions to the north in Oregon and Waslimjrtots TerriUjry* and tb»
Brs' ' r nortb^ are at many points surirorous* and produotiTely bo, Uiougb to
The rninea of California were flrst mado kijowu io 184&. Hiey wero for Bome yean wMf
alluvml waahln^ but since 1852 qujartz milling has been on the inOTease. The qnariz V4'Ii;m arm
often of great mze. Some in the ** Mariposa estate*^ average 13 feet^ aad in places •
ft*et in brwwltlu North of Mariposa county, the aariferous j^ravel, which has ererrv
principal Bourcoof the gold thus far obtained, is very extensive. The tliick df ;
indurated, aro now wojuhed down by vast str^ama of wutt^r thrown by the prt^
of vr ^ . ' - - •■ I yj,^ ^Q ^<jr^f^ work of running off thfi earth and ^:ravel, and i
in .. rt time. Much of the auriferous gravel formation ie und< r
t^M . ,ufa or lavas, which lios to bo underworked, in odg way or :
th»: r>g what is callc^d l4ibk'mimniain mining; the flat tops of hur
givii -like look to tlie heightu, (S©c J. D. Wliitney^a Geoi California; i
ia, J. S^u, IL tM 231, 361, and B. SilHman, ib,, xl L)
In e«at<^rn North America, the mines of the Southern United State* producied before the (Uk
foni^ ' a million of dollars a year. Tliey are mo&ily eouHned to Uie StalM of
Tir. 1 1 Carolina^ and Georgia^ or along a line from the Rapp:djann<K*k to tbtt
COK-M T, ...... ' ^ '- r^^gion may be said to extend norlli to Can '! • * -^ /f>td has btflB
found at Albi' Maine; Canaao and Lisbon, N, U. ; Bri^U rnoui; Db4*
ham, liasB. J i in Franeonia township, Montgomery Co , ran. la Vir*
giniiiy the priuci])«l ilcf*o»itij are in Spotsylvania county, on the Rappahjiiiuui.k, ai iho Unltvi
States mines, and at other plat-es to the southwest; in StaflTord eoiinty, nt the I{/>t>pAhaiiaock
gold mines, ten miles from Faknoutli, in the Cul|iepper county, at < Puipidaii
riyer; in Orange county, at the Orange Grove gold mine, and at tl • ri«?a; in
Gon^''-- ? .. ■- * Ar , . j^^i 3ug|jy*a ndnes; in Louisa oouni>, n- m**; in
Bu^ jt^'s mine. In Mr/ih Carohna, the gold r* ; >QflQed
to tJ .^ . 1 Cabarrus, Mecklenburg, and Lincoln. Th- Jr'Obuf;^
ire prtnctpoiiy vein deposits ; those of Burke, Lincoln, MeDowt-U, and Knthertord, arc' uioatly tn
ilhivial aoil ; the Davidson county silver mine has alTordod gold. In Georgia^ Uio Hlu'lton gr»ld
11^X100 in Hubersham county have long t>ecn famous ; and many other places have bi • lu
Babmi and Hall counties, Lumpkin county, at Dahloucga, etd; and the Cherokeu \m
Smik Cw. ' ' ! gions ore tho Fairfore«t in Union district, and iiu> i-j-ucto'i
oreek ai v in Ltmcaster and Chesterfield dijstricta; oho in f^dieoi
ocmnty. ui-,. ^ .^, .^.^ i....... i?t gold also in east*!m Tetmesaee.
. In Canada, gold occurs to the south of thtf Su Lawrunw, io tho soil on the Chaudivrs (vhcft
flfal found in 1835\and over a considerolMo region beyond, having been derived probably tai
tlta cryatalline u-lmte of the Notre Dame raugi> (T. S. llunt), which is properly a ocmtinimtiofi cf
lh« mounlninH of Now Knglnnd and the Appalachians to the eouthwoat In Nora SooUa, tuinM
^:
are work >
In All
•01
I (t^
nwttfldt:
MBDe y««r« tbv fur t
in QtiMUslaml N,
Ihotlllhor' :' ' 1.^. .\'.-l'rr|: ,
ed of gi. ^ V r'/.- m: .1 ,,
fool dockiuiiti^-u.' I i'l '
hm bteiifoanii nt i'.k'^,
I of K
in C.
c<|ualB Al Iba.
larga«t maaa }•
oTorystala. anu wi
Q^ofgetowu, in Id i
flmtn a niQjiii nf mm 1
If. [
Ti.^
la tUc y
OilMil
Wtf9 gatiicuLi ; iutu ofie iiuu lar^t. rroui
lOAOdaiarUiigorgold,
Tbo jiM or gold oiaoa baa wry much
Isewhcie,
equul to California In product! veneas, and much aupculor bi tlio
■ .\ ,,,,1.1 ...ir,..^ ,...„►..- ..L.^.,, t',... ^1.....*,.^ ... tK.-. .....p.,! ..;.,,- ..f y Q
'ta
4
M>
t*
, ■ r*
the Northvra ialand, and on the
tta uf Victoria bccnmi? kuowiu
I IhL^ viHttlt^ of MorMon bnv
• )jd m North Carolina, The laigoil WM dl^
t pounds uToiittnpols f"iteel»ytinl wFiifht,^
I or 5 broad, and ab < i hm
:o pftunds. A mass ci rt
unouxit iinoo tho diaoofory of tbe adMi
BILYEB. 9
of ObfiformiL The mmes of South America and Mexico were estimated bj Humboldt,* over CO
jeart snoe, to yield annually $11,500,000, which much exceeds the present proceeds. Brazil has
ftmiished about 17,500 pounds troy per year. It is estimated tiiat, between 1790 and 1830,
Mesia) piodiioed $31,250,000 in gold, Chili $13,460,000, and Buenos Ayres $19,500,000, making
aa areiage annual yield of $16,050,000. The Russian mines in 1 846 produced about $16,500,000 ;
and in 1861, $15,000,000. The yield of California in 1849, the first year after the dis-
tomrj of ^ gold, was $5,000,000. It rapidly increased from that year until 1853, when it
VIS Maily $60,000,000. Since then it Ims diminished, and in 1866 the amount was but
137,000,000. Montana, Colorado, Idaho, and Nevada, raise the total from the United States for the
faar 18G6 to $86,000,000, with $20,000,000 besides of silver. Australia produced $60,000,000
fbrannmber of years; but for 1863, 1864, 1865, the average was not «bove $30,000,000, one-
fooith to one-third of which came from the auriferous quartz.
The gold 18 obtained from the auriferous quartz by pulverizing, and then treating the finely-
powdered qoarti with mercury, a method well known to the ancients. This metal dissolves out
the gold, producing an amalgam whicli, by straining and distillation, jrields the gold. The auri-
ftnoB pyrite is first powdeiidd, and then roasted in an oven of peculiar construction until the
adjdrar is driveu off. The residue, according to one process, pronounced the best, is treated
vitik chlorine gas, and the metals thus converted into chlorids, of which the chlorid of gold is
aoUUe. This is removed and then treated with protosulphate of iron, when the gold is deposited.
iaar£ng to ano^er prooess, the residue is fused with Utharge, and the gold is thus oombined
with lead, and alterwvd obtained from the lead by cupellation. Bj a third process, the aurifer-
on pyrite, especially when cupriferous, is concentrated into a copper matt by partial roasting and
Ma; the matt is then roasted, and the oxyd of copper taken up by dilute sulphuric add, leav«
■g the goAd and silver in the residue.
2. SIZaVBR. LvmA Akhem. Qediegen ^ber (Term. Argent natif i^.
Isometric. Observed planes 0, 1, /, t-2, i-4, 3-3. Fi^. 1, 2, 6, 7, 15, 17.
Cleavage none. Twins r composition face octahedral, like f. 50 ; but occur-
ring £o in the trapezohedron 3-3, and other forin^. Commonly coarse or
fine filiform, reticulated, arborescent; in the lattei*, the branches pass off
either (1) at right angles, and are crystals (usually octahedrons) elongated
in the direction of a cubic axis, or else a succession of partly overlapping
crystalg ; or (2) at angles of 60°, they beinff elongated in the direction of a
dodecahedral axis. Crystals generally obliquely prolonged or shortened,
and thus greatly distorted. Also massive, and in plates or superficial
coatings.
H.=2-5 — 3. G.=10-l — 11-1, when pure 10*5. Lustre metallic. Color
«nd streak silver-white ; subject to tarnish, by which the color becomes
grajish-black. Ductile.
Oomp., Var.^-SilTer, with some copper, gold, and sometimes platinum, antimony, bismuth,
Var. 1. Ordinary, (a) crystallized ; (6) filiform, arborescent ; (c) massive.
1 Auriferous; Kusielite. (Guldiscli-Silber Hausm^ Handb. 104, 1813. KUstelit Breiih., B.
H.Ztg:, XXT. 169, 1866.) Contains 10 to 30 p. c. of silver; color white to pale brass-yellow.
Ibere is a gradual passage to argentiferous gold (see Gold).
The name ifiM^ife was given to an ore from Nevada, having the following characters: E.=2—
l\; (x.= ll'32— 13*10 ; color silver-white, somewhat darker than native silver on a fresh surface;
Riditer foond in it silver, lead, and gold, the first much predommating. Prom the lode of the
Ojphir mine, Nevada, in bean-shaped grains.
3. 0tipr\fmu8, Contains sometimes 10 p. c of copper.
4. AiUimimiaL John found in silver from Johanngeorgenstadt (Chem. Unt, i. 286) 1 p. c. anti-
Booy, aod tnoes of oopper and arsenic (See further under Discraaite.)
The Koogsbera'Datire silver contains 0-4() p. c. of mercury (D. Forbes), and the presence of this
aetiL ^MtSfm anioceata, may account for its fine crystallization.
Fwdrce (FhiL oSans., I'TTG, 523) found in sUver from Kongsberg, Norway, sUver 72, gold 28.
Bertikiff (Ann ± H- xL 72) obtamed 10 p. c. of copper from silver from Curcy, France.
Pyf itc>_BLB oa chareoal fuses easily to a silver-white globule, which in O.F. gives a faint
h* red coating of oayd ; crystallizes on cooHng. Soluble in nitric add, and deposited again by
^^ot copper.
JO
KAITVE ELEMENTS.
Ob«.— Native silver ooours In masses, or in arborescences and flliforib shapes, Id v^ini
gnoisB, »cbiBt, porphjry, and other rocks. Also ocoora disBeinuiated, but usuallj I
native <!opper, galena, dialcocite, eta
The mlDea of Kongsberg in Norway, bare aCTordad magfnffloeot ipedmeine of iMtiTe lilver,
among' the splendid suite from tliia locality in the Royal collecUon at Oopeuhfiiz^n. wtAaliM
f ^ards of 5 cw%., and recently two masses have been obtained weighing sever
I pounds. The principal Saion localities are at Freiberg, Schneeberp, and JoLa
' the Bohemian, at Przibram, and Joacliiujsthal. A moss weighing GO lbs, fVom ilw 1 i
^Biina near Freiburg had G. = 10*^40. It also occurs in small quantities with other >
droaeberg, in the Harts,* in f^uubia; Hungary; at Allcmont iii Duuphiiiy; in the ^^mi u
Beresof; in the Altai, st ZmeolT; and in s^onie of the Cjorutgh mined.
Mexico and Pom have been the moat productive countries in silver. In Ui^xi^-'^ it !t:i«tM
Obtamod mostly from ita ore^s while in Peru it occurs principaUy native. A ^! do
from Batopiias weighed when obtained 400 pounds; and one frona Southern : u^st
Huantayii) weiKhed over 8 cwt. During the tirst eighteen jfmn of the present ouutury, m
ihnn 8, 1 BO, 000 murks of silver wc^re atloiae^i by the mines of Guanaxuato alone. In Uuraai
Sinah^jo, and Souom, in N' : " " xico, are noted mines affording native silver.
In the United States it . iicd thnjugb mucli of the copptT of Michigan, oocisiOfii
in spots of - '■" ^'''\ and iMM...t,.x.- a in cubes, skeleton octahedronss etc.* at VArtoua ttiioai.
baa b^i> < n mine a uiilo Bouth of Sing Sing prison, which waw formerly wurkid
iilver; at ' w&U^r copper mines, New Jersey ; in interesting sptximetm ;it Kinsj's ml
DwidsouCu., N. L, y at Prince's locution. Lake Superior^ Oauada ; raretj in ^U ba
IvSml Clwshiro^ Ct. In Idaho, at the ** Poor ^an's lode," lnrg«mn»ses of nadv< r^ \^
, obliuned. In Nevada, in tbo Comatttck lode, it is rare, a: ' in filame-tji
mine rare, and diaacminated or tlliimcntous; in California, n Silver l.
Alpine r<n. ; m the Maria vein, in Los Angeles Co.; in the u,^^,u--,uy oi Ascot, Cuiia.
of the United States at the present time in sUver is about $2D,00U,O0O.
Alt.— I'seudomorpha, oonaisting of horn sliver, red silver ore, and urj^rentite.
3. PLATINUM. PbthiA (fV. Choco) Ulha^ Belac Hist. Viago Ainer Mend., UK <V ^
Madrid 1148, Platina (fr, Carthaguun) W, Brownrigg (who rocxsiv^d it in It 41 ftom C, W«
PhD Trans. 17^0, 584. Platina del Pinto ScA<r/<!r, Aa H. 8tookh. 1752, 269. Polyxoa £fai
Bandb., 97« 1819, 20, 1847.
I&i»fnctric* Karely in cubes or oetiiliedroiis (f. 1, 2). Usiuilly in gnm
OceiifriMnullv in irregubir lumps, Cleavjige none.
H,=4— 4'5. G. = 16— 19, \im% 17^59, two mafisos, G. Rodo. IT'SO
afimallcr; 17'108,gmall^ain!^, Breith. ; 1 7 '608, u ma^, BnjHlK ; 17'00,li
inswss from NiBcbiie Tagilsk, Sokuluir. Lustre nieUlIic. Color antl »t
dtnfii
wlritiwli
Isioiiallv
y; shining,
polar.
Opaque. Ductik?. Fracture hackly, Ooo
CfoiBip.— riatiaiim oombined with iron, iridium, osmium, and other metala Ai»ljfM| %^
Biivelius (Ac. II. SUK^bolm 1828, ii:f); 4, .% ORonn (Pogg., viii, &05, xL ilL lui t&% dwM
XV. 168) ; 6, 7, STa&berg (Inttitut, U. 294) ; 8 M. tkidring (Aim. Ch. Phanm, xcvi. 24a> ; 9—31), 1
gUC. Licrille & Debray (Ann. Uh, Phya, 111,, Ivi. 449); 21, Kiomayor (Areh. Fbarm. IL.
Jahr^sb., 18G3, 707):
Pt Au Po Ir Rh Pd Ou I-O Sand Os
1. Go^>bla|ro*t SCfiO 8-32 M5 I 10 045 1'40 1 08
%. N. Tagikk 18iU 11*04 4*97 0 86 0 28 0*70 1 96 lU
a. «♦ 73^68 12.98 2-36 I -15 0.10 6*20 3'30 2'14
4 •• 83-07 10-79 l'9l 0*&9 0-26 1-30 1-80 —
t. th*l 80-8t 10-92 0-06 4-44 I 30 2 30 OH —
6. OhooaEA* 86*10 8*03 1*09 818 0:i5 0*40 191 01)7
T, PlntOY 84*34 7'&2 202 3*13 1*66 Ir 1 66 0*19
a. llQfllM 83-ttO 0^ 10-67 0 66 0 13 3 80
ft. OIlOOO 86*20 I -00 7-80 0*86 1*40 0-fiO 000 0'^5 0 96
*=100BomlH
*=ioo J
';=iao]
Mn<
** u ». i
- = 98.^6 1
-^100'2I> i
PLATHOBIDinM.
11
Pt
Au Fe Ir Bh Pd Ou I-O Oa Sand
0. Gbooo
80-00
1-50
7-20
1 55 2-50
100 0-66 1-40
4-36=10016 D, k D.
L **
16-82
1-22
7-43
1-18 1-22
1-14 0-88 7-98
2-41=100-28.
1 Oilif<»iiia
85-50
0-80
6-75
1-05 1-00
0-60 1-40 1-10
2-96=101-1 5.
X
79-85
0-55
4-45
4-20 0-65
1-95 0-75 4*95
0-05*
2-60=100-00.
4
76-60
1-20
610
0-85 1-95
1-30 1-26 7-55
1-26*
1-60 Pb? 0-55=100.
fiw Oregon
51-45
0-85
4-30
0-40 0-65
0-15 216 87-30
3-00=100-25.
1 Spun
46-70
315
6-80
0-95 2-65
0-85 1-06 2-85
006»
35-96=100-00.
T. Australia
59-80
2-40
430
2-20 1-60
1-60 110 2500
0-80»
1-20=100-00.
8.
61-40
1-20
4-55
1-10 1-85
1-80 1-10 26-00
1-20=100-20.
9. BossiA
77-50
imdw
9-60
146 2-80
0-85 215 2-35
2-30*
1-00=100-00.
a.
76-40
0-40 11-70
4-30 0-30
1-40 4-10 0-50
1-40=100-60.
1. GtHfiHnia
63-30
0-30
6-40
0-70 1-80
0-10 4-25 [22-56]
— rig 0-60 =100Krom.
ft
the loss, with some osmium.
V«r.— (1) Svanberg makes the Platinum of Nos. 2, 7, 8=Fe Pt'; Fe Pt*; (2) that of 3, 4, 6=
hW. The last is called Iran^PlaUmm {EisenpkUin, Breiih,); a.=14-6— 15-8, IL=6.
Ffr^ etc — Infusible. Not affected bj borax or salt of phosphoruSf except in the state of fine
ImI^ when reactions for iron and copper ma7 be obtained. Soluble on\j in heated nitro-
nriatic add. Acts slightly on the magnet ; this property has been supposed to depend on the
iaoiuit of iron it contains ; but Eokscharof states that platinum masses ft-om Nischne Tagilsk are
lam^poiar, and attract iron filings far more strongly than the ordinary magnet
dbs. — Platisom was first found in pebbles and small grains, associated with iridium, osmium,
MlMinm, gold, copper, and chromite, in the alluvial deposits of the river Pinto, in the district
if Chooo, near Popayan, in South America, where it received its name platina^ from plaia^ silver.
[n the province of Antioquia^ in Brazil, it has been found In auriferous regions in syenite (Bous-
BDgauH).
lo Boasia, where it was first discovered in 1822, it occurs at Nischne Tagilsk, and Groroblago-
ditt ID the Ural, in alluvial material ; the gravel has been traced to a great extent up Mount La
Hiitiftne, which consists of crystalline rocks ; in Nischne Tagilsk, it has been found with chro-
ttle in serpentine. Formerly used as coins by the Russians. Russia affords annually about 800
cvt of platinum, which is nearly ten times the amount from Brazil, Columbia, St Domingo, and
Bonao. The amount coined from 1826 to 1844, equalled two and a half millions of dollars.
Fhthmm is also found on Borneo, which furnishes 600 to 800 lbs. annually ; in the sands of
fl» Ehine ; at St Aray, val du Drac ; county of Wicklow, Ireland ; on the river Jocky. St. Domin-
go; aroording to report, in Choloteca and Gracias, in Honduras ; in California, in the ELlamath
nignn, at Cape Blanoo, eta, but not abundant ; in traces with gold in Rutherford Co., North
Guofina ; at St Francois Beauce, eta, Canada East
Hthongh platinum generally occurs in quite small grains, masses are sometimes found of con«
fidmUe magnitude. A mass weighing 1 ,088 grains was brought by Humboldt from South Amer-
ka^ and deposited in the Berlin museum ; specific gravity 18*94. in 1822, a mass from Coudoto
vas depodted in the Madrid museum, measuring two inches and four lines in diameter, and
wiigfaing 11,641 gprains. A specimen was found in the year 1827, in the Ural, not far from the
Do^doff mines, which weighed lO-j^ Russian pounds, or 11*57 pounds troy, and similar masses
■t not oncommon; the largest yet seen weighed 21 pounds troy, and is in the Demidoff
olniet
Tbe metal platinum was brought fk>m Choco, S. A, by Ulloo, a Spanish traveller in America,
a tbe year 1735, and from Carthagena, by Charles Wood, who procured it in Jamaica. UUoa
^eaks of specula made by the people of the country, of a peculiar metal, which Brownrigg says
wu ^ platina," and the latter mentions a '^ pummel of a sword,*' and other articles of platinum,
neoived by him from Carthagena.
4. PIiATINIRIDnTM. Svavberg, Jahresb., xv. 205, 1834.
Isometric. In small grains with Platinum ; sometimes in cubes with
truncated angles, (f. 6). H.=6— 7; G.=22'6— 23. Color white.
Ck»ip.r— Flatinnm and iridium in different proportions. Analyses by Svanberg :
Plat Irid. Pallad. Rhod. Fe Cu Os
1. N Tairilak 19-64 76-80 0 89 1*78 =99-11
t Braia 65-44 27-79 0*49 6-86 4-14 330 irace =9802
Frinsen in a specimen from Ava in India, found 60 of iridium and 20 of platinum. If platinum
■Dd ixidiiim are isomorpbooB, it la probable that the proportions of these metals are indeflolte.
13
NATIVE ELEMENTS.
Dr. Ck'Hth^ ailer some trials, considers eome grains oocorrmg with the Callil^rnlA gold to be^
tiniriUium. Am. J. BcL IL, xf. 246. *
6. PATiT.ADItyM^ WoOaMon, PhiL Trnna. 1808,
Igometric. In minute octahedrons, llaid. Mostly in grains, eometiiirai
composed of divergin«; fibres.
ll.=4'5— 5. G.=:^ll%3— 11-8, Wollafiton ; of hammered, 12*148, Loyrry,
Lustre nietttUic, Color whiti?^!i s^teel-sjroy. C >|>a«iiie. Dm^tile iiud mulleiihlc.
Oomp.— iVtUadiutc, allojred willi a liule plHliuuin and iridium, but not y&i aQaJyzed,
Pyr^ ela — Tho blowjjipe rcflctiona of native pnUadliaiii ire undesoribed. As pref »
\ Is the nioit fusible of tlw ploliauiri uietala. Oxydiaea ttt a lower tcmperoturo i
I not blMketicd by ^ulpliuroug gnaes.
Ohi> L I^ddinm occurs with pluUnum, In Brazil, where quite krge moBseia of the mct^l lit
some^mes met with ; olao reported from Sl Domiogo, and tbo UraL
Pjilli^ium hn» been employed for balimces ; also for the dividL^ flcales of delicato appmM^
for which it IB adapted, because of iU not bWkt'uiu^ from sulphur gueee, while ut tht^ euime lie
It b nearly as white as sllf^r.
6. ALLOPALLADIUM. Seleopalkdium Zinken^ Pogg., xtL 496, 1829. Palladium pL.
Hexagonal, Zinken. In small e^ix-Bided tables. Cleavage: basal perfect
LuBtre bright. Color nearly eilver-white to pale steel-gray.
Oomp. — 'Palladium^ under the hexagonal system, the metal being diraorphous; the i
probably Pd\ instead of Pd,
Oba, — From Tilkerode, Ui the Hars, bt nnoU hexagonal tables with gold.
7. nUDOSBfflNZJ. Ore of Iridium, consisting of Iridium and Osmium. IFoOMton, Phil Tnmi^
1803, 316 (Motals Iridium and Osmium, first ajinounccd by Taifiant^ Phil Tpaaa^ 1B04 4ll)t
Native Iridium Jattuatofu Osmiure d' Iridium Bert,, Nou?. SynL MJn., 196, 1819, OauJims*
iridium Lem^h.^ Handb^ 1821. Iridoamium; Osmiridium. Newjauakil, Sisaorakit^ Haid,
Haodk, 563, 1845.
Ilexapmal. Rarely in hexagonal prisms with rejdnced basal iMlge*
pyramiuul angle, 127*^ 3G', basal, 124°. Commonly in irregular flaUeofld*
graina,
n.=6— 7, G.=10%3— 21-12. Lustre metallie. Color tin-whito,
light steel-gray. Opmiue. Malleable with difliculty.
Oomp* VaLr^^lrldium and ocmliuii in differotit proportioni. Two Tttriatlet dipoodlnf on
poportioiia hiivv bo^'ii nfimr^d MB speoiea, but they are isomorphoua, aa are tb<»ae of Ui« tuetala (Ok
Hon*). Born uum, ruthenium, and other metals are usually present,
V»ir* 1. A ; ILr-7; 0.^18*8— 19*6. In flat softlea ; tx^lor tin-whlte. 0T«r4t
p. c of IriUivuu. hh lixaility*
Annlynta by B* J32, 1833):
Ir M* "' ' I K'l jin, ro uti, giving tbo fommla Ir Of =lndiura 4^ts, u- umu rAitX
a=l' 7 1.
ClA4i« ^ . iHt'itr. Plotiuum, Dorpat^ 1S64) from aix-aidcd tables from Niichne-Ta^U?*k ;
ir 56-24 0«2"*32 Pi 10 OS Rd 1'50 Pd Fe Cu ftr, = IOO.
Z^TtUe and Dehray (Aim. Ok Phya^ iO, Ivl 481) found;
If
Ed
Pt
Eu
Oa
Oa
Fb
1-
H. ar«&AdA
to^
Iftso
010
[17*20]
=100
a.
U^
6T*80
OGS
057
S6'10'
o-oo
oio=u»^-oe
3.
Odltomia
S3*tK»
seo
0'5O
43'40
-H>0
c
Aiwtftlbi
ftri3
aiw
...^
622
:<3^4C"
016
-\m
i.
Bomoo
6d*S7
284
0*16
3,H94
==H>U
c
Runtk
77«0
O'SO
MO
02n
'2t o*y
rr.
.-^ = )CMI
f*
(k^
nt'9
43*28
6^3
003
8*49
Wu
078^
0 99=ioa
& Russia
G.=18-8
64-60
7-60
2-80
».
G.=20-4
43-94
1-66
0-14
10. "
G.=20-5
70-36
4-72
0-41
MEBOUSY. 13
Ir Rd Pfc Ru Os Ou Pe
[22-90] 0-90 1-40=100
;8 [48 86] 0-11 0-63=100
[23-01] 0-21 1-29=100
TbomsoQ found in a steel-gray yarietj from Brazil 72*9 p. c. of iridium, with 24*1 osmium and
2^ iRm=100.
1 Siaserskiie Haid. In flat scales, often six-sided, color grayish-whito, steel-gray. G=20 —
SI-l Not over 30 p. c of iridium. One kind from Nisdme Tagilsk afforded Berzolius (I a) Jr
Ol*=Iridium 19-9, osminm 80*1=100; 0.=21'118. Another corresponded to the formula Ir
Os^Iridium 24*8, osmium 76*2=100, it affording Ir 26, Os 76. Named from a Siberian locality.
Pyr^ etc. — At a high temperature the Sisserskite giyes out osmium, but undergoes no further
dHDue. The Newjmskite is not decomposed and does not give an osmium odor. With nitre,
tteraaracteiisUc odor of osmium is soon perceived, and a mass obtained soluble in water, from
lAadk a green; predpitate is thrown down by nitric acid.
Obs« — ^It oocars with platinum in the province of Choco in South America ; near Eatharinenburg,
StttDosty and Kyaditimsk, in the Ural mountains ; in Australia. It is rather abundant in the
■vifefoos beach-sands of northern California, occurring in small bright load-colored scales, some-
tises six-fiided. Also traces in the gold-washings on Sie rivers du Loup and des Plantes, Canada.
ti MEROURT. Xvrtff ipyvpot Thaofphr, TJfxi/>yvf>o( Koff \avrhv [native] Dioacor.,, E, ex. Ar-
feotom TiTum, HydraigyroB, Plin, xxxiii. 32, 20, 41. Quicksilver. Mercurius Alchem.
Oediegen Quecksilber Germ, Mercure natif JV-.
Isometric. Occurs in small fluid globules scattered through its gangue.
G.= 13-568. Lustre metallic. Color tin-white. Opaque.
Oomp. — ^Pnre mercury (Hg) ; with sometimes a little silver.
Pyr^ etc. — ^B.B., entirely volatile, vaporizing at 662" F. Becomes solid at — 39" P., and may
te crystallised in octahedrons. Dissolves readily in nitric add.
Ofaa — ^llOTCury in the metallic state is a rare mineral ; the quicksilver of commerce is obtained
WM% firom cinnabar, one of its ores. The rocks affording the metal and its ores are mostly day
iKdes or sdhists of different geological ages.
At Cbidale, in Venetian Lombardy, it is found in a marl regarded as a part of the Eooeud
w—wBtic beds. Mercury has been observed occasionally in drift; and near Eszbetek, in Tran-
QfifiBla, and also Newmarkt, in Gallda, springs, issuing from the Carpathian sandstone, some-
anes bear along globules of mercury. Its most unportant mines are those of Idria, in Carniola,
tad Almaden in Spain. At Idria it occurs interspersed through a clay slate, from which it is
ebliiMd by washing. It is found in small quantities at Wolflstein and Morsfold, m the Palatinate,
k Cumtbia, Hungary, Peru, and other countries ; also at Peyrat le Chateau, in the department
of ^ Haute Yienne, in a disintegrated granite, unaccompanied by dnnabar; in California,
especially at the Pioneer mine, in the Napa Valley, where some of the quartz geodes contain
sefenl pounds <^ mercoiy.
9. AMAI/3'Alff. Quicksilfwor amalgameradt med gedigot Silfwer (fr. Sala) OronsL, 189,
1758. NatorUch Amalgam, SJlberamalgam, Germ, Amalgam natif de Liele^ I 420, 1783. Mer-
cure argental S, Pella natural Del Rio,
Isometric Observed planes, as in f. 54, with
tko plane 2. Figure 3 common ; also 4, 5, 8,
9, 13, 14. Cleavage : dodecabedral in traces.
Also massiTC.
H.=3— 3-5. G.=10-5— 14; 13-755, Haid.
Color and streak silver- white. Opaqne. Frac-
ture conchoidal, uneven. Brittle, and giving a ^
grating noise when cut with a knife.
Obnm.— Both Ag Hg* (=8ilver 34-8, mercury, 66-2), and
Af Hff* (zrSQrer 26*25, and mercary, *13'*16), are here included
« iferded by the following analyses : 1, Klaproth (Beitr., i.
IW); 2, Oardier (X d. M., xiL 1, PhiL Mag., xix. 41); 3, Heyer
(CrelTi Am^ iL 90) :
u
ITATIVS ELQCKinB.
1. Ag Hg', lloschelkzidsbeig
Mcfcuf J.
e4 =100 KlaproIlL
72-5 - 100 Oordier,
Fyr.| etc. — ^B.B., oq chsnxMl the in<!TCiirT Tolatitizies and a giobule of sUver ift ki(W To <fae
flkwd tobe the mercfirf sublimes and ooodease^ od the cold part of the tube in miaute gfobate
tXMbree in nitric acid. Rubbed on copper it gfiT^s a mlrerr lustre.
OlA,<^?mra the Palatiitate st Moechellaadaberg, in fine crxatals, and bbM to oomr wbitre lli«
velaa of tneremy and aihrer intereect ono anolher* Aleo reported frmn Beceaio in Huagarf , Sill
b diredeo, AOemoot in thMiphin^ Almaden in Spain.
Dooejkoiepofts(Miti^ I $7, Ann. d. 31, TL ti. 123, r, 453) other oompouud^ from th^ tnliYoeof li
BoelllvproviDce of Ataeanta; ooe of white colotf with Hg 50 1 Agr 43 6 ; 2^ white w\Ui (mean «f|
anaL) ng 532, Ag 4€'a=Ag* Ug*; 3, grnniuliir and duU, (mean of 3 anM.) Bg 44*9, A? dd'I = Ag
Hg ; 4, bladdsh and duU, (meiui of 3 anaL) Ug 46*6, Ag ^3*4 ; 5^ blackiih and dull motoIZi^ $oin*>
tiiDea in cryatal* H^ 35 8, Ag «J4'2=Ag*H».
Of the la«t there ia a masa in the museum at Santiago^ OhUi, weighing 21} Ihs. ThMe m^Vi
oolf mixture* of a true chemical amalgam with atTer. ^
10. ABQUBBTTB.
Arquerite Bsrih^ de B^ ± Duf,, C R^ xit. 6<>7, \%i% in Bept. cm AH 1
JJomeykOy pub. in Ann, d. M., OL XX. 2C8, 184U
lR>inctric, In regular octahedrons; also in grains, small magics, And
dendrites. G.=10'8. In color, lustre, ductility like native silver, Iml
eofter.
Oomp. — Aooording to Domeyko (L cl) the cr^rstalllxed contains Ag* Hg=SllTer dQ-S^
18*« = 100.
Obi8«— From the mines of Arqucroe, in Go(|ttimbo, Cliili, where it is the principal one In dit
first tinecn years of exploration these mines afforded 2*i0,0ou marcs oi silver. Oocura wlUl
baHiSi oobnlt bloom, and little anlphuret and ehlorid of silver.
II. GOLD AMALGAM. E. Scfmeider, J. pr. Ch^ xliii dlT« 16411
In small white grains as large as a pea^ easily crumbling (rolnmbb
wiety) ; also in yellowish -white, four-sided prisms (California variety),
u — (An, Ag)' Hg*, an analTsis bj Schneider of a speoiioen horn Columbia (i c\
mtrcxkTJ fil 40, pold S9\^9, silver s'O,
The California amalgam gave Sonnenichein {2^ G., vl m\ gold 2903, meroary 90^9;
another, gold 4 1 '68, roercuiy fth-ai, In which Au: Hg=2: *.
Oba^From the platinum region of OolumbU, aloug with platJaum ; Oalifofula, espedaJlT' OHf
Marfposa^ ^
I
12. OOFPBR* Am P^nm Flm, Yaniii AkAem. Oediegen Kup&r Gtrm. Ouirre natlf
I*;onK*tric, Olnsen'ed fomig O, 1, /. i-% i^^ 3-3. Figs. 1, i? ^ - " d,
7, S^ 10, 17, and others. Cleavagt* none. Twins; comi»oHitiuTi i^-
hedral, vcrj' eonimon, and [)^l^d^<'inp, iti connectinu with dbtorUuu^ oom-
plex form/; one a double e^ix-^idcd i»ynunid, niado of the &ijc plimo» f*S
about one cubic angle of f. 17, and the six al)out the diagonally opposite,
the reet wanting. Often filiform and arbore*4cont ; the latter witli tJm
Wancheti pib«i*inir off usually at OC, the eupplement of the dodecatiednil
aogle; the l>i ' * m^s^ twin-drnk-i^ahedrons modified by planes
O, 1, and the longitudinttl, but contained under only one
dofl^abedral blau^ along the upper t^ide of the branrh, utuI either eitle of
tbifl cma octanotbal and one eubie, with an oblique extremity nijide up of
two cubic plano» (lione). Also mamvo.
IBON. 15
H,= 2-5 — 3. G. = 8-838, native, Whitney ; 8-948— 8-968, electrotype cop-
per, Dick. Lustre metallic. Color copper-rei Streak metallic shining.
Bnctile and malleable. Fractnre hackly.
Oooip. — Pore copper, bat often containing some silver, bismuth, etc
P. OoOier obtained U'015 p. c. silver in native copper (h>m the Minnesota mine. (Private com-
Hantefei^ne states that a Lake Superior specimen afforded him, Copper 69*280, silver 5*548,
mttcaej 0-0119, gangue 25*248 (C B^ xliiL 166); while F. A. Abel found in a specimen of same,
width bad a tiiidk vein of native silver running through it (J. Oh. Soa, U. i. 89), 0*002 p. c. of
ififer, with a trace of lead, and in another 0*56 of silver. Abel obtained for a Urolian, from the
Crgfais IKstrict, 0*034 silver, 0*11 bismuth, a trace of lead, and 1*28 of arsenic
Pyr.y ato. — B3. fuses reisdily ; on cooling, becomes covered with a coating of black oxyd.
Diajolvea readily in nitric add, giving off red nitrous fumes, and produces a deep azure-blue
iQliitio& with ammonia.
Ofas. — Copper occurs in beds and vems accompanying its various ores, and is most abundant in
ttttTidnity of dikes of igneous rocks. It is sometimes fouud in loose masses imbedded in the soil
In Siberia, and the i^Land of Nalsoe, in Faroe, it is associated with mesotype, In amygdaloid,
asd though mostly disseminated in minute particles, sometimes branches through the rock with
dtreme beauty. At Turinsk, in the Urals, in fine crystals. Common in Oomwall, at many of the
vues near Bedruth ; and also in considerable quantities at the Consolidated mines. Wheal BuUer,
and otiieTS. Brazil, Chili, Bolivia, and Peru afford native copper; a mass now in the museum at
IkboBL, supposed to be from a valley near Bahia, weighs 2,616 pounds; north of Tres Puntos,
desert of Atacama, a large vein was discovered in 1859. In Bolivia, at Corocoro, in sandstone,
asd eaOed in commerce " Barilla de Oobre " (copper barilla). Also found at some localities in
China and Japan.
llhis metal has been found native throughout the red sandstone (Triassico-Jurassic) region of
ti» eastern United States, in Massachusetts, Connecticut, and more abundantly in New Jersey,
vfa|^ it has been met with sometimes in fine crystaUine masses, especially at New Brunswick,
GooierviDe, Schuyler's mines, and Flemington. One mass from near Somerville, on the premises
of J. C Van Dyke, Esq., of N. Brunswick, weighed 78 pounds, and is said originally to have weighed
12i Near N. Brunswick a vein or sheet of copper, a line or so thick, has been traced for several
nds. Near New Haven, Oonn., a mass was formerly found weighing 90 pounds.
So known locality exceeds in the abundance of native copper the Lake Superior copper re^on,
■Mr Kewenaw Point, where it exists in veins that intersect the trap and sandstone. The annual
VM of native copper at the present time is about 8,000 tons. Masses of great size were
obKrred in this district near the Ontanagon river, by Mr. Schoolcraft, in 1821. The largest
ibgle mass yet found was discovered in Februaiy, 1857, in the Minnesota mine, in the belt of
eoi^^loinerate, which forms the foot-wall of the veuL It was 45 feet in length, 22 feet at the
grestest wi^b, and ^e thickest part was more than 8 feet. It contained over 90 p. a copper,
lad weighed aix>ut 420 tons. This copper contains silver, sometimes in visible grains, lumps, or
itringa, and occasionally a mass of copper, when polished, appears sprinkled with large silver
ipou, resembling, as Dr. Jackson observes, a porphyry with its feldspar crystals. The copper
oecnn in irsp or sandstone, near the jonction of these two rocks, and has probably been produced
throogh the reduction of copper ores. It is associated with prehnite, datolite, analdte, laumon-
tite, pectolite, epidote, chlorite, wollastonite, and sometimes coats amygdulos of calclte, eta, in
■Djgdaloid. Strings of copper often reticulate through crystals of analdte and prehnite.
PiKwiomorphs after scalenohedrons of calcite are sometimes met with. Besides this occurrence
in tbe vicinity of trap, it is also in some parts of the Kewenaw region distributed widely in grains
tbroagfa the saiuistone.
Native copper occurs sparingly in California ; at the Union and Keystone, Napoleon and Lancha
Raat mines in Calaveras Go. ; in the Cosumnes mine, Amador Co. ; in serpentine, in Sta. Barbara
Ooi Also OD the Gila river in Arisona; in large drift masses in Bussian America.
13. IRON. Mars Alchem. Gediegen Eisen Germ, Fer natif /V*.
Isometric. Cleavage octahedral.
H.=4-5. G. = 7-3 — 7-8 ; 7-318 a partially oxydized fragment of a crystal
of meteoric iron from Guilford Co., N. 0. Lustre metallic. Color iron-
gray. Streak shining. Fracture hackly. Ductile. Acts strongly on the
magnet.
le
NATIVB ELEMENTS.
Obi. — The ocetuTCDoe of masses of native iron apart from thiii of meteoric ori^n fa not plaoedl
beyond doubt Ad iron ao regarded, with some reasoa^ occurs in tb© hill c?ouiitry above Bcxlayl
in Busaa Co,, Liberia, AlHca. An analy^iig arTorded A. A. ilajes (Am, J. Sci, IL xx:. 153) iraa|
i)8*40, quartz gnuoa, magnetiCe and a zeolite 160= 100. The tuaes of iron, from Cunaan, Ct., ]
lisbod B^ natiTC, waa artiUdaL A fra]^uent of iroQ found near Kooxvillo, Teuo., but of unoe
t?xuct locality and possEblj meteoric, aflbrded Geuth (ib^ xxTiii, 246) Iroa d9'79, nickel O'U, |
nmum 0 0 22, calcium 0*] 21, Bilieium 0'075, cobalt tm^= 100*148. Cminer deechbco a niim i
inff four f>ounds. obttJued iti the miue of liadiciuburg. It is fiflid to have been observed inl
j^. .._ :- __ :^.. .+ .. -* :e:lom©rat© in Brajcil, and in kva in Auverj^no; also iti t^
1 ' aandstone, containing tossU^ ; it aflbrded but a trace >
5-„ ,- -, , ^ ,„ . , 146, where oth^r iocaliriea oru ujeuiioDed) ; also at CL_ „ . - ^Jj^J
mia, in a limeatooe (the i*ianerkalk\ affording on aoalyaisFe 98^83, graphite 0*74, As 0*32, 1^10^1,1
and ti.ouj?ht to be poflsibljf an ancient niete<jrit6 (Jahrb. CK lleicha,^ viil 364).
The presence of mctalhc iron in graiua in i>Asaltic rocks (from Giaut'a Cau5> i haa tail
anuouuf^d by Dr. Andre wa. After pulvcriidng the rock and aeparutiupbv lu na^ett
grains T • ■ attracted by it, he aubjecte-d the grain ^ '
phato ' II the ^d of a microseope, which Bait,
tfivea !i ,.., '-'^'T^r; and in hia trials tht-ru weru o^^^.,^. <^^^-L.^..,^ w. .^ i^^,.. ._
bttiidi«*9. I noticed in otlier rcLitt^d rock 8.
MettH)ric containa 1 to 20 per cent, of nickel, besidea a amaU perceotac^ of <
metabt, iiB C' r, ehrotniuui ; alao phosphorus oommou aaaphxMlphu
aulphur in ^i astaiices, cUlorino,
For a rovKw ot iilij^th rm tuftegnc iroOf aee Raroniehiberg*8 Haii V \ ' ''
(Liepzi*!, 1800). The toliowiog aro a few anulyacA: I, Beraolius (Ar--
xixilL 123); 2, Bergomnnn (Pogg., IxxviiL 406); 3, W^.&iJbrko (Ann, <.... l u., ,*
4, BeraaUua (Aa U, Stockh,, 18^2, Fogg., xxvil 118J; 6, J. L. Smith (Am J. Sci, H. arix. Ifi
1
2
3
4
S
dtbcrlft.
Lennno.
BohnrolUtz.
Ka&svtiKTiaik
Xron
88-042
85-09
9u'i:»3
93T7
B^Vt
Eaokil
10-T33
989
♦jr-:»3
3-81
H-Sl
abalt
0455
0-6T
0-602
021
0-50
Mangnoeae
0131
0 145
Copper
11 n
0-066
008
0*080
0-06
Magneaium
0050
0,19
0*092
Carbon
0043
a Fe 0*33
%0'S4
Sulphur
tr.
0-84
0482
oDa
r '*■ r
im
l-22<>
214
,P 0*l»
' III
IA%
^0*04
^0*94
I ►3..^.
0-480
O003
cio-oi
100000
10033
99*223
10000
9MT
EalditobacSi has lutmod tbe bQoj of iron and nickel, containing up to 23 n. & of the
Chama^te ; that approaoliiiig nrobably the formula Fe^ Ni\ 7}tntk : aud to that having thi* t
Vb Ni, Shapard Ima appQed Itio name OktHMiU, The pho^phorua in the anal vs«4 it ooi__
with Iron aa Schre^ber9ik ; Iha aolphur oi TroUUe; the mogneaiA, in anal 5, with Lh« dlSoa 1
Mf aa SndMe.
AmonirlnTp^ iron mi^tonritcs, thcnthbametrorlte, ititbeTn!cro!1f^c^enlnri<*t, wclglie 1^61ft|^|
kngUi ^ nr inehea ; ' ?it*hoa, Ui
bmfl li', now in tuUon, WW
1,40011 ' ' I'.Mies ui icfl gT«»Hilj
^t^. difloofei^ bj Don f
d# CbU *.. t'-d f^t a^^ooo Ih«.|^
M»olh«r was ht cobisi
and wrIght -iiftllyl,e
at L^hrv^uli- ^ qiuu#ooauuuiL Mirtfori^fe
If readily ik . : ul tn Uva fimir UM tM I
lacitir^Hi ir* i
fiahy hen tf native 1 The iron waa taistdl
with U«t*-'»i ' ' ■ «t-f i,i.,i ''^"^ '^^QoaNla^esflll
ialt ot ^^
zmo. 17
14. ZINO.
Hexagonal, Hose. Cleavage : basal perfect.
H.=2. G.=7. Lustre metallic. Color and streak whit-e, slightly
gnjish.
Oomik — ^Zinc, with sometimeB a treoe of cadmium and other motalB.
OlM.r— Reported by G. Ulrich as having been foand in a geode In basalt, near Melbonrne,
TlctociA Land, Australia ; the piece weighed 4^ ozs^ and was incrusted with smithsonite and
aragonite, and Bome cobalt bloom. Also said to occur in the gold sands of the Mittamitta river,
Dorth of Melbourne, along with topas, corundum, etc ; a single piece, according to L. Becker,
kkving been found which cont^ned traces of cadmium and other metals. (L. Becker, in Trans.
PhiLInst, Victoria, 18§6, and Jahrb. Min., 1867, 812, 698; G. Ulrich, in B. H. Ztg., xvuL 68.) It
ihould bo stated that the zinc said to come from the Melbourne basalt was found by a quarryman
aad not by a adentiflo observer, and that therefore there may be an error with reg^ard to its actually
having been taken from the basalt The existence of native zinc seems still to need confirmation.
8to!ba haa recently obtained artificially hexagonal crystals of zinc, six-sided prisms with low
pyramidal t^misations (J. pr. Gh., xcvl 182). Zinc is supposed to occur also in isometric forms
(Am.J. ScL, 1LZZXL191).
l^ XiZlAIX Plumbum nigrum Plin,, xxxiv. 47. Satumus AUhem, Gediegen Blei Germ.
Plombnatif/V.
Isometric. Found in thin plates and small globules.
H.=1'5. G.=11'445, when pure. Lustre metallic. Color lead-gray.
Malleable and ductile.
Oomp. Pure lead.
Pyr. — B.B. Aises easily, coating the charcoal with a yellow oxyd, which, treated in B. F.,
ixili&lizes, giving an azure-blue tinge to the flame.
Oba. — Thia species is reported as occurring in globules in galena at Alstonmoor; in lava in
Xaieom, Rathke; at the mines near Oarthagena in Spain; in Carboniferous limestone near
BriAol, and at Eenmare, Ireland ; according to R. P. Greg, Jr., in thin sheets in red oxyd of
M nrsar a basaltic djke in Ireland; in an amygdaloid near Weissig; in basaltic tuifa, at
Bastniberg, in Moravia ; with gold in an Altai gold region, seven miles from Mt Alatau ; the
gold region of Yelika, southern Slavonia ; near Eatherinenburg, in the Urals ; in the district of
ZoBriahuacan, in the State of Vera Cruz, in a granular limestone, containing in some places
fpeciee of ammonites, in lamins, in a foliated argentiferous galena; in the iron and manganese
on bed of Paii«berg, Wermland, with hematite, magnetite, and hausmannite (B. H. Ztg., xxv. 21);
alfo in white quartz north-west of Lake Superior, near the Dog lake of the Eaministiquiai in the
fonn of a small string (Chapman, Can. J., 1865).
IS. TEN. Phunbnm candidum PZtn., xxxiv. 47. Jupiter Alchem. Gtodiegen Zinn (Term. Etain
natif /v.
Tetragonal. 1 Al, over basal edge,=57° 13', over pyramidal =140° 25',
UM4, over basal edffe,=42° 11', over pyramidal=150° 31'; a=0-38566.
In grayish-white metaSlic grains.
Oomp. — ^nn with some lead, Hermann^ J. pr. Oh, xxxiiL 800.
Otw. — The above angles are firom artificial crystals galvanically deposited, measured by Miller.
Reported as occurring with the Siberian gold ; also in the Bio Tipuani valley, in Bolivia, but
HtMtitj only an artificial product (D. Forbes, PhiL Mag., IV. xxix. 188, xxx. 142.)
17. ARSBNIO. Gediegen Arsenik Germ, Arsenic natif Fr,
Rhombohedral. J?A^=85*^ 41', 6> A jff=122° 9', a=l-3779. Observed
forms ^, — ^, O; — iA-|=113° 21'. Cleavage: basal, imperfect. Often
granular massive ; sometimes reticulated, reniform, and stalactitic. Struo-
toe rarelj columnar. ^
18
JTATIVK ELiaOCNTS,
H,rr3*5, G.=5'03. Lnstre nearly metallic Color and streak tin-wliitd,
tamin^hing soon to dark-gray. Fracture uneven and fine granular,
Oomp.— AraoniG, often wHh aome tatUnony, and tmcos of Iron^ sflrpr, gold, or bismuth.
Tho at'imiifal bwnuth of Werner (Amenik Wismuth Wem., LetKtes Mm.-Syst., 23, 6*1, ISlt,
BrritK, Char, 157, 1823, AreeDik-Glftms, Wismutiaoher AJuen-CiUiiK, Bretth., Chikr^ 273, lSSt%
from MjirienlKTjj^ ii arseuic cODtaining 3 p. e, of bistnath. H, = 3; G, = 6*.t<j — 5 39,
Pyr. — B.B.. on charcoal volatilizes \rithout fualDj?, coats tho coal with white areenoiis add,
ttnd ftfroffls tlie odnr of jzarli'c; the coating trc?atod in R. F. Tolatilizos, tingiiigr the flame bloa.
Obi, — Native an^mc commonlj occurs iu veins ia crystalline rodca and tho older BchiaH
and h often accompaniod by orea of antimooyf red silver ore, realgar, blende, and other nietalUe
minerals.
The silver minea of Freiherg, AnTiaborjr, Marionbcrg, and Schnecberg, alford this metal in eoo-
aidemble qtuujtities ; alao Joachimsthal in BiDhemia, Andreasberg in the 11 are, Kapnik in Tmnayl-
vwiia, Oravicza in Han(i»ary, Kongnberg in Nonvay, ZmeotT in Siberia, in large raaAsea, oii«J at St
Maria aiix Mince in Alsace; abundantly, at the ailver mines at ChanAn;illo, and elat^ where in
Chili* In the United States it hae been observed by Jackson at If r *^^^^' N, It, on tho estate
of Mr Francia Kimball, in thin layers in dark -blue mica i*late, staiiji i*ago, and oontsin
ing also white and magnetic pyrites; also at Jackson, N. IL ; on i k of Furlong Mt&,^
Greenwood, Me«
The name arsenic la derived ttom the Qreek d^pcnHv or dvarvtrtv^ moBeutine^ a term applied ta
orpiment or aulpharet of araecoic, on account of its potent properties,
Alt — OxydlEos on expoanre, producing a black cruat, whidi ia a mixture of ameDio atid araeii*
olite (j^X <^ f^^ pu^ arsenolite.
IT A. AxTXHOiriLL Absmnigl — An antimonial arsonio, containing, according to Schnltx fRammt
Min. Oh., 984), 7*97 p. c of antimony, oi^inirs at tho Palmbaum mine, near Maricnberg in StaOBft
A slmflar compound, oonslsting, according to Gcnth (Am. J. 8d,^ IL xxxiii. 191)^ of araonic 90*11
and antimony 9*18 ( = 17 A«+ I Sb), occurs at the Comstock "iead"" of the Ophir mlni% WaalM^
Co., Galiforma, in finely crystallinev and somewhat radiated^ reniform maaaea, l>etween tia-wlte
and iron-black on a froah fracture, but grayiab-black on tAmishing, asaooiated witli acscsi^llla^
caldta, and quarta,
18. ANTIMONY. Gedig«t Spitagiaa (fr. Sfthlberg) v. Sw^^ Ak, H. Stockh., x, 100, IT4%
Cronat^ Min., 201, 1758. Spieaglaa, Qodiogen Antimon, Gkrtn, Antimolno nattf AK
RhomVMjhedral. ^A^ = 87° 35' R^Nje, 0A^= 123^ 39'Aa = l-80«8.
Observed plance, i?, 0,{,—2,{'2; ^A j^ (t4eavageplane)=142^ SS^Alss
117^ 7', *2A*i = sr 2o\{A^^lW IM\ OAl=ziyr 2^\ <9a2=10S^ W.
C^ : basal, highly pertect ;— J distiuet. Generally ma^ive, lainelUr;
so; ^ lK»tr}*oidal or renifonn with a granular texture.
ll.rzii— 3*5 "0.=6-G4*>— 6*72,; 6*05— 662, crystak, Kenngott LnsM
rnetalHc. Color and Btreak tin-white. Very brittle,
Oomp. — Antimony, oontabing sometimes ailver, Iron, or araenia Analysis by KlaproUi (Bdd^
Qi 169): from Andreaaberg, Antimony 98, ailver I, Iron 0 26^99^5.
PfT.— KB., on charooel fuses, gives a white coating in both O. and it F. t if Ito blowbg bo bam>
mtModi the globule oontinueA to glow, giving oflT wlute fiimeai QtttO It ia floalbr oryailed over wifh
pltetitic crystals of oxyd of antimony. Tho white coating tingQa the B, F* Uoial^gi^eaiL Cr7i>
ialKaai readily from fuaion.
Oocura in lamellar f»naretiooB In Umeitone at Sablbefg; near Sahl, In Swtd«n ; at Aitdrai^bfig
fa the Han ; In argentifermta veins in gpeiaa at Allomont in Dsuphiny ; at PnibnuD in Bnhaffild^
ta Mexico; Uuaaca Cliill; Barawak in Borneo; in argilUte at South Uam, Oaikidi; «t Warfai^
N. J. ; at Priiioo WLUiam antioiony mine, N. Brunswick, rare.
Alt— Qxydiaot m (Mrpoeum aad forma Valentinite (Sb).
19, AMiUMOWHTIL Antimofine natif araenif^ro R, Tr. iv, 3S1, 18t^. Anmlkn
£|m ^^^ Om- Voa- fidhiiiaii, 1834, 1Q3. Arieuik-Antiinoo Ih»mn. Axmttilun € Aii» '
imtiam ^. Alitiiiioii''Ar»en Naum. Araeuioal Antimony^ AUemontiti iJoadL, Haadbk, 651, llik
RhombolicdrftL In reniform madeee and amorphoud ; stmctme i
lamellar ; also fine granular.
TELLURIUM. 19
H.=3'5. G.=6-13, Thomson ; 6*203, Eammelsberg. Lustre metallic,
occasionally splendent ; sometimes dulL Color tin-white, or reddish-gray ;
often tarnish^ brownish-black.
Oomp. — SbAa'^ Arsenic 65*22, antimoDj 34*78 Analjsla hy Rammelsberg of the Allemont
ore (let Supp. 18) : Arsenic 62*16, antimony 37'85-=100, giving 1 Sb to 2*6 As.
F^r, — BJB. emits fumes of arsenic and antimonj, and fuses to a metallic globule, which takes
fire and boms away, leaving ozyd of antimony on the charcoal
Ob«« — Occurs sparingly at Allemont ; Przibram in Bohemia, associated with blende, antimony,
spathic iron, etc. ; Scbliulmig in Styria; Andreasberg in the Harz.
^^^^^ •
20l BISBSUTBL Bisemntnm, Plumbum cinermun, Agrie,^ Fobs., 439, Interpr. 467. Antimo-
nium femininum, Tectum Argenti, Alchem, Glediegen Wismuth Oerm.
Hexagonal, -ff A^=87^ 40', G. Eose; OAli=123^ 36'; a=l-3035.
Observed planes, ^, —H, 0, 2, and —2 ; 2 A 2=69° 28'. Cleavage : basal,
pofect, 2, —2, less so. Also in reticulated and arborescent shapes ; foliated
and grannlar.
H.=2— 2-5. G.=9-727. Lustre metallic. Streak and color silver-
white, with a reddish hue; subject to tarnish. Opaque. Fracture not
observable. Sectile. Brittle when cold, but when heated somewhat mal-
leable.
Oompm Var« — Pore bismuth, with occasional traces of arsenic, sulphur, tellurium. (1) A
tpedmen (W>m a gold mine of the Peak of Sorata gave Oouth (Am. J. ScL, II. xxviL 247), Bi
n^li, Te <H)42, Fe «r=99*966; and (2) Forbes (PhiL Mag., IV. xxix. 3X Bi 94*46, Te 6*09, As
^^ S (H>7, Au £r=:100. Forbes*s mineral is much like tetradymite in foliation, and probably
eootrins 12 to 1 5 p. & of that species. (3) A fine scaly variety from Bispberg in Dalecarlia, analyzed
brCkne and FeSlitzen (CEfv. Ak. Stockh.,18tf 1, 159), contains as mixture 3 to 7 p. c. of sulphid
QTifOQ.
Ffr., ate. — ^B.B. on charcoal fuses and entirely volatilizes, giving a coating orange-yellow
whSe lu>t, and lemon-yellow on cooling. Fuses at 476° F. Dissolves in nitric acid; subsequent
tekm caoaea a white precipitate. Crystallizes readily from Aision.
Obs. — Bismuth occurs in veins in gneiss and other crystalline rocks and clay slate, accompany-
iag fariovia ores of silver, cobalt, lead, and zinc. It is most abundant at the silver and cobalt
Bines of Saxony and Bohemia, Schneebcrg, Altenberg, Joachimsthal, Johcumgeorgenstadt, etc
It has also been found at Modum and GJellebak in Norway, and Fahlun in Sweden. At Schnee-
Verg it forma arborescent delineations in brown jasper. At Wheal Spamon, near Bedruth, and
ebewbere in Cornwall, and at Carrack Fell in Cumberland, it is associated with ores of cobalt;
formerly firom near Alva in Stirlingshire ; in a large and rich vein at the Atlas mine, Devonshire ;
tt Sm Antonio, near Copiapo, Chili ; Mt Blampa (SorataX in Bolivia.
At Lane'a mine in Konroe, Conn., it is associated in small quantities with woUVam, scheelite,
f blende, etc, in quartz ; occurs also at Brewer's mine, Chesterfield district, South Carolina.
21. TBZJCaUBZUlI- Anmm paradoxum vel problematicum MaUer v. Reichenstein, Phys. Arb.
Wieo, 1 1783. Sylvanite Kinoan, lOn., iL 3d4, 1796. Gediegen-Tellur Klapr., Beitr., iiL 2, 1802.
Gadiegen Sylvan Oenn, Tellure natif auro-ferrif&re H.
Hexagonal. ^ A ^=86^ 57', G. Rose; 0 A ^=123° 4', a 1-3302.
Observed planes, B, --R, 1,0; Rn -R, over base, =113° 52^ In six-
lided prisnas, with basal edges replaced. Cleavage : lateral perfect, basal
impeiTOct. Commonly massive and granular.
H.=r2 ^2-5. G.=6-l — 6-3. Lustre metallic. Color and streak tin-
white. Brittle.
NATIVK ELEaCENTS.
<3 A 1=108 19
Oomp.— Acoording to KJaproth (I. cX Tellurimn 92-56, iron 7*20, and gold 0-25. A
fW)m Nagjig afTordi^d Petz (Fogg,, IviL 447), TelJurium 97*215, and gold 3'T8d^ with ii tractj
jrOD and sulphur.
P3fr, — In the open tube fusea gfving^ a white snbllmat© of tellurous acid^ which B. B.
colort&sa transparent drops, ^ On chaix^ool fuses, volatilizes almost entireij, tingtys the
green, tmd gives a white oomting of tellurous add.
Oba*^ Native teUunum oocurB at the mlno of Mam loreito^ near Ealathna, to Tranajivinii
(wheooe the name Sijhan and SyltfaHiie)^ In flandstone^ ncoompanyirtg qunite, iron prrileSf and
gold. About fortf years sinoo it was found in considerable abuudanoe, and was meltea 10 extmst
Uk6 imall quantity of ^Id it coQtaiiis.
22. KATIVE SXJI*PHUR. Xaturlicher Schwefel Germ, * Sonfre iV.
Orthorhombic. /A /=:101° 4G\ (? A l-j=113° 6'; a:h: e=2SU : 1 :
I'SS. Observed plaues ; O / vertical, /, i-i, i-i, i-S, i-3 ; doin(^, l-i, |-i, ^i,
1-S Vh h^ ; octaliedral, 1, J, |, f , 1-5, f-S.
^> A 1-8=115'=' 53' lAl, mac„^106°25'
0M-?=117 41 1 A 1, bract, =85 07
(?Af 1=128 1*2 lAl, baa.,=143 23
Cleavage: ii and 1, imperfect
^if Twins, composition -face, /, Boni^
times producing cruciform crystal*.
Also niag^ive, Bometimce constAtmg
of concentric coats.
ILrr:l'5-2 5. a=2-073, of crra^
tals from Spain* Lii&tre rt!6inau&
III I \/ 1 Streak gulphur-jellow, pioTnttnnes
///) recJdish or greenish. Tmi —
subtranBlucent. Fracture cvurauiual,
more or less perfe<j!t* Sectile,
Ccmp. — ^Pure aulphur; but often i^tmliwl-
nat0<i with elaj or bitumen,
Pyr,, etc. — Dums at a low t*rn|><>rature with i
bluish ttame, with the utrr^"-' <^-\,,,- ..
acid. Becomos reainou^
Insoluble in water, and ti
Obi, — Sulphur i« diitiorpbou^ tiko OTitilfl bc*ing obtuse obliqup rh*
and iiu'UimUiMi of the v^*rtl(«l ai^=85* 46\ when fomied at a mod^
6^
66.
1/
1125 r,» ntn^inllnjj: to F
IVgiooa of activu nnd c\
aaar Oidis, to Spaiti ; h
ttear Bolt>tnin. It ilv, in "
ial i, near Naples;
!^ are either beda of g^panni and th*:
loea. In tho vaDoj of No?- "^ ' v' >
/.Hrland; Craoow, in Polatui
"ii*, imbedded to hitumen.
UiG Tolca&ooi of Utc Pacific otx-nn, cte,^
lau ; yfltfth from S\riW ar^ pwnel'mc* two or thrr-** inf»h**fl in d
ivpoait^ ■
H in OK I
BoMnir to (bund umit tho auiphur spriap of New Yn t
dtpouli and «Iaowiken\ when* nuIdUJ ut Iron ia un*'
eiyttola at aonic of iho gold t; md NorU i
loa W#s1«m toad fegtotiA, In < iPStono; in
fito&ivWbMlkgrmtoo, Pli n v . jOI inMaea to hi
altotilt«fi»WMlitofioti I r. •^jraaraofKapa^
to oood df^vtato
rodcft, or th*
^* tttOonil
tuatioQ;
i of tb»
Uii alao
ilcpoaic^
: in mitif ooal
riiU-TOiCOpto
vstAlato
rfaoeikof
ntj-llta
Baibari
to WWdf^VtlUt; lllBar CWiir lakv, ijinti i, n,, » Urg« defiOit^ wan n vmn im i'linianor mow woHtin^
gimfM^ Ui to ll»T*da, to Uttmbokti Oo^ in torge b«dai Ky« and Eanwratda Om. II m
DIAMOND.
21
The fiolphur mines of Sicily, the orater of Tolcano, the Sc^atara near Naples, and the beds of
GaKfornia, afford large quantities of sulphur for commerce. It is also obtained in roasting the
nlphidb of iron and copper.
This species is homodomorphous with barytes and marcasite if }-i be taken as the unit macro-
dome. The aboTO figure, 57, is by Scaochi of Naples.
23. SBIiBNSUIiPHUR. Selenschwefel Stromeyer^ Schw. J., zliiL 453.
Resembling sulphur, but of an orange or brownish color.
BlB. no (diarcoal bums readily, yields fumes of selenium and sulphurous add. From Yulcano,
one of the Lipari islands, mixeU wi^ sulphur. Also observed by the author at Kilauea, Hawaii.
24. DIAMOMD. Adamas, punctum lapidis, pretiosior euro, ManUius, Astron., iv. L 926 (the
earliest distinct mention of true Diamond). Adamas, in part, PHn., zzxvii. 15. Demant Ckrm,
Diamant /v.
Isometric.
Observed planes, 1, 2, /, (9, 3-f , i-f, i-f ; often tetrahedral
in planes i, 2, and 3-}. Figs 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 24, 25, 27; also i-f,
Hiinlar to f. 16 and 17 ; also t 40, all usually with curved faces, as in f.
58 (=27), 69 (=39), 60, the planes of which are 3-|; 60 is a distorted
form of 68, Cleavage : octahedral, highly perfect. Twins ; composition-
fiice, octahedral, as in %. 60, but with curved faces ; f. 61, which is an
elliptic twin of 58, the middle portion between two opposite sets of six
planes being wanting ; f. 63, in which composition is parallel to the octa-
hedral faces, but the form corresponds to two interpenetrating tetrahe-
drons, as illustrated in £ 62. Barely massive.
H.=10. G. =3-5295, Thomson ; 8-55, Peloiize. Lustre brilliant ada-
mantine. Color white or colorles.s : occasionallj tinged yellow, red, orange,
green, l»lue, brown^ B^jmetLtncs black, Trauspareut; tranaluccat when
3ark colored. Fracture conchoidaL Index of refraction 2'439, Exliibits
vitreous electricity when rubbed.
Oomp. — Pure cerbon, isometric in aystoUizatltML
Var. — 1. (Jrdinary, or crystaUizt'd, The crystalfl often cod tain nnnierotis microscopic CATftia^
jL^i ,L,f* ->r.t,\ i.v I r^iT ur.r aoii Bome aru rendered nearly blnck ^v i>".:^ 'm ruber; and around thitM
aw vvi evidence, by polariKod Hght^ of «> ajs if from pressure ia
tin ^he diamond was crystallized. Some i . nla bear iiDpresiiioiifl of
other erysUiijs. Tke back pUuiee of diamonda reflect all the ligbt tlmt rftrilrea Uiem at an an§^
exceeding 24* 13', and Ueooe comes the peculiar bnlliancy of the g>em. The refraction of ligfal
by the diamond ia oflen irr^gular^ probably arising from the cause which has pToduc«,Ml the coaf«£
forma. In aome platea from crystals, Deadoiseaux haa obaerred a fixed star of aix symmetrioil
n^ya, and in othem^ allied in diaracter^ the rays were replaced by three large eUipdcnl ama
Bofldoiaeaux ahowa that the rays are symmetrical with reference to the faooa of the octal^odraa.
8. Mamve. In blade pebbles or masaea, ciallod earhonadb, occaaionally I^OOO carats in woifhi
E. = 10 ; (1.=3\»12 — 3 41&. Consist of pure carbon, oxoeptinf? 0 27 to 201 p, c.
3, Antkracilic; Carbon diamantairf^ Count de Douliet, Les Mondes, Ap» 11, ISflT, LHcp aTrtbrih
cite, but hard enough to scratch even the diamond In j^lobuloa ormammillaTy ma*?^' ' nj:
partly of oonoon trie layers; fragile; G.^r6fi; oompoaitioD, Carbon 97, hydrogt^n 0 4.
Cut in f^eota and poliahod, it refracts and disperses light, with the white lustre ptvumr i :Lli'
diamond. Locality unknow'n, but auppoaed to oome from Brazil 0, Menc has obserrcd v r a
anthracite Ihxm Creuzot, consisting of C 9S*2, O 0'04, ash 0'12, long healed ia piecscR in n - i :,
tiikes a metallic lustre, and will then cut glusa like a diamond As anthranV \i* r .
bituminous coal, by gulyection to more or Icsa heat under prosauro, it ia poesiblo tin n^
or ooudition of heating may produoe an anthracite with ita partidod partly or wholly oi ihd
of the diamond, and still hare the low ppeciflo gravity of anthradte.
Pyr,, •to< — Bums, and ts wholly rj at a temperaturo of H" Wedgewood,
carbonio add gas. It is not acted • or alkaiies.
Ob«^— The diarii^"' ^ .....,....^ ■'■■u^i,^.^ i^ t»ocur in regions that afford a laiuinaUsd
qnarta rode, csll4^<i U pertains to the talf'ose series, and which in Uiln
more or lesa fiexib]< lV>und at the mines of Brazil and the Urals ; and aUo to _
and North Carolitio, whcro a lew diamonds have been founcj. It has al;*o boon detected lo^i
Sped<^?» of conj^lotJierntc. composed of roundcsd ailiooous pebbles, quortz, chAloedimT. et^, coij
by ltd day. DiMinonda are usually, however, washed < • rho
An Aun. des H., 1X1. tix- 602) the diamond in \tinaa Gevu s fottlid
b ^ ; one called gmrgnlhf^, oonsistiug of broken quartz, and e*»\rn.Mi by a
be« i ty other, caxai^io^ of rotkd quarts pebblea, united by a fcmieifiiot
fesL-^ -►! Hays, the wbi>lp« ^ht* debris from talcose rodcs. The 8r«t
oflbfda t id both cim - 'Id, pktlnum, magnetic iron, rut lie, etc. Th$
most eel rbe rivcr» ' nha. and Panlo, north of Rio Jaiirtrti, wb«r»
tha aano imod oif) aiv wa&hed by slaves. It has lately been found in BabJb^
DEL the ri mines of Suma and Smcora; and Dmnour hsa reeoifnTSt'd m the
Iron, gold
■hntJ>af
-'.1, It was
i*>nd cfyaiati,
a inlUTpiujdit ia
:iz. leldspar. ' '
Mplial^ of ti:
I tiaaOeimes
velede<]ge-
.iuaUy oiio n
atjir vi tini ik>ufli *' Thy iif»*ili*iii mrnvt*. wcj>
k ttien tht^ luire yielded two UMi» of iliamoudsw
Tha Ural dlamaiidA oocur in tlio dLantua along th# Aduil^ltoi rivulet, where work<?d $of gfd4
and alio a| otfaor ptiottii.
lo lodla th$ ^mumi li ciat with at Purteal, botivMO IT ^ - ' ^
IkoMKli Cohlaoor wai Iband; but th«ro are now ci&^ tw
to •oott of tbe EiatlVM for teas tluui 2% fr^titox a veur : an
tr^ nipiti CSl to $2^) a ihoti
fanona naJtiea of Oolconda H'
nburf •OBMi af thii moat mugniflwot a^^iiimuua huvo hLSiU Sound:
- i Kaaulipatem, whvr% lilt
ratkm, nui thaao art III
I ;i stoBa wtvrtJi ftisrot
h « itaia are dM
Ma in Ftinddrtmd,
ul^j on iht* Mii> -IT
fiOora Ths loaaUty on Bonoo ii at Pontlaaa on the weat aide of the lUtooa tn> rie
rltvr Go nil. in ilia pronrlnoi of Ooikitantlna In AMca, li reported to have aflbrded aou^c utiiii^ciQiia
In tbo CTidtoAgtatei a Um cfjftalt bsTt boea met wltt^ tti Rutherford Go., N. O, and HaU 0^
DIAMOND. 23
Gft. (AnL J. ScL n. ii 253, and zr. 3t3); thej occur also at Portis mine, Franklin Co., N. C.
(Ge&th); one hAndsome one, over i in. in diameter, in the village of Manchester, opposite
fikfamond, Ya.
In Odifomia, at Cherokee ravine, in Butte Co. ; also in N. San Juan, Nevada Ca ; in French
Cbnal, one of 1% oarats; at Forest Hill, El Dorado Co., of 1^ carats; Fiddletown, Amador Co.;
near Flacerville. Reported fh>m Idaho.'
In Australia, in the valley of the Turon ; in the bed of the Macquarie ; mouth of Pyramnl
Greek ; on Oakrula Creek ; and also in Victoria; also in West Australia, at Freemantle.
In BrasQ the diamond has been found massive, in small black pebbles, called carbonado, having
iSbe qpedflc gravity 3*012 — 3*416. They proved on trial to be pure carbon excepting 2*07 to 0*27
per cenL This compact diamond Is sold in the region at 76 cents the carat of three and one-sixth
grains troy, and the masses are sometimes 1,000 carats in weight.
Brewster finds that diamonds contain generally numerous microscopic cavities, and some are
rendered nearly black by their number; and arouud those cavities the diamond shows evidence
of compression, as if from pressure in the included gas when the diamond was crystallizing.
Biamoi^ have been observed having impressions of other crystals.
The largest diamond of which we bave any knowledge is mentioned by Tavemier as in posses-
lion of the Great MoguL It weighed originally 900 carats, or 2769*8 grains, but was reduced by
cutting to 861 grains. It has the form and size of half a hen's egg. It was found in 1550 in the
mine of Golone. The Pitt or Regent diamond weighs but 136*26 carats, or 4.1 9i- grains; but is
of onblemished transparency and color. It is cut in the form of a brilliant, and is estimated at
£125,000. The Kohinoor measured, on its arrival in England, about 1$ inches in its greatest
diameter, over t of an inch in thickness, and weighed 1 86^ carats, and was cut with many
feoets. It has since been recut, and reduced to a diameter of liV by If nearly, and thus
diminished over one-third in weight It is supposed by Mr. Tennant to have been originally a
dodocahedron, and he suggests that the g^eat Kussian diamond and another large slab weighing
UO oarats were actually cut from the original dodecahedron. Tavernier gives the original weight
tt 787^ carats. The Rajah of Mattan has in his possession a diamond from Borneo, weighing
367 earata. The mines of Brazil were not known to afford diamonds till the commencement of
the I8th century.
Cotorless diamonds are in general most highly esteemed. When cut and polished, a diamond of
tiieparest water in England, weighing one carat, is valued at £12 ; and the value of others is
okolated by multiplying the square of the weight in carats by 12, except for those exceeding
Henats, the value of which increases at a much more rapid rate. This rule is scarely regarded
is market, as the standard of purity and taste for different countries differs, and the slightest tinge
of ookn* afTects greatly the commercial value. Blue is an exceedingly rare color ; and one of this
ibadfi, the Hope diamond, weighing only 4^ carats, but of peculiar beauty and brilliancy, is valued
It £25,000. A. yellowish diamond of large size (value £12,000) has been found by Fremy to take
i rose-red oc^r when heated, which color it retains for two or three days, and then resumes the
original yellow. An emerald-green diamond in the Dresden Treasury weighs 31^ carats.
The ancient Romans had rings sef with the diamond, and used the chippings for arming gravers'
Ma. Pliny speaks of the six-angled form of the crystals of the adamaSj and their resemblance
U> two pyramids or tops placed base to base, a description that would apply, perhaps, as well to a
doable hexagonal pyramid as to an octahedron ; yet it Is probable, from the other characters men-
tioned, the hardness, rarity, small size, use, and occurrence in gold regions, that the octahedral
diamond was referred to. The adamas of the ancients included some corundum and other hard
BUmes, and even hard metal. Theophrastus makes no mention of the true diamond. (See, on the
adamas of the ancients, King on Precious Stones and Gems, p. 19.)
The method of polishing diamonds was discovered in 1456, by Louis Berquen, a citizen of
Bruges, previous to which time the diamond was known in Europe only in its uncut state. It
appears to have been practised long before in India, the faceting of the Kohinoor dating far back
into uncertain time. (See ELing, pp 30, 31.)
^le diamond has probably proceeded, like mineral coal and oil, from the slow decomposition of
vegetable material, or even from animal matters, either source affording the requisite carbon ; but
it has been formed under those conditions as to heat that has produced the metamorphism of
argiUaoeons and arenaceous schists and their auriferous quartz veins ; since it is found exclusively
in gold regions, or in the sands derived from gold-bearing rocks. The schists that were altered
at the time may have previously been shales impregnated with petroleum, or other carbonaceous
aobttances (hydrocarburets) of organic origin. Ohancourtois observes that the formation from a
hjdrocarborctted vapor or gas is analogous to that of sulphur from hydrosulphurettod emana-
tioM. In the oxydation of the latter by the humid process, the hydrogen becomes oxydized, and
only a part of the sulphur changes to sulphurous acid, the rest remaining as sulphur. So in the
humid oxydation of a carburetted hydrogen, the hydrogen is oxydized, part of the carbon becomes
evbooic add, and the rest remains as carbon and may form crystallized diamond.
26. QRAPHITB. Plumbago, Molybdj^na, Blj-Ertx^ BnmuU^ Min., fiS, 1T39 [not PlmDb«|{«i
Agru:., Gtjrncry Bljertz pt, Mica pictoria tugni, Molybteoa pt, WcUL, 131» 1^47. MltA dfii
Febtree, Crajoo, IV, TrL Wail, 1753. Block Lead. Boijii.bl©y (=Dr»wmg-bfla) G^n, Mdjb-
dieotim J^mn.) ITGS. Pliimbdgo &:Aee/e (proring ita carbon natnreX '^^* ^ StockLolnv ITTt.
f'tomb^gizw de LisU, Crist., 1783. Graphic Wem., Bergm. J., 380, 1789, Juarit, Mu& I£ii^ji
a30, 1789. Gkrburet of Iron. Fer oorbor^ fV.
IlexagonaL In flat six-sided tiil)les, iZ A 72=^85" 29', Kenng^tt, by cal-
cnlation from Ticonderoga crv^talg, which have tlie planes 27?, §-2 and 2-%
with, approximately, O A J-2i=^ia7^ Oa 2=110^, and 6*a2=122^ Aplaae,
observed by IXaidinger, i* prubably |7?, or:i-2 ; the angle meJi^ured. 40^" 50\
was the basiU an^le of tlie pjTamid, The bajsid planer (O) lu-e often striated
parallel to the Sternatc edges. Cleavage : ba^al, perfect. Coininonlr in
imbedded, foliated, or gnmular masses. Rarely in globular ooucretioiis
radiated in stnicture.
^ IL=1— 2. G.:^2'0891; of Ticonderop, 2-229 Kenngott; 2*14 Wim-
aiedel, Faehs. Lustre meUillic. Streak blaek and shinrng. Color iron-
black — dark steel-gray. Opaque. Sectile; Boiis paper, Thin lamiu8>
flexible. Feel greasy.
VaVw— <a) FoliiiK^cl; (h) oolDmnur, and aomctimes rodiated; (e) acftlj, missive, tud al^^i
(iQ muttlar xruisaive ; (e) eau-thy, aanon'^oud, without motoUic lustro exo&pt in the streak ; (/) a
rimitod ooncretion^
Oomp.— v** ^ •« '^'^ r V- .n ti' r h r. ( >.. u u I i 1 r )o ox jd of iron TaocsluujioaUy mixed Scbeele ( 17 T 9, 1 e)
and aoQi' .'utial, aud the apodee a oarburot of iron. Vanntain in
182fr (J, thp ima wai en osyd, s&d nneaaential Ho obtnirj^d
froet Uk> giiipiiiUi ol P^uaUei^iwn, L'u., Uu-bou f>i'4, ox, iron and manganoito l*-l, silica 2-C, i i
9% ¥*irhn foiiiMl (J, fif. Ch , viu 253) only 0*33 p. c of ^h (or irapuritiof) b that of \^ u
apr tollic kiud, tuotaUio in streak| having G.:=:2'14; ^'ntxacbc {iU iU
Zliy I 'ovlon.
l;^w i^^^»4v.K ^.^ i^^^v '^^^ "^^ alUbreut grapbitet bj 0. M4tie (0. E^ Ixiv. lOdl, ldit7)r
Oomp. of 100 parte of auk
f
Alk.A
1
G,
Oarbon
Vol.
Aeli
&\
^
fe Mg,Cki
tloai.
J. HraL Mt Allbert
t, Cumborland. Eogland
I. Ungrao, Bohoima
21759
0403
072
5-25
64 2
24 1
lUH)
0-8
0-3
0453
91-55
110
7-35
52-5
2j*-;J
1-iO
6-0
1-2
2'U97
9105
410
4*85
Gl'8
28-5
8-0
07
10
4. Zaptattf Lower Anatila
S'sno
90ti3
2-^0
in
550
3U-0
14-3
—
0^
ft. ftwarbodk, BohemU
2B438
8805
Mi5
1090
(J2 0
28-a
G-3
1-5
11
e. F^rita. Sweden
210«2
87-63
155
lU MO
5»'rt
31-5
72
0'5
rt
7f CunibvrUind
25867
8488
2*6i
18'00
62-0
250
100
2'a
0*4
a. PiMau, Bararia
2*a032
8 1 '08
t*»0
llft2
5:i7
8S1I
68
I'T
2-2
0. Biuftbgham^ CanadA
10. Omnberiaod
2*'i863
78'43
V$2
lu-to
C6'0
25-1
62
0-5
12
2-4oya
7810
O'lO
15-80
5S-5
30-5
75
3-i
.*.
11. OiMgn,Bnea
2'SS6&
77-15
2-54
20*a0
790
11-7
7-8
1-5
—
13. PM«ra, Bftfnia
2*3108
t^-e^
4-20
22-15
005
2M
S-5
2-0
1-9
11. Madagaaoar
2-4(»85
Tons
518
24U
59-6
31 8
ft-8
12
0-8
14 CayJon
2*2^59
Ofl-30
5180
Sti&O
503
415
$^
— .
<«.
15. Plaale, Katitea^iUptt
tA&U
6»-e7
320
3--13
6^'T
208
«•!
18
it%
Othtraaaljaea: lt^l9, Y.
otribL):
Regnaolt (Ann. Ch. Vkj^^ It. I 202); 20,
21, a 0. Wbealei
(prit
c
U
Atb
IS. CknadaO)
- 17. " (rfl
■ 18. •* (UL)
sn
0*5
12^=99*8 Rcfi^iianh.
tesft
0*70
2840^
iniri.'
RbtnidUlL
mM
1*84
0:
I n. BIbtrta
80-91
Q*m
10 i
81-1
5a^iuu WiKckif.
1 II.
M
97-17
2 das
100 Wbetter.
ORAPHirs. 25
Is tbe a of ICariiDflko!, ▼. Jevreinof fowid (Ross. B. J. 1849) C 94*77, ash 6-22 (=§i 2*04, Ve
l-Sa, £0-88, iSg, Oa 0*17); ▼. Laakovsky found (Bull Soc Nat Mosc. 1856) in a plumose yar.
CSrjiS, Mh 15111, water 0888; v. Puairevski found (Verh. Min. Ges. 8l Pet 1867, 1868) C
HW, Si 10 98, £[ 3-77, with some Fe, Oa, Mn, and G.=2-26— 2*81. In G. of the Kirghis
9bBfpt, Hennann found 0 40-66, earthy matters 66'66, ^ 2*89=100. Those results show that
tka vamtioos aiiaiDg from impurities are great The material analysed by Wheeler is that used
i^theirBoTA. W. Pkber.
I\tuiwAa.t iie^ Plddingtra, appears to be impure graphite, or is between ooal and graphite ; it is
niy m stmctore, and highly metallic in lustre. It afforded Piddington Oarbon 86*70, water and
wi^nr 4-00, sesquioxyd of iron 2*50, earthy impurities, chiefly silica, 7*50, water and loss 0*30=
IM; the iroD occurs as sulphuret Tcnaaserim^ Bev. F. Mason, Maulmain, 1862, p. 62.
Ffx^ elcw — ^Ai a high temperature it bums without flame or smoke, leaving usually some red
■Tu of iron. B3. infusible ; fused with nitre in a platinum spoon, deflagrates, converting the
Mgenl into carbonate of potash, which effervesces with acids. Unaltered by acids.
Obt^— Gtaphite occurs in beds and imbedded masses, lamin«, or scales, in granite, gneiss, mica
lehiBt cryBtallizie limestone. It is in some places a result of the alteration by heat of the coal of
ftseoal Cbrmatioa. Sometimes met with in greenstone. It is a common fumaoe product
A Ane ▼arietj of graphite occurs at Borrowdale in Cumberland, in nests in trap, which occurs
iidij slate ; in Oleustrathfarrar in Invemesshire, forms nests in gneiss ; at Arendal in Norway, in
^Bti; aS Pargas in Finland; in the Urals, Siberia, Finland ; in various parts of Austria ; Prus-
ii; France ; at Oraigman in Ayrshire, it occurs in coal beds, which have been altered by contact
yA tap^ In Iricutsk, in the Tunkinsk mts., at the very valuable Mariinskoi graphite mine, a
B has been obtained, having the structure of the wood from which it was formed. Large
I are brought from the East Indies.
I beds in gneiss, at Sturbridge, Mass., where it presents a structure between scaly and
kfBBBhr limestone. Fbliated graphite occurs in large quantities at Ticonderoga, on Lake George ;
iBift ipQQ Roger's Bock, associated with pyroxene and sphene. Near Amity, Orange Co., N. i .,
I^^MBt with in white limestone, acoompanving spinel, chondrodite, hornblende, eta ; at Bossie,
^ " > Oo., N- T., with iron ore, and in gneiss ; in Franklin, N. J^ in rounded ooncre-
id within ; in Wake, N. C. ; on Tyger Biver, and at Spartenburgh near the Cowpens
^ & C ; also in Bucks Co., Penn., tlu^e mQes from Attleboro', associated with tabular
tpKf itfraiene, and scapolite ; and one and a half miles from this locality, it occurs in abundance
h iftt^ at Mansell's black lead mine. There is a large deposit at St John, New Brunswick.
£2 tke United States, the mines of Sturbridge, Mass., of Ticonderoga and Fishkill, N. Y., of
f Vt, and of Wake, N. C, are worked ; and that of Ashford, Conn., formerly aflbrded a
it of graphite.
t Uaek leadf applied to this species, is inappropriate, as it contains no lead. The name
papinte^ of Werner, is derived from y/>4^b>, / write,
fibrdniskioki makes the graphite of Ersby and Storgard monocUnic, with the inclination of the
rtrtical axis 9^^ 14', »-f (deavage face) on faces of oblique prism =106° 21', and angle of prism
Sr 24' iPogg., xcri 110).
6ULPHID8, TELLUBIDB, ETO.
n. SULPHIDS, TELLURIDS, SELENTOS, ABSENIDS,
ANTIMONIDS, BISMUTHIDS.
There are three natural diviBions of the Bpecies of this section :
1. Simple Sulphids and TELLUsms of Metals of the Sulphur <a
Arsenic Group.
2. Simple Sulphids, Tellurids, Selenids, ARSENms, ANnMONnw, Bo-
MUTHiDS, of Metals of the Gold, Iron, and Tin Groups. Some of the
species contain, along with sulphur, also arsenic, antimony, or bismuth ;
but the arsenic, antimony, or bismuth, in such cases, replaces sulphur as
its isomorph.
8. Double SuLPHms: or Sulpharsenttes, Sulphantimonites, Sulpho-
BISMUTHIIES.
In ihii section of Sulphids, etc., the atomic weights ofaraenic^ antimony and Unrndh are takm
at half the value given in the table on pagexvi, as it is in this state that they approximate to iid*
phur in the forms and relations of their compounds. The atomic weights thus haired are, for
arsenic 37*6, antimony 61, bismuth 105; that of sulphur being 16.
1. SIMPLE SULPfflDS AND TELLURIDS OF METAI5 OF
THE SULPHUR AND ARSENIC GROUPS.
1. REALGAR (tROUP. Composition AS. Crystallization Monoclinia
20. Realgar, AsS.
2. ORPIMENT GROUP. Composition R'S*. Crystallization Orthorhombia
27. ORpniBNT, As'^' 29. SnB>TTR» Sb*8»
28. DniOBPHITB, ?A8*S' 30. Bismuthixitb, Bi^*
8. TETRADYMITE GROUP. Containing Bi, To.
31. TETRADYiflTE, 33. WkHRLITK.
32. JOSEITE.
4. MOLYBDENITE GROUP. Containing Molybdenum.
34. MOLTBDENm, MoS*.
26. RRAIiOAR. Zavfap'un Tfieophr^ 325 B.C. Ha^^apaxn Dioscor.^ 60 A.a Sandaracha Bm^
xxxT. C, t7 A.D. Sandaraca Gtmu Reuschgeol, Rospccl, Agric, 444, etc, 1529, Interpr^ 468,
1540. Rauschgelb pt, Arsenicum sulphuro miztum, Risi^llum pt. Realgar, Arsenicum rubmiB,
no/L, 224, 1747. Arsenic rouge Fr. Trl Wall, 44j6, 1753. Realgar natif; Rubino d'Aneok^
STTLPHIDS, VtO.
27
d;Ziife,uL 333, 1183. BedSolpbaietof Araenio. Botbes Bauschgelb, Opennent, (7erm. Anonio
aoUhrtf rouge f)r.
MonocUnic. 0=66° 5', /A 7=74° 26', Marignac, Scacchi Oa 14=138°
21'; a : 6 : c=0-6755 : 1 : 0-6943.
O A 7=104° 12' 0 A i^=113° 65'
<?Al-i=139 38 t-2A*-2=113 6
Cleavage : *4, O rather perfect ; I, t-* in traces,
or fine; compact.
aA 1=133° 1'
a A 1-2=115 1
Also granular, coarse
0 1
-i-a
a
H
i^ 1
1-6
-1^
ui
i.k i
±L
I
i-i
44
a-6
H
2
22!
2^
24
i-i
T7
U
1
1-2
1-4
H
h^
k^^/jTJ^
Obeerred planes.
H.=1'5 — 2. G.=3'4 — 3*6. Lustre resinous. Color aurora-red or
onnge-yellow. Streak varying from orange-red to aurora-red. Trans-
parent— ^tranducent. Fracture conchoidal, uneven.
Oompy — ^Ab S=r Sulphur 29*9, arsenic 701= 100. A specimen from Pola de Lena in Asturia,
%dn, gaye Hugo Miller (J. Ch. Soc., xi. 242) S 30*00, As 70*25.
Pyr^ eto^ — ^m the doaed tube melts, volatilizes, and gives a transparent red sublimate; in the
open tube, solphuroos (\ime8, and a white crTstalline sublimate of arsenous acid. B.B. on char-
ooil bams with a blue flame, emitting arsenical and sulphurous odors. Soluble in caustic alkalies.
Obt. — Oocurs with ores of silver and lead, at Felsobanya in Upper Hungary, at Kapnik and
Vagjag in Tran^lvania, at Joachimsthal in Bohemia, at Schneel:^rg in Saxony, at Andreasberg
b t& Harz; at Tajowa in Hungary, in beds of clay; at Binnonthal, Switzerland, in dolomite; at
WiMlodi in Baden, in the Muschelkalk; near Julamerk in Koordistan; in Yesuvian lavas, in
■onute crystals. Strabo speaks of a mine of sandaraca (the ancient name of this species) at
Pompeiopolis in Paphlagonia.
For recent crystallographic observations see Hessenberg's Min. Notizen, Nos. 1 and 8.
The name realgar ia of Arabic origin.
AIL—Changes, on exposure, to orpiment (As* S*) and arsenolite (As* 0*), 6 of As S becoming
1 As' S*, and 2 As being set free whidi changes to As* 0' or arsenolite (Yolger). A black crust
sometimes forma on rea^ar, whioh is supposed by Volgor to be a sulphid containing less sulphur
than realgar.
27. ORFUCBNT. *A^ft9tK&¥ Thoopkr. 'ApnpiKdw Dioscor, Auripigmentum, Arrhenicum, P2«n.,
TTTiii, 22, xxxiv. 66. Auripigmentum, Cferm, Operment, Agrtc, Interpr., 463, 1546. Orpiment
Baoscbgelb pt, BUigallum pt, Arsenicum flavnm, WaU., 224, 1747. Arsenic jaune ^. irl Wall,
i 406; 1753. Gelbea Bauaohgelb OemL Arsenic sulfUro jaune jFV. Yellow sulphuret of Arsenic
Orthorhombic. 7a7=100M0', (9Al-i=126° 30'; a:h: o=l-3511 : 1 :
1*2059. Observed planes as in the annexed figure.
SrUHIDS, KTO.
O A 2-5=127 27
l-tAl-t=83°30'
2.5A2-SOV.1 1=131 Se
66
A
it li'. t
U'
if
t-5 A t-S ov, t-J=117° 4
2'5A2-S adj\ == 94 2
Cleavage ; i-i highly perfect, i4 in traces, i-i longitudi
iially striateti. Ako, massive, foliated, or coliminar,'
Bomctiraes reniforin.
H, =: 1-5 - 2. G. = 348, Ilaidinger ; 34, Breithaupt
Lustre pearly upon the faces of perfect cleavage ; elM-
where resinous. Color several shades of lemou-yellow.
Streak yellow, commonly a little paler than the ci)lor,
Subtransparent — subtranshicer)t. Sub-scctile* Thin lami
nee obtained by cleavage flexible but not elastic.
Oomp. — As* S*=:3ulphiif 39, nraenic 61 = 100.
Pyr^ etc^ — In thd cioeod tube, fuses, volatilises, and givtia a curie j
low flublliDftte ; otber roactious the Bame as under nsalgi^, Dissolyea m nitnjiaurklie i ' ^
osustic alkalies.
Ol>«.— Orplmunl in smaU crystals is imbedded in day at Tajowa, near Neusohl in Upper Ttuj^
garj. It is uBuaUj In foliated and fibrous massos, and in thia form is found at Kapuik iii ""
Bjlmula, at Moldawa la the Bannat, and at Felsobanya \u Upper Hungarj, whore it ejKii
fnetalliteroiis veins, associated with realgar and native araenic; at Hall tn the Tyrol U \a. fiK
gypaum; at St Gothard in dolomite; at the Solfatara near Naples, it is the rc:-^
siibittuiitioa; in Fohnsdorf, Styria, found in brown ooaL Near JulatD&rk in Koor :
a lar)^ Turkish mine. Occurs also at AeobambillO| Peru. Bmall tracos are met wltlx ^^^ t.^
Omngif Co^ N, Y., on arsenical iron.
The name orplmout is a oorrupUon of its Latin mune auriplgmentora, ^' gotdm paint** mIiuTj wail
givc^n in ulluftion to the color, and also because the substance was supposed to con^
The crystalline tonn is made monacUnie by Breitbaupt (B. IL Ztg., xrv. 194). 11.
dinodlagoital plane, and i-S the front or orthodlagoDal, with the plunes i-4, above and below i
hvmifloaics, ipcUned at unequal angles on *-l, that below at an a^gJe 2 to 3° the i
Im lOikvB i^i the pkue A No deaniie measuiements are given.
38. DIMORFHIT1B. Dimorfioa Soacehi^ Mem. Q^oL Bulla Oampanio, Napoli^ 116; 18
Ordiorliombic,
b : c=l'287e : 1
66
67
«/lr/l£
«i
Two typea: (A), /a/= 98° 6% OM-T- 12r 60%.
1-1526 ; (B) common form, /A /=:100^ 39', O A M=li
1'; a :i:c= 1-3202:1: l-MB,
Observed planer us in the iB^
nexod figures.
In A, Oa1=:120='23', OaW
= 131*' 50', t>Ai-t = 150^ «^,
U A 14 over O = 88* 40', lAl
ov. 1-1=1 11M0\
In B, 6'Afi=121^6', OAU
=i5r7',OAj*l=ii0Mo;a\
1^1=112^ «'. Cleavage nooi.
CryetaU minute.
H. = 1'5. G.=3'58. Lustre splendent adamantine. Color omnge-^oK
low: powder saffron-yellow. Tranelncent and transparent Frngile.
Oonp — From tmpirrf^ trial«« by Scacchi, perhaps As* B'— Sulphur H*M, atittiilc ti*4j^sr|0ll
Pyr.1, etc. — Hooted in a poroeloin <?ruciblo with a spirit lampt affords odoroui Itona mnA b^
eonti n4 ; witli more heat beoomes brown, gives oflT yellow Aamea, a&d svaporMlM, Iseriiif m
ftfldHt; wiUi soda a garllo odor. Oomplcielj soluble in nitric add.
Oba^FroroammarolaortheSoU^tiCB^ llikgrMuifleli^ OiTilalt not ov«r lialf « ml
la tboir loogwt diroottoD.
8UI*PH1I)S, ETC.
29
^*'»i*r<» — '-f**^ UXaTp6^9^iftov^ Di&Hior, Stimnji, Stibi, Stibium, Plin., ixiitl 33,
% !£to&, Spieees^^^ J^asil Foten/ine (who proved it to contain eulplmr), 1480. Lupus metal-
braiJUe^cm. Bpie«s-Q1iiss-£rx Brikhfiann, Berkwerke, 1727, Spitsjjrlasmalm, Minera Anti-
wm, iatliiK>u\uni Sulphure xninoralisatixm, WaJl*, 2^7^ 1747. Grauspiessgloac^rz, Grauspiess*
^ffisn, SA^dmon^lAiiz, Germ, Antimoine Biilfure /V. Sulphiirot of Antimony; Oraj Anti-
Mtfi JtirtxtQoay G^lance. Stibiue Beud,, Tr,, ii, 421, 188.?. Antimonit liaid., Handb,, &6S,
tttt. SlihaHe Dana, Min^ 1S54.
n ^ ^ ^ * . JA /=:90** 54', ^Al 1=134° 16' ; a:b: e=l-fmf^ : 1 :
K» ed planes : O ; vertical /, t-f, iA^ i^, i\, / 1, ^5, f-S, /-^
i, i-o ; dome.-, ^i, ^t, i-», \%, \-i, f I, |-F, 14, |-i, |-?/ 3-i ; octalie-
,. i, 1, 3 ; i-!i H> 14 14, 1-^, f 2, f 2, H, H H 6-5, 3 s, f 4,
|< Kreoneir-
(^^1^=^154^ 20'.
0/1=124 45
0A8^i=llS 49
68
OAl4=134M2'f
«-2A/-5, mac,, =127 36
14Al-i, top,=89 24
planes deeply striateil
I V. Clearage ; JA highly
columnar, coarse or
- 1 liar to impalpahle.
—2. Ct, =4-510, Ilauy; 4-62,
Mohft. Lostre metallic. Color and
stoo^ lead -gray, inclining t^) Btcel-
p^\ saliject to blackish tarnish,
KUDiitiines iridej^cent. Fracture
Wlilliob-conchoidal. Sectile. Thin
limfl»a little tlexilile.
Oa1 = 124M5',
1 Al,braeh.,=108 40
lAl, bas.,=110 30
/%.
^^
Osmp — 8h* 8*^Sulphur 28-9, Qutimony
Ben^foauRf who toftde the flrst
tioo of tb& Bulpbur in the mineral
™^ u. 1«1, 1782). obtained S 26, Sb 74=100. Eight ftnalysea of stibmto Trom Am«berg,
(P^ImIm, ga¥0 Scbneidor a nn?an of Sb 71*48, 8 28*52, ejcduding f»-33 p. c, of quartz; tho
Mince the analjses varied from 71-441 to 71 -5 19 (Pogg., xcviil 293). Sdmabel obtained
irfi»saiiie Sb 7302, S 27'65, Fe <l-13 (Ramm. Min. Ch., 39).
Ffr, «tc. — In tbe open tuije eulphtirous aud antimonous fi^raea, the latter oondenaing as a
\ llHi Hiidtmale which 3.B. in non-volatile. On chareoid tuse^^ spreads ont, gives sulphurous
Ml lotiooi^aai fiuncrf^ coats the cool white vrlth oxjd of aiitimoujr; tliia coating treated in R.F.
hgm lb© flaaM» greeniah-blno. Fufl. = L When pure perfectly soluble in raudatio acid,
Obiy^-Oocuxi with spcttblc iion In beds, but generally in veins. Often associated with blende,
I ftttfj fpM; mad qtuutz.
I Ibi wiik in Tdtis At Wolfsberg, In the Harz : At Braunadorf, near Freiberg- ; at Prdbrom ;
\ IbteobiBTi, Sc^eomitE, and Kreinuitz, in Hungary, where it often occurs in diverging pfismSr
wmni tflcbe« km^ accompanied by cryatala of heavy apar and other mineral apeciea ; at Perota,
kf^MBBjr^ Iti erystali} ; In EathanncDben?, in the UiuIa; In Dumfriesshire, fibrous and larainated;
kODfBwyQt ^iia<iuit near Padstow and Tintaget ; also cryirtallised at Wheal Boys; at Hare Bill,
iiSoHlMiil; to Beithshlre, Also found at different Mexicau minea. Also abundant iu Borneo.
la Ibd 0t&iied St&ieA, it ^--''"-- ^^ijmngly at Carinel, Penobscot Co., Me. ; at CoruiBh and Lyine,
IS. 11; at •• Soldlern Deli _ abundant in the grtiuitie nuij^o, south aide of Tulare valley^
iMr paM of San Amedk^ lumboldt mining region Id Nevada, aud usually argentiferous;
•Ibi ia tbtt niioe^ df Aoroni, Esmeralda Co., Nevada. Alao found in New Brunawiek, 20 m. from
fttlktkAtMi, aw. aide of St. John R.
Ite ore aflbrda neariy all the antimony of commerce. The crude autimouy of the shops is
illHMd I17 atmple fm^n^ wbleh separates the accompanying rock. From this product most of
^BjAatmuMade^ p *^''i9 of autimony are made^ and the pure metal ejctracted.
Tail dRvaa etn: fbe ancients for coloring the hair, eyobrowa, etc, to increase the
l||B>at liM of tile c^ - , .- uoe they called the ore w>,arv^thXfiitv, fi:bm vXarif, ^rood, and 'u^a^A^as,
SULPHIDS, ETC,
tyt According to Dio*coride*t it was prepared for thia purpose by cj ' * "T Tt ?'
df>wj/!i, ond ttion bnrtiin^ it in the coals till rc^dnced to a ciiidor. Ii wa> itfa
tnlUc ttud wine, aad agam plAood upon coals and blown till ignition: aiiv. ^wx.. >, ^..^^ u-.mv «m
dfiOociliDued, lest, sa Pliuy eajp. " plumbum flat," »^ becmne Und. It henoo Appears that tho mi
antimonj was occasionallj seeo by the andeuts, thouprh not distinguijihed from iead.
Dti cryjt ae« Krcnner, B«r. Ak' Wien, Jl 1864, 436.
Alt — Chanjre« on expoaur© by partinl oxydation to antimony hknde (2 Sb* S'+Sb' C), and W
ftirth*r Cfxydotion to vale^Umie (3*0^). Afititrnmy ochre (6b» 0*+Sb' 0^\ and *lao Sb* O^^ll^
ars other results of alteration.
30* BISMUTHIN i'TE, Ylstmutum Sulphure mincralisatum (fh Elddarhyttttxi) Ooiui, IMj^
1753. Witsmtitbi^laQS GenTLt Bismuth snlfure JFh Sulpburet of Bismatb. Biamiith GliOOa^
Bitfmtitldue BeutL, Tr^ il 418, 1832. BismutliolampritB ORock,, Syu., 27. 1847.
Orthorhombic. /a/=91^ 30'. Observed planes /, t-i, i-i, i-S, Brooke.
Cleavttgu : bracbydiaponal perfect ; macrodia^onal leiss so ; basal j»erfect
In aeicnlar erv*taU, Also massive, with a toliated or fibrous Btriiclure.
II.=*2. G.*=t;'4— 6'469; 72; 710, Bolhia, Farbct^. Lii8tro metallic
Btreak and color lead-CTi*yj inclining to tiu-white, with a yelluw isli ur in*
descent tarriish. Opaque,
r nf» S*=Stilphur 18'76, bismuth 81 25 = 100; isomorphous with 8tihniti\ Aim1v»«A*: 1,
Ii ^ Ann., ixiii. 192); 2, Wehrle (Baam^. Ztp;., x. SS5J; 3, Sdieerer rPogjj:. Ixv, 20»)|
4, i.,.. . .. ,,aaid, Bor,, ill 401); 5, Rammelsberg (5th SuppL, 261); 6, F. A. Geiith (Am. J. $a^
IL xxili 416)j 7, D. Forbes (PhiL Mag,, IV, xxix. 4):
1
S Bl
1. Biddttrliyttan 18 72 8008=I>9-70 Rose.
S. Betibanya 18 28 80 96^9924 Wehrle.
ajAbtk 19 12 79 77, Fe 0 15, Cu 0 14;;:99'18, Sebeerer: O. 0 d03.
r4 n™v!«!A 19-46 7455, Fe 0*40, Cu 3-13, Au 0*53, Ph Q 2(i^ioo*33 Hubert.
II IH'42 78-00, Fe 1*04, Cu 2 42~99'88 VI
♦ ivtUin 18^9 77 33, Fe 0 31, Cu 0-39, To 0*30, - > nallte 2-93=99*46 GMlIb
7. BUivi* ' 19'61 80'«3==lO0'54 Forbes.
I^vr.. etc Tri the open tulx* Bulphiirous famos, and a white tubUmato whidi B3, fbsaa lolo
r :•' hot and opaque yellow on cooUnj?. On charcoal at first givon auliihuroiis
1 u'ith spirtinu. find cfmt« the i^n) with yellow oxyd of bismuth. Faa,=zl, Dis-
tV falls on dilutiujr with water.
', At Brandv Oill Carrock F«*Dt, In Dor
uth; at B*' '^ ' ^ ' '^ ' : If
on; at Lm a;
b.
II
•t *.. ^
8w9<toD r St ^
Ooctir^ wM
portsd ^v
G. R-
135" 2<i
bismutii
,ve, and acicubir,
i!i0 Baruhordl
ivb but^ii louLid WiUi chrvkk>licryl at UuUUj^i^ Cu
r„ ortiflciaJ crj^tals, /a/-90" 40, i-S ^ i-S=:63* 40' and lir W, MMb
;':t, f^ ' i-4— 162 14', G,= 7 1 0^6-89, the rariation depondiDg^
. ., xd 402.
31* TBTRADYMITH Ore of Tellurium ((V. T«l1&mark) Snnark, Traas, G. 8o(v, fiL 4131, J«i
1,1815. TdlurwiHmQth(lV. RiddArhyttan)ii0rx^ A&U. Stonkh., 1823. ToUnrk filisiotii, fl^
tradyinlto [ft- Schubkau) Ilaid., Banms. ZS^ tx. 129, 1831. Bismutli trllnr^ Mlot MWI
I bifimutliif^cv^ ^V. Bontlno IkmL^ Tr.^ IL 038^ 1B32. Bisniutho tellurites pt Olfedbri Syn. 1%
^ 1847. ToUurbianiuth Aa/cA, Am. J. So., TL xxxr, 99, 1883.
HcxagonaL OAlt^\W S$\ /?a7? r= 81° 2' ; a = 1*5865. — 2A-ts
60"* 40; C>A— 2=105* HV, Haid, fmm Sehubkau cn'st4ik Cryslali oftei
tabular. Cleavage: ba«al, very perlect Ali^imafi^ive, foliated, or ^rmiular.
H.=V5-S, G,=s7-2-7-0/ Lu^tnt met^ilHc, splendent, CoWpale
grajr. Not very iectilo. Laminae fleidble, Soili paper.
fiULPHiDB, sra
31
B^^ Var« — Oonsifits of bismuth and tellurinm, with sometimes sulphur and seleniuuL If
or, when present, replaces part of the tellurium, the analyses for the most part afford the
il formula Bi*(Te,S)*
r. L—I^ree from sulphur. Bi* Te'=Tellurium 481, bismuth 51-9 ; analyses 1—7. G=7-868,
Dahlonega, Jackson; 7*642. id., Balch.
Sn^ikmrfms. Bi« (| Te+iS)*; analyses 8—11. G.=7-600, crystals from Sohubkau, Wehrle ;
, idl, Baomgartner ; 7*237, fr. Davidson Co., Genth. The name Bomint, after von Born, was
by Bendant in 1 832, and Wehrle's analysis of the Schubkau ore was the only one cited.
Sdeniferoua. The Tellemark ore, according to Berzelius, gives B.B. a strong odor of
inm.
alyues: 1 — 3, Genth (Am. J. ScL, n. xix. 16); 4, 5, Genth (ib., xxxi. 368); 6, 7, D. M. Balch
□cxv. 99); 8^ Wehrle (Schw. J., lix. 482, 1830); 9, Berzelius (Jahresb., xil 178, 1831); 10,
chauer (J. pr. Ch., zlv. 456); 11, 0. T. Jackson (This Min., 712, 1850); 12, Genth (Am. J.
Hxvi 81):
Te
8 Se Bi
Fe
luvannaGo^Ya 48'19
tr.
53-07
=101-26 Genth.
ii tt
47-07
<r.
53-78
= 100-85 Genth.
u u
49-79
tr.
51-56
= 101-35 Genth.
)ihkmega
48-22
<r.
Ur.
[50-83]
0-17
Cu 0-06, Au, quartz, etc., 0-72=100 Genth,
it
47-25
1r.
tr.
50-97
0-25
» 006, *' " *' 0-80=99-33 Genth.
u
48-26
—
51-46
= 99-72 Balch.
u
48-73
—
51-57
= 100-30 Balch.
Icfanbkan
34-6
4-8
tr.
600
= 99-4 Wehrle.
u
3605
4-32
—
58-30
gangue 0-75=9942 Berz.
M
35-8
4-6
— .
69-2
=99-6 Hruschauer.
WTiitehall, Va.
35-05
3-65
—
58-80
Au, JH, Si 2-70-100-20 Jackson.
lavidaonCo.,N.C
1. 33-84
5-27
W.
61-35
=100-46 Genth.
xfaer obtained in an analysis of the Fluvanna mineral, 6*81 p. c. of selenium. But Dr. Genth
m it no selenium or sulphur. C. T. Jackson obtained (Am J. Sd., EL zzvii 366) the oompo-
a ^ joseite for the Dahlon'ega mineral ; but the later results of Gtenth and Balch havo
Ri tius to be incorrect
JK4 — ^In the open tube a white sublimate of teUurous add, which B.B. fusee to colorless drops.
dareoal fuses, gives white ftunes, and entirely volatilizes ; tinges the R.F. bluish-green ;
I die ooal at first white (teUurous add), and finally orange-yellow (ozyd of bismuth) ; some
iliM give sulphurous and selenous odors ; that from Fluvanna Co., Ya., gave Fisher a red
inake of selenium in the open tube.
ba. — Occurs at Schubkau near Schemnitz; at Betzbanya ; at Tellemark m Norway ; at Bast-
Bioe, near Biddarhyttan, Sweden.
the United States, in Yirginia, at the Whitehall gold mines, Spotsylvania Co., at Monroe
\ Stafford Co., and Tellurium mine, Fluvanna Co., with native gold ; in North Carolina, David-
Col, about 6 DL W. of Washington mine, in foliated scales and lamellar masses along with
, obaloopyrite, magnetite, epidote, limonite, etc. ; it was partly altered to a combination of
fOQS acid and ozyd of bismuth, with but little of carbonate of bismuth (Genth, L c) ; in
f|^ Iiompidn Oo., 4 m. E. of Dahlonega, and also in Cherokee and Polk counties.
JOSfiXTE. T^llurure de Bismuth Da-mowr, Ann. Ch. Phys., ILL ziil 372, 1845. Bomine,
dfase bismnthifSre du Br^il, Duf. [not Bomine Beui.'\ JosSit Kenng.^ Mhi., 121, 1853.
lexagonal, with perfect basal cleavage, like tetradymite. Soft. 6.=
M — ^?"936. Lustre Bubmetallie. Color grayish-black, steel-gray. Fragile.
OBpi— Fhmi Damour's analyses, Bi* Te» (8, Se)'=Bi» ({ Te+i(S, Se))*, or a tellurid of bis-
^ in wfatcb half of the tellurium is replaced by sulphur and selenium. Analyses by Damour
1. San Jo8^ Brazil
2. "
Te S Se Bi
15-93 3-15 1-48 79*16 =99-71
15-68 4-58 78-40 =9866
BBBslsbenr obtained from an allied mineral, from Cumberland, England (Min. Ch., 5): Tel-
B 6*73. mmbxa 6'^ bismuth 84*33=97-49; corresponding to Bi*, Te, S*, makmg the Te :d
32
BULPHmS, ETC.
An ore ftcm Sonita, poising fbr natlTo Msmnth, and mentioned under that speoies, f^ve 1
M tbore died, 6 D9 p. c of telltirium, with As 0 38, and S ii^Ol ; whtle Genth fonod ia ftoi
■pedmen only 0*042 Te. Forb^a'3 apectmen may hnve the formulii Bi* Te, It is foliated i
i&© tetradnnite,
Pyr.^B.B. tlio Brazil or© acts nearly like tetradymite. In do open tube it pWea off Bom^ i
phtir, then white Aim&B of oxyd of telhinunif and tlitiii Affords & decided odor of Beleouim ; uid 1
the upper part of tlje tube a white oonting with aomo brick-red over it, due to the seloiiiuiii ; i
A yellowish residue below due to the oxyd of bismuth*
Obfl. — Found iu frranukr liiDestone at Saq Jose, tie&r Manmia, provmceof Minaa GeraeSf ]
and first brought to Franco by Mr. OlaussetL
31. WEHRUTES. Argent molybdjque ds Bom^ OaL de Raab^ iL 419, 1790. Wasaeirb
silbcr, Molybd»D-sUbcr, Wem^ LebBtes Ifiu. Syet,, 18» 48. 1817, Molybdic sUTer. Wlia
glnnz Khpr^ Beitr., L 254, 1795. TellurwiBmuth Ben., Ak, H. Stockh., 1823. Wismuthspk
Wdss, SpiegelgUnz [= Mirror-glance] Brtiih, Tetradymite pt man\f auihors. We
Huot, Min., i. 188, 184L Pilseoit Kmng., Min., 121, 1853.
Hexagonal, Like tetratlymite in perfect basal cleavage.
H.=l— 3. G.=;8-44, Webrle. Lustre very bright. Color light feteel-j
gray. Thin folia a little elastic.
Comp. — Bi (Te, B\ with Te : S=3 : 1, from an imperfect analysis by Wohrle (Baumg. ZtA^ \
144):
Deutsch-Pilaen Te 29*t4 S 2*33 Bi 61*15 Ag 2'07 =95-20
Pyr^ eta — Like tetradymite.
Oba.— Prom Dcutsch Pilsen, in Hungary. rin!t reported as an ore of silver aud molybde
Ktiting^iished from t<?tradTmite by ita hipfli specific gravity. Breithaupt obtained G. = 8 00 with i
ripecimeo not wholly free from the gaugue.
34. MOLTBDENITS. Not Molybdsena [=produGt fr. partial roduct and oxyd. of 6i
JHmior., Ftin,, Agrk. Blyertz, Molybdena pt [rest graphite] Wall, 181, 1747, Linn^ 174S, 3
Sulphur ferro et stanno saturatuin (fr. Bastnaes, etc), Waaserbley pt, Molybdena pt,
139, 1758. MolybdffiUQ (with di-^cov, of metal) ifi^im, Ak. H. Stockh., 1782, 1788-1793.
serblei Wern, Molybdlnglauz Girm, Molybdena Kirw,^ Wn^ 17 96 (calls the metal Mo^
ite). Sulphurot of Molybdena. Molybdenite Btotigti^ il 92, 1807, citit^g Kirwaa aa aotl
Monoclinie ? Hexagonal 'i In ehot*t or tabular hexagonal pri
Twins: consisting of three combined crystals, sometiinea indicated
strife on the base of the hextigrnuil prir^ms, at right angles to it^ sides, lia^
ing tx^castonuUy replaced terminal edge!^. Cleavage: eminent, parallel
bjL^e of hexagt>nal priBius. Commonly foliated, massive, or in scales ;
fine gr.^nuhir.
n,=l — 1*5, being eai^ily impressed by the nail. G.=4'44 — 4*8. Lnst
metallic. Color pure luad-gray. Streak similar to color, elightly incline
to "jreen. 0[>aque. Lamina^ very ilexiblc, not elastic. Sectile, and almc
mull cable. Gray trace on imper,
Oomp.— Mo S'=Sulphur 41 i), molvbdenum &9 0=100, Analyses; I, Brandea (Sdiw. J^
325)1 2. Seybert (Am. J. ScL, iv. 1822, 320); 3, 4, Svanberg k Struve (J. pr. Ch^ tUv, 26T);
WetheriU (Am. J. SdL, IL rv. 443):
Mo
S
1. Alteubm
2. Chester, Pa.
596
40-4 == 100 Brandea.
G.=4'444
5942
59 68=»0-lO Seybert
3. Smoakxid
&9-627
40*573, gangue 0 800 S ft S.
4. BohDslaQ
67-154
39-710, ** 3138 8 A a
5. Beading, Pa.
55-727
38*198, Fe 3-495, Si 2'283, H. 0-297 W<
suLPHiDe, Era 33
Pfc, «t& — In the open tube milpharooe fames. B.B. in the forceps infusible, imparts a yel*
bvWihgTefSD nolor to the flBtuo; oa charcoal the pulverized mlneml g-ivoa iu O.F. a strong odor
of aaJp^ur, aad a>at8 the ooal with crystals of molybdie otiltl^ whidi nppear yellow whDe hot, and
vniledci oootSng; near the assaf the coating: '^ oopper-r<^d, and if the white coating be touched
siOi is EOtidrmilteat RP., it aaflumes a beautiful azure-blue color. Deoompoaed by nitric add,
kmaag * vtiite or gmyiBh reaidue (molybdie add).
Obi« — ^Molybdenite generally occurs Imbeddea in, or diasi^miurtted thronghf granite, gnebia,
MQOD-flyvoite, gmnular limestone, and other crystalline rocks. At Numedal in Sweden, Arendal,
SbIIm, ad Te&emark^n in Xorwuy, Nertsehinsk in Russia, nnd Auerbach in Sozony, it has been
Ctegrved in bex»pon^ prisms. Found also at Altenberg and Ehr^nfriedersdorf in SiuEony;
SefelaJr^mwald and ^innwaldin Bohemia; Ratliausberg in Austria f near Miaak, Urals ; Budtnaos^
«lc, Pwedt^n ; in Finland- Lanrvig in Norway; Chc^ay in France; Peru; Brazil; Call >erk Fell,
temk Ffihis and near the source of the Coldew in Cumberland, af^^odated with tangstato
tf in* and apatite : several or the Cornish mines; in Scotland at Etmi TuUoch, south of Loch
%fl ait M<>*^^'f i\.i-4,T' AM ijoch Greran, etc.
HMmm^ 'ly and Oamdage farm, in lajgo orystalliztitions ; also nt Bmnf^wick,
BbwiD^nh^: I, but less interesting. In Oonn^ at Haddam and the odjoininar towns
m ttm OoumKPfAU'ui r«ver, in goeiaa in crystals and large platen ; alHo at Saybrook. In VervuftU,
iftSffWpQvt, with crjhiiiU of white apatite. In y. HamjMhirt, at Westmoreland, four miles sotith
0i 1^ DorUi TiILige meeting-house, in a vein of mica slatv, abundant: at LUmdafT in regulnr tabu-
Ivcrystai?; at Ftaneouia. Iu Jfosy., at Shutesbury, east of Locke's pond; at BrimfleUl, with
W^ In y. Yfffk. Ufo miles southeast of Warwick, iu fr^ '-'•— ■ > • -^ -, . . .; ,».>.i »..;ii, ^ii\\q^
. and pyrite. In A/m,, in Chester, on Chester Creek. -arrua
, If , Ch with pyrite in quarta. In CW//>r««i, ,ii Excelsi i l la
, at Bftl^iam I^kei. Terrace CoFe, Lake Superior; north of Babaiu Lake, on a small island
I Bit Ttin)e LAke^ with scapolite, pyroxene, etc., in a vein of quartz intersecting crystallioa
• Jworoe, CL £. ; at Seabeach Bay, near Black River, K W. of L. Superior (48"* 46'
Bie&m^Lit^rte^i fram plumbago by its lustre and streak, and also by ita behavior before the blow-
fwith sdda.
1 SIMPLE Sin^PHIDS, TELUmiDS, SELENIDS, ARSENICS,
ASTIHOXIDS, BISMUTKIDS, PHOSPIIIDS, OF MET.VLS OF
THE GOLD, IRON, AND TIN GROUPS.^
Thrw divig^iiins of these StdphidH^ Araenidsy etc., are here recof^ized :
(I) % 6*pwV' division, in which the atomic ratio between the siilphiu* or
JOeaic metal rtiJ tlie others is 1 to more than one; (2) a jvrdo division,
Uie rutio 1 : 1 ; (3) ft deuto division, witli the ratio 1 : 2. In these
K ^nd in stating the formulas beyond, the halved atomic weights of
uony, and bismuth are iu view, aa stated on p. 20. In the
iru . jji^ some species are included which appear to be conibinationa
oTdeQtu and proto ct>nipoundi^.
!%• mioerri dm^icopyrite ia sometimea referred to the double-binary sulphlda, on the ground
of iif ttxttafinlng, along with a protosutphid, the sulphid Fe* S^; but as the ojdstence of a sesqul-
fli^tud Fo' S* is not established, while Fe S* is the one of common occurrence, the more probable
ii/sm ii Uie jsilpbid is that it consists of two sulphida Fe S and Fe S' in combi nation* This Tiew
4i fttSS^oed by the near isomorphiSTn of pyrite and ehalcopyrite. The aboTe remark appliee also
li faniili sod f^rrhoHi^ In which Fe' S* has been supposed to be present. Fe" S'^ it should be
bM, aqoak 9a S ^ Be S*. lAmmk and carroUk come into tlie same category.
^n article is tlsd Araerlcan Journal of Science, vol xliv. 1367, the author gives reasons for
iiifllif llbat Ib0 ooaapQimdA crystallijdng in hex<ig(mal forma hare the number of atoms of the
Pptti* cfaneMl ii, or a multiple of 3, and iu tetragonal forma, a multiple of 4 ; whence it follows,
Ni "Mb ordkury imfmfeiric bknde, or Bulphid of zLno, for example^ may be Zn S, the hexagmlal^
3
34
BCXPHIOe, ETO.
or wurldte, ia probably Za' S*. The prindpla, IT real, bas a veiy wldo application amoiig c
aod mhieral epodes.
L BASIC OR DYSCSRAHITE DIVIHIOK,
85. DtBCRisns Ag*Sb 37. DoMKTKrra
eu»As»
(B) " Ag*3b 38, Alqodojotb
€xi«Aa*
36. (MiLixiTB Ag' Bi 30. WuxTKgnTg
eu'Aa'
n. PEOTO OR GALENA DTVTSION.
I. GALENA GROUP.— laonietr^ bolobedraL
iO, AttGVimTB Ag8 48. Altaitb
PbTe
41- NAtTMAJfioTi (Ag, Vh) Be 49- Borsttk
(en, Fe) S
43. EucAiBiTB (6a, Ag) So "
(en, Fo)8 + * Ffel
43. Caoorasm (eu, Tl) So 60. Bsbzcuantts
euSe
44. GaLBNTTB Pb 8 61. CAfflTLWTE
(eti,ZD,B>8 + i]
41 JL HtjAaooun (Pb, Zd) S 62. Aluiahbiti
MnS
45. OLAUSTQilUTl PbSe 63* SfKPOOUTB
CoS
46. ZoBam ?(Pb, €hi) Sd 64. PtsifTLXsmmi
(Ni, Fc) a
4t. LKHfiBAcam (Pb, Hg) S© 65. GttinfAuiTB
1 BLENDE GROUP,— Iflomotric, tetrabadraL
M. SrHALRRrra Zn 8 [PRZiBttAiimE]
(ZiHCd)S
[KABifATiTB (Zn^ Fa) S 6t, Voltztte
ZnS hiZa 0
8. CHAT/XKJITK GROUP.— Ortborbombia
58. HiaBm AgTe 81. OHALCOcnrs
OttS
69. DAXXMiran Ag S eSL BTROlfETERTnS
(eu. Ag) a
60. ACAKTHITC AgS 03. StBIUZBEBairi
(Fe, Ag)84>i9al
4. PYRRnOTITE GROUP.— HexagonaL
CdS
ZnS
ee. MCLLKSmi Ni 8 1L KiCOOUTB
NiAa
6T. TEOIUTK Fo S 72. BBBTnAUPTTEB
NiSb
OB. PTBinoxm FaS+^FoS* 73. Ka.vsite
Mn Aa
74. SomiKniKRsrrE Po, Nl, P
IIL DEUTO OR PYRITB BIVXSION.
1. Piram group.— Uometrio.
tS, Ptvttw F^ 8* 83. SMALTin^
(Oo^f^»i)A#
76. KACrarrt Mn 8»
B Aa^R A#
77. CuBAKiTE p(F«,6u)S^^FiA8^ + [2PegT| 84 Scurminyrni
OoAa'
78, CBAUJOFYain 2 (€hi, Fte-) 8 ^- F«r 8' 86. COBAi^Trni
Oo (8, Aaj^
78. BABSTRAiimTa ti(eu,Fe)S + Fi!8^ + tf3uS] 86. GKBSDOErrtTS
Ni(S,Aay
80. drjumw 8 {€% Fia, Zn) 8 ^ Sn ^ 87. Ullmaxwitb
Ni (S, 8b, Aa)^
81, UnMm 2 Co 8 -1*00 8* 8S. OoKTmTii
KI (K Aa. SfaH
89* GJLBl0LLlfl t(0u, Oo)S 4 Co S* + [SOo 8^ 88. Laoiiti
RttS-t+AllW
1 MABCASITE OROUP-OrtborbomWa
Ai * ' flL— A 1^1 AM. f\.m ■■ ft * -^ - -
J%(9lAaf
(Oo,Fa)(8^AalF
91. umoorTBrni F9 Aa* 9ft. %sUAwXmCff
il BammmwwctiKI Aa< 96L Pjusn
J^»a8^.|Aa)|»
i8L MOITt ft At*4 Fa Aa 87, AtJ/Knasmi
CVi(9.A«i*4^iiBI
198. Sn-TAxm (Ag^ Ati)1V
suLPHiDB, sra
35
a. SA0TA0ITB OBOUP.— T^tn«OBML
4 OOVKLLETE 6B0UP.— Hezi«;oiiiL
lOa OofTSLUB Go 8^ €r €a S"
L BASIC OR DYSCRASITE DIVISION.
Azgentum ' nativum mtunonio adnnatum jBbym^ Scuigr^ 159, 178^
Seib, Lempe Ifag^ iii. 5, 1786. SlberapiessgUuiz, ^nesglas-Sflber, Antimon-
Genm. Anthnonial SlTer. Argent Antimonial Fr. DiBcnse BeucL, iL 613, 1832. Dis-
Frvbd, ? Prodr. StodiiolHh, 1837.
Orthorfaombic
1 : 1-7315.
/A 7=119° 59';
(?Al-il30° 41';
a:b: ^=11633
Oa ^=146° r
Oa 1=126 40
0 A 1-4=142 12
1 A l,bracli.,=92°
i-i A iri=z 98 13^^
i.jAt4=120 1
(?A1-I = 146° 6'
(?A2-I = 126 39^
1 A 1, mac., 132 42
QeftTage: bas&l distinct: l-i also distinct ; /
iB^ierfect. Twins : stellate forms and hexagonal
pnEBiaw Also massive, granular; particles of
tvioBB sizes, weakly coherent
H.=3-5--L G.=9-44— 9-82; 9-4406, Haiiy.
Lostre metallic Color and streak silver-white,
indinin^ to tin-white ; sometimes tarnished yel-
low or blackish. Opaqae. Fractnre uneven.
Ooiiipu— (A) A^ Sb=AntiBioiij S2, saTer 78=100. Also
(B)A«>Sb=AiitimoDjl5-e6,8aTer 84-34. Also Ag'Sb'=SlTer
rm. mxs&aoaj 37-08. AnaljBet: 1, 3, 7, KUproth (Beitr., iL 298, iiL 173); 8, Yraqodin
(Hsaj*i Mm^ iiL 991); 4, Abicfa ((^bITs Ann^ 1798, iL 3); 6, FkttDer (Ramm. Min. Ch., 30);
%%9, TLMHiiieliihqg (Z& O, xtL 620):
0
i
iH
1
l-$
l-i
^
3-1
1 1-*
I
i^S
a
Obflerred pkngts^
Saver78 Klaproth.
77 Klapcotfa.
78 Vauquelin.
75-25 AbidL
84-7=99-7 FUttner.
72-72 Bamm.
84 Elaproth.
83-85, As fr=99-66 Bamm.
82*19 Bamm.
Pjrr., •tc^-BJBL oa disrooal ftisea to a globule, coating the coal with white oxyd of antimoD j,
aad fiullf girnv a globule of afanost pure sflTer. Soluble in nitric add, tearing ozjd of
1. Wol&cfa, esane graimlar Antimonj [24]
2. AndwiberR JbHaied gmmOar, a.=9-82 [23]
3. « [22]
4. " [24-75]
5. " 15-0
t « [2708]
7. WolfiMb,>iejnBwisr [16]
8. " 15-81
9. " [17-81]
\ m TciM near WolfiKdi in Baden, Wittidien in Soabia, and at Andreasberg in the
Han, ■wwriitrd with aercral ow of aihrer, nalnre araenifi and galena, and other spedes; also at
Aloaoot in Danpliio^ OHaDa ia Spain, and in Bolivia, a A.
IfkH nre, ttua wmild be m vafattfale on of sflfer. Named firom i^pm^n, a had afloy.
(AwsBikrilbarX from AadieMbeig; analjaed hj Klaproth (Beitr., L 183^ and
BULPniDfl, ETC.
Dimietiil (Schweig. J», ixxiv. 357), Ima beou shown by RmnnielBbCTg to be probably a imxtufd of
areenopyrit©, arecnio&l iron, and djucrnsite (Pogg., IxiviL 2G2, and Min, Ck, 28)»
35(X Domeyko found a mass of ore from Cbaflardllo, ChilJ, which was mainly impure cfaloiO-
broaiid of Bilver ©jtternaJly, to coataiu withiu (Tr. de Eaaayee^ 238, 1858) 551) p. c of cblorid of
ailvt^r^ IB'l of an antiraonid of silTor, with 14'B of carbonatea and 14*2 ochreous clay; and this
autimoDid, h<? says, consists of Sb 3G, Ag 64, and "appears to coaetttute a distinct epedeo." Tho
formula would be Ag Sb. This ppedea is not mentioned in hia Mineralogy of 1860.
Domeyko states (Min. 190, 1860) that at Cliunarcillo a finely granular grayiah- white aQver Of^
fliflseniiniitcMl in pjaina, taking the liiatr© of eilvor when rubbed, ftffbrded him 4 to 6 p. a of i&tS*
mony ; that of the Descnbridora mine 4*1 Ag; that of the Rosario mine 5*8 p. c He alao
that the filamentous silver of Bolivia contains Sb 3'7, As 2'3 p. c.
35D. CuANARcrujTE Ikina-^lla describes further (ib.) a Bilver-white. ehining m
monuU ore from Chanarcillo, disseminatwd through caldte, which aflbrded him i^) 10 6—21*4, AM
J3*8^22-3, Ag 63^6 — 63'3t Fe 3^0 — 3 0, Regarding the iron as arsenical iron, he deduoea th»
fonniilo Ag^ (A^, Sb)*.
Rftmmelsberg points out the isomorphistn of dyscrasite and the antimoald of slzi<\ Za*
described by Cooke (Am, J, Scl, IL iviii 229, xx. 222V. *
36« OHTLJINm:.
idi, ib. 185, 1860.
AleacioQ de plata cx>n biamuto Domeifko^ Mln^ 187, 1846.
Chilenito Dana,
Data BiazDUtat
Amorphous ; gnumlar.
Soft. Silver white, but tamiBhing easily to yellowish,
Oomp,— Ag^ Bi=: Bismuth 13*8, silver 86*2. Domeyko obtained (Min., 185, 1860) Bi 10 I. Ag
CO I. Cu 6 8, As 2*8, gangue 190» corresponding to Bi 14 4, silver 856, Alao {Ann. d. M., IV. t,
456) Bi 15 '3, Ag $4-7. For the last the material was separated from a mass containing 6 to 11
p. o. of it disseminated in small points^
Oba. — From the mine of San Antonio in Copinpo.
3<jA. BiSMuni SiLVBB OF ScBAPBACM, ScHAPBACHTHL (Bismuthischefl Silher Selh, CreFi
Ann., I79;i, i. 10, Hchapbachite Kimng., Min,, 118, 1853). According to F. S u..,r,i^.. this bij»-
mutb-ailver, anals'Mjd by Klaproth, is a mixture of bismutbiue in needles, r d tr^dena
(Jahresb., 18G3, 797, 18d4>, KJuproth obtained (Beitr., il 291) Bi 27, Ag 15, I ;i Ci: (^%
B 163. Sandberger gives an analysis by von Muth, who obtained Bi 8*22, Ag 4 05, Pb 45*
Fe 0 07, S 9*7 2» quartz 32*33=99 69 j which, aller separating the iron oa Fe 8', aflbrda for the I
1 Bi S\ 12 ES. D. Forbes remarks with regard to Klaproth'a analysis (PhiL Mag,, IV. XXT, 10ft]
that the sulphur is solfident to nrnke sulphida of the metals, aad suggests the same coudiiflioiw
37, DOMBYETTB. Arsenikkupfer (fr. Oopiapo) Zinkm, Fcgg^ xB. 659, 1837* Araeniora dft
cnivT© DomeykOi Ann. d. M, IV, iiu 3, 1843; Oobre Blatico td* Min, 138, lfl46» Weiasknpfer
Mauain, Cuivre arsenical Fr. Arsenical Copper. Domeykite //aidL, Handb., 562, 1845.
Oondunite W. Phi&ips, PhiL Mag., ii. 286, 1827.
Renifonn and botryuidul ; also inpLssive and disseminated.
IL^3— 3-5. G.=7— 7*50, Portage Lake, Genth. Lnstm metallic^ bufe
dull on exposure. Cuh>r tin-Mliite to &toel-grav, with a yellowifth to pinch-
beek-lirown, and, attt?rwai'd, an iridei^CL>nt tariiBli, Fracture luieven,
Oomp. — €Hi' AB'=Ai»enic 28*3, copper 71*7 = 100, Analyses: 1, 2, Domeyko (Ann, d, M,, IV,
iil 6) ; 3, 4, F. Field (J. Ch, Soc, x. 289) ; 6, D. Forl^a (3 J, a Soo, xvil 44) j 6, 7, F. A. Cttit^
(Am, J. ^cd,, U. zxxiiL 193); 8, 9, Rammelsberg (Pogg., IzzL 305;; 10, Blythe (J. Ob, Soc, L
^13):
1. CiUaboK), Chili
2. Copiapo " 23-29
3. •' •* 28*44
4. Coqnimbo, '* 28*26
5. OoracxTTo, Bolivia S8 41
6. PcRtage Lake 29-25
7. " •* 29-48
8. OomwaD, Omdiwriie 18*70
9. " '* 17*84
10. ** »* 19*51
As 28-36 Cu 71*64=100 Domeyko,
70-70, Fe 0*52, 8 387 =98*38 Domeyka
71*66=100 Field.
7 1 -48 = 99*74 Field.
71-13, Ag 0-46=100 PorbM,
70-68 =96-93 Genth.
70-01 =99-59 Gbntli.
70 51, Fe 0 66 Ramraelsberg.
70 02, gaague 1-07 Rammelsberg.
60 21, Fe 0*25, 8 2*33, tL 2*41, C 1*62, H 0 44, N
013*17 ==100 ~
STJLPHIDe^ £TC*
37
m GunktffUB if a resolt of the iltei&tioii of other ores. It \& bkck and 9ol% soilii
It appeftTi, sometizDefi^ at least, to be a mixture of lirBeuite of copper with doL
, B foipl^d of copper. Kamm^laborg treated one apucijimQ with muriatic acid^ and mi
Urn lolikbid and insoluble portioaa sepantoly, ohtnLnlug
1. Insoluble
S. Boloble
Ag 13-89
Xs 3-70
On 12-81
Cu 62*29
8 2-20
tl 6-83=
gmgue 0-10=: 29*60
=7182.
Hie Ittfolobie portion oootains, therefore, Aa Al^ Cu 13-89, witb 10'85 of salphid of copptsr;
Hiiiy^i|wwii<Tint. tbe la^t excluded, to arsetiic 23-04, copper 76'96=tl00.
Toa Kobell (J. pr. CIl^ zzxix. 204), with the same treatment of noother spedmeD, found the
eampomtkm of tho soluble port, Xb 803, Cu 79*00, Fe 3'47; £[ 9-50=100, md the uiaoluble cou-
Mled of «t*etiic and soaie sulphtd of copper iu graina.
Bkftlie eoododofl, as 5 mean of mauy aiialyi^eg, that the arsenid of copper cootamed in condur-
niftOQikflbts of arsemc 28*85, copper 7115, which corre^poads with the domoyldto; and FHradaj^'a
■■ij iii[( {TbSL Mag^ 1827, 28ti) leada to the eamt^ result, or arsenic 29 8 8, eopp(;;r 70*11 ; but
iBBSMisberg's aaaljsis givea a larger proportiou of copper.
Pfr^ fliow — In the open tubo fuses and giv^es a white crjat&Uine sublimate of arsenous acid.
U. oa i^^arooal arsenical fumea and a mallouble motaUio globule, whidi, on trentment with soda,
9f«i a glolmle of pure copper. Not diasolved in muriatic acid, but soluble iu oitrlc add.
Oba< — From the Chilian mines of Algodoiiea in Coquimbo, in Illapel San Antonio in Oopiapo,
b N. Ainfirtca, found on the Sheldon location, Portage Lake ; and mixed with Djppor-nickel at
BddpieoCrai Island, in L. Superior.
flwiiw J ife ia from the Condurrow mtne^ near Uelstone^ and Wheal Druid mine at Cambrae, near
[ Ista^ OorawBlh
38. ALGODONrm. F. F\eld, J. Ch. Soc, x. 289, 1857.
In incruBtations minutely crystalline. Commonly massive and distinctly
H,^l. G.=7'62, from Cbili, Genth. Lustre metallic and bright, but
licoQauiig dull on expoem-e. Color feteel-gray to silver-wlnte, the latter on
4 poliilied eurfiice. Opa<jue, Fracture euh-couelioidal, affording a granular
a* As*=eii' As=As 16-50, Ou 83*50=100.
. X 8cl IL zxzia 192) :
AnaljHes: 1, F, Field (Lo,); 2—4,
As
Cu
Ag
L ChiU
«) 16*23
(i) 16 95
83-30
0*31 =99*84 Field
2 "
82*42
ir. =99-h7 Oenth*
3. L. Superior
15-30
84-22
0-32 =99^84 Genth,
4.
16*72
82-35
030 Genth,
Xm maXjibi 3, ft tittle whitnejite was mixed with the ore, and bence the higher percootage of
I floppcr (G«nUi).
PTt.— The same as with domejkite, but less fusible.
Oba- — In Cliili, at the silrer mine of Algodonea, near Ooquimbo, in the Cerro de los Seguaa,
DiepaEiaienl oif Bancagua ; in the United States, in the I«ake Superior region. Atraosported mast
i tf BODBd wtkitDejite and aigodonitC) wt»igbing95 — 109 lbs,, wti^ found on St. Louis E. Tho color
k gOLj^T^ and the texture more granular and less malleable, than in wliitneyiteL
39, WHITNBYITB, Genih, Am. J. ScL, 11. ixTii. 400, 1859, xxxiii. 191, 1862. Darwinite
A Forbm, Pha Mag., IV, zx. 423, 1860.
Mafi^ire. Orj^tnlline; very tine granular.
H-=3*5, G.~H'i>46— 8471, from Lake Superior, varying probably on
iOQDunt of pcirofeity, Genth ; 8*64 from Chili, For1)e^, Lustre ciull ami t^ul>-
metalhc ou surface of fresh fracture, but strong metallic^ wliere scratched or
rflM>ed, but soon tarnishing. Color pale reddish to grayish-white, pale red-
dilb-wlute on a nibbed surface ; becomhig yelluwibh-bronze, brown, and
howniih-black ou expo&ui'e. Sometimes irideseent* Opaque, Malleable-
StTLPHIDS, ETO*
Gomp. — Oa* AB*=Af»en!c 11*64, copper 88*36= 100.
Id (prlv, C0DtriK)j fl, D. Forbes {l c):
AnftljBea : 1--4. F. A. Geatii \
1. Mi<?fi!gf*p
A4
(1)1^61
13-28
12 28
11-48
11*58
(}
Ou Agk uadL
88-1 E 0*-^
87 48 On
87-37 (H
87*64 0*1
88*54 If
88*U Oi
=100-14 Qeotli.
= 99-80 Oenllj.
== 9» 69 Oentli.
= 98-75 Genth,
= 100 Genth.
= 100 ForboB.
lPyT0 — Lp?fl fti«*ible than algrodoDite ; otherwise aa in domejkite.
Om«— T '' oil Co„ Michi^ran, oca ted with red copper. A loose mafld^ weigblng i
lb*,, sod t : artly of alj^rHlonite, was found on thc^ P«^wabic location, 1 m. from J
vilkgv, FoiUiKi.: iMnii; reoeutly fouud in place on the ShDldoii locatian, near Houghton, ]
BUt^ lo €>c£?ur at thfl Albion location, about a milo fVom tho Cliff mine, in a Tein 4 f ' ^
also «t the ICtoDcsottt mUie \ ol»o in Souora (G^nthj, senr La Lagoona, a nxkdi on thaJ
libertad, Qnlf of CaUfomiii, 35 m. fr. Siria
Kamed After J. D. Whitne/.
U. GALENA DIVISION.
[For list of spedeB see page 34]
40* AROENl'mi, Arg^otum rude plninbei (X)1ori8 Gt Galenie Blmile, cultro dlfEoditUTi I
ooroprOMum dilatatiir, -iyrw-., 438, 1529; (?em>. Ghisen^ vi^rir,, Ink*rpr.^ 463, 1546 j Bm
Min.f 1734 (proring it a sulphur r^ompound). Silfverglaa, Minora argenti vitrviv Arg^tom^
pbure mi&erallaatum, WaU., 308, 1746; Sagt^ Ann. Ob., ti. :260, 1776 (with earifeil i
Glatiser% Silberglat, Silberglana» Schwefel-Silb<»r, Weichgdwioh*, Oemu Vitreou
phtif«t of Silver, SOver Olanoa. Argput 8nll\ir^ /V. Argjrooe Bnid, Tr.^ IL 39
gentit ffaid., Handb^ 665, 1845. Argyrit Gtock^ Sjn., 23, 1847.
I**>metric. Oheerved planes 0,1,1, 2, 2-2, FigB. 1 to 11, 2:^
age : doJeeaheclrttl in traced, Also reticulated, arix>re8cent, and fililuf]
aUo luuorjihous,
IL=t2— t2%S. 0.= 7-196— 7-365. LuBtre metallic. Streak and oo
lilaekifth lead-gray ; streak Binning. Opaque, Fracture small tsub-concl
dal, uneven. Perfectly ^ctilc.
Oompy— 'Ag S=:8ulphur 1^*9, sHver 87*1=100, Analjiaa: ], % KkpKAh (8«ltr.,
Lladiker (Togl'a Min. Jo^flih,, T8) :
8
]. JoadOmttbal
S. llimmaliranH
3. Joacblznftlial
tl4Tl
14-46
85 srlOiiKlaprotk
85-3-rll»KUpfoth.
77 58 Hb sea, Cq V63, Vt Sin^t^-it
I «to.— In tbe opQQ tube glip«6 off ttiipbarous ftdd B,Bl cm cbsreiNd f\Hii« wllll'ft
_ aa la CX?,, tmlttliig auhilivioyi Otinea^ and jiekltDg a globuk of lUfvr.
Otetf—Thlt taportant ore or illT«r la fbitnd at Fi«ib«is, Anaabetf^ JmMmgCbt^ of Um fin
II SolMttiAKIi »f4 Kr^m&lfei in Ufingwj; In Nonn^ ooir lioiiishtif ; In tlM Altai H
to tilt Dfili g tha fligAal mJttm^ to OotiwiiJIi fa SiiMmi P^wiy a
li CiMB||aaMv BioMiflML Oilfl>6% iwa Ftdm dm Foloflii tle»
ito VfW^ at Iba Oteiiiock M«» al <IUhf«i>t itttovi, atag ii^ ttoplMuifto, ocUvia |
MvBmr; - — - -. -
•iBLi to fte
U (kill tflll; common in tfa« orta of ft^m 1
rtolheOiiflaadtolfftot; iti Uia KMnaigv diiCriot, SSlvw^^Kpioat fvto.
pf«tabfyt]b»GlilifoM
8ULPHIDB, ETO. 89
A flBMs of 8iil|diid of BilTer is stated bj Trooet to haye been found in Sparta^ Tennessee ; ocoors
with natiTe silver and copper in northern Michigan. [A silver ore not yet analyzed, oocors,
•eoording to Jackson, with gray antimony, at Cornish, N. H.]
Alt^-KatiTe nlrer, at JoachimsthaL Also a mixture called silyer-blaok (Silberschwfirze
4nA. AaonropTBin (Slberkies). This mineral team Joachimsthal, made a species by y. Wal-
tenhsnaen {Geo, Wiss. Odttingen, 1866, No. 2), is shown by Tschermak (Ber. Ak. Wien, liy.
342) to be a pseudomorph consisting of the minerals aiigentite, marcasite, pyrrhotite, pyrargyrite.
It oocnra in small hexagonal ciystals, which were probably pyrrhotite or^inally. Yon Walters-
hauaen obtained in his analysis, Sulphur 34*2, iron 39'3, sUver 26*5.
4(»B. JAU>iTni Breiihaupt (B. H. Ztg., xy. 85, 1858). — Jalpaite is a cupriferous silyer-glanoe from
Jalpt, Mexico. It is Isometric in deavage, and malleable like ordinary argentite ; color blackish
Ind^y; G.=6-877— 6*890. Composition according to R. Richter (L c) S 14*36, Ag 71*51, Cu
18*11, Fe 0-79, affording the formula 3 Ag S+^u S or (} Ag+i Ou) S.
4L HAnMAMNTTB. Selensilber G. Boae, Pogg., xiy. 471, 1828. Selensilberglanz. S616ni-
ure d*argent I¥. Seleniuret of SUyer. Naumannit iTaid, Handb., 565, 1845.
Isometric. In cubee. Cleavage : cubic, perfect. Also massive, granu-
Ittj and in thin plates.
H.=2'5. G.=8'0. Lustre metallic, splendent. Color and streak iron-
Uaek.
Oomp. — (Ag, Pb) 8e. Pure, AgSe=Selenium 26*8, silver 73*2. Analyses: 1, Rose (L a); 2,
Bammelsberg (2d. SuppL, 127, and Min. Ch., 34) :
1. Hlkerode Selenium [29*53] Silver 65*56 Lead 4*91=100 Rose.
2. " *» 26-52 " 11-67 " 6015=98-34 Ramm.
InKa 1, Ag: Pb=13 ; 1, m 2, 1 : 5.
Pyr., etc — B.B. on charcoal it melt! easily in the outer flame ; in the inner, with some intn-
■etoenoo. With soda and borax it yields a bead of silver.
Oba. Occurs at Tilkerode in the Uarz. Named after the crystallographer Naumann.
According to Del Rio, another selenid of silver occurs at Tasco in Mexico, crystallized in hexag-
flid taUes. (Bead. Tr., IL 535.)
4SL BUOAIBrrB. Eukairit Bens,, Afh. vi. 42, 1818. Cuivre s^eni6 argental ff. Seleniuret
of silver and copper. Selenkupfersilber Germ.
Massiye and granular ; also in black metallic films, staining the calcite
in which it is contained.
Soft ; easily cnt by the knife. Lustre metallic. Color between silver-
white and lead-gray. Streak shining.
Oomp* — ^n Se+Ag Se=(6u, Ag) Se=Selenium 31*6, copper 25*3, silver 43*1=100. Analy-
ses: 1-3, BeraeUus (L c); 4-6, Nordenskiold (Bull Soa Gh., IL viL 411) :
SUver 42*73=96*67.
•* 42*73, gangue 8*90=96-88.
" 42-86=96*88.
" 44*21, thallium «r.= 100*41 Nord.
" 42*73, " " =100 Nord.
" 42*57=100 Nord.
Pyr, etc. — B B. gives copious fumes of selenium, and on charcoal fuses readily to a gray me-
tdic globule, leaving a bead of selenid of silver. With borax a copper reaction. Dissolves in
boifiiig nitric acid.
Oba— Oocnrs in small quantities in the Skrikerum copper mine in Smoaland, Sweden, in a
bad of terpentine rock, imbedded in calcite ; in Chili at Aguas Blancas, near Copiapo (this variety
tfbidinff Domeyko (Min., 206) 3e 32*2, Ou 28*0, Ag. 39*8), and at the mines of Flamenco, a few
Wgasaorth of Treapuntaa, in the desert of Atacama. Also a similar ore (Ann. d. M., YL v.
tfl aod a B . Iviii. 556) on the east side of the Andes of Chili, in the provmce of San Juan,
when ft ocean in a narrow vein (10-12 mm. broad), and has a lead-gray color, tarnishes easdy,
•■d k partly granular, and partiy very imperfectly lameUar ; at the Oacheuta mme, m the prov-
iaoe of ICendaca, with other selenids.
1. Skrikerum
Selenium 28*54
Copper 25*30
1
" 26*00
" 23*05
3.
" 28-63
" 26*39
4
" 32*01
" 23-83
5. "
«* [31-97
" [32*22
" 25*30
6. «•
" 24*86
40
eULPHIDS, ETC.
Kamed by BorzcltuB tmm e^ Miftfri opporiunefyt beoausd found by hixD eoou tfter the diacovtr^
of the metal selemum.
43. OROOKBSITB. A, R Niyrdmsmid, (Efy. Ak. Stockh., 1866, Bull 6oa Cb., IL Til 413L
Maseive, compact ; no trar!6 of eryetallization.
I[.=2*5— a. G.=0'90. Lustre metallic. Color lead-gray. Brittle.
Oomp— (ew, TX Ag) 8e=Seleiiiuin S3'28. copper U^U, tbaUium IV2^ aflrer ^*11sl0IL
Anolj&es: Nordenakiold (L c);
Se Cu Ag F« Tl
L [33-27] 46^1 144 0'63 1855 = 100.
1. 3086 46*05 6*04 036 16*27=0908.
B. 32-10 44-21 6'00 1'28 16*89=99-57.
Pyr^ etc. — B3. ftisoa very easUjr to a gre^nifih-blnck shining euainel, coloring the
fltrougly green. InBoltiblo in mumtic add; completely Bolublo in nitric
Obi. — From the mine of Skrikerum in Norvvuy. Formerly regarded ab ieleoid of copper or
berzelianite. Named after Wio, Orookea, the discoverer of the metal thallium.
44. GAIjBNXTS. Galena P/m.^ xzxiiL 31 [not Galena or Molybdtena (=litbargo-Uke prodoet
from the ore), Pltn., xxzlv. 47^ 53]. Molybdajna pt., Phimbago pt., 6alenii| PleiertR, Plei-Glana^
Afffic^ 1646. Plumbago pL, Blyglanta, Galena^ Plumbum solphure et argento mineraH&atuin,
WaU., 202, 1747» OrongL^ 167, 168, 1768. Sulphuret of Lead Romh Bidfure /V-. Goleuit vtm
Kob., Uin., 201, 1868.
Pltimbsgo, Pleiadiweia ? A^ie,,, Intcrpr., 467, 1 540. BleUcbveif^ Plumbago. Plumbum aulphnre
et arseuico miueralifiatum, Wailj 204, 1746. Steinmaunite Zippe^ Verb. Ges. Mus. B6limeQ«,
1633, 39. Targiouite Bechi, Am. J. Sd., II xiv. 60, 1852. Superaulpharctted Lead Johnshtt^
Hep, Brit Aaaoc, 572, 1333; Thontson^ Min^ L 552, 1S36; Johnatoaite Greg db DtUs<m, Mia,
448, 1868.
Isometric. Observed planea: O, 1,/; %Z\ S-3, 2-2, |~}. V\o^, 1 to
8, 23 with planes 1, 70, 71, the last a distorted form. Cleavage, cubici
70 *?«
Eonie,17. T.
perfect ; octahedral in traces. Twins, like f. 60 ; the same kind of com*ix)6l-
tion repeatetU f- 72, and flattened paralli-l to 1. Also retifidutcd, tabular;
coai^e or tine granular; gometimes inmalpable ; occiisionally til>rou».
H,=2*5 — 2'75, G.=7*25 — 7*7, Lustre metallic. Color and streak
pure lead-gray. Surface of cr^^stals occasionally tariiisbed. Fracture diit
feubconchoidal, or even. Frangible.
Oomp^ Var.— Pb S=Sulphur 13*4, lead 86*6= 100. Coutaina silver, and oocarioiiaHy
(ore fr. Fahluti, Berz.), zinc, cadmium, antimony, copper, as sulphida; beitdea, bIao, a
native silver and gold ; and even platinum has been reported aa occurring in a galenite from HM
DepL of Charente, France.
Tar. 1. Ordina/ry, (a) Well crystallized; (&) somewhat fibrooa and plmuoee; (f) granaltf
coarse or fine ; (d) crypto-crystalline.
Pb
Sb
Fe
Cu
Zn
Ag
80-100
8-807
1-877
0-440
0024
0-826= 99-013
78-238
4-481
1-828
<r.
0-486=200-227
78*284
2-462
2-811
Y)-560= 99-610
72-440
4-808
1-866
4-261
0-66i»= 100-284
72-90
6-77
1-77
1-11
1-38
0-72 = 99-220
41
1 ArfoUi/mmB. AU galenite is more or leas argentiferoas, and no external characters serve
to dMiigiiteh the kinds that are mnch so from those that are not
1 Owitaining arsenic, or antimony, or an ore of these metals, as impurity. Here belong the
MiMftii'i/ lar^fkmUe^ and slewmanniUt, which appear to be merely impure galenite.
4 Gontaimng an excess of sulphur, through mixture. SuperauiphureUed lead of Johnston and
tfttts (or Johnatonite) is here included. The excess of sulphur is owing to a decomposition of a
pofttoD of the mass, setting part of the sulphur free.
lulyBes: 1, Thomson (Ed. PhiL J., 1829, 266); 2, 3, Lerch (Ann. Gh. Pharm., xly. 326):
1. Durbam 8 13-02 Pb 86-13 Fe 060=98-66 Thomson.
1 Pnibram G.=7-262 14-41 81-80 Zn 369=99-80 L. Pb 8 to Zn S as 6:1
3. " G.=7-324 14-18 83-61 2-18=99-97 L. Pb 8 to Zn 8 as 12 : 1
Sebwartx found 6*02 p. c. of cadmium in a galena from Altenberg.
The lilTer present is detected easily by cupellation. The galenite of the Harz affords *03 to
r ^ ;l & of silTer ; the English -02 to -08 ; that of Leadhills, Scotland, *03 to 06 ; of Monroe, Gt,
tfLa; of Boxbury, Gk, assayed by P. Collier, 1-86 p. a silyer; Eaton N. H., 0-1, G. T. Jucksou;
Unnie, N. H^ 0*16; of Missouri, *0012 to -0027, Litton; Arkansas, 0-08 to -06, Sillimau, Jr.;
IGdiBelown, Gt., 0*16 to 0-^ p. a ; Pike's Peak, Colorado, 006 to 0-06 p. a
Oie foUowing; firom Tuscany, contain antimony and silver (£. Bechi, Am. J. Sd., II. xiv. 60) :
8
L Bottino 12*840
1 " 16-246
t " 16-608
4 Argentiera 16780
6. ** 16-62
Ho 6 is the iargiofiiie of Bechi, oocurring in octahedrons with G.= 6-932.
TbM hkuchweif from Glausthal in the Harz, G.=7-63 — 7*66, analyzed by Rammelsberg (Min.
Chm, 49) afforded, Pb 8 96-86, Zn S 334, Fe 8' 064, Sb 8' 0-80=10008. Schwarz (Ber. Ak.
¥iBB, XXV. 561) found in one specimen of sUinmanniU^ Pb 8 7648, with As* 8* 9-25, Sb' 8* 0-77,
b 8 11-38, Fe 8 2-10=99*88; and in another, less lead, only a trace of zinc, very little arsenic,
■dmch antimony; and he concluded that the sulphid of lead was the only constant constituent.
As tupenukfkmrdkd lead gave Johnston, Pb 8 90-38, 8 871. B. Hofhiann found 8*7 p. c. of
■fabor in a galenite from Now-Sinka, Transylvania, along with 61*30 of sulphate of lead.
rjt4 — In the open tube gives sulphurous fumes. B.B. on charcoal fuses, emits sulphurous
ten, ooats the ccmI yellow, and yields a globule of metallic lead. Soluble in nitric acid.
Obi«— Occurs in beds and veins, both in crystalline and uncrystalline rocks. It is often asso-
•diied with pyrite, marcasite^ blende, chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite, etc., in a gangue of quartz, calcite,
bvitB or fluor, eta ; also with cerussite. anglesite, and other salts of lead, which are frequent
mohs of its alteration. It is also common with gold, and in veins of silver ores. E. J. Chapman
RBiirks that galenite is seldom much argentiferous except when it is associated with mispickel
«r Kne other arsenical ore.
At Freiberg in Saxony it occupies veins in gneiss ; in Spain, in granite at Linares, and also in
OrtsloDii, Grenada, and elsewhere : at Glausthal and Neudorf in the Harz, and at Przibram in
Bohemia, it forms veins in day slate ; in Styria it occurs in the same kind of rock in beds ; at
Stfai ^ Sweden it forms veins in granular limestone ; through the graywacke of Leadhills and
the kiDas of Cornwall, in veins; in mountain limestone in Derbyshire, Cumberland, and the
DOfthem districts of England, and also in Bleiberg, and the neighboring localities of Cariutbia. In
the EttgUah mines it is associated with calcite, pearl spar, fluor, barite, witherite, calamine, and
biende. Other localities are Joachimsthal, where it is worked principally for the silver; Przibram
is Bcdmnia; in Nertschinsk, East Siberia; in Algeria; near Cape of Good Hope; in Austraha;
ObB; Bdivia, etc. x \i wt
Extensive deposits of this ore in the United States exist in Missouri, Illinois, Iowa, and wis-
cooiin. The ore occurs ui stratified limestone, of different periods of the Lower Silunan era,
upedaDy the Tienton, associated with blende, smithsonite ("dry-bone " of the miners), calcije,
Writa and often an or« of copper and cobalt The mines of Missouri were discovered in Uiu,
bj F^mcis BenaoH and Mr. la Motte ; they are situated in the counties of Washin^n, Jefferson,
ladMadisoD. Oi the Upper Mississippi lead region, five-sixths, says Whitney (Rep. Up. miss.
WpoiL 18621 belong to Wisconsin, and the richest portion is in that part of the Stote ac^oimng
liiiois and Iowa The productive lead district is bounded on the west, nortli, and east by the
IfiviviPiN. Wisoonsin, and Eock rivers. The occurrence of calo spar in the swJ, or smk Holes
ifaM^ considered indications of lead. Prom a single spot, not exceedmg fifty yards square,
M« tons of ore hmre been raised. ^ ^ . t« v^/, Tort at TloBaie Rt
Oocon also in lainois, at Cave-in-Eock, associated with fluonte. In New York, at Rossie, St
49
fiULPHIDe, ETC,
Iawt^dco Co., in vcina from one to three or tour feet in width, the crystals often vf-rv hii^'^
r. 70, without i\ with calcite, iron and copper pyrites, and some blonde and
Wurtaboro, Sulliran Co., in a large vein in miUetone grit, with blende, iron and t
ot Anorain, Golutnbia Oo,; in Ulater Co.» where often in crystals with the phice* 0» 1# ^-i'.,
Uko TO, Gxc<}pt thiit the edgen are bercUed, In Maine, Tcina of conside ruble extent cxiBt at
i(\! '*re la associated with cbalcop3Tite aad blende; also less exteniiye^ at
1' in, and Parson 8 viilc. In Xew Hampftkirt, At Eaton, with bteodi^ KM '
itii . .u . ... llayerhlll, Bath, and Tam worth. In Vemumty at Tlietford, In Qmnaciit^ •!
town, in a vein in argillite, aiaBsive and crystalline. In MassachuBeiU^ at Soutbazup^otH
und Sterling. In PisriMylvania^ at PhenixviUe and elsewhere. In Ftryiata, at Ansltn^a minet
Wythe Co.j Walton's gold mine in Lonida Co , and other places. In IhnnesMe^ al Brown*s
and lit HijFboro, near NaabvUle, with blende and heavy spar. In Michigan, in Iho mglaa
CI river and elae whore, and Lake Superior copper districts j on the K, abort
h }f eebing on Thunder Bay, and around Black Bay.
^i. ^ .i*.r>'j»ia, at many of the gold mines. In Neitoda^ abundant on Walker'a Hver, •
Bt^mboat Sprion, Galena district. In Araontt^ bx the Castle Dome, Eureka, and other distftM
^Jn Colorado, at Pike's Peak, etc.
Alt, — Minium, auglesiite, cerusaite, pyroroorphite, wulfenite, tetrahwWte, choloodto, ^^ _
(nnrtr, UmoiHte, pyrite, pistomosite (pistopyrite Breith.)i calamine, ooear aa paoudoaiorpba iM
fr t! I rum ultenitlon, and partly through removal and substitutioii. A chajige lo tM
c lie), \snth the atjiting fh>e of sulphur, is the most common.
1 fin rtj> r;m«;ii5* regarded as paeudomorpha after pyromorphite, from Bemkastel on thi
Breithaupt maket^ into a new apeciea (B. II. Ztg., xiL m, \SB2, xxiL 3G, 18^$), whkh Im
vLutnb$tn£^ or one spocloa of hia Se^an^iUB^ regarding thi$^ anlphid of load as or7CctaKlaa4 11
liezaffonj^ prlxmii, and not a psoudotnorph. It has G.=6'729 — HH7, and heaoa^fomai deafif^
H^ puioea with it tho stalaetitic galena of Cornwall, Freiberg^, mid PrTifbram.
A gulontte ocuim iu lAtb^iuon Co., Pa., which baa an ea^y 'Ujt^ as flrat
by Dr. John Torrey. 1 1 is rogarded by some as proof of di atilpbid of kad|
by others as a R««ult of pirudoniorphtam after a mineral wiiii rx-iiirRHLmi cleavagfL 8m ^^i.
8d,, IL jotxv. 12G. Dr, Torroy obsenros that on moderate h4Mitmg 1^ oCsomife heeemm^Mt^ U
9p....iii., -T .vUy it doc** }-'f .(.'V.r ir,,T,, .-,r,i;r...ri-' .^Mlenlto,
•if ili. M ^i?d to bo near tetrahadHte^ is pfOiioiui«41
>" li» lir. l»>-" ith wiiper ore.
AruL — iialenito is i^cixactijtie^ ti iiinint.v proiiuet It hat baoo made til cejtttBlm by hoiA
oxyd or fiUicthto of load with vapor of sulphur (Wurtz); also by stispoodiiig calwi«t« of laMlti
b^ in water &aturatod with carbonic aeid, and in whicli pnirid fermeutation ia lc«pt op (an bfi
in the \«>utii>rK thoro resulting on inunistatton of galentite upon the ahetU {iia|{i% H
fffaiitiiur or
Luaire, and
(L a) '
OCHnea
Cii
(MiiL, l«fK)
T»ry from t)
am paaaliik
AiM^yaea: i
'14, jGalena bleudnaa Vnrntifka, Mln., 1^8, li60. Bulpliid of I
^ T\ \x\ llOf Thi> rhanuTtcrs ara mostly thoae of gilazii^
r rather paler than ordinaiy nlatitla^ t
It any mixture of btondo. Domtjflro < _
v^ hich cv^rres{Mjuds nearly toPt»8-i^1}ZiiJi
ihiasco, where it fonna larg» aggpragatod iiisiiM
1 ctfdiiKi DobctVoV 1
ndhia ilc«oiri|iao<i I
tniotu]«, ooldf, and !
the (\i\ar a Utzto i'
laafmoalf
niugtl it."
m ratomo (Ao
n-uu
aa if iiul^
•naa of 00 1
till); 2, y
Pb 64*9 Cu i:> & Jm U<& =lO'.i ruttoar. a.=6*i«»t^~
2»aA W-a^lMi-dd l^eld, G.^eio.
< variety analyml t||f lilm
i^ IT)ri<>b, a aiBll
tt witf ffom ma* Ofwidi^ i
at It Jirur la TialoHA,
ofgAlMlHwhldilil
A. OXJttrSTHAXilTfi.
ri«Qa»
l(iaj(, pQit^ U. 41&, 1834 OL ni ; IL
43
itt-Blei^ans [=:06lMiltic GMena] Hausrru, Nordd. Beitr. B. H., iil 120. KobaltUeien Hanum^
mOi^ 183, 1813 ; id. 8knm, Jt Bdusm,, Gott geL JLdz., 1825, 329. Selenkobaltblei M. Baae^
ta^ m. 288, 290. Tilkerodite BneL, Handb., 666» 1845.
iM>iaetric. Occurs commonlj in fine granular masses ; some specimens
•ted. Cleavage cubic.
L=2*5— 3. G.=7'6— 8'8. Lustre metallic. Color lead-gray, somewhat
ieih. Streak darker. Opaque. Fracture granular and shining.
boipby Var^— Pb Se=Selenium 27*6, lead 72*4=100. Besides (1) the pure selenid of lead, there
sthflffs, often arranged as distinct species, which contain cobalt, copper, or mercury, in place
MEft of the lead, ai^ sometimes a little silver or iron. The proportions of these ingredients
r ao mndli and so irregularlj, that the true chemical constitution of the ores, as Rammelsberg
M, is yet doubtftiL (2) The oobaltic ore (anaL 8^ Tilkerodite HaM., is here retained as a va-
r of <jaiisthalite. It affords the formula 6 Fb Se + Go S*, according to Rose, who makes the
maiul J Belemum ; bat taking the results as thej stand, 6 Pb Se + Oo Se.
1, H. Bose (L c.) ; 2, Stromejer (Pogg., iL 403) ; 3, H. Bose (Pogg., ill. 288) :
Se Pb Oo Fe
1. OattslhaUU 27*59 71*81 =99*40 Rose.
1. " 28*11 70-98 0*83 =99-92 Strom. G.=7*697.
3. fUherodile 31*42 63*92 3*14 0*45 =98*93 Rose.
yr« — ^Decrepitates in the dosed tube. In the open tube gives solenous fbmes and a red sub-
iftou BJB. on charcoal a strong selenous odor ; partially fuses. Goats the coal near the assay
kat gray, with a reddish border (seleniumX and later yellow (oxyd of lead) ; when pure entirely
ilfle; witii soda gives a globule of metallic lead. The Ulherodie yields a black residue, and
m a oobcdt-blne l^ad with borax.
Iba^ — ^ICuch resembles a granular galenite ; but the faint tinge of blue and the B.B. selenium
ore to distinguish it
I with the following selenio ores : first by Zinken, near Harzgerode in the Hans with
TrtftT, at daustha], Tilkerode, Zorge, and Lehrbach ; at Reinsberg, near Freiberg, in Saxony ;
lla Bio Tinto mines near Seville, Spain ; Oacheuta mine, Mendoza, S. A.
. 9QROIT13. Selenblei mit Selenkupfer K Bose, Pogg., iL 415, 1824. Selenkupferblei, Selen-
ileikiipfer, Boee, lb., liL 293, 294, 296. ' Seleniuret of Lead and Gopper. Zorgite RikK^ 163,
862. Baphanosmit v. Kob^ Ta£, 6, 1853.
Massive, granxdar, like Glausthalite.
BL=2'5. G.=7— 7*5. Lustre metallic. Color dark or light lead-gray,
netimes inclining to reddish, and often with a brass-yellow or blue tar-
ih. Streak darker. Brittle.
lOBipu — ^Fb Se + Ga and Se in varying amounts; and perhaps only a mixture of dausthalite
h ibe other ingredients. Analyses : 1, 2, H. Rose (Pogg., iil 288) ; 3, 4, Kersten (ib., xlvi.
):
Ag
1-29 Pe Pb 2'08=100*51 Rose.
Pe Pb 0-44 undec. l-00=99-2« Rose.
0-05 Pe 2-00 S ir., quartz 4*5 =98-31 Kerst
0-07 Fe S <r., quartz 2*06 =9930 Kerst
1) Ka 1 10 Bo0e*s 8denbleikupfer=zA: Pb + 4 Ou + 7 Se, or wanting i Se of Pb Se + Gu Se; and
Ko. 3 his flteteii*»p/!rW«=9 Pb+4 Gu+12 Se, which is near^ Pb Se + Gu Se, the formula of
3 ; (3) Na 4=6 Pb Se+Gu Se. The deficiency of Se in Nos. 1 and 2 may be a result of
tial aHeratkm.
^. — JAka dausthalite, but yielding a black residue and a globule of copper, with usually, when
eSed, a trace of silver.
)ifaa, — Occurs under similar drcumstancos with dausthalite at Tilkerode and Zorge in the Harz ;
Sasbttdi near Gabel in Thuringia, in argillaceous schist with galenite, chalcopyrito, malachite, in
angne (tf calcite, siderite, fluorlte, and quartz.
Se
Pb
Gu
1. Tilkerode
34-26
47-43
15-15
2.
29-96
59.61
7-86
3. CHaabadi
30-00
53.74
802
4.
29-35
63-82
4-00
44
BIJLFHID6, ETC.
1. Tilkerod©
Se 24-97
Pb 55-S4
2,
2768
61-70
3. "
24*41
16-93
47. LEHHBACHITXL Selenblai fsH SeleDquecksUber H. Ro»e, iL 413, 1824, Eil 297. Seta'
Quedcailbarblei LtfrTnA.^ Haadb., 592, 1 826. Seleni ure t of Lead imd Mercury. Lehrbachite B, A
i£, Mid., 153, 1852.
Mag6ive, gramilar.
G* = 7'80l— 7*870. Culor lead-gray, eteel-gray, iron-Llack. Brittle.
Gotnp.^Pb Se with Hg So. Aualyaos: 1, Rose (L c); 2, 3, Schulu (Ramm. Miu. Ch., lOIl)
Ue 16-94=9t-7&.
55-52, S 1*1=97-96 S., G.=8104.
Pyx. — In the cloftod tube girea a lustroos metallic gray aublimat© orseleiild of mercurr ; with
eodji, a snbliniot© conaisting of globiilea of mercury. In the open tube giv&a reactioQs for eelea-
lum, and n Bubliinate of aolenaUj of mercury condeusiog^ in drops. On diarcoal Uko clauathaUte,
Oba.— From TUkwrode and Lehrbacli, in the Hara, like cLiuathaliteu
48. ALTAITS. Tellurblel 0, Bote, Togg^ xviil68, 1630. Tellund of Lead. Elasmose iRiflt,
Mio., L Ij^l ; 0, d^HaUoy, Introd, 4 la Geol, 1833 (not of Beud. Tr., 1832), ©ta Jd%tk% Mm
Handb., 656, 1845.
Isooietric. Usiiallv massive ; rarely in cubes. Cleavage : cubic.
H.1^3-3-5. G.=8a50, G. Ro^e. Lnstre metallic. Color tiU'Whil%
resembling that of native antimony, with a yellow tarnibh. Sectile.
Oomp.^Pb Te^Tellurium 38*3, lead 61-7. Analysis by G, Eoso (Pogg., iviii. 6S) gave sQTtr
1-28 p. c. ; and from on in) perfect approrinmtiTO dotermi nation of the lead and teUuriom lU
ftfisumed thmn to have the same relatiou aa In hessite, or Tellurium 38-37, lead 60*35.
Pjr^. — In the open tube fuses, (a^ives fumes of tellurous acid^ forming a white sublimate, wbidi
B3. ftisea into colorlosa dropg. On charcoal in R.F. ei>lor9 the thime bluiah, fuaes to agtobulitk
ooatB the eoal near the assay with a luf^trous metallic ling of tellurid of lend, outside of which If
43 browttiflh-yellow, and in O.F. gtill moro yellow. Entirely volatile, eroept a trace of ailrer.
Oba. — From Sav*"KliD3ki near Siranovski in the Altai, with hesJsite.
Huot aaya that Boudant in his lectures changed hia first use of tbe name EUmnote; and \ht
later use Uoot adopta in his Mineralogy, and OraaUna d'lltilloy in hia Introductiou to QeoJiOff.
The oonfuaion thus occasioned, and tbe uDallowable form of tlio namc^ aro reaaoua enough for iS^
tiDg it aside altogether, and adoptlug AUaiU.
49. BORNITE* Kupferkies pt, Kupfer-Lazul Ilrmckel, Pyrit, 1725. Lefreialag. Bnm
Kopparmaim, ^lineraCupri Hepatica, Cuprum sulfure et ferro raioerali&atnm, IFtiii., 2M3, 1747.
CMlvre ritreuse violette Ft, Trl Wall, 1763. Koppar-Lazur, Alinera Cupri Laanrca, OrmsiL^
175, 1758. Buntkupfererz W^n. Purple Copper Ore Kirv}. Variegated Copper Ore. Col<
vre pyriteux hepaliquo, IL PhiUipeito Bcud,, ii,, Tr,, ii. 411, I83± Pyrites eruhescens DanOi^
Kin., 408. 1837 ; Poikilopyntea Cfedt., Grundr., 328, 1839. Bornit HoidL, Handb., 562, \U^
Poikiht Breitii, Erntiescite Dana, Min., 610, iS60. Cobre abigarrndo, Cobre panaooo^ D^
Figs. 1, 2, 3, 11, 14. Cleav^
Maj^sive, structure granular or
Color between copper-red and
Isometric. Observed planes 0\ /, 1, 2-2.
age: oetaheJral in traces. Twins: f. 50,
coinpact.
11.— 3. G.=4*4r— 5*5, Lustre metallic
pinchbeck*brown ; Bpec<ljly tarnishes. Streak pale grayish-black, slightly
shining. Fracture small conchoidal, uneven. Brittle.
Oomp., Var- — (6u, Fe) S, the proportion of €u to Pe varying; and aometiaies (there belug an
esoeaa of sulphur above the ratio of ur''- - ^ 1 to Fe S* (pyrite), cither aa an impunty ort
chemical cosapoand; at times also mixed opyrite. A$ it is a result of the alteration of
other ores, oocurnng only sparingly at gr^.A ...| .La iu veins, such eomponnda, or mixturea, axe
not improbable.
SULPHIDB, ETC.
45
(IV In auaL 1, 6, 6, ^ : F^=4 : 1 nearly, whence the special fonnula (^ €n + i Fe) S=8iilphar
IMl, copper 70-13, ¥e 7-76=100.
(1). In anaL 3, 4^ 17, 18, eu : Fe=2 : 1 neariy, and hence (f On+i Fe) S=Sulphur 23*7, cop-
pw«-5, Fte 13-8=100.
(3)l In the other analyses FeS* is apparently present (a). AnaL 2, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22 approxi-
Bite n»r« or leaa, in the ratio of sulphur to the metals, to 15 : 1 3, whence the formula 1 1 (6u, Fe)
8 + 2 Fe S' (=4^ €u S + Fe» S» Ramm.)=S 26-00, Cu 6 1 -87, Fe 1 2-13. (6). Anal 7 and 13 cor-
iwpiHid to 6 (€iu, Fe) S + Fe 8* (=6 ^u S + Fe* S* Ramm.). (c). AnaL 8, 9, 10, 12, 16, cor-
nipoDd to 5 (eu, Fe) S 4- ^ Fe 8* (=3 eu S + 2 Fe* S^ Ramm.)=8 2804, Cu 66-60, Fe 16*36=
m. {dU AnaL 34=10 (Ou, Fe) 8 + Fe 8* (=9 <ru 8 + Fe* 8* Ramm.). Rammelsberg writes
fcrHa 5, lO^n 8 + Fe* 8*=ll (€u, Fe) 8 + Fe 8*: and for No. 6, 8 6u 8 + Fe* S*=9 eu 8 +
IbS*.
faianaL 25, the proportion of copper is unusually small; €u : Fe=3 : 2 ; formula 3 6u 8 +
fc 8 + Fe S* (= J thi + i Fe) 8 + i Fe 8*. But Mene observes that the ore is not pure, and
that after separating the impurity, or what is so re^rded, it corresponds to ii^u 8 + Fe S*.
The presence of the ordinary sulphid of iron Fe 8* appears to be for more probable than that
tf the uncertain F^' 3', aa stated on page 3.S.
Aualyaea: 1, 2, Berthier (Ann. d. M., IIL iii. 48, yiL 540, 556); 3, Phillips (Ann. PhiL, 1822,
81); 4, Brandes (8chw. J., xxiL 354); 5-9, Plattner (Pogg., xlvii. 351); 10, Varrentrapp (ib.);
1I,Hiringer (Afh., W, 362); 12, Chodnef (Pogg., Ixi. 395); 13, Bodemann (Pogg., Iv. 116); 14,
ftHf ((Eftr. Ak. Stockh^ 1S48, 66); 15-18, E. Bechi (Am. J. 8ci., 11. ziv. 61); D. Forbes (Ed.
l PhiL J., L 278); 20, Booking (Ann. Ch. Ph., xcvi. 244); 21, C. Bergemann (Jahrb. Min., 1857,
IM); ^ Banunelsberg (ZS. G., zviil 19); 23, Collier (private contrib.); 24, Rammelsberg (lb.,
29); 25, M^ne (C. R., Ldii. 53):
8
Cu
Fe
6-8, gangue 40 =99 4 Berthier.
13*0, gangue 5*0=100 Berthier.
140, quartz 0-5=99*32 Phillips.
12*75, " 3-5=99*53 Brandos.
6*41=99*99 Plattner.
7*54=99*91 Plattner.
11*56=99*65 Plattner.
14-84=99-84 Plattner.
17-36, Si 0*13=99-39 Plattner.
14*85=100*03 Varrentrapp.
11-80=99*83 Hismger.
14-94, gangue 004=99*71 Chodnef
1 1*64 quartz 004=10013 Bodemn.
10-24, gangue 4*09=99*11 Staaf
18*03=98*84 BechL
13*87, gangue 0*75, Pe 1*50=98-95 B.
15*09=99*23 BechL
15*89=100*60 BechL
11*12, Mn tr., Si 3*83 = 99*15 Forbes— G. =
4-432.
13*67=99*93 Bocking.
11*79, Ag 2*58=100 Berg. G.=5— 5*476.
11*80, Pb 1*90, Ag </. = 100*63 Ramm.
11*77, Ag ^.=99-39 CoUier.
7*63=100*11 Ramm.
15*4, insoL 8*1=9980 Mene.
Pyr., etc — In the closed tube gives a fairt sublimate of sulphur. In the open tube yields
nlphnroua add, but gives no sublimate. B.B. on charcoal fliscs in R F. to a brittle magnetic
gkMe. The roasted mineral gives with the fluxes the reactions of iron and copper, and with
iDda a metallic globule. 8oluble in nitric acid with separation of sulphur.
Obiy — Oocors with other copper ores, and is a valuable ore of copper. Crystalline varieties
we finmd in Cornwall, and mosUy in the mines of Tincrofl and Dolcoath near Redruth, where it
ii cdled by the miners '* horse-flesh ore." Other foreign localities of massive varieties are at Ross
Iriaadin KiUamey, in Ireland ; at Mount Catini, Tuscany; in cupriferous shale in the Mansfeld
£itriot^ Gemiany ; and in Norway, 8iberia, Silesia, and Hungaiy.
h is the principal copper ore at some Chilian mines, especially those of Tamaya and 8apos ;
also common in Pern, Bolivia, and Mezlca At the copper mine in Bristol, Conn., it is abundant,
and often in flue crystdlintions (t 1, 3, 4. and 14 with planes 0). At Cheshire, it is met with
1. Montecastelli, Tuscany
21-4
67*2
1 StPancraoe
22*8
59*2
1 Boaa L, L. Olamey
23*75
6107
ISberia
21*65
61*63
i Sangerhaasen, masawe
22-58
71 00
i Eideben, numtue
22-65
69*72
t. Woitiki, White 8ea, mass.
25*06
63*03
t Goodurra ML, Comw., oryftL
28-24
56-76
SL Dalame, massive
25*80
56*10
Ik
26*98
58*20
IL Teatanforss, Westmannl'd
24-70
63*33
11 Bedruth crysL
26-84
57*80
U. Bristol, Ct., tiuisftw
25*70
62-75
11 Westmannland
60*56
15. Mt Cat'mi
24*93
55*88
16.
23-36
59*47
17. ITiemo
23*98
60-16
RFericcio
24*70
60*01
UL Jemteland, Sweden
24*49
59-71
IOl Coqoimbo
25*46
60-80
2L BaMios, Mexico
23*46
6217
21 " G.=6*030
25*27
6166
S3. Bristol, Ct
25-83
61*79
U. Laoterberg
23*76
68-73
33. Oorsica
26*3
500
46
SULPHIDe. ETC.
in enbet, tkmg with barite, malachite, and chalcodte. Found maesiTe at ICalioopeiij,
Wilkeibarre, Penn.^ and m other pnits of tho same State, in cniprifcrous ahale, tsaocittted in i
quaotiUea with Titreoas oopper ; alBo in granite at Cbeeterfield, Maas. ; abo in New Jenej.j
common ore in Cannda, at the Actoo and other mines, along a belt of 16-30 m., between L. f
phfemagog and Quebec
Kamed after von Bom, a diatinguisbed minerologiBt of the last centuiy. The name FbiBI^ j
rile hii A prior use for another ipedet.
60. BBRZXIIiIANrrB* Selenknpfbr Ben., iih., vi 42, 1S18, Selenid of copper; SeleninnI
of Copper. Cuivre B^Uaii I¥, Beraoline Beud,, Tr,^ iL I»3^ 183!^ Beraeliimite Dan^i, }tin^
S09, 1850.
In thin dendritic crusts,
Streak fehining.
Soft, Lnstre metallic. Color eilver-whitew
Comp^ea Se=SeleDiam 38-4, copper 61 6::
Selenium 40
:100. Analysis by Berzeliua (L a):
Copper $4
Pyr, — In the open tube gives a red anb)imate of acleoium, with white crystals of aek
acid, B.fi. on dmrcoal selenous fomea, and with soda yields a globule of copper.
Oba. — Occurs at Skrikerum in Sweden, and also near Lehrbaeh in the Harz.
Beadant gave the name Berweline to this species, whicb^ as it has another earlier applicaUon b '
the BcienoSi is given to another form above.
61. CASTILLITB, Caslimt Eamm., ZS. G., iviil 213,
Motive. Bietinctly foliated.
H.=:3. G. == 5-186— 6'241, Lnstre metallic. Color and tarnish m
bornite*
Comp^-iH^^ ^ Ag)S4'Fe8'witlieu:Zti:FbtAgt=30:7:2i:I). Analysis: I
melsberg(lc.}:
S Cii Zn Pb Ag Pe
25-65 41*11 12-09 10 04 4*64 6 40=100*02
Kammelsberg writes the fonnnla iCa Ag)* S-f 2 (Cu, Pb, Zn^ Po) &
Pyr., etc. — B.B, fuses rather difficultlyt and cbauges to a slag colored red by copper.
nitric acid rliggolves with the separation cf sulphur and sulpliate of lead, and gives a blue solntiom,
Oba. — From GiiannBevi in Mexico, where it was considered an argentiferous bomite. It is i
boroilo in oon/>titutiou, as obeerved by Rammelsberg.
62. AIaABAKDTTE, Sohwiuise Blende (fr. Transylvania) MuUer p. Reichenttem^ Fbya. ArK fr. '
In Wlen, i. 2nd Quart., 86, 1*784 ; Bindheim, Schrift. Ges. Fr., Berl. v. 452, 1764 (making it coatji |
of Mn, S, Fe, Ag). 8chwar»erB Klapr,, Beitr., iil 35, 1802, Brannsleinkies LeonK, TaJb^ li^
1606. BnmsteiDblende [=Manganblende] Blumenbachj Handk, i 707, 1807. Manganglaaij
£ar«l, Tab, 72, 1808. Manganese soirun^^ M., Tab., UL 1809. 8ulphnret of Miingincw^l
SdiwefeUMnngan Oerm. Alabandiue Beud^ Tr., ii. 390^ 1832. Blomenbachit Bniih^ B, 13L |
Ztg,,xxil 193, 1866.
Isometric, In cubes and octal tedrons. Cleavage : cubic perfect. Twins:'
gimple, with com position -face octahedral ; also cracilbnn, made of five com- j
bined octahedrons. Usually graniilariy massive,
H.=3-5— 4, G,=3 1>5— 404. 4030, Mexico, Lnstre siibmetallw.
Color iron-black, tarnished brown on expiisure. Streak green. Fractal^
uneven.
Oomp. — MnS^Snlphnr 36*7, manganese 63 '3 =100. Analyses: 1, AffVedflOQ (Ak, H.I
1822J ; 2, Befgemann (Jahrb. Min., 1867, 394) :
L TranaylTaDia
2. Moxko
Snlphnr 87 9
36S1
Manganese 621= 100 ArfradsoiL
62^8"99-79 r
47
> uaaJtjBM b J Elaproth, Yaoqnelin, and Del Bio give eironeoos results, the first two find-
iHilBtinlj Mn, with 11 to 16 &
^Pyr. — ^UnohaBgod in the dosed tube. In the open tube sulphurous fbmes. Boasted on charcoal,
tits asaaj is oonverted into oxyd, which, with the fluxes, gives the reactions of manganese. Solu-
Ue in dflate nitrio add, with evolution of sulphuretted hydrogen.
Otm^ — Manganblende occurs In veins in the gold mines of Nagyag, Kapnik, and Offenbanja, in
ThoBjivBDia, associated with tellurium, carbonate of manganese, and quarts; at Gtorsdorf, near
fieibag, a variety containing a trace of arsenic ; in Mexico, at the mine Preciosa in Puebla, with
titoahadrite.
With T^ard to the cruciform twins of five octahedrons, Schrauf, who describes them, observes
ftflk 5 times the tetiahedral angle 70^ is nearijr 360**.
18. 8TBPOORI1C Bulphuret of Cobalt MiddUton, Phil Mag., III. xviii. 362, 1 846. Sjepoorite
/. SicoO, Hin^ 468, 1849. KobaltsulAiret pt, Schwefel Kobalt pt, Zobaltkies pt., arankobalt-
tn, Germ.
Massive, disseminated in grains or veins.
6.=5-45. Color steel-gray, inclining to yellow.
OoaqiL— Co S=8ulphur 36*2, cobalt 64-8=100. Analjsis by Middleton (L c) :
Sulphur 36-36 Cobalt 64-64= 100.
Ofaa.— From Syepoor, near Bqjpootanah in Korth-west India, where it occurs m ancient schists
with pjirhotite. It is employed by the Indiiui jewelers to give a rose color to gold.
14 PHNTLAMDITB. Eisen-Nickelkies Scheerer, Pogg., Iviii. 816, 1843. Sulphnret of
Inmand NickeL Pentlandite Dufr.^ Min., ii 649, 1866. NIcopyrite Sh^., Min., 807, 186t.
Isometric. Cleavage octaliedral. Massive, granular.
E=3-5— 4. G.=l*6. Color light bronze-yellow. Streak light bronze-
ttvwn. Not magnetic.
Ooi^i^^Ni + IFe) S= Sulphur 36*0, iron 41*9, nickel 22*1=100. Analysis: Scheerer
(Bit^lviiL315):
S Fe Ni Cu
1. 36-46 42-70 18-35 1*16=98-66
2. 36-64 40-21 2107 1*78=99*70
Iidii^ng the copper as dhalcopyrite, Na 1 gives S 37*02, Fe 43*73, Ni 19-26 ; No. 2, S 36*86, Fe
tf-86, Ni 22-28. Bivot found (Dufr. lOn., L a), for the ore from Graigmuir in Argyleshire, S 36-8,
h U% Hi 1-e, quarts l-4=:99'6.
Pyr^—In the open tube sulphurous fumes. The powdered mineral roasted B.B. on charcoal
ghct with the fluxes reactions for nickel and iron.
Obs.— Oocors with dialcopyrite in a hornblende rock near Lillehammer in Southern Norway ;
fS^bldy moxed with magnettte at Craigmuir, 9 m, from Inverary, in Argyleshire, Scotland, in
mam ; also 2 m. from Inverary, both extensively mined ; at Wheal Jane in Euenwyn, Com wall
zh» era is valnable for the extracftion of nickel
Saoied after Mr. Pentland.
Ub (SOHAUITB. Nickelwismuthglanz v. Kob., J. pr. Gh., vL 332, 1836. Bismuth Nickel.
Gritaiauite XicdL, Min. 468, 1849. Saynit v. Kob , Taf., 13, 1863.
bofmetric Figs. 2, 6, 7. Cleavage octahedral.
BL=4-5. 0.=5-13. Lustre metdlic. Color light steel-gray to silver-
white, often yellowish or grayish through tamiih. Streak dark gray.
Brittle.
Ooopr—AaalTMa : 1, KobeU (L a). 3, 3, Schnabel (Bamm., 4th SuppL, 164) :
48
eiTLPHIDSj ETC.
8 Bl
1, 38-16 Ull
2, 3199 10-49
3, 33-10 1041
40-65
22'h3
22-79
Fa
348
6-55
6'0«
Co
028
11*24
11-73
Cii
i'6d
11-59
11^66
Pb
1 '58 = 100-24 KobeU.
7-11 = 100 8chD»bcl.
4-36-1(10 Sdinabel
Th© sulphur is to the mcUile pr<*«""* "^
Pyr,, %tc — Fu9ea to a gray, hr' no
Dij>Bolve« 10 nittie <icid, excepting i i .r,
Oba. — Found at Gninau, in Sa^ct Alteukiivshen, with quarts aod cliAlcopTrito.
3. No probuble formola has been deduced.
^tic globule* eolormg tbe oharcoal greeaiali-j
56. SPHAIiERmi or BLENDE, Galena man^ Germ, Blende, Agric^ Int^rpr.. 4$$^ ]
Bluufle, Pfleudo-galcDA, ZLncura S, Ab^ f*t Fo mifioraJisatiim, VFa/f^ Min., 248, 1747,
cum Fe, S roineraligatum B^gm., Sciag^., 1783. Sulphuret of aiuc. Zinc mtlfut^ ih
Bkude, Sphalerit Giock, Syu^ 17, 1847, Block -Jack EttgU ilinws.
Clolophane Xuttal Mannatito {tr, Marmato) Bonssingauttf Pogg., xvlL 399; 1829.
ifuat, Miu., 298, 184L Mara«molite Shep,, Am, J. Sci, C. xil 210, 1851. amatopWt j
B. n. Ztgr-, xxit. 27. Rabtlte Shep., Am. J. ScL, IL xlL 209, 1806,
Igometric: tetrahe*inil, Observe<l planes, O; T; 1; 2\ f-|, i-i;
4-4, 5-5. ¥\\^, 3, 29 to 33; ako 73, 74. Cleavage: dodecahe
liiglily perfect, Tmna; comi>ai?iitian-fiice 1, as in tl 75; ako T6, of ^
73 ifttlie simple form. Also botryoidal, and other imitative Bhaj>ed;
times fibrouB and radiated ; ako massive, compact.
74 ^5
78
i»8.
fn
n H.=3-5-4, G.=8-9-4-2. 4-063, wliite, N«i
Jersey. Lustre resinous to adiimantine, (?okl^
brown, yellow, black, red, green ; whit** or veDuW
when p ure. S treak w h i te — red d iith A in> w ti , Yi
parent — traoBluceat. Fracture conchoidjil. Britj
tie*
Oomp., Var. — Zti S^Hulpliur SS» sini? S7— 10a Bol d
bavin^ part of the aina rvplaci«d bjr iron, sod flooHttiiiM kf 1
mtum,
Var. I, Ordman/, CouUklnm^t Uttl© of oo froa; eotom «1
lO f*llowi*h-broT^ -4 blaok; G- -3-9 — 4*1. Tli» |
whtie blvndo of l'\ J , is the nV-ff/jAaa* (tnaL 6)
2. flifm/erouM; ^ * > i* ju c or mam
bon; dark -brown to black : 0.s3'9»4'2. Tb^ i<i , i u to fuliiyd of a
irariM fhnn 1 : .'« to 1:2, and th9 lift imtlo ifl titai ot iUv r^«n^»v/)^<iir< t>i Br«illiBii|pi (I e.^
lirQIIiat-blAdL bkndo f^om St. Ghrialophe min^ ii Brollesbfuiiis, iiMr J< ~
8. CVMfmi/Wwi; AjifamwifcL Tbe amouulof oadmium preaent in aajblflodo H
la lota Uiati 5 por oonl
taoli of iha aboiro ▼ariettoi tm^ ocxntr (a) In crratala ; {h) firm, flbrooi, or ooh
Wi^fa^d or pliimoat; (e) dwiabbv sHinlYo, or tbliatod; (<i) gmoiikr, or oooKpicI
BlILFHIDS, ETC.
49
^j^Meaaing&t QaniL) of •^^"•i^ T.nn^ifalop^sta is a mixture of blende and chalcop^'te.
rfMe (L €l) is B parti ^>o8ed blende contuiiiioj; some free Btilpbur.
ftreddcm (Acl E. Si" 438, Fogg., I BJ); 2, Lowe (l*o^,» xxxyiii 1 61);
liiiL 132); 4, C. Kuy<?ii*i4iiU (Za Dal. Ver, llaUe, viii. 499); 6, T. U. Henry
rivri 23): 6, J. r^ Rniith (Ara. J. Sd., IL xx. 350); t, 8, 9, Jackson (G. Rep, N.
' J. Ixv. 300); 11, 13, Bt?chi (Am. J. ScL, IL xiv, 61); 13,
^ H. . K Heinichen (B. H. Ztjr., xxiL 27); 16, Leoana (J. d© Phurm^
117, ^.., in;i..ii^. \.»*i.*. a. M,, ix. 419); 19, 20, Bouasiogault (Pogg., iviL 399);
I
hhM£k
, N. H.
hhck
S
3360
3315
32iO
3304
W%^
8282
33-22
33-4
826
83-78
32-li
33*65
33-82
3357
Fe
Cd
Zn
66-34 =100 ArfVedson.
61-40 2-29 l'50=98'34L6we.
64 22 l'»2 if., Sb and Pb 072, H O'ft0=:99*16 Kereten.
65-39 M8 0 79, Cu 0*13, Sb 0"63=101-06 Kuhlomaim.
67-46 fr,=99-G8 Uenrr.
64-39 0 98, Cu 0-3J, Pb 0*7(^ = 100-29 Smith.
63-62 3-10 0-6 mcludifig loafl=: 100 Jackson.
65-6 8-4 2'8=99"7 Jadcscm.
52*0 100 3-2, Mq 1*3 =991 Jat-kson-
63*17 ir79 , Mu 0-74, Co lr.=99*43 Soheerer.
60*90 11-44 1-23, Fe 8' 0-75=96-44 Bochl
48 11 16-23 ir,, Cu <^.=97-99 BooW.
54-17 11-19 0 8-i, Mu 0-88= 1 00*88 Scheercr.
44-67 18"25 0':»8, Mn 266, 3n lr.=99'43 Heinichen.
ZuS FeS
82-76 13-71 = 96-47 Lecanu.
91-8 6*4=98-2 Ikrthier.
75-5 17'2=92'7 Bortbier
94-4 6-4=^99-8 Berthier.
77-6 22-5 ^ 1 00 Bou»9inii?aul t
76-8 23-2 = lOO Boussiugault.
r of anal 19 affords the fonnQla 3 ZriS-i^FeS— 77 Zn S and 23 FteS; of anaJ, 12, 5
I; Another, of brown color, from near Burbach in Siege n^ alTorded Schnabel (Pogg.,
^ -FeS; Breithaupt'e c/jm^/»/j/ni<r=:2Zu3-KFeS.
-In the open tiibe sulphurous fumes, and generally changes oolof. B,B. on cbar-
._ . » Tarietiea give at ftrst a reddish-brow u coating of oxyd of cadmium, and later
i^ osjtl of siDC^ which is yellow while hot and white after cooling. With cobalt solution
!S(i|^ gtveii a green color when heated in O.F. Most varieties, after roasting, give
i reauetioD for iron. With soda on oharcoal iu R.F. a strong green sine flame. Dlffl-
liB muriatic acid, during which aulphurettod hydrogen is disengaged* Some speoimens
! when etruok with a steel or by friction*
un in both crystalline and sedimentary rocks, and is usually assodntcd with galena;
I bant6, chalcopyrite, fluorite, siderite, and fr^qutsntly In silver miuos.
■tare, Cumberland, and Cornwall^ afford different varieties; also Tram^jlvauin ; Tlimgary j
r; SahlA in Sweden ; RatiebonriU in Bohemia; many Saxon locsditiea. Splendid crystals
^jn jBJumcnthaL A yariety Imviiig a divergent fibrous structure and prv^euting botry-
B^HipC with in Cornwall ; at H;ul>el \ and at Geroldseok in Baden.
^^^^K the kad ore of Missouri, Wiscousin, Iowa, and Illmois. In K Tork^ Suiltvan
^^^B&ro', it constitutes a large pmt of a lead yoin iu millsitone grit, &nd is oocasionally
^^^Vln Sl Lawremoe Co., brown blende occurs at Cooper's falls, in a vein of carbonate
IPHBlfiil Point with galena, and in Fowler, on the farm of Mr Belmont, in a veio with
' ' pyrites traversing serpentine; at the Ancram lead mioe in Columbia Co., of
I colors; in limestone at Lock[)ort and other places, in honey and wax-yellow
asparent; with galena on Flat Creek, two miles south- weat of Spraker's Basin.
: of A cherry-red color, with galenn ; also yellowish -brown at the SouthamptoQ
eld, with galena. In .V. Hamp., at the Eaton lead mine; at Warren, a hirge
In Uain^ at the Lubec lea<i mines ; also at Bingham^ Dexter, and Parsons-
h-^reen at Brookfteld ; at Berlin, of a yellow color ; browniah-blaek at
i-browD at Lane's mine, Monroe. In K. Jersey^ a whUe variety (ckiophane
In Ptnn^ at the Whcatley and Perkiomen lead mines, in handsome
b€iar FriedenerlUe, Lehigb Co., a white waxy var. In Virginia, at Walton^
k C<K, and more abundantly at Austin s 1<^ miues, Wythe Co ^ wWe It oocorft
50
fTLPHIDG, ETC.
cryRtftUized, or in radiated crystal! izatl on s. In Mit^ifiant at Prinoo Tein, Lake Superior, abusdiot |
In I{hrut{% near Rosielare, witli galenito and cftlcite; at Maraden^s diggingfik near GiiI«Dat le
aUlncuteg^ Hom« 0 in. or more through, and covered writh cryst, pyrites and galenite. In WSacMaii^ |
«t Mineml Point, in fine crystals, and manj of large siae (3 in. trough, or 90% altered to i
iOnft^. In Teimesme^ at Hajfiboro*, near NaahvQSe.
K ids becatiae, while often reaeroblioj? galena, it yielded no lead^ the word m Gtma 1
Hi' /or diacstrfn^r^ Sphaierite ia from tffMy^-k, treacheroun, I
Aiu — iiiruiie by oxydation chaogea to ztnc TitrioL Calamine (Zn' Si ^ 1^ 1t\ em'ttlittooili 0| J
C), and limonite occur as pseudomorphs. The sulphate ia decompoaed by bi-carbonate of T
prodacing amithsonite ; and the alkaline silicates in solution, acting on the' sulphate or i
aflbrd iUic^te of zinc.
Artif. — Blende may be made in crystals from a solution of sulphAte oonlaining some \
animal matter; in an experiment by Qages, using oysters for the animal matter^ IVie sheUs i
turned partly into carbonate of zinc and seknite, and some blende hicmsted them. Also may ti j
made by anbiecting heated oxyd or sMkxv ^^ to vapors of sulphur,
MaMm oiihspiad (L c.) is « wholly o blende, u*ith O. =4*1 28, oontAining Iron i
ooprwr nf>fi ppobtthly a mere mixture of ,. -d other miuerala, Shcpard aars »^-"^ «t Ti-y-tifi
** i: r decomposed portion of the Ducktown copper lode, aMOdAted With i
T&r I ires of chaloopyrito, redmthite," etcw The 8peoim«D analyted hf Mr
Hbepard waj» iron -black, while Bhepard says that the mineral is '^dark lead-grwy, ^
bluQii not unUke some of the ores of antimony/^ Tyler obtained (1. o.) for the ootj.^
■pecunen, H 3336, Zn 47 '80. Fc G'lS, Cu 1400, givinp; Qpprojtimtttely 10 rt, 7 Zi^ I r\y. 'Z K\
aquinlent to 7 Za S + Fe S" + ^'u S, or 7 of blende, with I pyrit© and 1 chaloodte (n *
Bhkoe Bw (not C^l) replaces Fe and the related metals in the sulphids, the formnlifc i
Fsi Cu) H, or tliat of a cQpreous blende.
67. VOIiTZTTB. Volttioe FbwmeL, Ann. d. M,, III. iiL 519, 1833. Oiysnlphuret of Zinc LeW- 1
bltncle BrtiUk., J. pr. Ch., i?, 1838, B. H. Ztg., xiiL 2e. Voltdt Ramm^ Handw^ 260, IML
III implanted spherical globules; etructure thin curved lamellar.
U.— 4— 4*5. G.=3*C0— 3'81, Lustre vitre^>us to greasy; or i>c*arly on
a cleava<:^o aurtace. Color dirtv rose-red, yellomeh, brownish. Opaip© ur
sabtraiiglueont*
3 6dl fV. Geyer; 3*711 tf. Mari^nberg; StTT fr. Od»
Analyses : 1, Tmff^
Tar. — 0- = 3HJij ft. Rosicres, Foumet
will ; 3 '^04 ft, Johanngtforgenstadt
OoaDp.->4 Zn S + Zn O^Sulphid of «inc 8273, oxyd of ^c 17'27 = 100,
net (I c); % LIndakcr (Yogi's lilin. Joach., 175):
Zu S 82-93 Zd 0 15 34 9e VU Eesfnous subst O^.^IOOIO FtninteL
1. B09iAre«
S. Jotchimathal
8215
lt'25=100Lindakcr.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. like blende* In muriatic sdd nffbrds fUmcs of sulphuretted hydrogen.
Oba,— Occurs at Rosiiroa, near Pont Gibaud, in Puy do iMine ; Klias mine tiwir Joftf^ilmiithili
wfUi gilenite, blende, oatiTO bismuth, eta; near Marionbcrg (th** teherbiftuli); IT
0«yer; Cornwall, probably at Redruth; at Bemkastel on the Moitel, in p^od
qiwrtx.
Named after the Freueli mininj< engineer, Toltz.
The aupposed artifidal Toluite fbom the Flretberg smclting^works has been uLnirti Iq
I
68. HE8SITB. Tellurtllber 0. Rom, Fogg., zriii. 64, 1830* SaTodiiiakitA ^ho^ Mta^ I
lt«iL Telluric Silver. Hoaslt /VoM, Omudz. Syst KrysL, 49, IMS.
Orthorhombic, and resembling chaleocite, Kenngott, Petcra, Ocscurri: ^
planisfi f>, /, «-t, i'l, w-t, i-fj, and others, Clearage indidtiBct. Maasbt;
eum{iact or fino-gTaine<l ; rarely ci>an*e-granular,
IL=2 — 3-5. G. = 8"3— 8(5. Lustre metallia Color between loAtl-gn^
and ftteoUgray. SecUlc* Fractnro even.
Oemp^^^g Te^TellitriuiD 97*2, ill?fr ert =100. BB?er ■omstiiiNB imlaieid Id mri by rdt
Analyses: 1, 1, Q. Rom (Pogg., srilL 64); S, Pots (Sb,, ItIL 047); 4, BaaiB«]aborir (4lli ' '
230):
6CLPBID6, ETC.
ftl
a.=8'41— 8505 3e-8d 62'3'i 0-50=90il Rose,
a=:8*31-$'46 [$in] 61 '65, Au t»*tJ9, F% Pb, S, lr. = 10a Pett
27'9ti 54*67 Foreign subBtanceri 15'35=97-88 Baam
-la th© open tub© a fiiint whit© sublimate of tclUirous acid, which B,B. Awe® to colorlceB^
On clumsQnl Aise« to i black globule ; this troated in RF. proacQta od oooliDg white
KpolotA af ftilrer on it« surface; with aodii gives a globule of eilv^sr,
"^x^urs m the S&yodlnski rnine^ about 10 verat.« from the rich gilver mine of Zirionovski,
fAltei, in Siberia, m a talcose rock, with pjTile, black blende, and cbalcopyrite. Specimens
peacn of Barnaul, on the Ob, are a cubic foot in size. AIbo found at Nagyag in TransjK
I St Betsbanya in Hungary ; Stanislaua min«, Calaveraa Co., OaL
I tssamined cr\*«tals from Nagjrag, and Peters, fhim Eetabanjr*- Heas made the Altai
i fhonbob^draL which KokscharoC does not Buatain.
Em. (Tellurgilber Pet, Pogg., ivil 470; Tellurgoldsllher Hamm,, Handb., 1847.
Baaiib., 1845») Differe from hesaite in gold replacing mu*h of the silver. H.:=2'6.
I— 8^83, Pete; 9 — 9*4, KiiatcL Color between steel-gray and iron-black, sometimes with
toreiah- Strenk iron-blnck. Brittle, Ck)mpo»ition Au Te-^H Ag Te, Petz : Au Te -h 8
^Gcntli. Anaiysea; 1, Petz (L e); 2-4^ Genth (Am, J. Scl, II. xIt, 310); 6/Kuatel fib-
ISC6. l:i8):
1. Nagjrag Te 134-981 Ag 46*76
2. StauialaiiB mit»6 (|) [82-23] 42*14
% Goldjen Eule mine 32^8 41*86
C *• *• [34-16] 40-87
S^ StmialAustmne 35*40? 40 tSO
An 18-26, Pe, Pb, S (r.^IOO Peta.
25-G3-:100 G«nth,
26-60= 10014 GentK
24-97=100 Geoth.
24-80=100*80 KiiateL
OosB at the loealitiee stated, with other ores of tellurium.
%9, PATiFMTNZITi3. Balominxit Brmtky B, H, Ztg,, xxL 9S, 1862, ixiL 44, 1868.
OrtLorhombiCj and isomorphous with elialoocite ; /a/=116°, Occur-
lig planes t>, /, i-i, 2-5, 1 1.
i:=2-2-5. G. =7'044-7-0-l9. Physical characters like those of argentite,
Omp, — Ag Sy or same as for argeodfce, it being the same chemical compound tinder an
lAoeftttmlvc form.
Wr#— Sftura as for argentite,
€ia,^-TTX3m the Himmdfkhrt mine near Freiberg- Much reaerablea Btephanite.
Stmed from Datsunsdea, the andeot name of Freiberg.
ia also orthorhombie aulphld of aUver, but of yery different angles.
6a AOAKracmJ. Akanthit Kefing,, Pogg., xct. 462, 1855.
Orthorbombie, /a 7^110° 54' ; Oa l-t = lW 42' ; a ib : c^l4442 :
: 1-4523* Observed planes: as in f, 77, with also vertical i-S, i-2 ; domes,
^n }-**> H?^ H ^h ^H; octahedral, i, |; fg ? ; f 2 ; ff; fg; 2-8;
>; -H; 204?; 4-5, f5, 1-S, K Y"^* (Dauber).
A M=135^ W; O A l==lir 42^; O A |-S==140^
f-t A 2-^—lW 33', t-i A 7=124° 33', 1 A 1, over
3' (obs.) 1 A 1-1=150° 31' (obs.) 1 A 7 r==
ISM'f a;-i^145^ 18', U A14, over U,—n(f
Twins: composition parallel to 1-i Crystals
T7
ir
llv slender- pointed priBins. Cleavage indistinct,
.=2-5 or ander. G. = 7'16-7*33 ; 7^16-7'236,
Fretlserg; 7'l^S— 7*326 from JoachimstliaL
^ metalhe. Coh>r iron-black or Hke argentile,
kcture uneven, giving a ghining surface. Sectile.
J 8, or like argentite. P. WeaeUtky obtained (J. pr*
^ka^4dT^ from a Freiberg apeoimen 86-71 sUver, 1210 sal-
I a Joafihimatlial apedmeo, 8 7 '4 sUTer.
) aa for afgenUte.
v2i;
:>^.
\
if
/
TreLhetg.
53
eCILPBIDS, ETC.
Ob«.— At Jonehlmsthjil, with pyrita, argeatltei and caldte, iisuallj on quarts; ilto 1
melftu-st miiie, near Freiberg in Sazonj^ along with argeutite and stephauite. Ttu$ <
parallel with those of etromejerite whea l-i is mjide /; in that case /a /=1 10° 36', and ^^
i^S%^ 40 ; while ia stromeyente these ang^Ica are 119^ 36' and r-l A 1-1=91" 44^ and tw£fti J
compounded parallel to / in each. On cryst, see H, Dauber, Ber, Ak» Wien, xxxix. 6a6u^
prisma 1-v and /J oorreapond noarJy in angl^ to the twining form ^A of chaloodte. j™
The ore analysed by W. 0. Taylor, and referred by him to strotneyeritef tnaj^ beloor I
thit6, as suggested by Keimgott; but this oan be mad« oertam only hy aaoerialning lis I
tine rorm.
61. OHAIXSOdTB. .^9 rude plumbei col oris pt, GtmL Kupferglaserz, Affrie^ Ititoi)
1546. Koppar-Ghis pt, Cuprum vitreum^ Wail^ 282, 1T47. Cuivre ritreux /V, TrL 1
609, 1763. Kopparmahn, Cuprum aulphure mineraliflatum pt, OronsL, 174, 1758.
Copper, Sulphuret of Copper. Cuivre sulfure FV. Knpferglanz G^nn. Copf>er Olanoa. '
coBiQe Bmd., Tr, li 40d, 1833, Cyprit GlocL, Syn., 1847. BedruthJte Nio&l^
Zxxpt^ BrM., B. Ih Ztg., xxil 35, 1863.
Dlgentt BrtHh,, Fogg., Ixi. 673, 1844. C^rmenlte K Eahn, B. B. Ztg^ xxir. 86, IS
Orthorhombic. /A
1 ; 1"7176. Oliservecl pi^^i^*™. v^, ^^
f-i, 14, |-t, ^i; octahedral, J, f, 1, 4
O A i==147^ 16' O A f 1=147° 6'
{?Ai=136 2^ O A 2-1=117 16
O A 1=117 24 OAf 1=124 30
7a
7=119'' 85^ 0 A l-i=120* 67' ; a : 6 : c=
ilanes : O ; vertical, /, vC, f f, i-f, i4 ; doi
O A 14=135=* 62'
i-S A 1^5=120 25
1 A 1, mac.,=126 66|
SI
r
£1
at
Bristol, Ct
ur
BrisUd, Gt. Bristol, Ci.
CleaTage: /, rndiiitinct. Twine: (1*1 eompogitH
agcmd, or «tollato form» (loft half of f. Ao) ; (2) coi
form twin (f. 80), erot^ing at angles of 111^ ami 69 ; {IV) {i\ bl), a w-
twin, having O and /of one crystal parallel rL^8|>ectively to iA and Oim
oilier ; (4) c-faee ^. Also maa&ive, structure gnumhu-^ or compact and
palpable. "
H.=2-5^8. G.=5'5-6-8; 5-7022 Thoinsim. Lmtro metallic ,
and atreak blackiab lead-gray ; often tamisbod blue or groom ; atradtl
timciB shining. Frftctun:^ crtnchoidal,
OcMBpL 0a ftdkjtehttf 90 3, copper 79-8:= 100. Analyses: 1, Tmmaaii (Qygt Ufa.
I4l}!a, ft, Sftkstrw (cWi.f Ixr. 390): 4, Schimbel (BamoL 4th Supp,, 1311,^ 6, a Boolil
Bat, IX Twl ai); 6, T, WOc^faslcy CBsmm., 6th 3appL, J5L, and Mia. qL Wf: 61 f
(prttrnteoontHb.): ^
B
19*00
, Korway, 0.=5-7M 30 46
Cu
79-60
77'76
Fa
0^6, .^l11»0s10aJ61
0^1=9616 r '
^^
81JLPHID6, ETC.
53
8
Koorway, G.= 5*521 20*36
Vie 21&0
Ml. QttiDi 20*50
GbaH 21-81
1 MoDtagooe, Tuacxaf 2 1 '90
& BhetoV Ct. 2n'i6
0-28= 99*76 Scbeerer.
1-26, i>i 200=9U»4ii SchMbeL
1*16=98*79 Bechi
6*49=99-70 fiamoit^lsborg.
0 33, Ag 0 XI -100- 12 Collier.
Pyr., etc — ^Tields notking: volatile in the dosed tube. In the open tubo give» off tulphurouA
B.B. on diarooal m^lU to a globule, which boila with spirting; with sodn is redtioed to
WBtiSlk copper. >olubl0 ia nitric acid.
Obt. — Cora wall affords splendid crjstals where it occurs in Ycms and beds wHh other ore« of
_ IT, and e^iedallj near St. Juii. It ooctira also at Fasanetbura in HaddingtoEutlr ' , r-
L ilni, and m Air latiuid, Scotland. The comiMiot and maasi^e rarietiefl occur In Si I
riuDiBj, the Bannat, et&; ML Catini minefl in TuRcanj; Mexico, Pern, Bolivia, L.^xx.. ^^^^ur
] la|ini^ Tnacazijr. a crjstal hoi been obtained, weij^liing half a pound.
la the United Statei^ ootnpact varieties occur in the red aondstone formatioD at Simsbury and
Ittdiixe, CoDO.; also at Schnylcr's tmne^^ N. J. Bristol, Conn.^ aflbrds large aad brilliBul
■jmIk, C 7^-(^I ; fig 80, a crystal, with ita striffi and irregularitiesT compounded by two
Btonat me<thoHft Another crystal has a small octahedral plane situated obliquely upon the
^tmmetkm cf I. ^. and a4ioiaiug the bmchydiagODal section^ which is probably the plane §<^
[ RaS4 in the Biistol cryatolsrr 125 " 43 , In Virg^lnia^ in the United States copper mine district,
^ rlidlgc^ Ofange Co. Between Newmarket and Tanej^own, Maryland, east of the Monocacey,
Ldialdo^lTitieL lo Arizona, near La Paz ; in N. W. Sonorai In Nevada, in Washoe, Hum-
^Gbordhai and Nye Cos.
r e» ^ns or Cuivn fpidfortn^ of HaQy, which is merely vegetable matter inapregnated
ithis OfBr oooura at Frankenberg in HefislA, and also Mahoopeny, Penn.
Ufi^ the aAme (hprtine^ Breithaupt separates the larger part of the specimens, referred to
>Tind alleged that they are hensoffonal instead of orthorhombic, and have a lower
»gr giv^ ^^ tbe angle between the baae and a pyramidal faoe 117' 53' approxi-
^♦siic ^.^> V— 5'iiHfi nf tiu' mineral from 12 dUTerent lociJities. He cites Scheerer'a two
I above of the Tell ml Other localities mentioned are Kongaberg m Norway ;
Mtf'MtMfg; Sfidisdorf, I udorf, in Saxony; Rchmiedeberg in Silea!a; Hettatedt and
t in Thuringia; near biegen j Mt Catini in Tuscany j Bo^golovsk in Siberia; Karga-
pee in Orenberg; Cornwall ; Eleonora and Ulrique in Mexico; West Coast of Africa.
if eeuteinly in error with regard to the Cornwall mineral, as tlie measurements of
IIUfaiitDd fiihers, and recently of Maakelyne (in a letter to tbe autborl, conclusively prove; and
f |nvt^ te error thioughoot
J ftpvlsDlfa name, duskotme^ has priority. We change the termination ine, which ought to be
imitf llMsclencei and substitute c for #. ChaicUe {laXtnTn in Greek), Aristotle's name for the
I ore 0^ Cyprus^ cannot be employed in modern mineralogy, because it has the same pro-
i with cakik. But with the added oyllable, used above, this objection does not hold.
, liie word thus altered does not imply an identity of the species with that of Cyprus,
*i there is yet much doubt
t altered to ehaleopyrite, bomlte, ooveUite, melaconit^^,
I ate often penetrated with the covoLlite, or iadigo-copper, resulting frfc>ra the altera-
(A) Jiiffrmie of Bretthaupt (I- c^) i» probably a raineral of this kind. Plattoer obtained B.B.,
f oofiper and 0-24 of silver, whence the formula 6u B + 2 €7U h* making it a compound of
_ hie eoveUite. Localities mentioned are ^ngerhausen in Thuringia; Szaska in Tran-
wfirmm; in the G<»verumeQt oT Orenburg; Platte n in Bohemia; Angola, W. Coast of Africa;
Qnliv villi enproplumbite.
{m Oarmcaiie at Hahn (L c). from Carmen island, in the Gulf of r4iiifortiiQ, approaches digenite.
B is iB wmfon chALoocite, eontftining visibly, as the author finds alter personal examkmtiou, much
aifdSiie. Uabsi analysed the mass by ^st separating into t\va pari(«, one soluble in muriatic
ad4 9mA Ibe oiher not ; and the former was then analyzed, and the composition obtaiDed given as
ttoft or CBTDieiiile; It was H 2^-22, Sb Ol>t, Cu tl'SO, Fo 1*37, Ag 005, gangue 0'T7 = 100-68,
asjee^wiuding' to 1 chaloodte + 1 coveUite.
(C) JiaSKiem of Shepard (Hep. on Canton Mine, died in Am. J. Sci., IL xxii. 266 and Pratt
Am. J. U. IL xxHl 40«), from Canton mine, Georgia, and later found at the Polk Co. copper
Sinei m SMi Tennessee, is cbaloocite with tbe doavage of galena, and, as Genth has proved, is
fttwdouKVpbous after galena. Genth's many analyses of the Tennessee mineral (Am. J. ^i IL
MBSm, IM show A voriatioii in oompoBitioa trom that of clialeoclte to that of a mixture with 21
^ IL of fvkmk Unaltered galena has been observed within crystals of horrisite both at the
Ueatija sod Tetmeseee localities. Its color is dark lead-gray and bluish-Ms.Qk. As Geuth
, is m niated te the so-called cvproplumbiU (p. 42).
I
54
auLPHiDe, Era
Artif.— The double nilplmte of copper and Iron, In otrbonated water ooQtoimag ptiti
Mumal matter^ aUbrdad Gages malachjt43i, seletiite, and aome dulcodte.
62. STROMEYBRITII. SOberkupfergUuMB Bawm, <fe S^m., OeL ijut Gdtt., iL 124
Argent et cuivr© snliure Bowntm^ Cat, 212, 18lt. Sulphuret of Silver and Copper,
eroufi Sulphnret of Copp«r. Cuivre siilfur^ argeotU^ro Fr, Stromey^tine Beuet, Tr^
1B32. Stromejerite 8h^,^ a 211, 183&.
Orthorhombic : isomorphous with clialcocite. /A/=119*' 85'. Ok
planes O, U, ^^ \; C>Ai=164° 16', 0AH=155^7', Also
compact.
H.=2-5— 3. G.=6-2— 6-3. Lustre metallic Color dark Bt
Streak shining. Fracture siibcanchoidaL
Oomp.— (Ag €iO 8» or Apr S + eu 8=8iilplmrl5*8. eilyer 53 l, copper 31i =100.
W. J. Tiiylor (Proc, Ac Philud., Nov., 1859); 2, Stromeyer (Sohw, J., xul 325); 3, Saad«
¥l 313); '4—7, Domeyko (Anu. d, E., IV. iii, 9); 8» 9» P. CoUier (priyat© oootrib,);
Oopiapo
Sohlangonlsenr, Siberia
RndetstAdt, Silejiia
a. Pedro, OhiU
Oatemo,
AHsoDft
3 Ag Cu Fe
16-35 69-69 11'12 2-86=99*92 Taylor.
16-783 63-272 30*478 0*333 rr 98 »866 StTomeyer.
16 92 S2'71 30-95 0'34= 99 '82 Sander.
17 83 28-79 6338 =100 Domefko.
19 93 24-04 63^4 2 09 = 100 Domoylto.
20-&3 16 68 60 58 2 31 = 100 Domeyko.
21 41 1208 63-98 2*63 = 100 Doroeyko.
19-44 14-06 64-02 0*48, Hg 1*30:^99-29 CoUw,
19-41 T42 T2-73 0*33=99-89 ColUor,
Damayko'a aoalyitcs iiidioate a large proporUon of the copper aulphid, Na 4 coDtaiu
with Ag S, aa Rammelaberg shows (If in. Cbc^uL, 64), 9 eu 3 ; 5, 6 t^u 8 ; 6« 4 eu b ; T«
Taylor'H anaiyaia oorreaponda to ( Ag, €\x, Fe ) S>
Pyr^ etc— Fuses, bat gives no sablinuite in the closed tube. In the open tube
fbmee. B.B. on charcoal in O.F. fktaea to a aeml-'malkable globule, whicb^ trentoii irith the']
teaota utTongly for copper, and cupelled irith lead gtvea a silver globule. Soluble m uiv
Oba,— Found aaaoctatod with cbalcopyrite at Sehlaugenberg. near EoiyTao in Siberia;!
dalfftodt, Sileaia; alao in ChUi; at Com b« valla in Peru - at Heinttelman mine in AriaonA./
Named after Stromeyer, by whom the mineral waa flrat aaalyted and eatabliahed.
63. STERKBEmaiTB. Raid,, Trana, Roy. Soa, Ed,, 1827, and Brewit J^ tII. 1
83 Orthorhombic. /A /= 1 19^ 30', O A l-i= 15
0
''---.^ B. & M, ; a: A:(tel-4379 : 1 : 1-7145. i
^-r^l21% ^M2 = HK1^ 43', Oa^i=120'' 4S\
^=k-^ of 0 raaerodiagoimU of sides horizon taL CIc
basal hif^hlj eminent. Commonly in implanteti crystals, fonning
0rfan4ike aggregations. Bometiuies com^>ouud parallel to /.
H, = l-1'5. 0.=4-215. laii^trt^of O brightly metHllic, Colori
beek-bn:»wn, occasioually a violet-bluo tarnish onl and 2. Str(>ak
Opaquo* Thin bunifui^ flexible ; may bo 8nioi>thcHl down by the Hi
b^i| like tin foil. Leaved trace!8 on paper like plun)bag«>.
Oonp— Af 8 + 3 Pe 8 + Fe S»=4 (i Ag + 1 Fe) S + Fe S*= Sulphur 30*4, aOiw %A% I
s too* Batb of iulphnr, iron, and silver more ea»ctly 6 1 4 : 1. Anaiyaia by SSipp* (IT
Ml)r
Sulphur SO'O saver 8S-S In» SS-Ot^M-l
9fw^ aittib*— f n iha opoQ tuba nilDliimMia ftunea* B^Bv on diarcoal glTaa off aalphiir i
to a mfUfifie gloMa^ ibo mrikoe of wtUoh ahowi aepafatid netalUo aQfar . Tbo y
8IJLPHIDB, BTO.
65
m^ treated with the fluxes, gives reaction for iron : on oharooal yields a globule of metallic silver.
SoUde m aqua-regia with separation of sulphur ana chlorid of sUver.
(Mba. — Oocurs with ores of silver, particularly pyrargyrite and stephanite, at Joachimsthal in
Boftamia, and Johanngeoigenstadt in Saxony. Kamed after Ck)unt Otsper Sternberg of Prague.
Ae Flexible sUver are (Arffeni mUfure flexibU Bourn., Bieasamer SUbergkmz) fVom Ulmmelsf iirst
■faM, near Freiberg, is refeired here. Aooording to Brooke k Miller the figure by Phillips is a
Calocted figure of argentite.
ISkB angles of atombergite, above given, are from very perfect crystals in Mr. Brooke's coUeo-
tion, wbi^ were formerly in the posaession of Count Bournon (B. i M^ p. 180). The plane 2-1 is
•ntlke edge of OAt-l; and besides this, there is another 104, represented by these authors, with
dK> the macrodome €4, and the pyramid 2-2.
64 CINNABAR. Kipi^afm (ft, Spain) Theophr, *Afiniop Dioacor, lOnium VUruv,^ Plin. Minium
■advum, Otrm. Bergzinober, Agric^ Interpr., 466, 1546. Cinnabar ; Sulphuret of Mercury.
Zinnober, Scfawefelquedcsilber, Merkur-Blende, Germ.
KhomboliedraL ^A jB=92° 36', ^ A (9=127° 6' ; <i=l-1448. Observed
plmes : rhombohedronfl, \, \, f , f , J, |, f i?, |, t, i^, 2, V, 4, *, y, 8, ^,
-4,-2, — i^--ff, -t, -J, -|^, -I, -Jj pyramids, 22, 62; scalenonedrou -J-*;
fnd also O, /. Also granular, massive; sometimes forming superficial
coatings.
f Af =101° 58'
fAf=110 6
(9a7=90
/A 7=120
OAi=146
O A 1=138
OaI=133
O A 2=110
Oa2= 71
°32'
36
83
24
43
48
Cleavage: I^ very perfect. Twins: composition-
bee A
H.=2 — 2.5. G.=8*998, a cleavable variety from
Rieamarktel. Lustre adamantine, inclining to metal-
lie when dark colored, and to dull in friable varieties.
Color cochineal-red, often inclining to brownish-red
and lead-gray. Streak scarlet, subtransparent, opaque. Fracture subcon-
dioidal, nneven. Sectile. Polarization circular. Ordinary refraction 2*854,
eitraordinary 3*201, Descl.
Twt4 — ^1. Ordmary: either (a) erysialUzed; {h) massive, granukr, or compact; bright red to
itddUk-liirown in color; (c) earthy and bright red.
1 H^foiic (Quecksilberieberers and Queoksilberbranderz, Cferm., Inflammable cinnabar), of a
iffwte>im color, with sometimefi a brownish streak, oocasionallj slaty in structure, though com-
■onlj granular or compact Cinnabar mixed with an organic substance called idriaUne (q. v.)
•oeon at Idriai.
Dm eoraSmerz of Idria la a curved lamellar variety of hepatic cinnabar.
Ctoa^^— Hg S (or Hg» S")=Sulphur 13-8, quicksUver 86-2=100. Sometimes impure from
dtj. oayd rf iron, bitumen. Analyses : 1, 2, Klaproth (Beitr., iv. 14) ; 3, John (John*8 Ch. Unt,
1162); 4^ 5, Scfanabel (Eamm., 4th SuppL, 269); 6, A. Bealey (J. Oh. Soc., iv.); 7, Klaproth
(B«tr.,iT. 24):
Hg
86-00=99-26 Klaproth.
84'50=99'26 Klaproth.
78-4, ¥e 1-7, 3kl 0-7, Ca 13, »n 0-2=100 John.
86-79= 1 00-46 SchnabeL
84-66, gangue 1-02=99-35 SchnabeL „ ..^ „ ,
69-36, Fe l-23,.Ca 140, Xl 0-61, Mg 049, &i 14-30 Bealey.
14-25
14-76
17-6
13-67
18-78
11-38
1. Keumaxktel
1 Japan
I «
L Weatphalia
II Wetilar
1 Gblifbrnia
T. WiB, hepatic
?yr—In the doaed tube a black sublimate. Careftilly heated in the open tube gives sulphur-
<M ftuDM and metallio mercury, condensing in minute globules on the oold walls of the tube.
BJL on eharoool wholly volatile if pure. , , . s** ^, ^^v,r«, t*
(nS^^Storoocisinbedfliiskterock^ ^*
18-76 81-80; 3Pe 02, 3^1 0-66, Cu 002, fei 0-66, 0 8-3=99-37 Klaproth.
56 SULPHIDS, ETC,
hail boon obnorvod in yoinn, with ores of iron. The Idria mines are in the Oarboniferooa
Uon ; thoHo of New Almadon, California, in partially altered Oetaoeous or Tertiary beds.
Goo<l oryHtala occur in the coal formations of Moschellandsberg and WoUlrtein in the Palatfaiato;
also in Jajmn, Mexico, and Brazil The most important European beds of this ore are at AlnwdM
in S)Niin, and at Idria in Gamiola, where it is usually massiye. It occurs at Reichenau in Helper
(^rintliin ; in hods traversing frneiss at Dunbrawa in Transylvania ; in graywadce at Wincnidi
KapiH^l in ( -arinthia ; at Neumarktol in Camiola ; at Ripa in Tuscany ; at Schemnitz in Hangaiy;
in the Urals and Altai ; in Cliina abundantly, and in Japan ; San Onofi^ and elsewhere in Meiloo;
at lluanca Volica in Southern Peni, abundant; in the Provinces of Coquimbo ; Copiapo in GUH;
fonniUK oztensivo mines in California, in the coast ranges at different points flrom Clear lake in te
nortli (near which therc> is a vein in a bod of sulphur) to Ban Luis Obispo in the south, the pri»
oi|)id niinoH in whidi region are at New Almaden and the vicinity, in Santa Clara Co., about »0 m,
&8.K. of San Francisca Also in Idaho, in hmestone, abundant
Tills oro is the source of tlie mercury of commerce, from which it is obtained by soblimstiao.^
When pure it is identical with the raanufaetured t'ennifion of commerce.
The above tigim* is fVom an ela1)orate paper by Schabus, Ber. Ak. Wien, vL 621.
Tlie name (^innabar is sup)K)sed to come flrom Iu<iia, where it is applied to the red resin, dragi-
on^s MikmL The native oinnalmr of Theophrastus is true cinnabar ; he speaks of its aflbrding
quicksilver. The Latin name of dunabar, minium, is now given to ndkotd, a substance wUn
was early used for adulterating cumabar, and so got at last the name. It has been said (King on
PreiMous SUnu>s) that the woni mine (niinicra, ItaLjan^ mineral come from the Latin for quidcaiTW
mine, miHiaria (Fodina miniaria).
66. TfTlMAWNITB. Sck>nquecksilbcr Marx, Schw. J. liv. 223, 1828. Selenid of Mercuy.
8elonmereur, Tiemanniti Xaumannj Min., 425, 1S55.
Mtu^ivo ; conipiict pniimlar. Cleavage none.
lI. = i*-5. Ci. = 7I-7\S7, Clausthal; 727^:, fr. Tilkerode. Lustre
nietallie. Color steol-*ri^u- to blackish lead-gray.
Oomp.— Solonid of mercury. Perhaps Ilg Se=: Selenium 28*4^ mercury 71-6=100; bat the
analv^H'S corTos|x'>nd mostly toHg* i?o*=:>olenium 2"4-8. mercury 75*2=100. AnaL 4 gives Hg"
Se**.* Analys^Hi: 1, 2, Kori {B, H. Ztg., 1852): 3, Rammelsberg (Pt)ggn IzxxvUL 39); ^
fik^ulU ^RamuL Min. Ch., lUlO):
ng
65-52, quartz 10-2^ =99-57 KerL
72-26. •* 2-S6=9i*-74 Keri-
74-5 = 100 (qnaru excluded) Ramm.
74-02=93-33 Sohultz.
Pyr.— IVor\'pitatos in the clojiod tuU\ and. when pur\\ entirely sublimes, giving a black soV
hmau\ w-th <l:o up|vrcdi:o rt'viU?h-bn>wn : with sv.hU .^ sublinu'ce of metallic mercury. In the
0|vn tulv emi(9 the vxlor of «^*lo:uu:u. aii-.! Torus a black to n>idi9h-bro\«'n sublimate, with a border
of wV.ito s<\ena(e of mercury. iI;o Uttor sosiietinios tbs:::;: into drop«w On charcoal volatHiaai^
vxUonni: i!io v^uter rl.ns)e arui\*-blue. and iriviv.*? a lustrv'us niotaliio cixiting.
Oba. — ^.Vvurs ^iih ohaVvv^riio near Zi^rw in the lUrr: at TiIkon.>ie: near Claasthal; Ia
vVhi^Tttia. in the vvinity v^f Oloir lake. Xamed art* r tho ai*^VTen>r. Tiemann.
A. i^NvnuTB of Haidi'a^T v-Sf>-!^-.\uY'V.\':rfii;* .sVr IL lur^o, Merkur^lanz Breith^ Char., 18321^
l>\>w :^:i 0:u»r'rx\ Mcxaw tirst n'-Avio knowr. by M Rio. is eiiher a eouiiH>und or mixture of selenid
and sulphid o:" svpivr U. R^^w o*o:a:u«\i 0\v>:- xlv-. ?15. 1639» >^ »i-49. :> 10-30L Hg 81-63=
J^S*li. vvrrwjxMul'.i'.^ u» He 5i*» • 4 lU S. It 's a n:;o ^jii-^jj' ore, of a dark lead-gray txAor, ahia-
ia^ whei; ruMxvi. li. J-C»<\ IVI Riv* : powier sou*.
M. mXXERXTB. llAArkies ^a* a var. o:" Srhw^rMk^vs WV^. E^rcm. J.. 3S3. 1789; (fr.
Johir^tv^.^ .=;'.'/• vu •*.•»» ivL ITX i:i>l. Vcr sulxr. v'spultw i±sa Tar. of Pyrwt jHI. Tr^ it. 1801.
Ofci^Uanr iyr.:e«*. i^'Avva Xioiel K'^ii-r^ In'itr^ t. 2i:, IS 10, SrhwefeJiickel Berz.; Arf-
rmjit •. A.'. U, S;v\-kh.. l>il 427. NVk^rlVivs u^^t. Su:rh--wt of XlokeL Xickcl aulfhre ih
liark^sw -Vxo.. Tt.. il. 4t\\ I^il C«:vUc*w .'V.i -^a. Mi=, : Wv. :S4JL Mlllerlt Haid^ Handbi,
**l. tS4\ Thsrhv^yTil <.;*\^ Syr:, 4.V 1>4:,
lUKniUvluxlml, AM A*- 144 >\ Mllltr. l3=0•;^2i»:>o. Olirerved
pbuiH!^: rliomlvh^\lr»l h\ -U J, —1. — ;^; vr.>ttiatio /• 1-2, 1 4 : .ff a/=
110^' W , / \5^ ISS 47 . J i= liU 'ii , U ' i;=15d-^ UV
So S
1. Zorge
21-27 0-36
2.
2405 0-12
3,* "
25-5
4. Tilkerode
23-61 070
57
_ rhombohedral, perfect. TJsual in capillary crystals. Earely
I eolnmiiar tufted coatings, partly semi-globular and radiated.
H.=3— 3-5. G.= 4-6— 5-65; 5-65 fr. Saalfeld, Ramm.; 4-601, fr. Jo^
ddmathaL Kenn^ott. Lustre metallic. Color brass yellow, inclining to
noDxe-yeliow, with often a gray iridescent tarnisn. Streak bright.
Ooaipy— Ki S=:Siilphiir 35*1, nidcel 64-9=100. Analyses: 1, ArfVedson (Ao. H. Stookh., 1822,
El); iy BammelBberg (let SuppL, 67) ; 8, Genth (Am. J. Sol, XL TTTJii. 195) :
S Ni Go Fe Cu
1. 34-26 64-35 =98-61 ArfVedson.
S. Saalfeld 35-79 61-34 1'73 114=100 Ramm.
3. Gap mine, Pa. 85*14 63*08 0-58 0*40 0*87, gangue 0*28=100-35 0.
Apartfy altered miOerite afforded Genth (L c.) S 3360, Ni, Go 69-96, Fe 1-32, On 4*63, gangne
^11=100-05.
Fyr., etc — ^In tbe open tube sulphurous fhmes. B.B. on oharooal fuses to a globule. When
■■tod, gives with borax and salt of phosphorus a violet bead in O.F., becoming gray in R.F.
ha lednoed metallic nidceL On charcoal in R.F. the roasted mineral gives a coherent metallic
■a, attractable bj the magnet Most varieties also show traces of copper, cobalt, and iron with
Obi^— Oocnrs in capillary cryptals, in the cavities and among crystals of other mmerals. Found
t JoQchimsthal in Bohemia; Johaungeorgenstadt ; Przibram; Riecholsdorf; Andreasburg; Hun-
Httihrt mine near Freiberg; Marienberg in Saxony; Cornwall, and other places. Near Mer-
lijr l^dvil, at Dowlais, it is found in regular crystals, oocupjring cavities in nodules of spathic
Oecara at the Sterling mine, Antwerp, N. Y., in capillary crystals with spathic iron ; the largest
i|ild yet observed was about a fifth of a line in diameter, and in some oases crystals of spathic
mvBtijuisfized by the needles of millerite (Am. J. ScL II. ix. 287); in Luicaster Co., Pa., at
Bif BiBA, with pyrrhotite, where it occurs in coatings of a radiated fibrous structure, from a line
lia Afad of an indi thidc, often with a velvety surface of crystals, or tufts of radiated needles.
Ihi eapiOary pyrites (£barA»e9) of Werner was true millerite, Arom Johaungeorgenstadt, aocord-
kf to Hoflhmn (Min., iv. 168, 1817). But capillary pyrite and marcasite have sometimes gone by
fl, TBOTTiixja. J^nrhotite pt. Protosulphid of iron. Sulphid of iron of Meteorites. Troilit
Said., Ber. Ak. Wien, xlvii. 288, 1868.
BeBembles pyrrhotite. Observed only massive.
a;=4-0, G.=:4-75-4-82 ; .4-787, fr. SeelaBgen, Ramm. ; 4-817, fr. Sevier
Co., Ramm. : 4*75, fr. Kuoxville, Smith. Color tombaek-brown. Streak
hhdt
) 8 (or Vb* S')=:Su]phur 86*36, iron 63*64=100. It thus diflfers from pyrrhotite in
bctogatme protosulphid. Analyses: 1, J. L. Smith (Am. J. ScL, II. xiz. 156); 2, Bammelsberg
(Fi«, IzziT. 63); 8, 4, id. 0b., cxxi. 365):
S Fe m Cu
L KDOZviae, Tenn. 35*67 62*38 0*32 Ir,, Si 0*56, Cu 008=98'91 Smith.
1 Seelasgen 37*16 62*84 —=100* Ramm.
t. Sevier Co, Teno. 85*39 62*65 1*96^ — =100 Kamm.
4 •* " 86*64 61*80 1*56^ —=100 Ramm.
* Exdudmg impurities. ^ With some oobalt
^ft^ «tc^— 6aiiie as for pyrrhotite.
Oos.— Almoat aU iron meteorites contain this sulphid of iron in nodules disseminated more or
■i gptringlj through the mate.
Jbaad after Dominioo Troili, who, in 1766^ described a meteorite that fell that year at Albareto
■ Mfldraa, and whkdi oontains this species. The meteorite resembles much that of Weston,
Vml, IB general appearance.
68
StTLPHIDB* ETC.
68. FYHRHOTITS, Vattenkles, Pjrriiedi fbacOf Minora hepntioa, pt^ WaH, Mid.» %09,
1T47. Pjrites co prtsmes hexagonoles Forstj Cat.^ 1772; Bourn, de Liil6*a CriBt , ill 249, ITI
MAgDeti»chor-Kie8 Wcm., Bergm. X, 383, 1789. Magnetic Pyrites Kirwan, 1796.
iSalphurot of Itoil Magnetkies Germ» Fer Bulfure magii'^^tiquo iV* Jjoberkim pi*
Leberkiei Ltonh., Handb^ 665, 1826. Leberkise JBead, Tr-, il 404^ 1883, Mi
Cfhcker, Grundr., 1839. Pyirotin pL, MagiLetiach(?r PTrrotiti, BreWi,^ X pr. OIl, ir, 365, tSSl.
Hexagonal 0 A 1=^135'* 8'; a=0'863. Observed planes : O, /, J, 1,
1-2, 2 2, i-2.
(9 A l=.90^ 0 A 2^2=119*' 53'. 1 A 1^138° 48'.
O A 2 = 116 28'. 2 A 2=126 52'. /a/=120.
Cleavage : 0, perfect ; /, le&s so. Commonly
massive and amorphous; structure grainilar.
H.:=^3'5-4'5. G.=4'4-4'08. Xu&tre metal^
lie. Color l>etwe6n bronze-yellow and copi^er-
reti, and e^ulnect to eneedv tarnish. Streak dark
grayit*li-blaek. Brittle. Magnetic, being attract
able in fine powder by a magnet, even when not aflecting an ordinaij
needle.
Vur, — 1. Ordinary. G. fr. Kongaberg, 4*584 Kenngott; fr. BodenmiiiB, 4*646 Sclia0|Gpatacli;
Eambiirj^, 4 580 Ramm,; fr. Xalastoe, Mtxico, 4 '564 Ramni.; fr. Trumbull, Ct., 4*640 RMflffllp
2. KiccoH/aroug, (h of KlefTa, 4*674 Bera j of UilsGn, 4677 Ramiu ; of Gap mme 4-543 Ria
Oomp,— (1) Mostly Fe' S'=6 Fe S-(-Fe S':=:Sulphur 39*5, iron 60'5-i0(l; but vary
to Ye" S»-7 Fe S^Fo S', Fe» 8"'=8 Fe S 4- Fe S*, Fe*"* S"=9 F© S 4- Fe S*. Tho species »
morphous with Cd S (groenockite), and Frankonbeim WT<yt6 tho formiLla Fe S; jet no
pjTrbotite, except that of met^rites {irmlite}^ gives this com position. Boraclius foimd tbol <
beating pyrite it was reduced to Fa^ S^ and not to Fe S. Eammulflburg obtained in the aaiDQ ip
Fe' S', aud the other mtios of pyirhotite.
Amdjaos; 1, Stromeyer (Gilb. Amu, iviiL 183, 200); 2, 5, Plattuer (Pogg., ilvii. 369J; 4|
Bertbier (Ann. d. M., III. xL 409); 6« H. Hose (Fogg., xlvii.); 7^ SchafTgotK-h (Fogg., L 633);
Slromcyer (1. a) :
Iron
bttlpbur
I. Harz
40-16
6£i'8&
2. Brazil
4043
59-63
8. FaLIun
40-23
69-73
4. Sitten
39-0
ero
SItten
4'r2
59-8
6. BodennL
38^8
6<>'62
7. BayftHa
[3941]
60-59
4S*«9
100-00 St. 100-06 p. 99-94 R 100-0 B. 100-0 B.
• With OSS dlcA^ 100-19.
100S<5h.
loasi
Rammelaberg found (Pogg., cxxu 337) in the P. of Harzburg, F© 60-00—60 83, 6.=4-S4|
TrumbuU, Ct., 61*03 (mc^tin of 8 anal), G. — 4'64; Ilorz (Trc^eburg, aaroe as nnal. 1 abore^
&9-21, G. =4-5 13. For other analyik^s, see Middbton, PhiL Mag., 111. xxrlii. 353; Baumert, V«fc
nat Ven, Bono, xiv, Ixixv, ; N. de Leucbtenberg, Bulh Ac St. Pet, viL 403.
Analyses of niooollferous pyrrhotites: 1^ Berzelius (Jalireeb^ xxi, 184); 2, Seheerer (PofSi
iTiii. 318); 3, Rammelaberg (Mio. Ch., 113); 4, 5, 6, id. (Pogg., cxxL 361):
3
Fe
Ni Ck>
L KleiVa
38-09
67-64
3-04
009, Mn 0*22, Ou 0-45=99'63 Ben.
2. Modum
40-46
56-03
2-80
, Cd 0-4<\=99-«9 SdiMW.
a* ?
39-96
68-90
2-60
=101-45 Banun.
4. Horbftch
40-03
55-96
3-86
=99-86 Ramm., G.=Bbout 4ft,
6. BUsen
40*27
'38*59'
56-67
3-16
-- — ^iooB«mm-
6. Gap Mine, Pa.
65-82
5-59
^lOORamttL
Strecker found nidcd in a hexagonal pyrrbotite from Snanim in Norway (B. H, Ztg., xrlL I
Pyr^ «tc. — Unchanged in the dosed tube. In the oixsn tube gives sulpbnrona actd. Ou i
cool in R.F. fuses to a bhiok magnetie nmss ; in O.F. is eoarerted into rod oxyd, whic^ with f
gives only an iron readion wh^n pure, but many Tarieties yield emoU amotintn of uid^4
uobalt. Decomposed by mttriatic add, with evolution of sutphurettod hydro^u.
SULPHIDB, ETC. 69
ObiL — Oocors «t KoDgsberg^ Modum, Snarom Hlken, in Norway : Elefea in Sweden ; Androas-
hmm and TreaBbnrg, Han ; Bodenmaia in Bavaria ; Breitenbrunn, Falilan, JoachimsOial, N. Ta-
tjmk; IGnaa Qeraes in Spain, in large tabular crystals ; the lavas of Vesuvius ; Ck)mwall : Appin
b 5. America, in Yermont, at Stafford, Gorintb, and Shrewsbury; in many parts of Maasaobu-
Mtti; in Gonnecticut, in Trumbull with topaz, in Monroe, and elsewhere ; in N. York, 1^ m. N.
of Fort Henry, Essex Oa ; near Natural Bridge in Diana, Lewis Ck). ; at O'Neil mine and else-
where in Orange Go. In N. Jersey, Morris Co^ at Hurdstown, cleavable massive. In Pennsyl-
vmia, at the Gkip mine, Lancaster Co., niocoliferous. In Tennessee, at Ducktown mines, abun-
dant In Canada, in laige veins at St. Jerome, eta
The nicooliferous pyrrnotite is the ore that affords the most of the nickel of commerce. At the
Gkmden nickel works (N. Jersey) this ore (from the Gap mine) is the principal oue used, but
akng with niocoliferous pyrite and some mOlerite. Prior to 1 864, the whole amount of pure nickel
■ade in the country was not over 100,000 lbs. Since then, up to May, 1867, the Camden works
Ittve turned out 106,000 lbs. ; and now they produce at the rate of 160,000 lbs. a year (letter
finm J. Wharton, Esq.).
Bamed from ireyf^tfrvc, reddisfL
Alt. — Oocnrs altered to pyrite (O. Bose, ZS. G-., x. 98) ; also to limonite and siderite.
(A) Kotcbkhite D, Fbrbes (PhiL Mag., lY. xxiz. 9, 1866). Kroeberite is a strongly magnetic
l^ite, in copper-colored crystals, not yet analyzed, which Forbes says '' appears to be prindpaUy
a idbaulphid of iron." The reasons for this opinion are not stated. Named after P. Kroeber. It
VIS from between La Paz and Yungas, on the eastern slope of the Andes.
Ol QRBBNOOKXTE. Greenockite Jamewn, Ed. N. Phil J., xxviii. 890, 1840. Sulphuret
of Cadmium C&nndf ib., 392. Cadmium-blende. Cadmium sulfhr^ Dr.
Hexagonal ; hemihedral, with the opposite extremes dissimilar. 0 Al
=18ff* §4' ; a=0-8247. Observed planes as in the annexed figure, with
ako 4 and i-2.
O A i=154^ 32' /A 1=133^ 86' 1 A 1, pyr.,=139° 39'
O A 2=117 42 /A 2=152 18 2 A 2, " =127 26
QetTage : T, distinct ; Oj imperfect. ®^
H.=3— 3-5. G.=4-8, Brooke; 4-9-.4-999, Breit- ^^
huq^ ; 4*5, the artificial, Sochting. Lustre adaman-
tine. Color honey- Yellow ; citron-yellow; orange-
rellow — ^veined parallel with the axis ; bronze-bellow.
Streak-powder between orange-yellow and bnck-red.
Kearly transparent. Strong double refraction. Kot
thermoelectric, Breithaupt.
Coaipt.--0d 8 (or 0d»8^=Sulphur 22-8, cadmium 77*7. Analysis by Connel (loc. dt) : Sulphur
12^ and cadmium 77'80=:99-86.
Fyri •Co. — In the dosed tube assumes a carmine-red color while hot hdmg to the original
yiOoir oo oooUntc: In the open tube gires sulphurous acid. B.B. on charcoal either alone or with
ioda, gives in RF. a reddiah-brown coating. Soluble in muriatic add, affording sulphuretted
hydrogen.
ObiL— OceoTB in short hexagonal crystals at Bishoptown, in Renfrewshire, Scotland, in a por-
phyritic trap and amygdaloid, associated with prehnite : also at Przibram in Bohemia, on blende ;
at the Uebooth sino mine, near FriedensyiUe, Lehigh Co., Pa.
This spedea la related in form to niccolite and breithauptite. It has been found as a Aimaoe
product (Ann. Oh. Pharm., Izzxyii. 34, and Halle Zeitschr., L 846, 1853).
Kamed alter Lord Oreenodc (later Earl Cathcart). The first crystal was found near 60 years
iboe by Mr. Brown of Lan^e, and was taken by him for blende. It was oyer half an inch
M. HfUH'WlTU. a IHedO, C. R, lit 983, 1861. Spiauterit BreUh,, B. H. Ztg., xxL 98, 1862,
xxv. 193.
HexagonaL laoinorphous with greenockite. C> A 1=129*^ (approxi-
viitelj). Occnrring form a quartzoia, with occasionallj planes of tne cor
CO
SFLPHIDS, ETC.
responding hexagonal prism ; tlie latter planes homontally stria
Cleavage : basal and prismatic,
II,=3'5— 4. G.=3'9S* Lustre vitreous. Culor brownish-bUudc. St
brown.
Goin|»«^ZD 8^ or perhaps more correctly Zo* 8'. AaalyHLa by 0, PHedol (L c^):
S Zn Fe Pb 8b Ca
32 e 65'6 8 0 2't 0-3 (r.=09I.
The lead and antimony are fK)m the gaagiie.
Pyr,— Same an for Bphftlorito or blende.
Ob«. — From a Bilver-mine near Oruro in Bolivia, According to Bn ' ' ^ f
blende from Przibram (hia ifpiauteriie) m hexftgonal ; also tlmt iVom A v eU
tugal; !h>m QueabesiU, Peru, in tabular cryatala grouped and forming u ^.^.^ c. .ue o
ialfl k inch across*
Wurtslle and sphalerite are the flame oompoond under dustinet cryataUine forms-
dimorphiam.
Named after the French chemiat, Adolphe Wurtz.
■ Artif. — Btay b« made in crystals by a long and high heating of amorphous blende (C. IL, IxS.
999) ; or better by aubliming the blende in a current of aulphurous add, loi^, tmiispareot, oeto*
lean hexagonal prlsnia having been thus formed (ib., Ul&l 188).
71* NICOOUTB. Kupfernickel [=FaLfte Copper, it reeembliog but not yielding
IJuimty Anledn. Malm og Berg., 76, 1694. Cuprum Nloohu [miatalcen trl of Eupf] J. Wo
Foss-i 1728, Kupfbrnickelv Araenicum eulphure et cupro minorallaatun^ aeria modo rul
WtilL^ 328, 174T. Niecolum fcrro ot cobalto araenicatia c^t aulphuratia min. (ft. 80x007) Onmd,
Ak. H, Hiockh., 1751, 1754 (flrat disoov, of metal); Min., 218, 1758. Cupnim mln. Araen. rnifum
Linn., 17G8L Mine do cobalt araoDi^e tenant cuivre Sa^e, Min,, 58^ 1T72; de lAde^ Criiit., ill
lS5, 1783, Xiccolum nativum Btrgm,^ Opusa, it, 440^ 1780, Hothnickelkica, AmmieskiBf^,
GtntL Copper Nickel, Arseidoal KiokeL Ktckelbe Bewi, Tr., il 5B6, 1832. An«ikiMi«
fyrrodn Breiih,, J. pr. Qh^ iv. 208, 1835. Nioooiite Dw^a.
Hexagonal; isomornlious witli lireithauptite. O h\^=,\ZQ^ 35'; a;
0-81944. Observed planes, O and 1 ; 1 A 1, pyr.,=138** 48'. U^uiD;
massive, stnicturo nearly impalpable; also reniform with a columikftr
Btmeture ; also reticnlated and art>oret»cent,
1I.=5— 5'5, G.=:7*33"0*t)71. Lnstre metallic. Color pale coppo^
red, with a ^ray to blackieJi tarnish. Streak pale brownish-bUck, Opaqtiek
Fracfnro nn«Tven. Brittle.
Oomp.— Nl Km (or Ki* Aa^^Araenio 05-|», nickel 441^100; aooietiRiea part ^ th« anMii
ropiJMad ^ ' Analyaea r I. Stromeyer (OeL Ana, Gdtt 1817» 204); % PirfT (8diw« 1,
mkthf erwitt. im Min., 58, iUunru. 4th Bap^l, 122); 4, RarUiiisr (Asm. €k
Fhya, lu., . .., . ;reriPoffg*t Ixv. 292i; 6, Ebelin^n (Ann. d. 11, IV, wx M)| t, Ma^
bal (Bamm. 4th BappU, 122); % Orunow (Z8. G., ix. 40) :
1. Eleohalsdorf
3, "
4. AUcmooi
6. Kngvroe, G.=7*662
$. Ajr«,a"7«»
Ai Ni Fe Fb Go Sb
M-78 44-21 l»'34 032
46-42 48*90 0*34 0'56
We9 4d'7« 2'70
48*S0 3994 0*16 8*00
64 36 44'99 021 On Oil
0*40sl00 SlRWk
vO SodDor
0i4:sird^d8eliMr.
64*06 4.VdO 0-45
62-71 46St
64*89 4321 064
0'»2 0*06 2 18, g«l|gl»O*lOsl0ni^
0'4«. On 1*44^100 r " ^'
l*a6=99-»9Giisnow.
An or* IWraa Bden In the FymieM alTorded Berthier As 380, Sb 27*8, Ni 38-0, F« l^A^Sf
qptrti t*0s£l6O« fai which « larga part of the asveolc ta repUoad hj asHmoay.
Fyr., 10.^10 ih» etoadd toba afaint irhit» cfyatalUoo aobaipatorfMMitoiii add, la Cfati
t«iW tfittiOQi add, with a \nm of tolpbaiotu add, tha aawj baoonhif jdlfO^wlAh^gffwft
SlTLPBIDe, XTB.
61
( arsentoal fumes and fttses to a globulei, which, treated with borax glaas^ aflbrda, bj
BHMfftt axjdstkm, readionB for iron, cobalt^ and nickoL Soluble in nltromuriatui acid.
Ha JUrofiipniiirii cobalt, silTer^ and copper in the Saxon minoB of Aunabergr, gchti'^'^^^'f"- <^t<^ ;
» la TttotiDgui, Hesaef aodSfcjna, and at Allemont in Dauphinj; oocadionoilly in ns
H IVi^iQy ABd Wheal Chance: formerlf at the Hilduratotie Hills, Scotlaud; at r lio,
aev Cbpiapov »ad at Huasoo, Cliili ; abundant at Mina de la Rioja, Oriocha, in the Aj^Qtioe
fbnid al Chatfanm, Oonn^ in ^eiBS, aasodated with smaltlne.
Ifaia ia an important ore of niokuL
MaiBad ftwn the ooatiuned metal The namo of the spedea Bhotdd be formad from the Latin
wmA Ibr nidtel, nkeohtm, proposed hy CronMtedt* and hence should be wHtten n/heMie, or better
teil^ in phoe of Bendant'a mckeline. yickdine and nickeiiferous are not more proper words than
PVdl be Uitpftf iwe and cpppen/erfrnf^
H UUlU'rUA U FTlTil* Antimonnickel Siromfyer it Haufm,, Gel Auz. GdtL, 2001, 1885.
AiaiBsoiual Nickel , Antimoniet of Nickel Hartmannite Chapmasif Min^ 1843. Brei^uplit
BMt, Handb^ 5&9, ia4&,
H€Mgi>aal. (? A 1=:135° 15'; «=:0'85S5, Observed planes: <9, ^. |,
11
, = D*i>.
O A ^=153^ 38', O A 1=123'' 55'. In thin hexagonal plates. Also
jnt and disi?iemirmted.
G.=;7'541 Breithanpt, Lustre metallic, spleodent. Color in
fre^h fracture light copper-red, inclining strongly to violet . Streak
Ti*h -brown. Opaque, rracture uneven — ^inall BubconchoidaL Brittle,
Oaeafk. — Nl Sb (or Hi' Sb^^Anttmonj 6t% nickel 32*6—100. Analjsea; 1, 2^ Stromejer
{^m. xxxL 134):
K 8b 63'T34 Ni 28*946 Fe 0*8flfl Galena G*43T=99-9S3
X, 59-706 27-054 0*842 12'367=99'9ft9
9|rcr— Ib the open tube white antimouial iiimea* On charcoal fuses in E.F», gives off anii-
wmk vapoirs, and ooata the coal white ; if lead ia present a jellow coating near the assa^ ;
Hariei wHii aoda the odor of arsenic m^y be diHtin^iiished in moat apecEmena.
Oli^^Fo>iind in the Hans at Andreasberg, with caleltu, galenite, and amaltine. Has been
i a ftimacp product, ciystallised.
I Bin^r the Saxon mineralogist, Breithaupt
Kaneit Raid., Ilflndb.
72. KANBITIS. Arseniuret of Manganeae Kam^ Q. J. Sci^ U. tI 382.
659, 1B45.
Ia botTToidal maaaea, also amorphoas; atnicture foliated or gran alar. H. above 6? stated aa
hmk. 6,=5'55. Lotftre metaUla Color grayish-white, with a black tarnish. Opaque. Fracture
^»9«&. Briule.
Aamijaia by Kane (1. a): Mangnnese 45*5, arsenic 51*8, and a trace of iron=9t*B, corre-
ip^liffy to Mn Aa^ Manganese 42*4, araeuic 57 «>= 1 00.
&& Imnaa with a blue fiame, and falU to powder; at a higher temperature the arsenic evapo-
r and oxferv the charcoal with a white powder. Biasolvea in aqua regio^ without leairing anj
}
74. SOHRBlBBRSrnS.
Tn steel-grav folia and grains. F
IL=6-6 Cl.=7*Ul^7-22. Mao;
U la fl^ppoeed to be !Vom Saxony, and was first observed by B. J. Kane, of Dublin, attached to
jHflBoTgaleiiite.
Schreiberslt Raid., Haid. Ber., iiu 69, 1847,
Folia flexible,
agnetic.
1, Patera (Haid. Ber., L c, and Am. J. Sd, IT. viil 48&) j % Piaher (Am, J,
M, VLiai, 157); % 4^ 5» J. L. Smith (ib., xix. 157):
P Fe N! 0
4-24 uiadd. - 9 B-70 Patera.
25'05l M6, Gl 2-85, t^i 0-^J8=98'16 Fisher.
S5'8*l Co 0-a2, Cu ir^ Zn <r, 0 013, ^i 1*62, Stl 1*63 = 100*66 3
26*48 " 0-41, Cu far., Si, Al undeL Smith.
Qftift li ii>9ft Cm tr., " " *' Smith.
L Ajrm
T26
87*20
IBfaiwM
11-72
65*43
lg.T^niian
ee 13-92
67*22
4 *
U9d€U
56-04
1' '
ii-m
56*63
03
6ULPHID8, irro.
Om« — Found otttjr fn tnottoofw froti.
The schreihersiii of Sh^pard (Am. J. 8cL, IL \l\ from a meteoHte, !■ supposed to be » ** i
fiulphuret of chromium.^ The name has be«n changed to shqaatiUs by Baldiitgvr. It b aoi
oofstfUned iit Sheptrd'« reoeot Hat of meteotic mioerals^ in ibid., xIUL 38<
IIL PTKITE DIVISION.
[See for hat of spedei, page 84],
76. PYRITB, ETii^ci Theophr. Tlvpir-rr pt Dioacor,, E. cxlil. Pyritea pt PWi,
Pjriks pt, -4 raft. Mftrchiwita, ChrTu, Kis, ^^tc., 334, 431, 4G7, 152S>, 154G,
MiwvUasita (^cryst. Vyr.) MencM, Pjrit. 1725. Klefl pt, Srnfelkiee pt, Pyriti
(=inaBS. and nodular Pjt.), Marchftsita (=cryHt Pjr,), WoiL, 200, 211, 1747. PjrtU
(=glob. var., <Jta); Marcasite (=cry6t Pjr.), Mundic (^maailve var.) Uitl, Foaa., 3S4
1771. Schwefelkies^ Eiaetikiea, Gernu Iron Pyritee, Biflulphtirpt of iron. JFor aulfuiiij
Xantliopjrrites Ghck, Handb., 314. 1889.
Observed planee: %-% i4> *'-3, f^ ; 2-8^ '<
Idoinetrie ; pyritohedmL
4-2, 3-|, 5>f, fl, 24. Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4lAni, 85-88, The cube' (f. 1)
eommon; the pyritoliedrori, f. 47, and related forms, f. 41, 46,
85
8?
Boi0i«.
Pteni,
88
it
Ml>
MiddktowQ, Ct
OnrnwaU, Pa.
8«liobiffa^
oommoiu Cubio faces often etmted^ with atriaUoiu a( adjaimiig hem it
right angle*, and doe to oseiUatory combmation of the cube ana pvritoliio*
dmn, the Btri© having the direction of tlie t^dgee betweoi O aod t-S m 1 4&
euLPHiDB, sra
es
ix^n^s «irOicjixla.r through elongation of cuhic and other forms.
>io a^Ti^d ootJEihedral, more or less distinct Twins: 1, eora-j
• ^.Ixie* cjompoBition either (a) single, or (b) repeated parallel'
xi<3iT^^ t:.l:i.xLS forms like f 90, consisting of combined pyntoho-
;3^^^ Ro-^ving fttriations on e^eh face parallel to its sides and i
gfc.T^fr-l<a ixi tli6 diagonals. 2, C.-face O, fig. 89, Also reni-
^^t;^Kla^i^i"tio, with a crystalline surface; sometimes radiated
<3^, :^-= -^-S3 — 5*2; 6'185, polished crystals, Zepharovich,
0. sT>l.C5Xxcle5Tit to gHstening. Color a pale brass-yellow, nearly
^»fc ^p-esC5Xiisli or brownish-black. Opaque, ^---— — ---
.j-^_ ^^i-ittlo- Strikes fire with BteeL
I'racture con-
„ g=S.ya 1 %pti iXT 53'», iron 40'7=100. Nickel, cobalt, and thaUixiiii, and also
ni^MC?^ ^ lAt:tle of the iron, or else occur as muEturoa; and gold Is aoine times
^^,^^|j^i^l3r tliroagh it. Thallium occurs in tmoei in much pjrlte^ it aho^ving
^l_j^^ €iti.lTnTi^y« of fLimac?ea where pjrito, or ore§ oontalBiDg ft, are roasted.
£g^y Ira distinct crystals ; (b) nodular, or concretionary, often radiated within;
^^SolIm^^''^^^ found 0-1 6S of nickel in a kind from a aflyer mine near Eclcerhageii*
.^^ _^_^^^ «:^r^^l>ed, Gi^ureroeur, N. y«, is similar; it ia pale bronze in color, and
^*7-^Sf r="&-& ; Q-.=^'863 (Ara. J. 8cL, IL jcv. 444).
* ^T»^<:yim<3»ns from Cornwall, Lebanon Co., Pa. (f, 88), afforded J. H. Blake 2 p*
jufr^ Slalc<>i represonta the planes about an an^le of the cube, one of
l>c»rore observed in pyrite, though known in cobalt! te (p. 71). Th«
iIjbo
l^O.W^^'*^*^
,^^^-f^ty iVotn Cornwall, Lebanon Co., Pa., gave J. 0. Booth (Dana's Min.,
'^f 'cS'CipX*^''' affording the formula (Fe, Cu) S\ The analysis gave S 63-37, Fo
SL*-Tii^xe« r^jadily, assuming the bluish tamysh of Bt<*oL
^^^^ie^*er>^^n<e Bchulz A Paillette (Bull. G, Fr., 11. viL, 16). A kind in cubes,
^^^cfiAr^^ng in argtllito, 6 m. & of Eibadeo, in Galicia. Kamed after Lopea
--^ ^^^^^xixig- oatiTe gold. See under Golb. The pyrite of moat gold regions is
C^^<ya» j^c>t- apparent in any of the extamal characters,
^^ :B^ro^T% Mungarf,
Tli^ -r>3rri to of the RammeUberg mine, near Goalar, Prussia, is especially rich
t3^^^ *^^ s^aAlfeld, Tliallium occurs in the furnaces of the Bethlehem (Pa.)
^S^ *j*^ BpoepP<J>' attributes to the pyrite of the Pennsylvania coal used.
^*^ vJ *ol<i«««l tube a sublimato of sulphur and a magnetic residue. B,R on char-
^ IL ^ lytmrxaio^ "with a blue flame, leaving a residue which reacts like pyrrhotito.
^ ^^Jis^ A£?i«li ^^^ decjompoacd by nitric acid.
^,l>i30*ia.ntly in rocks of all ag^s, from the oklest crystalline to the most
- _^^ X% usually occurs in small cubes, but often modified as aboTC described;
^ yjjid^tl nodulea and in veins, in chiy slate, argillaceous sandstones, the &m
*^^ ^3f ^gti-otic dimensions have been found in some of the Cornish mines ;
on« aud. other forms occur on the island of Elba, sometimes five to six
X-***'g^ octahedral crystals are found tit Peraberg in Sweden, Alagnifloent
-cf^Y-xx ; «l*** ^*^°™ Traversella in Piedmont, twins of which locality are figured
°V %\xGm » large pyritohedron (f. 47 ) with a small converse pyritohedron (L 48)
'tkxo »i^ cabkj edges, Alstou-Moor, Derbyfihirc, Fahlun m Sweden, Kongia-
^r^ -vreH-ltn^'WTi loealitiea. The clay at Miinden in Ilanovor^ and the chu
' ^^^^^e affarded some remarkable compound crystuis. It has also been met
I* y^ lAV^LS in email irr»?|^jlar crystals.
I^eru, Watorvillr, nnd Farmiugton, in crystals ; at Bingham (saw milla),
^ 0 Xd-, uiassive. Iii K ffampshirtf ai Unity, mas^tvo. In Mois,, at Heath, In
^^d Biil>t>*rd»ton, massive. In Vermoni, at Sboreliain, in limestone, crystals abun-
1^ OEat»e«« 3— A in- In Onw,, at Lane's mine, Monroe, in octahedrotis; Orange and
li^ ^xloHto slate; Middlotown lead mine, sometimes aciculor, and also soatterod
^__ £^ 99 - at SUUford, in mica slate ; massive at Coldieater, Aahford, Tolland, 6talford|
Sja i^* Ti>rJk, al Koasie, flne crystals (f. 85, ST) occur at the lead mine in green shale ;
[^gjli^ ^^r^st ot ih^ ooort-bousef in iingle and compound cxystala, often highly polishM
-or
jew^iri
Ua
04
8ULPmD6, Kra
tnd abandatit ; in interesting crystaU &t Jolmsburgli and Oheater, Warren Co. ; in j_
Tonkors ; iu Oning© Co., at Warwick and Beerpftrk ; in Jefferson Co., in Champloa and netiri
OQ the bonks of V'rooman^a lako, in mcxlifled octnhodrons (f. 7); ma&Rivo in Franklin, Pa
and Orange Cob., etc In PrnwykHMia, m cryitaU at litde Britain, Lambaste? Ga : at Cb
DeUwan? Go. ; in Carbon and Toric Oon. ; at Knauertown, Cheiiter Ca ; in CornwaD, Lebano
in iuatrooB cubOHoetabedrans, and with an elegant steel taminb, sometimes an indi throtiji
PoUstown^ near French Greek, in large yellow ootahedronji. In Wiaomsin^ near Mineral '.
In Itiinoiit, near Gftlena, at liaraden's Diggings, in stalaciites of great beauCj withawMJ
oyitAlfl. la N, dr., xieiir Greensboro', Guilford Co., in crystaU. Auriferoue prnte I
the mines of Colorado^ aod many of those of California^ as well as In Virginia una the]
In Canada^ 2 miles N. W. of Brodkrille, a oobaltiferous var., in the Laurentlan ;
AMumpCion^ eeignory of DaQlebout, and at Esoott^ a niocoliferoufl yar., oontaining
o^bali
This species afTords the greater part of tbe sulphate of iron and sulphuric add of <
and also a considerable portion of the sulphur ana alum. The auriferous raiietj la i
gold in many golil regions.
The name pvHta Is derived fVom t«o, fire^ and alludes to the sparks fKtm fHctieii. _^
tlons seTeral things as inoluded under tlie name (xxxH 30) : (i) a stone used for griq
(S) 1 kind which so readily flres punk or sulphur that he distingnisbes it as pyrites «
whfch iDAy have been flint or a related variety of quartz, as has been suppoeed, but i
bly was tmer^^ shioe be describes it as the heayieet of all ; (3) a kiad reeembluigbrttBi or is
(41 a porous stone^ perhaps a sandstone or buhratone. The brnAMr kind was in all ^ ' ' ~^
pyrfte* But with it wem confounded copper pyrites (ch:d csides mureasiti
tite, although these three krada of pyrites fail of the .'- ^. Iu fafit Dio
pynte an ore of copper, yot in tbe Dcxt seutcnce admits thiit nouii; kinds cootaio no>|
moreover, ho utates that the mineral give^ sparks. This oonfounding of irou and <
ii apparent also in the descriptions of the vitriols (sulphates of iroo and copper)
otber mdent writerSt and equally so in the mineralogy of the world for more Qiiui'i
lurirMa aft^r Pfiny, as is even now apparent in the prindpal l»tiL'^>)»^<*^ <^r Kurope. i^mfut
(cfji I of tbe Germans being tbe oopperas of the Eij:^ itperoso of th# ft
It tH boble timt oopperOM and ooiiperaaeajw In foGi eomij !k^ Genn«A \
of UefivuUvt^a froiQ cu^roaa or etiprtnua, as usually statfed, for the Latiju ti would not ha?
ou in French,
Under the name mareatUe or marduisiie, of Rpsnish or Arabic orisin, the old«r i
Henckel WaUerint, LbuuRU, etc., indnded distinctively orystAiHsM p^vtiie, tb«
neotly : the nodular and other vane ties being called pyrOss, and tbe lees yeUow or U>^
softer Idods, wofisrki&tj this last taduding our marcaaite and pyrrhotUty aziU soom i
Werner first made pyrrhoitk a diiitiQct species
Alt. — Pyrite readily changes to a sulphate of iron by oxydation, som<) sulphur beioif .|
Also to limoaite on its surlaoe, and afterward throughout, by the action of a aotutkAj
bonata of lime carrying off thd aulphuHc add aa obaiige proceeds, and (torn Umoall
of iroo. Green vi^ol, llmooiie, gdthlte, hematite, qusjti, grtphite, ochreoui ob^, i
domornhs afber nyrite.
Miui. — May be made by the slow redactton of sulphate of tmqpakajd oX trou fn ]
•ome carbonate.
70, BAUEBTTZZ. HaueHt Ba>id^ Kat Abb. Wien, I I01« 107, 4to, IMT.
I&ometric; pjTitoheclral, figs. 2, 7, 6, 8, 44 ((?, 8-|), 41 (O, %A
0rtahe<lral foroi moet common. Cleavage: cubic imperfect, '
iometiinas globularly cliii?*tered.
H,=4. G.=3"403, V, Haner. Lustre metaUiVadaraantine, CJoU
dkh-bn>wn, bruwniiih-blacJc, Streak browniah-red.
too. AiiA^yati bj Fiten (L CL, ]
Oomp.— liin S*=8ulphur GST^ manganese i6'3
%IZ*U
Un 42111
fV^l-SO
Stl-^OsSflL
^r«*>In the dosed tube a sublimate of sulphur ; in the open tube sulphi]3<oiii add, sod j
ML On ( linrr'oiil fflves sulpbur ; the roasted mineral reacts for mangineae with tlie I
!ika, Ifungsfy, in dfliy with gypmuo atid sulphor, hi a regloa i
•olftterm, ;iQd olber
given off at the soma tLoie mdciQg depodtkMtf
mm Ii ladiM IhroQih.
•roptlve rodcs deoorapodsg uid addlBif lo Ibe di^, an^
kiag depodtkMia of sulphur ted folpydf* Out ofyttd
■Bdltel
SULPHIDB, ETC.
6S
77. ODBAMinL Onbui BrmiL, Poggt lix. 325, 1843. Oabanite Chapman,
ometaric Massive. Cleayaffo cubic, and rather more distinct than in
9xrj pyrites, Brdth. Color Tbetween bronze and brass-yellow. Streak
:ieddiah-bronze, black. H.=4. G. =4-026-4042 Br.; 4169 Booth;
Bndtbu
■■Ar--8I^lGii,4S==4F^l€Ki,8S=^S+FeS+3FeS*=:2jpyri<e+l chakopyrUe. GaS
STf Booih, wfaieh is the mme with the preoeding in its atomio proportions.
lijmem: 1, Bastwick (oommnnicated by J. 0. Booth); 2, Magee (ib.); 3, Stevens (ib.); 4^
' ' {Pogg^ bdT. 280); 5, J. L. Smith (Am. J. ScL, IL xyiii. 381):
Si
2-30=:99'12 Eastwidc.
1 •90=101-10 Magee.
2-86 =100-81 Stevens.
Pb «r.= 100-26 Scheidauer.
Si 9e 4-23=99-13 Smith.
_ ( oibtained in repeated trials 19 per cent of copper. Smith in two other incomplete
IBS loAiid sulphur 39-20, 39*30, and copper 19*10, 19*00.
Vi^-Id the closed tobe a sulphur sublimate ; in the open, sulphurous add. B.B. on oharooal
■rilxihiir fames and fuses to a magnetic globule. The roasted ore re cats for copper and
rift tliB fluxes ; with soda on charcoal gives a globule of metaUic iron with copper.
■#— ftom Bazraoanaa CuIml
S
On
Fe
L
39*01
19-80
38-01
a.
39*35
21*06
38-80
3.
8905
20*12
38*29
4.
84*78
22*96
42-61
A.
89-57
18-28
37-10
T Xa\K(rts (fr. Oyprus) AriatoUe. ? XaX<frif, Tlwpfnjj pt, Diaseor^ ? Ohal-
ii ft, Vjriten pt, PUn, Pyrites ffiroeus pt, Pj-rites aureo colore, Cferm. Geelkis o. Kupferkis
Fi^ 113, Interpr., 467, 1546. FjntM pt, Oerm. Kupferkies, Gemier, Foss., 1565. Pyrites
m^ Chaloopyiites, EmM^ I^yrit, 1725. Gul Kopparmalm, Ouprum sulphure et ferro min-
AHteB, Ghakx^pyrites, WaU^ 284^ 1747. Ouivre jaune, Pyrite cuivreuse, JFV. TrL Wall, ii
^ ina. Gopper Writes. Pyritous Oopper. Cuivre pyriteux lY, Towanite RdblL^ Min.,
Bbngonal; tetrahedral. (?Al-i=rl85*' 25'; a = 0-98556. Observed
CB : ^ ; vertical, /, iri^ i-3 ; octahedral or tetrahedral, J, \^ ^, 1, f, 2,
|-i, 2-i ; other planes, f-3, 5-5.
1=146^ 8'
lrrl25 40
2=109 44
<?A»4=116^ 54'
0^^4=2lU 5
1 Al,pyr.,=109 63
5
2A2,pyr.,=96° 88'
*A|., pyr.,=100 44 »
lAl,£92,=7120and70 7
66
eCLFBIDe, ETC.
M
I
Cleav^e: 2^ sometimes distinct; 0, indifetmct, Twirm:
face (1) 1-t, t 93, 94 ; in 93 repeated parallel to 4 terminal edges of a pjl
alfiO sijnilar to fig. 39, tiirougfa combinations of sphenoids ; (2) the '
similar to f 50, aleo BiiiiOar to i\ k\2^ p,
M*ith the inteqDenetratitig tetrahedruTu
forma in fig. 92 ; al^i somewhat fiimila
119, Tinder t€ti*ahedrite. Often ma
imnalpabla
H.=3*6-4, G.=4-l-4-3. Limtre
Color brass-yellow ; subject to tarnish, ii
iridesc^ent. Streak greenish-black — a lit
ing. Opaque. Fracture conchoidal,
Ooxnp. — A Bulpfaid of copper und iron, cootmini
per, 2 of iron, and A of sulphurs: Sulplmr 34-9^ i
iron 30 6= 1 00. Foninila t-u S -j- Fe 8 4- Fe S*= 2 (§]
S^Fo S*, uiiiftlly written eu 8 + Pe* 8\ tbt ol
which hii« already been mentioDod (p, 33^
givo other proportioija ; but probubly irom nitii
Tbm^ vre indefinite mixtures of the two^ and with tlie increase of the lutter
paler.
This speciea, althougrh tetragonal^ la Terr closely isomorphona with pjHte, the Ta
onbio form being »hght, the vertical azia bcinfr 0*^8556 inatoad of L
Analyses: 1, U. Ko^e (GUb., Lxxil 185); 2, Hartwall (Leotih. Uandb,, $40); S,
(Am. J. Sci, II, liT. 161); 5, D. Forbee (Ed N. PhiL X. L 278); 6, J. K 8«nJth (Am. <
tt M9); t, Joy (Lya N. B. N, York, vuL 126):
1. BajQ S 36 81
Cu 34-40
Fe 80-47
qimrt* 0-27=!OO*0l B
a. nnlmd 86 33
32*20
BO-03
2*23=100'79 I
8. Val Cantmad 8662
84'09
30-2d
=100-6U
4. Mt. CoUnl 86-16
3^79
2976
O'86=09-Sffl
6. Jemtel d, Sweden 33>d8
32-65
32-77
Mnir,, f5i0 32 = 99'«fW
6. PhenixTLlle 36*10
32-86
29^3
Pbr m
t. KUetiTiUe 86*66
82*43
3125
*♦ tl .U:=
006 (
OOppOTj
Tnoea of aeleniiuD have been noticed by Eerften in an ore from Reinsberg near ]
thmt from Bammelaberg near Go&lar ma^t oomtain the aame^ it being one of the i
(Bunmelsberg, Min. Chem., lid}. Thailitim b lUo preoenl ja some kinds, and mi»r» j
praeent in this ore than in pyrite.
Other analjaea : Malaguti and Durocher (Ann. dea M^ IT. zviL 2 2d).
Pyr^ eto.— In the dosed tube decrepitatea, and giyea a sulphur sublbnAta ; la othtl
Bke cobanite. DiasolTes in nitric acid, exceptiii^ the aulphor, and forms a gr»ea soli
monia in excess cfaang«a the green color to a deep blue.
Obs. — ObAleopjrite ia the prindpal ore of copper at the Com wall minea. and 10,
tons of pii» copper mn amelted annnaUy fh>m 1 SO, 000 to 1 00.000 tona of aro« It m tl^orv
with tin ores gilonltsi, bomite, chaleocite, totrahedrite, nad blondo. The
hm in SiPsdofi, are oomposed nrinolpaUy of this ofo, which oocmrs In larg&
by ft oottlng of ssfpe&tiiia, ana imbedded in gneiaa. At RammeUbat^ tie*r
tt (brma a bed in argQIaceons sdiiat, and ia associated with pyrite, giJenite, blsod%
poftkms of silver and gold. Tbe Karprinz mine at Fn*iberg aJTords watNtoflatd
ottsin also in the Bannat Hungary, and Thuringia ; in Scotland in Kirl
diire and elsewhere ; In Tuscany (anaJyaet 8. 4); m South Auatratia; in
BlanooL near Oopiapo, Obill
In Maiim, at the Lobcc lead misea: al Desler. In ^Vl nimp^ sti
Uni^, on the eniato of Jaa. Neal : ^Vnrrcn, cm DaTiit'i farm ; al fisloci, 1 m.
tavern ; l^ymn, £. of £. VUiago ; ^ ' ntc In Vennamt, at Staflbrd,
Shfvwabtmr. In JftiM., at tho d^ load minea; at Turner's I^Uli on
near Deerfleld, and at llacflcld ana ijtt^rliui^ In OmwiM^^ at BHslol and
timeainorystala InN^ Kericaf tbeAnGrajntoadioias; llv^mitos&ooillosiisv
aiUB at |)mb Boi«i* lead mines, tnorystsls; in ctrslaLi and massif # nsnr Woftsl
v«cr Issgi QEfilsls nod mssidT^ at BUenfiUe^ lllater Oo. In Pmnfffemic, nl
FMHowm, GhMtwr On, ^BMbslh mtiiejw In Mofflemd in tho Oslootiii mm.}
8ULPHID6, ETC. 67
i wad Taneytown ; near Flnksbiury, Ouroll Oo^ abundant (Patapaoo and other minea), with
s^ eamllile, and malaohita. In Vtrgmiaf at the Phenix oo^r minee, Fauquier Oo, and the
i gold mine, Louiaa Ga In N, OaroUna^ near Greensboro', abundant maasiye (Fenreaa
ih Oarolinai and ICaocuIloch mines), alon^ with spathic iron in a quarts gangne. In 2bi-
30 miles from Cleveland, in Polk Go. (Hiwassee mines), with black copper and pyrites.
TaL, In different mines along a belt between Mariposa Ca and Del Norte Co, on west side
I parallel to, the diief gold belt ; occurring massive in Calaveras Ca, at Union, Keystone,
8^ Hapoleon, Oampo Seco, and Lancha PUna mines, and in crystals on Domingo Creek; in
3aa Co., at the La Yictoire and Haskell daims, and on the Ohowchillas river; in Amador
; the Newtoo mine ; in El Dorado Co, at the Coemnnes, Hope Valley, Bunker Hill, El
0^ KToelitior mines ; in Plumas Co., at the Genesee and Cosmopolitan minee.
Sbaodo, in Perth and near Sherbrooke ; extensively mined at Bruce mines, on Lake Huron.
I Oomwall dulcopyrite is not a rich ore ; what is picked for sale at Redruth rarely yielding
Mfally only 7 or 8, and occasionally but 3 or 4 per cent of metal Its richness may in
il be Judged of by the color ; if of a fine yellow hue, and readily yielding to the hammer, it
w oonaidered a good ore; but if hard, and pale-yellow, it is poor from admixture with
kdSly diatingidshed from pyrite, which it somewhat resembles, by its inferior hardness; it
le eut by the knifb, while pyrite will strike fire with steel. The effects of nitric acid are also
int. Differs from gdd in fc«ing brittle, on which account it cannot be out off in slices, Iflce
tier metal; and, moreover, gold is not attacked by nitric add.
■rs as a furnace product near Goelar.
L— Gbangea on exposure with moisture, especially if heated, to a sulphate. Maladilte,
ila, diryaooolla, black copper, chalcodte, and oxyd of iron, are other forms into whidi it is
koca altered.
■ed from x*^^^i hrasa^ and pyrtfef, by Hendcel, who observes in his Pyritdogy (1725) that
ipyrite is a good distinctive name for the ore. Aristotle calls the copper ore of Cyprus
few; and Dioacorides uses the same word ; but what ore was intended is doubtful There is
esdon that copper-pyrites was induded by Ghreek and Latin authors under the name pifritea
79. BABHHARZniTIL Genth, Am. J. ScL, n. xix. 17, 185S, xxviii 248.
bmpact maasive.
L=3-5. G. =4-521. Lustre metallic. CJolor bronze-yellow. Streak
rkh-black, slightly shining. Fracture conchoidal, uneyen. Brittle.
liflhcs easily, giving pavonine tints, or becoming pinchbeck-brown.
■9^—1 ^a S+Eb S+Fe S'=l diakxmyrite-j-l chalcocite=Sulphur 30*6, copper 48*2, iron
Analyses: 1-3, W. J. Taylor, F. A. Genth, and P. Keyser (L c); 4^ Genth ftwiv. oontrib.):
8
Fe
Cu
I. Bamhardf s Land
29-40
22-23
47-61, Ag «r. Taylor.
a. Pioneer Hills
29-76
22-41
46-Q9 Genth.
8.
30-50
21-08
48-40 Keyser.
4. BU Williams' Fork
28-96
20-44
50-41 Genth.
ore from Bamhardt's land, Taylor found (L a) 8 32-9, Fe 28-4^ Cu 40*2, oorrespond-
>S8+4Fe+2teu.
fg^ aAo. — BJk gives sulphurous fUmes, and Aises easily to a magnetio globule. "With borax
OM for eopper and iron.
«^— Oeecra in N. Osrolina with other oopper ores, at Dan Hamhardt*s land, Honeer MiUs,
ix wabM^ and Vanderbnrg mine, in Cabarrus Co. ; also near Charlotte, Mecklenburg Co. ; at
VilfiaiiM^ Fork, in Galiforoia, with chalcopyrite, etc.
■aj be a chalcopyrite, partly altered to copper-^ance (chalcociteX as would be inferred froa
IflBlfa^ later obaervations.
\ BOMKBLOr Breithaupt (B, H. Ztg., zviL 385, 424, 1858, zviiL 65, 321) is dosely related to
noafiag, and may be chalcopyrite partly altered to bomite. Occurs in tetragonal octahedral
ri% but Boatly maa^ve; H.=4 — 6; G.=:4-472 — 4-480 ; color more bronae-like than in chal-
Ha: flfcnak blade.
bf Bicbter (L c, xviii. 321): 8 30*21, Fe 25-81, Cu 43*76=3 6u 8+2 Fe S+Fe* 8*
i B-i-S We S+Fe 8", corresponding to 1 of chakopyriity 2 of cAoiooette, and 2 of pyrrAoft^
1 qfcbalouyyiite and 2 of bomite.
BMS with ff»*^******* and other copper ores at Plauen in YoigOand; also said to occur, >y
hn^ in Barwla, Dndiiea of Hesse and Nassau, 8i]e0ia, the Hai% at BbefaibreitBiibaQh oo
BiM^ in Algicla^ in (Mi at RemoHpoa and looopiDa^ and in Jiqpmr
8ULPHn>8j ETC,
Dticktownite b a blackiah copper ore firom Dadctown, Tenn., luimed bj Shep
It 30*T6 iron, 2604 oopper, with iS-20 of imdetermimod. &, J. Brush has ahownj
bomo^neouA, and (mlj a mixtare, gmlDi of pjrite being yistble through the
Bofler gray nilDeral, which Is probablj dialoodte. See Bepv on MU Pisgah
HaTen, 1859, and Am. J. Sd., XL uviiL 129, 18S9.
80. STANNTTB. Geschwefeltes 2Knn (flr. CorDwall) ^/a/)r., Schriften Nat Fr. Be
lt87, Beitr., il. 257, 1797, ir. 228, 181 a Zinkiea Wm^ Bergm. J., 1789, 385, 89T-
Xifv., ii 300, 1790. Saipburet of Tin ; B«L1 Metai Ore. Etain soUWh^ iV. Stannlx
Tr^ iL 416, 1833,
Prboablj tetraconal, and hemihedral like ehalcop>Tite, Ke
Cleavage : parallel to the faces of the eiibe and dodecaliedron iw
Commonly mafisive, granular, and diseemiiiated.
Krr4. G, =4-3 "4 522; 4*506, tV. Zinnwald, Kammeklwg.
njetallic. Streak blaekiBh. Color steel-gray to iron-black, the
when pure ; sometimes a bUii^h tarnish ; ot\en yellowish from the {
of ehalcopjTite. Opaque, Fracture imeven. Brittle.
Oomp.— 2 (en, Fa, Zn) S + 8n S* which, the ratio of 6n» Fo, Zn, being 3 ; 1 : I, «
Uh Sulphur SQ-e, tin 21% copper 29-3, Iron 6*5, sine 7*5 = 100. The ratio between th#
of the two terms Is 1 : 1, as in chalcopyrite. Analjsoe; 1. Klaproth (Breitr.* r. 338);
natach (Pogg^ zjoax. 146); 8, Johnston (Rep, G. ComwaU, etc^ 1839); 4^ Mallet {Am, ,
XTiL 33) J 5, Eammelsberg (Fogg., Ixxtvill 607):
Zn
=*99*0 Klaproth.
1-77, gangue 1*0:1=99*81
10ai3==100 Johniton.
I'U, gangue 01«=99-64
9 68=100 Bammelabers.
^YT^ flto. — In the closed tnbe decrepitates, and gives a faint sublimate ; in the '
•oSphuroos add, and a sublimate of oxyd of tin quite near the assaj, B.K on charcoal
globule, which in 0^. gives off sulphur, and coats the ooaL with white oxyd of tin ; tl
mineral treated witli borax gives reactions for Iron aud copper.
Deoompoaed bj nitric add, affording a blue solution, with separation of snlphttf mm
tin.
Oba. — Formerly found at Wheal Roolc, OomwaH, and at Gam Brea, where it oo«i
considerable ?ein.' and was acootnpanied by pyritOv blende, and other minerals i monp i
OOQ^derable quantity in granite at St. MIchaers Uouat, where it is sold as an ore
at Stenna Gwynn, St SteTens, and at Wheal Primroae, Wheal Soorrier. and
lack mine, St. Just; also at the Gronebane mine, Oa Wiclclow, In IroUind;
InibirBa, with blende and galenite. It fhsquaittljr hu tho appcnraitod of brooie or '
■sd heoce the name beU-mekU^e,
B
Sn
Cu
Fe
1. Wheal Rock
305
26-6
30-0
120
2
2964
26*55
29*39
12-44
3. St Mirhaers Mt
39*929
31 618
23-549
4-791
4.
2946
26B5
291S
6-73
5. Zinnwald
2905
26*65
29-38
6*24
il« UNHJEITB, Kobolt med Jem och Svafelsyre (fir. Baatnaes) O, Brmdi, Ak. R, I
1746. Itobalt med ftnmraJladi Jiro, Oobaltum Ferro Sulphurate fnlnetallsi
175H. Oobaltum pyrftloosum JJ«m^ 1768; <fe B^m, UUtopli., I 144^ 17TS.
MMmuiM 4$ U»k, iil 134, 1783. Kobalt^lant pL Wwn^ KMrwm, 9k,
mmmger, AHl, ilL 316, 1810. KobaltUea Ihurm^ Ilandbw, 158, Ullw Mm
pburet of Gobatt; Cobalt f^toa. Cobalt solAjr^ Fr, KoboUlon BmL, Tr^ ti
Uonelt Baid^ Handk, 560, 1845. Kobaltnkkolkies [not KoMtltte] Ai
ICliMn) Ikma, Hln^ 087, lS5a
Iflometric, Flga. 2, 6, 7, Cleavage : cubic, imperfeet T^
poftition-facMi octaaedraL Ako tnaastve, granular to compact.
IL^5'5. 0,=4'8— 6» LiiAtre motalhc. Color pale eteel-gray, '
iag OOpporred. Streak blackiali^gray. Fracture uiioven or sat
, J Vmr*—^ Co S+ Ck) 8*=Siilphur 420^ cobalt &80=100 ; but baving the oobdt iBplaood
r ^ mekel or copper.
BT. 1. C^tprif^w»B; LanfMXTE Batd. (I c.\ Ore IVom Baatnaes. The copper haa beeo attrib-
i tD mized eh&lcopjnte ; but, in Tiew of the composition of <»rro1]itd, this is probably do!
I of aD of tt. The oacie Unmeite, after Ltmueus, woa given diatiQCtiyelj hj Haufinger to the
r nicemi (L a^
i .Iflgurf 0liTf iiiii , il^idbal-£tiina»te SoasNTTE Dana (L c). Ore fVom Muaen, near Sicgen and
itea«lii(f«. Tbe apedmena horn Ktisen afforded Rammolaberg, in bis recent analjsU (No. &),
14*) of oirkel ; and he ehowa that the ettTlm analyaet ore erroneous, owing to the fact that a
i of separating nickel and cobalt oompietelj waa not known when the analjaes were madeu
I, Hisinger (AfhandL, iiL 319); 2, Wemekink (Schw. J.^ xzziz. 306, and Leouh»
1826); A, Schnabel (Eauun., 4th SuppL, llT)j 4, Ebblnghaua (ibOi 6| Rammelaberg
^ €b^ IxzzvL 340); 6-8^ Genth (Aol J. Scl, XL xxiiL 419):
S Co Ni Fe Cu
38*50 43 20 8'53 14-40, gangne 0'33=99*96 Hisinger.
42-52 63-35 2'30 0'97=98-8T Wemekink.
41-98 22-09 33*^4 2*29 ^lOOSchnabeL a=4'8.
42*30 iroo 42-04 469 =100'63 Ebb. G. = 6-0.
43*04 40-77 14*60 0*49=98*90 Ramm.
3^0*25-69 29*56 1-96 2*23, InsoL 0 45=99-59 Genth.
41*16 [60*76] 3-20 8'68, InaoL 1*26=100 Genth. [Genth.
41-54 2r34 30-63 3*37 ^ ^ 0*39, On, Sb tr^ Inad, l-07=98-24
. Miami Bni, Bieg.
Sing.
, «ic« — The variety from Musen givoa, in the closed tube, a Bulpbtir sublimate ; in the
J solpburous fumes^ with a faint sublimate of arsenoua acid. B.B. on chartxMl gives
mad iulpburous odora, and fhaes to a magnetic globule. The roasted minernl givea
I flozss reaotioaB for nickel, cobalt, and iroo. Soluble in nitric acid, with separation of
-In gselafl, with dialcopynte, at Baatnaea, near Biddarhyttan, Sweden [ at Musen, near
, In Prussia, with heavy epar aud gpathic iron ; at Siegen {(detjeniie), in octaliedrouB ; at
sklCotte, in Missouri, mostly massive, Bometimes octahedral aod cubo-octahedral crystals;
[ A Uioend HID, in Maryland, in a vein in chlorite slate, witli chalcopyrite, bomite, blende,
ors altered to yellow earthy cobalt so-called {gdb ErdkobaU^f which ia a mixture of
IpiUidteL
83. OAHitOLIimi. FbJber, Am. J. ScL, XL ziiL 418, 1862.
Karely in octabedrons, Masisive. Fracture subconchoidal
G.= 4*85, Smith and Brush. Lustre metallic. Color light
ty, with a faint reddish hue.
I 8 -i- Co* S* : or its eqni valent 6iiS + Go8+C!o8* (obtained by doubUng the number
aV which may be written 2 (^ 6u4-i Co) S-h8 Oo 8*; analogoua to Cuban. AaalyseB:
1 Brush (Am, J. ScL, LL ivL 367) ; 4, Genth (ik, ixiiL 418) i
laometric*
uneven.
H.=55.
L Pacapaoo i
Co
37*26
88-21
37 '65
38*70
Cu
17*48
17'79
1919
As
fr.=99*46a AB.
ir. = 100-03 S. A B.
<n = 100*7tf S. A B.
17*65, quarts 0-07 = 100*19 a.
rxMun^ in an iooorreet analysis (1. c) 9 27 04, Co 28*50, M 1*60, Pe 6*31, Cu 32-99, As
I 1-16=99-80.
-likiB aieg^otte, except that the roasted mineral rencta for copper with the fluxes.
-Ib ObitoU C^r, Marylaoil, at Patapsco miue, near Finksburg; and also at Springfield
1 and mixed with chalcx)pyrite and chalcocite.
may prove to be identical with the Baatnaea UnndDlte (or true linnseite), an a new
»V tbi latto^ both being caprileroua.
TO
StILPHlDS, ETC.
8X SMAIiTrra. f Oob&llmn dneraceuni Agric^ 459, 1529. Koboltmalm, Kobolt|
era Cobalti dner&a, Oobaltum oraonioo mioeraliRatmii, pt (Cabalfcito bere tnoludedX
1747. 7 Cobaltum Ferro et Arscoico miDemlisatumf GUnts-Cobatt (tV, SdmeebeigX <
1758* MiDe de CobsJl grise Ik Lisk, OmL, S13, 1772; Mine de Cobalt Araoiiical9 Dt^
123, 1783. Webaer BpeiBskabold, Grauer Speiaakobold, Wem. Gray Cobalt ote X4t{
Tln-wbiie oobdt Speiskobalt Bauam^ HaDdb., 1&6, 1813. Smalliiie Betid^ Tr^ iL I
Igometric. Observed planer : 0, 1, 2-2, /, also an undetennined
ahedron. Figures 1, 2, 5, 6, 8, 9. Cleavage : octaliedral, distinct.
in tracee. Algo mas&ive and in reticulated and other imitative ftbaf
H,=5'5— 6. G,=6-4 to 7'2- Lustre metallic. Color tin-white,^
in|^, when massive, to steel-gray, sometimes iridescent, or grttjis|
tamidh- Streak grayish-blact Fracture granular and uneven.
Oomp^ Var. — For typical kind (Co. Fe» Nl) A8*= (if Co, Fo, aod Ni be present In «
Arsenic 72*1, oobalt 9-4, nickel i*% iron ^'0=100. It t8 probable that nickel ih newer wb
although not detected in some of the earlier analjaes; and in soioe kinds it is thepnne
The Tarietiea baaed on the proportions of cobalt, nickel, and iron, are the foUowing:
Var. h ChbaUic ; Ssf ai^tiks. Containa UtUe nickel or iron.
2. }fuxtili/erom ; CmjokHTBm BrHih, (B. 11. Ztg., iv. Itt46 ; Wei»««nickelkiea pt, We!
Araenik-Nickel, Otrtn,; White Nickel; Rammdflberj?it /laid,, Ilfliidb,, G^^O. 1R45;
Shqt,^ Am. J. 8cL, xItLu 361^ 1^44). CoDtain« much uickel, the cobalt si:
«. FtrrifertmB • SAfrwjOTZ BraOi, (Grauer Speiakobold IFena,; Else nk.
kol)altkie9 v, Kob,y, Containn oTer 10 p. c of iron with cobalt, or wlthcoliuit uui] uk
But the atomic proportion of arsenic and other elementa often variea much from I
above stated, and without oorrespondenoe with the three frroupa just polntod out* ^
tkuit iMd to the following groups, aa diatinguiflbod by Rammel^betig, which, bowevw, \
Of less with one another :
A- C4irapo«ition R As', with B=Co, Fe, and some NL Indudet aonse of Not, I, % <
B, R As^ with R-Ni, Fe, and some Co. Includes most chhanihik, Ka 3* AoaL 6 (
a R As + R Ar\ AnaL 13 to 15, Includes some of Nos. i and 3.
D. E Aa*^ a R Ai\ Anal 16 to 21. Includes some of 1 and 2. In this last the i
tulea 73 — 76 p. c, and the mineral approximate!! to SkuUemdite.
AnalysM : Series A. 1, Varrentrapp (Pogg^ ilviii. 606); 2. Hofmann C^togg., a
KobeU (Qmnds. Uin^ 300) ; 4^ Klauer i Raaim., 5th Suppl, 225); 5, Lange (Bamtii., Mia. i
Series B. 6, Booth (Am. J. ScL, zxlx. 241)- 7, Rommolaberg < J. pr. Ql, It* 4^); K, 1
Soppl , Ki) ; 10, F. Marian {Yh^Vb Mln. JoarJi., 15d); II, a U. ^hepord (An* J. ScL, ; ~
1% in Min., 61% 1854).^8<»riM a la, Jaokel (Rosens Kryst Ch., 6S|; 14,
ber^ ppl, 2U5); 1&, 8alT«ta] t Wertheim (These, Paria, 1B54, 7&^— dcries]
StroRjcyuf t'JcL Ani. GotU, 1{JI7, It); 17, aartorius (Ann. Oh, Pharm., liri 278); i%
Boll (Bosft% Sljst Ch^ 6i); iO^ Sitratedt iBamm^ 5th ^uppl, 326); 2I» Marian (t e.}t
A. Aa Co Ki F^ Cu
5 , g 0*^0=98*75 Varr.
I 1-30, S 0'6a>, Bi 0'0I=::Vl»'Se Hofin.
B ir. Sfr., Bl 1^=100 Kob.
0 Oifis 1 00 flatten
0 , 8 027=99*79 Unge,
a and 9, 0*7S« ; 10, e 28— «^S>.
I7tt
1215
U'4i»
1. TuDAbsfg 69*46 {
1. mksmhofg 70 S7 1
i* " 7108
C BiMbtliidorf 68*73 1
ft. SohMobdrg 73*65
m 0*orBlllinlor4naL 7, B'411
72*«4 3-37 20-74
Tin I8TI
70li4 -iSiO
70^3 29-60
71-47 8 62 tl*\B
70-00 V35 12-19
18. '* 70 11 3-82 9'44
a O. of tntft. of IDlL It, 6'84 ; 14, 6*874.
66-02 JMl
6IN8 Urm 88*81
68^1 3*01 86-00
0-80
ojso
:= 100 Booth,
^-^^ 8 2*2B=U8-93 Rasa
=-98*74 Ramm.
=100-48 Ramm.
0-29, 8 0*68^99-97 Marian.
^101-81 SlMparl
, g 4-78=100 Genth.
1*90, 8 0^, Bi 01»is10M6 ,
» 8 2 11:=I00 Ramm.
» 8 8*80 s 100*82 S^v. 4 W.
SULPHID6, KTO,
n
^ftttfuna, otmaaL 19, e*&3t; 21, €807,
As Co Ni
Fe Cu
It
74*21
T3'53
^5*85
74-80
7452
20-Sl
9-lT 14*06
4 56 12*25
S'33i 13-04
S-79 12*86
11-72 1*81
O'le, S 0-88-S8-a8 Stront
, S 0*94=99*94 Sartoriua,
=99 72 BulL
0*91 = 98*67 Bua
, S 0*85 =99-63 Karat
l*CO, 8l'8l=99'T2 MnimtL
rkSmttii found orer 8 p, a of copper in a smaltiDe from Atacama, bla analjBifl aflbi
i Bxped^ iL 102) As 70*86, Co 24*18, Ni 1*23, Fo 406. Cu 841, 8 0*08= 10O-73.
, •Ic* — In the dosed tube ^res a fiubHinate of metallic HTBenic; in the open tube a wb
» oi nrwaoaoM acid, and f - traces orBuIphuroua add. B.B. on dmroool gJTea i
odor, and foses to a f >3b, treated with successive portions of boraz-f ~
OM tor iron, cobalt --■ -vL
/ oocurs in veiBs, aocompaDjlBg ores of cobalt or oickol, and ores of sQver and
in some instances, with nicoolite and ara^nopyrite ; often bjiying a coating of
I with nilrer and copper at Freiberg, Anuaberg^ and particularly Schneeberg In Saxouj ;
1 Sa Bohemifif the reticulated yarletlea are fVequentlj found imbedded in calc spar,
> all Wheal Spamon in Com wall; nt EiecheUdorf in Hesse, in veins tn the capper f^chistH
J io Sweden; Allemont in Dauphin^; at the silver mtues of Tres Puutaa and ot^iora i
', otdj in small quantities. Also in crystals at Mine La Motte, MlasourL Sea
' tb» Tariciiea at the^ local itiea.
, Gonn^ the cbloanthite (chaihamite) occurs in mica state, aasociated generally w)t^]
4 sometimea with niocolite.
and the oobaltite were confounded by the mineralogists of last century;
*t%lkl ohesnieal distinctions were early indicated by those of Sweden, doubts continuoi
» anal jaes by John and Stromeyer in 1811 and 1817. Rom^ de lisle brought out and
tlj the crystAllographic distinctions in 1772 and 1783; but the value of his deter-
I were not generally appreciated.
altered to erythrite (arsenate of cobalt), a change due to the ozydation of tha|
(sad cobalt on exposure to Euolsture.
k. OUTTEHITDITS. TesseraUKies, Eartkobaltkies, BreWu, Fogg., ix. 115, 1827. ArsenUc>j
feoMUtififl ScAeerw, Fogg,, xMl 646, 1837. Honkobttlterz ffamm., Handh, 69, 1847. Skut-1
llfldill BoldU Handb^ 560, 1845, Modumite JVlcoJ, Min., 467, 1849.
Ilooietric, Observed planes 0, 1, 1, 2, |, 2-2, i-S, 2-f. Fi^. 1, 2, 3, 10,j
baviige: cubic, distinct; /, in traces. AIao massive granular.
H*=6. G.=6*74— 6*S4. Lustre bright metallic. Color between tin-
riiite and pale lead-gray, sometimes iiidescent.
OEflsp^-^Co A«*=ArBenio 79 2, cobalt 20*8
y^g.. xlQi 591):
1. gkntteirud As 77*84 Co 20*01
^^ 1. '* eryst 79*2 18*5
^H «. moM. 79*0 19*5
^Hp.--R«ael
^^Keioced ti
^Kk-From
^Kandoofc
100. Analyses: 1, Bchfierar (L c); % 3, WShkr
Fe 1*51 S 0'69=IOO*0& Scheeror.
1 3=990 Wohler*
1 •4=99-9 Wohlor.
Beaetioiiis take those of smalUte, but gives a more copious sublimate of metallic aisenio
eioced tube.
Skuttenid, near Modum, in Norway, in a hombleudic gangue in gneiss, with
oobal^te, and the crystals sometimes implanted on those of cobaltite.
OOMAL/rrtn, Cobidtum omn ferro sulfurato et arBctucato mineralisatum, Qlants-Kobolt
pL{k. IXinabergK Otf^L* 213, 1758 Mine da Cobalt blanche de LvtlA, Grist, 834, 1772. Mine
io OoMl aneoioo^olfUreusa do Za«^ Crist, iiU 129, ns:i Qkuz-Kobold W^sni. KobaH-
Okaa Germ. Cobalt grls pt H. Glance Cobalt; Bright- White QobidL aianzkobaltklaa
€Ml^ Gntfidr., ISSL Oobaltine BemL, Tr. il 460, l&:i2.
iBometric ; pyritohedral. Observed plaiiesj as in the annexed figure j
72
£ 46, 47, Qeavage:
granular or compact*
SULPHIDB, ETC.
1
cubic, perfect* Planes O 6triated« Also maeeiv^
H.=5-6- G.=6~6-3. Lustre metallic. Oolor
eilver- white, inclined to red ; also 6teel*|rrj4y* whb
a viulet tinge, or grayish-black when < lag
much iron. Streak ffrayish-black. \i .lo-
even and lamellar. Brittle
\^ ^ 4 13^ ^J Comp., Var— CJo B'^Cb Aa» or Go (S, ABf=8tiJpbsr IME
^ ^^ arsenic 451 cobalt 35*6 = 100. The oabaJt ii acuxudtiiiiM knin^^
replaced hj irotif and ^arin^ly by copper.
Yar. 1* Ordinary. OootamB little iroo* Anal I — t.
% Ihrriforof0 ; Febbocobaltite (Stahlkobali iiStnnm , 4 1 1> Su^pl,
116, 6thSuppL Ua, 1853; FerfocobaltlM 2>aiia. Miu.. ^ h^iV
Cod tains much ironianaL 7 — 9>; frora th- t?--^^ Su*,?aa,
Analjsea; 1, Stromejer (Schw. J., xLx, 336); 2, Sdinabel (Bamm., Ed HuLcfilt
rim.. 4thSuppl, 116); 4, Patera (ib.); 6, Ebbiughaua (ib,)j 6, T, Sclm--- , .,, ., 6chaMi
6thSappL, 149); 9, QeidlDgsfcld (ib.):
8
Co
1, Skutterud
20-Og
43*46
8310
t. Siegen
1010
44 76
2S-77
Ik Bkuteerad
20-26
42-07
3207
a Stegeii, mufMw
10*85
45*31
83-71
19-08
4^-53
8'ftt
a. A< M
20-8tt
4^-94
8-9i
9. « **
loim
48^4
963
Fe
8*28=99-87 Stromeyer.
6-88=100 Schnabel.
3*42, quartz r€3 = 100*34 Ebbtughaui.
l-6J* = i*y-99 Sohnabel
26118 Sb 2^4=100 SchnabeL
28*08= 10075 SchnabeL ^
24^9, Sb 1-04, Ou 2-36, gaDgQo0-&3'=?10a^»aM
The BDBlyBCts of supposed oobattite by Palera and Hubordt are giren under Alloolashx
Pyr^ etc.— Unaltered m the dosed tube. In the open tube, gi^ee utilpharotia fttmei^ fol i
oryitallioe sublimate of ar^enous acid. B.B. on charGoa! giFea off' sulphur and arsc^tiicv «i>^
lo a tnagtietic globule; with borax a oobalt-blue color. Soluble in warm uitrio add,
araenouB add and sulphur.
Obs.— Oocura at Tunabcrg, Riddarhyttan, and Hokansbo^ in Sweden, in larige, n^uidid,
defined ocystala ; aliio at Skutterud In Norway. Other localitiee are al Querbach ia sdMlJk '
fa WestphalSa, and BotaUack miue, near St Just, in OomwaU. The moel productiTv miikei «f
Ihoee ef Tetka in Bweden, where it ocoura in mica slate; theoe minea were Int opeoed la I99k^
ThiM species and smaltite afford the greater part of the smalt of commerce^ II ie alee
in poroetaiii painting.
66. OEH8IX)RFFrrB* Niooolum Ferro et Gbbalto Arsenicatiaet Sulphuratia mlfteraliaatfli^
Kupfemickcl, pt. (whUtWKt. fr. hooe\Otonst, 218, 1768, JUc RStockh^ 1761, 1T64 [The
later taken for Kupfemickel and Cobalt ore, until 1818.] Nickelglanx^ Wettta«« ITkkeler^ Dl^
Selrw. J., olL 360, 1818 ; Bart,, Ak. H. Stockk, 1820. Samnan^niure de nioko) BeU^ lOi
KlOcelarsentkglanz, Kickelareenikkiee, Arecniknickelglans, Qerm. Kickel Qlaooe.
BmiL, Tr, U. 418, 1833. Tombadte pt Brtith., J. pr. Ck, xr, 330, 1888. QfvtdorAl (^
Sdkledniinti pt Lows, Fogg., 1^. 603, 1^43. Amoibit pt sw Jtefr^ J, pr. Oh^ nzifi, 4Ml lUL
Iflometric ; i>yritoliedral Observed planes 0^ 1, i-2, Figa, S), 6« 7, 4&
Cleavage: cubic, rather perfect Also lamellar and granular maaiiive,
H.=5'6. G.=5ti— 0-9. Lustix^ metallia Colur lute— «l«at
gray, often tarnished gray or grayish-black. Streak gr . ick* Fhw*
tore uneven.
Oomp^ Ver^Nonul, Nl 8*4* Kl Ae«, or HI (B, Aa)"^AiMde 45-8, enlnhnr 19-4. ddcet tt-ts
lOtK But the aoapoetlion ▼ariea in atoinlo proportiooi rvtfaer wkMy, ana the fp»ole8 !• Mtfil
fkilJT understood.
var. 1* XiffmoL Baring the abore oompoeltto.
8ULPHID8, ETO.
78
I gendergUe (Ha 10) affords 1 [N! S*+Ni Asl+i niooolite (p. 60), oorreflponaiiig to
r As, S» Ni, 3 : 2 : 3. Lowe deduoed 4:3:4, the foimiik from which would dllSRar
last member being ^ niooolite. AnaL 9 falls in with this formula.
dobeO's amoQriU (anal 17) afforded him, 4 As + 3 8+4 Ni= Arsenic 47*4^ sulphur 16*2,
4As + 3S+4^linis nearer the analTsis. The mineral oocurs at lichtenberg in the
rge In light steel-gray octahedrons, having H.=4.
. Ples^s analyses (Nos. 12-14), and also Bogen's of the ore of Slegen (No. 16), oorre-
Hi S+Ni As'. This ore may be named plesHle.
iatuie, AnaL 18 corresponds to At. ratio for As, S, (Ni, Ee, Go), 2:1:2, giving the
B S'+B As1 + 2 niocoUte.
i: 1, BeneUus (La); 2, Bammelsberg (Pogg., IxviiL 611); 3, 4^ Sohnabel (Yerh. Ter.
307, Bamm. llin.-Oh., 65); 6, Bergemann (J. pr. Oh., Ixzv. 244); 6, Ddbereiner (Schw.
0); 7, Bammelsberg (Handw., iL 14); 8, Heidingsfeld (BanmL, 6th SuppL, 174); 9-11,
m^ 2d SnppL, 102, Pogg., Iv. 603); 12-14^ Pless (Ann. Oh. Pharm., IL 260); 16, Bogen
, xziil 55); 16. Bergemann (J. pr. Oh., Ixxiz. 412); 17, v. Kobell (J. pr. Oh., xxziiL
Seijaa (Anz. Ak. Wien, 1866, 173):
As
8
m
Fe
Co
0-92% Si 0 9=100-68 Beraelius.
8b 0-86=100 Bamm.
=100 Schnabel.
2-23, Ou 2-76=101-96 SohnabeL
0-27, Sb 0-61=10014 Bergemann.
=100 Ddbereiner.
—=100 Bammelsberg.
0*60, Cu 0-11, Sb 0-33=100-97 Held.
=100 L5we.
=99-66 Lowe.
, quartz 1-87=99*12 Ii6we.
14-12=100-23 Pless.
0*83=99*69 Pless.
2-88=100 Pless.
=10017 Bogea
1*64, Ou 401, Sb 0-62=100-46 B.
«r., Pb 0-82=100 KobelL
7*46, 3i 1*63=99-26 Zeij&u.
« with some Oo.
^ — In the closed tube decrepitates, and gives a yellowish-brown sublimate of sulphid
in the open tube yields sulphurous fumes, and a white sublimate of arsenous add.
irooal gives sulphurous and garlic odors and fuses to a globule, which, with borax-glass
St an iron reaction, and, by treatment with fresh portions of the flux, cobalt and ^ckel
ively oxydised.
fled by nitric add, forming a green solution, with separation of sulphur and arsenous
ecors at Loos in Helsingland, Sweden; in the Albertine mine, near Hansgerode in the
dudoopyritc^ galenite, caldte, fluor-spar, and quartz; at Schladming in Styria ; Kams-
prer Thuringia; Haueisen, near Lobenstein, Voigtland; at the quicksilver mine (anaL
Ifaigstweise (anaL 6), near Ems. Also found as an incrustation of cubes, with planes 1
i deoomposed galenite and blende, at Phenixville, Pa.
Sweden 45-37
19 34
29-94
4*11
*rode,G. 6-65 44-01
18*83
30*30
6*00
cnfsL 46-02
18-94
32*66
2-38
nagawe 38*92
17*82
35*27
4-97
rysL 45-02
19-04
34*18
1-02
orf 48-
14-
27-«
11-
tein 48-02
20*16
31-82
46-12
18*96
33-04
1*81
dorf 46-10
16-25
28*75
8-70
mDm,€hndorff, 4983
5. 6*7— 6-9 42 62
14-13
26*14
9*55
14 22
38*42
2*09
erysL, G. 6-64 39-04
16-»5
19-69
1113
** 39-88
16-11
27-90
14-97
" 39*40
16-91
28*62
12-19
37*62
17-49
40-97
4*19
lOMive 83-26
21-61
22*79
16-64
te, G. 6-08 45*34»»
14-00
37*34
2-50
an 49-73
9-41
25*83
5-20
• with some Ou.
*bj
loss.
KAMMITIL Nickelspiesglaserz (fr. Slegen) UUmatm (his discov. in 1803), ^yst-Tab.,
, 1814. Nickelspiessglanzerz Hauam,, Handb., 192, 1813. Antimonnickelglanz, Nick-
Dg^anz, Antimon-Arseniknickelglanz, Otrm, Nickel Stibine; I^dceliferous Gray An-
Antimoine sulAir^ nidcelifdre JS, 1822. UlUnannit Frobd^ 1843.
trie Observed planes, (?, 1, /; f. 5, 6, 7. Cleavage: cubic,
OccoTB also massive ; structure granular.
— 5-6. G.=6-2— 6-51; 6-352— 6*506, IIarzgerode,Ranim. Lustre
Color steel-gray, inclining to silver- white. Brittle.
jn S'+Ni (8b, As)', Ramm., or Ni (8, Sb, As)«=(ar8enic oxduded) Nickel Vl%
T-SySuJ^arlS-lslOO. The arsenic is sometimes wanting, as in anaL 8, 4. AnalyiM*
1, Freusberg
Am
U-T6
8b
47'75
8
16-25
2. Sieg«Q
9-94
47'6e
1640
3. ^
53T6
16*98
4. **
64*41
16-55
2-65
eosi
n-aa
74
I, Klaproch (Beltr^ tL 329>; % UllmaotL (Sjst tab. Uebera., 3M); 3^ 4| H. BflM(Pq
6, BamnieLibefg (Pogg^ hiT. 1S9):
Nl
25-25=100 Klaprath.
26-10=100 tnimann.
27'36=:99*10 a Eow.
28-04^9806 tt Roee.
29*43, Fe 1-S3=I02'13 1
P^pr*, etc, — Ib the dofied tube gives a faint fvliito eablimaCe. In the open tube i
ftAd ftntimououfl fiimea, the latter ooodeDmog on the walla of the tube as a white
eublimate. B.B. on charcoal Aiaea to a globule^ boOs, and emits antlnicRious ▼aporv,
the ooal whito ; treated with barax-glasa reacts like gersdorfflte. Some varieties oonto
Deoomposed bj oitric acid, forniing a green sdutioo, with eeparatioa of solphur aod i
•aid.
Obi, — Oocmi in the Duchj of Nassau, in the minei of Fretubnig, with golenlte inid i
rite ; in Siegen^ Prussia ; at Haragerode and Lobenstein.
Itanmietsbenir oailM an ore from the Harz baarnonii^nkksi(fhmt. It occurs in cubee ; ,
a.=6i»d5— 6-70e. Analivia (Fogg., Ixrvii 254):
= 100
K ^omes fVom Wolfsberg in the Harz,
88. OORTNITIL Korjnit tr. Ziphar&vkh^ Ber, Ale, Wien, li 117, 1866.
Inometric. In cxstahedrons, with convex faces. Also in globular |
11 = 4-5—5. G.=5-994; 5-95-e029, v. Z. Lustre metallic.
eilver-white, inelinetl to eteel-gray ou fresh fracture ; streak l»laek.
Fracture uneven,
Oomp,--Ni S^^Ki (As, 8b)^ or like uUmaonite, and diflTering lo that the
exceeds in ntnouut the antiiiK}nj. Anopsia: v. Pajer (L c):
Ab 8b S m Fe
8783 13*46 1719 38-86 1*98=99*31
As
Sb
8
Ni
Co
Pb
Cu
Fe
3B-ua
19-53
1€'BS
37-04
1^60
6-13
1-33
0*51
Pyr., eio. — In the open tobo affords sulphurous acid and a orystftlUQe white i
fbi maUiaaa also flnallj a nanow foUowiah-rcd and a broader vellow zone. B,l
fliaes eoaitf at enr&oo^ ytetding Ainios of sutphurouH add and antlnionj, WU
?eaotionB of iron, cobalt, and Huoiljr ntekol^ with an arsenical odor.
Obsw — From OUa* in Oarinthin, with boumonite ; crysttla about 2f mm. tiifougK
Kerned froco IUf6««, a dult.
89. ULURrrS, Laurit Wmer, Ann. Gh. Phana.* cxzxix. Uik
Isometric. In sTuall octal K^drona, with faces of tlie cube^ and
Cleavi^fe; octaliedral distinct,
n. above 7. G.=OyO, v. Walterehaii&on. Lustre inatiillie.
Color dark irun-black ; puwdcr dai*k-gray. Brittle,
Oomp.'-aulphid of oemiQm and rafthmtiinu Perhaps 12 au*S*^0«9*, or Rn S* [4>|
s:8DlpUur 3rl3, Ru 6388, Us 5-OOslOO. Analysis; W6Uier (L a):
S 31*79 [Ofl 3*08} Ru «6*18=100
Hm cwmtoQ WM det«rmhied bj ^bm 1om» and the rathonhun waa wA whollf ]
tflwust used far anatvala hafinff oeen but 0-3146 grain.
Wj9^ •lo.'i— Heated it dectisimea. KU, InfViilble, girlog firtt eulflmrotttt nd lb«ii i
taseSk Not acted upon by aqua r^gta, or br healing wUh biaulphale oC politli.
Obai—yhwi Ibe i^aiiiMue waihk^ ^ Bomea Fouiid unoof tam^pmbmd
bad b««i laooKhd ftoM Bocbmk
BULPHIDfiy ETC
78
lOASTTB. Not Marchasite [=CryBL Fyrite] Arah^ Agric, 1646 ; BenckO, 1726 ; WaXi,
OronsL, 1758; LmuL, 1768; d6 Liaie, 1783. ? Pyrites argenteo oolore, Germ. Waaaerkiei
laerkles, Agrie, Inteipr^ 477, 1546; Ferram jeooris oolorOi Oerm. Lebererz, pt, Agrie.^
«. Vattenkies [=WaB8er1deB] pt, Pyritee fnscoB pt, P. aquosus pt, WdO^ 213, 1747.
-Odes pt. OrwuL, 184, 1768. Pjrites lAmeUosoB Bom,, lithoph., ii. 106, 1772. P.
a? uL, 107. Fyritea rhomboldales pt de lAsle, Crist, 1773, iiL 242, 1788. Pjrites
oae en crates de ooq [=0ock8comb Pyrites] FifrsL, Oat, 1772; de Liak^ Orist, ill 262,
Pyntes fofious lameUoeus WaXL^ il 134, 1778. Strahlkiea, Leberkies [=rBadiated
I, Hepatic Pyrites] pt, Wchl, Bergm. J., 1789. Fer snlAur^ yar. radi^ A, Tr., 1801,
i., Tr., 1807. Wasserides (Diohter o. Leberkies, Strahlkies, Haarkies pt) Hanum.,
I., 149, 1818. Fer sulfur^ blano pt H, White Pyrites Aikin^ IfiD., 1814. Fer sulfUr^
^qiie liiomboidale Bown^ Oat, 801, 1817. Prismatic Iron Pyrites Jamea,, iiL 297, 1820.
ikiM, l^peerkies, Zellkies pt, ChroL Oocksoomb, Spear, and Cellular Pyrites. Markasit
Handb., 467, 661, 1846.
lorhombic. /A 7=106^ 5', 0 A l-i=122« 26', a:hi 0=^1-5787 : 1 :
A 1=116^ 65' 1 A 1, mac.,=115^ 10' 1^ A l-i=64^ 52'
A 4-J=158 27 1 A 1, brach.,=89 6 1-J A l-?=80 20
A l-i=130 10 1 A 1, ba8.,=126 10 7 A i4=126 57
»vage : 7 rather perfect ; 1-J in traces. Twins : plane
iposition 7, sometimes consisting of five indiviauals,
by the acute lateral angle (f. 97) ; also others with
sition parallel to l-i. Also globular, reniform, and
mitative shapes — structure straight colunmar ; often
e, columnar, or granular.
:6— 6-5. G.=4-678--4-847. Lustre metallic. Color
ronze-jellow, sometimes inclined to green or gray. ^^^_ ^«*
grayish or brownish-black. Fracture uneven. Bnt- / u
Obiemd plMM.
0
i-i
i-i
Ul
1
I
^ Tar^— F^ S», Uke pyrite.
■risftiea that hare been recogDized depend mainly on state of orystallitttion.
diaidd {Strahlkies): Badiated; also the simple crjrstals.
Oteeamb P. (Kammkiet) : Aggregations of flattened crystals into crest-like forms.
earF.(Sp»Brkies): Twin crj^tals, with reentering angles a Uttle like the head of a spear
w^(B(BUtrkie8): In capillary crystallizations. ^ , . -__
P-i^ P. (Leberkiee and FyrUes fuacus pt.): The massive of dull colors, being named ftom
w; but including, among the older mineralogists especially, brown spedmena or any
Hered more or less to limonlte. ^ , ., ^ .. .«„ ^g.
Mm- P. {ZdOtieB): In cellular specimens, formed by the faicroatation of the aymis of
inarals that have disappeared; partly pyrite. ^ . , ^„..^v. ^^x.. . .
mieai: Nearly whiti in colir (in p^ kyrasite Breith., and umeOnipfermi); oontaina a
m: L Halbheti (PhSL Trana^ 835, 1804); 2, 3, BerzeUna (Sdxw. J^ kyIL et); 4,
iiMr(Ftog^ hdv. 282); S, Trapp (B. H. Ztg., zziiL 55):
^y« /■ •. ;"•// 1^ i' . .:'f > •- -.»* •'-'?f>* :r«»ii4 r-a. &&! nJphsfL
> ■•/..•. */, 'J, ../•. '•■/•A >/.-,-.P*-/t-7. ^ wrrr-:" Tif --. T 4j:06al J". pC. CSl. hzL lAd)^ fBfBi V
-.,••.- V /A ^^-'.,^;V'^ WA-, 'A.>ic Tc^-dftci^y^Lii •c'sjtiFz vxzTt M iSk Base of a mdHll ;■;
..-. -^ -. ^4^j/^a,, w>'/rg^ '/ jh^. '>rj\r^ irxi, n^oaKCf Pi.-Ajicgj. = lT2i where it If dU -
• »r- -.vi '/^yy . '^L v^-: ^^>r: ii^aa v-Via^rs*- lai i* aats cokr. jrom HcndDel dovi^li ^*
» ■■* ■/.//. V, -^ '/t*-i*.-yf.. '/ i.'>.»r;..'. I: ufc* * -aT 7 >«- r^ c^n u i&oatly i
w-*. 'A '.'/-/^ ;/ > »-,•: 5^. juv-c »;^.-.»?^ ;, i-". «» i-.V UA ccIt tfae whise copper.
*i*m. It.' *^w y*frf*./ v/r*?* «/*'.^::^:t i n* pUc&c day rf ifae brown ooal 1
//■••• '/ y,t.f: / ■**♦»/„ .v*f '.*r. »•,»*< ;i Bor.«iJk. Kii is exKcrvelr nnned for its snlplnri
• #-^ '# ,^ .♦*/* ,.' vf ••.' « ..;, '.*•>- '/ .ror^ T:.* T^iik'Jb^ r^JiXj OGcan at the aBiiie pteoe; dM
.;',-' • i/.r»M.,, 4,#^, if, iyryi;f*i ;Ar.* *A 'Tfitx'r.ij. Tidb oockaoGcJ) Taricrr oocon with galenili (
V'->'t* /|,.# u if tf,jr»:..f «T7»Ui.< M;w Cv!t;';V^L in lAerbjBhire; near Alclon Moor in T
i^fi.'; f^ «» 'j Mv.#»y/ « iu \}*f'nAi.\T*: : hud rwilsa^ at Eut Wheal Bow and elsewhere in f
/. < y/N» wi/ ^ Ti y , H 'Artijrn .r, ►i;r,;,]#: »:id com^iound crrstala. in granite, with sireoo.
fnf III II. l't.ji4{/#<>/wii, N y., fe/fr/rlK HttuiW cfrfltalH. referred by Beck to this species, i
ff.M^K* ^,111, iii/,< «(/,i4«. Mjusftiv" fU/rouH vari<;tieii abound throughout the mica slate of Me
iHh'i. |<iifL'NliiHx **>*■ ''•iifiifiritrUMj, Mmmm., where it is associated with cummingConite I
th'ittm u\ l«iiiii'»i r/fiiM', in Mnuri/ii, O/nn., aad In the topes and floor vein in Tnunbnll;
Ifiti ii-M Mi. l'.iiRi. ffiMiiliirn ; Hi llnvfrhil], N. II., with common pjrite. In Osnadn in NeebiogL al
ifiMi-M iiimi III Uiii Ki»mHiiiiitW(tiifi It
Mitiniaiii. u rin|ilifyi«il in tlm maniifactiiro of sulphnr, sulphuric scid, and sulphate of IM^.I
niifiiifli li'KM fMi|iii iiLly Ihfin l^yr\u^. Its (:f>Ior is considerably paler than that of ordinary pyriliL
Tlti. wiiiil iniimifnir^ uf Ariihir (ir Moorish origin (and variously used by old writera), WM lit
hiiHii. tA iifiiiiiinn vtynU\\\\m*i\ pyritii fiinouK rniiicrH and mineralogists in later oentoriea. antilaHr
I 111. • i.iifi. iir I III! liiNi.. It wiiN lirHt given to tliiH spocios by llaidinger in 1845.
'Ilii ii|H>iiiiii |h |iii»l»uiilv n>(i>gni%iMl by Agriuola under tlio name waMerkie» nn^ lebersrs; flA -
nI-i iiinti I ihi. niiiiiii ity (!i(inHtiMit ; iind it Im Wtissti'kiea ofllouHmann in both editions of hisgiMt
Hiiik riiiM nil , viiiMNiTUli>N (|iyriU>H imiuohuh, ns (/fonstcdt translates it), is little appHesHSj
ti i HUM iiM\i> Ml Ihi n iVitni llio Kn'iiiiT imdtMK'y of the mineral to become moist and alter tovinL '
Until |ti iiiii II ii lilt nui III! iMirly (iirniption, um AKricola Hoi>ms to thiuk (see above), of WeimtHM
(t«liii.> ii.iii ihiitim) li ii|i|H*i'irN to Imvo liiHMi utu'd also for easily dcoomposable pyriie; Ml
I* I/* • '../iM. wiiH It till I iiioludoii undrr itM otiior namo. pyrites fuscua. The rhombic crystalliatMB ii
iiii'iiii.Miitdlit ill! I.l'iii«, iiiit I liiuv liMi>;til^TwanliH)nsidoivd it only an irregularity of oonunonini
|M»iii.» J^.ii,,)«i/i- In iniido hy »n»itlmupl 1,1. pr. Oh., iv. 257, 1835) a generic name Arte
\iiiliitir* l•|^l|l||•il III p\nto<i.
I "^'' f* "•» i ^' /*..!«» . IV^-g-. Uxvii. l.-^S iKausimkios, Br. Char.. 254, 1?32). This idnnl
H|i|«. .III. I.I !i.. i« iiiuidiv ,\i iu:iMMNiii> :\iu\ inispU'kol. l<i\>ith:iupt gives for it the angiea 104" W
r.ii . ;. .iii.MOt) III i\ir tlio iMHt'liydouio. U. ti .\ ii.:=:4*l)2.*i— 5. CjIji ii» iiliilii uijUMilliaM
i,i..i.kitii ,11 m.nisti. ,.(i>siK hUW' Atuhsiss bv rinnnor Joe. cilV 3 49*61. Aa 4*40, fW 44*SI^
i\> i< i.x \\\ It ..\ rii 0 >;it \K^ .M, is^uivoloiu lo \li of mAKtasIte v^'« S'l and I of Fto Aa*. ffkva
lii'il.i,. ri, !in.s»JsMi; .-tu.i \\ii;\\^ .tU.
AU Uiiioiiiio Mtid p> iiio %\vur M ^^!^n^lomo^]»hs afUT nurvMdte.
^\ I.UlUWrtHtrn. IV.w.mv Awunt*: l>TiSo* ^v«muaw. by MoJis^ t* Jmmw. ifl. «,
^'^ '♦^ ^* «»«^« Vmn.k Knnx vt M-iU, iV.5ncir. .vi\ 1$JX Arw^kabnML AiiiiiiliiMii
\.*.M.,M».M\ p ,.x. .» U'«.\^v^ : ,:,- pk >"W.. M-.T. :.. S». :^yk ArwoMaiirrlt pC titeft,
»'« « >■-» '.^"^s^ M,"i>.*..v >N. /v.;. .^K ;>4Jw :.hL:^.s r*L 2ml. Ha>£bL. 5i59^ IML
^\^\u^\\^.^.^^\^w V,v. ;;; '..k.* tV,*: .%:" ATsi-.v.nrluv j^i wb^iCy tile
STJLPHID8, ETC,
77
H.=5— 5-5. a=6*8-8*71; 6*80 from Andreasberg, Uling; 7'09,
Foesani^ Scheerer; 7'2S from Breitenbrann, Belmcke; 8*67— 8'71
fckrhladming, Weidenbusch, Lustre metallic. Color between gilver-
and steel-gray. Streak grajisli-black. Fracture mieven. Brittle.
Oo«ip^ — Fe Jka*=ArBenic 72*8, iron 21-2=^100 ; or (Fe, Ni, Co) Ab\ Anajjaes; I. 2, Scheerer
" jf^ xlix §36^ L 153); 3, Weldenbusdi (Rose's Kryst Ch-, 64); 4, Behncke (Pogg., xcv "'
|)i h, Qliog ^ imt Ver. HoHe, 1854, 339):
~ Fe
21*89=98*81 Scheerer.
28'14=J*9'64 Scheerar,
26-48 = 99*36 Weid.
27-41, Sb 1*06-99-41 Behttoke.
28-67 = 100*9! lliiiig.
T^ — [q the closed titbe giv^s & stiblimate ot metallio arsenic ; in the open tube a white sab
|oC Brampua add, with traces of siilphurouB fximeEu B.B. on charcoal gives the odor df^
III OJP. a white coating of arsetious add, and in E.F. a magnetic globule. With the
r ivaotpd mineral reacts onlj for iron.
I with coppemidiei at Schladmingj at EhrenMedersdorf, in Saiony; at Saton-^
J In HoFwaj.
1 <of araeoioal Iron* weighing two or three ounops, was found in Bedford Co.^ Penn.^ birt'
known under what cireumstancea ; and la Randolph Oo., N. C, a maaa of nearly two
i ve^^iK. Whether tlieae were leucopyrite or lolingite is uncertain. Alao found at Faria,
leiioopTrite ia dtfrired from Atocrf*, white^ and pffnkB; it waa gi?en by Shepard In
As
S
1. Foemun, Norway
70-09
1-33
2* *^ *^
70*22
1*28
3. Schladmbg
72-18
070
4. 3f9itenbruuni
6985
MO
S. Aadreaaberg
70-59
1-65
i|Amg"arg!T.HHj^igffirrT!. Weissnickelkiea ffoffm., Pogg., zv. 491, 1829. Rammelsbergite
itin^ 61, 1854. [i^ot Rammelnbergit© (Syn. of Chloanthite) Said,, Handb., 1846.]
boriiombic ; I A 7=123°— 124° ?
L=5-25— 5*75, G.— 7-099— 7-188 Breith. Slightly ductile. Otherwise
! the preceding.
>Hi Aa*, like chloaiLihite=ArBGnic 71*7, nickel 28*3=100. Analysia: 1, Ho!Imann
L^):
gchneebarg
71-30
3
0-14=102-27
z, — ^In tbedoeed tube gfyea a aablimnte of oietaEic arsenic* other reactions the eamo as
■ ^ > (ft 60).
ofi at Schneoberg and at Riecheladprfl It waa first separated from the isometrio
I b^ Ensithaupt.
Ti^TrTW^*'*'*-*- Syn. same as for LeccopTRtTB (p. 76), with alsto Qlanzarsenikkiea Sreiiht,
J. pr. Ck, It. 260, 261, 1835. Mohaine pt. Chapman, Pract Min., 138, 1813. Lolingit pt BtM^
Itii, Ofdanle (Gr. Geyer) Brdth,, B. H. Ztg., xzy. 167, 1366.
5tA Orthorhombie. Form like that of mispickel, l*f A 1-1=
122^ lio^o, 122^^ 20' BreitK Cleavage : ratner perfect in one
direction. Aho ma^ive.
H. = 5-5-5.^ G.=6-2-47'3 ; 6^246 from Geyer ; 7*00^
7-228 from Reichensteiiu In otlier phyeical charactera like
leucopyrite.
Oaaip. — Fe Ai» + Fe Ab'= Arsenic 66*8, iron 33*2=100, Anaiysea: 1,
Meyer (Fogg., L 154); 2, Earsten (Eiaeahutt., il 19); 3, Weidenbuach (Rose's
tijm. Cbaoa^ H)i 4^ Behocke (Pogg^ xoTiiL 187); 6, Mofmium (Pogg., zr. iS&h
li
f8
BTJLPnZDe, ETO»
1.
9. "
8. *•
4. Gejer
5. Reichdnstem
An
6314
65 88
66-61
68-94
65*99
30-94> gBagoe 3'55=96'&6 Mej«r. ^
32-35— 100 EjirsUsn.
31 51, gangtie l1>4=99-«5 Weld,
82-93. 8b I -31=99*30 B.
28'06« gi^^^ 2*11=98 16 Hof^Mniu
The lust analjBis affbrda a composition intcnnodi&te between those of leuoopyrito aad 1
The 4th ia between this speciej) and mlspickel, and has b(H?n colled gfytri^ It in tin-wh
bliick streak. G. =6*32 1— 6-24 G Behacke, 6 550 Breith.
Pyr. — Same an for leocopyrite.
Ob«.— At Eeichcnstein in Silesia, fa aerpentine, with araeDopyrite ; at Oejer in
crjsiala, having dtstiiictly the fonn of arsetiopjrite, and maasiTe, mixed with qiuute;
oeur llutteuberg in Oariuthia^ in chaljhiU% along with biamuth and scorodite.
Named by ChapEoan after Moha, bv whom the mineral was firat deocribedL tod wiio i
Ldling 80 the first loooHtj at which it was found ; but as mohsi^ wia prertoiwjr given to {
of meoAOcanite, IXaidJng^r's Dame is here adopted,
9^ JUtSBNOPTRrm, or MIBPICKEL. ? LapSa mibrutUas atque non f^re allter i
spumA epleodens et friabilla, GinrL Miatpucket, Affric^ Interpr.^ 465, 1&46. Pjnle« i
Waaaerkies pt, Gtgna-, FoaSi, 1&65. Araenikaliakkioa, Mispickel, ffmskd^
Araetiikaliakkiea, Hvit Kiea (^^Pyritoa albua), Ulapickei, AraoDik-dieii, IFtfdt !
IGf picket, P^t© bhinche, Ft. iri Wall, 1758. Arsenikkiea Wiem^ 1789. Ban
f^r araenlcial /V. Amenkal F^^ntea. D&lanitt, Giftkie% Olansanenikkiefl^ .
Iv. 259, 261. 1835. Araonopyrite GhcL, Syn^ 38, 184T.
DanaitessGobaltic Miffpidcel (f^. Fraoconia) ITayaf, Aid« J. Sd*, zxiT. 386^ 16
aeoikktca Germ. T Vonaootit (fr, U. a) Brtiih,, I a Akontit (fir, Sweden) Bmtk^ I i
beimit, Giftkiea, Bfmth^ B, H. Ztg^ zxy, 167, 1866,
Orthorbombic, / A 7=111° 63^ 0 A U=119° 37' ; a:h: e—l\
1 : 1-4793. But /a /varying from 111° to 112° S0\ and l-i A U
lir SO' to Ur 30', Ob&erved pkuee : eee f. 98, 9», 100,
"HX i\
OaM=U8MS'
<?A 1 =115 12
O A S =i>8 M
O A $4=99 37
99
loa
PranconUi, N.H,, and Kent, TS.Y.
Da&aila.
O A 4-1-158^ 23'
O A 1-1=130 4
Oa34=1«»5 40
IjAl-t, bftR,,=lS0*4<
1-t A 14, ba^ .
3-i A 8-1, ib..
yt A i-i, top,^j
ClotTage: / rather distinct ; (?, faint traoes. Twina: comi
tad 1-t. Aim colutxmar, straight^ and divergent ; gnmnljiri or \
BULPBXDBj ETO.
T9
•5—6. Q.=6-0— 6-4; 6-369, FranconiajKennffott. Lustre metal-
:>r silver- white, inclining to steel-gray. Streak dark grayish-black.
i uneven. Brittle.
Var^— Fe S'+F^ AB*=:Fe (As, S)*=:Ar8eiiio 46*0, sulphur 19*6, iron 34-4=100. Pttrt
Bometimes replaced by cobalt
Ordinary, GontaiiiiDg little or no cobalt
pt makes /A/=lir 1' and l-i A l-i=120*' 62' for CTTSt fr. Dalame, Sweden (his
lad 6.=:6-66— 6*69; 111° 27' for id. fr. Freiberg, Ohemnits, Munsig, YiUarioa, Brazil,
jge, Zinnwald, Altenberg, with a.=:6*839— 6*063 ; 11 2"* 4' and 120'' 30', for id. fir. Thal-
Stolberg in the Erzffebirge, Schlackenwald, Cornwall, with a.=6'165— 6*221 (jgifikiea
mUe^ Breith.). For M. of Mt Sorata, G.=6'255 D. Forbes.
Uc : Danaite. Containing 4 to 10 p. c. of cobalt, and giying the formnla (Co, Fe) (As,
in cfyst fr. Franconia, N. R, 112** 1'— 112^ 1-f a 14=121'* 30', l-« A 1-1=100** 16',
her; /A 7=112'* 33', 1-i A l.t=12r 20', l-l A 14=99'' 64', Kenngott In cryst from
/A /=111'' 40—112'' 2', 1-i A 14=121" 30', Scheerer. VermmUUe and okonHk are
18 (Breith.). The vermontite is supposed to be from Vermont [Franconia 7] ; it gave
=111" 38', and O. =6*207. The akontite is from Hokansbo and Vena, in Sweden, and
=110" 29*, with a=6-008 and 6*069. For D. from Mt Sorata, fibrous, a.=d'94, granular
•rbes. The daiuuie was named after J. Freeman Dana, who first made known the
locality.
li^StroKs: Containing nickeL
i^ertms. Containing a litUe silver, and occurring in adcular Grystals (Weisserz pt
r araenical argentif^re K From Braunsdorf; in Saxony.
1 : 1, Stromeyer (Schw. J., z. 404) ; 2, Chevreul (GilL Ann., zriL 84) ; 8, Thomson (Ann.
ork, ill. 85) ; 4^ Baldo(Jahrb. Min., 1866, 694) ; 6, Weldenbusoh (Rose's Eryst Ch., 66);
r (Jahrb. G. Reichs , Iv. 400) ; 7, Freltag (Ramm. Min. Ch., 68) ; 8—11, Behncke (Pogg.,
i; 12, Potyka (Fogg., cvu. 804); 13, D. Forbes (PhiL Mag., IV. xziz. 6); 14, Krceber
J); 16 16, Winkler (B. H. Ztg., xxv. 167); 17, D. Forbes (L a); 18, Scheerer (Fogg.,
19, Waller (Fogg., xliil 691) : 20, A. A. Hayes (Am. J. QcL, xzly. 886) ; 21, J. L. Smith
ped., IL 102) ; 2^ D. Forbes (L a):
fg
nstein
uh
lisberg
cw^ed.
WfeSiL
rfeSax.
ihttth,8iL
W
im
Hedersdorf
rod, CbbaUif.
u
da, Ikmaiie
9
As
42*88
43*418
45*74
43*85
45*92
45*00
41*91
42*05
43-78
44*83
44-02
43*126
46*95
43*68
44-00
44-97
46*46
46-76
47*45
41*44
44*30
42*83
S Fe
Co
21*08
20*182
19*60
2060
19*26
21*36
21*14
18*52
20*25
20*38
19*71
19*13
1812
16*76
19-77
19*89
19*63
17-34
17*48
17*84
20*25
18*27
36*04
84*938
33-98
36*59
3308
33*52
36*96
37*65
34-35
34*32
34-83
34*78
34-93
34*93
34-02
33*75
34-47
26*36
30*91
32-94
30-21
29-22
(r.=
009,
1*03,
0-44,
9-01 =
4*75=
6*45=
5-84:
8-11,
=100 Stromeyer.
=98*488 CherreuL
=99*32 Thomson.
=100*04 Balda
, gangue 1*97=100-23 Weid.
=99*88 Haner.
= 100Freitag.
', Sb 1-10=99-32 B. a.=5*82.
■, Sb 1*05=99-43 B. G.=6*042.
=99-53 B. G.= 6-046.
., Sb 0*92=99*54 B. G.=6-067.
Sb 1*29, Bi 0*14=98*60 Potyka. G.=6'095.
100 D. Forbes.
Ni 4*74^ Ag 0*09, An 0*002, Sb «r.=100-202
Kroeber.
gangue 0-92=98*71 Winkler.
gangue 0*22=99*86 Winkler.
Ni 0*03, Mn 0*14=100-07 Forbes.
=100-47 Scheerer.
=100*69 Wohler.
=98*67 Hayes.
= 100*60 Smith.
Ni 0*81, Mn 5*12, Bi 0-64=100 Forbes.
^ __ I •raenopyrite from near Andreasberg (J. pr. Chem., x. 486) and obtafaied As
344^ ¥t S6-4S7, Ag 0-011 =99792, giving nearly the formula 2 Fft 8+3 FeAs's Arsenic
ar n-O^ ifoo 35*2=100. Jordan made out 3 As, S, 8 Fe, wtikh requires arsenio 52-9,
» iron 39^=100.
obteteed from an ore fWnn the coal formation of MerseboiK (ZS. Ter. HaUft, riL 372)
B 21-70, Fb 86-97, & 3-37, kg, Ca <rac«=99-l7 ; G.=6-36-5-«85 giring the formuU
80
8ULPHID6, FTC,
S Fe A8*+3 Fe S*, Analysii IT, by EehnckoT coireaponda to 1 Fe, 6 8, 6 As. The dSao^pancy
ill theee cases may be owing to impuntiea.
Pyr*j «ftc. — In the dosed tab© at first ppT©H a red sublimnte of Bulphid of Arsenic, then a bbdc
lustrous sublimate of metallic arsenic. In the open tube givea sulphurous fumes and a white ^ub-
Bmato of arsenous add. B.B, on charcoal reacts like leuoopyrJt©. The varieties containing oottali
give a blue color with borajE-glass when fused in Q.F. with snooefliiive portions of flux until all the
iron is oiydlzed. Gives fire with steel omitting an alliaceous odor. Decomposed by mtric add
with separation of arsenous acid and eulpbur
Oba. — Found principally in cryatallioe rocks, and its usual mineral associates are ores of ailt
lead, and tin, pyrite, chalcopyrite, and blende, Oconra also in serpentine.
Abundant at Freiberg and Munzi^, where it oocurs in veins; at Reichenstein in Silesiik In
peotiae; in beds at Breitenbmnn and Rasdiau, Andreaaberg^ and Joachirafithal ; at Tuuabet* i&
Bwedon ; at Skuttemd in Norway ; at Wheal Mawdlin and Unanimity, OomwaJlj and at owf
localities ; in Devonshire at the Tamar mines.
In New Hampshire^ in fine ctTatallizationa in ^eiss, at Franoonia (<faiMiilte) associated with obali
copyrite ; also at Jackson, and at HaverhilL In Maine, at Blue Hill, Oorinna ; Kewfleld (Bond^
mountain), and Thomaston (Owl's head)i. In Vermont, at Brookfield, Watorbury, and Stodt-
bridge. In Mass., at Worcester and Sterling. In Conn., at Chatham^ with smaltite and niccolite;
at Monroe with wolfram and pjTite; at Derby in an old mine^ associated with quartz; at Mine
HiE, Roibury, in fine crystals with siderite. In Nem Jersey, at Franklin. In K Tork^ massiva,
in Lewis^ ten miles south of Keeseyille, Essex C6*^ with homblendo ; in cfjstals and maoaim
near EdenviUe, on Hopkins's farm, and elsewhere in Orange CJo., with soorodito, iron sinter, ttui
thin scales of gypsum ; also iu fine crystals at two loctilttie? a few rods apart^ four or five mikg
north-w^tof Oanuel, near Brown's serpentine quarry in Kent, Putnam Go. In Oahfbrma^ Nevada
Co.^ Grass valley, at the Betsey mine^ and also at Meadow lake, with gold, the dasiaik in crjstiil
sometimes penetrated by gold. In S. America, in the San BaMomero mine of Mt Sorata !n Bolivli|
both the mlsptckel and danaite, the former having cryBtallized out of the latter and the moil
abundant ore : also both at Inquisivi in Bolivia ; also, nkcoh/mmt var., between La Paa and
Yunpas in Bolivia (anaL by KroeberTL
Alt.— Pseudomorphs consisting of pyrite.
94.4. PU51AN.— Plinian Brtiifu, Pogg., liix, 430, 184*5, B. H.Ztg., xxv, 168, 18^6. Yar.oT IG^
tnckel G. Ho^ Pogg.^ IxxvL 84. Monodinic, aeoording to Breitliaupt, who figures the planes^ F
(14), Jf (H), I, with h between Pand I, find o below I'm the same zone with P, A, Z /vf^Cl*
30', Pto vertical axis 51' 36' = P^Jf, PaA=146°0', JfAA=l34' 20> A /i= ( 15 65\ oAi^llT'
33; oAif=103° 15, AAA=.ll9'o;Pon edg« AA = 16r 12, J^on edge AA=114* 11. Ctoav^^s
P and M distinct Also massive.
H.=6*5— fi. a=fl-272— 6'29i, fr. St Qotbaid; 6'299— G'BQt. fr. EhronfHel Lustre metallic
Color tin-white ; streak black.
Composition : Fe S' + Fe As* or Fe (8, As)*, like arsenopyrite* Analysis by Plattner (Pogg., Ixlz.
430): As 45-46, 8 lOOT, Fe 34'46=9&-99.
From Ehroafriedersdorr in cryatalA, also from St (Jothard, according to Breithaupt
96. OLATJOOI>OT, Ghiucodot Breilh. db Flaiin,, Fogg., Ixvil 127, 184d.
Ortliorhombic. /A /=112° 36' ; fonn like that of arsenopyrita. Cleav*
age : basal perfect ; priftraatic less so. Also massive.
IL = 5. G.=5'9T5-61)03. Lustre metallic, Ck>lor
grayish tin-wtiite. Streak black.
Oomp.— (Co, Fe) S^ + {Co, Fe) As', with (3o to Fe aa 2 : 1 (or Oo, Fi)
(S, As)»=Sulphur 19'4, arsenic45'5, cobalt 28'8, iron irS=IuO. " "
ysis : Plattner (L c) :
Afl 8 Co* Fe
Chili 43-20 20'21 24*17 ll&6-{ V00"08 Plattner.
• With tnce of alckel
101
Pyr,— In tbo doaed tube give« a faint aublhnate of 1
In the open tube talpbnrona fumea and a sublimate of araenoos 1
B.B. on charcoal in K.F. gives off sulphur and araenio, fusing to a fotbbr j
ouigndtif! globule, which is blade on the surface^ but on the fracture baa a light bronae ookr mt I
a metalUo lustre. Treated with borax in R.F. until the globule has a bright metallic sorfkcsv ^
flux showi a atroog reaction for iron ; if the remaining globule is treated with a fteah podioa of
horikx in 0.F,, the flux becomes colored smalt-blue fVom bxydized cobalt
Oba,— Occurs in chlorite slate with oobattit«, in the province of Huaaoo^ CML The «nppoidt
glauoodot of Orawic^ is aOodastie (p. 61.)
SULPHIDBy ETC. 81
§6^ PAOKTEl. Bhombites PaoUefi, Paidt (fir. La Fta), Breiih., B. H. Ztg., zzy. 167, 1866.
Orthorhoubic. IaI=1W 24'. l-iAl-t, over 0, 119^ 66'. Occurring
pkneB Oj Jj 1-t. Measurements only approximative. Cleavage : / rather
mdiBtmct. Also massive.
H.=4— 4-6. G.=6-297— 6-303, Weisbach. Lustre metallic. Color tin-
vhite, inclining to steel-gray ; streak black.
OoMp^-Fe S* + 4 Fe A8'= Anenlc 68*56, snlphixr 6*78, iron 29*66= 100. AnalyBis bj Winkler
JLcL):
ImU-M 8 7-01 Fb 24-85 Co 0*18 CuO-11 Bi 0-10 Ao, Ag 0006 gangue 288 =99-426.
I Ia Fai in Bdivia, in maBses and thin plates in the gangue, with native gold and
I firom tbe'looalitj, or its Latin signiflcation, paxj peace.
fl. AUXXXLASHB. AUdklas TMtermak, Ber. Ak. Wien, llil 220, 1866, Glaucodot pt
Breiih.
Qrlhorliombic /A/=106*'; <?Al-I=118^; l-iAl-i=58°. Cleavage:
0mA /perfect
H.=4-5. G.=6-6. Color steel-gray. Streak nearly black.
Obb|l— 8 Oo S*+0o A8'+4 Bi As, or a eompound related to glaucodot and oobaltite + 4 Bi
if;orSOo8+80o AS4-2 AsS* Tsohermak.
Udjwm: 1, Hein (La); 2, 3, Hubert A Patera (Jahrb. Min., 1848, 826):
S As Bi An Fe Zn Co Ni
1. OTBwicsa 16-22 82-69 80-15 068 6*58 2*41 10-17 1*55 =99-46 Hein.
t, " 16-60 87-20 18-40 tr, 4-86 26-60 =102-66 Hubert
I". " 19-78 48-68 4-66 8202 =99 99 Patera.
* Aft«r sabtncUng gold, tillca, and blamnth.
Tft^9/IO0 — BJB. on charooal gives arsenic fhmes, and a bismuth ooating. Fuses to a duU
#MhL Sohible in nitric add, leaving a residue of gold.
Olb— Occurs at OrawlcKa, Hungary.
from «AX«f, ffAdw, because its cleavage differs flrom that of arsenopjrite and marcasite,
it reaembles.
9L 8TXiYAlQ^B. Weissgolderz MaUer v. Rekhenatein, Ph. Arb. emtr. Fr. Wien, Qu. 8, 48.
Or bianc d'OffiBnbanya, on graphique, Aumm graphicum, v. Bom, Oat de Baab, il 467, 1790.
PriniBtiflches wdsses Oolderz v, Fkhid, Min. Bemerk. Carpathen, il 108, 1791, Min., 124, 1794 ;
iiram bismuticum Sehmeiaser, Min., il. 28, 1796. Sohrifterz Eamarky N. Bergm. J., il 10, 1798»
WSnk, 1800. Sjlvane graphique Broch,, 1800. Tellure ferrif^re et aurlf^re K, 1801. Schrift-
lUtar Hamam^ 1818. Graphic Tellurium AUciny 1814. Groldtellur. Tellure auro-argentifbre
£, 1822. Siylvane Bsttd, Tr., 1832. Sylvanit Necker, Min., 1836. Aurotellurite Dana, Min.,
IM^1887.
Or gris jaunatre v. Bom, L c., 1790. G^elberz Karsten, Tab., 66, 1800. Sylvane blanc Broch.,
1800. TdDure anrifere etplombif^ V^ ^i ^^^l* Weiss-Sylvanerz Wem., 1800, Ludwig, L 56,
1801 Weisstellnr fTmifm., 1818. Yellow Tellurium Aikin, 1814. Mullerine Beud., Tr., iL 541,
1831 M&DeriU.
Monodinic, Rose, Koksch. ^^=55^ 21f , /A 7=94° 26', C^Al4=12r
ft/; a: J : <?=l-7732 : 1 : 0*889, Koksch. Observed planes : O; vertical, /,
K i4, i^ ; domes, —1-t, ^, 14 ; octahedral, ^i, 1-i, I-7.
{?Aw=124** 39^' i-tA/=137° 13' t^ A 1-^=128^ 24'
{? A —1-1=144 t4Ai-i=151 37 i-iAa=107 12
OM =132 26J i-iAl=141 54 i-iAl-7= 99 44J
6
ffULPHIDS, ETC.
(^
^^ Cleavage; i4 distinct. Twins: compositi
face i-t\ as in tlie figure. Also massive f iiB|
fectly columnar to granular.
H.z=:l-5-2. G.=5*732; 8*28, Petz. Lm
metallic. Streak and color pure steel-gray to
ver-white, and sonietimee nearly brass-ydi
Fracture uneven. fl
Oomm V«r^Ag, Au) T6*= (it Ag: Au=l :l) *M
5& 8, f^old 26'5, Bilver I&'7:=lt^0. AotiiDODj sometimea g«p|
part of tho tellurium, and lend port of the otlier meUU.
Var. 1, Syhaniie. (Schriftera W«m^ etc^ l«t par. Sjit)
tuming little or no lead. G. = 7*ii — S*fi. AoaL 1-7, Tliaa
giveD Abore aro of this ▼arioiy, and are from ILokmstmroL
2, MiiUerite, Gelbere Karften^ Weltatollur HWn^ q|&
par.dya.) Ooatainiug much lead Anal S-lu. Haiifinpr|
the anaexod figure and auK^es for
the t00asiM/«ir, making it diflerent
in diinmaioQfl IVom the preceding.
MAM=105^ 80', OAa=l08'^ 30',
0 A a= 143* 6. It is from Nag-
yag, G.=:7-09-8'3-l. The yel-
low color does not diBtinguish the
two variotics, and tho propriety
of Bvparating tbeni is doubtM.
Much of tho sodBed geOten (yeJ-
low ore) ia not muUorito, as ehumi by Petz'a analysea.
Analysea : 1 ^ Klaproth ( Beitr., tii. 16); 2, Berzclms (Jahresb^ xUL 1G2, aaa^yBU imp
Prtx (Pogg.| Mi 472); 10, Klaproth (Beitr,, ill 20):
103.
1, OflTenbanj'a
1
4. ♦•
ft. WhU$eriftL G.=8*37
$, " 0.=7i)9
g n u
id Ktilkrito, Mbm
To
60"
62*
60*97
58-81
66*3d
48-40
61*62
44*54
Sb Au Ag Pb
80- 10» =100 Klaproth,
tr. 24 0 11^ I'fi, Cn, Pe, 8» A« tr, B.
0*68 2G*97 1 \H 0^^, Cu 0-76=li>0 P.
0-€($ 26-47 U'31 2*76 = !0O Pteta.
3-60 »4'8I> 14*68 2'64=:100 PcUl
8-42 28-98 lO^fl© 3-51 — 100 Pela.
6-7& at'lO 7-47 8*16:= 100 PetJB.
864 26%S1 10*40 11*21 = 100 Pfefct
49-99 8-82 Um 2*78 13*82=100 PetaL
44*76
26*76 8-50 11»'6t», g 0*5 = 100 C
JPt" "'" ' ''^" " " *^' '^ " ri white lubUmate, which near th© a««
»d» iinte fUsea to dear tranapareot drops,
ftse, . >. ., -. -' eoftl with a white coa^g, which trett
petra^ givi&g • bluiab-green color lo tlie Hamc ; af\«r long blowing a yellow, ma
l^obule ifl obtain^ Moat varieticn give a faiDt coating of oxyd of lead and antlno
Ob^ — With gold» at Oflbnbanya in Traoeiyt^aaia, in narrow Teina, which tniv
alao ac N^gyag m the Mma country. In California, Cala?eraa Oow, at th« Melo&M i
HiSied (torn Traniiylrania, tbo country b which it ocGurt, and in aQnaioQ to < ,
tbi nwiii nt l&rat propoaod for tho m«tal tellurium. Called graphic hoemum cf m
Iba amnMOitot of tha aryatala to wHting characters.
For Colndbarori paper on ciyst, see BalL Ac St Pet^ laL 1^ Hit h^e^mtmi
Brooke and IfiOer.
99. NAOTAOITB. Aurum Galtna, fwrro^ et porticaUi foIatOibaft mlMraUaali
A^n. Hiat Nat« lit 107 i v. Bom, lithoph^ I. ftA, 1771 Nagtakemi Wrnn. Bet^w. \
Or ffHi lnDdlenii v. Aths Oat. de RaaK HOO. Blatt«rars Anl^ TU>^ 6% ItOQl
MliiffUidi; BUc INrihiHam. KlaamoM BmL, Tr., IL 639, 183S.
lU, tSit.
» ifti^ Ilaadb^ 6Mk 184A.
BULPHIDBy ETO. 83
Tetragonal. O A X-i—V^T ZT ; a=:l-298. Observed planes as in the
annexed figure. O A 1=118^ 87', 1 A 1=108^ 14', O A 2^=lir 4^
2-i A 2-t, ba8.,=137^ 62', Qeavage: basal. Also
104 grannlarlj massive, particles of vanons sizes ; gener-
^ ally foliated.
H.=l— 1-5. Q.=6-85--7-2. Lustre metallic,
splendent Streak and color blackish lead-gray.
Opaqne. Sectile. Flexible in thin laminse.
\ OoBptf— AnalTset: 1, Elaproth (Beitr^ iiL 32); 2, Brandes (Schw. J^ xzzv. 409); 3, P. Schdn-
|[ lb (J. pc: Ch^ Ix. 166); 4, 6, Folbert (Yerh. ^b. Ver. Nat Hennannstadt, viiL 99, and Keimg.
Ms IBM); 6, & J. Kappel (Jahreeb^ 1859, 770):
I^
8
Pb
Au
Ag
Cu
1. zv%
3-0
64-0
90
0-5
1-3=100 Klaprotb.
1 31-96
3-07
56-49
8-44
<r.
1-14=100-10 Brandea.
1 30-52
8-07
50-78
9-11
0-68
0-99=100 Schdnlein.
4 Vl-JA
9-76
60-83
6-84
8b 3-69, 8e <r.=97-34 Folbert.
i. 18-04
9-68
60-27
6-98
8b 3-86, Se <r.=97-83 Folbert.
& 15-11 8-66 6010 12*75 1*82 8e 166=100 KappeL
flehfiBfein found in oiher trials, Pb 5101, 51-06, Te 26 67, 8 9-62, 10-59; and Pete obtained
Ab, ItIL 478X 8*54) 7-81, 6*48 per cent of gold. 8chdnlein'B and FoIbert*8 analyflefl (3-5)
tnwuuud to 2 (Fb^ Aa)4- 3 (Te, 6b, 8) Bamm. In Schonleiu's, Te : 8= 1 : 3 nearly ; in Folbert's
Ib-f-BD: 8=1 : 8. The formula for the latter may be written B Te + B 8*.
Pjnr-i ate — In tiie open tube gives, near the assay, a grayish sublimate of antimonate and
Mnta^ with perhaps some sulphate of lead; farther up the tube the sublimate consists of anti-
Mmh add, which rolatilices when treated with the flame, and tellurous add, which at a high
M^mture foaes into ccdoriess drops. B.B. on charcoal forms two coatings : one white and
iwiB) ooDsisting of a mixtare of antimonite, tellurite, and sulphate of lead; and the other
fdiv, fees Tcdatile, of ozyd of lead quite near the assay. If the mineral is treated for some time
■ (IF. a malleable globule of gold remains ; this cupelled with a little assay lead assumes a pure
friicDlor. Decomposed by nitro-muriatic add.
Oha— At Nagyag and Oflbnbanya in Transylvania, in foliated masses and crystalline plates,
iwipanying; at the former place, rhodonite, blonde, and gold ; and at the latter, associated with
■ftiUMiliil wea. Folbert states that the Nagyag crystals examined by him were hexagonal and
lot of the tetragonal system, and had G.=^-680, or not exceeding this.
Berthier baa analyaed another ore very similar to the above in physical characters, consisting
flfTettnrinm 13*0, ralphur 11'7, lead 63*1, gold 6-7, antimony 4*6, copper 1-0=100; corresponding
l» 218^ 6Te, 4Sb, ISPb, 2Au, but probably impure with sulphuret of antimony. It is called
Bttkrmt by Hnot, Min., L 189, 1841.
(A) SOiBiBPHTLLiKOLANZ BrtiQi, (8chw. J., i. 178, 1828), occurring in gneiss at Doutsch-Pilsen,
SMgvT, appears to be related to nagyagite. Its color is blackish-gray; structure foliated mas-
fkm^ it naiing one perfect deavage ; U.= 1*2 ; G.=6-8 — 6*9.
Aoeovfinff to Plattner (Probirkunst, 3d edit, 421) the constituents are antimony, load, tel-
krtni. gol( BilTer, and sulphur— 4*9 p. a of gold, 0*3 of silver — the sulphur probably in com-
with the antimony and lead. Only a trace of selenium was found, contrary to the earlier
(tf Harkort and Breithaupt
FreieOeben, Geogn, Arb., iil 129 (fir. Sangerhausen) ; Kupferindig BreUh,,
kHottn. ICn, iv. 2, 178, 1817. Indigo-Copper; Blue Ck)pper. Covellme, Sulftire de cuivre du
Tesmre, JbdL, iL 409, 1832. Breithauptite Cfu^nn., Min., 126, 1843. Cantonite FtaU, Am. J.
Sd., XL zza 449, Trrii. 409.
HezagonaL Observed planes: O, I: with faces of two hexagonal
nmnidb 1 and J; basal edge of 1,155° 24'; 1 A i=150° 24' Kenngott.
Oeavtt^: basaL very perfect. Earelv in crystals. Commonly massive or
qpbooidal ; anrfkce, sometimes crystalline.
E=rl-5— 2. Q. of crystal8=4-590, 4-636, Zepharovich. Lustre of crystals
ntmetallic, inclining to resinous, a little pearly on cleavage-feoe; subre-
u
SUL^BiJBSENnES, VTO.
sinotis or dull when maaaive. Color ind^o-blae or darker. Streak Imiir
gray to black, shining. Opaque. Thin leaves, flexible.
Ocanpt— 6ti 8*=Cii S^Siilphur 33^5, copper 66*5=100, Analjaca: 1, Walchnar (Sc^w.J^
xlbL 158); 2, Oovelli (AniL Ch. Phyg., rccv. 105); 3, a t. Hauer (Ber, Ak Wlein wL 22) :
L Bodenwetler
a. Vefturiua
8. Leogaog
Cu Fe
64 T73 0-462, Pb l'O4G=98-0ai Wiklmer.
66*0 =9>^'0Cov€Ui
64-56 1-U-lOO Hauen
JL DiUenberg ocweUite ikfTordod GHmm (Jahrosb., 1850, 702) 66'd3 bisttlphid of copper ^'^
PTrito, U-63 qusrte, and 10 57 Pq Un It.
AtMlfiis of ore of AlgodoTi buy, BoUvia, by v» Bibra, in J. pr. Ch-i ictL 302,
Pjrr. — In the olofted tube giYee a sublimate of enlphur; in the open tube solphurouH fui9««.
B.B. on eharcoal burns with a blue flame, emitting the odor of sulphur, and fUsas In a i^iotwl^
which rencta like chaloodto.
Obi.^ — With other copper orei near Baden weiler at Leogang in Salzburg, whi -
timeB in small aryatals of the fomi above deacribcd; at Kieloe in Polund; Ri
Saxony; Man^feld, Thurin^a; Vesuiriua, on laTa; ooinmon in Ohili; at Algodon i a>
Named after CotoIUi the diaooyerer of the Yesuvian corelllte, bj Beudant^ aiiil v^ r-
enoe to the ore as previously desoribed.
Oovellibe is a result of the alteration of other ore^ of copper, and is often mixed with '
or oopper-glanoe, ttom which it haa been derived. (3^ JDigmwts and GarmmxU^ p. r;
{k) Qkinomtn is oorellite from the Canton mine, Georgia, ooourring In oabea, v
daarsgtt. It is associated with harriHte (p»eudomorphs of ohakodte after galen
and ia regarded by Qenth as a pseudomorph of ooveliite after the harrisita. Gent
his analymis (I a, xxiii, 417^ S 33 76, Se trat», Ag 0*36, Cu 65-00, Pb O'll. f^ 0'86,
=90*34. I
(B) AUSDHTTB Field. — Alisonitu^ m an indigo-copper, containing a much larger propcgtioi if »
lead thao the oaotonite; but n oiy, hico that a result of the alteration of galenils. IH ,
o6lor ii • deep indigo-blue, i on oxpoaare^ G.=6*l0; IL=2'5— 3. ^juifmt hf%
Field (I, Am. J. Set, IL xxvii, oai ; and 2, J. Oh. Soc, xiv, 160):
s
Cu
Pb
1.
ItlM
B363
28*35 = 98-86
i.
n^
532S
28 8l=99'7S
Ocnrespondhffi to 8 €Hi 8 + Pb 3— S 1778, Cu 53-34, Pb 28*88. It ooours at *' ICna Gcinde** oai
Ooquimbo^ CmU, asiooialed with eerasaite, maUuslii^ and vanaiSato of lead and oopper.
S, SULPHARSEJflTES, SULPHANTIMONITES, SULPHO-
BISlfUTUITES.*
The tpeoies bars inohided are amnged aooording to tlie amount of the haalo tnelal (tMd, fOitft
copper, tronV beginning with those in whldi the proportion is the smallest Sererel «f tfg
spodta require more inTestlg^tton :
B:8:A B;S>»-A
1:4:3 1:6
1:4:3 1:6
n : 5| : 3
101, CttAtoogriBm, IIL
F
eiiS4^Bi*s*
yt«u,Pl»)8+|BW
la iha tahia ofspeoiee fiie i
I of orymtalliaatioo la indloated bf \
TV, Vooodliik
V. TMS&iel
STTLPEUkSBBMITBB, XTCL
8&
BfOEEn^ in.
monzB, IIL
iDAvm, in.
4iOTBrn^ IV.
LmomEt rv.
Esmi^ L
onemAsmn, I.
IUBUiHM> UL
TmoTBixi^ in.
BOsnLPNin» IT.
ROrOSEITB, IT.
-BABSTUTB, YL
ouiniTB, VL
CBvoHin^ m.
XLOTTFin^ IIL
tmOBBBRny TTf.
XBILLRS, IIL
KiviRy nL
RAHSDRini, L
■iTIKLRB
nAVRTI, L
BnoHDmi) IT.
KK3Bonn,IIL
IPHAVIX^IIL
OLTBASmE, in.
EABORB
1
?1
1
1
1
1
8:A B:8+A P
4:2 1:6 F^ 8+Sb%'
4:3 1:6 Pb8+A8«8*
4:2 1:6 Pb8+Sb%"
4:2 1:6 Ag8+8b9
1:6 Fb8+Sb*8*+iPb8
1:4^ |6ii8+A8«8"
l:3j 2(P^Ag)8+8b«8«
l:H 2(PlsFe)8+8b*8*
l:3i 2Pb8+A8«8»
1:3 f(Pb,Ag)8+Sb«S»
l:2i 3Ag8 + Sb«8»
1:2} 3Ag8+A8*S*
1:2| 3(eu,Pb)S+6b«8'
1 : 2| 8(eu, Ag,Pe)S + 8b«8«
1:2| 3€ii8+B?8»
1:2| 8PbS+8b«8»
1:2} • 3 Pb 8+(BL 8b)«8«
1:2} 3(eu,Pb)S+Bi'B"
l:2i 4(eu,Ag,Hg)8+(8b,A8)n3«
1:2J 4(eu,Pe)S4-A8'S*
l:2i 4PbS+8b>S"
1:»:} 1:2 6 Pb S+(8b, A8)«8"
l:f:} 1:2 6AgS+Sb*S*
1:«:A l:li 10 (Ag, eu) 8+(8b, AsyS*
1:4:3 8€ii8+A8«8»
i
i
t
I
}
I
i
t
l:}:}
III
<x.— 134. GLiLTin, L Pb, Go, 8, As, 8b. 135. BoLnriANm, IIL Ag, 8, 8b.
AUOOBTuiL'i'ja. Eupferaatimonglanz Zinken^ Pogg., xzxv. 367, 1836. 8iilphttret
ler and AntimoDj; Antimonial Copper. Boeite Huoi, Min. L 197, 1841. Ohalkostibit
3jn^ 32, 1847. Wolfsbergite IfkoU, Min., 484, 1849.
)rhombic. I A 7=101% U A i-2=138° 12', i-2 A «=112*^ 24'. In
^gr^ated tabular prisms presenting the planes (?, /, t-2, i-i. Oleav-
l, very perfect ; O^less so.
J— 4. G.=4-748,H.Eo8e; 5-015, Breith. Lnstre metallic. Streak
Color between lead-gray and iron-gray. Opaque. Fracture con-
-'6aS+Sb'8*=:Si^bnr 26-7, antimony 48*9, coppor 26'4=100. AnalyBeB: 1, H.
); 1, T. Bichter (B. H. Ztg., 1857, Ko. 27):
8 Sb Ou Ffe Pb
L. WoUiibeig 26*34 46*81 24*46 1*39 0*66=99-56 Bone.
L Gnadis 25*29 48*30 25*36 1*23 =100*18 Bichter.
1 it auppoaod to exist as pyrite, and the lead as feather ore.
to.-7-lD the doeed tube decrepitates at first, and then fuses, giiing a fUnt aablimate of
aniimonj, which on cooling is dark red ; in the open tube gives sulphurocw and anti-
mea, the latter forming a white sublimate. B.B. on charcoal Aises to a globule, emitting
8 ftimee, mating the coal white; the globule treated with borax reaote for iron ; with
a globole of mfltaUio copper.
oMd bj nttrie add, with separation of sulphur and ozyd of antimony.
86
BlTLPHABSENrrKS, ETC.
ObA.— From Woll^berg in the Horz, Id nesta imbedded in quartz ; and at Guadiz, Spain. It fa j
tiaually oovered witb a ooattng of pjiita. Glocker'a name antedates NIcoU'a. Bo$U6 liaa an earte ^
usat
102. EBlFLEOnTB* Wismuth-KapferenE (fr. Tannctibaum) SeB, Taadi. Min., xL 44!, 4S]» |
1817. Kupferwiemuth^nz R Schneider, Pogg., ic 166, 1S53. Emplektit Kmmg,, Urn. Foraeh, i
125, 1853. Taimenlte Dana^ lan., T3, lfl&4. Hemlcfaalcit v, £ob,, Gesch. MixLf 600, 1864
Orthorhombic. / A /=92^ 20', <9 A l-i=141^ 8'. In thin Btriatedl
flattened prisms. Observed planes, /, t-i, i-^i ^''fj ^^> ^^» ^'*' ^"** *'^ ^ ^''1
=128° 52', i-? A f ?=10i^ 65', ^ A i^^UT" 23', i-I A i-S^llT'* 30', 1%M
t4=ll^'' 46', i-2 A i'2, or. t-i=55% 1-f A 11, top, = 102'* 16'.
Lustre bright metallic. Color grayi^li to tin-white.
Comp.— 6u a + Bi* B'=8ulphur 19- 1^ bismutli 620, copper 18-9=: 100. Anolyaea ; B. I
(Pogg., la 1C6):
(I) Sulphur 18*83 Biamuth *>2'16
" 22-4 *' 52-7
Byt^ etc — In the open tub© gives sulphurous fumes. B.B. on charcoal fasm easll^r, with i
fh>thlQ^ and Bpirttng; troated with 3oda coats the coal dark-jeEow from oxyd of bismnib, iod ]
giTes a globule of copper.
iXeoomposed bj nitric add, with aepamiion of sulphur.
Oba. —From the mines of Tanuoubaum, near Schwarzcnberg, Saxonj- ; also ttom Oeiro ]
in Oopiapo* Chth (ksin. cL M., IV. v. 450).
On cryst., see Dauber, Pogg., xciL 241 j Weisbach, Pogg., cxxrllL 435,
Oopper iS'ta^gs-ti
** 2;i'« iron 4-1 =99'«
103* OHiVlATrrB. ChiTiatit RammLy Pogg., IxxoiiL S20.
Foliated inaaBiTe ; cleavable in three directionE in one zone, one ma
an angle with the second of 153°, and with the third of 133% Miller.
G,^ 6*920. Lustre metallic. Color lead -gray,
Oomii^eu, Pb) 84'|Bi*S'=Sulphur 17*76, bUmuth 6296, lead 16'72, oopper 2*56=151]
Aoaljsis b/ EammelBberg (L c) :
Oba^;
s
Bi
Pb
C?u
Fe
Ag
insol
8-00
6095
16-73
242
1*02
tr.
0-59-99^1
\ — Same as for aikinite, Itamin.
From ChiTiato, In Peru ; along with pjrite and barlte* Resembles bLsmoth-glanoOw j
104. BBRTMLBEITB* Haidingerite BerOiier, Ann. CL Fhjs^ xxxr. Jfil* 1827.
Eaid^ Ed. J. Sd*, Til 3^3, 1S27.
In elongated prisms or massive ; a longitudinal cleavage rather ii
tinct. Alfto fibrous maissivej plumose j ako granular.
H.=2— 3. G.:==4— 4'3. Lustre metallic, leas splendent than stibnite.
Color dark steel-gray, inclining to pinehbeck-brown ; surface often covered i
with iridescent spots.
Oomp.— Fe 8 + 8b' S"==8ulpbur 29'9, antiraony 57-0, iron 13*1 = 100. AnsJrsea: 1, 2, 3, Ber* |
thior (Ann. Oh. Fbm, xzzt. 51); 4, Eammelsberg (Fogg., xL 153); 5, Pettko (Haid. Ber., I
62) ; 6, T. Hauer (Jabrb. Q. Beichs*, ir. 635); 7, Saekor (Bamm., IGn. CilG^^ 988); 8, Racom. (£&
G^ xviiL 244):
S
Sb
Fe
Zn
1. ObaseUea
80*3
620
160
0-30-98-6 Berthior.
28^1
6l'Jt4
9'8&
=100Ben]iier,
3. Anglar
29*18
58*65
12*17
-loO Berthior.
BULPHABaENirSS,
SIC.
8
8b
¥e
Zn
4. OrJLuiifldoff
1. Annjldkai
1 Brtmuidorf
1 a Anicoks ObO.
Sl-32
29-27
80-53
28-77
29-12
54-70
57-88
59-31
50-91
56-61
11-4S
12*85
10-16
10-55
10-09
0-74^ Mn 2*54=100-78 Bamm.
=lOi)Pettka 0.=4-U43.
= 100-78 Hauer.
ICn 8-73=99-96 SMter.
Mn 8*56=99*88 Bamm.
87
AxuJ. 3-8 oorrenpond to the aboye fommla.
Na l=3FeS4-2Sb*8'=Siilphur 30*5, antimonj 51*7, iron 17*8=100.
Na 2=31^ S+4Sb'S*=Salphur 29-6, antimonj 60*0, iron 10*4=100.
Tfr^ alo^ — ^In the doeed tabe fhses, and gives a faint nublimate of salphar; with a strong
iMk yields a black sublimate of sulphid of antimony, which on cooling becomes brownish-red.
lithe open tube gives off fUmes of sulphur and antimony, reacting like stibnite. B.B. on ohar-
iMl gives off sulphur and antimony f^mies, coats the coal white, and the antimony is expelled,
iHriBg a black magnetic slag, which with the fluxes reacts for iron.
DJMulfUB readily in muriatic acid, giving out sulphuretted hydrogen.
Ofas.— At Chsigplles and Martouret in Auvergne, associated with quartz, caldte, and pyrite; in
IkiTosges, OMnmune of Lalaye, containing about 32 of 8b to 18 of Fe; at An^ar in La Greuse;
d»at Brionsdorf in Saxony, and at Fadstow in Cornwall; at Arany Idka in Hungary; at Beal
feiAotDoio^ Lower Oalifomia, massive; near Fredericton, N. Brunswick.
' IWs aotimony, but of inferior quality.
Mi BABTOBirB. Skleroklas + Arsenomelan v, WaUenhauaen, Pogg., xdv. 115, 1855, c 537.
' Uraklas v. Both, ib., cxxiL 380. Binnit C. Betuaer, Fogg. xdv. 335, 1856, xcvil 120.
'■ PsfteuoysUe, pi., iVn ^t V^ 235, £ 66. JkdcL, Ann. d. M., Y. viil 889, 1855. Arseuomelan
hknm, Qflenb. Yer., viL 13, 1866. Sartorite I>ana,
Orthorhombic. /a/=123^ 21', 0 A l-t==13i;* 3'; a:b: (?=11483 : 1 :
liS&S. Obeenred planes : 0 (broad) ; in zone i-l (all narrow, the crystals
ih^gated and channelled in this direction) ^, ^t, ^t, -j^, ? ^, |-l, J|-z,
H 1-i, l-», Jt-t, 1 5-t, 10-i, i^ ; in zone i-i, 1-i, *-i, f-i, 24, ^, i-t ; 1 (large
pinies), V. Kath.
<?Al=12r 28J',calc. ^^^
O A 1=126 40, meas.
<? A 1-1=130 15, meas.
0 A 2-1=128 56.
1 A 1, brach.,=91 22
1 A 1, maerod.,=135 46
lAl, ba8.,=105 3
1 A 14=135 41
1 A 1-1=157 53
CryBtals slender. Cleavage : O quite distinct.
H.=3. G.=5*393. Lustre metallic. Color dark lead-gray; streak
reddish-brown. Opaque. Brittle.
Oamp^Th 8+ As*8«=Siilidxnr 26 39, srsenic 30-93, lead 42-68=100. Analvses : 1, Walters-
^mma(Bogg^xefiL 134); 2, 3, Stocksr-Bscher (Kenng. Ueb., 66-67, 176):
8 As Pb Ag I^
L BEnnen JS-^l 28-66 4466 042 0-46=:99-90 Walt
1 aS-SO 26-33 46-83 1-62 =100*08 a-B.
t. «« M-t7 26-82 47-39 =9998 a-&
Ton WaltOTibaiiMO ^i(tes llist his ansljsis (No. 1) was made on striated oryi^
KiDpsrtBiii to tills ipMiM as defined bjT. Bath O-o.). The other two anajjaes hj Stodnr-
88
hjlphabsenitbs, etc.
' niAjT hniro bao«i Euade on inaterml contaiiiing portioos of the other prismatic species of t
looftllty ; /•! lu tho fulphur nud arsenic they agroe with the otlier analvBia, and diverge but I
In Uif) toad,
Jy***! •U>. — N«arlir th© Bame as for dufreDoysit©, but diflering in Btrong decrepitatioup
Oba.— Krum tbo Binmn valley with dnfrenoysite and blnnite. As the name Sdep
li liiJi|inlii.mblo, and th« miueriil waa fiiat acmoiinoed by Sartoriua v. Walterahausen, the
may h» appropriately called BartoriU,
106. ZtNKBKlTEL Zinkenit G. Rose^ Fogg., viL 91| 182e,
Ch-thorhombic. /A /= 120^ 39', Rose; 120'' 34\ Kenngott. Feu«l
Hii«, tm hoxttgonal prisms, with alow hexagonal pyramid at Bummit ; ang
It pyramidal edge=165 26'; I on face of pyTa'uiid=104° 42'. Later
)^i'vii li)nptudinallj striated. Sometimes columnar, librous, or massivfl
Llcuvjipt not di&tinct.
II,^;i_B'5. G*=5*30— 5*35. Lustre metallic. Color and streiik si
Opaque. Fracture slightly uneven,
. ^. -Pb8-fSb»S*=:Sulphur 22*1, antimony 42-6, load 36-3 = 100, Analyises: 1, 2, H. ]
[f^HSit '^WL 99); 3, Kerl (B. U. Ztg., 1863, No, t) :
1. Wolfgberg S 22^58 Sb 44*39 Pb 31*84 Cu 0-42=99*23 Rose,
^. " undeL 44'lt 31*97 undet. Rose.
8. " 21-22 43-98 30*84 Ag 012, Fo l*46 = 97-<il K.
PvT., ctOi — Doerepitates and fuses very easily ; in the closed tube gives a faint rnblimattl
liKlplmr and aulphid of antimony; in the open tuhn sulphurous fumes and a white sublimate i
pMifd of antimony. B.B. on charcoal ts almost entirely volatilized, giving a ooaiing which on ik
Iter 9dg9 is white, and near the aesMiy dark yellow ; with soda in R.F. yields globules of Itad. .
Bohildt in hot muriatic add with evolution of sulphuretted hydrogen and aeparation of ' * "
iMd OO cooling.
Oba* — Occurs in the antimony mine of Wolfsberg in the Harr* ; the groups of colarotwr (
If on a maasive variety in quartz ; th© cryatals Borootimes over half an inch long, and two i
broad, frequently extremely thin and forming fibrous masses. Has beon rcpc^rted f
Tnidpert in the Sdiwarzwald. Named in honor of Mr. Ziukeu, the director of tho
IM, by G. Bono.
Betemblea atlbnito and boumonite, but may be diatinguiahed by ita superior hardness \
fpaeiilc gravity.
Kenngott mokes the crystallization monoclinic, and the pyramidal planes oblique basal pli
but such twins with pyramids so formed are not known among monodinic species.
107. JORDANITE. Jordanit t?. BaiQi, Verb. Nat Ver. Bonn, March, 1864, Pogg., ocrii. S^T, II
Orthorhombic /A/=l23'2d'; 0 A 14=128^ 27 j a: 6: c=r2rj96:l:I'8604. Observed pU
0; ia sooe H f-i, f-l, J-f, hi- V-«, 2-1, 34, 6-! ; In Bone 1, i f, J. f, }, |. 1, |, /. Planes i
ntrrow, escept 0 ; crystals hexagonal in genen^ form.
0A^=126' 27' OaJ/-1==130M5' OaJ^UB'O*
0Aj-t=134 84 OAl.i =124 58 t>A| = 144 dOi
Twins; oompoaltioD-faoe /; forms bexagooalf arragonite-like. Cleavage: ^f distinct.
pore bbck.
OOMP. — ^Undetermined,
PTl^ WO.— Nearly as for sartorite.
Oia — From the Binnen valley, with sartorite (q. T.). AppRMches closely sartorite b
planes and aogiea, but differs in occurring in twin crfstdls, and in ita black stroak.
Named after Dr. Jordan of Saarbruck, who furnished vom Bath with his spedmens.
108. BOIARGTHmi. HemlprismatLsche Eubin-Blendo (fr. Br^unsdorf ) Jiohs, Gmndr.,
1824. Miargyrit /T. Rose, Pogg., xv. 469, 1829, Hypargyrite, Hypargyron- Blende (fr. CUu
Breith,, Char., 286^ 3H8, 1832. Kenngottite (fr. Felsobanya) Haid^ Ber. Ak. Wien, xziL '
1B66.
Monocliuic. C=48^ U\ /A 7=106^ 3i\ 0 A 14=136*' 8'; a:fti
kl'2883 : 1 : 0'9991, Naumanu, Observed planes ; O; vertical, /, i-*, i4, v|
Cleavage :
|« ht\ y^ H 1 ^ H ^^^ ^\i
14, 34. H, H.
Oa 7=122 16 6>Ali= 98 24
0AJ=10d 16 i-f Al-/=129 50
Obeerred angles bj Weisbacb, from
Ifilnsdarf crystals: /A/=rl04** 36'
,-105** 50' ; O AiV;=132^ 28', 134^ 15',
or 11', ISl*' 35' ; wA W=129^ 17',
1»% 49^
CrptaU thick tabular, or Btont, or
Aort prismatic, pyramidaL Lateral planes deeply striated.
H 1-i imperfect.
tt=2— 2-5. G.=5'2— 5*4; nioetly 5^22— 5-24. Lustre eubjnetallic-ada-
•"-•*■ '\ Color iron-black. Streak dark clierry-red, Opa<iiie, except in
LnterB, whicb, by trangmitted light, are deep blood-red. Fracture
£il»coiLchoidal.
84-Sb*S'=SulphTir 21-8, antimony 41 5, eilver S6-7 = 100, Analysis by H. Bose
S 21-96 Sb 39.U Ag 86*40 Cu 1*06 Fe 0'63=99'n.
Hi hemngotUie (L <x) which Weisbach refers here (Pogg.^ cxiT, 467), has not been anatyaed;
mBmer found in it (PojB^., icviiL 16&) about 30 p. e. of silver; G.==$*06. ffypar^iffiis is ^
aaiKft Tkriety ; G. =4-7 79 — 4890, Breith.j it afforded Plattner (L c) 36 p. c. of 80Ter. Fof
ViiifcKli/a tDeaBttremeoU eee Pog}?., L c.
FfL, flCc^ — Id the closed tube decrepitateg^ fciaei i^asily, and j^ves a aubllmate of snlphid of
OMiiy ; in the open tube Bulphoroua and antimonous ^mea, the latter as a white eublimate.
U^ciMMoml Ituiea quieUy with emission of aylphtir aad aotimooy fumes to a gray bead which
AioMtfiiitied trefttmeot in O.F. leaves a bright globule of sllven If the stlTor globule be treated
9m^xr.4ed)
im ^boaipbana salt in O.F., the green glaaa tbaa obtained shows traces of copper wheo fuaod
[ by lutric add, with separation of sulphur and oxyd of antimony,
Ohfc^Al fifaiinsdorf, near FreibeiTp in Saxony, asRO<:iated with tetrahedrite^ pyrargyrite, eta ;
HMhaata. {kemm^oiUte) with pyrite^ gatenite, blende^ barite; Przibram in Bohemia; ClauBthal
i) ; Qiiadalajara in Spain ; at Farenos, and the mine Sta. M. do Catoroe^ near Potoai ;
»at Ifoliaares, Mexico, with diallogite.
~ from i»^M^, iea$y i^ttpor^ miver^ because it contains less atlver than some kindred orea.
FIiAaiONITEI. Plagionit G. Mo9ty Pogg,, xxviil 431, 1833.
Monoclinic 6'= 72^ 2S', /a/=S5'' 26\ OaU=
ISr 9', Rose ; a:b:c = 0'37015 : 1 : U'8802. Ob-
•erred planes as ib f, 107.
O A 1=154° 20' OAi'i^lOr" 32'
e? A 2=188 52 1 A 1-142 3
i?A-l = U9 2A2^120 49
OhTVtak thick tabular; the plane O ehining and
)th ; others striated. Cleavage : 2, perfect, but
aSording smooth surfaces. Also massive,
r.
tt=25.
90
SirLPHABSENITEe, ETC.
I. Wolfaberg
8 31-53
Sb37"94
2.
21*49
3753
3.
31*10
37^84
Oomp.— PbS + Sb*8"+iFbS=Sulphnr3l'3,antimoii7 38%l6ad40*5. Anolyics: I J
(Pogg., xxviiL 428); 2, Kadematsoh (Pogg., xxxriL 58d); S^ SchulU (BamoL Min. CIl, 1009)
Pb 40*52=9999 Boa«.
40-98=100 KudenMlKlu
39*36, Oa r27=d9'&8 ^dbxdU
Pyr. — Same u Id zinkenite.
Oba, — At Wolfaberg in geodoa and dniaes of cryatalB ia massi?© plagiouitc, or <
qnarU^ and waa diaoorerdd bj Zluckeo. Named, in aUasioD to ita UDuauaUy obliqao <
tion, from irXayi'*!^ obUquBk
Takiog the pinnei 2, 2. ns the lateral f&oes of tlio fimdaioental pdaiOf the Uteral i
tba sacne ae in freieslebonlte.
110* BINKITXI. Duf^ii97«ite it WaUenhattsen, Pogg., jcdr. 119, 1855; C I
xdT. 384, xoTiL 115. Binnito Iksd, Ann. d. M., V, rm. 389, 1855.
Isometric. Figures 3, 14, and others : observed planes : O, /, 2-S
1, I, and 6-0, on some crj'stala. Cleavage not distinct,
H*=4-5, G. =4*477. Lustre metallic. Color on fresh fracture blm
sometimes brownish or greenish. Streak cherry-red. TSrittle,
Gomp. — Prom anal. 1, | €ii S + As'S^^Sulphur 29-7, arsenic 3 M, copper 39*2=100, A
anaL 2, thi S + t Aa'S*, or like enarjpte. Analjees: I, Uhrlaub (Pogg., xcir. ITT); % f
Bafilier (Keong. Uebera,, 1856-67, 174):
S Aa Ou Pb Ag Fe
1. 27-55 301)0 3--74 3'76 1-38 0^83 = 1 00-16 1
2. 3273 18-98 46'34 I'Ol =99-86Sw-I.j
Pyr, — lo the closed tube, gireB a sublimate of sulpbid of arsenic ; in the open tube aj
line sublimate of areenous acid, with sulphiirouB Aunea. B.B. od oharooal gires an m
odor and a fsint white ooating, fuaea with intumoBcenoo to a dull iron-black, magnetic |
which, ftooording to Wiser, ia aorrounded by a coating of oxjrd of ilnc. The globali 3 ' " "
be oopper with soda.
Obs.— -In dolomite, In the vallej of Blnnea, with realgar, orpiment, btendOi pyiitoi
tad dufreno/aite.
111. BRONGNIARDrni. JMmour, Ann. d. &L, IT. xri 227, 1840.
Isometric. In octahedrons with trancated edges (1, 1), Daniour.
without cleavage.
H. above 3. G.= 5*950, Lustre like that of boumonite,
streak grajii^h-blac^k.
Ownp.— Pb S + Ag 8 + Sb* S", or 2 (Pb, Ag) S + Sb» 8'=8alphur I9-4» aotlmco^ 29*5, 1
kid 250=100. Ana^TMs: Damoor (I a) :
B
Sb
M
Pb
Ou
Fe
Zn
1.
19'38
29-95
35^3
24-74
0-54
0*80
0-40=100*34.
X
lO-Sl
39-60
2446
2505
OHSl
0-26
0-32=t9-il.
8*
19*14
29*75
24*81
U-94
O'TO
Oii
0-31 =99*91.
9fT^ vie — In the cloMd tube a fbebte onage sublimate with a white otie abovB ; la I
Iniia fbsei, affbids an odor of sulphur and a white sublimato of ozjd of antimony. 1LB>, i
eoil d#orapitatea, ftiaei aasiljr, giving off an odor of nulphur and whito Tapon; all
tlalda • Mobala of sil'rar, wKh a jalliow ooating of oxyd or load. Bapidljr atlaok^ Iw <
Itfloaea
Ofa8<— From Eezicow
11 a* JAMBSONITB* Qttj antimouf pt Jbm^ Sjat, ill 390, 1820.
Olanoa J^tn^ Mmt^ 385. Axotomar AAtlmon-Qlanx MoK», dfundr^ 886^
ma^ Tri. Molia^a Min., L 451 liil 36X IBIS.
1814*
fiULPHABSENITES, ETC.
91
' Pfaff, Sdiw* J*, xxriL L Pfafflto HuoL, I 192, lB4h
Fiderers pt, ICiaera notimaail plumosa pL, WaH^ 1747 ; Federore (7e!mi, ;
I d^katimoiiie an piumca Fr. ; Feather oro, Plumose Antimooial Ore, pt (rest mostly StibniteX
\ in$ eemL Aotimoitt© 8\ilfur« capiUuire pt, [or var. of Stibmte] H^ Tt„ ISOl ; Hnarfof*
i GnnapieBBglaDzen pL KarsL, Tab., 52, 1800; Haarf. Antimonglanz JfoAjt, 1824^ Leonh^
SfHw li&dereRa of Wol&berg H iftw, Pogg., xv. 471, 1829 j JBei«/.. Tr^ ii, 425, 1833. Foder-
wn^ Tar. of Jameaoaite^ v. Kob.^ Char*, iL 175, 1831. Wolfsbergito HuoLf Uln^ I 19j). Plmuo-
m Bi^tLf Haadh^ 569, 1845. Plumitea Ghck, Syn., 30, 1847, Heteromorphit Ramnh, Pogg.^
loTiL S40, 1849. FedereiZ) rar. of Jamesonile, Ramm., Min. Ch^ 7 If I860.
Ortliorhombic. /A /=101*=* 20' and 78° 40'. Observed planed /, t-F.
I CSeairage basal, highly perfect; /and i-i leas perfect. Usually in acicnlar
ffystals. Also fibrous massive, parallel or divergent; also in capillary
I brms ; ako amorphous massive.
1L=S— 3. a=5*5^5'S; 5-564, from Cornwall, Haidinger; 5-616,
Estremadara, Scha%ot&ch ; S'OOl, from Arany Idka, Lowe j 5*6788,
ire, Bamm.
I wwm cxyitaillised ; &, ftbroas or colamnor, sotaetimes diverging; c^ capillary, or cobweb*
d> grknokr or compact
» «»p0lAi7 Is feather ore (Federerz Gtrm.) regarded aa a species hy nearly all the min-
Eiita oTla^t ceotary, but including capillary stibnito; made a varioty of stibnite by r. Bora,
Ba^, Mohs, Leonhard^ and other authors, imtil 1829; and a diatinot spede« again
\ MilliarB a^r the amklyBis by Eoao in 1829 ; but Teferred to jameaonite by v, Kobell in
d Bammelsberg in 1360« An am&rj^ums rarioty oceura with the featlier ore at WolAiborg
, far which Hammelaberg gives the hardness 3-0, and G.=:5'(JT88.
(Pb, Fe) a + Sb'S'=(if Fe : Pb=l : 4) Sulphur 21'1, antimony 32*2, lead 43*7, iron
But excluding the iron ss eulphid, Rose makes the formula } Pb S^9b^'= Sulphur 20'7,
' %A% lead 4*46=100. Voo Zepharuvich suataluB the first formub (Sitz, Ak, Wten,
,168). Azialyaes 5 to 10 of foathor ore agree well with tbe preceding, whence Rammela-
iftiferen.ce to jamesonito.
itjnM«: It 2, H. Bose (Fogg,, viiL 101); 3, SchafiTgotach (Pogg., mviiL 403); 4, A. I-ow©
.Ilsr., L 52); 5, H. Rose (Fogg., rv. •171){ 6, B&mmelaberg (Fogg., Ann., Ixzvii* 341; 7,
^ (ib., Ramm., Mm. Ch., 71) j 8^10, C, BecM (Am. J. Sd^ it xiv. 60):
; ooeMiaaaUy also in dtboriii^ Hungaryf at Valentia d^Alcantara in Spain, and Brazil
oifoaTage at ri^t angles with the vertical axis is sufficient to distinguish it from the
MmblM. Named after Prot Jameson of Kdinbui^h.
w Of« oooors at Wol&berg in the Eastern Harz ; also at Andreasberg and Olausthal ;
~ 9chemnits; in the Anhalt at PfafTenberg and Meiseberg; in Tuscany, near Bot-
in Peril.
^ or Betgmioderx [=Tinder Ore] of G. Lehmanu (Mem. Aa Berlin, 20, 1758X which
timder and dark dirty red in color^ has boon referred to kennesite, but proves to be
or bather ore mixed with red silver and nraenopyrite. Bomtr&ger obtained in an
WMm (J. pr.Oli.,xsxTL 40) B 19-57^ Aa 12'60, Sb 16'8B, Pb4;}'l}ft, Ag9-&6, Fe4*d2=rd6'ld. From
Iwaaflberg and Claotthal in the Hars.
B 6b
Pb
Fe
Cn
Zn
UCamnXL
2215 S4'40
40-76
2-30
0-13
^ — -99-73 Rose.
1 **
23-53 3490
38-71
2-66
0 19
0-74=99-73 Rose.
3L Snremadtm
21-78 32-6'i
39'97
a-rt3
0'42, Bi l*oa = 99-48 Sch.
18-59 8310
40-82
2-99
1-78
0-36, Ag 1-48, Bi 0-22 = 99'33L5we.
L "WoiUh&rgJeaihir art Wn 3 1 *0 4
46-87
1-30
a'08=99 01 Rose.
1
20-23 r3l'&(>|
20-52 [81*54]
44-32
2-93
0-56
= 100 Ramm,
t. WdMivt^ mamH>e
440
2*91
1-03
=100 Poaelger.
&ftenr»a>P^
18*S9 30-19
47-68
0-26
Ml
1-08-98-71 Bechi, 1
H ^ aoc.
1«'26 29-24
49-81
2-00
O-31-IOO-Ol Bechi
Ill ^ a^
20*63 82-16
43*S8
0*94
1-2S
1*74=100 BechL
Pyr. — Same aa for zinkeoitc.
92
fiULFHAHtJENITES, KTC.
113, DtTFRENOTSITB. tNifrenoTBite Dammr, AmL C3li. Phy«., m, xfv. S79, 1848,
hardit Hamm., Ben. Ch. Min,, 229, 256, 1847. AraeDom^lan and SclerocU«6 pt ». Wa
Pogg.^xd7. 115, 1856. DufVenojsite pt DeBcl, Ann. d. H^ T. Till. 389. SlderoklaA
CMfenh. Ver., WL 13, Jahrb. Uin^ 1867, 208,
108
Ortliorhombic. /A 7=93^ 39', C> A 14=121° 30', a:b:e=VenS:lt
1*0658. Observed planes : O; verti-
cal, /, i-t, i-a ; doTiieB, |-tj f-t^ 1 T, f-i,
i-i, I'J, M, 2-t ; octahedral, 1, 2. O A M
:=123^ 9', OAfl=142° 34', C>a24=
107^2', Oa1 = 114^5',Oa2 = 102"S6;
1 A l-i=14r 20|, 1 A 1 1=138^ 15; V.
Rath. Usual in thick rectangular
tables. Cleavage; O perfect, Alao
massive*
IL=3. G.=5 549,Damoiir; 5*561«>
Landolt; 5*569, v.Rath. Lustre metallic. Color bkekisb lead-gray ; streak
reddish-brown. Opaque. Brittle.
Oomp.— 2 Pb 8 + A8'8"— Sulphur 2210, Brsenic 20*72» lead 57-18 ^100. AnaljaM: 1, j|,
Damour (L 0.) ; 8, 4, Landolt & Berendies {Diasert de Dufrenoy«ite, 1864, Pogg., cr^di 3T4) :
-^ tr^ -iP
/^ UL4,,^.^__,XMi
A]
"2\
liT
Tv^
J^]
%
]i__
n "l
L'f
J — z
0 ^y-^
ir
\hi
22-49
22-30
2B-27
2311
As
20^9
20'87
21*76
21*S5
&6'40
66*51
5!?-G2
520%
0-21 0-44
071 082
005 0-30
0-31=:99'54 Damour,
0*22-101-03 DaiQoar,
=99*0 II k B.
L.*a
Analyies of doOrenoyirfte have been pubUstied by Uhrlaub and Nason (Pog^,, c 537), j
BtookAT Eacber (Keung. ForBcb.f *66, ^57, I7tt); but as they were mado withont diacrinunat:
Rpeciea, and give intermediate roaulu, thoj are not cited here in detail Petereon haa alao^
liahed two aaalyaea (I c), nud gives the following as the mean of 1 7 anoL bj tbe chemiats ,
mentioned ood hioiaelf :
24-31
Pb
6^*85
Ag
0-41
Fe
Ou
? =9i>-8a
Peterson in one analysia obtained S 23*22, Aa 25'83, Pb 50-74, Ag 0'21 ; and in the other 3 Sf 1
Am 23-98, Pb 61-32, Ag 0-11 He makes the fonmila [2 Pb 8 + Afl'8'] + [Pb 8+ Aa' SM=Pb 541
I Aa* SI ■
Pyr., etc- — Eaailj fusea and gives a Bublimato of sulphur and aulphuret of arsenic ; ia j
open tube a fitnell of sulphur only, with a sublimate of eulpbur in upper part of tube, and
araenous add below. On charcoal deerepitatea, melts, yieids fumes of arsenic and a globolA i
lead, which on cupollfltion yields ailver.
ObB. — From the valley of BlDnen in the St Ootbard Alps, in crystalline dolomite, alotig \
sartorite, Jordan ito, binnite, realgar, orpimout, bleode, pyriie. The cryalala art Aamctimet am]
inch across.
Damour, who first studied the arseoio-aulphida of Binnen, aoalyied Ibe massive oremdi
it dtifrmoyaik. He inferred that the cryatalMzation was monometric fl-om some aasodfttod cr^
and to pttbliahed it Tlils led von Walterahauaen and Heusaer to call the moooiDetrio i
du^noysite. and tbe hitter to name the trimetric bmnitc. Von Walterahansen, after atnd
priamatic mineral, made out of the apnci«s omtenomeian and scleroclase, yet partly on by
grounds. Eeoently it haa been found that three orthorbombic miDerala exist at the localir
nounced by vom Bath, who identifies one» by specific gravity and compoaitioiir with i
d^^rtnoywiU; another he makes aotenieleEae of von Walterahauseu (sartorite, p. %1)\ and llkt i
he namei jardanih (p. 88).
STTLPHABSSNITBB, KTO.
98
Ul nUBIBSZABBliTTB. Mine d'aotimoiDe griae tenant argent (fir. HimmelsfQnt) di
Ukt Deecr. de Min^ 31^ 1773, OrUt, iiL 54, 1*783. Dunkles Weissgoltigerz {i<i* loo^ known
riM 1120) Kiapr^ Beitr., 1 173, 1796. SchOf-aiasen f^eiaUben, Oeogn. Arh^ vi 97, 1817.
iitinonial Sulphnret of Surer, Bulphnret of SQver and Antimonj. Argent aulftir^ antimoni-
fife et cuprif&re Levy^ Descr. Mm. Heuland, 1838. Donacargjrite Chapm.^ Min., 128, 1843.
MMtebenit BakL, 669, 1846. .
Monodinic C7=87^ 46^ I A 7=119^ 12', 0 A 14=137^ 10' (B. & M.) ;
•:J : c=l-5802 : 1 : 1-7032. Obserred planes : O; vertical, /, U, i-i, i-4,
is, i-|, i-|j ^^ ; domes, l-», i^4, 1-i, |4, 2-i ; octahedral, |^, 1, 1-4, 1-2, |-3.
109
1-2 A 1-2, front,=152^ 36'
i-iAi-i " =132 48
i-SAi-S " =157 54
1-i A 1-i, top, =94 20
0 A l-i=123^ 55'
0 A 44=156 8
0 A 24=118 21
lAl, front,=128 2
UaI-4 " =166 6
Prigms longitudinally striated. Cleavage : /perfect.
H.=2— 2-5. G.=6-6-4; 6-194, Hausmann ; 6-23.
it, Przibram, v. Payr. Lnstre metallic. Color ana
ilieak li^ht steel-gray, inclining to silver-white, also
Idbekish lead-grav. Yields easihr to the knife, and is
Mther brittle. Fracture subconcnoidal — uneven.
\ (Pb, Ag) S + 2 Sb* 8» (fr. V. Payr's anaL)=, if Ag : Pb=3 : 4, Sulphnr 18*6, antimony
thfhid 81-2, ailrer 24*3=100. Analyses: 1, 2, Wohler (Pogg., xIyL 14b); 3, Escosura (Bey.
IfiMn, Ti. 368, Ann. d. M., Y . yUL 495); 4, v. Payr (Jahrb. Min. 1860, 579):
8
Sb
Pb
Ag
Fe Ca
L
18-77
27-72
3000
22-18
Oil 1-62=100 W.
2.
18-72
27-06
30-08
23-78
=99-60 W.
3. Spain
17-60
26-83
31-90
22-46
—98-78 Esoosnra.
4. Ptsihram
18-41
27-11
30-77
28*08
0-68=100 Payr.
Piiani refers here the masslTe dark weissguUigefz analyzed by Elaproth, who obtained (I c.)
82t1Wt 8b 21-50, Pb 41-00, Ag 9-26, Fe 1-75, Xl 1-00, Bi 0-76=97-26, considering part of the
dnras here replaced by lead.
Ffr«— In the open tube gives snlphurons and antimonial fhmes, the latter condensing as a
iMi ^MtmatA B.B. on diarooal fbses easily, gi^ng a coating, on the enter edge white, fh>m
■flBOMMit acid, and near the assi^ yellow, from ozyd of lead; continued blowing leaves a
iMMliofiilw-
Oii«— With argentite, riderite, and galenite, in the Himmelsftirst mine, at Freiberg in Saxony,
Ml Ijfofr in Tnavflvania ; at Batieborzitz, the ore of which locality contains bismuth, acoord-
Ik Id SBcken; at PrBbram in crystals, often twins, and 2 to 6 lines long; at Felsobanya ; at
Iwiiiiliiniiin in Spain, with argentite, red silver, siderite, galenite, etc.
thi ciyatalt flrom Hhnmelafarst are tridinic, according to Breithanpt (B. R Ztg., xzv. 189).
^ took hia name ikmacargyrUe from the British Museum, knowing nothing of its origin.
lame oagbt not to displace y^-«i0s{e&0nite.
uiFiBotnmnTB.
F^erblende BreUh,, Char., 286, 883, 1832.
648, 1860. PyrostUpnite, Dana.
Hreblende Dona, Min,
Kooodinic In delicate crystals grouped like stilbite. Observed planes,
i;«^HH34, B. &M.
u
BULPHABSBNITIS, KTO.
U A H top,=112 52. a A 2*i=148 42.
34 A H top,=74°, a A 14=123° 34',
1-i Al-i,top,=62
Cleavage: t4, and crystals flattened in this direction. Faces i4. €triate<
parallel to the clinodiagonaL Twins: plane of composition i-i (oitluh
dii^onal).
H. = 2. G.=4*2— 4'25. Lustre pearly*adamantine. Color hyaclQlil
red. Translucent. Sectile and somewhat flexible.
Oomp, — OoDtams 63*3 per oeat of silTer, along with Bulphur and antunonj (PkltDer, I cl, SSI|
Pyr. — Like pjrarjsyrite.
Oba. — From the Kurprlna mine near Frei^berg; Andrenslw^rg; Pmbrtm.
Kamed firom irtip, Jire^ and QTtXwvfii^ shining, m ullusion to its fire-liko odor.
116. RITTINaERITR Rittingerit Ztppt, Ber. Ak. Wien, ix 2, 345, 18&a.
Monoclinic; C=HS^ 26\ In small rhombic tables with repla<?ed h
edgo^. Observed planes: 0, jj-, I^ ±6, ±1* Observed anglee: O A Iz
9r 24', 7 A 7=126° 18^ 0 A 1 = 132" 24', 0 A -1=130° 50^, 1 A -1=«<
20', <9 A --6=98° 30', 0 A i=150°, -1 A -1 = 140^ 1', ae^vage : O unp»
feet.
H. = l"5— 3, Lustre submetallic-adamantine. Plane 0 blackish -brown
in the larger cryatalB, le^ri dark in the more minute ; other partiS iron-li.
Translucent and dull honey-yellow to hyacinth-red in the direction of
axis. Streak orange-yellow. Brittle.
Oomp. — Probably a oompound of sulphid of silver and antimony.
Pyr*^B.B« iiamo aa with pyrargyrite; Ibaes veTy easily, gl?ea an arsenical odor, and tifujfy
globyle of pure ellTer*
Obi.^From Joachimathal, in small cryitals.
117. PYRAROYRITE, Argentum rude n]l>runi pt., G^smu Rotbgolders, Affrie^ 362, lnt4?r|«,
462, 1646. Argontum rubd ooloria pt, Gkmein Rothg^ldenera, Oemer^ Fbaa^ 62, 1565, Botb'
gyldeu pt*, Argeotnm arseziioo pau€H> aulphure et ferro mineralisatum pi, Minora argon ti
▼ar. opaca, var. nigroeoenB, WeUl, 810, 1747. Mine d'argent rouge I^, TrL Wall., 175U, Rabfi
aUrerOre pt, Eed Silver Ore pt., HiU, Fobs,, 1771. Dituklea Botfag:iiltJ|;erx, lidites id. fL,
Wem,^ 17B9. Dark Bod BxWgt Ore; Anttmonial Red Biker. Argent antimonle anlfure pl^ S^
Tr., 1801. Argent rouge aatimoniale Pfaust., J. do Phyii., lix.407, 180L J^rosit SeUt^
Hat. Schwab., L 311, Tosch. Min., 401, 1817. Rnbinblende pt JUWa. AntiiiuaiBObeHdHil
P^rrargrit Ohck,^ llandb^ 388, 183U Argyrythroao Beud,^ Tr., iL 430, 1832.
Rhombohedral. Opposite extrei
of crvBtaU often unlike. li A Ii= 108'
B. & M., O A 7^ = 137 42'* a=^
Observed planes in this and the followiitf
species : baifml and prismatic, O^ I^ i-2, f-J
H» *-fl ' rhombohedral, J, \, ^, |, J? (of
l),f, 4,-14, -5, -}, -2, -I, -1, :
it ^ * ; pyrauiidal, \-% \^% ; &calea4ii
u
110
a
i2
1^
a
n
-— ^i^— -^ hedral, V, f, 4^, i', i* ,{^ ^^\ Y. i^f^
, 1^, l\ f , iK iK i». r, 1*, 1-, r, 1*, r, i\ v*% a*.
IN 1*1 i\ i\ i^^y f '^
4Ai =187^58'
t-2Ar=156 4
7?Ai =144^21'
^aV=1G4 6
if-2 A 1-2=120.
ive^ ; H rather imperfect. Twins : composition-face — ^» as in
[ 113, vrEieh consifits of four individuals ; 0 or baeal plane, as in f. 114;
ilio Ji and /, AIbo maasive, structure granular, sometimes impalpable.
111
(C5?^
n3
n a
\
i2
H,=9 — 2*5. 0.=5'7— 5'9. Lustre metallic-adamantine. Color black,
WMtimee approacliing cochineal-red. Streak cocJiineal-red. Translucent
— «(iiqiie. jracture conehoidal,
17-7, ttntimony 22'6, silver 50*8==lOO. Analyaea : 1, Bona-
Wohler (Ann. d Phann., xzvil 157); 3, B6Uger (Ramni.
Oh, 8oc, xiL 12) :
Oavp. — S A^ S+Sb* S*=Sulphiir 1
^tiiAk. H. Stockli^ 1S2!, 83d); 2,
fariv^ e, 106); 4^ F, Field (Q. J. Oh
8 Sb Ag
t. Andreasberg 1«'61 2'i*S5 58- 9 5, ^ngue 0-30=98^70 BonadorC
«. Mexioo 18i) 218 60*2 = luD WoMor.
S. ZAOttteeaa^Mex. 17*76 2469 67-45 =:9y "80 Bottger,
C Ohm n-45 2«-l6 59-01 = 9d'63 Meld.
Bn^d found arsenic in raby sflver (PyritoLT 169, 1725), and both Ujflifc and red ailFer ores
I altervrards conaidored arsenical^ until KLaproth'a analysia, detecting aotiioony alonc^ in 1794
W^ L 141); after tida both were suppoaed to be antimonia!, until ProiiHt, in 1604 (J, de Fhys,,
\ dboired that there were two spodcs, an snttmonial and an araenlcal
i the doaed tube fuaea and ^ves a reddish flublimate of an] phi d of anfimoiiy ; In
I tobe valpharona Hiinea and a white sublimate or ozyd of antimony. B.6, od charcoal
i tpir^g to a globule, gives off flulphid ofantlmoay, coats the coal whitet and the aaasy
9d into snlphid of silTer, whicJi, treated in 0,F., or with soda in R.F^ gives a globule of
In caae arsenic ia preeent it may be detocted by l\ising the pulverized mineral with
fooal in B.F.
I by Ritnc acid with separation of Bnlphur and ontimonoaa acid.
dark-red &ilver ore occurs principally wiili taldto, native arsenic, and galcnite,
J in the Hars; also inSaiony^ Hungary, Non^-uy, at Uandalcanal in 8pain, end in
i Mexioo it is worked extensively aB an ore of silver. In Chill it is found in crystals
(Dolorai and Chafiaroillo near Ckjplapo. In Kevada, at Washoe In Daney Mine; in Ophlr
abtinda&t about Austin^ Roe^e river, but no good cryatala | at Poorman lode, Idalio^
( iOBDetimea of several hundred weight, along with cerargydte.
P ore hom Andreasberg, according to Zincken, coDtains no arsenic A gray ore from
kMAlity^ ooutalns both arsenic and antimony, and may be miargyrite. On cryst of
_ ^^ to, «e (i Sella, Acad 8cL Torino, 8vo, l$m.
IM,— Qpecn like prousttte, changed to argeutite (Ag S); to pyrito; BO-caUed argentopyrite ;
96
8irLPIIAI£8KNITES, ETC,
128. PROnSTTTE. Afigeatam rude rabram tranaluddiini carbunoulis simiie, Gtrm.]
aiohtig Rodtguldenorz, Agric, S«2, Interpr*, 463, 1646, A^rgentum nibri ooloriu peUa
Soboo RubiD Rothguldenerz., Ge$ncr, Fma,, 02^ 15^(5. Minera irgenti rubra pellucida WaBL^l
1747. Ruby SilTor Ore pt ifiiH Argent rongts arseuicale Prow*, J. de Phyiu, lix. 404, II
Llohtes Rotbgliltigerz pL, ArsenikdiBchefl id., Arseuiksilberblende^ GenrK Rubmblaodto ]
Ajvenioal Silver Ore : Light Red Silver Ore. Pioufltite BmdL, Tr^ u. 44&, 18S1
Rliombohedral
granular ma^s^^ive
/iAli=lor 48', {?Ai?=137* 9'; a=0-7850«.
11. = 2— 2^5. G.=:5'422— 5'56, Lost re adatiiantiTw. Color eochirieaV'
red. Sti*eak cochineal-red, Bometimes inclined to aurora-red, Subtran-jKi* I
rent — subtranglucent. Fracture conchoidal — uneven.
Oomp«^3 kg S-t- As* 8*=aiilphur 19*4, nrfleiiic 15-2, sllTer 6S-4^10a Amijwemt L, HI
(Poggi XV. 472); 2, F, Field (Q, J, Chem. Soc, zii 12) :
1. JoidlliDBtbQl
S. Ghili
8 19-51
As lfi'09
16-12
Ag 64 07 Sb 0*69=d9*96 RoMi
^4 -88 =99-81 Field.
Pyr., «te, — In the closed tube fuiefl ensilj, and gives a fabit sublimate of sulpbid of i
in the open tube aulpburous Aimea aiid a white orjstalliue sublimate of arMnooi acid*
chart^id (Uees and emits o^lors of sulphur and arsenic ; by prolonged heatiug in 0,F., or wfllll
Id R,F,, gives a globule of pure gilvpr, Some varieties contain tintimocij.
DeooiQpoaed by nitric acid, with eepnration of fiulphur and araenoua acid.
Oba<— Oocura at Prt*il»erg, Johanngeoi^cnstadt, Marienben;, and Annaberg; at Jo
InBobemi*; Wolfach in Btwlen ; Markitxjhen in Alsaoe; Chnl - ' ^ fn Daii|;miji^; Q
in Spain; in Mazioo; Peru; Chill, near Copiapo, at Channr u cryatala Z ta.
Forbea.) In Nevada^ in the Daney mine^ and in Comatock luti-, .: ..ire; hivema abo«l J
lender Co; in microacopic crystala in GabMrrua Co.* N. C, at the McMakia mine; la 7'
the Poormau lode, with pyrar^rtte, native aOver and gold, and oerargyrite.
Named after the Fteoch chemist, J. L. PfousU
Alt. — Ooeura altered to pyrrhotite^ Breith.
119. BOURMONITB. Ore of Antimony {tr. KudoHion} F, naakleigh, Spee Brft 1
pL xix^t 1797. Triple Sulpburet of Lead, Antimonyf and Coppor Bomnoi^ {with flga.^ **
Tr&na., 30, l&OI; C%. HatchrU (anal), ib., ft3. Bournonite, Autlmonial Lead 0€%
SyaL, H 579. 1»05, ill 373, l^ld. Spios»gtanzbld KartL, in KJapr. Beitr., iv. at, 11
Tab, en, I SOB. Plomb wvMhaai antimoiiif^ M., TabL, 1809. Budeltion* Awil, QmL
409, )81.^. 8chw«» SplcaglansonG Tirana. Antimoino sutfUrt^ plumbo-cmpdfcErB H^ Tt, IKJ
IdSl BftdalMtt [sWUaal Ore] Kapnik miners Endeilioaite Zi^f^ Ghar, lAa,, 2ia« KM.
PHamrtiachor Spkai^Olana MoHm, CbAr^ ina^i Prismatoldifcliof Xi^te^litBi
CNvodr.^ iL 059, 1834. Aotimonkupror-Olana BrtitK Wbkliit Noid^ UandtL, AM. H
OriUorliomViic. /A /=:98° 40', O A M=136^ ITJ aih: e
1 : 1<M562, Ol^erved planes: O } vertical, i-l, t-T, t-ft t'l^ »-S.
i-l, t>I ; domed, ft, f f, li, St; W, \-t, J-t, It, | i, M, f-t, f-^^ l^i,
octahedml, i, i, f f , 1, 3, 1% sM, H |-Sr 1-^, H. I ^ ^^*
l^L^I^
0 A 1-1=154^ 27',
<?A|t = 147 3Jl».
0 A M=133 20.
O A 2-1== 1 15 20,
OAi=146**4y.
6* A 1=127 SO.
OAf^=rl44 29.
<? A M=138 0.
1 Al, mae.,=lU**«*.
1 A 1, brmcli,=lW a.
<-9 Ai.t,ov.f4,=ie*' ^*
f-i Af-i,av, Wj=li
BULPHABSENrrBB, ETO.
97
Cleftyage: i4 imperfect; i-l and 0 less distinct. Twins: composition*
&ee /; crystals often cruciform (f. 116), crossing at angles of 93° 40' and
I 8f 9(K ; hence, also, cog-wheel shaped. Also massive : granular, compact.
116
115
Nagyag.
t B.=2-5— 3. G.=5*7— 5-9. Lustre metallic. Color and streak steel-
^7- inclining to blackish lead-gray or iron-black. Opaque. Fracture
Ittehoidal or uneven. Brittle.
r OHpk, Var^— 8 (€0, Pb) S+Sb»S«, or(3euS+Sb«S") + 2 (3 Pb S+8b»S") Ramm.=Sulplmr
"^VimSBMaay 25-0, lead 42*4, copper 12-9=100. Analyses: 1, H. Rose (Pogf?., xv. 573); 2,
^Altt(Bamin. Handw., 123); 3-6, Rammelsborg (Pogg.. Ixxyil 253); 6, C. Kuhlemann (ZS.
lATer. HaUe, viiL 600); 7, P. Field (Q. J. Ch. Soc, xiv. 158); 8, 9, Duft-^noy (Ann. d. M., IIL
xm):
8 Sb Pb On
12-65= 100-08 Rose.
12-68=99-37 Sinding.
13-06=97-57 Ramm.
15-16=99-01 Ramm.
13-06=100-04 Ramm.
12-99, Fe 2-29, Mn 0-17, Si 260= 100 K.
12-70=10010 Field.
12-3=100 Dufr^noy. r
13-3=90-6 Dufri^uoy.
12-52=99-94 Field. G.=6-80.
Hi Meiaeberg mineral (Na 4) is light^ay, and occurs in tabular crystals, with an uneven
' " \ fractoie, and sabmetallic lustre. G.=5-703, Zincken ; 5*726 and 5792, Bromeis ; 6*779,
LSeudorf
20-31
26-28
40-8 i
1 «
19-63
26-68
41-38
llleiseberg
19-49
24-60
40-42
4
18-99
24-82
40-04
fluWolfiiberg
19-76
24-34
42-88
CCkosthal
(i) 18-81
23-79
40-24
T. OomwaU
20-30
26-30
40-80
lAkia
19-4
29-4
38-9
HMexioo
17-8
28-3
40-2
MlHiiasoo
20-45
26-21
40-76
^Aaotibar Yariety (Na 3) is iron-black, with the faces of a rhombic octahedron largely developed.
^ condioidaL Lustre metallic. G.=5-822 and 5-847, Bromeis; 5-844, Zincken; 6-863,
Ifci WoUsbcrg ore (No. 6) is iron-black. The crystals are rectangular prismatic. Fracture
*rtiuiihL Lnatre meiania 0.=6-726, Rammelsberg; 5-796, Zincken ; 5-801 and 5-855, Bromeis.
IktBAaoa cryat and history, .see Ber. Ak. Wien, ilv. 431, 1862. Zirkel makes the macro-
Wnal of the cnrstal above the vertical axis ; and in this we have not followed him, ^>^°^
mikoft n stntidj the normal portion for the vertical axis, or that which homology with the
* reoBirea, sinoe O A M and 0 a 1-i are near 136^ The faces i-i and i-i are homologous with
=* cuMe ftoM^ azid j; / with the dodecahedral, the angle between which, either sido of f-i, la
■fn^\fbo<-4n tiie oloaed tube decrepitates, and gives a dark-red sublimate. In the open tube
*W Hriitoooi Mid, and a white subUmate of oxyd of antimony. B.B. on charcoal ^isea easily,
^ ak fat ooats the coal white, from antunonous acid ; continued blowing givea a yeHow coating
^foT^oriaad; the leiidiM^ treated with soda in R.F., gives a globule of copper.
7
<
98
SXTLPITARSENTrES, ETC,
D«oompoeed hy nitric add^ aflbrdinir a bine sohitioii, aod leavlug a rosidiie of 0ulph
white powder csoDtalniog autimony and lead*
Ob«. — Occmrs in the mloes of Neudorf in the Harz (which La dude the Ueiieherg ]
where the crjBtals occQFiioiianf exceed ao inch in diameter; hIso at Wolfabergr, C
Aiidrcaaberg in the Harv; with quartz, tetr&hediitD, aud phosphorescent bleDde^ at
Trunaylvania, in fiatteoed crystals; at Servoas ia Piedmont^ asaodated with
quarts. Other localitlea are the panah of Braun^dorf and G^radorf in Saxonj, <
etc- : *''"'■ ^^''^n at Wheal Bofs in Cornwall, where tt was flrat found, and henoe i
by rnon^ after whom it was afterward named ; in Mexico ; at Hnaaeo-A^^
at Si 1 renin Bolivia; in Peni.
AlU— Oocura altered to comssite^ malachite, azurite, and also (aa Kanuiielfibm 1
the mineral oaUed wolchiiey whidi occura in aimilar erratalar with the same haragu
«p. ^. (5*8B — 5 '94 Ramm.). It was ori^nally from Woldi in Cariutbia, hot oocura ala^l
with true bourn onite.
Sehrotter, in his analysis of woJdilte from Woldi, obtsii- -' . p .„..., .-*^„ vc ^^j^ ^^^
8b U;'G6, As 6*04» Pb 20*90, Cu \1'^\ Fe 1 40-9U 94 na tht ;
imalyaes (Mln. C3hem., B0\ B iC'81, Bb 24*41, Pb 15'f>^, < . Uitt,
percentage of mixed carbonate, sulphate, and antimouiid salta ot lemi mad vopper^ aod i
120. STSXOTYFITB.
Stylotyp V, Koht^ Bet. Ak. Miinchen, tSGS, I 103, taes.
ChUian minera.
Ortliorhombic. / A / about f)2i^°, near tliat of Boumonite.
crncifonn, angle of intersection near 90*^. Cleavage : none distinc
H.=3, G.=4*79, Lustre metallic. Color iron-black ; Bireiik]
Fracture imperfectly conchoid al, uneven,
Comp, — 3 (6u, Ag, Fe) 8 + Sb* S* tho species being; an tron-ailrer-eopper boumonlie (
-^Ag : Fe=2 : 1, and eu : Ag^6 : l)=::Sulphuf 219, antimony 31*6, copper 2^•l^ iih^crl
t-a^lOO, An«]ysia! v« KobeU (I a):
8 6b Cn Fe A^
24'30 30-53 281)0 7D0 8'3a, Pb» Zn lr,=W'l J
BfKmt etc. — B,B. denrepitatea, and Aises rery eaaQy. On charcoal a ■tM^fray g^lob
ft iBtgiiet:e ; fumo^ of nutimony, and some laad ooatiii^ the ooal
Oba>^ »p(> in OUill,
Name I , aUnmn, and nw^,/prm^ in aUuaioti to the oolumnar rorm, in whJeh itj
fhom tctnijR'ijriM'j iiithough approadiing it in composition.
121. WITTIOHBNITB, KurnTwrismuthera 5W6., Denies, d" Aerate u. Nat. Schu
Xlop'.fBttt^ i\\ tJlt 1807. BisiDUth aulAire ouprif^rei>. Cupreous Biamuth ■ Cup
phuret of Bismuth, Wlsmuth-Kupfer«>ni Z^eonA., 1826. Wittldiit v. KiA, Tat, IZ, U
chonit iir«n»^., tJobern. 1853, HS, 1855.
OrtJiorhonibic. Observed planes C>, i-I, i-l, l-f^ l-i, L and
with hounionite, Brettli, ; prii^matic angle of llO"^ 50\ 8andl
sivo and dkseminated ; abo cotinse columnar, or an aggregate <
prisma. Cleavage in one verticjtl direction,
H.=3'5. G. = 5; 4-3, fr. Gallenbach, Hilger. Color ated-j
white, taniifihing pale lead -gray. Streak black.
Oomp.— 3 f^u 8 I Bt^ S* (fhim Schnoider'a analyses)— Sulphur 19 <!< hisiiiiilk 111
SS-4ft=:lOO; 3 («%, Fe)8-<^Bi»S* from Hilgcr's.
Analyses i I, Klaproth (I a) ; 'i, SchoQck (Ann. Ch. Phann., zel 132); S, T\obl«r ^ I
4-t, Schneider (Foggn xi^iit 305, 472, x.tvH. 476, cxxyIL 302); t. HOgttf (Ux, CSZT, ia>d
8
i2^a
ITI9
Bl
4T*2i
4813
Cu
94 66
9114
— ^f'U 1
2-54:s9IH0 1
BULPHABSENTTES} ETC.
99
8
Bi
On
¥e
3. Wittidieii 17*26 49*65 31*56 2-91= 101-38 Tobler.
i. •' 16-15 51-83 81-31 =9929 Schneider.
ft. " 15*87 50*62 3819 =99*68 Schneider.
6. " (1)17*10 47-44 3409 0*20, Co 0-86=99*19 Schneider.
7. " (J) 18*69 51*40 28*82 0-91=99*82 Schneider.
8. " 18-21 41*53 36*91 8*13=99-78 Hilger.
Pytrf— In the open tabe gives solphurous fames and a white snblimate of snlphate of bismuth.
UL on cfaarooal fuses easily, at first throws out sparks, and coats the coal with oxyd of bismuth ;
Ai nndiie with soda in RF. gives a globule of metallic copper. Soluble in muriatic acid, with
iNlotfon of snlphuretted hydrogen; decomposed by nitric acid, with separation of sulphur.
Obi* — From cobalt mines with barite, near Wittichen in Gallenbach, Baden ; analyses 4-6 are
tf necimeiis from the Neugluck mine, and 7, 8, from the Daniel mine ; also at Zcll, near Wol&ch ;
f rt Cmrtophmine near Freudenstadt
AlL — ^nndergoes easy alteration, becoming yellowish-brown, then red and blue externally,
■ ftnung apparently covellite ; also changing to a greenish earthy mineral, which is a mixture of
ikfhtte. ozyd of bismuth, and hjdrated oxyd of iron ; also to an earthy yellow bismutite and
UMuth-ochre. (Sandberger, Jahrb. Min., 1865, 274.)
U9L BOUZiANOXUUTU. Flomb antunonie sulfure Boulanger, Ann. d. M., UL viL 575, 1835.
SehwefeUuitimonblei (Term. Sulphurct of Antimony and Lead. Boulangerit T?iaijUaw^ ^ogg„ xli.
S16, 1837 ; EdusnL, ib., xlvL 281. Embrithito, Plumbostib, Breith,, J. pr. Ch., x. 442, 1837.
In plumose masses, exhibiting in the fracture a cr}'stalline structure ;
ako granular and compact.
BL=2*5— 3. G.=5-75— 6*0. Lustre metallic. Color bluish lead-gray ;
ifteo covered with yellow spots from oxydation.
Oosp. — 3 Pb S + Sb^'=8ulphur 182, antimony 231, lead 58-7=100. Analyses: 1, Boulan-
C(Ann. d. M., HI. viL 575); 2, Thaulow (Fogg., xli. 216); 3, Bromeis (Pogg., xlvL 281); 4,
il (ib^ ; 5, Abendroth (Pogg., xlvii. ^93) ; 6, Eammelsberg (3d SuppL, 28) ; 7, 8, E. Bechi (Am.
JL&i, IL ziv. 6C) ; 9, Genth (private contrib.):
S
Sb
Pb
53-9, Fe 1-2, Chi 0-9=100 Boulanger.
65*67 =99-03 Thaulow.
56-29=99-64 Bromeis.
53-87, Fe 1*78, Ag 006=98-47 BrueL
55-60= 100-07 Abendroth.
65-15=100 Rammelsberg. G.=5-96.
53-15, Cu 1-24, Zn 141, Fe 0-35=100-23 Bechi.
55'39 ** 1-25 " 0-09 " 0-23= 101-52 BechL
54-8-2, Fe 042, Ag /r.= 100iG«nth.
V^Kk — Same as for zmkenite.
Ouk — Quite abundaut at Ifolidres, department of Oard, in France ; also found at NasaQeld in
iMlaDd; at Nertschinsk; Ober-Lahr in Sayn-Altenkirchon ; Wolfsberg in the Harz ; near Bottino
feTBAcany, both massire, acicular, and fibrous.
JBrnArUkOe is from the locality of boulangerite at Nertschinsk, and is probably the same species.
fttagnnnlar in texture, of a lead-gray color, has G.=6'29 — 6*.sll ; and contains, according to
• (L aX ^®*d 53*3, copper 0'8, silver 0*04, along with antimony and copper. Named from
1. Molidres
18-5
25-5
1. Nasafjeld,
18-86
24-60
3. Nertschinsk
18-21
2504
4L
19-11
23-66
6. Ober-Lahr
19-05
25*40
6. Wolfsberg
18-91
25-94
T. Tuscany, mass.
17-99
2608
8. " ocic.
17-82
27-74
9. Union Co., Nev.
17-91
26-35
Fkanbotiib is also fhnn Nertschinsk. It consists, according to Plattner, of antimony, arsenic,
hnr, a little iron, with 58*8 p. c. of lead; and appears to be boulaugerite. Named {rom plumt
123. KOBEIJJTS. KobeUit Sdtterherg, Ak. H. Stockh., 188, 1839 ; Jahresb., xx. 216.
Besembles gray antimony, but brighter in lustre ; structure radiated.
G.=6-29— 6-32, Satterberg ; 6-145, Kamin. Soft. Color blackish lead
gray to steel-gray. Streak black.
0«i^^3Pb8+Bi'8^+(3Pb8+Sb'8«)Ramm.=3PbS + (Bi, Sb)» S"=Sulphur 168, bismuth
M-S, wtfanooy 10^ lead 54-4= 100.
100
SULPHABaKZOTBi, «rC.
ADaljraw: ]» S&ttorberg (loa dt); % Bammelsberg (X pr. Ch^ tdxri 340):
8 8b ^ Pb Fe Oil
1. IT'86
3. 17^7
9*2i
27HJ6
4013
48^8
2-96
O^m, gmngue l*4S=9^^&i
=98-7& E.
Bamaifrliberg'a ooaljaia represents the compoaitiaD of pure kobeUlte ftfter exdiufinf (^ J
oobiltifeTOua pyHtee, and 3'67 p. o. chAloopjTite, pfcseut aa mocbAnica] imparitiM in th* i
dmh taaljzed.
Pyr^ ale — B.B. In the dosed tube (bses and giyes a falut sublimate of sulphur. la tbt 4
tubc% Mulpburous fQm€8 and a sublimate of oxyd of autitnony. Do cfaajxmd iVtses Siod 1
otxiiiDfT, th'« outer edge of whidi is vhito Stom satiiiicctotis add, eta, aud aeor the ami
jellow. Soluble in oouoeiitnited mitristic add, with e^olntioci of enlpharetted h/drogat.
Oba, — From the oobolt mine of Hrena in Sweden, asaodated wi^ aottnoltte, chsJeooffftl^l
small reddish-white orjstals of a oobaltiferous tuispickel (Kobaltarseoikkied). Named sAvi
Kobea
1^4. AIKINrm. Nadelers M^, Null's Xab,. til 72G. 1804. Bismuth mimH plo
ftr« //:, T*bJ, 105, 1809, Needle Ore; Aciculiir Bismuth; Cupreous Bismuth* Ajkinitsi
man, Mln.^ 127, 1843. Patriniio ffcwL, Ha&db., 568, 1^5. Belouit Ghdf^ Syn. 27.
AdisuUte ma>l, MlzL, 4B7, 1849.
Orthorhomblc, /A 1=110'^ nearly, Ilornes. Crystals long, imb
sicular^ longitudinally striated. Also massive,
H. = *2-2-5. a=:6-l-r>'8; 6757, Friek. Lustr^ metallic
blackii^ Icsad-gray, with a pale copper-red tarnish. Opaque. Fra
iincvLtn.
Oomp.— (3 6tt S^^BP S') + 3 (3 PbS^^Bi>S*)=3 (eu, Pb) 8 + Bl' S»=Sulpbur 167,
aC-2. bud 3«*U copper 1 1*0=: 100, Supposed lo be isomorphoua with boumoniie,
AiiAlj^scji: 1, 2, Prlok(PoKg, »t^ ^^^) I 3, Chapman (PliiL Mag., lit «xi. 541) ; 4» i
f J pr. Ch , liiv. 4&2):
S
Bl
Pb
Cu
I. Beresof
1605
U^^2
3»5-69
11-79
2.
16-61
3646
3605
10*69
t.
18-78
2vn
40-10
12 53
4.
16 50
34-87
3631
1097
Ni
=98*15 Frkk; 0.=6*7i7.
^==99-70 Prick.
::^ 99*64 Qmpmaii ; O.sri.
0-36, Au 0\»9^IOO tlcvm*
Pyr^ tic, — Id the opeo tube gir^i falphurous fttmea, and also ft white ■obliuuite^ wUiA]
bo msea iuto detir drops that are white on ooollu^ ; the assaj becomes iujToufkd«d wllT
(Vuied OKjd^ which ou cooling is trsQS[»Areut sua gre«nish*jfetlow. KB. on eharoosl I
(tire* a white coating, thIIow* tm ihe e<4« uearwt the assajr; with th^ flitxe% rwotinaa fae\
per, and after loug biov\ tie of roetatUc copper.
Deoomposed bjr uitrir . scporatioD nf ^nlpbtir and sulphate of lead.
Qbii Qocars at Ber»^l uuor Katharine r 1% with gold. malachilAt ati i K^^imj
wliito qairte. fo the Uuited Btatw, in the k of 6«orgia (?) in sieader co 9uL»
of wbm have a ceuire of gold, and others trc mivrva lo blsmuthpochro or cupreous
btimutb (Geulh. Am. J. Bd., IL ixxHL 190); probabtv at Ookl UiU, Rowan (>o^ N
Alt«— Ocoura, as just stated -t^ *■• ■( t.. h ,i,.M!ti,^« t,r„ ^nd uati?e gold.
RcnBAVTrrB Hmnann {J, A luad*grsy ore of bl«D«l
mixed with the product of ii^ n Huugary. It is without I
tallSaation- a = t5; G.=6'2L Aaurikd Ui^nuauu, S U'93| 0 t'H JUi sratd^ F^ 9tf|
l*W,0a4-22-99^L
i2i. TBTKAHFIDRTTB. Argenium arsvnico oupro et ferro tuinenUsatiim. tNilertt, i
Mtoftim irgmd griso% WA, 313, 1747. FUen^ Aigsiutum oopro et n — ulpki
iMtasi, O^nai^ 157, 1754 ; Pyrites cTupri griseus, Fahllnipfereiv, Oron.^
^■■liiiai arjpgtalUa pywuddatli trigoDts s> JNn, Uthoph., i 82, 1772. ihipniai4
li%oi^ etc, 9. Bofn, (b^ 108, fahlen, KupfMibkn^ Sdiwsrsers pL, Ajitl
8ULPHAS8ENITE6, ETC. 101
IfiM de CQirre gnse de Liik, Crist, iiL 815 (with figa. crjst\ 1783. Caivre gris jFV. Gray
Oiiper Ore. Panabose BeudL, Te^ iL 438, 1832. Tetraedrit BaicL, nandb., 563, 1845. Clino.
lirikpt, FahHt, Breiih^ B. R Ztg., zxv. 181.
Jffm^f. : Argentom rnde album pt Agric^ Foas., 362, 1546. Weisgylden, IGnera argenti
aftapt, WalL, 812, 1747; Cronstedt, 156, 1758. Weisagoltigerz pt, Silberfahlerz, GraagUtigen
ft, BAwangfltigera pt, GemL Freibergit Kenng,^ Kin., 117, 1853. Polytelit v. Kdb.^ Tafl, 10,
1818 [not of (TZodb., Sjn., 31, 1847].
Ibrmrial: Schwaneiz pt WeriL Quecksilberfahlerz. Graugiltigerz pt ffausm, Sponiolith
cIUl, IGn. Kamen, 98, 1853. Schwatdt Kmng., IfiiL, L o., 1853. Hermesit BreUh.^ B. H.
Z^zzr. 182.
iNNnetric; tetrahedral. Observed planes: those off. 117, with also 4-4,
W^H. ¥-^; ^n on® crystal from Kahl, 1, 2-2, H. Y^^. -1, -2-2,
-44. — 5-S ?, with 0 and i, Hessenberg. Twins, composition face octahe-
M, prodncin^, when the composition is repeated, the form in f. 119, the
■Dpur condition of which is snown in f. 118, a solid seemingly made of
119
tVD interpenetrating tetrahedrons ; also forms similar to f. 62, 63, p. 21, in
irideh the tetrahedrons are united in a reversed position. Also massive ;
gnaular, coarse, or fine ; compact or crypto-crystalline.
BL=3— 4'5. G.=4-5— 5*11. Lustre metallic. Color between light
Cut-gray and iron-black. Streak generally same as the color ; sometimes
fidined to brown and cherry-red. Opaque ; sometimes subtranslucent in
J9rj Hain splinters, transmitted color cherry-red. Fracture subconchoidal
—uneven. Bather brittle.
iTiT— 4 Oa S+Sb' S*, with part of the copper often replaced by iron, zinc, silver, or
ir, and rarelj cobalt^ and part of the antimony by arsenic, and rarely bismath; whence
ilfonniilA 4 {Bn, F^ Zn, Ag, Hg)+(Sb, As, Bi)' S'. Ratio Ag+6u : Zn + Fe generaUy
sSfL There are thus :
JL An snthnonial aeries ;
& Aa aneoio-aiitimonlal series ;
GL A bumnthic arsonio-antimonial ;
taiAM m anemeai, in which arsenic replaces all the antimony, and which is made into a distinct
Wftdm named iauuJoUUe, In the analyses below the largest amount of arsenic given is about 20
|uc;(aiaL20.)
Tar. 1. (kdmarif. Ckmtaining little or no silver (Cupreous tetrahedrite ; Kupferfahlerz, Lichtes
Mlai^ Gnogiltigerx pt, CfemL). Color steel-gray to dark gray. G.=5— 5*8.
1 Argmi^fnwtB ; Ikieibergiie (Syn. above). Light steel-gray, sometimes iron-black. G.=:4*8
-4^orlBiiL
t, Menmr^enw; SeknoalkiU (Syn. above). Color gray to iron-black. G.=5— 5*6. Breithaupt
I the ore of Schwati aloiie «dkwitei^ having G. =5*107 ; that of Kotterbach and others,
102
BULPHARSENTTES, FTO.
baying G.=:&*3 — 5-39^ gpanioiite; that of IfojtcbollandBbergt baring G.=5 5 — 6*506,
(from the Greek Tor Mercuriiis), it afibrdiDg Jig 24'10, Ag &'62. But anotber ore (bna Mi
landsberg contains Hg 17*32 p. c, and no 6iJyer, a fact wbtcb shows the fiitilitj of i
dlride up tetmhedrite into distinct groupa or apedea,
4. Piatinifervtis. An ore from Guadalcanal, opoin, oontakia, according to Taoquelin, Vi
of|1
I t-hing these Tariecics, color, as above oeotv U a poor crit&rion^ It dep
on I... .^. .>..utof iron proaent The argontiferoua ores are oommonJy tho lighter gra^
aiwRja sa
AnalTfiee: Ordinary. 1. Kerl (B, IL Ztg., X855, Na 2) ; 3, Bromeia (Po<?g., |v, IIT): ?
bing (Ramm,, 3d Supply 6lU 4, Klaproth (Beitr., iv. 61); 5, IL Rose (Pogg., it. &U)\
Kuhlemann (ZS, nat Ver Haik, viii, 5t)0, Jahresb., 1856, 834); 7, J. L. Smith (Am. J, S«
xliil G7); 8, Sandmaitn (Ann. Ch. Pharm., bcxxix. 364); 9, H. Rof!©(lc); 10, Wandei
(Johrb. Phann, il 105, Jahresb., 1 854, S 14) ; 1 1, A. Lowe iRose'a R<?i». Ural I 1^1) ; i% WH
{VieH, pr Pbann., iv. 7*i); 13, Sandmntm {\ c); 14, Sandborger (Jahrb. Uin,, 1»«^5, 5Mtf '
Rose (I c) ; 1 6, Kbelmen (Ann. d M., IV. xl 47) : 17, H. Rose (I, a) ; 18, Hiiger (Jahrb. 1
591); in, 'iO, V. Bibra (J. pr. Ch., icvi 2u4).
J . 21, Svanberg ((Efv. Ak. Stoekh., iv. 85); 22, C. Kahlemann (I e);
Siiji < Exp,, il 91); 24. H. Rotio (L a); 26 J, L. Smith (Am J. SoL, IL xUiLj
Randtr ^tamin., iBt SuppL, 62); 27-29, RamojeUberg (Pogg., Ixxril 251); 80, Pwrkull(a
Stockh,, 18(Sa, b5, J. pr. Ch„ c. 62) ; 31, F, A- Genth (Am. J. 8d., IL ivl 83) ; 82, Kkproih {
W. 7»); 33, 34, H. Rose (I a).
Mercuriai. 3r^--»7, v. Hauor(Jabrb. g. Reicba., 1S62, 98, X pr, Ch., Ix, 66); 39, Kl .,
17. 66); 39, V, Huaer(l c); 40. 41, Kt*r«U?n (Pogg^ lix. ISr, livii 42»); 42, C. Bochix,
IL xlv, 60); 43, Schddhauer (Fogg., IviiL 161); 44, v, Huuer (L c); 45, H-Weiden'
IxzTL 86); Uf G. V. Rath (Fogg,, xcvi. 322); 47, (Elkcher (Jahrb. Min., 18ti6, 6v4)i
L Contaifimg UUU or no Silmr,
Sb As Cq Fe Zn Ag
L Ratnmelsbexg^ i
1 DuTflUgo
t. KamBdorf
4, Kapnik
6. ATidM«ii<^ltarg
T,
9, Iniivuburg
ta Fruibrrg
IL Ber«8of
It. OomwttU
18. Slahlbofg
14 Sohwarswrald
15. Gcradorf
1(1. AtgeiU
17. Elaaoo
18. KahV in Zechatcin
Id. Algodon, Bolivia
to. '
fL AphihfmUt
n. oiiQvaiii
11. dua
24. CiMWtlMl
tfc ArfanuHW
se. OkitisllMl
2.'5-8a
23'70
23*78
26*77
26^2
ie*7i
(i) 24-ei
25*03
27-27
2610
36*64
(1) 26-52
28*78
25'yT
28-87
22*0(1
231)4
27v^d
26'&0
26*66
26-27
17*40
21-47
23'6«
19-71
37-96
3711
tr.
2*62 0 67 = 97*»R 1
6D3 r09, Pb 0*5
-=100 Ai
88*78 5*08 3*69
87*76 3-26 6*00 OL'f. '-"-'
37-98 0-86 7*29 O^j
37^8 8*94 6*00 LfiS
8640 t'8il 4*t0 2*30=i»d-U2i
88*17 1*59 6*28 Oet, V} tr,—4
88-42 L62 6-86 0-8;
42-02 8*41 1-89 00.
40*57 2-92 6-07 [ir5Gj -i»:'-i i
39-18 6*99 =99*81^
38*41 2*29 e 60 0*69, Nl «r.,
26*40 14*72 6*98 88*83 6-40 1*37, Go 4 'SI. |i| I
26*38 ie"6l 7*21 88*68 4*89 2*76 2*87=S>8»tl
27*26 U-77 912 41*67 4*66 2*44 =$9^1
86*88 12-46 1019 40*60 4-66 8*69 0*60, qOBfU 0*4 1<
28*84 16*0Ii 10-19 82*04 4-85 3*84 0*2«» Co -^ '• I'hl
19*66
18-00 19*30
86'38
4*29
0-68, Ht
21*14
11-64 20*06
38*72
e*38
0N16, Pb, U^ ^.
s.
Cbnlttiitinif Sikfiti Jhtfbw^ite,
80*06
Uni tr.
82*91
1*81 6*40
2*09, l*h O^Qt
gSftgtt* l-*9 = li>ai
86-64
27*64
84*69
688 8*48
8-18=100-61 m
26'S8
28-21 3*06
36-02
2*86 461
8*4]=99H0 8ilii
84*78
28*24
34-48
2-27 6*66
4 97=: 100-84 B
86-32
27-01 0-61
83*20
0-82 610
4-97=98*03 83
84-10
26*80
86^0
4*60
s*9a,Fbo*9da
It Mdieberg, tnasrioe
fll ^ u
fll ^ erysL
SL CUiurnu, N. G.
iLFnaberg
BULPHAKSENTTES, ETC.
S
84*22
24-69
24-80
23-32
25-48
26-50
28-52
2117
Sb As
26-44
26-74
26-66
[28-76]
17-76 11-66
27-00
26-68
24-68
Cu
31-53
32-46
80-47
80-(4
30-78
25-50
25-23
14-81
Fo
4-36
4-19
3-52
1-86
1-42
7-00
3-72
5-98
Zn
3-25
8-00
3-39
6-02
2-63
8-10
0-99
3. Containing Mercury : SpanioliU.
Ml Formtscfa, Hnngaiy
M U ((
II •* "
Ml " **
Ml
Ml T. di CasteUo
IL Asgin^ Tuscauj
MLl(d<N Hungaiy'
41 ZiTAtkA "
tt Sdiwalz, Tyrol
22-00
19-88
24-89
26-00
24-37
24-17
28-40
24-14
(J) 24-74
25-90
22*96
(}) 22-53
21-90
8,4-58; 21
107; 41, 4-
31-66
88-38
80-18
19-50
25-48
27-47
27-47
26-52
19-34
2rt-70
21-35
19-84
23-45
,4-87;
84; 44,
tr.
4-23
ir.
39-04
34-28
32-80
8900
30-58
35-80
3.V90
87-72
37-54
36-59
34-57
7-38
9-46
6-86
7-50
1-46
1-89
1-93
1-64
6-21
7-11
2-24
6-05
6-24
6-23
1-07
1-34
2-94 35-34 0-87 069
0-31 32-19 1-41 0-10 010
27,4-89—4-946; 28,4*526; 29,
4-605 ; 45, 5*107 ; 46, 5*356.
103
Ag
7-27=97-07 Ramm.
7-55=97-63 Ramm.
10-48, Pb 0-78=100 Bomm
10-00=100 PajkulL
10-53=100 Gkntb.
13-25= 98-25 Klaproth
17-71 =99*91 Roae.
31-29=98*87 Rose.
Hg
0-13 0-52=100-62 Hauer
0*10 3*57=100-07 llauer
0-07 5-57=99-3« Hauer.
6-25=98*25 Klap.
0*09 16-60=98*67 Hauer.
0-83 2-70=98-41 Kerstcn
0-33 2-70=97-97 Keraten
0-45 8-08=99*78 Bechu
ir, 7-87=100 Scheidh.
Oil 8-07=90-48 Hauer.
15*57, gaueue 0*80=
98*83 WeidenbuBch.
17*27, Pb 0-21, Bi 0-81
= 100 Rath.
17-32, Co 0-23, Bi 1-67,
gangue 1*39=99*87 0.
4-852 ; 85, 4*582 ; 86,
4& Eotterbach
. 47. Ifoschellandsberg
a. in anal 12.4-73; 1
41«2; 87,4-733; 39, 5
Oriialt occurs in the ore of Schwarzwald, Moschellandsberg, Schottcnhofon near ZoU, Clara near
Wiflwii Ti, and others.
Ifft^ etc — ^Differ in the different rarietios. In the closed tube all fuse and give a dark-rod
al&nate of sulphid of antimony ; when containing mercury, a faint dark-gray sublimate appears
tf skrv red heat ; and if much arsenic, a sublimate of sulphid of arsenic first forms. In the open
tibe ftiaea. gires salphurous fumes and a white sublimate of antimony ; if arsenic is present, a
ayiUUne volatile subhmate condenses with the antimony ; if the ore contains mercury it con-
denses in the tube in minute metallic globules. B.B. on charcoal fuses, gives a coating of anti-
maoaoM add and sometimes arsenous acid, ozyd of zinc, and oxyd of lead ; the arsenic may be
fctected bj the odor when the coating is treated in R.F. ; the oxyd of zinc assumes a groeu color
vlieii heated with cobalt solution. The roasted mineral gives with the fluxes reactions for iron
tod coipper ; with soda yields a globule of metallic copper. To determine the presence of a trace
of aneoic by the odor, it is best to fuse the mineral on cliarcoal with soda. The presence of mer-
fl«y is best ascertained by fusing the pulverized ore in a closed tube with about three times its
Vs%^ of dry soda^ the metal subliming and condensing in minute globules. The silver is de-
tWHined by copella^n.
Beoompoeed by nitric acid, with separation of sulphur and antimonous and arsenous acids.
ObiL — ^The Cornish mines, near St Aust, have afforded large totraliedral crystals, with rough and
Wl sorfaoes. l£ore brilliant crystallizations occur at the Levaut mine near St Just, at Condur-
roir mine and other places in Ck>mwall ; at Audreasbcrg and Clausthal in the Ilarz ; Kremnitz
is Hungary; Freiberg m Saxony* Przibram in Bohemia; Kahl in Spessart; Kapnlk in Transyl-
vania; DiUenbiirg in Nassan; and other localities mentioned above.
The ore contuning mercuiy occurs in Schmolnitz, Hungary ; at Poratsch, Zavatka, and Kotter-
%aefa near Iglo; at Schwatz in the Tyrol; and in the valleys of Angina and CasteUo in Tuscany.
Tetrahedrite is found in America ; in Mexico, at Durango, etc. ; at various mines in Chili ; in
Bolhria; at the Kellogg mines, 10 m. N. of Little Rock, Arkansas, with galenite. In California in
Mariposa Co., in the Pine Tree gold vein and others ; in Shasta Co., Chicago daim. In Nevada,
■bniidant at the Sheba and De Soto mines, Humboldt Co., massive and rich in silver (the De Soto
cwitaining 16-4 pu c. of silver, Allen); near Austin in Lander Co. ; in Arizona at the Heintzelmau
■■ae, oontaining 1^ p. c. of silver ; at the Santa Rita mine.
Alt. — Ghaloopyrite, malachite, azurite, amalgam, boumonite, erythrite, cinnabar, oovellitc,
oecnr as pseudconorphs after tetrahedrite. Also a red pulverulent mineral, consisting of an acid
of a&tiiDOny, ooml of copper or oxyd of mercury, etc. (See AmmioliU,)
Aamnle of Brauns (lOtth. nat Oes. Bern, 1854, Kenngott's neb.| 1866), from the Annivei
104
6ULPUABS£irrrB8, ETC.
rtSkj in the Valaif^ ia probfibly, aocofrding to Kenogott, only tetrftbedrite. Braiins ob
28-76, Sb 8-80, Ab 10-96, Bi 4^94, Cu 36*57, Fe 3'85, Zd 2^01, miarti 9-4o=100'28v El
quapte, the compc^itjoii corrc8i)onds nearly to 4 R 8 + { Aa* S\ Sb* S*| Bi' 3*), ll i
maflfiiTC, and Li mixed with clialcopjrite.
SluderUe of Fellonberg (Mitth. nat Gea., Bern^ 1664, 178) is a Kimikr coinpoaiid
Uin. (L Sc-Iiweix, 402). It is from Aus»erbcrg in the Upper YulJiiB, Switzerlonii
oUAined, S 24*70, 8b 15-43, Aa 11*38, Bi 0-57, Cu 37*811, Fo 2*73, Zn &*0G^ Fb 0*38»
gftHgue 1*81, G.=r4*G57.
A. FiBLDiTB, — Au ore from mine Altar, 30 leaguen from Coqiiimbo, aflbrdcd P. Field {t
Soc, \Y, 332), 8 30-35, As 3 91, 8b 20*28, Cu 8G-72, Zn 7-26, Fe 1 23, Ag 0*076, Au Of
aofl, of gniisy npi^Hfaranco, irreenigh-fB^ay^ slightly reddiaK, with powder brijfht-r
conatder» it impure with blende, pyrite, and galeiiite. Ettling obaorves (ib^ vi. 140) \
aliiutiou r ;- ' iif^ rather to enargite than totrtihtKlrite, correepotidiag to the f
^, F'-% .\ Vb*) SV Konngott has named it FidditA,
B. APEii . : .-- ,^jr Afionite) Svonborg, — A steel-gray ore, resembling tetrahe^IH*'' l*" i
ticAl with it; H, = 3; (}.=4 87; and it coutaiiis, according to Svanberg (Ber
296), 8 30-05, Sb (with ir. of Au) 2i-77, Cu 32*91, Ag 3*U9, Za 6*40, Fe 1 31, r
ftaQgae 1-29 = 100-35, Ratio of eulphid of autimouy to that of the other metak, 'i : ^A
Wermland in Sweden.
126. POLYTKLITK Ghtk,, f^yn., 31, 1847. (Y' " "era pt) An or© consUtittg i
I lead, silver, antimony, and sulphur. Glocker uelBberg'a Biudy«« (Pogg^ "
Mia. Git^ 99) of au ore from Hoffnung Gottes u..... ...... Froiberg, a fine-gratmlar ore, i
=6*438 — &^6&, appareatly homogeneous, but somewhat mixed with blende and |iyTit«.
ftOiljsed a related ttiei«07iU%0nK irom the Himmebnirst mine near Freiberig (B^ilr. L 19$),
8
Sb
Cu
Fe
Zn
Pb
Ag
1. mmmdaf^lnt, Ught
a. ** dark
5. Hoc 0.
13*21
22-39
22*63
8*60
21-88
2239
032
2*42
179
3-83
6-79
51*81
41-73
38-31^
22-00 ==l
941=1
G*7a=;
RammeUberg makes the miDeral, fh>m Lis aoalyalfly a ailTer-lead tetrahedrite, with Iho I
4 (Pb| Ag, FB| Zn) B-I-Sb' S*, in which the ratio Fe : Zn ; Pb + Ag=2 : 3 : 6, and Pb ! A|
127. TENNANTTTB. Gray Sulphuret of Copper in dodecahedral crTBteb Sowmhf, \
1817. Teunaniite TTm. <t R. PkiUips, Q. J. Sci., vii 96, 100, 1819. Ar«enikftlJkhl9
Kupferblende Br^th., Chjir., 131, 261, 1823, Fogg., ix. 613, 1827, Sandbergvrii
Ztg.i XXT. 187, 1866,
Ii*ornetric; huloliedral, Phillips. Observed planefi O^ I^ 1, 2!
Figs, 55, 57, ^^>^^ htmI 1H witli plnnes of 55. Cleavage; dodccahedr
perfect Twins oa id tetriiljedrite. Massive forme unknown.
II.=3-5-4. G.=4-37-4-53: 4-37-4-49, Ck>niwall ; 453, Skulj
Lustre tiietnllic. Color bltifkieU lead-gray to iron-black- St
reddiish-graj. Fracture uneven,
Ooii»p^<-^ (6ti, Fe) g-f-Aj'S*, agreehig in crystallin© form and p«^- - ' '^ -
[ drtte. Analyses: 1» Phillips (I e,); 2, Kudcrnatsch (Poi?>,% iis
iBamin, ICn. Ch,, 88); 4, Rammelfiberg (Miu. Ch., «8); 6, Fearntey iii„.-.
i, riAtttier ii^)gg., Ixril 422) ; 7, Kerbacb (a IL Zig., zxr. 1S7):
8 Aa Cu
I. T»«lHiiDe, CORIW. ftO'ffi 12*40 47*70
J, " " 27-76 19*10 48-94
3. » *' 26-88 20*68 4^*68
C *• *♦ «6-6l 19*03 61-62
[«. ttli«terod,a.=4'6a 29-18 19-01* 42 00
%, K^i^iimidM 28*11 18*88 41-07
t. BmdUfT^HM 26'IS U-7S 41*08
Fe Zn
9*76 =10016 Phillipa.
367 Ag *r., fcH 0H)8=i9^ Kud.
8-09 5r99 18Waek.
1*95 =^90 21 RamiB.
9*2 1 = 1 00 Peamto,
2-23 8*Ji9. Ag, Sh, tr^ Pb 0-34-99-SI
2-a» 7*19, Sb 7-19, Pli a-77 = lOO*4« [
TkM Kopf^rbknd^ BfmiK (or ti^/MertX fVom near FrttHiorg (anal 6X i»» V^f^
\ I9ple0i4 tj i&no. Its tttvok ia browuiab or dirty cherry-red; G.— 4-<— -4'4 The i
SULPHABSENTTES, ETO.
105
dL f]^ flrcHn L. Morooocha in Pern, is stated to have cubic deavagOi an iron-black color, and G.
tSU; it is in tetrahedral crjstals, having also the planes t^ 2-2.
EhfC — In the closed tube gives a sublimate of sulphid of arsenic. In the open tube gives
Mil 01 If I fames, and a sublimate of arsenous add. B.B. on charcoal fuses with intumescence
liBiiskm of arsenic and sulphur Aimes to a dark-gray magnetic globule. The roasted mineral
m rMctiooa for copper and iron with the fluxes ; with soda on charcoal gives metallic copper,
kkfKL
3biK— Formerly found in the Cornish mines, particularly at Wheal Jewel in Gwennap, and
hHl Unity in (Iwinear, usually in splendent crystals investing other copper ores ; but latterly
tart witti unless at EsiSt Relistian mine. Also at Skutterud in Norway, and in Algeria.
I after the chemist^ Smithson Tennant
128. MBNBOHINITB. Bechi, Am. J. Sd., IL xiv. 60, 1862.
Vonoclinic, v. Rath. Observed planes : vertical, i4, i-i, /, i-^, i-i. i-4,
ii4; hemidomes 1-i, 2-i, -1-i, -2-i; hemioctahedral, 2-2, and four others.
rA/=140'' 16', i-i A i-S, front, 108° 17', i-t A i-^, front, 85° 23', i-i A -1-i
=110** 0', i4 A -2-i=124:° 30', i-i A l-i=107° 54', i-i A 2-i=124° 29'.
^itals slender prismatic. Twins : composition-face i-i; 1-i A -l-i=:177°
Wt the two faces 1-i, -l-i being nearly in the same plane. Also compact
Iroiis.
E=2'5. G.=6'339. Lustre metallic, very bright. Resembles boulan-
IKite.
^ ^ Pb S+8b' 8". analogous to tetrahedrite. Analysis: 1, K Bechi (L c.); 2, v. Rath
%,exzxiL1867):
S
Sb
Pb
Cu
Fe
LBottino
17-62
19-28
69-21
3-54
0-36=99-90 BechL
1 "
16-97
18-87
61-47
0-39
0-23, undec 0-82=98-26 Rath.
tilib — Oocors at Bottino, near Serravezza, in Tuscany, along with galenite, boulangerite,
■HDDite, etc., and also crystals of albite; also in the neighboring valley of Oastello. FirB%
Mned by Frot Meneghini, of Pisa. The crystallization has been determined as above given,
ioyrtalB, both simple and compound, figured by v. Rath (I a). Q. Sella made it orthorhombic
■L oflk:. dltaL, 1862).
BL CSOOHONTFB. G«okronit Svanberg^ Jahrcsb., xx. 203, 1839. Kilbrickenite Ajpjohn^
Trans. R. Irish Ac, 1840. Schulzit Hausm.^ Handb., 166, 1847.
Olthorhoniic. /A 7=119° 44', Kemdt. Observed planes: /, i-i, 1-2.
lA 1-5, pyram., about 153° and 64° 45', bas., 122°. Cleavage : /. Usually
inve. Also ffranular or earthy.
BL=2— 3. S.=6'4— 6-6. Lustre metallic. Color and streak light
id-gray — grayish blue. Fracture uneven.
»PbS4-(Sb^ As)' S'=Sulphur 16*5, antimony 16*7, lead 66-8=100. Analyses: 1,
mhetg (Jahresb., xz. 203} ; 2, Sauvage (Ann. do K, III. xviL 525) ; 3, Kemdt (Pogg., Izv. 302) ;
Afjofan (La); 5, Svanberg (CEfy. Ak. Stockh., 1848, 64) :
LSila, Sweden 0.=6*54
1 VeMKSdmtfUe a.r=6-43
tTmmsj, a=6-45-6*47
4 JOrk^tmOe a.=:6-407
it Mtan G.=6-434
s
Sb
As
Pb
Ou
16-26
9-58
4-69
65-45
1-51
16-90
16-00
64-89
1-60
17-32
9-69
4-72
66-55
116
16-36
14-89
68-87
15-16
5*66
4-62
64-17
4-17
Fe
0-42, Zn 0-1 1=9903 Sy.
=99-39 Sauvage.
1-78= 100-96 Kemdt.
0-88=100 Apjoiin.
008, Ag 0-24, Zn 0-69, Ou
4-17, 3tl 1-9=98-36 Svanberg.
for the last the formula 6 Pb S+(Sb, As)* S".
for rinkenite.
106
BCLPOAI^ENrrEd, £T0.
Obi« — FroDd the sU^er minefl of Sak In Sweden ; tdao from GaJUdA, ICefido in I
in gulona; it crumbleii easily and eoila tbo fingers; the T&Uej di Castello near ^Jetfoi
Tuactttij.
The kUbriekeTuis la from EUbrickon, Claro Ca, Irelimd.
Tbe name geoorooitG is derived Trom yo, sarUt, aud KHi'x, ^bAtm, the aichemtotle t
leod
Jl minersl found at Tinder's gold mitic% Louisa Go.^ Ta., may he this spectea It <
OOrdiog to Oenth (Am, J. Sci., IL zix. 9/ B 16, Pb 60, Ag 025, with uitimouj and i
An vntiniouia] ore IVom between La Paz and Tungns. in Bolivia, is refi^rrod hei« bj ]
{PhiL Mi^., IV. nix, 9).
130p eTBPHANTm. Argrentum rude nignim?, Germ, Sdbwarsent, pt, Affrie^ Inti
1456. Svttrtgyldou, Schvartaertz, pt Minora argenti nigra epongioaa {ft, Frcib
3 IS, 1747, Argenitun mineralieatum nigrum fragile ^fr. Sehomnita, eUx\
Hung, niioers) Bom^ Lithoph., L 81, 1772, Sprodgkserz Wem,, 1789. 3pr6dglJ
Bilver Ore, or Glimoe, BHttle Sulpburet of Silver. Argent noir pt, H, Tr^ 1801.
Air^ fragile /r, SehwaizgtllUgorE Looiih,, Handb., 638^ 182€> Paaturoao Beud,, Tr^
1882. Stopb^nit Edid^ Haodb., 570, 1845.
Ortliorhombic. /A /=115'=* 3&\ OA 1-1^132° 32f; aibic^l
1 : 1 *5844. Obsen ed planes : O ; vertical^ i-t^ i^-tj i-u, i-^ ^S, f-l ;J
f », 14, 24, 4-1, J^I, 7-1, 8-t, M; octrtbedral, i, |, i, f, 1, ^, ^-n^ \
14, f &, 15-5, 84, f A, la, f S, 3^A, f s, 4-3, Jj^V, 54, |4, r»-| ; fS, i
120
Oa 1=^127 5L
O A 3^:111 U.
O A 1-1=145 34.
0 A 34=126 6.
^^
3V
l-lAl-t, OV\f-i,=ra8*'5!
2-1 A 2-1^ ov. f4,=107
lAl, mae.,= 131 16.
1 A Ij brot^i-,— ye 8,
Cleavage: 2-i and i-t imperfect. Twins: oom|
fiiee // fonns like those of aragontte freqn^
Biiissive^ oompact^ and disseminated.
II. =3— 2*5. G.=6 2G0, Trzibram, Lustre
Color and btreiik iruu-black. Fracture uneven,
Oottp.*-5 AgS^Sb'SHsSulphar 16-3, uUmonj 158, aUTer 68*5—100.
fioae (Pcis^ 3tT. «T4); Kcrl (B. 11. Z^., teSS, Ko. S):
t> Afldraaoborg
14*68
014
OC4 = JOO-:I«|
=::100-M3
Oooildefod ao araonlcal mlnofd utitH Klapirotli^s analysts tn 1793 (Battr., I 1C3).
p^.^Io tbt dosed tuba dacrapitatea, taaa» aiRd after I009 baalteff gi^M a faint 1
saJpbki of aatimonj. In iha opan lob^ ^laai^ ^^Dg cff antJmonla] nimca and 1
B.K m charcoal fViaes with prq|aGtfOB of tmall par&ieSi ooata Cho ooal with
whJolt after long blowing is ooikml rod JhMn oijdi»d sQTer, and a s^ob^ of 1
c^btalnad.
MUbk N^ acid, aotpbar and OKyd of sntitBOiMr btii^ dapoaiML
0bm^ sUvvr ofra% at Fi«(b#fipr, MttmUbtirf^ and JoluyuM
Saiony ; • boixlta in Iloli* 1 -Mic>mnits and Krannital
Andf^aAi '4*tmiv<»a tu Mi- i Peru.
In Up\ ' '^* In the C\Hi<niv^«> iiPtia; at Ophir and MiPtttiiti 1
orntala: irtmboklt and other Mkfia. In Iddba^ al thai
iCaaieLi 1 a, Miniaip Director of Anatrfa. A valoalbla ora oTl
T\m af»aia«» urphouB with aragonite, 800 cm erj%U F. II. Bc^roadai; tVJH^i
Alir-0r7»u. ^U3«)d to ailvar, and alao to atgantop/nto (fk 4lt)b
SULPHABSENirXS, ETO.
UL FQLYBA8ITB.
107
Su-
SprddglaBens pt Wem, Poljbasit K Base, Fogg., zr. 673, 1829.
gengkns BteWu, Char., 266, 1832.
Orthorhombic, Deed. I A I nearly 120°, O A 1=121° 30'. Observed
Ams Oy JT, 1. 1 A 1, pyr.,=129° 32', 1 A 1, ba8.,=117°. Crystals usually
mt tabular prisms, with the bases triangularly striated parallel to alter-
■te edces. Cleavage : basal imperfect. Also massive and disseminated.
H.=2— 3- G.=o*214. Lustre metallic. Color iron-black; in thin
rb chenr-red by transmitted light. Streak iron-black. Opaque except
quite thin. Fracture uneven.
OoBii. — 9 (Ag, 6a) 8+(Sk>, As)* S*=, if oontaining sflver without copper or arsenic, Sulphur
IH^ ntunonj 9-7, saTer 76-6=100. More probably 10 (Ag, €u) 8 + (8b, As)* 8*, in which the
mamd member ia hd^ what it is in the preceding species, and the at. ratio (Ag, 6u) and (8, Sb,
il)fi 2 : 3. Analyses: 1-3, H. Rose (La); 4, C. A. Joy (Inaug. Diss., 24);. 5, Tonner (Lotos,
m, 85, Jahrb. Min^ 1860, 716):
S
Sb
As
Ag
On
Fe
Zn
1. Dorango, Mexico
17-04
6-09
3-74
64 29
9-93
006
=1001 6 Rose.
1 Schenmits
1683
0-25
6-23
72-43
3-04
0-33
0-59=99-70 Rose.
t Freiberg
16-35
8-39
1-17
69-99
411
0-29
=100-30 Rose.
4. Cornwall
16-87
5-46
3-41
72-01
3-36
0-34
=100-45 Joy.
6. Pnihram, G.=6-03
16-55
11-63
68-55
3-36
0-14
=9913 Tonner.
IL Fofbee fbond in crystallised specimens from Tres Puntos, Chili, 67*47 and 66-94 p. c. of silTer,
^ia a maaaiTe ore from Romero, 8. of Copiapo, 66*14 p. a (Private communication.)
Fpi, etc — ^In the open tube ftises, gives sulphurous add and antimonial fumes, the latter
Iming a white sublimate, sometimes mixed with crystalline arsenous acid. B.B. fuses with
llMog to a globule, gives off sulphur (sometimes arsenic^ and ooats the coal with antimonous
HK; with long-continued blowing some varieties give a famt yellowish-white coating of oxyd of
^ and a metallic globule, whi<£ with salt of phosphorus reacts for copper, and cupelled with
MgiTea pare silver.
Dfeoompoeed by nitric add.
Oha.— Occurs in the mines of Guanaxuato and (raudalupe y CSalvo in Mexico ; also at Guarisamoz
kDarangov ^^^ chaloopyrite and caldte ; at Tres Puntos, desert of Atacama, Chili : at Freiberg
■I Pfcnbram. In Nevada, at the Reese mines ; in Idaho, at the sQver mines of the Owhyhee
I from nXif, many, and 0atnsj ^cue, in allusion to the many metallic bases present
Alt Stepbanite and pyrlte oocur as peeudomorphd after polybasite.
132. BBAJBLQrlTFL Enargit BreUKj Pogg., Ixxx. 383, 1850.
IL xxvii. 62, 1859.
Orthorhombic. I A 7=97° 53^ O A l-z=136"
0-94510 : 1 : 1-1480. Observed
j^anes: O; vertical, /; i-l, i-t;
domeB, ^, 1-i, 2-t, 1-i; octahedral,
6> A f-i=154^ 43'
O A ^=117 53
O A l-t=:140 20
O A 1=128 35
CSeavage : / ^rfect ; i-i, i-? dis-
tmct ; 0 indistinct. Also massive,
gnanlar or columnar.
H.=:8. G.=4-43-4-45 ; 4362,
Kenn^tt. Lnstre metallic. Color
pavim to iron-black ; streak gray-
labllack, powder having a metaUic lustre. Brittle.
Guayacanite Field, Am. J. ScL,
Peru.
Fracture uneven.
108
SULPHAUfiENlTES, ETC.
Oomp.— At ratio for Co. As, S=3 : 1 : 4; whence 3 €u S-l- A8»S*=8ijlplinr32*5, an
copper i8'4=U»0. Analyses: 1, Plattopr (Pogg., Ixxn a83j! 2» P. Field ^L a); S, tJ
(Ber. Ak. Miindu, L 161, 1866)i 4, W. J. Taylor {Ftoc A& Phika., 168, 185T); 6, Qeothj
8cl, IL zxiiL 420); 6, 7, Luthe ft EammelBberg (Z& 6., xvtii. 241); B, B. a T
ocmtrib.):
S
As
Sb
Cu
Fe
Ag
1. Pmh
32-22
n-do
1-61
47-20
0-67
0 02, Zn 0-23=09 46 FtnUiMir,
». ChiH, Otiaj/.
31*82
19-U
48-50
tr.
«r, = 99-40 Kdd.
3. Ooquirabo
3211
18-lU
48 89
047
Te 006, Zn, 8e l^.= 90*03
4. N, Grcnuda
34*fi0
lC-81
1-29
46*H2
0*27
^rrOa-Oft Taylor.
6. Chestorfleld
8»'78
15dS
G0-&9
=100G«ath-
a Cosihulracbl
81'8«
17-17
«- —
&0-O8
O'Oft
=99-20 Luthe.
7.
d245
16*88
49*21
1-68
^91* 12 Ramm,
8. Colorado (f) S0*95 17*46 1 35 4ttlS4 1*0^
■ inaoL l-98 = 9r**40 Bufton. 1
QcQth's analyais wvlb made on ^* too small a quantity for a complete ezAmlnatioa,**
Pyr. — In the dosed tube deciropltates, and gives a Bublimatx^ of axdpUur; ut a higliar I
tnro fuses, and gives a sublimate of sulpMd of orsenia In the open tube, hoat«id |
powdered mineral giyea off sulphurous and arsenous adds, tbo latter onndenaing ioj
contaiuiug wome anlimonoua add. B,B. on charooal Aisea, and girea a Mnt ooalf
acid, aQtinumom add, and oxyd of zinc; the roaaied mineral with the fluxes gtvoi^
luetaltic copper,
Holuble in nitro-muriatic add.
Oba.— From Morocodta, CordUleraa of Pern, at a height of l&tOOO feet^ in large i
Bioually with small druses of orystahi, along with tennantite, imbedded in crystalline
(anaL 1); Gordilleras of Chili {gua^acami$^ anaL 3); same, mine of HediondaA, Pror. {
(onaL 8); minon of Santa Annxi, N. Grenada, in oaTitiee in quartz (anal 4)- at Coslha
Mexico; Brewster's gold mine, Chesterfield dlatrict, SL Carolina (anal 5); in Oolorad/> (a
Wnim's Gulch, near Black Hawk*
For Dauber on oryat, see Fogg. xciL 237, Breithaupt (ib., Txxr. 383) made /A j
Rammelaberg (ZSL G., xvui. 242) 98° 10 *
133, XANTBOOONITB. Xanthokon Br^Wu, J. pr. Ch., xx, 07, 1840«
Rhombuliedral ; JiA/i=z7r 34'; O A i?=110^ 30', a=:3-3163j
served planer i?, -2, 0. O A 2=10(r 35'. Cleavage : Ji, and 0.
in i^niionu uui^og, with the interior consisting of luinuto crystalB.
II.=2. G. =5*0— 6*2. Color dull-red to cTove-brown; crystals i
yellow on the edgc« by tntnsrnitted light. Streak-powder yellow.
Oom^— (» Ag 8 + Aa' 8') + 2 (3 Ag S + As' S^-Solphur 21*1, araenio 14*9, iAt
AaalyvM: Ptattiier (Pogg., Ixiy. 375):
S As
Ag
Fe
6418
09T-100
C3-88
=100
Pyr. — In tbo dowd tab«, at a gentle heat, the yellow oaHor la clmnged to dark*ro4 ]
ooalioff H regoina its orlginaj (x*l ' ' r temperature fUseK, and gives a (klnt tuti'^'
aiibhid Oifarseaio; In the op< i< liarooal, behaves like pro|»stite.
Obfc Occofa wiUi atephantt - .:.......' lanirsS mine near Freiberg.
NttEoed in atltiflion to ila yellow powder, (Vom i^*^^i^ ydUot^, and «#ra, powdtr^
APPENDIX TO SULPIUDS, Etc,
194, CLATITfi IT. J, fb^. Proa Ac. FhHad, Kor. \W$,
tiMatfk^ t«li«badraL Oocurniiff fbim the tetrahedioitf witli plaoMi of Um i
" " inovniliiiB'
Odkr ■nistiMk Ikladdali loaiifrM^. 0|»({ii*, 8
Omiala email Atoo matfNi^
BULPHARSENmCS, ETC. 109
iatfBM hy W. J. Tbjlor (L a):
8 Ab Sb Fb Cu Ag
1. 8-22 9-78 6-64 68-61 7*67 trace.
a. 8'U undeL undet 67*40 5'62
Kpom Pera. Probablj a reeult of alteration. Bequires further inyestigation.
136. BOUVIANITE. Bolivian Breith^ B. H. Ztg., zxv. 188.
Orthoiliombic; In adcolar rhombic prisms, tufts, and fine columnar. Resembles stibnite.
H.=2i. 6. =4*820— 4-828. Oeavago: i-{ distinct Lustre submetallic. Color lead-gray, a
lib darker than in stibnite.
iflDording to T. Baditer, an antimonial snlphid of silver, containing 8*5 p. c. of silver.
' iBoliTia.
M, BULPHOSELENID OF ZINC AND MEBCUBY. A. del CasWJo, in priv. comm., dated
Mexico, Feb. 27, 1865, to Prof. Henry, and from him to the author.
^ eryftab (rhombohedrons ?) : deavage not observed.
G. = 6-67 — 7 * 1 66. Color dark lead-gray. Streak grayish-black.
.— AooordiDg to Castilloes trials, a compound of sulphur, selenium, zinc, and mercury, of
milled proportions.
^Pm, xiOL— In the dosed tube gives a grayish-black sublimate, and above this a ring of metal-
veuy ; in the open tube affords the odor of selenium, a blackish zone of selenium, and
^Is a grayish-red ozyd, and still higher a sublimate of mercury. B.B. the selenium and
ly are volatilized, leaving a residue of ozyd of zinc, yellow while hot and white on cooling.
'Ci wcoal bums with a bluish flame, giving first the odor of sulphur and then of selenium ; the
^ tnms yellow, then red, and finally yields a yellow skeleton of oxyd of zina Insoluble in
add ; soluble in nitro-muriatic add.
Or^-Oocdts at the quicksilver mines of Guadalcazar, along with cinnabar, and in cavities in
flnorite, and gypsum. Appears to be near onofrUe^ No. 65 A, p. 56.
110 00MF0TJND8 OF OHLOBINB, BROMINB, lODINB.
m. COMPOUNDS OF CHLORINE, BROMINE, lODE
1. ANHYDROUS CHLORIDS, ETC.
1. Composition B* (Gl, Br, I).
1. CALOMEL GBOUP. Tetragonal
186. Calomxl, Hg'CL
2. Compoflition B (CI, Br, I).
1. HALITE OBOUP. Isometric.
187. STLTm, KCL 140. Cerargtbttr, AgCL
188. HAun, Na CL HI. Emboute, Ag (O, Bi).
139. Sal AMMonAO, KH^ d. U2. Broxtbite, Ag Br.
2. lODYBITE GBOUP. Hexagonal
143. lODTRITB, AgL 144. COCCDOTE, Hg L
8. COTUNNITE GBOUP. Orthorhombic.
145 COTUNNITB, PbCl.
3. Composition B' CI".
MOLYSITE GBOUP.
146. MOLTSITE, Fe'Cl".
2. HYDROUS CHLORIDS.
147. Carnalutb, (K Mg) Cl + 4 It. 149. Kremehsite, 2 (K, Am) Cl + Fe'Q'+Sfl
148. Tachhtdhitb, (Ctt, Mg) a + 4 tl.
3. OXYCHLORIDS.
150. Matlockite, Pb a+ Pb O. 1 63. Atacamite. 3 C'u tt + (Cu d) tl
161. Mexdipitr, Pb('l + 2PbO. 153 A. Talungite, 4 (5ufl + (Cua)rt + 8t*
162. bcuwARTZEUBKRornc, Pb I + 2 Pb 0. 1 o4. Percylite.
il/7>eflduc— 166. ClILORID OF MaONUIUM. 166. COLORID OF MAKQAinESE. 167. lOUDOl
16d. Uromid or Zuio.
CHLOBIDB. Ill
1. ANHTDEOUS CHLORIDS, ETC.
HI OALOMBXs. Horn Hercary (fir. Deux Fonts) Waulfe, Phfl. Trams ^^^ l'^'^^. lOnede
■Kcare oom^ de Lide^ Crist, iiL 161, 1783. Qnecksilber-Homerz Wem., BerguL J., 381, 1789.
BonQoickmlyer; Didilorid of Mercuiy. Kalomel, OhlorqnecksUber, Chlonnerour, G^erTTk Mer-
m dilonii^ ^.
Tetragonal. (? A 1-^=129° 4'; a=l-232. Observed planes: vertical,
/, f-i, t-f ; octahedral, J, 1, 1 ; f-i, 2-i ; zirconoid, 2-2, 2-f , |-2.
OA2-i=112°5' <?Al=119°51' 2-iA2-i, pyr.,= 98° 8'
OAi4=U0 36 (?Ai=U9 51 lAl, pyr.,=104: 20
Pyramid 2-i when alone gives a very acute termination to the prism,
deftvage: /, indistinct. Twins compounded so as to have the vertical
ixis in one line, but the edges of the pyramid of one in the same plane with
* &e feces of the pyramid ol the other.
HL=1— 2. G.= 6*482, Haidinger. Lustre adamantine. Color white,
jdlowish-gray, or ash-gray, also grayish, and yellowish-white, brown.
hresk pale yellowish-white. Translucent — subtranslucent. Fracture con-
doidaL Sectile.
Ooo^i^-Hg* Cl=Chlorme 16-1, mercury 84*9=100.
. Fyr., etc — In the closed tube Toktilizes without fUsion, condensing in the cold part of the tube
[' Ms white sublimate ; with soda gives a sublimate of metallic mercury. B.B. on charcoal volati-
h% coating the ooal white. Insoluble in water, but dissolved by nitro-muriatic acid ; blackens
lisi treated with alkalies.
Obs^— At MoscheDandsberg in the Palatinate, coating the cavities of a ferruginous gangue,
■ndated with dnnabar^-crystals often large and well-defined ; also at the quicksilver mines of
ikb m Oamiola ; Almaden in Spain ; Horzowitz in Bohemia.
[ According to Hessenberg, crystals from Moschellandsberg afford Oa l-i=129° 40', 0A2-i=
from raX^<, leauUfid^ and /liXi, honey^ the taste being sweet, and the compound the ifer-
iulds of eariy chemistry.
137. STIaVrrB. Muriate of Potash (fr. Vesuvius) SmWisoriy Ann. PhiL, 11. vL 258, 1823.
Olorid of Potassium. Kali SalzsaureSi Chlorkalium, Germ, Sylvine BewLj Tr., il. 511, 1832.
Hoevelit H. Girard, Jahrb. Min. 1868, 568. Leopoldit K Reichardi, Jahrb. Min. 1866, 831.
Scfaatsellit and Hovellit (fr. StassfurtX B. H. Ztg., zxlv. 276, Ann. Gh. Phys., IT. y. 318, 324.
Isometric. Figs 1, 6, 2. Cleavage cubic. Also compact.
H.=2. G.=r9--2. White or colorless. Vitreous. Soluble; taste
like that of common salt.
Oootpb— K Cl=Pota8sinm 52*5, chlorine 47-5=100. That of Vesuvius, according to A. MuUer
(TeriL Ges. Basel, 1854, 113), is pure, affording no trace of lime, magnesia, or alumina, and only a
taet of soda. The sylvite of the Anhalt salt mine, Leopoldshall, afforded Reichardt (I. c.) K 52'4,
047-4.
Pyr^ etc — B.B. in the platinum loop (Vises, and gives a violet color to the outer flame. Added
Id t salt of phosphorus bead, which has been previously saturated with oxyd of copper, colors the
€LP. deep azure. Water completely dissolves it, 100 parts taking ^p 84*5 at 18*75'' 0. Heated
vMi Bolf^nnc acid gives off muriatic acid gas.
Obfc Qocors at Vesuvius, about the fumarolos of the volcano. Also at Stassfurt, in the
ftnallite beds of the salt formation; at Leopoldshall (leopoldUe).
The oompoond is tiie Sal digesUvua Sylvii of early chemistry, whence Bendant*s name for the
There is no reason for changing it in the fact that &e earlier known mineral was of
iorfgin.
OGMPOUNDd OF GHLOKIirBy BROMINE, IODINE*
138. HAUTS. CJOBIMOK SALT. Rock Salt, Muriate of Soda, ChJorid of Sodium.'
Steinaalz, Bergsalz, Germ, Soude muriutetv Chlorure de »odilltx^ Sal gomnie,
BemL, Tr., 1832. HoUtoB OloeJe,, Byxi., 290, 1847.
1
conchoidal.
Igometric, 01>served planes, 0, 1, /, \
2j 6, 16, and 6 + 16 ; iisnally in ciibe^ ; iwilj
hedrons; faces of crystals gometimea cavera<
f. 122. Cleavage : cubic, perfect. Ma^sii
lar, rarely columnar.
H.=2-5. G.=21-2-257 ; of pnre ei-
Iluutv Lustre vitreous. Streak white.
also BOTtietimes yellowish, reddish, hliiidh, i
vf^en colorless. Transparent— t ran si uce "^
Rather brittle* Soluble; taste purely saline.
Ootnp.— NrtCl=rhlorinG 60'7, sodium .^9*3=::100. Commonlj mixed with
Ij' V and eWorld of mognenium^ and comttiineB sulpbntc of
p inesce, Aualynca: I-4i, Berth ier (Add. d M., x. 25U); y» Fi
it. ow' i; .n, Ji unirtf isliorg (Mm* Ch., 1014); U, 12, C- A* Goeancianu (RrjK on
Mine, Bureau of Mine?, New York, 18»i7, 17):
ivemi
t
lidhy J
!e]]|H
Df nup
Tic, whits
" grayiah
liareQnaeii whiU^
** yeihw
I.
3.
4.
6.
6.
t. ^»
8. **
0. Algtori
10. StUAnfurt
IT. l^tit Atui^ ipK^
13. 6t. Domingo
NdQ
y93
»7*8
»0-3
99-8
97-2
S^STO
96-78
»6'27
97-8
97-36
96-88
98-33
MgOl
0-4
0-fl8
0*27
M
0*04
CdS
0-B
0*3
6-0
I'i
1-21
109
109
101
079
1-48
KftS MgS
2-0 —
0*5
0-66
0*60
0-80
043
CUkj 0-2=100 K
1-9=100 B.
20 Jt 0-7=1
— tt0-i~l
0*7=100 a
1-20^100 a
0^6=100 a
1*67=100 a
5i 1*6. fl 0*6=100 F.
0 23, n 0*30=99'82
OttOl ir.. ti 0*33 = 1
0*0*1, ti 0 07,in8ol. U"01 =
Ot}i«r Aiuilrsei: Salt fh>m 8t8«sfart, bjr HclutK. Za nut Yer. Hftllcs xi 346; fk^
Y^ , ^ir._r _„„ __ t ^:._ _ Y^^ ^ ^^ ^ij^ g^^, (y^,^ WteUczkfl, BerebteBgwdeo, ffaH %
li bj G. Bifichoi; GeoL, ii. InCy. 1675; frotu Krftirt mdj
S r, .1 Jl^ vil 404; fh?m Vo^u?iiiB» 1H22, bj Laugier. Foi
Vcauvius, i960, by Bi^chof; ftrm» Ve^uvias, 1850, by Soaochi^ Ann, d. It, IV
Vcrtmit?. 1N65, by DeviUe, BulL G. i^r. IL nil 620.
\n itate ports of water. 3ome Tarieti«?!s attract moifltaro, but iro uni
ai
' '^' <rsten (J. pT
^^ 10 parts o:
ii ,''» aaslysL ;.. - i was iv
o! fu A dirty reddish fuiU ir
fu 7G6)N»a 00-5fi, prp^^urn
TUe liluiDih ami irtdijfO-coloiTd ^
a \V JnhiiBon- to the prc»en« r
Pyr., •to* — tn tht« eloKtHl iubt* tu
loop ookim th(« fltuno do«p yellow. Oi >
Oba.— Common sftlt oco^n io ezlcu./ .
vl 127) pontjrfns 9*02 per cent of tilt]
lit to I of Bulpliato of magii^tlft.
j'O^ib^ ow&a its cotof;
rrp:tut1 »ri ; nil on fiis<«l OH 1^
!iir.i>,. -IV.. n under sylYitii*
lar beds in rot:k» of ^
Btod with fyptusi, poltyhalite, day, Baudstou«, and oalcite; also dlisolT«d» awl j
^TRoropo and Bnglaad ft occurs in the THnettic, asaodalod with red nul oc
Dol oollflll^d to thiM rooks. Ai DurbAm, Northumbarlaiul, aod Ldoostorah^ "
ria» from tbt Oarbocitlilfoiia smlts: Ui tha Alps^ aoina sate worka airs fopilli
tba tenoiia alast oCOirdoiui a&d Wlalksktt nrs mfbrrad, the Cormtr to
i^bfa
CHLORIDS.
113
fbiktter to Tertiary rodca. Salt springs also occur in yolcanio regions. In the United States
ft>UMofNew York come from Upper ^urian strata; those of Ohio, Penosjlyaniaf and Vir-
~^' Borttj from Beronian and Suboarboniferous beds ; those of Michigan, mainly from the
ifcouferoDS and Carboniferous ; while in Louisiana, at Petit Anse, there is a thick bed of
■kift the Poat-tertiary or more recent deposits of the coast ; recent explorations there have
^ tint it underlies 144 acres, and it has been penetrated to a deptii of 38 feet without
fajdiaoge in its structure or purity. Salt also occurs as etflorescences over the dry
isd shallow poods or lakes of the Rocky Mountains, California, Atacama; and in most
onera-desert regions there are numerous salt lakes.
^&lpriBcipal mines of Europe are at Wieliczka, in Poland; at Hall, in the Tyrol; StassAirt, in
Sixony; and akmg the range through Beichenthal in Bavaria, Hallein in Salzburg,
Isdil, and Ebensee, in Upper Austria, and Aussee in Styria; in Hungary, at Marmoros
iiere; in Transylvania; Wallachia, GalUcia, and Upper Silesia; Vic and Dieuze in
i; TaQej of Cardona and elsewhere in Spain, forming hUls 300 to 400 feet high ; Bex in
iaad; and Northwich in Cheshire, England. At Cheshire it occurs in a basin-shaped
ind is arranged in spheroidal masses, from 6 to 8 feet in diameter, which are composed
■trie coats, and present polygonal figures. It is but little contaminated with impurities,
fc fnpaied for use by merely crushing it between iron rollera At the Austrian mines,
f iteoQtains much day, the salt is dissolved in large chambers, and the day thus predpitatod.
1 tmie the water, fuUy saturated with the salt, is conveyed by aqueducts to evaporating
nd the chambers, after being deared out, are again filled ; at Berchtesgaden, the water
"ed in a month, at HaU it takes nearly a year,
occurs, forming hiOa and covering extended plains, near Lake Oroomiah, the Caspian
ikL In Algeria ; in Abyssinia; in India in the province of Lahore, and in the valley of
; in China and Asiatic Russia; in South America, in Peru, and at Zipaquera and
the former a large mine long explored in the Cordilleras of Granada. Occasionally
. . it the eniptions of Vesuvius, as in 1855, when it was found in cubes, incrustations, and
jiklitet.
^tte United States, salt has been found forming beds ^i-ith gypsum, in Virginia, Washington
^Um. from Abingdon ; in the Salmon River Mts. of Oregon; in LouiRiana, as already men-
Mi Brine springs are very numerous in the Middle and Western States. These springs are
WitSalina and Syracose, N. Y.; in the Kanawha Valley, Va.; Muskingum, Ohio; Michl-
MSiginaw and elsewhere; and in Kentucky. The salt water is obtained by boring, and
hi by means of machinery, and thence convejred by troughs to the boilers, where it is evapo-
Hty ar^icial heat ; or to basins for evaporation by exposure to the heat of the sun.
JtfcBowing table by PrOt Beck (Mineralogy of New York, p. 1 1 2 ). gives the amount of brine
VM ht a bushel of salt at the prindpal salt springs in the United States :
Gallfl.
Kanawha, Va. 75
Grand River, Ark. 80
Illinois River, Ark. 80
Montezuma, N. Y. 70
Grand Rapids, Mich. 60-60
Muskingum, Ohio 50
Salina — Old wells 40-45
New wells 80-85
fciwitsr si HaBtockat gives a bushel of salt for every 350 gallons.
"' L at Byrstfuse brines, according to analyses by Dr. C. A. Goessmann (private com-
Galls.
Bocne's liA, lOssoari
450
Onaemangh, Fenn.
300
fcwiisstown, IlL
«80
ladEBQB,Ohio
213
iMkhaif s. Miss.
180
Bt Qrtheriiiea, Upper Canada
120
iMBTiDe, Obao
95
fUofidof sodiuin
flaUMteorfime
CUbridorcydom
GUorid of magnesiom
AsBiid of magneehini
CUorid of poCaashmi
uriMMSfti of pvotoxjd of iron
L
16-7503
0*5673
01594
0-1464
0-0022
0-01 10
0*0034
82-8600
100
IL
15*5317
0-5772
0-1583
0-1444
0-0024
0-0109
0-0044
83*5757
100
HL
18*2465
0-5117
0-1984
0-1784
0-0025
00119
0*0086
80-S470
100
IV.
18-3767
0*5234
01037
0-1836
0*0017
0-0086
0-0015
85*8508
100
^fcih.a=,.i
ir
;, and 20' C. No. IL has a.=M225 at 16* Baiim6, and
afford about 19-260 of salt
114
OOMPOUKBS OF CHLORINE, BROMINE, lOniKE.
Vast Iftkea of salt water exist in tataiy paiis of tho world. Lake T!iDpaiiogo« f
mountaiae, 4^200 feet above the lovel of the sea, now called the Great Salt I^ke, it]
milee in area. L. Gale found in this water 20- 196 per cunt of chlorid of aodiimi ('
dted in Am. J. Sci^ IL xvii. 129). The Dead and Caspian Seoa are salt, and th^^
(brmer contain 20 to 26 parta of eotid matter in 1 00 part«. Prof. Gmelin, who analy
of these waters of specific graTity l'i)2, found them to contain chlorid of oalctum !
of magnesium 12'] C7, dilorid of nodium 1 03^, Rulphnte of lime 0 0A3, bromid of t
chlorid of potassium rO^G, chlorid of aluminnrn 0*144, chlorid of ammoQlum OOnT, <
roanganese O'ldl— :e4'43d, with 76*fle6 wgt«r= 100*000. This result Is given as i
Ifarehand.
AlU — Anhydrite, gyp»um^ polyhalite, occur as p»endomorpbs after this species ; also «
dolomite^ quartz, hematite, pyrite; the removal of the suit cubes by tlicir solution, leawii
which any mineral may then occupy. The hopper-shaped crystals often leave an imp
their form on daya.
ia9< SAL AMMONIAC. Naturlicbes SaUniak (ff. Bucharia) /. O. Modd, YemoA i
nat Salmiak, Leipzig, 1758. Muriate of Ammonia; Chlorid of Ammonium.
Amraooiaque rauriatee Fr. Salmiac Baid^ Tr., 1832.
IsoTnetric. Observed planes, (9, Ij I^ 2-3. Figs. 1, 2, 3, 6^ \\
Cleavage octahedral. Aku stalactitic, and in globular maseos; m(
or as an etat>reBcence,
II. =1*5— 2. G. = 1528. Lustre viti*eons. Color white; often ^
ifih or graybkp Streak white. Translucent — opaque. Fracture cone
Soluble; taste saline and pungent; not deliqueaeent.
Ooioqi.— NIX^CltrAm ds^Amtiioiilitm 83*7, c3iloHne 6tt*3=l0<». E]Aprotb ob
89):
Vcsuviua. BodmHa.
Chlorid of ammoniusi
Sulphate of ammonk
07-60
250
Bw ftnih»"») Jr^ obtained (Dana's O. Rep. Erpl. Exp*, 202) for a specimen iVom Kilau
Ohioftd of ammonmm 6563, chlorid of iron 12-14, seaquioiyd of iron 8*10, Wdorid of i
19*00, insoluble matter and lo«8 1*23 1=) 00. For an analysis of an impure Strcnuboll i
aoe C. Schmidt, in Za G*, ix. 403.
Fyr., •to* — Subtimei in the doted tube without fuaion. Pulveiized witli hydrala <
hMted with a aolution of isuiatlo aUiali, givea off pungent ammonlftcal vapors. BfAvXk
timea iti weight of water.
Oba. — Ooctira about volcanoea, aa at Etna, the laland of Vulcano, Tesuviua» Sti
wich lahuida, and uear Hoda after the eruption of 1645, aa obaerved by Bunaen, Db
tho eruption of Vetfuviua in 1855, in rhombic dodccahedrona with cavernoua fieca;
ft ooeiinr^l wht^re the tavaa had spread over 9oil and vegetation. Alao found in tmafl i
fa ti nited ooal teamik na at SU Ktionne in FnuxiO, and alao at Kom
tki>r ' d near Dattweilar In Prus.«iii, where a ooal tMrn has b««in hununf i
than <t iiuriiin ii >c&ra. It oocnra alao in Budioria; at KUanea in Hawaii, a varMPty \ '
tohia tarnely of iron (seo abow^, i&nd tkecomes rusty yellow on ezpoeore ; in ^ano fmOEi I
Clia Tdlnnda.
T Hartf^ aal-ammonian of Dioaooridea, Oekiua, and Pliny, is proved by ]
of li. , iv. 3<)0) to bo common rock aalli dug in Egypt, near tlio orac-lo of
tmoM K'aa allurward tronafcrred to the muriate of amioonia. when auban
Sgipt, M-ammonlac ia auppoNnl to hnve hcosu Indudod by tho andent^
ipedei, nnder the name r' which, according to Pliny, g«?e the U'9i oi
toiugM frilh quicklime.
140. CBRARGTRrrE. Argentiim oomu pdlnouib sUnila (ft lfajri«nb#rg\ (7«rm« ]
Sliber, (^«m0r, Foaa., 63, 15«6. Arg<»otum rude Jeooria colore^ tucem ooraea
barf, ali&l O. i^Arieim^ Do Bebua Moi^ IhM. Olaaors, duraichU|r wie ^ Bofsl
Mb, Mii^aiiiii^ Bairapt, l&Sft. Hom-Sllfver, Minon argeoU oothm^ A. tiilpltapll
WA^ 9 10, 114 1. Argcnto addo taUa minanJiiatiiB^ BoniC^ CNmC \
-1-5. G.=6'552; 5*31— 5*4:3, Domeyko. Lustre resinous, pass-
adamantine. Color pearl-gray, grayish-green, whitish, rarely
J, oolorlesB sometimes when perfectly pure ; brown or violet-
3xpodiire. Streak shining. Transparent — ^feebly subtranslucent.
omewhat conchoidal. Sectile.
gCl=Chlorine 24*7, ailver 75*3=100. This oonstitation corresponds with Elap-
« (fieitr., L 184, and iv. 10) ; also F. field's of a specimen from OhaOarcillo, OhUi
-In the closed tube fuses without decomposition. B.B. on charcoal gives a globule
"er. Added to a bead of salt of phosphorus, preyiously saturated with ozyd of copper,
O.F., imparts an intense azure-blue to the flame. A fragment placed on a strip of
itened with a drop of water, swells up, turns black, and finally is entirely rednced
▼er, which shows the metallic lustre ou being pressed with the point of a knife,
dtric add, but soluble in ammonia.
us in yeins of day slate, accompanying other ores of silver, and usually only in the
>f these veins. It has also been observed with ochreous varieties of brown iron
li several copper ores, oaldte, barite, etc.
masses, and particularly those of a green color, are brought fW>m Peru, Chili, and
e it occurs with native silver. In ChUi, at some mines, it is a much less common
^brobromid ; often contains, intimately mixed with it, native silver in very minute
»rs at Tres Pnntos, Atocama, OhaCiarcillo near Oopiapo, and elsewhere in Ohili. Also
nev Ocotal ; in Dept of Gradas, Honduras. It was formerly obtained in the Saxon
its of Johanngeorgenstadt and Freiberg, but is now rare ; a mass weighing six and
poondi, flrom this region, is in the Zwuiger collection at Dresden. It also occurs in
ue mines of Smeinogorsk and Krukovskol ; at Kouigsberg in Norway ; in Alsace ;
rnwall, and at Huelgoet in Brittany. In Nevada, about Austin, Lander Co., abun-
Bt of Oomstodc lode. In Arizona, in the Willow Springs dist, veins of El Dorado
m Frandsoo dist. In Idaho, at the Poorman mine, in crystals some half an inch
^ cubes and cabo-octahodrons, but occasionally with other planes, and in twins con-
0 interpenetrating cubes, the angles of one projecting fh>m the faces of the other,
iibeig in the Harz, an earthy variety is met with, called by the Grermans Buttermilk
iftAen; Thonige JIomsUber\ which, according to Klaproth (Beitr., 1. 187), contains
eUorine 8*28, alumina 67*08. Funckens describes it as " weiss und diinn wie ein^
"(LBiisian.,iil01, 1794).
n c^, horn, and ipY^-^ii ^^^^ — CeraiatyyTUe^ the proper derivative, being contracted
^ The Greek k becomes c^ as in other cases.
KXUT8. Ohlorobromure d'argcnt Domeyko, Ann. d. IC, FV.vL 153, 1844; Berthier,
110
COMPOUNDB OF CHLORINE, BBOMINR, lODIKR,
Comp. — Af^ (Clf Br), (be ratio of the chlorine to the bromine vatTiDfr indHbiit
Tftfietiea and thos© of deeper groon colors eontmmug the l&rgefit piroponioti of br^
1, 3, Domeyko {UitL, 1845, 203, and 18G0, 212); 3, Mailer (B. H, Zig., xvul 44l»); "
(L c); 6» 7, F. Field (Q, J. Ch. Soc, x. 23») ; 8, Yorko IQ. J. Olt. Soc., iv. 149); 9, Plttt
IxxTiL i:U»; 10, U, DomeykoiL a); 12, Riohter (B. H, Ztg., xviil 44»); U, F. FWd(
ranged in the order of the proportion of bromid to chlorid (mentioned in C7>laiun Br: CQV^
lag with thoae having the least of the bromid:
Ag
Br
CI
Br
rO
1, OhoaarcUIo, pearly oraen
71^94
Y^aa
2U-I4
: 5 «7
DotBejka
2. ^- •* *
70-44
11-63
18-03
: 3 6
"
8. Oopiapo, microbromiie
69*84
12*39
n-T7
: 3
Mailer
4 Quniota, peariy Qrtm
tV9*28
14*nO
16'-I3
: 2*76
Bomejko
5, OhaSiirdllo *'
€9*14
14'fl8
lfi-23
: 2-6
n
6. '' light gwm
6822
IG'84
14-93
: 2
Field.
1, " emboUts
«6-94
19-82
13-18
; 1*5
^«
8. Chili, Oreeniah ^Qow
60*95
19-90
38-15
; 1-5
Yorke.
9, ObafiarciUo^ tftMHe
6e'86
20-08
18-Ofi
PlMtDtfr.
10.
60-84
20.00
1807
I 1-5
I>ofDejrka.
Ih *♦ yelfow
OO'dd
SfO'85
12 «a
\ VU
il
18l mgabrwnUe
64*itf
8»5'49
9-32
\ 0'8
Rtchler.
m OhiflJirdllo, dark green.
fil'07
33*82
6-00
: 0-33
Field.
The jTwgobromiU and mierabramiU of Breithaupt are odIjt Turieties of embolite 1
portion of bromid to chlorid, and are eren indistinct aa TartetieSr these extrcmat
by indefinite shadings. The above numbersi for Domefko'a and Yorke'a amiljMf j
from their atatementa of the proportion of chlorid and bromid, which they gif« li f
1
2
4
5
8
10
11
Chlorid of silver
Bromid of silver
81-4
18-«J D.
72-9
27 1 D.
66-4
83-6 D.
34-4 D.
53-2
46-8 Y.
52-8
47*2 D.
ftl-O
49t
Obi. — Abundant in Chill, oonaUtuting the priudpal ailTor or« of the miniM of 4
foandftlso at Agua-Amarga, Trea-Puiitafi, EoHilk, and at all the new oponln^ in the
Oof^ftpo; found alao at Kalalia in (Chihuahua, Mexico; at the mine of CoIoaI in G racial, ]|
Kamed from i^^A^nr, chi inkrmedialit^ because between the chlorid and bromid of j"
149. BROMTRTTS. Bromure d* Argent, Plata Yerdo Mtx.^ {ft. Mexico and H«
Ann, d. M., IIL lix. 734, 742, 1841, 17. ii. 5*id. Bromid of Silver ; Brfimtcanrtff.
(knn, Bromit llaid., Hundb., 506, 1845. Bromyrtte Dqiim^ Min., 93, U
Uamm,^ MIn. Oh., 196, 18tvo. Plata oomea amadUamelada Domeyko^ Min^ 214, 1
Isometric, Fig». 1, S, 4, 6. Occurs UBually in Btuall concretion
in cryBtalfl.
II, =2— 3. 0.=5*8— 6. Ltistre splendeiitt Color when
yellow to amber-colored. Blight ly greenitih ; often gmgs-green or <
o^rternally* Littlo altered in color on exposure. Sectile.
Oomp.— -Ag Br=Brombe 4!%% flUver 57*4=100.
5i«); 3, F. W^ (Q. J. Gb. 8oa, z. 241) :
exposure.
AnalyMt:
l^ BeiHUoT (Ana. d* 1
1. MexSoo
2. Ghalltrcilllo
BroDiuu) 42*44
42*57
SiWer 57 '56^=100 B^^nhior
M-49sl0<»FIekL
In tht CHUan ore Domoyko found 57' I of 6llv(<r.
PVT.. ttt^,^ — In the dosed tube and witli mctoUic zinc nstoli Uko i _
•#n .t brornSn* wmpom and jieldji a irlobule of metallic sd^ftr. F^ifvd willi 1
pi » itmss giTM off yelkiwiah-brown vapors of bromine. Inaotnbit la nltrie i
doUlv ^ iiaroonla.
Oba. Mf silver or»8 In the disuiot of Plateros, Mezioos m»\ at thetuiosof j
■avsiil4N,u «^«,(uv0 from Zacateoaii, assodatod with cbkmd of •Uinm' and ou^Moats af I
cfjsltfi ai Cbaiafdilo, Chill, with cfhlorid of sUver, iouMtlmaa ImMIM la i
foti In BHtlany, with oarargyrifis.
CHL0RID6, I0OID3.
IIT
yTBTTB. lodtine d'Ai^Dt Vauqttelin, Ann. Ch. Phys., zzix. 99, 1825; Ihmffkt^ Aim,
IjTp fi. 158, 1A4I. Plata Qoniea amarUlA 2>0f;rtevi(»', Hin., 205, 1845. lodio Silver. lod-
lOtwm. lodit £rai<i., Handb. 60^, 1845. lodjrite Dana, Min,, 95, 18M. lodargyrit
lOsL Oh^ 197, 1860.
OaI=US'
a=0'SU3S, Observed planes i 0^I^4^
53' i Ai, pyr.,^155 26
basal perfect. Also massive^ and in tliio plates with a lamel-
1A2, pyr., =127^ 36'
4A4 '' =122 12
_>iial.
Angles :
I0a2=11S°
[0a4=1C4
[QeaTage:
r f Inicture,
[Soft, G,=o-5-5*71; 6'707, Daraour; 5*504, Domevko; 5'64-5'67,
Lustre resinous to adaiaitntine. Color citron aiul sulrihur-yellow
jwifeh-green, sometimes brownish. Streak yellow. Tranfilocent
; flexible, sectile.
-A^ I=:Iodiii« 54, silver 4d=lOO. Analjses: 1, Domeyko (l a); 6, Damour (Anitd.
it. m 31^); a, 4, X L. Smith {Am, J. Sci., n. iviii. 374) ; 6, F. Field (J. Ok Soc., x, 241) :
1. Algodonea 46*25
a. '* (I) 46-72
3, ** 46*62
4. " 46-38
6. GbafiaroUlo 45-98
[63"75]=10fl Pomcjko.
54-08:^99*75 Damour,
52-98= 9^45* Smith.
63* 11-99-49* Smith.
54-02= K30 Field.
• With Incot of dblorlM aod eoppor.
l«tG« — In the closed tube Aibbs aod osBumes a deep orao^ color, but reaum^ its jellow
I ooollng. BJB. on charcoal gives ftimea of iodine and a globule of metallic silver. With
I inte cerargyrite and bromTiite. Fused with bisulphate of potash in a matrass, yields
\ of iodine.
^tirs in thin veins or seamg in homstone at Albarradoti, ncsr Muzapil ; In Mexico - at
lileagiies from Goquiniboj less abundantly at Delirio miuea of Cbanarcillo, Chili,
» the crystals are sometimes half an inch broad (Breith.. B. H. Ztg., xviiL 450) ; also st Gua-
in Spain. In Anzoca at Oerro Colorado mine. Desdoizeaux has pointed out its ho-
i with grtienookite (Ann. Ch. Phye,, II L zl).
OimXITK lodnr^ de Mercure Dei Hio ; Beud,, Tr., li 615, 1 832. Cdcdnit Haid^ Handb.,
671, 1845. Mercure iodui^ Fr, lodquecksilber fferm.
of a reddish 'browti color on aeleoid of mercury^ adamantlQe in lustre, at Casas
»; and supposed by Del Rio to be an iodid of mercury. But Castillo aays (Colegio
, liexiooi 1865) that spedmens labelled by Bel Bio coutaiii uo iodine, aud appear to b^
r dikiriDe and mercury, yet are not calomeL C»stillo dof^cribeH it IVora Zitnapau and Cule-
» and ID acutef adeular, rbombio pyramids, 2-6 mm. long; color fine red to yel-
98 yellowiah-^eenf dumglog- to greenish-gray and dark green on exposure;
,^ . ^ lo tnmnlnreni In a dosed tube afibrds a sublimate, white when coH of Hg^ CI, and
r m tta^xxum which ih duil r«d while hot, orange*yellow when cold, and whidi B3. turns
, and rs disstipated with an odor like that of selenium.
. COTUNKITE* Cotunnia Jfont dc Gov., Prodr, Oritk Vesuv.
Lead.
Ootunnite, Ohlorid of
iombic. /A 7=99*^ 46', 0 A 1^1=:= 149° 14' ; a i h : c=0'5953 : 1 :
'Observed planes : I, U, U, /-5, 14. {> A 1 = 142^ 0', 6> A 1-1=153°
: Al, maa,=13a^ 22', brach., 123^ 58', f 5 A i-S, ov, f-i,=118'* 38', In
' cryjstais.
118
OQ1CPOUND9 OF CHLORINE, BROMINE, lODlKE*
May be scratched by the nail G.=5-233, Lustre adamantine;]
ing to silky or pearly. Color white. Streak white.
CkMap.— Pb OI=Cli!oriiie 35-5, lesd 74*6=100,
Fyr^ etc,— B-B. on charcoal fuses readllj, spreaditig out on the coal and volati
white oontingf the inner edge of whidi is tingiad jeUow fVom oxjd of lead ; Che c
dltappeai^ tinging thcs flame azure ; with soda gives metallic lead, A.dded to a salt of |
bfiiad, preTioualf saturated with oxjd of copper, gives the reaecaon Ibr chlorine (aM <
Soluble in about 22 ports of hot water.
Oba. — ^Found by lionticelll and CoFelli^ in the crater of Vesuvius, ai\cr the anip
aoc!ompanii>d bj chlorid of sodium, and chlortd and aulphate of copper ; also hj SoueU j
oardi on the lara of 1865.
Kamed after Dr. Cotugno of Naples. Angles veij near those of haidingontA.
146. MOI^TBITB.
Eisenchlorid Eausm^ 1819, Handk, 14^, 184T.
site Dana.
Chlorid of 1
Incnisting, Color browiush-red, light or dark, and yellow,
Oomp*— Fe' a'=rCblorine $5*6, iron 34-5=100,
Oba. — NoCioed by Uausmami at Veauvius in 18ld| forming a bpowr-'^^ - ' ''^ —
laraa ; and bj Soaoohi in the same region, as a result of recent eruptions
who attribtttea the yellow color of the layaa about the ftimoroles or sti ^
■pectoa.
The exiatenoe of a proUxJiiorid o/ iron (Fe d) at Vesuyiua was announoed hf Ma
OoTeili ; but this is not oooflrmed bj ScaocbL
Kamed fh>m ^At«it, Hair^ in aliuaioa to its staining the laraa.
2. HYDROUS CHXORIDS.
147. OARNAIiXJTB. Camallit II Bam, Pbgg^ zeriiL 161, 1864,
HaniTe, granular ; flat planea developed by action of wateri biii|
tinct traceft of cleavage ; lines of gtrisa fiometimes diatinguifihed, wl '
cate twin-compoBition.
Lustre shining, greasy. Color milk-white, but often reddiah ftcm ]
of oxyd of iron. Fracture conchoidal. Soluble, Strongly pboap
O^mp.— K 01+3 Mg 04-13 4~H K-^l Mg) a+4 HsChlorid of manaeliiia J
of poCaaaiitni SS-iSi water 38*d$= 1 00. Under a more general formula (K, Jlc) OiM
aaa: La, Oectiea (POgg., nsriiL, 161); 3, Siewert (Jahresb., 1868, 738) j 4» i.r
ICga KQ NaaCaOl CaS 9e H
L ^mmtoH^fMiak 81*46 U^l 6*10 2 63 0*84 0 14 [36 671^100
1 *« ^ SOfit [14*37] 46d 8-Ot l*3S [0 14] ra6*3e1s100
a « «Mi sent sT^i 0^ — lu — ^asc-si
C Maaan, Fvnia 34*66 S(^ tMI, gaagoa IH
Thm knpan cmrDatUie of the mi»e coolaina Ifg (9 t6-6S, S Q Sl*dO« Km Q T*96|
gtnh latO^ aflkala of ipigpeai^ and aiamliiai laiid^aBd tiondeackil'Ky WKleraadl
IWtoowa aad red ooliir of nooh of IIm nAmsnl It doa pm^j W coQrd of Ireiv 1L
MPfOQil lilta^ Mid pv^r te Offuio mallafi (water^plaala, laftiidria. spaBfti^ M>kM
0XY0HL0RID8. 119
^ ^Mfe was some organio sobstanoe present with the water ; and the camelian to blood-red color
is dbown to be due to it
Tjt^ •to.— BJ3. flises easQj. Solable in water, 100 parts of water at 18*75''G. taking up
C4-S parts.
Obs. — Oocnrs at Skassftirt, where it forms beds in the upper part of the salt formation, alter-
Mlfag with thinner beds of common salt and kieserite,' and also mixed with the common salt
Bibeds consist of subordinate beds of different colors, reddish, bluish, brown, deep red, some-
Hmm odorless. Sjlvine occurs in the camaUite. Also found with salt at Maman in Persia. Its
rfJinf !!■ in potassium makes it valuable for exploration.
Ssmed after von Oamall of the Prussian mines.
AztH—Occurs artificially formed in the salt pans at Halle.
148. TAOHHYBRITB. Tachhydrit Samm,^ Pogg., xcviii 261, 1856.
Massive ; in roundish masses. Two distinct cleavages.
Color yellowishu Transparent to translucent. Very deliquescent on
co^ure.
I Obnqj.— (Oa (31-1-2 Mg a)-l-12 fi=(J Ca-hf Mg) a+4 fi=Ohlorine 41-17, calcium 7t6, mag-
r iMfm 9^0, water 41*77=100 ; or under a more general formula, (Ga, Mg) 01+4 tL Analysis bj
' ]tiBDDel8berg(L a):
[ CI 40-34 Ca7 46 Mg 9-61 fi [42-69] =100
Pyr, etc— Fuses easily. Very soluWe; 100 parts of water at IS-TS^O. dissaving IOCS of
Obb— From the salt mines of Stassfturt, in thin seams with camallite and kieserite, in
vftljdrite.
i Aned in allasion to its ready deliquescence, firom rax^s^ quick^ and AJoip, vnUer.
149. KRZniBBBCTB. Eisenchlorid mit den Chloralkalien Kremers^ ^oSSm Izxxiy. 79, 1861.
Eremersit JTenn^., Min., 9, 1858.
Isometric. In octahedrons.
Color ruby-red. Easily soluble.
Oomp.— Ka+Ama+Fe'Gl'+8]^=2 (iK+i Am) 01 -hFe' 01*4-3 fi=Ohlorine 66*86, potas
■ami 12*32, ammonium 5*67, iron 17*65, water 8*50=100. Analysis by Kremers (Fogg.,
hzzzT. 79) :
a K Am Na Fe 19E •
5615 12-07 6*17 0*16 1689 [9*56]=10O.
It is identical with an artificial salt obtained by Fritzsche.
ObSrf— From ftimarolee at Yeauyius, as a product of sublimation.
3. OXYCHLORIDS.
ISa MAThOfXXTB. R P. Oreg, Phil. ICag., IV. U. 120, 1861.
TetragonaL 0 A 1-»=128° 42'; a=l-2482. Ob- i28
•erred planes, O, I, 1, 2-t. O A 7=90°, O A 2-i= ^ ; ->.
Ul" 601', O A 1=119° 34', %i A U, pyram.,=97° 58', /f M Ax <Hd
l*Ma,=136'' 19', lAl, pvram.,=104° 6', basal, 120° ^. ij "~>t-<^
IS*. Cleavage: basal imperfect Crystals gener-
■Dj tabular.
120
OF CHLOBINE, BBOMINE, IODINE.
H, = 2*5—3, G. — 7*21, Lustre adamantine, occasiooally
Color clear yellowish, sometimes a little greenish. Transparent to i
lucent.
Comp.— Pb Cl+Fb 0:=Chlorid of lead b5% oxyd of lead 44*5=100, Analjsifl by 0r. I
Smith (I. c):
Pb CI 65-18
Pb 0 44 30
Moiflture 0-07 =99-55.
BammelBberg found (Fogg, Irxxr. 141), Pb CI 52*45, Pb 0 46*42.
Pyr., etc. — Eeaet« like moodipite.
Gbn. — From an old mine uear Gromford id Derbyshire, with phosgenite. Orystals aeldoai I
but one mciisure8 two iucbes ucroBs ; according to Keimgott (Mb* Not, No* 1 i), \ r 1. lai
12r 2', and 2-i^2-l; ba^id ed^e=136' 17'; a&o, M ft BubHioalioo product ot Ve«ariii0 <
tlie eruption of 1858 (R. Oappa, J. pr Ck^ ixxz. 381).
161. MBNDIPrrK Baltsyradt Bly (Saksaun^R Blei) Bert,, Ak. R Btockb., Id4, 1S23;
8ci., i 379, 1824. New ore of lead A'odci Mendip, PcTitomous Lead-baryte, Maid,^ Mohft'i 1
iL 151, 1825. Muriato of Lead, Cblorid of Lead. Plomb chlomrt^, pt, Fr, Keraaine pi j
pbo^genite] Beud. Tr., it 502, 1832. Chlor^path BrcOli^ Char., 61, 18^2. BocMfito .
Min. HeuL, iL US, 1837. Mendipit Clock,, Grundr,, 604, 1839.
Orthorhomhic ; /A 7—10^° 30\ Observed planes, O, /, /*!, /-I,
in fibroutt or columnar masses, often radiated. Cleavage : / highly |m
dtm^onal luss perfect.
n.=2*5 — 3. G.=7— 7*1. Lnstre pearly and somewhat adama
upon fleava|j^u face&. Color white, with a tinge of yellow^ red, or
Stretkk white. Feelily translucent — opaque.
Oonp.— Pb CI 4- 2 Pb O-Clilorld of lead S8*4, oxyd of lead (Sl-6=ilo0, Aiialjaot: 1, ]
fAk. a Stockh., 1S2», PoKff,, I 272, and Eaznm. Ist BoppL, 24); 2, 8chDabel (ib^ 3d SuppLt
3, Rhodius (AuA, Oh. Pharm., Ixii, 37») :
1. Mendip UiUi
S. WetftphaUa
Pb 01 «9 fi2
88-70
«!t»5 = ^ " »b<?L
1,
9255
67 -TS^ 1 iiua.
fyr.^ etc^^Tn the doaed tube deorepitatoa aJDd beooiMa mora yellow. E^ on chaiocnl I
Kiily, and i» rtsdnced to lEieUiUc lead with elimmafcioQ of acid irapors, ^ving tlie cxmI a i
eoatuig nil chlodd of lead, the inner edge of which is yellow fVom ozyd of lead. With i
Bbot|monia bead, prDiioualj aaturated with oxyd of ooppeK, colore the O.F. azure^bhie^
b nitric acijd.
Oba* — ^Thia rare mineral waa formerly found at the Ifendip HOla, in Somera^tAbinK la i
itdialod cryataUina maBaei on earthy black tnanganeee ; it haa been mot with at fttrBO«ii% j
Staftii in di^ in opaque pria&atie oryatala; at mine Euniberi near Brillon in WectfJiatti.
152. SOU W ARTZUMBBHOmS. dychloroiodiire de plomb (&. Ataoama) I>Bmi^ i
4 Hi VL t. 453, 1861. Schwartsembcrgite Iktma.
Kliunibohodral. In dnisc* of ^inall cryfitals^ Also in thin am
frusta, compact, passing into e^irthy.
11. =2-2^. 0.=:5-7;Schwarrzemb.; eS— 6-8, Liebe. T^ *"r^-^ -
0>)or honey -yeUow, when purest; ahu straw-yellow, i
jdlow, 6ometimei» a little riHldi^h, Streiik straw-yellow. iUiiiia
Ohm ma^l PbO, Uebe. More probably, aa the analyaia to fi««% 1% (I, a)-*-! Pb<\l
II QmSi H Analjnla: K. T. Ltaba (Jahrb. Kin., l$67, 15») : J
mil
K^8»
PbO
4(1 9i
rbS no
5$t Mtia
IPtlsf0^|
OXYOHLORIDS*
121
I all the i&ffredictits m impunties except the iodM und oxyd of lead Dotneyko in
; Bsadjwis (L e) dbtain^ Pb 01 22 8, PU I 187, Pb 0 471, 3 2&, Ca Vl, gangue 63
i«lc« — Yerf fusible, like oerorgjrite; in fusing loses ita oolor. On charcr*at metallic
la A fDatrus abuadatit violet vapors of iodine. No eflervoacenoe with nitric acid, but
\ booomTpg flrat browuiah aud tbea whitd, and, if aome water be addi&d, it dissolvea oom-
^flB Ktwctiiiig
^ cmatB in galenlte at a mine 10 leagues foom the port of Fapo«o in the doscrt of
> it waa discovered by Mr Schwnrtzomberg.
ll&S* ATAOAMTTB, Sable vert cuivpoui da Perou, Chaux cuivreuse unle 4 un pen d*acide
k|ii« et d'eaii, Rochefrmcauld, Baum^ dfc Fhiircroy^ Metn, Ac. Paris, 1786 (pubM in 1788);
BK ib„ 4TI (note added in 1T8S). Kupfersaad, SahEdfturea Kupfer, Karst, Tab, 40, 76,
Cmrre muriate ZT*, Tr. . 1 S 0 L M uriate of Copper, Atacamit, Balzkupferer^ Blumcnbach^
k Nat, 1805. Kupferhoraerz, Atacomit, Lwkffiq, Min., IL 178, 1804. Smaragdochaldt
liandb^ 1039, 18ia. Haloclmlzit Breiik, Handb., IGS, 184L RemoUnitc R d: M.^miu,
2. Marcylite Shcp., Marcy's ExpL Red River, 135, ROO, WnsHngton, 1861, Am, XScL,
L 206; Dana, lb., x^v. 122. Botallackito A. M, Church, J, Gh. Soc, XL ia 212, 1865.
^rhombic. /A/=112^ 2Q\ fMl4=131^ 2'y ; a:h:c=VUi:l :
Observed planes : vertical, /, /-?, i-I, i-2, M ; doiua-^, 14, l-i ; oetalie-
*-5Ai^5, ov. w,= 106^ 31', /-jAz^J, ib,,= 139^ 4', l-iAl-i, tap:^105*'
i/aI—IIS"* 42', lAl, mac., = 12n° 4f>'. Usual in motlifiea rectangular
s, and rectangular octahedrons. Twins: composition-face/; eonPisting
'induals. Cleavage: wperfeet, 1-iimperfect. Occurs also maa-^
;]— ^'a. G.=4— 4*3 ; 3'7, Breitli. Lut^tre adamantine^ — vitreous,
various shades of bright green, rather darker than emerahl, ^orne-
blackisb-green. Streak apple-green. Translucent — feubtraufilucent,
-3 Cu ttn-Cu a tt^(J Cu4- 1 Cw CI) Xl^Oxyd of <y3ppcr 53^6, cMorid of copper 30*2,
» U-0, copper U'3), water 16 2 = 100v The ore ofOobiJu i&nuL 1) and boialkwkiie (auaL 8)
I half QK ire of WAler, jfiviniaf the formula 3 Cii ft-hCu CI 1*1 -f- 2 aq,. AnolvBes; 1, Berthier
\4, M., Ill, vii. 54i); 2; H, Bibra (J. pr. Ch,, levi. 203) ; l, 5. F, Field (J. Oh. 800.^ ?iL 193) j
t(Biiaim., &th BuppL, 57); 7, 8, Church (J. Gh. 800., II, iiL 81, ^21:j):
Cu Ou tl
CI
L Bolivia, Cobija
14*92
5000
13'3S
21-76=100 Bertliier.
% *' Algodon
U06
5254
J3*:i:i
19-17 = 100 Bibra.
a. -
15-07
52-40
1400
18'5H = 100 BibriL
4, Oopiapo
14*91
6G'4G
n-iy Field.
6.
15-01
6G24
1800 Field.
a Chill
115-3:1
65^04
1454
U'M, qvmrtz 0'08=9a'85 Mallet,
t. Cornwall
15 20
64'32
13-57
UVtn = 100 Cbtirch.
8L Ai(a2£adti(e
14*51
6ri25
22-60= 103 -36 Churdu
^iuL4 cairespondfitoCaCl 28-22, Oti63'09, ti 17'79; and 6 to Cu 01 28-33, Cu 63*62, fi 18-00.
^r other aaaljaes see Ulex, Ann. Ch. Phorm, btix. 3UL
f etc«— ^In the dosed tube gives off muoii water, and forms a gmj sublimato. B.B. ou
fiiiiin, coloring the O.F. laure-blue, with a green edge, and givini? two coatings, one .
1 the other grajrish' white ; oontmued blowing jnelds a globule of metallic eopptjr ; th«J
bed with the R-F. volatilize, coloring the fiamo azvire-blue. In acids oasil/ soluble* |
t TbSm ibecies waa originaUy found in the state of sand in the Ataoama province, northern
tOfaHL It occtira in different parta of Obiii^ especially at Los Rwraolinoa ; also in veins in J
I of Tampnoa, Boltvia ; at TocopiUo, 1 ft leagues north of Cobija, an imporant locantyj
»1a; with malachite in South Australia; at the extraordinary mabchite locality in the!
\ do Bcrmbe, tiear AmbriZf on the west oooat of Africa; at the Estrelia mine in southern 1
; al SU Jttfft in Oomwall, In cruats aud atahictitic tubes. Botalluckite occurs at the Botalladci
, QprawiQ, in thin crusta of minute interlacing cryatala, cloaely iu vesting killas ; Schwarzcn-
|^| ia Suoiij; alio mipposed to invest some of the lavas of Vesuvius, but questioned by
^~ "* ' tmamnl so caUod being a basic sulphate (Mem. Inoend, Yesuy., 1855).
122
COMPOUNDS OF CHLOROTE, BROMINE, IODINE,
It ia Bometimes grmind up in Ghfli^ and sold under tlu» Dame of Ar^eniQo be a«nd for teti
Marcylite of Sbepord, na originallj describod, waa an impuro atacamite of a black color; sM
ftffbrdod Shepard copper 54^30, O and 01 3 5) '20, It H'^O. 0.=4— 4-1. From the south pirtQ'
Bed River, near the Wachita Mta. (Sec further under Melaoonite, p. 137 ) ~~
153A. TAXXINQITI!. A, U, Church, J. Ch. Soc, XL iii 213, 18«L
In thin crusts, consisting of irregular aggregations of nnnute glo
appearing botryoidal under the microscope. Siiberystalline.
H,=3, G.=3*5 (approximate). Color bright-blue, inclining to
Streak white. Subtranslucent, Fragile. Hygroscopic.
CTomp* — 4 CuS + 0uCl^-h8iiq =Chlorid of copper 23-66, oxyd of copper 63'29, witer^
100; or chlorine ITQl, oxyd of oopper dt^*60, water 24*16=102-67. Church (J. Ch. SoO||
t7) obtained Cu ^'l^ 01 11 '33, which oorrespoads to
a 11*33 Cu 6S57 Ou 10*11 fi 24-99=100.
I another blue Cornwall mineral Chtircb fotind(ib,, 213) Oxyd of copper 07*25,
> 20*o6z= 102-54; which grivofl the formula ti Cu fl^-Cu 01 S 4-6 aq=Oxyd of i
^dHorioe 8-&M, water 26 1 3 = 1 1 1 1 '96. Church mjb the leas hjdrated copper sulphmtM and^
ro green, the more hjdrated blue.
Pyr., etc. — In yacuo loses hygroscopic water, remaining blue. At 100** 0. raplillT
gl^en, losing cxmsiderable water. Inaoluble in water, ^ but eaailjr soluble In dilute ;
ftmmonia,
Oba. — Occura at the Botolkck mme, Com wall. Named after R. Tallmg, of \
whom the mineral waa oollucted.
ArtiC^A similar compound has been formed by Kane, and by Qraham, by the i
on N IT Cu CI ; its formuhi is 4 Ou fl-fCu01*foq.
164. PEROTUTB. K J, Brook^ PhiL Mag., tU. xxxvl 131, \W^
Isometric. In minute cubes. Observed planes: O, 1, /, 1-2,
H.=:2*5, Color eky-blae. Streak similar to the color.
Conp* — According to Percy, contains, besides some water, lead, chorine, copper^ andj
omvn, witli Pb : CI : Cu = 2*66 : 0'84 : 017 ; whence Percy suggests the fonnuklFbC
\ -hjCttCUCuOKaq.
P]fT* — In the cloaed tube yields water and odorkes Aimes. B3. tingM tbn
blue on thi* i'dg^fs. With borax rraots tor copper
Oba^ — Found with gold, and ttippoeed to be ttoai Sononk^ Mexico.
APPENDIX TO CHLORIDS, BEOMIDS, AXD lODrOS
156. CHLORID OF MAQNEamM. ISO. CKLOEID OF MAKOAJTBaB.
Ohlorid of magnesium and chlorid of monpmois, aocording to Soaod^ (BfeoL
1855), probably occur in the satiae inornolinooa Ibfmed at the emptJoa of VoiitfteffI
I fttippcNied existence of the manganeaton chlortd wu ascertained by treaUnf Umi era
Witor and testing with ferrocyanid of potassium, when a white prectpitate was
* wbioib aoquirod ader a while a pale rose tlot ; and also in other ways.
UT, 15M. JoDtn or Zafa— Bioifro or Znrc^Todine and bromine are stated bj ]
loog with a cadmlferoiis sine In Silesia, and hence it Is inferred that iodid and brnmiAl
\ in Bttorei, thoafi^ tkot yet dEstfoigalf hed.
BMldBS ttio preoediDg tpedes, the following abK> contain chlorine i BodaUts
d Mno NffMioUta, ncwta, and Mica among sUiootoa; some Apatito mm
wmism maof^Yimimi Phoigenlte among omooatea
FLUOBIDS. 128
IV. FLUORINE COMPOUNDS.
1. ANHYDROUS.
L FLUOBITE GBOUP.
Ui. Funmni OtF 161. Fluooxbitb GeF
ttO YRBoamn (Ga^ Ge, T) F 162. FLUoorannB
8. FLX7ELLITE GROUP. Contain Aluminum.
163L FmsLun
3. GBYOLTTB aROUP. Gontain Alominmn and Sodium or Galdum.
la OBTOiJni aNaF+Al«F« 166. CmouTB 3NaF+2Al«F'
1«. Abksotitb ^P^ NafF^Al* F* 167. Ohodnkftitb 2 Na F+ A1*F*
2. HYDROUS.
16& PAomroun 3(GatNa)F+Al*F*+2d 170. GBABXsnnTi 0a*F+Al*F'+4fi[
1C9. THO]iaBroLn2(0atKa)F+Al*F'+2£[ 171. Pbosopitb
16A. TlsTJOBTTB or FLIJOB. Fluores lapides gemmamm similea sed minus duri— qui ignis
adore liquescont [whence he derives the name] — Colores Tarii, jucundi, (1) rubri, (2) purpurei
(Tolgo amethystiX (8) candidi, (4) lutei, (5) chieraoei, (6) subnigri, eta [with mention also of its
Bse as a flux in smelting], Agric^ fierm., 468, 1529 ; Otm, Flusse td, Interpr., 464, 1 646. Fluor
nineralis Stolbergicns, Lithoi^oephorus Suhlensis, Woodwcurd^ Gat, 1728. Glas-Spat, Spatum
▼itrenm, TToOL, 64^ 1747. Fluss, Flussspat^ Glasspat, OtomL, 93, 1768. Flussaures KaDc
Sekuk, Ak. H. Stockh., 1771. Galz fluorata Bergm., Sdagr., 1782. Spath Aisible, Spath
TitTBOx, da lAdt^ Grist, 1772, 1783. Fluorite Ndpione^ Min., 873, 1797. Fluor Spar, Fluate of
liflu^ Fhiorid of Oalotum; Vvlg, DerbTshire Spar, Blue-john. Ohaux fluat^ Dr» fluorine
AmL, Tr., IL 517, 1832. Liparit CflocL, Sjd. 282, 1847.
T^.— Ohlorophane (fr. Kertschinsk) TK De OroWiaua; Delameth., J. de Phys., zly. 898,
IVM. Biilofkit lUcher, John Gh. Unters., yu 282, 1812.
iBometric* Observed planes : O; I: 1, 2, 3 ; i-2, i-3, i-|, i4 ; 2-2, 3-3,
e; 4-2, y-l, -V-V, 7-*, V-V. Figs. 1 (common), 2 to 8, 10, 11, 16, 18, simi^
to 24 ^>lane8 1, and 3^), 26. Cleavage : octahedral, perfect. Twins :
eomposition-fiBioe, 1, f. 50 ; also f. 129, in which the composition is parallel
to eadi octahedral face. Massive. Rarely columnar ; usuallj granular,
eotne or fine. Crystals often having the sar&Ges made up of smSU oabos,
or cavernous with rectangular cavities.
IM
FLUORDnC OOMPOTnn>6.
H.=4. G.=.3'01-3'25 ; 31800- 3-1889, Kenngott, from 43 specimc
the mean 3*183, Liistre vitreous; sometimes splendent; usually glit
ing in the massive varieties. Color white, yellow, green, rose ftnd criK
12i 125
126
118
m
il
127
red, violet-blue, eky-blue, and brown: wine-yellow, greenish and vio
blue, moet common ; red, rare. Streak white. Transpai^ent— «ubt
cent. Brittle. Fracture of fine massive varieties flat-con eh uidal
splintery. Soraetimee presenting a bluish fluorescence, Pbo«i>hor
when heated.
Oomp-i Vir«— Fluorid of caknum, Ct F:=:FluoHne 43% ctldtim 51*3=194). BmmBm
O'h of phoephato of lime in the spiir of Derbyshire. The preaeiicG of chlorine (or mmictio i
old chemiAtrr) waa detected early bj Sjhoele. Koratcu found it In fluor from Miirifialrcifr i-
Freiberg. The bright colors* as ahoim by Kemigott, tire lost on befltiug the miacrol ; thcyj
attribuitKi mfkioly to dliTeront hydnxMirboti oompouml^ by Wyroubolf (BalL Boc. Cb., U. t.
186«$X Uie crystiillization having Uikeo place fVont aqueouia noltition.
Y<ir. l. Ordtmryi (a) de«rubie or cryBlAlUsed, very varboa in oolors; (&) coatm to I
granoiiar; {c) MHhy, dull, and sometimes very soA^ A soft earthy vaiioty from Uatofka, 1
of s lavoDder-bliie oolorf ia the ratnpaCte,
The flfiely-colorpd fluore ha ire been called^ according to their colorw^ fabe ruby, 1
am^thynt^ eta The colors of the phoephorosoeut light ftre vanoua, tmd are ladepsodrait i
actual color; and the kind affordliig a green color U {d) the cMotvph/fn^ (0r* x^^'^t ff^'^^i
^dJ^t.1^ / appf4ir\ or pYro-mnerald.
Bn^ithaapt obtained for fluor Q.=3*0]7f fr AIkIou Moor, CumberUnd, %hlte; S*1*Q, ]
Mue; 8-1*6, ib., white; 3-171, fr. Siberia, blue; 3'1»3, ib., white; SlOft, fr.
fn»en; 3 i <.!. H).. blue; S*169, fr. B6aenbninn in VolgUand, green; 3*104, iK bine; S^l^l
white; ^mw»ll, fluorescent; 3*1 8a, fr, Switacrliind, rows-rod; 31 9a, fr.
grson j :; ti<*o, emondd-greeu tranH[>aront oct ; 3\^2i— 3*3BT, fr. Sihcria, viokt
% Aiaozum: i»fin. The dark violet-bhie fluorof W6l»<?iidorf, Da varlA| affonlsd i
Vm O'Ofl p. c « iich Scli^Qboin (J. pr. Ch., IxrxiiL 95, btxxtx. 7) aliowsa to b» i
Whtoos his n'< vnriPtT It^ Htrobg antooone odor is Mid *> - *- -.^^.i..
and vomltiiig s ^ ! i i! gUtea (Ann. Clu Phann,, \ i^ i
tain^ Nitrogci _ . vir n-r^ u od.sl, oarbon O'0366, chlorous ^
dincmdttii. in part, iii* n^aulta , he himself obt4iiued OirVKn* O'Onu^ hyiirug«*n fliio::$5, wUhj
0*01 f*0, V^ ri-OO.i^, ^p 0-00*25, n 0-0071. WyroubotT MtrtbuK?!! the varlotis colors U» \
oft- infuaion of organic niAttots io tho aolTvat t
M ' Uio blue and vitilet colors dianged to ptxfpi
hetitini;^, uriM 3U|i(N_^!iK<s idDi vn « L<. s bluu Slid « tM»X^ wcT^ present, tbt fmnmi
voIstOb, and therefore letavin^ > nfV«r psrUiJ hevting.
F|rr^ sic^-ln the dosed lu. , -^ aa4 plinsnhorvscea, B.B. in tb» 1
«ImvosI IVito^ oolortag tlie flsiBv n»d. to an enamel which reaicts alkaline to ts«t
sods oa nlatiuam foil or charoosl frucs to a clear bead, becoming opuqne on
Mt impi
onoUiig;
^ ^ taidue of s OilQciiiUy ItisibU! susoiel, wUOe moA oT
rinks Into tho sosl; with gypattm (Iiiiob to a IrsnspMeiit bead, booomiis oMipis oo
f^vsd in SQ opsii i4bs wUh hissd sslt of fdiospboRis Eivos lbs nsotfoa Ibr fliiirittm.
with auJphuric add gives Aitnss of hydrofluorta add idakb sttli
axosss of sods on ohsroosl yic'lds n rcaidue of s difflciiltly Visible suaaid, wUQe i
^^
FLtJORIDS.
1S6
I if obtained from thp coftrselj powdc^red ppur below a red best. At a hjgb
k it oeases, but is parti&Ujr restored bj an electric dlBcharg^.
etiinee in bed«« but g^uerailj iu yeins, in gut^bs, mica Bliit(?» ckj ilAte^ And alflo in
, boih crji^t&llioe and uncrTetalline^ and Band!«touo8. Ofien oocurfi nei the gan^e of
fir ofe&. In the North of England, it Is the ^ngiie of tho lead vemA^ whtch intersect tlie
fanntioe in K ' ' rland, Cninberland^ Durham, and Yorkahire; the Cumberliind tiuor
l«OQl«iiifl drop-'" rhin, especially the green variety (Greg and Lettsom). In Derby-
i it Is abundant u..^ ..... .n Cornwall, wbt^re the reins iuter^ect metamorphic rodcs, . Common
^btlk* tBining district of Saxony; fine near KoDgshenr in K<>rway. In th© dolomites of 8t
^ it occurs in pink octahedrons; at Mvin@tertlml in Baden in flesh-red liexo€iahedfOiia.
I ^hm been detected in cancel coal by ProC Rogers,
biitiivt^. on Lone I«land, Blue Hill Bay, In veina. In X Hampthire^ at N. Tillage of West*
I — »liftfi : I onse, wbiif% irreen, pmrplc, constituting a rein in quarts; at the
I to f oct in quartz, rare. In Termant, at Putney, in green oubee. In
IdluMv^., >.u>iyU>n lead mine. In (hnnectdcut, 9^% Tnmihu^l^ the chlorophana tv.,
iDpu; in ea^'h 1K« tn. wide, in gneias; «t Hjinoathf in octahedral and dodeoahe-
uiic^ purple^ in a vein in gneisB, and also sparingly at the topas vein; at
I iead mine. In New ybrJt, in Jeiftraon Co,, at Muftcolonge lake, formerly abundant,
abefl, nometimcs moiiltle<^l (flg. 128\ of grass-green and pale-green shades, in pmntihr
b; in St La^Tenoe fJo., at Roasic and John«bnrgh, rarely in ftnc crystals; i,
Ut in cubes, with eeleuite and celestine in limestone; also similarly near II 1
Amity, in thin seams, with spinel and tonrmaltne. In New Jersei/^ near ti .^ rriJUKini
In ^Irgima, near Woodstockt in limestone ; on the Potomac at Shepardstown, in white
In Illinois, Gallatiu Co., for 30 m. along ^e Ohio, 10 to 16 m, below Shawneetown,
yer plaoea, dark pnrple, oft«n in large crystals, in CArboniferous limestone, with galenlte,
ugh the aoiL In CaU/t?tnia, at Mt. Diablo, rare io white cubes. In ArmmeL, in Castle
at^ vhite. pink, green, purple. Iu K<wa Scotiti, at Mabon harbor, green. Near Lake
, « $&w mttea A-om Uie N.E, comer of Thunder bay, in Inig^i Violet cubes on amethyst,
J ma^ifloent apecimens,
-FTno*- spar is slightly soluble in waters containing bicarbonate of lime in solution. The
^ oirbon&tes decompose it, producing carbonate of lime or cakitey and a f^ib sequent change
I may produce other forms of psoudoniorpha. Fluor spar occurs changed to quarta,
and also to limonite, hemfttJtei Hthomarge, psilomebuie, calamine, Bmithsontte.
, kaoHnite.
Wk YTTHOCHRmi. Yttrooerit Qahn & BefTdws^ Afb., iy. 1814. Yttrocererit UmK^
fltDdb^ 5T&, 1826, Yttriafluatee Fr. Fluate of Oerium and Yttrla. Ytierflusaspath, Fluaa-
lltvoeakit, (Jcrm. Yttrocaldt Qht^., Syn., 283, 1847.
MMsive; crjstalline'£^aTmlar and eai*thy. Cleavage: in two direction?
bdiiied to one anotheAoS'' 30'.
H.= 4— 5, G.=3-447, Berzelius, Lustre glistening; vitreons— pearly.
GJor Tiolet-Wue, inclining to gray and wliite, often white; sometimes
i*«Wiih-tm>wn. Fracture uneven.
Analysea by Gubn and fierxeliua
FH
2.V06
2545
^ft^ «ie— In the dosed tube givet^ water. BJB. on charcoal alone infusible; with gypsum
lit jttrocerfle of Finbo fuses to a bead, not transparent, and that of Broddbo is infusible. With
Ok dMi JIbzb* tbe Flnbo mineral behaves Uke fluor spar; the glass la, however, yellow in the
vsj^SaAf^ flfemo aa kmg as hot, and becomes opaque sooner than tho gloss given by Ouor spar.
h. a f(iilver!ied ctate It dissolves completely in heated munntic scid, forming a yellow solution.
tTbi_ Oactirrr sparingly at Flubo and Broildbo, near Fahlun iu Swf^den, imbedded in quartx,
aai ■inriilfil with albite and topac Also at Amity, Orange Co., N. Y. ; in Mass., probably
Wiaiijilsr fTu ^ at Kt liica, in P^ris, Maine. Tlie Amity nvlneml has been examined by J, E.
bidWBadier. The Maaaaohusetta mioeni] afTorded Dr. C. T. Jackson (Proc. Nat. H., Bost, 1844,
lti> fiae. yttria, oxyd of c«rium, with some 3tl, Fe, and ^i, and a loss of 19 "4. The mineral is
vrttJi fiuorite ia tlie vein, and probably the apeoiiDen analyzed was not pure from tt
tains CaF, CeF, and YF, in different proportions.
(AfbadU !▼, ISl, and Sohv. J., zri, 341):
Cft ^5e T
47*63 18-21 9*11
6000 16*46 8*10
126 FLUORINE CX)MPOXmDB,
Tttrooerite hsa been oonBidered a 6uor spfir in wliich part of the lime is replaced bj oxfds of
cerium and yttrium. Th6 angle of cleavage repotted, 108" 30 » differs but a degree from th$
angle between faoea of a regular octahedron.
ISI. FliUOOEHlTS, Neutralt flusespataHjradt CGrium Bert., Afh.^ vL &6, 1818. FeutrilM
fluBBnauTPa Oerefi Flusgcerium ceriumlltiat, Oerm. Neutral Fluate of Cerium. Oerium tnu^
Fr, Fluc^rine Beud^ Tr., ii. 619, 1832. Fluocerit Haid., Ilaiidb., 600, 1645.
Hexagonal, In hexagonal prisms and plates. Cleavage: baaul moflt
dietmct. Also niasmvc i
H.=4— 5, G.=4*7. Liiiitre weak. Color dark tile-red or almo *
low; deeper when the mineral is wet. Streak white, or slightly yell
Subtransluceot — opaque.
Oomp.— Ce P + Oe' F', BenseliuB, who obtained in an analysis (I c) ^Pe 82*64, Y 1*12.
Pyr,, etc — Id tho closed tub© yielda water, and at a high temperature oorrodes the glaas; I
water ooutaios fiuorine, and tinges Bnu^-wood paper yellow; the assay chaugea from yellow 1 .
white by heat B.B. on charcoal inAistblet but darkens In color. With soda it is not dlssolftt^- 1
but divides and awella upj the soda is absorbed by the charcoal and leaves a gray mass on te
eurfacc'*
Obfl* — Occurs at Finbo and Broddbo near Fahlun, m Sweden, Imbedded in quartz and albili^
aooompanying pyrophyaaUte and orthite.
163. Fluookbinb.— {Baaisk flossapatasyradt Cerium Berz,, AOl vi. 64. Bafliachea Fluorcerioiii.
Baaic fiucorine* Basiceriae Beitd. Fluocerioe Haumn.^ 1847,) Liometric? Supposed to soow
traoos of the rhombic dodecabedrou ; uBually massive. IL:=;4*6— 5* Lustre vitreous or restq*
cnia. Odor a flite yellow, with some red, and when impure, bro^vnish-yellow. 8treak yellow^ 1
browniJih. SubtransUiocnt to opnque.
Formula, Oe' F' + S (CHJVflJ = Cerium 17-6, fluorine lOiT, aeaquioxyd of cerium 6«M, imtar
5i = 100. BerzeVius obtidned m his analysis \\. c) l:^e 84*20, aod ti 4*95, and dotiuoul &a it|
com position Oe F + S Ce it.
B.B. on charcoal infusible, at a low red heat appears almoat black ; on cooling it b^oomea daik-^
brown, dear red, and Onally yoUow. With tho Emcoa behaves like fluooerita.
From Finbo, with tluocerite,
A mineral fjrom Ftastnoa afforded Htsioger (AJc. FL Stockh,, 1838, ISI)), Sesquioxyd of Oe (i|i< |
La) «6*4:^, fluorid ibid. 60-15, water 13'41, which corresponda to the formula Ce* F*^Ce* 0*^4 St^
Kamed BaMnaxite by Huot Min., i. 2u6, 1841.
163. FLUBUJTS. FluelUie Letfy^ Ann. Phil, IL viil 34S, 18S4. Fluate of AlumSne, fin
of Aluminum.
Orthorhomhic ; in acute rhombic octahedrons with trancatert
1 A 1, pyram., = 109^ fi\ 82^ 12', and, basal, 144^; /A 7=105** nearly/
II.=3. Lustre vitreous. Color white. Transparent.
Oomp.— Flnorine and aluniinum, according to WoIla9ton.
Obs«— Fluellite Is a rare minerul found at Steona-gwyn, in Cornwall, in mhiuto cfjitalil
quartz, idong with wavelUte and uranite.
164. CBTOOTB. Chryolith, Thonerdo mit Flussiiure .46i/d^aard, Schcrer^s J,, il 502, liftj ^
d'Andrada, ib., iv, 37, 1800. Kryolith Kars(,, Tab., 28, 73, 1800; id. (with snaL) Ktapr.^ X «
Pbya^ 11 475, 1800, Beitr., iii, 207, 1802 ; Vauq., Ann. Ch., xxxviL 89, 1801. Alumme 1
■Icahne i7., Tr,, ii. 180L Cryolite. ElBatain G^nn,
Orthorhombic? /A/=88°30'to88% 0 A/i=125*5r; a:lic=l'S7i
1 : 1-0265. Observed planes a^ in the figures. Oa 1-1=126° 40'^ OaIi
127
135
lt<
131
^\
\ "In
/O
lllT 30'. Prisms often a little tapering, and marked with atriffi parallel
I to die edges //1-t, and soinetimea also to edges //!-*> and //I, as in-
3 by dotted lines mnova fig. 130.
coraposition-face T^ reenter-
gle /a 7=177°, f. 131 ; no reen-
angle or apparent suture on
O. Cleavage; basal perfect;
lefis so. Maseive, eleavable.
= 2-5. a = 2*9 — 3077, fr.
Greenland; 2-95 — 2*96, fr. Minsk,
Darncf- Lustre vitreous; slightly
petrly on 0. Color snow-wliite;
Mneiitues reddish or brown Ljih to
lnd[*rBd and even black. Siibtrans-
Eetit — translucent. Immersion in water increases the tran?iparency,
ttle.
/l
/
'n\
/I
^ m
I,
F
Al
^ GreeolaDd
12-8
1 u
54'Or
13*00
31 "
53-23
13-23
1 Uksk
53-38"
13-41
«'
K* F 4- Al* F*=: Aluminum 15 0, sodium 32'8, fluorine 64*3=100. Analyses* 1,
BVMtti ft e); 2. BeneHua (Ak. H, Btockh,, 315, tS23) ; 3, Chodnef (Verb. Gos. Uiti. 3L Pet,
3M-H 2 tH) ; 4, Duroef CE^)gg., bncxifi., 588) :
Ca Ka
— — 20-8 Klflproth,
32-93 Beraeliua.
82-71, ^a, Mg 0-83 Cliodncf.
0-35 32-31, SJn, Fo 0'65 DumL'f
IPffi., «tc.^ — Fuslhle ID the fiame of a candle, B.B. in the open tube heated so that the flame
!■• tbt tube, giv<?« off hydrofluoric acid, etching the glass; the water which ooudenaea at the
cod of the tube reacts for fluorine with Brazil- woo<l paper In the forceps fuses very easily,
the fUme yellow. On charcoal fiiaes easily to a clear bend, which on cooling becomes
. , after long blowing, the assay spreads out, tlie flnorid of sodium is absorbed by the ooal,
tttdbotiag odor of fluorine is giyen off", and a crust of alumina remains, which, when heated
ftt aolnli BolntiOQ in O.F^ gives a blue color. Soluble in sulphuric acid, with evolution of
l)dpafioorie actd.
Ohi. — Ckcors in a bay in Arksut-flord, in West Oreenknd, at Evigtok, about 12 m. from the
Isaiah eettletneot of Arksut, where it constitutes a large bed or vein in gneiss, and contalna
VUta, 8}>hAto(ri(Q, siderite, pyrite, areeuopyrite, fluorite, oolumbite, caaaiterito, all often In fin©
Jljvlala. Th/6 exposure of the cryolite is about 300 feet in length. It is shipped ui large quantitiea
~ to Ibe United States (Pennsylvania^ where it is used for milking soda, and soda and
Silts; also of late, in Pennsylvania, for the manufacture of a white i^lass which ts a very
teftation of porcehiin. It has also been u^ed for the mannfi\ctxire of nluminum. The first
of cryolite came through Denmark from Oreenland, and the ©arlieat notice of it was by
m the AblL Nat Gea. Copenhagen, iv. 1795. The locality was described from
oisenration by Gieseck^ in Ed, Eucyc, r. 97, and Ed, Phil. J., vi- 141, 1822; and re-
, Iff J. HT, Taylor in the Q. J. G. Soa, xii. 140. Taylor states that the cryolite Is not white,
li«f« wlthtti to to 15 feet from the surface, and that below this it becomes dark-colored, and
f^B black. He attributes the bleaching above to the heat of two tmp-dykea ; but as the dykes
^ liol in cofiUci with the cryolite, and the evidence is not clear that they ever overlaid] it, this
^Kmmmj be qaettioned The cont*^iued ores and other minerals are most abundant near the
panioQ wiili the gnelsa.
Dr. H^^ecRfton described the crystals (Am. J. Sci., II. xlii. 208) as orthorhomhic. The atithor
4iyD6[l the above figores from apectraens kindly furnished by Dr. H. They occur implanted on
^ ttaa^r» cryolite. The twin, by the abseoce of a reentering angle on plane 0, appears to
tbe form ia orthorhombio and not oblique. Tet Descloiaeaux states that the opti)*aI
WM obaerred by him, indicate a monodiuie farm. Owing to the strintions of the crya-
Cheir mlnoteiieMi, the measurements of the author wore not very satiafactory. Q A l-i,
f»f« 126* 40' (6 iDeasuietnents 12G' 30—120^ 40', and three of tliera 126 iO\ 0 MA,
■ " ' ' QaI'I about 126\ 1-f A2-2 about 159' 40, 0A\ about 115'" 3u ,
25* The angles obtsuned point to a monoclinic form, and but for
m* i<r— 126' 37'
aw M-i beck.=7r
188
FLUORINE OOMPOtTKDS*
th6 twin, woald have boen regarded us decialv^* Th« augle /A / furied fhmi d9* 3<K to $ft\^
places 2-i and 1 were not observed <m the hadk of the ciyBtal Hagemaxm Jbnoil 14 A l-l^ta
1$&. ARHSUTTTB. Arkaudtte G, Hagtfmrm, Am. J. Sol, II zliL d4, 1866.
Granular maeeive. Cleavage : one quite distinct
H.=2*5, G. =3-029 — 3*1T5* Lostre vitrei nis, gomewhat pearly
cleavage face. Color white. Ti-ansluceut. Brittle.
Comp — (Ca, Na)» P+ Al' F*, with Oa : N'a^l : 3,=Aliiminaiii 18*6, aodfiim 1Z% (
fluorine 51*3 = 100. Ant^yaiB: Hagomatm (1. c):
Na
23 00
Inflol
OT4=;lO0H
Pyr*, etc, — Puses at a red heat, yielding no water*
Oba.^From the cryolite vein of Iviktok^ near Afkaut-fiord, In South GjveokBd. The i
gravity 3'175, it ia said, may have owed its exoeas above that of the other triala to the ]
of a little pyrite.
l«6, OHZOIJTB. Chiolith (fr. Miaak) Hmnmn 4c Auerharh, J. pr. Ch.» zxxvil 189, H
13U
Ihnen Sita.
Tetragonal. {> A l-tJ=133° 49f; a = V
Observed form i\ 131a. 1 A 1, pyr.,= 108° 23';li
basal, = 111'' 40' ; ] A 1, over suinmit, = ♦5H'' '
Cleavage indii^tiTict. Twins : coiniJ08itiori-6ic*e 1^
in f. 50. Oecin-s maasive granular, resembling (
olite; Btnieture crvs^talUne.
IL=4. G. = 2-72, llemiann; 2*843— J
Hanun. Color snow-white. Ln^tre somewb
siiiuus. Translxicent,
Oomp*— 3 NaF -1-2 APF^: Fluorine 680, alumbum 19*6, sodiato 33'4=sl00.
B^nsann (la); 2, Bainmelaberg (Fogg., Ixxiv. 311^ 1848):
Al
Ha
1. Kiaak
18*69
S3 -78
2, **
(1) 18-44
24-06
[&7*Ci3T Ilennanu.
S751J Bamia.
Pyr«— like oryolite.
Ohs. — From the IlnMiD Mia., near Miask, whore it oooura in granite, wit2i topai» fltioHH I
cite, and o'yoUtOv
I jor Kokscharofon cryat, aeo Yerh. Min. Goa. St. Fct, ia&(i, '51 ' . HomL, tr«
[ makaa Gfyalala (tcm the lopaa mine of MursiuKk or: (B»r. Ak. '
OX ^*^ t^« pHaauUio aag^ 124^ 22', and having Um acute e<lg^^ w. i.*^- ^^mm
167. OaODHEFFXTB. OUiolith {ft, Miaak) v. Warlh ^ CM^, TtrlL EoM Ifl
184&-4a. 20S, 21 G, ]UB. Chodnefllto Daiui, HIil, SSi, tSdO; OrjoUtav fK, 0T« 18ft^
Bth Xaum., ITm*, 219, 1804.
G.=a'6a^2*77, V. Worth ; 3 00, Raram, like chiolito to
eluuraeter«.
-2 Na F^ Al* P- Fluorine &6-4, olainbtftm 163, aodlum 27^=100* Anlj
r(L c;)i % aauuDolabarv (Pogg., Iz^v. 314):
FLU0BID6.
129
1. IfiaBk
f
[56*821
[66-67]
Al
Ka
16-48
36-70 Chodne£
16-76
27-68 Bamm.
— Bammdabeif^ bj liis analyBefl i^ypeare to show thai beaidM oroliie there are two other
oompocmda at IGaak, one of his aDaljeee sixBtaining tiie ohioote of HMmaim, and the
be chioUte of Worth and Chodnef ; and on the baaia of hia reanlta thia apeoiea ia made
i from the othera.
168. PACHIVOUTB. Fadmolit Enap,, Ann- Oh. Fharm., czzriL 61, 1866.
182
f^
moclinic, I A 7=98° 34', i A ^=108° 15', /A ^=153°
9 A /=r90® 2(K front edge of pyr. on front edge of prism
45', DescL Twins : compoBition-face ii (f. 132) ; crys-
JwayB twins ; i- A f adjacent 94° 13'. Cleavage : 0 and
leqnal. Lnstre vitreous. Colorless to white. Trans-
it to sabtransparent. Optic-axial plane and one bi-
Ix normal to i-i ; and incuned 1G°— 15® to a normal to
ad 23° 15'— 18° 15' to a normal to the front edge of the
nid.
up.— 9 (0l^ Na) F+AP ^+2 fi, with Oa : Na=3 : 2=Fluorme 61'12, almnfamm 12-29,
1 16*14, aodiom 12*88, water 8-07=100. Analjaea: 1, Kaop (L a) ; 2, Qt. Hagemann (Am.
n.zli.119):
F Al Ca . Na iGC
60-79 13-14 17*26 12-16 9-60=102*94 Knop.
61-16 10-37 17*44 1204 8*63 =99*63 Hagemann.
i, ato^— In the dosed tnhe, heated gentij, yields water whidx is neutral; at a higher heat,
tndi ia add. Heated rapidly it is decomposed with crackling, and the formation of a white
vfaidi oondanaea on the walla of the tube. Decomposed by aulphurio add, giving out
liicadd.
^Incniats the cnrdite of Greenland, being a result of its alteration. The pyramidal planes
Biea have a atair-uke appearance, firom interrupted combination.
BOMSBNOUTB.
Dimetric PachnoUte O. Hagemium^ Am. J. ScL, IL zliL 93, 1866.
Thomsenolite Dana.
►noclinic. /A/ abont 89° ; OaI approx. 92° and 88° ;
=121°— 124°, Dana. Prisms slender, a little tapering ; 1
DDtallj striated. Cleavage: basal very perfect. Also
ve, opal, or chalcedony-like.
=2-5—4. Q.=2-74— 2-76, of crystals. Lustre vitreons,
eleava|^£EU» a little pearly, of massive waxy. Color
\y or with a reddish tinge. Transparent to translucent.
ip^-2 (Oa, Na) F+ Al* B*+2 fl, with Oa : Na=7 : 3=Fluorine 52-2, alund-
iHI, oaksnm 16*4, sodium 7*6, water 9*8= 100. Analysis : Hagemann ^ a) :
F
Al
Oa
Na
a
Si
60-08
14-27
14-61
716
9-70
2-0=97-71
\ affnrded Dr. Hagemann a similar result
nflSflw— Fnaea more eaail^ than cryoUte to a clear glass. The maasivadeorepltatea x«maik-
> the flnoe of a cuidle. in. powder easily decomposed by sulphuric add.
'-Jioiind with padinoliteon the cryolite of Greenland, and a result of the alteration of cr^-
oyitala often have an odue-oolored ooating, especially the terminal portion ; and on tiiia
i, sad Hw atdalad tapeiiiig lides^ the measurements an'^only approzhnatioDSL The mineral
9
180
FLUOEINE OOHPOtnn>9.
WHS first notloed by Dr, Jnlius Thoraaen of C<»penhageiv the originttor of the orToUte \
after whom ti is here named* It difl'ers strikiDgljr l!h>m pochnolite in its pe«1f baaal (
its nearly square prisms ; and fW>m cryolite iu the borizontal strife of the same and thA |
deavege. The compact variety, first observed by Dr, Hogomann (to whom tbeautf
for hia aoquaintanoe with it), tias much of the aspect of chaloedony ; it Lnorasts
|NM aeams or Cttvttiea in it, and is oavered by tFie chalky gearkautite ; the ine
tiiDM half an inch or more thick.
169 A. HAOBMAVNmL Hogemaimito Shepard, Am. J. Sol, IL xliL 246, 18611,
bleeio aspect and oonditioQ the oompact thooiflenolitei but passes somotimea latoa}
jaspery variety. It incnuts tbe cryolitOf and alao oonstitutes aeams | to | in. thidc* j
tra verses a dntay ferruginous pachnotite. It ia ochre-yellow to wai-yellow in color, i
greeuiHb, duLl^ or with only a faintly gUmmGritig ludtro, and looks Uke an iron 0int, or 1
ohloroptti of Ahwr, Bavaria. H,=3-«*5, G.=2*a»— 2'tiO. Adherea but feebly to tha i
Hagemann obtained m an analysts F 4030, Al 12*06^ Fe 6-96, l£g 2*30, Oa U'lS, Hi
7*79, H 10*44. Decrepitates aurpriaingly in the flame of a candle.
The analyaia oorreaponds to the atomic ratio for F, Si, (AJ, Fe), (Jig, Ca, KaX 4:1:
log 3 F for the Si. to make Si F", it leavea only 2 F for the bases. No probable foi
deduced. Excluding the 8i, Mg, Fe, the oompoaitlon is that of thomaendite^
170. QgARgSUTTTB.
Earthy, kaolin-like in aspect,
H,=:2. Lustre dull. Color white, opaque.
Oomp^'Oa* F+ Al^ F*H-4 Xt, or essentially like that of arksutite, excepting tb»]
pF^senoe of but little soda. Aualyab : G. Hagenumn (private oontrib.) :
F 4118 A] 1552 Oa 19-26 Na 2*46 fi SO-23.
Oha^ — Ooours with tbe Greenland cryolite, and \3 one of the results of its alteratioii.
fa Indebted for hia knowledge of the mineral to Dr. liagemann. The underlying i
paol thomsenoUte. At tbe request of Dr. Qagemann, it U named by the author IVom f% i
mintihf allndmg to its earthy aspect
171. PROSOPITB. Prosopit Scheerer, Fogg., ziv 31&, 1853, xdL, 612, ol 3
IM Monoclinic. /A/=115°ir; t-t Af-5=76^ 15\-2a-J
30', 2-1 A 2-1=116° 30',2-« A 2-1=120^56'. Onljin '
crystals.
IL=4-5. G.=a*890— 2*898. Lustre weak.
wliite, or grayish,
Comp.^AoalysU by Sch«ef<cr (FOgg., d 361, 385) :
StF* IU Mn % Ca It
Alteoberg 10*71 42-68 D"3l 025 22-98 0*18
Altanber^
The loM of 7*43 p. a is regarded by Sobaerer asprorfiig that S'50 [
oixygen ia raplaoed by flnorine ; the mmeral la tbenoe ittganted by him j
Ing of 1 St F*, 6 itl, I Ca, 50aF, 12 0, or, diflferently ifw^ad, |iil T
8XltfOiP,4Ca, 12lt.
pwr., ato* — ^In the glaaa tube affords water and fiuorid of sQipoo.
add.
Oba^-Ooourt at the tin mines of Altenberg, )n crystals, part of whkh are a ki _
otfaera, aooording to observations by O. J. Brush (Am. X HcL| IL izv. 41 1}^ fdeaTafaltl
and others atill duor part^ kaolioiaed.
AJao fbmid al the ssoiilaclceawald tin mines ; but Bcfaeerer infbra^ without an i
i^ilili frcHi thii plaoi (Foigg., adk dli) are a phoaphale with tlttorid^ and ha glv
lOil Ibvmk (ft* P« B F) Al F*4ya
ThtefyiMa an doeely Wee datolita tn fom), as shown by tha iotbor te Ilft8 lad i
woHc {p. 808). DesdoiMPaui haa aUled that aptkaOy they are trkUato^
It Is yat donbtfbl whether aoalberad prosopile haa been diiaribad or i
llaGBad firota •f*#w«tr*rf a maak^ to aDuafon to the deoeptift citofMtar of Iha i
QXTDe. 181
V. OXYGEN COMPOUNDS.
The grand divisions of Oxygen Compounds among minerak are men-
tmed on page 1.
L OXYDS.
General Arrangement.
I OXTDS OF Et.KMTENTS OF SeBIES I.
a. Anhydrous.
&. Hydrous.
1 0xTD6 OF Elements of the Absenio and Sulphub Gbotjps, Series II.
- t OxTDB OF Elements of the Cabbon-Silioon Gboup, Sebies II.
I
1. OXYDS OF ELEMENTS OF SERIES I.
A. ANHYDROUS OXYDS.
The elements of Series I. whose oxyds are here included are those of the
iron and tin groups, none of the gold group occurringnative. The oxyds
htm with few exceptions, the general formulas R O, JR O, R' O', R O+R*
C, and BO".
iKmietric forms occur under the formulas R O ; R O ; RO+R* O'.
Hexagonal « " RO; R'O'.
Telngonal " " RO*; 2R0+R0*.
OrflioAombic " « RO; RO+R*0*; RO'.
The following are the groups of Anhydrous Oxyds :
L PE0T0XTD8-«aR0.
L ODFBITB AND FHRIOLASITE GBOUFS.— lAometria
Itl Omm tia 174. BuirenniB JTi
mpanisn tig
183. Spinel
184. BMBXJTsm
I8&. Qasjstsm
1S6. MAaHvrxTB
Mg (^ 3Po)
(2n, Pts, Mg) (£1, Fa) 189. Cbbomitb
f e Fe 190. URAJfiinTB
18t. HAGmSlOFBBBITE Mg Fo
188. FBiJnaJirnii (2n, 1*^ Un) (F©, Sn)
(^e, Mg, Cf) (XI, Fe, ^)
2. OHRTSOBERTL GROUP.— OfOiorlioinblc
19L Chetbobebtl BeTSl
i. DEUTOXYM— R0».
L BUTILB OROUP.— Tetn^mL
193. OAflnSBBm
193. RUTILB
194. OcTABm>«mi
195. HATOUAaann ^^ Ita
186. B&Atnnn I Hn^Mn-i-StiiSl
197, ?3imm ^'l^b
2, BROOKITB GROUP,— OrthorliombiCi
198. BbOOEHB tl 199. PnoUTilTB
Itll
6w OOMPOUNBa OP PROTOXTDS A2^ 8E3QUI0XTDS-In Uw ntlo 8 : ik. or 8 BO'fft]
200. CaiDincBm (Honodioio) Cu* Mti*
JjipMdi;^
901. PLAmrssnm
» Mbtt in tho *boTO table require explanntioD. Admitting tho priodple
oa pfl
fhit 61 osyde cf]rttoUistiig In the hetagtmu ijmtem the numU^r of stotos of toe Mfiaiit •l■■■^
omtii, y 8, <»r a multiple of 3 ; aod tliftt in thoie cryitaUiMitg in the Mnmmai ifllllm tiil I
munber le 9 or < or • multifde of 4 ; ftnd that the sesqiiiozyda Fe^O*, A1*0* ajWbi
in aooordjuiee with thle prindplo, aad the deutoxyda Tl O*, So 0* ei« letnfoiMl In
of it* we have reeeoos for the foUowing ooochidons. In the Zindle gnnqv lioo* vm
iSadle atn hnxefonoL theee ep^dee, when fhms crftialimod (wbeteTor be tnie in otter 1
he^e the IbnonlM U* O* tatd Zn* 0*. In thn Maeeioot group, itnce Hie two epadee
oocur botb In leomelHo end orthorhombio forms ; end eLnco the orthorhombic ftifin In In 1
^ The principle doee not require thet when the number of atoine of o^/gen le 9 or 4, ornt.
nf 4| Ihm the focaae ihonld bo tmu9m0if Xdffigoin!, but reoognbDM thnt tetrMOMl taoiiill
poeilble. The 01yd Ti 0^ ctygtiltlint aol 0n^y In tetangoonl fanm^ bll alio In irthiwUnrtHM
AHHTZHKA7B OXTDiw
188
that oTorthorliomUo Ti 0^<biT)okiteX flie anglM /A/aad /Afbeinr »^ «9', 126^ 29'
md 99** 60, 126"* 16' in brookite, it woiild seem to be true that while ^ifoometiio Irinds
rmulas Pb Oend Oa 0, ae ordinarily irritteii,tiieorthorhombio beve the fonnnlMFb^O*
(w On O"); end that the latter ought to be amuoigad with the devaosyda, in the same
brooktte, wiiioh also has 2 of oxjrgen. (Ibis arrangemeDt would hsfo been adopfted
Btinct orthofffaombio forma of the epeciei Wl been obMnred io natiire.)
Oder the Bntile gnmp ore arranged the apeoiee hanamannite and brannite, area of man-
he formula of ?iauamanniUe is commonlj written Mn Hn, maldng it analogoos to
;lie Spinel groop. But it accords better with its tetragonal erystalliMtion and Ita-rela-
O*, to write it Mn* ttn. BrawUiB baa been shown by Bammelsberg to haye a oompo-
maj be repreeented by the formula (Mn 8i)* 0', in wliioh Mn andfiiamiear asr^laomg
tr. The omstituents, aa dedooed by analysts, axe 3 lEIn+libi+Si, whioh include 8 or
to 12 of oxygen, in aooordanoe with the above formula. But braunite has doeely the
ion of Ti Cr m rutfle ; and thia relation is brought out in the formula 2 liln* Mn+Mn
^▼en, yrbkh renresenta it as oonesponding to 2 of hanamannite and 2 of a aOicate analo-
ooo, with whl(^ silicate also it is isomorphoos. The dose rektian and isomorphism of
assamed in Use fonnula (Mn^ Si)* 0* ia unsustained by ibots.
1. PROTOXTDS.
Aes csMarium rubro-fosoom, OtttiL IieberMck upfef , JLffric^ Fbss^ 9Z^ In*
462, 1640. Mhiera cupri calciformis pura et indurate, colore rubro^ vulgo Kupferg^s,
Leberer&y QrontL, Min., 178, 1768. Oupmm tessulatum nudum Lkm^ Syst, 172, tab.
r66; Gnprnm oyst ootaMmm A^ 1768. Octahedral Oof^ier Ore, Bed Qlaaiiy Copper
iB; Foes., 1771. Mine rouge de ouivre Sa^ Mln., 1772. IGne de onine Tttnuse rouge
s, Olst, 1772, 1783. Bothkupforerz. Guiyre oziduld. Ozydulated copper. Zigueline
Tr., iL 718, 1882. Bnberite ChapnL, Praot Min., 63, 1848. Ouprit Baid^ Handb., 648,
elenB=!rae Ore ; Kupferlebererz; Hepatinerz.
rformiges Bothkupfererz ; OuiTre ozidul6 capillaire, K ; EupferUlithe Bommn, ; Oai^Dary
r^ of Oopper. Ghalkotridiit Cfloek, Gnmdr., 869, 1889.
136 Isometric Observed planea, 0, 1, f, i-2 (e^,
t-6, 2 (a'0, 3, 2-3 (a^, 8-| (o). Figs. 1 to 8, and
f. 136. Cleavage: octahedral. Sometimes
cubes lengtheriea into capillary forms. Also
massiye, granular ; sometimes earthy.
H.=3-5-4. G.=5-85-615 ; 6-992, Haid-
inger. Lustre adamantine or submetidlic to
earthy. Color red, of various shades, particu-
larly oochineal-red ; occasionally crimson-red
by transmitted light. Streak several shades
of brownish-red, shining. Subtransparent —
Bubtruislucent. Fracture oonohoidal, UBev^n.
Brittle.
VTw^-'-O:^ tf copper, ^rsiOzygen ll-S, copper S8'8sl00. aeliielIiWii*»*«*«M«
OHfaory. (a) Oryitaffiied ; commonly in octahedrons, dodecahedrona, cubea, and faiter-
braa; Oeoyrtala often with a enut of malachite; (6) BUUMive- - ^iw^w^w^^i^
dtary ; (7MeolndMei la capillary or acUnilar cryatalliaationa, auMOijd te^^
■Mc; b^aoooidtagtoBiookeand A-Knop, really cubea etongatedtotiio fflwcwmorthe
liiid^ Owon Jihibw Mia., Ml, 1861).
134
OXraEN OOMPOUND6,
3. Bar0if; TUb Ore (Zlegelers Germ,). Brick-red or reddiBh-brown and ear^fi
witb rod oxyd of iron ; fiometimet near]j black.
The h^patificny or Uver-ort, of Breitbaupt has a liver-brown color. Von Bibr» found (J*
xcvt 20'1) the tile-ore of Algodon baj, Bolivia, to oont&io chlorine, and to bo a mixture ol
mite, cuprite, hematite, and other earthy material; he obtained for one, atacamlte ai'ji,
10'85, Besqnioiyd of iron 20*50, gangne 34*42, water, antimoDy, and loee 2*87. In Uro
atacamite 2%Ai\ 33-25, cuprite 12-77, 13*02, hmonite 25'O0, 19*07, gangne 30-81^ 33'67, wi
timonj and lotia 3-02, 2*09.
Pyr^ #10. — Unaltered in the closed tube, B.B. in the foroepa fuses and colon Uw
raid-green ; if previoualy moiatened with muriatic acid, the color imparted to the flaau if
taiilv asure-blue fVom chlorid of copper. On charcoal flrat blackena, then fuaea, and ia
metallic copper. With the fluiea gives reactiona for oijd of ooppor. Soluble in
muriatic acitl
Oba. — Occurs at Oamadorf and Saalfleld io Thuringna^ at Lea Oapanne Tecdue in
Elba, in cubes ; in Oomwall, in fine traoBlucent crystals with native oopper and quarts^ at
GorUnd and other Oomish mines ; in Devonshire near Taviatock j in isolated oryBtaiii
an Inch in diameter, in litliomarge, at Cheaay, near Ljona, which are generally coated
chite; at Eatherinenberg in S^ria; in South Australia; also abundknt in Ohili, Pero,
the ciystala in which re^onSf aa far aa examined by D. Forbes, are simple cubes (prirala
oiotttoi); very fine csyatals from AndaooUo near (k»quimbo.
It lua been obeerred at Schuyler's, Somerville, and Bomington oopper mineB, ISf. J.
and iDftBiiTe, associated with chrysoooUa and native oopper ; alao near New Brunswidc,^K,
red ihale; 2 m. fW>m Ledentoo, Rockland Oow, N. Y^ with green malachite hi trap; at
Lebanon Ca, Pa. ; in the Lake Superior region.
Wh^o found in lar^ quantitioa this speciea is valuable aa an ore of oopper.
Named cuprUe by Uaidiuger from the Latin cuprvm, copper. Chapman's nan
Latin ruber, red) ia prior in date (L c) ; but the laws of derivation would diange ft to
matead of introducing this altered name^ that next in priority^ already long utmd^ la h
Alt. — A deoxydation of this ozyd of copper sometimes takes plaoe, prododb^ aaittfi
It alao beoomea carbonated and green, by meana of carbonated waters, dbaa^fim to
asurite ; or through a sQioate In solution it is changed to chryaoooQa ; or by tailiig
comes meUoouite. Limouite ocoura as a pseudomoipli by substitutioQ afler cupdteu
wttiij
173* PBRIOIiABITH. Feridaaia Scaechi^ Mem, ICln^ Naples, 184L Ftoriklaa i
Iftometric. Figs. 1, 2. Cleavage: cubic, perfect. Also in grainiL
HL= nearly 6. G. = 3'67*t, Jjamour, Color grayish to dark-|
Transparent to translucent.
Oom|»»— Mg; or magneaLa, with 1 part in 25 of protoxyd of iroo. Analyses : I, 8cao^l
2, 3, Damoor (Ana. d. IL, IV. iii 360, and BulL Soc. O. Fr., 1849, 313):
L Ug 89-04 l^e 8 56=97-60 Scttocht.
1 9386 5^7=99-83 Damour.
8. 93-38 6-0 1 = 99-39 XNmiour,
Pjr., etc. — B3. unaltered and infusible. With cobalt solution after lon^
fiiint fleah*red color. The pulveriaed mineral showa aa alkaline reaotioa wlitii
diaaolves in mineral adda without eflbrreaeenoe.
Oba.— Occurs diaaeminated through efeeted maaaea of a wlilte limeaioiie^ and in
dujvtered cryatala, on Mt. Sornm% aooietmieB with forsterito and earthy magnesite.
Named I^m v^^, abotU^ and <X<inf, ckma^/t,
jLiill— Fonned fn cryatala of a cubo-oetahedral form by making lime to act at »
tora oa borate of magneaia (Ebelmeo) ; by the action of chorhydric g«a oa
tj^ aotion of cblorid of magnesium on lime (Daubti^).
174. BUNSBNXTB*
Nidceloxydul C Btrgmmn, J. pr. Cb., Ixxv, S43, IMfU
Nickel Bunaealte Ikma.
Wmetrie* In octahedrons^ eometintee having truncated edipea.
H.=5-5. G.=«-308. Ln&tTO vitreona. Color H*n. 8li
rownkh-black. Trandacent. [Characters of uu; c^ haUfj
AHHYDBOUB OXYBS. 185
In diameter.! Artificial crystals observed in slags have a metallic lustre,
and brownisn-black color.
Oonpy — tl% or pore protoijd of nSokeL
Obii Ooenrs in caTitiea w&h other nickel ores, and ores of nraniom, at Jobanngeorgenstadt
(DLBecgemann, J. pr. Obu, Izxy. 239).
Baned after Vnt Bonaen, who oMervod long since artifldal crystals of this ozyd of nickel
176« WATBR.
HexagonaL Usnal in compound stellate forms, 136
i ene form of which is shown in f. 136.
G.=0-918, Brunner ; 0-9178 at 82° F., L. Dufour.
Ookrless. inodorous. Tasteless. Liquid above
VP F., and boils at 312** F. A cubic inch of pure
miar at 60® F., and 80 inches of the barometer,
«B^^ 252*458 grains.
Oo8qv-HO=Qzjgen 88-89, hjdrogen 11*11=100.
Olia^— The density of water is greatest at 39°*1 F., according to
Jtefo and Flayfair. Desprets obtained 39''*n6 ; Hallstrom 39^*38;
I and Gilpin 39'' ; Hope 39'''6 ; Muncke 38'''804. Below this
jtore it expands as it approaches 82^, owing to incipient crystallisation,
rater as i% oocora in natore is seldom pure. It ordinarily contains some atmospheric air, often
pn oxygen and carbonic acid, besides rarious saline ingredieots, as salts of magnesia, lime,
ni, woi^ pot^ah, and sometimes traces of zinc, arsenic, lead, copper, antimony, and eren tin,
iMia ingredients bcdng derived from the rocks or soil of the region. For citation of numerous
Mentanalyaes of waters, see Eenngott*s Uebersicht, 1844-1862 ; also the Jahresbericht f. Oh., etc.
Ob&r-fiee on the Crystallization of Ice, Leydolt, Ber.'Ak. Wien., vii. 477. Also A. E. Norden-
BkiNd, who states that it is dimorphous ; one form probably orthorhomhic (J. pr. Oh., Izxzy. 431).
176. ZINOITU. Bed Ozyd of Zinc A. Bruce, Brace's Min. J., L, No. 2, 96» 1810. Zinkoxyd,
Botiudnkerz, GenrL Zino ozyd^ Fr. Bed Zinc Ore. Zinkit HauL, Handb., 548, 1846. Spar-
tifite RAJC, 218, 1862.
Hexagonal. 0 A 1=118° T ; a= 1-6208. In quartzoids with truncated
gommits, and prismatic faces Z 1 A 1=127° 40' (to 43'), Rose ; I A 1=
ISr 53' ; 152"^ 20', Levy, Cleavage : basal, eminent ; prismatic. Some-
tiines distinct. Usual in foliate^ grains or coarse particles and masses ; also
granular.
BL=4— 4-5. G.=6-48-5-7. 5-684, orange-yellow crystals, W. P.
Kake. Lustre subadamantine. Streak orange-yellow. Color deep red,
abo orange-yellow. Translucent — subtranslucent. Fracture subconchoi-
daL Brittle.
Oamp^2ti'=Oxygmi 19^4, ^o 80-26=100 ; containing o^ of manganese as an unessential
Iqpadient Analyses: 1, Bruce (L a); 2, Berthier (Ann. d. M., ir. 483); 3, 4, Whitney (Fogg.,
hoi 169); 6, A. A. Hayes (Am. J. 8cL, xlviil 261); 6, W. P. Blake (Mining Mag., IL u. M» 1860):
Zd iSn Un ¥e
I, Bed 92 8 =100 Bruce.
4 u Qg no =100 Berthier.
tu 11.45 _" tr. — .liSSlf 4-49. iga^l-0»=100;08 Whit
«. " 93'4a 6-60 0-36, scateB 3Pe 0-44=99-78 Hayes.
& TtOom W4T 0-68 » Jgn. 0-28=X00-38 Blake.
136
OXTQWSf OOKPOI7H96*
Thin scales magnified and viewed by transmitted %bt are deep yellow. The author 1
me&QB of a high magniff iiig power that this ore b free iVom foreign Boalea of red ozyd of in
other aubataiioefl ; and consequently the color is probobly due, as held by G. Rtio and
Whitney, to the presence of Mn. The crystals analyzed by BUke (anaL 6^ which oootilB
than I p. c. of Mn, wore orange-yellow in color,
Pyr*, etc— Heated in the dosed tube blackens, but on cooling rewunes the onginnl i
B3. infuf^ible ; with the duxes, on the platinum wire, gives reactions for majiganeae^ and on <
ooal in RF, gives a coating of ozyd of zinc, yellow while hot and white on cooling. The cM
moistened with cobalt solution and treated in R.F., assumes a green color. SdiiMe in <
without effervesoenoe. On exposure to the air it sullers a partial deoompoflitioo at the i
and becomes invested with a white ooatiog, which is carbonate of zinc
Oba, — Occurs with Frank Unite imd ah^o with caldte at Stirling Hill and Mine Hil], Susms {
N. J^ sometimes in lamelhir masses in pink caldte. It vras first noticed, descnbed, ikcd an "
by Dr. Bruce. Beported as forming paeudomorphs after blende at Schneeberg.
An oxyd of zinc, mixed with hydrote of iron, occurs on marmatite at Bottlno in Tnaoanv, i
afforded C. Bechi (Am. J. 6d., 11- liv. 62) Zu 81-726, Pe i7 450, tl 20'826,
Axtif. — ^Mitscherlich has observed minute sii-aided priama in the iron Ainiaoee of Kfln _
in Silesia. Similar crystals have been met with in the mnc furnaces near 9iegeti; alao iof
furnaces and roast-heaps at the New Jersey £lnc mines ] enrf^oe drusyf color white to i
yellow (Am. J. Set., LL xiii 417); in hexagonal prisms in the zinc fiirnaces at Bethia'
and Newark, N. J. ; b j L. Stadtmuller at the iron furnace of Tan Deusenville, ICa
Other faruaces in Europe and America,
177. MASSICOT.
Bleigl&tte. Lead-odire. Plumbic Oohre.
Maasloot AeA Min^ 346, 1841.
Oxyd of Lead. Pkroh
Ortiiorhombic and isometric (artif.), Maseive ; structure scaly crystAll]
or earthy,
IL=2. 6.=:8-0; 7-83-7-98, from Mexico, Pugh; ft-S-ft^Sd
pore. Lustre dull. Color l^etween Bulphur and orpiraent-yellow,
times reddielL Streak lighter than the color. Opaque. Does not M)ilj
Coinp. — ^b=:Oxygen I'll^ lead 93-83=100; more or lees impure.
J,, ir. 219, xxxil lOtt); 2, 3, Pogh (Ann. Oh. Fharm.. c 128):
Analyses ; If John (8
89*10
92*01
9240
Fe, Ca gl
0*48 a-40=96-83 John,
f e 6 61 $r,, B and tow aU FfoA.
*' 4*85 0*14^ "* 1*23 Pni^
Tbib vpedflMoi analysed by Pugh wete from the mine of GuOlemio^ near Pm«I«| ia Ilia i
of Vera Qna^ ^rhere nattte lead olao la reported to oecur in galena.
Pjr., ato^B.B. tuBm readily to a yellow glaM^ and ou diarcool ia easOy reduoed to i
lead.
Oba«— It ia aaid to occur at Bndenweiler in Baden, in quatic Oeroli atataa thai It ham 1
^liOtad from <ba Toloanoea of PopocatapeU and Jitaooit^iall, in Itexka U la Coimd Ia ]
uaoea in the proTinces of Chihuahua and Gohahuila in cti ]r quaa^tiaii haiiog I
fcoM aloDg the ^treama between Ccrulvo and Monterey, i ooed ta oooa IhMn Qm 1
of moaataina running nearly north of Monterey. The aptxuii.ru« ^^i^len S or mora c»Uo
alaa) aia batween orphnent and sulphur-yellow in color, and gliaten like a granular a
naarlj golden color. The natural anrfeee ia alightty ofyataUine and aUinin^r, and whon 1
ahowa a tcaly tejcture (Bailey hi Am. J. 8ci, II. Tiii 420X
Ooeun alao at Anatia'a miiiai^ Wythe C<^ Va.
AvtlL^-Anifldal emtala have been obtainod amonff tonaoa producta and br direcl i
aafhoda* ai weU aa from Aiaion, whidt wara oflboroomhte (mmbio oemimistoia^ aic^);
o^n that wera isomettio (cubea, dodaoahadrona, ata).
ITt, MBLAOONXTB. KnpfencbwifM ir«m, Bergm. J^ ItiO. Black Oiyd of
Black Ooppar. Malaoodte Ifiial, Mln^ llA. 1841. T^uofl^ Smmoia, Ofmrn WmoH, ^ I
104l« BoU. a Fr., xitL too, 1841-41. MalaoonJiA J. Settoeki, Blattlbi maL UhL, 4#,
1043. UaLaooite Ikma, MlxL, 610, IMO.
r. Copper
letric and ortborhombic (artif.). Earthy; massive; pulverulent;
L B>iiTiing flexible scales. Barely in cnoes with truncated angles
omorphons t).
=8. Q.=6*26, massive, Whitnev ; 5*952, ib., Joy, Lustre metallic,
lor steel or iron-gray when in thin scales ; dull and earthy, with a
or grayish-black color, and ordinarily soiling the fingers when massive
vemlent.
•*l. Bttrttiy-Uack, sometimeB under the forms of oryBtt^ 2. In Boalea, with a metaOio
py— Oa O, or 6ii 0^ (the bitter for the orthorhombio)=0z7gen 2016, copper 79*85=100.
•: 1, 1, Joj(Pogg., Ittt. 28t); 3, id. (Ann. Lyo. N. Y., viiL 121) :
Cu -Pe Ca Si
Harbw 99-45 =99 45 Joy.
" [95-20] 119 0-23 3-38=100 Joy.
3. " " 9306 1-07 0-22 308=97-43 Joy.
I elOd— B3. in O.F. inftuible ; other reactions as for oaprite (p. 134). Soluble in muriatio
ifeaddB.
— ToQiid on lava al Tesuyins in scales (W>m a twentieth to a third of an inch across, often
■al and sometimes triangular (Semmda) ; and also pulverulent (Sacchi, who uses the name
■ise for the mineral). Common in the earthy form about copper mines, as a result of the
nsilioQ of dialoopyrite and other copper ores. Abundant thus at the Ducktown mines
Mssee, and also formerly at Oopper Harbor, Keweenaw Pohit, L. Superior. At the latter
i fsia affofded, some years since, 40,000 lbs. of this ore. Imbedded in its mass tiiere were
ass perfeot crystals, haying the form of cubes with truncated angles. These crystals have
Vvded as peeudomoxphs after cuprite by Teschemacher, Hayes, and others. J. D. Whitney
Moonoed them (Bep. L Sup., it 99) original crystals of the species, on the gpround tiiat the
mr now m the vein occurs only in octahedrons.
Kr— Beoquerel obtained tetrahedral crystals by fusing ozyd of copper with potash (Ann. dh.
fi. 102); and Jenasch has described (Pogg., evil 647) orthorhombic arstals, found in tiie
lofa caldning fbmace at Freiberg, having /a/=99'' 89\ /Ai=126<' 29 , /A l-t=l22° 58',
^U3* 58', approadiing the angles of brooklte, and showing a relation of this ozyd of oopper
inrtoixyds; /A/inbrookite being 99' 50', and /Ai=126^ 16'.
rqittfe Shepard (Marcy's EzpL Bed River, 135, 1854, Shep. Mln., 1857, 405) is an unoertidn
nfiom the Bed Biver, near the Wachita Hts., Arkansas. Shepard made it (L c.) a mixed
McUorid and ozyd of oopper, as if containing atacamite. Specimens put by him into the
iif& W. Tyler for analysis were found to contain (Am. J. ScL, XL zB. HI) 63*42 p. a of
r ad 17*22 of sulphnr, with a " supposed " amount or ozygen and water set down at 8 of
i^nd 9 of water, whence it is supposed to consist of ozyd of copper (On O) 39*70, sulphid
P«(Oi 8) 47*70, with 9 of water. It is evidently a result of the alteration of a sulphid of
it
2. SESQUIOXYDS.
OoriBdon (x=8Bpphbe, Oornndum, and Bmeiy tmited) K, QSb. AniL, xz.
187, 1805, Laoas TabL, L 261, 1806.
jmbohedraL BA^^Se" 4', Oa1(B)=122'' 26'; (122° 25', Kok-
if); a=sl'863. Obewved planes: rnombohedronB, ^, ^, 1(^, —2,
pynmids, 4-2 (f. 18T, 139, 140, and plane rinl 138), JJ^2, 2-2. f 2,
% V-3, 8-2, 9-2 ; aealenohedrons, fj, f , f (= ^-i, H,H)y'^A
188
OXTOEK OOHFOtnnM.
137
m^
133
42'
91
r40
Oa i
Oa i
Oa 2
6»a2-2
OAfS
6>A4-2
C>AH
Oa-VH
=152'
= 141
=107
=110
=118
=100
=120
= 121
139
^^t£Z=h^
it
f2Af2,pvr.=.128 2
2-2A2-2, ^' =134
i^2AB =136 5S
1-2 Af 3 =151 U
2 A2 =73 45
Cleavage : basal, eumetimes
but iiittTrupted, coniimmly
in the blue variety ; also rhomb
Large crystals usually rou^h.
composition-face 7?. M^
ramilar or impalpable ; often in layers from composition parallel U
H,=9* G.=3'909— 4-16. Lustre vitreous; Bometitnes fHjarlf
bflBal plan^, and occasionally exhibiting a bri<^ht onalescent 8t.arof
in the direction of the axis. Color blue, red, yellow, brown, g
nearly white ; streak uncolored. Transparent— translucent
conuhuidal — uneven. Exceedingly tough when compact
Oomp., Vftr. — Piire alumitta ^l=0j[7gen 46-6. alaroitmrn 53*4=100.
There are three aabdimioos of the apeciea prominent) j reeognixed Id the arti^ md^
In this oentufj regarded aa diatiDCt apecic^a ; but which actuaU3r difTer oaljr in paiitj
crysUinxjttioti or atnicstore* Hatij firat (in 1806) formaQj united them inid«r
cepted for the ipeoiei, though the fact that adAmantmeaparaDdsapphifeif^
CtoD dJd not escape the eaii^ crjatallog^pher Rom<^ de Liale, and lea him lo _
Tar. 1. SjJ^pmii.— •Yi*r^<>-s (bluish a) Grr, Hjadnthoa (id.) P£t< xxsTiL44^ J
astoriated) uf., xpriL 49. Jacut Arab, [fr. name in India, and thence H^aointliiia Ti
*Ar9fiof (red &, the Greek moaikiog tmnUnff coat) pt, Theophr, Carbuncnlua, I^jclmia {
FHn., xxxTil 25. 29. Saphlr, Sapphlrua, WaiL, Um^ 116; Oncutallsk Eubio, id.,
T4Me ff., Tr, 1801. Conndon hjalln £^,1806.
Includes the purer kinds of fine colon, transparent to tmciplnoeiit^ JOtM m _
■re named according to their oolora ; true Buti/, or OfieiUai Mu^^ red ; (K 7^f^
MmmncM, gr^eo ; 0. Aij[^y$t, purpla. A rariet^ baTinff « ttillato opalotcraot vlM
Iha direction of the vertical azia of the crfstal, ia the AderkOtd Sapphire (Xitfma of F
nsbf aapphiro waa probiibly induded under the i^jM^ of TheoplmUtiUt and Uae
JjyAniM of Plinf.
2, OoRtmDUic — ^Adamaa Sfderitea PUfk, zxxtU. 15. Karund Iftnd. OoriTlBdni^ 4
(&. IndiaX Wbodm,, Cat Fo«s^ 1714, 1725. Adamantine Spur (ft-. India) Bloe^ lA-^
to Greirille and Klaproth (r. scq.). Domantopath Ktapr^ Man. AcmL, BorUn, tiff
1192; BeiCr., L 47, 1795; Wem., Bcr^irm. J., I S75, 390, 1789. Spatll adaguiit&a Ik
Thj9,, %^r ]'i ilHl t may, ib., lv;t. Corundum Ortviik, PhO. 'bua., tisa, Q^ti
ISO I. phunoX/l C!orindonadaniiiutini)^\»n^, Hln^ L43M, IROT. K
Incl Vi r dork or dull colors and not tranaparooif oolnra %bt btue to
iDd black Tliti or;gitittI adiuaaotine spar from IndiA has ft dark icmjriali
gpeeniab or bluish by tranamltM light> when traoaluoeut, tad either in
blgai or deftrable-niaaaiYe^ It ia ground and uaed aa a
miHaKiar in ihia reapect to etnerj. It waa ihua emptoTod ia aociaiit
Ifat ** Amieaian atone " below la auppoaod br King to bavv 1
8. Rir«ET.^*A««rir ii 'Aa^tfim [= Armenian Whetatofie]» fhnfkr, ^¥*t
HttduBi (tt, KaxoaX Kasiiun ex AnuenJay /^ifk, uzvi Ilk ^y¥im ^vw (T)
ANHTDBOITS DX7D6*
189
pi, SmitiSf Agrie,^ Foss,, 1546. Smergel, Smiria feirea, WaH^ Mm.^ 26 7, 1747. Smirgel,
Diipl, Germ. £m«nl £r^ Tr., ISOl; Cormdou franulouz ff., IB06.
■(Mm frmnolar conmdutn, of block or grajiBh-black color, aud ooutams ma^etite or bema^
Mmiitolj mixed. FeeU and looks much like a block flue-^raiaed iron ore, wbich it was loug
ilNid. Th^ere ore grDdntions from the evealj fine-grained emery to kinds in which tha
hAbbi is in distinct crystalg. This last is the case with part of that at Ohester, Massachusetts.
hs Mowing are analjses b^ J. LawrsDoe Smith, taken from elaborate papers in the Am. J. SoL,
^S. WUt xt. 63, zltL B3, The column of hardness girea the efiectire abrasive power of the pow-
]3BiiMnd| that of sapphire t>eiQ{; 100 ; Mag. staods for Magj^cHk:
H.
a
^1
Hag,
Ca
^i
tl
\.smh
irvL India
100
4%)6
9751
1*89
0*80
^100-20,
1 lilby, Isdis
90
97-33
1*09
1*21
-9962.
1 OraMfam, Asia Minor
77
3-88
92*39
167
M2
2-05
1*60=98*83.
1 ♦*
Ktoaria
65
392
87-62
7*50
0*82
2*01
0-68=99*63.
»i
Asia
60
3-60
86*63
8-21
0*70
3*85
M6 = 101-O4.
u
India
63
3*89
93*12
0-^1
102
0-96
2*86=98-87,
"
i«
55
3-91
84*56
7-06
IPe
33*25
1-20
4-00
3-10=99*»a.
, Kolah
57
4-28
65i*50
0-92
1-61
l'£>0 = 101*18.
hi
Samoi
56
8*98
70*10
22-2 1
0-62
4*00
2*10-99-03.
1*
Hlcsria
50
3-76
nm
20 32
I '40
4-12
2*53=99*43.
1*
Knlah
63
402
63*00
30*13
0-50
2-36
3*36=98*31.
t*
Gtmiadi
47
3'B2
77-82
8*62
1-80
8*13
3-11 = 99*48.
••
Kaxos
46
3-75
6853
24-10
0-86
3*(0
4*72=101*31.
III
Kicsria
46
874
75*12
18*06
0*73
G-sa
3'lU=98-88.
Q
Gmnuch
42
4*31
60*10
83*20
0-48
1*80
6*62 = 101-20,
a
Kulah
40
8'89
61*05
27*15
1*30
9*63
2 00=101*13.
M
Chestisr
33
44*01
60*21
S)3
ItlUt
a
II
40
50O2
4411
S-25
II
u
11
39
51-9 'i
42-25
5*46
u
L **
ti
45
74-22
19-31
6*48
4<
L ^
«4
^
8402
9*63
4*81
U
^ C T, Jackson makes the formula of emery ^e 3£l, and puts the mineral in the spinel famttj^
Hiilher microaoopio nor oiiemical iuTestigatious appear to sustain this view.
^i|Sto^-BtBl unaltered; slowly dissolved ia borax and suit of phosphorus to a dear gloss,
yicoteriew when ftee ft-om iron ; not act<?d upoa by «odfl. The finely pulvemed mineral,
|biitiii|r with cobalt solution, gives a beautiful blue color. Not acted upon by adds,
1 ioio s soluble compound by fusion with bisulphate of potash or soda. FrictioQ
cilf, and in polished Apecimens the electrical attraction continues for a oonsideiable
ItfUoMk
"'^i ^pscies is associated with cry stall iue rocks, as granular limestone or dolomitet
t^inili^ toica slate, efalorlte slate. The fine sapphlreB are usually obtained from tlie beds
^Htherin modified boisgonal prisms or in rolled masses, accompanied by grains of mag*
IMB^ iDd tereral spades of gems. The emery of Asia Minor, oooording to Dr. Smith,
r^PiMilir limsitoQfiL
l^iiil mby sspphires occnr in the Capelao mountmns, near Syrian, a city of Pegu, ami in tho
"■of Ata; imalier individuals occur near Bilin aud Merowitz in Bohemia, and in the sand
Jjjpiily riTer in Auvergne. Blue sapphires are brought from Oeylon; this yariet^ was
^jyw<as by Werner. Corundum otxrurs in the Caraatic on tlio Malabar ooest, lu the
^tsof Ara, and elsewhere iu the Elast Indies; also near Canton, China. At St (TOthiurd,
•J^t ltd or Woe tinge in dolomite^ and near Mozzo in Piedmont^ in white compact feld-
l^miutuxe spar is met with in large coarse hexagonal pyramids on the Malabar coast, and in
^^Wipisn. £mery Is found iu largt? boulders ac Naioa, Nicaria, and Samos of the Grecian
«illR) in Asia Minor^ 12 m. E. of Ephcsua, near (rumyclv-dagh, where it waa discovered
•yDr. J. I^wrenoe Smithf associated with margarite, ^hlontoid, pyrite, calcite, etc,; and
^Uh, Adula, and Manser, the last 24 m. N. of Smyrna; also with the nacrite (?) of Cum-
"^tbgliod. Other locslities are in Bohemia near Petsehau ; in the Ural, near Katharinen-
^tu ths Ilmen mountains, not far from Mlask ; Frederi<^ VsUoy, Australia.
I yBMrfOB^ tn Main^ at Greenwood, in ciyst. in mica sdiist, with Ijeryl, droon, lopidolite,
. «ilMMGftiiMtti^ at Chester, corundum and emery in a targe aud valuable veiUf consisting
rffttnrv and magnetite, associated with diaspore, ripidolite, margarite, eta; the oonin-
^ittteol^ in bLoe bi-pyramidal crystals. In Cannedioiit at W. Farms, near litchfleld^
*teay«laia; at Korwich, with stUimamte^ rare. Id New York, at Warwick, bluish and
litth ipbel, sod often in its (^ritiea ; Amity, whit«, Uue, reddish gytUil% wifca spinel and
140
oxroEtr ooMPoiTKDe.
rtitito in gno. HmeetosM. In Nim Jeraty, fit Newton, bine oTitab in gna. 1
men bornblotkde, mica, toarmaliDe^ rani at TemoQ, near State linfl^ rad <
iDoliet }oa^. In iVrnwyilMMtia, in Delaww^ Co., in A«toiv near YlUng** C
■t ICnerml HQl, in kxMa oryst ; io Chester Ch., aC UnioQiiU^, abundant'
weiftldag i^ooa Ibe^ and orTstals oooaaiofiiiUj 4 in. long, with
In R Oaniina, bi Bnnocmibo Co., bine raaeaive, otoavnbla, in a 1
nnd maaalve oonmdum. In O^e^Fgia^ bi Cberokee Oe^ red nppliira. lat \
Oo. in the drift of San S^rancbqoeio Pnea. In C^nadOy at Brnveaa, Md I
oaued mrysry finom Arrowsie, Maine, gnnind and sold under tbia nnme^ ia i
gainott mucb of it mixed wltb hornblende.
Red aappbb^ Ib the most bighlj eHteemod. A cryatal weigbln^ fonr <
parencT^ and colore baa l^eeQ valuod at Imlf the price of a diamond of the j
ean^eed balf an inob in lengib. Two eplendid red ciystal^ liowere
pjiimidal dodecahedron, and '* de la longueur du petit doigt,** with n i
are laid to be in tbe poeaeealon of the king of Airacan. Tranapaniot 1
timed orer iSane inchea long,
Tbe 9appMf^ of tbe Greek {aaif^uot>t) was tbe lapis lasuli, wbidi i
given It hj Tbeopbrastus, Flinj, Isidomi^ and others. Plijij rema
eat cum purpura, babena pulTeroa aareoa aparaoa," partidea of pyrite \
aemtnated through lapie lazuli, looking like gold Tbe ancient name* i _
alrea^F been given in the synonymy. See ^rther on this subject, £in#|
C U. Sbepard, alter showing (Descr. of Em. of Chester, Mass^ 7
cmeij li identical Gfystallographically with oorundnm, takes tbe i
mnmik Ibr emery, in case it ahould berealter be established as a diati
thus given has no claim to reoogxiitiou.
Alt* — Corundum under some drcumstanoes abeorba water and
perbapa alao to the mica-like mineral margnrite. It is also replaced I
Aitif. — Formed in crystals by exposing to a high heat 4 pta* of bora;
meaK by dooomposbg potaab alum by charcoal (Gsudin); by snb|eotiaf ^
ftnorid of aluminum to the action of boric odd^ the prooe«s yielding "
(Derille k Caron); by addition to tbe last of iluorid of cliromium, aflbn
ruby, Of with leas of the fluorid of chromium, blue sapphire, or with miiohj
a fine green kind ; by notion of ohkrid of alumioum on lime (Daobr^)^ "^
1 8a HBlAATrrE. *Ar/iarfrirf [=Blood4tone] pt Theo^.^ 836
40. Eiematites pt PHn^ xxxvi 3S, 38, a. n. 77, (t) Galena gea
fnan^MJmtim, Oenth, EiMnglftnE, (2) Hiematites pl=(7in««. Btotstein, \
-465, 468, 1646. (1) 8ppgiande Jemmalm, Uinem ferri tpecnlarla,
k rubra, ITdZL, 26t»-266, 1147. Botbaiaensteb). (1) Jiramabn j
ir, (2) Hmmatitas ruber, (3) Oohra pt, Ontnik, ITft^iat^ \
Hentatlta^ Bed Ochre. Fer tpeeul&ire, (2) Hematite rooge, \
Both Blienatefn, Bother Olaakopf, Bother Eiscnrahm, Wenim^ Bergn.^^
Bed Iron Ore, Bed Oxyd of Iron, Mioaoeous Irou Ore. (I) Fer oU^ate^
U^ It,, 1601. lUmatit Hattmn^ Haid. Handb., 662, 1646, Haoam. Haedbn
Khomboiiednil. Ji a ^=8G^ 10', O A i?=12a^ 30';
serred planes : rhombohedmm, ^, {, J, 4, |, 1 (If), f ^ 4
-1. -i. -^, -+» -i. H» H ; fiealenohedroD^ f , |', 1', \\ ^^
-S»; pyrainiib, H, f3, f 2, " ^ -^ '
baul piano O.
if-i, 4-2 ; prisms /, t-i, •-
0 A 2=10r 40'
O A {-S^IST 49
O A 1-2=118 68
<?A 1«=103 82
Olesvnge: i
5 A 2=fi8» 47'
6 A 5=61 94
4 A 4=143 T
I A 1=115 23
' to J7 and 0: ottea indistinct TvU
a). AJm oolniuiuiv-gnuaalur, bctjgn
iifAff
/iTAia
AKHTDSOUS OXYDS.
141
»A«p; also lamellar, laminflB joined parallel to <?, and variously
^nck or thin ; also granular, friable or compact.
iF -' ' t:-5^ G.=:4'5— 5*3 J of some compact varieties, as low as 4*2.
c and occasionally splendent ; sometimes earthy. Color dark
143
TetUTitia.
141
145
145a
t»
w
EQti.
ELU.
^ »y or iron-black ; in very thin partidea blood-red by transmitted
[ when earthy, red. Streak cherry-red or reddish-brown. Opaque,
)when ID very thin laminse, which are faintly translucent and l>lood-
I^Fracture subconchoidal, uneven, Sometimefl attractable by the
, and occasionally even magnetipolar.
I ^Ar^-^eaqntozjd of iron, Fe=0z7geii 80^ iron 70=100. Sometime oonuimug tita-
rOjBtelline hematite (torn VesuTiafl, Rammelflberif Touod (Pogg.t evii 453) fe 8*11
I; ll «M ZDAgootic!, and 0.^6 303 ; the hematite may haye oont&med BOine maipaetite
> Some beniBtite contains titanium^ Grfstald IVom Krag^roe affbrded Rammdaberg
Ir. 628) Fe 93-63, ti 3-55, fe 8-26=100*44=^© f i+ 13 ¥e, or \Fe Ti)* 0*+13 Pe,
* ' t depend <m texture or state of aggregatioiif and in eome oaaes the preeenoe of im-
. ^KnAjr, Ln^tre metalliCf and ciyatala often splendent^ whence the name specular irm.
1 1& itnictore is foliated or mic^ccoua, the ore is called micaceoug hematite.
^ohgnmar; or fibroQA. The mae»ee often long radiating; luaue anbmetallio to
[ eobr browoifih-red to iron-black. SometiiDefl oalled red hernakit, the name hematite
I oldtr mineralog^ta indnding the fibroaBf stalaotitlo, and other solid maaabe rarietiea
Idea, Hmonite, and torgite.
^O^namt, Bod and earthy. Often spedmens of the preceding are red ochreoua on some
Me aad red chaBc are redochre, mixed with more or less clay.
Jh0iMCot9e; jlfytBacMtw hemaiUe. Hard, brownish-black to reddiah-brown, heavy
I Id part deep-red ; of submet&llic to unmetalUc lustre ; and aSTordlng^ like ail the pre-
i ttreak. It eonaista of oxjd of iron \intb clay or aand, and sometimes other impur*
J When reddkh in color and ja&per-like in texture, often called Jaapery day iron-stone.
|ooIitic ill atmoture (constating of minute flattened concretions), It is the liruiadar iron
r li a «iiirt reaembUng miGa-echLat, but ootitaintng much apecular ore in graina or acales^
I lutlU.
I tlutt some rhombohedrons of hematite have a magnedo axia eroaaing obliquely
g between two oppoaite lateral jm^^les (B. EL Ztg., xxy. 149) ; and further,
I of the rhombohedron are not quite equal
•ItB, Snfhaible; on charooal in R.P. becomes magnetic; with borax in O.F. givea a
I ii iJbwrw^tohpt Bad colorieaa on cooling; if eaturated, the beadappears red while
142
OXTOEK CWMPOUKDS.
hot And 7«Uow on cooling- ; in R.F. gireM r bottk-green oolor^ and If <
metallic tin, assumes a yitriol-greeD color. With soda on churcoal in fi.F. Isi
magruetie metallic powder. Soluble in concentrated muriatic add.
Obi- — ^Thifj ore occuni in rocks of all ag^s, The specular variety Is tnoeiXf cc
line or metamorphic rocks, but is also a result of igneous action about soiM Toloi
Tius, Utnj of the geological fomiatious con tain the argillaceous Tariety or d^j
is mostly ft mareh-formntion, or a deposit over the bottom of shallow, stagnant
kind of day iron-stone (that giving a red powder) is leas common than the com
of llmoDite or siderite. The beds that occur in metamorphic rocks are sometlD
thick aesSf and, like those of magnetite in tha same sitootion^ have resulted ttom
stratified beds of ore, originally of marsh origin, which wore formed at the same tim
ing rocks, and underwent metamorphisra, or a changrs to the crystalline condition,
BeautiM cryiitalliB»tions of this spedes are brought from the island of Elba, w
it fhun a yery remote period^ and is described bj Ovid as '^* Insula inexhaustia eba
metallis*** The sturfkoes of the crystals often present an irised tarntsh and btfl
Ihoes 0 ind ^ are usually destitute of this iarDlah and lustre, and may ttn^nt
present. In determiidng the situation of other planes when the crystal a c^
Oothara affords beautiful specimens, composed of crystallized plates grouped in Uu
{Eii9enrt)ae)^ and aoeomponyiDg crystals of feldspar. Near limoges, Franoe, it
crystals. Fine crystals are the result of volcanic action at Etna and Teauvias, ai
Fossa Oancharone^ on Monte Somma, where it incrusts the ejected lavas ; also
reoent eruptions about the flirncroles; in that of 1855, in fine orystalliaations abo
Bame so thin aa to be blood-rDd by transmitted light (Scacohi), Arendal in Nor
Swedetif £^fimont in Lorraine, Dauphiny, and Switterlaad, also Cleator Moor
afford splendid specimens. Eted hematite occurs in reniform maaaea of • HI
structure, near TJlverstone in Lancashire, in Saxony, Bohemia, and the IIaji.
ooQurs as peeudomorphs of caldte. In Brazil it is associated with quartz, Ii
Immense beds.
In K Amerka, widely distributed, and sometimes in beds of Tast thicknaat
Aaoiic age, at in the Marquette roKiou in northern Michigan ; and in Hisaouri, at
and the Inm Mto, ; the former 650 feet high, oonsisting mainly of an Asoic quart
ing specular iron in the upper port, the iron ore In heavy beds interlaminated 1
latter 200 feet high, and coosi sting at surj^ of massive hematite in loose hlookl
tons in weight; hi Arixooa and New Mexico^ J
Besides these regions of enormous beds^ there are numerous others of "W^OM
oiTstaillaed or uigiUaceous. Some of theeo localities, interesting for their spedosH
New Yorkf at G<»u?emeur, Antwerp, Hermon, Edward a. Fowler, Ganton^ eta;
Axoostook, Me.; at Hawley, Mass., a mlonoeous variety; at Fiennont, K. IL, Id.
In OMlda. Herkimer, Madieonf Wayne Coc, a lenticular argillaceona wtff^ oooilill
bedi In tlie Upper Silurian ; tlie same in Pennsylvania, and as fkr sooth tt^
Canada, and Wtsoonsin to the west ; in North and South Carolina a ndcaooontf^
rocica, constituting the so-called tptcuiar gckiat, or iiabiriit.
This ore affords a oonsiderable portion of tiie iron manufactured in dU
vmrietiea, eapedatly the specular, n^quire a greater degree of heat to mnelt than 01
iron obtained is of good quality. Pulveriaed red hematite is emptoyed in pottll
atao 10 i coloring material This spedea is readUy distinguished Oram mapiititti^
•nd from Inrgite by its greater hardnesi and its not d4XK«pitnllng hotan wm tdoi
Named hemaiiit from iif«, hhod, it teeming, s^ya Theophfiitua, at if fbnuodaf
This old Greek author speaks afterwards of a aecond kind of heoaadttfl
was of a yeUowith-whlte odor, probably a yellow ochre, an impure *
kmaotSMbrovmkemaiUa.
Juu^Sy deoxydation through organic matter forms fnaifnM$ or j
oomM apa&ie iron by oombitmtion with carbonic aoid ^ or by ftif
phmtted hydrogen fbrma pvrits. By combination wUh water fbfms :
attito, and pyrite oonstltuto occurring poeudoroorphs after hematiitv
▲itil*-Foraiod in crystals by the aotlon of steam on chlorid of iron, i
nwthod of origin of the hematite of laiwa ; also by the totion of ;
(Daobi^); by the aoUon of n ttrMm of mnrintic add gat on Fc^ the j
■lov^, ton the Fa be aU oonverfeKi to dtlorid
IMA. MAftnnL
l^ious,
I form, oooitrring
(Martil Bniih,, Chur,, 233, 1832). Marttto la i
oolahedrous like magnetiu^ir 2i. a
Ooma: 4 &6,
after magaetltei H.=e-7. G.-4d0v
Ookir iron-hbdt,
, Dovalque; &*!&, Braail, EamuL
l^wetum condioldaL Kot i
with n bfooied tamiflh. Streaki
^ or qolty l^h^ to^
AVHTDBOUS 0XTD6.
14S
itfitili lie sometimM imbedded b the massfre sesqulozyd. They are dietinguished from
% bf the red streak, and very feeble, if any, action on the magnetic needle.
Aiitbe localities mentioned ; also in Vennont at Chittenden ; in the Marquette iron region
"kfinpwior, where cryvtale are common in the ore, «a if ail of itj or th© greater part, were
Vi Uke^ Cenadii West; at Monroe. N. T., in a rode ocmtainfng quartz, feldspar, and
!^ tod imbedded in each of these minerals ; in Moravia^ near Bchonberg, in granite,
tie of Monroe containe some f'e, Brush, The octahedral crystiils from (Jliittenden, Vt.^
ttoD. Olmstead, are part true magnetite, with a black powder; part giv^e a slightly red-
l^'^ ^^h little ^^e ; and part give a red powder and contain no ^e,
'' r th(t crystalB of mortite are original crystals or pseudomorphs is still queationed; but
to be the most probable view. Pseudomorphism after magnetite would imply
le ere bed was once all magnetite in composition, Fe* 0\ and has been changed
IMfaiKjrd, Tvt* O', by an addition of oxygen. Rammelsberg found 1 -88— 2 30 p. c, of prot-
|i^na ia Uie Brazil crystals. The octahedrons f^om the fumeroles of Yesuvius afforded
S(Min.C^ 159) Fe 93-91, ^e 6'lt, Mg 0-S2— ©9 90. The crystals IVom Frassem,
' 1 0*2 p. a of sulphur, which suggests that these may be pseudomoirpha aiter pyrlte.
[ICBNJIOOAM iVM* 8pecnlar Iron pt., Eisensand pt, of laat cent Menachanite (fr.
\Wm.JfeGre^^ J. de Pbys., 72, 162, 1791, Crell's Ann., 1791, and Kir»'an'3 Min,,
it to oonai«t of iron and an oxyd of a probably new metal). Eisetihaltige
i, Heaakanit (&* Comw.) Klapr,, Beitr., IL 226; (fr. Aschafienberg) ib., 232, 235, 1797.
I OSTd^ fbrrif^ H,, Tt^ 1301. HiLoaken Karst., Tab., 74, 1808. Titaneisen stein, Titan*
Gtm, Titanic or Titaniferous Iron. Crichtonlte (sptlt Craitonite) Boanhj Oat, 430,
Axotomes Elsenerz (fr. QastelQ) Mofts, Grundr,, iu 462, 1824.:=KibdetopbAu i'. Kob,*
:• J., IxiT. 1832- Ilmenit {fr. L Ilmen) A. T. Kup/er, Kastn. Arch, x. 1, 1827. Mohsite
fSj Levy, Phil Mag., L 321, 1827. Hystatisches Eisenerz, Hystatite (fr. Arcndal^
.Uib., 64^ 1850, Char., 236, 1832, Baeanomelon (fr. St Gothard,=iEisenro«e) v. Koh,,
Ir^ SIB. 1838. Waflhingtonite (fr Conn.) Shcp,, Am. J. 8ci., xliil. 864^ 1842. Titaniofer-
\Ck^tL, Min., 1843. Paracolnmbite (fr. Taimton) Shep^ ib.^ 11. zii. 209, 1851.
Mjibohedral : tetartohedral to the hexagonal type. H A i?=85° 40'
* 10', 86** 5'j Boee and Descloizeaiix, 85° 59 \ Mohd. Observed planes :
rhombohedrouB, f , l(A'), -5, -f , -2, -J ; pyra-
^*^ raids, 1-2, |-2, ^2^ which are heraihedral ; also
/, i-2, 0, Angles nearly s& in hematite ; 0 A li
=:122^ 23', and /i A f 2=154^ 0' when H A i?=
H \^ 86^ Often a cleav^e parallel with the terminal
plane, but properly doe to planee of compoBition.
i^ /^ OryBtals nsuallT tabular. TmnB : composition-
face Oj' Bometnnes producing, when repeated, a
form resembling f. 144, Often in thin plates or
t; in loose grains as sand.
t=5— 6. G. =4-5—5, LnBtre submetallic. Color iron-black. Streak
lie, powder black to browniBh-red. Opaque, Fracture conchoi-
Inflaencea slightly the magnetic needle.
.^7ar^-(Ti, Fte)' O* (or hematite, with part of the iron replaced by titanium), the pro-
mf T\ to Fe varying. Rammelaberg writes the ibrmiila fe Iti + nPe^ which is equivalent
^^1 Tl)* O'-f-aFe* 0*1 the Fe* 0' being in varying proportions. Sometimes also uontain-
"a or numgaoeee, whence the more general formula (Ti, Fe, Mn, Mg)' O*.
itiea reoognised ariae mainly from the proportions of iron to titanium. Tbpy have
[ «■ tbUowBi commendng with that containing the most titanium. No satisiactory
I dinlnotioDfl iuive yet been made out r
About 30 p. c. titanium (anal 1). In crystals, but usually massive, or in thm
ir=S5* 69'; a^4*66l, ft. Gastein, Mohs; 4*123— 4'736, SU, Breith.
Comfoaitio& essentially like that of the preceding (anal 2 and 23). In acute
0
iu
OXTOEK GOMPOUKDB.
rbombohodroDS, with bawl deavage; i? a 2?=M' 62f; *& A -6=ei* S7'j
CriBtophe (ongiiial); 4689, aanie compound fVgm Ingelaber^* EaiDm. (uMiL Sd);.]
S. dhnemk. 26^30 p, q, titanium, and near the preceding in coaspoaitioiv t
I aeaqtiiaiyd of iron (anid. 3-6, 21). CrysUilli^ed and maaaiTc; ^aJ?=86'
[ Bmen Mts, (original), Breitb.; 4*81 — 1 873, Ib.^ llamm. For same cofopound fr. Egi^
— 4-791, Rauim.; fr Krageroe 4 701.
4. Menaccnnile. About 25 p. c. or titanium^ and with mora seaqniociTd of troaj
preoediiig (anaL 7-10, ^8^ 29). Maeeiye} and in graina or aa a aand (£i0(SDMiid)» ^
fr. near Meuaccan, Cornwall (orig.). Similar compouud (>Qm XierwieM, 4iI7$— 4^
(laerine?)
5. ByatatUs. 15—20 p. c. tttanium, and much Fo (anal 11-14). J2 A ^=8(1' II
Arendal (orig.). W<u^'f>^tontte belongs here (anal 13, 14. ^0), Occura in large %d
doU orystala; i? A i!r=86* approximately; G.==4^9U3, fr. Weaterijr, R. I., and 5'0l«» 1
€t (orig.K ghepard ; for Latter, 4-986^ Bamm.
e. VddevaiiUe D. About 10 p. a titaaium and 70 p. d of Fa (anal U% Use ^
Mtenic iron ia naar thia. It occars tuasaire and in platea, and baa G,— 4'78.
7. Biminmnetan (Ei»cnT<m of the Alps), 6 to 8 p. a Tl, and 76 to 83 of 5
4*95 — 5 21. It is properly a titaniferous hematite.
£. KragtToe hanaiUt^ Contain lag leaa than 3 p. c. of titanium (anal 35).
9* ifoyvKsmn MenaccamU ; l^icwtamU D. Gontalna 10tol5p^cof magneaia, I
(f^e, ])ff) tl ; 6. =4-293 — 1*8 IS. Named fVom n^pof, Utter, in alluaion to the i
l%e jIbAMfe ia of uncertain locality and eomposition. The oocturrtng rhomb
aiMge 78^ 45' (Levy); cryatala tabular; in twins; no doaroge obaerrable.
The loose Iron-^and of laerwiese^ called iserint, ia in part^ at least, in iaometrie ^
■nd the trappi^ches Eiaenen, Breitk, ia similar. See ISEEuns beyond«
Fixracf^mhite \b an iron-black mineral from 1 m. U.W. of Taunton, ICasi^ baring^
' Ftaani has proved it to be of this apoeies. He found G. =4*363, H. 4'5. '
Analyaea ; I, v. Kobell (Schw. J., liiv, 69, 246 } ; 2, Marignac (Ann. Ch. Phya., m. i
Moeander (Ak. H. Btockh., 1826, 220, Pogg^ xiz. 2U); 6, X>eleaie (Thdae sur renij
etc, p. 46); A, R Boae (Pogg., liL 163); 7, ▼. Kobell (L c.) ; 8-12, Moaaniler (L c.|3i
(Tbla Min., 2d edit, 627 k 14, Marignac (1. c) ; 16, Plantamour (J. pr Ck, xxIt. 301
KolH?n(lc.); 19, T. a Hunt (Rep. G. Can., 1843, 1860, 106, and 1863, 601); l|
(Jahrb., 1869, 776); 21, 22, Damoiir (Ann. Oh, Phya., IL 446); 23^6, 7
497, and Min. Oh., 406):
L Gaateio, XMoL
1 8t Chrktophe. Orii^
t. Ham Ut^limmite
4. ♦* *'
6^
e» $gersund *'
1. « Mmaec
8. " "
9. ♦*
la *'
11. Arandal, By^taUte
^% **
13. Lttdifleld, '*
14.
i. UddewaUa, TUsa. /.
16. Aachaflfonbeifi **
17. Sohweia, Basamm,
18. '* Titank I
19* Bt Paul'i^ Ouiada
ta MazboTeti, Bar.
tl. AatSoqula, E. Chloo
U, *' Otnagm
ti Fe fa
6900
62*27
4C*t»3
4667
46*4
43-73
4824
4267
4i<08
£{904
24i9
28^69
26*28
22*21
16-66
14*16
12 67
lO'O
48-60
61 60
67-09
48-14
SI. Iiigekbert
i4. wSrwf '
4*26
36'UO
1-20
40-68
10-74
87*86
14*71
36*37
40*7
14*1
42'70
13-67
$8*66
27*91
23-21
29**7
26-93
29*04
2916
37*28
5H'61
19*91
66^1
1«'9<>
61-84
22-86
69-07
18*72
71*36
U'3J
76*00
l(M>4
82*49
4*84
686
16
ItHt
87*06
41-79
42*11
5017
arwkae,K.
Mta.
8p.gr.
4*689
4-313, 4-298
4'8l, 4*878
4-744, 4-191
Tl
68t>8
46-98
61*80
14*30
8*87
Hn Mg Oa
1*66 :=lQOKob
=100l£ari
2-78 1-14 ^99*39 Mo
2-39 0*60 0'i6, ^ 0-38, ^t t
0*6, Sn 0-6, ^b Ot^
=100 Roae, ,
5=99*81 IM^ I
^ 1*22 0*60, ?Va-3ft, ^! H
1-94 0*49, > - *
0-21 2-30 0-90, »
0*68 0*88,
MO 0-86, *
- ^ Tf. Hi, klttlOT
0-80 =iaOKobdL 1
=lOOKobalL
<r. c=lOulC<^«lL I
3*60 = 99*66 BimL I
O'SO, ^ & »*41=M
o-»o ssiour
1*69 -loo;
88*30 4-80 1*64^99-94
26*!HI 0^0 18-tl =99-14
36*62 9*72 O*69=100i»f
89^8 ^, 0 40=100^
ANHTDKOrS 0XYD6.
145
CL
T«L
^^
BAtiou
8ii.gr-
ti
3Pe
^e
Mq
Mg
PefiiPii
4^01
461)2
U*48
39-62
1-22=99-60
9 : 1
4^52
3M3
28-40
29-20
SO I
2-97:= 100-71
8 : 1
4-676
42^20
23-36
3067
1-74
1-57 ==99-44
3: 1
4-9SC
23-72
&8'7l
22'30
0*26
0-60=100*57
1 : I
6*0lJ0
1630
€9-91
i2-6a
0-77
0-56 = 100 U3
1 : 2
4948
10-03
77-11
8-62
1*33, '^ l-46=98-60
1 : 4
5-1^ &'1J
iO(|) 918
8r92
8-60
^=99*70
1 : 4
6'IJ^, 5 i
09
910
8S'41
7«3
0-44
ir, =100-58
1 : 4
5*i40ft
3-65
93-63
2-26
=100-44
1 : 13
wmuafyteA 28 to SS the rado of Pe Ifi to Fe Ib given in tlie lost column, from Rammelsberg,
I Ili0 ftumnU for 23, 24, Fe iTi ; for 25, 6 ^e ti + 3Pe ; for U, 9 Pe ti+f e, and ao on.
I tlia alio between the metali combined and the oxjrgen, for these eame acalysea,
MeCftLa. Oijgen. Ratio.
Metals. Oxygen. Ealio,
m
21 77
82*11
J -48
Anal 30.
20-62
30-80
: 1-60
m
22-71
34-64
: 1-62
** 31.
20-29
30-62
: 1-51
w
20-67
31-65
: 1*60
'* 32.
20-14
30-29
; 1'60
3«.
20-09
3211
• 1-60
** 33.
2007
30-14
* 1'60
rr.
20'53
3r48
1-58
** 34.
20*23
30-41
: 1*60
2a.
2M1
31-67
150
" 35.
20-13
aO'22
i 1-60
.A
3062
31-64
1-64
««, with two or throe eioeptionii, almofft eisctlj 2 : 3, which showa still better
epond with the genera] fommla R* 0'. Analyses 1 to 22 afford this SMino ratio and
> made the formula m¥i-fn Fe, nssuroiug that the Pe obtained in the analyses
i the oiydation of a impposed titanic oxyd (Ti' 0*) at the erpease of the Ve. This
|feQt suitalned, ainoo it has been proved that the Pe exists as sneh in the ore,
" sr analyses: fr, Harzburg in Gabbro, Streng, B, H. Zt^., xsMl 55 j fr Cape do Verd
^C B^ Ixr. 1867; fr. Lobaner Ber^jr, E. Calberla, Ber. Iris Dre8d.» 1866, 136.
mink afforded Rjiani ti 35-66, Fe 3-48, Pe 3908, M gl 94, Ca 206, Si and insoluble
iW^ 5l 7*66 (Am. J. Sd., IL xxivii, 359). It ia so mixed with the gangue that it isex-
idUoolt to obtam it pore. A meoaecanite found at Hajamilki, Finland, contains some colum-
iwplicnjg part of the titanic (Pogg,, cxiiL 615).
**to*— B.R infbsible in 0 F. aUlvouph slLghtly rounded on the edges m RF, With borax
l<if phosphoms fieaets for iron in O.F.^ and with the latter Hnx assumes a more or less in-
wwioah-red color id R.F, ; this treated with tin on charcoal changes to a violet-red color
Iftctinount of titanium is not too small The pulverized mineral, heated with muriatic acid,
/d&molved to a yellow solution, which, filtered from the uodecompoaed mineral and boiled
iadiiltioii of tin-foil, assumes a beautiful blue or violet color. Decomposwi by fusion with
e of loda or potash.
-The principal European localities of this 8i>eeies have been enumerated above. One of
I icmtfkable is at Krageroo, Norway, where it occurs in veins or beds in diorite, which
H ilfard errstala weiring over 1 6 pounds. Fine crystals^ sometimes an inch in diameter,
iWanridc, Amity, and Monroe, Orange Co., N. Y , imbedded in serpentine and white lime-
" I associated with spinel, chondrodite, rutlle, etc ; also 4 m. west of EdeuviUcT and near
1 fiiniNoe with spinel anjl choDdrodite ; also at Chester and South Eoyalston, Mass.
ttita or beds of ^tanic ore occur at Bay St. Paul in Canada, ia syenite ; one bed, 90 feet
Snaei on io view for 300 feet, and probably far beyond ; also in the Seignory of 8t
cBlKioQ^ mbced with magnetite as a bed 46 feet thick in serpentine; G.=4'56— 4*66; also
^fcriarita ct Chiteau Bldier. drains are found in the gold sand of California.
• burnt (Titaneiseneteiu pt, Magnetisdier Eisen-Sand pt., Wem, Iserin (fr. Iser)
Min., 26, 62, 1817, Hoffm, Min., iv. 258, 1817. Oktaedrirches Titaneiaen-Oxyd
f Breith^ Char., 61, 1820, Hexaedrisches Eisen^Erz Mohs, Min., 43fl, 1830.) Iserite
\ to be isometric titanic iron, and, like martite, to be pseudomorphoua. Forms like f,
i; 1, Rimmelaberg (Min. Ch., 419); 2, v. Hauer (Eer. Ak. Wien, six. 350] ; 8, Edwards
, 1865); 4, Yogel and Riachauor (Jahreab., 1856, 840):
^e Mg
2600 1-94=100*60 Ramm,
18'88 3-79-103'31 Hauer.
31-10, ;^1 8-62, i^l 4-02=99-03 Bdwarda.
17-19 =99*32 Y.kR.
ti
Fe
67-19
16-67
30*71
4^-93
18*20
42-08
I8'53
63-90
10
146
OXYGEN coMPomroe,
The locality of IserwlDte gave the oiime to this mineraL The titanic tron-»iin^
octahedml fonaa, nnd this portion, if not oil, is tho uerim. Yet it is Btill doubto ~
otabedrons are regular octahedrons, or whetlicr they are aente rhooibabedrouK i
apices, and therefore true ilmenite. The Iserwieae crystalR, na analyzed hy Umhi
l\ give for the ratio between the met^la and oxyjren 2 : 2"33, which is mucti more axj^
the formula R' 0' requires, and is sf ill further remote from that of mapnetile. Tht^
Fok, on the Platenaeef aa nna'v7.et1 by v. Ifauer (niiai* '2), aflbrds the ^neral formii
+ Fe*0» equivalent to FeO TiO^ eFe^O* (or F© Ti + Fe), G.=4-817. Tlie
part octahedrons, and some with truncaied angles.
The saud on the Mersey ootnos fW>m the ahored nearly opposite Liverpool, and It i
magnetite. This is indicated In the analysis, which alTorda the formula 3 Pc 0» Tl 0* J
Tif 0') -1-5 ^0 Fe (or 6 of mag^netite). Minute octahetlrona occur at Ballyerogau^ Mwli c
Sand from ^lilf^^golaco, near Berlin, having G,=6'07&, aflbrded Rammelaberg a dmiiar j
tion, but with only 6*20 p.»a ti, it giving him the fomiiila Fe O Ti 0'+ 6 of magnetiia
stated that this sand is octahedral. The ore fVom Silberbergi near Bodenmala, to Biff
8pond» nearly to 4^- (Fe, Ti)' 0*-f 8 Fe^ O*, and therefor© romes under the genera] f
Waltershttusen haa obtained from octahedral crystals of ao iroD-aasd otoi Staa (V4
12l)j having a=4-43, ti 12*38 and Fe &/-!8=104-56. The analysis needs repctitioa,
obtained for a titanic iron-sand a composition oorresponding to magnetite in atomic ratio, |
ratio 1 : 1'25 between the metals and oxyju^en. See under Maqnetttk.
Iserine is reported alao from Bohemia^ Saxony, Calabria, Puy-de-Dome in FtanOO.
182* PEROFSKTTB, Perowakit G, Rose, Pogg., xlviil 658, 1839, Hftia. Ural^ LJ
Isometric, Rose (fr. Ural). (liliombohedral ?)• Observeil |«lrtrje3 \
1, % i-f, i^, i-|, 2-2, 3-3, 2^, H. Habit cubic ; f. 1, 5, Kl ; aUo 17,J
that the planes are i-\, Rhornbohedral, Descb (fr. Zennatt) ; witli .
nearly 90°. Perhaps dimoq^hous. Cleavage : pamllel to tlie
rhombohedral ; faces rather j)erlect.
H.=5d. G.=:4017, fr. Achmatovsk ; 4*03-4-039, fr. Zerra at t. Pi
4*02 J fr, Schelingen, Seneca, Lnstre metallic — adamaTitiue ; mV^
yelloWj honey-yellow, orange-yellow, reddi^h-bnm^, grnyish-black
black ; streak colorless, grayibh. Transparent to opafine.
Comp^Oa -f Ti) 0*= R* 0'=Titanic acid 69-4^ lime 40 6= 100. Analyaee ! I, Ji
IxiL 690); 2, Brookfl (ib.); 3» 4, F. Seneca (Aim. Ch. Fhanu^ civ, 371); ^ Damoor (i
V. ?i 612) :
tt Ca *'6
68-&e 89-20 2D6 i^g, IhCn (r,-lOO-SS Jaeoibitt* I
59'00 3G'76 4 79 " OM l~10^)i)t Brookt.
68'&6 86^9 «-23^100'87 Seneca.
69-80 35*94 &-D9=101'23 Senodb
(|)69'23 3^*92 1*U=: 100*29 Dtmour.
1* ixihmatovBk, hlaek
2. " hroum
3. Scbelingeo, 6l««ib
A U It
6. Zennatt, y^Umo
l^jt^ eto. — In the foroepa and on charcoal inJUaiblaw With salt of pboaphoma m OJP^i
•■aily, gi?ing a greeniah bead while hot, whioh booonuse oolorlois on ooouog; la BJ. '
Gbaogea to grayish-greofi, and ou couUng aaatunea a Tlolet-Btoe oolor. £t»t&»^ C
Mling vaiimuric add.
Obt,— OoGon in small cryBlala or dni^r^s^ of erjttala, all of dark eolora, aModatvd i
liiM c^lodtev and magnatio iron in r to, at Aehmatovski near Staloust In tiia 1
Schelingen in the Kalseintbal, In « ] . wish tfmuular limeeUme, with m\csk. i
mrrocblore ; in the valley of Zormaft, nenr tno Findalen gtaoier, where oyatallbie
m talcoee i*diixt» m lur^e iv; the Jlat^ and the interior, If not tlie wliolei to oT a l^tj
(ehowing that t'" i ■'' - r i^luules are duo to alteration^ rtirvn.. with n^met, tdocfiaa, ^
eonindum, m' ron, «er[K»ntiitc, ctr.; at V, Xw^n&y Ffltach i
10 the Tyrol, a ^ ^ mbalily nf thia «jkh'U*h, him ^ H>lUiaMiib
*•}. 3-3, 2*1, |-]. Aiao in blikck eulN>iKiabetlrooa ut ^u^uct Uuv«», Arkaiiaaa |
Kamod ahor v. rerofiiki of St Peti.'rsVjvirnr.
Onorjit., eoe G. Rone, le; Kokitclmruf, Min. Rusul, L \^t\ HoMeobrrg, lOiul
DeacblBeauz, Ann. d, M.^ V. ydv. 417. If the forma wvre all faometriQ, Uiey woold iM
laoifi0ipbo«ia with the rbombohodroo of hematite.
▲rtlU-Forsied In crytttali by nmking Ume to ael at a high leaipefglori m MvtM
AKHTDBOUS 0XTD8.
147
l COMPOUNDS OF PEOTOXYDS AND SESQIHOXYDS.
183. SPIMBZi.
. l«metric. Observed planes : 1, J, O^ 2, 3-3. Habit
I; f. 2, 7, 8, 20. Faces of octahedron some-
convex. Cleavage : octahedral. Twins : f. 50 ;
rition-face 1.
[=8. G.=3-5— 4-9; 3-523, Haidinger; 3*575 red
Lustre vitreous ; splendent — nearly dull. Color
Irf various shades, passing into blue, green, yellow,
i and black ; occasionally almost wnite. Streak
Transparent — ^nearly opaque. Fracture con-
^Ns Yar*— Cknudsts of alumina and magnesia, Mg Xl, with more or less of the magnesia
nliwiillj replaced by protozyd of iron (f'e), and sometimes also in part by Ume (Ca), protoxyd
' iMie (Mn) ; and the alumina m part by sesquioxyd of iron (Pe). There is thence a
a into kinds containing little or no magnesia, which stand as distinct species, viz. : Htr*
bad (khav^ ]^g i^=Alumina 72, magnesia 28=100.
R 1. -R«Jy, or Magnena SpineL 'A^pa^ pt, 'AvBpaica we^i MrXi^rov, Theophr. Oarbunculns
Vf^ pt [rest ruby sapphire], PUn., xxxviL 26, 29. Spinella, Carbunculus pt, Rubinus
im ruber parvus, = Germ, Spinel, Ballagius (a paUido colore videtur appellasseX = Germ,
^Iydmi8,=(?crm. Qelblichter Rubin, Affric, Foss., 293, Interpr., 463, 1546. Rubin ori-
loctacdrid, sen octo hddris comprehensi, qus modo triangula sunt, modo trapezia, aliquan-
^ oblongs anguloe solidos occupant, etc., Cappeler, Prod. dT^stallogr. Lucerne, 1723.
I pt (Spinell, Ballas, RubicelleX WaiL, Min., 1 15, 1447. Rubis spinelle octaSdre (Bpinelle,
),itlAMc, Grist, iL 224, 1783 [by de L. first made distinct in species from Ruby Sapphire],
v red or reddish; transparent to translucent ; sometimes subtranslucent G.=3'52— 3-58.
*^n Mg jcl, with little or no J^e, and sometimes oxyd of chrome as a source of the red
B are denominated as foUows : (a) Spinel-Ruby^ deep-red ; (b) Balaa-Ruby, rose-red ; (c)
, \ jellow or orange-red ; (d) Ahnandinej violet
^^^yinu'te, or Irtm-Magnesia SpineL Ceylanite (fr. the French spelling of Oeylon) Delameth,, J.
B^xUL 28, 1793. Zeylanit KarsL, Tab., 28, 72, 1800. Pleonaste R, Tr., 1801. Oeylonit
gj GiDdite (fr. Candy, Ceylon) Awrn.— Color dark-green, brown to black, mostly opaque or
^80; Q.=3-6-8*«. Composition (ilg, i^e) ^1 or (Mg, ^e) (Xl, 3Pe).
J^^^ia-Lime Spinel t Color green. From analyses of specimens of green spinel from
S™i H. J., and Amily, N. Y., by Thomson (Min. L 2 14), about which it may be rigjit to have
^<*brt^ipHle^ or Moffnesia^Hron Spinel Chlorospinel (fr. Slatoust) O. Roae^ Fogg., 1. 65^
Qalmit A de Jfiii^ 188JJ.-^-Color grass-green, owing to the presence of copper; G.=
t tt^^ Composition ^g (^ Pe), tibe iron being in the state of sesquioxyd.
^***te Charpentier, J. d. M., xxxil 1812, Gilb. Ann., xlvii., 206. Chrome-ceyhniie.-^
T'Jjww 7 p. a of oxyd of chrome, and has the formula (Mg, f'o) (Xl, Po, ^r). Color black;
'mast ; G.=4*08. The original was from a rock occurring about L Lherz, called Uierzo-
f Wniietiierie (T. T^ iL 281, I797X and earlier described by Picot de la Peyrouse (Mem Ac.
"^tt410), after whjMn ptcoHle is named, the constituents of which rock are stated by
inx(Mln., L 66) to be chrysolite, a brown infusible p3rroxene-mineral related to hyper-
^Agrwn ftuToIe pyroxene, and disseminated grains (rarely octahedral crystals) ofpicotiie,
^: I, 2, Abioh (Fogg., xxiiL 305); 3, Berzelius (Gehlen's J., vL 304); 4, 6, Thom-
i 214); e, a Gmelin (Jahresb., iv. 156); 7-10, Abich (L a); 11, Abich (Ak. H.,
a^i,lj*2.«); 1% Scheerer (Fogg., Ixv. 294); 13, Erdmann (Ak^ ?-»^Stockh., 1848); 14
?■[»&, hdiL); 15, le, tt Rose (Fogg., 1, 652); 17, Damour (BulL G. Soc, IL xix. 418),
^%r(Jihrb. Min., 1866, 399):
}^hke
SI
69-01
68*94
72-25
Ft
te
0-71
3-49
4*26
Mg
26-21
25-72
14-63
Ca Si
2*02, <Br 1 •10=99-05 Ab.
2-25=100-47 Abich.
5-48=96-62 B. and H.
148
OXYGEN OOUPOnKDB.
Al Vd ta fig
Si
4, Franldin, N. X, fpten
73-Jll
laea
742
6-62-99-98 Tbon
C. Ami^, N. Y.
6] '79
17-87
10 66
Car —
6* OeyloQ, Os/^ito
67-20
20-61
18-24
3-15 = ^.
7. Urtl, PieohOMtfi
6527
1397
17-68
2*60 = 9^^- ^\^nv^
a IConflOQl, "^
66*89
8*07
23-61
1-23=99-80 Abk?l
9. VeBUVJOi, •»
67*46
5*06
26*94
2-38=100*86 AW
10. Iserwieae^ ''
69^e
19-29
17*70
1-79=99*17 Ahid
11, TwuTius, "
62*84
616
3-87
24-87
l-83=9f>-6« AWd
12, Arendal, '«
6517
18-33
17-65
6'09, Jrr
IS. Tunaberg, **
62-95
23-4C
1303
14, Auvergno, "
69-06
10-73
13-60
17-20
15, Ural, cAWtMSpinel
6413
8*70
26*77
037
Cu
16. *'
57-34
U'77
27 49
Cu u
17. L. Lhern, PiooUie
66*34
2460
10-18
1-98, ^ 7*90=10
la Hofheim, "
63-93
11-40
3-86
23-69
— ^t vm^m
p3fT^ etc, — B.B. alone tnfuaible ; red variety changes to brown, and
as the temperature iDcreases, and on cooUn^ becomes first greeOf and then
at last resumes the red color. Slowly aolubie in borax^ more readilj in salt of i
which it giTes a reddiah bead while hot, beeoming faint chrotne-greeu on i
Taiieties glTe loacliona for iron with the duxes. Soluble with difficulty in ooooestii
■otd. Deoomposed by Aisioii with blsulpbato of soda or potash.
Obt* — Spioel oocurs imbedded in granular limestone, and wfth caldte fn serp
end allied rocks. It also occnpiea the cavities of massea ejected from some voloioo
In OeyloD, in Siam^ and o^er eastern countries, it occurs of beantifUl colors, «a
in the channels of rivers. Pleonaste is found at Gbndyt in Oeylon. At AkeTi
found a pole-blue and pearl^gray variety in limeetone. Small black splendent erji
the ancient ejected maaeos of Mount Somma, with mioa and idoonM; also in oomi
At Mosfloni, in the Fassa valley.
From Amity, N. T., to Andover, F. J,, a distance of about SO mUefi, If A reota «f |
Slone and serpentine, in which localities of spinel abound. At Amrty crystus are o
in. Ln diameter; and one collected by Dr. Heron weighs 49 lbs. ; it is in three pleoei
OBfltiM studded with crystals of oorundum ; colors, greeny black, brown, and bu <
■kmg wiCh chocdrodite and other minerals. A mile S.W. of An^ty^ on J, Laylo
remmable locality; also on W. RAynor^s farm, a mile K. ; another half mile N. alibi
red octahedrons \ and others to the south. Localities are numerous about Waswid
Monroe and Cornwall, though less favorable for exploration than those at Amity (i
i, 3-3, f. 147). Franklin^ N. J., affords crystahi of farious shades of blnck, bfajs^ 8
which are sometimes transparent, and a bhii6h-<n-eon oeyl'>nTt^ variety h^jwi fcifj
polished steel; Newton, N. J., pearl-gray crystals, along
rutilo ; at Byram, red, brown, green, and bluck colors, alor; nd
Hamburgh, and Vernon, N. J,, are other localitiea. Dght-r-niu oj-aj^jls _ _
vtone in Antwerp^ Jefferson Co., N. Y., 2| m. Sl of Ozbowi and rose and reddiaM
▼erueur, 2 m. N. and | m. W. of SomerviQe, St liiwrence Oov ; JT^ft hlue^ and €^
varieties oocur in granular lim«Mone f^t Bolton^ Boxborouglv Uhelmifoi^ aid U
gofl octiilic»dral OTiials occur in WarMickf which are pMndcmioipha. ootmiitlof pif
or sorpcntino. Good black spinel is found in Burgess, CuiadA West; blut wMi
DalUeboiit, C a
Ah.— Obaerved altered to atoatLlo^ serpentin«v v^lknerlte, miCL
Artl£~Fbrnied m crystali by basting » mixture of alumina and magoeiis iH^
ftnd also, for red aptnel, some csyd o<f diiome : for bbck, oxyd of iron (Ebelmfl
df aluminum and magnesium and boradc ado, with he*t (DevUle A Garon);
of alrimlnnm in vapor on magnoaia ( J)«ubr6e).
184. HBRCTNITII.
Hercynit F, X, Zippe^ Min. Bohm^ 1839.
Spinel
Herdiiite
kometrie. Occnri mAs&ive, fine ffraniilar.
H-=7-5— 8. G,=3-91— 3-95. Lustre vitreooi, dxtcmdljr di
Idack. Streak dark grayish -green to leek-green. Opaque.
ANHTDBOUS 0XYD6. 149
'e £l=Almniiia 68*9, ozrd of iron 41*1=100. Analysis bj B. Quadrat (Ann. Ch.
6t):
il 61-lt Ag 2-92 te 35-67=99-76.
-B3. infusible. The heated powder becomes brick-red, and gives iron reactions.
sea only imperfectly to an olive-green mass.
n Bonsberg^ at the eastern foot of the Bohmerwald Mts.
n the Latin of the Bohemian Forest, Siiva Eorcynia (Plin., iy. 25, 28).
IITB. Zino^pineL Automolite (flr. Fahlun) Ekeberg, Af h., i 84, 1806. Gahnit i;
, fSL ^8, 1807. Spinelle Zindfdre R, TabL, 67, 99, 1809. Djsluite (fir. Sterling,
M^J. Ac N.ScL,Philad., 11287,1821; £%«?., Min.,L 168, 1832,11176, 1886; Tfum-
220, 1886. Kreittonite V. Kob^ J. pr. Oh., xliy., 99, 1848. Spinellus superius^ett^,
3,1847.
ic. In octahedrons, dodecahedrons, etc., like spinel.
—8. G.=4:— 4*6. Lustre vitreons, or somewhat greasy. C!olor
a, grayish-ffreen, deep leek-green, greenish-black, bluish, black,
or grayish-brown ; streak grayish. Subtranslucent to opaque.
ur.~2n £1, with little or no magnesia. The ozjd of zinc sometimes replaced in
protozyd of manganese or of iron (Mn, I'eX and the alumina in part by sesquioxyd
2n 3&1= Alumina 61*8, oxyd of zinc 38*7=100.
lomaiUe, or Zinc OahnUe, Zxx ^ with sometimes a litUe iron. G. =4*1— 4*6. Colors
D.
, or Zmc-Jfanganede-Iron OahnUe, Composition (2n, Fe, Mn) (SL Fe). Color yel-
or grayish-brown. G.=4'-4'6. Form the octahedron, or the same with truncated
Mfe, or Zm>Iron Oahnite, Composition (2d, ]^e, Mg) (^ Fe). Occurs in crystals,
massive. H.=7— 8. G. =4*48 —4-89. Color velvet to greenish-black; powder
u Opaque.
1, Ekeberg (Gehlen's N. J., v. 418) ; 2, 8, Abich (Ak. H. Stockh., 1842, 6) ; 4, F. A.
r. Sol, IL xsxiii. 196) ; 6, Thomson (Mk, i 221) ; 6, v. Kobell (L c.) :
21 Fe te Ag l£n 2n Si
AvhnwUie 60*00 9*26 «r. 24*26 4*76 =98*25 K
** 66*14 5*86 5*25 ir. 30*02 384=100*10 A.
Br.J. " 57*09 4*66 2*22 fr. 34*80 1*22=99*38 A.
ne " 63-37 6*68 301 8*22 0*20 30*27 2*87, Cu 1*23=100*36 G.
IJ^ DyaL 30*49 41*93 7*60 16*80 2*97, fi 0*40 T.
itOreiiL 44-66 16*33 8*06 24*00 , Oa 1*30, insoL 10=99*64 K.
—A ooating of oxyd of zinc when treated with a mixture of borax and soda on char-
riie like spineL
omoUie is found at Fahhxn, Sweden, in taloose schist ; at Franklin, N. Jersey, with
d wiUemite ; at the Canton mine, Ga. (of the form 1, i) ; Dytiuite at Sterling, N. J. ;
Bodenmaiain Bavaria.
ff the Swedish chemist Gkdm. The name Axiimnolite^ of Ekeberg, is fW>m ovrtf^sX*;, a
ing to the fact of the zinc occurring in an unexpected place. Yon Moll objected to
in nature, and named the species the next year after Gahn, the discoverer. His
• applied to the whole group of zinc spinels, and automolite retained for the special
lirriTJU. 'H^Xcia \i6oi (fir. Heradea, in Lydia) Or. [Ai0o(] vtin^v ayov9«, Thooiihr.
$ Xi9f [=Talo] Theophr, MayvJis X'O'f Dioscor., v. 147. Kagnes, Slderltia, Heradion,
L 26; Id., Germ. Siegelstein Agric, Foss., 243, 466. (1) ICinera ferri nigricans, mag-
(2) ICagnet, (8) Jem Sand, WaU,, 256, 262, 1746. Mnera Ferri attraotoria, Mag-
, 184^ 1768. Uagnetisoher Eisenstein (ind. Eisensand) Wem. Magneteisenstehi,
nen^ Otarm. llagnetic Iron Ore ; Octahedral Iron Ore. Fer ozydnl^ K Ozydulated
inelito Baiid., Haodb., 661, 1845.
OXYGEN COMPOUNDS*
iBometric. Observed planes, 0, 1, /, i'2, 2, 3-3, 10-10, j
Y-3. Figs, a and 3, commoii^ also 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 7-i-B, 19^ '
\% a diBtorted dodecaliedruo. Cleavage : octaiiedml, perie'
U7ii
118
AcbmatovRk.
l&O
^
%
In mica, Pennsbiuy.
Dinlecahedral faces common
allel to the longer diagonal (I
like f. 50 ; ali^o in drn<lrite
angles of 60'^ (f. 150), indicatfl^
parallel to a dodecahetiral fac
struct lire granular — particlea^
sometimes impalpable.
5-180, ci-ystak, Kenngott,
long heating. Lustre nietall
Color iron-Black; &trea
hut in very thin dendrit
8ometime& ti^aiitiparent or
varying tVoin almost eoIorle«
brown and blaek. Fracture!
eliining. Brittle, Strongly magnetic, somotimes
Ck>inp^ V«r.~fe Fes Oxygon 2T'6, iron 72*4=100; or iqw)ii
3Hj8=100. The iron Bomelimva rt<pljioed in small pQit by m^siiei
OQS. £* Soohting obiaiuod from the mogiietite of l^taoa Tidkj (Fog^ i
and D, Flakier, ftoro tiie «uno, 30 is ^e.
Var. I. OrMmr^, (a) lu cryetala, \h\ Granular, oooriB or floe, (c) AaJ
charof figuroa the above dodecAhedral rorm modilM bj plaaet C^ 1, ^3, 1
th» aa(D0, aiiii also V-^t both (Vom Achmau^rak, Unk,
%. JfotRUfion (Fe, Mg) Ft^. (Talk^sDnen BrmOi., Sdhw. J., brtii t%\ U
luaire aubmetallic; woak matJ^Qotic* from 8parU^ N. J., in cryatala, Brttik.
Ui oro GroiQ the Moume Mta^ Irtolaiul (Ck Oua., 87», )85'iK Fi» 71*41, t%\
ootabedron fh>m BiMuach fpiro lUtiiinclaberiy (Mia. Ch^ 158) Fa $0*1
S. TVio^^cfoitf. Ck!tahcdTocia fttim Mdcboa, in the VogQlabcfg^
Ptumnj, cxxiil «4«\ Fo ai 76, f<i 61 29, Tl 34'96. 3Hu I'tfi, whi^o&«^
Ti * t Fo=:(*'c, Mn)-»-(Ffv Tl)*0\ aod hoaoe di^Terliig firon UaHM In i
fonotiU of magnotito inatoad of tluit ' ' KMififiru.t MaguoUU* ftom TU
•9b (J. pr. Qh^ xc. 107) Fo (i«*&4, ! ^ Io0'76.
4. QBArawt. (Etaaamuloi t^mri nhjr. A kind from i ,
Oiiich, Hi A mm^ of a anal (Aon. Ui. 1 liafui^ UvL 3t7X ^« M*^ ^« tMO
Mod, ito., lTfi=99'gi=:(f-o, Mn) Fo. a^a^lfi.
ANHTDK0U8 OXYDS. 151
from the normal proportion of ^e to 9e, 1 : 1, there is occasionallj a wide yariation, and
i gradual passage to the sesquioxjd (Fe); and this fact may be regarded as evidenoe
le octahedral Fe, martite, is only an altered magnetite. Schwalbe has found (ZS. nat. Yer.
zz. 198) in two magnetites from Landu, in Bengal, India:
9e te % Ca §1 £l Pe te
1. 69-27 29*48 0*49 005 0*28 0'03=99*60 8 : 1 nearly.
2. 86-90 11*97 0-17 0*38 0*18 0-22=99-82 Zi : 1
1 mm polar- magnetic and xx>lumnar ; 2, granular, and not polar-magnetic. Yon Kobell has
lk fb» ^lindrlcal magnetite of Schwarzensteln, in the Zillerthal, the ratio 4:8; and the
hi a& ore from Arendid. G. Winkler found in a specimen from the Pfitsch valley, ^e 19*66,
^01^ goring the ratio 2:1; but this is not confirmed by the later analyses given above.
B^fltOi* — ^BwB. very difficultly Aisible. In O.F. loses its influence on the magnet. With
MS reacts like hematite. Soluble in muriatic acid.
fei^— Magnetite is mostly conflued to crystalline rocks, and is most abundant in metamorphio
^•Hkni^ found also in grains in eruptive rocks. In the Azoic rocks the beds are of
Mto extent, and occur under the same conditions as those of hematite (see p. 142). It is an
Ant in most of the massive variety of oorundum called emery. The earthy magnetite is
1 in bogs like bog-iron ore.
M beds of ore at Arendal, and nearly all the celebrated iron mines of Sweden, consist of
ifs magneUte; Dannemora and the Taberg in Smaoland are entirely formed of it. Still
m mountains of it exist at Kurunavara and Gelivara, in Lapland. Fahlun in Sweden, and
KA, afford octahedral crystals (f. 2\ imbedded in chlorite slate. Splendid dodecahedral
Mt occur at Normark in Wermland. The most powerful native magnets are found in Siberia,
Ik the Hars ; they are also obtained on the island of Elba.
b I. America, it constitutes vast beds (some scores of feet thick) in the Azoic, in the Adiron-
Angkm, Warren, Essex, and Clinton Cos., m Northern N. York, while in St Lawrence Co. the
\km is oiainly hematite ; also similarly in Canada, in Hull, Grenville, Madoc, etc, ; and at Com-
1^^ Pennsylvania, and at Magnet Cove, Arkansas. It occurs also in N. Torky in Saratoga,
P^er, Orange, and Putnam Cos. ; at O'Neil mine, Orange Co., in crystals (f. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6).
ilkie, Raymond, Davis's Hill, in an epldotic rock; at Marshall's island, masses strongly
rL In N. ff(tny»9hirej at Franconia, in epidote and quartz ; at Swanzey uear Keene, and
_ In Vermoniy at Marlboro', Rochester, Bethel, and Bridgowater, in crystals (f 11) in chlo-
te. In Oonn^ at Haddam, in crystals (f. 4, 8, 149), etc. In N. Jersey^ at Hamburg, near
'*'*' furnace. In Perm^ at Goshen, Chester Co. ; at Webb's mine, Columbia Co. ; in dendritic
la (t 150) forming hexagonal figures, in mica at Pennsbury and New Providence. In
. at Deer Creek. In California^ in Sierra Co., abundant, massive, and in crystals ; in Plumas
ijjiviposa Ga, east of the Mariposa estate, on the trail to the Yosemite; Placer Ca, Utt's
"^t Im Aogetes Co., at Cafiada de las Uvas ; £1 Dorado Co., near the Boston copper mine, in
<>^ttthe£l Dorado £^celsior oopper mine. In Canada^ at Sutton, in crystals; Bromet,
h JT. SocHiOy Digby Co, Nichol's Mt, in fine crystals.
ly*^ of iron is more generally diffused than the magnetic, and none supenor for the manu-
Zr ^^ It is easily distinguished by its being attracted readily by the magnet, and also
t7||^ of the black color of its streak or powder, which is some shade of red or brown in
JjJBte and Hmonite. The ore when pulveru^ed may bo separated from earthy impurities by
PJiof t magnet, and machines for this purpose are in use.
cjjw from the loa Magnesiet^ bordering on Macedonia. But Pliny favors Nicander's derivation
ff jy^i who first discovered it, as the fable runs, by finding, on taking his herds to pasture,
?■*• J>ita of his shoes and the iron ferrule of his staff adhered to the ground.
|T*|*»J deozydation through organic matter changed to protoxyd, which may become a car-
jJJ* «iderite. By oxydation becomes sesquioxyd of iron or hematite.
l^JJ^'^ormed in crystals by the action of chlorh^dric acid on the sesquioxyd heated, producing
^gyfleoiydstion (DeviUe); by decomposition of the sesquioxyd with boradc acid (Deville
W*«^Ann. Ol Phys., IV. v. 108).
m^^lP!y9i»^^ of Shepard (Aul J. Sd., H. xiii. 392) appears to be a magnetite pseudomorph.
E*JJJri»inbic prisms oocur upon a surface which is covered with small cubo-octahedrons,
2JIIr^ ""1 cubo-dodecahedrons of magnetite, and some small irregular cavities in the
PJPJte CTTBtals contain similar crystals ; moreover no difference of lustre is perceived in a
hjjjw snrfice of the magnetite and dimagnetite. The species imitated in the pseudomorph is
gfy^eyrite. The angle of the prism varies between 110' and 116^ according to the
3"JJ loeuarements (Shepard g^ves the angle 130'). One crystal gave approxunately 110
fJlf'; tnother 114* 20' and 66° 40' ; another 1 12' and 68", and the obtuse edge was beveUod
J2"*rtciy8tal by planes (i-2) indined to the larger ones at an angle of about 160^ . The
■••terwi but nd vwy bright. Prom Monroe, Orange Ck^ N. Y.
162
OXTGEN OOMPOrNDS,
187. MAGNESIOFEHRITE. Muguoreirit Eamtm, Fogg., criL 4fi], 18&9.
Kenng,, Veh, J., IddO, dS, 186Q.
leometric. In octahedrons, and octahedrons with truncated edg
H. = 6— 6-5. G.=4-568--4^654r. Lustre, color, and Btreak m
netite. Strongly magnetic.
Comp.^ — lifg F6=Mftgxieti4 20, oxjd of iron 80=100; but the crjstalB obiuHj 1
hematite in um umerablo wtry thin laminio, parallfj] to tbo oouhedral taxxa. Am&lj'
BammelBberg (Fogg., cyii 451, Min. Cbem., 160):
1. VeauviuB, empt of *55
4^ '* older enipt
6. " •'
86-96
85*00
85 06
6i-20
84*35
12*58
13-61*
13-96
16'65
Cu
rOl =100 01
= 100-20
==100
EegardLng a fourth of the Be«qiuaxyd of itctn oi a mixture, the lemiltB give 1
Above formula. Tor the purpose of ADaljaiA, the mtigDeBLoferrlte wi&8 septnted frora I
hematite by meant of a toagnet
Fyr,, etc. — B.B. like hematite. Difficultly soluble in muriatio add.
Oba.— Formed about the himarolee of YobuvIub, and eapeclally thoae of the eraptioiL
as observed by Seaccld, who pfirticularly dei«cribod the crystala aiid their UBiodatiofia. ft
or htfiuatlto iDtersectiug the octahedrons have rhombobedral planes on Iheir «lgBi^ Ql
hematite occur at the same fumarolea.
Eammelaberg first delected the magcediiiD nature of the crystala, and, in aUatiaii 10 I
the »T->-^i'^ft inij^no/mriie. But magno haa its own different significition in Latin ; nod I
ahc i^sw/BTrik,
A I med in crystals by heating together Fe and Mg, and lobjecting to Qm i
oyorh>driu «dd y^pot (^Deville).
laa. FRANKUNTTZL Berthier, Am. d. IL, It. 489, 1819.
Isometric. Observed planes: 1, /, 0^ S, 2-2. Figs, 2, 7, 8,
Cleavage : octahedral, inuiBtinet. Also ma^ive, coarse or fine gran
comtiact.
H.=5'5-6*5. G.=5'0C9, Thomson ; 5091, Haidinger. LnstJv
Oolor iron-black* Streak dark reddish-brown. Opaque. Fracttil
choidaL Brittle. Acts slightly on the magnet.
'>,, \f
Oomp, — (^'
AWch{PQj?KM
J. Brush (Am.
Rammelaberg t^ogg.
\ (P^^, ^d). Analyses; I, Berthier {1 <x): 3, Thomson (Mil
4, 5, 6. J, Pickerson (0. T. Jackson's R««p. on N. J. sine i
I xiix. 871) ; 7, StelTena (B. H. Ztg^ xix. 463) ; 8, J, A, "^ "
<}vii 313); 10, V. KobeU (J. pr. Oh., iccvilL 139):
Fo If n Ztt
1. KewJenej 66 16 17=99 Bcrthier.
a. ** 6610 11*96 1743, fe^i 0-30, It O-5«=09'f5 ^
3. '* 68-88 LH 17 1U*81, » 0'40, ^l O^TS^BiniS All
4. ** 66^ 12-/4 21*39, '♦ 0-39-""^ 'Vrrsoo-
6. " e6'ia lliiO 2177, **0J» f««L
6. ** 65D6 1477 3a 30, Insol 0 ' Braah,
t. *' 66-08 12*24 3t-40, ^i0 28^iA>Odl»^Mil»
a. " 66-11 H»9 31-77, « 0-18=100 Dahi
d, ** 64 51 13 61 25 30=103 63 Bamm.
I6L ** 66-30 13-4i 2 1 *0i\ iU 0 80 = 100*43 EfllMiL
Tod Kobell tlMet that th# m^gnetio character of the mliiend ihoivi Uiai tt» \
osyd ; and ha d#4iiioaa tnmi bk aaaly^ (I <x), fbr the most probtble <
ANHTDBOUS OXYDS.
153
tL 0*80, ^e 7-06, An 3*48, 2n 21, with mixed Stn 0*79=99*24, corresponding to the formula
iik+2 ^e Fe + 6 2n {^e=$eBqtiioz7d of iron 58'99, id. of manganese 8*82, protozjd of iron
id. of manganese 3*74, oxyd of zinc 21*37=100. Bfunmelsberg, in his most recent paper
, rxTT. 146^ 1 867) adopts essentiallj the same yie w. The evolution of chlorine in the treatment
I Boineral ia attributed bj v. Kobell to the presence of a little Hn (0*80 p. a) as mixture,
Bammelsberg obsorres maj have come from the oxydation of some of the protoxjd of man-
».
Fij^eio. — ^B.B. infhslble. With borax in O.F. gives a reddish amethystine bead (manganeseX
i SLF. this becomes bottle-green (iron). With soda gives a bluish-green manganate, and on
Ml a Ibint coating of oxyd of zinc, which is much more marked when a mixture of borax and
ia used. Soluble in muriatic acid, with evolution of a small amount of chlorine.
mm — Ooeurs in cubic Grystals near Eibach in Nassau ; in amorphous masses at Altenberg, near
aQiapelle.
andant at Hamburg, N. J., near the Franklin ftimace (whence the name of the species), with
xjd of zinc and garnet, in granular limestone ; also at Stirling Hill, in the same region, where
Maodated with willemite, in a large vein, in which cavities occasionally contain crystals firom
x> four inches in diameter.
rtlL^ — ^Formed in crystals by action of perchlorid of iron and chlorid of zmc on lime, with heat
lxr6e).
L OHBOMTTB. Far ohromat^ alumin^ (fir. Yar) Vauq., Bull Soc. Philom. 1800, 56, 67.
iWDdirom (te. XJral) Medtr, CreU's Ann., 1798, i 500 ; Karst, Tab., 56, 79, 1800, 74, 1808. Fer
mmM H^ Tr., iv. 180L Chromate of Iron, Chromic Iron, Ohromiron. Ohromsaures Eiseu,
hvoBMiaenstein, Qemu Eisenchrome Beud^ 1832. Sid^rochrome Buat^ L 287, 1841. Chro-
lOfaRite Chapa^ Min., 1843. Ohromit HaiL, Handb., 650, 1846.
bometric. In octahedronB (f. 2). Commonly massive; structure fine
lanlar, or compact.
H.=5'5. G'.=4*321, crystals, Thomson; 4-4:98, a variety from Styria;
>68, Texas, Pa. Lustre submetallic. Streak brown. Color between
A-black and brownish-black. Opaque. Fracture uneven. Brittle,
imetimes magnetic.
DQBip.^^e ^, or Cfre, Ag, Cr) (3fcl, Fe, <Br). te ^=Oxyd of iron 32, oxyd of chromium 68
IM. Analyses: 1, 2, Seybert (Am. J. Scl, iy. 321); 3, 4, Abich (Pogg., zziiL 336); 6, 6,
w^B (Ann. Mus. d'Hist N., yi); 7, 8, T. & Hunt (Logan's Rep. G., Canada, 1849); 9, Mobers
V^ GL, ziiii 119); 10, A. Biyot (Ann. Oh. Phys., TIL xzz. 202); 11, 0. fiechl (Am. J. Sd. IL
r. t2); 12, 13, Starr and Qarrett (Am. J. Set, IL xiy. 46) :
I. Chester Oo., Pa.
1 Baltimore
8. " nuuswe
1 " erysL
6. Siberia
€. Roraas
7. Bolton, (3anada
^ L Hemphramagog
9. Beresof
10. Baltimore
II. Totierra, Tuscany
11 Chester, Pa.
13. Texas, Pa.
*e
ftg
«r
^
Si
35-14
61-56
9-72
2-90=99-82 Seybert.
3600
39-51
13-00
10-60=99-11 Seybert.
18-97
9-96
44-91
13-85
0-83=98-25 Abich.
2013
7-45
60-04
11-85
=99-46 Abich.
24*
53-
11-
1- Mn 1=100 Laugier.
25*66
6-36
64-08
9-02
4-88=98-95 Laugier
35-68
16-03
45-90
8-20
=99-81 Hunt
21-28
1813
49-76
11-80
=100-46 Hunt.
18-42
6-68
64-17
10-83
0-91 = 101-01 Moberg
30-04
63-37
1-95
2-21 • Ca 2-02=99-60 Riyot.
33-93
42-13
19-84
4-76=100-66 Bechl
9e 38-95
60-84
0-93
0-62, ]Sri 0-10 Starr.
" 38-66
63-38
" 2-28 Oarrett
> Withtome
titanic ftcidf
154
OXYGEN CX)MP0I7NDe.
^dgoi, and be<
ow caafy ft TMcatSqo i
1 bj rosofioii
Fyr., etc.— B»B. in 0,K inftiBiblo; inB.P. slightly round p*^ -
"Witli borax and salt of phosphoniH gives beada. whifJi^ vl
but on cooling bcKKimo chrorno-gTeeo ; tho grceQ color is i
metallic ilu.
Not acted upon by acidfl^ but decomposed hj fusion with bisulphate of potAsh Of todt,
ObB^ — Oocurs in serpeatine, ronuing veinSf or in Imbedded maasea. It aasista 10
Tariegated color to vonie-antique marble.
Occurs in tho Gulsen uiountiuuB, near Kraubat in Srria; in crrstala in tl^ islands of 1
Fetlar, in Sttotlaud; in the provinco of Drouthcim in Norway; in the Dopartiaeiil _
France; in Sileaia and Bohemia; abundant in Asia Minor (Am. J, Sci, U. Til 395)f
Eafitem snd Western Urals ; in New Caledonia^ Qtlbrding ore for oorameroe.
At Buldmorc, Md.^ in the Bare IlQlfl, in lajge quantiUea in veiuB or ntasAea in «^rp^nttni»: t
111 Monttfrotnery Co., 6 m, north of the Potomac; at Cooptown^ Harford Ca, ftnrl
of Cecil Co*, Md, In PennBjlvauia, In W. Goshen (crystals), Nottingham, Miner
V' 'huster Ck),, near Unionvillc% abuuditnt; at Wood^a Minc^ near T* x . 1 -
iant MaBsive and in crystuls at IJoboken^ N. J.^ lu Berpentine : ; i ! 1
t ,. lorn part of the town of New Fane, and in Jay, Troy» and WwUklii, \i. , u
I Biaotbrd, Maas. ; on L & Yache, near San Domingo; at Bolton and Ham, OaiiAda fiuL
fomia, in Monterey Oa ; also Santa Clara Co., near the N. Almaden mine.
This ore aflbrda the oryd of chrome, used in painting, etc* The ore employed in
obcatu^d mogtly from Baltimore, Drontheim, and the Shetland lales; it amouuta to
, I008 annaally.
' luTB Merm., J, pr, Ch., xxlii. 276, 1841^ waa described by HermBim aa ooouif^ i
F^nJa in bli ^ -^"-rsr octahedrona, with G.=; 6-506, and aa oonBiating of Iri'*"-. ^ahM, 1
l'0*53, iron lium 9'40, traces of manganese, witli a loss of 1C*25, 1% '
J oxygen, t [taa shown that the mineral ia only a mirture of triu iroi
litnd stiatains Uiia by a mechanical examination of the eiabatance obtained by iiuriti«nn*t I
Tof Beparatioa (J. pr. Ch., Ixix* 385).
190. URAKINITE. Schwarz Beck-Erz (fr. Joach.) Brikkm., Magn. Pml, 204, IT«T.
Bliindo^Pficuaogakna picea pt. [refit (? all) pitch-Hke Zinc-blende] Wail^ 249, ItiT, 1
Blendes: Peobbieode (fr. Saxony, etc) pt [id.] CVo/wrtL, 198, 1758, Pseudogakot t
pacta, Pitchbknida (fr. Joach. and Joh.), Xk Bom, Lithopk, 133, 1772. Fodittail^^
pecherx [put under Iron Ores] Wern., Bergm. J., 1789. UrancrK (fr. Joach*) JTlapv ^
Bi»rl, 178<WJ7, 160, pub. in 1702, Beiir., il 197, 1797 (dijieov- of meUl uraaittiDi
Kant, Tab.. 56, 1800. Unme oxydule JI., Tr., IdOt. Uranpechora, Bedumm, Hera^J
blendiv Protoiyd of UraniunL Uranatemnite Cfiopm^ Praol Min*, 148, 1853* Un
Handb., r>4d. 1846*
Schwcrurnner* (fr. Frdbram) Bnsiih,, Handb., 90a, 1S47. CormcltiO (fr. It Sup.) U i
J. ycj., IL iii, 117, 173, 1847. KriBtalllHirtes Uranpcchens (fr. Norway) Jlk. ^
IxxiL 570, 1847=UranoDjobit Berrfu, J. pr* Ch., Izxri SSe, 1859.
Isometric, Obsen^ed forms: f. 2, 7, 8. U8iialIjiniiMivciin<1 lH>trj^
also in grains: etructura sonietiineB <M»hiinnar, or curved laaiellar.
H.=5*5. G,=6*4— 8. Lustre fi^iibmetnllic, to prcasy or pitch-like, Jl
dull. Color grrtviBli, greeniiih, brownish, vclvet-bijtck, Strcitk broi
black, gnijiiilu ulive-grecnj a little binning. Opatjue. Fracture oobc
uneven.
OOQip^ Ywst^^ P, Ramnu^Protoryd of urantnm 32 "l, teaqulo^yd 0T1>=5lOO;
* toOoL In Ibetr results through nUxtnrei witli otlu^r snbstaiioes.
^ar, L OryitetftMC Color puro black ; a.=e*7l* Oocura In Norway, lilt Bam
OfdiMtr^i
lite. 0.=6*4— 7-0. Breithsnpl found in 11 trials of tb/e oro frottj
•ad 8cluioet>tfs (the bearitf«t froai the latU*r tilaoe) 0«sre'44— $^tM» 1
A f peoimeii from lb« &mr kwality gave F. Mirtao 7^oi-- 7 %% ; and od* from 1
\p^ Hccrmatm (atsaL 5) <t*8t,
If 'ten -8^25.
Tbo Pnibram ore (Schu
9} giw Bnsithatti^ in i t
ANHYDB0U8 OXYD8.
155
L CorctcUe, Coradte is probably pitchblende mixed with some gummite (the hrdrous ore). It
iijilch-bladc in color, and afforda a grayish powder ; G.=4'378, Le Conto. In Whitney's analysis
'(■a 8) he obtained 16*92 p. c of carbonate of lime, which aooounts for the low specific grayity.
Ifaft fime was separated by Genth, as fkr as possible, before making his analysis (No. 9). Genth
And the oxTsen ratio for the (J and ^ nearly 1 to 4.
HMdinger*2r name is retained for the species, with the addition of the terminal syllable iie,
ChapmaD'a has precedence ; bnt it is badly made, its deriyation requiring the form Uranatoniiie ;
md moieoTer, until Grystala are known and found to be without cleavage, or until crystals are
IHfed to be an imix>a8ibility, it cannot be asserted that the species is unckavabU.
InalTaes: 1, Klaproth (Beitr., 11 197); 2, Bammelsberg (Pogg., liz. 35, and Min. Ch.. 175); 3,
Ihiftr (Bamm. Min. COl, 175) ; 4, Ebeknen (Ann. Ch. Phys., 1843, 498) ; 5, Hermann (J. pr. Ch.,
i hzfL 316); % Ffafr(Sdiw. J., zzxy. 326); 7, t. Hauer (Jahrb. G. Beichs., 1853, 197); 8, Whit-
. Wf (im. J. ScL, XL vii 434) ; 9, Genth (lb., xxiiL 421) ; 10, Soheerer (Pogg., Ixrii. 561) :
I. JoarhimBtluJ
L "
& J-Georgenstadt
1 PtDbram
t Ooraeite
I.
86-5
79-16
68*51
fe
2-6
8*90
6-70
Ca ftg Si
5*0, Pb S 6*0=100 Klaproth.
2-81 0-46 5-30, Pb 620, As 1*12, Bi 0-65, fl 0*36=99-61 R.
2*17 0-22 8*50, Pb 6-67, S 1-75, Cu 3-95, Zn 0*70, Bi 0-52,
As 4*86, C 214= 100*39 Theyer.
8*48, Pb 4-22, S 0*60, Mn 0-82, Sfa 0*25, C 3*32,
fl 1*85=100*89 Ebehnen.
2*46, Ph 0-74, Pb S 2*84, 3tl 0*33 Bi 1*23, Mn
0*14, ^ 2*59 Hermann.
8*24 202, Pb S 4*20, Co 1*14= 100*12 Pfaff.
2*86 2-97 0-64 1-19, Pb §-07, S 1*18, Sb 2*09, C 0*89, fi 0-48=
99*49 Haner.
'72-60 2*74 6*99 6*33, Ph 6*56, Xl 1*10, tL 6*68=100 Whitney.
62*68 Pe5:61 6-83 0*66 1S*16, l»b 7*39, 3tl 0*52, C, fl: 6*14=99*28 Genth.
15-94 8*10 6*24 2*07
81*21 Pe 1*88 6*78 0*41
84-52
80*52
11 Norway, Ih-anoni 76*6 Ph^ Cb, Si 15*6, Mn 1*0, A 4*1, insoL and loss 2*7 Scheerer.
', in anaL 6, obtained 9 62*87, and t 28*84 ; and G^enth, in anal. 9, ^ 46*21, and 1!J 16*47.
Pyr., etc — ^BJB. inftisible, or only slightly roimded on the edges, sometimes coloring the outer
-ins green (copper). With borax and salt of phosphorus gives a yellow bead in O.F., becoming
mn m RJ*. (nraninm). With soda on charcoal gives a coating of oxyd of lead, and frequently
fti odor of arsenic. Many specimens give reactions for sulphur and arsenic in the open tube.
fUkihk in nitric add. Not attractable by the magnet.
Oha. — ^Uraninite accompanies various ores of silver and lead at Johanngeorgenstadt, Marien-
Im, and Sdmeeberg in Saxony, at Joachimsthal and Pndbram in Bohemia, and Retzbanya in
ftaiipry. It is associated with torbemite at Tincroft and Tolcam mines near Redruth in Com-
viB; alao near Adrianople, Turkey ; at the Middletown feldspar quarry, in octahedrons with trun-
«dgM, according to Shepard.
CtraeUe is from about 90 m. above Sault St Marie, on the north side of L. Superior.
Yery valuable in porcelain painting, affording ao orange color in the enamelling fire, and a black
folor in that in which the porcelain is baked. A lal^ratory has been opened at Joachimsthal,
vime the ore is converted into uranate of soda for use.
Att.— The hydrous ore called gummite occurs as a result of the alteration of this species ; also
i ochre.
IW. 0HRT80BBRTK [Not Chrysoberyl (=var. Beryl) of the Ancients.] Krisoberil Wem.,
Bwgm. J., 373, 387, 1783; 84, 1790. Chrysoberyll Karsien, Lenz, etc. Cymophane 51, J. de
IL, tv. 5, 1798. Alexandrite Nbrdenskidld, Schr. Min. Ges., St Petersb., 1842. Alaunerde +
YWeotorde Kk^^ Beitr., L 97, 1795 ; Arfvedson, Ak. H. Stockh., 1822. Aluminate of Glucina,
■ainly, Sqfifert, Am. J. Sd, viiL 105, 1824; Bcrgemann, De Chrys., Gott, 1826.
OrthoAombic. 7a7=129^ 38', OAl-t=129^ 1'; a : h : c=l-2285 : 1
:W267. Observed planes: vertical, i-z, i-i, i-f? ^^' ^> ^' domes, |-t,
H 1<, 8-t (only as a composition-face) ; octaheoral, 1, 1-2, 2-2, 1 6-6 («, f.
156
OXraEN OOKPOirNDB.
i-i A 2-5=126 8
i-iA 1=110 3i
w A 1=136^ 62'
iiA2'S=128 52
1-lAl-l, tup,=:119 40
lAl, ov. l-t,=7a°i
lAl, frunt,=139M
{JiAhi^m
34 A 3-1, ov. i.i,=120 13 vtAl'f=120 7*
161
iliJ
152
153
IM
^^V
Norwftj, Me.
AlexaDdriie.
HaddnxD.
Huddaca.
165 1B6A Plane i'l vertically gtriatcd;
sometioieft also t-t, and otlier vcr
j>lanes. Cleavage : l-l quite disit]
t-l imperfect; i-i more »o, Twii
ct>inpositic»n-face 34, m in f, 153, ISS
made up of 6 parts by the eriisangl
3 crystals, uuited alongj the
line, ae t^liown by the striie, tlie foi
either etellate, or simply hexHi
pyramids witli tnxncated ^uiai
Hiiddiim. imaaam. ^^f^^ ^g) conjointly, 34 and i-i,
in f. 154, 155, each made by the crossing of 3 yum of twins, each ri
pair twinned by 34, and united to the next pair by «-t.
II, = 8'5- 6, = 3*5—3*84, Lustre vitreous. Color aspa
grafiS'green, emcrald-green, greenish- white, and yellow ish-gre<!n ; some
raspberry or columbinered by transmitted light. Streak uncolored. Ti5
parent^ — translucent. Sometimes a bluish opalescence internally. Fr
oonclioidal, uneven.
Vat. 1. Ordinary.— CoioT pale srreen, being colored by iron. 0.=3'59T, H«i
BrAiil ; 9-689, Urml* Hem; BS^b, Oreoburg, Kokscharof.
2, A IrunulriU.— Color emerald -gre«a, but oolumbiQG^red hf tmiisnitU«d Ught 0,=S*Sl4 1
of r ktichiirof. Supposed to b6 oolorfd by obxoiQO. QrysULi oltio ymf Iwfi^ I
l^> 15:^ either six-tided or elz-myed.
Comp.— Bo ^1:^ Alumina 80*2, gtuclni 108=100. Analjnra: l, i. 8, Av4i^f (l^oti^l
lis); 4, 6, Damoiir (Ann. Ch. Pbys IIL tU. jn):
Pit
4NlT=rl0a*61 Ardefef; Q.-J tSSI:
8 1 % ^ O'Sl^ Cti Aod H O-tS-lfMni AwdnftL
, Pe 4*61, quajti o*4ts:9«'4S Dainoiir.
i " 4'0«» *♦ 0^=M*S8 "
Fyr., ctOi^^E tkm9 unilterad ; with soda, the turfboe la mtnfy midor»d didL Wttfa I
or Mlt of iphoapbortia Aiiwi wilh grtftt diffloul^. With cobalt ■JuDon, tbo ^
^i
Be
1. Bmiil
8. Una
4. U«dd«B,Ot
nn
la-^i
ni>4
18^0«
18*0^1
16*41
n-ss
AKHYDEOUS OXYDS.
157
btnlsh color. Q. hardly dunged by heating; before 3-84, after 3*838. No action
. — In BmsQ and also Ceyloa^ in rolled pebbles, tn the alluria] deposits of rivers ; at March-
In IforAYia; in the Ural, 65 versts from KatberiDenburg^ in mica slate wilh beryl and J
ite» tli« Tarie^ AlexofubrUe^ of emerald'greeD color, columbine-red bj transmitted light; ioij
lOrpniiwgdistrictj 8. Ural, yellow; in the Moume Mts., Ireland ; at Haddam, Ct, in granit"
wrrfna gneiaa^ with tonrmaiine, garnet, beryl, automolite^ and cobimbtte; in tlie same rock t
iMislii near Saratoga, N. Y., with tourmaline, garnet, and apatite; Orange Summit, Yt, in gran*
li U» doep cat of the northern railroad; Norway, Me., in Kfanite with garnet (Verrlli).
tvaosparent, and of su^Jcient size, chryBoberyl is cut with faoete, And forms a beautitkl
gem. If opalescent, it is usually cut en cabochon,
ia from x^^^i ffolden, ^f7f«X>o(, beryL Cymephaney fhsm M^^a^ imm^ and f^li/M, up-
to a peculiar opaleaoence the crystal sometimes exiubita. Alexandriit is aftor tho .
■r of Bvisia, Alexander L
OlCbyat^ see B. ^11; Kolcscharof, Min. Rusal, it.; Hessenb^ lOn. Not, iv. Fig. 152 tg]
itoial size, IVom a crystal belonging to A. K VcrHB. Chrysoberyl has very distinct cleavage \
■dlel to l-l, which appears to show that 1-1 is the tme yertical prism as made in the last edltiou |
f tibia work, although S-1 is the twin mug-plane. But, for the sake of the aim pier notation^ tho J
MidoD given the cry stab by other authors is here adopted. j
ArtIL — Formed in crystais by exposing to a high hont a mixture of 6 of Qlumina, V^2 ghidna, J
il 8*0 boric add (Ebehnen) ; by putting a mixture of fluorid of gludoum and fluorid of alnmi*,_
nil in the propoitiona of their equivalents^ in a carbon crucible, and at the centre of the flnorids '
indl cirboii cnicfble with a little f\ised boric acid, and heating for some hours (Deville and
lkiN4i the proceaa yielding fine crystali easily.
4. DEUTOXYDS.
Ore of the Ka^ittooi of the Greeks (flerod, etc), and of the Plumbum
tiPHiLf xzxiv,, 47, etc ; not of the Stannutn [=a pewter-like alloy] of Plin. Ziunstent^
ferro et arsenico min., Wa£L, Min., 803, 1747. Mine d'Etain, Fr. Trl Wall^ 1753.
fh Oiei» Tin Stone. Zinnstein, ZinnerZf Germ. Stannum calciforme (Oxyd of Tin) Bergm.^
Qfma, li. 43% 1180; Klapr., Beitr*, iL 245, 1797. Etain oxyd^ IV. Casslterite Beud,, iL 618,
IM. Easaiterit Oemu
Tetnigonal. O A l-t=146° 5' ; a=:0-G724. Observed plaiica : verticalj
^ Hf *-f » ^-2 ; octahedrons, |» Ij i ; zirconoids, 3-|, 1-S, 74.
166
167
153
:7fr.
\/
^'f.
z
[A 1=186° 26'
*A 1=112 49
► a 1-3=144 40
OA3-f=112''25'
1 Al, pyT., = 121 40
1 A 1, bas.,=87 7
/A 1=133' 34'
1-i A U, pjT.,=133 31
7 A ^f= 168 42
158
OXTGKN COMPOUNPS.
Cleavage: / and i4 Lardly distinct. Twine: f, 158, compositicm^
\'i\ producing often complex forms through the many modifying pla"^
eonietiines repeated parailel to all the eiglit planes l-i'; aldo f. I'
metag^nic twin. Onen in reniform shapes, strnetnre fibrous diver;
ako massive, granular or impalpal)le*
H-=6 — 7. G. = rr4— 71, Lmtre adaiiiantine,
crystals usually splendent. Color brown or black ;
times red J graj^, white, or yellow. Streak wliite, gmj
Nei
159
U
m
brownigh. Nearly transparent — opaque. Fracture
eonchoidal, uneven. Brittle.
Var. — 1, Ortfi nary, Tm -stone. In crystal ^ O. ofe
cryRt G'96; of colorless, from Tlpuanl R,, C' i)«»; of fc
yellow, from Orum, 6 7U4, id.; of very pure C4;i r^^v.^ .,^,.. ^..i:«iHl6a^ (
^ of black cryst fr Tipuani, 7(»2l, id.
2. Wood Tin (Tlolz-Zmn Gtrm,y In botryoidal and realftifm i
ooiioentric in stnicture, and radiated fibrous IntGrnaUyr although vm 11
piici, with the color brownlub, of mired fihadcdy looking aome^ial IImJ
wood in its colors. Toofts-r^e tiu ia tbe same, on a smiiUei icaK G« I
variety 6-514. Excellent ligft. in Raskleigh'a Brit Min., n»7.
&t9a.m Un iJi nothing but the ore \sk t\\^ state of sand, as it occtjrs atoftg the bcda oTi
to tba gravel of the adjoining region. It has been derived from tin r^M or ftick% ('
wear and decomposition of the rtxski and transportation by water.
Comp. — .^n=Tin 78'G7t oxygen 21-33=100. Analyses: 1, Berstdlua (Afhn Ir.
Mallet (J. G. Soc. DubL, iv. 27'4); 3, Bergeoiann (Jahrb. Min., 1857, 3»5); 4, 6, D. Fo(
Msg,, IT. zzx 140):
1. Ti&bo
2. Wicklow, Ireland
3. XcrcB, Mexico
i. Tipuani, Bolivia^ hnh,
d. '* "^ load
Sn
98*6
96 26
89'43
91sl
91*«0
ta Fe Stn Si ^(l
2 4 14 0-8 — — =98*2 Berwiiu*
— 2*41 ^ 0-84 Mallei G.^CTaS,
— e*C8 — 2'2l l*20BerfBin. 0.=6'8«1
— 1-02 G'48 0-73=100*04 FortiQS.
— 2-69 — 6-51 =100ForboiL 0.=sM
OyttaJf from Oarabuco, Bolivia, affonled Kroeber (PhH. Mag., lY. txx. HI) TC
(equivalent to 97*8 p» c. of oiyd), with iron 218^ silver 01)16, tnnp»tic add 0
aod I T4 of water. (Tbe analyaia is stated to havo aObrded 19'5H4 of oxyKt^ri,
enough for the tin alone found.) Tbe Tenebra ore oontains f^om 2 to fi p. c. of <
tantalic odda. Vauquelin obtained 9 p. c of sesquioxyd of iron from wood tin,
Pyr,, ate. — B,n. alone unaltered, On cbaroool with soda nxlu«sd to tnotalllc tin, and |
\i!n' -' :>7. With the fiuxes soroetimea n^vos reactions for iron and inatigmfwii^ i
r^r italic hcid. Only sLighUy acted upon by adda,
C L ., . u ore ia met with in veins traveming granite^ gnetsa, mica sdiEs^ dlJoifto <
fichlatf and porphyry.
Occurs in ren^arkable cryatals in Cbmwall, associateit with fltioTi apatite, topai^ blasdc^ \
eta^ and aleo tlie ytocd'tm and ffream-fm; in Dtsvonoliire, near Tkiviatock aoit daewhani:
of Wicklow, Ireland ; in poaudomorphfi after foldapar at Wheal Ooatct, noor 8t Anet, f
tlogubi ' ' ■ "• lumia and Soxo[( ' > ^ fk>om 2iiii>wan a^ t
•nwalil ruU.\ III Liino|.'r tals; also i& GaUkto; i
laudfWiU... . .^...™, ..:,-i"^' .,( vi,,i.. .:. A'ukaranta^
In the E Malacca, J ; Id tho Ovvni diatrk4» cod \mi
guQio«ofth< -ie r»iiirea i i
In Bolivia, S. A., in the gold n^^Kioti^ Amu^ tbe TipU4iiLi IL \ at Oruro tin mlnirt; oad at {
Bolivia \ in Mexico* at Xeree and Dumnro.
In tho United 8tatot^ in Ma%m^ spor ^ ,r>d Hobron: In ,
Qoolien, a fbw eryatela, wtth alMto atM .V. Bamp., at I^y
on lot ailata of Mf. Eaat)!....., ... ...v ..-^w of Jodcaon; In
( goUl'mlftai, tmbtddad in % taloo-inieac^oua tlste ; in Coi^^fomia^ in 8aa '
innmeal Mkm; la Idaho, od Jordan orMk^ aoar BoonviUe.
Slamatk Brvlth. (Hondb* 772« 1m47\. an amorpboua* pale yeOowiih-wliilQ
ContwiQ, wllh IL^9*5, G.=:3'545, hoa be<n regarded aa a paeudofnorpli afl
AauxuBOUS 0XTD8.
169
ring maoh o^d of tin as a mixture with the other ingredients. Bischof obtained (Chem. G.,
ItM) Si 51*57, Sn 38»], H 4-53, 9e 3*55, Ca 0*16, ign. 0*43=99*15.
Ob crysi., Hessenberg^ lOn. Kot, vi ; A. E. Kordenskidld and Gadolin, Pogg., cL 637. Nor-
■kSSId makes the angle 1 A 1 = 121° 42' whence a= 0-67 20. According to Mr. Gadolin, Fin-
ilcxTttals afTord also the planes }, 7, ^Ml, Y-H, i'h H, H, 1-3, *-f , i^, i-h i-J, t-f, i-J. H ,
Hi HI« ^}f ; 1^^^ there is doubt as to some at least of these planes, as these unusual ratios
«• deteiTiuned from measured angles alone and not through zones.
Actil — ^Formed in crystals by the action of a stream of muriatic acid gas on Sn 0' (Deyille) ;
Jtdion of steam on chlorid or fluorid of tin (Daubr^).
ItlA. AcfALiTB A. R Nardenskiold (FIdL Min., 162, 1865, 26, 1863). A cassiterite containing
mAj 9 pw c of tantaho add Isomorpbous with cassiterite, and presenting the planes 1, 1-t.
1=6—6*5 ; G.=^*6 — 6*8. Lnstre vitreous to adamantine ; color black to grayish-black ; streak
l|^t-brown ; opnque. Analysis by Nordenskiold :
§n 88-95 Ta8*78 Pe 2*04 Ou 0*78=100*55
flram Fennikqja in Somero, Finland, with tantalite and beryl in albite.
MIL RIITIZ.B. Schorl rouge cfeXw/e, Crist, il 421, 1783 ; v. Bom. Cat de Raab, L 168, 1790.
Idflier Schoii pt^ Titankalk, ZZopr., Beitr., L 233, 1795 (discov. of metal Titanium). Red Schorl
Bnt^ Mm., L 271, 1794; Titanite, id., iL329, 1796 [not Titanite Ztopr., 1794=Sphene]. Schorl
nage, Sagonite, Sauasurty Alpes, It. § 1894, 1796. Crispite (fr. Crispalt, St Gothard) DdanutK,
I T., iL 333, 1797. Eutil Wem,, 1800, Ludwig*s Wem, I 65, 1803. Titane oxyd6 K, Tr., 1801.
Sehwarsor Granat LampadiuSj SammL, IL 119, 1797. Eisenhaltiges Titanerz (fr. Ohlapian)
Oapr^ Beitr., ii., 235, 1797=Nigrin KarsL, Tab., 56, 79, 1800. DmenorutUe Kokscharof, Min.
, iL 352, 1854.
Tetragonal. O A 1^=147° 12^', a=0-6442. Observed planes : vertical
PiismB, 7, i-J, i-2, ^3, t-4, i-7, iri ; octahedrons, 1, 2, f , 14, 3-i ; zirconoids,
i-8, 1-}, 3-J ; base, 0^ not common.
161
160 .^^T^^ 1«4
OrsYesMtn., Qs.
0Al=13r 40'
0a34=113 18
0ai4=145 49
lAl,pjT.,=123 7i
lAl, bafl.,=84^40'
/A 1=132 20
7At-f=168 42
7Ai.2=161 34
/A 1-3=153° 26'
i-iAi-2=153 26
i4 M-i=:122 47i
i^' A 1=118 26
160
OXYaKN COMPOUNDS.
Cleavage: 1 and i-i^ distinct ; 1, in traces. Vertical planes ns
ated. Crystals often acicular. Twins : 1, comDosition-fiice 1-j\ in
having a geniculation at the centre of origin of tiie crvfetaJ (nearly lij
or f. 158 under cassiterite) ; or (2J ha\4no; commenced as a simple j
and afterward become geniculated, as in t. 161. (A) Usually tlie su
^niculations take place in a common plane, that is by those fac«6^
lie in the direction of the same diagonal ; and {a) either the ;
geniculations, at the opposite extremities, resume alteniately i,^
tion, as in f . 159, under cassiterite, p. 157 ; or the direction cnang
eively (f. 101), the extremities finally bending into oneaiu^thetj and \
ing at times when thus completed an inequilateral hexagonal prisiii (1
but (B> occasionally the twinned commencement (as 1, 11, f. 1G3) I
gemculated at either end parallel to the tmn^ceriid plane 1*t\ and a?
lorm 18 produced, and tliis in successive alternations, thence r< ' '
twinning begins nearly at, or at, the commencement of the
BCalenohedral tomi in f. 164, which conRiets of 8 united scc^tor©. j^l*]
is ideal (from G, Rose), being introduced to illustrate the fomi hi
3. Composition-face 3-*, making a wedge-shaped crystal cuneisting j
individuals, 3. Composition-faces 1-i and 3-* in the same crystal (If
net Cove, Hessenl)erg). Occasionally compact, massive.
H.=6— 0'5. G.=4'18— 4-25. Lustre metallic-adamantine. CoH
dish-brown, passing into red ; sometimes yellowish, bluisb, violet, 1
rarely grass-green. Streak pale brown, Subtransparent — opaque.
ture suDconcnoidal, uneven. Brittle.
Oomp., Var. — ^Titanic aciid, ti = Oxygen 39, titanium 61 =rlOO. Somotimeg b littb Eroo I
VttT, 1, — Ordinary, Brownisb-red aad other Bhodes, not black. 0.=4 18~4*23»
iittftrts i« aometimefl penotrated thickly witb acictilar or capillarj ctTstala, and this 1
SoQeniis (tr. e-ayir^'v ^ ^^t)i ^^^^ nAmed CrigpUe. Dark flmoky quarts penetrated i
rutile is apparently the Veneris crinis of Pliny (mvil 69).
2. Ihrri/erouB. (a) Nigrin^ Color black, wbcnoe the name. Contains 2 to 3 p^ a i
iron. But aa ordinary mtUe haa 1 to 2 p. <^ the distinction is very smalL G.=:4 T
piiin; 4'242 ft. Froiborg. if) HmenomtitUe, A bia<!k variety from the Dnien Mts, i
tahedrona, ocmtaininjr over 10 pi c. of (ugrd of iron, and having G.=6-oTi— 6*133,
3. ^rami/erous (titnne os^M diroraifftra II,}, A gTvas-gieoQ ToHotyf contaiiifa^
ofarome, \vlii» h lHvl's the oolor.
Analy^
..our (Ann. Th. Phys,, UL x, 417); 2, IL Rose (Oilb. Ann.» IriiL «T, I
I. pr. Oh.» mvil UO); 4, 6, Dou^oly (Jnhrveb,, 3849, 128):
St Trieix, raddish
Frefberg, ni^ne
LocL unknown
fi 9t«0
08*4t
mn
90*41
9646
Fe 1*65=99*1B Diiraour* Q,=4^J0d.
1-6«=IOOH. IloBo.
2*40*=&ri6 Korstcn, 0.^4*112.
1 63, Un 0 13, fSi t'd:i=lOO D^iMf.
1*6^ '' 014, '' 0'T9=ICN) Diuio^.
• In part al lc«il mof^tHU^ irblcJi hmj be Mipwmtcd bj m oufiut.
Tli« DmmofuHle oongieta approxinuitcly, accordini; to Hennann (L cl^ ofTt 9$'% I
Pyr., affeo.— B.B. inAiaible. With tialt of phoapliorus gives a oolorlose *
Manmeii a violet color on oor>ltiig. Moiit rarletlea oontAin iron, and glvo a hn
bHA in R,F, the violet only appoariii»f after treatment of the boad with a>«til)ls tte~ fitt (
* lOMdiible So addf ; made soluble by fu^iion with an alkali or alkaline oafbooitCL Tli'^
QOnteEikiBt ts «zeeu of add, virith the addition of tin-foil, gif«s a be«lltiftgl fftalkt-^otiat 1
nntaMi
Obi< Rutfle oooitrs In gfi&ita;, gnelia, mka akte, and syenitio roda^ and i
iilir lteil«laD« aod ddooftita. It ia g«QomQy found in imbedded oryatala, oftso In a
or IMiptr, and frequently iu actcuUir erystala peoetratfaig quafti. It boa alao hi
Umatito and flxnenHe. It la cummou injmini or i)ratfmeiit» In muiy andftvoot i
la Aitodal andK»ger6e in Norway ; at nomj4^berff» Finland, with hmXm uMI k
Qttialhtaj In the Urals; in the Tyrol; at SU CJothard; at TMje, In Woomi
ADTHTDBOTTS OXTDS.
161
t near Freiberg ; in GastOe, in gODiculated crystals, often large ; at Ohlapian in Transylvania,
riM In pebblee ; in large crystals in Perthshire, Scotland ; at Crianlariek, at Craig Calleaeh near
fc, and on Benyg^ ; in Donegal Co, Ireland. A variety from Karingsbricka in Sweden oon-
m aoooTding to iceberg (Ak. H., Stockh., 1803, 46), 3 p. c. of chrome, and is the iUane axydS
maifirtoi Hauj ; fgroM^grten needles, supposed to be chromiferous, have been fonnd in the Swiss
pii The IbnenortUile is from the phenacite and topaz mine of the Ilmen Mts., in the Urals.
q^ octahedrons, reticulated within, from Brazil, are supposed to be pBeudomorphs after anatase.
fm Mame, at Warren, along with tremolite and chaloopyrite. In ^. Hamp,^ sparingly at
VB^wHh tourmaline; near Hanover, acicular crystals in quartz, only in loose masses. In
twismLf at Waterbury, Bristol, Dummerston, and Putney ; also in loose boulders in middle and
ithem Vermont, acicular, some specimens of great beauty in transparent quartz. In Mass^ at
n% in gneiss, crystals occasionally an inch and a half in diameter ; at Windsor, in feldspar
Im intersecting dilorite slate; at Shelbume, in fine crystals in mica slate; at Leyden, with
l^oBte; at Conway, with gray epidote. In Conn,^ at Lane's mine, Monroe, and in the adjoin-
|lown of Huntington. In N, Tork^ in Orange Co., 1 m. E. of Edenville, with pargasite in limestone
Mldars; 2 m. £. of Warwick, in granite with zircon; I m. E. of Amity, in quartz with brown
vnaline, and 2 m. W., with spinel and corundum, and also 2 m. S.W., with red spinel and
Mdrodite ; near Warwick, in slender prisms penetrating quartz ; in N. York Co., at Kings-
Hffif in veina of qiuutz, feldspar, and mica traversing granular limestone ; in the limestone of
■Bz Co. In Penn.j in fine long crystals, at Sudsbury, Chester Co., and the adjoining district in
poasier Co. ; at Parksburg, Concord, West Bradford, and Newlin, Chester Co. ; at the Poor
mat quarry, Chester Co., in delicate crystals, sometimes iridescent, on dolomite. In K Jersey^
iSewton, with spinel In i^. Oar., at Crowder's Mountain. In Georgia^ in Habersham Co. ; in
taeain Co^ at Graves* Mountain, with lazulite in large and splendent crystals, some 3^ by
(te. In ArkanacUf at Magnet Cove.
In Canada, small crystals, with spociilar iron at Sutlon, C. E ; in the ilmenite of Bay St Paul,
. &, orange translucent grains, pure Ti, and probably nitile or brookite.
Ibe Qzyd of titanium is employed for a yellow color in painting porcelain, and also for giving
H requisite tint to artificial teeth.
leoent art on cryst, Kokscharof Min. RussL, I iL iii. iv,; Pogg., xcl 154 (whence angles
Nn); G. Rose, Pc^5g, cxv. 643; Hossenborg, Min. Not, I. 11. V. Pigs. 16i-lft4 by G. Rose.
Arto, — Formed in crystals by heating together to redness titanic acid and protoxyd of tin,
li dien heating the mass with silica to a cherry red heat (DeviUe) ; by the action of steam on
Mild or chlorid of titanium (Daubree, Hautefeuille). Hautefeuille observes that in this process
tfttuJa of rutUe are formed when tiie heat used is red heat ; of brookite^ when it is between that
ifUiud for volatilizing cadmium and zinc ; and of anatase, when the heat is a little below that
Mired for the volat of cadmium.
Bm been observed in crystals as a frimace product by Scheerer.
3L OOTAHBDRITB. Schorl bleu indigo (fr. Oisans) Bourn., de Lislo's Crist, ii. 406, 1783 ;
flohorl octaedre rectangulaire ui, J. de Phys., ttt 886, 1787. Octa^ite Sauss., Alpes, § 1901,
nWL Oktaedrit Wem., 1803, Lud wig's Wem., ii 218, 1804. Oisanite Ddarmth,, T. T., ii 269,
HOT; iK, J. d. M., V. 273, 1799. Anatase H, Tr., iiu 1801. Dauphinit
Tetragonal. O A l-t=119'' 22' ; a=l-77771. Commonly octahedral or
abular. Observed planes: 0 ; prisms, /, i-i\ octahedrons, 1, i, ^5 i, -J,
f, ^t, 2-?, 1-i, |-i, \^ ; zirconoid, -^o.
0 A 1=153° 19'
(9 A 1=1 60 15
(? A 1=111 42
0 A 2-i=105 46
1 A 1, pyr.,=97 51
1 A 1, bas.,=136° 36'
2-iA2-i " =148 28
14 A l-i " =121 16
0 A 7=90.
/A 1=158 18
163
Ckamge : 1 and O^ perfect.
H.=5-5— 4. G.=3-82— 3-95 ; sometimes 4-11— 4-16
lAer beating. Lustre metallic-adamantine. Color va-
liMi shades of brown, passing into indi^o-blue, and
fcck; nreenish-yellow by transmitted light. Streak
ttnd^<^ Fracture subconchoidal. Brittle.
11
162
OXYGEN OOMPOTTNDfi.
Oomp. — Like rutile and brookito, pure titaoic add.
Rose foTiud in crystals fVora Brazil 1-25 per cent «C8qiuo3t7d of iron (Pf>ffgv]E
Damour obtamed in an analysiB (Ann. Ch. Phji., Ill, x. 4n),'Ti 98 36, Fe rii, 8ri Q')
Pyr., etc. — Same as for rati!©.
Ob«, — Mofft abandant at Bourg d'Oisane, in Daupbiny, with feldspar, axinit«, oadj
Found in inica slate in the Omons ; in Bavaria ; near Hof in the FicntelgebLrgt? :
UrftlB; in chlorite in DcTonahire, near Tavistock ; with brookit© fit Tremadoc, in
in Cornwall, near Unkeard and at Tintagel Cliffs ; in Brazil in quarte, and in deti
splendent as to be aometinies miatakeu for dinnnondF.
In the 0, Stjitea, at the Dexter lime rock, Srnitbfield, B, I., in dolotnlte,
De Saasaure's name odahedrUe baa the priority^ and la particttUriy apppopriali
being nauallj octahedrona;. Hatij's anatase ia No. 3 in order of time, and wtM ^
filter he hvA once adopted for a while Delamctberie*a name ouantiie; it ia ttom
and was intended to aignify, aa Hauj aaya, that the common ootabedfoii was Ioq(
other tetra^rowd spedes; but Utujift is not in the meaning of the Greek word.
Artif.. — ^ Formed In crystala by the action of atcam on ehlorid or fluorid of titanium (
by the action of a stream of muriatic acid gaa on Ti 0' (Derille); by fusing titanic add \
of phoapborua B.B. in RF., and then exposing the bead to the point of the blue i
minute trauBporont crystaia of octobedrite separate (G. Eoee).
196. HAUSMANNITB* Schwars Braunstelnens pt Wem,, Bergm. J^ BB% 17B9,
Kanganerz pt Karsi^ Tab. 72, 100, 1808, Black Kanganeae. Bllttricher Sehwan^E
Mawm., Handb., 203, 1813. Marij^^uneBe oxyd^ hydraU^ H^ Tr,, ldi2. Pyramidal
Ore ffatd,, Uoh&, Min., ii 41€, iBUi. Haamannite //aid. Tnm. E. 8oc. £d^ ISlt
braumrtein Hamm^ Ilandb., 405, 1$47.
Tetragonal 0 A l-t—130^ 25' ; ^e—1'1743. Observed pUnes ; ij
Forma octahedral.
1 A 1, pyr., =105 25
JAi, pyr.,=139^5r
1-iAW, ^* =114 52
1 A 1^1=142 42
OleaTfl^ : basal, nearly perfect. Twins, parallel to l-i\ tlie same \
composition eonietimeB lietween four individnals, nearly like 9E, p. <5fi
^aniilar uiassive, particles strongly coherent.
H.=5— 5-5. G.=4'722. Lustre eubmetallic. Color brown
Streak chestnut-brown* Opaque. Fracture uneven.
Oomp-— Mn* Mn=Mangane9e 73*1, oxygen 27-9=Jln 6©, $fn SlrslOO. fo
written Mn Kn, AnjUysea: 1, Turner (Trans. Hoy. 8oc Edinb^ xi.y; 3. Rariii
ilT. 2S3); 8, Id. (ib., cxxiT. 6S3); I, L. J. Igelstrdm (CErV. Ak Stockb., 1S6^ 60^);
IT
0^435=1 on Tnmer.
=90-641 Bomm.
0-^4, OaO'U, Mg0'4l — 1
=tuO Igels£rikD,
Rommeliiberg, in later ex&uiluations of the Ilmenau mineml (Pogg., czzIt* ^tS\ I
0-fll, O'tfO, and da U 16, 0*60, 0 14, with Igu, 0'6^ and 0 7' 10.
IFyt.^ «to< — B.B. like mangtmito, Diffsolves in heated muHatie aiald| aflbidta
Obc^-Oocum with porphyry, along with other manganeae opm» \a flna oiyil
ta ThuringU; tkfuld in the Han; FiUpatad in Wermlond. Beporled tiSo
Alaace. Ol>ienro4 at Lebanon, Penn.
Dauber fouml Tor rrv*tal« from Bmenau 1 A IcrlOS'* 30', and \ * \ =^140* 31* {
The formttljt makes the two members each i fkfv of m
witli t^ie fippr iiurn of the nedea with ontahi^^ nitlifli^ tWi
}| <llllbrii> from u l*i in OLUibedrlte, and ftboiit ^' tixim 0 a 1 in nstllo. '
SM*- n cryatida by subjecting Mn and Mg to betted murUiile mdkd g«i {
Mn Mn
0
Ba
Si
I.
Dofcld 9S002
0'215
Olil
0-337
2.
llmonau »2-487
7*004
1-150
3,
FlUpstfid 92*12
6^5
0-13
4.
Jakobaberg 28-78 7127
ANHYDB0XJ8 OXTDB. 163
LUMXTB. BrauDite, BrachytypoiiB ICanganeee^re, JBotd, Ed. J. SoL, It. 48, 1826.
Hartbraunsteiii ffaugm , Handb., 222, 1847. Marceline Bead., iL 188, 1882. Heteroklin BreUh.i
Bogg., ^w-r 204, 1840 (in art by EvreiDoffX Handb., 801, 1847.
Tetragonal. (? A l-i=135^ 26' ; a=0-98525. Observed planes : (?, 1, 2,
1%:
(> A 1=125° 40' 2 A 2, pyr.,=96° 33'
0 A 2=109 45 2 A 2, ba8al,=140 30
1 Al, pyr.,=109 53 2-2 A 2-2, pyr. axial, =128 17
1 A 1, ba8.,=108 40 2-2 A 2-2, pyr. diag.,=144 4
lAl=109° 46' and 108'' 53', Descloizeaux. Twins : forms consisting of
ftree crystals, Kenngott. Also massive.
H.=6— 6-5. G.=4-75~4-82 ; 4-752, fr. Elgeraberg, Kamm. ; 4-818, ib.,
Hud.; 4*77, fr. St. Marcel, Damonr. Lustre submetaflic. Streak and color
dttk brownish-black. Fracture uneven. Brittle.
Oomp^ — ^2 liirn* Un-f-ttn Si (see p. 188). Turner obtained no silica, and made the mineral sial-
ic ftt Analyses: 1, Turner (Edinb. Trans., xl); 2-4^ Rammelsberg (Pogg., cxziy. 615):
lin 0
:6a
Si
fl
1. Elgeraberg
1 " cryst
3. *< massive
4
86-95 9-85
[80-94] 8-08
2-25
0-24
0-64
0-44
tr.
7-98
8-32
8-63
0-95=100 Turner.
1-00, Oa 0-91=100 Ramm.
The marceUne (or heterodine) from St Marcel in Piedmont, shown chemically by Damour, and
OTatallographicaUy by Descloizeaux, to be impure braunite, was found by Damour (Ann. dl M.,
I?. I 400) to consist of
fin 66 68, Pe 10-04, iSln 8-79, te 180, Ca M4, % 026, Si 10-24=98-46
laalyaee of impure ore fh>m Elba, by Bechi, in Am. J. ScL, IL xiv. 62 ; from Engadin, in
imntiae, l^ Bokeisen, in Ber. Ak. Wien, xxiy. 287.
tfr^ 0CCd — B.B. infusible. With borax and salt of phosphorus gives an amethystine bead in
QlF., becoming colorless in RF. With soda gives a bluish-green bead. Treated with muriatic
Mid CToiTes chlorine. Marceline gelatinizes with acids.
Obfc Qocnrs both crystallized and massive, in veins traversing porphyry, at Oehrenstock, near
HatDaa ; at Elgeraberg in Thuringia; at Botnedalen, Upper Tollemark, in Norway ; near Ilefeld
bihe Harz ; at St Marcel in Piedmont; at Elba (Bechi, Am. J. Sd., II. xiv. 62) ; at Yizianagram
ii India.
5amed after Mr. Brann of Qotha.
To exhibit the true relations between the forms of braunite and cassiterite or rutile, the plane l-t
above shookl be 1, Oa 1 in caasiterite being 186° 26'. Homologically this plane in all these re-
lited tpedes ia 1-^ the plane corresponding to that truncating an edge of a cube which inclines to
197. MWIUIC. Mennige Germ, Homb oxid^ rouge H.
Pulverulent, occasionally exhibiting, under the microscope, crystalline
tt=2— 3 G.=4-6. Lustre faint greasy, or dull Color vivid red,
ttized with yellow ; streak orange-yellow. Opaque.
Ooap^l^b^ 0«=?b+2 l^=Oxygen 9-84, lead 9066=100.
- - - - - jofthel" ■ "
VjK'— &i Hm redaction flame of the blowpipe globules of lead are obtoined.
* * d with galenit<
» and ceroaaite.
Tm TTiiialli atfaodated with galenite, and also with calamine, and sometimes constituting
^' ' Mtargttlaiiiftai
IGi
OXItflEM OOICPOITNDA.
Owura at Bletalf in the Eifel ; m Baden weiler in Baden ; Brillon in WettphaliA j^ faJiiad of i
uj; GrassingtoD Moor and Weardale in Yorkshire; Leadhills in Bcvtund;
Siberia.
Found at Auatin's mine, Wythe Oo^ Va., along with oeruasite.
198. BROOKITU* Jurinite Sorei, 1822. Brookit© X«y, Ann. Phil, IL ii. IIIS^ IMi.
site Shep,, Am. J. Sd,, IL it. 250. 1 840. ? Eumanite Sh^^ ih., lil SI I, 1861.
Orthorhombic. /A 7=99^ 60' (-100^ 50'): ^ Al-t=131^ 42'; a:i
=1*1620:1 :1:1'1883. Observed planes: O; vertical, /, it, t-t, t-f i
^f*4» ^> ^» *-^ ; domes, f-i, ^-i, 2-i ; octaliedral, i, 1, 2, J-f , f^, 1^ f
106
23
let
168
12
^1»,
^
li
a
ArkunaMk
/I
#/
if
1 rf
OaH=150M3'
OaH=1-^7 U
OaI =124 17
OAi =143 45
t>A2-|=lll 34
0 A 1-5=132 19
t> a 5-6=101 3S
O A 24=117 54
/A f-«=t39* 55'
t%iAi-8=157 11
i-t A ^s, mac^j =1S4
4Ai *^ =1S5
lAl ^* =H5
l-iAl-J « =101
MAl-i, brach.,= lS5
2-tA2-i, top,= W 4S
Cleav[uxe : /, indi.stinct ; f>, still more *o.
U,r=:5'5-«. G,=4 12-4-23, broakile;
^—4-23, trp. Ural crj^^t. ; 4 03-40H5,
EUenrillo, N. T. Wliitnej and Damour, 38(5 ~ 3-95, Riimmc
3'81, a variety from the Ural, Hermann, Uair-brown, yellowiali, or^
dirfu with iTK^tadlic fuliimantino lu^^tre, and trant^lneent (brix»kitf) ;
black, optt*iue, and suknetnlHc.^ ^urkan&ite). Streak uneulortnl*
yellowifiD. Brittle.
Oooip^— Pure titanic aoid, Ti, tnc« rutUc^
BoaanoTiliy (a IL Ztg.
Anoljios : I, TTermann (J. pr» Gk, xItI i
ms, Na mi 3, Danour (Ajul d Id,, IV. xr, 44t):
n
Ft
21
s^.
L UtBlB
3, A^Eum
MM
»4*31
1*36
073
1-40= 1 00190 iiMnwiia.
Ml =98^ Eonmofvkr
slOl^ftDraonr.
ANHYDB0XJ8 OXTDB.
165
Bmmelsberg obtained 94*S3 pi c. of titanic add fh>m the arkansite, and a oorreaponding low
^tdfle gravity, .irbile Whitney and Damonr found little imparity and a higher spocdflc gravity.
Pyr«, etc-^Same as for mtile.
-Brooldte o^pura at Bourg d'Oiaans in Daaphiny ; at St. Gbthard, with albite and quartz ;
I Urn Urals, distriot of Slatoust, near Miask ; near Makirch in the Yoeges, in pseudomorpha after
ribaoe ; rarely at Val del Bove, Etna, with rutile ; at Fronolen near Tremadoc, Wales ; in thick
mA aystals {arkansUet t 166) at Magnet Covei Ozark Mts., Arkansas, along with elsolite, black
■B0t, and Bc^orlamite ; in small crystals from the gold washings of North Carolina ; at the
nd mine of EDenyOlei Ulster Co., K. Y., on quartz (f. 169), with chaloopyrite and galenite ; at
?lBi8, Maine.
/A Jin arkanBite=100^— 100' 30', 1-2 A 1-2=101° 80', and 186* 16' to 136" 60'. In brookite
bwtbe Urala, /A 7=99° 60', Kokscharof (Min. RussL).
HaoBtied after the English crystaUographer and mineralogist, H. J. Brooke.
Artil — Formed in crystals by the action of steam on chlond or 6uorid of titanium (Daubr^).
198a. EmiAinTJB. Eumanite occurs in minute crystals at the Chesterfield albite vein wi^
nbeOite and pyrochlore. Its chemical identity with brookite has not been ascertained. The
1. are figures, by the author, of two of the crystals.
170
170a
il
III
u
I
Some of the observed angles are /A 7=100° to lOr, H a H='?7° 49', i-} A i-J=UO°— 140°
ir, « A 1-1=128° 20'— 128° 30', i-l A i-}=108*. Am. J. 8cL, IL xiL 211, 397, xiiL 117.
IM. PYROI<nSITZI. Lapis manganensis pt Ccualp., MetalL, 1696. Brunsten = Mag-
BMia pi WalL, 268, 1747 ; Manganese pt Fr. Trl Wall, i. 483, 1763. Manganaise grise
|t fbftl^ Oat, 1772. Gran Braunsteux pt Wem,, Bergm. J., 886, 1789 ; id., Hausm., Handb.,
Its, 1813. Gray Ozyd of Manganese pt ; Anhydrous Binoxyd of Manganese. Mangan Hy-
pMQxyd Leonk^ Handb., 240, 1826. Pyrolusite, Prismatic Mangauese-Ore, Haid.^ Trans. E.
8o& Ed., 1827. Weichbraunstein. Weichmangan, Genn. Polianite (fir. Flatten) BreUh,, Fogg.,
liL 191, lS44=L[chte6 Qranmangan-Erz id,, Char., 231, 1832.
Orthorhombic. /A 7=93^ 40', 0 A 1-1=142° 11' ;
•: J : i?=0-776 : 1 : 1-066. Observed planes as in the
^O A H=160°, 7a i-I=136° 50' 7a a=133°
, , i A f4, top,=140°. Cleavage 7 and i-i. Also
; ^ofammar^ onen divergent ; also granular massive, and
feequently in renifonn coats. Often soils.
H.=2— 5-5. G.=4-82, Turner; Lustre metallic.
Color iron-black, dark steel-gray, sometimes bluish.
8^Bak black or bluish-black, sometimes submetallic. Opaque. Bather
▼«>-I. Ordmanf. In (a) crjataUi and (h) massiye. H.=2— 3*5; G.=:4-810, Tomer; 4*84,
KiiUiafaL Aai^ as Move given.
166
OXTGEN COMPOUKDe.
IklnMn
0
B«
gi
h UndeoaeB?
S»-56
U-58
t, Etgenberg
84^00
11-78
0-63
0-5 1
9. Ceroid
86*62
ir*JO
O'tifi
0*56
4* Ilineiiau
87^0
Hit
12
08
5. PLitfceo, /U
87*21
12'U
018
S. i\>lttiiiiigL H. above 6. a,=4^8B8--4'B80, ft-. PUitten, Breitk Color light itMi«i
/A 7=02" 62 , 0 A 1-1-147* 43'. It is a ?ory ptire pyrolasHo. Pi«MU flUte« Ihst
from Cornwall has G.= 4*826.
8. Varv(KUe i» impure pjroltiAite. Beo under MANaAJnTE.
Oomp. — ^Stn^Mttnp^aneae 63 3, oxygen a6'7=100, Analys^B: 1, AriVedflou (Schtr* J,
310)} 2, 3, Turner (Ediub. Tnma^ ]U2b); 4, Sotieffler (Arch. FhnrnL, xxxv. 2c»Ci); 6,
(Pogg., lxLl92):
1-86= 100 Arfredaoa
M2=10QTuraer.
1-67 = 100 Turner.
6% Fe IS, CaCKS. Ho
0-32,Fe*lU-J7=i<i«|
In nnotbcr spedmen Scheffler found 9*7 per oeDt of btwyta. SpednaMja ftiwn xiear 1
Hetee^ ftlTorded Schwaracmberg: and Engelhnrdt 96*45 to 100 per err* "* - ^ sup
ganaM (Ami. Ck Pharm., \xl 2i\2). V, Se?oz and J, Breuilha flnil /.<?d ore trcm 1_
Id Aadalusia, Mn 97*9, Fo OR, Tl I'T =t)n 5 ; and in a massivn, Ml . . ., i j 1^0, 0 0*6^ 3l 1
P9-4 (BuU. S<3C d« rind. MiiL, vl. 29, Eev. GcoL par Dolesse, 18H0, 67).
Pyr«| etc. — B.B. alone iuAialble; on charcoal loses oxygen. A mang^eae reectlon with i
^iLffordii chloriae with muriatic add*
Obi.— This ore is extensively worked at Elgersberg near Ilroeoau, and other plaoM io T
gia ; at Vorderehronsdorf near Mahrish-Trubau, in Moravia, which place annuallj iilbcdis
hundred tons of the ore ; at Flatten in Bohemia, and elsewhere. FlaecryttaU oocur HMr Jd
georgetmtadt, and at HSrschberg in Westphalia^ and OTStatline plates at ICalska, Tnaayl^
also found aparingly in Cornwall ; in Timor ; io Australia.
Occurs in the United States with pBilomelane, abuodantly in Termout^ at Brandon, If
Bemsington, Monliton, Chltt^ndc^n, etc., both crystiilliEod (C 171) and maaaire; atCTonwayJ
in a Teia of quartz; at Plainfield and West Stock bridge, Masa. ; at Winclieater, N, li ; at J
bui7 and Kent, Conn , forming velvet-like coatinga on llmonlte. In Catifomia, <m Bed iali
of Smjk Franctaoo. In New Brunswick, 7 m. fr. Bathumt, iu fine oryat ; in Shefiedy V
elaewhere; near Upham in King's Co. In Nova Scotia, at fr -- — rryat and niaaalvfl j
at Walton, abnodant; near KentviUe ; Piotou ; Atnherat; Mu
^roluaite and manganJte are the most important of the or- ^^neae. Pyroluattt ]
with its oxygen at a red beat, and ia extensiTely employed for diachargiug the brown and |
tints of glosfl. It hence received its name from mv*, Jire^ and HbJ^ to imaA ; and for the i
it ia wldmaic5ally entitled by Ibe French U aaton de verriers. It ia eaaUy dtatinguiahed tftmi
meiane by ita inferior hardness, and usually by being crystalline.
dOO. GRUDNZmiTB. KnpferhalUgefl ICaoganen Ortdner, Jahrb, Mln., 6, 1 847.
feroxyd Eemtm,^ Handb., 1682, 1S47. MangankupfererE, Crednerit, ^annfii,, P^>8B-t lui* I
Monoi'linic. Foliated crystalline. Cleavage : basal ver H
^ii^tiiict in two other (lirectiL>iis obliqnelv iiicliiutd tu one n
^ H.=4-5. <},=49— 5 1. Lustre metidlic. Color iroD-bUck to
ay. Streak black, browniBb.
Oomp. — (^tt* Hn'sOxjd of copper i2% oiyd of ie
oxyd of manganese. Analysea : ), Onsdner (Fogg.,
Uio. CK ns):
Mn Sfn Cn fta Ca
at-lslOa; bttioflpiisL
It. 666); 3-4, BammaUbWf (!«,]
ft 0
I. FHodericharodd 22-96 81*26 4119 062 0*68 0*26 , gnogoe O^^^Pt-aii
3. ** 62*66 40'e6 1*48 d'TSz^lOO 4S BamOL
1. »* 6«*29 82-JI6 3*t«8 0*78 8 68^99^10 Bastm.
4. «' 64-24 23^8 2*01 8-88sd8'81 Baoifri
WfB^ atew— B.81 Itoisibla only on thin Mg«f. With borax In OS. livea a dart vhim t
(BkBQpantta) ; with aalt of phoaphorua a man glaaa, which on ooofing ia b1ne» and in ^ "
oonaa lad f copper V Soluble in mnriatio add with evolution of ehlorina.
Otia«*>Fh»n Friederidiarode, with volborlhita, malaohitai and mapnaaa otm.
nbaafraa that thia ore ia nndoubiedly the aourca of the cupraoiiainaogaaaM^ a aat
HTDBOU8 OXTD6. 167
L FLAJTrKEBTTB. Scfawerbleien BreUh., J. pr. Gh., z. 608, 1887. PUttnerit HaUL, Handle
604^ 1845. Braanbleioxjd Hauam., Handb., 202, 1847.
I» bezagonal prisoiB with replaced basal edgea, planes 0, i^ 1, but pseudomorphous after pyro-
onliite (Greg) ; deaTage indlstinot G.= 9*39— 9*45. Lustre metallic adamantine. Color iron-
as! Streak brown. Opaque.
OOMP.— According to Flattner (J. pr. Ch., x. 508X Pb 0»=Lead 86-6, oxygen 18*4=100. Prob-
Tkj from Leadhills, Scotland. A doubtful spedes. The specific gravity given is as high as
net oC the protozjd of lead.
leiA. Y A9ADI0 OoHRm— (Yanadic add Thachemacher, Am. J. Sd., IL zi 288, 1861.) A yellow
•ivenilent substance, encrusting masses of native copper, along with quartz, at the GUff mine,
jka Superior, according to J. £. Teschemacher (1. c.). The color before the blowpipe changed to
itdk; also the powder, boiled in nitric add, afforded an apple-green solution, from which, on
pHtial evaporation, after standing some weeks, red crystalline globules formed on the surface.
■hi^ ae thej enlarged, fell to Uie bottom ; by means of these crystalline masses the vanadates
tf Avar and lead were made. As no metal was found in (he first solution, the yellow mineral
!■ inferred to be probably vanadio add (Y 0").
B. HYDROUS 0XYD8.
1. Oxygen ratio for fi, £[=1 : |.
202. TuBCUTB 9e* fi
' I 0. ratio for 3ft, B[=l : f
; M. DUflPOBB 3!!^ fi 204. GOTHTTE Fe £[
206. Makoanui Mn fi
\ I. 0. ratio for 5K, H=l : f
200. Lmoxm 9e* fi*
j t 0. ratio for 3tt, 3=1 : |.
91, XAVTHOfliDKBini 9e fi* 208. Bkauzitb ($1, 9e) fi*
209. EuAsm (^, Pe) tP
5. 0. ratio for 3tt, B[=l : 1.
M Bbocitb Ag tL (or Jig* fi*) 213. Limnitb Pe fl*
»l PnocHBOiTi An fi (or Mn« fl«) 214. Hydbotaloitb (i 3tl+| %')fi«+2fi
StlOiBBsn Xlfi» 215. Ptboauritb (jFe + |Mg*)fl«+2fl
216. GuiociTB (^, Fe) ]&•
.—217. PsiLOiCBLAirB. 218. Wad: A, Boo Manoakbsh; B, Asboutb; 0, Lampadxtm.
I08.TURCUTB. Hematite pt Bed Ochre pt Turgit fiijnn.. Bull 80a Nat. Moscow, L 262,
1846. HydrohsmaUt BreWi., Handb., 846, 1847.
Compact fibrous and divergent, to massive; often botryoidal and sta-
Itetitie like limonite. Also earthy, as red ochre. ^ ^/> . .
a=5-6 ; 5-5, Brush. G.=3-56-3-74, from Ural, Her°i. ; 4-29~4-49,
feHoi; Breith.; 4-681, fr. Horhausen, Bergemann ; 4-14, fr. BaUsbury,
BniaL Lustre submetallic and somewhat satm-like in the direction of the
168
0XT6KW 00MP0UKD8.
Fe
Un
U
1. Urd
85*»4
581
2. Hof
D3<49
4'ei
3. Horbatifloa
89f5i
1*40
6-64
4.
$2'£»3
bU
6. RaliBbury
1 91>3ti
U-61
6-20.
fibrous structure; ako dull eartliy. Color I'eddiBh-black, to da
bright-red when eai*thy; botryoi(5al surface often lustrous^ lik<
limoriite. Opaque.
Comp. — Fe' fi=Seg(iuIox7d of iroo 94't, water 6 '3 =100. Analjses: 1, Ht^rmfloti
F. W. Fritzscbe (Breitk HnndbM L c); 3, 4, Bergemaon and Pfeiffer (Bomm. Min, "
BoOman (Am. J. Set, U ziiT. 218):
In sol.
7-50, Cu, l*b 1*85=100 HemL
vm, §0 09=ii>0'iaFrit88ch©»
St*1i*=99-4T Bergemaan.
Oua, i'a 1 10 = 100-27 Pfeiffer.
6-20, ^l 2-Oti, ^ 0-76, P, S, C^ fr.=91>-08 Ro
In other detenniBadona for Na &, fi=6'02 and 6*09 p. c ; for apecunexka from h$l
Pa,, 5 H4 Roepper.
Pyr., etc. — Heatod in a doa^ tube, flies to pieces in a remarkable aiaii]i/ar» ilid to %
from homatite and limonite ; yields water. Otherwise like hematite.
Oba.^A very common ore of iron, often taken for limonitef with which U is 1
dated, and which it re.^embles, except in its superior Lanincss, streak, and deeropM
looks vcrj much like fibrous hematite. Hermann's mineral was from the Turgini
near Bosgolovsk, in the Ural, and from the Kolyvan district, in the Altai ; that
ttom near Hof in Bavaria, and Steg^n in Pruesla; found aiso with hiuouiie ai
PmBBia; at the Louisa mine, Horhausen. In the United States it oecurs abundant!
largo botryoidal ma.'^Bive, at the limonite ore bod of SiUiaburj% Gt>» as dcte<!tod by J
(Am, J. ScL, IL xliv, 2l9)i, usually constituting the exterior layer of the limonito, (
Inch or more thick. The Une of demarcation between it and the Umonite la vetj i
Mparation idoog it is often easy.
Axtil — E. Dalies has *hown that the ordinary precipitate of hydrate of Im
In water, may have its water reduced to 3-52 p. a (J. Cli, Soc,, II. \v. 69); and i
by the same methodi reduced it to 3 p, c., showing that the watar Tariea with
of origin ; and, aa Davies observes, no great heat ik needed to make tboa 4ahj '
303. DIASPORB. Dlaspore llaQy, Tr., iv. ISOl, Blattrich<^r nydrargillit ITaamm^
442, 1813, Hydrate of alumine,
Orthorhombic, /A /=93** 42 f, O A 1-t = 147° Uk; aih:e=
: 1 : 1*067. Observed planes : vertical, /, i-l^ f-I» t-|, i-3, t4, t^J, p
domes, l-t, ^l, |-? ; octahedral, 1, 2-2, 1-2, f-j(>, |-J, 1-3, 4-J?,
O A 1-1=148'' 52i' 1-2 A 1-2, bai?al, = 70^ 52' i-2 A«.2=19«>^ 4l
i4 A 11= 121 7i i'l A 1-2 = 104 1 4i i-i A i^—
1-2 A 1-2, initc., = U 6 40 i-i A 1 = 1 1 6 54i l-i A If, f
1-iAH brach.,-151 31 w A 1-8=120 33* t-i Ai.f=li6 ^^
I'fs Crystals usually thin, flattened par*
i-i; Bometimea acicular; t*onuiH>Tj!v iiij|
Cleaviu^e : i-l eininent ; t-2 h*
foliat^^d nia^8jV6 and in tliin bL^i^rz* , aOE
etalactitic,
II.=fV5-7. 0.=8-8--8'5; .*? :^^^
8452, Dufrenoy; 3'30-3*34, t.
Lujitn- brilliant and pearly on eWv«{
ekcwhcre vitrcoue. Color whitii»li, j
white, greeniiih-^ray, hair-brown, yello^
colorless; eometlmcs violist-blue m
tiou, reddish plunilv-blue in tmoihi
mpwrtLM i in a third. When thin, trauslueent — rabi
Vaiyb.
ITS
ft
IS^
ETDBOU8 OXTDS.
169
3^
fl
*e
1. Sberia
74-66
14-58
9e 4-51
1
78-93
15-18
" 0-52
llGask
85-44
14-56
4. Siberia
79-91
14-90
Si Sdbdmnitz
86-13
15-00
^ Gtimuch-dagh
8312
14-28
0-66
INazofl
82-94
14-81
106
8.Bihia,aA.
84-02
14-59
9e 0-68
«. Cbester, Mass.
88-0
14-8
" 8-0
10. Hewlin, P&
80-95
14-84
" 312
3qbp^<— 2^ ia[=86-l aloznina) 14*9 water=100. Analyses: 1, 2, Dufir^noj (Ann. d. M., Ill
m, 1837); 3, Hess (Pofflr- ^^^iii- 255); 4, Damoar(0. R.. xxl 822) ; 5, Lowe (Pogg., Izi 307);
I, J.L %nith (Am. J. ScL, IL xl 58); 8, Damour (L'Institut, 1853, 78); 9, 0. T. Jackson
m. J. ScL, IL xia 108) ; 10, a B. Sharpies (Priv. contrib.) :
Si
2-90, Ca and % 1-64=98-29 Dufl
1-39, Ca 1-98=97-95 Du£
=100 Hess.
, unattacked 5-80=100-61 Dam.
=10013 Lowe. G.=3-303.
0-82, Ca, Mg <r.= 98-88 a G.=3-45.
0-26, Ca 0-86=99-42 a
0-43=99-72 Damour. G.=3-464.
=100-8 Jackson. G.=8-39.
1-53=100-44 Sharpies.
9lfr. etc — In the closed tnbe decrepitates strongly, separating into pearly white scales, and
l»A U|pi temperature yields water. The yariety from Schemnitz does not decrepitate. Infusible ;
Ml e&Mlt solution gives a deep blue color. Some varieties react for iron with the fluxes. Not
Mtod by adds, but after i^ition becomes soluble in sulphuric acid.
Oifc Oommonly found with corundum or emery in dolomite, chlorite schigt, and other crys-
Mm ndw, in nests, or as implanted crystals on corundum and other minerals. Occurs near
tenibrod, district of Katharinenbuig in the Ural, in granular hmostone with emery; at Schem-
li li Teins between ddomite and limestone ; at Broddbo near Fahlun ; with corundum in dolo-
IliiQ Ounpo Longo, near Dazk> Grande, in the Canton of Tessin in Switzerland; at Gumuch-
H^ and Manser, Asia Minor, and the Grecian islands Naxos, Samos, and Nicaria, with emery,
lirttctod by J. L. Smith ; with topaz and margarodite at Trumbull, Ct, but rare ; with oorun-
htosad margarite at Newlin, Chester Ca, Pa.; at the emery mines of Chester, Mass., in large
llH and crystals. Exists also as an impurity in some zeoUtes (Scheerer, Pogg., cviiL 430).
fkb shore angles are fh>m Kokscharof (Min. BussL, iii 169). Marignac obtained by measure-
■H MAl.f=117'* 46', »-2Ai.2=130'', 1-2a1-2=151** 36' and 116" 38'; PhilUps, i.2Ai-2=
If4r; Kenngott, f-2 A»-2=129'' 32'; Haidinger, i-2 At-2=129*' 54', 1-2 A 1-2=151** 64',
Dk^ore was named by Hauy fVom Staneipa)^ to scatter, alluding to the usual decrepitation
tbn the Uowpipe. Le LiSvre, as Hauy states, first made known the species, having found it at
■beral-deale^s in Paris, and given it to Vauqueltn for analysis. Its original locality is not
fenvB, but is supposed to have been the Urals. Yauquelin obtained alumina 80, oxyd of iron
feViter 16 to 18=100 (Hauy, Tr., L c., and Ann. Ch., xlil 113, 1802).
BL QOTEOTB. Dunnschuppiger, linsenformiger, rubinrother, etc. Eisenglimmer ((V. Siegen),
Bcfter, Min. Beachr. O.-Kass. Lande, 401, 1789. Kryst fasriger Brauneisenstein Jfofis^ Null
fin. Kab., iiL 403, 1804. Gothit (fr. Eiserfeld near Siegen) J, G. LenZy Tabell ges. Mineral-
nich,46, Jena, 1806, foL, M6?*i ?!f*m., iv. 505, 1808, UUmann^s Ueb., 304, 1814. Pyrrhosiderit
[■otPyroadsrit] UUnuum^ Hausm. &andb., 268, 1813, Ullmann's Ueb., 144, 299, 304, 1814 [but
llvni many years before to his class]. Schuppig-fasriger Brauneisenstein (ft*. HoUerter Zug)=
Ispidokrokit UUmofw^ Hausm. ib., 269, 1813, UUmann's Ueb., 148, 316, 1814. Haarformiger
fcwaeiienstein Eauam, ib., 270, 1813=Nadeleisenorz Brciih,^ Char., 1823. Brown Iron-stone
m Bhnm Iron-ofe pt, Brown Hematite pt, of Jameson^ PkiUips^ eta Sammteisenerz, Sam-
MfthiMie pL=Pirzibramit in GkxdL Handb., 549, 1831.
Ghifeit BreWL, J. pr. Oh., xix. 103, 1840. Onegit (fr. L. Onega) Andre (of Brunn), Tageblatt,
In 18, 1802, Moll's EfiHn., iL 109, 112, 1806=Ore of Titanium variaua auth. for 25 years=G6thite
Orthorhombic. 7A/=94^52',B.&M.(95°14',Levy; 96%Torke); OM-l
^IW 33' ; a:i: <?=0-66 : 1 : 1-089. Observed planes : vertical, /, i-J, i-2,
il; domes, 14; octahedral, 1, 1-5, 3-3, f^--
OhU=zlW 44' 6> Al-J=148^ 48' 1-2 A 1-2, mac.,=151^ 35'
OhU=zl4S 65 6>Af|=121 8 i-2Ai-2 =130 40
OaI =138 6 lAl, brach.,=121 4 i-2Ai-2, ov.«,=122 62
170
OXYGEN OOMPOUNBS.
lU
a
In prisms longitudinally striated, and often flattenc
scales or tables piirallel to the shorter diagonal. Clc
brachydiagfonal, very perfect. Al^ fibrous ; foliate
scales; mac^sive ; reniibmi ; stalactitic.
Il.=5-5 5. G.^4'0~4-4 ; 4*37, crystak from
in Cornwall, Yorke. Lustre impertcct adamaDtine.
yellowish, reddish, and blackish-broi^Mi. Often bloods
traosmitted light. Streak brawnish-yellow^-oclire-je
Var, — \, In thin Bcate-like or tabular eiystolB, uBunUy attached hj one edge. Bocli \
ginal GuUiiU (Pyrrhottideriie or Ruhinglivimcr) of SiegeiL
'J. \u acicular or capillArj (not flexible } crystals, or sknder priaioa. often radiat^^
tb© Ketdie-Iroiistom (NadekiaeMtein\ It pas^ea toio (&) a variety with a ▼clrety an
Przibfamile {SammethUndt!) of Przibram is of this kind.
(c) Onegiie is acioular gothite pentitratia^ quarts^ like rutOe, from an iaiand ia L. (
where it wns found in looeo atonee, in ISuO, by Mr. Ajmatrong, an Knglinhman,
tK»en caDed FkUoniit, tifk^r Mr, Fullon, a brother-in-law of Mr. A., who ftlso posiciscd
3, Columnar or fibrous,
4 Scaly-fibroua, or feathery colunmarf the linea oonaisting of more or leaa difltifict I
what like plumose mica ; the Lepidocwcite {fr. Xt^ii^ scale^ and jt^itk, Jibtr}.
6. Aooordiog to Hausopaun, compact inassivo, with a fiat conchoidal fractttw^ lif
blacki8b-browu and niat-brown color ; and aometimea reuiform or atalactitiGL
6. DiBaeminated mieroscopic cryatals of gothite are one aouroe of the fbequeot i
opateacent character of apecimena of dlForcut feldspars (!iGe p.
Oomp.^Pe Il=;Sesquioxyd of iron B9% water 101 = 100. JLaalysea: 1-3, t. Itob^i
I 181, 319); 4, Brandes (Nc»gg. (leb. in RhcioL VVeatph., I 868); 5, 6, y. Eobell (IcJ; 1,1
(J, pr. CIl, lix. 103); 8, Yorke (Phil. Mag., ill xxrii 264) :
Fe
L Kberfeld, Omiie 86-35
2. U. Zog, Lgpid. 90'&3
3. ** " 85S6
4. •» " 68-»iO
6, Amberf. moav. 86'^4
6. Maryland, '' 84j'J^2
7. Chili, Chdeite 8S'5
a Loatwithlel, cryat Bd-frd
j»n n Si
0-&1 UB8 0-35, Cu 0-90=99119 ICoImB.
9-4T =100KDb©U.
3 50 11-50 0-35 = 100 Kobeli
0-50 10*75 0*50=99-75 BrandM.
10(ft8 S^iO, ^ l08=100KdlMlL
10-80 2*88= IOm *^ ' ■
10-3 i-a, Cu 1 uoaf,
0-J6 101)7 0-:i8=lOU,,^, 4v..*v.
Ofithite from near Marquette gare O. J. Bniah 10-41 ft (Am. J. ScL, IT. xxxrll
Amberg mineral (anaL 5) haa been called »Hiptwtuhrik ; but Ullmann, who gate tiita a
for hia mineral the compoaition of limonite (q. r.) . > ' '
Pyr., etc— In the cloflcd tobi givea off water and it cboTerted into red i
With the tlujies like hcnmtito ; moat Tariotiei glTe % mangAueae roaction, and i
foroDpM iu U.F., after moiatcning m sulphurie add, impart a bluiab-gieen oolor to liaa I
phortc ucid). Soluble in muriatic acid.
OlM^^ITi^aAd with the other oxyds of ir^"« ^--^Mally hematite or limooite.
ipl^ttt Naaaau, in lamellifonn at ryatalliaationa of a hyai
I; il Zwickau in Saxony ; Oberkii \ uaterwaldi etc ; near 0
ahirc, near Bristol, Knghind ; in Com wait immlt IfuUilliuic and Loatwithkl, eom^ of IIm ^
-~a in. lon^ and I in. across; ia Somenetahire, at the Proridcnoe iroQ mln«a.
In the if. Stntcfl, at the Jockton Iron Mtn.^ near Marquette, L. Superior, tola
In Pcnn., (i<mr EuaUm, the var. Irpidoerocite with limonite ; inOuliforaiaiaiBiyiMObwI^l
Oo^ in quarta; in Orogo^ 16 lu. iKim Portlands
NaiMd (MU$$ after the poet pbOo««>pher Oothe ; and PyrrhosidBnit tem
vOaMtf, irvfk The name Om^ilt has priority, but it waa gi^ea witlioul ft pvopar i
S6 yeara the nature of the mineral waa unkiiown.
d06, MAKaAJNTTTB. Masganalae oriaiaUia^ da lA^ Orlat, SIO, tTTt, Hi lai^ IT
faaAae oxyd^ mi tuUoide H, Tr., !▼. 1801 (wtth llg».)% GnMi-Bratiiiat«iotri pL
JCotAm, Tab., 1800. Gtaumanganen {iL JCarf^ Tab., IdOd. Gxaii^Bimttn^eliij
HTDBOUB OXYDS.
171
288, 1813, 390, 1847. Graj Ozyd of Manganese pt Priamatoidiflches M^ngan-Erz
jritat Gnmdr^ 488, 1884. Manganite JEToui, Trans. B. Soo. Edinb., 1827. Aoerd^e BeucL,
^ 1. 6T8, 1882. Kewkirkite Thom^ Min., L 609, 1836.
)iihorhombic. /A 7=99*^ 40', 0 A l-t=147° 9i' ; a:b: (?=0-6455 :
1*185. Hemihedral, in plane ^2. Observed planes, 0 (uncommon) ;
tical, Jy i-l, i-i, i-2, i-\j t-«, t-f, t-5 ; domes, 1-?, l-i, 2-i; octdiedral, 1,
l-l; 1-S, 2-2, ff.
O A 2-i=127<' 46'
O A 1-S=146 9
O A 1-5=144 59
O A 1=139 49
O A 2-5=128 18
O A 14=161 25
1 A 1, mac.,=130° 49'
1 A 1, brach.,=120 54
1-S A 1-S, mac.,=162 39
i-i A i-2, mac., =134 14
i-2 Ai-2, br.,=118 48
t-5 A i-3, br.,=136 54
176.
yins: composition-face 1-?. Cleavage: t-i very
mkctj I perfect. Crystals longitudinally striated,
pid often grouped in bundles. Al^ columnar ; seldom
^miliar; stalactitic
rH.=4. Q.=4'2— 4*4. Lustre submetallic. Color
brie steel-gray — ^iron-black. Streak reddish-brown, sometimes nearly
pdL Opaque; minute splinters, sometimes brown by transmitted light.
jnetore uneven.
Iln ]^=Se8qtiIoz7d of manganese 89*8 (=Mn 62*5, 0 27*3), water 10*2=100. Anal-
ly Aifredson (Schw. J., xxvi. 262); 2, amelin (ib., xliL 208); 3, 4, Turner (Edinb. Trans.,
5, How (Phfl. Mag., IT. xzxL 166):
Hn O
W);
L West Gctiilaii
d 89-92
1 nelUd
62-86 27-64
3L ••
62-68 27-22
4 "
62-77 2718
SiQieTerie
86-81
lu-08 ArfVedson.
9-60 Gmelin.
[10 10] Turner.
1010] Turner.
10-00, gangue 1*14^ Fe, fia, loss 2*06 How,
'' VjpTi, etc. — ^In the closed tube 3rield8 water ; otherwise like braunite.
^Ow. Oecani in veins traversing porphyry, associated with caldte and barite, at Lefold in
"fan; nmannn and Oebrenstock in Thuringia ; Undenaes in Sweden ; Christiansand in Nor-
J OoniwaU, at various places, occurring crystallized at Botallack mine, St. Just ; Calliugton
lift Ae Boyvl iron mines ; also in Cumberland, Devonshire, Somerset ; Aberdeenshire, Soot-
r Boss and elsewhere in Ireland.
\ Sootia, at Oheverie, Hants Co., and Walton ; also 10 m. W. of Walton, where it forms
t ef eoD^kmerate, along with quarts pebbles. In New Brunswick, at Shepody mountain,
; Oou; Tattagooohe £, Gloucester Co. ; Upham, King's Co. ; and Dalhousie, Restigouche
of Thomson, from Newkirchen in Alsace, according to Lettsom, is nothing but
loM of water dianges to pyrolusite, hausmannite, or braunite. Vairvaciit of R.
fktm Warwidcshire, is considered an altered manganite, consisting largely of pyrolusite.
pt ofaaenred a crystal with nearly the angles of manganite, giving /A 7=80° 24' and 99"
B.=:S>6-3. 0.=4-283— 4-628.
172
OXTGSZir CX>MFOrNDB.
206. IilMONTTB, E^*'^^* ^^^''f i^^- Hjeria) Dwac Schiatuf, Httamtitoti
3S. ILTjinatites pt., Blodsten pL [rest red hematite], WaH^ 2C0, n47»
Hematite pt., Ft, Trl WulL, 469, 1753, Braun-Eiseoateio (incl Bisenrafam,
K^em.^ Bergm. J^ 383, 1789, Brauneiaenatcin pt. [rest G^lhite] HaumL^
Brautj-EiseuBtem, Stilpuofiiderlt, UUnmnn, Ueb., 146, 305, 148, 818, 1814. Brown
pt, Brown Hemiitite, Brown Ochre, Jameson^ "UXxl^ 253, 261, 181$, limofiite pt [n
Bog Ore] JSeud, Tr., iL 702, 1832 [oot Limonlt Uausm,, 1813 (=Bog Or© C111I7)]
UiXfi [jellow and brown] Theophr, ? 8il FUtu^ xxadli 56, Odax% natiTiK Gwm
Affric, 466, 1540. 0. oati^a, Sil, Berggclb, Otikergelb, Gemm-^ Wow^ K, 15li5.
Braunoisenfitom Wem,, Karst Brown Ochre pt, Yellow Ochro pt.
Minora Ferri aubaqaoBa, Min. F. lacustriB, y. palu stria, Sjoeinalm, MjimtUmf I
1747. Ifine de fer limonena© Fr. TrL Wall, 1753, Forrum limosum^ etc., WaH, il
BAseoelBenaiein (mcL Morasterz, Sumpferz, Wiesc^nerz) Wem,^ Borgm. J., 8B3, 179
Ore, Bog Ore, Meadow Oro pt, Kirwati, Jameson, ete. Dmonit (^Raaeneiaciiateia a
MoMinkt Handb., 283, 1813 [not Lunonite of Bfttd, wb. incL all hjdroaa or. of iroa
Ohck, Byn., 62, 1847.
ITsually in stalactitic and botryoidal or manimillary fonn§, h
iibroud or subfibroiia fetructui'e ; also coucretionarj, ma&sive ; and a
ally earthy.
ll.=5 — 5-5. G.=:3*6— 4. Lustre Bilky, often gnbmetalHc ; sol
dull and earthy. Color of surface of fracture various shades of
commonly dark, and none bright ; sometimee with a nearly bla^k \
like exterior ; when earthy, brownish-yellow, ochre-yellow. Stn
lowifih-brown.
Viur^l) OompacL Snbmctalllc to aUky in lusitre: often italactr^- ^ *-nSfJaI,
Ochrana or earthy, brownUli-yellow to ochro-yellow, oflco impure fr^
sand, etc (3) Bog ore. The ore from marshy pkocs, generally loose or ^ i
petrifying loaves, wood, nuta, etc. (4) Brow^n day^rmufUme^ in oompaot maam
tionary nodules, having a browni^h-yeUow streak, and thna diatinguiBhabW
Btone of the epedea hemtitite and siderite; it is sometimeB {a) pM^ke^ or an
creUoiia of tlio else of small pons (BohnenK Chrm,); or {b) o&liiic.
Only port of staliiciitii! limonlu^, brown or yellow oohro, bog ore, and cIay*lrcmttOQ#1
the water pncaent Aometimes much exceed! q^ thnt of limonite, eo as to make th«m of
wmUkofn^^'ntA i.r hmmk. But sinoe in tbu determiuutious of the water analyiti hafVI
Bepara^* ' <1 the orgauio tngredienta, it is at present impoeaible to re^ tliS
oUcaac*^ rue places.
KalkpkUi of iviujoff is a mixture of limonite^ oxyd of inangment^ siUoatc of dn
from Hunganr,
Comp.— 1^3* lt^=Sesquioxyd of iron 85 6, water 14*4= 100. In the bof eras tad 0
day, pho^^pbates, ozyda of manganeae, and humk or other acids of organSo origia 419 fi
1. ITQmaon rpeb.. 314, 1814); 2, 3, v. Kobell (J. pr. Ch^ L 181, 319); 4,
N- , N Amelung (Eiimm, Min. Ch., 14d>; t^ SQh6nbcfg (J. pr Ch., xi^ 107); T,
manti (V*?rii. nat Ver. Bonn, irL 127) ; 8, litton (Hop. Q. Mo, 18«4)| 0^ a a " '
Irtb.); 10^13, ^^chenck (Aim. Oh. Fharra., xc 133) :
Fe
ftn
ti
§1
f
1. Wevterwold, Smpi^
80*50
tr.
1000
3*35
=08*75 UUfliaun,
%* VenOf^bnftu
6S*3$
I6i)l
101
ino Kok
S. 6l«g«im»My
82-87
W,
13-40
007
3-00, On, C'a *r-=100 1
4. A»«tia, N. Y^ mlad km.
8190
tr.
13 50
300*
=100BiiolL
Ik aahaltin4Han
86*T7
13-38
^
»100 AnMlunf.
fi. HortiauaeD
82*27
13 20
4*50
s10O*O8 8cMiSm
7. - O.=3'90ft
83*43
3*3$
13-33
3*37
=90^00 BiiJtiiJ
^ finMo, Mov
84*80
11*03
380
ir.,'ilO*3lOo»5oBl
t. 8ilUbiii7« Ot
8Mt
OiJO
13*81
3*08
WI41II
. of EftDderDt pisoliHe
HYDBOITS OXYIiS. ^^^^^"^ 173
n-Tl 8-2S nOO 6*71, C« 0*60=100*25 aoheuck.
75-51 12-99 5*80 6'S6=101-16 Schenck,
68-70 11-58 11-80 7>l7^9»-50 Schenck*
70-46 11-12 13-04 6-88=100'50 Scheoek*
_' ore from atofttswald Hurdt, Wiirtemberg, afforded A. Miiller (J. pr. Ch*» ML
Ifcliraimo acid, and 0*OS of vauadio ; and traces of titanium, fiulphar, and arsenic
I In <»UieFSi
; acidi aometiiDeB amount to 12—15 p. c, as in the foUawing : 1, T, S^ Hunt (Rep,
l«tt5) : 2, 3, Wiogmann (Preiachr. Torfes, 75, 76, 1837) ;
Vo
, Ochre 5910
\ Bog ort ^e 66
** 68-5
Mn
1*5
P Hnmic add.
— J 501, sand 8-60= lOO Hunt
7 14 = 100 WiegniAnu.
7*0 12-5=100 Wiegrmaan,
^ analysed hj Hutit was from a bed m the soil hiiTln^ an CTt^^nt of many acreR; the
flh-ycUow« It iDAj be a mixture of Umotiii<> and ii hydrous 9pe€*iGa coDtalning
L combined with organic acid.«i. Hunt sujafgeata tliat it should bo made a distinct ftpt-
i when the exact nature of tlto organic acids is determined, tins may properly be done,
er analyBea of bog ores from Yaudreuil and other places in Canada, Hunt ibund 16*50 to
e. of water and orgmic adds, bat the proportion of the two was not determined- For
~ 1 limomte, hag area, and ochres, see XAiTTQOSiDKaiTB and LncxrrE.
-Like gothite. Some varieties give a skeleton of silica when l^sed with salt of
1 le«Te & siliceous residue when attacked by acid;t.
\ occurs in secondary or more reoent deposits, in beds associated at times with
, caldto, aragonite, and quartz ; and often with ores of manganese ; also as a modem
\ a result of the alteration of other ores, through exposure to moisture, aur, and
adds ; and is derived largely from the change of pyritc, sideritfl, magnetite,
mioenil species (such as mica, augite, hornblende, etc^ which contain iron in the
It conaequently occupies, as a bog ore, marshy places, over most (xiuntries of the
rbleh it has been borne by streamlota from the hiUa around ; and in the more compact
n in stalactitea as weU as in tuberose and other coucretiouary forms, fyequeuily mak-
|the rocks which contain the minerals that have bec^n altered into it. In moist plooee
I ttraamlet flows Into a marsh or ptwl, a rust-yeliow or brownish-yellow deposit
I the bottom, and an iridescent ^Im the surface of tlie water : the deposit is a growing
The iron is transported in solution as a protoiyd carbonate in carbonated waters,
i^ as a salt of an organic add. The liinoaitc beds of the Green Mountain region were
prctvii (Eep. G, Conn., 13'i, Am. J. Sci,, IL IL 288) to be altered beds of pyritiferous
fid argillaceoas fchist ; and the same is held hy Lesloy a.<i true al.'io of the other beds
"; boider, from New England and New York, through Pennsylvimia (Mt. Alto region
\ to Tennessee and Alabama (Proc. Am. Ac. PhUad, 4ti^, 18ti4,'Am, J.Scu, ILiL U9k
t ia the United Slates, A few only of ita localities are hero raeutioaed ; reference mi:ky
» to the various geolqgical reports for complete lists. Bitendve beda exist at Salisbury
"^ Conn, J ali»o in the neighboring towns of Beekman, FishkUl, Dover, and Ameniii, N. Y.,
reituutiou north ; at Riehmond and Lenox, Mass, ; ut Hini^daie as the ceoieut in a
6<jQarta rock; in Vermont, at Bennington, Monkton, Pittsford, Putney, and Ripton.
> is one of the most important ores of iron. Tlio pig iron, from the purer varieties, ol^
toeltiug with charoonl, is of superior quality. That yieldftd by bog or© is wlmt is
Hfk^ owing to the phosphorus present, and cannot therefore be employed in the man-
[•o^lrij^j or even of sheet iron, but is valuable for casting. The hani aud compact
Itr© employed in polishing metallic buttons, eta
Ik from Att/fw , meatiaw. Ullmami% ntime, SWp/kmderite^ from <rr'Xir*^v, shining,
\ the or© is chirftcteristically not a shining ore, although sometimes with a lus-
i-Kke exterior. The name UiiixmUe was first appropriated espedallj to the hof ores
lui 1813. But most bog ores art) of the above species, and Beudant, reoogbising
I need liroonito for the hog as well as other limonite.
r dioxfdAtSon through organio matter, if carbonic acid is present, may form siderite
^bBtng wmter bf^mea bematito (^o). Ht^tnntite occnrs as pseudomorplts after
' I ipMte fbmii nuinerons pseudomorphs of other species.
174
OXTOEN G0UFOt:^*D8.
207. XAKTHOSn>ERrni. GelbeisGnfitoin (fr Goekr) Hatuakf HiKiA« ftf^j
thosidcrit (&. Umenau) K K Schmid^ ^ogg., Ixxxir. 495, IftOK TeQofir
Ore pt
In fine needles or fibres, stellate and eoneentric. Abo as an
n.=2'5 when in necdleis. Lustre tsilky or greii^y ; abo pitch-li
earthy. Color in needles golden-ycllowiBh, bmwn to brownish-:
ochre, yellow of difterent shades, more or less browB^ sometimeaj
Streak ochre-yellow.
Comp.— Fo ]^*— Sesquioxyd of iron 81^6, water 1»'4=100- Amtlyscd: 1,
AniL, V. 21, 1811); 2, 3, Schmid (I c); 4^ Murray (Bamm. llixL Oh., l&U); 5»
Miig,, IV. 3tKil220):
Gofil&r, Hans
ILmenuu, ^dUiw •
'B. " bnmm *
4. Hilttearode, broton
6. Ellbrido. Ireland.
69*00
U-96
76-00
81-41
77 15
1*82
1-33
ir.
ie'39
16-67
14i0
17 96
20*43
4'0(Vl'eS8^
2*51=96*28 r
5<ii2=9(»'M j
on, n 0-40=1
0-30, r lGO=f
* Lorn due tu nnd«i»nnln«d Ume, mugiMiili, alkftUci, utlroony, leAd, and bUuiith, proaaoli
Hau^btou found no organic matter, protoiyd of iron, or lulphur in his
water in nauBmaim^B unatjais muat have bdanged to the aulpbate of irenit or
SDalvzcd by him could not have oorreaponded to the formula givun.
Pyx., etc— Like those of litnonito.
Obs."As6oeiated with mangriineae ores at Ilmenau, in iiilky needles^ etc: iS ift
Goiilar, Bnichberg, Elbingerodo in the Horz; as a pitcbj ore at Kilbridio, Wickloir i
aloug^ with liroonitci and psilomol&ne.
SeVend analyses of bog ore apparently accord with those of xanthosiderii©. Bui \
of water given actutdljlndudes whutcver was driven off od iguitioo, and no ««■
made for organic acidB. See under LnioxiTE.
Arti£— The hydrate, Fo It", is Fonned when oiyd of iron ia predpitatod ttom h«l <
ita Raits; and^ according to Gmelin, also from cold solutions.
208. BBAUXrm. Alumine hydrac<^ de Beaux Berthkr, Ahel d. tf., yL 531, IMI
Ik^., MiiL (ii. 34t), iii. 799, 1 847. Bauxtte Detntkt, Ann, Ch, Pbya., IIL bd, W^ IM
ntte A, Fkchner, Za Q., rviil 181, 1806| Jahrb. G. BeiobB^ 1866.
In round eoneretionary disseminated grains. Also maafiire o6li
earthy, clay-like.
G. =2*551, fr, Wochein, v, LUl. Color whitiah, grayiEb, to odiP
brown, and red.
Vmr.—\. In comcretloiuiiy grains, or oolitic; hetntssiie^ 3. Clay-like, woehemile; ttia
grayish, clar ' ' ^ ■ t-iining verj UtUo oxyd of iron; also rod from thie oxyd of 4
Oomp. — I . with %t : 9e=3 : ],= Alumina 50'4, soaquioiyd oflfon
= 100; Will I . ^i 74 1, wat«r 35*9=100. Berthier oonaktoc«d Xh^ If)
Aniayacs: 1, liertliicr (1. a); 2, DwdJe (Ann. Gh, Phya,, IlL In, S01>)j S, Dcfllilir
1320^; 4, T, LiU (J«brb, O. Reicba, Verb. 1866, 11):
^
^
Fe tl
I. Beaux
a.8eiiMil
4. Wocfoln
2-0
6-30
620
55-4
40-0
64 24
27-6 20-4
446
S3 60 24-7
2^40 36-7^
Ca
0-85
-=100D*Tthicf,
-=i0O DeviUe,
0*38, 6 0*20. P 0'4<^, R, Ka, U #va
Id the laat, whi<>)^ h
St U pTMatit iu 1
tmpnmlM, tb« r\<
ift l«v>n oftQ0d wocheiniti (althr.
iin of kaolinlt^, and i'
rrotpooda approxiniaiL
itrh tki jl^^t rf T rroil tri
ot aOtmhaiid, it wiU rtK^airi} 13 p. o. oftbe water, aud Lbi; wix:b£i4ilt^ cviBaufcLqg \
tiaQf raVbtkal with (UaajMfrg, A reU variety l^m Wocbeiii oooUiOfd t^ rW ia4
SYDBOUS OXTBS.
MS
J are aoBlj^ea hj Deville (L e) of wliat he regards as imptire yarioiies of beauzfto^ ]
luiie of which ooatdu oi4jr water enough fbr a upeciefl of the diasporo group :
^i
%1
Fe
fi
fi
CaC
1. BCMX, teA^
21'T
58-1
30
[140]
82
<r.=100
r BevMt« Mc.-mf
21*
57*6
26*3
10'8
31
0*4-100
% AamMch,Of>iiiic
4*$
55'4
24-8
Jl*«
3-2
0-2 = 100
4Bnutx
30-3
349
22a
—
12T = 100
fi. OyiOiru
20
53-2
[4881
8-6
16
— , cx>run
-From Bettox (sometimea spelt Baux), near Aries, Fraooe, dIaB<>mmate(l in grains m
I Soiestone, and &\so oolitic ; abo at Rt^veat, n&ar Toulon, brown to dark-red^ and tnaasiyet
1 lui an iron ore j at AUauch, Etept, of Var, Frtmoe, massive, oolitic^ with a base of like
1^ acmeated bj some carbonate of limev the most common variety ; at Huge], in the Communa^
, m hard and firm variety; at Oalabre, maBsive. Tlie woch^imie occurs in Stvria, between
1 Lake Wochein, in a depoeit 12 feet thick^ the junction of the Tria** and Juroi^gio J
part of it red from the presence of oxyd of iron. The purest beauiite is used ibr tho j
t of aluminum^ and is called alumifUfm or&
BUJiSTTB. Uranisches Pittin-Erz. Pittinus inferior, BreiiK^ Ilflndb., ^1, 184 T. Eliflsit
bid^ Jahrb. G. Reicha^ liL No. 4, 124, 1852. Pittinit Hern., J. pr. Ch., lnvi. 322, 1869.
. amorphous ma&see, more or less resin-like in aspect, or like ffum,
i3*5— 4'5. G.=4'0"5'0. Lmtre greasy or resinous. Ctdor dull;
-brown, with thin edges hyacinth-red ; ako black. Streak wax-
to orange; of the black var,, olive-grcen. Suhtranshicent toj
Fracture somewhat uneven, sHghtly coochoidaL
SUmOe. Somewhat resin-mce in aspect J 0,=4-087 — 4'237, v. Zepharovich. Color
awn.
Color black; streak olive-green; lufltro greasy »ubmetallie; G.=4'8 — 6'0, Brcith. ;
-2 tP, with opal silica and other impurities. 0 ratio for ^ H, Si, lQ[, aa deduced by
in dtaeiie, 2 : 24 : 5 : 18 ; in pUtinik, 2 ; 24 : 5 : 16, These nurnbera correspond very
I the above formula, and make the species analogous to xantbosiderite.
J 1, y. Bagdky (Pogg^ IV. Ergionz., 34B, 1853); 2, Hermann (J, pr. Oh*, IxivL 32fl):
^ Fe Oa Mg I*b Si P ll
ei-88 C-eS 3*09 2-20 4 62 6*13 HU 10-68, ?kl M7, *^e X'09, C 2-52, As <r.
=99'^0 Bagsky.
«8'45 4-54 2^26 0'65 2'Bl 5t»0 h, 10 06, Bi 2'67, insoL 3-20=99'24 H.
i carbonic add in anaL 1 may be combined with lime and part of the magnesia, making &'7
f Invpiirity*
* , 0lo«— ITfttily as tar gwrnnite, Eliasite ia soluble iu muriatic acid*
* is from the Ellas mine, Joachimsthal, where it occurs with fluor, dolomite, pitch*
^ t€e ; axkd pUUniie^ from Joachimsthal This species may not be distinct from gummite.
>B&0CTrB. Native Magnesia (fr. N. Jersey) ^i. Bi-uce, Bruce^s Min, X^ i. 2fl, 1814 (with
1). Hydrate of Mognesta A, Aiktn^ Mia, 236, 1815, Obnavaktnd, Mm., 429, 1822, K ffaO^
^Ot HiiL, 28, 1S24, S, Bcbin»n, CJat. Amer. MIn., 166, 1826, Brucite, ou Hydrate demagnesie,
rr^ 838 (Index), 1824. Talk-Hydrat, Magnoaia-Hydrat, Genn, Monoklino
dn»t Oder Texalith (fr. Texas, Pa.) Herm., J. pr. €K kzxil 368, isei, Amianthu
I Pierct, Am. J, Sol., i. 54, 18l8 = Ainianthoid Magnosite, Neraalite, T, KtiUcM
=Eruoite(Talk*hydrat, *'hierher m gehoren schoint"), Lttmh,, Eandb., 246, 1826|J
' \ ITailwy, J. Soa K. H^ Boston, 36, 1849 (with anal).
(rtabohedral, li A ^==82^ 22i', 0 A E^ur 39i' ; «=l-52078, Hea- 1
«& Obsenred plane^i: 0; R, 2^, -4i?, -\R, ^ii?, -\R.\
178
OXYGEN 00MPDUNT>8.
Iledfleiihcrg. Crjgtiils often broad taliular. Cleavage : basal, euiinen
eaailj separable, uearlj as in g>^>Bum. Usually foliated ma^ive.
tibrousj nbres separable and elastic.
lU
117
B
Low's mioe, Texas.
-1
Wood's mine, Tiexao.
n. = 2'5. a=2*35, Haidin^er; 2-40-2*46 fr. Wermland, I^.
2'376, fr. Orenbui'g, Bei'k ; 2 44, nemalite, NuttaD. Lustre peaii
cleavage-face, elsexvliere between waxy and vitreous ; the fibrous alliyj
white^ inelining to gray, blue, or green. Streak white. "**
— Bubtranshicent* Sectlle. Thin laminoB flexible,
Var. — 1, Foliated. 2, Fibrous; cfdied rtetmtlite.
Comp.— Mg I*[ = A(Cagiiema 68^7, water 31-03 = 100. Analyses: I, Bruos i
2, Fyfe; Jt, Stromejer (UnU>re., 4h7); 4, Wurtz (This Min^ US2, 18&0); 4. ^
J., viiL 35ser, 6, ThomRon ( Min., i. 157); 7, Stroraej-errlcJ j 8, HfirmAim ( J. pr. LUi*, J
», Smith t Bniah (Ara. J. Sci., ii iv. 2U): JO, Beck (Verk Miiu St P^L, »8<J1. 01
sirom (Ak. It Stockh., l^^^, 1^1); 12, X T>. Whitiiej(J*8oa N. H^Bost^vi 3(J, It^Sjp
(I c); i-i, RAnaniclflberg (Pogg., Ixxx, 284) :
fig
1. Hoboken 70
«. " 68-67
8. ^' 68*86
4. ** 69*1 1
5. SwiuaneBS 69*75
6. '* 07-98
7. '* 66-67
8. Wood's mine, Texas, 63-87
9. Low'a miiie ** 66*ftO
IOl Orenburg (|) 67'24
IL Wernilanil (5)fiH04
12, UobtjkeD, Nemalite fi2'Hil
IS. •* '• 66'06
14." " 64U6
Pe liln Ca
0*12
0-47
0*64
1-67
M8 1-57
0-19
tl
30
3145
30-90
30*42
80-25
30'90
3089
30-83
[31-93]
80-29
28-n6
28-36
tlO-18
^100 BnwA,
— -=nmf>fcw
— =100 r
—106 WtifliL'
= 100 Fjffc.
^=100-51 "^
=100 3lrQaie7
=100 He
1-27 = 100 8 kK
0-63=99-98 Bsdu
=190*29)
4-10=100 Wh
= 101'8I Wu
29*48, £^i 0-U7s98*«5 1
Pyr^ •to.— 1 ^' '
gmy to timwn,
•olublo iti adds mV
Obs* — BrudtA iu.v <
UmoftotK*. Oocmrs in *.»*.' j.
gh^Hfind I«l<*ft whore it i ^
Hot, it, 42>. a. Rum;
J|A^|ir=96'. The author ^aw
nli»(f.n6)iii)iialastO(tit: 0 ^ R--
vf i off wflt^r, beooniiiig opaque mad lUsbla, i _ _
^ VI ith a brijcrht tights ana t&e |g:iihid mitisfil i
u^iTca Llio Yiokt*red color of luag&^ls, TtiO poff I
nAgoesian minerals tn sc*rpoTitme« and has also I
ins treter^in;; scrpeDtinc, at Swlttaavss in Uoiel, ^
< rnuntt in rt^^djrr cr^'itala ; at Prsohmlusit m Hm \
^^vv-odon, in ronndtah ansae* la I
1 ork, in soaflis la mrpmiliiii; la
.. .,, . ;..,.... ii4s Wwiushsstsr Oou, K. T; al Wo
s Aiid on«n cr78tttUlsattoti8 iofemi bdwe siortMii
OTTstels, as mr Ui
liiL' loLluwiii;^ m(!«sni«liientS of a miiiuU' cfji
= U9-U9'55 , O/^aif=105'80, /f « (bj
40'-t
HTDHOrS OZTDS.
177
I flbroms Tjuietj fnenudite) occurs at Hoboken, and XettfOB in tho Tofig^fl.
1 gifler hA. Bruce, on ettHf Amoricau mitifralog'ist, who first described the ^pedea.
-Beoooiea white, pulverulent, »nd carboontod on exposure^ and also cr78«lliiied» wnirtitut^
I the ntiDeral hydromiigiiesite ; the latter ia semetlmea iu psoudomorphous ciyettilii after
11. FYHCX^SROITE, PjTOchroit L, J, Igelsirdm, Pogg^ gxxjL 181, 1864, (EfV. Ak. StocklL,
1664, 206, 1866.
Yoliated) like brueite.
H-=2'5. Lustre pearly. Color white ; but changing on exposure to bronze,
then to black. In tlun pieces transparent, and liaving a flesh-red
by transmitted candle-light.
ICn ti, or (iln, ^(g) fl. Mn ^=PrQtoxjd of manganese ^9% water 20*2=100. Analy-
Mn 76*40 % 3*14 Ca 1-2T tn 0-01 S 15*36 C [3'834]
l^Ux^ — In a matraas a small piece becomes at surface verdigris-green, then dirty greeo,
' brownish-block. Yields water. B.B. reaetioiiB of manganese. In muriatic add fonna
i dkAT colorless solution,
are in veins 1 to 3 lines broad in magnetite at Paisberg in Filipstadt, Sweden.
: refera here (Jahrb. If in., 1866, 440) a mineral which Wiser had announoed as a hy-
carbonate of manganese (Wasserhaltiges Kohlenaauxes Maugan), and which Haidinger
, 49», 1846) nam^ Wi$erite, It is described as yellowiah-white to gray in color, pearly
ji& iostze, fibrons in structaret, and as coming Prom Gonscen near Sargrinz, the OaJiton of St
^ 6 Switzerland, where it is found in seams in a granuUtie hansmanuite, with rhodochrosito.
If iflenCksal with pyrochroite in composition, it wa« ao imperfectly and incorrectly descnbod
Iji^-Utrom's name should stand fof the speciea.
BSITB. Wavellite (fr. Richmond) €. Demy, Am. J.ScL, 11 249, 1820;= Water and
^.^^, «!, ib, iiL 239, 1821, Gibbsite J, Ibrrey, N. Y. Med. Phys. J., i No. I, 68, April,
Hydraiigaiite, Gibbsite of Torrey, CleaveL, 224^ 782, 1622. HydrargilUte (Or. Ural)
'^- -7, xlriil 564, 1839.
IT 1, Kokftch. ; monoclinic, Descl. In small hexagonal crystals
1 lateral edges. 0/\ 72=92° 2S\ Oa^B^97'' 22', 0 A -1^^
, ^v.^iisch. Planes verticallj striate. Cleavage: basal or O emi-
Occasionally in lamello-radiate spheroidal concretions. Usually
r small mamraillary and ineruisting, with smooth surface, and
fihrouA structure within,
IL ^ 2 5-3*5. G. = 3^3-24 ; 2-3S5, fr, Richmond, B. Silliman, Jr. ;
i7, Ural, Ilermann. Color white, grayii^h, greenish, or reddish- white;
reJdii^h-jellow when impure. Ln^tro of O pearly ; of other faces
X* . .^ ^ .^ X 1. .x^ ^v- . m 1. . gionietimes tranepa-
of surface of stalactites faint. Tran&lncent
crvstala.
A strong argillaceous odor when breathed on.
Tough.
-I, In crratds ; the origtnai hydrargiUits, 2. Stalaotitic; gibbsite,
k.'-iili^^AJumina 656, water 34 4=100. Analyses: 1, Torrey (I c); 2, E Silliman,
;X ScL, IL vii, 411); 3, 4, Smith * Brush (Am. J. Scl., II ivi, 51, 1853); 5, Hennann
ICIl, ^ IIJ; fl, r Kobell (J. pr, Ch., xli., and L 491) ; 7, v. Hauer(Jahrb. a Eeicha., iv. 39T) :
=&9'5 Torrey.
0-50, inaoL 1'16= 10027 Silliman.
l-a3 0-67 = 10i^B. AB.
1051 tr. ==99*30 a A B.
I 43 ==100 Hemi ann.
= 100Kol>elL
tr. =100 ilauer.
^
¥e
%
ft
:L mdaoood, Oibba.
648
34'T
fc
(!)e4-i9
0-30
34-23
C •»
64-24
tr.
0*10
33-76
< •« «
63 '4 8
tr.
005
34-68
i. Ural, Sydtarg,
64-03
3454
^TmBk^ "
666
344
1. - ♦»
64 36
35-63
12
178
OXYQWS CX>MPOUWDfl.
Dewey found (L e) 33-36 p. ci of water, with " Dttle beaWet aJomiix© lefl.**
HennATia states (J. pr. Ch., xl. 32, xlil 1) that a ^* gibbdifce ^ fhim RidimoiDd, ]
him P S7 62, ^I 2666, ti 35*72=100, But the tnie gtbbaite hfls sinoe be«E en
SiUiman, Jr,, aod by Sroitb Jk Brneh, without finding more than a trace of pho
iog tlie original analysia of Torre j. This at least is certain, that gibbaite ia a hy
phosphate occurs also at Richmond, that phosphate is not ^bbaite. Roee^a hyd
cfystalli«ed in the Urals) ia identical in compoeitkm with gibbslte.
Pyr^ ate.— In the dosed tube becomes white and opaque^ and yields water. B,B.1
whiten.% and does not impart a green color to the flame. With cobalt solution giv^ »^
color. Soluble in concentrated sulphuHc acid*
Oba. — The dyataiUsed gibbsite was diacovered by Liasenko fn the Schiachlmakim i
near SbtouBt in the Ural ; it occurs, according to Kokacharof^ in cavftiea &n a talooa* j
taining much magnetite. The larger crystals were 1 to 2 in. long. With corui
dagh, Asia Minor; also on oonmduni at UnionviJle, Pa,; in Brasil, resembliiig
fitalBctitic occurs at Richmond, Mass., in a bod of limonite ; also at Lenox, Maiu
mine, Union Vale, Ihichess Co., N. Y., on limonite ; in Orange Co., N. Y.
Named afler Col. George Gibbs, the original o\*Tier (after extensive foreign traT«iy 4
Gibbs' cabinet of Yale College. OieaTeland calls the Richmond mineral hifdrmfUM$$ i
his mineralogy, but on p. 7S2 adopts Torrey's name gtbbsUe^
Kokscharof states that the Ural crystals are optic^ly uniaxial, and Lenoe tiioiBfe
Aa BL Pet., ▼. 372) ; Desdoiaeaux that they are optioolly monocUnic (G. R.^ JxiL MTJl
213. LniflNITB* Umoniie pt Yellow Odu« pt Bog Ore pt. Brown Iron Ore {
stein) pt QuellenE HtmLf J^ pr. Ch., xxriL 5S,
Massive. In stalactites or tuberose, resembling limonite.
earthy yellow ochre.
H,, (i*, and other physical charjictei's same nearly as for Umonit
darker colored kinds usually more yeUowish-browii, the lighten
Var. — 1. Submctallic or pitch*like m lustre^ brownish'Uack in oobr. 3.
Ootiip.^Fe ft'rrOxyd of iron 74*8, water 3&'2^iao> Analysda: 1, JL H.
Soc, U, iii 314); % 3, Hermann {L c); 4, Karaten (Karst Aroh., xv. 1):
1. Oomwall, Maet
3. Korgorod, Itogore*
X " Mb
4.' New Tork «
Fe
7373
6208
61 14
66-33
»n
* After eacL 4T&0 «and.
2440
24-64 6'64
8774 5-86
26 4o« aia
Aft«r eicL SO'98 MUld.
Humio add
— , lo«a, eta, l-8t=T
4-74=100 Ilorm.
3 16=10C» UafVk.
Am the amount of organic adds in Karsten's analysia waa not detonnliwd, Hi I
tneladed here ia not certain,
Obs«- T^ir^ Cornwall mineral is from the Botallack mine, and waa stalaiiitic and of « I
ooT. iv;4. That of Novpforod^ Rusaia* waa a bog ore.
> 1^ ttom Xtfi^tf, mar ah, Qlocker propoaod thia name ai a tubatttut^ (br |
the auegcd gr<>and thot the word limonite w«s of French extractioii. Am hia J
Wii bog ott eidust?ely, the name is appropriately used here. HenDtim'a i
to lU water or cuarah origin.
914. H7I>BOTiLLOrrB. HydrataTklt BachMigr., J. pr. Ou, xxyfL 316, ISIS.
Iferm^ J, pr. Ch,, xL 11, 1847, ilvl 267, ISAd.
Hexagonal, Cleavnge: basal, etnincnt ; lateral, ilUtinet Alia
mafitiive, or foliated, and somewhat fibrous.
H.=S* O,=2-04. Color white. Lustre pearly, and feel
Traiiftlncent, or in thin folia transparent
CTonao.— atl A>H-6 Mg !t-^6 ti-(i ^Kl^f }4g^ ]^^3 ^t=Alaaiiiia U% wsgnwii
44i»= too, OofTtanomlt to I of ^<&frfti!4-6 of brvciie, willi 5 1) is addition.
HTBEOU8 OXYDS.
179
1, Henntnn (L c); 2, Hochstetter (I r.) ; !^6, HammelBberg (Fogsh ^^cvii 296) :
M
9e
Mr
tl
C
fl^liJB^IiiTn^lc
1696
12-00
6-90
S7-07
86-30
4G-87
3206
10-64, inaoL l"iO= 99-60 HochaL
u
19'i5
—
87-27
41*59
a'61- 100-72 Bamm.
»«
ivn
88-18
':ny9
G-05 = ]r»0 Ronim.
*(
18-00
37-30
7-32=100 Ramtn.
**
18-87
3704
37*38
7-30-lO0*5v» Ramm.
Pyr^ etc. — In the dosed tube jields much water. B.B. infusible, but cxfolmtea somewhat,
out %ht, A weak rose-rod with cobalt solution. With tb« fluxes intumeflt^es and
I m ctoftr eolorlees glaaa. Tho Suarum mineral reacts for iron.
"Oociirs st the mines of Schischimsk^ district of Slatoust, 188
] O'O talc schist ; at Soarum, Norway « in serpentLDe.
I hydrokUciie m aUasion to it« resembling talc, but containingf
i water, and tfolkneriit, after Captain Volkuer.
of Shepard (Am. J* Sci^ II. xiL 210), from near Ojcbow,
r fioroerville in BosHie, St. Lawrence Co.^ New York, is hydro-
, dieriTed from the alteration of .spJneL The color is white ;
Isint, pearly. IL = 2'5. G.=2-U— 21. The cryataia are id
! eoDditions, Crom the pure spinel to octahedrons with ronnded
» and pitted or irre^lar Hurfaces, and tt also occurs in flattened
Tlie surfacses are sometimes soft and altered, when tlie
I or ACigiefl hare the hardness of spIncL 3. W. Johnson, who
liadoaenbed the mineral, obtained in one analyeia (Am. J. Sci.,
". 161 X atl 19-7 43» Mg 36-292, C 8-468, insoluble spinei, etc,
■Qloa 3020, water (by dilE) 24^223. The whole loss by igni-
tfn «Mas tnal was 40*86 p. cu ; winch would gi^e 33 to 34 p. o. of water. It la associated with
, spinel, phlogopite, graphite, and serpentine.
215. FTROAURrrB. Pyroaurit Igieskom^ CEfv. Ak, 8tockk, xxil 609, 186^.
Hexagonal* In six-eided tables.
Color submetallic, gold-like. Snbtranslucent.
ffl'+6MgtC + 6ttt=:(J|Pe-»-lMg^lt* + 2B^SeBquioiTd of iron 23*9, miigne«i»
'40-S=100. Corresponds to 1 otUmnUeA-S of brucUe^ with 6 S in addition, differing
ilijdfolftksite In the presence of iron in place of aluminum. Analysis : Igelstrom (I c.) :
Pe 23-92 Mg 34-04 H 34*58 C 7-24.
Pjrr*, otc — Yields water B.B. inAiaihle. Perfectly soluble in muriatic add.
CVbs* — From the Longban ifon-mine in WermlaDd.
Ifw CKFIOSIT&I. Ftiate TTranokkcr pt. Wem., Min. Syst.. 26, 1817, HoHiil Min-, iv. e, 279,
liiiilea TTranpecherz FrtiesUhen, Urjmiscbes Gummi-Erz Breith,^ Uib., GO, 1880, Char,, 218,
liSS. Unutgnomii BreUlL, Uandb., 90.% 1847. FhoBphor*Gummit Mtfrm., J. pr. Oh., Izzvi 327,
Amorphous. In rounded or flattened pieces, looking much like gum.
H,=2-5— 3. G.==:3'9— 4*20, Breith. Lustre greasy. Color reddish-
rilpw to hjacinth-red, reddish-brown. Streak yellow. Feebly traiis-
Ooai|i-— i^t 9e) ^, with some opal sUica, phosphate of lime, and other impurities. Hermann
llooBd the O ratio for k\ fi, Si, fl, 2 : 24 : 6 : 26, or I : 1 for oiyds and water. Hence analogoufi
f Imiiuiti; and sustaining the supposed dose relation of uranium and iron. Analysis: Kerslen
Irinr. J^ ixH 18) :
^ Un Ca &i P fl F,A8
IIW 0*05 6-00 4-26 2"30 14"76 <r.s99-36v
180
OXTOEN OOMPOUNDB,
Borne epecimeQs contaiD tracea of viuiadic iicid.
Pyr-i etc — Yields much water and & bituminoua odor. With salt of phosphorus In Oj
a yeUow bead, becoming greea in E.F, (due to uranium), leaTiJtig an undiEBoWed ak«~
BiliciL
Obs*^ — From Johanngeorgenstadt^ with uraninite,
317. PSHiOMBLANE. Derb Branstea pt WA, Wul, 368, lt47. Ua^emm
, (frpfi5t, Min,, 106, 1758. Schwiira Braunsteberz pt. Wfen».,Bergm. J., 1789, S86. V«
Sdiwan-Braanateinerz pt Emmerting, Min,, iv, 532, Karstenf TaK, H l^(*0, Vmh^i
MsLUg^nerz pt Karst, Tab., 72, 1808. Sehwar»-£iseaateiii pu Wem,^ tv
Hematite, Black Iron Ore, Compact Black Manganese Ore. HartmangmierE.
Tnmfi. B, Soc Bdiabi, 1837.
I Magsive and botryoidal, Eeniform, Stalactitic
H,=5— 6. Ct.— 3'7— 4'7, Lustre siibmetallic. Streak brownish^
shining. Color iron-black, passing into dark steel-graj, Opiw^ue.
Oomp. — (fia, An) MnH-l^n + n ^ l?[n [ + aql; or, for the anhydrous kinds, (Ba, Mo) 1
I'Eaoh of tbene formuhiB is equiyalent to simply R^ 0', Rammelsberg writes for the mii
Mq) Mn' + It, with some Stii as miitiiro- For the Elgersburg ore (anal 1\ Schmid
fofinula (ift MD)Ma'-^6I^, which may be written ^fin, Mn) jin-ha flMft-f-aiS,!
ft'0'-i-3R^O*+3ll=r]fl''0* + }^ As tberoloerttl occurs only masjiiTe, the mam \
species Ls doubtfbl
Analyses: 1, 2, Turner (Edinb. Trans., 3ri.); 8, Puchs (8chw, J. IxiL 255); 4^ ]
' (Bandw., 0. 73) ; 5, K. Liet (J. pr. Ch., bcxxiv, 60) ; 6, SchelBer (Aiok d. Fbarm., ]
Schxnid (Pogg.» cxxvl I6i) :
1. 8(^ne6b0rg
3. Bomandcbe
S. Baireuth
C norhausen
5. Olpd
6. Dmenan
»n 3iln 0
69*80 7-36
7007 7-26
81-8 9*5
81-36 dl8
85*17 4-49
83-3 9-8
16'36
1669
6-8
t n
1'3G
6*23, §IO'2fl= too Turner.
4-13, SiO'05=10oTurBar.1
4*2=100 Fuclia.
3-8y, Si 0 63, Cm 0^6, Po iiX i
Sbs Mg0-»3=l(i«-6lj
4*02, Cu 1*38^ C4>0'M» 0*C
4-8, Cal"8, Xl3% P9
1. Elgersburg (O,=4'307) 68-27 815 17*27 484^ c; ...i v^.f^.^nUt,
MgO-OLV
8. Oebmistook (a =4 134) 70-54 10*09 1093 021 5*86,
]S[gO*l3, I Ol
9. KttdAboLi (0. =4-332) 82-46 987 0*01 305 3 21, } H
Ug 0*03, Ca U'lO, JS» ii*'I^$§
Olhctr varietiea of the so-<»lled pstlomelane oontmn little or uo water. Atudytaii li
bruch (Ramm. Isl Suppl, I'Jl); II, Ebdmen (Ann. d. 3L, IIT. rti. 155); 12,
kviiL 72); 13, Sdiultz (Ramm. Uin. Ch , 1005) :
ft iig fl
5"i9 , Ca 0-91, Cn 0-40, ftl WIsJI
4 f»5 li>5 1*67. F© 0*77. ^i 0-60=8tHl Bl "
2 6i 0-31 [1*43], Oft O'OO, On 0*30, 0^ 0*54,
Mn
0
Ba
10. nmouau 77-23
1583
0-12
U. Gy. Uaato Saone 70-60
14-18
6*56
l\ Heidelberg 70*17
1516
808
13. Schn^bec^ 80*27 1410^ 435 [0'23], Cs I'OOslOO SolinUs.
iM
, •to— In the dosed tube most Tarietles yield water, nnd all loaeracyM t
oToltttioo ofciik
f the fitute* f^adA for rnnnganess. 8olubto In mw. oTolutioo ofdiloftiiOk
I Obs.— Thti U a common on of mangaiwii<k 1 m altcntflling Isjm wllib|
lijia. If ooQttiv In boOTofdil ud HslMtitle shapes lu i>evofiahtresad Odnmhali 1 u IMrtf
||Eiii( ^so «l Johi&D|mgBiiiteili Umsiberff, Tbneiiaii, Biegiia, vte. [ at Elgmburf aB4 i
^ MociuTlitintii^ end Kad&Hils» Hnngiry.
U (braumaoiaiUkry massos ai Chittenden, Ira^lnirg, sod Brmdon, VL
Hanod tnm ^A4(, 9moo4h of aoM, and ^f A«i, hladu
HTDBOUS 0XTD6. 181
na. WAD. (A) BOa manganese. Magnesia fHabilia terriformiB Ororut, Min., 105, 1768.
Inthj Ochre of Mang., Black Wad pt, Kirwan^ MIn., 1784, 1796. Schwan Bratmateinen.
ManganiichanTn, JTorsl, Tal^ 1808. Brauner Eisenrabm Wem, Bog Manganese. Onatite
BtoL, Um^ 241, 1841. QroroOite Berth., Ann. Ch. Phys., II. 19, 1882, Beisaaoherit MaieLy
Jabite. a. BeiduL, yiL 609, 1806.
(B) ASBOLITB. r Oobaltam idgram Agrie^ Bermann., 459, 1529. Svart EU>boltJord, Min
Oob. terrea ftiligiiiea, IToflL, Min., 285, 1747. Kobalt-Mulm, Ochra Cob. nigra, OrofuL, Min.,
til, 1758. Eobolt-Erde, Schwaner Erdkobalt, Ruaskobalt, Kobaltmanganerz, Gtrm. Earthy
Oobalt, Blaick Oobalt Ochre. Cobalt ozyde noir ff^ Tr^ iy. 1801. Eakoohlor (fr. Laositz)
BntOL, Char., 240, 1832, Handb., 896, 1847. Asbolan (fir. Kamsdorf, eta) BreUh., Handb.,
, Ul, 1847.
(p) LAMPADITE. Enpfennangan Lampadius^ Nene Erfahr. im Oebiete der Ch^ etc., IL
tOi Knpfermangaiiers BreWk, in Hoffln. Min., iv. b, 201, 1818. Cupreons Manganese. Pelo-
iBonit O. F, BieJUer, Pogg., zxL 591, 1881. Lampadite HuoL, Min., 238, 1841.
The manganese ores here included occnr in amorphous and reniform
feaaes, either earthy or compact, and sometimes incrusting or as stains.
Ihey are mixtures of diflFerent oxyds, and cannot be considered chemical
compounds or distinct mineral species.
H.=0*5— 6. G.=3— 4-26; often loosely aggregated, and feeling very
Bg^t to the hands. Color dull black, bluish or brownisn-black.
OoBi]K. Var^— Bammelsberg considers them related essentially to psilomelane under the
imnla B itn+£[ (er 2 £[X hut mixed with other ingredients.
Varieties: ( A) Manganesian ; (B) Oobaltiferous ; (G) Cupriferous.
A Boe MAjreAinsB. Consists mainly of oxyd of manganese and water, with some ozyd of
fcoD. and often ailiea, alumina, baryta. The Derbyshire wad sometimes gives the angle of barite,
Itl 42', with which mineral it is in part impregnated. The wad of Leadhills is pseudomorphous
r edcita. OroroQiie occurs in roundish masses of a brownish-black color, and reddish-brown
t; with H. flometimes 6—6*5; it is firom Groroi in Mayenne, Yicdessos, and Cautem, in
. BeiuaekerUe is the ore analyzed by Homig (anaL 14), which is remarkable for the
i of water. Hnoi's name outUUe is firom the French spelling of wad. Wad is of English
The wad of the Cumberland miners is graphite, a wrong use of the word, says Mawe in
Hi HiBeralogy of Derhydiire.
BL ASBOm, or Bartiiy Cobalt, is wad containing ozyd of cobalt, whioJi sometimes amounts to
li|i & Hamad fkom daioXn, sod (or Asbolan from de6>Xaiv<^ to soil like soot). For a
., , ^ 16-17,
J writes the formula (Co^ Ou) Mn*+4 tL BreithaupVs cacochlor hidudes the ore
■nBengeradorf in Lausits (anal 15^ having H.=2-2-6, G.=3'15-8'29.
CI LaMPADm, or Cupreous Manganese. A wad containing 4 to 18 p. a of ozyd of copper,
Ml dien oa^d of oobalt alsa It graduates into black copper (Melaconite or Kupferschw&rze).
6bst-l— S-2. J^doamUe is a brownish-black yariety, haying a liyer-brown streak ; H. =3 ; 0.=
HM— 2-667 ; from Bemolinoa hi Chili.
Special formulas haye been written for seyeral of the following analyses ; but these bog miner-
tli an not simple species.
Analnet: 1, daproth (Beitr., iii 811); 2, 3, Turner (Edinb. J. Sci. N. a, iL 213); 4, 6, Ber-
ttiv(AmL Gh. Phys., IL 19); 6, Wackenroder ^stn. Arcliiy., ziii 302, ziy. 257); 7, Scheffler
(ML d. Fhsrm., zzzy. 260); 8, Bammelsberg (Pogg., IziL 157); 9, Igelstrom (Jahresb., zzy.
HI); la 11, BedL (Eep. Min. N. Y., 66); 12, Berthier ; 13, Bahr (J. pr. Ch., liiL 308, fr. Defy.
ik. Btockh^ 240, 1860) ; 14, S. Homig (Jahrb. G. Beichs., yii. 312) ; 16, Elaproth (Beitr., U. 808) ;
1^ ])6bereiner (Oflb. Ann., IzyiL 333); 17, Bammelsberg (Pogg., Uy. 661); 18, Kersten (Schw.
l,lifL 1); 19, Bammelsberg (Pogg., My. 646); 20, Bottger (ib.):
L Wad,
An Sn 0 Fe :fia Cu £[
L (Jhostbal 68* 6*5 1*0 — 17*6, 3i 80, CIO Elaproth.
IDBfooahire 7912 8-82 1*4 10-66=100 Turner.
Uto^fat 38-69 62-34 6*4 10'29, insoL 2*74=109*36 T.
182
OXYGEN OOMPOUKDd.
4 Tlod«eflos
€. OrorvilUe
$. Baden
T, nmenau 66*B — —
S, Riibeland 6T 50
9. Westgothland 82-61
10. HillBdiUe, N.
11. Austerlitz, '
13. Bkidbeig
14. Gtstotn
11-7 12-4, 3tI7'0=l00'9
12'ti 6-0 16*8, day 3*0 =r 100
32 73 9 -33 4*0 3 1 '33, Ph 12*88, l^h H% ^e 0^'
quvts*
12*1 1-0 8-1 9-g, Si 2*6=100 Sdieflaer,
13'48 IKTl 0*36 10 30, ^i 0-41; Cm4'%% ft S'tt
0*71 6-58, Si 1-43, il 6*30, C% :
, C8-B0 ie^5 11*50, iDfloL 8-25^^100 Bcok.
68-60 22*00 — 17-00, inaoL 2-60=100 B^ck,
58-5 10-4 &*7 12*9 (with \oBB\ Xl 10*7, Quartl
66-16 2-70 16-34 Co 01)2 12-07, ^ 0-92, Xl 0^5, C* C
0-28, £ 0-2«§=»;
3416 -^*- 14*16 16-90, Ca C V69, «Miil IT
16. UttsiU
H. Kamsdorf
17. *•
31*21
40-06
n Earthy CobaU; Asbolite.
0 F© fitt Ci
6-78
9-47
4*66 0*60
0-2 It-O, Si 24-8, fi a9^
22*90=93*94 D.
4-36 21*24, fc0*S7=:9W4l
10
UL Oupntfut Jfon^oneae; Lampadito; KupferBchwana, or Blook Cofipei; injiflrti
ftn Un O Pe Ba Co Cu ^
18* Schkckenwald 74*10 0 12 4*80 20'10, Si 0*8,
19. Kamsdorf 49*99 8*91 4*70 1-64 0*49*» 14*87 14^48, llg 0^9, k 8*^1,1
Ca ««=1C
20. " 63*22 9*14 1*88 1*70 0*14^ 16*86 16-94, 1^0*86, Oi 2*86=1
* With oxjd of m^ngftiuMc. ^ With oxyd <ir oIcIeaI.
Fyr., etc. — Wad roacta like pailoooelaae. Earthy eotfoU gives a Ww bead with
|^(orua» and when heated in ILR on ctiflrcx)al with tiu^ aome apectmetia yield a red i
(oopper). Oitprtotu mamganuti gtvea similar reactiooi, and three vaHetlea pW9 a i
ganeee reac^on with eoda, and evolve olilorine when treated with muriatio add.
Oba#— The above ores are reaulu of the deooropoaltion of other oree — partly i
partly of maogaaeBian oarbonatea. They occur at the locaHtiea above mentloofl
other phicea. Wad or bo^ manganese is abundaDt in the counties of Oohuiibia said
N. T., at AuBterlitz, Canaan Oentre, and elsewhere, where it oociirt aa a narah
according to Mather, baa proceeded trom the alteration of brown spar; also fn i '
part of Martinsburg, Lewis Co,, in a swamp^ There are large deposite of bog i
Hill Bay, Dover, and other places in Maine.
Bluihy cobalt occurs with cobalt pyrttea at Riecheladorf in Hesse ; Saalfeld In
Kertschinek io Siberia; at Alderly Edge In Cheahire. An earthy oobatt ooeura at ]
lOssouri, which contains 10 or H p. c. of oxyd of nickel, betides md of ooboH and <
trao, lead, and sulphur; also near Silver Blnfi; South Carolina, allbrding S4 p> <l of <
to 78 of oxyd of manganeae.
CupreouA mangaDeae ta fuuud at SchUckeuwald, and st Eainadorf near Ssoifeld ; at 1
in tlie Har2. PehGmile in frotn Heraolinoa, Chili, where it ocoun wflh ehryaoaoll^ i
TaiTAOniL Yarvacite, referred to onp. 171 as an altered mangaolts^ approoahea
oompoaltion. Phillipa obtained (PhQ. Ma^., vi. 281, viL 2^4) Mn 88*8, O 81*1, &/ ~
81*7, 0 18'S, tl 60, A BimilAT oompotiod from Tlefcld in the Uan (In port pseud
osldto) sllbrded Turner An 80*7i», 0 14 23, 0 4*98=100, and Duflos (^w. Jn
81*40, 0 lB*4t, A 6-13=1(>0.
ETC. 18ft
220. SSVABMONTITI
SbO*
)ia
MoO»
226. Troosnri
W0«
n. OXYDS OF ELEMENTS OF THE ARSENIC AND SULPHUR
GROUPS, SERIES II.
L ABSKNOUTB aBOUP. Ck>mp. BO*. Isometria
219. Aisnaun As O'
1 YALBMTINITK GROUP. Comp. RO*. Orthorhombia
231. YALESTDnn Sb 0*
121 (7)BisiaTB BiO*
223. (7) EABELnniB Bi 0>+[iBi S]
t KEBICBSITE GBOUP. Comp. B 0', with S repladng part of 0. Monodinio.
226L KnocBBmi Sb (0, S)*
i GKB7AKHTE GBOUP. Oomp. B 0«+B 0».
227. GnTAanni Sb 0*+ Sb 0'.
^pmdix.'~22S. Simiooinn Sb 0^+aq. 229. Yoloxbiti Sb 0*+aq.
te. ARSBNOUTEL Anenicam natiyam farinaoenm, A. n. crjsti^liniini, Wall, 224, 1747.
JL CBkifanad OrtmaL^ 207, 1768. A. oabicum, etc., Linn,, 1768. White Arsenic HiB, 1771.
IjIadc natif H\ Katorlicher Arsenikkalk. Arsenikblathe KartL, Tab., 79, 1800.
oadd^ K Acide arsenieux lY. Ozyd of Arsenic, Arsenoas add. Arsenige Saure
Araenit ffaitL, Haodb., 487, 1846. ArsenoUte Dana, Min., 189, 1864.
Isometric In octahedrons (f. 2). Usually in minute capillary crystals,
rtoDarly aggregated, or crusts investing other substances. Also botryoidal,
rtdaetitic; ea^y.
BL=1'5. G.=3-698, Roget & Dumas. Lustre vitreous or siltjr. Color
riiitie, oocasionally with a yellowish or reddish tinge. Streak white, pale
yoOowish. Transparent — opaque. Taste astringent, sweetish.
Oiili — ^XssQxjgen 24*24, arsenic 76*76=100.
^fi^ «fto. — Sablimes in the dosed, tube, condensing aboye in minute octahedrons. B.B. on
ifctrmiil Tolatiliaea in white fumes, giving a white coating and an alliaceous odor. Slightlj soluble
fAlMi water.
Oba. — Aooompanies ores of silver, lead, arsenical iron, cobalt, nickel, antimony, etc., as a result
«f Hm decomposition of arsenical ores. Occurs at Andreasberg in the Harz ; at Wheal Spamon
Ib Oomwiill ; Joadiimsthal in Bohemia ; Kapnik in Hungary ; the old mines of Biber in Manau ;
fte OpIiiT mine, Nevada ; the Armagosa mine, Great Basin, OaL
AiMDO&te has been observed as a furnace product in orihorhombie crystalH, probably isomorphous
witti valentiidte. Xs and §b are known to be isodimorphous. The prismatic form is obtained from
k ai a temperature above 200° C, and the isometric at one much lower.
184
OXTGEK OOKFOUNBS.
Afi the aame armiiie la ased izi chemiatrj for compound b of arfienous add, Che aotbor b !
cbiiug«d it to arsenoVk,
Alt.— Nfttive ATseDic id o(ten coTered bj a blackiBk crust or powderj which haa beec <
a tubozyd (As); but aooordlng to Bucko w, it U a tnlxture of metiiUiie uraealc atid an
220. 8ENARM0NTITB. Antimolne oTyd4 octaedrique H d$ SefiarmotU^ Attn. Ql
UL xxxL 504, 1851, SenarmoDtita DatM^ Am, J. gcL, IL xu. 209, Id&l.
Isometric ; in octahedrons (f. 2), Cleavage : octahedral^ in tmoefi.
granular massive ; in cniftts.
H.=3— 2'5. G.=5*22 — 5'3. Lustre resinous, inclining to snbadi
tine. Transparent — ti*anshicent. Colorless or grajish. Streak white.
Ootnp. — Sb (like vaIeQinite)==:Qx7geD 16*44^ antlmonj 83-56=100, with aomtttifflaii I pkC
lead and 1 to 3 p. c, of grajish claj, RiFot (L c).
Pyr*, eto.^ln the closed tube ftiaee and partially aubUmea. B.B, on ^larooal Aiaai <
givofl a white coating; this treated hi R.F. colors tho outer flame greetuah-^blue,
muriatic acid.
Oba«— A result of the decomposition of stibuite and other ores of aatimony . Firii foi
the district of Ilaraclaa in Algeria ; occurB alao at Perneck near Malofigka in Uuti^ry ; Vlxi
in Cornwall; the antimony min9 of St Mam, Ohnada. The ootofaodio&B fhsia AJgoria art i
timea naarlj | hi* in diameter.
Named aher H. de Scoarmont^ who first described the spodeB.
231. VAXaENTTNITE* Chauz d'aatimolne native (fr. Chalanches) Monger J. de Fhft, J
•6, 1783; (fV. Przibram) EoasUr, Cfell*8 Ann,, 1787, L 334. Antimoniiun spatosum alb
qmi, ib., 1 783, i 623. Woipa-SpiefiglaaeTE Wsnk, E&ffm,, Bergm. J^ 385, 398, Um
Bpieaaglanzera Klapr., Creirn Ann., 1789, i, 9; Bei^.^ ill 18», 1803, Anthndoe 017^ B^\
iv. 1801. White Antimoriial Ore Kinimn, t 861, 17J»6. Wliite AAtlmony, Oxyd of ,
Antimonbluthe v, Leonh^ Handb^ 160, 182L Exitete Bcud., Mln^ 61&, ISSX £zil«tltlt i
man, Mln., 89, 1848. Yalentinit Baid., HjiQdb,, &06, 1846.
179 Orthorhombic. /A /= 136^ 68' ; O A l-i=105** 85' ; .
b : c=3-586S : 1 : 2-5365. Observed plane* : /, i^hHl
4*t„ 2-5. MA 14, adj.,=70^ 32', f-i A i-t=129^ 32', / Ai4
111** dV. Often in rectangular plates wijh the
edges bevelled^ and in iiciculur rhombic prisms. Cleav
/, highly jx^rfeet, easily obtained, Twins: oouipufiit
plane, /-I, prodiieine an aggregation of thin plal43e.
maseive; structure lamellar, columnar, granular.
H, = 2-5 — 3. G. = 5'56C, crystals from Braunfida
Lustre adamantine, i-i often pearly ; sliining. Color 8OO
white, occasionally peach-blossiun red, and a^h-gimyd
brownish. Streak white. Translucent — subtransparent*
^^^
\=:^
)
Oomp. — 9b = Oxygen 16*44, antimonjSa&e^lOO,
S74); 2, ^okow (Jahreabn 1849, 733):
Analjala : 1, Vaoq^ieUix (Haftj^ ]
1, Allemont
3. WoUaob
Oxyd of auiimony 88
Ibid, with 7e 3
Fa I a
Silica 8si7.
lCa^g«% who iDak«8 (he flrst mentioti of ^ia mfaenl ttom a dlaoontfrof l)i9 aetelar 1
AOamoal, eorreedj reeafded it as nattva otyd of antimonv, as aiterwaiQ ooeJhraaA hf Ta
mM/f RAaaiar (I 0.) ^ the Bohmalaa fvfctf. Prof. Hacquct and IQi^mh mm
ITSa, 1780, the{Krobabl»priMiioaEfithelatt4irofmuriatioadd; but in ttatSkrroUll
this alao pure oiyd of aaumoiiy.
Pyr-, •l«.-*easie as for aonannoatileL
OX7DB or AS8BNI0, A19TIM0NT, BTO. 1S5
— Occars with other antlmoDial ores, and results ttom their alteration. Found at Przi-
I Bohemia^ in Teins traversing metamorphio rocks ; at Felsobanya in Hnngarr, with stibnlte
MDOpyrita; HalaoEka in Hungary; BrUunsdorf near Freiberg in Saxony; AUemont in
iny. Also at the antimony mine of South Ham, Canada East.
momcphyUiie of Breithanpty of unknown locality, occurring in thin angular six-sided prisms,
ably Tslentinite.
prismaHe form of Sb is obtained firom sdutions at a temperature aboye 100^0.
Md after BasQ Valentine, an alchemist of the 16th century, who discovered the properties
Ozyd of Bismuth, Bismuth Ochre. Wismuthocker Chrm. Bismuth oxyd^
JV. Bismite 2>a»a.
mtalline form uot observed. Occurs massive and disseminated, pnl-
itent, earthy ; also passing into foliated.
K=4*8611, JBiisson. Lustre adamantine — dull, earthy. Color greenish-
kwr, Btraw-yellow, grayish-white. Fracture conchoidal — earthy.
Si=Oxygen 10*35, bismuth 89*65 =100, along with some iron and other impurities.
by lampadius (Handb. ch. Anal, 286) :
Ozyd of bismuth 86*4, oxyd of iron 5*1, carbonic add 4*1, water 3*4=99.
/ obtained for another fVom Fichtelgebirge, deriyed firom the decomposition of aikinite
• Terwitt. im Min., 14), Bi 96-5, Is 1*5, Fe* H" 20=100.
fn^ atc« — ^In the dosed tube most specimens give off water. B.B. on charcoal Aises, and is
1^ ndnoed to metallic bismuth, which in O.F. gives a yellow coating of oxyd. Soluble in
iiaeid.
Pli. Oocors pnlyerulent at Schneeberg in Saxony, at Joachimsthal in Bohemia ; with native
Hit Beresof in Sberia; in Oomwall, in St Roach, and near Lostwithiel
Dfc Jadrsofn reports an oxyd of bismuth not carbonated, as occurring with the totradymite of
Bet ftnifaer, BisicnTiii^ p 716.
223. KAWTITilHATH. Karelinit JSermonn, J. pr. Oh., Ixxv. 448, 1858.
ItaflBiTe. Structure crystalline. Cleavage in one direction rather di&-
Mt
H.=8. G.=6'60, Herm. Lustre strongly metaUic within. Color lead-
ODnp^-fiiwi^Bia Analysia : Hermann (L c.) :
0 [5-21] S 3-58 Bl 91*26=100
9^-9 flloy— In tube gives sulphurous add but no sulphur, yielding a gray slag with globules
€ib— From the Savodinsk mine in the Altai, along with hessite (telluric sUver). The mineral
Ulthomogeneooa, containing along with the metaUic substance a gray, earthy mass of bismu-
Ifc By tnatiog the powdered mass with muriatic add, a metallic powder remains, whicb, ex-
MHdiKai a lens, and washed, proves to be entirely free firom any native bismuth, and is the
"^ lluBelinite.
I aAar Mr. Xarriin, the discoverer.
Kolybdena or IColybdic Ochre, Molybdic Add. Molybdanocker Chrm.
Ong it UUmnn, This liin., 144, 1854. Brit Min., W8, 1858. Molybdite BreWL, B.
t.%,Zf{LlS6,1858.
OrAoriumihic. /a/=186*' 48', and isomorphons with valentinite, Breith.
186
OXXQES OOMPOUITDG.
(fr. artift cryst)* In capillary crystallizations tufted and radiated j
snbfibroas niassive ; and as an eartliy powder or incrustation,
H. = 1 — 2. G. =449 —4-50, Weisbaclu Lustre of crj-stajs silly I
mantine ; earthy* Color Btraw-yellow^ yellowi&h-wbite,
Comp.^9o=0z7geii Si*29, naolybdenuro 65-7 1 = 100,
Pyr^ etc.— B.6, on dianx>al ta§eB A&d ooAtfl the charocMd with mionte ,
molybilic acid near the asnaj, becxjming white near the outer edge of the ooatljatg,
treated for an infltant Id B.R asstimei a deep blue color, whic^ dian^ea to dsrk
hdatiDg. With borax ghe% in O.F. a yellow bead while hot, beooming oolorleaa
E.R a satorated bead b^mea brown or blaok and opaque. With salt of phoa] '
lowLsh bead in O.F., beooniiiig^ greon when treated In liF. atid allowed to oool.
Oba» — Oocurs with moIybdeTiito, from which it is probably derived, at the foreign
UuLt epedes: at Adun Tadiilou in Dauria, and at Pitkaraota on L. I^diOga, in ailky 1
ilJary cryBtala.
In N. Hamp., at Westmoreland, earthy; in Penn^ at Cheater, Ddawate Co.; Oat _
Ck>.t in silky fibrous tufW; in the gold regioa, a few miles north of Yitgiiiia G^f,
in subfibroua maasea, and tufted cryatallizatioDa of a deep yeUow oolor (called mcl^yriii
D, D, Owen, in Froc; Ac Fhihut, yI loa, but ebown by Genth to be this tpeoaa mi
limonite)L
ArtLfii'ial crystala of molybdite afforded A. E. Nordenakiold the planes 0, m^ H ^i"
and the following anglea: Oa\-1~\51^ 7, Oa|-i=:H8' 6', O Ai[-i— 140' 3*, M^Hsj
and gave a ; 6 : 0=0-4792 : 1 : 0*387 2, Doubling the vertical 1x18, o : ft : <;=0'1>6«4 ; 1 : 0'H
ia Tery closely the relation in the corresponding acid of Tanadiom, whidi has a: ft: c^i
0-SS32. The above dimeDaiona oorreapond to lAl=^nV 40.'
236. TTTNGSTTTB. Tungatic Ochre B, SiUimask, Am. X Sd, iv, 62, 1832. WoU^
Scheclsaure Otrm, 'Wol&amine LeUsom ds Grefft Thia Min., lUA^ Brit Mhi^ U^
Pulverulent and earthy.
Color bright-yellow, or yellowish-green*
Ooiiip.— W, or pure tungstic acid=:Oxyg©n 20 7^ tungaten 79-3 = 100.
Pyr^ etc. — B B. on eharooal becomes bbck in the inner Qamei but Enfbalhli. H
phoephonia gives in O.F. a colorleaa or yellowiah bead, which treated in B>F. givaa • fel
oooling. Soluble in alkaliea, but not in adda^
Obal — Oceura with woUhim in Cumberland, and Com wall, Eoglaod; at Lane'a
Ct, filling small cavities in other orei of tnngaten, or ooatliig mm^ and haa
deoompoaition ; in Cabarrua Co., IS. (X; at St Leonard, near lim^ea, rarvly it} d
a lulphur-yellow oolor on wolfram and quartz, a fine apedmea of which ia o
snet of Mr. Ad(mi of Paris.
Artidciul cryatala, according to A. E. Nordenaki^d (Pogg», oxiT., i3:iX i^'v oniuiriioi
/a /= 1 1M\ and a: ft: <;=0'4026 : 1 : 0-6966 ; Q, = 6 802— 6384, Tlieaa asea ■]
of molybdite, if for c, }c la subatitated, and then thia axis ia made the
Ing 0*4^44: 1 : 0*4026.
The name Wol/ramine la tihanfled to TungMite m order to get rid of thft
Im. WoiJrwrUk baa beea used for another apeciea.
326. KERMJuaiiu. Bod Spitaglamnaha, Antimonium 8ul at Ara.
Ant colorat^ WaiL, 239, 1747 (fr. Braunidorf), Onmtt, 203, 17&& An
n, Bt^m^ Uthoplu, L 137, 1772. Mine d'antlmdne en plumea, ih. gnumlaiiifli^a
milU; Sagtt Uml, tt tSl, lt7)», tU IasU, Oriat, UL H 60, 1783.
BoltuipiM^glnmi Ammp^, Min^ 1793; Kl0^^ Beitr^ lit 182, Um (wMi
an oxTtiulphid). Antlmolnd oiyd^ ttilAirv £f, Tabt, 1609. Bed Anttmcoiy.
pt liauoffi. Ilandb., 22&, 161S* Anlfraony Bl«ido .^iiiiaiDii, Mbi. ill 43t, ItML
XtfaA, Oandh., 1&7, \%%\. KsnnAt Bmtd^ Tr., ii. 617, t^at.
1643, Pyroattblt OhdL, Sy»n l«i l^^- P^rrantlmaalt^ Br^Ok,
MonooUmo. C=7r SI'; <?Aw=10a^ 9\ 0 M4, plane
0XYD8 OF ASSEKIC, ANTIMONT, FTC.
187
' S6\ O A 1-1=149^ 57^ Cleavage : basal Usuallj^ in tufts of
'crystals, consisting of elongated, slender, six-sided priBms,
=1-1*5. G,=4'5— 4*6. Lustre adauiaDtiiie, inclining to raetallic.
[dierry-red. Streak browaish-red. Peebly translucent. Sectile.
tves sUgbtly flexible.
t> 0" + 2 Sb 8'=Antimon7 7 5*3, Bulph4Er 19*8, oijgen 4*9= 100,
1453, the «iUpbox ieparaleljf determined):
AiuiljBes: H* Bom
ll Muudorf
Antimo^f T4*45
Ojgrgen 6 29
4-27
Sulphur 20-49
" 20*49
^ite.^lQ the dosed ttibe blackens^ fhaefi, and At first gWo9 a white sublimate of oxjil of
Bf; Miih strong heat giyea a black or dark-red aubilmate. In the open tube and on
i like stibnite.
i firom tha change of graf antimonj. Occura in voina in quartet accompauying
i fatentiiuta, al Malaczka near Posing in Hungary; at Brauasdorf near Freiborg in
) Aflemont tn Dauphinj ; at New Oumnock in Ajrahire, Scotland ; at South Ham,
r ore (JSmderers) has been shown to bo wholly distinct from red antimony.
pL^IhJiA spedaa is tba compound long known in cLiemiatry under the namo of IsetnUM^
aVANnm Spieaglanzokk^r pt Karat, Miia. Leak,, I 534, 1189, Tab., 54, IS, 1800.
' Ochro pU Antimonocher pt Genn. Golbantimonerz (from Hungary) Breiih.^ Char.,
, 224, 1832, Acide autimonieux Dufr.^ Min., ii. 654, 1845, Antimonoufl Acid, Anti-
Dtimonic Ozyd. Oeirantito Dana^ Hin.^ 1854.
rhombic. In acieular crystallizations. Also massive ; as a crust,
rder.
=4—5. G.^ 4*084:. Lnstre greasy or pearly, bright or earthy,
abella-yellow, sulphnr-yellow, or nearly white, sometimes reddish-
Streak yellowish-white to white.
iO\orSbO'+8bO*=03qrgen 20-8, nntimony t9'2:=!00.
' 1 (Am* J. ScL, U. 3dv, 61) j 3, Phipaon (C. R, m. 762):
Analyaea : 1, Dufronoy
LtlMCL
O Sb
U'85 6T»60
19-47 78-83
05-00
6a C Fe
11*45 1-60, gangue 2 70=99*80 Dufrenoy,
1 '2ry, gnngu e 0 '7 5 = 1 On -30 Bochl
Fe, XI 1000, Si, eta, 21-25» H 3'7&=100 Phipaon.
by
I 8b O'^-Sb 0\ free of water, ia formed by different methoda in chemiatzy,
l^Of idbmie, or of Talentinite, eta; and when pure it ta white.
-B3. mAiaiUe and unjtltered; on charcoal eaaily reduced. Soluble in muriatu!
at Tarioua mines of atibnite, and reaulta from the alteration of thia and other
L Found at Oerrantaa in Qalicia, Spain ; Chasellea in Auyergne ; Felaobanya,
aliewhere in Hungary j Pereta in Tuscany (anal* t) ; near SL Minvera, at Wheal
hoi Kine, and at Endelllon, in Cornwall ; in Ayrahiro, Scotland, at Uurc Hill ; in
Hkombic priama half an inch lon^, t^'nninating in two planes, and alao massive; at tho
11 Zacnalpaii in Mexico ; at South Ham, Guuada Eaat ; in California, Tulare Go., at
Ittedlo, with itibiiite,
i&ikes tike Borneo mineral a hydrate, with the formula SbO* + ti. But, aa Brush
|(AaL J. 8cL, II, xzxiv> 2()7X the oxyd of iron and eilicate of alumina present as impuri-
yeUowiah or reddJah-white mmeml, would bare bad, iu comliitiation, at least 3 p. c.
" In the states of limouite and kaolin. Moreover, the fact which Fhipson states,
waltsTod when heated, is further oTideuoe that it la not a \ ydrate.
188
OXYOEBT COMPOUNDS.
S26* STIBIOOHITE. Antlmonj Ck:bre pi (Sjn, under Oerrftntite). StibiooQiM i
616, lS3i». StIbUth Bium d: D^t, J, pr. Gh., 2L 318, 8tifaiooiiiie Bru§k, Adl J^
luiT. 207, 1862.
Has»ive, oompnct AIbq be a powder and Id cnuto.
H.:=:4-& <&, 6,=5*a8f B. t D. Luatre pearly to eirUij. Odor pde j&Dow to ]
white, roddiah-wliit©.
Formula givQu, Sb 0*H-li=<)iygeii 196, aatimoiiy 74*9, water 6'6=10a
Aiialjfiis : Blum k Delflh (L c) ;
GoldkronAcb
Bendant states that stibicooite yield 9 water, and he makes it la hta foftoiila 1
with xti. Blum & DelilB aay that the water ^y obtained waa probably si^ebacilod^ I
no reason for this conclusioa is given. Volger states (Entw. Mio^ 72, 1954) that tbei
is a mixture of the following hydrous speciea with oerraotite and Talenthiite. Tbe (_
Sb 0* + II has been formed artifldally ; but its exiRtcDce in nature appears atill tobi^
Bendant mentions do particular locftlity. Blum &. Deltila euumerate others
in Bavaria, but erideiitly aim to include all localities of antimoDy ochre.
Partzik of A.. Arenta (Am, J Sd„ 11. xliiL 3ri2)appean» to be a hydrous oxyd of anti
with Tanous metallic ozyda, as pronounced by Blake (ib^ xliv. lli^). It rarWa m oolar f
lowtah-green to black iah-groeu and black; has G.::=3'S; H.=3 — 4; and an erea 1
ftictiuei.
An analysis afforded Areuts Sb -17*65, Ou 32-11, kg 6'!3, l*b 2*01, fe 2*3JI» fl fi-lJal
occuTB in the Blind Spring Mte., Mono Co», Golifomis, with argentiferout gaJeoit^, m
ores of lead and ailverf from whose decomposition it has probably proeeedsd.
StekfeidtUe of E. Riotte (B. H. Zt^r., xxrL 253, July, 1866> appears to bo Tcry
portaite. It occura masBive ; blackish and brown in color ; H.— 3*5— 4-5; 6.:^iii^4i
ahininif streak.
Stetefeldt found as a mean of two aoalysea: Sb 0* 43'7t, S 4*7, A|r 23*74, Oa in^ I
1-9; and thenoe deduces &b 0* 46 47, S 4 59, Ag nil3, Gu 2-27, ^e 241, Ou 13 24 fl 1
It cornea from South-eastern XevadSf in the Empire district ; also in the 1
229, VOLQXZRrrB. Antimony Ochie pt Hydrous Antimonio AdiL
MaBfiive^ or a^ a powder.
Color white,
Oomp.— Sb 0' + 5 tl=Oxygren 19-3, antimony 58 9, water SI '8— 100, Tolger (I
77). The analysis of Cumeng*^ oorre*ponds to Sb 0*-h4 fi.
Aimlyaie, CTumenge (Ann* d. IL, lY., xx. 80):
on
8b 63
ft 15
Pel
ga]iga0 3=9lL
8b 0*+ 5 ft is easOy obtained artifidoUy. It is tastc^lesa, insoluble tn wale? and 1
0.=€'«, Boulh^. It fprea olT its water at a best below redness, and oo^gen at a 1^ 1
ll also a compound Sb 0^^4 ft ; but this is much lees stable ( Watt*a DkC Gliei>i.X
Oba. — ^The mineral analysed by Oamenge was fhxm the prorinee of OomlurtlDav *'
fffu remarka that thla white antimony ochre is a common result of the alteratte of 1
«S0. Tnxuvfrm. (telhifige Siurs Pek, Pog|^ ItIL 476, 1842; TeUurtto Nkal, I
Sniitt yellowlah or whitish i(pbiHcal isaasaa, radiated in struiturn, and a . "
toorwlayoo, oooorHiig with the oadTo toltuiium of Faoebay and ZaUtli&a ; fa &M •• i
maoltaa or M/WoM ddti.
S80A. Taxtauc Ooffia A tsntalle ochre oocora on eryatala of taotallte at tamil^
TbOand; oobr browniab, lustre ritnKma. A. & KprtimiiaiM, ffoL Um^ tt, I96k
QUABIZ. 180
DS OF THE CARBON-SnJCON GROUP, SERIES IL
Z. KMr«ja«f Tkfophr,^ eta Cr^stalloB (with aQosion to ita hexagonal fonn and
minatiaDa) PUm^ xzxriL 9, 10; Silex PUn.^ xzxyL 37 1. CiyBtalliui, Quartzam can-
Boriferoas], Otrm. Qoertze, Kiaelatein, Agric^ 276, eta, 444, 459, 465, 1546, 1629.
1, W^a^ 102, 1747. Quartz, Eieael, Gfrm,
ledral, and for the most part hemihedral to the rhombohe<lrou
edral to the hexagonal prism). B^B=94:'' 15', O A /if=128'*
999- Observed planes : {a) lij -R (or -1), i, most frequent, as
2, R and -1 mafcing up the ordinary p^amidal termmations,
er often distinj^oishable from R in being the smaller planes,
les in having leebler lustre or less smoothness ; the pyramid
onasdng of ^ alone (f 183) ; (&) planes 2-2, very common, but
drallj, a6 in £ 1S6, and thus corresponding to the faces of a double
pjnmid ; (^) various rhombohedrons replacing the ba^al edges
;oiial prramid (as 4 in f 185, |, 3, and -7, -1, in i. 191, others
. 4, bem^ the most common ; also the rhombohedron ~| replae-
;eB R/ S it. 191, 193, a rough plane, as usual j ; also, among
iohedron&. f . }. f , 2, 6, 7, 10, and the same in the n^ative series,
then : id) various trapezohedral forms, situated obuquely about
f the pjramids, like 6-f m f. 190, and others in t 192, 193, the
Idol or plamhedral in position, and inclining upward toward
left, and thns being either rigtUrhandUd as in £ 192, or left-
Q £ l^i : and i^:ain occurring occasionally on each solid angle
»ju in vhjch ease they are fiemihedral (12 out of the normal 24) ;
hcnlhr the faet. <mly on the alternate solid angles (as in £ 192;,
aie iabsHokgdral - or, more rarely, right-handed on one solid
left-haadcd on tne next, another kind of hemihednd form ;
B, ia the xooe J? : ^2 : i. or -1:2-2: u there are iel^na 2-2
«• 4-1 '<? £ 192*. ^ *£ 19«X and o" £ 192^, 124f , etc-,,
^sw 2^i H- H- H- f-f • H ^^ ^^'^*- ^'- 5 ^^> '^'^^'' *^
ffpTgg the o'lAuse exiles of the rhomrxihedron /?. as 4-3. f-3,
^ *^/ 1 isaay iraipezr>>ieiirons in other positions ; tbe total
aJb&
' 4r • ' ^4=i^:?r 5^' i? ' -i. ov. i;=i^ir' .^^
4t t'S4^=171^ J? ' -1, adi^=133 44,
11 t ' 1.^1=174 3C^ 7? ' t. or. 2^i=113 i.
1§ f ' f {! >T. r-i=125 2% ^ ' !^2=151 «,
aj • • H- --. 2 ±,=11^ 7 7? ' 3^1^ 59.
4 1 ' {=15^:* E ' 4=U2 55.
a a 1 ' i4=i7i .S3 i? ' H=i^ L
C?7s:aik ehher very ihofty or voj flOKa
QI7ABTZ.
191
oi the prism, and half the bevelled edge to the place of these planes),
f generally (J>) penstraticn-twina^ the forms not corresponding to a r^-
levolution, bnt to an irregular interpenetration of unlike parts of the
tal, making -1 to be distributed in irregular areas
'5, and so also S over -1, with a similar irregular
ribution of other planes, as illustrated in f. 196, in
di the unshaded parts of the pyramidal faces are S^
the shaded parts are -1 ; crystals of quartz not
loompounded in some part are of very rare occur-
•Aer twins, mostly geniculating, as in f. 187, and
' rarely cruciform (represented cruciform in f. 197,
rder to exhibit the divergence of the vertical axes
8 a] of the combined crystals, and other relative
acteristics) : 2. C.-face m^ or -1, f. ,197b ; diver^-
t of axes a=76® 26' (because the angle between axis
Jid a or -1, is 38° 13') • {a) simply geniculating,
either half of 197b ; (p) a three-rayed twin, con-
ag of a central crystal twinned to three others by each li of one extrem-
t 198a, b. 3. Composition between E (or -1) and a face of the prism,
19Ta; diveivence of axes a=33° 13'. 4. C.-face ^R, f. 197o ; diverg-
of axes 115^10' (angle between axis a and face of i-ff being 57° 36^;
198a
198b
»ved only in simple twins. 5. C.-face 1-2, or plane truncating edge of
ttiid between B and -1 (a mode of twinning tnat belongs rather to the
I hexagonal system than to the rhombohe<&al, and showing that the
■Wiearal character is often crystallogenically but feebly dominant in
•Peciea), illustrated in f 187 and 197e ; divergence of axes a=84° 44'
8^ow the angle between axis a and the pyramidal edge is 42° 17^^:
JJ'ri in geniculating or juxtaposition twins like f. 187, and either half
**»; there are two kinds, one («) in which faces E are correspondent
IJjWMm in the two parts ; (J) in which they are not so. 6. Composition
FWtt the plane truncating edge of pyramid (or 1-2) and that truncating
^rfjpriam (or t-2), £ 197d ; angle of divergence 42° 17'.
**ve ; coarse or fine granular to flint-like or crypto-crystalline. Some-
5»iaammillary, stalactitic, and in concretionary forms.
*^7. Q.=:2-5-2-8 ; 2-6413-2-6541, Beudant ; 2-663, Deville. Lustre
™i,8ometimeB inclining to resinous ; splendent — nearly dlill. Color-
?j™^ pure ; often various shades of yellow, red, brown, green, blue,
**• Streak white, of pure varieties ; if impure, often the same as the
193
OXYGEN COMPOUNDS.
color, but much paler. Transparent — o|)aqiie. Fracture "perfect
dal — eubconehoiaal. Tough — brittle — friable. Polarization circii "
being a colored centre instead of a eenti'al ercies, and the rit
around enlara^ns^ as the analyzer is turned to the right in right-!
tals (f. 192), or left in left-handeii (f. 190) ; and colored &pirafi
which rotate to the right or left, when the incident light and
light are polarized, one circularly and the other plane.
For ohBerving the polarizotioti, plates of the crystal ftpa out Bt rigbt titf^m to 1
twioB ll)o componeDt parts may be both right-handed or both lefl-haii4ed (as to tboasc
am! the Swifl3 Alps) ; or one may be of one kind aiid the other of the other. Mo
BiTO layers of deposition (made as the crystal went on enUrging, and often exci
9(mi9timea alternately right and lefVhanded, showing a constant oscillation of polarfO
of its formation ; and, when this is the case, and the layers aro reffuhr^ crofi»-0«ic«|
by polarized light, exhibit a divisioa, more or less perfect^ into aeotOfn of l3£D%J
plane R, or hi to sectors of 60''. If the layers are of unequal thicknoaa, there ai9 f
colors without sectors. In f. 199 (by De^doizeaux, from a crystal from the Dopi. of %"
of eftch sector of 60'' is right-handed^ and the other half left (as shown by tJbo §mrm _
radii are neutral bands produced by the orerkppuig of layers of the two kinda. In ~
199
200
-I
crystal of amethyst (also by Desdoieeaux), the altonaate white and blade Uooi In aadi I
sre due to altomate right and left-handed Uyera, parallel to IL The fad of a M
ia easily made manifest by meana of fluoric add, it oorroding succ^stiya lafara
asteriated internal structure is often apparent io an aatertaCod arrangenHmt of ahadHI
of degrees of transpareni^. Bto^al polaritaSion is sometunea a oQiiae<iiiMioa of Iha I
structure (as in crystals tVom Eoba, near Sohemnitz)^
In cTyatais, the planet R and — 1, when not distinguishable by diibroift dif
amoothness, or striation^ may be by etching with fluoric acid, this prooeaa mtog a
the two difsctiona and producing a diflbreuee ofsuriboe. beeidaa oflan daraqplflf Ibi I
were superifopoaod in the growth of tha crystal^ alludaa to aboviw
F -rr^ oti cryst of qtjarta, see Weiss, Mag. Oes. nat Fr,, BarUa» tii U
Br^ I 322, 1324; G. Boae, Ber Ak, Munchen, 1844. I\m., hdL 33i*
M«,ii. 'iuarta, Ann. Ch, Phya., xlv. 123. 1855, and Mem, Acnd.^-L. ir. 40i
SoUa^ H. Acad. Sei. TodnOi 870, 1856, iii tin. Sarda, 4lo, 7 ; W^
xeix. 296;» 18.'»«, Z8. G*, rril. U^, 1865; 1 , c, 351, 185t; • r^, lllo
U 3. Jcuaach, Potcg^ cj rom whuui ^'> taken, ¥, LafMft I
lure of quart* eryataU n I l*y mean? 1 ^t-r. AJc Wlaa, XT, M^ 11
Oorap»^^Fure aiUoBi or .^1- v'.\y|^'U bZ^JA'S^ ^tuvtm lurjti^iOO. In oiai
mtxod with a Uttla opal-allioa. Impure varieties contain oxyd of liOQ, oi
aand and Tarlotts minemlH Onariz-.Hilum liim Wrn supposed to bo Inaolubla 1& i !
Eih, ftiid to bo t a^ Bat since tha lot
(Fogg., cx!t it r fn a y^ry flnely dlTidad i
aa oonj^i l^vdony or flint» It ia noi
solnble. Rui f quarta to tlio mc^m of a
aotnlkm, and uu< Htuownig are {»an o( itis n^'tiiii'^; uuQer ign. and o Iha Maf I
tbaai fa biackata, the part from drying OTer sulphuric add;
QCASTZ.
193
^^^^^^^B^
Lou bj ign. and S,
Dfeaolved b7 potaak
^^^^^^^^^^^kriMC
k 0-27
6 — 7 75p, e
^I^^^^H^^^v^
235
0*45
12-82— 16 **
fcrony, a S*6«l
03d
013
243 ♦*
Bj, Faroe, a 2 634
0-69
0-21'
7*2 — 20 1 **
HungDiy, G. 2 503
2^
V\f
23 —93 88 "
luet, SilesiA, Q. 2'6$5
IttJI
ose'
7-86— 60-59 *'
«-€2, a 63
1-40
0-20
20 2 —73 4 **
specific graYity of kind^ affording a large poroontage of soluble BiUca, it eppeora
eOiicai 18 not all amorphous or opal^eilica. Jeuzsch haa annomiced (Pogg., crrvL
IB & second modiiieatioD of amorphous silica, dlstiuct from opal^ and hitherto
Be under OpalX having G.=:2*6, like quartz. This suggests au explnnation of iho
> hjalite variety of opal, haTing G,=2'185, gave RammGlsberg t**6 to 19'9 p. c of
To esplttin thie fact by the same method still another modiflcation of silica would
i insoluble kind, having the low specific gravity of opaL
-B3. alone unaltered With soda dissolves with effervesoenoe ; unacted upon by
as. Soluble only in fluohydric acid.
ed (phenocrystaliirie), vitreoua in lustre. 2. Fliot-like massive, or crypto-
^ first divisiou includes all ordinary Tttreoiia quartz, whether having crystalline
The varieties under tlie second are in gunt^ral acted upon sonoewhAt more by
by cbemical agents, as fiuoric acid, than those of the first In aJl kinds made up
, suooessive layers are unequaily eroded.
A. PBEfOCBYHrALLTXE OB VlTBBOUe Y^mjmsS,
f OryttaBited; Rock Crystal Colorless quartsE, or nearly so^ whether in distinct cryfi-
((i)Eegular crystals, or limpid quartz; {b) right-handed crystals ^ (c) left-handed ;
crystjile, having deep cavities parallel to the faces— occasioned by the later ference
Anriaff tlieir formation; (e) cap-quartz, made up of separable layers or capa, due to
Tt titaUe aUvey material at intervals in the progress of the crystal ; (/) drusy quartz,
ill or miimte quartz crystals; {g) radiated quartz, often separable into radiated parts
id«l terminjitiona; (A) fibrous, rarely delicately so, as a kind from Orange river, near
I; Sktr^q^tarix (Stem-quartz Germ.). Containing within the crystal whitish or
HUB along the diametral pianos. Part if not all asteriated quartz is asteriated in
I above described,
Iw; Amdh^fH (A^fdixrr«ir ThtophT,^ etaV Clear purple, or bluish- violet. The color
be doe to manganese. But Helntz obtained in au analysis of a BraeiUan specimetk,
Lfnn^7 oiyd of iron, 0'6236 lime, ODlllS niagnesia, aiid U0418 soda; and he oon-
iDr owing to a compound of iron and soda. The structure is composite, aa illustrated
tsnd the shade of violet is usually deepest parallel to the pianos R.
ns^red or pink, but becoming paler on exposure. Common massive, and then
b cracked. Lustre sometimes a little greasy. Fuchs states that the color is due lo
\ \it found 1 to H p. a in specimens from Rabenatein^ near Bodenmais. It may
c cllow and peliucid, or nearly eo ; reaembling somewhat yellow topaa,
^ zation and in absence of cleavage.
I <? (Mormorion PUti,, xzxvii. 63^ Smoky-yellow to smoky-brown,
arying to brownish -black, and then nearly opaque in thick crystals.
ly duij u> titanic acid, as crystals containing rutile are usually smoky. Called
locahty at Caimgorum^ S.W, of Banff, in Scothmd.
Kite and nearly opaque. Lustre ofton greaBy, and then called greasy quarts^
Of indigo or Berlin-blue color j a variety occurring in an
GoQing in Saltzburg.
Containing within acicular crystals of other miuerahi. These acicular crystals
(a) r^Udty the mineraJ called from such specimous swj^nite {it. otty^u% a t^) by
BcnLB). They may also be {b) black tourmaUne; (c) gcithito; (if ) stibuite ;
iollte; (^) hornblende: (A>) epidote.
rmvoge O&m.^ (Etl de Chat FrX Exliibiting opalesoence, but without prift-
^tptdaUy when cut an eabochon, an effect duo to fibres of asbestus.
»*n; Spangled with scales of mica or other mineral.
h fmn ijb pr&6wx of dtsUnci mineraU distributed densely through the mass. Tho
to kinds are thoae in which the impurities are; (a) ferrugirwus^ eitlier red or yellow
(^£A(»nfic, BOtne kind of chlorite; (c) aUimliiic; {d\ micaceous; (e> ij^rmmcww, ot
13
194
OXYGEN OOMPOUKDe.
Quarts cr^Btalfl also oocor penetrftted hj Tarioiifl miaerala, as topaz, conrndmn, i
gfamot, different epedoa of ilie horablende and pyroxene grroupa, kjat u-g,
other carbon atea, rotUe^ adbnite, hematite, gdthite, niitgnetit^. Ouaritf er,
etc Am quartz has boon crjstuliuBed throug^h the aid of hot waters or ut tsw.nu m ak^
to the presont, and is tho mast common ingredient of rocka, there is good warn
be found thus the enTeJoper of other cryatalfl,
IS. Qmiainmg tiquids m cavities, Tlieae liquids are seen to move with the change (
of the cryatal, provided an air-bubble bo present in the cavity ; they may be dati
reflractioD of lig:hu The liquid \s either water (pure, or a mineral aolution)^ or ioo
or other oompound (See p. 701.)
B. CBTPTOCRTBfrALLUm YaSTSHEA,
h Chahedmy (Mnrrhina Plitt.^ xonril, 7. Ifl<nrif pt Th^jphr, Ugpi* pt
•Jfitrrhina, Ga-m* Glialcedoniua, Agric^^ 466, 1546, Chaloedon, Achates riz peUtidd
^more ^seo mixta, WalL^ 83, 1747, Calcedoine />.). Ilaving the luatr« nearly <
either transparent or translucent Color white, grayiah^ paie-brown to darfc>b
tendon-color common ; sometimes delicate blue. Mm of other itaAdM, aod ttua 1
mimes.
Often mammfllary, botryoidal, stolactit^c, and occurring lining or filling eavitiea in j
ta true quarta» with some diaseminated opal-quart*. A gray chalcedony from Hii
Eodtenbacher (Ramm. Miu. Oh., lOOt) §i 98 87, Fe 0'63. Oa C a'62 = 10a01
&. Oa/meiian {L<ititn*> Theophr. Sarda Plin.^ xxxvU. 2 a, id,rr-G^ntL Canieol, A^pic^i
Oameol, Agatea forv peUudii, colore mbesoentc^ Wall., H% 1747, OornaUne /V.K Ai
chalcedony, p<^ to oeep in ihade^ also brovmiab-red to brown, the latter kind (
reddl«ih*browii by tnmamStted light
Heiiita found that tlie red color wan due to oxyd of iron, obtaining in an t
j&l 0 081, Mg 0*02%, ^ 0 0043, Na 0075. It has been euppoaed to be of orgaaioi
8. ChrTf90prtt«€ (not ChryAoprasus an4iq.). An apple-green oh»leedoi^» lh» i
enoe of oxyd of niekt^L Kiaproth found in that of Sileaia (Beitr^ iL 13T) Si f> _
8, fii 1*0, Ca 0*83, It 1*85 = 1 1>0; and Bammelsberg, in the Mme tPa«^ odL 19
P% Si <r4l, Oa, Slg 0-51, ft 2*08,
4, Pratu, Trnnaluoent and dull leek-green; so named from vpinf, a keL Ahnfif
a stone of little vaiuo. The name is also given to cryataUine quarts of the Ha
eat turbs Pmitius/' Hays Pliny«
A. FUuma (laapia pt Ptiru^ xxzviL 37). Bather brigbt^green to le^*gVMii, ■
nearly emoraldgreen^ and lubtranaluoont or feebly tranaluceot ; aootfitimaa 4ol
i/Wiofnope, or lUood-^ionef ia the aame atone eaaentia&y, with floiall apota of I
like Hmpfl of blood.
^ijiper of the andenta, waa a aemitransparenl or tianiliiceat i
ill iH bright-colored ohaloodooy excepting the oamelian (8ard)k
pfwiMM.,^ ,...< M^ ^.«y*blue and green, and oieiitiooa alao a ihade of porpla (tba <
aaya), a roe« color, the color of the morning aky in aottunn, iaa-^fo«i, Itf^ '
like turpentine, aa interpreted by KingX amoke-oolor (hia oapniaa)^ eta. : but to \
Hage m bloof whatever the abade. The green klnda may have beea chrT^Op
perhapa a variety of jade, a atone known In Europe since tiie Btana aa<^ Tba ^
fuuitof IhroQgh it (EooagrsBuiKie), may have been plaamai or jada, with a :
vMifuarH.
Pltny'a /Voa^ spotted wfth red, waa otir haUotrope; hia neUatr^opi (nsvil 60) t
green atone (praae or plasma) veined with blood-rod ( JAMpt^n ; and tha ; ,
a part aa to gtva a general red refteotioii to the whole when ii uaa pwt ia wilar lai Ifea j
aun, whanoe the warn (torn iAiaf, mm, and rflvM^ t^ turn,
a. Agak ('Ay^rtf [ft. StoUy] Thtophr. Achatea pt PUhl, zxsvfi U. Om^ \
S4), A vaHafacod chatotdM^. The coiori ara either («) banded; or (4> to douiai \
rlsibla Intpuriiiea.
4. AsaJidL The bands are dalloata paraUal Hnaa, of wfaitei teodoMQct, wsx-llfca^ ]
brow&i and black colors, and •omolimoa falniah and othar ahadaib Tlnqr Ibtlov y
QBttraaa, aod aie cwnarionaHy ooooBaSKie oirailas; as in the ^piwaaUt {i
6I.aDdlH9M}bi/mMib^ta The AnotSBBdnoaBta^lMpidiiiitodbtoc
The bands are the edges of lajeni of dapoaltlon, the again bavtai
aillea ten aototlons Intamtlteottv aitppbed, in irregular oavitiea in roGkak and i
eitihi wavli| oonraei l^xn tbo Irrasularitlca of the waUa of the cavUj. Aa 1
MMilneBOilgn oCllie aotatloii to OH it with elites an open hoto has bem ffvppa*
« oBi tfda to ^iittiltbi aoBtfnosd fttpp^ ; bat it ia aore pfohahle that H J
PflU. IWIIkl
uiw fk»7 lUTe oeeti ftpfiuea u«o «»
A the iUme wba one ia little repute ; (c) a reddish, his Sardachaiea^ or camelljui-flgaAav
Mblj iQdud&d also banded klndi}. Nemudiaiem (fr. ir^t^ &47od) wii probnblf n tnie
agate, blotched with red jaspor, '* blushing with spota of blood," oa gays Solinufl
)f of which tliero are verj beautiful kmd3, and not piraple red jasper Jasjtachakt
Mon an a^te in which blui<^h Rod greenish ehades (Zaspis) predommated TheBe
^9n br Pliny witlioiit aceompatiying descriptions,
-'ties, (a) ifo5s-a^<^ or Jf<>cAc»-iffem«, fiUed wi^^
fiig-h die mass, (fr) IkndriMc AgatCy contalnlug brown or biack
.=.4^.^.-. ■> are the Thridrofhateft Fl!n. [tr. hvip^tf^ a tf^),
Iso i, A ^i: wood petrified with clouded ugat^
Dr^t*!' ^ ^ < »nyx pt, [rt'St agate, stalagmitei q. v,] PiWi*., xxxriL 24) Like
llBfemg of layers of diflerent colors, but thelajora are in ev^en planes, and the bunding
light, and hence ita use for cameos, the heud bobg cut in one color, and another
bt backgrotind. The colors of the best are perfectly well defined, and either white
P white, brown and black alternate,
IfS (Plin., xxivii, 23). Like onyx in utructure, but includes layers of carnehan
frith others of white or whitish, and brown, and sometimes block colors,
bpBT. An sgnt€i consisting of jasper with veinings and cloudings of ehaloedoay,
m tinier. Irregularly oellular quartz, formed by deposition flrom waters oontahaing
ble sill rates in solution.
^ FHfu^Yeuemtem Germ.). Somewhat allied to chalcedony, but more opaque,
ually gray, «moky*bro\>Ti, and browuish-blfick. The exterior is otVn whitish,
s witn iime or chalk, in which it is linbodded. Lustre barely glistening, subvitreous-
A iMofy oonehoidal f^cture and a sharp cutting edge. Tho Hint of ttie chalk forma-
tlnigwf of the remains of infusoria (Diatoma), sponges, and other marine productions,
if Hint, according to Fucbs, is partly soluble silica. See on this point p, lfJ4,
ally 000 per cent or so of alumina and peroxyd of iron, with one or two of water.
tDstt^r of the common kinds is mostly carbonaceous matter.
Ibae (Silex pt, Filthy Horn stein Germ,). Resembles flint, but more brittle, thef>iio^
lUoteiy. Chert is a term often applied to horostone, and to »ny rmpuro flinty rock,
9 JMpvra. A grayish chalcedonic homstone from Manenbad afforded Kersteu Si 90*H0,
"'", Ug I'li^, Cu 0-94, Na and iv 0 7t>, it 1 95 (Jahrb. Min., 1845. 666).
^Li/dmn Skme, or ToticJtstom (La pit* LydiuB PUn., xxxiil. 43^ ? Basanites idL, xjcxvf.
' : silioeous stone or flinty jasper, used on account of its hardness and black
{the purity of tlie procioua metols. The color left on the stone after rubbing the
to the experienced eyo the amount of alloy. It ia not splintery like
~f a compact, fissile, siliceoua, or flinty rock, of grayish and other colore,
'~8o Phtfiaa^U ; and then resembles ordinary jasper of grayish and other
I jaspers.
Impure opaque colored quartz, (a) llfd (Hsematitis PUn^ ixiviL c 60, not his
^MftiiiinTVr! .-if Iron being the coloring matter* {h) Brou/ni^k, or ochre yeUoWf colored
K* , iron, and becoming red whon so heated as to drive off the water, (c)
•6'4 -ifreen. (t/j Grayish-blue. (<r) Blackish or brownish-black, {/) Striped
||(Baii4)ii£pis Gtrm.)t hairing the colors in brc«d strxpes. {g) Egyptian jasperj in
19G
OXYGEN OOKPOUKDS.
ilfltlnfj^ mninlj or q[uarU SAQdf but oontAuiiiig a litUe talc, nud co«{ic9ctiiig
bllitj when in tliio liiiiutii^. 5. BuhrstmiS. A oellukr, flmtf rock, hariug tlie
Co&riie chalcedony.
d. /^sudainorTi^oitf ^iwutE. Qiitrts appeafs bIso under the forms of mauj of tb^ i
which it has taken through mther tbo alt^mtioD or replaoemeDt of crystal ^ uf thos
novt common qmirtx pflotidomofpba are tho«e of oskntOi barltc, duofito,
qnmrii oemslfltii nf {nfrrficetliig plntos of quarts, and is probablj a rosnlt
itodstuougni pbtca of Other inmerals, as biint«. {b) ffayk>rif
iO, 1837) IP rph after datholile. (c> Btckite Duf. ig a p«eud( ;
doirfio ill olinf(M H r, irnio Devoii^hirc, Engloud; it coQtiuDS some of ikm w^jxikiu^
original coral (Ohurch, Phil Mag., IT. zziiL d&K (d) Babd^iwairtM is quarts wli~
of cubes of Attor, arising lh>m its having been deposited over the crystals. (e\
proper pMrudooiorphs in quart*; Ihoy occur through many rock stmta, >
SUidfi^A wood is quarts peeudomorph after wood. The texture of the
well retslnod, it haviog been formed by the deposit of sLlica from its scJuUi^u tA j
WDodf and tlDally t^^kiiig the place of the walla of the cells as the wood Itself dia
Pyr» etc. — B.B. unaltered; with borax dissolves slowly to a dear glass; wiU
with emsrvesoence ; unacted upon by salt of phosphorua. Insoluble in muriati
slightly acted upon by solutionB of Oxed caustic alkalies. When fUsodand oootod]
stli«i» having G.^2*2,
Oba* — Quartz occurs as one of the essential constituents of granitei syenit«, |
■od many related rocks ; as the principal constituent of quartz-rock and many i
tmeMBotial ingredient in some trachyte, porphyry, etc ; as the vein-etone tn
for a large p;>r ' * nil veins ; as a foreign mineral in the oavities of trapv ^
rooka, some ^ etc, making geodes of crystals, or of chalcedony, i _
as imbedded a^^^^iy^ w>r nmss « ''^ . .»-:-..t^ i;r^„^t^.t,r.x. ,^.r.^*\t..n^r. o.^ rti-^-f tboi
Iha bomatone nf other lime uUnucniil
niasaes of jaapST oooasionally i lie fM»b
bods^ and of the sands of the etjo^eiljufi} and ^&u*l lieda ev«ry wher«L Jt ia nsjmfted l^ |
oocurring in the meteorite of Xiquipuloo (Pogg,, cjdii 184)i
Silkai also ooonrs in solution (but mostly as a soluble alkaline silicaie) in heated i
aa thoea of the Oeysers of Iceland, New 2eidand, and Oalifomiaf and very apailm|*^J
mlttanl wateia.
flwHtilaud^ Dasphiny, Piedmont, the Carrara quarries^ and numerona olhar
•tod ftoa apaoimaDa of rode orystaL The m^et beantifUl ametbyna are brc
OyUyn, and Peraiat where they occur In geo^iee, and as pebbles; Inferior sp
IVanaylvania^ in larga crystalline groups ; in the vicinity of Cork, and on
Itatand. The /oiis lopm it met with \n BnA, Horn qmrU ooeura id a vebi d j
mbig tiie granite of Rabefustoin, noar Zwieaol in Bafmria. Pfwm la (Sound la
^ ' ' m, near Sebwartaainbacig to Sajcony ; and in Britia&y, i
I of Iceland and iba Faroe Islaoaa, aUbrd owimtfieestl mgfaMM of |
J m^A t^\u^* it, iii^riothla, etdt A amalt-blue vanaly, in aobtoaU
of fluorite), oocur^ to, in TranaylTania. The fineai
Arabia* India, Bni m, Olterstein, and Saxony. Scotland alKbrda
apooiiDena (Scotch pt^bt>W«)w CAryaopmss^ at Koaamtiti fn SUeai^ Aifmlmfim
Oala in Spain. (^Wa e^ in Ceylon, Ibe ooaat of Mahibar, and alao in tb*
Fkmm^m India and Cblaa, wlienoa it is u>u ' ' c fbrmof baa
BislMria. l^nteiT, 8ibariak and the laland af i Fhtiatma, m i
wnimorliatti lionfeaal, noar f^ia, a»4 iu »^**.^ ^-^ ...- ^ v -.< i^iiiiaa. Iht
Mxd Iha Ngy]p<lan )aapef ; the striped jaaper is met with in Sibaria^Saxoiiy, aod 1
■ " ■" X bigr of Sinrma, -----
jitfws >l9ar to ftend al Vourt^ 1
Sinrma, in a low rUlire of liiiieitonii^ lo i
varbtTofaa
wacedor plioe^ balwaaii iba harbor and tbe hlg^ bills ' - saacHalad
praMi anil honiiloaa^ and Ibaaa odaemla aoaco to ocmy .^^atono tlia i
WhMi la ftrnnd In virloya parts of tlia MBotaiiW country, and also al Umlt dl J
Vim iJabia of Aifoa aio iteawn with pabbloi of fW>«i<pg-. AvarlaQrwMB
toara at TIIla^iBa, Biaall, raottr^Ua fbr lit flaiElb&% ; a i
SToitii Om^qUm gold rofloeb
In Ki w Ter^ foarii ofjalali ara atwrndaat in Baritear Cou al II
hv wpon, looaa in oaritiea hi Iha Oilfiifbfoua aasMimk* or iaboddid In loos
^ '^'v^Kitf lo Beck, in powdctt?d anOuweila, fbe dodaoabednd crynaH i
^ ^ ^swlar, TlemtaaL and BdiraHa, 81. Uwrenoa Oa. In Go4tr
; tQ.iQllmaftooo,wblc3libavaiwEiMlaftglaaa0lftli^liadbaoii]
Ou_^ ,-^. w Moj IkaaK 1«9» tan^laa cmiak. TIsitoi
Jiiiiiiia at ^ <o3acifca<fal uji^ 4 a^ k of Wumkk,
" raL.«i7«lamM
QUABTZ. 197
I asnal pyramid^ while the other is rounded and smooth. Diamond Bock, near Lansing-
I old but poor locality. At EllenyiUe lead mine, Ulster Co., in elegant groups. At Diamond
id Piamond Pointy Lake Qeorge, quartz crystals, as in Heridmer Go. In Mass., crystals
una] modificatioiis, sparingly at the Gharlestown syenite quarry, one of which from the
if Mr. J. K Tescheroacher is represented in fl 193. It has the adjacent planes 2-2 and
en, and —i with a triangular ftirrow but sharp edges ; the rest are lustrous ; with the re-
poidoaieter, reflecting the sun*s rays, B At«|=l'75''. Pelham and Chesterfield, Mass., Paris
7, Mjo^ Benton, N. H., Sharon, Vt, and Meadow Mount, Md., are other localities of quartz
Near Quebec, fig. 191, and other crystals similar, but the inverse. At Chesterfield, Mass.,
ipoUdiad rTiombohedrona, in granite. At Paris, Me., handsome crystals of brown or smoky
in large crystals, often perfect and weighing several pounds, at Minnesota mine. Lake
V oocamonally enveloped in metallic copper, as if cast around the crystals. Drusy quartz,
a, apple-green, and other tints, at New&ne, Vt For other localities, see the catalogue of
s in Uie latter part of this volume.
fuartz, at Albany, and Paris, Me., Acworth, N. H., Williamsburg, Mass., Southbury, Conn.,
rt Henry, Essex Co., N". Y. ; smoky quartz^ at Goshen, Mass., Richmond Co., N. T., eta ;
it in trap at Keweenaw Point, Pic bay, and Gargontwa, on Lake Superior ; also in the
ck at Bristol, Bhode Island, and sparingly throughout the trap region of Massachusetts and
icat ; in Surry, New Hampshire ; in Pennsylvania, in East Bradford, Aston, Chester, and
3K» (one fine crystal over 7 lbs. in weight), in Chester Co. ; very handsome at the Prince
ike Superior, but now hardly obtainable, as the mine is not worked ; also very large fine
I, near Greensboro, N. C. Crystallized green quartz, in talc, at Providence, Delaware Co.,
at EUenviUe, N. Y., with chlorite. Chalcedony and agates of moderate beauty, in the
«p region ; more abundantly about Lake Superior, the Mississippi, and the streams to tlie
at Natural Bridge, Jefferson Co., N. Y. ; about the Willame^ Columbia, and other rivers
;on : abundant and beautiftil on N. W. shore of Lake Superior. Belmont's lead mine, St.
MSB Co., N. Y., has afibrded good chalcedony and chrysoprase, associated with caldte. Bed
18 found on Sugar Loaf Mt., Mauie ; in pebbles on the banks of the Hudson at Troy ;
with chalcedony, at Chester, Mass. ; red and yellow, near Murphy's, Calaveras Co., OaL
ope occupies veins in slate at Bloomuigrove, Orange Co., N. Y.
tj qoartz in large crystals, some over 100 lbs., have been found on Paradise B., Nova
ts pseudomorphfl, after hexagonal and scalenohedral crystals of caldte and cubes of
, at Weathampton, Mass. ; after barite, probably, in Butherford Co., N. C, often filled with
ts cfystals occasicnaUy occur of enormous size. A group in the museum of the university
lea w^hs nearly half a ton. A crystal belong'mg to Sig. Bafelli, of Afilan, measures 3^ ft
kh mod 6i in drcumforence, and its weight is estimated at 870 lbs ; another in Paris is 3 ft
leter and weighs 8 cwt About a century since a drusy cavity was opened at Zinken, which
i 1,000 cwt of rode crystal, and at that early period brought $300,000. One crystal weighed
., A group fh>m Moose Mountain, New Hampshire, at Dartmouth College, weighs 147^
d contains 48 crjrstals; four of them are from 5 to 6^ inches in diameter, ten from 4 to 4}
A cmtal firom Waterbury, Vt, 2 ft long and 18 inches through, weighs 175 lbs.
ral varieties of this spedes have long been employed in jewelry. The aviiethysi has always
iteamed for its beauty. Like most other stones, it is less brilliant by candle-light; it
I to beat advantage when surrounded with pearls and set in gold. The color of the ame-
\ ollen irregularly diffused, as is well described by Pliny, '*ad viciniam crystalli descendet
to piirpar» defectu,*^ purple, gradually fading into white. It was called ameOiyst^ aftievirros,
yaat of its pretended preservative powers against intoxication, fVom a, noi, and ^(^vu, (o
lie. This is not, however, the only ajnethyst of the audents. The violet-colored sapphire,
let fluorite (scalpturis fkdles, Pliu., easily graven), and some other purple spedes, were
tied by the same name ; and it has been supposed that garnet was also included.
MM are in general made of onyr, which is well fitted for this kind of miniature sculpture.
Mt noted of the andent cameos, is the Mantuan vase at Brunswick. It was cut trom a
iloiie, and has the form of a cream pot, about seven inches high and two and a half broad ;
mtside, which is of a brown color, there are white and yellow groups of raised figures,
ntii^ Geres and Triptolemus in search of Proserpine. The Museo Borbonico, at Naples,
m an ooyx measuring eleven inches by nine, representing the apotheosis of Augpistus, and
r exhibiting the apotheosis of Ptolemy on one side and the head of Medusa on the other;
re splendid specimens of the art, and the former is supposed to be the largest in existence.
oamalian is often rich in color, but is too common to be much esteemed; when first
)d firom tiie rook they are usually gray or grayish-rod ; they receive their fine colors fhjn
orare of wveral weeks to the sun's rays, and a subsequent heating in earthen pota. The
of agate, when indistinct, may be brought out by boiling in oil, and afterward to iiUphuric
the latter owboniaee the oQ absorbed by the porous layers, and thus incroaiei the uontrMt
im
OXTOKN OOMPOUNDfi.
nf the different oolors. Jkgate is often made into mortars fbr rhrmtoa) and pbAH
ptLrations, imd, AcoordiDja^ to Pliny, it was employed for the eftm« porpOM bj t&o j '
dtiy. FUnj also mentlona that *' the best cautery for the huinoii bo47 iB > ball i
by the sun^' (zjcxvii 10). He deplores the extra vaganoe of hU ~
crystal drinking cops and wmen of thy wealthy,
Jaaper admita or a brilliant polish, and ia often formed into vaseA, bose% 1
It la alao extenaiTely uaed in the manufacture of Florentine tnosaica.
Quarts it distim^iahed by ita hardneaa — flcmtohlng i^Laaa with fadli^;
before the blowpipe ; mtoiubUity'^iiot attacked by water or the adds ;
being tabular, but proper cleavage never being distinctly observed. To 1
action of soda B,B. may be added.
T)i6 word quarts is of German provincial origin. Agate is from the name of the rirer ^
in Sidly, wbeuoe epectmens wore brought, aa stated by Theophrantna.
Ait.— Pseudomorphs of pyrite, tin ore, atannite, magnetite, hematite, ftod rolUHi^ i
have been met with.
232, OPAJU Opahia, Piedefoa, PUfk, xzxviL 21, 22. Qnartz reslnlte ff^ Tt^ ft 1
Mafisive, amurphouB; sometimes Bmall renilbrm, stalactitic,
tnberose. Al^ earthy.
n.=:5'5— 6*5. G. — 1*9— 2'3. Lustre vitreous, frequeiitlr subTil
often inelitiing to resinous, and sometimes to pearly. Uolor whit©, ^
red, brown, green, gray, generally pale ; dfirk colors arise from
admixtures ; sometimes a rieli play of colors, or different colq
fracted and reflected liglit. Streak white. Tramparent to nc
Oomp. — §{, an for quartz, sQIca being dimorphoue, the opal ooDdition belQn OM
degrees of hiirdneaa and apecidc graritv, and, m g^norally believed, of ineapabQlcy of i
tioEU Water is nsoiUy pment» but it is retrarded aa uoessentiAl. It variea fa hqowi .
to 21 p. e ; or, mostly, from 3—9 p. c = Si4-i H to Si-<^ i U (or 9 Hl^fi to S il^l
often oontaina more or leas of quartz mixed with it ; and moat of the analymea am no
b«oauae they leave the amount of the latter wholly tt — » -nii and ainoo
totntion of caustic potash la not » dpcisivo tei^t of \\a by lianaoMbrngi
ITt), no method for ita csxact determination is known, i : . , 2, under QoAsnt) Bm
pensentoge t^snlta are aa follows; under the heodingr ip*- A i^ th« sum of U» hm 1
l^iren, and in bracketa that by dfTing over solphuno add alone:
Smiiopai^ Groduia S*10t
" Tttltoc^ Iroum 3-2ie
G^umrik, loeland
Hyr»U1e, Walach S185
" ftfter Ign.
G. alto {gn.
S224
IgJL&B.
I'SOT
Itovovtt, optloat duinelera do not &Sbrd dedaive diatinotiont; for Shnmben; loi 1
JLk. Berlin* 66, 1849, Ramm., Pogg., oxil IdU th»t kycdiSti, a(Wr i^Uioo ua4 befbn^ i
' are alike doubly rsfhtctiofr ; (Aakmkm^ fhnn Farvj« anil atmiopal IhMi TaJla
, wHb «poCa of aioglj -refracting; mntofoi it, Gfociua and Jlmi^ ttai^f'flk
rof dciolihr-fefirKCliiig*
'▼kr«— L /Vaeknia Opk^ Kxliiblta a pUiy of doiiaKta e(Aot% or, ai TOnf mip^ |itf>a
Eit tlutji in aucoaMlon, rodeoUng now oism hae and tiofw aaothor, MIimii ia
i nut ; a ritaai la th* Vloaat museiiiii baa the ai«i of a iiMia*a dal ii&d wi%bi IT ot, \
\ ttttaerotia fl«Atif«a» and ii not whoUy ttm htm the ntalHx*.
% #l^»«)>iil(Ftouftn»DaL fr. M««K i^mboidi, Ktsntm, Kkpr. BeHr^ Ir. U<1 lam).
1 «o N)«»y<f«lk»w e^ra, with flr«4ik* refleet^oba. aeeitirluil iriisd on temiitt,
a. MttMl. Bhtiah-whitfl, tnoaltioeD^ with reddiali rellMllcna ill a N4^^
4» Ommmm OpaL In part tfnnaltioeol; (a) nOk^wlilte to grmebh, yaQowfalti
IM> «.^«*iioo«»r Cf .a.rvacujuovii« x. x., ii. xv*y, xi«/i. xjvmv&v^mu xxi*r vt.) asm*, a-s, i-wvt'y. xu VWU'
7 forma, tuberose, rcDiform, eta, opaque, dull grayish, grayish-brown, ocouning Im-
1 s shaly argillaceous deposit
t'opal (Kant. Tab., 26, 1808; Opal-jasper, Eisenopal, HaumL, Handb., 428, 1813). Opal
g scNne yellow oxyd of iron and other impurities, and having the oolor of y^w Jasper,
histre of common opaL
Mt-cpo/ (Hol^<^ Gtrm,). Wood petrified by opaL
ftUUe (Mallerisdiea Glas [=Muller's CHass, after the discoverer]; Hyalit Wem., Hoifin.
I, 134, 1812, KdraL^ Tab., 22, 1800; Gummistein Blumenb,j Nat, 568 ; Glasopal Hauam.,
424, 1813). Clear as glass and oolorlesa, constituting globular concretions, and also
th a globular, reniform, botryoidal, or staiactitio surface ; also passing into translucent,
ish.
irUe, SdiceouB Sinter (Kieselsinter Gtrm.; Santi, Yiaggio al Montomiata, Pisa, 1Y95,
an^ IL 589, 1796; Thomson, J. de Phys., xzxix. 407, 1791, Breve Notizia di un Vii^nS^-
) IncTOSt SiL termali d'ltaUa, etc., 1795, Crell*s Ann., i. 108, 1796, BibL Brittan, 185,
jme florite here given); Pf^ff., CreU's Ann., il 689, 1796; Resinite termogino (/(o^).
translucent to opaque, grayish, whitiflh, or brownish incrustations, porous to firm in
sometimes flbrous-lUce or fUamentous, and, when so, pearly in lustre (then called Pead'
brmed flrom the decomposition of the siliceous minerals of volcanic rocks about fumarcdes,
he BiUceoos waters of hot springs. It graduates at times into hyalite, (a) The original
r pearl-ainterX as described by Thomson, occufh in tufa in the vicinity of Santa ^ora,
i also on Ischia, and at the Solfatara near Naples, in globular, botryoidal, and staiactitio
OB, peariy in lustre. Thomson also mentions (1791) a similar incrustation as formed
hot waters of the Sasso lagoons. It was referred by Werner to hyalite in 1816 (Uoff-
(6) The Miehadiie (J. W. Webster, Am. J. ScL, iiu 391, 1821) is similar, fh>m the island
chaels, one of the Azores, where it occurs in snow-white incrustations, capillary or flli-
tnicture, pearly in lustre, with 6.= 1*866. (e) Oeyserite (Kieseltuflf (fr. Oeysers) Ktapr,^
109, 1797; Geysirite Ddanieth,. Min., 1812; Damour, Bull. G. Fr., 1848, 157) constitutes
>naz7 deposits about the Iceland geysers, presenting white or grayish, porous, stalactitic^
>U8, cauliflower-like forms; also compact-massive, and scaly-massive; H.=>5; rarely
ent, usually opaque; sometimes falling to powder on drying in the air.
Ukiisione (Quarts nectiqne, /T., Tr.. iL 1801 ; Schwimmstein Germ,). In light concretion-
iberoee masses, white or grayish, sometimes cavernous, rough in fhtcture. So light,
> its tpoDgy texture, as to float on water. The concretions sometimes have a flint-like
npoliie (Trippel, Terra Tripolitana (fr. Tripoli, in part), WalL, 32, 1747. Infiisorial earth ;
il, Kieselmehl, Eieselguhr, Chrm, Farina fossilis. Randanite ScdveUU, Ann. Gh. Phys.,
'. $48, 1848). Formed from the siliceous shells of Diatoms and other microscopic spedea,
nade known by Ehrenberg, and occurring in deposits, often many miles in area, either
icted, or moderately hard, (a) Infusorial Earthy or Earthy IVipolitt^ a very fine-grained
>king often like an earthy chalk, or a clay, but harsh to the feel, and scratching glass
bbed on it (6) Randanite, a kaolin-like variety fVom Ceyssat near Randan, in Dept Puy
» mw^A IWmmi A1o4ap« Annfoininflf Q tn 1A n n rS tirnfnr A HATV^flifr. nt FUinta Fiom in Tufl-
OTTGIEX OOMFOUKBBm
fir^ILr1«l IMi); 7,EIa{)roUi(L4i,iT. 1M); S^id^OhsiL, liT); 1^1
tSlk; 19, G J. Bni«b fTbi» MixL, lb% 18&4): II, £]aprothll c^ T.2t);
IMnenoAk (ll«r AJe. Wien, xill Ul); 14, WrigbtMm (Ann. Ch. Fbsra
?oae BKfHhf. wlk., Foia^ 7Jt)i 16^ ForchhimiDer (I e); IT, 1%
cw IL 1601: Sa. 21, Y. d lUrk (Verk daL Ter. B<wxv ix tSSl); n. W«i
tJ3 '^^ ^ ' Bnuh (Thit Mbl, tH, 1650); 24, J, L Smilk <Ab. J. Sd, :
Mi^ :i); 26, 27, H Bmrdcfl (Xogg. 6«b. Bh^-lf^t^fh^ LU^j; Xi. V.
f9« K,,, . - :. <L, il 162): 30, Bcodant (Tr, it 18).
It, XiH&cmr (I c); 32, SdiAffgotsch (Fogg., Urill HT); 13, Dhmst (i e>! 14,
J<v L 101, TilL 17«) ; 36^8, Damour (L a) ; 3», daproth (L c.) ^ 4C^ Kentaa (Sd^w. i
, 9lBfclkli«iimtr (Fogf^ zxxt. 331); 42, 43, Bieketl (Ann. CSl Phmii^ bcx. !■
(PbU. lUg., IIL XIV. 495); 4.\ Mullet (lb., lY. t, 265)l 'V
4i, Kl^fotli (L e^ tL $48); 47, 48, Foumet t SalTetel (Aan. Cfc. FIitv ilCl
tiOiiiaiin (BnmnL liin. Ch^ 136) ; 50, B. EoGmmiax (J. pr. Ol, x& 467) ; $K HtfM
(Ann* Ch. Fhftnn^ icr. 392); &2, Kulitmann (za nat vcr. ^lle« tS. 4tS); M^*
T, tU); H ^^ BucboUE (UonK Tii«ck, tI 6, 8); 54, Kmlni (F^cieolebt Mm^ 0
SI
Fe 0* j^n £
i. " G.=2^2»
4. MezloQ, Mm^ 6.-2-038
5. '' tflo^OJi^ 0.^2-024
6. " "
7. Zimapin, i^{r0-«»pal
i» JLMMDau, mW>w,
Id. GMfiria, ** a.=307
II. Moravk, ^noy
in, l^bM,
Mciico, '*
Botennu, ywK'iroum
w. extofkvt
Meronits^ piil-frrMMi
Vnnrlft nuL ^?r^fii^ D* = 2*'0ft4
< l-cpai
MktbBQji,
ImtHnStm^ Hung/'
80
88-04
83-80'
QV]2
'89-^0'
931>5
82*00
88-75
88 73
S5
m*n
85*8
8ii'2(>
82*76
85*32
[82t):n
[1*5*4n]
98-5
91-82
88-54
83*7 Jt
[1W8]
82H)
85 5
siii'Oi
8«iD0
EH 28
43-6
41 '81
0^
010
116
0*31 H
ma — — —
Sli?4-9
1-88 4- a *'0'tl6 0-SN> 0'«
3 50 3i)«»£k0'25
a-iO Oi)6 Oi>d
1-u -
0*14 2 15% 0 1^
0-27 4-94 '' 0 17-
3*5a0al&T-
ilg3n»-
1-0 0*5 U'5 -
0-12 0 87 -
050 8*50 -^ «
0-81 5-58SigOl«-
47-0 — -
083 3808 -
Oil
2. %a£^ Ilmik or Sdiemm Sinkr.
Vr«tt«di, Bohrn^ JiH^
KniaenftTth! "
Aacm '
056
r8«-8»]
88-00
82*28
87*67
O'd 0-8
1-38 ir.
O-tl
0 40 0*83 tr.
&8i) ^^^ V& 0-8 ^-
©4'0I 4*10 1*70
84^43 7 88 3-07 TOI 0-70 0*82,1
iilO 4*78 0*88 3-38 018 O^U 81
OPAL.
SOI
Si
ft
Si Fe Oa
*a i
Geyseriie
91-66
6-76
1-04 0-18 0-33
0-16 0-19,30-31, Mg 0-47
= 100Bickell.
•^ " G.=l-9«
\ 77-86
7-66
9-70 8-72 1-74
= 100-17 Pattia,
' u
94-20
3-06
1-68 0-17 <r.
0-86« =99-86 MaUet
3.
THpolii6, Injusorial EarOi, Floaistone.
^BergmM
79
12
6 3
=99Klaproth.
t^Bandanite
87-2
10-0
200 0-8*
= 1 00 Fournet
V '*
80-00
9-00
1-41 0-65 0-56
2-00^08.86-48= 100 a
3b>oWg,G.= 1-862.
87-68
8-89
2-04 109
Mg 0-30=99-90 Bau.
u
80-ao
10-90
6-40 0.44
tr. 0-30, Mg. 0-43', Org.
1-30=99-08 Hoffinann.
Wg,Earth
87-86
8-43
0-18 0-73 0-75*
,Org. 2-28=100-18 H.
i **
90-86
9-01
0-29 0-23 016«
,Mg C0-09= 100-64K.
ia8,rt«M^tt^
72-0
21-0
2-6 2-6
=980 Klaproth.
(>. neeiique, lighter
940
6-0
0-6
=99-5 Bucholz.
" heavier
91-0
6-0
0-26 fig «r.
^,0a 02 00=99-26 B.
xxk, Ab/mocalciie
86-60
400
2-28 — 0a6-26
=99-08 Kersten.
ABunoDlfteaL b WHh
0 ammonU Olfl.
of Salyetat (anaL 48) coireBponds to the formula Si' ft (= Si 90-9, ft 91) when dried at
tt*ft (=Si 96-8, ft 4-7) when dried at 100** 0. The precious opal of Hungary, analysed
I (anaL 2), lost 7-6 p. c. on drying at a low heat, and the rest of the water, or 8*44 p. c,
« — ^Tields water. B.B. infusible, but becomes opaque. Some yellow varieties, con-
I of iron, turn red.
curs tlllmg cavities and fissures or seams in igneous rocks, porphyry, and some metal-
Uso imbedded, like flint, in Umestone, and sometimes, like other quartz concretiona,
us beds ; also formed from the siliceous waters of some hot springs ; also resulting
re accumulation, or accumulation and partial solution aad solidiflcation, of the siliceous
jsoria — wldch consist essentially of opal-silica. The last mentioned is the probable
0 opal of limestones and argillaceous beds (as it is of flmt in the same rocks), and of
in igneous rocks. It exists in most chalcedony and flint Being like quartz in origin,
that the two should be often mixed together. Common opal and hyalite are products
ipoaition of a Roman cement at the hot springs of Plombidres in France.
pal occurs in porphyry at Gzerwenitza, near Kashau in Hungary, at Frankfort, and at
ios in Honduras. Fire opal occurs at Zimapan in Mexico ; Faroe ; near San Antonio,
OofMrum opal is abundant at Telkebanya in Hungary; near Pemstein, Ludkau,
; in Moravia ; in Bohemia ; at Kosemiitz in Silesia ; Hubertsburg in Saxony ; Stanzel-
negstein in Siebengebirge ; Steinheim near Hanau ; in Faroe, Iceland ; the Giant*8
ind the Hebrides ; also within \ m. and to the S. W. of the watering-place at Yourks
if Smyrna, along with yellow jasper and homstono, imbedded in a low ridge of yel-
MCt limestone ; of a wax-yeUow and grayish-green color, occasionally white, at the
aeway. Hyalite occurs m amygdaloid at Schemnitz, Hungary; in clinkstone at
hernia. Wood opal forms large trees in the pumice conglomerates of Saiba, near Neu-
iilti^ Hungary ; Faroe ; near Hobart Town, Tasmania ; and in many other regions of
:a.
9erg earth contains many species of infbsoria, and is 10 to 18 ft thick.
iyalUe occurs sparingly in N. York, at the Phillips ore bed, Putnam Co., in thin coat-
ite ; rarely in N. C, Cabarrus Co., with the auriferous quartz ; in Qeorgia, in Burke
Coff^ lining cavities in a siliceous shell-rock ; in Washington Co., good fire opal ; at
ipring, FlOTida, small quantities of siliceous sinter.
MIS opal, when large, and exhibiting its peculiar play of colors in perfection, is a gem
%, It is cut with a convex surface.
•CfHinL — A second modification of amorphous silica is mentioned above (p. 194) as
J O. Jenzsch. The facts may receive other explanation. For the present the opals
repreaent it may be included under the above name. The characteristic is a spedflc
6; iDce quartz-silica, while soluble in a hot solution of caustic potash. The kinds here
tn a white cacholong from Hiittenberg in Carinthia, G.= 2-691; from Hutberg, near
imygdaloid, G.=2-683— 2-647 ; from the porphyry of Begensberg, G.=2'620; from
1-696. Tbij are generally associated with chalcedony, and Jenzsch regards them as
A sHcWtiOD.
SOS
OXYQEN COMPOUmJfi.
n. TERNAEY OXYGEN COMPOUNDS.
1. SILICATES.
A ANHYDROUS SILICATES.
The fullomng are the general subdivisions of the Anliydmua 1
L BisiLioATKB. Oxygen ratio for the bases and Silica 1 : 2.
n. Untsilicates. Oxygen ratio for the basses and Silica 1 : L
III. SuBsiucATEs. Oxygen ratio for the bases and Silica 1 : I0
1 ; mostly 1 : f ; but also 1 ; J^, and 1 : f .
These subdivisions are essentially the same that were brought i
in the last edition of this work* The section of Tersih'rn" ^ *
disappeared, the species hitherto arranged umler that he:
havL^ no existence ; and the few Sesquisilicates, and the idic^^ AUi
spars, are added to the Unisilicates.
OmtMMien and F&rmykts 0/ Silicak$,—The bases in the BQioBteB oomptiiie nulovt
of Series L {sve p. 2) in their cUObrent states ofoxydadotif proloxjd, sefquioz^t], ordievi
poBBibly tritoijrd; namely, K, Na, LL. Th, Ca, II, Ba, Sr, Otk, Mg, Oe, U, Di, Fu, JXn^
rarel J also Zd, Ni, Co, Ti ; aud in a few ciia«8 boron, of SoHei 11.^ In Uio trito^
ment silicon in so atroogly negative, that m ita o^gea oombinatiana all other
Bi« relativelf baaia
The baaic etemeota ennnieiated, when in th« tatne atate of ozydation, are mut
and, aa the analjaee beyond tUuatrata, 8 or 10 ofton oocur in the same compound.
In ilmple, or indotcrmiimte, ratios. Bat while in general thus replaciug one as)oth«r^
certain groujifl, aa, for example, the Feldspar and Sea polite, in which 3^ Is not re pi
nor Cts S'a, k by ^g, or Fe, the pn^aence of the latter ingredients being an
proof of mixture or alteration.
The basko elemenis are alao mutaaUy replaceable when in d^mtfU atatisa of
Iha law ihiil parts equal in power of oombinaiioo with oxygen are oqriiTitol or'
that is, tht nptaemg power tquala ike emtbmmg powtr, Thna 3 £ 0 (^B* 0^ &* 0^,
Bf 0% if R' 0', EC ore replaceable; and to also an B" 0" (-S E OX ukd EO*; fbr tisi
in ojRibiitotl witli an equal amount of osmn, 3 atoma In the fbm«r gro^pi wti t, '
The basic meuUn of these difTeranl ojqroi oj themadTos tvproaent »o raanj dlT
retpondliig to tlio states of oxydalloD, and are therelbrB eqm?«leiita Iti '^^muHimi!
fonralaa, if diiidod hj a, beoome redaoed to the protftz^rd fem K O, eI 0^ Ei Q,
the expressions for tho diller^ot states of the bftifc metalSi to B, rI, Ei, EV E^*
of iheae atntee have boati denominated b a note to pBg» % and In the UiCrod.
oMo, Mo, and j^fnfna atatoe ; the expreaatntia are Qorreeponillngijr written ^
aEO aqnait E 0. or a pfotoxyd, :- " i (R* Cnv or a ftbM of a tpi
KEO*), or half of a dvtitoz^rd ; anil or omKhJrd of a iHtinTd.
iX Afe niutnatly rrptaoeeble, or ^'-^ ...^..mtlona.
The BmUitgaim oooie under n i^ral fonnulai whlob imij eilhar hsfe lilt Ibnn
^E The « ia h«re dropped^ r meoenaarx.
(ft-a,ttl.R)8l*
E (BO,/mO, yEO.<EO)l
SILIOAm.
203
GkdnUcaies have thd oorrespondizig fonnuk
B. (RO, ^RO, yEO, iBOj'fe
and tritoxydB occur as basefl oofy in a few mineraliif these generd fbrmuka for
species are:
Biailicates A. (fi", fi) e^i»
Utiiaflioat^ (E', 1ft) Si'
B. (RO, /mo)Si
(RO, ^RO)Si
ft latter formulas (B) b© multiplied by 3, afler gubFtituting tho value of 0 R, they be<>omt
net equtraleut of the former; but they are not necessarily the better for this multiplication,
» c^Ktuistry is not yet able to decide positively whether, in the different casesj the multi-
koold not rather be 6, 9, or some other number.
16 nem^ffiem of chemistry the formulas of the BlsOicates and ITQiBliicatos, ia their most
I fbfmi, an? written in the following manner, PsaeDtJaUy^ by writers on the subject, except
i teller R is here used with the Greek letters to express the metal in the diflereut states
letkm:*
jfciliufnn
81 e
R* B,0it,yB
[«.
UDiailicatefl
R', ft, 0R,
e*
li Ibmolas maj be more conveuieutly written Id a single liue^ as follows ; and to facilitate a
, Slie f«»iiuilM of the older system are here added i
Old system.
(fl», fi) Si»
(ft», fi)' Si'
Old system modifled.
(RO, m 0) Si
(RO, /^ROj'Si
Kew systenu
Si 0|e4(R, R, W)
SilOJlRa.H, /7R),
I of fractions prefixed to the Ra or Rs, the ratios of the ooustituents may be expressed,
formulas,
f raiy in formula according to the varying ratios, as presented beyond (p, 362)»
I having the basic metals In the sesquioxyd state alone occur among the Subsili-
^ the iSUoatee that are obviously Bisilicates and nnisilicates, there are others which,
^ or uuisiliciite in type, contain a surplus of fitlica in serial ratioa,
" group is remarkable for its unity io cryatallogniphic and all physical characters,
J proroundest isotypism ; and yet the oxygen ratio for tho bases and silica varies from
^\:t, Tho tact that all the essoDtial characters of a Feldspar appear in thoir perfection
IJJfJ^ unisilicate ratio shows that the amount of silica of a Unisilicate is all that is requbed
T«n Feldspar, and hence that the type Is strictly ttnisUkaie; and ftirther^ that the excess of
^otilesiit tn the species in some state oousistont with conformity to the unisilicate type.
V*Q(Dft of sQica in the species of the Feldspar group increasea with the incTeasin*; pr&poTiion
^tiie mineral, from anorthite, a UnisUkaJte witftout, usually, a/iy aito^i, toalbiteando^tho-
l ^tmiicaies^ with the protoxyd bases soteJy alkaline.
^tvj in the same way, being unisilicate strictly in the species containing the least
Ibayinjp a higher proportion as the alkali iDcreuses, and the highest in tlie lithia micas,
"Which the ratio is 1 : i The MeUmite section of tho Sciipolito group is iu irt^ntt^ strictly
^vVitbotit alkali, while mazonUe has much alkaU and more ailica in proportion than
\ Wid fmnaUite (which like mizzonite is hardly distinguish sible from meionito in cryatallo-
5^physif^| i?h3nctera) is bisilicate, with tho aficali constituting much the larger part of the
ipolito sectioD of the Scapolite group illustrates the same point The
f^ach of the preceding groups are stated in tho gionoral remarks preceding
^ is closely related to tho Pjrroxeoe group in crystallizaiion and
^ . HTVij-^n ratio for the bases and silica, although alumina and Uthia
|L^ has the same crystallization {as shown by Bescloizeaux) and
I V and therefore is also pyroxene-like in its Aindamental diar-
i ai»d jift it contains twice the proportion of silica, Hiq oxygen ratio for J^, 8» Si in
fc
I (or 2 of a monad elemeot, as potassium, sodium, lithium, thallium, aosium, mbi-
^}r^u, and R for other baste olements, as already explained. See also Am. J. Sci^ U.
i 261, and lutrod., p. xv.
204
OXTQEH OOMPOUNDS.
spodumene being 1:4: 10, and in petalite 1 ; 4 : 20, a contnet of great interost fa thit i
as remflrked hj Deiidoizeaiix, The amount of Bilica in spodumene sbowa wLat is aMODtllfl
type, and therefore proves that both are esaentially BkiUcatea. It difl'era [rtym pelaUlK i
the protoryd bases include a little litne and protoxyd of iron (aboacoi»e-lioe^ of aUtli^Ml
from the avemge of the best analyses, those of Eannnelsberg, Hageu, iod Smith ^
in petdlite they are purely alkaline.*
The Fl'ld<tparB, 3[ica», and the Meionite and Scapolite groupa are eyamplM of a
BSica m fipecies under the unisilicate type, and the Spodumene group under wo biflU'
the alkali present appears to bo the detorminatiye cause. The surplus silica above
requires may have one of the two followiug oouditiooB : Either it may be (I ) pari
imder the unisOicato typo, and one-third of it under tJie bistlicato typ«j) ; or it may tf
scry silica. The formula of albite, under the uoisilicate type, to which it is aliown
long, would be as follows, aooordiug to theso two methods :
lat method (i iffa'+lXl+t §i*)*^i», or SilO^lii Nat^-f/JiVU ijf^),
2d method (i Na» + } *!)• Si* + 3 Si, or 6i|e.|( i Na, -^ \ $:M\ -f Si 0),
For other examples see the formulas of the 17msilicate« beyond (pu
l<Vom the facta here explained it follows that the Mica and Feldspar groupa abould Wl
entire to the eeotion of Uuisilicatos ; and pef^iiite to the eectioo of Biailioatea. The
silicates are thus mostly disposed of without the provision of other s^ctlooa* loUta 1
ratio fbr bases and silica of mosoonte (or 1 : 1|)^ aud its excess of ailica abovo that oft
icates may bo of the same nature as in that spedea. The case of nepheUte may be i
The hydrous species of silicates are here separated from the anhydroiig^ oa in otli
the dasaiflcation, because the course aeems most oonvement in the present imp
chemical acience. Inhere is no criterion yet famished for deciding upon the aki
present, whether part» or all, or none^ is basic; aud until chemists have some i
safe conclusioos on thiii poiutr the true relations of the hydrous and anhydrous i _
any great extent Ih3 positively made out Moreover there is often doubt as to wlie
present is simply hjgrometrlc and accidental ; or whether it ezistfl m a rusult of i
vsiiood alteration of the niiueral ; or whether it belonged to the m^^^ca/^ jhm iul
tbeaa doubts still fiirtJior compHcate the suh]e<?t
In aome siltcntes^ as eiielase for ex;ui: ' • water appears to be ao plalolj 1
•pedes hare been urraiigvd beyond wltii irons; aud tlils is the begUml
dlaregafd of the distinction which will prui .i -v .v;ore Jong be warranted.
In the deecriptionj^ of the silioates beyond, the chemiGfti formulas gireii are
ijBtem, 01 these are equally tntelligiblo to alt chemists. But hi the tables preoedii
dlviaioni of the epedes, the new fortnulus are introduced aa well as tl»e old,
Kot^ ofl ifif Hihtttry of iht Silicak$. In the work of th*» gwedlnh niitii^ralogial Wi
sii'u h are unrecoguized, and the only species of t' ^o dUled vhidiaffil
ar>. 1 1 lit ftoEsed under the names of ^^f^rroZi, her i:in4^, cAryMl«A
of v.*^ ^ Muisaudnanif^ *n}r, srrpniUn^^ amianihtM^, iMtw^mu,^ /eidmr. and \
pocket fur vnnoui« undt i h avy etones, named Qmkmm the mnMrg oC ih^]
mineralogist, and /iW«; r' i his iVecch translatorf and wTdeh enil>ra<wtl , ""
the GermflUH) as a prominent part of it Quartz (Kteselsteu, ^ ^^%
opal, made up a larj^ part of the tion*metall\c division of the tg 3||]
200. FeIdH|>ar la phiced in the gcnust dpatum, as Spjiuni pijn iliadoigi
aide of Huor, Iceland spar, snd heavy epar ; and sapphire »r io«j i
} group of Gems. All of these i«(^K^ciev4 excepting feldspar lum tipt«cuu namiia in J
1 feldspar h distinctly referred to iu Agricx>la aa "^ Stlex ex eo ictu Afli Ikcile ^fol
ih .iliis.iii* ttjurif^ iniernectifl coniitana" (p. 314, 1540),
^' of 17^8 Includes with the prc<x*ding the ipeciee Zcokk, a recent <
hU ftdtls nn otliers. He shows houovcr hia acumen In mailing faiej
Kt^ iH minerals) to include not only ' i of qtian
the m era ted (and his adding to it t t ta ooi p>
I iei and make the two species of ht^ uramtt^Arkr; Ji^co lu
iefX with Ler-Arter (clay mineniaX are the utlurr i '
1 ..,,., ,...,.. .........alines (Vom Ceyioo were among tlie gema of the daj* bar
duoed Into Kurope in 1701 or befbre^ but they are not distlnoU/ mentiqiifti by i
lariui.
* 0ae fttrther on thia tub»}eat a paper by the author in Am. J. 8eL, IL ^tf* U% IMt.
6ILI0ATEB.
205
horl incresaed In ita varietiea for the next twemty-flv© years, and a/ter that becnnie ^
, ftod mach of the hiBtory of roineraloizy in inTolyed in it« various phases.
tioos make, therefore, an introduction to the fijrnoaymy of many nilneralft^
or B&rnbafg^ of Wallerius incladed a variety of hard, cheap or worthle«s stones,
; tnoatly of dark oolors from bbck to dull green. Thenamo alludes to a resembluiaoj
of Bome of the kinds. To Corneits MtMdus belonged the masBiTei oomp
4»f bUek and lighter shades; also pctrosilejc (or Edlkjitnia of the Swe^lf'^t vci
Unl) of diflferent shades; and massive hornblende ("granulis oompaetis"), > j
mde wttSf by a miirtake of its German u»e, ^ven by Wallerius to a black ; 45
Comma Jisfilis embraced lamellar formn of horn bio tide and pyroxene, and Bom^ aU
€bniau$ crusiaUisatus was his Ski^rl, which comprised opaque tourmalines, anSI
Itie minerals of black, brown, green, and reddish cotorSi as hornblende, actinolitet 1
bsetii^ and at the head of the list basalt, and baaanlte or Lydlan atone,
frt >:>/,w fTiade up his tfenus Ba3alk», and was nearly synonymous with the CmTw^a
^ na^ I ts varieties were better defined; aod to massive, lamellar, and eolum-
Q lite and p^Toxeue und crystallized opaque tourmaline were added ; and in aa
kilktt ^piiiii&i, crucifonn BUurotide. The name Hot^lcnds is applied only to the maa
lof rock which Cnmstedt made a hok^ and called BoluJi indHratis partictdia squamoiii}
L ' her similar atones.
on Fossils, published in London, and according; to the title poge in 1771
I ;» „ ,,« r, ^f ;..,,^.i uufji 1772), gays of the ^^Shirls," that '*aa to sise we 1
:< Giant's Causeway," and the columns of the latter he 1
'! us.'* The group oontainB ahio made or chiaatolite '
* uei, eUx
1; ; lus of 1772 and lt79 there is a little advance beyond the first as re«
|puubt:r Liuii cLi^ificatiOD of the species. Cronstedt is followed tn the position of feld* .
I the name ^^Basaltes" for the schorls; and Gomcnis is restricted to massive, fibrous J
hcalamnar stones, among which stands "hornblende" as Oomeus ^Htihot/uiff and]
lOoDKiw ^vpaitts.
kriod de Lisle brought crystallography to bear on the subjeeL But while making I
I distinctions, he did not appreciate their fuU valuo, or the precision required foF.
fcAi a consequence, the group of Schorls <or Schorls, as he writes the word) Id
of 1783, reached its greatest extension, although in a partly divided state, Ue
\ baaattic columns no crystals, and dropped off this excrescence. He showed in
n tourmaline, his T/'anspareni rhomhoidal schorl, was identical in form with the
)tk schorl. But still he made the latter a distinct Fjifcies, his Opa^iue r/iomlmdai »chf>rl^ '
id in it, along with black or opaque tourmaline, cr)*8tal8 of hornblende, augite, ectaho-
Oiuiift, njtile (needles in quartz}, and, as a white variaty^ thin twins of albite, whoso
feUbpar he did not perceive j and even heiagouul nepholito from Vesuvius has a
mark under this head. Axinlte, then a novelty from Dauphiny, was made a short 1
firitly of Trampartni rh&mboidai schorly or tourmaline, its rkamfMjidai planes proving to f
"^ ^' The maff-iive mineml called Hornbhnde^ or liocht dfi Come, reft^rred by 1
to Schorl as a massive or seinitTyatHllized kind, but makes it a j
argiieux^ although apparently appreciating t^iat it was little entitled to the^ j
> Schorl crudfirmis was his last species in the group, and to it were referred bothJ
■od tlaoroUte^the latter his Pierre de aroix, with the prismatic angle of lliO by hiij
. the former, Macis basaltique, v/ith on angle of 95\ The garnets and schorltl
Kinteoinmon division, as doue by Cronstedt, and garnet was mafle the first spedetil
•ilbs the second, and *' cruciform schorl" the flfth. G-arnet included the ''whit«J
HwAMOttUed, of Vesuvius (Ieudte\ first observed by Ferber in 1772, Besides these]
► l4«l«'s work has its several groups of Gmus^ Feldspar. Argillaceous Minerals (em* 1
^ isbestos, talo. serpentine), Zeolite, and Quartz. 'Labradorlte, froto Labrador (tirst j
Rurops shout 1770), stands im a variety of feldspar, to wbic h it had been referred by
tftsm, of which many figures are glvea by hira (first described and figured by
lint), meionite (hyacintes blanches), from 8omnia, aud harmotome from Andreas-
Uamhe crvci'/armc, made calcareous apar by v. Born in 1775, who first meutions
a hyadnth-iike fUiiXQU^ species by Bergmann in 17«(}), are placed with zircon
as chemistry and crystallography made progress, the disintegration of the great]
^wi^t rajndliy forwur*!, until the only thing lell to it was common tourmalme; audi
so important, has become a mere mioeralogical relic. In Werner's system I
f pobhsbed by Hoffmann (Bergra. J., i. 369, 1789), Schorl includes only the species
■s it now stands. The Kieseinrfen, or SiUceons species (commencing with the dianiood
the diffiarent gems; among which stands chrysoboryl (the modem), and, as distinct
MgHMliip. The
^^^KfUmexes
pm^BWH argiieu
206
OXrOEST CCMPOITKBS.
•pedes, ozlnlie^ prebnite, bornbleDde of Turious kinds, with feldepur, mhtk <
©te. ; while under TaOearien^ or Kagnesitim species, there are kyanite, nctinolite, witii i
ttLtc, scrpentinei, nephrite, etc
giUca WBS first proved to tn? a chemical constituent of many mineral spectcB by ]
Jn his Opusoula (1780) &nd his SriuRmphia Reg:ni Mineralis(1782)he diMin]?iili>^ett, i
hj hinweir (made by fusion with poLi^h, a method of his own), the following minermlt j
oompounds of alnmiiia, with or without Iiroo or mapTiePia, nnmely, topaz, emoraUd, j
(black tonrmfllineX hornblende, mica, zeolite lYom IcelanrJ, feldspar, and the days;
tially magnesian ffilieateaj conlaining lime and a little iron, and little or no alumii
Asbestus (mountain cork and mountain leather), amianthua, ateatite. Theaoarepe 1
^08 that commencod the dia banding of the schorls, and before Wemor'a ayeteni <sf 1
Ebliahed, many other analyses, more or less imperfect, had already been made by *
nprotb, Achard, Heyer, Mayer, Hopfner, Pelletier, and otlier chemiata of the day.
The word Sehorf of the German a has been suppoaed to be derived from the naioe oC i
orf the mineral, SchoHau ^meaning Schorl-Tillage) in Germany. But PraC Naamaiui i_
recent letter to the author) that it is more likely that the name is a miner'B feeim of I
origin, and that the village got its name from the occurrence there of the BGhfirL
mineralogi^ta have pronounced it of Swedish origin, and as first ua^ by Croosteiltl
occurs In BriJckmann's Magnalia Dei, publiahed at Braunschweig in 1727, on peg« 171^ '
is spelt sehirL It exista also still earlier, as the author hni! found, in Ercker^a Aula Bub
first pubUehed in 1595, gharl and wolfram being apoken of as among the n^jected i
Htlriferoua washinga ; and again in the yet older work of Geener, De Rerum Foea. i
87, where aohurl (misspelt? schrul) is giveo as the Germau for '* Lapilli nigri slerflee "j
which, '^quando cum lapilHs plumbi candid! [or tin! coquuntur plumbum
again, in Mattheaiua'a Saropta, 156'J, in the i*th '' Predlgt,^' where **Schurl" la
deacrfhcd, and alao, In the next paragraph, ^* WoUfnimb/* The name Scliorl (or I
that, 1 1 finite indefinitely for the strrtU {or metaUurgically worthless) black J
(**np. accompanying tin or© and gold, cfipecially tiie former; and, aa they 1
the reiuH^ ui tike ore-waahiogs, Adelung auggeata that Schorl may ha?e oome from 1
man word Schor^ meaning impwritttt^ or r^We.
Gen«rtU Pifrognostic Charactera of the 8*Hcn4e$, In the eyetematic pyrognoetle i
iilicatea, the following pointa should be particularly noticsed ;
L If in the closed tiibe tlie subfftance proTe hyc&oua, the water given out ahould he '
to whether it is add or alkaline. If acid, this may bo evidence that the minenl ffwitiliw j
and if alkaline, that possibly the aubstanoe ia an altered miueraL In the f
should be (a) teated with Brazil-wood paper; {b} the tube should be careliilly obe«rt«^ 1
talu whether it hae been dimmod or etched by the action of the fiuorine; and, further («]^ (
fbr duorine, by Aisiog in the open tube with aalt of pho^phorua. should be employed.
% In the examination &B, on tharvoal it should be noted that ailicatea contabilng i
beoomo magnetic; and silioatee of the oxyda of iron, eopper, et«^ yield metilHo boClotiA i
witheoda.
8. In examining the mineral in (he platfrn^m-fe^nitd ^artfpm^ It ahould alwaya be i
to aaoertain {a) whether it imparts a color to tl :V r ^ ' ' ruan
iome ailicatea, infuaible in O.F., become fusible a b
fbr III I '. with cob;i I itaible eilioatee, net oontaJnii^ mtM
AOo(': ^ii»a; {d)tL - ia in a silicate may, br the falRm
fta^perta to th« Hame, niask a much brgvr ]>eruecitage of pouah or other aJkaJl, m
Bhe vaHetie«i of potaah-feld^par (orthoeiaee)^ (••►when ailicatea, like hornblmd
k garrit I ■.-. haj^s, tin ~ v of the apedea has a
gam !ho easy fii ilmandine to the InAiafil^ll^
vite^ ij } u iv>» ?<im4jif r t. ii. A niAtiiiii^ after Igniiivji vn junion.
A, la IfmUmmU ftrith the/hatea^ it is to be noted (a) that moel aiUeHtee ere
* tflbfreeoeQce. (6) If sulphur or sulphuric add la present, the mineral gtrea In
which reaeta for aulphnr when moietened and placed on a aurCiee of eUver. (e> ~
I stllcaitea ; and if they contain metalbc oxyds, the nature of these osyda may he
^ treatment b OF. and R.R (d) Salt of phosphorus deoompoaee alnaeet all emwiM.
I Weea, at&d leaving a gelatinous skeleton of insoluble eilica; and If oelaUio Oi^di tit
umf also imparl a characteristic color to the bead in OS. and EJ*.
BIBILI0ATE8. 207
I. BISnJCATES.
ABRANGEMENT OF THE SPECIEa
JfFHIBOLE GROUP. Giystallizatioii anisometric, either orthorhombic or dinohedral, and
aoi^ of priam not 120\
) PnoxDni SuBcntoup. /a 7=86°— 88^ Oomposition ft Si, or (ft", S) gi"; and when both
ndfitre present, ratio ori5t":S=:8: 1 to 1:2.
. Ckyvtallization orthorhombic. Optic-axial plane normal to a diagonal section ; one bisectris
■■I to the base. Contain little or no lime.
2S4. EBBTATin iHg&i Bieie.lMg
23&. HTFKBSTHKirB (ftg, te) Si Si eiOalMg, Fe
i36L HuaLASBM (% ^e, Oa) Si 6i e|es|Mg, Fe, ea
L C^ystallintion monodinia Optic-axial plane normal to a diagonal section; bisectrix not
■al to the base.
I VMiiity or whoUjr protozyds ; much Ume ; little or no alkali.
237. WOLLASroNiTB CaSi SiOIOaiea
838. Pnozxn A. lEt Si 6i e|ea||fi
B. ft (Si, ^}) (Si, 0dkl,)eieJlB
0 Bitei largely Resquiozyds ; little or no lime ; mach alkali.
139. JEmam (i ft»+iPe) Si» Si OfOaKi (Na,, R) + i^Fe)
MO. Acmni (i ft'+ 1 3Pe) Si" Si OlOaKi (Na„ ft) + f^Fe)
L OrTstalliBation tridinia Optio-axial plane not normal to one of the diagonal sections, or to
itasL
UK BBODonn ttn Si Si e|e,iMu
141 BABWcrroiniB (} ft"+} Fe) Si" Si e|e,i(| ft + iB¥e)
V^Bpodukekm Subgroup. /a/=86°— 88\ Composition (ft", S)Si"j and ft":fi=l:4; ft
tt§t Li, with soma Oa, 1*0 in Spodnmene.
MS. SrasnoEini (ift*+»£l)Si* Sie|e4(i(B„ft)+}^Al)
%u. PWAUM (i.(ilt«+jii)Si«+3Si sie|e,|(iRa4-t/ffAi)+sie,
ft. (I (i ft"+ J ati) + i Sii) Si" Si e||e,|(i a Rt+ j/ff^i) + 1 ySi)
W AxPBDOU SUBOBOUP. /A 7=123'— 125** (corresponding to t-2 of Pyroxene Subgroup).
& Oystallkation orthorhombic Optical characters as under a above.
M. KupmsiTB Ag Si Si e|e,|Mg
ua. AjmcflPHixxin (} Ag+itQ) Si 6ie|e.i(}^+i9e)
208
OXYGKN C?01tPOUND8.
b. CrjstallLzatioa monodlaia Optical characters as under h tkho^^
o Baae« tnalnly or wholly protoxyds ; Uttltt or b« tiSaSL
ft Si m ejO.JR
(&,tt)gi sie|e,|(H.,R)
ft (Si,Xii) (Si, /?Ai,) e|e,|R
248, AttFV£T)S0!fIT8
%i% OBOcmoLrm
Appmd*x to Amphibok Group*
250. WiClfTlSITB
S51. GSJlUOOFBAJn
252. SOBDAWALm
263. Tachtlttb
0 BOMS IvfT^lj Boaqnloxydi ; much ftilull.
Of ft' + 1 3P©) &• Si 0|O»|(1 cNt„ R) + 1
?(ift' + iS)§i»
(]lft--f|fi)i^f
sie|e,KfH4^I^H)
Sieiei|(i(Mg,F«i>+4iij
TL BEBTIi GEOUP, Crystallizatton hexagonal ; not tnicaiceoiifl.
2B4. Bebtl {J fie* -h ^ XI) Si» Si 0|0,K^ fle -f i «AJ9
255, ECDIALTTB
(|ft> + 4iir})3i'
IIL POLLUCTTE GROUP. CryBtallijEation isometria
afift. POLLDCira (6s* SJ) Si*
aie|e,|(|(Ka».H)fi
Si0|e.KOif,MJ)
The fact of the oriharkombic form of some species of the Amphlbolo grofup (thoM 90 i
Ssod above) was first ascertained bj Descloizeatix through optical ezaoiimitioiL Uudtr 1
the foTQiubs a and 5 are those of the twx> mt^thods cxpUined oo page 204.
234. BNSTATITB. Diallage roetaUoIrle pi H, Tr.| 1801. Broniit fanC I
ir. 161, 180t; Kara., Tab., 40, 01, 1808: Ktapr., Bellr, v. 34, 1810. BliMrigttrJ
Wetn,, 1808, Hausm. Entw., 1809. BroQ3s!(e. Ghkdmtc Bhe^, Am. J. SdL, IlI
Eustatil Kenng,, Ber* Ak, Wien, ztI 162, 185$. Protobastit A, ^Angi^^ ZS. 0., liL1
Ortlu^rboinbia /A /==87'' and 93"*, KenDgott ; 88^ and »3*, ^
Ob6ervGdj)lHiie9 : /, i4,i-i, /a*4=133'=' 30\/a w=18e** »/.
/, ea^y ; i-i, i-f, less m> Sometimes a fibrous appearaiioo on
Burface. Ako massive mu) lamellar,
H . ^5*5, O, =3* I ^ 3-3 ; 319, Vosge^^ Damoiir. Liuttrtt a littte^
on olfii' <m^; often ^ niiUi
Color - vij^h-wbittN g^ ire-gr
lirown " Streak uncoiored, ^rarish. Doubio refraction poaitive;
piano bracliydiagonal ; axes very diverp'fi*
Oomp^ Var.— if;? Si, or (Mpr, Pe) Si; the ^e atf^ii , r one-fbiiflb of &• i
Itg i!^i -Slik^ (to, m.i|jrnfitlA 40—100,
V«r. L n'li/t /trfir or wt imn ; BnMiatUc. Color whttis jttQowiah, gimTlih, or l
luAre pcATlx vunH>ua; (K=3 10-.313. (Mid^««i^ irh£^ mUut ip 90 pL 0. oTiIm I
aolianie, bulougs her^ and ia the piirail Idttl
BIBILI0ATE8.
ua ; BronMUe, Color grayish-green to olive-green and brown ; 4astre of deavage-
antine-pearlj to snbmetallic or bronze-like. Ratio of Mg to other protozyds in
1 ; ui4, 8 : 1; m6, 6i: 1; in6,4i: 1; in7, 6f :I;in9,4}:l; in 11 (the so-called
4i : 1.
I., 1, ▼, Haner (Ber. Ak. Wien, xvi. 165) ; 2, J. L. Smith (Am. J. Sd., IL xxxviii 226) j
(DescL IGn^ L 637); 4, Damour (Dead Min., L 46); 5, 6, y. Kohler (Pogg., adit
^g^nault (Ann. d. M., IIL xiv., 147) , 9, v. Koboll (J. pr. CJh., xxxvi., 308); 10, Gtar-
ScL, n. XV. 333); 11, 12, A. Strong (Za Q., xiii 73, B. H. Ztg., xxiiL 64):
Si
ijstbal, EnsL 66*91
adnUe (i) 59-97
Si te Mn
2-60 2-76
— ^PeO'40 —
perville
egea
tmpel
tenthal
it
fria
<eenland
:za8,Pa.
irzbnrg
67-08
(1)56-70
67-19
66-81
65-84
56-41
68-00
65-46
63-45
0-28
0-60
0-70
207
109
1-83
118
3-71
5-77
7-72
7-46
8 46
10-78
6-56
10-14
9-60
8-54
0-35
0-62
8-30
1*00
0-98
016
Mg
35-44
39 37
35-59
33-68
32-67
29-68
30-37
31-50
29-66
31-83
30-86
Oa fl
1 -92 = 99-58 Hauer.
^,ifa,S,tii 0-74=100-488.
1-80
2-19
2-19
64-15 3-04 1217 28*87 2-87
0-90=99-62 PisanL
1-04=99-67 Damour. '
0-63=100-30 Kohler.
0-22=100*05 KShler.
1-80=99*88 Begnault
2*38=100-15 Regnault
=100-18 KobelL
=98-99 Garrett
0-87, Sr 0*89, ^e <5r 0*07 =
100*74 Strong.
0^9=101*84 Strong.
5, fr. Stempel near Marbonrg, 8*241 ; 6, f^. Seefeldalpe in the Ultenthal, Tyrol, 8,258;
. ; 8, fr. serpentine of Gulsen near Kraubat in Stjria, 3*125; 11, from a rock at Baste,
1 melaphTre, 3*29.
0* — ^B.B. almost infoaible, being only slightly rounded on the thin edges ; F.=6. Insolu-
aticadd.
ocars near Aloysthal in Moravia, in serpentine (the variety had been considered scapo-
e W. base of Mt Bresouars in the Yosges, olive-green, in serpentine; in Pennsylvania,
Do and Texas ; at Kupferberg in Bavaria ; at Baste in the Uarz (Froidbcutiie) ; and at
)calitiefl mentioned. The bronzite also of Lettowitz and Groldenstein in Moravia, of
sar Sontra in Hesse, of Cape Lizard in Oomwall, may belong here according to Des-
bat their chemical and optical characters are not yet ascertained The brown pyrox-
Deral which is a prominent constituent of the rock called Lherzolitej from the aepart-
riege, France, is referred here by Desdoizeaux.
isite of LBiperville afforded Desclolzeaux prisms of 87° and 93*'; and that of Texas,
W. of the vfllage, occurs in large foliated and fibrous masses ; neither is submetallio
Desdoizeaux &st defined the Ikaits of this species, as here laid down.
rom Uvorarni^ an opponent because so refractory. The name Ironziie lias priority, but
itre is not essential, and is for from universal Shepard's chladnite was so imper-
Doorrectly described that the name cannot claim preo^dence ; he made it a tersilicate
I (I a).
uiiie or Schiller apar, the original from Baste in the Harz, is regarded by Streng as
4>ba0tite or bronzite. G. Boee long since pronounced it a result of the alteration of
ml of the pyroxene group. PhauUne Breith. is stated by Brelthaupt to be altered
Immze-like pyroxene. Enstatite occurs altered to tala See Bastitb, p. 469.
Labradorische Hornblende (fr. L St Paul) Wem,, Bergm. J., 376,
a. DiaUage metalloida pt K, Tr., 1801. Hypersthdne fT., Ann. Hus., ii. 17, 1803.
Hornblende; MetaUoldal Diallage pt PauUt Wem., 1812, Hoffhi. Min., IL 2, 143,
rhombic. /A 7=86'' 30' and 93° 30'. Cleavage : iA perfect, /and
ct bnt intermpted. Usually foliated massive.
»— 6. G.=3-392. Lustre somewhat pearly on a cleavage-surface,
letimee a little metalloidal. Color dark brownish-ffreen, grayish-
??eeniah-bla<i, pinchbeck-brown. Streak grayish, brownifli-gray.
14
210
OXTOEN COMPOUNDS.
Optic-axial plane brachj
Translucent to nearly opaque. Brittle.
axes very divergent ; bisectrix negative,
Comp. — (Mg, ^©) Si fe to ]fi[g=l : 2 or above thiB j In ansL 1^ 1 : 1'8 ; m S^ 1
64-2, protoiyd of iron Sr7, magnesia 24*1 — 100, Analyaea : I, Damour (Amu d. M,,
2, Muir (Tbom. Mia., L 202); 3, 4, Haut (this Min^ 4tb ed., and Rep, G«ol. Cul, U
Btreog (B, H. Ztg^ xxiii, 54);
Si
£1
Pe
Mu
fi?
Ca
tl
1.
LBbrador
&i'3e
0^37
21-27
1*32
2r3i
8-09
=98-7t
2.
Skye
Bl 36
33-92
11*09
1'84
0-&n=99-7<i
3.
ChatMu Richer
61*85
8-70
20*56
22-6»
!'68
OM0(i^)sq
4.
i* 14
51-85
3-90
2O-20
(r.
2191
1-60
0 20 Oga)a
5,
Hanbtiif
&rb8
390
18'23
22*2i
3*66
0-66= lOlS
Breithaapt givea for /A /in the bronzit© of Flcbtolgeblrg© 88* and 9i*.
Pyr., etc, — 6.B. fuses to a black enamel, and ou eharooal jiddfl a magnfltlo]
decomposed bj muriatic acid.
Ob«, — Hyperstheue occurs at Ul© St Paul, Labrador (ana!. 1); at ChatMui^
Adlle, Mille Islea, Canada f unaL 8, 4), gruyish-black and brown, viith tho laaii
Iflle of Skye (anal. 2) ; in Greenland ; at Foraund and elaewhere in Norway ;
fVom Penig in Saxony ; Ronsbcrg^ in Bohemia ; the Tyrol ; ElTdalen in Swedeo i US
leaia ; in Thnringia ; the Fichtolgeblrge ; Voigilond,
It ia offlen associated with li^radorite, conatituting a dark* colored, gmiite-Uke
Byperyie.
Named fh»m *wif vnX 9$lw(^ very atncm^i or km^h.
236. DIAOLASZTE* Oetber SeblUerspath Freusakhm, SohlU. Fom. Baote, 13, 17m
^rUomblande, ffattimi., Nordd. Beicr. B. H., L 1l», 1806, Dlak)«s jSmeO^ Char„ M^
aklaait Hausm^ Haodb., 49e, 1847.
Orthorhombic. /A /:=93'* and 87^ Observed planes ; /,t-T,*
often in hexiigonal plates. Cleavage : i4 perfect ; «-i imperfect
massive.
II.=3*5— 4, G. =3*054, Kcibler. Lustre pearly and tnetaUoi
cleavage-face, Culor bra&e-yellow, green ie-li-gray. Streak gnnmii
nearly nncolored. Transparent in thin lamina, tranalacetit. Pi
what i^reasy. Brittle, Optic-axial plane »-i, axes very divergenl ;
negative.
Oomp^CMg, I'd, Oa) tsi, Kuhler.
Zfg,, ixiii64)j
^i ^ Pe
L BaBte 63-74 1 »3 U-fil
% Hanburg ^31 TAB 814 -
Andyaea; 1, KoUer (Pog^, liiL 101); %A,\
tl
3 7G=10O^9SQldir.
i^s, Bik.(^&8, rniym^
Fyr^ ato- — Same as for broorite*
Oba. — In oyatala or foliated maaaea imbedded in i^rpentiDe rode at I
iaaociated with eupbotido ; alao fVom the gnetaa mmistaiiia of Gtittdamni^ i
IfOiislia, but the plane of tho optical axia la ouMrodiigoiial iaitettd of I
237. WOXXASTOKITZI. Tiifelapath (ft-. Dogoatska) Stm Nme Bur* Hal ■
lU, 1793. Tabular Spar. SoHaabtoin Wm,, \BQ\ Ludwig't lOo WefiL, IL tilt
HuIL KaK, fi 1, 18(H, WeUastonito If., Tr., 1822. VUnite (fr. TQtui) Mm^Mi, tmdL
Monoclinic, ^==69^" 48', /A 7=87° 28', Oa 8-«=137** 4S* ; i
0*4:^38 : 1 : 0-89789, Observed planes, O ; verHcal, t^ i-T * * '
tlih*>domo, 24; kemidomes, |-t, W , 3-f, 6-i, — |^-i*, — 1-i, —
BIBIU0ATB8.
211
0
. 2, 2-i, —3, — 2-ii. Fig. 201 in the pyroxene or nonnal position,
be edge O/i-i the obtuse edge ; f. 202 in the position given the
' authors who make iri the plane 0^ and %\ the plane 1,
-i=160^ 80'
-*=139 53
^•=130 42
=154 25
=114 16
=110 12
aoi
i^-A-l-i=129°42'
i^-A-3-i=:150 19
i^A-5-t=159 30
i-iA3-i=135 32
i4Al-i=95 23
i-iA-2=132 54
i-iA2=93 52
i^'Al=lir48'
i4A^=z77 56
^'A— 2-i=120
i^*Ai-f=145 8
i-iAi.i=115 34
i^ A 7=133 44
ao2
50
Yesuyius.
in distinct tabular crystals. Cleavage : 0 most distinct ; iri less
id — 1-i in traces. Twins : composition-face i4. Usually cleav-
ive, with the surface appearing long fibrous, fibres parallel or re-
rather strongly coherent.
5-5. G.=2-78— 2-9; 2-785-2-895, United States, Thomson;
ddinger. Lustre vitreous, inclining to pearly upon the faces of
leavage. Color white, inclining to gray, yellow, red, or brown,
bite. Subtransparent— translucent. Fracture uneven, sometimes
;h. Optic-axial plane i-i ; divergence 70° 40' for the red rays ;
of the acute angle negative ; inclined to a normal to i-i 57*^ 48',
Qormal to 0 12^, Descl.
OaSi=Klica 61-7, lime 48-8=100. Analyses: 1, Stromeyer (XJnterauch., 1, 366);
OUb. Ann., IxxiL 70) ; 3, t. KobeU(J. pr. Ch., xxx. 469) ; 4, WeidUng((Ef. Ak. Stockh.,
i, Bonsdorff (Schw. J^ xxariiL 368); 6, Rammelsberg (Pogg., IxxviL 265); 7, Wiehage
L Ch., 460) ; 8, IL F. Heddle (PhU. Mag., IV. Ix. 462); 9, W. Hampe (B. H. Ztg., xx.
aonxem (J. Ac. Fhilad^ iL 182) ; 1 1, Seybert (Am. J. Scl, iv. 820) ; 1 2, Morton (Ann.
; 13, Bedc (MIn. N. Y, 271); 14^ 15, J. D. Whitney (J. Soa N. H. Boston^ y. 486)
niisMin^Sded, 696):
lowm
loniflmi
IBm
kinn
Biboto
H^
afins
tn»MI&
Si
te
ig
Oa
ft
61-45
0-40
47 41
008, »n0-26= Strom.
61*60
46-41
^ gangue I'll =99*12 Bose.
61-60
0-55
45-45
2*00=99 50 KobelL
60-72
0-86
0-88
48-80
, fin 0-38, Oa 0 278 WeidL
52-68
FeOlS
0-68
44-45
0*99=99*83 Bontd«rit
68'0l
1-04
44-91
1-59=100*56 Bamm.
61*90
te 0-96*
066
46-44
=99-95 Wiehage.
60-43
0-84
0-89
48-92
1-36, 0 2-37^=:99*31 HedSDe.
■
WlthMn.
^ From mixed oOdtt.
212
oxT&fm ooMPouin>9.
n
, M l'8r = 10J-66
=100*02 Vtnuaem. ~
1-0 =89-8 SeyberL
(>-75=97'36 MortOiL
=9»-70 B^dc
2 96, JLn 0*4^, II 0*88 Vm
=99*M Boooe.
Pyr,, etc, — In the roatrasa no change. B.B. fuH«8 easfly on the edgrea j with so
b1«bby glaflg, with more, swellji up stid infusiblo. With muriatic acid gdJatiaisBi; ma
efferveace slightly from the preisctice of calcito,
Obs. — Wollastonitc is found in regiouB of graniie and granalar limestone; also in
lavas.
Si
te
SLg
Oa
9. Auerbach 52*01
Fe om
4674
10. WiUsborough 51 -GT
'' 1-35
47^00
11, '' 610
u 1-3
^^-.^
460
12. Bucks Co., Pit. 51 50
" 1 00
44*10
13. Dijuui 61-90
^* 0-2&
47*55
14 Cliff mine 4»*09
—
014
4«*8B
16. " 4906
44*87
la. 6renTil]e,Can. 68*05
*e 1*20
4574
Occurs in the copper mines of Omklowa m Hungary ; at Dognataka and Kagyi
gamet, fluorite, and natire silver^ in Hmestone, at Porgaa in Finland, and Kongs^rg n
oocurs at Perhoniemi and Skrabbolc, Fioland; at Qockum in Sweden; at Vtlua In
(rilnito); at Uarzbnrg in the Uarz ; at Auerbach, in granular Umeatone; at Yestmua, r«
crystals \ of a greenish- white color in lava at Capo di Bove, near Rome ; in Ireland «!
Head, on the shores of the Mourue Mta.
In the United States, in N, Yivrk^ at Wfllshorough, forming the aides of a lafgv
traversing gneiss ; at Lwwia, 10 m, south of KeesevUle, with colophonite^ abui
Lewis Oomera, with garoet and quarts; at Roger^a Rock, near the lino betwera
Warren Goa., with gamet and feldspar ; Diana, Lewia Co., about 1 m. from the N)
in abundance, in hur^ white crystals ; at Boonevil1e» Oneida Oo., in bouldera, with
pyroxene. In F&m,^ Bucks Oo.^ 3 m. W. of Att1eboro\ aasociated with acapolilSv
sphene. In iftc^, of a red color at the Cliff Mine, Kewenaw Pointi Lake 8ui
Royale, a very tongh variety, but now exhausted. In Oinacfa, at Grenville^
green oooeolite ; at St Jerome and Moriu, G. E., with apatite, In laige tabokr
atructure.
ScaochI obtain&d from Yesuvian cryBtala (£ 202) U A 3-1= 180" i9', v^ A l-<st&*
=78" 2', M M = lll" 46'.
The form 2-1 Li usually made the vertical prism I, with lA I^^h" 36' (or 35')^ But
in tlie position above given exhibit the near isomorphism with pyroxene.
Named after the Engliah chemist^ WoUaaton ; also called iahidait apoir fkom ita
and atrueturo.
The soda-taimlar spar of Thomson, from near Kilsyth, is peotollte,
S37A. EDSLfOBfliTE. (Katkailikat fr. iEdclfora, Kalktrisiiikat, Hmnger, Ac E.
Idl, U89. Edelforsit v. Kob., Qrundz., 2o2. 1838. .^^elfomit Erdmdo^u) Foj
shown (Danske Aa Forh., Ap, I864)tliat Hij^ingor's mineral is an impure woUatlo
flome qujirta and feldspar, with ofleQ carbonate of lime and gamet. It oociin
feathery flbroua, and part without any distinct crystalline structure. H* of
in other parta giving sparka with the ateel, showing a handneas of 6 — 7. G.:=i'
8 0, V. Kobell Color white, grayish- white, or with a tinge of yellow. Hij
have analysed the mineral and made it a difltinet species ; yet their resuita are
oordant, like their determinations of the ap. gr. They obtained: I, Hismger (I a);
(J. pf, Ch., xcL saj;
'Si
^
Fe
U
ig
Ca
L
5775
3*76
1-00
4-75
30*16, Mn 0*6S=9S'0
%
6136
7oO
3-70
8-03
20*00. iiln lr»=dd'«9
Hlainger deduced the formula C^a* Si», and v. Kobell ft fl» ^i»H-ll' ^\
The edelforslte of GjeUebak La Norway baa alao be€*n shown by For
oaeeotlaUy wollastonite. Biainger obtained, aa the mean of two aiialyaei, Si 43
Mn 4*962, ^e 1*434, C 1 1 '368. It haa the aapect of tiemolite. Forchhammer ]
ittf ** of N, Greenland ( Aaboatagtig Okenit Dr, Bink) to be woDaatoaile.
23S. FTBOZUNB* Oomeus pt Wall,, 138, 1847. BasiltM pL (kmtL, ^
noir dt Luir, CHst., 265, 1772; Schorl noir en prisme 4 buit pana tofmii
diMre, etc (fr. vole Vivarais) /]*i(?Vm, ToJc. V^iv., 89. fig. D, 1778, 8cli«l (
tzoaqol [made a distinct spedee] Dhrmte, Lctt^ L 382, 1779* Schorl opn^M 1
JUtULIOATSB.
218
■1 opaqoa tpd ptwinont derivw d'na oetaddre Thomlxridal (fr. vole. Aaveigne^ Ytnar^
Btii»X de LiMe, OriA, U. 398, 401, 41S, flga. 12, 13, U (twlnX IT, 18, pL T., 1783. Augit
gk;.) W«n»^ JWiwlobea in Bergm. J., 948, 1792. Volcaiiite Dtlamefh^ Soiagr., ii. 401, 17tfi.
■aoe (fr. Btna, Axendal, «t&) A, J. d. IL, ▼. 869, 1799 ; Tr., iiL 1801. Pentakkrit Oaum.,
St.. 687, 1813.
moelinie.
2:
4, 44'; p"^^dd,'i,'f f; I, f, 2, 3,' -i -1, -f -2,'-fr^"3,"'-4]
H. -f3, -4-2; -64, -64, 2-S, fi, -2-i, -4-i, 3-», -3-», 6-6.
309
310
Sll
213
814
Long Pond.
/=100» 67'
-1-*=156 61
1-»=148 35
U=109 31
i«=1061
i=168 13
-1=146 9
-9=180 6
1=187 49
2=114 28
O A 14=150» 20'
0 A t4=90
/A 1=121 14
/A 2=144 35
/A -1=134 48
/A -2=160 51
24 A 24,0V. <?,=82 34
^4A-l-i=130 10
»4a1-»=105 24
^tAi-2=il6216
*-»a7=133'33'
i-iA*-S=115 25
i-iAt-«=107 35
t-2A*-2, OT. *-t,=124 30.
tri A i-i, ov. t-»,=50 60
i4A-3-«=143 34
1 A 1=120 32
2 A 2=98 30
-1 A -1=131 24
-2 A -2=111 10
214
OXTOEK OOIIFOUNDS.
Cleavage: /rather perfect, often interrupted; «-t8ometime«ne«
t4 imperfect ; 0 sometimes eagy. CryetaLs usually thick and 6to
eompotiition-face i-i (f. 214). Oflen coarse lamellar, in large inl
lei t<> 0 or t-i. Also granular, particlee coarse or fine ; and fir
otYen fine and long.
H.^S—O. G.=3'23— 3'5, Lustre vitreous, inclining to
pearly. Color green of various shades, verging on one side]
grayish-white, and on the other to brown ana black. Streak ^
and grajr^sli-green. Transparent — i>paque. Fracture condioidi
Brittle, In crystals from Fassa, optiu-axial plane t4 ; diverg(
IKi*^ ; bisectrix of the acute angle positive, inclined 61*^ tJ' to
iri and 22° 55' to a normal to 0^ Descl.
Oompi ITar^^BiBUicAte of diJTerent protoxyd bases, andor the general „.
basea (B) being lime (da), magneala (Mg), protoxyd of iron (P'e), protoxyd of
And aomotiiiiet potash (^ j, soda (N'a), and oxyd of Jrinc {2n), UbuaIIj two or m
are praecfit The first three, lime, mogiieaia, and protoxyd of iron, are moat
the mUj otte that la present always and in large percentage.
Beaidea the substitutions of diflTerent protoxyd bases for one another, these
times f&plaoed by sesquioxyd bases (^^I, Pe, S(n), thoo^h sparingly; and thesilioi
alumina. The species has therefore the general formyia (BV ££) t^i, ikl^J*,
wrUltvn<ft. tt*)(j^i, Xl*).
The varieties proceeding from these isomorphous substitutions are many aoddi^
are still others depending on the state of erystallization. The foliated and fib!
received separate names, and for a while were regarded as distinct species, Fibn
forms are very much loss oonmioii than in hombiende, and kiuellar or foliated k
mon. The orystais are rarely long and slender, or bladed, like tboee of that sped
The name .P^nKBene is from r\t^^ fire, and (trot, airan^er, and records Ha^yli idai
ral was, as he expresses it, *' s stranger in the domain of fire/* whereas, in 1^ 1
feldspars, the most universal oonstitnent of igneous rocks. This error, however.
counterbalanoed by Hauy's discovery of the true crystallographic distinction of tii
led him to bring together, under this one name^ what Werner and others had teg^
species. The name, therefore, is properly the name of the species^ while ^ii^»ls
to be used for one of its varieties*
The most prominetii division of the species is into (A) the fum^wfuuima; (1
But tlic former of Oieee groups shades imperceptibly into the latter.
These two groups are generally subdivided acoordlng to the prevalence of thm
woioiyd of iron, or protoxyd of mangtnese, or of two or three together of thete.
Tsit b«fe, also, the gradation IVom one series to another is in geoeral by almost ig
as to oomposiiion and chemical characters, as weR as all physical qualities.
L CoMTAnmra ltttls or ko AtuMUiA.
L Lirw-Ma^naia I^wrooame ,' Malaoolits. (Basaltes spates ns, v hwit, pt, On
ICalsooUt Ahildgaard (Ann. Gh., zzxiL 1800) ; Delameth,, J. de Fhys , IL 24d,
Mussite, Bonpoinnj ib., 409, May« 1806. Diopside (fr. Ala) K, J. d. M., xx. Ci
Cootx)lite. Traversellit Sefmtert Fosg., xdil 109, 1854.) Color white, yeUowU
to pale green. In crystals : deavab& snd granular msasivsw SometinieA
G.^a-a—a-aa. Oontslns Eroe and mognoala. with less than 4 p. e. of pfl
lormuk, (Cs iSlg) Si Anal 1 corresponds to (i Ca+ 3 fig) ^ ; snal, 2-7 to {I i
BSik» 63*7, magnesia 18'&, lime !I5'8.
o, M*Ua&>HUt, as originally used, included a blttish-gnji gn^riihpgreM, and
variety from S&la, Sweden.
h, Alaliie occurs in broad right-angled prisms, cdorlvss to faint greenJab or
striated longitudinally, and came originally from Mt OUrravtta^ in the Mtia«a Al]
c jyontcrteilUe^ from TraverseUs^ ooouri! in similar long glassy ajs^a, qm
\ plftiiea H ^ much stristed longitudinally, oftsn oletr greea at oma and mA
otbar: cleavage parallel to I, perfect
dL Mu»0ik is white, grayish- white, and apple-green (acoordf^ to &OOT«<il&*i
Uonli and oocnrs in prismatio implanted crystals, and also in maasea mada np of I
tal% tha ciblose prismatic edge rounded, and with deavage pataQel to the bsMa^
locill^, Iba KuBsa Alp (or devated plane of the Muasa),
BISnJCATES. 216
hanctors of malaoolite are as stated near top of the preoeding page. Desdoiseanx
diyergence in a dystal ftx)m Ala for the red rajs as observed in the air, 111** 40' ;
lir 20'; and Heosser obtained for the same 112o 27', 112*> 12'.
vHie is a granular varietj. The original coccoliie was green.
vUte (torn fiaXanSf doft, because softer than feldsparj with which it was associated ;
>in 6is, twice or dindie, and Sxpif, appearance,
luiorhcn Pyroxene; Sahlitb. (Malacolit pt. of auOiors, Diopside pt J9I, L c.
(PAndrada, Scheror's J., iv. 81, 1800; J. de Phys., li., 241, 1800. Baicalit {ft, L.
0, CreH's Ann., il 1793, 21 ; Baikalit Karst., Tab. 34, 74^ 1800. Funkito, I>n£
^7. Ooccx>Ut cPAndrada, Scherer's X, iv. 1800. Protheite (fr. ZiUerthal) Dre.
Odor grayish-green to deep green and black ; sometimes grayish and yellowidi-
tals; also deavable and granular massive. G. =3*25—3*4. Named from Sala in
' its localities, where the mineral occurs in masses of a grayish-green color,
t cleavage parallel to the basal plane (0). Formula (Oa, ]B[g, I^e) §L In ansl 9,
2:1:2; in 10, 11, this ratio=4 : 3 : 1, corresponding to Silica 68*7, magnesia 18*4,
iron 8-0=100.
a dark dingy green variety, in crystals, deavable like the preceding parallel to
n Lake Baikal, in Siberia, near which it occurs.
sombre-g^reen, in crystals, and approaches fassaite ; from ZiUerthal in the Tynd.
iark olive-green coccolite from Boksater in Gothland, having a larger percentage
It may be convenient to use this name for the pyroxene here included that oon-
more of protoxyd of iron.
(Biallage pt iT., Tr., 89, 1801. Hypersthene pt Bronzite pt) Part of the
s, or thin-foliated pyroxene, belongs here, and the rest under the corresponding
kluminous pyroxenes.
•green to bright grass-green, and deep green ; lustre of deavage surface pearly,
iSddal or brassy; H.=4; G.=3*2— 3*35. Double refraction strong; bisectrix
ed about 38** to a normal to i-ij and showing therefore, when viewed through i-^
of rings in the field of the polarizing instrument (Desd); the angle 35° to 40**,
air (24° — 26° in oil) in the diallage of Knockdallian in Scotland, of Zobtenberg
1 in SUesia; a grayish hypersthene-liko mineral in large folia in the gabbro of the
d near Neurode ; the vanadiferous brouzite of Grenoa. But the green diallage of
ed by v. Bath (No. 4, p. 219), has this angle about 49° 50' ; and so also that of
n; diverging thus frt>m ordinary diallage and diopside. With this variety belongs
hat has b^n called hyperslhene and lTonzU&—\hQ part that is easily fuslUe.
Jly in serpentine rocks.
liaAAay^, diferenct^ in allusion to the dissimilar cleavages.
)en diaOage-like mineral rnnaragdiie^ constituting, with saussuritei a rock, is in
nphibole (q. v).
Pyroxene; HsDENBiBQing. (Hedenbergite (fr. Tunaberg) Bsre., Nouv. Syst Min.,
Hedenberg, Afh., il 169. Lotalite (fr. Lotala) Sevcrgin, before 1814. Bolophe-
Ib., 582, 1847.) (jolor bhick. In crystals, and also Uunellar massive; cleavage
-i G. = 3*6 — 8*58. Contains lime and protoxyd of iron, with little or no magnesia ;
) SL Anal, correspond to (i Oa+i ^e) Si Named after the Swedish chemist,
erg, who first analyzed and described the mineral Lotaiite, from Lotala in Fin-
lamellar masses. Bendant g^ves for the angles of hedenbergite 0 A 7=100" lO'
" 15' ; and Breithaupt for the Taberg mineral (Pyroxenus diagonaUs Breith.) / A /
3° 51'.
esk^Manganese Pyroxene; Sgheffebitb (SchefiiBrit J, A, Mkhaeleony J. pr. CSl,
reddish-brown. G.=3'39. Ck)ntains lime, magnesia, and protoxyd of manganese,
noe of zinc difi'ers from jeffersonite. Formula (Ca, iSlg, Mn) Si; from Longban.
; of Breith. (B. H. Ztg., xxiv. 864, 1865) is near schefiferite in composition. It
iar cryBtals, having /A 7=133° 38', which appears to be the angle 7a»-^ of
1° 33'), with G.= 2*826; color isabella-ydlow, rarely pale yellowish-brown, and is
If the prismatic angle is 7 a i-t of pyroxene, the mineral belongs here. But
a very similar mineral in aspect and composition at Paisberg, with 7 A 7=124** ;
• are given under amphibole (see p. ).
MmganeBd Pyroxene. A variety from L. Laach, analyzed by Bischof^ is here
WmifaneeO'Zme Pyrooeene ; Jeffsbsonttb {Keating A Vanuxem, J. Aa Philad., il 194,
i^eenish-black. Crystals often very large (3-4 in. thick), with the angles generally
e Dmsss uneven, as if corroded. G.=3'36. Contains lime, magnesia, protoxyd of
216
OXYGEN OOaCPOUNDB,
iron, and protoxyd of manganese?, with oxyd of adncj formula (Ca, t^y Slg» fin» \
after Mr» Jefferson,
n. Al,UlOK0tI&
7. Ahimmimt Lim^Magnesia Fyroxme ; Leucauoitb {I>ana\ Odor white or gTia7^
tAJBS &ItiiiiiDa» with Hme and ma^nesiA, and BttJe or x\q Ltod ; fbrmiila (6ft, fig) (iai, \
like diopBide. H.=6'6; G.=3'19| Hunt. Named from A cucwf, toAite.
8l AkimimuB Lirrw-Magnesichlrvn Pyroncme; Fassaite, Augitb, (For sjtl of Jti^ |
Also: Basaltiache Hombleude pt. Wtm., Bergm, J., 1792; Baaaltine KirvK, Mia^ L}
Faaaait TTrrr)., Hofhn. Min., iv. 2, 110, 1817. [Not Rwaaite i>e>iomi>«, whidi
Maelureite Nuiiai, Am. J, 8cr., v. 246, 1822=Amphibolo iZl Seydert, J, Ac, Phibd
Pyrgom BreitK, Char*, 140, 1832.) Color dear doop-green to grecnish-bluck and 1
taia^ and alio ti]a««lYe; subtranslueent to opaque; (l. = 3'25 — 3*5. Optioal eh
maiaoolite* Contain protoxjd of iroDi with Ume and mngncala ; general formtUa (€
& Famaik (or Pyrgrnn). Includes the green khida found in metamorphic roeka, Ki
the locality at Ftissii in Piedmont, which affords deep^^reeu cryatals, aometimef ptata
like iiie epidote of the locality. Pyrgom waa ao named from wHytapa^ a imtfcr,
h. Augite, Jiidudea iho greenish or browuish-black and black kinds, occurriiig
eruptive rocks, hut also lo motamorphia Named from dvyit, lusin.
The Augik of Werner (and Yolcanite DelumeiK) included oulj the black mifMral <
rocks — ^the t'okanic schorl of earlier authors.
e. AUmiinmtt Diallast,
9. Aluminous Irtm^Lme F^roome ; HrDfiOXirx (.SadI; Min. N. T., 406. 1842).
■ble maasive. Color black. Streak greeiL Often haa a bronze tamiah. Q*=3*d, 1
3-46, Brewer. Contains lime and protoxjd of iron, with but little magnesia; foa
(Jii, 3tl*). Named from the Hudson river, in the vicmitj of which ft oooun^ io <
Co., N. Y.
b, PolyUtA of Thomson (Mln., i. 496, 1886) may be the same compound. It is i
deavable massive ; Q,=3'281 ; H.=6 — Ba; color black; opaque; and ia ttatttd I
l)od of majfnetic iron ore at Hobokea, N, J., where no such bed of ore exiali,
A — VK ASBE6TU8, Asbestus is a finely fibrous variety, with tlie flbreai
rni' xible. But most asbeatua belongs to the spedes AomMsmie^ whidi '
rub tiitv/ «ir.i«>as forma.
It 18 difficult to distinguish the hornblende asbostus from the pyroxene^ \
association witli known varieties of one or the other species ; and this method la 1
doubt See further under noBN'BLE3mE for description, analyses, and localltlcif of «
11. Brewlakile (Brocchi, Cat. di una raocoUa di Rocce, 28, 60, 70, 192, l»l";
BescL M^Id., 65, 1862). Occurs in wool*like forms at Vesuvitia and CaMMii-BovQ
lo^^piiic identity with pyroxene haa been shown by Chapman (FhiL Ma^*,
The particular variety of pyroxene to which it belongs haa not lieen aflceftaiuttd, \
of it baa been made. Named a^r Breiskk, an Italian geologist
£a»rvjJSte (LawTOwit Vanadln-Augit, Kokacharof, Bull. Ac. St Pet xt 7^ Igf
pyroxene, odored green by vauadium, from the river SludJanka* ^
occurs coarse granular nniasive with quarts, and also In small i
affords the prism 87^ 7' ; and there ia the usual lamination, from compou
0* The cobr is fine emeraJd'green. It oontains besides sihcvi some .
naeia, and a trace of mauganeise and vanadium ; but no anajyaia haa been maae, i
plaoa among tho pyroxenes is not certain.
L OoKtADmia uttls ob no ALincnrA.
h Lfm^Magnena Pyrwme I MaiaoolUe, Analvsea: I, Norden^V
H, Boaa (ib., xxxr. «6); 3, T. Wachtmeister (ib„ ixr, 334); 4, Hen
B, H, Eose (Sehw. J. xxxv. 8«,); 6, RammeUberg (J. pr. Ch^ IccivL su.u: T, y j,
fo AcC Sod Fenn., vl); 8, BonsdoHT (Bchw. J., xxzL 168); 0, Kuaaio (BUuam^ 4li
10, Waokenroder (luistn. Arch^ xiiL 84) ; 11, Brunner ( JaliHx Idn^ ]A6^ 185^); It, Ra
llln. Ch., 452j; 13-15^ T. i% Uunt (Bep. 0. Oaa, 1863, 467, 4ABi: 16, Radxiar (^O^
17, Kerx (N. Ges. Zurich, 48, 1861):
i^i ^ Pe Un &g Om it
1. Parsaa,&%.^ B5 40 2-60 rS9 «2 67 10-70 , $in
3, LAQ^btti, yw^ 65-32 FeSnofinl'&d U-^^ S3*0l ^_^=f9
217
=97-87 Wacht
=100 Herm.
=100-66 Rose.
=99-67 Ramm.
jTa 1-20, &0*87=98-68 W.
It 0-82=99-78 Bonad,
=99-74 Kussin.
^=100 Wack.
=100-86 Brunner.
=99-82 Range.
0-40=100-89 Hunt
0-80= 100-13 Hunt
0-46=100-56 Hunt
=100-09 Redner.
0-68=99-49 Mera.
* With Mine ahixnliui; the specimen aesodated with Eozoon.
fc{Mi byrtala, G.=8-267 ;. 2, fr. Longban in Wermland; 3, fr. Tjotten in Norway ; 4, G.=3-28 ;
IftJiDliDd; 7, ib., G.=8-216; 8,ib.; 9, G.=3-37 ; 11, fr. the Alps; 13, fr. Canada, G.= 326-
■y; Hfr.CMyada, with Bozoon; 15, ib., G.=3 273— 3-276.
[me-Miifnesia'Iron Pyroxene; Sahliie; Funkite, 1, H. Rose (Schw. J., xamr. 86); 2, Reu-
"llJthiesb., XXV. 362) ; 3, Hisinger (Af h., iii. 291); 4, Arppe (Anal. Finsk. Min., 22); 6,
doami (Ak. H. Stockh., 1848); 7, Winchenbach (Ramm. Min. Oh., 452); 8, Ranunels-
iV^ 462); 9, G. T. Bowen (Am. J. ScL, y. 344); 10, Erdmann (L a); 11, Payr (Ber. Ak.
'Var.eeO); 12, 13, H. Rose (L a); 14, y. Hauer (Ber. Ak. Wien, xil 714); 16, Sohnltz
, 1866); 16, Rammelsberg (J. pr. Ch., Ixxxyl 351); 17, Funk (Jahresb., ^44, 862);
; (Am. J. 8gL, y. 116); 19, H. Rose (L c.); 20, C. W. C. Fuohs (Jahrosb. Min., *62,
Si
21
An
JUS.
Ag
Ca
lfcwi7,w^
67-40
0-48
16*74
28*10
iidn>to'Bk,vA.
63-97
200
0-67
17*86
25*60
lftgTi,«.
64-64
1-08
2-00
1800
24-94
iSL ()]
6611
0-64
18-39
25*63
1 62-40
1-84
2-29
17*93
22-65,
i^m^Mihr'
64-83
0-28
0-99
18-55
24-76
^jba
66-61
1-20
17-82
25-11
^iMil,«^
64-16
0-20
2*61 Hn 0-18
18-22
24-74
fclP^*^-
66-13
2-02
tr.
16 20
25-78
^^
66-08
1-38
17-36
2506
^^viK
64-60
1-98
1814
26-87
ittML,^
64-90
16*76
27*67
S?Wa»cCw.
64-20
3-24
17-02
25-66
fcvii^a
62-64
806*
19*85
24-64
iLlnitt
64*74
3-45
17-82
2290
Si
Si
t^
IkCn
fig
Oa
S
M^Sahm 64-86
0-21
4-44
16-49
23-57
0-42=99*99 Rose.
£oqgban,yio^ 68-66
0*26
4*48
1*87
16-27
23-86
=100*29 Rent
« ** 64-18
1*46
2*18
17-81
22-72
1-20=99-54 Hisinger.
HtfSBB, gyK-iflL 62*67
0*64
4-64
19*52
21-03
=98*30 Arppe.
AoMberg^ gn. 5418
0-90
8*69
0-30
16-01
25*16
0-63=99-81 Erdm.
gn. 68*82
0*96
7-96
0*89
12-20
28*55
0-54=99*90 Erdm.
lliMilB,yik 64*46
2-46
3*78
0-78
14-39
24*01
=99*83 Winch.
BtemDe^^n^-^. 66-01
4-95
16-95
22-80
0-86-100*07 Ramm.
WJaMW%QlL,Sah.iZ\2
1*06
6-01
0*60
14-50
23-62
0-47=99*38 Bowen.
roab., Owe., ^63-60
0-76
9-74
1*90
13*69
2042
0*27=100*18 Erdm,
9temGliUtis,Mft.6603
4-84
8-16
15-71
20-72
=99-46 Payr.
MeeKlia, ^ 64-66
0*14
8*1435feiO*73
15-25
20*21
=99-02 Rose.
«• " 6408
10*02
0-61
11*49
28*47
=99*67 Rose.
Mutter, /ML 63-81
10*01
8*00
27*50
0-29=99-61 Hauer.
nUuid, ^ 62-00
0*85
12*46
0-80
10-15
22*50
=98*76 Schultz.
Uwni.,dfc.^ 48-02
■cvdmarfc 6217
2*67
13*57
1-28
9*74
25*34
=100-62 Ramm.
0*42
16*12
1*61
7-06
2200
=99*88 Funk.
U(]iuiipL,yit 60-83
Bdiers; M. 68-36
1*68
20-40
tr.
6-83
19*33
0*67=99-09 Seybert
17-38
0-09
4-99
22*19
=98*01 Rose.
B«hiitlia],M.(}) 61-78
2*48»
16*91
7-03
2100
0*04, Sa 0*19, ^ 0-29=99-47 P.
• ]
[ncladeBFe<Osi-80.
Si % 0.=3-27; 4^ crystals; 6, G.=3-86; 8, cryst, G.=3-294; 9, deayable massiye, G.
UR-*3-294: 10, G.=8-30-3*37; 11, G.=3*395; 12, 13, fr. Bjormyresweden ; 14, fr. B.
Ikod; 16, or. L Afyenaor; 16, occurs mixed with scolopsite; 18, G.= 3-377.
MmthLime Pyroxene; ffedenbergiie. 1, H. Rose (Schw. J., 1. c.); 2, Wolff (J. pr. (?h., xxxiy.
$ % BMxtiDg (Za Nat Ver. HaJle, yil 67):
Si fe Mg Ca
I. Tmmbng, EBtL 49-01 2608 2*98 20*87=98*94 Rose.
S. AieDdal, bk. 47*78 27*01 22*95=97-74 Wolft
&!>.]& Garde 52*28 27*47 7*46 12*84=100 Soohting.
& X 0.=3-467 ; 3, fr. " Helspbyre."
OXYC
>UND8.
4% Limd'Magneefia^Maiiganeae PffTOxene i SehefferUe, Anaiiysitt: Micbaelson (L cl):
Si fe te JfiU Me: Oft ^
1. LongbftD 62-31 3-dT 1*63 10*46 10 Se 19*09 0-00=98^3:
6. lAm^Iron-ManffoateH B^froxme, Aaalysis : Bischor (Lelirb., iL) :
Si 11 f^e lilzi Mg On j^a ^
L.Laftdl 60-83 2^6 13&0 1*56 8-42 21'13 0*88 0^8=100-S8J
6, Lme-Jftm^Mmgemeae^Zinc Pyroxene; Jejfhrsonite, AnaljBifl : Hermaim (J. pr. Ql, 3
&\ ^ ^e Mn Zn Ug Oa ^
49*&l 1*93 10-63 too 4*39 8*18 15-48 1'20 = 98-03 Hcrmftim.
Si
3tl
Pe
Ue
Ca
1. BtttLuTst, 0,
61-50
6*16
0-35
17-69
23-80
2, **
60-90
6-17
0-36
18-U
3374
IL Alomisous PyBoxEaoB.
7, Lime-Magmetia R ; Leueaugiie, Andjsea : T. S. Himt (Rep, G. Cml, 1863, 166S)
110 = 1 00-69 IIunL
0-90= 100-46 Iltmt
8. Lime'Afagnesiorlron P, ; Fassaite^ AugtU, AnaJTsea: 1, Kuddmfttoch (Fogg., zxsfiLl
Belesse (Ann. d. M,, IV, xa 293) ; 3. Rieht^r & Scheei^r (SScha. Oes. liCljisic, cL 9^ tf
Barthe (Ch. CentnUbL, it 712); 6, Haughcon (Dublin Q. J. 8dL, r. 95) ; 6, KudoniftUdbf
Kluproth (Beitr,, y. j ; 8, Kudornutsch (I c.) ; 0, Wedding (Za Q., x. fn*5) ; 1 0. Bsma
xi, 497) ; 1 1, Klaproth (1. c) ; 12, Kudenifltacli (L c); 13-16, ▼. Wiiltershausv'n iVulk. <
llOi; Ifl, Ramnjelsberg (Pogg,, ciiu 43 6); 17, Kudernatach (1, c) j 18-:!0, Rammelsbeig 1
IxxxiiL 458, cilL 437); 21, WalU^r&bauaen (L c, p. 110); 22, T, S, Himt (Rap, G. '
4fl8) ; 23, Toblor (Ann. CL PkiraL, icu 230) :
gi
11
fo
Mn
Mg
Ca
^ J
1. FiftSftthal
60-16
4-03
12-04
18 48
19-67
==99*26 Endeia
% Voagea
4»'16
6-08
719
tr.
16-95
18-87
2-26=98*51 De]e«M
8, Travoraella
61-79
4-03
7-67
17 40
18-98
=99-77 R, A a
C Zfllerthalt ^
48'47
8-2$
4 BO
16-69
21-96
0-78=99-27 Barthe.
5. Skyo
50'80
300
9-61
1-08
16-06
19-35
0-6<>, Ka, fc O-t>6^10
0. RhoDD^dJtA..^ (1)60-42
6-58
740
16-82
1878
=99-60 Kud.
ij a u
62-00
6-76
11-02
0-26
13-76
14-00
0-25=96*02 KW.
=99-91 Kttl
8. YMtiTiaft
50*90
6'3X
6-^5
14-43
22*96
9, •* of 163 1
48-86
8-63
4*64
<r.
14-01
20*62
, Pe 2'T3=99m
10. " of 1868
49-61
4-42
9-08
14-22
22-83
,¥^und.^lUm
lU Fnisc&U
48-00
500
1080
1-00
8 75
24*00
=97-56 KkMl
la. KtDA
50-66
4*85
7^6
18-01
22*29
=98'€« kJl
13. " bk \
\ 47-63
674
11-39
0-21
12-^0
20-87
0-2fi = 100-0< Walt
14. "« ifnhrbk
51-70
4-38
424
21-11
18-02
0-4 1
16. » VaacftU
49-69
6-22
10-75
14-74
18-44
0;. 1
16. •' UtBoul
41*38
6*63
7-89
010
15'29
19-10
0-4., i; .. „_..i8|
17. Eiffel
49-39
600
7*39
13-93
22-46
=99'26 KuiL
IS. Uartlioffon
19. L. Ua<£
47-62
8- 13
1302
0-4O
12'76
18-26
=100-08 BamoL
60*08
3 72
0*65
016
1348
22-86
, Fe2-36^99-H
^. SGluma.Boli.
ai. loeUmd
51-12
3-38
546
2 03
12*82
23 64
. F«S 0-^6=99^
49-87
6-06
6-92
16-16
22-00
=100 WdL M
«t Montre^ hL
49-40
e-70Fe7*«8
13-06
2l-?<8
0-60, Ja 0-74, fc m
n, Kul84)rsttilil, 6ii.
44-40
7-83
11'81
0-11
10^5
22*60
i*03,jraa-is,£M
Nob, 1-6, fr. inetamorphic rodca; 6-23, tr. enaptire rodci. 2, f^. Twamiw, %
ft BOKJilM porphyry, Q.=» 136; 8, rar. pyrgom, a=3'294 ; 4, 0.=«-»Wt i. 1
SBtlnorpbio dotorite on Looh Soarig In Skye; 6. 0.=3 347; 13, a=3*l4>: 1% O^
0.=S-2r>4; 15, a =3*228; ie,a=S-a7e; 18,6=3 380: 19, 6. =3-348; 10^ Q.-S
doMta, 0.=3'341.
9. ir<m^£Afne P. {mtJk lUtk Mofftuti^ Analjioaj 1, DorUto (£l T«oilffl^ tNfl}f
aietter (X pr. Oh^ zzriL 376); 3, 4, Smith i Bruah (Am. J. ScL. IL xH 36$); 3, "^
L496):
BI8ILICATE8.
S19
L^DeffiOb 48*05
t Isores M^O
t IMioml^ 39*80
4 - 38-68
^l
^e
Mn
Mg
Ca
418
23-41
9-40
14-96
399
22^
^.
2*40
21-10
9^8
80-40
0*67
2-98
10'3»
1-05
30'5T
0-62
8-02
lO'Sa
943
3408
6-60
II 5i
— =100 DeviDe.
0*30=99*19 HodiBt
1-96, ^a. 1^68, k 2-48=99*61 B.kB.
1-96. 3^B, t 416=100-17 a A B.
0*40:=: 10208 ThomftOD.
L I, 2| ft^. Tolcuiic rocks; 3, 5, fr. metamorphia 1, G.:=r8179.
nL DULL^GB AND PSErDO^BTPSBSTHSirE.
3 i. Qmimmmg HUle or no Alumincu Analyses : 1-5, y. Rath (Fogg., zcr. 633) ; 8, Henaims
^ 8o& Xmt Uxmcou, ISH 3*73).
t « ililBiiiMtouf. Analyses i 1, v. Hath (Za Q^ ix. 246) ; 8, 9, Hegnauk (Ann. d M.^ lU. xiii,
8); 10-12, Kohler (Pogg., liiL lOlJ; 13, Eammelsberg (Mia Ch., 464); 14, Koliler (lc)j 16,
EbfaeU (J- pr. Ch,, xx. 472) j Hi, A. Streog (B. H. Ztg., ixiiL 54); 17, Delosae (Ana. d. M.» IV.
Ih 18| gcbafhauU (Ana. Ok Pharm., 11 2&4}; 19, 20, A. Streng {I c,]; 21, Sejbert (J* Ac
ibi, fi. 141) ;
I. QhtSL ^wK-gn,
Si
5084
6000
51*78
Iftsrode, &^ ^^ 58-00
Bn% ** ** 6130
iduoarsk, i>ui^ 61-47
£1
a
> Ban, "
.Baste, ifnK-hrk,
iflyibtiiig, giL
L fiaraebmig. IHail
^laisbiirf. Bffp,
> WtbningkiD, '^
49-12
50 06
62-60
53*:^0
5871
52-88
5200
61-34
6020
52*84
49*30
49-50
52*34
51*26
62*17
Ma
0-28
0-25
11-45
11.98
5*35
8*67 0-38
8*08
8-40
9-36
8-23
8-40
9-41
660 9*43
6-55 8-28
805 8*84
3*62 9 11
4-00Fel0*73
0 51
tr.
U'86
15*87
15*63
13-08
14*86
15-63
15*33
17*24
16 43
U*91
17 55
17*68
18*51
15 69
16-40
16*06
17-61
14*13
16-58
16-69
1133
21*85
21-11
20-04
21*06
20*16
27*81
18-64
15-63
20-44
19-09
no8
17*40
16-29
18-28
20-26
13-16
16-43
18-12
iyi8
19 18
2000
1-23=98-76 Rath.
1-69=97-63 Roth.
0-22=99 71 Rath.
0-86=99 82 Rath.
0-21 = 101 '44 Bath,
2-39= 100-25 Herm.
1*46=98-94 Rath.
2*13=99-61 Regnaiill
1-59=99-68 Regnaiilt
1-7T — 10iV4y K<iLler.
1-04-100 2? K..hler.
1*06 = 100 34 Kuhler.
r 10=? 100 36 Ramm,
2'U = 100-04 Kahlef.
—=99-06 Kobea
3-29, alk, 0-39, I^e 1'84, <Sr 0*0flL j
tl 0-22 = 101*85 Streni
0-85, ^ 0-30=98*93 Delesae.
1*77, ? 3*65, Xa 375 Schafh.
0-66—99-65 Streng
0-34, Fe r0S=iOl*23 Streng,
1-27=99*50 Seybert.
U fr. gnbbro, G.=3-249; 2, ib., a=3-244; 3, ib., G.=8*246; 4, ib., a.^3-386; 6. fr.
nSck, a— 8*343; 6, a,=3*2l, H. = 4'5; 7, tt. gabbro of Graubiindten, G,=3*:d63; 8,
^dbdJage, G.^S-261 ; 9, met. diallage, fr, strpentjno ; 10, h. gabbro, G.=3-256; 12, fr. gabbro,
la, fr, gabbro, a=3*30U; 14, G.— »*25i; 15, a^3'2; 16, fr, gabbro; 1 8, Tftnadiferoua
. G.=8-25; 1S», 20, fr. gabbro, pseudo-hyperathen© ; 21, paendo-hyperatbene, assoc. with
,G.=3'26j B,B. fua.
ittew— 'Yarrtag wi'l ' " .' to tbo wide variations in composition in the diflfeTent varie-
l^tfien by inaeasiM '^. Fusibility, from the almc>Pt iofysiblo diallage to 3'75 in
S*8 in sahlite, ba/u ....„ «uil ornphacite; a in jetTerBonite and au^ite; 2*6 iq hedeDl>erg*
Mm rich in iron afford a tnui^etie glubtilo when fused on charcotd, and in g^Doral thoir
rwiea with the amount of iron. Jetlersonite gives with soda on charcoal a reaction for
I nunig»tiefl6 ; maoy others also give with the tluxes reaotioos for manganGse* Most vari-
I unAetdd DpoQ by adds.
-Pyroxene is a common mineral in cryatallino limestone and dolomito, in serpentine, and
" r rockB ; and occurs also, but loss abundantly, in connection with (^nitic rocks and
phk achists. The pyroxene of lime stone is mostly the white and hght greeu, or gray
I2ialt of most other metamorphic rooks, sometimes white or oolorlesSi bat usually green
ihadae. tem pale green to gTeenish-black, aod occasionally black ; that of serpentine
ttstimea En flne crystals, but oflen of the foUated green land called diaUagt; that of eruption
^ ii tbd black to greenish-bbck atigit^
220
OXTGKN C50MPOUND8.
In limeatone the Msodatei aro ofl^n bomblende, scapoHte, garnet, ortliv
pile, and sometimes brown tourmaline, chlorite, talc, ziroon, epinelf nitU<^
metamorphic rocks moatlj the Racbe. In erupttve rocks the ciyatak are tmf
with eimiiarlj disseminAtod chrf solite^ c37BtaIs of ortboolase, aasidin, labrai
Pjroxene ia an eaeential constituent of many rocka, Pyrmnffte ta a iq(
Ing mainly of oompoct pyroxene of the Sablite eection* Lhenoiffie^ from
Lherz, in the department of Ari^go in Franoe (described by Chorpentier nnd IhiJ
of pyroxfene), la a groen pyroxenic rock. (For conetitution, aoo under SpiaraL.)
with labradorit© eonatitutea the dark gray and green to black eruptive rock caUad
ofWn contains alao magnetio iron ore in grains ; and wilh labradorite and chrj!
rock baJtalL Doleritic and basaltic lavas have the same oompoaition. With lv\n
kucHophj/r, the oommon igneous rode of Yeauyiuit; and with uephetln, ru^Mv
doknfte^ another Italian igneous rock. The pyroxene of these IgneouB rocks '
augiie; and it often oocura iu distinct crystals of the forms in figs. 203-206,
and the earthy basaltic rock called wacke (either a variety of tufa or a
doleryte) often consist largely of crystals or grains of augite,
iHaUage occurs geoorally in serpentine or steatitic rocks.
Many foreign localities of pyroxene have already been briefly indicated
crystata of Ala in Piedmont are asscxHattid with garnets and talc in reins traTi
and the more trani^partmt ere sometimes cut and worn as gems.
In N. America, it ocx^urs in Maine^ at Raymond and Rumford, diop«ida,
IslCf dlalkge in serpentine. In Venriont^ at Thetford, black augito, with d
of basalt. In Maas.^ in Berkshire^ white crystals abnndjuitf at the Bolton qi
Weettleld and Blaoford^ di^dlage in serp. In Cann.^ at Canaan^ while crysL 2-4;
in. broad* in dolomite ; in Trumbull large green cryst. in limestone ; in
near the line of Danbnry, fimall transp. cryst, and granular ; at Watertown,
white diopiide. In K York, in N. Y. Co,, white cryat. in dolomite; at
(deecr. and %. by v. Rath, Pogg., cil 2G3); in Westcheater Co., white, at tl
in Orange Co., in Monroe, at Two Fonds^ cryst^ often Urge, witli scapoiite,
atone; 3 m. S.E. of Greenwood ftim»oe» sahlite witli coocoUte; | m, E. of
mica in hmestone, one 6 in* long and 10 in. in circ ; 1 m. W. of CoflTee^s Hotel in
coocollte; 2^ m. N. of Edenville, gray cryst. ; 1 m. X.W. of Edeu'^'dle, black cryai
ia Cornwall, the ?ar hudaonttt ; near Amity and Fort Montgomery, good ; ia ]
lameUaTi green, and bronze-colored, with black coceolite ; in Putnam Co., near PHI
white cryst. abundant; at Rogers' Rock, L. CJeorge, masaife and granular («
green, brown ; near Oxbow, on Yrooman Lake ; m Lewis Co , at Diana^ white an
in St Lawrence Co., at Fine, in larg^ cryst ; in Essex Co,, near Long Pond, otjl
beautiful green coooolite,' at WiUal^ro\ green coceolite with sphone and woTlaatqi
9ey, in PmnkUn, good cryBt, In J^ann., near Attleboro\ cryst. and granular ; in
Buroett'i quarry, diopslde. In Marffland^ Hartford Co., at Cooptown, dUllag^
W- a hypersthene-like variety (anaL 21), NuttaFs Madweite, In Oati^
fill ' cryst, l-l^ in., in limestone; at Calumet I, grjuytah-green cryal^lil
phivrK«'i..Le, M)me appearing to b© altered Eowr^m; at the High Falls of thtr"
Bometimee t ft long and 4 in. wido^ havinif cryst* of hornblende attached ;
in Bathurst colorleaa or white cryst ; near Ottawa, in large eubtrp. cr^
OrenviUo. dark green cry it, and graoular; at Montreal, Bougemont and ICont
in dolefyte^
All. — Pyroxene undergoes alteration in different ways, aa has been well
and many species ha?e been inatitnted on the material in different eCagtra
•tmplett, there is only a taking up of nrater, producing a " hydrous augiint"
aereral of the unolyses already cited may be from this source. In many i
spp6»rs to attend this hydration ; and often, also, a losa of one or mora of 1
the lime and iron are the flrat to go^ through the disaolving agency of watert
add, or carbonates, in solution. Thus may come the following sub«tanoc#:
18. Uti>B0178 Aoarra. Atialyses 1, 2, 3 of an altered sahlite fh>m Bila, 8^
analy^M made on differeat frttfirmfnta of the name piece, by U. Koae,
14. PlOBOFHTLL (!>Tanberg, Poff^ , I Ut, 1 &»!>). Also from Sata, wbero it
witli the dearage oif pyroxene, and flbroua^ of a greeni^h^ay color, witli H*— :
AnalyaeaT i, Bvanberg (I a). Formula deduced ft 8i-(-} fi. Named from
fft^U^, lea/. In allusion to the odor when moiatenod.
16. PrBJLLLOLm {Nordgn*ki6id, 8ehw. J., xxil 389, 1820), From Wnl
motil^ in llmaatono, with pyroxene and ^cupolite. A pyrallolite ttom I
bMm named Vmrgati^ after Count Varga«^ Huot Min., it 670, 1841 ; Wi
5^ Kordeuaklokl <L C-i of the original mineral from Stomrd^ whitish or
"IgSi + ^t! ha* been
it^3-6-4, 0.=2 68-2'78, for which the formula Ug^
BISILICATES.
221
Fnrahjelm, Bimebeig, and Seltn (AjuU. Fmsk. Miil, S5X &om different I'mland tooal!^^
"p whitish crystala from Storgurd, G, = 2-&3; 7-10, from KiiHa quarry in Kimito; ^
ptie In ftructare, H.=:3— 4i 9 and 10, whitish and earthjj 11, green and LX^lmnnaiJ
.=3 — 4f from Takvedaholm ; 12, similar, from Skrab^>61e; 13, greenish and izranolai
^t*<il, ffom HaAp&kjk; 14, brownish or grajish-jtllow and eolumoAr, ir=*^, S.^S'^^
The cryst4illint* structure ia tbat of pjroxeno. Named from irii^ Jiret AaA-jj, olhei^
I Spsm in part (Schill^TBtoin Warn., BastiU pt,) Ao impure serpentine, froo
the iUiz, hAving often tJie dettTRge and forma of parole ne,- H-::=3*5'-4; G, = 3'5— «1
sii£t»UIo*pearlj to aubdtreous ; color dark -green to pinchbet^k -brown. Analyeia 15,
(Pogg., XL IV2) ; 16, Rammelflberg (Fogg., xUjl 387). See further ^ERPENTike.
KKSBLLITE {SchetT&'^ Fogg., xciii. 109, 1854). A leek<grecn mineral, in crystals, hav-
i ol'pjroxene, from Tmversella in Piedmont. Amily«i8: II, R. Ricliter [\, c,),
rAJiAXi>rni iScheertTy ^o^,, xciiL 100, 1854). Haa a loek-green or dark-green color,
\ like unaltered pyroxenej having the cry&tal plane» /, t-i, u%, with cleavage parallel to |
i from Pitkaranda in Finland. AualyHes: 18, It Bichter (Fogg., xcilL lOlj; 1J>, Frank-
Scheerer refers here part of pjrallolite (anal 20).
^Sn^kKOjaTZTTE (tf, Zepharovkh, Jahrb. geoL Eeicha,, iv. 695, 1863). Approaches steatite.
in greeniah-yeliow cryrtals, soil and greaaj in feel, with Q.=1*BL Aniiljsls: 21, v.
onm (Srdmann^ Ac H. Stockh,, 1842, p. 103). Probably a slightly altered pyroxene ,
Described as occurring granular massive^ T*ith two unequal cleavagea ujutnalijr
[•iKMat 130*; with H,=6, G,=3'26T3; color jeUowisli, honey-y«UoW| and lustre vitreong,
i: 2^ Erdmann (h cy Formula deduced (Mg, te) ^i-^i^. From Bergen in Norway,
i after Br. Monrad.
Si
3il
Pe
Mn
^Ig
Oa
tL
Ai^mg^
60-35
,—»
4-16
0-78
25-07
4-94
4 52=09-82 Eosa
44
56-27
0-45
5-13
121 68
10-89
3*l2=97-44 Roa«.
I*
66-48
o-io
411
0*66
23-46
9-68
H'12=97-61 Rofie.
[ftiwig
M
491^0
III
6-86
-
30-10
0-78
9-83 := 98-48 Svanb,
PRMi
tfttfl^Storg.
56 AS
76*23
338
1-79
0-89
0-72
0-99
23-38
11-65
5-58
2*56
3-68, bit. k loes 688 Nori
u
7-10=100-06 Arppe.
it
Kullft
5ti-9
1-4
0(5
,..^**
[28-7]
3-9
8-& = 10i> Arppe*
ti'
M
43-88
0-48
1-65
0-76
24-72
lO'GO
12*33 = pr4i Rimeberg.
"
it
68-87
1-79
0-57
-^
1 8-39
11-72
8-78== 100-12 Seliu.
**
it
66- IS
0-87
1*83
18-77
5*53
6*48 = 99-6*V Funjlijehn.
»t
Takv.
56*n
113
r-ts
0-09
2685
6-33
9-15 = 100-17 Arp|ie-
««
Skrab.
56-92
1-55
i-86
1 68
2G-U
6-34
7-56— 101 03 Arpix).
II
Uaap.
57-49
1-11
1-26
0-69
3U"05
2*90
7*30 = 100-80 Arppe.
M
Phig.
63'87
0-34
2-18
2319
374
7-32 = iaO*64 Anipe.
asUBfl
rtpar
4808
1-73
10-91
067
26-16
2-76
12-43, '€t li-37 Kohler.
u
41*48
6-49
16'6l
27*24
— >
10-13 = 101-95 Eamm,
62-39
1-21
20-46
14-41
7-93
3y.9 = 10009 Riditer.
61*25
0-41
12-71
0-83
13 '30
9-n
2-62=100 19 Rieht«r.
*•
64-67
1-34
12-84
0-60
12-50
14-12
2-80=99-19 Frank.
14
Slorsf.
60-06
5-r>7
1-6S
^
27 '13
4-62, 1PeO-«J7 -99-83 8oh,
Avfc0Mltf£«
63-4i!
7 00
15-41
— -
2-94
1-37
19-86=100 ilauer.
Mmroi
hk
66-17
— -
8*56
^—
31-63
_
4-04=100-40 Efdm,
iHant bfts analysed acme altered pyroxenes (Logan^s Eep.^ 1 863, 490) from Canada, related
fl& compoffitioii to hia logauite (which ia altered horublende; see under IIornblkndb) ;
\ JHAUAJSEB Q. c, p. 469X that may be examples of other alterations of the spoctes.
119 hIa analyses: No. 1^ of a brittle cleavable-moiisivc mmeral^ forming a bod in a
tba fn North Elmsley, having the cleavages of pyroxene perfect; 1L=3 ; G.=2'538
br greenish-gray ; powder unutuoos. No. 2, n similar material from N. Burgess,
laarage of pyroxene; awaxyhistre; H.t=2 — 3, and G*= 2-32— 2 35; pale grayish-
an unctuous feel No. 8, a ooafae, oteavable, bronze-colored diallage, forming a roek
No. 4, a rock from Orford, couaisting of aroall masses of pearly, tranaluoent^ celandine*
with H,=6-0, and a=3'02— 303 :
jf hganiUe
gi
(I) 36-70
(I) 39-30
50-00
(1)47-15
3-45
Mg
28-19
25-73
27-17
24-55
Ca
3-80
11-35
14-31 = 99-62
16-93=100-62
6-30=100-86
6-88=101-56
sas
OXYGEN OOMPOrNBB.
A complete removBl of the lime and iron produces steatiie or to2e, a common materuil
morptiB. Btnsselaenie is a yarietj or steatito (see Talc), having eomeiimes the i
pyroxene. Pjrallolite is also in part talc or eteatite (anal. 6, 13, 14). Saponik «ii|
(q, T.) are other results of the eame kind of alteration, they consisting, like tal
ma^esifl, and water, Eortoniie is a eteatitic pseudoinorph of pyroxenei fonnd in I
N. Y., with cJiondrodite, /
Tlie following are other kiiide of peeudomoirhs ; Hematite, Limonite, Magnetm
(which see]. In the pyroxenes containing much iron, eapecially the augitic vanotiM^y
of iron, when moijfture and air are prcaent^ may paea to a higher atate of osywlj
mineral take a red color (the color of anhydrous aesquioxyd of iron (hemaltU\ or fti
water as well aa oijgen, and become of a hrownish^eUow color, the color of tlia \tyii
oxyd, or Umoniie. hagmtHe ia another n*ault, and probably through the alteialiiiii if <
oxydt 88 an iatermcdiate stale.
PaiagcniUy as Bunsen has obaenred^ is one of the products arising in part from tiMi
the iron to a sesquioxyd ; it is the material of many tufas of volcanic re^Ofifl, as thoti
and Etna, such tufas having been made ttom doleritic or basaltic lavas aboanding n
BuQspn remarks that palagonite may be made artificially by putting powdered biuuJtj
excess of caustic potash in fusion and pouring on water; the product, after waahin^ I
ptil?©nilent, and gelatinizes with weak acids, and ita compositiou is Uke that of I
palagonite of loehind. For analyses, see p. 483. i
£l^}idok is another mineral resulting from the kind of change here mentioned.
In one variety of the diailage from the gabbro of Harzburg (»ee aoaly«e« of othcii
A. Strong found (B. H. Zig., xxiil 54) Si 45-t3, *1 6-60, P© 12- 1 8, t& 8-Oa Mg 1%^
aUcalios 0*55, fi 4*6S=:98'15— a percentage of oxyd of iron and of water which {]idS«|
alteration.
Cimoitie. In the case of the aluminous pyroxene^ when all the boma except the i
removed and water taken up, there may result dtnoiiie (q. v.), a whitish day-like «i
has been observed constituting pseud omorpha of augite at BQin In Bohenua. In th^
thiB aluminous Bihcate, alumina may possibly be added^ to some extent, from an ezW
as fh>n] feldspar decomposing in the same rock. Pisani givea the following coop
greenish alimiinoua, elthoagh tolcUkef pseudomorph having the angloa of pyroDttil
61):
Si XI te Ag U Sft ft A.
66-53 204D 2*67 5 94 0*93 2*82 S'SS U
iBftwFQj
Ghueoniie, Mica, Under the action of alkiU&e witon^ alkalka may be li
the hydrous mineral glaticonite (q. v,) or f/rem earik may ramilt as ft ooostitueot of ■ome I
domorplis ; or the essentially anhydrous mineral mloo, which has been obeerved by ^
pseudomorph after augite, in the Eifl'el Kjemlf givea the foUowlag an^yiot (I) w "
augite, and (2) the mioi derived from it :
g|
aa
fe
%
Ca
1. Augtto
5031
eu
n-bd
13-66
19-85
2. Mcapm^
43-10
15*05
23-25
1U*S2
0*81
«a £
082 4-G2
Ign*
0-38=:&8"6a
1*50, with tl
AcmitU (q. v*) la considered by Bischof and Rose a pyroxene altered by tb« i
QuarM, OpaL OakHe, The removal of the mineral by the decompoiJiyr m4
■gwioiea may bo ftlteiided by the introduction of silica from the waters preson^ wtml
Ing beoomo ilttcMHiB as n oonsequenoe of the decompoeltiuns* Benrn may coot iOlBd
mornha, either ouhydrona Uke qttartt, or hydrous like pjtaL One eaoh mm YmawimBi
by BAmmelsbefg^ wbidtk still oontahied some part of the baatea, allbfdUig hia <
UsL 967);
6f 86*91, M 1*66, ¥e \t1, Mg 1*70, Ca 2'66, fi 5^TsE9i^
In aoiiia oaaea the wnters hold in solution carbonate of lime intlead of i
Kme consequently takes the plooo of the removed mineral, and so MkUe pseu
roxene are produced.
22. U&AUtK, Augite also occurs altered to homl>kndet and th« prodoct has I
by Rose ({*ogg., xs. ^122, 1 SHO, zxviL 97, xxzi. 619). The orystala have th« form of aoj
deavage of hombleride, / a /= 1 24 * ; they spr--^ "- ^n sist of an aggregation of ■ "
pHsma, They are sulitmnspareut in very ti have a de«p-grte& ooloTt a |
streak, with R=5 or nearly, and G.=5-l i ml; 3-276^ Sdealft, ▼. T
Kodematadi (Pogg., zxzviL 566); 2, aammeiabvrg (Min. Chsn^ idO); 6, Qw f. ]
657):
&
la
fe
6»
ft
1/Uti]
5306
4-56
16 37
*r-
12-90
12-47
=99 35 Kudcr.
I "
60-75
5*65
16-48
0-79
I2':*tf
11-59
l'S0=99'34 Ramm.
ISMa
48'TO
082
26'21
12-01
11-26
I'Ol, alk. k-.-m Bath,
933
%wu obtained bj Rose from a grocn porphyritic rock at Moatovi^a, Lake Baity m^ ueai
wAerg, and at Carmin^koj, near Miask, in the Urtil. It has abce been reported fifom
L to Korwaiy ; Tavignolo, oear Predaz«o in the Tyrol ; near Noiirode in Silesia, in green-
[f^npngua in Quito; Mysore in India.
Bi— Diopside haa been observed as a furnace product at the iron-works of PbDipabuig, N.
r(0. J, Bmah, Am J. Sd,, XL xrrii. 1 32) ; and dark-colored pyroxene at Gaawnberg ; in an
tnear Haichebun?; a copper furaaoe near DfUenburgj at Fahluo and Oldbuiy; a man-
pte at Magdeeprung.
I m crystaU, as diopaide, artificially by the action of chlorid of silioon on magnesia
^1 ilflO^ a grayiah- white Tar., by mixing the constitnentfi and exposing to a high heat
»>
limall yellow crystals has been found in old fumaroles at Eiterkopfe, near Andomach
r Okphactth. (Ompharit [ft-, Baireut] Wem,, HoaTm. Jiin., iL 2, 302, 1812; Breith,, ib., !▼.
I Handb., 612, 1841, B. R Ztg., xiiv. 365, 397, 1865.)
OoAvsge: in two directions with the interaQgle 115^, one perfect, the other imper-
, grannlar, disseminated. B.—6—B, G.:^3-2 — 3"8; 3*178— 3 231, Breath.; 3-26SJ,
f-lfenJt, 3'27<K fr- between Wuatiiben and Weppenreuth, 3243, fr» Silberbach, 3301, fi-.
', aH in the Fiohtelgeblrge^ Fikenscher. Lustre vitreous. Color graaa* to leek-green.
-Atuilyaei by J. FSkenecher (B. H, Ztg., xxiv, 897):
OberPferdt
Wurtnben
8flberbach
'4 gtcmbacb
9-12 532
9-69 4*08
9-19 4-61
8-71 11-63
fig
13-75
12-85
13-60
10'77
0-28
0-3:i
0'14
ign.
0-32— P9-98
0-62 = 99-69
0 41 = 10011
0-50=99 M
Jk P*chef , Styria 60-29 6'67 3-26 15 22 21-50 Q'88 O'SS 0 46, ^Sr 2 O7 = 100-G4
|;I fivw fbr the 0 ratio of ft, H^ Si, 2-6 :1 : 6-1 ; No. 2, 2*8 : 1 : 64; No. 6. 13*3 : 875 : 2613
edh trom those adopted by Fikenscher). Although much care was taken to uee the
, the recttlts aeem to indicate an intimate mixLure with some alumina silicate ; and
I l&tiid»gamet or kynnito, which ore its associates. If this be the case, tlie mineral
t be pryroiene or hornbieade, as has been supp^^aed. After an examination of tho mineralf
" with doubt the cleavage angle given by Brfiihaupt
t occarE near Hof in Baireut, Bavaria^ at the localities mentioned above, and also at
It is intimately mixed with a lime-gamete and also usually with ky unite, mak-
I greenish rock, spotted with pale garnet, called eehgyte. The rock eoutaiuB oflen
i of ft ail very mica. The name Omphalic is from rf^^jaf, an unripe ^ape, alluding to the color ,
: the names of green stones mentioned by Plioy.
Vp>lax Breithaupt (J pr. Ch , xv. 321, 1838). Occasionally in prismatic crystals, afford-
ling ti> Deadoizeaux, the angles, and the pianos /, i-r, »-i, and i-i, of pyroieneT andcleav-
diivction of /. Usually laraelbr massive, sotnetimes fibrous. E.=fi. G.= 8-233,
Color dark violet-blue. Traueluceut, but in tliin plates transparent
r obtaicied (Desdoizeanx^s Min., 1. Gt\\ in an un satis facrtory analysis of the lamellar min*
Miclory beoftuse this variety is penetrated by a fibrous' minofal which appeiirs to be
Si A6-1I, Xl 9-04» fe 2-46, Mn 2*54 Mg lU'40, Oa 13-62, ^a 5*63, = 90 8U. Plattner
ily ascertained by his trials (J, pr. Oh*, zy. 821) that it was a silicate of alumina, iron,
^ lmie« magnesia, and soda.
t in the dosed tube. B.B. ftisea easily to a clear glaas, coloring the flame yellow
i borax and soda gives reactions for manganese mid iroti.
n^ Mfime with white quartz, white fibrosis tremoUte spotted violet with manganeoe,
•nd maiigsnesinn epidote, in the braunite of St. Mjirceli iu the valley of Aosta, Pied-
[ tram its color.
239* fOIRITB. ^glrui Esmark^ Berzeliua, Jahrb. Mln^ 1835, 184.
ilinic, and isoraorplioiis with pyroxene. Cleavage : i-i perfect ; /
ki Btill less. Usual in striated or channelled prismB.
224
1>UKI>8,
S15
H.=5-5-6. a=345— 3-58 ; 3-578, fr. Skaadde, Raminelsbeqf
fr Berkevie;, Pigani. Lustre Yitre*>us. Color gi^eeniah-black. Strd
green. Subtranslucent to opaque,
Oomp.— ft'§i' + l?eSj*=(ifl' + iFe)Si3=, if &=Ca-^^a + ^©, SiUca 60-7, aeoauioi^
22% protoxyd of uroii 10*1, Umo 1% soda 8'7=100t Analyses: 1, Hammelsberg (Pog9
SOS); % Pisani (0. R., Ivl 846):
Si % Fe #e ]S[q fig Ca JTa £
1. Skaadoe 50'&2 122 2207 8-80 liO V28 6-97 9'29 0-94 = 100'72
2, fierkevig 62'11 2-17 22"80 8»40 0-41 2 60 12*10, fl 0-30=101'l» PS*
For an imperfect anal by Plantomour, see Bibl Univ* Geneve, IS4K
As HammelBberg observes^ eegiriue holds the same relation in oompoaitioa to _ _
arfVedsomte dfx^s to hombleDde ; In oadi alkalies being present^ and sesquioxyd of Ifon.
to a large extent the protoxjd bases.
Fyr., etc, — B3, fuses easily, coloring the flame yellow (soda) ; gJvea a msguetic fl
charooa). Not appreciably attacked by adds.
Obs,— Occurs with leuoopbonito, cancjrmite, elaeoUte, in Norway, ii«4r Brevig, on ll
Skaadoe, aud at Berkeirig.
Voo Homberg obtained from a perfect crystal from Lam^je, /A 7=87° 21'— 57* 47',
->f»2* 20\ the yanatlon owing to a slight irregukrity in the pHsm^ the edg«a a&d fkm
quite paraUel
Nofiied afler Mgir^ the Scandinayian god of the aea.
240. ACMTTB* Achznit Sir^ Ak. H. Btockh^ 1821, 160^ and Ben.^ fb^ les.
MonocHnic. C= 74^ /a 7=86° 50' ; aihtc^
1 : 0*9135* Occurring planes : O ; vertical, ♦-!,
dome, 2-1; pjTamidal, 4-2, —12-3, 124. 4-2 repli
edge between 24 and i-L Cleavage : /distinct ; Jhl
Plane i-t often lonffitodinally striated or cbanneUed*
oomposition-face t-i ; common.
II,=6, G,=:3-2— 3-53; 343, EanimeUl>erg, pi
crystal ; 3*53, same pulverized, LtiBtre vitreoiui, t|
to resinous. Streak pale yellowish-gray. Color h
or reddifih-brown ; in the fracture blacki'sh-greoo.
Fracture uneven — earthy. Brittle. Plane of opti
parallel to clinodiagonal section, DescL
Oomp.— ^»§i'+-2Foi^i«=:(4ft"+lFe)Si*=, if ^ar te-niX^
aoBquiozyd of iron 30*4, protoxyd of iron 51, soda 1 3^1. Atuil^
seUua (Ak. II Stockh., 1821, 160); % Lehunt (ThocaaoQ^a Mli^
Boinmdsbofg (Fogg., ciil 300) :
1*0 ftn Cft It*
0 7a ia40v tt lr,=rl
3. " 6203 28*08 849 U8«l 13 $a^ Kg 0^
61-66 2d'2d 5-33 0*6» 13 M, ft 0^41|i
lff1i.0 3ta
The protoxyd bases are majiihr ioda and pfotoiyd of iron, Ramtnalabarg nakci t|
the former to the latter 3 : 1. The mtio of the pcotoxyda to the aesqaioagrda Is 1 : i;
1 : 1 in legirinet and 1 : 4 in spodunifno. Anal 1 giTM the 0. ratio for baaoa aad flittai
Pyr^ etc. — B3. Aises at 2 to a lustrous black magDetiA? globuhs^ ooMng tlie
and with t ho (]uxes rsacta for iron and sometimes mangMieML 8U||hl^ MM vpn
Ob« — ^AcmiUi ooeurs at Rundc>niyr, 4 m. S^ of Duiis«nid» near Kcagabacg Is Norv
orystala, aon^Uniaa nearly a foot loogi imbedded in feldspar and quarti; tha oryil
aadUid and bent, and qmlo &agUo.
3i Pe Ha
1. Rtmdeinjr Sfi-3S Mt& 1*08
iiiri
filBUJOATES.
325
I from '«|ri|, apokU, In anosion to the pointed extremities of the crystals.
B has suggested that somite, as hitherto obserred, is probably in a somewhat altered
J and that possibly the ngirine of Brevig is acmite in an unchanged state (Kryst Ch.
a, 1% 1852).
1. BBQDOMlTUi Bother Braunstein pt Min, of last Cent ; fr. Eapnik, Euprecht (with anal^
Pbji^ Arb. Wien, L 66, 1782; Crell's Ann^ L 297, 1790. Bothbraunsteinerz pt Wem.
DUites Both-Braunsteinens (Kapnikker Feldspath) Karst, Tab., 64, 78, 1800 (favoring its being
n &tinct species, while others (Haily, Beuss, etc.) supposed it the carbonate mixed with
fiiarts)i Bothstein pt^ Kieselmangan, Mangankiesel, Germ, Manganese Spar pt ; Bed Man-
ganese; Biailicate of Manganese. Bhodonit Jaache^ Grermar, in Schw. J., xxvl 112, 1819
Hjrdropit Gtrmor, ibu, 116.
Boitainite (fr. MexicoX Bisilicate de Manganic et de Chaux, A. Brangn,, Ann. ScL Nat, yiii.
411, 1828. Fowlerite (fr. Hamburgh, N. J.) Shep., Min., 186, 1882, ii. 26, 1836. Kapnikite
am; L 239, 1841. Paisbergit Igds^rdm, (Etv, Ak. Stookh., 148, 1861 ; J. pr. Oh., liv. 192, 1861.
Mngan-Amphibol Eerm.f J. pr. Ch., xlyiL 7, 1849=:Hermannlt JTemi^., Min., 71, 1863=Cnm-
dt Eanmu, Min. Ch., 478, 1860.
Tridinic, but approximately isomorphous with pyroxene. Angles, accord-
Bg to Gr^ and Dauber, and also those of pyroxene :
216
Qieg.
Davber.
In Pyroxene.
IM
87' 20'
87° 38'
87° 5'
Osl
93 50
93 28i
100 57
OM'
110 40
111 8i
100 57
/Ai-i
136 20
136 ^
133 32i
IsU
138 20
138 Hi
136 27i
/A 2
148 42
148 47
144 35
/a^
142 30
142 39i
144 35
/A 8'
86 35
85 24
Cleayage : /perfect ; 0 less perfect. Usually massive.
H.=5-5— 6-6. G.=3-4-3-68; 3-612, Longban; 3-634:, Siberia; 3-63,
pbling, Hermann. Lustre vitreous. Color light brownish-red, flesh-
iri, Bometimes greenish or yellowish, when impure ; often black outside
hm exposure. Streak white. Transparent — opaque. Fracture con-
ioidal — ^uneven. Yery tough when massive.
,_^ Var^— Plicate of manganese, Mn Si=Silica 46*9, prot manganese 64*1 =100. XJsnaUy
VM f e md Ca» and oeoasionally 2n, replaces part of the 3iln.
L OrdMory. (a) Crystallized. Either in crystals or foliated. The ore in crystals fWmi Paia-
m^ Sweden, was nanied PaitbergUe under the idea that it was a distinct species. (6) Granular
\ Odeifenm; Bubzamdi. Contains 9 to 16 p. c. of lime replacing part of the Mn. Often
■l tafoie from the presence of carbonate of lime, which suggests that part of the lime replacing
pjn Bi^ have oome from partial alteration. Grayish-red. Named after Mr. Bustamente, the
^ •gaq/jfWff; F6wmn& In cryMtala and foliated, the latter looldngmnch like deavable red
Bfapr; th* cvyitaU sometimes half an inch to an inch through, /a /=86'' 80', Torrey. G.=
Mkkiith.; S*4i Thomson. This mineral is mentiouod by Fowler in Am. J. ScL, iz. 246, 1826 as
■■Mi coytf c/flUM^oneM from Sterling, N. J., and as often containing dyaluite (zinciferous spinel),
the same name in Robinson's Cat Amer. Min., 298, 1826. It is Thomeon'ii>/0rro-
Ann. Lyo, H. Y., iii. 28, 1828.
i, BeneUns (AfhandL, i 110, iv. H82); 2, 3, Ebeknen (Ann. d. M., IV. viL 8); 4,
,.^;^ (J.jr. Ol^ xhrii 6) ; 6, A. SchUeper (This Min., 463, 1860); 6, Igelstrom (J. pr. Oh., Uv.
■4; t, H. Hahn (B. B. Ztg., zx. 267); 8, Dumas (Ann. Sd. Nat, viil 411); 9, Ebelmen (I c.) ;
16
226
10, Eammelsberg (ZS, G., xriii 34);
OXYGEN OOMPOUNPS,
11» PiMni (a R, ML 102); 12, H^rmixux (L cl);
m
te
Mn
Zn
%
tm
fi
CaC
A. 1. Lcmgban
48*00
..^_
49^04
0-22
3*18
^lO0*3l
2. Algiers
45*49
6-42
89*46
2*60
4*66
=98 63 i
8. St Marcel
46-37
47*38
B'58
cs^^-Vk
4, CammiiigtO'D
48-91
tr.
46-74
2*00
2*36
. :=100I
6. **
51-21
4'U
42*06
<r.
2*93
=101H
6. BiitbcrffUe
46*46
3-31
41-88
0-91
8*13
= 100'6|
7. libiivg^rode
44S6
1*52
42-98
616
3*06
0-95
^,X10^4»
= 1M
B. 8, Mexico, Bust
48-90
0-81
36-OG
14*57
—100^
9, " '*
44-45
116
2G-96
0*64
14*43
I2'27=r99*«a
10. " "
47*36
42*08
9*60
0-72
^99-75
11. ViwnUne"
46-19
1-oa
28-70
2-17
13-23
3 06
C-95 = lolH
a 13. Stirling, I^ioL
46*48
7-23
3152
5*86
3*09
4*50
100
=99 6t
la. ^ **
46-TO
8*35
Sl-20
5-10
2*81
6*30
0-28
=100-7^
Schliopor found Mb spedoioii (one famished by the aotbor and seemfnglj unaltenyl) toeod
of carbonate of mangaaese and other bases. By cUg^Btion in eonceatratiMl muriatic aoi4» i
90*15 per cent of silicate of manganeae, and 9-85 soluble portioiL The latter gavo cm i
MnC 60*52 ^e C 8*60 Oa C 3717 Mg C 2*44 lland losa 1*27 =
Ten p. c of carbonates had been provionsly found in the Cummington tninorai, hr
cock. Allowing that the ten p. a of carbonates in SchliepeFs specimen had been fon
expense of the oases in the rhodonite, and also that thero was some fNe Bfliaa in t *
or grains, as was obfions to the ejre* the ojcjgea ratio cannot be taken ai dUterttxA^
rhodonite.
Hermann's Mangan-amphibol (I c.) was based on an analysis of this CnmmingtOQl
Rnpreclit, whojiublLshed his first analysis of the species in 1782, obtained ^l Sf^
35*16, iron 7*04, ^l 1*66, water 0*78=99-59. Huot based bis speciee Kapntkik on tliis
Briuides obtained for Uio HydropUe, a rose-colored ore fh>tn Kapnik, hafiiig Q.==:l*ll
xxtL) tSi 53*60, Mn 41*93, ^e 100, Xl 1'24, fl 3*00; it has been oonsidored a ""
formula Mn* Si*; but it was probably an impure rhodonite.
Pyr^ aito. — B.B. blackenfi and fuace with slight intumeecence at 2*6; with the 0^
actions for manganese ; fowlerite gives with soda on charcoal a reaction for tlaa bH
upon by adds. The coloiierous varieties often effervesce from mochamoal admiztore
ate of lime. In powder, partly dissolves in muriutic add, and the inaolixlile
white color. Darkens on exposure to the air, and aomekiiiiea b«c»OM« neafiy
Obs.— Ooeura ot Longban, near Philipatadt ia Swoden, in iroo ore bodi^ in '
groQular mas«ive, the Pain berg iron mine, where it oQcnra^beiikg tbeofiginof Am
lyao at Klbingerode, in the Harz ; ui the district of Katherinouberg in the Ural ; wfdk
tt Kapnik in Transylvania ; in Cornwall, eta
Occurs in Cmnmingtonf Kasa*, and some of the neigli mis, ia boulders ;
^-ick, Mass. ; in an extensive bed on Osgood's farm. Blui ^fnine ; In Ira^binv i
trTf Vt ; near Windioeter and HiujHlale, N. H, ; at Ctmibvriiiuaj tL L ; JMehU at l&a
SttrUng, New Jersey.
Named from ^ii^«», a rosif in allusion to the color. The name 'a attrOwled to Jiifib*
(1819), but is not in the Klcine Miu., Sohrlften of Jascbe (1817).
AlU^Tiiere are two prominent methods of alteration, which may id
(1) Through the strong tendency of the protoiyd of manguncse to
daiion ; In which process the red color changes to brown or black, coj
whidi heoamn a black crust to the mosa. Indefinite niisturea tlraa iwott^ wj
pvtfy dUcatfl^ or wholly one or more oxydi of manganeie. (2) Tbrooish tba 1
nrot^yd of manganese and other protoxyds present to unite with carbonic idd al
Une carbonated wators, this cauning the silicate to be penetrated with carliooale of
and often also with carbonate of lime or iron. The color of the rtinlt all«r Ibia ~
usually grayish-rod to gri^lsh-whito, and sometimes brown.
I. Bif OxudaUim; noi llyd^atedor Oairbanated,
A. MAEOBLUia nerihier (Ann. Ch. Pharra., li 79, 1832). Oolor grayiab4)lacli 10
Inttn submetaUic; 0.=3 8; a=5*6-6. From Bl Maroel la Pfedmooi "
i^frwinttf, J^9gg^ zLix. 204, IS4») b ttom the samelocaUO', «&4 of the auoo B
Ij Bralllla^pt.
hct Hfpafatipjiy o(
I to aliigtiarati
BI8ILI0ATE8.
227
vrnn V. KoMl ^Gnmdi^ 328, 1888) is ThomsoD's MBqtMiUeaie oflLy from Franklin. N. J
-CL K. York, L a), an iron-black ore, with G.=3*67 ; it is altered fowlerite. Yon KobeU
mflonhi analyaifl (see below), and giyea no description of his own.
Mn, Wittingite, Heotokite, are names of results of this kind of alteration. They are
Dg with rhodonite. Thej contain about 36 p. c. of silica. See NBOTOorrs under Hydrous
L Opefanose of Betidant and Elipsteinite o f y. Kobell are names of a similar hydrous sihcate
g about 26 p. & of silica.
ULOm JoMAtf (Qermar, Schw. J., xxvl 112, 1819 ; Grunmanganers Jaach/t.^ Eleine Min.
k, 10^ 181YX from Schebenholce, near Elbingerode in the Harz, is either dull-green or red-
VB, and aflbrding du Menil (Gilb. Ann., IxL 197) 7*6 p. a carbonic acid. The name AVIor
Bko^awdA^ is not in the Kleine Schriften of Jasche, but is attributed to Jasche by Germar.
oncm (Qtrmar^ Schw. J., xxvi. 116; Photizit Brandea, ib., 138) is yellowish-white, isa-
d wax-yeDow, greenish-gray, pearl-gray, to rose-red; 0.=2*8— 3, from the same locality
aSagite. It afforded Brandes (ib., 136) 1 1 to 14 p. c. of carbonic acid, with some water.
I manganese {Hom^mangan of Jasche) is of similar nature, it containing 6 to 1 0 p. a of
aoid; color brown to gray. And so also the Cummington rhodonite, whidi idTorded
r 10 p. 0. or more of carbonates.
168: If Berthier (la); 2, Berselius (Schw. J., xxL 264) ; 8, Evreinoff (Pogg., zlix. 204) ;
or (Ann. d. M., lY., J. pr. Ch., xxviii 284) ; 6, Thomson (Lya Nat Hist, N. Y., iii 83);
MenQ (L a); 8-10, Brandes (I a) :
Si
21
»n
Pe
Ca
Ag
fi
0
Mme
2600
300
67-23
1-23
1*40
1*40
=100-26 Berthier.
rvdm
16-17
2-80
75-80
4-14
=97-71 Berzelius.
I
10-16
86-87
8-28
0-61
,& 0*44= 100-36 Bvr.
I
1024
7682
11-49
1-14
0-26
=99-46 Damour.
BMfe
38*39
61*67
9-44
=99-60 Thomson.
gUe^gnm
16-00
73-71
7*60=97-21 du MeniL
' brawn
1600
75*00
(r.
7*60=98*60 du Menil.
tieOe, ywh.
3900
0-26
0*50
46*13
300
11-00=99-88 Brandes.
gyh.
36-00
600
0-50
37-39
6*00
14-00=99-89 Brandes.
36-00
0-26
67-16
2-60
6-00=99-91 Brandes.
mite altered to kaolin has been described by Ebelmen (Ann d. IL, lY. yii 1) and Damour
Soo, TiL 224)l
ier obtaiiied for a Qntubandten (Grison8)ore (Ann. Oh. Phys., U. 79) &i 16*3, Mn 80*9, l^e
1*0=98-2 ; and Sohweizer for the same (J. pr. Ch., zziii 278) Si 1660, Un 77*34, Fe 3-70,
H 1*76=100.
ret, as alteration continues, graduate into true ozyds of manganese. A kind from Pesillo
MBife hy Hnot, Minu, 1841) afforded Berthier Si 6-8, Un 84*2, 0, ^ 6-7, l^e 2*8, Co 0*8 ; it
Bsaify aU of thj» silica in the change.
242. BABINOTONITS. Levy, Ann. PhiL, 11 yii 276, 1824.
slinic, but, like rhodonite, approaching pyroxene in form.
as in the annexed figures. /A 7=87° 24', Dauber; 87*"
=98^ 32' /A -2=150*^ 19'
'=11212 /A-2'=89 13
'=183 24 7'Ai-t=132 34
8=122 22 T' A i-i=135 16
y=186 54 i' A -2=98 37
=117 r A -2'=155 18
i=134 60 i'Al',adj.,=115 24
i=137 20
= 5-5-6. G. = 3-35 - 3-37 ;
, Thomaon; 8-866, Bammelsberg.
Observed
26', Levy.
219
Lustre vitreoua, splendent. Coloir
228
OXYGEN OOMPOTTNDB^
dark greenish-black ; thin splinters green in the direction of 0» Mid br
transversely. Faintly tmnslocent ; large crystals opaque^ or laiotly
translucent. Fracture imperfectly concboidaL
Co, Silica 50*1, 8CB(|tiiox3f'd of iron 111, protoxyd of irou lO'O, protoxxd of min|piHBii
lime 21*4 = 100. AnalyaeB : 1, Arppe (Bera. Jalif©ab.» aodl 20a) j 3, IL X>. Thomaon (PhiL 1
zzrii 133); S, Raoimelflberg (Fogg., diL 287, 304):
Si 9e l^g Ca te Uu ^
1. 6i'4 2*2 19-6 213 1*8
J, 47'46 2-21 14-74 16-81 10*16
8. 61-22 11*00 0-77 1982 lO'Se 17*91
a-3, igiL 0^=100*5 .
6*48,ign. l'24=99'ia'!
, ign, 0-44=100-»"J :
Fyr.| etc*— B,B. (Hides nt 2 7 to a black magnetio globule, aod with the floxee gira ;
for iron and maDganeae. Unacted upon by acidii.
Obft.— Babingtonite occurs in distinct crystal* at Arendal, in Norwmy, aaaociAted wjtli (
and mtiSBivd garnet, and \n the Shetland Isles, imbedded in white qa«m. It Was
Dr, Babington ; it resembles some dark varieties of pyroxene.
lu the United States it is said to coat crystalA of feldspar, at Goayemeurf 8t 1
N, Y. Od cryat, aee Daubor, Fogg., xciv. 402.
Small black polished cryBtala ooating mloa alate^ or micaoeoua gneisa^ at Athot, H
by Sbepard to BAbingtooitei may possibly belong here.
^43. SPODUMUNS.
D'Andrada, Scherer'a J., iv. 80, and J. de Phya^ IL M^
Tripbane K, Tr., iv. 1801,
MoEOclinic ^=69*^ 40' /A /=S7°, O A 24=130*' SO'
221
11
\
O A i'i^Sr 40'
O A 1=134 12
O A 2=110 50
t-iA/=133 30
M At-A=107 33
24 A 2-i, top,=80
a A 24=139 30
U A 24=102 54i
44 A 9=lir W
U A 2-2=125 14
M A 1=101 6
iA A 2=134 Id
/A 2=145 W
/A 1=181 88
1 A 1 = 116 W
2 A 2=91 84
Crystals larg^. Cleavage: i-i very perfect; I\
perfect; 14 in traces; m strise on «4. Twint, r
]K>6ition-faoe m. Also inadsive, with broad
surface.
IL=6*5-7. Q.=313-8*19 ; 817. Hmidli
3188, Diiblm Bay, Thomson; 3*133, Utd, _
l>ei^; 3*137, Sterzing, id.; 31S2, Sterling, Smith; 3-18, Norwich,^
Lustre i^earlj. Cross fra4»ture \itreous. Color grayish-gruen, p
greenisn-white and grayish-white, rarely faint-r^dish. Streak
Translucent — eubtranslucent Fracture uneven,
Oc>mp.-ft» Si' +4 Xi §i'=(j^ H'^ I S) i5i*=if rt=U Siioa e4t, alumina n% liUua t4a
Aualyaoff : 1, E. Hagao (Ptgg., xlviiL SGI) ; 2, Thocnacm (Mln^ 1 302) j 3. i, f " ' ""
IzzxT. ft44) ; 5-a, teUli fodBruah (Am. J. BcL, H zri Vlt) :
SeS — ^lOOQaiMi.
81
11
v%
Ca
u
1. Ui-i
%tn
n-Qs
0-32
384
t. inUiQey
es^si
1S51
ft 0-81
0*73
ft-eo
a. ut6
u^t
n-u
O&O
54T
4 Triol
66*M
t9iM
0-91
4^49
64^
St §4
0*64
034
ft-20
0 46 014 — ^HgOliBaaa
0 07 0 07 — ^ Mff OtiT ttna
0G6 Olf 0S0:=9r3a&ft&
BIBUJOATES.
229
Wmwkik 6S66
• 63-90
Sk 9e Ca ti j^a & £[
M-97 0-31 6-06 0-82» 0-60 a A B.
28*70 0-26 4*99 0*80* 0*60 a ft B.
36-30 2-56 0*43 5*65 1*10* 0*80, Hg 0*06=99*89 a ft B.
* With soma potMh; In 6, 6, 7, magneatai ir,
b mmdmea from Steriing^ ICau^ Hagen found Si 65*247, Si, 9e 27*556 , and in another from
ni, S 66-0S7, Si 26-451. G. J. Broah's earlier analyses (Am. J. Sd., IL z. 370) are rejected
^pi, do — ^B.6. becomes white and opaque, swcUb up, imparts a purple-red color (lithla) to
I flame, and flues at 3*5 to a dear or white glass. The powdered mineral, fused with a mixture
lawilphate of potash and fluor on platinum wire, gives a more intense lithia reaction. Not
Mi^oohj addfl.
Ofci. OocBTB on the island of Utd in Sudermanland. Sweden, with magnetic iron ore, quartz,
waHiift, and feldspar ; also near Sterzing and lasens in the Tyrol, and of a pale-green or yel-
viA oolor, imbedded in granite, at Killiney Bay, near Dublin, and at Peterhead in Scotland.
Ooevs in granite at Gouien, ICass., assodated at one locality with blue tourmaline and beryl ;
mat Gbastori&eld, Ohester, Norwich, and Sterling, Mass. ; at Windham, Maine, near the bridge,
iMwiOi garnet and staurotide; at Winchester, N. K ; at Brookfleld, Gt, a few rods north of
Wbaoo's tavern, in smaU grayish or greenish-white individuals looking like feldspar ; near
liiliuiuid, Qierokee Oo., GkL At Norwich, Mass., it is associated with triphyline, mica, beryl,
siaDRte; one crystal from this locality was 16^ inches long, and 10 inches in girt Fig. 221 is
ft crystal from this locality, and is two-thirds the natural size. Well terminated crystals, having
Im tBiminal planes 2-2, 1, O, have been observed by A. B. Kittredge at the Sterling locality.
knkals also occur at Goshen.
Imed from n^iSs^ athes^ because the mineral becomes ash-colored before the blowpipe.
The following are the angles obtained by the author, with the common goniometer, fr(mi the
lonrlch crystiSs : 0 A i-t =69' 40', i^ A 7=138° 80', »-» A t.i=107'. 2-i A 2-i, top,=80°, « A 2-<
=139* 45', « A 2.<=103°, »-» A 2=116% i-i A 1 = 100'' 30', i-t A x=i40% « A 2=184% i4 A 2=
Ur, /A 2=144% 1 A 1=117% 2 A 2=92^
kL FBTAZJTB. PetaUt aAndrada^ Sdierer's J., iv. 36, 1800.
Ann. Gh. Pharm., box. 436, 1849.
Castor (fr. Elba) Breiih,,
Monoclinic. (7=67^ 34'=:6^, below, on i-i; I A 7=86^
D' (8r — 87i^ obfierved), 0 A 2-i=126^ 2' ; a : i : c=
«4611 : 1 : 0-8670.
Obeerred planes : 0 ; vertical, I^ i-i, i-i, i-i ; clinodome,
); hemidomeB, -f-t, -2-i, -1-i, 4-*, f-i? (cleavage).
222
0 A 7=106^ 8'
OA7,back,=74 52
O A -4-i=149 7
O A -5-4=141 23
Oa-W=164 26
OAi.J=9919
Oa«=90
0 a 4-i, adi.,=90^ 23'
(? A fi, adj.,=117 27
-2-i A ft, ov. i^,=101 XO
iri A -2-i=151 3
irl A 7=136 50
irl A i.i=154 52
i-i A i-i, ov..7,=50 15
Obeerved cleavage angles of petalite : 0 A -2-^=141*" 30', 0 A |-i=
17i**--118% -2^ A |-i=100i^-10r. Cleavage: (? perfect; -2-i easy.
piqnite dimcnlt or imperfect. Also massive, cleavable.
H.=6— 6-6. G.=2-39— 2-5. Lustre of (?, or face of most perfect
kmee, pearij; elsewhere vitreous. Colorless, white, gray, occasionally
vddifiE or greenish-white. Streak uncolored. Translucent. Fracture
nper&etly conchoidaL Double refraction strong ; optic-axial plane per-
widicalar to the plane of symmetry and parallel very nearly to 0 ; bisec-
Qz aeiite» positive ; angle, m oil, for the red rays 86"" 27V, yellow 86"" 42'.
980
OXYGEN 00JCP0UND6,
Var^r^l. OaaiorUey in dlstiiict traimpAreiit ofystolB^ aflbrding the Above anglea and Asofep i
ihg to Defldoizeaiiz. Q.— 2-38, Breith. ; 2'397 —2*405, Damour. 2. Ordinmry peteMi^ da
massive; aDda=2*42, Arfvodson; 3*45, Dr. Ctarke; 3'426, C. G. Gmelin ; S*41S, r410(r {
2 '448, 2'66B^ Bamotir, the last two from dM'orent parts of the same Utd specinieii, atid ijid
according to Damour, that the mineral is mixed with more or lees quartz and ruld^par.
deavage |-« has been observed onlj in petalite.
Ootnp^-O. ratio for %fi, Si=l : 4 ; 20, Bera.; (i fi'-+-t 33) Si' + 3 ^i; orelaewithi
ofthe excess ofsilica (3 SI) basic; =8Uica 11-1, nJumiua 17*8, lithia 8-3, soda l'i=l0a.
Analytes : 1, ArfVedacm (8chw. J., nil 93); 2, Omelin (GUb. Ann^ Ml 399) ; a^ 4. B. 1
(fogg., ziviii. 361): 5^ Rammelsbem (Pogg., Ixxxv. &53); 6, Walterahjiuseii (Vulk. Oes^j
7, 8| Smith A Brush (Am. J< Scl, IL xvt »Td) ; 9, FlattDcr (Aim. Ch. Pharm^ Wtr 443):
M Li jfa
1, Ut6
•' reddish
BdtoQ, Masi
8i
T9-212 17^226 5761
77*812
77-007
77-79
76*74
77*95
-=102*198 ArfVedson,
a. •• 77i*0
9. KlbSi Ooiioriie 78*01
n-41 6*16 Ca 0-3i. igu. 2*17;=:99*23 GiBdiiiL
17*194 2'69i 2*302=100 B, Hsg«n.
18000 2-660 2-273 = 100 & HageiL
18-68 8*Jia 1*19=^100 Rammelsberg-
18-66 2-69 , Vb 0-08, Mn I'O, Aft ID tt 0i)^=9Wi WJ
16*68 3*74 0*4^, Fe 0*62, fi, Oa, ftr., Ag 0*21, Ign. 0'« *
15*85 S'52 0 53, Pe 0*51, ^ Os, ir., Ag 0*26 igll 0^0 &Tl
1 8-86 2*76 (with ir, A, ^a)== 1 00*24 FlaUaer. Gv= f3Vl
The protoxyds in castorite are less than in petalitc in the analysis madei Bnt iti dstll
iOix>rding to Rose^ are like those of petalite, and its optical chiiractera, aocording to ]
B^ithaupt still urges that they are distinct ^B. H. Ztg.^ zxv. 35 X and meDtions their dU
sp. gr. as a prominent distinction.
Pyr^ etc.— Gently heated emita a bine phosphoresceDt light B.R oo ohareoal 1
glassy, subtransporent, and .white, and melts ooly on the edges: gives the reacdon itf]
with borax it forms a deur, colorless glass. Not acted on by adds.
Obs< — Petalite occurs at the iron mine of Ut ^, accompanying lepidoUte, totirmallne, !
and quarts; on Elba {castorUe) in attached crystals; at Bolton, Maa&, with •cifoUto;'
to Bigsby, in a boulder containing tremolibe, at York, near Toronto, Oaiuida.
lAtfiia was first discovered in this mineral by ArfVedsoa. The name psiaUk ia from
kaf, and alludes to the deavage.
On cryst. of casvorite and petalite, aee DeuL, Ann Cb. Phys^ IT, ill 864, 1864, and ]
cixfL648.
DeadoiaeauZf who fdves the above %nre, points out the laooiorphism with tpodveam
the fiiet that the O. ratio difTera by a multiple of 2 for thu silica, it being I : Az Ixttot c
and 1 r 4 : 20 for petalite.
246. KUPFFBRFTE. EnpObrit (fr« the Tunkinsk Mts.) A Egrmmm, Bull Goa If A 1
cott, zxzv. 243, 1862. AnthophylUte pt Antholith pt JEsiMf,
Monoclinic /A 7=124'' 15'- 124° 30'. Cleavage: /perfect hi
ittiona of pri&nis, like actinolite.
.=5-5, G.=:3*08, tK IJmen MtA. Liifitre vitreoua. Cdor
brownish on weathering. Translucent in thin splintera.
ftkadf colored
.-1^ ^i. with but Uttlo ^e replaoiog tho lift Hk*
Dmdbydutmie. Analyaes: 1, HenDaiui(LeL,«iid J.
enstalitaL it baing aa i
(Pogi. WiiL 168)| 4» Lappa (Pttgg^
XKl
(B«o.Qeii.dcL,iil336);
11
I. Onea Mta. 67-46
1 Pfnai, mAmL 69*23 0*19
i. Taohussovi^ 66*T9l 0*19
4. Koruk 6848
5. KupfiptberR, anft. 66-69 4 03
6 Perth, Can., " 67-60 1*20
Analyses 2^ aro ralbrrad hara 1
FMb minanl (noalfad thai fell
pr.Ch-lzzzriiL 196}
4S6>; &; Saicfai? (Eam^lUa. Ch., 4T2); 6,
IgIL
0-81-100 :
1-31=100]
i-6a=c$
— I Ma<
-100^1
i to kupflfefita be
ttom Dk. HoioM*) li I
BI8ILICATES. 281
BiHoKte; H wtt a "oongeries of imperfect orystalB, and looked Uke anthophyllite ; *
^fE, •te«-— Id the doaed tobe traoea of water; otherwise Dnohanged. B.B. in the foroepa
fjae white, but doea not ftiae. In borax disaolyes, giving a chrome-green g^aaa.
I ordinal kapflbrite, from a graphite mine in the Tunkinak Mta., is a chromifenma
The analjaea here given are from a mineral of similar kind from near Miaak, in the
k Mta. The former haa not been analyzed. Kokscharof haa also found it near the Sanarka
tffif;nia]fl.
1 after the Boaaian phyateiat Kupffer.
MS. AMTHOPHniZirnL AnthophjUit (fr. Norway) Scfmmacher, Yerseicbn., 96, 1801.
ABtophjUit Kant, Tab., 33, 1808. Anthogrammit BreHh,, Char., 29, 1820. AnthoUth Brtiih,,
Ulk, 38, 1830.
Orthorhombic. /A 7=125'' to 125° 25'. Observed planes: 7, i-t, i-i.
OaaTage : i-t perfect, / less so, i-i difficult. Commonly lamellar, or fibrous
aiHive ; fibres often very slender.
H.=6-5. G.=8'l— 3*2. Lustre somewhat pearly upon a cleavage-sur-
Ciee. Color brownish-gray, yellowish-brown, brownish-green, sometimes
Mbmetallic Streak uncolored or grayish. Translucent to subtranslucent.
Britde. Double refraction po^tive; optical axes in the brachydiagonal
Mction.
Oamp^^te Si-l-3 IkTg Si=(i te + i Ag) Si=Smca 65*5, magnesia 2*7*8, protoxjrd of iron 16-7
slOa Analjaea: l,LbGmeUn(Leonh.0r7kt, 615, 1826); 2, YopeUus (Fogg., zziiL 855) ; 8,Pi8ani
(DBtcL Ifin., i., 636):
1. Koogaberg
2. "
3. ••
Si
21 te
ilR
%
Ca
B[
56
56-74
6616
3 18
18-94
2-65 14*13
4
2-38
091
23
24-85
2819
2
1-51
=101 GmeUn.
1-67=99-08 VopeUua.
2-38=100-93 Piaanl
E of Bnftenof (Ann. d. IL, III. x. 582, 1836) has a different composition fh>m that of
Mlbophyllite; bat it ia atill referred here by DesdolEeaux on the ground of opUcai identify and
iinriluitj (^cieaTage.
Ana^fsea: 1, Dofrenoj (La); 2, 8, Piaanl (L'Inatitut, 1861, 190) :
Si
21
*e
%
Ca
tt
1.
3.
88-81
42-86
43-68
9-31
16-52
17-07
45-88
18-82
15-96
4-13
15-51
18-30
0-67
1-90
0-76
2-30=10106 Bnftenoj.
4-50=100-11 PisanL
3-92=99-58 PisanL
flmfa analjaea afford the 0. ratio for ft, S, Si, £[, 11 : 8 : 231 : Sf
fft^ ate — ^B.B. ftiaea with great difficulty to a black magnetic enamel ; with the fluxes givea
for iron ; unacted upon by acids.
Qoura in mioa adiiat with hornblende and mica in thin and long platea and fibres near
^ in Norway, and with gray cobalt near Modum.
Ai apeciea, orighiaOy hiatituted upon the Norwegian mineral analyised by Gmelin and Yooe-
id regarded aa diatiuct by many later authors, indudiag Mohs, but united to hornblende by
, haa reoentlT been proved to be an independent species by Desdoizeaux (Min., L 75),
optical exanunationa have shown that the crystals are orthorhombic instead of monodinic
Mifttia mineral of the Norwegian localities above mentioned ia at present here induded, the
anthophyllite flrom Fiakenaes in Greenland (occurring with aapphirineX from Bavaria,
and otoer Norwegian localities, besides the cummingtonite^ of Cummingtou, Maaa., being
jUmd$ in optical characters. Desdoizeaux has later announced (0. R., Ldl, 987) that
—iaiillMi|iliynite ia inonocUnie. The gedrite ia from the valley of H^ near OMrea, Franoe,
Bi aoBtaiiia nicnMOopio Mack spinels {picoiite).
" ' from taUhcpkyUwn, t/yi clove, ia allusion to the dove-brown color, aa Schumaoher
IStS^S OXYGEN OOMPOrNDB.
2i6A. Pii>i>iirGTOMTnB, Haidinger (Ber, Ak, Wicn, adj., 261, imQ\ Th© i
meteorite of Bhalka^ m BsDooorab, conRBtiiig in part of graius hayiDg two eo^c
to one another 100", with H.=6'6 ; G. =3'4n, Haid^ a*66, Piddiogton ; apd motnra v
oontami&g smiiU imbedded grains or chromite. Von Hauer obtained ^i aT*ee, ^i I
Mg 19U0, Ca 1*53=: 98*84, which ia nearly the oompoaition of anthophjUlte, Tbt jp
firsi described bj H. Pidding:tou in the J. Aaiat Soa Bengal, xx. 2d9, 166:1.
247. ABfl[PHIBOLE. Skdrl (=Schorl)pt WaU., 1747 (excluding Amianloa, i
Aflbostna). Bkorl pL, Stralakorl (=^Siralilat^n) Oronsi^ Min., 1758 (excL AabettUfl=
and Bergkork, id. Hornblende Wem, Bergm- J., 1789 (eicL Stralilat^iti and Asbi
blende KttrsL, Tab., 1791 (excL Btrahlateln, Tremolit^ and Asbeat). Id. (excL ilao 8i
Sank Tab,, 18(H)f 1808; id* UUmtmn, 1814, and Jam^stm, 1817. Amphlbole ^tA..
Tr^ 131)1 (exd Gran)matite=TreEnoUte and Aabeste). Amphibole (ind Actmotek
tiie) M^ TabL, 1 809 <exel. Asbtiat«). Heterotjp(ineL Aabeatna, Bronzite, Hfptntl
wftb other yarieties) If<vmrk^ Handb,, 1818. Hornblende Jameaon^ Syst^, 18S<^|
Tremolite, Aabeatua^ Carinthine).
MunoeUnic. 6^=75*2', lAl^lW B0\ 0 A 14=164^ 1«
0"5527 : 1 : 1'8825, Observed planes : O ; vertical, /, i-t, 1-3, i
nodome, 24, 4-i ; hemidome, 14^ 2-/, -1-i ; hemiuetahedrul plaafll
(?:/,!, 2j -1 ; id. in zone 1 : i\ 3-i, 6-6» -34.
323
224
225
320
^^^
ki^
S27
328
229
-1..
*i*
-1
IT
t'l
I 1/ AS
<?Al^i = 155°33'
O A 14=149
OAS4-124 56
OAt4=lU4 68
0 A -1=152 36
Oa1 = U5 35
<? A 2=121 29
O A 24=150^ 2(J'
O A t-i=90
<? A /=103 19
i4At-8=a9 57
VIA 1-4= 147 3d
i-iAt-i=115 18
i4 A -3-4= 124 14
|-4a3.*=13A^
24 A 24, ov. O,
^1 A-l = 154 2^
1 Al = 14Bi
8 A 2=131
-3-4 A -3-4=]
3 4 A 34=Wj|
Orystalfl eoinetimes etotit, often lon^ and bladed* Clei^
l&et; f-t, t4, soraetinied di&tinet. Xateral pl&nee ofti
ated. Twins : eomposition-faee i-i*, bb in £ 226 (gimple
230. Imperfect crj'i^tallizatiunB : fibrous or colomuar, coi
often lik«^ flax ; sometimes lamellar ; also grannlar maeei
aud ui»ually strongljr cfoherent, but sometiraee friabla
54 2^
4
d9fl
BI8ILICATES,
G. =2*9— 3 '4, Lustre vitreous to pearly on clearage-faces ;
Tarieties often silkj. Color between black and white, through vari-|
"* i of green, inclining to blackish-green. Streak uncolured, or paler
\ Sometimes nearly transparent ; usually subtranslucent — opaqiie.
eubconclioidal, uneven, BiBeetrix, in most varieties, inclined about ;
rnonnal to O, and 15*^ to a normal to i-i; and double refraction]
See exceptions, p. 235.
|Vif.— flSi, and (fl'li) (^i, Xl*) as for pyroxcno. Ahimma is present in most
id wheo 80 it usually repkcea sQioa. it maj correspond to two or moro of the bt
'% Ma, ^a, K, fi j and B to Xl, Fe, or Mn. Fe somelimea replaces eilica, like
IfgmAdd out the general cwnfonnity of amphibol© to the pjroien© formula by diacoveL
ftinm ui bothepedee was often partly sesquioxyd (Pogg., diL 284^ and Min. Ch,, 468)k
l^ies do not all aocord with thid view, part giving the ratio 1 : 9|, unleaa the wata
|k ICiiGh amphibole^ eBpeeially the alumioous, coDUinB some fluorine. The ba«
hilftoiD aome varieties, or nearly ao.
)Amfkib<^ proposed by Haiiy, has the preoedenoe, because H&iiy first rightly appr^J
^edeSf a« he had done for pyroxene, and gave it, atid not a uy of ita varietiea, the namewl
1^ in isai, he brought togetiier hcrnhfende and adinolik ; and by 18ii9 he had addedi
ip the third prominent variety, trentoUte ; while in all other work a not taking their
mm. these three minerals still etood a^ distiuct spodea. A$be4iu9 was annexed to the
iuiAauuin in 1813, though kept sepiirate long afterward by many other authors.
of amphibole are as numerous as those of pyroxene, and for the same reaaona | and
^fKUVal to similar subdivisions.
L CoirrAmiNa littue ob ko ALUifDrA.
fioFLime Amphiboh ; Tremolite. (Tremolit Pini, de SaMiis9wn»f Toy. Alpea, iv. g 1923,
iunatitc K, Tr., iil 1801. Kiilftmit [fr. Noraiark, Sw,) Wem,, Tasdi. Min., i. 169,
liite. Raphilit^ Thorn., Min., L 153, IB36. Sebesit [fr.Sebes, Transylvania] in Breith.
[ lUI. Nordeaskioldit, Konng,, Ber Ak. WIen, lil 297, 1S64.)
Iit« to dark-gray. In distinct crystals, either long bladed or short and stout ; long and
ir, or fibrous; also compact granular massive. T A 1=124'' 30. H.=5*0— 6'5. G.
JDme times inmsparent and ottlorleea. Contains magnesia and lime with little or no iron | .
Jlg)^ Named TrenioliU by Pini, from the locality at Tremolain Switzerland. 1
Ik (fhmi YPitiiftn^ a tine) alludes to a line in the direction of the longer diagonal seen by^l
feiSTieTBe sections of some crystals. It was substituted for tremolite by Hatly, withoul^
la a YQtj bad substitute.
iWfe, fft>m Ruscula, near Lake Onega, is tremolite (Kenngott and t. Hsuer, L c),
^m Lanark in Canada, is tremolite in its grayish- white or but slightly gTeenish color,
gravity (G.— 5*86, Thomson; 3'845^ Hunt). But both Hunt's and Thomson^ ,
fa over 6*30 p. c. of protoxyd of iron. In a letter to the autlior (dated Sept. 2 1, \MA\ j
f lital be obtained in one of his trials, from material which he had purided from mixea J
^15 of protoxyd of iron, with C& 12-05 and Si 57*20 ; and he adds that he regards 1' '
tme oompofiition of the mineral.
iri pt (^ett« dl hyada [fr. Mexico or Peru] S^n. Lapis nephriticus A, Cluitus, ]
ft; C* BarihoUnuB^ Opusc, 163B; de Boot, Gemm., 1609. Lapis Ltidicus AldromnduStl
» Talcum nephriticum Linn,, 1T6S. Jade, Pierre nephr^tiquo, tTArgcnviUt^ Oryci,]
Ba^e^ de LUk^ etc Nephrit Wtm,, Ueb. Cronst, 185, USO, Kidney Stone. Nieren*
ht part a tough, compact, fine-gralned tremolite, having a tinge of green or blue, and
, a spifnkeij fracture and glistening lustre, H. = B— 6*5. Q.=2'96>-3 1. Named
Ml oAoaoj in diaeases of the kidney^ from w^p^H, kidney. It oocurs usually asaoci-
ota or magueslan rooks.
jada waa brought in the fbrm of c^irved ornaments from Mexico or Peru soon after i
of Amefica. Del Bio, in bis Mexican Mineralogy (1795)1, meDtions no Mexican lo»J
Bilar ttooe comes from China and New Zealand. A nephrite4ike mineral, call
Smith^ld, R. I., liAving the hardness 5'6, is serpentine In composition. The ja
^!a the #ai**w*nte{ee€ under Zotsmi) of the younger du Saussure, earlier named l
(hariaw Another aluminous jade ha:^ been called jadetk (q. v.) by Damour.
it ia a mixture, and has been named paeudonephriU (q. v.).
faa-£^m«-/r<m AmphiboU; Actinolitb (8trahikt>rl pt. Cronst,, I a Strshlstein fftfrra, j
Kirv^ Mm., L 16*7, 1794. Aotlnolite (correct orthogr.). Schorl vert du ZiUerlba^ 1
234
OXYGBIN COMPOimDS.
ZiDerthiies Deiam^ih., T, T., ii 357, 1797, Actinote K, Tr,, iiL 1803). Coiar bdgfe^
grajisb-greea. In cryBtals, either short or loDg-bladed, aa id tremoUte: ooJumMr
granular masBiTe. G.=3— 3 2. Bomotiizies tratispari>nt. Contains magnetia and lioM
protozjrd of iron, but eeldom more thim 6 p, c; ; fortoula {Oa, fig, te) ^ Tb« tul
bright-green ctyetals is called gtaag}/ actinoiite; the cijetala break eaaOy «ero« the |
fibrous and radiated kindn are often callod asbesU/orm aciinoliie and radi<ii6d aettmtdh
owea its green color to the iron present.
Named actinolite fh>m ^aMrUj a ray, and Xi&ot, eUme^ as trauBlation of the O^mitxi i
radiakd nione^ Name changed to acUnoie hj Haiij, without reason.
Tren»^lik graduates into acHnolik through an increase in the proportion of iron, tboa(
easily distinguif^able by Its color. Asb&tus has usually a gr&yish-whita or
although ttctinolite In the proportion of iron ; and the rapfiHUe (aeo
Bhade into actinolite in compels! tion. Tremolite does not diflbr in color from thd
tdeuiie, from EdenriUe, N. Y. (p. 2d6y,
3. Magnesia- Iron Amphibole; AyraouTB (Anthophyllit© pt (p. 231). Antholith pt J
1859, 68, 1860). Structure as in anthophyllite. Cokr gray to brown; G. = 31-81
much magnesia, with some iron, and little or no lime. Formula {SLg, ^e) ik, Qn
kupjf&ii^ p. 230.
4. MagnesiO'Llme'ManganeM Afnpktbok; Ricbtesitk. A TaHety (torn Phi-' ' '^i
(anal MX described by Igelstrc^m, and aflbrdlDg the formula (Mg, fin, ( li i
tainiug B to 9 p. c of alkali, which may possibly be a result of n^i^ ^^.ii.v
pale>yellowlsh to brown. IgelBtrom oonsiders the richierite of l-
1865) the same mineral, as it has the same generaJ aspect and sum ^^
leas manganese ; Breithaupt dcaoribes It as oocurnng in acioulAr cij6tal/«f » «
angle 133' 38' (which is within 5' of /a i-i of pyroxene); with 0- = 2*82rt; u
rarely pale yellowish-brown ; B,B. very fusible. It reeemblea the kokBehArofflis vfts§
Ihoagh unlike it La compositioii (p. 243).
5. Iron-Magnesia Ampktboie ; CimuiKQTOKTni {I>ewry, Am. J. Sot,, tUI 59^ 1M4.
lite pt Not Cummingtonite [=: Rhodonite] Ramm.'^ Color gray to brown. UsnsU]
0bro<latDellar. often radiated. G> = 3*1—3-32. Contains much iron, with soma
little or no lime. Formuk (te, Slg) SI Named from the locality, Cummingioo,
6^ Iron-ManganeM Amphibole; Djutn^euobite (Jprn-och-manganoxidulrik Honililoi
mamk, Dannemora Jerum., 52, 1851. Darmeraorit Kefmg., Ueb. 1*^55, 61, l*t56). Octo
brown to greenish-gray. Columnar or fibrous, like tremolite aod aebestua. Ooollll
manganese; formuki {P&, iin) SL In thin piocca B.B. fbaes to a dark ali§. d
Ipelstrom (B. H. Ztg*, xivi 23, 1867} is simihir; it is grayish-white to ash-gray, Mil
aBl>estu6 ; in adds not soluble (anal 30). The proportion of Mn is not st^Uid, in
eummiugtonitc.
T. Irt^i Amphibtfle; QuvvEBiTK (Pyroxene ferruginetix {ft, OoQobrtdraa) (Mwri
7Q4; Qrunerit Kt$Mg., Min^ 69, 1853). Asbestiform, or UuneUar-flbmiis. Loflln I
brown I G. =3-7 18, Formula I'eiSL Optical properties those of wnphlbolB^
Desdoiseauz (Min., I 59).
Appendix, 8. Asdkstus fA^fuvrof *m«f DioKor,^ t. 155. [Not iai'
▼. 1H3,] Asbestos, Linum viTum, Amiantus, P/m., zjx. 4, xiiztI 31, :<'fi
tnm) J^ufamas, Lana montana. Amiantus, Asbestoa, Agric^ Fosa., ^os, iani;
140, 14^, 1747 (Oaro montana or BlUgk6tt= Mountain teath^r, and Qnbor moBiM
koark= Mountain cork, being included.) Asbestus^ A n«ifli »*>!"« HsiFvatiiift r- Utit.
cork), Jhlt, Fobs., 16*5, 1771. Kymatin Brmtfi., tJib. ]k
d'Oisana) Saugmtrt, Voy. Alpes, § 1 6116 j Asljestf'mle n
No. 61, 17 07; Amiauthoide (ib.) Dekxttt/eih,, T. T., it ^04, Jiulj. Xryu^ulOui avUi
Tsrtctics of amphibole, esoctpting those containing much alumiQA, pass into flliftoiii
fibn?s of which ar< s Tery loogy fiM^ flezifaiki, and caai^ aepambb 1^ tin* '
like fljL2. I'host the oorrMpomdiiig of prraawn^ are cuM oiwirtiii (ft;
^imetimbwiiible,) I .*.... . ..j t^tj^^ed it a vegetable product, alth*^".-*!
oth, lis Utf states. The amianthus of the Oreoks Aud L^
caning un/ir/f/fKi, and aUuding to tbo ease of di^nrting tii
The wlnrs vnry from white to greeu and woo<l*brown. Th«» ;
usually to the finer and more silky kiiids» Much that is so called is d^ryta^^U,
it containing 13 lo 14 p. o. of watar* Mnmtam Imiker is a kind in tiik
iiiterlact>d flbrea; and menmloin eork (bargkork) tkt aamo in thidcer fkt» t
Hm U) ttoai on watoe, and thay aia olban hydmtit. Mmmk^tn wood (lianiliial: i
U compact dbcoaa, and frajT to brown in color, looking i Utiia Uka d^ w
i-ww^^ Ti^r f«4«il: ificr J
Blf^mfi^ CAmiattlbold,
f ft. Buurg d'Oiaons in Danpkioy, la ol ■
BSBIIilCATES.
235
Biid hM G.:=3D ; it is a tbrmB runeij of the ir(m^manganafi6 omfiMbok,
^ TanqiieUii k HAcquart (I e.% It occun ftSfloobted with a Uack o^ of »n4nginfl(ift,
n. ALUMoroua
Vif Ma^wB^Lime Amphibok. {a) EDxyrim (Edenit BrtiiK^ Handb., 558^ 184t|
logi^r and pale-green, and abo oolorleaa ; 0.=3-()— 3*059, BamiD.; 8*l>, Breith. ^ '
KbophjUite and tremoUte, Formula (Mg, Oa) (^S, Si*). Named from the locality at
X. T. To thia varietj beloag various pale-colored ampliiboba, haTing leaa than five
or Iron, Breithaupt makes the edeoite tridinie in B. R Zt^„ xxiv. 438, and he saja
amflinied bj Dauber. On an ezamioatioQ of crjBtala, the author aeea no retaaoo for
mmm (Toy. ikipea, iv, § 1313, 1363, 1798. Diallage Terte pt. ff,, 1801 : Green
B {7?lma<M^ Tabs 00, 1814). A thin-roliated variety^ of a Hf^t t
li oommoii green diaUage. Aocordmg to Boulaoger it is an ahiminoufll
containing leas than 3| p. c of protoxyd of iroBf and ia hence related i
Ifcte light green Pargaa mineral DeBcIoizeuux obaenrea (Min., L 90) that it haa thol
Id apparently the optical characters, of amphibole. H.=5 ; G.=S, Vauq. ; 3-10, Bon*
Ibima. along with whitish or greenish aaussurrite, a rode. The onginal mineral ifl
^ and the rock is the corsOyte of Piukerton, and the vertk di Corsica dnro of Lhe arts.
aiaragdite from Badier oonaista^ accordiiig to HaicUnger, of alternate laminiB of am*
ivfroxeae in twin oompositiou.
of the Alps resembles oorsilyte la ooQtainlng a smaragdite-Uke mineral (gr^en di- J
Himt fltaCea that the mineral baa the deavuge of pyroxene^ which our own examina* I
" in confirming.
[MstgnMia-Lifne^Iron Amphibole^ (a) Paeoabttb; (h) UoBiniLEKD& (Comeoa
aolkdoa pt,, C. crystalJisatus pt., Hombirg, Skidrl pU, Wall., Min^ 138» 139,
, Baaaltea pt, Bolus particnlia aquamosis pi, Onmst.^ 7<s 82, 1758. Schorl opaquo 1
~ ~ 1 argileux pt. de Ust^, Grist, it 3m (pi. iv , t 97, 99\ 424, 1783. BaaaltischA j
, BeTgm. J., 1789 (iud. also augite). Baaaltische H. (augite excl) Wern., 175*3, f
Tab, 1800. Pargaait SkinfvfU, 1814, Taach., Min. 1S1&, 301. Amphlbolit '
tPib-, 34, 1830. Diastatit (fr. Wermland) Brdih^ Char., 184, 1833. Syntag-
ailuaV WaUerian, BreiifL, B. EL Ztg., xiiv. 428, 1865.
, dark, green, and bluish-green to grayish-black and black. / A /=:: 1 24* T — 1 3 4 ° 35 ' j
. , Fdir^asiiLt is usually made to include green utid bluish^green kinds, occurring ia]
I cvystala, or granular; and furmblende the greeniah-black and black kinda, whether j
' » or long bladed, oolumuar, fibrous, or massive granular. But no line can be drawn 1
Pafgaaite oocnirs at Pargas, Fbiland. in bluish -green and gniyish-black crystals.
I in general the aame aa for tremoUie and aotinolite (p. 233), But In one blade ]
i (fr. BlHn ?) Deadoizeaux found one bisectrix to be parallel to the plane i'-f| i
I to it Again, in the bluish or black pargaaite, from Pargaa, tlie bisectrix ifli j
i normal to O^ and 108^ to a normal to i-i ; and double refraction is pa»i<iviL !
I that these distinctions are not suffl^slent to warrant the separation of these 1
k(i|B is a black hornblende from Kordmark in Wermland, stated by Brerthaupt to haytt j
and Q.= 3*08— 3-11. (d) ^f)^ma/t/e is the Ve»uYius black hornblende, analyaeilr]
g (No, 29X in which he found /a I=iH^ 8 , G,-3'273.
*u^ to Breithaupt, /a /in two hornblendes from Greenland is 123° 6^' and 124° OV <
kS and 3-383; two from Arendol in Norway, 124' imd 124 If, with G.=.S'30I and^
from Peraberg in Sweden, 124% with G.=3 818; two from &chmal2sgrube, near
10 Ji^ony, 124" 5' and 134" 11', ifcith G.=a»33 and 8-2M0; one from Bhonaberg la
'I* 6 , with G. =3*362. The proced'mg are of BreithaupVs Amj^ibolu$ fernmm,
dtk honiblende, from Wetterau or Bilin {A. basaiUcua Br.) analyzed by Bonsdorff and
L IT, 31 X Bftnthaupt gives /a /:^I24** 39 38' , andG.=3 17— 3'26 j for one from the
to of iMrrig and Fredriksvam in Norway <^. gaxomta Br.) /a 7=1*24' V, and i
*ti; for ofie of greenish-blBck oolor from Ersby near Pargas in Finland, analysed b^l
I Booadorfl: anaL 10, U (A. jnedius Br.), /a /=124<» 16', and G.~3-|4-8'17; for J
tlo gresoiflli^black color, from Saualpe in Carinthia, analyzed by Clausbruch, anal. 2(1 1
and Oarinthine W.}, /a/=134* 22', and G. = 3'08— 310; for one from Par-j
|ime«tODe with diondrodite, etc, analyzed by Bonsdorff and Gmelin (A*parga»'i
% J^ J=l2l^ 10*, and G. = 3-06— 3-o8 ; for one of greeniah-black to blackiab-^
KoDgsberg In Norway, analyjed by Kudematsch (A macrodioffanalii Br.^
G.=3*06-3 08
S36
OXTGEN OOMPOXJKDS,
DiaskxJUU of Breithiiupt {A. diagtatsciis\ ia ito angle /A/=rl20° 30', if thU be Mt i
iiregutaritj, diverges widely from true horablende, Breithaupt has called a velt«t>
blende from Nordmark in Wermland ffemiprimnatiaeher Amphibol (Chju-., 135, !8S5;
546) J it 18 stated to have /A i=l24^ 26', and to b© inclimc, the auj^le between the
nal and the left face of a diuodome being 27^ 40, and that for die right face t\'
dearagea pafallel to the prismatic plaiiea ^ I\ un&quaL G.=3"16— 318, The
Bouadorff and Hijjin^r^ Noe. 11, 28^ he refers here. He hafl recently named it j^
WaiUnanm or Walitnan. Breitluiupt also obaeryea that his A. nwiiui (
cleavflges, and is probably related to the waJlerianite. The gmyieb
from EdenTille, called by him Edeniie (see p. 236X he alao refers to bis |
11. Alwmnoua It'on-Lime Amphihale; NoBiUTB I>ana. Oolor black.
12. Aluminow Irtm^Manganese AmphiltoU ; Qamsigbaditb BrtiUu (B. H.
Oolor velvet-black, G.=3 13, Named from the locality, Gamsigrad in Serria, '
with white feldspar a rock called Hvua\fte.
Mangan-amphibol of Hermann (OuzDinixigtoDite EammMmrg, and Hermazmite Km
lug but rhodonite of Oummrngton, Mms., ammitovmij aiu^yiod.
L OoiTTAtiviira LrrrLs oh no Amuori.
1* Trmialik: MagnMia-Lime Amphtbole. Analyses: 1, 2, Bcmadorif (Sdsir
1^3); 3, MichaeUon ((Efv, Ak. 8toekb., ISfid, 196); 4, Damoor (Aim. Ob. f
Ricbter (Pogg.^ Iraiv, 863); 6, Rammelsb^rg (Pogg.^ ciiL 295); 7^ Lecbartier (
ia 381); g, 9, Rammelsberg (1. a) ; 10, Boudont (Ann, d. VLy II. v, 3o7); 11, BamflMl
12, id- (J. pr. Cb.. Ixxxvl 347),
2. AcHnoHie: Magnefia^LiTm^Iron Amphibole. 13, Bonedorff Q. o.) ; 14, Seybefi (M
B83); 15, Hunt (Am. X Sd,, U. xii. 213, Phil Mag., IV. i. 322); 16, Furol^Hm (fi
iokn, p. 69, Raram. Min, Ch,, 471); 17, 18, Eammelsbt^rg (L c); 19, Ricbter (1. c.)j
(Bert. Jabresb, nvil 252); 21, v. Merz (Viert. Gea. Zurich, 1861, Kenng., i8€0)i 1
(ib, vii. 20, Kenng., 1S61, 66; 23, Michaelson ((Efv. Ak. Stockk, 1863, im); S4, Ml
2d SuppU 60); 25, BoDadorir(l c); 26, RanimeUberg (Itit Suppl, 73); 27, ll«ttJil
111 626); 26, Scheerer (Pogg., Ixxxiv. 331); 29, Bicbter (ib.) ; 30^ Gcbeeior (L c V
3« Anihe^tUd: Magneaia^Iron Amphibolc. 81, Tbomaon (Rec; G«iL BcL, xwU); t$^
MItL, 1S60, 682); 33, Lappe (Pogg., xxxv. 486).
4. Magn&ia^lAmt'MangaMae AmphiboU. 34, Igelatiom (CEfr. Ak. 8K>eidL IMT, l\
1867, 21); 36, MIchaelson (I c)
5. Oummingtoniie : Jrw^Magnesia An^fMbole. 36, 37, Smith k Brush (Aql X Scl^
6. Ikknnemarite : Jftrn'Manganese A mphtlioU, 39, Erdmanti (Dannemom JefOrXJ^mk
1861, 61) J 89, Igelatyoin (B. H. Ztg., xxvi. 28),
7. Or&neri(e : Iivn Amphibale, 40, GrOner (C R, Til9. 794), '
8. NffphriU. 41, Rammelaberg (Pogg^ Ixll 148); 42, 43, SchafhiuC (AniL Oh. ]
888); 41, 46, Damour (Ann, Ch, Phya, II L xri); 46, 47| BdkMitvr (Fogg., IxxzlV. J
L. R. V. Fellenberg (Nat Ges, Bern, 1865, 1 12) ;
1. TsmoLm: Magne&iiarLimA An^phtbok.
Si 21 te fin Ikg Ca fi
1, W«rmlaDd, v.
«»'76
tr.
0-60
S&'OO
14*7 1
1 Fihlun, to.
6010
0*42
1-00 0^47
2481
12*78
8, " paUgrtm
6T'3i
1HM»
1-18 0-86
2470
)3'61
4. St Goihard, w.
68-07
1-82
34'4«
I21>0
5. *♦ te.
60'6U
032
0-50
26-43
1186
e. *♦ w.
(|)68'65
26*63
13-90
7, « ifli
(1)69 02
086
881
24^07
18*68
68-87 1-77
8» DWMlOfl,
8. Mai
10, OsCkWwm
11. QcQirenimtr, N. T.. w. 87*40 0 88 1-86
wlefi,ywft.
neetwk, Q
M.,vkK 54^1
241
69*6 1*4
12. GuMJO
6762
0*84
0*10, F0iM>5S
0 16, F 0-785
0*80, Fu35^
=87 34 I
1*80<4F>^8
U84(ftF>=r|
1*62=100*40
28-19 11*00 0*18(41
23*92 16*06 31(8 (Jfc]
26 8 12*8
-=1|
t4ii0 18 89 0-40(4]
26 12 14*90
BIBILI0ATX8.
287
oun; Magme$im-Llma'Bvn AmjMbob.
KdL
Item
ira
Atbestus
,Rodt Cork
Si ^ te iin Ag
59-76 3-96 0*31 2110
56-33 1-67 4-30 2400
55*80 0-40 6-30 <r. 22-50
58-26 1-33 6*65 20-55
55.50 6-25 22-66
56-77 0-97 6-88 2148
58-89 0-67 3-79 28-37
57-20 0-20 11-75 115 949
57-25 0-22 6-67 0*63 21*81
58-18 8-17 11-27 16-57
55-01 1*69 3-46 0*51 23*85
59-50 8-60 19-30
58-20 014 3-08 0*21 22*10
67*98 0*68 6-32 22*88
55-87 4-31 112 20-33
67-50 3*88 28*09
55*85 0-56 6-22 23*99
57-20
4*37
22*85
m; MagnesiO'lron Amphibole; AflbestifoniL
Asbftius 54-92 1-64 12-60 26-08
^ «* 65-20 11-82 80-18
" 58-48 9-22 0*88 81*88
an; Magneaict'Lime'MnMganeae Amphibole,
52-23 1-35 11-37 21-03
FinL 54-15 0*52 1-77 6*09 20*18
OTOJiiTB ; Iron'MoffMsia Amphibole.
ftOQ 51-09 0-95 3207 1-60 10*29
50-74 0*89 88-14 1*77 10*31
[Osm ; Iron'Manganeae Amphibole.
(ra 48*89 1*46 38*21 8*46 2*92
Aabeferriie 46*25 40*40 10*88
m ; Ifwi An^TUbole,
rea 43-9 1-9 52*2 11
Ct «
U-25 , Pl-16=100-6aB.
10-67 1-03=98 Seybert
13*36 0-80, i^a 080, S 0*25=
99-21 Hunt.
12-40 =99-18 Puniyelm.
18*46 1*29=99-06 Ramm.
13-66 '2-2u= lUu >G iiamiii,
9-67 £-60=^9-89 Ridbtar.
21-20 ^10095 PippJag.
12*40 » F083:=99'ai Mcrm,
11-69 , FO-29 = 10l'OT Seh.
13-60 liJ2. ¥q 0-56, :^fl 0-4.% k
O'a8 = l0O*5S Miebaelsoii,
12-66 -100-05 Murray.
16-55 0-14, FO (J ^99-45 B.
12-95 = 00-aiItamm.
17-76 — 59-39 Meiteetidorf.
13-42 2-36=100-25 Scheerer.
11-66 2*15, Cu 0-40 Richter.
18-39 2*43= 100-24 Scheerer.
5-28=1 00-52 ThomBon.
2-25=100 Beck.
0-04 =100Lappe.
5*20 , Sra» fc 8*82=100 L
606 0-12, Fe 2*80 jla 2-77, ^
6-87=99-83 MidmelsoiL
<r. 8*04^ Sfa 0-75, fc «r.=
99-69 & A B.
<r. 3-04, Sra 0*54, 4 «r.=
100*43 a & B.
0-T3 =100*67 ErdmanxL
2-47=100 Igelstrom.
0*5
=99-6 Gruner.
ad
k#-hab.
54-68
58-91
58*88
58-46
68*02
67*28
67-10
(}) 56*83
66-14
0-68=100*97 Ramm.
0-25, t 0*80=99*23 S,
0*27, t 0 80=99-74 Q,
=98*76 Damoor.
=98*15 Damonr.
2-66=100-18 Scheerer.
2-50=100-48 Scheerer.
318=100 66 Fen
3-72=99-93 FielL
G,^s2-99j anaL 6 and 8, Q.=2-93; anaL 11, a=8-0: anaL 12, G.=3-003 ; anal 17,
maL 18,a.=3*026; anaL 19, a.=3004; anaL 20, (>.=3-166; anaL 28, a.=8-08;
zrH ; aoaL 44^ 46, a.=:2'97.
238
OXYGEN COMPOUKB8.
h Edenite; Magnesia^Lime Amphtbole. AmUyiseB: V KamoaelBberg (Bogi^f HH
Cylinder (J. pr. Ch., xlii. 454); 3, Ramoielsberg (L c); 4^ C Qvo/tUn (Ak, B. StoddL]
BoD8dorQ*(?cbw. J,, xxxK 414^ xxxr. 123); 6, 7, Kaxamelflberg (L c); 6, Uonsdoff (Ifl
2, Parg<i»Umid Hombiende, », T, a Hunt (Eep. O. Oaa, 1863, 466); 10, Boiiid(
11, 12, Hieinger (Schw. J., xxxL 289); 13, Suckow (Die Verw^tt,» 143); 14, D<»leiiw(l
xvl 323, 1849); 15, KudDmatsch (Fogg., xxxvil 585); 16, KaaniD (RamnL, Mia. Ci,
BoiL^doTff (L c); 18, Heory (G. Rose, Reiae Uml, I. 8b8); 19, Hlsiager (L a); JO^Ci
(Ramm., U% Suppl, 72); 21, Stmve (Pogg., ril 350); 22, Rammeleber^ (it^ Iznfil
24, Waltersbauaen (Vulk. Gest., Ill); 25, DelesBe (Mem. Soa d'emiil da Dottbt^ 1
Sharpies (Am- J. ScL, II. xlii 271); 27, Kudematech (L c); 2», Bonadorff (1 a); JJ
meUb^rg (Fogg., diJ. 444) ; »6, Ddesse (Ann. d. R, xtL 323); 87-40, R«miiid«bag
Puzyrevakj (Jahrb. MitL, ISSd, 352); 42, MobergCJ. pr Ch, xlil 454); 43, WaltonluV
44, Uiainger (I c); 46, DeviUe (Et, G. Teneriffe, 1843).
3, KoaA^UTB; Aluminoxis Jnm*Liine Afnphibole, 46, 47, Klaprotb (BeiCT^ T, IWJJ
mdsberg (I c, 447); 49, Schultz (Ramm. Win, Cb., 996).
4, GAitstORADtTS; Aluffiinotui Jntn-Mangtineiit AmphtloU, 50, llulldf (B. H. Ztf.,
6, SMAEAaDiTB. 51, T. S. Himt (Am. J. Scl| XL xxriL 348); 52, BouUuger (Attft-i
159):
1. Edbstite; Aluminous Magiimo'Limt Amphibole,
1. Kdenvllle, gy.
2. Stortrord, Fial.
S. P*irgtt9, ^
4. '* paJt^-gn.
5, " "
Si
6*75
15-37
7*56
10 93
4«'26 11*48
Si
51-67
39*37
46*12
51-75
6. Monroe, hh-gy, 45*93 12-37
7. Sauiiipe, bn. 49-33 12-72
8L Aker, ^. 47*21 13*94
1-72
te Sin fig Ca *a ^ Tt :
23 37 1«*42 (y'75 0*84 0-4« -
2-89 21*46 17*61
2*27 2l-23i 13-70 8*4S 1-21* MO S
8-97 18 97 10-04 1-83
8*48 0 36 1903 13*96 0*61 3
4-55 «r. 2112 12*22 tU On 0-50
4GH 17 14 9 91 2-26 0G3 0"29
2-28 0'57 21'86 12 78 0*44
L FabqjMBti and Hornblkkdi ; ^^umitiottf ifa(^fMssta-Ltfne-/fx»i An^ibck,
a, C3otitainiQg not over 10 p. c, of ozyd of iron.
Kadawaslca R
Purgu
Lmdbo
Fillefjeld, Norw.
Thillot, j^
56*05
46*69
41*60
46*37
45-37
50'(H
4*50
12*18
16-76
13-82
14*81
6*95
15. Kfenrudgnibe 49*07 9-24
6*85 20*95 13*44 0'86 -
7*32 0*23 18*79 18 88 1*41^
7'76 0-26 19 40 14*09 OtO —
7-74 1 50 16-S4 13'92 021 -
8*74 1*50 14-33 14 91
9'59 0-30 18*02 11^8 081 0 06 0*69 ^
9'77 20-29 10-33
5» ConUiniQg OTor 10 p. c of oxyd of iron tad nndcr 20 p. e.
16L ZsidoTacx
17. Wectorttu
18. EoltiguTft
19. Statin jran
SO. Oarinthia
21. BUin, BQbem.
22, Hftitlingea
48-01
42*24
46*18
47*62
46-03
40-08
10-49
13*92
U'34
7*38
8-37
17"59
42-62 11*00
23. Etn« 80-76 16*20
24. •' 40*91 18*68
25. Srrraiioo 47*40 716
26L Birmlngliam, Pa. 47*77 7 69
27, L0pre»e(B<mDio)46 31 1188
-10*03 3*46
> 14*59 Oa3
.1616
-15-78 0*33
.17*44
.1232
. 16*59
14 40 1-06
■17-49 fr.
15 40
15*41 0*26
. iai>3
15-09 13*80
1374 1224
17-55 9*87
14-81 12-69
18 48 10-23
ia-50 U 01 0*83 0-l« 018
1345 12-2^ 1*71 11^2
13 01 12-99
18 19 1344
1527 1083
15-28 13-16
14-28 10-49
2-95
28. KordMrk, W«m.48-88 7*48 18*76 1*15 13 61 10 16
BIBILI0ATE8. 289
ft 21 9e ]^e tibi Ag Ca fra }S: fi F
3«-9« 1410 6-00 1103 O'SO 10-72 12-62 0-66 SST 0-37 =9878 R.
42-62 1100 8-30 9-12 1346 12*26 171 1-92 , fi 1-01 =
101-28 Ramm.
40-66 14-81 6-81 7*18 1406 12*66 1*64 1*64 026 , ti 080=
99 10 Ramm.
41-01 18-04 6-38 10-75 13-48 9-31 126 179 0*79 , ft 1-63=
98*34 'RaTwm
39-62 14-92 10-28 767 0*24 11 82 13-65 1*12 218 0-48 , ft 019=
99*67 'RaTwm
44-24 8-86 613 11*80 13*46 10*82 2*08 0*24 0*39 026=98*27 R.
41-26 11*92 4-83 9*92 tr, 1349 11*95 144 2-70 052 1*70=99'73 R.
. Containing over 20 p. c. of oxyds of iron and manganese united.
41*99 11-66 22 22 12-59 9-55 1-02 147 =100 D.
43*18 10-01 6*97 14-48 0*29 9-48 11*20 216 ISO 0*37 =94*44 R.
87-84 1206 4-87 12-38 0*68 12*16 1401 0*76 2-63 0*80 =97*67 R.
am 4000 8-00 10-101104 103 11*61 10*26 2*72 2*63 060 , ft 080=
98*69 R.
4000 7-37 10*4613-38 1*86 7*51 11-28 5-25 0*64 , ft 1*07=
98*70 Ramm.
87*84 12*66 1024 9-02 0*75 10-85 11*43 4*18 2*11 1*85 =99*98 P.
L 43*23 11-78 26*81 1*61 704 9*72 =10014 M.
Bove 43-84 9-27 21*79 11*70 1205 0*84 =99*49 W.
63*50 4-40 22-52 0*36 11*85 4-65 0 60 =9710 H.
46-23 9-25 2984 5 06 9 37 =99*25 D.
AhmUnoua IrmhlAme AmphiboU,
m'nTd 42*00 12-00 8000 0*25 2*25 11*00 tr. 0*75 =98*26 K.
« 47*00 26*00 15*00 2*00 8*00 0-5. =98 00 K.
42*27 6*31 6-62 21*72 1*18 8*62 9*68 314 2*65 0*48 , ft 101 =
98*63 Hjtmm^
46-13 14*96 2*95 21-87 1-79 10*04 0*87 0*18 1*12 =99*41 a
Dm; AlumirumB Iron-Manganeae AmphSboU,
46*68 13*63 12*29 600 844 8*83 8*17 1*00 =99*94 M.
n.
Ik 54*30 4*54 3*87 19*01 13*72 2*80 080 , Si <r., Sr
0*61=99-15 Hunt
40*80 12*60 3*20 1*40 11*20 23*00 6*2 , ©r 2*00=
99*40 Boulanger.
=3059; anal 8,G.=8104; anal. 6, G.=3-128; anal 7, G. =3* 102, /A 7=124*
naL 8, called grammatite; anal. 9, G.=3'<>54, High Falls of the Madawaska, Oan. ;
059; 15, from near Kongsberg; aoaL 16, G.=8'136; anal 21, in basalt; 22, in
26, G.=3*114, in syenite; anal 29, G.=3-282, in a block from Somma; anal. 80,
isaltic tofii; anal 31, G.=8*226, in basaltic wacke ; anal 32, G.=8-277; anal 33,
raofajte; anaL 34, G.=8*214; anal 85, G.=3-216; 36, in diorite; anal 87, G.=
, G.=8'378; anaL 39, 40, G.=8-287, /A 7=124** 7', in sircon-sjrenite ; anal 41,
oon-«jeoite; anaL 48, G. =3*428, often called iEgirine; anaL 49, G.=3'25, with
L 51, from euphotide of Alps; anaL 52, ttom euphotide of FKnmalto^ Oorsioa,
ins ampliibole {ayniagmaiiie Breith.) Mitscherlich found 9e 9*96 and te 19*30 ;
n, ratpecttrelj, 6*63 and 6*45 ; in the Wolsberg 13*25 and 2*59; in the Arendal,
U of Oorrioa afforded Vauquelin, in an imperfect analysis (Bend. If in., IL 134X Si
[g 6*0, Oa 13-0, oxyd of iron 5-5, ^ 7*5, Cu 1*5=104-5.
240
OXYGEN 00KP0UN06.
An acHnoliie rock fHnn 8i Frauds, Canada, afforded T. S. Hunt (Eepu Q. Can.,
62-30, *1 1-30, Mg 21 50, Ca 15'00, Pe C*75, Ni <r., ipi. ,^'1 0^99*96.
The BysmiHts of Sauseuro, Dauphitiy, afi aualt^ed by Tonquelin and Manquart (J.
Uo. 64X aiTorded Si 47, Fe 20, Mu 10*0, Mg 9^3, Ca n'3=:95-6. Occura with tk t
jEiangauese.
The aniilyBiB by Thoroaon (Ann. Zyc N. H. N. Tork, iii 60), refOTred by Sbep«hl (
iwn by B. SiUmum, Jr. (Am. J. 8ci, XL riii 391), to pertain probably to
item.
The fluorine In many hornblendes is supposed to exist as flnorid of calctam, and tfaj
aooording to Boofldortf, may oonstiiut^ 1 part in 5 of the mlneraL
Fyr,, etc. — The observations under pyroxene apply also to this speoie^, It beUi^ j
distinguish U\e varietioa by blowpipe characters nlone.
IsoTtxorphom and Dimorphous relations to Pyr(rxene.—Th.e analogy in oompoilfliofi
oxene and hornblende haa been abundantly illustrated. They haTe the same gfi
and und&r this formula there is but one diflerence of any imporiaDOe, viz., thai lisiff ii
togrcdient in all the varieilea of pyroxene, while it is wanting, or nearly ao, in
horu blonde.
The analogy between the two apecies in cryetallization, or their p^^^^^-i '^mm
pointed out by G, Eoae in 183 1, wlio showed that the forma of both ft II
the fl&uie fdndAznentd fonn. The priam J < n
in angle to i-2 of pyroxeoe; tliat ia, if the hormmtal
latter species be 5 : c, tbo^e of the former will b« 5 : Sc
from the angle /A /in pyroxene, S7^ 5\ the angle of M
124° 30\ or the angle /A / in hornblende. Thb aoMfl
hibits the pymbola of the phines in hornblende aa lh«/ \
the ougite type.
But while thus isomorphoua in axial retationa or fii
also dimorphous. For (I) the cleavage in pyrcuc«iie la n
prism of 87" 6 , and in hornblende to that of lS4i** ft
ring secondary phines o( the latter are in genorml dli
of the former, so that tl^e cryatAts differ strikingly lo hah
of modirications. Moreover, in pyroxene columnar tad
forms are uneomDion ; in hornblende, exoeedio^ 0(
several chemical compounds under pyro:**^'^- >^~v**
epedfle (rravity than the oorreaponding c ' .cml
is, a compound (aa, for example, (^ Ca ^- > h^
under the former, has approxtrajitely, G,=^2i*ti luidar tl^
Again, twins occur compoaed part of amphibole mad
oxene, a faot bearing on the iaomorphiam «Bd dimoil
species.
Oba. — Amphibole occurs in many crystalline limestones, and oietaroorpbio pialll
to0d rocka, and sparingly in serpentine, and volcanic or igneous racks. Arononl^ €1
lima variety, is espeeiiLlly common in limestonea, partioUarly magoealaii or ddtoodlk
the maguesia-lime-iron variety, in steatitic rocks ; and brown, dArk-green, and blai^
In chlorite achist, mica schist, gneiss, and in various other rocks of which it forma a
ptrL Aabeattts ia oflen found in connection with serpentine.
.fibf-nMaada-fvelc, or amphiholyte^ consiKts of massive hornblende of a dark grvoniah-Ul
oolor, and haa a granular texture. Occasionally the grcm hombtende, or aetiiMir'
rook-Diiaaoa, ta at St. BYaricifs in Canada.
ihnMmdfi^achist has the same composition oa amphiboly to, but u fchSnoci* or
tore. It often cxmtaina a little feldspar. In aome variaties of it the ~
minuto noodles.
Diabam Is a flna-gndned, compact homhlende-rock, toagh and heavy.
Afhmifk (or tonmnt) is hke dialta^, but is without distinct gnina (whe^oo tii»;
Jf«r#s, wmMmiff«{), and break 9 with « smooth Hint-like Iracturei
Butm$R ie a ennite-lfke rock, oontttining hombkndo along with qosHs md orlbodi
Pior}/k ia m ■nnikr rock, grajrish- white to nearly black in oolor, ooooietlnf of
•iblle. Sbnthkmdie or t^mUiio gneum haa the aeme eoustitution aa ajenlUi^ bot di
gnelMold or aoBdiohJetoee atniciure.
ITomhirnttic ^anit*f ooDtalna hornblende In addition to the ordinary oonstitaiiiCi
feldspar, and mksa. Onmsr and mdca sehisi are ofWn kvmtknd^ in the
hi Qiloa achiat ta nauAlbr In prisms, citlier eioot or idookr, whldb ad
.In thoef-like tuftai Tbofiueieidik of Uitchooek fa merely this tailed '
tok 'green antique porphyry oontelna hofnUende In Ita eoom
therefore called d»aba$c^orpkinTf, 0. =i*9*-9'a
0
-^l^
-12
-u
+i
u
i-S
1-2
4
ui
3i
2-2
iH
1-2
U
BIBILIOATE8.
941
dinetniiiAted in blacsk prismntic crywiBls through tracbyte, and also through
TDdcB^ espectallj the felddpatbic kincU.
bwnfist* of a whitish or g^reunieh compact base of TarTmgooaMitution, with imbedded
'J fi tide of Cornea ha* been cidl^ corttHyU^ (p. 23,%). * The sausaurite^ aa shown
ixnil ZiiG% is cithc*r compact Umt^cjtidote^ as that of the Alps, compact
ui ^u Q^mrt^ or oompact/eicifpar; these dMbreat kinds belog dlsthagulihaUe
gMTitf.
called ne^pihrik is found In talcoao rock or schist, and graQukr llmestoofi.
in Bohemia, Tnuaberg lo Svredeu, and Pargos in Fiolaud, afford floe speci-
" horo hi© ndea. A cUnolUe occurs at Sa Itzbu rg and G reine r in the Zille rthaJ ;
hard, in granular limestone or dolomite, the Tyrol, the Baxinat, Gul^d io Sweden,
xirs at Normarkeu in 8wedon, in pHiims in acrpootino. As^Msskis is foond in
Tyrol J also in tbe island of Corsioa, where it is so abundant that Dolomiea
his minerals. Mock cork is obtained in Saxony, Portsoy, and LeodhilLB,
ither oocurs, Oisans, in France, affords a variety of ambnthus, cotnpoo^
degree of elasticity ; it is the amianthMe of Haiiy.
\uiBS in Maine, black crystals occor at Thomaston, at Moultenboro in syenite;
' and Parsonsfleld ; radiated or osbestiform actinolito at Unity; tremolite at
jLid- In K Bamp,^ black crystals at Franionia, In Vcruymi^ glassy and ra-
trie stestito quarries of Windhjin, Beadsboro", a^d New Fane. In MfAss., white
BL 8.W- of the meeting-house), aod at Nowherg; gUissy and radiated actitioUto
BUttford; radiated actinolito at Carlisle, Peliiam, Windiior, Lo©, and Groat Bar^
at Chester ; asbestus at Brighton, Sheffield, Pelham, Newbury, Dodham ;
Catnmlngton and Plainfiold. In Co/m,, in iargo dattuned white crystals and in
»us forms (tremolite) in dolomito, Ganaanj between the Falls and the post-ofBoo,
- places in Litchfleld Co. ; aabostus at West Farms, Winchester, and ^ ilton, and
T formerly at the Milford serpentine quarries. In iV York^ in good black
ffo*, presenting interesting forms; also near the bridge at Potsdam, St
Greenwood Furnace, and in Warwick, Orange C-o. (f. 229); dark green
Two Ponds, and also 1 m. N., 2^ m. N^ and 1 m. 8., of Edenville, together
hair-brown crystals and tremolite, sphene, and chondrodite, b granular hmeatone ;
\% and colors, and often in large and porfect crystals, near Amity; iu dnrk
irith ihnenite, nt the Stirlliig mines. Orange Ca ; id short green crystals at
;iroes 2 or 3 in. in diameter, along with apatite ; iu Rossie, 2 m. N. of Oxbow,
itc in neat bright greon crystals ; glassy and radiated actinolito near a hamlet
FishkiU; radiated at Brown's serpentine quarry, » m. N.W.of Cannel, Pnlnain
csrjstols at Diana, Le^*i« Co. ; radiated and bladed tremolite at Dover, Kings-
quarries, Ilastmgs, and near Yonkers, in Westcbestor Co. : at Ktiapp^tt .
n, in Putnam Co^ and on the banks of Yellow lake and elsewhere inSu Lawrenco 1
Greenwood Furnace ; Rogers's farm in Patterson ; Colton rock and Hustis'i
. Pntnam Co. ; near the Quarantine in Riclimond Co., where the tibros are tWQ
In y. Jersey, tremolite or gray oraphibole in good crystals at Bryami and other
ddes at Fmnkho and Newton ; radiated actlnolite at Franklin ; tremolUo a| j
and mountain leather at Bnini^wick. lo Ptnu., actlnolite in Providence, at
Belftware Co. ; st Unionville ; at Keunott, Chester Co., otXon in flne crysiuls j
at Chestnut Hill near the Wissahiccon, near PhUailulphia, at Londoa '
nephrite at Baaton. In Maryland^ actinolito and asbestus at the Bare Hills
stus at Cooptown. In Virginia^ actlnolite at Willis's Mt^ in Buckingham Co. ;
's Mills, Fauquier Co.
ktioaa of omphibole are aimilar to those of pyroxene (see page 220). The fibrous
re fmridties are especially liable lo take up water, owing to the Unely or thinly
of tlis mineral* Talc, steatite^ serpentine, chlorite, bloUte, pinJte, chabasito, limonite,
oehre^ are among tlie reported restiha of alteration.
jBagneiBiA-mica, a chlorite, and also (as an after prodnet from the chlorite) iron*
HiikMBOi|ihs after hornblende (v. Fritscli, Za *ieol Ges., xii, 104). Gro^it&\
as raggested to the author by L. Sieruanu (4tli edit., p. 287), may b© altered '
^••ribes the asbestiform or flbrou3 serpen tino of Teins and Providence, Fa.,
diered asbestus, and a chrysoliu} of I>elaware Co., Pa , as altered actinoUte
xiTiih 203),
are analyses of altered amphtboles: 1^ Smith A Brush (Am. J* Set, IL tv'u 49) | i
L tm\\ 3, C. A. Joy (Ann. hy^. N. IL N, Y., viii. 123); 4, 5, Beck (Min. N. Y.,
pia V^erwltt Jiin,, 14;^.); 7, Delosae fAnn. d. M, IV. x Ml); B, Wielwgfl <
Cbk iSrtt): 9, Madrell (Pogg, IxiL 142); 10, Schults (Eamm. Min. QK ^^)\ U, T
dL Um^ fV., ii G5, ^d Eep. G. Can. 1863, 491):
16
M
243
ozTGEK ooicromme.
L Eyd, mOtophyUUe. H.Y.
1 58*39
2. * u
54-98
3. ** ♦♦
46-43
4. Warwick
8500
ft.
84*66
6. Ftlkfield, Nor.
40*32
T, Voag©«
48*64
8. SiebengGbirge
»4*81
9. Wolftberg
44i)a
10. Gataa^iiro
460S
11. Looaniti
83*28
9r, 8*T6
VBe Pe»'83
e*88
3333
26-83
17-40 Fe 18-26
12*50 619
10*73 Fe 20-48
14*31 Pe 25-55
11-81 HiO
13'30 Fel-92
An fig
29 34
1*20 13-88
1-88 28*80
20*70
25 22
2*14 923
0*93 17*74
4*90
2 33
10-72
35-60
0*88 2 26,^**.
1145, K6'0(
5M>6 8*58s:r&9*€a
10 80 = 08-«l
609 9^^ '-' f'
6-37 8 1
9*10 hr n
4*78 3*63 20 : 'r^
10-08 3 1 i
8 74 0*93 3 0a,F*i^^
l«H»O=100!
Anal 4, 5, cijstala haYing the angles of hornbletide^ stontitlo in foel and hardocti; i
7, fVom a micaoeoaa porpbjrj at Traits-de-ttoche^ umall pmmn: 8. IVom tnchyie at 11
kreuz ; 9, large crTstals, G.=r2-94, from Wolfsberg, near Camosin in Bohemk ; 10^ aof
brown crjstalu; 11, assodated with pale-^reen serpentine, pfalogopite, and apatita, in i
oryitallitio limestone, and having the form and cleavage of hornblende, though edgM
about 124*.
The hydrovj anOwphyUiU of New York iHland oocutb in place near the oomar of 59€I|
10th avenue, and alao in many places in bouldem. The variationa in the anal^iaiai m
the aspect of the omional, show thai it is a result of the alteration of an aabeadform U
247 A. WAUJHETMrrfi. (Amphibol ahulichoa Min. von Waldhelm A, Knap, iJUL C
CI. 363, 1859; Waldheimit Ramm^ Kiiu Ch., 780, 1860.) An amphlhob^Uke
oootaina much aoda^ and ia peculiar also in its exoess of tilioa, both
amphibde altered bj the alkaline prooeaa. It ooonrs in veins an inch thsc^ and
oUte. H.=5; 0-.=i3'95t; oolor leek-green j; transluoent. Ooroposition, aooordlair to
HoflhaaciD, ^e silica in eodi being a mean of two determinationa (Ann. Oh. Fliana,,
Si "M t^ ftn fig Ca l$ra
58*71 1*52 5*66 0*26 10*01 11*68 13*88=100 05 Kaoi.
58-45 1*93 5*53 0-61 11*13 10*2^; 12*61 = InO 42 Hotel
58-46 1-74 6-79 0*32 1083 10*76 12*93=10112
It lost 0-5 p. c. hj Ignition, The oxygen ratio for ft, fl, Si is 11-84 : 0 80 : Jl"f4.
From serpentine at Wfddbeim in Saxony. The large amount of soda praaafit foopi
tion 10 arfvedsonite. It is to be observed that the ext^e^ of tilioa oconrs aloo^ mb
proportion of aJtkah,
247B. KOKBCHARorrm. (Koksoharowit K N&r4eiutkiSid, BuH Soa Xai Moacoir,
1957.) Like tremolite in appearaooe. / \ /;:^134*— 134* 5', EokacbaroU Ins
prlama, with acute edges replaced daavige; { two, aqtial, totj disHnot H.=i--^
8*97, Lustre subadamantine to vitreoua. Colorlaao, dlitj-white; bf«)wn to dark-1
Impurity, ^ubtranaluoent Fracture aplintery.
An analysis by Hermann (J. pr. CIl, Ixrxviti 197) afforded:
3l Jd ^e fig Ca ^a It i^rn.
45-99 18*30 3*40 1645 12*78 1*58 l*0i 0^^=99
^{^M t)?« 0. ratio for ft, ll» fil 1M9 : 8*50 : 34 53 ; or, fbr ft-f S, ^ 19H» : 34'iSst
It : «V?^i 11*19 : 33*02. It appears to be, like edonite, a maonaik^liiM anpliibal^
very large proportion of alumina; and, moreover, part of the uomina mist bt bvAe
itiidar the oaoai amphibola formula.
Ia a i^kssed tube only traoea of water. B.B, in the foroeps fbaea 6«ai\y to a whili
pMft, ooloflflf the dame yellow; with borax a clear oolorleaa ghuis.
Oecara aaaooiated with lapia-la£uti near L. Baikal, In Siberia. Named after tlw Ra
alogial, Kokacbarof
S4Ta SOHWriKmi Bt^Uh, (B. FI. Ztg ., xziv. 4391. BreithAupt haa rej%rfTi>d to at
lOfdiaelton a tntneral of the aame locality— Longban, with rhodonlto— wtldi dl0
widely in oompoeition, if tlte analyiea may be truaced. Moreover, It oecan la Cfjl
tbe true aoheflbrite la known only maasive. The fotk>wiug are ita clwradera:
Manooliuic; /a /r^lSO** 45' ; basal plane (x) on i4=147'' 80 . or SH" to llie«ll
haa the planea /, i^i, ^/, the baaal nlane referred tov and a hetnidome on tin Msto
QtaatKe i rather distinct in one direction, perhaps alao parallel to & MfliA^ mmtk
lar. d,6s5— 5^5, a=3-433'-3*436. Lustre vitreous. Gdor cheatnul to dowa i
Stoaak pale yeUowiah-gray. Subtraaalucont to opaqiio.
BIBILI0ATE8. S48
Moocdiiig to Br. WinklOT (L 0.) :
40M 1^ 86*43 6-18 0*20 427 7*76 019
I was aaeertaiDed to be an teaqaiozyd. The analjsUi afforded also 808 Ca 0, and 0*01
ft nqolfea fttrttur ttndj.
BTVBDBOmTB. Avofa^ Ann. PhiL, y, 381, 1828. AifWedaonlt Soda-homUende.
bably monodinic /A 7=123° 55', Brooke; 128° 50' v. Kobell;
3(K, Breithanpt; abont 124° 40', Brevig mineral, DcBcloizeaiix.
ige : perfect parallel to /; imperfect to iA,. Also deavable massive.
=6. G.=3-44, Brooke ; 3-329— 3-340. Breithanpt; 3-589, Kammels-
Lnfitre Tita-eons. Color pnre black ; in thin scales, deep green,
land, or brown, Brevig. Streak ffrayish-green. Opaque except in
bin splinters. Fracture imperfectfy conchoidal.
pi— Sft'Sf-f s9eSl* Bamm., =(}ft*+|9e)Si* which, making A^it^e+il^a, ^Silica
iqiiSQiiTd of iron 26-9, protozyd of iron 12*1, soda 10*6-100. 3ft*Si*+29eSi*, Y.KobeD,
•1-|!§Si*. AnaWsea: 1, Thomson (Min., L 483); 2, Y.Kobell(J. pr. Ch., ziiL 8, and xol
; (Fogg., diL 292, 306) ; 4, Plantamonr (J. pr. Oh., zxiy. 800) :
Si
Si
9e
*e
An
»g
Ca
*a
& 01 ign.
nland 60*61
2*49
S6-14
7*46
1*66
0*96=9812 T.
» 49^7
2-00
14*68
23*00
0-62
0*42
1-60
8*00
tr, 0*24 =98*17 K.
« 61-22
ir.
23*76
7-80
1*12
0-90
2*08
10*68
0-68 0*16=98*29 R.
ig 46*67
S-41
24*88
207
6*88
5*91
7*79
2*96, tt 202=100*99 PL
6 abofe anahnea the degree of ozydation of the iron was determined only in those bj Bam-
g and T. KomD. A. ICitacherlich has obtained (J. pr. Ch., ItttvL U) for the Greenland
t6-37, te 6*98.
, ftow— BJBl ftues at 2 with intomesoence to a black magnetic globule ; colors the flame Tel-
ls); with the flnzes gives reactions for iron and manganese. Not acted upon bj adds.
— Omrt bk blade homblende-like crystals at Kangermuarsuk in Qreenland, with sodalite,
% md feldspar ; also in sircon-syenite in Norway, at Brevig, and in beds of magnetite
idsL Baported also from Horberigberg, near Oberbergen, with ittnerite and ilmenite.
ffig Biinefal, anaWaed bj Plantamour, has been referred to agkine. The angle given de-
• fii rakUkm to the amphibole sub-group.
BOdDOUTB. Blau-Bisenstein (fr. S. Africa) fZopr., Mag. BerL Qes. N. Fr., v. 72,
Beitr., vi 237, 1816. KrokydoUth ffauam,, GeL Anz. Qott, 1685, 1881. Blue
rons^ asbestus-like ; fibres long but delicate, and easily separable.
nifluve or earthy.
=4. G.=3-2— 3*265. Lustre silky. Color and streak lavender-blue
k-green. Opaque. Fibres somewhat elastic.
pr— The aoaJSyaee hj Stromeyer afford nearly ft*Si*+ 2 ^ ; but the degree of ozydation of
I is undslamiiiied. Analyses: 1, 2, Stromeyer (Pogg., rriii. 163); S, Delesse (Ann. d.
& S17):
Si tt Itn iig Ca ifti -&
M,jBfWif 60-81 83*88 0*17 2*32 0*02 7*03 6*68=98*81 Stromeyer.
Mr% 61*64 84*88 0*02 264 005 7*11 401 =99*86 Stromeye^
|M 63*02 26*62]i(n0*50 10*14 1*10 6-69 2*52, & 0*39, 01 0*61, P 0*17=99^66.
I •lo«— In Uie oloaed tnbe yields a small amount of alkaline water. B3. Aises easfly with
NHMs to a bteck nutfnetlo glasa, coloring the flame yellow (soda). With the flnzea gives
iflbriraa. UiuMlBd iqpon 1^ adds.
CLLl
OXYGEN COMPOUKD8.
Ob«. — Occurs in South Africa, in the Grignfl country, beyaud the Greiit Oit
up (Vom the Cape of Grood Hope \ in a micaceous porphjij at Wakemb«ch in
3) ; at Stave rn, Norway, in zircon-syenitOj along with arlVedaonite, to wbidi Itl
and of which, as haa boon suggested, it may bo a fibroun or asbeatiform wm '^
8alxbur{;i in g-ypisum with blue quartz ; at Ruka, near Domascbow In Moravjg
dolomite ; in Greenland, both fibrous and earthy. In the AfHcan, tba 01
or mi^fles make an angle of about 106^ with the opposite surfaces of the i
mann ; and the same author states (Handb., 7^3, 1847) that a cylinder of I
ameter, supported *JI Hanoverian pounds before breakings while one of asbea
in diameter, broke with a weight of 6 ouncsea.
The Stavern minenU, refamaU here by Bausmann, ia the Faaeriger Siderit .
101, and Faariges EisenbUu Havrnn,^ Handb., I07U) 1813.
Named ttxxm cf»Mi( (or «fo<i^), vfoo/^ in allusion to its Abroua stniotoro.
2&0. WICJHTISITB. Wichtyne Lawrtr^ AmL Oh. PhySn Ux, 107, 1886. Widltt
Massive ; cleavage parallel to tlie sides of a rhombic prifim, i
angular, awjording to Laurent.
Scratches glass. G.=3-03. Color black. Lustre dull,
lar, or flat conchoidal.
Oomi»^|&' + iS) Si'. Analyses: 1, Laurent (i c); % Stromborg (Aipp^l
3i
$1
Fe
fe
ftg
Ca
Sa
S6S
13-3
40
180
S-0
6H)
8-5=99*1 Laurent
G4-24
U27
—
15'63
S'S6
6*66
S-Sa, Ana 70=100-82
B.B. fUaea to a black enamot and becomes magnetia Not attacked by ac^itl
From Wichttii in Finland. Dufl^ooy obaenres that a apeciDoeii <
dearage.
GmoUn baa analysed a mineral from a basaltic roc^ notr Wettena f Jik
baring G,=2 705. and not acted upon by adds, which baa eaaentlally ^a oooipc
tisite, it affording Si 56'BO, & 15'S2, ^e 12-06, Mn 3*72, Ca 4'Kfi. 1L% 505, ^ 0*24
reapondjng doaely to (^ fi' + i $1) Si\ Rammelaberg indudea tba aoa^yaia wm06{
oxenai but apoaks of the oompoaition ae anomalous \ unlike the angitea^ tha alii
replace any of the ailica.
251. GLAUOopBAjn B^Mjmmf^ 0«h Am. Gott, 195, 1M5, Ortborliorablo or n
4adiatiiiot long thin 8lz-€lded pdama, made up of the planea / and i-l, and loofitwl
Alio fcviDttlar niaaaive. H.=5'5. G,==3-10S — 3'1I». Luatre vitreoua to paiH3
laveiidar-blue, blniah-blaok, grayiah. Streak-powder grayiah-blue. Trantluoatii 10
tie.
Powder aH^htly ronpietia
tail— <f R* + |ajav A
Oomii— <f
Analyaii by Schnedermami (J. pr. Oh., zxzlv. tS8) i
St 56>4d m 12-23 1*0 10-01 Sin 0 50 fig 7 97 Oa 2 25 iSTa witli Ir.
B.B. beoomoH yellow! fh-brown, and melts easily and quietly to an oUf t gl<#ft g
Inaction with the fluzea. In acids partly soluble.
Ooeura at the ialand of Byra, one of the pfdadaa, In mica ilato, aloiig vith ^vb
tod mioa, The iwaie b from y>«v«tff, hkMfrmik, and f «iV<a, / apptar.
262. BORBAVAJLITZI. Sordawallt K Mr^emkiSld, floL lOa^MiJ
Hiifiive; no cleavage apparent.
H.=9'5, G.=2-53— 2*58. Lustre ritrco-n^inoTis,
Streak liver-brown. Color gravish or bluwb-black. O^
ooticboidal* Brittle.
Oomp.— AnalyiM: 1, NordmiliiAld CLc)i% Wandaalftbda (N. Jahrb, Pbam,
]. 49H0 1S-S0 1S-1T tO'At 2 6S i S8=99'10 ITof^Mi
1 47-10 16*60 9a SI-89 1091 9-36 =96 14 Wnto
BmnjoATDB. 215
t IgrBvnUiu to be a tX&gAe mixed with some phosphate of magnesia^ the aflicate
tWto(i(Ag, te)*+i &) SP, which is eaaentiaUj the fomrnla of wichtisite; but the
I Adpi iDifcas the iron sesqiiioxyd.
LrioM^itiidifleiil^ ftiaible to a blackish globule. With borax it forms a green glass.
nUiiia mmistio add. Becomes reddish on exposure to the atmosphere.
^ttahjen on trap, near the town of Sordayala in Finland; at Boaenmais in Bavaria, it
'^i lift pjrrhottta. It resembles pit-ooal in appearance.
L TAOBTLTTB. Tachjlyt (fr. Sasebuhl) BreWk, Kastn. Arch. Nat, ylL 112, 1826.
ler
i without cleavage, looking like obsidian or gadolinite.
^=6'5. Q.=2'566— 2'593. Lustre between vitreous and resinous.
Sfc' pitctblack, velvet-black to grayish-black. Brittle. In powd
hwle by the magnet.
^^-ilUl^: Schnedermann (Studien d. Q. B. B. Fr., v. 100) :
a
£l
ti>
&n
Ag
Ca
tfa
&
£[
Wi
12-40
is-w
019
6-93
»-28
3-88
0-60
2»3
i^ tic— BlB. fuses easilj with intumescence to a brown slag or opaque glass.
■^Voond at Sieebuhl, between Dransfeld and Gottingen, in basalt and wacke.
>Nd ftom r«xi(, qttieky and Avrtff, dieaohed^ in allusion to the ftisibilitj.
U. Htalohelah Bauam^ Handb., 646, 1847. Omelin referred to tachylyte a mineral firom
Mu Tolcanio rode in the Yogelsgebirge, to which Hausmann has since applied the name
MiiBi It is fimilar in aspect, structore, and hardness; G.=2'n44. Gmelin^s anatyaii
;,zfix.2a4)ail6rded:
21
te
ftn
ftg
Ca
iTa
i
Ifi
ft ft Am
17-84
10-27
0-40
3-37
8-26
6-18
8-87
1-42
0-60=101-32
hds appnasmMf 3 fi, Si, 4^ SL But little reliance can be placed on resnlts with such
MM minerals. The species may be the same with tachylyte. Hausmann places near
^ ^f^Hfn onHH^ 0^ Karsten, haying G.= 2*666, from a limestone bed near Guiliana, Sid^,
Ueh Kl^noth obtained (Beitr., W. 190) Si 66*00, M 16-60, ¥e 13*76, Itn «r., SLg 176, Oa
ti-§e.
i&ir nuDcral in ajyearanoe is found on the north shore of Lake Superior; and also in
Bw at Jolmsbiiig, Warren Oo., K. Y.
^fiifyin pt [rest ChrysoooDa, Malachite, eta, and other green stones] Theophr.
Jiiff Or. Smaragdua pt [rest as above] +BeiyUus (Chrysoberyllus, Chrysoprasius ind)
ixzffi. 1^2a Rmerald; Beryl; Aquamarine. Smaragdua +Beryll TTo/JL, Ifin., 117,
1747. Smaragdua +Bloagr5n Topas (=Beryll, Aquamarin) Owwl, Min., 44, 176& Bm-
b {fu± Bmerald and Beryl or " Aigue-marine," and Chrysolite du Br^il) de LiOe, Crist,
L7f 2» fi. 346. 1783 ; A, J. d. IL, iy. 72, 1798, Tr., il 1801. Schmaragd+Beril Wem., the
M diatiiiot sp. mttfl 1811. A siUcate of alumina with lime Aduurd, Bdelst, 47, 1779;
a^ Opoac, iL 98, 1782 ; and others. A silicate of alundna and GLUCINA Fang., J. d. IL,
rtS, ifL 97, 1800 ; Xtepr., Beitr., ill 221, 1802. Dayidsonite (fr. near Aberdeen) Thonuon^
L U7, 18S8. Goahenita Sk^p., Min., L 143, 1844.
agonaL 0 A 1=150^ 8' ; a=:0'499. Occurring planes : 0 ; yertical,
9-| ; hexag. pyramidB, l, |, 2, A^ ; 1-2, 2-2 ; dinexag. pyr., in zone,
r, 8-}> 4-1, ISHrf ; id« in other zones, 2^, 2-f , 6-f , IH-
346
OXTOEN 0OHPOinn>6.
0 A 1=139° 10'
O A 2=130 58
O A 2-4=130 58
0 A 34=133 16
O A 1-2=116° 37'
O A 22=135 4
O A 7=90
/A 7=120
/AS-2=li
7A8-f=wa;
7 a 4-1 = 151
7a 8-4=165 J
881
t
Hfld<iain,Ct
SQieriiL
Oleavagfs : ba^al imperfect ; lateral indistiiict. Occaeionally k
and large granular.
H.=7'5 — 8. G. = 2-63— 2*76. Lustre vitreouB» sometimea
Color emerald-green, pale greeiij paaeing into IigUt-blae> yellow, 1
Streak white. Transparent — Bubtranslucent. Fracture ooii
ev^i. Brittle. Double refraction feeble ; axis negative.
Tarw— This spedos is ono of the fow that occur oolf ia crystAlA, aod UmI 1m
rariAttons in chemical oomposition. There are, however, two prommeDl fi;RNi|» 1
color, the oolor Tarjing aa chrome or iron U pireflent ; but only the mereei ttm of I
in anj case. The cryttala are uauallj obloiig^ prisma.
I, Emerald, Color bright eEDerald-gree^ owing to the preeenoe of i
MuflOuLewy; 2 63, fr. HnEgau, HofmoiBter | 2110— a*t 59, fir. Ural, Kammefer.
len tlum for beryl, according to the lapidariea.
S. Beryl Colora those of the species, exoeptinf emierald-green, and d\M maSnlf N» I
1*694- 2-696, trantparent, oolorlesa, tr, Ural; 2-881-1-094, id, yelloiriah, Id; t*Vli-
meo, kL; 3ta5, ii, rose-rK^d, id.; all by KokscharoC On crfst, aee Kskwdk
I 147, iL 35ft, ill VI, it, 136 ; Hessenberg, Mln. Kot^ t. 28. The ▼vUtiet oft
oolor are of itaportaooe in the ar^ when the cryauls are traoiparait 4
fimB. The priiidpa] kinds are : (a) oolorlest; {b\ bluish-green, oalM i_
fMted, though not used, by Pliuj, when? he anja of it, *• qui virSditajam purl 1
mto'^'^efln; (d) greeniab-jeUow to iron-jrvUow and bon^j-yeUow (appaivalljr
rmj wad andeat jewelry) ; («) pale jeUovnah-grsen (probably the dkryapgpmirfiM P
hit iMffoHikmg in part, as also In more modem times) ; (/) dear sapphlr94ilii« f
Plm.); (g) pate sky-biue {aeroidat Flin.); (A) the pale riolei or reddish (oaaclii
Min^ 3^i); (1) the' opaque brownish-yeUoWf of waxy or graaay titati«. TI10 u
PUny are meuttoaed in his account of beiyL Th« otmhIoJ tmimitt oij^mthf to i
sapphire. Dav*dMmiie is nothiog but greeniah-yeUow beryl ttom aaar Ab^^M
ft oolorleas or white Tariety from Goat^n, Mass. (aaal l^i
Oottp.— (t de'4| 1^1) 3i*=8ak:a 66% alnminft 191, glud&i 14 l^ioa
Mna (Sdiw. J., zxxis. 4S7); 2, BenBelius (Sohw. X, 3ctI 166, 177); t, 4, Uoborg (
H at); a, B6bmmVPvigg^ zlix. 533); 6, Bomtrimr (Jahrk ICa^ 1861, 1S5)- 1.
fT4); 8, 9, IfOltor (J« pr. Oh., ItUI IBO); 10, Ho&Mli«sr (\h., lizxi 1); lUjli
190>; 11, IfaUet (Rsmm, Min. Ch., 555, and ftthSu^ UJt IS,"
14» Eoddla (Phil Mag., jdi 184); 15,
(B
luo. Cb.,
Hsngliton (J. O.
BI8ILIOATE8.
247
180); l-r^Khproth (Bcitr., ffi. 216); 18. S(Meper (Bamm. 2nd Sappl, 84); 19, Lewy '
eabadit]].
" (}) 67-86
" 66-22
21
1660
11-60
16-61
1646
19-64
1816
17-82
19-9
20-0
20-71
17-68
17-87
17-22
16*64
18-8
17-22
16-76
14-49
17-96
16-36
Be
14-60
13*13
12-76
12-76
12-66
12-20
12*66
18-1
120
11-46
13-61
13-09
13-74
12-62
12-3
12-92
12-60
16-41
12-40
12-79
9e
1*00, Ca 0-60=99-60 DumenlL
0-72, ta 0-72=100-62 BeraeUufl.
8-03, ta 010=99-00 Moberg.
1-60=98*86 Moberg.
0-63, Ca 0-18=99-91 Scheerer.
2-96=100-20 Borntrager.
2*48, fin 0-11=99-68 ICayer.
0-9 =100-7 Miiller.
0-3 =99-7 Miiller.
1-88, Ca 0-28, Mg 012=99-86 Hofineistec
=98-68 Gmelin.
1*62=99-61 MaUet
1 63, Ca 0-43, Mg 0-18, ti 0-90=99*47 Ha
te 0-26, % 3-10, JdL 0-16=9927 HedcUe.
0-9 =99-6 Schneider.
2-08, Mn ^.=0913 Mallet
1-00, Sr 0-30, Ca 0-26=98-80 Klaproth.
, Mg, Oa 1 64=101-05 Schlieper.
, ^r *r., % 0-90, ^a 0-70=99-80 Lewy.
1-63, OaO'78, % 0-83=9861 Hoiineiflter.
lL 10, a.=2-66 ; anaL 13, G.=2-686, from Sheakina-roan in Donegal Oo.
Dion of emerald and beryl in one speciea, which FUny says was suggested in his time,
t recognized on crystallographio grounds by De Lisle, and more satisfiKStorily throogh
ments of angles by Hauy ; and chemically by Yauquelin.
•to. — ^B.B. alone unchanged or becomes clouded; at a high temperature the edges are
, and ultimately a yesicular scoria is formed. Fu8ibility=5'6 (Kobell). Glass with borax,
I eolorless for beryl, a fine green for emerald. Slowly soluble wiUi salt of phosphorus
leafing a sQioeous skeleton. A yellowish variety from Broddbo and Finbo yielcu with
368 of tin. Unacted upon by acids.
ding to Lewy, the emerald of Muso becomes white at a red heat, and loses, as a mean
-66 of water and 0*12 of organic matter, the latter consisting of 0-08 to 0*06 of hydrogen
toO-OOofoarbon.
-Emeralds ooeur in day slate, in isolated crystals or in nests (not in vebs), near Muso, etc^
^.K of Bogota, N. Granada, a rock containing Cretaceous fossils in its limestone* concretions.
t hexagonal crystal from this locality, 2 in. Icmg, is in the cabinet of ^e Duke of Devonshire ;
res across its three diameters 2i in., 2^ in., 1} in., and weighs 8 os. 18 dwts. ; owing; to
is bat partially fit for Jewelry. Emeralds of less beauty, but much larger, occur in Siberia,
iver Tokowoia, N. of Eatherinenberg, along with phenacite, chrysoboryl, apatite, rutilcL
sdded in mica sdiist One specimen in the Royal collection measures 14^ in. long and
i, SDd w^ghs 16} lbs. troy ; another is 7 in. long and 4 broad, and weighs 6 lbs. troy.
skua, in upper ^^t, afibrds a less distinct varied, and was the only locality which was
» the anoients. Occurs about Heubachthal in Salzburg, in mica schist
MTttU beryls are found in Siberia, Hindostan, and Brazil In Siberia they occur at the
mine mentioned, at Mursinka and Schaitanka, near Katherinenbeig ; near Miask with
ft the moontains of Adun-Tschilon with topaz, and elsewhere ; in Hindostan at Oai^iu^
id in Braiil on Rio San Matteo. Some Siberian transparent crystals exceed a foot in
The nost splendid aquamarine of which we have any account belongs to Don Pedro^ and
Innil; it approaches in size, and also form, the head of a calf) and exhibits a crystalline
» onl^ on one side ; the rest is water-worn ; and it weighs 226 oz. troy, or more than 18^
I ipedmen is tranjnparent and without a flaw. Beautiful crystals also occur at Elba; the
ft Of Efarenfriedersdorf in Saxony, and of Schlackenwald in Bohemia. Other localites are,
me MtB^ Xreland, Oa of Down ; also Eilliuey near Dublin; yellowish-green at Rubislaw,
tfdeen, ScoUand (daridsoniteX and elsewhere in Aberdeenshire ; in small bluish crystals
" ( Mount in Oomwall ; Limoges in France; Flnbo and Broddbo in Sweden; Tamela
7 taMdflMUmestone to consist of Ca C 47*8, ftg C 16*7, ttn C 0*6, Si 24*4^ 2l 66, Be
t% Pfitts 0-6, atkaU 2*7=101*2.
OXTGiar COMPOUNDS.
ii^ mi
Aztd Somero id FlolAnd; FoBsam in Kotvmy; Pdtfichcr-Jodb, TjrcH;
in BaTaria ; Id Australia, and elsewhere.
Beryls of gigantic dimensioDS hare boen found in the United Statee, in If,
and GraftoD, and in Mass., at Rojralaton; but they are moatly poor in qnaUty.
GrafUin weighs 2,900 lbs. ; it is 32 in. throuf^h in one direction and 22 in another |
is 4 t 3 in. long. Another oiyataJ lyom this locality, at-eordhig to Pror. Hubbard, I
by 24 in its diameters, and a single foot in length by calculation weighs 1,0761"
nearly 2^ tons. At Eoyalston, one crystal exceeded a foot in 1eng&; ll>e
often limpid, and o yellowish Tanety forms a gem reaembling ehiysoUte; the oolon
aquomorinei, groas-greon, and yellowiBh-green; one locality is in the aantheiiSC partol
near the aohool-house, on the laod of Mr. Ciarke ; the best crystals ara imbedded Ittqiai
better Is situated 4 m. beyond the old one in Sooth Royalston ; some ctystalt of a i!k]
In whiter quart* are beautiful
Other locaiities are in Maine, at Albany; at Norway; Bethel; H^bnjo;
large, with black tourmaline and mica; at Bowdoinham an*^ T..r.}i ^^^ pg^ grean or
wlkitcs in veins of graphic granite ; at Georgetown^ Parlcer'e uth of Cconab
i/ayrt/»., at Wilmot ; at Gompton, as good as at Ri^yalston. h. Harre, exoaUoBt
at Pearl Hill m Fitch burg, at Goahen (goahoQite), aud at Chesiert^uld. In Ckmii*, at Hi
feldspar vein in gneiss, on the east side of the river, tlie crystals having the temiiaa
twelfth of an inch transparent ifig. 231, the dotted line indicating the limit of the mat
tkml; also at the chryaoberyl locality; the Middletowu feldspar quarry; in Ghalbil
cobalt mine, in granite ; at Monroe, la a granite vein, the crystals often oonatBttng fi
pieoea separated by quartz (fig. 233); at Madison, in beautiful crystal*. In /^aiis il
aiidCbe«ter, crystala aometimes 10 to 12 in. loog and 1^ in diameter, wilh \ '
Mineral Hill
Kokscharof obtained from TTral beryls for the angle Oa I, 160' 8' J4".
The species d^opkue and pyro/nmUiU are homoeomorphonA with beryl, andliav« I
ratio between the bases and silica, if the water and chlorine be excluded.
Altr — Kaolin, mica, llmonite, and quartz, occur as pseudomorphs after beiyl, die '
substitution, the others by alteration*
The change to ka«jlia is the SAmn essentially as in feldspar. An aJt*'rv»d b^rrl &««
r«uth aftbrded IL Miiller (J. pr. Ch., IviiL 182) Si 68*8, Xl 241, Fe 2% T
from Yilate, near Chanteloube, gave Damour (BulL Q. Fr., II. ril 221) ^ ^
Ba I'lO, U 14.04==^ lOu '55, corresponding to the common kaolin fonnuk Ajbi'
n /Taiav, il
LbladtJH
hav«Sl
365. BUDIAIjTTB. Eudialyt Stromejfer^ GeL Anz. Gott 1819, 1998.
Qfihography. Eukolit SbAeervr, Pogg. Izxll G61, 1S47,
lUiombohedral H A ^=126° 25', 0 A H (or 1)=14S*» 38',1
Observed planes: O ; prisms, /, i-2; rhonibohedrons, 1 (or i?);
-2, -f ; pyramid, |'2 ; ficalenohedroiidy 4*, 4\ ^m
98. Sd^l
IS** 38\li
834
2d5
it
x£
r- **
^
^r- '
/^
-8
/
I
a'
-i-/'
f
^
2
4^
}
6* A 8=101
v2A4'=166
4a4=T8
8 A 3=951
/Ai-2=K
OleATfifire : O very perfect, Ji imperfect ; in eacoUte v9 ^pvh
maaive remform.
H=5'5. G=2-9— 301 ; 8-9086, Stromayer ; 2-898, Levy ; Si
8-007, EacoUte, Daraonr; 3*01, id., Sutieow, Lu&tre vit
BXSILIGATE8. 249
kHed, bluish-red, brownieh-red. Streak nncolored. Translucent to sub-
iplnrfint. Fracture Bubconchoidal, splintery. Double refraction strong ;
pbin eadialjte positive ; in eucolite n^ative.
[f A«+i &) 8P=2 (&■) SP+& 9i* DMnouT. AnaJjseB : 1, Pfiiff (Schw. J., ixix. 1) ;
— (OUh. Ann., IxiiL 379) ; i, Bammelsberg (Fogg., bdil 142) ; 6, Damour (0. &. ^H«,
(Pogg^ hm'i. 561) ; 7, Damour (L c.) :
Si i^ ta 9e
Sn
Ca
^a
La
Ce
01
1ft
•4-10 11-58 7-86
2-98
10-80
11-40
0-80
1-66, Cu 0-92=
101-66 Pt
53-33 IMO 6-76
2-06
9-78
13-82
1-00
1 •80=99-68 Strom.
52-48 10-90 6-86
2-57
10-14
18-92
1-00
1-80=99-71 Strom.
49-92 16-88 £*e 6*97 ttnllS
1111
12-28
119
0-37, t 0-65=
100-62 Ramm.
60^ 16-60 0-85 "6-37
" 1-61
9-23
13-10
1-48
1-25=99-87 Dam*r.
47-85 1405 Pe 8*24
" 1-94 •
12-06
12-81
2-98
0-94=100-37 Sch'r.
45-70 14-22 2-35 ^e 683
" 2-85
9-66
11-69
1-11
2-49
111
1-83=99-24 Dam*r.
I for th« (Mnrgen ratio of ft, fi, Si in both eudialTte and euoolite (the Ifa being
Iwith the Sif and the Oe with the 2r as seBquiozjd), 2:1:6, corresponding to the above
-In the doeed tobe affords water. B.B. ftises at 2*5 to a light green opaque glasSi
the flame yellow (soda). With the fluxes g^yes reactions for iron and manganese.
add gelatiniaes, and the dilute add solution imparts a deep orange to turmeric
er the iron in solution has been reduced to colorless protochlorid by boiling with
Btin (reaction for siroonia).
-Sodlaljte fonnd at Kangerdluarsuk, in West Greenland, associated with arfredsonite and
^ or imbedded in compact white foldspar ; the crystals aro usually small, but sometimes an
r more in length.
iBte is from ialandfl of the Langesund fiord in Norway, where it occurs In hexagonal
I and xeoifcmn maasea. Eudialyte has been reported as occurring at Magnet Coye, in
ma, in imperfect rounded crystals, of a ridi crimson to peach-blossom-red color, hi feldspar,
ielBoIike(Shepard).
^oyat aee B. ft IC; also Lang., Phil. Mag., lY. xxy. 436, from whose papor fig. 236 is copied.
, frcm ct, easUfff and (JioAvoi, to dissolvej alludes to its easy solubihty in adds.
266. FOLLVarrB. Pollux BmOk, Pogg., Ixix. 439.
iKKmetric Cabic, with trapezohedral planes, like analcime. Cleavage :
bacea. Massive.
H.=6'5. G.=2'901. Lustre vitreous and bright on surface of fracture,
It sometimeB dull and gum-like externally. Colorless. Transparent.
ilex of refiuction for the red rays 1-515, blue 1'527 ; no double refrac-
m; DescL
Itam^— Probably (ft', Sl) Si*+ i ^ in which ft=c8dslum mainly, and fl' : £l=l : 2^. Analy-
"" ■ (aB.,lTiU.,714):
a
Si
fe
C»
Cs
Sfa,Li
«[
44-03
16-9T
0-68
0-68
8407
8-88
2-40=101-71
tmHiB ooygen ratio for ft, fi, Si, iQ; 8*16 : 7-68 : 23*48 : 213. Flattner obtained (Pogg., Ixix.
^Mbra the discovery of cMinm, ^ 46-20, ^ 16-39, l^e 0*86, & 16*51, Ka (with a little tA\
mti S«32=s92-75 ; and Bmah ahowa (Am. J. ScL, XL xxxviii. 115) that if the cesium were
HbK fer potash, it would give 35*69 Cs, and reduce the soda (if obtained by differmioe) to
I |i e^ sod that thus the results are as dose to Piaani's as could be expected, considering the
350
OITGKW OOMPOimBS.
amoutit of material xisetL PlattDer's aonlysta tijua changed would Tead Si 46*20, ii M
0*8fi, Cs 85*e9, ^a 1*72, E 3':J2~103*18.
Pyr., etc* — In the doeed tube becomea op&qae and jields water. In the fonepi t
fuses with difflcultj, oolormg the flame jeUow. In muriatio add alowlf deoompo^ vill
aration of pulverulent biUqa; and the Oltrato from the silica gives an abundant ]
the platm-chlorid of ciDsmra wlitm treated with bichlorid of platinam.
ObL^Occura in the iBlAad of Elba, with petalite (caatorite). Naxnod IVom PoUuz (thi |
of whidi Is PoUuds), of heathen mjihologj.
n. UNISILICATES.
ABRANGEMENT OP THE SPECIEa
A. Uniailicates of elements moetlj in the protoxyd (or alpha) i
1. OHRYeOLTTE GROUP. Orthorhombic ; lAl=9l*-W*j OAlH=124'-lt
Batla
$b*l. FOBSTKBXn
1:1
Ik^Qi
SifO^P^gt
SS8. UovncsLUTM
1:1
ttCaHHiMg)'^
8i|e.K»ea-i-i)i8),
359. Chbysolitb
la
{&g,fe}*&i
8i|e.I(MK.Fe).
S€0. Fayalits
1:1
fe'Sl
6i|e,|Pe,
26 J. EuLTsm
LI
(|*e4-KJ4n.ltrg)rSl
SI |e.| (!?«+) Ob, Mt
262. TKPimoiTi
tl
iin'Si
H\ 1O4I sfnt
263. Kksbsuts
1:1
(iMn + |te)'Si
Si le.KlMn +»*.),
264. LiaooPH^mTx
1^1. (<>
(i(&i.]^a) + iBe)»5i + |Si
si|e.HHe%Ki,)+iBi
/ft
(f(Ca,Sa) + lBe + itiil)»Si
si|e.|(|(«^jr.,j+|a»
266. WdHLEBITB
1:1?
(|ff+4&)3i[-h(V(*^6,S[nja]
8i|e.|(iB+iyfey,*^
H. PHENACITE GROUP.
Hexagonal; B\E=n6*-llT
■
26Qw WiLLIXCITV
1:1
2n*Si
«|e,|fc.
267* PmoiAORi
1:1
Be»8l
Si|0.|Be,
266, MxLiFHAinTi
r=l:li7
o(6\fi)*9l«+la
SiU©,F).J(K.»ll,i81,
&(|(lt',a)+iBil)«&-
Sik©.P).|(KK«A«jH
m. HELTITE GROUP. laometrie ; related to the Qamet Qroup,
260* Hkltitx
270. BAXAun
Ufi + iBe)«&[-fi(FB.lCn)S Si|0.r(|B4»ilaV"*^H
aft + ide)*fli[ + iZn8] &l|e4(|R4-i0e),^|(
B. nniailieates of elemimtB iB the protoxyd and otlior atatea
ftimlj of elementa in the protoxyd or dentoxjd etala atone.
loagDQfiiiiiu and iron iu the aeri^ of ba^c clomeuta, Ooluru v^i
DOTHIiTOATBB,
251
ner group. JmmgMc
Batia
tOLAUn
1
IDIXI
Lsnn
LDm A.
B.
a
toym
ftCa«+i*l)«8i«
(Kfig,*e,ft)«+i5l)«8l«
(KAii.*e)«+i5l)«8i«
(iOa«+i(Fe,Xl)«Si«
(i(Oa.lirn)»+i0Pe,5l))«8i«
(W0a+iAg)*+iFe)«8i«
(iCa»+i«r)«8i«
Si|e4Kifi+i/?B).
Si|e4Ki€a+i/?AI),
Si|e4Ki(Mn.Fe)+itfAl),
Si|e4Ki^+i/?(?^Al)),
«|e4Ki(ea.Mn)+i^(Fe,Al)),
Si|e4Ki(6a.¥)+i^Fe),
«|e4|(i(i6a+i Mg)+i/?Fe),
Sl|e4Ki6a+ii?6r),
lAKTtE GBOUP. TetragonaL
la 2rSi si|e«|rZrt
8:2:5 (K0a.*e)«+}5l)«8i« Si|e4KK€a,Fe)+|iJAl),
(KCa,%,Sa)»+i{il,Fe))«8i« Si|e4K}(Na.,fi) + t/?(Al,Fe)),
B 2:13
XJLASi 2:1:4
>TE GROUP. AniBometrio; /A /not ISO*", nor
1:2« aCa«+»(Sl,Pe))«8l«
Bornn
mn 1:2:3
s 1:1:2
nn
LELSOHin
l*.2-3
mUTB l:2:Si?
s 1:2:6
[nm
rm
1:1:2
1:1?
1:23?
3:2:5
83:5+
iCa«+t^n,Pe,Xl)«8i«
i(Ce,*e,&)»+i(Xl,Pe)«8i«
8i,^,*e,Be,Ce,La
8i,^,*o,0e,tia,Ca,Xl,tt
8i, Ca, Ce, 2r, Be, Po, Sa, A
ttCa«+t&)«Si«
(KCa,Sa)«+»Xl)«8i«+i8l
(J«ra«+»Xl)»Si»+8 8i
(i(ftn,*e)»+iXl)«8i«
8i,^,Ce,te,Be
8i,'lfi,Ce,Lail)i,Ca,f&]
(|&»+}Pe)"8l»
(fi«+}Pe)«8i«[+iPe^
SrCTB GROUP. Triclinia Contain Boron.
I 2:41:7 (f Ca«-|-t(Po,Xl)+|B)»Si*
in 1:8:4 (iOa«+}B)«8i«
Cn GROUP. Orihorhombio; /A/=:120^
approximately bo.
Si|e4KieaH-t/?(Al,Pe)).
a|e4K«6e, Fe, fi)+*J(Al,Fe)),
6i|e4Kiea+»/M),
Si|04|(i6a.Na,)+»/?Al),+ i8l
Si|e4|{i Na,+» 0M)t^Gk e»
Si|e4Ki{Mn,Fe)+i/?Al),
Si|e4K}(6a,Fe)+|/?Pe),
Si|e4|(|(ea,Fe)+|/?Fe),[+iQ]
Si|e4|ft 6a+ f /?(Fe^ M)+k0B)t
Siie4KJ^+*^)t
1:33 (a(K&g,J^e)'+f&)'3i'+|Si Si|e4Ki<l^Fe)-f|^^+i«e*
=l:U (KI(Ag.*e)«+f5l+i8li)«8l« SI|e4Kl(?*Fe)+f/?Al+iya),
jr=l
1 252
OXY&£N OOMFOtTNDB. ^^^|
^^ 1^ ^OC^ GEOUF. Bane angle ofbase of prifim 120''; ^lefbniiB dtlier hengonaloratt^l
^^B rhombia
^M
B&ao. ^1
W 288, PHTX>aOFITB A.
7:4:11 (^{ag,^- + AXl)'Sf fil|e.KA<K,.Mg)-^iV^AJK ^1
^H. ^*
2:1:3 (Kilg.&r^'tXD'^i' Si|e4(KK*.Mg} + i^AJ), ^M
^H 389. Btomn
1:1:2 i(Ag,^- + i(3kl,Fergi' Biie4(i(K,,Mgy^i^^f^^H
■ 290. Lepidohxl^hb
1:3:4 i (l^e, fig, ^*4- f<Il. I'e)' §i' Si|e4(i(X,. Pe,Mg)- f(*l.F^B
1 291. Amntm
li2:a i (^e, IS:)' 4^ f (Xl, Fe)' S^i' Si|O.M(K:,, Fe) + f if cikun^l
1 292. ASTROPHTLLTTE
10:3:4:17 (H fl'+AS-hA(ti, &)!>&• SijO.KHPtt, R) + A i^^H
l^^^l
W 298. MUBOOTTtB
1 294. liEpmouTE
r=l:li-
^k 296. Cbtofetllitb
r=li2 H
(
a(&',a)'Si'+38i ei|e,KK»li«F«,AAl).-«4I^H
b (K(fi, Li, Fo)', SlJ+tSi?)'Si* 6i|e.|(KK.,Li,.F*^ikl)+|,^H
^^^^■^0. Unkilicates of elements in tlie protoxyd and other stated oombin^^l
^^^^Rio series of baaic alementg including calciiun, barium, Bodiuoi^ and ^H
W other alkaline nietak, and not iron or magne&ioni (these latter uoouiil^H
1 only in traces and abnormally). ^H
^^m X 8CAP0LITE GROUP. Tetragonal 0. ratio for piotoxyde and aeaqutosjda I : I tot^|
^^P but mostly 1
■
1 29tiL Saboouts
1:1:3 (iCAO^+ASr^f+taySi* Bi|e.K«Ae«+iV»ij*4iB
1 19t MBioinn
1:J:S (imC» + A*«)«+|Xl)*Si' Si|e.KKHea^»KaJ-f|lM
^K S98. F^SAXTBrrv
1:3:4 (jCn'+JSD'Si* Si|e.Ki6«-h|MJ), ^|
^H 199. WomuTB
LS:4
^0 (i(Ca,&a)Vf Xl)'Si'+a 6i|0,Kt(N«.,e«)4-|AI]}r»H
r=l:lj
.6(f(C»,Sft)'+fXl + ^ifl*)'&' 6i|e.K!(N«.' fl
^^ * S90. EoBEBeni
1:2:4* fa (i(C«,]fj«)' + |S])'ijl*+|9i Si|«.|ti<Na. tM
r=l:U U (H (Ca*. *»', Xl)+ A SilVSi' «!' ' fl
l:J:8i ('a{J(Ci,5fi)'+fSl)'Si' + 2i9l bii . t^
r=l:l|\ft(A(C«,S«)' + »Xl+/' ' ' Iit'a.Xa.lAlJ^^B
^i 802, Ddtsh
1:2:0 ja(KCi,«»)'+|Xl)'8i' . . tiiXi'ft.>4-|^^^^H
r=l:8 ; »(l(C^ &•)•+» XI + |Sll}'9«* »|O.M<^N«^l*A:
^H iOS, Hjuo^un
\:tt Uft(<r.,Ci)*+|Xi)«ftt*+8« a|e.KKH«%«»K|Mi
...J
tJNISIUOATBB. 253
XL HSPHBLITB OBOUP. HezagonaL 0. ratio finr protosTds and aeflqniozydB 1 : 8.
Batia
LKnum l:a:4i (J(Sa,t)«+f il)«Si«+|8i 6i|e4Ki(Na„K0+f^Al),+iSl
(A(*a,i)«++fXl+^8if)«8i« Si|e4(iS(Na.,K.)+H/?Al+TV
XQL LKUOITJS OBOUP. Miniometria 0. ratio for protozyda and seaqaiozydB 1 : 3.
(jSa»+}Xl)«Si»[ + iNaa] 6i|e«KJNa.+»Ml),+iNa01
K. BoDMiirm 1:3:4+
1^ Lans Lasdu
ItHAvmn 1:3:4+ (ii^a«+}&)«Si»[+CaS]
It. Vosn 1:3:4+ (jSa«+fXl)«ai»[ +1^-83]
Ml lOTcm 1:3:8 ( a (i&'+f £l)'Si'+3 di
r=l:2 (
6(if+jXl+|SiJ)«8f
Si|e,|(iNa.+f^Al), + iQ
Si|e,|(iNa.+f^Al), + iQ.
6i|e4KiK:,+f/9Ai),+-sie»
Si|e4|ttK, + i/?Al+}ySi),
ZnL FELDSPAB GBOUP. Monodinic or tridinic. 0. ratio for protozydB and seaqoioxTds
1:3.
LH AxovrHm 1:3:4
tU LaiSAixmm 1:3:6
r=l:li
HAnnnEi 1:3:8
Bl OusocLAn
1:3:9
r=l:3i
pi. AunzB 1&12
i T=l:3
rORBOGLAflB 1:8:12
r=l:8
(iCa«-|-f*l)«8i«
a(J(Ca,Sa)»+fXl)«+|Si»
6 {HCa,i^a)»+|itl4^Sii)«Si«
a (i(Ca,Sa)«+f Xl)«Si«+3Si
-1:2 U(i(C:a,]§Jra)»+jXl + jSif)«Si"
UL HTAiXVBAn 1:3:8 ja (i(da,&)*+f Sl)'di* + 3 §i
r=l:2 ;6(iC6a,t)«+}Xl+}Si*)»Si«
a (i(Ca,Sra)»+f Xl)«Si«+8f Si
5(A(Ca,Sa)'-hAXl)+ASif)«Si«
a(J]Sra«+fXl)«Si*+6Si
ft(i^ft*+|il+iaii)«§i»
a(jfc«+fXl)«Si«+6gi
; 6(i4»+|Xl+tSit)«Si«
SilOiKiea+fAl),
«|e4KJ{6a,Na.)+ f /?Al),+iSl
Si|e«|(Kea,Na,)+|/»Al+.iySi),
«l^4KK«a,Na,) + i^iti), + me,
Si|e,K4{ea,Na,) + }/?Al + 5ySi),
S'll^^Ki (»a»K«) + f 0M)t + Sie,
6i|e,Ki(fia,K.) + };9Al+}ySi),
Si|e4Ki(6a,Sa,)+f /?A1), + IJ
sie,
6i|e«KA,(ea,^a,)+Ai5:ki+A
Si|e,|(iNa, + fi5Al),+2Sie*
Si|e«KiNa,+|/?Al+fy6i),
si|ej(jfea+fi5Ai)+2Sie»
Si|e4Ki4.+|i^Ai+tySi),
817. EULTTITI.
318. Atblestitbl
[Ik tte preoediDg table the column of ratioa contains the oxygen ratios for the protoxyds and aUiea
^ I Jmtnff^mnUeat where no aesquiozyd bases are present, as in the first, second, and third
d ■padea 182 ; for the vrotoxyda, aesquUKoyda^ and ailica^ where the bases indnde elementa
thaaa ttirae atatea^ as in all the other groups. In species 286, the ratio is for the prot-
Wiiiuiaiyda, tritozTds, and silica.
iMir r (nedaa 268, 287, 293, etc.) signifies oxygen ratio between the bases and silica.
Jifota ■tatod ooty whan the silica la in excess above that of the unisOicate type, and it ex-
ilhi SBKNiBt of ttiat ezoaaa. Q is used in the second column of formulae for any aoceaaoiy
■tanii Mi riHoa; fta Tahia in eadi case may be derived from the part of the oorreapondhig
254
OXTOEN COMPOX7Ta>fl.
fonnula In tbe first coltunn which Is m brackets. In apedet 26& it stands for {fe^ Ut^
284B, for Felt; and bo on.
Examples of an excess of silica occur In many of the sbovB gronps ; nAxnely^ *he (
groupf in leucophanite ; Phenscite groap^ in melipbanite ; the £pidot« groopt in jAdeibe i
haps in sausstuite; tbe lolite group; tbe Mica group, to musoovite, lepidolite, and oyo]
Scspollte group, In wcmcrite, okebergite, mizsooitc, dipyre, marialite ; Nepbelite group ;]
grtmp} in leucite ; Feldapar group, in all tlio Bpeciea oiccptiog anorthite.
It DAfl been shown that this excess of silica U oflen ronnected directly with the i
of the base, and increases with increased alkuliDity, as if the former were deten^iuod 1
Tbe following are the ratkM between the non-aikaline and alkaline portiotta of tlk» i
Above mentioned groups, as dedded from the mean of the analyses, together with the i
the bases and sUica :
Bases
SQioa
Non-alk. AJk.
Chetsoltth Gb.— Chrysolite, eta
Leucophauite
[ I
ftllnon-alk.
4i: 1
PHENACITB Gm.-
- FheuAdto, etc^
Meliphanite
[ :
an non*aIk.
6 : 1
SfidotiGr. —
Epidote
Zoialte
Sftussurite ^
Jadeite
L :
annon-alk*
allnon-alk.
« : 1
I : 3
Midi Gb.—
Astropbyllite :
Fhlogoplte ]
Biotite :
Lepidomclane
Mnroovite
Lepidolite ]
Cryophyllito ]
1 •
L :
i t
[ I
L 5
1 «
ft : I
a z 1
S J t
2^1 : 1
I : f-e
1 : 9-11
BOAPOLITB Gfi.--
Saroolite 1
Meionite :
Faranthlte ]
Womerite ]
Ekebergite
Mizzontte
DIpjFD
MajlaHto ]
1 •
I :
L ;
i t
1 •
1 •
1
a (or Si)
0 : 1
10 : 1
aU noQ-aUr.
4 1 1
Hi I
0
1 : 1
- Nepbelite 1
I i
LeooitiGb>—
Sodalite ]
Leudte :
I \
TWU)€PAM Gb.^
Anorthite
Labradorite
Hyalophaoe
Andesite 1
OUgndase ]
Albite ]
Orthodaiie. ]
r
alliMft^k.
1 1 1
Hi I
1 : 1
S : t
aUaSk.
■lialk.
la eadi of tbe groups in this table tbe increase in the proportion of siHcm la i
an laeraaae in the proportion of alkalies, lolite is an exception, am it oontaina, i
anaijaea hitherto made, no alkalies. Sphenodase (No. 375) is another^ but the i
taUlied, and It la too little Imown (o be oonsidered in this oomaeetioD.
Tlia two fonnulaa a sod 6, for tb» apeciea oontaining thia azoeea of aflkat ara thoii <
on fls^ 104, tbe^^M making the excess aoomor^ sllSoa^ tbo mcmdiuSsk^kitfeilh^m
In onnnoetiOQ with the descriptkons of the apecka beyon4 oi=^1jr tba fbcmlai of Cte 1
two kinds arc given in fbli
PiriBfTiTOATBB. 365
Ln^ Ann. FhH IL, viL 59, 1824. Peridoto bianoo Boaaki^ Distrib
faUL MbLy es, Kipoli, 1843. White OliTine. Boltonite Skep^ IGn., i 78, 1836.
Qrihoiliombic Form and angles as in chrysolite. Observed planes : O^
rticaly i^^*^, I^ *-2, fl, ^ ; domes, l-i, l-J, i-t ; octahedral, 1, 1-2, |-|,
■■rage : Vi and 0. In attached crystals. Also in imbedded imperfect
nlalsy gndnSy or masses.
H.=6 — 1. G.=3'21 — 3'33. Lustre vitreous. Transparent — ^translucent.
dor white, yellowish-white, wax-yellow, grayish, bluish-gray, greenish ;
metimeB becoming yellowish on exposure when not in distinct crystals.
" : nncolored.
1. i^bfsferd^ white onrBtala firom Yesuylas, H.=7; Q.= 8.243, Bammelsberg. 2.
imbedded mhierel of other tints, from Bolton, eta, Mass. ; H.=6— 6*5, a. =3.208— 3*328,
'3-21^ Breith.
>— Mg* Sl=8ilicft 42-88, magnesia 57*14=100. AnalTses: 1, Bammelsberg (Pogg.,
i); S,J.L.Smith(Am. J. 8ci.,ILx7iil872); 8, a. J. Brush (ib., xzyil 895) :
Si
21
Ag
Ca
j'e
ign.
L ibrvtarOs 42-41
53-30
2-38
= 9804 BamuL
S. BoilomU (1)42-31
0-17
51-16
2-78
1-90= 98*32 Smith.
a. " 42-82
«r.
64-44
0-86
1-47
0-76=100-34 Brush.
J <ta B3. unaltered and infbsible. Boltonite gires traces of moisture in the closed
rind beeomes colorless. Decomposed bj muriatic acid with separation of gelatinous silica in
' iterite and boltonite.
-Fonterite occurs in implanted crystals, with spinel and augite at Yesuvius. Boltonite
Blnated through a whitish crystalline limestone, at Bolton, Mass.; also at Box-
r and Liktletoo, Mass. ; its imbedded masses or crystals are often over an inch through, and
r in section. Part of the boltonite is altered, and thence softer and hydrous, with the
AorTOkiBiteCp.— ).
loyrt., B. &. M., Min., 318; Hessenberg, Min. Not., No. L, 22.
le was named by Levy aft»r Mr. Forster, a patron of mineralogy.
-Aitifldal magnesia-chrysolite has been made by Ebelmen, by falsing together in a por-
i fimiaoe a mixture of silica and magnesia, with carbonate of potash, or boric acid.
mous CHBTBOLm. A massive, reddish-brown mineral from the talcose schist of
in the t^rol, having some resemblance to boltonite, and G.=8-25. Contains, aocord-
imoiir (Ann. d. M., lY. viii 90), 3-5 to 5*3 of titanic add, with 6 p. c of protozyd of iron.
raes see Nos. 1 and 2 on page 257.
\ eondftjon of the titanium has not been satisfactorily ascertained. There is a deficiency
ea wUbIi H may supply. But if it exists in the mineral, as titanic iron, the rest is a mag-
\ obfyBolitB, like boltonite, with but little t^ rephidng lilg.
MOimOBLZJTB. Brwi^ Ann. FhiL, 1831. Batraohit BrtiXI^^ Char., 807, 1882.
drhombic. and isomorphous with chrysolite. Occurring planes, t-t,
\I^ 1-i, S-2. In crystals. Also massive, with two cleavages inclined to
ranother 115^, and another diagonal to this angle.
\^h — 5*5. G.=8'03— 3*25. Lustre vitreous, slightly resinous in the
I yariety. Colorless, yellowish-gray, pale greenish-gray, and whitish.
vnoolored. Transparent to translucent. Fracture more or less
-<1) MmlkMi% in ooloriess to yellowish-gray crystals, from Yesuyias; ^.=3*119—
356
OIYCJEN cx>MPOixra>B.
S'245« (2) Bairachiie, deavable maasiTe, of a pde grecnisli-gnij colore or wUtlsh; Gj
Oomp^^ Oa + i fig)* Si==Silic& 38 5, lime 36*9, maimesia 256=100. Oo^-elghth ^
is pepiaoed bj t^. Analyses: 1, Eammelsberg (Pogg., cix 669) j 3, vL (POgg^ II 40):
31
te
fig
Ca
ipn.
L ifoniy^08£(i
37-89
6-61
33-04
84-92
-X0(H6
2. Bairae^its
87*69
2-99
21-79
3545
127=S918I
Pyr*, etc. — B.B. rouad&d only on the edgea. Solnblo in dilute muriatic add to acte
which on heutiogr gelatiaiaes.
Oba.— MoniicelEte occurs in crystals linbodded in graoalar limestone with mica i
Ut, SomEDft. Batraohite is found in smaLl magsea oontaining bhiok spinel, at Mt fi
Tyrol
Montie^te was named after the Italian mineralogist^ MontioelU : Bairoehik from iim
in allufiion to the color. *
269. OBHYSOIilTE. Smsragdua?, Berytlus?, pt Fdl TopajBOa? pt Ftin, NotC
[= Topaz] riin., ixxril 42. Chryaolit, Gemma pelluddisslma colore Tiridi subdtfl
fbgnd (description alAo aaya quadrangular, io/bsible^ etcu), WaU^ Wm^ US, Itit^
ordinaire [not the Orieatal] tfArgmvitte^ Orykt^ 161, 1755. Gulgron Top>Aa=Chf7«Dl
Min., 43, 1T58. Chrrsollto ordinaire ds LUk, Oiat, 230, 1772, ii, 27J, 1793 [not ]
Oeylan= Tourmaline ib., iL 346], Krisolith Wcm,, Bergm, J., 878, n^O + OUriaa
[=OhryBoKte doa Volcana Fatsos, Tivarais, 1778,] Whrn., ib^ 66, I79f». F^eridot <
1801. Hyaloeidorit Wakhner, Schw. J., xxxiz. 65, 1S23. Gtinkit RomamoPtM, \
Euas., Oct 1847 ; ident. with Chryaolito, Beck, Verh. Min. Gea. St P^ 244, 184T.
Orthorhombic,
10720.
6> A 1-2=125^ 45',
0 A l=rl20 10
O A f|=lU 48
<?Aft=U9 30
230
2i
/A/=94°
0 A 1-1=128^ 28'; aibie^M
0 A 14=130*^ 20i'
1 A 1, mac,,=rl07 45
1 A 1, br.,=101 32
vJAt.3, ov. i-l,= 130 2
ir\ A I 'J, ov. l4,=
V5 A iKt, ov, f-i,='
t-i A 1-2=137 21.
J-i A ^=119 IS
MI^^
n
a a I n
\IW
» J
1
14
1-T
1.}
1
I
Ml
M
1-2
/
.41
CldAvi^ : iA radier diBtinct Hassire and compact^ or gnundir
in im!>edaed grains,
H,=:0— 7/ G,~3'33— 3-5. Lustre vitreous. O>lor meii—
olive-ffreen, 8oinetin»e«* brownish, gmvish*r©d, grayiw-green*
mujilf^' tincolored, rarely yellowih. ^Trangparetii — Iranalticcsit^
tuns euneJioidiiK Double refractioQ positive ; oi^ctrix normal ta
Oo«fs Vftr^Mg, fef'^K with iraoM ii tltaM of Mn, 0% ^ TIm
waHL Wlian iIimv are 9 ^e to 5a M^ (uiaL 5. T^ ^be ratio of fa to Mf
Tim
ta I:
UNIBILIGATBB.
267
» ; when 2H ^« to 39 fig (anaL 26) nearij 1:3; when 2^ te to
ratio isl :2, and the special formula (iMgH-ii^e)*3i, or 2]i[g*
anaL 22) nearij 1:5;
in hfoktiderUet the ratio
This epedea la ordinarily divided into
ML Of a pale rellowiah-green color, and transparent, so as to be fit for jewelry ; G.=
14 Oocaaionafly seen in masses as large as " a turkey's egg, " but usually much smaller,
been brought firom the Levant for jewehy, but the exact locality is not known. WeU-
itals of di^rsolite an inch across are very uncommon. The proportion of iron to mag-
» either small or large, as in the following.
m; OHvine of Werner. Dark yellowish-green to olive- or bottle-glass-green; (>.=
bUL Gommonly disseminated in basalt and lavas, in grains, and also at times in large
ing a rectangular outline, showing that they are crystals, although made up apparenUy
htw masses sometimes weighing 30 lbs. Also constituting rocks.
I pale-green chrysolite fh>m talcose schist; 6. =3*39— 3-43, Henn. Byalosideriie is a
jious kind (anaL 27; ; the specimen analyzed was p^urtiaUy decomposed, being irides-
bmetaUic in lustre.
: 1, 2, Damour (Ann. d. M., V. viiL 90) ; 3, G^enth (Ann, Ch. Phann., Ixvi 20) ; 4, id.
, IL zzdiL 199); 5, Manice (ib., xxzL 359); 6, 7, Stromoyer (GeL Anz. GK)tt, 1824,
iv. 193); 8» Walmstodt (Ak. H. Stockh., 1824, il 359, and Schw. J., xliv. 25); 9,
rh. G. Eeicha., 1867, 71); 10, Kjerulf (J. pr. Ch., Ixv. 187); 11, Router (Za G., xvL
Ifadelung (ib.); 13, Waltcrshausen (Vulk. Gost., 117); 14, Rammelsberg (Min. Gh.,
^atanstedt (La); 16, Stromeyer (L c.) ; 17, Kalle (Ramm. Min. Ch., 438); 18, Damour
)c, IL xiz. 414); 19, Bammeluberg (L c.); 20, Walmstedt (Lc); 21, Deville (£t
ies); 22, Lappe (Pogg., xlilL 669); 23, Schmid (Pogg., Ixxxiv. 501); 24, W. v. Beck
St Pet, 1847); 26, Domeyko (Ann. d. M., IV. xiv. 187); 26, T. 8. Hunt (Am. J.
L 283) ; 27, Walchner (Schw. J., zzzix. 65) :
Si
te
An
Mg
8,&fiA.-rrf.
86-30
6-00
0-60
49-65,
^ It
36-87
6-21
0-60
60-14,
43-44
6-93
49-31,
•N.a,ynA.(!)4117
7-85
49*16,
l,Vt
4076
9-36
50-28 =
wg
40-09
8*17 Mn 0-20
60-49,
Chnf9otHe
89-73
919 **
0-09
60-13,
le
41-64
8-66
026
60*04,
r aroek
37-42
8*88
0-17
48-22,
li&lfW.
42*21
8-91
49-29,
1^ Jhmyte
42-80
9-40
47-88,
^ «♦
42*69
10-09
46-90,
41*01
ll>-06
47-27,
1
44*67
10-76
41-84,
leteorits
40-83
11-68
0-29
47-74,
a A., meteoric 38-25
11-75
0*11
49*68=
m
40-35 12-34
46-70=
ken
40-69
13-7H
1-60
43-13=
I
39-84 14-86
45*81:
ma
40-08
16-26
0-48
44*22,
M,FogoL
40-19
15-27
2-27
36*70,
id
40-0(J
16-21
0-66*
43-09,
1^ meteone
36-92
17-21
1-81
4816=:
(!) 39-21
17-46
44*06=
,cm
40-70
19-60
39*70=
yatntl
37-17 22-54
39-68=
erUe
31-63 29-71 Sin 0-48
32-40,
■
' With some NL
fi 5-30, fl 1-75=99*80 Damour.
fi 3*51, fl: 1-71=99*04 Damour.
*1 <r., Ni 0*32, Co <r.=100 Genth.
Oa 0*04, ^i 0*41, gangue 1-28, ign. 0-69
= 10c*06 Genth.
= 100-36 Manice.
3tl0-19, Ni 0-37=99-61 Stromeyer.
^ 0-22, ]?ri 0-32=99*68 Stromeyer.
il 0-06=100-55 Wahnstedt
Xl 010, Si 0-23 ign. 4-71=99*7 3Hauan.
3tl 0*18,<Sr 0004, ign. 012= 100-72 Kjlt
Ni, Co, Na, tr. £[ 0-57=100-16 Renter.
Ni ^.,fl 0-49=100-17 Madelung.
Xl 0-64, Ni 0-20, fl l-04=100-z2 Walt
M 0*23 Ca 2-35=99-85 Ramm.
^ ir., Ca <r.= 100-39 Wahnstedt
=99-79 Stromeyer.
=99-39 Kalle.
=99-06 Damour.
= 100 Rammelsberg.
M 018=100-24 Wahnstedt
*1 n-80, Oa 5-12=99*35 Deville.
*1 0-06=99-91 Lappe.
=99-10 Schmid.
= 100-72 Beck.
= 100 Domeyka
=99-30 Hunt
3tl 2-21, Iv 2-69, Cr fr.=99*28 Walchner.
ietected oxyd of tin in the olivine of the Pallas moteorito; Rummler a trace of arse-
L. Srdmaim found a trace of fluorine in that of Elfdalen, and of Tunaberg. Walch*
I in anaL 26 0*330 grms. of !^e (out of 1-040 grms. under analysis), from which he
» gnuB. of £"0, or 29-7 1 p. a
«— BlK whitenfi, but is hif\islble; with the fluxes gives reactions for iron. Hyalosi-
htr Tirieties ribh in iron fuse to a black magnetic globule. Some varieties e^ve re-
17
258
OXYGEN 0OMPOUWD9.
actions Tor titanic add and mongnncse. DeooDipoaed by muriatic and anlphttrlo^
tion of gGlatinons eilica, G. before ignition, .S'3!i9; after, 3*378%
Oba« — A comtnon coDStitneot of aomo eruptive rocks; and alao occurring 1
morphic rocks, with taloose schist, hypcrsthene rocks, and serpentine ; or as i
also a eonstitueal of many meteorites. The eruptiye rocks, basalt and '
chrysolite (the variety o/fvtne), along with labradorite nr other feldspari and|
usually in grains, it is lometimes in rectangular maasea seTcml inches thick.
A chrysolite rock oomirring at L Lhere, oonalstiQg largely of chrysolite, baa I
(Bee p. U7, under Bpikbl). The dunyte of F. v. flochstetter (Z& G. Ges^ xwi, 841^
aoooitlmg to Sandberger. The latter has a grnyish-grecn color, and greasy and ^ '
Q,=:-t-295, and occurs with serpentine rock in Dun Mto., near Nelson in Xew 3
aimilar rock from Moravia, called picryie, cousista half of chrysolite, along W]th|
hornblende, and magnetite. Another from Norway (called Olivin/vh in Gennao, <
very nearly the oompoaition of pur© chrysolite (a rial. 9); Q.=a*2't— 3**2, KJemlf
lar in texture ; of oUve to botUe-green color ; it contains some talc, treu * ^^
Occurs in eruptive rocks at Vesuvius, Sicily, Hccla^ Sandwich JalMid^ i
ands or regions; at ExpaiUy in Auvorgne; at Uukel, on the Rhiae,
long ; at Kapfenstoin in Lower Styria, in spheroidal maaaea ; at Saabach and 1
stuhl, Switz.; near Freiburg, Badeji, in dolerite, a variety conuining mud
ite} ; In Thetford and Norwich, Vermont, in boulders of ooarsely cryak
maaaea several inches through ; in dolerite or basalt in Oanada, near Uontreal, •! 1
Mmmta Boyal and Montarville (anaL 26),
In talooae schist, found near Kyachtimak, N. of Kiask, and oeir SjeasnklD !
ish imbedded nodules {gtiiikite, anaL 24) ; id. at Webster, in Jackson Oo^ K. f
with serpentine, pyrosclcrite, and chromite ; with chromite in Loudon Ca, '
Co., Pa, at Wood^B mine, with serpentine and chromite (GenUi)i near Media, I
with horublende, magnetite, and chromite. In hypersthene rock at Elfdaten._
Among the meteorites containing chrysolite, there are the Pallas from
Olumbti, AtaoamA, Steinbadi, etc
Ou cryst, Kokacharof, Bull Ak. St Pet^ ii. 235. Gives 1-S A l-% or. 0,=tl
1-2=; 126" 46', i-2 A i-a, ov, H=4B° 66', whence ov» i-i^ISO" b\
Most of the crystals are f)*agile, and therefore unfit for uaa as i
Named from ypwr6i^ gold, aod XiO^t. The hyaloeiderita, from 'iMa«f, glial, and
The (^hfyaofiifAiw of Pliny was probably our topaz ; and his icpm our
Btatemant thai ^* topaaoa " is the largest of all the predoua atones, and that a i
was made of it, abowa that he confounded together diflbrent atones, siooe aoMj
are never as large aa some topaz crjatala, and two indkea is an extnordinar
hardneaa mentioned, tliat it yields to the action of the file and wean^ with uaa, 1
to prove that true chrysolite was included under the oame of topoMion^ li cam
the Bed Sea, and was very highly valued. It is stated by Diodorus SlooloAjftj
glass, but to have had a remarkable gokieQ appearance, especialiy <
AIL — AlteratioQ of chrysolite often takes place through the ox
mineral beooroea brownish or reddish^brown and iridescent It alao' i
the change goes on, sometimea so as to resemble a mica. A
pointed out to the author «<» ^ rr>i<H% «iate, although no further change ]
here mentioned ChufUe, md Sidstock^ of Saussurc (J. de Phys^ :
Limburg ia Brisgau, are cl : I more or less altered. The prooeas
cuvity of the crystal flUed witii hiiiotute or red oxyd of iron.
Under the action of carbonated waters, the iron ia often carried off 1
dSied, and also some of the magoesyi is removed at the aame time ; and j
IMM, pterotmim^ whkdi oflan retain the oijitaUliie form of chrysolitOw
prodooe HtaHU and other magnesiao epeclM.
I fVxr analjraaa of altered ch^olite see Wahnstedt, in Ak R Btookb
Ch., 441 ; Rhodiua in Ann. Ch. PbaniL, bill 116, and Hamm. Min.
Jahresb., im\ 767; A. Madelung, Jahrix G. Reksha^ ziv. 1^ Jahrl>. Mln^^
B. H. Zig^ xjdL saa.
aea fatazjtb. a a, omoin, Ft»gg., it isat.
Chijaolitcu Anhydrous &Sk
Maflsive, erjstalliae. Cleavage In two directiond at right]
anather.
Vm&lUCATEB^
259
.5, G. =4-4-14 ; 4-138, Fayal ; 4*000, Ireland, Delesse. Lustre
gomewhat reainom in the fracture. Color black, gi'eaniah, or
Opaque, Fracture imperfectly
Bometinies iridescent.
Lttractable by the magnet.
Ife' tS=Silic* 2f*5, protoxjd of iron 70-6=100. Analy9mt: I, Gmelin (Pogg^ li
ift&berg (ib.); a, Eammebbery (Mul Oh^ 4^5) ^ 4, Thomson (Min., L 461); 6, Belesat
a il fe fin fig Ca Cn
$0-34 3^64 68-27 3 64 0 86, Fe S 2-33-98't8 GmolK
JS*16 4-06 eons 0^69 238 0-72 0*31, Pb I 55z=99 81 FeU.
28-^7 346 63-80 ir. 0*45 1 2d, Fe S 3 35= 100*61 Ramm.
t 29-60 68-73 1^T8 =100 11 ThomBoo.
29-60 tr. 63 64 6*07 0'30 ^=98*41 ItelfiBae*
-Fuses reudUj to a black magnetio globule. GklQtinizes witb acids.
1 the ilourne Mts., Ireland, at Slnvcarraeh, ueflj* Bryanaford, in pegmatito ; fonns
\ Tolcaiuc rocks at F&yul^ of the Axorea. Obsidian or volcazuo glass orton approatii«s
|oo<npo«itum.
nxi-chryBolfte sometimes occurs in cir^tals as a fumaco slag, as noticed by Hausmann
I Uter by Mitscherlich and others. The vtdkajmcfiea EisengUu of Klaprotb (Beitr^ v.
\ aflbrded tbe abore composition^ was a slag aocording to Q. Rosa It is a oommon
\^ the puddling ^mace.
^ i-yUSQAXTsm CeBTBOUTE. {A. Efdmanji, Ak. H. Stockh., 1848 ; var. olivine, his Min.^
_X«ar ^jfdite, bnt contains, benidea protoxyd of iron, aom© protojcyd of manganese
' ^plao a little magnesia, spproacblTig thus hyaloaiderite*
(agreeing analyses aflbrded Erdmami (I c.) :
1*66
*e
66^87
Mn
8-47
3-23
da
2-a9==;100'58.
iBidift^,
lula, 8 J'e'^i + 1 Sin* .^i4-(3^g, Ca)» Si, Rammelsberg, It occurs In a gneissoid
V consisting in part of augite and gnmet, at Tuaabergin Sweden.
which Is a iiTfie-iron-manfjamse cbijsolite, has been observed in dove-brown
e in Easton, Pa. An aiialypis afforded Br. C. T» Jackson (Am, J. 8d ♦
I 3^80, Pe 1800, fin, Mn U JO, ^l 3 50 = loii»0* Taking the iron and
.;, '*, as so regarded by Dr. Jackson, tbe formula is {Ca, te^ fin)* 3l
dea, TSFHROn^. Tephrolt BreWw, Char., 278, 1823, 213, S29, 1831
•bombic. Cry&talline-massive. Cleavage in three directions rec-
in intersection, one perfect, a second a little lesa ao, the third
or rather indistinct,
=5*5—6. G.=4— 4'12. Lustre somewhat adamantine. Color
' -h-red, reddish-brown, and rose- red, to a^h-grav, smoky -gray,
L- gray. Darkens, on exposure, to brown and blat^k. Transhicent
tran&lucent. Optic-axial plane parallel to plane of perfect cleavage j
oe for red rays, 159"^ 1'; in oil, 84^ 19',
•
[
Sfrfnal (anal. 1-6), 2. Ma^nesxariy or picrotgphroiie (anal 6-9). G. of No> 6^ a brown
^ ; of Kou 7, a ted, 2-87. Resembles much a deavable feldspar.
— Sn* ad=6ilictt 29^8, protoxyd of manganes© TO-2 = 1 00 ; or (fin, figf Si A nalyies t
i {mn., 1, 614); 2, Rammelsberg (Poi?g., btil 14^); 3, IL Seville (DescL Min., L 88);
sh (Am. J. Sd., II, xxxvii, 66); B, Igelatrom (CEIV. Ak. Stockh., 18t55, 228); 6, 7, P,
iBi^oe (see Na 4); 8, Damour (Ann. d, M., YL ii, 339) ; 9, Igolstrum (I c):
fe te Mn 2n fig Ca ign,
29*64 0-82 66*60 3"70— 99'7 6 Thomson-
28*66 2-92 68*88 — — sslOO'46 Rammelsbetg.
Si
fe
Mn
2q
Mg
Oa
ign.
3. Sparta
28-^7
216
59-31
7*58
2*16
0-39
=99-d7 I>eTia0.
4.
8019
I'Od
65-59
0*27
1-38
1-04
0-87 = 99-93 BruslL
5. Faiaberg, red
30-82
56-83
—
2*79
5*37
3-20=981)1 lgel8lr^[n.
6L Sparta, hrenm
80-55
152
52-32
S-93
7-73
1*60
0*28=99'93 Collier.
7, '* rtd
31*73
023
47 -02
4*77
14*03
0-54
0-35=99-27 Hai^o.
8. Franklin
29-95
1-96
30 43
irsi
is 60
l*7l = 100'J6 DauKmr,
9. Paisberg, t>rmffn
31-36
416
4407
1771
tr.
0 87, f»b, la» C *r.=9M(
AnaljslB No, 4 was of a spedmeti received from Brelthaapt^ as the ongmai tephrdfti|
7, from spediDoiiB obtained by Brosh at Stirling Hlilr in Sparta. Tbo ^no In anal t^l \
doubtedly f!rom mixed aindte, tbls mmoral occtirnng aa a thin scale or lamiQa in the
the cleavage, and hence oflen eovoring cleavage aurfacea (Brush). -AjiaL 7 eorreepondi 1
+ i Mg) Si; anaL 8, to (^ Mn + i Mg) Si; and in anal 9, Mn r Mg=6 : 4. "
Pyr*, etc. — B,B. fuses at 3 'd to a black scoria. Gelatimsea perfectly in muHatu: aeid
evolving chlorioe. With the fluzea giyea reacftions for manganeee and iron. Th^ mi
variety fuses at 4 (Ko- 6) io 6 (No. 7).
Oba. — Found at Stirling Hill in Sparta, N. J, with tmdte, wiUemite, and fhinktinilak
able maasea ; also at PaLsberg, in Wermland, Sweden, along with rhodonite and othier mm
minerala ; at Sjogrufvan, with hanBtnanDite.
The name iephroite is fW»m Tt>^p«r, (ish<otored. Breithaupt'a original apedmen wm i
collectioD of H. Heyer at Dresden.
2G2A. HTDBOTKi'imorrKL !>. J. Igelstrdm haa deacnbed (<Efv» AIl Stockh^ lS6k
hydrous tephroiie fh>m Paiaberg, which has a pale reddish color, a oolorlctsa streak, aun
gelatinizea with adds and yields water. He obtained in an analyaia ^i 26^46^ liKn 0*i9| ~
Mg 11*89, Ca, ^e *r., 'A 5-85=100*13, and correaponding to (Mo, Ag)* ^i 4-1 tt It i
altered tephroite.
A black siliccUe of jnanganeae from Klappenid, Dalecarlia, having a submeianic lustre
lowiah-brown atreak, afforded Klaproth CBeitr., Iv. 137) Si 25 0, Mn 558, & 13-0;=t&'8:
^ 2 d^ agreeing with the tephroite, excepting the water Klaproth obtained 60 p^ a of ]
whence the above ia deduced bj Beraelius.
263. SNEBBZJTB. Knobeht Dobomncr, S±w. J^ xxi. 4B, 181&
Crystalline masgive,
H.=6'5. G.=3'714, Dobereiner; 4-122, Erduiann. Lustre glbl
Color ffray, spotted dirty-white, red, brown, and green ; lilao ffmyiftll
to blacK. Opaque to traiiglucetit. Brittle ; tracture sabconcooidaL
Oomp^i ^e + i Stn)' Si=Sillca 29 6, protoiyd of iron S5-5, proUayd of
100. Analyaea: 1, Dobereiner (Schw. J., xsi 49); 2, A. Hrdmann (Dnemecaora
p. 54):
gl Pn Mn Ag
L IlmenaQ 32'5 32- 35* . =99-5 I>5ber«l&«r.
2, Dannemora 3026 34*30 34*47 0*^, 3tl 1*59=100'$7
Pyr^ etc— According to Dfibcreiner, unaltered RB., but Erdmann'a miDanl
lualreleea magnetic bead, and gave with the fluxes reaodom for iron and
poeed readily by muriatic acid with aeparation of gelatinous aOiea«
Obs.^ — The mineral analysed by Doboreiner was from an unknown loooJit
(Kenng. Ueb, Min., 1855, 93) statee^ on the authoril^y of Knebcl, that il wa?*
near llmenau. The Dannemora mineral ia grayish-black to black in lai|^
Ibt thin edgoBi And is stated to deave paraDel to a prism of about 115".
Named after Mi^or von KnebeL
994. X.BUOOPBANmi. Leukophao mmark, Ak. a StockL, 1840, 191; tmm
xlvtii. 501. Lenoophsiia. Lettoofsntta^
Orthorhombic. /A / about 91** (90° to 93% Greg; 9V S\ R
Oa 1 i, calc.,=:146° 62'. Approximate angles, OAa=lir-ni
0 A 24=120^ 25'. A plane rrirn on C^=14^** SO', on one piano li
UmSlIICATBS.
361
m other /=101*^ 30', Greg. CryBtals tabular and nearly rectangular.
rage : basal perfect ; imperfect in another direction, inclined 126° 25'
3 Ease ; and perhaps in a third, at right angles to 0. Usually mas-
=3'5— 4. G.=2'974. Lustre vitreous on a cleavage surface. Color
iirty ^reen to wine-yellow ; thin fragments transparent and colorless.
ler white, and strongly^ phosphorescent, whether heated or struck.
ric when heated. Optically oiaxial ; bisectrix normal to the base,
I of axes the macrodiagonal ; Descl.
ip.— O. ratio for It, fi, Si=:3 : 3 : 10; (i (Oa, ]^a)+i Be)* Si+f Si; or else with half the
of silica basic. Fart of the oxygen replaced bj fluorine. Analyses : 1, Erdmann (Ak. H.
L, 1840) ; 2, Bammelsberg (Fogg., xcviii 267) :
47-82
47-08
21
1-03
Be
11-61
10-70
An
101
ir.
Ca
26-00
28-87
Sa
10-20
11-20
4
0-31
0-80
617=102-02 Erdmann.
6-67=100-43 Bamm.
wtia, lesYing oat of Tiew the fluorine, for Oa, Be, Si, from anal. 1, 3 : 3 : 10-6 ; from 2,
:10-0.
I flto. — ^In the dosed tube whitens and phosphoresces with a purple light B.B. in the
I pbospfaoreeces and ftises with intumescence at 3 to a dear colorless glass, which becomes
Hvliite on flaming; imparts an intense yellow color to the flame. Fused with salt of phos-
i bk the open tube gives the reacUon for fluorine.
tf— Lenocjdiane occurs in syenite with albite, eUeolitc, and yttrotantolite, on the small rooky
imoe, near the mouth of the Langesund flord in Norway, where it was found by Esmark.
mblefl somewhat a light-green yariety of apatite.
led from Xnw^ whiie^ and ^aiVoi, la/p^ear,
syst, see Gre^ FhiL ICag., lY. iz. 610; Dana, Am. J. ScL, II. zxL 206; Dead. Ifin., L 144.
266. WdHZJEIBITB. Wohlerit Scheerer^ Pogg., lix. 327, 1843.
thoAombic. 7 A 7=90^ nearly, 0 A l-i=144^ 37' ; a : S : c=0-7162 :
t
O A f i=lfiO*^ 27'
<?Af-f=133 11
OAJf.»=117 07
O A 1-1=141 30
i^ A i-5=116 34
• iri A 7=135 ±
i-5 Ai-5, ov. i-?,=126 52
i-i A i-i, ov. t-i,=143 8
i-iAH, ov. (?,=140 54
tabular cryBtals and prisms. Cleavage : i-i
let and easy. Also CTanular.
=5*6. G.=3*41. Lustre vitreous, inclining to resinous. Color light-
Wf wine-, honey-, resin-yellow, brownish, grayish. Streak-powder yel-
h-white. Transparent— subtranslucent. Fracture more or less con-
lal--6plintery.
9.— O. ratio for (Ca, fig, Sa), 2r, §i, (*'e, lifn), Cb=9-78 : 5-08 : 15-89 : 0-77 : 3-67 ; flrom
k'b snaJtysia (with which Hermann's agrees nearly), whence Soheerer deduces a formula
rift a ffJwmKatft of siroonia+6 parts of a silicate of soda and Ume. It correspondB widl to
' I (K<!KHg, ]^a)ViZr)Si[+TV(^e, ]iLn)Cb], the last member ookmbUe.
262
OXYOEK OOMPOUNDB.
Asolj&eB: 1, Scbeerer (L c.) ; 2^ Henxmnn (BuU. Soc NaL Moecow, xsxrm. iOlJ
tSi Ob 2r Fe Mn 6a Sa fi
1. Brevig
2. *'
30fi2
29- 16
14-47
11-58
15-17 212
22-72 ^er28
1-65
lft2
26*19
24-98
7-78
7-63
0-24, M^ 0'4=98-14 1
1*33=99-61 EemL
Pyr^ etc — B.B. m a BtroDg beat t\xm€ to a yeUowiah glass. With the flux©* gifil
tiou of manganese, iron^ and ^ica. BiMolvea eaaily wh^tn heated in strong iminatlo
a separatioD of the Ailirsa and oolumbic acid.
Oba*— Oocnira with elaoolite in «iroon-ayenlt«, on several islands of the Ltngeeosil
Brevig in Norway. Some crjstale are nearly an inch long. On cryrt,, Dead., In AniL
IH. :S,j and Ann. d IL, T. zvi. 229; I>auberf Pogg., zeiL 242. Deacloixoauz, in hia U
makes i-» and i^I the vertical t&ves of the prism /, with /A/=90' 16', and he deaoi
lala as hemihedra] in tnany planes.
^66. WtLIiEMlTH. ^iloeous Oxyd of Zinc, Silicate of Zinc (Hr. N. Jeraey), Fomn
J. Ac Philai, iv. 8, 1824. Willeraite (fV. Moreanet) Lev^f, Ann, d. M., IV. iv. 518^ 21
Iiatnsite,WilheInute, YiUemite, oil orthoffr, Anhydroua Silicate of Zinc Hebetan (Ik;
MrviOL, Cbar^ 130, 18S3. TR)oetite(fi:. N. J.) Shep., Uul, let p«rt, IN, 183Z
Hhombohedral. H A i?=116^ 1', 0 A i?=142° 17' ; a=OiS7S7<
served planes; in crystals fr. N. Jersey, i-2, ^,— i, V ; fr. Mareen
939 f HAi^us^ r. 7?Ar=i5o^ 5; r At.s=i
IiAi-^-12V 59'; JA|^=128° 30'; Levy, a
t-2 easy in N. Jersey crvstalg ; 6^ easy in'thode
esnet Ako mafisive and in difliem mated grains.
times fibrous.
H.=5-5. G=3'89-418. Lnstre vitrecHJ
rather weak. Color whitish or green igh-yelloK
Surest ; apple-green, flesh-red, grayish-whitc, yd
rown ; often dark-brown when impure. StrviJ
ored, Trangparent to opaque. Bnttle, Fmctl
ch*)idal Double refraction strong ; axis positive
\
%i
[ jSew Jersey diOlsf tB
fonns as aboT« described. The latter tie often qnile uufSi and |
the name of trooMe ; they are oomiiiooly iiopofe froca the p
mangsneie and iron. (^. of crystals (Vom New Jersey, 3*89—4, Vanoxam sfid X
Henn.; 4'15i, Deleese; from Moresuot, 3*935, Tbomaon; 4*16—4-18, Levy; t^m B
IfooheinL
Oonti.— 2n* Si = Silica 27 '1, oxyd of ain^s 72-9=100. Analyses: T, 2, TantusQ i
lag (L a)f 3, Hennaon (J. pr. Oh., xlvii 11); 4, Delease (Ann, d. M., IT. z. 213); 4^
ffep. Am. Aasoo., iv, 147); 6, Thomsoo (Min^ L 645); 7, Urj (Ann. d. IC, IV. ir. HI
heim (Verb, nat Ver. Bonn., 1845, 167); 9, Damour (DeicL Kin., 664):
Si
Fe Sb
^e Mn
Zn
1. Stirling
26-44
6-dO
68-08
% "
36-00
O^T 2-66
TI-S8
a. «
20 80
(r, 9-22
eo-oT
4. "
37-40
0'8t 2-90
eass
K -
37-91
6*85 S-T3
59 93
i. Momiiel
S6-9t
1^48
0-18
e8-:7
T. ••
iT-05
0*75
68*40
8L8lolbt«f
9e-90
0^35
tS'tl
9^QteealMid
916^
087
11 '51
i*9i
1^6
=lOOYao.AI
=99 €6 Taa i
1-00=100 Heia
^hM>Ddeu-_
; Ckl*^i=100*
I 25, 3U ! U»=^
0 30:=9«-50 Uvy
=10010 Ma
=99^74 Ostti
• Wlil) a tTMw of «ta« •04 Iran.
^rat analysed and doecrfbed by Vanaxxun and Eeadng.
FyiRii ela.^-B.a In the farosps glows and Ausa with difltaltj to « while i
Utiltai New Jersey ftiaifhwi3'6 ^
to 4 The powdei«4
UNlglLICATES.
263
[, yeDow wbOe hoi And wtiite on ooolmg, which, tnoisteDed with iolution of cobalt, and
1 b 0,F.* is colored bright greon. With soda the eoating is more readily obtained. X)%-
«i hy muriatic acid with aoparatioo of gelatinous ailica.
--^Pnoca VieiUe-ICoQtiigtie near MoreBuet, between Liege and Aix-la-Chapello^ in crjstali and
\ the c^itAlfl but a few millimetera in loagtb ; also at Stolborg near Aii-la-ChapoUe ; at
Jfa Cuinthift j at Kucaaina in iserTia and in Qr&enlaDd in compact quartz. In New Jersey
^i IHoklin and Stirling in such quantity as to constitute an important ore uf zlna It
tstoiiafialj mixed with sindte and franklin ite^ and is found massive of a great variety of
\ ftoa pale hcmey^Telbw snd Ughl green to dark aah-gnij and fieab-red ; 8ometimeB in crya- i
^ ie) six inchee long and an inch or more thick, imbedded in firanklinite and alao in \
i by Levy afler William L, King of the Netherlanda.
[PBENACmi. Phenakit K v, Ihrdemkim, Ak. H, Btodih^ 160, 1823, Pogg., xxxl GT
ombohedral; oft^n hemiliedral R A i?=116^ 36', 0 A i?=142^ 38',
ciiaruf ; a=0-661065. ObBerved planes : rhombohedroiis, i?, -2, -1,
lenohedrons, 1*, 1'^ -2*, |* (bevelljiig terminal edge of li) ; pyramids,
prisms, /, t-2, i-} ; LemUiedral, f |-f , J |-f , f 3-|, Kokacli, Min.
L, u. 30Sj iii. 81.
J?A/=12r 21'
^At-2=12142
1^2 A f 2 = 156 44
^|-aAJ?=159 56
J2 A -2^160° 35'
/^A-i=14S 18
iAi=144 4
2A2=8T12
Crystals sometimes oblong, as in fig, 240 ; but often the
hm nearly or quite waTitio*^, and the furiii that of a low obtuse
Hbobedron^ witli replaced edges and lateral angles. Cleav-
K^2 distinct^ R imperfectly so. Twins : composition-face
E=7'5— 8. G. = 2-l>6 — 3. Lustre vitreons, Colorless ; also, bright
ellow, inclining to red ; brown. Transparent — subtranslucent. Frac-
:e that of qnartz. Doable refraction positive.
'Se*Si=Stlica 54% glncina 45'8 = 100.
f~iFcgg..xxxiv. 526):
1. Ural
SL Framont
fii 55 14
54-40
^e 44 47
46'5T
Analyses : 1, HartwaB {Pogg,^ xxxi 67) ; 2,
3tl and % ir.=9&'61 HartwatL
Oa and iL% 0*09^100-06 Biachof.
dc. — Alone remains tmalbered ; with borax fuses with extreme alowne^s, unlesa pul-
, to a tmnsparent glass. With soda aObrds a white enamel ; witli more, intumedoea and
[ iBTuBible. Dull blue with cobalt aolution.
I in mica RchiPt at the emerald and dirjsoberyl mine of Takovaja, 85 versts E* of
g, where the crystals are sometimes nearly 4 loclies across, and one found weighs
I email crystals on the east side of the Ilmen Mta, 5 v^ersts N. of Miask^ along with
1 feldspar j also in higldy moditiod crystals with quartz*, in limonite, near Framont
'at Mt. Mercado, near Durango, Mexico, in limouite and magnetite, the crystals nu*
, ^t»l not freeh, being below the true Imrdncsa ; and in a valley on the summit of La Cruz,
the rancho of Tinaja, it forms, according to G. Weidner, a rock, containing horn-
aolite.
I ^#af, a deceiver^ in allnsion to its hanag been mistaken for quartz.
Melinophan Scheerer^ J. pr* CflL^ Iv. 440, 1832. Meliphano Dana^ Am.
J, 8ci, 11. iliv. 405, 1867.
Qal or hexagonal. Massive, and consisting sometimes of plates
264
OZYGESr COMPOUNDS,
or lamellee^ but not ad a result of cleavage structure. Cleavage he
(?), in traces.
1L=5, G,=:3*0, Eicliter; S-OIS, Ramraekberg, Lustre vitreous.
Bulphiir, citron, or honey-yellow. Transparent to translucent, Br
Double refraction strong, uniaxial ; axis negative ; DescL
Oomp^— Formula perbftps ba on p. 250. Analjwm 1, i
iDelibefg (Pogg., xoviii. 297);
,bjrB.Ekhtor(l&); t|]
44 S 12-4 1*4 l-l
43-66
1-67
^e Ca Mg :&a F
2-2 31-6 0-2 2-6 23 Cb, tr, ^, Y 0-3=W-8 3
1 1-74 26*74 0*11 8*&5 6'73, t 1 40, tl 030=99-80 ]
RammelsbGrj^^s aDaljata, if the fluonoe is taken a« repladii(p part of Uie oxygen £d cImI
and wid, gi?efl for thi? orygcn (iodudlnf the inorln©) ratio for ft, H Si 8'T : 3 : HX T1b» i
nature of tho compound is still doubtful Rammelsberg deduces the siime fbnsula ai i
leuoophane, taking as the oonnDon oxjgen ratio 4:3:9. But BeacSoiieftiLK^ qptievl t
tioua make tlie two distlntit species.
Pyr., etc*— B.B. in the forceps does not phosphoresce, fuses witli iatnmetosnee to • i
enamel; in other respects resembles leuoophane.
Oba. — From the zircon-sjeDite of Norwaj, near FrederioksTim, with elaeolitsi, sak^ t
and magnetic irou. An imperfect cijatal iu the cabinet of R P. Greg, Esq., gare bin i
angle between two prismatic faces lli3''; the edge between these two &43ea ^
rough plane, appareutlj not equalljr indiiied*
Gained f>om ^^^t, hongy^ and ^afrt^, I appear ^ from the hone j-jellow color*
the word mdinophane^ which would come from fttXi^n, asken^ or fuMt^^ milM.] Tha i
the t of the genitire} as done aboTe, has dasaical authodtj.
[Bolieaivr I
371* HSLVITEL Sin Fossil w* Aahnlidik* la. d. Gmiiat hat, aber oidit ihwoat m i
achelatt ^<^« ^ulL £ab., L 0^ 1S04 Hel?in Wi^n^ 1816, Breith. hi HoIDil MIb^ tf. 1^1
161t« Wem. LetztoB Min. Sjst, 2, 29, 1817 ; Tetrahedral Garnet M^hg^ Char. 6jSL 1
1820, Edinb. Tetraedrischer Granat uL, Onindr., 412^ 1824^
I&ometric; tetrahedral. Figs, 31, 32. Cleavage: octahedral, in
H.=6— 6-6. G.r=3'l— 3-3 ; 3*216, Breithaupt. Lustre vitreous, ine
ing to reeinous. Color honey-yellow, inclining to yellowitth-browi^ i
ai^in-green ; streak uncoloreu. Subtranslueent. l*racture UBereii*
Oon&ik— 0. wio fbr % Sicrt ; 2; Ibr Mo+i^e, Be=l : 1 ; (braula U(liltv te)4^| i«f I
llCnS^ Bamm.
Analjraee: 1^ 2, Gmelin (Pogg., til 53) ; 3, Bammelsberg's oorrection of GmeUn'^a t^L I f
C3S TOl); 4, Rammelsberg (iU):
Si
^0
Mn
n
Ma
8
igiu
1. Scbwaraenbeiy
33-26
12^i*
41 76
ft*56
i'OS
l-15:=9S^l Coatla.
2.
56 27
6*0S
4212
8iK)
^^^
1,
2826
1203
m-tl
t-oo
MT
5*06
li
C Norwaf
iai3
1146
86^0
400
9T7
fill
•WlthmMila«la^
Pyr^ ate— Fuses at 6 ia E.F. wiHi t&tufMMeaos to a jrenowiab-brows opaque baad, 1
Itflcar In RF. With the fluxea gfiTM Ihit matigaxieae reaction. Decompoaca bj
iMi #fotutioD of sulphun^ltod hjnlffQgett, and aeparatkin of gelatinofii ailiea.
M«»^ODoura in goalM at Sdiwraaoberg la Saxoaj, iModalad whb gprMi^ i
aad^CjicHi; at BpaHaabfiw, ^tuxmj; at llortripiUaoaarliodinvndalaoatI
In mfOOtk SVtIillilw
UNI8ILICATE8,
265
270. ]>ANAI«ITB. J. P, Cooke, Am. J. Sd, IL xlii n.
ic. In octahedrons, with planes of the dodecahedron ; the dode
\ &ees striated parallel to the longer diagonal.
i'5 — 6. G, =3*427* Lustre vitreo-resinons. Color flesh-red to
Bimilar, but lighter. Translucent. Fracture snbconchoidal,
Brittle,
(i ^ + i ^e)* &-I- i Zb S; ia which ft ^f^o, Mn, ^n. Acalyaea : J. P. Cooke (I c) t
Si ^Q 1^ 2n Be 8
(1)31-78 27 40 6-28 17'51 13-83 5-48=102*23,
4-82, Ca 0-83, Mg fr, = 102'M.
2988 28-13
6-71 18-15 U-72»
• With tlumina.
J fVom anal 1 oxjgen 2*74, equivalent to the SDlphur^ the sxiin \m 99^49 ; and
Nl p. c. oxygen, the sum is 99*83.
-B.B fuses readily on the edges to a block enamoL With soda on charcoal f^rea
\ o( oxyd of zinc Perfectly decomposed by muriatic add, with evolution of sul-
gen and separation of gelatiDcmfl sfiioa.
in the Rookport granite, Gape Ano^ Maas., amaU grains being die^seminated
rock ; also near Gloucester, Mass. ; iu Itoth locaUties associated with a iithia mica,
, with green feldspar and fluorite.
r J« X). Dana.
*Ai0|><f^ pt [rest Ruby Spinel and Sapphire] The(^hr. Carbunculua pt. [rest
Ifia., ixxvii 25 ; Oorchedonius, Garamanticua [=Carthagirimn or Garamantio Oarbuiicle],
Odlctia [cut at Alabnnda], Anthracitis, P/i'n., ib., 25-27, Granatus Albertus Ifoffnus, 232,
Qsrlmiiculiifl Cart:hedonius:=: 6^rm. Graoat, 0. Alabondicua and Troezc(iius=: G^rm.
■iis, AgriCt Posb^ 272, laterpr^ 463, 1M6. Granat WalL, Mm., 120, 1747. Garnet
ic Obgerved planes: 0 (veiy rare), /, 1; trapezohedral, 2-2,
1, i-2, i-f, ***ff 1 trisoctahedral, J; hexoctahedral, 3-},
ledron, fig. 3, and the trapezohedron 2-2, fig. 10, most corn-
figs. 11, 13, 14, 21, 28; octajiedral form very rare; figs. 241-
ted dodecahedrons; f. 244, distorted trapezohedron ; f. 240, com-
i of the dodecahedron and trapezohedronj out distorted^ and having
• planes of the former.
dodecahedral, sometimes quite distinct. Twins : composition-
EedraL Also massive ; granular, cuai*6c, or fine, and sometimes
^ lamellar, lamellaa thick "and bent. Also very compact, crypto-
Kie like saussimte.
■*5— 7'5. G.=3'15— 4'3. Lustre vitreous — resinous. Color red,
Keliow, white, apple-green, black ; some red and ^reen colors often
» Sti^ak white* Transparent— aubtranslucont. Fracture subcon-
I, uneven. Brittle, and sometimeft friable when granular masaive ;
Ough when compact cryptocrjstalline.
Tduv— Oamet is a unisilicate, of rosquioxyd and protoiyd bases, having the sreneral
tV|fi)*Si*, or(HVSi'-hlfc*Si>.
I i» ivm the Latin ffranatuSf meauing like a grain, and directly from pomeffr&nate^ the
' *i iMi we small, numerous, and rod, in allusion to the aspect of the oiystalSL
> promiaeiit groups^ based on the nature of the pmlouiinatrng aeequioxyd.
«T, in which the sesquioxyd ia mainly alumina{^lX
, m which it ia largely sesquwxyd of iron (l^oj, usuadiy with some alumiAa,
266
OXTOEN 00MP00KD8.
%a
S4S
sa
y
246
345
ni. Chbombqaesit, in which it ii largely Mtquwaej/d of chrtmiim (Pr>.
The protorf 4 baseii present^ either slnglj or two or moire together, are l^^f
protax]^ of mm {Pe\ pro0styd o/ma¥iganeM{Mn), with rarelj s few p, c ofprv^i^
prot&ryd of nidcei, or tfUria^ or a trace of au tUkalL SubdiviaionB of the aboveX
based on the predoniinfince cyf ooe or another of these protozTds ; and on IhSs p
the following varieties or subapedea :
A. Grossulabitv, or Z^me-^/um^iiayameL
B. Ptbofk, or MoffnetkhAhnninaffarneL
C. AUfANDiTB» or Irm^Ahmmttftiniti,
D. SPEasi^KTiTB, or Jfanganaae-^lwnlfiaffarfMl
K ANDRADin, or Lime-Irmgismei, incbding A, ordhiairT'; B,
jttriferoua, or YUejyameL
F. BRKDBSBom, or Lifrn'Moifnetia-JrongameL
G. OuvABOVira, or Ltrm^Ckrmnf^ameL
Ezoeptiiig the last, these aQbdirisiooa blond with one another mofe or lent OOB
vmrietlea oontaimng oombinatiooa of the protozjd baaea, and alto of the aeaqaks
fbUowIng are their oharMtera. Most of the Tarioua namea eniunerstod b^w imdi
making the tjmoiijn^, have atood for a time as niunea of anppoaed diitiBOl apeeto
A. Lime-AimtkHiMmet ; Gbossularits. (KanoUtein (WOlniiaBioa 8loae} i
placed near Zirooo] Wrniu, 1803, Ludwig'a Wem^ ii 309, 1804 \ Eaaoolte [ba]
pr^, 181T ; Heaaomte Leemh^ Handb^ 433, 1831 : Eaaonite [Tar. of (HmM 3
Homan&Dvit [ft Vivnito] fhrdenikUUd, 9chw. J^ zxzL 380. Oroflsnlarite (fh WHd
18O8-0» I I, 479, 1811 ; GranAt Pidiaa, N. KonL Beyt 8t Pel, 1TJ3; '
Uit] Srr^T mi du ohauz, oa Orosaulairev Beud., 387, 18^4.) A sUicate m
and lime; faniiula mmily (4Ca»-+-^3tl)» t^i»=8Uic« 40'1, alumina J2-7, KmeST-f^:
Umti often rrpbio&d hy protoxjd of iron, and thua gmduating toward the AliDacidll
(a) white ; (b) pale groeii; (0) amber- and honej-j^w; {d) wiiie<gnailow, hrcnnM
mon-brown ; rara^ (^ emanid-greeD ftom ttub preoetioe of cbromliiBi. 0.^8*4*^1
Thd origiiial yr^aaaafartfa (ttUiA) iaotoded tbe pale greeo frofo SUwitep aad im 1
ttit botaitifiai mm fbr the gooeebetTj ; O :s3*4i-3 73, Claaawijn man or ■»
cfamwion^ootofed farft^ ftom Oqrlon^ ^«re called AfocMk ; bvt nttdar Ihli ■
kl&da in turaal^ incdiiaed. S^OBmit ia an amber-ooiored kind ttum Ala^ PiadttOi
18 bfnink
TJNIBILI0ATE8.
267
a, TsDowiflh, and yellow-brown garnets are not invariably groflsukrite ; aome (indud-
te) belong to the group of Irongamet, or Andradite (p. 2tf8).
: 1, Ooft (G. Rose, Beis. Ural, ii 132) ; 2, T. Waohtmeiater (Ak. H. Stockh., 1823) ; ^
BepL a. Gan^ 1847, 447, and also 186S, 496) ; 4, N. ▼. Iranoff (Koksch. Min. RuasL,
7achtmeiBter (L c.) ; 6, Earsten (Karat Arch. Min., i\r. 388) ; 7, Elaproth (Beitr., It.
; 8, ArfVedaon (Ak. H. Stockh., 1822, 87) ; 9, 0. Omelin (Jahresb., ▼. 224) ; 10, Elap-
11, Karaten (L a); 12, Nordenskiold (Schw. J., zxzi 380); 18, Richter (Ber. Gles.
\ 99) ; 14^ Piaani (G. R., It. 216) :
Si
&
Pe
*e
An fig
Oa
hOe
86-86
24*19
._ _
37-16=98*10 Croft
t,teK
89*60
21-20
200
316
82-80=98*25 Wacht
kiL,wkae
88-60
22-71
1-60 0-49
34-83, Sra 0-47, ti «r., ign.
110=99-80 Hunt
iR., Oroes,
40*99
14*90
10*94
.^.^
0*98
32*94=100*75 IvanoC
(1
40*65
20-10
6*00
0-48
34-86=100*99 Wacht
if
38-25
19-36
7-83
0-50 2-40
31*76=99-68 Karsten.
u
440
8-6
12*0
«r.
83-6=98 KlaprotiL
Om,
41-87
20-57
3*98
0-39
83*94=100*70 ArfVed.
Ii
40-01
23-00
3-67
—~
— -
30-67, & 0-59, ign. 0*83=
9817 Gmelin.
u
38-80
21-20
6-50
81-25=97-76 Klaproth.
Id,"
37-82
19*70
5-95
0*15 4-15
31-36=99*12 Earaten.
rUe
41-21
2408
7-02
0-92
24*76, ign. Alosa 1*98=100 N.
]a,darkred
39*99
17-98
6-45
2-76
32-70=99*88 Richter.
Jied.
39-38
1611
8*65
«r. 1-00
36*04^ ign. 0*81=101*49 P.
a.=3*522--3-636; anal 4, G.= 3 '427.
a^Ahminaganiei ; Ptbope. ((^arbnncuU Garchedonii in Boemorum agria AgHc,
546. Bohemian (Garnet Bohmischer Granat (as a distinct sp.) Wem,j Bergm. J.,
lapr., L 16, iL 21. Pyrop Wem., 1800, Ludw. Wem., L 48, 1803. Karfiinkel Chrm^
»t /v.) A silicate of alumina, with yarious protoxyd bases, among which magnesia
much in atomic proportions, while in small proportion in other garnet, or absent
Lg, C% te, iHnY-h-k ^1)* ^i** The original pyrope is the khid containing chrome. In
»f the Aiendal magnesia-garnet, Mg : Ca : ^e+Mn=8 : 1 : 2; and the ratio of the
he other protoxyd bases is 1 : 1. In Moberg's analysis of the chromiferous pyrope,
Ddered the best, iSlg : Ca : f*e + lIlLn : Cr=8 : 075 : 1*33 : 0*67 ; and ]i[g : Oa+^e
I : 0-87. G.=8*7— 3-72, Breith. ; 8-78, Mohs; 3-738 (anal. 18), Genth.
15, Wachtmeister (L c); 16, KobeU (Kastn. Arch. Nat, ▼. 166, viil 447, ix. 844);
J. pr, Gh., xUlL 122); 18, F. A. Genth (Am. J. ScL, IL xxxUL 196); 19, Zilliaous
Ch., 695):
te Mn Mg Oa
9-29 6-27 18*43 6*53=100*44 Wacht G.=8167.
9-09SnO-82 1020 1*99, <^ 3*01=98*20 KobeU.
9*94 2*59 15*00 529, Or 4*17 = 100-60 Mobeig.
14*87 0-36 14*01 5*23, ^ 2*62, ign. 0*46=»9 Umitfa.
4.37 2200 4-25, <Br 035, ign. l-58=:99'28 Z.
Si & Pe
Uaek
42*45 22*47
42*08 20-00 1*51
41*35 22*35
K.Mez.
42-11 19*86
,Einl.
41*56 19-84 6*33
vyrope ia from wvptavot^ firo-Kke.
mMaffama; Aui audits. (Precious or Oriental Garnet OrientaUaoibar Otwat,
[fr. Siriam in Pegu) Granat Klapr., Beitr., iL 22, 1798. Alamandta fAkhandiena
Tab., 20, 69, 1800. Gommon Garnet pt Fahlungranat Benu, Lohthr.) A aflioate
mina and protoxyd, of iron; formula (i ^e*+i ^1)* Si*=Silioa 36*1, akuBfiiui 20*6,
roD 48*8=100; or An may replace some of the ^o, and Pe pari of tii» SL Color
spd tranaparent) and then called precious gamti; also browniah-red, and traoalnoent
na&ti common gamd; black, and then referred to yar. mdaniie, PM of common
• to the AndraoUie groups or is irongamet The Alabandio oaxbondaa of PUoy ware
■ae cot and poUahed at Alabanda. Hence the name almandim, aoir la naa. Plinj
Mis of tha capacity of a pint^ formed from carbundea, " dob daioa ao pleruinqiia
nqwr fblgoria horndi,'' deyoid of lustre and beauty of oolof^ wUdi pnbaMj were
1 gamata oi the latter kind.
10^ mdnger (Schw. J., xxl 268); 21, 22, Eobell (ibi, lifT. W); »-8fi. )
268
OXYOEK COMPOUNDS.
(L c); 26-28, Wochtmcister {]. c); 20, Klaproth I'Beitr., ii. 22. t. 181); 30, W, W*
(Jahrcsb., xxy. 364); SI, Bahr (ib,); 82, Beanard (Jahreab., 1849, 745): 33, 3< MalkM
Dubl., Ramm. 5th SuppL, 126); 35, W, J. Taylor (Am. J. Sol, II. xix, 20); 36, C A. "
(ib.); SI, Kjenilf (J. pr. Ch., liv. 192); 38, sa, T. WachtmeiBter (I (x)j 40, Moboi^(J/]
xliiL 122); 41, Putzer (E&min< MiiL Ch,, 696):
£1
fe
20. Fabltin, Almand,
21. ZiEertbH 5a.
22. HuDgary, ^rec
23. Zillerthal^ **
24. Ohkpiati
25. Greenland
26. EDgso, duU red
27. N. York
28. Norway
29. Oriental
30. Garpenberg
31. Erena, WeBtm.
32. Albemreit, bnL-r.
33. Wicklow, bkbck
54. KOliney, brcrnn
35. Youkers, N. Y., irp.
36. Delaware CJo., Pa^ trp»
37. Oravitza
38. HaHjtndaaoB, duU red
39. " **
40. Abo, rdh.-^
4L BrasU, ma«ntr0
In anal 26, G.=4'286^ anaL 27, 3*90;
40, 3-86.
fia fig Ca
39-66
19-66
89'68
1-80
=100*80 HiilM
39-l'2
2108
6-00
27';i8
0-80
«—
5 76=100-04 CioM
40-56
20-61
5-00
32-70
1-47
= 100-34 l4Ail
39-62
19-30
34i)5
0-86
2-00
3-28 = 9nOKailiii
87-1 5
18'08
81*30
0-30
10-15
0-86=97-34 EaiHii
89B6
2(r60
24-85
0-46
9-98
3-s 1= 99*20 Earitari
4000
19'95
33-93
6-69
= 101-17 WidlJ
42-51
1915
33-57
6-49
^_
1*07 = 101 '
62 U
18-04
23-54
1-74
_
5-78=101 -
35-75
27'25
82-33
0-25
=95-6k Alapr.
39-42
20-27
24-82
7-61
3-69
2 68=98-34 Wadll
37-16
la-ao
87-65
319
2-03
0'9O=l00-«Blibl^i
38'7d
21-00
8205
e-43
8-95
= 103-19 B^fl.
35-77
19-86
88-07
5-04
— =9s^7n Milki '
37-80
21-13
84-83
^^
4*46
1-53- rt
38-32
21*49
30-23
2-46
6-39
1-38^ vlflt
40-16
20-77
2rj-66
1*85
8-08
]'88=l)'<^MKufMi
37-52
2001
36-02
1-29
251
0-89=98-23 ^kM
41-00
20-10
28-81
2-88
0-04
l-50=10g-3Swd
42U0
21-00
26-18
2-37
4-33
4-^S — 99*85 WmM
40-19
20 17
35-27
0-99
4-98
0*60= 102-10 MM
37-23
15-22
6-73
26-76
340
314
4'8l=9«*T9PGtMfl
a. 33, 4196; aoaL 88, 4188 ; anal, n, 4-Mffl
D. Mmganese-Alwninaigamd ; Spebbabtits. (Graaatformig^s BrnunstemerB (fir. I
Beitr,, ii. 239, 1797=BraiiB8teiJ!ikie&ol (aeor Qarnet) EaraL, Tab., 20, 69, 18ua~
Qaraetifr. Haddam) Seyhert^ Am. J. Sol, vi 156, 1823. MaaganCTauat Germ. L
Ben, SpeBsartina Beud.^ 52, 1832.) Color dark byaeiatb-red {ft. Speaaari), «>me/tkam 1
sliada of violet, to browDiih-red. G.=S'7— 4-4 ; fr. Speaaort 3-6, Klapr. ; fir, Haddam iV
bert; fr. Broddbo 4-575, d'Ohsaon; (V. Miaak 4 38, Liaaenko.
AnaljBGfl ; 4^2, H. Seybert (Ahl J. Set., yi. 155, 18-23); 43, RammeUberg (J. pr. Cb., If,
44, d'Ohason (Schw. J^ xzz. 346); 45, LUseoko (KoksdL Mln. Rusal., iiL 230); 41, F
(B«itr., iu 244) :
Si
m
t^
ilu
Mg
ea
42. Haddnm, CX
35-83
18-06
14-93
30-96
—.— =99-78 Seybert*
43. ^*
36-16
19-76
11 10
3-218
0-22
0-58=100 Ramm.
44. Broddbo
39-00
14 8t»
15-44
27-90
Su 1 00 = 97-641
45. Miaak
86-30
17-48
14-32
30-60
051 = 99-21 LiaaMiko.
46. 8pea«art
36-00
14-25
14-00
35-00
=98 26 Slt9M:b.
In anaL 42, a.=4-128 ; anal 43, 4-275 ; aoal. 45, 4*38.
E. lAm^Irongamei ; AJUDnAJHTTK, (Oommon Garnot^ pt AUochroite ({h>m DnmmwQ i
gen, Norway) d'Andrada, J. de Phya., It 243, 1800, Sdierer'a J., iv. 82. Black Gaimt: 1
(fir. Frascatl) Wem,, 1800, Lndw. Wem., L 48, G4, 1H03. Aplome F., Tr., iv. 289, ISUl.
nii d'Andrada ; Simon^ GehL J., iv. 406, 18u7. Grf-nat ivfliiiitc=Oolopboaite ^T., Omp*1
Xaca#, TabL, 265, 1806; Pech-Granat JTarjt, Tab., 32, 89, 1808. Topai!oUt« (fr. Ala) T
de Phya., IxiL 18<>6. Pyreneit (fr. Pyrenees) Wcm., 1811-12, Ho0m. Um^ H 378, I nil
granat JSmx, D »tbr. Granat v. Longban Boihqf Afh., lit 320. 1810 ; Rothoffite Ber^ K
218, 1819. Polyadalpblte (fr. Franklin, N. J.) Thortu, Min. t, 154, 1836. jQ]letile(fr. Mil
John, J. G. 8oc., Xhiblin, v. 1 19, 1853. Yttergnmat (fr. Norway) Berftmaim^ Bits. 0ml Bl
1854.) Colors vanoua, mdudiug wine-, topaae-, and greenish-yellow (topaaoEte)^ apple tiif4l
iah-rcd, browmeh-yellow ; grayish-green, dark green; brown; grayiab-black, Uaok, Q.^9^
Namod AndmdiU by tbe author after the Portuguese mineralogiat, d*Andredi, mk^ 4li
•Qd QKnod tho first of tliu iaduded Bubvarieties, Allochroite. The indnded kJadi tM^Mv
III oolor and other reapecte that no one of the names in uae will serre for the groofL
UKIBILICATE8.
i^ there are the following subvarieties : 1. Simple Lime IrongarMsL in which the pro-
wlioi]|7 or almost wholly Hme. Includes : (a) TopazoUie^ haying the color and trans-
tqpw, and also flometimea green ; although resembling essonite, Damour has shown
longB here. (6) Cohjphoniie^ a coarse granular kind, brownish-jellow to dark reddish-
ikr, resinoiiB in lustre, and usually with iridescent hues ; named idfter the resin colophcmy,
((named firom ^<A«(, 5/acA;), black, either dull or lustrous ; but all black garnet is not here
FfrmeiU is grayish-black melanite ; the original afforded Yauquelin 4 p. a of water,
ridesoent, indicating incipient alteration, (d) Dark green garnet, not distinguishable
doohroite, except by chemical trials. JeUttite is green g^n^et, Ught or dark, and yel-
IL from the moraine of the Fiudel glacier near Zermatt, Mt Bosa ; named aiter
01 tiifi describers of it
, a mineral fVom Nepaul, India, is said to be nothing but massive garnet ; but whether
0 tins group or not is not stated.
mtnan Lime-Irongarnet, (a) Bothoffite. The original aUochroiU was a manganesian
of brown or reddish-brown color, and of fine-grained massive structure. The RoOi'
Lcmgban, first analysed by Rothoff, is similar, with the color yellowish-brown
WTL Other common kinds of manganesian irongamet are light and dark, dusky green
md often in crystals. Thomson's Folyadelphite was a massive brownish-yellow kmd,
Jim, N. J. (anaL 66, 67). The same locality affords another in dark green crystals,
ttiO more manganese.
le has its dodecahedral faces striated parallel to the shorter diagonal, whence Haiiy
t tiie fundamental form was the cube; and as this form is simpler than the dodecahe-
ve it a name derived fh>m 'utAoos simple. Color of the original aplome (of unknovni
k brown : also found yellowish-green and brownish-green at Schwansenberg in Saxony,
Lena in Siberim.
rem Lim^Irongamet ; THergameL Ck)ntains several p. a of yttria (anaL 75); Q.=8'88,
; B3. mfiisible.
: 47, Blsinger (Jahresb., il 101) ; 48, Seybert (Am. J. Soi , v. 118) ; 49, Karsten (L c.) ;
S (Ak. H. Stockh., 1822, i. 63) ; 61, Bucholz (Scherer's K J., iv. 172) ; 62-67, Wacht-
.); 58, Thomson (Ann. Lye. N. Y., ill 9, 1829); 59, Vauquelin (J. de Phys, I 94);
h (Beitr., v. 168); 61, Karsten (L c.); 62, Damour (L'Institut, No. 1198, Dec.
Bbdmen (Ann. d. M., IV. viL 19) ; 64^ W. Fisher (Am. J. SdL, II. ix. 84) ; 66, Bahr (J.
312); 66, Weber (Ramm. 6th Suppl., 193) ; 67, Baumann (ib.) ; 68, D. Forbes (Edmb.
L iiL); 69, 70, N. v. Ivanof (Koksch Min. RussL, iiL 79); 71, Tschermak (Jahresb.,
7S, B. K. Granqvist (Koksch. Min. Russl., iiL 32) ; 73, A. Stromeyer (Jahresb. Han-
S, 1864); 74, Rose (Karst. Tab., 83); 76, Bergemann (Sitz. Qes. Bonn, July, 1854);
[J. G. Soa, Dublm, v. 119, Ann. d. M., V. iu. 707) ; 77, Damour (L c.) ; 78, v. Merz (Nat
, vi); 79, Karavaief (Koksch. Min. RussL, ill 34):
Si
£1
Pe
*e
liLn
%
mland
37-65
31-35
470
ro*, ChlopiL
38*00
6-00
28-06*
BQberg, gn.
36-85
405
25-85
0-95
36-62
7 '63
2218
1-95
ia, hrown
84-00
2-00
27-84
315
IjffW.
86-10
2910
7-08
, Aplome
35-64
30-00
8-02
iiUa,&fi.
37-99
2-71
28-58
1-62
gn.
38-13
7-32
19-42
— —
3 30
,ML-»L
40-20
6-95
20-60
4-00
m,lm.
39*93
13-45
10-95
8-85
1-40
u N. J~ (n.
33-72
•7-97
17-64*
16-70
.thek,JleL
34-0
6-4
26-5
U
85*5
6-0
26-0*
M
84-60
4-55
2815
0-65
u
86-84
6-24
23-12
— .
1-04
U
86-45
206
29-48
0-28
006
I%H.H.,Ml
38-85
2815
meg, a.=8'6 37-80
11-18
15-66
4-97
0-13
tr.
pkOe
34-88
1-12
28-73
8-82
1-42
85-47
3-10
28-55
6-41
213
gnm (f) 84-40
9-46
20-43
2-40
ir.
Oa
26-74= 100-84 Hisinger.
2900, tl 0-33=101 39 Seyb.
32-32=99-52 Karsten.
31-80=100-08 Bredberg,
30-75, fi, Ou 4-25 Buchols.
26-91, i 0-98=9917 Wacht.
29-21, ^ 2-35 Wacht.
80-74= 100-59 Wacht.
81-65=99-82 Wacht
29-48=101-13 Wacht
8l-66=100-94 Wacht
25-88, fi: 0-08=101-99 T.
33-0=98-9 Vauquelin.
32-5, Mn 0-4=100 4 Klapr.
81-80=99-75 Karsten.
82-72, f[ 104=100 Damour.
80-76, ign. 096 Ebehnen.
32-00=99 Fisher.
30-28=100-02 Bahr.
24-05=98-97 Weber.
26-74=101-40 Baumann.
81-38, ]!ira & loss 1-93=100 F
* Determined as protozyd.
OXTGEW CX>KPOrWI>B,
Si
Jkl Fe fe An Ag Ca
69. ScblechimBk Mts.
85-21
tr.
84 11
<r.
SODfH
70. AchmatovBk
37-22
604
2481
tr.
0-49
81 oral
38
3
28
..^.
2
30-= loll
12. Pitklranta, bnh,^^^.
87-79
12*39
21-45
0-83
^—
30-78=101
78k Arkansas
31-25
31-80
o-4e
33-30, ti a
74 Dmmmcn^ AUachr.
37 00
5 00
XS-GO
6-25
80iW=:9«^
76. Norway, bk^ yUrif.
3494
tr.
3001
^— »
1-09
050
sG-oijy
7fl. UL Roaa, JtUetitc, ^
38^09
83-41
— ^
— ^
—
2B8aH
77. Zenntttt, ^* hottk-gn
1. 36 03
124
30-05
0-64
32]«
78. " '' %^/i;n.
36'24
066
30*53
«^
0-86
82-3^H
79. Bosgoloysk, vu?A.-&n,
36*37
0-63
31-49
0-29
Q*U
32S<|^
la anaL 52, ^=3-966 j anal 58, a=3-8Tl ; aoaL ^ 0.=3-«e6; ftaal. C8, (
Brevigflord with brevicite; anal. 69, G.= 3-798; anal 71, a = 3'72, id mr^
made on a mineral erronoouslj called scliorlamito ; auaL 75, G,=:31S8| H.=5tj
F. JAme^Magnesia Irongqmei: Bhedbercite. A variety from Sala, 1
Fonnula (| CaVi fig*)' Sl'+Fe* gi':=Silica 87-2, peroiyd of iron 33% j
= 10u. It correapondJB under IronganiGt nearly to aplome under AJu
Bredberg(Ak. H. Stockli^ L 63, 1822):
80. Sala 8673
(TTwarowit ffesn., Pofifg , -^
G. Lime Chromeg<imet ; OTnTAROTrrri).
of Ume and seaqnioxyd of chrocniam. Formula
In the Ural variety, a fourth of the oxyd of chromium is replaced j
= 1:3 nearly. Color emerald-green. h1:=7'5, G.=a 41-3-62. Kik
dear chrome-green glass. Named alter the Russian minister, Uvarof.
(Verb. min. Oos. St. Pet., 1841, 65); 82, Erdmann (Jahreab., ixiii, 291»
88, Damour (Llnstitut^ 1850, Na 1198); 84, T. S. Haot (Rep^ G. Can., ~
^ 'Hja '
61. Bis^ersk
82. *'
83. *'
84. Orford, Con.
§i
37-U
36-93
35-57
S6'65
Pe
1-96
6-20 4-97
Includi>i tome Fe' O*.
0^1
Garnet tifioally contains no water, or only a traoe of It, M\d thus dtl
idocraee. The groasuhirite from Wilui afforded G. Ma^piuB only oia p. c^j
of AJa, 0'25— 0*34; the almandine of Shitoust, none (Pogg., zcyI. 347)l
In jewelry, the lighter clear garnets are often called hyadnth. The yeUoii
hdia; a yeUowiah crimnon, the GtMrnaedno; and another vory Eimikr^ J^
Omrnd; the red, with a violet tinge, Bubino^h-roeea, and also Ormai ,
Pega)i and probab^ the AmtthfsliaimteB of Pliny. The deep aad dt«r i
in shAde^ is th« tni« precitHia ^amei^ which is either pympe or '
^*9^j moAnfng a burning coal^ allude« to the intemul (Lr&-like color J
applied alio to some rui^. The Latin name coHmncuhts, from carte, t
iion.
Pyr., etc — Most varietlea fuse easily to a light-brown or Mnrk f^*m ;
•pMaartite, groaanlarite, and allochroite ; 8-5 in pyrope ; i vlt*. tbt i
Ulys«dA(No. 84 included), is almost inSXinibie, ¥. = $, Al ud ,
iip^^.-i,v.K. T> - -;i with the fluxet vary with the buses, Ainaotlj
^^ >i in apMMitile^ and teat markod id other ^
^' - m moat pympe. Soii]« vaitoti^^ are pffrtlallv i
ivuro^U} are after iguitiou deoompoeed by muriatk^ add, and |
I itii^ ^{V\f*n. Decompoaed on Aufon with alkaline iairbonaU^
Ittl gurnet, having G,= 4-068, was reduced by 1
<i, Church; and • Qeyton eeaooite^ having Q^
- " " '^'^ ^" nil ipitiii llnsion, Church,
Oba. — Gam**t rryntald are very common in mica Bohis&, gneli
UNieiLICATES.
^71
i^iflt J th^ ooear often, aUo, in j^nite, ijcnite, crystaDiae limestone, lometunefl
tnd oocasionallj in trap and volcanic tufa and lava.
nmetiinea fonnd in the massive form as a prominent cx>nfltitnont of a todk* A whito
Inmhiagametl occurs, forming, with a little serpentine, a whitish garnet rock at
tiada, havinK G.;=3-52 — 3 '58. A similar gamci-fdatU exista in BaTreuth in
3t Ft — -"'" ■' <Janada tbero ia a yellowish- white and gr^enish-whit© garnet rock,
bo f . along with pyroione* in the proportion, accordiog to T. S Uunt, of
inrn of the latter, having G. = 3*a3, and oftbrtiing on analysis, Si 44*86,
i4 Ca 34-38, ign. 1 10=i*i^*58 (Rep. G. Can., 1863, 406). EcJo^te is a
Mig of a massive reddish garnet and grass«green smamgdite or omphactte*
rixiui are ail vety toagh as well as heavy rodta,
n localitiee of garnet liave been mentioned in the preceding pagefl^ under the head
mui vmheties. The best cinnamon-iftone comes Ibom Ceylon, in gneiss ; Malsjo in
feijifidlliio Hmestone ; on the Mus&a^Alp in Piedmont, with dinochlore and diopside,
Mb pre«ent the planes I 2-2, i-2, |, ^-jM, I ; at Mittaghorn, in Switzerland, with
nd«, raddiflh-brown in color, and having sometimes the phines i-d and f with / and
lalla-yellow at Auerbacli, with the planes 2-2, /, 8-|, i-2, i-f ; a brownish variety
I Kimito in Finland. A honey -yellow garnet in octahedrons occnrs in Elba. Grosan*
(roeniah color, oomee from the banka of the Wilnl in Siberia, in serpentine with
Nan Csiklowa, in the Bannat ; in white or colorless crystals io Tellemark, In Norway,
himakajii Gora, in the Ural; also whitish in a roainopal psoudomorph after coral in
Ltnd. JSmerald'greOQ cryi^tals are found at Dobsehau in Hungary. Altnandite or
H oomBB m fine crystals from Cejion, Pego, Brazil, and Greenkud. Common
\ IB dodecahedrons 5 to 4 inches through at Pkhlun In Sweden, Arendal and
jforway, and the ZiilerthaL AUochrotU^ an apple-green and yellowish variety, of
•, occurs at Zennatt in Valais, in geodos of crystals in chjorite schist ; brilliant
[mekmih) and also brown, at Vesuvitis on Somma ; and in a volcaoie tufa at Fras-
f; peak Kspada and that of Ereslids near Buruges in the Hau tea-Pyrenees {Fyrmih
>CCT»TS in yellowish and brownish- green crystoJa at Schwansenbcrg in Saxony, and
of the Lena iu Siberia. SpessartiU at Bpesaart near Ajchaflbnburg in Bavaria ;
Idapar of the granite of Elba, at 8t. Maroel, Piedmont^ hi pegmatite at Vilate near
[laote-Vienne ; at Broddbo, near Fahlun, in Sweden ; in a porphyritic trap, near
DanL PjFOpo occurs in trap, tufa, and iu the sauds of the region, near Mt^ronitK,
Pod.4edlitz, in Bohemia, where alone the variety used aa a gem is obtained ; also
Baxooy, and the valley of Krems Id Bohemia, In a serpentine rock. Ouvarovite
anovsk^a near Bissersk, in the vicinity of Kysehtimsk, Urals, lining cavities or
Mnic iron ; at Haule, in Rupshu, on chromite.
Bta, the Hautes-Pyreiit^es, largo cryfitals of brown grirnet have a nudeus, oasUj
bU green crystallized idocrase ; tlie containing rock is a compnot gray UmestOQe.
m, m Maine^ beautiful yellow crystals or cintiamoD-Htone (i^ith IdocfaBe) at Par*
paburg, and Bnmford ; manganesian garnet at Phippsbui|^, as well as the finest
in MiHtie : In mica slate near the bridge at Windham, with etaurotide ; in granite
;ed Mountain, along with beryl; in large rcddiah-browu crystals at Bnck field, on
k(r. Waterman and Mr, Lowe; handsiome red garnets ot Brunswick. In N. JJamp.,
mil dear crystals in syenitic gneiss ; blood-red dodecahedrons at Frauconia, iu geodea
a0t^ with c»ldte and magnetic iron ; at llnverhill, in chlorite, some H in. ; at War-
Enoamoci gamete with green pyroxene ; at Unity, on the estate of J. Nea], with nctin-
Ptite, and at Lisbon, near Mink Pond, in mica slate with stourolite ; at Gmftou, | to
>r. In Verjfumt^ at New Fane, large crystals in chlorite slato; also at Cabot and
I JfiuflUj at Carlisle, geodes of transparent cinnamon-brown crystals similar to fi^re
iil6 fn limestone; at Boxborough, similar but less remarkable specimen!^ ; ol^o in
kfl(e>ld and Brimfleld; massive with epidote at Newbury, and in crystals at Bedford,
Ith the Commington kyanite, and at the beryl locality of Barre. In Conn,^ trapezo-
L. iti inlrm itlate^ at Reading and Monroe ; at Haddam, ib. of manganesian garnet, often
-oberyl; at Middle town feldspar quarry, with octahedral faces (rthepard); at
wn crystals In limestone. In K York^ in mica slate, in Dover, Duchess Co.,
. crystallized and massive, and oolophomte of yellow, brown, and red
rt crystals at Crown Point, Essex Ca ; colophonite as a large vein In
siwrv, ti^jsex Co., with wolUistonite and green cocooltta, and also at Lewis, 10 m.
llBlt; In mddletown, Delaware Co.^ large brown cry at ; a dnnamoo variety, crys-
ImIW), at Amity; on the Croton aqueduct, near Yoidcers, in smalt rounded crystals,
. miaaive variety—^the latter, when polished, forms a beautifnl gem. In .lY. Jersey ^
idc, brown, yellow, red, and green dodeealiedral garnets ; also near the Franklin
IM., ia Chester Co., at Pennsbury, fine dark brown crystala with polished faces, in
jCilflliartovro, at Kaima^ mine, in handsomo lustrous crystals; at Chester, brown;
272
OXTOEN OOMFOUHBS.
in CJoncord^ on Green's Creek, resombling pjrope ; in Leiperrilie^ red; mi 1
at Wfirron, black. In IklawurCy dnnamon-fltoQe fti tnftpezohediona, ai Dli
fVom Wllmm^n. AIbo at Knife rapids on the Mmd^sippi In CaUJarm^
oro, Hope Valley, El Dorado Co., on Rogers* daini ; also with copper i
Mt Meadowa; ouvarovite, in crj^tala on cliromite, at New Idria; in 4
drone, near Stickoen river ; pyrope, near Santa Fe, New Mexico^
In (/OMOc^ at Marmora, dark-red; at GrenTiUe^ a dnflaroon-etODe;
gamet, oontaioing 6 to 7 p. d of oxyd of chrome, in Orford, Oanada, in \
of minute transparent dodecohedrHl crjBtalB, with millerite and caJdti
same fidnitj large cinnamon-red and jiUowish crystal of pamet along |
The dnnamon-stoue fVom Ceyloii (called hyacinth) and tbe precious 1
when large, finely colored, and transparent. The stone is cut quite thttkl
of cotor, with ft pavilion cut below^ and a broad table above bordered^
octagonal garnet measuring S^ lines by 6^ has sold for near $700. PuIt
times employed as a substitute for ornery.
Alt. — Garnets oontainlng protoryd of iron oHeu become rnsty and diiinti
oxydatioo of the iron, and aometiiues are altered^ more or less oompleteliy^
or hemalUe, The action of waters containing traces of citrbonic acid and|
in solution, n^ults in the same changes nearly as with pyroxene, produ
loss, or attomttoxi, of bsHes, or by a further change and the addition of ^
dUorUe* The lime in the lime (romet'? may bo taken up by the oirbonio «oid^
if magnesia is combined with the carbonic acid (forming a bicarbonate V, It mi^
the lime, and thus give rise to a seTjtentine or steatite pseudomorpK or to a e"
remains. Alkaline carbonates sc4dom produoe tbe changei^ for alkaline peen
Aa excess of silica is to be expected in analyses, aooordlog to Bischof, mnm \
oftea lost through incipient change. Quartz also occurs with the form of |
Trolli- Wachtmeisfter found in a ctyatalliaed, reddish^brown gamelij
Klcmetsaune in Norway^ which was partly penetrated by a whitish mil ^
t& 23'5i, .Mu 1*74, Ca 5 77 = 10119, in which there is a deaciency of I
«a ezoess of silica, the oxygen ratio of bases and silica being 1 : 1-7, initb
in ft melanito from Kaiserstuhl, ^i 45*80, M 11*00, Pe 12-^3, Ca 22 10, f
=101 *09, giving for the oxygpa ratio of bases and silica I : I '34- Sthan
gamete of a dark grayish-green color, fVom Miaakf having a serpentiu
12*09, ¥e 13-19, Ca 20-38, Mg 7-36 = t>9'08, giving for the oxygon mtio <
Pyropc oocura altered to talc at its several localities. A serpentina |.^
from Schwarzenberg in Saxony, afforded Keraten S\ 34*24, ilg SS'SS, to ■.
tl with some bitmnen lu*H2,'magnetic iron 17*60=d9*7d=82'28 serpentina^
iron.
Some garnets effervesoe with acids, fri>m the preseuce of carbonate of HmOi j
oeived probably through the action of waters holding carbonio acid or bi<
for example, a black garnet fVom Arendol, Norway, which con tmi lift bolll|
djBtalA from Tvedestrand, which are wholly calcite within, tfaofo
garnet
Artif. — Melanito garnets have been obtained in a porous ^^bm pn
idocrase (KJaproth), and also of a melamte from Frascuti (v, Kobell).
renoe of garnet in crystals as a furnjEice product Daubrt«e and Sttidsr stl
may be made by flislng together tbe coustitueuta. Ititsohmil^ has
fldally (Ann. Oh, Phya^ Ml 219).
TarroMrre of Weibye, a hydrous species, Is probably roUted in t
nimet and helving it flnpoors to give, although aaeequloxyd sUionto^ t
aeo deicripiion under liTDUotrs SmoATS.
272. aSXHOOlf. A*y««p«o»(=rLyncurium)? Theophr, [Tllny Vn«w of I
curium, XXX vL 13,] Chrysolithos ? pt, PUn., xxxvii. 42^ MeU
M, NotChryftolithos (Gemmarii hodie etiam Hymeinthnm ¥00101) (Tsrm* li
3^5, Intorpr^ 464, 1546. Not Hyadnthuft WalL, 121, lTi7. Jftrfoa (lii|
ignorance uf it) CroarL, ii^ 1758. Jargon, Topaxiuji pt (oUma hy^nn
1772. GrsoftC 4 priszDO quadrilac^re, etc, Hyacinte (fir. Expaitly} j
11T3. Byidnto pt (var* 1 ; ftngtos and fig«, given) [ratt IdooruH^ 1
UNIBUJCATES.
278
k^Ckiit, m% iL 1788 ; DUunant \xm% cm JaTgon de Geylan, ib., il 229, 1*783. Zirooo (fr.
i)WenL, lt83; Sdnim, Lempe Mag., iy. 99, 1787. Ziroon (a Silicate of ZIBOONIA) Klapr.,
tlit Fr.BerL,iz. 1789, Beitr.,L 203. Zirconito. Ostranit .Br»'(^ Uib., 1880, Char., 1832.
I 8k^^ AssL J. ScL, n. zii 210, 1851. Engelhardit E, v, Hofmann^ Eoksch. MixL
i,ffi. 160, 1858.
^ naL (9Al-f=147^ 22'; a=0-640373. Observed planes: 0 very
\\ pnsmB /, iri ; octahedral 1, 2, 3, 14 ; zirconoid, 3-3, 4-4, 5-5.
[/Al=132^ 10'
^/a2=151 5*
[/A 8=159 48i
/Al-i=112 25
i^"Al=118^ 20'
i^Al-i=122 38
i-i A 3-3=148 16f
i^*A4-4=155 8
lAl, pyr.,=123^ 19*'
lAl, W,=84 19f
1-tAl-i, pyr.,=135 10
lAl-i=151 39*
»of pyramids sometimes convex. Cleavage : /imperfect, 1 less dis-
Abo m irregular forms and grains.
262
249
I I
263
261
337
McDowell Oo., N. 0.
266
Got. of Tomsk.
UraL
Saualpe.
^7*5. G.=4'05— 4-75. Lustre adamantine. Colorless, pale yellow-
6y]8h, yeUowiflh-green, brownish-yellow, reddish-brown. Streak un-
. TraDffparent to snbtranslucent and opaque. Fracture conchoidal,
bit. Doable refraction strong, positive.
eoloilBMaDd yeUowUhor Bmokysirooiia of Oejlon haye there been long oaUed/tN*0PMU
18
274
OXYQVS 00MP0TIND8.
In j^wetiy, in nliniiion to the fact thiit while rofem1)Ufig the diamo^ in lustre^ 1^
tivel7 worthlen; and thenoe came tho name tirc&n. The UroimUtt, ofiir~^
were called distiuctlyelr AyactnM^^-a uaasm n[_
to aome topas and lig^ht colored i^amet Gryvteli I
the mffdharditn of Rueato. The crjatak (him
analjaed by Berlin (auaL h\ were bjr ninUke c*
Mlniite dark brown and greeniab-brov
beryl locality at Haddam, (X* ere the o
an altored variety, like oetranite, nmlu'
267 represents, of actual form, a cryt^'
which is cheannt-brown about ftom
ted lines), and the rest grajriah-w
stripes of csolor parallel to the edge^ ^ .
part wanting.
For eryetala htm Stockholm G.=r4 07i— 4tSS,
Ilflien Mtfl^ 4 69d, 4*610, id.; fr. Ceylon, 4*46 U ill
T,., ^. XT V fr» FrederickaTarn^ 4% Berlin; IVom Dnnoombe C
Johtisburg, N. Y, Chandler; fr. LitcSlieH Me. 4*7, Gibb*. ; ^ " ^
berg; fr. Gtenville, Cknada, 4'62,'>-4*602, T, S. Hunt; fr, Eeading, Pa
The crjBtals have but alight variations in angle. Kokacharof 'i
198) for the Oral crystals 1 a 1 = 123" I'i' JU and 84' 19' W \ w
his moagiiretDents n23* 20 21") and those for tho mineral by Kh
obtained 123" 20 8*\ For the engelhardite Kokacharof obtamed S4 ii ^'^ »
for crystal ftwn Minsk 123' 20' 18 ' <Poi<g„ cvii. 375, I8fiv»); from flv*» frfim
20' 4tV ; r ' crystals fr.Froderickaviim, 123 20' aiJ; from li
Oomp ^ilica 33, tirconia 07=^l<iO. Analyses: 1^X1*1
qut^lin iiinu> . u.n., 1801); 3, BeraeUus (Ak, H, Stot^., 1824); 4,
Cli., «I»0); 6, Berlin (Fogg,, Ixxxvili. 162); 6, Henneborg (J. pr. Ch., xxxviiL
(J. Ac, riiila^l . iii. 59); 8, C. F, Chandler (Am. X ScL, II. xxiv, 13!); 9, W,
659); h\ Wetherill (Trana. Am. Phfl, Soa Philad., x. 346, Am. J. Sol, xy.
(Adj. J. Sci., XL xii 214):
Ca
0'B8
Kh;trol!i discovered tho earth ilrconia in this species In IT 89 (Beitr., L
PyTt vie. — Infusible ; the colorless varieties are unaltered, the nM •
dark-oolored Tarietiea ai^e made white ; some vurioties glow ami inc
Kcyt perceptibly acted upon by salt of phosphoms. In powder ia r
soda on the plattnum wire, and If the product is dissolvcnl In dilute
orange oolor obaracteristic of eirconia when tested with turmoHc
•GuJi except In fine powder with coneentratod eulphurlo sdd«
alkaline oarbooaioe and biEmlphatcs.
O. bolbre heating of a Ceylon zircon, 4*183, ader heating to rodnaMv 4i
fome rireons no djange, aoc^^rding to Church; iriala, before and a!ler, of I
4'67a, 4*&4(); another, ih., A-mh, 4-0G5; Iho Kipoilly, 4-d«i3, 4*»dl ; the
Si
2t
Fe
1. Ceylon
33-6
64-5
1-6
3. *' ffyacinih
82*0
645
2*0
8. ExpaiHy
3848
6746
—
4, FrederickBTftrn
84-66
6676
tr.
5.
38-43
6s-y7
0*70
e. f
3)C85
6481
1'65
7. N, Caroliiui
8208
6707
8, Buncombe Co^ N. a
88-70
6530
Oi57
», IJtchflold, Me.
35*26
63*38
0-79
UK Beading, Pi.
34 07
63-60
2*02
11, Gfenviilet, brmtm
88-7
67*8
4'633r A phosphoric glow afU^r lientint'
Oba. — <A>curH in cr^Hlnllino ro<^k8, « -
, syenite; also In granite; aomotlii^-^
■ UPMlf is a csoarse tyetnilio tock^ ood^
J epidote. OiTitali are coaunoa In m(^^^
mah rodkt.
Found In aUurlal saiida In Ogrton : In the gold T«g1oiia of the ITral^ j
Hawjanik, atcu ; at l«nrrig and Hakedal in Norway^ at Arendal in No
al Updirickwvfciti, in sireonHgreiiite } at Ohlaptan in Tranaylvanla ; at T
.T^eatcst danaily aftar I
inular to
^Udn of eifoOOi j
1 1 sands (|K 6)l
nnsiLioATBS. 275
T; Ffifcidiihal in the Tyrol; at ExpaUly. near Le Pny in France : in Anvergne, in vol-
i; at VeattTlfifl, with lyaooHte ; in Scotland, at Scalpaj, Isle of Harris ; at Strontian in
in: b the anriferons sands of the Oroghan Kinahela Mtn., Ireland ; in Greenland ; at
nin Antioqnia, K. Grenada ; in the gold regions of Australia.
Amerka, in Maine, at Litchfield ; at Mt Mica in Paris ; Greenwood : Hebron. In Fer-
fiddlebaiy. In OonfL, at Norwich, with pillimanite, rare ; at Uaddam (caljptoUte) in
jMk In y. York, at Hall's mine in Moriah, Essex Co., cinnamon-red, in a vein
; near the outlet of Two Ponds, Orange Co., with scapolite, pyroxene, and sphene, in
Aietimes 1 in. in length ; on Deer Hill, 1 m. S.E. of Canterbury, in the same Ca, crys-
iut of a deep brownish-red or black color, and occasionally 1^ in. in length ; in War-
16 Bonthem base of Mount Eve, chocolate-brown crystals in limestone and scapolite ;
f, and also in Monroe and Cornwall, at several localities, of white, reddish-brown, dove-
1 black colors ; at Diana in Lewis Co., in large brown crystals sometimes 2 in. long,
le and scapolite, but rare : in St Lawrence Co., with apatite, at Robinson's in the town
ad, near de Long's Mills, some of the crystals 1^ in. long and ^ in. wide, and occasion-
Ding a nucleus of carbonate of lime; also at Rossie (form /, 1, 8); at Johnsburg, in
. In N, Jersey, at Franklin ; at Trenton in gneiss. In Ptnn,, near Reading, in large
magnetic iron ore ; at Easton, in talcose slate. In N. Car,, in Buncombe Co., on the
Jie Saluda Gap to Asheville, upon the first elevation alter passing Green river, crystals
9 in the soil, and imbedded in feldspar; in the sands of the gold washings of Mo-
(t 253). In California, in the auriferous gravel of the north fork of the American
jsewfaere. In Canada, at Grenville ; St Jerome ; Mille Isles.
i HyaciiUh was applied by the ancients to a bluish- violet stone, regarded as our sapphire,
rived from a fiower (lily) Fo-called of this color. [In modern mineralogy a hya/iinth'
Jiflb^range with a tinge of brown.] Intagli of zircon are common among ancient gems,
\ that the lyncurium of Theoplirastus was, as ho says, used for engraved signets, while
time electric on friction, and often amber-colored, are the principal evidence that it
son.
xx>n is one of the least alterable of minerals, as it contains no protoxyds, and only the
ble of peroxyds. It however passes to a hydrous state, and is attended ultimately
of sQica and the addition of oxyd of iron and other impurities derived from infiltrating
weHiachite, malacon, carsUdiie, tachyaphaltOe, calypioliie, cyrtolite, are probably altered
ring tetragonal zircon-like minerals are probably altered zircon. They afford B.B.
I water:
kLAOOir. (Malakon Scheerer, Pogg., Ixii 436, 1845.) 1 A 1=124" 40' to 124** 67',
. H=6-5. G.=3*9— 4047. Lustre vitreous to subvitreous. Color brown, powder
WQ or unoolored. From Hitteroe in Norway ; and Chauteloube, Haute Vienne, occur-
platea, over 3 to 4 mm. thiol;, and occasionally with crystals on their surface. Named
vrouTEL (Malaoone, Altered Zircon, J. P. Cooke, Am. J. Scl, xliil 228; Cyrtolite
{ton, ib., xliv. 224) Form as in f 258, with the pyra-
I convex. H.=5— 5*6; after ignition 7 — 7*5, Cooke. 258
L04, Cooke; 3*85, 3*97, Enowlton. Lustre somewhat
(V>lor brownish-red ; powder the same. From Rock-
, in granite, with danalite and cryophyllite. Named
hmt Fig. 258 fh)m Cooke.
1 foand with columbite at Roscndal, near Bjorkboda,
I been referred to adelpholite of Nordcnskiold (p. 525^
lyaia by A. K Nordenskiuld (anal 7) shows that it is
rifoon, near malacon or cyrtolite ((£fv. Ak. Stockh.,
?!Dgg., CZziL 615, 1864).
iCBTAFHALnTB. (Tachyaphaltit Weibye, Pogg., IxxxviiL
Crystala like those of zircon, with planes /, t-i, and
IrooB, one of 1 10** and the other of 50 . H.=G-5. G.
\n snbmetallic to vitreous. Color dark reddish-brown.
' jvQow. Subtranslucent From granite veins in gneiss near Erageroe in Norway,
k Named from raxvi, quick, and a(tia\TO(, the mineral fiying readily f^om the gang^e
c Berlin puts a ? after ihoria in his analysis (No. 8).
{(ETBtodii Forchhammer, Pogg., xxxv. 630, 1836.) 1 A 1=128^ 16f . H.=
029. Lustre splendent adamantine. Color reddish-brown. From Arendal in Nor*
mmcmly on crystals of pyroxene. Named after (Ersted.
278
DXTGEN OOMPOtnrDS.
272E, AuHaBAOHTTB. (AuetbachU nermann, J. pr, Ch., IxiiiL 209, 185^.) 1 i
Sh^ 21, Kokscharof; 86' 30\ Herm.; »*l% Auerbach. H. = 6\x G. = 406. Lug
Titreous, weak. Color brownish-gray. From a sUiceoua achist In the Circle of 1
trict of AlexandrOYBk, Eusdia. Named after Dr. Auerbach, b? whom the csrjrsUlA w^n
27 3F. Bragite (Forbes & DahU^ Njrt. Mag. NaU xiii ]856). Ocoure m impeifecio
Mj tetragonal^ in ortboolase^ near Helle, Nareato, Alv^ and Aakero, Norwaf.
G.=:5'13--5*35^ lustre BubmetalUc; oolor brown; etroak jeUowiah*browQ ; thin •{
[ luoeot Heated in glass tube decrepitates atroiigly and loses water. B R In ^
I oepa mfbaiblo, but becomes yellow ; with borax, a glaia wluch is browniah-yeUow 1
[ green and Aoally gTeenlsb-yellow on cooling. In salt of phosphorus a skeleton <
analysis has yet been made, and the true relationB of the spedes ure doubtfliL
Analyaca: 1, Soheerer {1- c) ; 2, Damour (Ann. Cb. Phys., IlL xxiv.); 3, Hm
I Chem., IHL 32); 4, J. R Cxjoke (L c); 6, 6, Kiiowlton (I a); 7, A- E. Norxieiiild
Berlin (Fogg., lixxviiL 160); 9, Forchhammer (L a); 10. Hermann (L a) ;
1* Maiacon,
2,
Si itr Pe ^ n t
Hitter6e 31-31 63-40 0-41 0*34
Chanteloube 30-87 6M7 367
** IlmenMta. 81-87 69-82 3*11
OyrlolUe, Eockport 27*90 66-98 2'67«
" '* (}) 26-38 60 78 — 1-59 3-63 Co 2*07
" " 2618 64-60- 1*40 Ce 1-40
Ade^pAofifef Finland 24 S3 5742 8*47 Ca8-98
Tachya/phaiL, Norway 34 68 88 96 S 72 thl2-32
<SV*<«iifc, Arendal 19*7168-96* 1-14
AMerhachiU, Ruasia 42-91 06*18 0*9S
2*05
3*03=1
3-O0,
4*00. All I
ri9=99'6t
^t,^ 2r. ft ,
8
0*96=^9**!
• With mme Fo O. * With »oojo Tt O". « With tr»« of d
Tn Auerbacbite, the only anhydrous kind among the above, the osrfgen ratio for
Biroonia is 1 ; U, instead of 1 : 1,
Arttl — Formed in crystals by action of chlorid of silicon on drconia (Dmtbv^);
^iuorid of silicon on zircon ia, or of 6uoridof ziroomum on quartz, beautiM I
•ttUi&g (DeviUe and Oaron).
273. TUBUVIANrrS. Hyncinthus dictua octodecahedricus Cappdtr^
t (flig. 261 bolowX 1723, Hyaciotept, Hyadnte du Vesuve, de l/i«fa, Crlat»
29 If pi. iv, 1783. Hyacinto volcanique Dume^ie^ Lettr., I 413. Hyadnth-KryiAalll
PaBag, N. Nord^ Beytr., St. Pet, r. 282, 1793 ; Wiluite pt Vulkanladw i
Handb., 290, 1794* Hyacinthine Ddamdh., Sciagr., i, 268, I79i, T. T., ii. 321)
Wvn,; in Klapr. Beitr., L 34, 1795, ib, (fr. Vesuv. and Siberia), il 2T, la, II
J. d. M,, V, 260, 1799; Tr., il 1801,
Oahuit (fk*. Qokum) i^. Lobo, Afh., ill 276, 1810, anal by Uurray, AilL, IL
Ben. Fm^r^i K. N(frdsnskidld^ Bldrag« L 80, 1820; Frugardlto* Egarao (|
W«nk, Mia. Sysl., 3, 34» 1817* Cyi>rioo(fr. Tellemark) J9Wx, Luthr., IH21,
Ann. Lya N. Hiat N. T., ili, 44, 1828, G^jkumite (fV. Gdkum) Thmnu, Sb^ f I, i
inent {ft, Slatonat) Heniu, Verb. Mln. Ges, St Pet. 1845-46| 206. JewmiiMVit
Vers. FinL Ifin., 1862; KokschArof lOn. EuasL, L 116^ 1863.
Tetragonal. 0M4=^nV 45'; ^=0*537199. Obeorred
vertical, A t-?', t-2, t^3, f-|, i-^; pynunifLs A, Vrr* i. i; ^, h
|» 1, I, 3f 3 ; |-/, 1-1, |-t, %i^ 3-i ; zirconoiils in the zone i-i : Ij
_Ht. ^ 5-5, 7-7; in other «onea, 1-2, |-2,4-2; H» f-^
Oa/=90** WAt.9=rl5|
/Al-»rrll8 15' U^l^^m\
U A 2-2= 133 25| 1 A I, m% 1-
»-t A 3^=144 61 J lAl,ov./,^
U A 4-4 = 152 9 1-* A 1-t, pyr^
OAl=142*'4Cf'
OA2=rl23 21
Oa2 2:=129 4rtf
OA4-4=n4l8
OAf3=139 3i)|
UKISZLICATSB,
277
rage : /not very distinct, O still less bo. Columnar structure rare,
and divergent, or irregular. Sometimes granular massive. Prisms
fting in the basal plane 0 \ rarely in a pymmid or zirconoid ;
prism nearly wanting, and the form &hort pyramidal with
summit and edges.
m
260
264
263
Batidford, Me«
Yea u villa.
l6*5. G,r=3'349— 3*45. Lustre vitreous: often inclining to resinous.
|l)r<jwn to green, and the ktter frequently bright and" clear; occa-
r salphur-yellow, and also pale bine ; sometimes green along the axis,
*^achio-green transversely. Streak white, Subtransparent— faintly
lucent. Fracture subconchoidal^uneven* Double refraction
\ ftxis negative,
/Far.— (j t^*4-| H)*.^i*^ the oxygea ratio for ibo protoiyds, scsqnioiyds, and silica
[^1 : £, aticordLng to HaoimeUberg, ikfter a determmatioQ of the states of oxydation of the
I TiJijfttlODS from tbo ratio 3:2:5 appear, to be variatiotia about this as the aormal
all cases the oxygen ratio for ^ + 1^ ^i la 1 : 1. The bases are maiiiij alumiaa
qttioxyd, and Ume for the protoxyd portion, as in the formiik {^ Oa*+ 1 ^If Si^ But
I te^quioxyd of iron replaces part of the aluinioa, and ma^eaia part of the Hmer while
Ha mAj be present in traces.
\ la flometlmea divided into (1) wn^rfux/gMsian^ containiBg little or no magnesia; and
, the magnoffla 4 to 13 p. c of the mineral But, as the analyses show, there is no
J line of division, Bven the crystals from Vesuvius vary in the proportion of mag-
libm 0 to 7MI p. a
[LX OiniiiMtry. The miDend fh>in Gkjkum tu Finland, callod G<ihnitB^ Loboiie^ OUkwniiAf and
■^■^bngardf Frugardik^ have been denominated ma^nesiatu The Uat U in brown and
^^^pk with O.— 3*349, V. Kord. Jei^einoffUe, which also is from Frugard, in the pariah
■pi^ii bul little mognesian or not at all so ; it occurs In palo-bro^n to colorless crystala;
^ST Hakr&mcriU oooura in SD^all oiUgrt^en prisma, having the planes /, i-i^ 1, 3^ 3-3, In the
iflloC SKalouat, IJrul Egeraa is a eubcoluoinar brown varietyt frocn Eger in Bohemia, and
I dbd at Eg^r in Norway,
§9 a yeUowiah-brown vesuvianite, ftom near Amity, K* T., the crystals not differing
~|th9 oommon variety; it contains 2 'SO p. c of prc»toxyd of manganese. A manga*
ftoD St lioroel^ Fiedmont (where ores of maDgauese occur), has a sulphur to
roolor.
?!al6 aky-btue or greenish-blue ; owing its color to a trace of copper, whenee the
I TeUemark, Norway.
ti I, Magnaa iPogg^ xe. 5<t); 2, Karsten (Karat. Arck Min.^ iv. 391) j », Solieerer
. 520) ; 4, Karaten (L c > ; 6, v. Kobell (Kastn- Arch, Nat, vii, a 99) ; 6, Scheerer (I c) ; 7»
I d. a); St T. Mera (Nat Ges. Zurich, vi. Heft 4) ; 10, v. Kobeli (L c); 11, Magnus (1
dbeerer (I c-)j 13, Magnus Q. c); 14, Richardsou (Thomson MiiL, L 262); 15, Norden-
ft
IK fc
ihiy, 2Mt ]7-4t
Ml
If.
ftt.
2X.
3^2 SC10
Uflrf
37-40 U'16
M, " /ABteir<w»itnfe WSr* 22-2.^
7^,, AwUjr..V.V.,>rM<Wfe ;j50V 17-4;
Jf7. Vtmiviuii, yvtA^Z/n. Sj7'75 X'-tw
Sir. Il/.;fizrytii, y^^^
31. I>r)f(ii«xlui
I 3^-25 10-49 216
:i7-50 11 CI
37-15 15-52
t3. IImUu (Kg«r, Boh.; } 3952 13 4l
%2, KiXlf } 37-20 13*30
m, V^r, N'/rwAjr } 37-88 14-48
%h. HAnford, Mo. ) 37'64 15-G4
to. Wflul
97. AU
38-40 10-51
} 87-16 13-44
8-04
8-42
7-45 0-45
6-07
716
6-47
1-S4
4-22
4-30
2-0«
7-70
2-87
35-03
S448
34-48
86*86
85i»6
3741
— vftl*
tW!
9S
=9S-«
^ T12*^
vtO-9
Id 9Li\tL\yn\n 3, 0.-342; anaL 4, 0. = 3-89f); anal. 14. a.=3-228: amiL 18, 0.=3
22. U.-8'42; aiial. 23, 0.-3 35; aoal. 25, G.=3-4; anaL 26. G.— »-221; anal 27,
anal. 28. 0. ;J'42H-3-420; anal. 29, (;. = 3-344; anal 80, 0.=3*885; anaL 31, G.=:8
88,0.r^a-411; anal 88,0.-3-436; anal. 34, G.= 8 -884; anal 35, G.r= 3 ^4: anal 9^
aiiaL87, O.::=3-407.
Aodyiaa 37-37 wero made bj Rammolsberg, with special reference to the ataleof o
Uwlron. TtMozjgonntioathua deduced bj him are aa follows: (27) 1*8:1: 31; (28)
UNIBILICATES. 279
1: 2-5; (80) 1-6 : 1 : 2-6 ; (31) IS : 1 ; 2*2 , (32) 1-3:1: 24 ; (33) 1-4:1: 2-4: (84) 1-3:1:
) 1«: 1 :2-3 ; (36) 1-9:1: 2*8 ; (37) 1-5:1: 2-3.
M often oontains some water, omouating occasioualij to 3 p. c., the presence of which ii
doe to alteration, and hence it is not to be included as part of the protoxjd bases. O.
foand (Pofcg., xcvi. 847) in crystals from Slatoust, 2*44 tl ; from Ala, 2*98 ft ; fpreen,
iB?iu8, 0*29; in another, 2 03; brown, id., 1-79. Magnus also obtained a little carbonic
6 pt c from the Slatoust idocrase, and 006 from the brown of Vesuvius,
ito*— EB. fhses at 3 with intumescence to a greenish or brownish glass, Magnus states
density after fusion is 2*93—2'945. With the fluxes gives reactions for iron, and a
wn St Marcel gives a strong manganese reaction. Cyprino gives a reaction for copper
of phosphorus. Partially deoomposed by muriatic acid, and completely when the mineral
previously ignited.
Idocrase was first found among the ancient ejections of Vesuvius and the dolomitio
Somma. It has suice been met with most abundantly in granular limestone ; also in
B^ chlorite schist, gneiss, and related rocks. It is often associated with lime-gamet and
It has been observed imbedded ui opaL
nrius it is hair-brown to olive-green, and occurs with garnet, mica, nophelite, glassy
etc; at Ala, in Piedmont, it is in transparent green or brown brilliant crystals, in
iiist, with diopslde, ripidolite, etc. Found also at Monzoni in the Fassa Valley ; at
Christiansand, Norway ; on the TVilui river, near L. Baikal (sometimes called wiluUe, liko
: of the same region); Cziklowa in Hungary; in the Urals and elsewhere at localities
itioned.
jnerica, in Maine at Phippsburg and Rumford, just below the falls, in crystals and
ith yellow garnet, pyroxene, etc., in limestone ; at Parsonsficld, with the same materials,
at Poland and Sandford (fig. 263). lu Mass., near Worcester, in a quartz rock, with
[t exhausted. In N. York, ^ m. S. of Amity, grayish and yellowish-brown crystals,
an inch in diameter, in granular limestone ; also at the village, and a mile east of the
fellow, greenish-yellow, and yellowish-brown colors. In y. Jersey, yellowish-brown in
Newton, with corundum and spineL In Canada, at Calumet Falls, in large brownish-
stals in limestone with brown tourmaline; at Grcnville in calcite, in wax-yellow
itartides on erysL, see v. Kokscharof 's Min. Russl., i. 92, ii. 192 ; v. Zcpharovich, Ber. Ak.
«, 1»»>4, both with new measurements and figures, and the latter a complete mono-
3hs found 0 A 1 = 142" 63' ; v. Kokscharof, for crystals from the Urals and Hedmont,
f", and from Vesuvius, 142' 46 32 "; v. Zepharovich, for crystals from Findel Glacier
, Pfitsch, and Vesuvius, 142" 47' 26'; for brown var. from Mussa, and cryst. ftx)m
eng at Zermatt, 142" 46' 18 '; for green var. from Mussa, 142° 45' 29", and this last
\ the normal angle of the species. It gives a=0'537j41.
Ttmvian by Werner, from the first known locality. Werner supposed the mineral to
ely volcanic ; but as this idea is not expressed, the name is no more objectionable
hers derived from the names of localities. The earlier name, JlyacijUhine, is bad, as
ifl not the hyacinth of either ancient or modem time. Haiiy's later name, Idocrase (sub-
many others of his) is from cMu>, I see, and Kfjiats, mixture, in allusion to aresemblanoe
e crystalline forms and those of other species. Nothing in its signification, or in any-
makes it right to substitute this for Werner's name. In English, the word vesuuian
ection of being an adjective in form and use ; but this is avoided by giving it the min-
9rmination above employed.
terations nearly as in garnet, with a far greater tendency to becoming hydrated.
xn Maine often have the exterior, though still brilliant and glassy, deavable easily
irt below, and equally so, parallel to all the smaller as well as larger faces, so that a
tal has as brilliant and even planes as before. Pscudomorphs include steatite, mica,
diopside, and garnet
ID, analyzed by Picinus (Schrift. Dresd. Min. Ges., i. 235), gave Silica 4300, alumina
dozjd of iron 2*40, ib. of manganese 400, lime 30oO, soda 5*33 =99*48. It is probably
d state, as Bammelsberg infers from the description of Ficinus.
onic acid detected by Hermann in idocrase from Slatoust (anaL 28) is evidence of
ind this add and alkaline or earthy carbonates or bicarbonates in solution, are agents
lange is often produced.
iCtscberlich has obtained idocrase by artificial methods (Ann. Ch. Phyg., Ivii. 219) ;
a ft ftiaioQ together of the constituents; also Daubree, by the action of chlorid of
ipor an the requred bases (0. R., 1854, July, p. 135).
280
OXTOEN CXJMPOUKDfl,
274, MSLHiITE. UmitA DdamsQi., T. T„ li 2T3, 1796; Fl Bdknm
J. de PhyB., II 45f*, 1800, Ilrtroboldtilit© MmU. d: Chv^ Prodr^ 375, l$2S.
Ed. J, Sd^ i. 185| 1824. ZurUte Ramcmdini, Broielak lust QeoL, OL 210, IStl Mjj
Tetragonal ; 0 A 1^*=147^ 15' ; a=00432. Observed |ilan€&,
l^i, t*2. 1-iAl-*, over vi;=65^ 80', It a!
^^^ terminal edge, := 134° 48'. Fig. 265; ako oti
lanes i-2 in place of i4. Cleavage : 0 di«tia
istinct.
1 H.=5. G.=2 9— 3104. Lustre vitreous i
« to resinous on a surface of fracture. Color whit
J yellow, honej-yellow, greeniftli-yellnw, reddii
fj brown. Translucent, and in thin lamin©
also opaque. Fracture conchoidal — uiie
refraetion weak, axis negative,
Oomp,— {| ttV \ fi)' §il Annlysea : 1, v, Kobell fSchw, J., Ixir, WS> ; 2^
Fhy^ ni, X. 69) ; 6, t. KobeU (K&stD. Ardi., It. SIS):
gi Sd l^e IfiLg Cb ^b £:
43-96 11-20 610 81-96 4'28 0-38, ffi 2'32=1
40-60 10-88 4-43 4-54 31*81 4'43 0-36=118 :t.' Han
39'27 6-42 10-17 6'44 32-47 1-94 1-46-98 5
88-34 8*61 1002 6-71 32 05 2*13 1-S1 = 99-
39-80 12-80 2-57 4*64 37*64 0*JK>, fi a-UO.^i»d I4J
The mai»We geblaiiite of ▼. Kob«Q {
first analyzed (but inoorredly) hj Carpi iA l^
With tiw flu
I. Uumb,^ Somma
2 ^* '^
8,' MeL, a dl Bovo
4> " **
6. Massive (khletUte
No. 3, yelbw crystals ; No. 4, brown do.
formula of molilite. MeHlite
liv. 219),
Fyr^ etc* — B.B. Aiaea ot 3 to a yellowish or j^enlah glaflA.
Iron. Decomposed by munatic acid with gektinLzatioii.
Oba. — Ihimboldiiiiie occurs in cavoraoua bloc'ks of Somma with greenish
often rather largo, and covered with a calcaroous coating; 1<^sa oommoa in trinapaxi
cryetAls with nephelite, sarcolitOf and pyroieue, lining cavities in the rock.
MdQiiB {tr. itiXi^ honey\ of yellow and browulsh colom, is found at Capo di Bova^ i
leudtophyre with nephelite^ phUllpBito. giamondito, mngnetitc, and amail black ayf
and hornblende; 0 A 1-1=147^ 9 , y. Ruth (Z& G., xriii. 544), StmnmiiBiik, wLidi
has dhown to hame the anglea of this spedes, ia found at Yeauritui in doll jolknr
Zurlite occurs in opa<i[U6 aquaro or octagooa! priama in calotfeouA blo^a ' '
boliitilito; color win Us h or aaparaguB-green ; U. about 6; G.:=:3*3T j 6.r
nitric add. It is impuro humboldtilite (gcacohi, Jabrb. MitL. tS&3| 261). Ki
Named from H'>«t ^^ey^ hi allusion to the color.
ArUt — Common aa a furnace slag, having btjo^n obaefnrod in aquar« jm
TiptoOf Dowles, Wicka, etc., in Eagliuid and Waloa, near 8t fit&aime in
Belgium, Kunigshatte in Upper SUesii, MAgdoaprung in the Hai^ and '
are analjBea : 1, % Percy (R^p. Brit AjMoa, 1846^ Am. J. 8cl, XL t. liT); 3|
3i % te iOLn SLg t% t CmQ
h Dudlej 38 -7e 1448 1 18 023 tt*84 85*68 1*11 0^»$ssfMii
2. Cbarlovoi Hin 18*01 0*93 2-^9 T24 31-43 3^0 S^e^rrlki^it H
a. K&tOgabefg 89 60 It^O ir, 4-30 41-86 Sa*eft;=100 KJl
275. SPQENOCLABE. Bphenoklas v. Kob^ J. pr. Ch., zci S48, 18«4.
]Citiif«» with faint LndicatioDB of a foliated atruotimL
asrS-H^e^ 0.=3*2. Luatre feeblo. Color polo gr^Tioh^jtOow.
pliticeiry.
OOVF,^ — AoQording to an analjiia by v Kobell (L C);
ft 46*08 ill 18*04 ^e4*77 Mn 8^S3 % 6-2& Oft f 6*^
OiTlag tbo 0. ratio for 11, S» Si, 11*81 : 0 10 : 34*$T, or 2 : 1 : 4» t, ZxML
TTNISILIOATES.
281
■TG. — ^In the dosed tube jields no water. B.B. fuses easOj (at 3) and quietly to a shining
gUas. SUg^tt^ attacked by muriatic and sulphuric adds ; but after heating, easily de-
l with gelatinlmtion by muriatic add.
.— Rrom Qjelleback in Norway, with wollastonite and the so-called edelforsite, forming
s of Taxying thickness in a bluish granular limestone.
Ilrooi 9fiiPf a wedge, and «Xabi, / breakf it breaking into wedge-shaped pieces.
EPIDOTE GROUP.
' The species of the Epidote Group, enumerated with the formulas on p.
are characterized by specific gravity above 3, and therefore high ; hara-
aboTe 5 ; fusibility ^.B. below 4 ; anisometric crystallization, and
Tore biaxial polarization; the dominant prismatic angle 112° to 117°;
forms, when they occur, always brittle ; colors white, gray, brown,
^-green, and deep green to black, and sometimes reddish.
priamatic angle in zoisite and other orthorhombic species is /A I; but in epidote it is the
Ofer a horizontal edge between the planes 0 and i-i, the orthodiogonal of epidote oorres-
Dg to the rertical axis of zoisite, as explained under the latter species.
L& Hunt has observed (0. R, 1863. Am. J. Sou, II. xxxvi. 426, xliii. 205) that the high spe-
graTitj and hardness of the Epidote g^roup, as compared with the Scapolite, is to be ascribed
nore elerated or higher multiple equivalent, or, in other words, to a more condensed mole-
Bol the nomerical value of the multiple, or of the relation between the species, has not yet
. BFIDOTB. Schorl vert du Dauphin^ de Lisle, Crist, iL 401, 1783. Strahlstein pt
\lhnL, 1788-1800. ThaHite (fr. Danphiny) Delameih,, Sciagr., iL 401, 1792, T. T., ii. 819, 1796 ;
, J. d. IL, T. 270, 1799. Delphinite (ib.) Saussure, Voy. Alpes, §1918, 1796 (=Oisanite pt).
(fr. Arendal) d^Andrada, J. d. Phys., 11 240, 1800, Scherer*s J, iv. 1800;=Aren-
> EanL (and Lectures of Blumenbach, earUer), Tab., 34, 74, 1800. Skorza Wallachian Min.,
, Tab., 28, 72, 1800, Klapr., Beitr., iil 282, 1802. Epidote IL, Tr., iii 1801. Hstazit
f 1803, Lodw. l£in., Wem., iL 209, 1804. Withamite (fr. Qlenco) BrewsL, Ed. J. Sci., iL
1 1835. Poschkinit Wcbgner, Bull. Soc Imp. Nat, Moscow, 1841. Achmatit Herm,, Verb.
. St Pet^ 1345-46, 202. Eschcrit (fr. St Gk>thard; Scheerer, Pogg., xcv. 507, 1855. Beustit
, B. H. Ztg., zxiv. 364, 1866.
ttoclinic. 0=89'' 27' ; i-2 A i-2=63° 8', 0 A 14=122° 23' ; a : i: o
J6 : 1 : 0*30719. Observed planes : 0 ; vertical, i-i, i4, i-2, i-4,
h etinodomes, ^4, ^4, 14 j hemidomes, ^i, 14, |-i, 2-i, 3-i, 5-i, 11-i ;
'j -i-h -+iy -^h -I'^'j -2-^, -3-t, -5-i, -74 ; lieniipyramids, |, -J, |, 1,
l-klH.'Hl H,H, 3-1,-3-1; 1-2,-1-2; 9-J ; 5-f,-5-f; 3-3,-3-3;
\; 6-5, -5-6 ; 7-7, -7-7 ; 4-8 ; 2-S, -2-S ; -4-4 ; 5-6, -5-6 ; -6-6.
267 268
S66 ^ ^ *^-
^,OA«=90^ 33'
Oa1-*=154 3
' (? A -1^=154 15
; Oa44=14141
IhaHov. 0,=:64 38
i4 A 34=145° 18'
i4 A 54=157 29
i.iA-l=104 48
i-iAl=104 15
i4 A -3-3=128 6
14A3-i=150°
i4 A 1=145
14 A-24,ov. 0=11013
1 A 1, front, =70 i
1 A l,ov.i-i,=109 69i
88S ^^^^p OXTOEK COMFOT7NDS,
i4A-U-lU 18 UAZ'd=m 40 -1 A-1, fironi
{-i A l-i=115 24 i4Ai-2-V2\ 31 -1 A -l^ov.a,
iri A 2-i= 133 49 -1-i A 1 ^ov, 6^,= 128 18 3^ A 8-3, fron
14 A -2-1=: 134 23 -1-4 A 1-/, ov. i-i\ = 51 42 -3-3 A -3 3,ti*oi3
i'i A -3.i= 145 39 -l-i A -1 ^ 1 25 13 i-2 A 14=.
l-iA3-i=150 6
Crrstak usually len^tliened in the direction of the orthodia
Parallel to i4 ; soioetiines long acicular. Cleavage : i4 perfect ; ]
'wirb: coinposition-plime 1'?'; ako «'-i. Also libroiia, divergent,
lei ; also granular, particles of vai'ious sizes, eometimes fine gmc
foniiiiig roek-masses.
H. = G'--7. G*=3'25 — 3'5, Lustre vitreous, on A/ineliniiigto
resinous. Color pistachio-green or yellowitih-green to ]>rowii
greemsh-blai^k, and hlaek ; soraetimes olear red and yellow; ako
grayish-white. Pleuehroisni often distinct, the crystals beiu^^|
yellow in a direction tlirougli 14, Streak uncoloretl^ grayi8b^|
parent^iimque ; generally eubtrani^lueent. Fracture ime^^Si
X)oul)le refraction strong: optic-axial plane i-t.
Var. — Epidote has ordinarily a peculiar jollowiflb-green (ptstachio) color, seldom 1i
minerals. But this color paaaes into dark and light shades — ^black on ono side, itnd 1
other. Most of the browu and nearly all the gray epidote belongs to the speciea Sen
reddish-brown or redd inti-b lack, containing much oxyd of manganefle, to tne Bpeosi
or Mangonepidote', while the bkck Is mainly of the species AUanitf^ or Ccrium-epidi
Var. L thdinary. Color green of some shade, as dcBt'rib^ (a) In crystals,
(c) Granular massiire. {d) Scorta is epidote sand, of the usnal green color^ from th«
ArnngOB, near Muska in Transylv&niiL The Arendal epidote (Armdahte) ia xm
green crystals ^ that of Danphiny {ThaUUe, Detphinittt Oi^anite) in yrllowish-gr
fiomi'tlnies transparent^ and found near Bonrg d'<.)tE^ans, in the Fiedmoutrsc Alpe.
includes pleochroic cryslalfl ftom the fiuriferous i^ands of Katharinonburg, Urals ; Q,~
emerald-green, when viewed by transmitted light through 1*j, yellow tronsverae to
after Puschkin, a Russian senator. Achmatik is ordinary epidote, in crysfails, from
UraL EBcherite is a browniflh-yellow, somewhat greenish epidote, from St Got hard
2. The so-called BuckUindUt from Acbmstoysk, described by Hermann (anal 4 1» 42t
a tinge of green, and differs from ordinary epidote in having the crystals nearly syin
not, like other epidote, lengthened in the dire(*tion of tbe orthodiagonal G.=3'ft|.
BagroiioniU^ from Achmatovsk, appears to be essentially the same mineral^ it ^mfi
angles, according to Hermann (Bull Soc Nat. Moscow, xxrv. 248, X&<^^)v and nJif
while the original bagratiotiite of Kok^eharof ia a variety of allanite (q. v.). It dil
buoklondite in containing a htde eerium 'anal 43).
a. Withamiu, Carmine-red to straw-yellow ; strongly pleochroic; the color a* at
one direct ioQ, deep crimson, in another transverse, straw-yellow; H.=t6— $*6; (
inuill radiated groups, w a -1-*= 1 1 6% -1-i a 1-1—128" 20'. From trap, at GkuM
ibire, Scotland. Named after Dr. WithanL
4. Beu9tiifi, Grayish-whito to ash-gray ; a=:2-859— 2*877, Breith. Brclthauptg
T^P^lbA" 20', ifAf^llO' ad, whiobareTerynear Oa 1-/, and-2-jAl-4. f^twii
in tbe Tyrol
Oomp.— O. ratio for ft. fi, t5i=l:2:3; aeaV|(1Pe,3tl)VSi»; being limt^n
mineral having for its protoiyd portion ahno«»t solely lime (Ca), hut contziinlDg aetqpi
(l^e) in place of part of the alumina (?tl). The results of the jarger part of the $m
nearly to the above ratio, showrng apparently timt it is the normal ratio. Severalip
according to liormann, less B and Si in proportion to tbe ^, giving different mtioa b<
and 1 : 1|: 2^ ■ but with the sum of the oxygen of the protoxyds and eesquJonTda al*
that of the silica. The exact condition of the iron, whether part i« protoxyd or nsiL
> cases been ascertained, and, therefore, some of the results obtained are not tn^ ftOK
melsborg observes that when this point is cloared up the ratio 1 : 2 : S will probab^
be common to all
The Aehmatovak **bnckliindite " (anal 41, 4'Z) gives nearly tho ratio 2:3:5; but
ail aefiquiozyd, 1 : 2'1 : 3*9. Hammelsberg says tbe GrjBtaU may oont^ aoow tnagi
mnenjcATEs.
of Fe to Si in most epidote is approximately 1 : 2, as in analyses 1 to 18, 20, 22-31,
other ratios oocor between 1 : 2 and 1:6; and rarely the amount of Fe is so large as
ly the ratio 8 : 6. Ratio 1 : 2i is afforded by analysis 19 ; 1 : 3 by 82 ; 1 : 4 by 24-26,
by 27 ; 1 : 6 by 23. In analysis 40, the silica is mnch below the usual proportion,
itio for ft, S, 8i is nearly 3:4:6.
1, Geffken (Pogg., xvL 488) ; 2, Kiihn (Ann. Oh. Pharm., lix. 878) ; 3, RammelsberK
.8); 4, id. (Min, cL, 752); 6, 6, Hermann (J. pr. Ch., lixviiL 295) ; 7, Scheerer (Fogg.,
fT. 601); 8, Richter (ib.); 9, v. Rath (Pogg., xc. 807); 10, Kiihn (L a); 11, Her-
Ql, zliiL 35, 81); 12, Rammelsberg (Pogg., Ixzxiy. 453); 18, Baer (J. pr. Oh., xlviL
9duLr-£acher (see Scheerer); 15, Scheeror (La); 16, Hermann (J. pr. (%., Izxviil
beerer (L a); 18, 19, Rammelsberg (L c); 20, 21, Kiihn (L a); 22, Hermann (L c);
Za G. xiv. 428); 24, 26-30, Stockar-Bscher (Pogg., xcv. 501); 25, Scheerer (L c.);
lann (L c); 38, Rammelsberg (Min. Ch., 754); 34-37, 39, Hermann (L c.); 88, Oser-
lin. 8t Pet, 1842, 66); 40, Igelstrom (CEfv. Ak. Stockh., 18ti7, 11); 41, Hermann (L
melsberg (La); 43, Hermann (BulL Soa Nat Moscow, xlxy. 248) :
Si &
Pe
iHr,
Mg Ca
fi[
8614 22-24
14-29
212
2-38 22-86
=100-03 Geffken.
36-68 21-72
16-72
0-63 2307
=98-72 Kuhn.
37-98* 20-78
17-24
1-11 23-74
=100-85 RamnL
38-76 20-86
16-86
0-44 23-71
2-00-101-62 Ramm.
7«.
87-82 22-85
11 56 ^€
> 1-86
0-77 22-03
2*93=99-32 Hermann.
rufu-^
36-79 21-24
12-96 "
5-20
21-27
2-86=100-32 Hermann.
strp.
87-59 20-73
16-67
0-41 22-64
2-ll=100-(»5 Scheerer.
peeud.
38-84 25-45
10-88
22*62
2-41=100-20 Richter.
paauL
37-92 19-21
15-65
0*25 22-68
2-61, JS'a 0-39, i. 0-23
=98-74 ▼. Rath.
M^gn.
39-85 21-61
16-61
0*30 22-15
-102-62 Kiihn.
otivenn.
37-60 18-57
13-37 f'e
5-66
1-40 21-19
1-68=99-36 Hermann.
88-37 21-18
16-85
017 23-58
=100*22 Ramm.
(1)87-78 21-25
15-97
0-60 23*46
=, Na 0-41=99-47 Br.
(1)37-35 22 02
16-67
22-54
2-35 = 99*93 S.-Escher.
37-56 20-78
16-49
0*29 22*70
2-u9=99-91 Scheerer.
88-00 20-87
15-06 f'e
1-90
21-93
2*08 Mn ^.=99-64 Herm'n.
Ja,darib
67-65 20-64
16-50 Mn 0-49
0-46 22*32
2-06,H01 0-01=100*13 Schr.
i(
37-51 21-76
12-62 I'e
8-59
0-60 21-26
2-t'>8= 99-92 Ramm.
vOUno
88-84 20*61
9-23 "
2-21
0*43 25-01
2-82=98*66 Ramm.
ixony
38-64 2198
17*42
0-27 21*98
-100*26 Kiihn.
«8eb.
40-67 14-47
13*44
2*96 30*00
=101-24 Kiihn.
U
40-08 16-91
15*93 "
1-44
4-97 1911
1-20=99-64 Hermann.
^ TV'
3907 28-90
7*48
0-10 24-30
0-63=100*48 Rath.
ML-^. (t)3805 26-39
9*73
23-54
2-02=99*73 a-Escher.
38-99 26-76
9-99
0-61 22*76
2*06 = 100-16 Scheerer.
m, fpiK-^m.
88-43 26-40
8-76
23*90
2-46=99*94 a-Escher.
.^
38-89 28-48
7*56
22*64
2-80=99*37 a-Bscher.
^EKh^U
38-08 27 74
8*26
23-53
2-04=99-65 a-Escher.
fmh.'ffn
38-28 27-53
8*66
22*87
2-41-99-75 a-Kscher.
v^hOL-gn.
37-66 27-30
8-90
23-90
2-33= 100-15 8.-Escher.
lumni^a, gn.
37-47 2409
10-60 tQ
2-81
2219
TBk,^
86-45 24*92
9-54 "
8-25
22-45
3-50=100-11 Hermann
gn.
37-76 21-05
11*41 "
3-69
1*15 22*38
2 67 = 100 Ramm.
37-62 18-45
12-32 "
2-20
0-89 24-76
2-20, Na 0-91=98-86 Herm.
40-27 2008
14*22 "
2-39
0*53 21-61
016, Ma <r.=99-26 Herm.
36-87 18-13
14-20 "
4-60
0-40 21*45
1-56=97-29 Hermazm.
te
87*47 18'^
14*16 "
2-56
22*06
1-44, Na, Li '2-78=98*60 H.
88-88 18*85
16-34
6-1 1600
, »n 9-26, Sa 1-67, ti
0'46=98-66 Osersky.
39-67 18-55
14*81
8-25
1-62 20*68
1-23, Na 0-62, Mn <r.
=99-68 Hermann.
fg;Swed. (|) 33*81 18-58
12-57
4-85
3-04 26'46
0-94=100-25 Igelstrom.
TBk, "jBmcW." 36-97 2184
10-19 ^e
919
21-14
0*68, C 0-32=100-83 Herm.
88-27 21-26
909 "
6-67'
» 1-07 22-76
2-00=100 Ramm.
""BagraC* 88-88 2019
9-82 "
8-82
1-98 1737
1-60 La, Oe, l)i 3-60
=97*26 Hermann.
•AihL on matMlAl after ito ignlUon ; some Tl 0* with tha Si <)■
L igDition
3'326; 27, 3*359, Borderrheinthal : 3 '3 84, from MaggiAthul; 29, 8*81 h^ imm
3-369, Yordeirhemthal; 31, 3*43; 32, 3'Ji3— 3*34 ; 33, 3*iS5; 34, 3*39; 35,^4Ij 1%
G. = 3-43, fr. Werchneivinsk ; 39, 3-45, near Helsingfora; 40, 3*51; 42, 8'4«»
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube givcB in most ca§eii water. B.B. fum wilii li
3-^^*5 to a dork brown or bliick maa^ which is generally ma^etic Bifida far IroD
fbr raaaganese with the fliccea. Partially decomposed by mumtic acid, bat whm vn^Un
gelatim»»s with acid. Dooomposed on fliflioQ with alkaline cflrboujite«. 0* or -M^mi
cbaoges on inanition, from 3 40U to 2'984
Ob«, — Epidote is common in many crystalline rocks, as syeoite, giid«8^ wlot •oliifl,!
flchist, serpentine, and especially those tliat contain the ferHferouA mineral liorobtos^i
aooompuiies beds of magnet ito or henrntit? in such rodcs. It ia sometlmev found fa
trap; and aIeo in sands tone adjoining trap dikes, where it has been formed by
through the heat of the tmp at the time of Its ejection. It also occurs at times in
ferent quartz rocks or altered Randstones. It fa asaodated ofleu with quarts, pyrosen
axinite, chlorite, eta, in the Picdmontesc Alps,
It somotimes forms with quartz an epidote rock, called 9p(d6t\flt, Such a rock, A
Matanne River, Canada, having a hardness of 1"0, and G.=8'(I4^ gavts T.
(Logan^a Hep., 1863, 497X Si 62*60, Xl 12-80, Fe 9'40, Ag 0-7i, 6a Hid
99 '71, which corrcspanda to 61 33 epidote and 38'22 quarts. A eimJlnr nnk .i .
in Canudu,
Beautiful crrstallisations eome from Bourg d'Oisons, Ala, and TraTeraeOa, ia FMI
matt m the Valuls ; near Gutanen in the Hasllthal ; at Kaverdiraa and Badua in Ik
TavetAch (the latter sometimes referred to aoisite, but optically epidote acoofdi&f tolN
Monzoni in the Fussa valley ; Zillerthal in the Tyrol, sometimes in rose-red and greaniali
small sise, resembling' thidUe ; the Sau-AJpe in Garinthia ; and the other localitiM mnlll
In N« America, occurs in K Hamp. at Franconia, crystallized and granular, with \
Warren, with quartz and pyrite. In J/a««., at Iladlyme and Chester, in crysLali tii
Athol, in syenitic gneiss, in fine crystal?, 2 ra. S.W. of the centre of the town ; Ncwbq
Btone ; at Rome, in hornblende schist ; at Nahnnt^ poor, in trap. In Rhode I 4
in a kind of trap. In t/o/in, at ILiddarn, in large splendid crystals, fn .N I
Amity, in quartz; 2 m. S. of Carmel, Putnam Co., with liorn blende and gam^'i \ • m a
Honroe, Orangv Co. ; 6 in. W. of Warwick* p«de yeUowi'<h -green, with sphiniA aod 1
Harlem, in gneiss, on the banks of Kaat river, near 88th St. In N, Jem^^ at Fraoki
at Roeeville in Byram township, Susi<C'X Co., in good crystals. In /Wi., at R B;|
Miickigan^ in the Lake Superior regiou^ at many of the mines ; at Uio Norwich
radiated with quartz and oittire ooppor. In Cainaddi^ at 3L Joseph, inaooiicfelknuixi
rock of the Quebec group.
For roix^nt papers on ciyst see Koksdiarof liin. Bua^ fiL S68, Iv. 106 ; v, JCmM
Ak.Wien, xxxiv. 480, xlv. 381; DesoL Min., L 18Q2; HMfleaberg; Hin. Not, lIL
Fogg., CSV. 412,
E]^ideik is ooo of Hauy^s crystallograpliio names, derived from the Qrook Mhmt^ \
mnalated by him, ^' qui 4 re^u un aoGroissement,^' the base of the pfisuxi (rbi)iiibol4ll
ing one aide longer than the other. lu its introduction Ilauy f^t aside Lhn»a older an
lite (fro® ffuiAd*, odor of young twiga^ alluding to the green color) wis rajecfiad
baaed on a varying character, oolor ; IMpfiimU and ArendoHU^ because datiirad ta
But the name Bpidt>U is now so involved in geological as well as minoralogical lilSftm
law of r- -*" — - * well do the justice demanded of IL Werner's name /^MMIiA(
tfu puy [ig to the color) was not proposed as early as tballita or tpll<
Alt , ds liable to alteration than most of the silicatiea, paiUy MM
contains is mostly, when not wholly, in the state of scsquioacyd. The ana^aw al
cHie or two por cent of water, which is probably foreign to the apeciea \ aid in a
from Isle Royale, having the composition of epidote, J. B. WbiUMj fooad ft p«
(Bi»p. GeoL L Sup., 1861, 97).
Artif. — £ptdute has not been found among the crjstaUlzatiofis of frmaiea i^is.
the iaboracory of the chemist It has beea a frequent result of the adUn of hasi in
ftfnigiaous satidstooes a^xompanying the ejection of doWryte attd
this liot tiq^geala the method by whidi it may be artificially fonneiL
tteA E^LBmaiTE. (Kolbingit BreiXh., KSL Ztg.^ %m. Idfi. Aiaigmatil
cUnH /A /=(td' 31 . 0 N i^i-59<>. aeavage : / partaot; U laiMibet ; U bt traoML
H^sS'^^A. a.=a-699. x*«00, Seia. Lnstiv TiUvoma. Color I
Siraak piaUohlo^grseo* Siibtmkaiiiotiit PiFiotare eoaofaoidal to
17KIBILXOATE8. 285
loosirts, aoon<fing to S. ICQIler (L c.X largel7 of the Bflicatea of protozyd of iron and
on st KingerdliuTsiik, Greenland, with sBglrite, eudialyte, eta. and resembles much
Uende. Uxilike hornblende and the related species, the crystal is oblique fh>m an acute
ipidotoX and the angles of the prism are very different. Arfyedsonite differs in hay-
He-green streak ; and uegerite a mountain-g^reen. It may be epidote.
Is has the form and angles of koelbinglte ; but H.=5— 5*5 ; G. =3*833— 3*863 ; the iron
nnd is sesquiozyd ; and the streak is reddish-brown. Probably altered koolbingite.
MONYITJU. Bod Magnesia (fr. Piedmont) OronsL^ Min., 106, 1758. Mangandee
yapume^ Mem. Aa Turin, iy., 1*790. Manganese oxyd^ yiolet silidfero (id.) H^ Tr.,
Epidote manganesifdre (id.) L, Cardier, J. d. M., xiil 135, 1803; £r., TabL, 1809.
her Braunstein TTem., HofihL Min., iy. a, 152, 1817. Manganepidot Germ, Pie-
mg^ Hin^ 75, 1863.
nic ; like epidote in form, and nearly so in angles, i-4 A -l-i=
-U A f i=98° 50', i4Afi=U6° 37\ Cleavage i-i perfect, -U
Llso massive.
. G.=3'404, Breithaupt. Lustre vitreous, especially bright on
ly pearly on other faces. Color reddish-brown and reddish-black ;
in splinters columbine-red. Streak reddish. Opaque to subtrans-
*ragile.
. ratio for*, fi, 8i=l : 2 : 3; (^Ca'+f (Jin, Pe, Xl))« Si»; or epidote in which a
the alumina is replaced by sesquiozyd of mang^ese. The protoxyds may also in-
t)Cozyd of manganese as well as magnesia.
1, Sobrero (Arab., 1840, 218); 2, HartwaU (Ak. H. Stockh., 1828, 171); 8, Geffken
83); 4, H. St C. Deyille (Ann. Ch. Phys., xliil 13):
Ag Ca
13*42, Jin 4-82, Sn, Cu 0*4=100*66 &
1*82 21*66= 100-27 HartwalL
22*78=100 Geffken.
0*2 22-8 =100 Deyille.
ree analyses correspond nearly with the epidote 0. ratio, 1:2:8. The mineral was
by Napione (L c\ and next by Cordier (1. c).
-BlB. roses with intumescence at 3 to a black lustrous glass. Giyes strong reactions
i with the fluxes, and also for iron. Not decomposed by acids, but when previously
dna with muriatic acid. Decomposed on fusion with alkaline carbonates.
mi at St. Marcel, in the yalley of Aosta, io Piedmont, in braunite with quartz,
(dan, and tremolite. Crystals rather long subrhomboldal prisms, yery fragile, and
it the surfaces dull
NITB. Crystallized Gadolinite? (fr. Greenland) T, Allan, Tr. R. Soa Edinb., yl
TofT. 1808)=Allanite TTumuon, ib., 871 (read Noy. 1810); Phil. Mag., xxxyL 278,
n (fr. Bkldarhyttan) Hisinger, Afh., iy. 827, 1815. Orthit (fr. Pinbo) Ben., Afh., v.
F^Tcnihit (fr. Kararfvet) Berz., Afh., y. 52, 1818. Bucklandit (fir. ArendalX Levy^
IL ylL 134, 1824. TautoUt (fr. L. Laach) Breith., Schw. J., L 321, 1826. Uralor-
, J. pr. Ch., xxiii 278, 1841. Bagrationit (fr. Achmatoysk) JToAudL, Russiches Berg.
847; Pogg., Ixxiil 182, 1848 [not Bagrationite .fi0nn.,= Epidote]. Xanthorthit (fr.
TeniL, J. pr. Ch., xliii. 112, 1848. Erdmannit (fr. St6k5) Berlin, Pogg., IzzzyiiL 162,
Die, isomorphous with epidote. 67=89° 1' ; 0 A 14=122° 50}',
63° 58'^ a:i: (>=0-483755 : 1 : 0-312187. Observed jJanes:
il. i4y 1-2, i-4 ; clinodome, 14 ; hemidomes, 1-i, 6-i, -1-i, -2-i,
hemipyramids, 1, -1, 1-2, 3-3, -3-3, 2-4, 5-6.
Si
Si Pe
Un
jroel 37 86
16-30 8-23
18-96
8847
17-65 6-60
14-08
86-87
11-76 10-34
18-25
37-3
15-9 4-8
190
Ci^stals either Bliort, flat tabular, or long: and slender, soTnetim'-^
Twins like thom of epidote. Cleavage : i-i in tracer. Al^o luttMi
in angular or roundeu grains,
H. = 5^5-'fj. G. =3*0— 4*2. Lnstre submetallic, pitcliy, or rw
occasionally vitreouft. Color pitcli-brown to black, either Imiwnial^
ish, grayish, or yellowish. Streak grav, e^ometimes elighUy grea
brownish. Subtrani^hicent — opaque. Fracture uneven or subcom
Brittle, Double refraction either distinct, or wanting.
Comp., Var« — Tliiii epecies, while closely liko epidot© In crygtilliialioa TEric* mudi
milU of analfBes, and ulao in external appearance. Hie more protnincni wiiyi of miili
fbllowing : ( I ) The crystals are sometimes broad tabular, and sometimes yx^ long ati
The crjstalst when well-formed, often raanifo<;t uo double rofVnction, us T>riirimfitllT h0
(3) The amount of water present varies from none to 17 r * ♦ ' irdo<>a« «ti4 M^
correapondiDgly, the kinds oontaunug the most water !> i, in mnmk v*ti
ing2 63. (41 There ia also much diToraity in pyrog:n OH t emioal cliira<<<
plained beyond.
The yarieties that haTe been distinguished are as fallows :
1. AUanite, In tabular crystals or plates, the crystals sometimes S to 10 i
md an inclj or ao thick. Color bUwdc or brownir«h-bhick. G, — 3'5o— 3i)5 ; B :
ijeM; 3-79, fiom Snamm, Norway; 3*53, from E. Bradford, Pa., ar, ' "^ '
Bmah; 8*84, from Franklin, N. J., Hunt Named alter T, Allan. r-r
and found among spcdmens from East Greenland, brought to bv-,...„. .-. tluic
is the same thing, named by Histnger, having BL=6; G =S'1T— 3*8; tttatrii vfrnik^pi
being ffubtranslueent in thin splinters.
Bucktandti^ is anliydrout allanitc in urn nil black crystals from a mlnAoti
Norway, Although not yet analy«^ it is rerc?rred here by v. Rath un tho givatti Ht I
and physical characters (Pogg., cxiil 281), That of L Laach is also sbowa to tef^s "
allanite by ▼. Rath (I e.) ; the angles are those cited above 9B tlte ani^toiiof the
BreUh,^ is also from the trachyte of Ll Laach, and ia probably th« same tpeciixi.
=570" 4%' md Ur 12\ MAl*i=lir »0, 1-<'A1-I2ft' 'dO\ -l-iAl-«=Ua'
DmcI; i'%Ai-% = W U\ -l-iAl-»=5l" 62\ Unsith, n. = <i-5-T. Q.-Tm^
2. Crahrthik is allanite in largo priamatic crystals from the Urn en Mta., i
G.=:3m — 3*tt0, Herm, ; 3**j4t, Eamm, It is pitch-black, g^ves a gray pow«i<
hydroua.
2. Bfigraitonik. Occurs, according to KokschaMf, in black cryataltt whlcb m
Hod lik« the buoklandito of Aohmatovflk, and not lanfftlieDedf like nralonhite. In ibt
tile orthodiagoxiaL Angbi the Mioe with ^oto of uralortliitD, uii& maj wmm
Koksoharof. Ii=6-S, 6,=S*84, Koluch. fttreak dark brown. 11 B iatiinj**Qoa i
black, ahinlng, magnetic pearl In powder not attacked Ity hot in ^ t
idd* Not analyied. Named after tile dl4oovervr, P. li Bagrat^.
at
^
UNIBILICATES. 287
tan hu deieribed and analyzed what he calls hagraiumite^ from Achmatovsk, which he
lu> tlu ing^ of the hacklandlte of AckmcUovsk, and which, therefore, is true epidote
. The analyses hj Hermann sustain this reference.
Mifemcfaided, in ita original use, the slender or acicular prismatic crystals, often a foot long,
iog some water. But these graduate into massive forms, and some orthites are anhydrous,
early so as much of the aUanite. The name is from doOAi^ straight. The tendency to altera
id hydration may be due to the slendemess of the crystals, and the consequent great ex-
to the action of moisture and the atmosphere. n.=5— 6. G.=2*80— 375; 3*63— 3*65,
Be-fJeJd; 8*546, from Hittoroe, Ramm.; 3-378, Scheerer; 3-69— 3-71. from Swampscot,
lalch; 2*86— 2*93, from Naes mine, 10 m. £. of Areudal, a hydrous variety containing 12
inter. Lustre vitreous to greasy.
ithorihiiej of Hermann, is yellowish and contains much water, and is apparently an altered
G.=2-78--2'9. Named from ^urOoj, yelloio^ and orthite.
nrtkUe of Berzelius is an impure ortbite-like mineral, in long prisms of rather loose tex-
taining as its principal impurity some carbonaceous material (over 30 p. c.), and show-
in its burning before the blowpipe. Named from nvp,Jire^ and orihite. From Kararfret,
Urn.
nanatfe, of Berlin, fVom Stoko, near Brevig, is near orthito in composition. It occurs in
i grains and plates, with G.=3'l, lustre vitreous, color dark brown, and is translucent in
iters. Named after Prof. Erdmann. Contains 4 to 5 p. a of water.
» ia a cerium-epidote. But, besides a large percentage of cerium, it contains generally
)d metals, lanthanum and didymium, with also, sometimes, a little jttrium, nnd rarely
gladnom. The condition of oxydation of the iron has not been exactly determined iu
£e analyses, and consequently the results are discordant The best determinations,
to Bammelsberg, afford approximately, the garnet-ratio 1:1:2. instead of the epidoto
S : 3, whence the formula (i R*+ i K)" ^5i^ In this formula ft=Ca, Ce, i^ l)i, ^e, with
B ig. y, An ; and fi=a^l, 3Pe. Analyses 9-1 1 gave this oxygen ratio to Genth.
ei: L Allantte; 1, Stromeyer (Pogg., xxxii. 288); 2, Credner (Pogg., Ixxix. 414); 3,
berg (Pogg., Ixxx. 283); 4,Borgemann (Pogg., Ixxxiv. 485); 5, Zschau (Jahrb. Miu., 1852,
7, Scheerer (Pogg., h. 407. 465, Ivi. 479, IxL 636); 8, Hermann (J. pr. Ch., xxiii. 278,
»); 9, 10, II, P. Keyser (Am. J. ScL, IL xix. 20); 12, T S. Hunt (Proc. N. H. Soc. Bos-
")^
ine; 13, Hisinger (Afh. L Pys., iv. 327); 14, Scheerer (1. c.); 15, P. T. Cleve ((Efv. Ak.
dx. 425, 1862, J. pr. Ch., xd. 223) ; 16, v. Rath (Pogg, cxix. 273) ; 17, 18, D. M. Balch
Id, n. xxxiiL 348).
rolorihUe; 19, 20, Hermann (J. pr. Ch., xliiL 102, 105); 21, Bammelsberg (Min. Ch.,
rflUte; 22, 23, Berzelius (Hisinger's Min. Schwed.); 24, 26, Berlin (Jahresb., xvil 221);
B, Scheerer (L c); 29, C. W. Blomstrand ((Efv. Ak. Stockh., 1854, 296, J. pr. Ch., Ixvi
, P. SUflt (Jahrb. Min., 1856, 395); 81, D. Forbes (I^Minb. N. Plu J., II. vi. 112); 32,
(Christiama Univ. Pn^ramme, 1854, Ed. N. Ph. J., IL vL 112); 33, Zittel (Ann. Ch.
enL 85).
Mlhfrthile ; 84, 36, Bahr and Beriin (CEfv. Ak. Stockh., 1845, 86).
fdmamniit; 36, Berlin (Pogg., IxxxvuL 162).
Si Xl Pe t^ Mn Ce La iM V Oa Mg U
lib 33-02 15-23 15*10 0*40 21*60 11*08 3*0=99-40 &
37*55 15*99 16-83 023 3*19 9*30 0-56 1360 0*22 l-80=99-27 0.
81-86 16*87 3-68 12*26 21*27 240 1015 167 111=101*17 R.
83-83 13*61 3-33 12-72 082 20-90 9*36 1*40 2-95=9902 B.
33-41 10*90 20-88 20*73 0*69 1052 3-12=100-25 Z.
(|)«4-92 16*90 14*98 1*27 13*34 580 1196 0*93 0*51=99-61 a
(1)84-88 16*95 16*36 13 78 7*80 11*50 066 =99*87 a
37-46 18-09 13-84 6*77 976 1-50 13*18 1*02 3-40=99*27 H.
(})32*19 12-00 6-34 10*55 0*51 1537 884 9*14 0*84 119, Na I'OO, ft
0-18=98 15 K.
(!)S3-88 12-49 7*33 9*02 0-25 15-68 10-10 7*12 1-77 2*49, ]S'a 0*09, ft
0*14=99*37 K«
9)38-31 14-3410*83 7*20 — 13*42 270 11*28 1*28 3*01, ]?fa 0*41, ft
1*33^99-06 Ea
80-80 13i)6 18-26 tr. 16-60 690 11*76 1-70 1-30 Hunt
88-lT 11-31 20-72 28-19 9-12 , Cu 0 87=
100*38 h:
S( Si l^e ^e
OXYGEN COMI*Oinn>fl,
]fi[Q O9 La 1h t^ Ca
14. Oerik
15. "
1ft. "
17. "
3206 G-49 25-26
30-99 9-10 8-71
31-88 13-66 10 28
33-31 14-73
12-69
8-69
15-62
28-8,1 2'45
0-40 20Stf
8-08 I
9-U8 1
11*46 S
1-82 7 85 I
16.
Maaa^
32^94 33-60
20-71
1-32 7-87 1
19.
20.
UraU>r1K, SC-49 1821
34*47 14-86 8-24
** 34-08 16-86 7*35
1303 3
7*67
7-90
^ 2-B7 10-85 6-54
1179 7-66
9 25 t'
10-20 1
9-28 II
2L
21-88
22. Orihiie
23. "
24. "
86-26 14-00
32rK) 14-80
36-24 8-18
11-42
12-44
906
1-36 n-39
4-98
8-80 4*87 -
8M4 7*S4 «
29-dl 5-a 0
25.
83 60 12-58
34-08 14*26
33-81 13-04
13-43
14-90
U
4^56
20-88 9^69 1
1*01 10^2 C
I 45 9-42 (►
2e.
27.
0-85 21-43
•65 20-60
28.
S2-77 14-32
14-76
112 17-70 2-81
0-35 1118 Q
89.
38-25 14-74 14*30
82*79 14-87
14-71
108 14-51
0 69 12 04 0-
2-42 9-68 I
30.
2281
81.
82.
14
31-03 9-29
31-85 10-28
20-C8
19 27
0-07 6-74 4-85
1276
1*02 6-68 2
ft 0-1:>0, B
912 I-
as.
" 32-70 17-4416-26
taiOianfa^'B^ 15-54
4 21
0 34 3-92 16-41
1124 Oi
^a tri4^
059 6 76 2?
84..
0-39 2001
35.
'*
27-59 16-14
1601
1'55 1175
2 12 2 28 1
M,Erdmmn.%\M mi
8-62
0-86 S4'89
1^15 6-46 n
An&ljBiB l^ from Igrlorsoit; % G.=:3-79, from Krax, TlinriogiA; 8. 0. ratio {
tor Go., Pa.; 4, from West Pointy N. Y,; 5, G. ^8491 7, near Brdsdea; «. 1
Snanim ; 8, G =3*48—3*66, from Wercbotiirie, Ural, the ao-callM budd^i
H.=:5-6, pitch-blacky no deayage, from Orange Co., N. Y.; 10, G. = 3*831,
from near Eckhapdi*a fbraaco, Berks Co., Pa.; 11, G.=^8*49l, H.=:5, bcilL*blu«
amptoD Co., Pa.; 12, G.~3 34. Pranklin, N. J», In magoetio iron-
ic, 0.=«-77- 3-80, Ba«tnaefi; 14, Riddarhyttan ; 15, G,=4108-4*103, OL
0.=3-983, from L. Laach; 17, 18, Q-=3-69— 371, jet-black, masslvi*. from
19, 20, Q.=3-41 -3-647, ftwn Miask, in the Ural; 21, G.=3-e47, Miai
22, Q.=3 288. Pahlun; 23, Pinbo; 24, 26, a = 8-5, YtU^rhj, 20, G.
27, 28. a = E-373, Hitteroe; 29, Wcxio^ 8w.; Sn, a=^3*44=.H-47, pllch-1
near Wcmheira ; 31, 32, 0.=2*86— 293, gnlL-bic Naes miue, Norwij.
boUi orthocloae and oligodaae ; 38, Kaee vaiuf*, near Areudal; 34, G.
86, r Mack. KuUberig; 86, 8t6kciv ia the Langwaiiil floril, now
B -'j; tound, OD ezammatioxi, that tiio Qitter&e oi^tv cmA
«ad :.... . . a^ for the mineral the 0. ratio 1:1:2. Tbo oaiiiMof
Ingto Oamour, 174 p. c of water.
Th« pyrorihiUi afrorded BerzeUus (I &) 3l 1043, i&l 8-69, H 608^
Ca I "81, It a'J-SO, carbon (hjr loss) 3 1 41.
Fyr-, «to,— Somo yarieties give water In the doflid lube, RB. INiaM
(P.s^-fi) to a dark, blebby, magnt^M With Iho fluxes iMOli
filatliiteik with mtuiatic add, but tf i > ignited are ooi
Obii Oocura in albitio aud oomiuv . . . . (...uhie gnaita^ qjtahii,
HmeitOD*, aud often in mtnea of magnetio iron. AUmUit oocvi In Qi
I7NI8ILIOATKB.
aSootiaod, in small crystals; at Jotun IJeld in Norway, in a kind of porphyry, and at
baUate^ along with nitile and apatite ; at Plauensche Grund, near Dresden ; in granite
1 in tbe Thoringerwald. Oerine occurs at Bastnas in Sweden with hornblende and chalco-
OrMe occurs in adcdar crystals sometimes a foot long at Finbo near Fahlun, and at
is Sweden; at Skeppsholm near Stockholm, in black vitreous masses disseminated
gadis; also at Krageroe, Hitteroe, and Fille Fjeld in Norway ; at Miask in the UraL
i^oocors with small crystals of zircon in flesh-red feldspar at Miask in the UraL
t, at the Bolton quarry ; at St Royalston, in boulders ; in Athol, on the road to West-
in gneiss; at Swampscot, near Marblehead. In Ckmn.^ at Allen's vein, at the gneiss
Htddam. In If. Tork^ near W. Point, in tabular cryst. ; Moriah, Essex Co., with magnet-
Wtite, some cryst 8-10 in. long, 6--8 broad, and 1-2 thick ; at Monroe, Orange Ck). In
It Franklin with feldspar and magnetite. In Penn.^ at S. Mountain, near Bethlehem,
TBtala; at E. Bradford in Chester Co. (called orthite, G.=:3*5, anaL 3); at Easton,
ton Ga ; near Eokhardt's furnace. Berk's Co., abundant In Canada^ at St Paul's, C.
itl^ 0. R; at Hollow lake, head-waters of the a Muskoka (a.=3*256— 3*288,
^ lee Eokscharof; Min. RussL, ilL 344, iy. 37 ; y. Rath, Pogg., cxiiL 281, ZS. G., xvl
16 hydrous yarieties of allanite or orthite are properly altered forms of the species.
ooDtain carbonic add. It is probable that the carbonates of lanthanum and of cerium
times from the alteration of allanite.
hie, in Finland, there are crystals of allam'te having an epidote nucleus, and crystals
taving a nudeus of allanite, apparently indicating that a change had taken place from
ilher.
279. BffUROMONTITB. Kemdi, J. pr. Ch., zliiL 228, 1848.
)hoxis ; without any trace of crystallization. In grains.
Q.=4'263. Lustre vitreous or slightly greasy. Color black or
black.
•ApparenU^ related to allanite, but contaimng much yttrium, and little aluminum or
xuljfOAi iLemdt (L o.):
Si Be i^e I^In Oe La ^ Oa ftg ]^a & ^ ft loss.
2-24 6-52 11-23 0*91 6-54 3-54 3714 0'71 0*42 0*65 017 0-86
txn ICanersberg, near Marienberg, in the Saxon Erzgebirge.
XKSk ft Latin rendering of Mauersberg.
I BreOh., Po^., Izil 273, 1844, Kerslen, ib., Ixiii. 135, Kemdi, J. pr. Ch., zliiL
»d to muromontite in composition, and in containing more yttrium than cerium, but
' percentage of alumina and lime, and no glucina, and is hydrous. Composition ac-
Cendt (L a) :
21 f*e An Oe La ^ Ca % ^a & It
10-34 12-05 1-62 10-46 7*67 17-43 682 2*34 0*84 1-21 3*82=100.
Isn, near Karienberg, with muromontite.
Daiui. An orihiie'like mineral occurring near Brevig with meliphanite,
fiko muromontite, little alumina and some glucina, afforded Mi(£aelson and Nobel
SlOQkh., 1862, 606):
21 9e 2r Be Ce La, l)i ^ % Oa ffa fi
^l 6-42 6-44 4*27 9-79 15-60 1*63 045 14*93 2-46 6-50=98-41 Mich.
17*61 11*47 14-12 1*49 ir. 16*06 NobeL
i; KoM obtaindd also 0-83 p. c. of a precipitate by means of S H. H.=4— 6 ; G.=8'44 ;
1109 tmispaient to translucent; lustre vitreous ; amorphous. It differs from moro-
lOoiBiiiliig Vat little yttria.
19
290
oxTOSN oanporifDS.
380, ZOISITB. Samlpit (fir, the Bau-Alpe in Oarintliia) v, ZoU^ and
before 1806, Klapr.y Beitr., iv. 179» 1807. Zoiflito (fV, CarintVia) W^nu, 1806.
II., J. d- M-, xix 365, 1806, Betnhardi, Moll'a Efem-, iii- 24, 1807. lUudcHt JjsmhJ
p/iv. 1806. lime-Epidote. Zoiflite, sp. diBtinct from Epidote, .B^^wiUi, Ana. Phi,
182». Thulite Brooh;, Ciyst., 494, 1823. Unionite Siliimafi^ Am. J, Sd^ IL rui3S4
Jiid© (fr. near L. Geneva) 27. B dc Savssurt, Voy. Alpea, i § 1 12» HSO. Bi«w*i^
©riacbe Jade, Hopfner, Mag. Helvet, i 291, Bergra, J., 448, 1788. Hepliritopi
manito Delam^th., T. T., il 354. Jade tenaoe, Jade de Souaeure, M^ Tr^ Ir. Mui
r. (/« ^foMOTwf^ j! d. M,, xix 205, 1806. Yar. of Zoisite 71 & Mmi, Ank X fio^E
1858^ ixviL 336, 1859.
Orthorliombie. /A /=llf>UO', 0 A 1-I^13r If ; ^:*:r^
1*62125. Observed planes : vertical, /, i-i, t-l, i-8, t-2, t-f, f4, ;
14, i-i ; octahedral, |, 2-5 ; f-J.
271
/I
its
X i
iJI
i7
7a t.fi=121*» 40',
/Ai-2=:165 21>
f%jA?%5=15ia7
«*-iA«^2=ir>3 51
f 5 A 1-2=145 42
7$ A «'4, front, = 5ft -
t-S A i-g, aide, =123
i-i A i-i, tof»,=iOi* :
VIA IT, top, =80 3
»IA14=125 20, tn4S
f?Ai-I=120 14
iAi=144 57,:
TenneBBee.
Tenneaseeu
Fij^re 272, obfier^
and i'^^ and t-S waii
left side of eimimit nearly obsolete; 271, the nonnal form as dedtl
272. Crystals, lenj^^^thened in the direction of the vertical nx^i
cally deeply striated or furrowed. Clea%^a|^e ; t-t very perfect, Ocan
cryBtalline raasses longitudinally farrowed. AIri compact miusT
IL=6— G-5. G.=311— 3-38. Lustre pearly on / t ; vitn*oiwo«
of fracture. Color grayish- white, pray, yellowish, br *xai
apple-green; also peach-blossom -red to rose-rod* Streiil ned
tarent to siibtranshicent, Doulile refraction feeble; optic*iLxtal p
iscctrix positive, normal to i-i ; DescL
Var«— A. XiiMB-Zoifinni. 1. Ordinary, GoIotb gray to wliite and brqiwn. /a]
ne* 48; Breftli.; of MoraTia, 117* 6, A. WdaWch, the crynul tha thamM^i
places i-S and i^ and baaal cleavage at right angles to / diatinct. For 3L of f
Bralth. ; of Saualpc, 3 ^45, id. ; of Moravia, 3-336^ id. ; of I^dtigV d'd8l, 14 ; «C (
DoAa, 3^881, Id. Unimitt is a very pure wjisite.
S. Btrnftd, or TlmUiA, 6.=&'124 ; fk^plo ; dlchroism strong, aapedaQf In 1
vertical axia; in thia direction reddiah, initiarerBelj colorleaa.
B. liOO^DJiZoisrn; SAirwimiTB *-* ^-^v The original aauiffoHNg froial
lAke Getiava, ia a fine-grained compAci ^ ahoivo bj Hu&l, bott if Hia <
and the oompoaitioo. Q. =8*261, fr \ v of Lake Oeoevai di Smmivi^;
Hunt; .^*227, Fncotiacher; H.=6-5-T ; oc*ior pale bUiiah-gT^tD, graaolah^fnif, to m%
ao; vet^r tough. HiltUn and Pfafflua have deacrihed a aaiuaorito titidr ooobi lil
UKTSILICATE8.
391
lid (anal. 38X It was partlj altered, and had the low barduefls 3 '5, with Q«^
4, Ibie-vpldote, with littJu or no froo, and thm differing from epidote. Formula () Ca'
i^Mca, J9^, alttmina 2T8j lime 37*8= loo. The ftmount of Boaquioiyd of iron vaiie»j
93 p. e ; if much more ia present, amounting to a sixth atomically of the protoxyd '
Dnpoimd appears to Lake the hiouocIIejc iorm of epidoto^ instead of the orthorhombio
\ iooording to the analjBea, has the 0. ratio for fU H, Si= 1 : 2 : 3^, instead of 1 : 2 : H,
19 aa IT thia was another cose in whidi an inereaae of siUcn aceompaniea the iocreaae of
bapoav Both Hnnt and Fikensclier^s analyaea give the 0. ratio 2:3^ for thfi aeaquioxydl i
Bunt's, however, has ao exoeaa of protoxyda. In a siecond analjalB hy Hunt (see belowX
|l contained mixed talc^ amotinting to 10 or 12 p. c ; and if the maf^ecia in the firs^
lieberX ia due in part to talc, thia would aubtract from the silica; and but a small
khifl waj would make the ratio 1:2:3.
[ I. 2, Kkproth (Beitr, it. 179, v. -Il); 3, Rammelsberg (Pogg^ c. 133); 4, Buchola
lOO); 5, Geffkea (Epid. AnaL Dissert. Jenas, 1824}; G. Rammeisbeig (la); 7, GeCT-
1^ Hermann (J. pr. Ch^ iliiL 35); 9^ Stromeycr (Dnters., 37»); 10, Rammelaberg (1.
tter (Haid, Ber., iil U4j; I'A Rengert (Ramm, Min. Oh., 1020); 18, 14, Ramraolsberg
|5, Bernard (J. pr Ch., v. 212); 16, Ktthn (Ann. Ch. Pharra., lix. 37H); 17, Rammels.
Je, Brush (Am. J, Sci., II. xxvi 69); 19, Thomson (Min., i. 271) ; 20, Geath (Am. J.
1 10*) ; 21, Trippel (ib. ) ; 22, C, Qaielin (J. pr. Ch., xliiL) ; 23, Berlin (Pogg., xlix. 539) ;
^ R.. hcil 100); 25, Boulaager (Ann. d. M., III. viiL 159); 26, T. S Hunt (Am. J.
345) ; 2T, Fikeuscher (J. pr. Oh., Ixiiix. 456) ; 28, HutHn and A- v. PfaMus (Kenng.^
■
Si
ii
Fe
%
Oa
Ky*
45
29
3
^_
21
mS&ii^
44
33
2'6
20
p— ™
40-64
28-39
3-89
0^57
2426
Hv
40-25
30-25
4-50
.i-^
22-50
K
40t)3
29-83
4*24
18-85
■
4032
29-77
2^7
0-24
24-36
■
40-74
28-94
619
475
2052
H
40^5
30-34
5-51
21-56
■PSrliMf
89-91
31-97
3-44
0-89 ■
23S6
40-00
30-34
2-06
tJ'23
24-15
Iil. Tyrol
40-57
32-67
6-11
20-82
'' infh,^hik
i 39 56
27 '64
8-00
1-U
26-00
Dh, vvfh.-gy.
41-92
27 09
2-94
1-21
22-73
rUL
42-36
2H-30
8-08
0'5fl
21-60
K flftlEkrarg
4000
26-46
6-33
3-60
20*10
iar.
40*(>2
29-18
619
0-73
22-(57
kCasa.
4006
30-67
2-45
0-49
2391
6» Fa., VhtorkUe
40'6l
S3-44
0-49
tr.
24-1 H
rtiTf, Mass.
40 21
25-59
855
23-28
Xmu^ m, ffn^
4004
3063
2-28
tr.
25-11
^=^98 Klaprotli.
=98-6 Klaproth.
2-09=9y*84 Ramm.
200=99-50 Bycholi.
' — , Mn 7-55=l<Ji>"50Gefl'k.
2*08 = 99-53 Ramm,
— , Mu 1-78 = 101-92 GefTk.
1-69=100-05 Hermann.
0-95, Mn0'lt = 100-18 Str.
2^04=^98-82 Eamm.
1-23^101-39 Richter.
2'87=99-18 Rengpjrt.
3-67=^99'56 Ramm.
3-18, K 0-91=90-98 Ramra.
, iL 1-50 = 98-65 Besnard
0 42 = 99-81 Kiilm.
2-25 = 99-83 Ramm*
2-22= 100-89 Brush,
1-71=99*34 Thoraaon.
0-71, Md 019, Cu 0-24=
99-20 Geiith.
43*30 29-60 28^ 056 22-72 0-26=?9-22 Tnpp
42-81 31-14 2-29
13-73 0-64, Na 1-89. Mn 1-63 =
99-13 amelin.
40-28 81*84 1-54 006 21-42 1-32, Ma 1-06 ^ V 022 =
98*53 Berlin.
41-79 31-00 fe 1-95 22-43 19-68 8-70=100-65 Pisani,
SautmiriU
43 6 82-0 2 4
43-59 27-72 261 2'98
46-84 30 28l*el-31 3-88
42-64 31*00 J'e 2-40 6-73
21-0 — ,
19-71 0-36,
13-87 0-71,
8-21 3-88,
It 1-6=100-6 Boulnng.
^9. 3'08=10(J'()4lluuU
Na 4'23=99-68 Fik.
J?a, ^ 8-83 HuUiu.
* Soda and potuh. ^ Mads Mn* O'
byB«r!ln.
'.=$-853; anal. 6, G.=8 361 ; anal, 10, G.=3-352; anal 13, a=3-251 ; 14, G.=
k^rS-Ml; 18, G.=3-299; 2D, G. = 3-344, some specimens pinkish; 23, a = 3-34;
^ B.=6'5; 26, a=3';{— 3-4, H.=t, the minoml from the valley of the Ehono it
I of L. Geneva; 27, a=S'227, aanj© loc ; 28, Q.=a-i6.
202
OXTGEX COKPOtJNDS*
AnaL 20 in of tbe same mmeFs] that was axuiljzed by Mallet under tbe ii&me
Sd.t IL xx« 85). Id anal 28, VI 8 of the silica was separated as solubk bW t
anotber Bpectmen of saasmiritQ containing much talc (which was eo diaet-i
separation was impossible) i^i •18'10, itl 25-34, Fe 3-30, Oa 12*60, Mg 6*Ttl, ^a i; &6, _
]CK>'31. If fill but 3 p. p, of the magnesia (the amount in anaL 26) belonged to tb»
amount of talc present would bo 1 1 p. c.
Pyr^ etc.— B.B. swells up and fusos nt 3 — !1'5 to a whit© blebby mam. Kot
add; wbon previously ignited gelatinizes with muriatic acid,
Oba,— This apeoipa was instituted bj Werner in I8i)5, first united to epidoto bf
Bemhardi indopondentljr in I»OG, and separated again fromepidote on orjatallogn^itEb f
Brooke, in 1 823. Desdoizeauz has coufirmed Brooke's condusion by optical <fxittitiiatiooi,i
ther has shown that the orystallizatloa is ortbometrie, instead of clinometric ThoUt* ii i
the species by Doscloizoaux, together with the lime-epidote from moet of the kMalitJati
in connection with the analyses. The angle i-5 A ^-1 in tbiilite ia near l&J". BroolBil
upon the Laomorphism of the species with eudase.
Zoisiie was so named after Baron von Zois, from whom Werner rdoeiTed his lint
and TkuUI^ after Thule, an ancient name of Norway,
The oHginal soisiie is that of the Saualpe in CariuthisL Other locaUUee are aa B»
pray mineral of Fichtelgebirge in Baireut^ was referred here by Bornhardi (L ^ ItW^
to epidote. Thulite occurs nt Souland in Tellcmark, in Norway, with bluish "
yellowijih- white gHmct^ epidote, and fluorite; also at the iron mine of Slodetag aiV<
and at Travorsella in Piedmont^ forming small veins with talc and OiCtiDOlile la gnidfil
Saussurite forms with srnaragdite tbe euphotide of the Alps, a rook which, ftMSfM^
action, is widely distributed in boulders over the valley of the Rhone, and the oountiy
Geneva; the boulders, aa ascertained by Prof Guyot, were derived (Vomtho chain of the
through the valley of the Sass^ and are distributed to a distance of 160 m. froi» Uiia^
gin* Found also in Berpcntlne, in the Schwarzwald, but more or tees altered {{
showed that botli the very high specific gravity and compoHition identlfled (be
ite. (For other m^inends that have passed under the name of aauastuite^ leo
Lahradorite.)
In tiie United States, found in Ytrmoni, at Willsboro, in columnar masses ; at ll<
my along with caJcite, in mica schiflt. In i/««j,, at CJhester, in mica eohiat ; at (J<
Hinsdale, Heathy Leyden, Williamaburg, Windsor. In Conn,^ at Milfbrd. la
ford and W. Goahea, Chester Co. ; in Kennet township and E, Marlboro; at JJ\
(Uni&niU) with corundum and euphyllite. In Ttnn., at Ducktown copper minea.
Neither zoieito nor epidote has yet been found among furnace or laboratory prodnd
On cryst, B, & M,, p, 306 ; DescL, Min., I 238. The crystal figure abovf^ by thi
from tbe cabinet of Prof. Brush) is | in. long» but was attached by one aide to a lafga
crystal^ and hence its planes were irregulariy developed The left l-I and 5i-t nr^in
somewhat rounded The angle /A t-l by Deadoixeaujc's measurement, is 121* io\ aa
DosdoiJieaux obtained aUo for i i A 1-2=162' 20', |-l a |-i, top, — \ 30' nearly j ibr ^ A ^
whence i-2ai-2==146" U\ and Miller found lOT'^ 12', whence 145* 3fl'.
2oisite is dodely isomorphou^ with epidote. If the figure 266 under ep
with tbe longer plauee vertical, it then represents very nearly tlii^ fonn of aoiaite ;
prism MAl-t is 115'^ 24\ and -l A-l = ini>'' 35'; and f^^TT^-^r,n,j;,» . v tlie prtW
zoisite in lU* 40', aud the brachydome 1-1 ha3 tbe suujf iO . Thii foitt
the cr}'8tal» of epidote by Rauy luis therefore a crysta!1og< 1 tJie ttama ba \
the species peculiar aigniflcanoo*
2B0A. JABEITJQ. Nephrite or Jade pt. Jadelte Damovr^ CVL^Ui. Wt
^biA^lvey with traces of a foliated columnar etrnctoro oo star
fracture,
iL=f;-5-7, G,:=3 33-3*35, fr. China, Pamotir; :" " V 1
Cliina^ Brush ; 3'3ii, fr. oniaments in ancient Swin? lak* .s*,
beig. Lustre Biib vitreous, pearl j on surfWes of cleavagcyw Color
green to nearly emerukl-^reen, bluish-green, leok-green, l
and nearly white. Streak uncolored. Tmnalucent to siilitimiii
Fracture eplintery.
Oomp^^O. ratio for % U, §1—1 : 2 : 6^ with the protozyda mn\n\f fodi; (t (l^i
IW ^^^^ ^\ ; or, with half tlie eiueaa of silica baaio;-, If fi^Ca, Silioi m% t^
lime eo, 8u<ia 13'4 = iUO. It has the O. ratio and oonatitueuta of dipyn^ whiit MM
UNIBILIOATBS.
293
tapeoiflc gnvify, as remarked by T. S. Hunt, who refers the species to the epidote
Jone^ 1868X and gives the species the same position in that group as dipyre in the
{roup,
a: If Dimoar (L a); 2, Fbllenberg (Nat Ges. Bern, 1866, 112):
Si 21 te Ag Oa ]$ra & £[
69*17 22-68 1'66 1-16 268 12*93 tr. =100*07 Damour.
ike^b. 68 89 22*40 1*66 1*28 3*12 12*86 0*49 0*20, 2n 0-73=10103 Fell
perfect analysis of a specimen fhnn the proviace of Yunnan, China, obtained by R.
will. Cook foond (prir. oontrib.) Si 69*36, ^ 24*07, Mg Ir., Oa 0*77, iffa 13*01, ±
)=97-6a The analysis shows that Mr. Pumpelly rightly indentifles this stone, the
» Chinese, with jadeite (Geol China, eta, 117, 118, 1866, Smithson. Contrib., No. 202).
i^—KB, fbaes readily to a transparent blebby glass. Not attacked by adds after
thos differing tnm saussurite.
deite is one of the kinds of pale green stones used in China for making ornaments,
under the general name of jade or nephrite. Mr. Pumpelly remarks that the feiteui is
most prised of aU stones among the Chinese. He also observes that the chalehihuiU
at Mexicana, of which he had seen many specimens, is probably the same mineral.
Uake identifies this name with the turquois from the vicinity of Santa Fe (Am. J. Sd.,
ABTSGHnUTlL Partschin Jffaid,, Ber., ill 440, 1847, Ber. Ak. Wien, xil 480.
linic. 7a 7=91° 62', C=52° 16', O A i-i=127° 44', O A U=
. 7=116*^ 5', 14 A 14, ov. (?,=116°, O A i=126° 51'.
5—7. G. =4-006, V. Hauer. Lustre a little greasy, feeble. Color
, reddish. Subtranslucent. Fracture subcouchoidal.
3. ratio for ft, fi, Si, 1 : 1 : 2, as in garnet, and near spessartine. Yon Hauer
i, f) Si 35-63, Xl 18-99, ^e 14-17, Mn 2923, Oa 277, ft 038.
Tury small dull crystals and rounded fragments, in the auriferous sands of Ohlapian,
L
OXiXNITB. Schwarzer Zeolith (fir. Ytterby) Oeyer, Crell's Ann., 1788. Ytterbit (Siii-
himina. Ox. Iron, and a new earth) GoMin, Ak. H. Stockh., 1794 ; Ekeberg^ ib., 1797
ha earth yttria). GadoUnit Klapr. (Ak. Berlin, 1800), Beitr., iil 52, 1802.
hombic. 7a 7=116% O A 1^=114° 24'; ail : c=2-2054 : 1 :
rordenskidldy or near zoisite, if a be made ^a. Observed planes :
373.
274.
Ytterby.
Ytterby.
cal, 7, i-i, i-J, i-5 ; brachydomes, J-i, 1-J, 24 ; macrodomes, J-I,
iiedral, 1, i, 1-2, 2-5, f-f , 2-J. Cleavage none.
294
OXYGEN CX>lCP0imi)8.
OaM=125°68'
Oa 2-1=109 57
OAi-i=U6 26
O A 7=90
OAi=iir 2'
2-1 A 24, topv=39 54
i-iAi-i, topj^llO 52
l-iAl-l, top, =71 56
/A/-i = lSr
/A/-$=160 40'
/A 1=158 58
i-S A 1-i, ov. Vf ,=1
H.=6-6-7- G.=4-4'5; of Ytterby 4'097-4-226, but aft^
4'2S6— 4"4:56, H, Rose ; 4'35, from Hitteroe, Scbecrer. Lustre
Color black, greenish-black ; in thin epliDters nearly tran6.pHr«ji
grass-green to olive-green. Streak greenish-gray. Double ref
Hitteroe crystals, &ometiine.s distinct, with optical axes very dii
others often wanting. In the mafis subtrao&lacent — opaque.
"** ichoidal.
Comp^ T«r«^~Gadolfnite varies widelj in Its crTStals, and pbTsioal and dkemfoi)
even la upedmeiiB fVom the same localitj, and much more Wi in thoee of difl^t^^L Tbi
are tiBoallj rough and irregular, and sometimes oblique in different dirBGCioni. IUI^(M
PbiillpB (Mid., 1823), Levy (Min. Ueuland, ii. 46), Kupffer, Seheerer (G»» HoTfogfe^
Waage (Torh. Selsk. Chriatiflnia, 1864, and Jahrb. Min, 186t, 6i*d) have made it mama
Brooke aud Miller (Miu., 322, using the same crjst examined bj PhiDipa). Mieprer (Jd
1861, 184), A. £. Nordenskiuld (CEfr. Ak. Stockh^ 1859, 28TX ^^ Maake|7lie and T. I^
liag^ IV. zxriil. 146) bAve made it orthorhombic:
OaU
CAM
0A«
OAl-t
OaH
/A/
Phniipft,
f5r- Kararfvet
150
116
fr, KanirfveL
Iievy,
M* 80'
140 49
Scboerer,
90*
11» 30'
116
Nofdenskiold,
fr. Karurfr* A
Broddbo.
90*
144 2'
124 34
116
125' 45*
116
Sdieerer,
fr. Ttterby,
144 80'
125 58
116 30
90 W
146 U
12t IS
1I«
liinir.
145 ar
KaskeSToe and ▼, Lang state that the ciyatals fh>m Ytierbj are aometunea obUqtia fai t
of one diagonal, and eometimes in that of the other; they adopt NordenakidfaSfi oaJaill
Waage, who makes the form rooaodinio, eoumerates the pbines 0, /, p-k i'% 1, -Vj
1-1* fiis measurementa were made with the reflectire goniometer, and agn^ ^fm
culated results; which, tn addition to the abore, are, OaI=.39^ 3l\ OaI^tUI
na' 21*, aAH-136' r, l A-1==I36" lO', /a1 = 168" 8', /A-l = 158' %\ WaafBl
relation in angles to epidote, observing that the prismatic angle, 1 16*, which ia i
soiaite, oorreflponds to V a H m epidote (=115^ S2 ).
The Ytterbj crystals examined by t. Lang were partly altered* Xle«:l0laDaiix
from this locality port a mixture of double and singly ref^«cting matisriaV and |iBlt i
ftction on polarized light Amid the diversity of reaulta it is tmpo«Bibl» Id T
ooiTect form.
The variations in oomposition are also considerable. The Ttterby, Flabo. aai^ ^, _
afford approximately the formula ^' 8i; that of Hitteroe, tl* ^i\ tho Ou fMa txtn
and silica being approximately 4 : 3, as in eudajae. That auaJyied by Btl
0. ratio 3 : 2.
Anailyses: 1, 2, Berseliua (AfhandL, iv, 148, 3S9); S^, Berlin (Disam
and CBfV. Ak. Stockk, 1846, 86); 7, BcrteUus (L a); 8, EldiaHaon (Tbom. Wm^ I -
Sdieerer (De Fosa. AUamt, eta, Boroiini, 1840, and Pogg^ Ivi 419); 1 1, K^nlgti
Cttxvit W):
Si
fie t
Co
»•
Ca
1. Flnbo
25*80
45t>0
ia69
10'26
— , ign. OGO^M^
2. Bit>d4bo
24*16
45'98
1690
U-34
— k tgiu OliasM'tB
rtterbf SS-^a —
^P
■^
UKISILICATES. ^^^^^" 396 1
gi Be
r
Oe
fe
Oa
ss-^a —
&000
7-90
14*44
1-30, Mg 0-54, 51 0-48, t 0-19, ^e 0-18=
10065 Berlin.
25se
45-53
6*08
20-28
0-50, Mg on, 3a 0-28, t 0-21, ]^tt 0-20=
, . 98-45 BerUn.
84-65 2-1 n
49-60
7-64*
16-03
0-46, M;?, Mq ^.=99^51 BorliiL
24*85 480
61-46
5-24«
13"01
0-50, Mu, Mg 1-11 = 100-97 Buriin.
SdlS 3*00
41-30
3-40
FeS-OO
S-I6, Mn l*;i0, fl 5'20=99'63 Bora^UuB. _
^6o 11 06
46-20
4-60 Fe 14-55
, A 0-60= 100-65 Richardflou. ^M
25*78 9*57
45-67
I'Bl
11-68
0-34, i^ 4-75=100-71 Scheerer. ^H
25-50 I0-18
4496
12-13
0*23, hsL 6-33=99'42 Scheerer. ^H
22*61 B-^S
84 64
17-38*
9-76
0^83, Fe 4 73, Mg 0*15, i^a 0*38, tt 1-93= ^M
99-37 KoDlg. ^M
* With, oityd of lAathiuium.
^ii'i8,6e9<se,])s^iAa'2i. ^M
iCm analTBes, tlie first two were of the glasBj gadoHnite.
i rado between the bases rntd sUica m anaL I is 1 : 1*02; in 2, 1 ! 1 ; In 3, 1 : 0'94|
kO-94; in 5, 1 : 0*85; in 6, 1 : 092 ; in 9, 10, 1 : 0-72. Coimell obtained, for a spodmeu
[Fahlun, &>i 27 00, Be 6"0i>, Fe 14-6<>, Y 36 50, ^^ 14-33, Ca 0*50=98-88 (Edinb. N, PhiL
Jttn«); which, taking the iron &a protoxjd, givea the ozjgen ratio for E + Be, ^i,
^oio^^The glossj variety is unchanged in tbe closed tube^ but if heated B.B. the assay
r a moment a bright light, as if it bud taken fire, Bwelta np^ cracks open, ond becomes
en in color without fusing. The splintery variety swelija into cauliflower-like ramifi-
f and becomes white, raroly glowing. With borax gives au iron reaction. Only slightly
idttpoQ by *AJt of phogphoms. Deconipoaed by muriatic acid with gelatitiization.
)hiM-^Gadoltiute occurs priueipally in the quiirrieB of Kamrfvot, Broddbo, and Finbo, near
lib in Swindell ; also at Ytterby, near Stockholm ; at each place indiatinctly crystallized, and
Modad mftoiea^ which are often encircled with a yoUow cniat, and imbedded in coarse-grained
ito. At KiumrfVet crystaia have l>een obtained 4 in. long. It baa alao been met with at
l^fnOreenlMid; in trap near Galway^ Ireland; imbedded iu granite in Oeylon; at Brevig
m the southern part of Norway, cryatala aomethnea 4 in. acroaa and twins at this
L Biter tbe Knaaiaa chemist. Prof. Gadolia.
283. MOBANDRTTB* Erdnmnn^ Jahrcab., xxl 178^ 184L
borhombic? /A /about 117° 16', lAt4=12r 10' to 120° 40', ?%iAi-l
W to 141% /A '/-2=1H0^' to 16l°,i4 A i-fl=151° 20, Degel. Cleav-
i-iperlect. Crystals long prisms, usually flattened parallel to i4, and
udinally striated. Also massive and fibrous.
=4. G.=2'93— 3'03. Lustre of cleavjige-faee between \ntreous
gy, of other eurfaces resinous. Color reddish-brown, but altering
greenish or 3"elIowitih-bro\rn. Streak-powder pale yellow or ^TSkj-
&wn. Thill eplintei-s traublueent, bright red by transmitted light.
refraction feeble ; optic-axial plane verti(3al, and normal to iri ;
ctrix negative, and apparently at right angles to i-i^ Descl.
-Jksaljito by Berlin (Pogg., 1&6, 1853) :
ti
Oe,La,iS
Fe
%
Ca
STft
fe
S
9-90
26-56
1-83
U'75
19-07
2-87
0"63
8-90=100-33
I^Ib mbmi itn with the l^e. Beckoning tbe Ti with the bases, as forming part of a sesqui*
lift fphtftie and keilhauite, the oxygen ratio of the protoxyda, sesquioxyds, and sihca. h
I ; 1 : 3^ Of of bases and silica 1 : 1 (precisely HJ'57 : 15'85), affording the formula
tfil'iii*^-!! fl- This, excluding the water, is the formula of epidote, to which tbe speciea
[m^c^^-la the doeod tube gives water, B.B. ftises with intumescence at 3 to a brown
'^ aalt of fkbosphorua in BbF. givea a violet bead (titanic add) and with borax in O.F.
296
OXYGEir COMPOl7in>8,
glree an ametbystine bead (manganese). Decomposed hj mnriatic add, with aepoito <i
and formaiioD of a dark red Boluiion, whiclit on lieatutg, gives off chioriae and becimiMid
Obi. — Occurs at Brevig, in syenite, with leucophanite^ eutx>lite, el^eolite, it:^nttf, I
on the iHloiid of Lammanskiiret near Brevig, Norwaj. lU^dily undergoea alteimtioa.
BesdoizcEmx obaervea that mosandrite may be regarded approximately aa iaooafibQa
EOiaite, iu which *4 Af-3 = 16r 48 , /A/=n6* 16^ (Mb., L 53iiJ. ■
284. ZXiVAITll* Tenite (fr. Elba) Leli^vi% J. d. K, xjI 65, 1807. nvait Steffi, Oiykl,
181K Lievrit Wern., HoflbL Mln,, ii. a» 876, 1812. Wehrlit v, £bd,, Gnmdi^ 3J3, 11
OrtJiorhombic, /A 7=112° 38', 0 A 1^?=146^ 24' j ^a : ft ; <y=rH
1 : 1-5004. Observed planes : 0 ; vertical, /, t-I, i-i^ t-S, t-|, t-^, i-A, w,
domes, 1-t, 3-t, J-!, 2-i ; pyramids, 1 ; in zone i-l : Ij 2-2, 3-S, 4-4 ; h
m: 1, 2-a, 3-fl.
276
\ir
aai
^<:xi^
a
0 A 3-1=116^ 39'
O A 2-1=138 29
Oa1:=141 24
OAfI=167 31
0 A 24=138 29
1 A 1, mac.,=139 32
1 A 1, brju>h.,=lir
1-2 Ai-2=143 8
l.f Al-t = ll2 49
vi Ai-2, brach.,=lCH
/At-l=160 34
/Af-^=164 45
Lateral fa^es usoallj Btriated lon^tndinally. Clt
parallel to the longer diagonal, indistinct. Also coltun
eonipact massive.
IL = 5'5-^«. G.=8-7-4-2; 3'994, fr. Elba, UaM
3-9790, ib., Stromeyer; 3-825-4;O01, ib., Lelic^vre;
fr. Nassau, Tobler. Lustre subiuetallic. Color irou-black, or dark gi
black. Streak black, inclining to green or brown. Opaque, rl
uneven. Brittle.
Comp.— 0. ratio, from Toblor's anal (No. 7), for ft, S, Si=3 : 2 ». 6w wheooe (| ft'-t-
:=::8ilioa 32-8, aesquioxyd of iron 234, prot id. 31*6, hine 123 = 100; and, as lli«
partly In crjatala (havitjg the pluDes i-^ 1-i, /, Ij, thia may be the normat eompoiitKom^
cles. Thifl variety 1b of low s})eetflc gravity, and contains much mangpneao*
The other analyses show a dt*fidency of sUica for a xioiailioate. In Bamoiditefg'a (5i
0. ratio for fi, fl, tji, ft^ll-OS : 6*76 : 1690 ; 1*42 j or for B + S, Si, fl=0 : 8 : 0'1&. ll
the laat ratio ia 7 : 6 : 0 4, and in No. 5, 6 : 5 : 0.
St&deler fonnd water a constimt iogredietit, and, as It was not expelled beldw S^tlfof^
it 08 basic. Hia doeejj-agteeing aoaiysea give for Bh^S, ^i, ft ibe O. ratio 9 : S : !«
I'e. Fe, 2 I 4 : L If H be baaia the 0, ratio of boaeff and ailica ia 6 ; 4, whldi b
formula (tl\ tl\ fi)* ^i\
But in view of the rariation hi ratio 1o the aualjaefl of the Elba mineral, and tta epi
nmgr reaaonaHy infer that Impuritiea are present (as atourotide exempUflea, p. ^ ^ .V ftod til
imporidea are mainly hydrated ozyd of irou, of the 8pe<?tes guthite, whidi miricritl
At a > -' *— -^firature. Allowing for thia admixture, all Uvaite may oome under tba fM
mill: I -i'-hroFett ; with the 0. ratio for baae» and »LIi<!a 7 : 6, ra wtnild a^nil |.
Al , ], Stromeyer (Untera., 872) ; 2, same with y. KabeU'a estimation of II10 iro(
X, IxiL imj; 8, Rammelaberg (Pog^., I 1&7, S40, liin. Ch., 740); 4, t, Wadcemagol and
(Min- Ch^ ib.) j 0, Btadelcr (J. pr, CL, xdx. 70) ; 7, Tobler (Ann. Ch. Fhwm^ xdx. 121)
6a
18 78
IS78
12-44
1&'49
14-47
ll-l«
11*64)
I*a7==&9'a7 Suona]
M7=1014X, 8tr,
100 n Wadrtj
— -- - J i\ fruLkc
17NIBILIOATB8.
297
'phoed fierrite in his syBtem next to epidote.
to^RE ftises quietly at 2*5 to a black magnetic bead. With the fluxes reacts for iron.
sties gtfB also a reaction for manganese. Gelatinizes with muriaUc add.
tnt found on the Bio la Marina, and at Gape Calamita, on Elba^ by M. Lelicyre, in 1802,
xan in large solitary crystals, and aggregated crystallizations in dolomite with pyroz-
Aiso found at Fossum in Norway ; in Siberia ; near Andreasberg in the Harz ; at the
mperino in Tuscany, granular, in limestone with actinolite ; near Prudazzo, Tyrol, in
Sdmeeberg in Saxony ; at Skeen in Norway ; at Hebnm in Nassau ; at Kangerdluarsuk
<L
as formerly found at Cumberland, R. I., in slender black or brownish-black crystals,
joartz along with magnetite and hornblende ; also at Milk Bow quarry, Somenrille,
Desdoizeaux, Ann, d. M., Y. yiii 402, and his Mineralogie, 1862, from whom the above
iken ; his calculations were made from 1 A 1 and 1-t A 1-i The observed angle /A /
ir. Also Hessenberg, Min. Not, No. III. 1.
wUe from the Latin name of the island (Elba) on which it was found ; Lievriie Biter its
Tmite (should have been Jenite) in commemoration of the battle of Jeua, in 1806.
a, and later the French, have rightly rejected the name yeniie^ on the ground that
ions of political hostility or triumph are opposed to the spirit of science. Desdoi-
ilhfoiie,
r from near Bytown, Canada, analyzed by T. S. Hunt, gave (Logan's Rep., 1853, 1868)
fiO, Pe 10*80, ^e 56*62, Mg 2*69, Ca 0-tt4, ign. 1*20=99*55 ; and is referred by him
It is black, submetallic, and magnetic, with two oblique deavages; H.=5*5; G.=
and in powder it gelatinizes with adds. The composition is essentially that of fay-
le substance, although stated to contain some black mica and red granular garnet, has
ed to be a furnace slag.
s probably lievrite, as suggested by Zipser. It is massive granular. H.=6— 6*5.
knalysis by Wehrle, Si 34*60, i?e 42*38, fin 028, Stl 0*12, te 15*78, Oa 5*84, ^ 1*00
:. fhaes with difficulty on the edges. Imperfectly soluble in muriatic add. From
Hungary.
taken as / in lievrite, the form becomes very nearly tetragonal, affording /A /withhi
6 of 90% 0 A 1-1=146*' 24', 1-1 A 1-1=112° 49'.
riTR Esp^ de Schorl (fr. Oisans) Schreiber, 1781, de Lisle's Crist, iL 858, 1788.
ilet, Schorl transparent lenticulaire (fr. Oisans), de LislCj ib., and J. de. Phys., xxvl 66,
ramerstein (fr. Thum) Wem^ Bergm. J., 54, 261, 1788. Glasschorl Blumenb.f Nat,
horl violet, Yanolite, Ddameth,^ Sciagr., L 287, 1792. Axinite 5"., J. d. M., v. 264f
m. 1801. Thumite.
ic Crystals usually broad, and acute-edged.
176 277
278
Dauphiny.
Cornwall
rm=:<?,P='/, w=7', a (braehyd.) : 5 (macrod.) : (?=0-49266 : 1
Observed planes, y. I^th :
298
OTT&mf ooMPooms.
In zone P^m^P; r='l, 2=% m=0, <?=-!
P^U, P; A:=-i-'fl, l^i^l^ fi=t'l\ a, «=/', v:=i4y w^i-'t
; ^=-^3, *=2-% ar— 1', y=:2-t', c^-34, j=-5-{
P 8 P
p] n ; <i=4-'5, nr=3-'8
* ((?), c?, 1^7, 7/1 ; <?=-4-5, t?^-3-S, w?=i-% *=6-% n=S-\<
(i'), rf, «/?, y ; <i=4-^2, ^=7-'l, «^=^'«, y=2-r
Witli also A*=^2-f '. luterfacial angles :
P A rr^ia-i'* 45'
P A 2=116 24
PAm(O)==90 4
P A i=151 5
PAa, adj.,=134 40J
P At/ =136^ 31'
PA^=14C 42
PAy, ov. ^?,=100 48
Paiw?, adj.,=119 31
t^ A^=152 3
n A t5=141
u A /=1641
rAtf=rl43
rAir=139 IS}
rA w=115 m
Cleavage: i-l (v) quite diBtinct ; in other directions indietinctj
massive, lamellar, lainellie often curved ; eoinctimt^s granular.
U.=6'5 — 7. (t.=3'271, Haidinger; aConiibli tHpeciirH'Ti. T.n-cT7i»|
elas^y. Color clove-browTi, pluni-blue, and pearl-sray ; •
aitterent colors, as ci no am on -brown, vk>let-l>lue, olive-gii
different directione. Streiik nncolored. Transparent to ^ubtr
Fracture conchoidal. Brittle, Pjroelectric, with two axe«, the analo
and antilogue (T) pole^ being Bituatcd as indicated in figure 276 ^(t.j
Double retraction strong.
Oomp.— 0, ratio for ft, S, % ^l 1 : 1-8 r 05 : 8*6; wbenoe for ft + S^ ^ -" " * ' ttl
whence (ftVi^i* +2 £1'SPh-4 B*Si'=(R', fi, Ti)' t4t». Accordinj!; to Ro- ^i%
Analyses : 1, HUinger (Min. Schwed., 170); 3, Wiegasjma (8cUw, J^ nx. , , -^ 1
berg(Pogg., 1,3€3):
Ir "Wermland
2, Tre^eburg
8, Dauphin/
4.
6. Treieburg
a Ural
41-50
45*00
43-68
43*46
43-74
43*72
s
2*00
5-61
Si
1366
1000
l6*6iJ
16-30
15'^d
16*9^
da
26g4
30C7
1990
18*90
19^7
— . ignO^^SHII
0 64^=100 4« Si
BfimiQelaberg states that* in the last Iwo onaljaeey 4*d oT the kal entij in mih ii Mil
»a estimate for the boric acid
Pjrr., etc. — B.B. Aiies readily with inUimeaoeiioe, tmputa a pale green odior tolltj
ftiaea at £ to a dark green to black gflaaa ; with boniz Id 0 J. giTes an anoibjiiBi i
naeae), which in R.F, beeomea yoUow (iron)* Ftxaed with a mixture of bUnlpbali af|
iuor on the platinum loop oolora the fliuue green (bono addji Not dnrfiinpOKd ^1
when preyiouslj ignited, gelatinisea with muriatic add.
Oba. — Axiulte ooours in ixuplantcHl glaBsy dove-brown cryvtala, at 6t GriatopHl
d'OiflAna in Duuphinjf with albiteii prehnite, and qmiriz ; at Santa Maria, BwltMOdaBAj
ver mines of Eongsberg, in amidler crjatala ; with homUeude or nuigtiedSc tron ta <
Sweden ; in ComwaU, of a dark color, at the Botalbck mbe, wbtra it alM> ooeofi
fog a peculiar kind of rock with gnmet and tourmaline t at Tr»w«Ikr(Ljil Ctem
morran creek, and at Boicawen Cliffei in &L Buricn ; in DevonabifB) al Brmt Tor, 4 i
TariBioek ; at Thorn near Ebrenrriodersdorf in Saxonjr. It occtiri wStJi gra^ coballf
bo, Chili, at the mine Ia Buitre ; at Fhipeburg, Maine, with yellow ganiot aiul i6mnmi
Maine; at Cold Spring, N.Y, '
For rw»nt orticlea on cryat, BeacL Mul, L 516; Heaaoiib«i& Mk, Kot, Ka V-|kl
▼* Rath, Pogg^ oxxTiil 20, 227. Figs. 2, 3, and the abo^a Um of pisiiit atti
Hath. Fig, 1 in ttom Eoee and Rleas on the Py roelectridty of AxIgM% SdirBl •
iJdmte admits of a high poliah, bat ia deMent in datioa^y of oalof *
Sot- KaTl^j
CinSILICATES*
oinied ftom «i'««'^, an ojk, id alluaion to the fonn of tb© cary«tala. Tlie nam© yamliie Uof
. bat it mt^DS t^oki^mty aud yiobt la uot a diaracterlstic color of the mkier&L
^-CjTBtala altored to chlorite occur on Dartmoor in Deronahire, England.
2B5. DANBURITB* Bimburite Slvepard^ Am, J. Sd,
137, 18Sd.
27»
linic Approximate angles, P aM^110° and 70% M A T=54% and
*AT=9a' nearly, PAe = 135^ Cleavage: dbtinet, parallel to M
less so parallel to T, Crystals imbedded, and
ineli broai Also disseminated massive, with-
ttlar form.
. G.^2*93, Silliinan, ^ Jr. ; 2'95T, ^ 2-958,
Color pale yellow, wliiti&h. Lustre vitreous,
ally rather weak. Translucent to sub translucent.
ittle.
^
^O ratio for ft, B, 5j=:1 1 8 : 4 J <_V Si-hE' Sl'=(i Ca'+f W
4flSlj bone acid 28-4, lime 22*7 ^1^>0. AnalyBOs: 1, 2^ Smith
(Am. J. ScL, n. xvi 305) ;
^ B ^iFe Un Ca %
48-10 2t'73 0-30 0'60 22-11 0^40
48-20 $7-15 102 22;ia undsU
igiL
0-50=100.
0-60=99^20.
I the first to detect the boric acid, but aa he admits (Ernrs Mineralogy Bimplifled, p.
Is was iocorrect — ^the mineral not containing the Id p. a of alkalius announoed by
proved by Smith and Brush. Shepard stuied (L c.) that the mineral had 8 p. c.
It boric add; and yet it is certain that thominerid was the Bamethat was investi*
and Brush.
-Tleld.«^ no water Id the closed tube. B.B. fii^os at 3*5 to a colorless f;^la?s, and
I oolor to the O.K.; this is heightened by moiatt^ning the assay with sulphuric acid
Not deoompo»ed by muriatic acid, but autBcieutly attacked for the solutioo to
of boric acid witix turmeric paper. When previously ignited gelatinizes with
I withorthoclaae and oligoohtflo in dolomite at Danbury^ Connecticut. It has some
» to cbondrodite in oolor, lustre, and brittlenesa, but is distinctly cloaTable, althou^^
^ deft vage are oHen irregular ; it may be readily rocogniaed by its pyrognostic dUar^
Spaniscber Lazulith «. SchkOheim, HoE Mag. Min., i. 169, 1801. loUtlt (fr.
.; KarsL (with deacr.), Tab., 46, 92, 1808. lolfthe R, Tabl, 61^ 221, 180&.
r, J- d. M., XXV. 129, 1809, X de Phys,, Ixviil 298, 1809. Stcinheilite G^dWm,
Pet, vi* 665. Peliom (fr. Bodenmaia) VVrni,, HoOfm. Miu., iv. h, 117, 181T.
Ltu-OB, TabL, li. 219, 1813; B., Tr,, iii. 5, 1823. Hflfd Fahlunit. Luchsaaphir,
kiir in Gt>rni., Saphir d*eau in Fr., of CtyUm Jewdry,
rhombic. In stout priems often hexagonal. I A /=119° 10' and 60**
1-« = 150^ 49'. Observed planes; 0; vertical,
*, t-S ; domes, J-i^ 1-i, 2-1; pyramids, 4, J-, 1, 3-S.
jiss'^ 12', o A i=ioir r, iAU=iuf, u a u
J 25', i-i A t'S=120^ 50', Cleavage : i-i distinct ;
\0 indistinct. Crystals often ti^ansversely divided
iillel with 0. Twinfi: composition*face
iTe, compact,
r— 1-5. G.=:2-56-2'67; 2-5909, Greenland,
per; 2'65-2-6643, Haddam, Thomson ; Ostgoth-
^ Sudermanland 2'61j Schiitzj 2'605, Mnrsinka, Kokscharo£
iireons. Color varioi^ shadea of blue, light or dark, smoky-blue ;
800
OXYGEN COMPOUNDS,
pleochroic, being often deep blue along the vertical axkj am
yellow or yellowiBh-graj perpendicular to it, Streak iincolored.
Earent — translncent. Fractwe subconchoidal. Double refraction
Laeetrix negative, normal to O,
Oompw— 0. ratio for basee and aUics 4 : 5 or 1 : 1}. The state of oxTdAtum of Cb# 1
asa^rtalned, and hence there ia nncertaiiitj at to the proportion betw««D th» proli
e&quioxyda. The ratio usiiallj deduced for ^ R, ^i ii) 1 : 3 : 6. The Ibnnsk I B
^^hlch oorresponds to this ratiOj=, if ^: fe=2: 1^ Silica 49*4, aiomiikA 93-% fl^
protoiy d of iroD ,79 = 100.
Analysea: 1-3, Stromeyer (Untera., 329, 431); 4, 6, SchiiU (Fogg., Ut* 6051; 1
(Pog^., Liviii 319); T, Uormann (Koksck Min. EusaL, fit 251); 8, Sironieyer ^Utitifl
431); 9, Bonadorff (Schw. J.^ miv. 369); IQ, Schiitz (Pogg^ liv. 665); II,
218); 13, C. T. Jackson (Thie Min., 1844^ 406» Q, Bep. N, Enmp^ 1S4): J
Si
M
n
iln
Mg
Oi^
« ^
1. Bodenmain
48*35
Bin
8-32
0'3S
10 16
^_
0-59=99*46 SCltdP
2. Greenland
4917
33-11
4-34
0-04
11-45
1-J0=99*X1 Stremeyt
3. Fahlun
60-26
32-42
Am
10-85
1-66, Un 0-68=99'8T
4, Oatgothland
48-6
30*5
10-7
01
8-2
1-6, undoc. 0-2=: 100-3
49-t
32*9
6^0
o-i
9-5
0-6
2-1, undea0-6=10O-C
6, Kragero© (I) 60*44
82-95
12'76
M2
l*i>i, Pe 1*07=99-36
7. Mursinka
60-66
80-26
4*10
n-co
11 '09
.^^
2*66. iiO-^rrlOOll
8. Finland
4854
3173
6*69 Mn 0-70
11-30
^_
1*69^=99-65 StrOQtfjt
9. II
49*95
32'88
6-00
0-03
20*46
1*76=100-0^ BonwkM
10. «
489
30-9
6-3
0-3
11-2
,
l*9,iiiidea l-6-lyi-l
11. Haddam, Ct
49-62
28-72
11-68
1-61
8-64
0-23
— ^=l(lo-80TboaitQ
12. Unity, Me.
48*11
82-50
7-92
0-28
10*14
0-60=99-4^ Jaokam
Pyr., etc.— B.B.
lo&es transparency and fuseg at 5 --6*5. Onljr partiaily deoonpei
Decoropoaed on fusion with alkaline carbonatoa.
Oba. — lolite oociira in granite, gneiss, bombleDdic, chlorite and taloote i
with quartz*, orthodase or albite, tonmialine, hornblende, andaloaitei and i
rarely in volcanic rockft.
At Boiienmais, Bavaria, it is met with in granite^ in crystals, along with [
chaleopyrite ; the variety is the pdiom of Werner^ named from rr Aiof in allnaian 1
oolor. It oocuTQ in quarts at Ujordlersoak in Greenland ; in granite at Gape die Qftt
^ IDni^erue in Norway; Orijerfvi, m Finland {steinheil' " i^'^rg, in Sweden; 9
_ " " Bninhdt in Sudermaaland ; Fahlun (An ); I^ko lAach, wi
01 Oampiglia Maritima, Tuscany, in a trachytie rock, c^^^ p, ^so Diica, quartil^ i
Ceylon affbrds a transparent yariety. In small rolled ooAMes of an inteosie hla« obht^ i
cf satt of jewellers.
At Haddam, Gonn^ assodated with tourmallae in a graofUc veiti in gneiaa; nw
chrysoberyl locality, in an altered or fiihhmite eoudition^ abundant in quarts Willi
glowish-green feldspar, near the Norwich and Woroeater Eailwigr, hetwoea Htm iSbt
hmebang, where the gneiss has been quarried for the road. At Briiadeld, Um^ i
leading to Warren, near Sam Patrick's with adulari% in gneiss ; also good lA Rklio
in tatoooe rock, aloug with anthophylUte,
lolite is occasionaily employed as an ornamental stone, ond whoa o&l Oiliililto tf
hi different directions.
Named loliu f^om U^^ vioki^ and XtBot, tione;I>ichmiei ftom its dielLToism ; CbnfisHlivi
the gedogiaw who first studied the cryi^ of thospoQios: ^teo/^sitt^ by aodoHs oAir I
Looii and Hauy, who adopt oordkrUe, r^feotod the earlier oomeo 10610 lod dkimM§
Ibnner is uot always appUooble^ and the latter is eonally opptfcoble to wieoe oIImt I
d0ie^ pymteiu, and a rouJiitode of other names, if Judged hy the OiiDO oodOi wooid bt I
DO better claim to recognition.
AJL — The alteratioQ of iolite takes place so roadily by ordinary expotuns, thai Cboal
commonly found id on altered state, or enclosed iu the tdt<^rei! 'iotito. Tbii rlnmii «|
pie hydration (fahlunUe^ etc.); or a remoral of part oi xjd faMoa W oute
the intrDdnotiou of ozyd of iroa; or of alkaUee, form .nd aikm^ Xbo tm
ehaoga oonslata In a diriaioQ of the prisms of loUto tnUj |uaii (^ jiaraUol to Um baai^ i
Bllalloii of tho ittrfiMKa of tbOM platoa; with a change of color to m^MMMft m
gr«yt ftod iometkies brownish-gray. Aa the alteration proceeds, the £Uatta 1
T7NISILIQATE8. 301
ird it JOBj be lost The mineral in this altered oondition has manj names : as
fimlet eaiupUii^ JdhlunUe^ JxmsdorjfUe^ eamarkUe^ cfUorophyliHe, gigarUoUte^ praamliie^
ntB^ as fiff as it is altered iolite, indndes properly the alkaline kinds. Fahlunite and
Bzcepting ttie last^ correspond to iolite + aq. In most cases if the water of the
B indnded with the bases, the oxygon ratio between the bases and silica becomes
1^ tiierefore, quite probable that the strong tendency of iolite to take up water is
let that its silica (whose amount of oxygen exceeds that of the bases by one-fourth)
i witii bases. Regarding the water of the altered mineral as basic, esmarkiie, Mh
Uolifef and praaeolite wiU have the formula (k\ U) Si ; and fahiunite and honsdorgiie^
» as mudi water as the preceding, would have the formula (^', fi) §i + ^ If
ttie oxygen ratio for ft, S, Si, H in iolite, 1:3:5:1 will be the ratio for eamar'
: 3 : 6 : 2, for fdhlunU^ etc. WeissiU, iberite, kur&niie are names of other min-
to be altered iolite.
inguiahing characters and analyses of the different kinds of altered iolite, see
im, and Cataspilitb, under Utdbous Silioatis.
MICA GROUP.
3rals of the Mica group are alike in having (1) the prismatic
(2) eminently perfect basal cleavage, affording readily very thin,
InsB ; (3) potasn almost invariably amonff the protoxyd bases
a among the sesquioxyd ; (4) the crystallization either hexa-
horhombic, and therefore the optic axis, or optic-axial plane, at
\ to the cleavage surface.
ngly present in some micas, and is characteristic of the hydrous spedes paragonite
la, mbidia, and csssia occur in lepidolite. Fluorine is often present, probably re-
. Titanium is found sparingly in several kinds, and is a prominent ingredient of
anophyllite. It is usually regarded as in the state of titanic acid replacing silica ;
I elsewhere given, it is here made basia
IT haaea and siHea 1 : 1.
(PTTB. (1) Contains magnesia, with little or no iron, and much alumina. (2) 0. ratio
len 2 : 1 and 6 : 3. (3) Optic-axial an^e 3°— 20°. (4) Folia tough, and, if not al-
L (1) Contains magnesia and iron, with much alumina. (2) 0. ratio for ft, S about
: 1^ or 1 : 2.) (3) Optically uniaxial, but often slightly biaxial through irregularity,
and elastia
iBLAKB. (1) Contains much iron and little magnesia, with much of the alomhia
Kjoioxyd of iron. (2) 0. ratio for ]ft, fi about 1 : 8. (3) Optically like biotite. (4)
irdly at all elastic.
;; lepidomelane having the 0. ratio for ft, fi=l : 2.
'HTLLITR. (I) Contains much titanium, zirconium, etc., with little alumina. (2) 0.
between 2 : 1 and 5 : 3, nearly as in phlogopite. (3) Optic-axial angle exceeding
brittle, bat slightly elastia
r baaea and aUica 1 : 1^ to 1 : 2.
riTE. (1) Contains potash almost alone among protoxyds. with no magnesiai or
and alumina as the principal sesquioxyd. (2) 0. ratio for B, fi 1 : 6 to 1 : 12, and
lostly 1 : li- (3) Optic-axial angle 40* — 76*. (4) Folia tough, elastic, except in
jt altered kinds.
Lm. (1) Contains lithia, rubidia, and csesia, with potash as the prindnal protoxyd,
ioa as the principal sesquioxyd. (2) 0. ratio for ft + !(, 3i mostly 1 : l(. (3) Optic-
» 70'— 78*.
tTUin. (1) Same constituents as lepidolite. (2) 0. ratio for ft+S, Si=l : 2. (8)
le 60"— eO°. (4) Folia tough, elastic
of tbe Mioa group graduate into the hydrous micas of the liargarodite group (p.
(Q^ these they aliso approach the foliated species of the Talc and CQilorite groups,
ere regarded as of one spedes until 1792, when lepidolite was made distinct Tbe
vj therefbre may be conveniently given here.
OXYGEN COJiPOUM>8,
Pllnj probably included the mineral mica with the Lapis spectdarit (xzxvi 45) or Id
the gharini^a or scales of Lapin specttiaris strowu orer the ** Cm?u» Maiimua, " to ^
figreeabb whiten^sa, were probably thoae of ft soft silverf mica flchUt, Uis fJavmt^
(xxxriL 73, named from A^^nf. sand, xP^'^^i 9^^^ ^** probably sand from a y< r^^isli n
which abounds by the road-sjde in many mioii-schiat regiona. Ajfriooln apt
character of thia aiJvery and golden duat, aa dted below. This ailvery and ^
la the Cai-ifilver and CcU^gotd of medisTal Europe. The foUowing; la the aynoujrn
smce the time of Pliny i
Mica, Ammochryaoa^ colore argento ita simile 8it» nt pneros et rem
decipere poasit, Gemu Glimmer, KatBen-8ilber, Agric^ Fosa^ 254^ 447. i
Iflria lapis adulterinus flexilis aexangiil'^f'tim ChpeSer, Prodr. Crv^t . ^
included], Vitrum Muacovitieuni, V. Rathi?nitieum, Skimmer, Va ! itcstlT«r\ i
gull}, mbra^ viridia [Chlorite fr. SalilbergJ^ nigra, fiquamosa, tu . -lumia, ha
WalL, Min., 129, 181, 1747. Mica pt [rest Talc, Chlorite], Vcrr© d« Moacorie, f«i, A
i. 241, 1753. Mica, Glimmer, Titmm MuaooTitictun (in platea), lOoa ^quaoioeii (ia^l
Min-, 88, 1768, Isinglass (in larg^ platea), Glimmer or Mica (in enojiU »
Chlorite) HiU, Fobs., 10, 1;5, 1771. Glimmer [Chlorite and Talc excluded]
1789.
The word mka has been said to come from the Latin miect^ o crumh or grain, aa ill
applied especially to the mineral in scales. It is usually derived, heweirer, f
signifying (like the German name Olimtiiier} kt aMne,
288. PHIfOGOPITB. Magnesia-Mica pt Rhombic Mlcft* Rhoinbezig
(fr, Antwerp, N. Y.) BreUh^ Handb., 398, 1841.
Orthorhombic. /A 7=120'*, and
281
282
Antwerp.
habit hexagonal,
oblong six-sided prifi
less tapering, with irresuli
rarely, when sraall, witli
lateral planes. Clcava
highly eminent Xc
compact massive fur
11.:= 2-5-3. G,=1
Lustre pearly, often 6ii|
cleavage Bnrlace,
brown to brown isli-r
something of a cop
tion ; also pale bmi
green, white, colorlesa.
ent to translucent in
Thin laminfe tough
Optical-axial direr|i
rarely le^s than 5"
which represents the optical character of the mica of NattinJ \
Oomp*— Mostly (^ ft'-hA 9)* 3i'; ^ basefl induda magiiMla aod Utlla omo im
for all (f ^*-Ki B)' ^i*t AS in aaal by Bammclsberg. Phlogopitfi ii a true Jfagwto «
Analyses: 1, Meiisendorff (Pngg., Iviii 157): 2-4, Crawe (Am. J. Bet, It x* «(
melsberg(Za G., xiv. 758); 6, Svanberg (Ak. H. Stockh.^ t8S9, It^); 9, DiliM»0
XL ii, 121); 8, id. (Ann. d* M., V. x. 519) j 9, a Bromels (i^jgg*, It. U«)j
8l 9tl Fe
1. Jeflferson Oo^ N* T. {}) 41*30 16 «5
1 Edwards, N, Y. 40*16 17*36
1-7T
D05* 9 70 a-as
0*^ io*&« —
Wlthi
mriBILICATES. 303
Si 21 te ibi iig OtL Sa Si ti F
k, y. T. 40-36 16-46 29-66 4*94 7*23 0-96 =99-48 Orawe.
40-36 16-08 30-25 4-89 607 2-66=99-80 Orawe.
war 41-96 18-47 212 0-65 27-12 0-34 tr. 9-87 0*60 2-98=98-96 Ramm,
42-46 12-86 7-11 1-06 25-39 6*03 8*17 0-62,Mg0-36, CaOlO
=99- 16 Svanberg.
37-64 19-80 1-61 0*10 3032 0-70 100 7-17 1-61 0-22=99-97 Delesse.
^ifnh, 41-20 12-37 9-61»l-50M9-0d 1*63 1-28 7*94 2-90 1*06, Li 0-22=98-64
Dolosso
Jberg, 6r. 42-89 6-09lPelO-69 24-88 0-76 0*36 13-16 2'30 =100-47 Bromu '
• Indndes frOB of Fe* o". ^ Reckoned aa 1-67 Mn* O".
mica of No. 6 has not been examined optically ; jet, as it agrees nearly in atomic
with phlogopite, it appears to belong here. It was dark green in color, and inelastic,
chlorite by Svanberg; the analjsis is here cited from the original paper by Svanberg.
lyses afford the O. ratio 1*77 : 1 : 269=7 : 4 : 11, and Meitzondorff's nearly the same,
lorids in the former are about 1^4, and in the latter ^. G. of No. 6, 2-81, Rammels-
fsis 7, by Delesse, affords the 0. ratio 3:2:6; and 8, about 4^ : 3 : 9. The latter
"own or greenish kind from the rock called by Delesse, Minette, occurring at Ser-
) Vosges ; the ratio may become that of biotite when the state of oxydation of tiio
tained ; G.= 2-842. No. 9 gives the ratio 12^ : 6 : 22| ; it is from near L. Laach.
i — In the dosed tube gives a little water. Some varieties give the reaction for fluorine
tube, while most g^ve little or no reaction for iron with the fluxes. B3. whitens and
) thin edges. Completely decomposed by sulphuric add, leaving the siUca in thin
logopite is espedally characteristic of serpentine, and crystalline limestone or
limestone in the Vosges (anaL 7, 8). Indudos probably the mica found in limestone
lits, near Hirschberg ; that of Baritti, Brazil, of a golden-yellow color, having the
6"* 80' and parallel to the shorter diagonal (Grailich) ; and a brown mica frx)m lime-
)er Hungary, affording Grailich the angle 4''— 6*^.
the following localities in the U. States ; spedmens frt>m which afforded the optical
[od, all measured by B. Silliman, Jr. (Am. J. Scl, IL x. 372), excepting one by Blake
GUa, St Lawrence Co., N. T., glassy transparent 7'— 7° 30' B. 8.
I, N. Y., rich reddish brown 10? "
■enco Co.,? N. T., yellowish 10? «»
I's Lake, N. Y., in long crystals of a yellow color 10 80—10 60 "
I, N. Y., rich yellowish-brown color 11 "
c, Orange Co., N. Y., in limestone, yellowish 11 ? "
the Grand Calumet, Canada, yellowish-green crystals many
I long 18-18 12 "
iCills, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., large crystals, fine yellowish-
1 13 30 "
I, N. Y. ; 2d specimen, yellowish-brown 13 30 "
( IGUa, Rossie, N. Y., resembles the Pope's Mills 13 80—14 "
inner's Bridge, Bossie, N. Y., silvery-yellow mica 14 "
Masa , rich yellowish-brown 14 "
ST. Y., near Mrs. Story's, light yellowish 16 "
DCa, St Lawrence Co., brownish-yellow hexagonal crystal 16 "
Bridge, Jefferson Co., N. Y., rich yellow; associated with ser-
le; same as analyzed by Meitzendorff 16 "
ib, another spedmen 16 **
If N. Y., white silvery, curved crystals 16 80—16 30 "
of Bossie, N. Y., rich yellow-brown ; probably the same as
emeur 16 7-16 16 "
r. Y., in Hmestone, deep rich brown color 16 30 "
ttawa, Canada, reddish-yellow, transparent 17 30—18 "
Enex Ca, N. Y., very dark smoky red Est'd 16—17 "
le, N. Y., feint brownish 6—7 "
Oanada West, bronzy, ahnost metallic, semi-transparent if
opaque in plates a line thick ; slightly elastic only ; found with
« in sandstone An^^ yeiy small "
304
OXYOKN CX)MPOrKDS,
2». PronkliD^ K JT^ bronsgr-yellow
24 Burgees, Camida We«t, wlutiah-yellow
26. Fine, St. Lnwrenoe Co., N. Y,, verj dark oUve-browii
26. Amity, N. Y., opaque Bilrcry white
27. Warwick, Pa, browaisb oUve-greea
Aliout II'
About 10
AbotiSlO
Phlogopito occurs bIso at GouTemcur, N* Y^ of a brown ish copper-red ; nt SieHuig
rii Oo.f K, J.J rich jellowiah-browti, indlning to red^ in limestone; at Suckastmi^ i
deep olive-brown, indinmj? to yellow, in limestone ; Ne\vton, N. J-, yellow, to lim««taif,
woodf 8u«9ex Co,, N. J., deep olive-brown, like the mica of Fine, N, Y., m Uinegtoiie; li
rome, Canada, rccldiah-coppery. The crystals at darkens Hill, Stv lAwrence Ox urt raj
Bometimea nearly two feet long; fig, 281 representa one in the cabinet of W. W. Jeflw*
la ^0 in. long, 4 In, thick at top, and 8^ in. at oentra, and weighs 57^ pounds. S^uafnaul
one deep bottle-green mica of unknown locality having the angle lb".
Named fVom ^A(ry(air«ffj Jire-Uke^ in alluaion to the color.
Alt.— The phlogopit©8 are quito liable to change, losing their ekstldty, becoiiuai
lustre, with often browniah spots, as if from the hydration of the oxyd of iroo. In i
an alteration to steatite and aerpentine has be4?n observed. A serjiontiae peeudootorph lAir
opite from Somerville, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., afforded Lcwinsteln (ZS. Ch. Fhttm, "
Si 47-24, M 2-S2, Mg 83'28, Fe 110, tsL 0*67, & 0 61, tl 14-87 = luO.
289. BIOTITB, Magnesia-Mica pt, Heingonal Mica, Uniai^ Mwa, Astntss v
(fr. Vesuv.) BreHh,^ Handb., 382, 1841. RubellAn=ABtrit©B tnipplcufl, BrmifL^ IIJw TO
Haitsrn.^ Handb*, 671, 1B47. RhonibeDgMmmer (Ar. Greenwood Funuice) JT^wi^
661.
[exagonal. H Ali=.62^ 57', crystals fr. Vesuvius, Hessenberg
ill 126. Habit often monoclinic. Observed planes : O; rhoi
^, f -i; prism, 1-2; pjramidB, f 2, | 2, f 2, 1-2 f 2, 2-2, f !
f-i? the form fr. Greenwood Furaaee, the rest fr. Vesa\Haii crji
a83
OAli=100°
^; A 4-2-121 25'
<> A 1-2= 106 50
Oa1.2=:101 30i
Oj\ 41'
OA4-2=i*:iJ55
OAf=113*7
PriBins commonly tabular, Cb*^^ '»**«'
highly eminent. Often in disfieu
sometimes in massive iig2:regation& cm cic
scales.
H.=2*5-*3. G.=2*7— 31. Lustre splendent, and more or lois
on a cleavage surlace, and somotinies submetnllio wlien black ; lalef
faces vitreous when smooth and shining, tvolors usually preen to
ot\en deep black in thick crystals, and sometimes even in thin laniii]
less the hnninse are very thin ; such thin laminie green, hloo<l-rcd, or
by transmitted lidit; rarely white. Streak nncijlored. Transpui
opaque. Optically uniaxial. Sometimes biaxial with eligbt axiil
gonce, from exceptional irregularities, but the angle not exoeediflg
seldom 1"^.
Comp., Var.— Biotft^ fs a maf^edt-iroQ mien, part cC the alumina befof rifilifliid Ig
orvi ! of iron and magpfiiia agisting among the protogyd baiat 9k
pn N Q to white also CMOur. Thfi results of aaalyaea Tiff t
rsaaoo uiriiiuy puikhj— the noD-delenninatioQ, In most csms^ of the degree of i
Uoa; and th«' exact atomic ratio for tha gpedsa and its limits of Tarialioo ara '
daolT tttnleratood. The 0, raKio, wUidi appears to be domlnanti ii t : 1 : S| | '
(|R'-4-ifi)*Si*, which is the formula of garnet la eomo OMsa tht m^
nnSILIOATBS.
i and 1:8:3; and ihrough species containing much iron it passes to micas of the
mite and lej^omelane.
iljaea below are arranged in two diyisions ; (A) ha ring the 0. ratio approximatelj ] :
I haring other rarioas ratios.
Bs: Jl. 1, ▼. Kobell (Kastn. Arch. Nat, xil 29); 2, 8, Smith k Brush (Am. J. Sci., IL
4^ T. Haoer (Ber. Ak. Wien, xiL 485) ; 5, Smith k Brush (I c.); 6, J. L. Smith (Am. J.
iL 91); 7, ▼. Kobell (L c); 8, y. Kobell (J. pr. Gh., xxxvi. 309); 9, Bromeis (Pogg., !▼.
Ghodnef (Pogg., IzL 381); 11, Ohodnef, with oxyd of iron by Mitscberlich (J. pr. Oh.,
; 1% IQerulf (J. pr. Oh, Ixv. 187); 13, H. Rose (GUb. Ann., Ixxl 13); 14, C. Bromeis
t Lehrfo. GeoL, ii. 1418); 16, Bukeisen (Konog. Ueb., 1856-57, 86); 16, Scheerer (Za
D); 17, Kiebel fib.); 18, A. Strang (B. H. Ztg., xxUi. 54); 19, Klaproth (Beitr., v. 78);
«e (Fbgg., i 75); 31, ▼. KobeU (Kastn. Arch. Nat, xil 29).
23, Sdieerer and Bube (ZSw 6., xiv. 56) ; 24, Yarrentrapp (Fogg., Ixl 381) ; 25, Delesse
Phja., m. xxT. 14); 26, Svanberg (Ak. H. Stockholm, 1839, 172); 27, Kjerulf (L a);
fVg (L c., 177); 29, Haughton (Q. J. G. Soc., xviii. 418); 30, H. Rose (No. 20 above),
«il (Na 21 abore)^ with Mitsoherlich's determination of the iron.
A.
0. ratio approximately 1 : 1
:2.
§1 21
Fe
te
Un
Mg
Ca
]?fa fi:
(L
F
n 40-00 1616
7-60
21-54
10-83
3-00
0-50, fi 0-2=
99-76 K.
89^8 14-99
7-68
23-69
1-12 9-11
1-80
0-95, a 0-44=
9916 a & a
89-51 16-11
7-99
28-40
10-20
1-35
0-95 CI 0-44=
98-95 8. A B.
40-21 19-99
7-96
-— *«
21-15
1-65
0-90 5-22
2-89
=98-97 H.
ni00L39-62 17-36
6-40
23-85
1-ul 8-95
1-41
l-20,ao-27 =
99-06 a & a
xr,HB.39i>8 15-88
7-12
0-31
23-58
2-63 7-50
2-24
0-76=98-60. a
bmd 41-00 16-88
4-50
6-05
18-86
8-76
4-30
<r.=99-35 K.
maia 4086 15-13 13-00
22-00
8-83
0-44
= 100-26 K.
ins 39-75 15-99
8-29
24-49
0-87
8-78
0-75
mrncnm A*1
=98-62 a
(}) 40-91 17 79 11-02
19-04
0-30
9-96
=99-02 C.
40-91 17-79
800
7-03
1904
0-30
9-96
=9803 0.
44-68 19-04
4-92
20-89
2-05 6-97
0-17
=98-97 K.
kal 42-111 16*05
4-93
25-97
7-55
0-65=97-16 R.
Kdi 48-02 16-85 11-63
18-40
0-71
1-15 8-60
=100-36*B
88-43 15-71 14'49«
tr.
17-28
tr.
11-42
2-76
— =100-09 a
I 37-18 17-63
6-20
16'35]i[n0'31
9-05
0-79
2-93 6 14
3-62
la 2-47=
100-57 a
37-06 16-78
6-07
16-37
tr.
902
0-57
2-86 5-96
3-77
ti 3-64»>=
101-10 K.
an 36-17 18-09
8-70
13-72
11-16
0-62
tr, 7-59
2-28
0-86=98-69 a
m 42-60 11-60 22-00
20
9-00
10-00
100
=98 K.
40-00 12-67 19-03
0-63
15-70
5-61
200 ti, ¥e 1-63.
=97-27 a
43-12 12-83 20-78
16-15
8-58
1-07
=101-53 K.
B, 0, ratio approximaUly 1:2:8, 1 : 1^ : 2^, etc.
ng 37-50 17-87 12-98 9-95 020 1015 0-45 800 0-83 848 ti 306=
99*42 a
36-89 15-00 16-29 695 9-65 1-76 6*06 440 *i\ 816=
100*15 a
ftd 89-86 16-07 18-21 15-60 042 [13-68, loss hicL], Varr.
»jfc 41-22 13-92 26-90 109 4-70 2-58 1-40 6-05 0-9O 1-58=100-34 D
1 water giTen off on ignition, and anal, made on the mineral after that diying.
(FtaadAL « Ai pabUahed, protoxyd.
20
306
OXYGEN COMPOTJKDe,
26. Parpns 4258
27.Eifel,bf,-&n.43'I0
28. Roaendihl 44*41
29. Gor.Wood 44*40
Sa MinBk 40*00
3tl Pe
21-68 10-89
15 05 25*89
1686
21*53 10*12
U-67 1-97
to
16*39
0*46
1*28
0-C3
31.
42*12 12-88 2 53 15*32
Mg
10*27
10»8i
11-20
614
16*70
1615
Sa
0*83
0-74
Id
iioni
86« 1*07
In anal. 5, G. — 2*80, the diica Ulc-like, pale jwlL-gii. bj tranflznitted tight, fMlafS^i
probably somewhat altered; 6, chloriUi-lik«?i with emeiy, otc; ft, Q.=2't; 10^ 1^» ^^' '^'
goblrge ; 1^ from gabbco, opt. char, not griveo ; 22, 23, bronze-brown to black, in g*'
of protogine of Alps; 29^ fVom granite^ Ireland.
In the Voauvian bbtite, anaL It, 0. ratio for ft, fi, §1=10-06 : 10-36 ; 28*17; tail
12'88: 21*24-1 i l|: 2J; anal 11 (10 as raocUflcd by MitscberhchX 9^25 : 9i*3 ; 21"1i i
as it staDds, gives the ratio 1 : 1^ : 2i ; IS, 1 : 1 : If ; 22 to 29, nearly 1 : 3 ; 3, boi i
dencj of protoxyda in *i7, 28, making the ratio nearer 1 : 2f : 4. The taai two, 34^ lltf
analysos by Roae and t. Kobell, Noa, 20^ 21, with the to and Fe as recently
Mitscherllcb. Mitscberlicb'a results changt? the ratio froai I ; 1 ; 2 to nearly A : 2: 10, (fti
Approximately of phlogopite ; and if hia detennination should be anstaiQed, the f "
analysbed would appear to be phlogopite.
A chrome moffnegia mif/i ( (Airwngiimmer) of a green color, ftom SGhwaize>nitteln, fa fB
forded Schaf hautl (Ann. Oh, Pharm., ilvi 326) over 6 p. e, of oxyd of ehromimm, atul ^i
for the whole «'4 : 9*6 : 2476 = 2 i A : B. Uo obtauied Si 47*68^ 5l IS'IS^ & 6 &0, Vv ^1
li)S, Mg 1 1*58, Na 1*17. ^ 7*27, H 2'86 = J>8*S8.
Pyr., etc^— -Same as phlogopite, except that with tlie fluxes it glrea atrong ratct^^ f<fl
Obi^ — Biotite waa first shown to be optically ufmma/ by Biot» slWr whom. U la i
later, to be hexagonal in cryatallijatjon by Mariguoc (Bibl. Univ., 1841, Suppl. rkf
and !£m<?r(Min., 387); Kokscharof (Min. RusaL, iL 291); and tmite recently, and]
mr M, by Hessenberg (Min. Not; No. viL 15, I86<j). But fltUl the i
sli. tl, OB first remiirkod by Silliman (Am. J. Bd., Jl x. 372, I850\
(ib., XII. t>, i^al); and later by Dove (Ber. Ak, Berlin, 1853), Senarmoni (Aju
ixxiii. 391, xxxiv. 17U Grailich (Lehrb. d. Ktyst^ 1856), and others. Oti th» i
biaxial chtvrueter observed, Descloizeaux, in his Mjjl, I 88, 1862, mad© the »p«dafj|
Blake examined specimens from Greenwood Furoaoe; a silvery-white var. fr.
Lhmaon fVotn Topsham, Me. ; a fiery-red, by transmitted lights from lloriah, Earn
dark bottle-green from Moor's Slide, Ottawa, Canada; and «ev©u difiSefenl Tartotiaa tm^
But the divergonoe, wliich was in aU very small, was not meastired. One of tba i
exammed by Biot is etatod by him to have oome from Topsham, Me. Knk^eh»of i
orystals from Vesuviiis true uniaxiaL
The following are the resulta of maasuraiDents by Senarmoiit aad GrailiGh (twocr t
mioaa perhaps phiogopttea):
1. Asddi pteme partiUlel to ike longer diag<mal
1. Greenwood Fnmaoe
2. Petlegrino, Tyrol ; hexagonal ; in lunestone
3. KATOSuUk, Greenland ; sea-green
4. Lake Baikal ; dark brown
6. AduD-Tadiilon, Siberia,- reddish-brown, in dolomite (phlogopite 7) 1
6. Oeyion; dear green, transparent
1, Fhiladelpbia; dear oUve-gr^n (phlogopite 7)
Z Aspial pla9$ ptaralki io fhi ^it^rter diagcmal
1. Vesuvius; so-caUod mttronttra
2. yeauvius ; dull groea In oolorlea
8. TosDvitta; brownish-green
i, Totttvins; bluish
6. Taamrhia ; menitb-blaok in pttmloe
■^ Ik Baikal ; doefi brown, trausparant, hengocud
UNTSTLICATES.
aor
, P«.; mlTery white
, Tyrol ; resembling meroxene
t^. ; green
1'— 2' GmUich,
1—3 "
3—4 "
rfoQnd the angle 0", or sem, in mica fVom ZOIerthat ; Norway, dark green ; Kartac,
»eii; Retebanya^ greenish to oolorlesa; Goshen, pistachio-green; Leonfelden, bJadc;
fed; Altenberg, dark bluiab; Horn, black; Beaastercze^ dark; AnakairkHarklich,
biolite found on Mt Somma (Meroiene of Breith.) occnrs in brilliant crystals
tllahed faccta. Other foreign looalitics are Damc^d in ootinottion with the anaJ-
from Greenwood Furnace, Monroe, N. Y., analysed bj von Kobell (anal 1),
and very regular rhombic priaraa (Bometimes 6 or 6 io. across) oblique from on
I and also in tetrahedral pjmroids ; the faces of the pjramida incline to the cleavage
to 114° ; V. Kobell gives for the nngle R a R (facea of the pyramid) 71' to 72'. tSs
fK-.t fitialyzed by Smith and Brush (anal. 2, 3)^ as Prof. Bruab has aasured
of von Kobc*Il's specimens at Munich.
tred an altered biotite; it oecurs in small bezftgonal forms, of a red
d of waeke. Steatite is also a reault of the alteration of this apedes^ as in granite
Tbiorscheim. Among the above analyses, aevoral indicate Incipient change by the
present Mica^ altered to magnetite, has been observed in the Tyrol
of Eenngott (Uob,, 1S58, 58, 18&5, nnd described under the nam© Chl&rit tiknhches
Ak. Wien, iL 609^ 1853) is a hydroua biotit<?, probably a result of alteratiou^
angary. It is between mica and chlorite in its characters. Color nearly black,
folia brown to hyacinth-red or rt^ddiRli-yellow : H. = 2 — 2*6; G, — 2*7/5. Oomp
to an analysis by v. Hauer (L c). .Sj 38*18, ^M 21*60, Pe lUn, Mn 2*61, lilg,
98=100, giving the oxygen ratio for ft, fl, Si, fi = l : 1 : 2 : ^. The Fo^iilB
l7'«lso be a hydrated biotite. See under HyDaous Stuo^Tva, p. 393,
290. IiEFlDOMCLANEl. Bduamann, Gel Anz. Gott, 945, 1&40.
onal I In &niiill six-feided tables, or an aggregate of minute scales.
ba^al, eminent, as in other miciis.
G.=3*0, Lustre adamantine, inclining to vitreoos, pearly,
pck, with occajsionnlly aleek-gmen reflection. Streak grayisli-gi*een.
or translucent in very thin laminae. Somewhat brittle, orbnt little
Optically unaxial ; or biaxial with a very eraall axial angle,
>Afl iron-potash mica, 0. ratio for bases and eillca 1 : 1 ; for ^ S, moatly 1 : 3, but
to more than 3 ; of doubtful limits, on account of the doubts as to the state of
of the analyses. 1 : 3 for the ratio of It, H gives (^ ft'+f H)*i4i». Differs from
le flmaller proportion of protoxyda and little alumina and magnesia, but appears to
fl in optical characters.
: 1, Soltmann (Pogg., L nM); 2, Svanberg (Ak. K Stookh., 178, 183f>) ; 3-7, Hangh-
6a, IT. 129, xviiL 413, Pha Mag., IV. iviiL 259); 8, Bing (Gieb. u. Heintz, Z8.Nat.,
;8Qe>ia
k 3£l Pe pQ Mn Sg Ca
37-40 11*60 2t*66 12'43 0'26
S9'4B 9 27 35-78 1*45 2*54 3-29 0'31
3^0 12-26 23-55
36 55 17 08 23 70
36-20 15-96 27-19
3S-16 19-40 26'Bl
35*50 20*80 19-7t»
36*98 20*^5 2314
Sra Ifc fi
.^- 9-20 0*60=99*49 Soltm.
5'U6 1"83. Ca 0'S2, F 0*29=
99-58 SvBsib,
0-96 1*00 7-25 4'4S 0*47 7 30 l'fV0=99-76 Haughton.
3-5& I -95 307 0 61 0 35 9*45 4-30=99Gl Hanghton.
0 64 150 5*00 0*50 016 8*65 3-90=99 69 Raughton.
0 02 0^40 4*29 Oo8 0-48 9 OU 2-40 = 99-*>4 Haughtoo.
7*74 1'70 4'4rt L>'6ti 0*10 900 0'25=99'81 Haughton.
6-16 2*96 5*44 8 62 ^108'45 Illing.
pidomelane, anal 1, afforda the 0, ratio 1 : 3 : 4. The rrish variety (anal. 4, 6, 6,
I result, 1 : 3-3 : 4*1 ; Ko. 4 is from Ballyolliii, and 5, 6, from I>onegal Co. Tim
t affords 1 : 4ti : 62 ; but if the water be made basic, I : 31 : 4*3 ; and anal 8
1 1 W : 3-8; both near 1:3:4. The miaeral of the laat haa a=896, and is
. at a red heat becoraea brown and fuses to a black magnetic globule.
! add, depositing ailica in ecaies.
196 OXYGEN OOMPOUNDe,
ObB.—A ftcaly-aoassiTe mineral ot Peraberg In Wermland, Burden, oonteiaiQf hnMSd\
of horablende, the fwmles half a line or ao acroBS ; micikrlike at Abborfofis iJi FSnltDd; b
in Ireland, ni BallyclUn in Carlow Co., Leinster, at BalJyia^iien in Donegal C<^ and i( I
moaUy m Irtr^ish crystals or plates (^ inch across and largt^). The Donegal and liHofMrC
ifl optically unlarial, accord tng to Haughton. The grantto oontalna also a whitameie
anal 8-11, under MuscoviTBj; and in Bome csaee the blade and white foiro paita of
ciryata) ; and, where so, the optic-axial divergence of the niaacoiito was dimmtahad,
to aome trials, 20°. Named from Xrir^ scalf, and pt^at^ blaeJe.
Alt.— Haughton gives the following as the compoeition of an altered form of tho bi
of Donegal Co., Ireland (Noa. 5, 6, above); it was from Caatlecaldwell : .^i Sl'ftw, Xl !»'
28-36, l^e 4-04, Mn 1'20, Mg 703, Ca 0-4o, Na OH, t 3 90, fl 8158= 100-61. U
oblonte.
Ptikolitb of Breithaupt (B. H. Ztg., xxiv. 336) appears to be an altered
pearly lustre, and a color between oliTe-green and lirer<brown ; aoaly massite In taxtum
analysia by E. MOller he found part of the mineral soluble in heated mariiitlo acM md
and in analyses of the whole and the parts separately, the fdlowutg results:
.^t ^ P^ n iig Ca If^a t
L The whole 39*38 6*65 19-B9 ]6'43 0*66 6*47 2^1 T-C
8, 8oL part 3608 409 2C'98 14*28 6-43 3*68 Ml
3. InaoL part 60*U 1203 23*43 eU T4
The 0. ratio for the sol able part ia 2 : 3 : 6; for the InAoluble^ 3 : t : 10. It oeeon il
Norwar, with aatrophyllite, wohlerite, ccgirite, etc
A Brevig mica afforded A. Dufrance (ZS. G., xiv. 100) ^i 35-93, Si 1 0 ItB, ?ia 9<n '
lin 0-72, Mg 6-i:i, Ca li)4, Xa 5^8, fe 024, fi 4-30, f\ 0-99=101-26. It Is probaMf ■
micfl^ aa shown by the amount of aoda present.
Babto»7it£ is a mica in large plicaCed plates, of a greenish-brown color, greasy toil
small optical angle, easily fiisible into a blade enamel^ diaeorered by Dammit in aqoiit
Baatoigne, Duchy of Luiombourg (Desd. Slin., 498, 1862).
A brownish -black mic4i from Rcnchthal, in the SohwarswBld, with slight optie^axiali
pearly motttiloidal lustre, afforded Nessler (Jolireab., 1863, 820) ^ 38*34, Xl 33-80, % I
t'40, % 0-36, ]S'a 0 66, J^ 422, ft 1*36, F tr,, T\ 0 60=100 37.
291, Anxitb Dana. The Icpidomelane of Oape Ann, desicffbed tad uialTSid by JL ]
(Am. J. ScL, IL xliii. 222), differs, according to Uie analyses, in hATing the O,rmtio \ Ai\
of I : S : 4. In optical and other physicaTolisfttoters it Sa like lepldomelane. It i*x\\n
and disseminated acalea; IL = <S; G,=a'169 ; color blade; atrealc dark gnMsD ; opa(|Qa»^
?ei7 thin folia. Cooke obtained :
Si aU Fe Hn ^e iflg Li & S^a, fib ft 8fr
A. (1)39-56 16-73 12 07 060 17*48 0-6S 0-59 10-66 tr, 150 0 62=5U
B, 37-39 16*66 J 374 064 19-03 0-69 10-20 1*76 ^— =U<
AnaL B is deduced from A on the suppoaitton that the mineral was mixed htthsid
result of contemporaneous erystalli^otiou) with ct7ophyllite, an aaaociated tpeca^a at Ibi
and that the amount of lithia indicated the proportion of cryophyllite. O, ratio did«
latter for !{, ^ i4i, ft-6'2 : 12*1 : 19*9 : 1*6. It may be found that the biotitet hxf^
for & !l=l ; 2 should be here placed.
Occurs In the Capo Ann granite, 'with cryophyBite, orthockse, albitGi aiMl lircon (^
292. ASTROPHnXTTB. Astrophyllit Schmw, B. H. Ztg., zUt 240, 1864
Ortliorhombic ; habit nionoclinic, /A/=120°. Usnally in
prisnas ; often lengthened into stripe with parallel sides m tJjo direct
the shortetr diagonal, 01)ger\'ed fonn a narrow tabular crjTBtali teroii
in front in two pliuies of an octahedron, and below theieone of •!
dome ; the front angle of the former IkMf^ and tlie (Klgo between ih
inclined to O 125"^; 6^ on the macrodome KJO^ Cteav«ge : bmli
Sometimes in btellate groiqjs.
H.=3. G.=:3*3^/Piftani. Lustre submetalliCj pearly. Onlor
yellow to gold-yellow. Powder resembling that of m(jsaio goli 1
HI
l^-^Beriiftpi (^*,S)* Bi', the titanlam ozyd being Inekded vrith the b&fi^a. The protozjiU
i-^fot of iron imd mangaoede, with potasti, soda, etc ; the scaquioxyds tho^e of iron and
; die deutoijda that of titanium^ and perhaps tliat of zircociimL Analjaes : l, Pisaul
^46); 2, 3, 4, Scheerer, Memecke, aud Sieveking (Fogg., eiiiL 113) :
I'
m^-u —
■ g-76
^l
Pe
4i>0
375
3^02
7'i>7
346
805
a-4T
8-51
f& Mn
23*68 990
21-40 1263
1806 12-68
25-21 1059
Mg
■27
P64
2-72
0-05
Ca
113
2*11
1"86
0-95
Na
2-24
402
3*6y
S ign.
6-82 r86=i99'llK
S'18 4-4l=99-06a
2-94 4 63 = 99-5 1 M.
0-65 4*85= 100*^4 S.
AoalysiB givea for the 0. ratio of % U, fi, % % 9 78 : 407 : 2-99 : 17*72 : r65=ap-
(water ezcladed) 10 r 4 : S : 17 ; or for baaea aad allica 1 ; 1 ; and SieTeking'a aimlj-
9*28 : 4 17 ; 342 : 17 97 : 4-3l=(water excluded) I : 1 for baaea and silica.
BJL swella up aud fuses easily to a black maguetic etiamel With soda or borax,
reactioiL Dcxx>mpoeed by muriatic add with a separatioD of BiUcft in
^-><lcean at Brerig, Norway, in ciroon-aycDite, imbedded ia kiaoUar feldspar, aud asaod-
Hh oatapLatite, and large prisms of black mica.
BbOOVXTB. Gotnmoa lOca; Potaah l£ioa; Biaxial Mioa; Oblique Mica. Glimmer,
Kger Ghmmer, Germ* Muacoyite i>ana, Min,, 35d, 1350. Pheogit v. Kob., Taf, 62, 1853.
Jijine) Thom^ Eec Gem ScL, 332, 1836. Fucbaite, ChromgUmiDer pt, Scha/hili^
, xUv. 40, 1842. ToJoite (fr, Wicklow) Thomson, Rea Gen. Sd^ iii. 332, 1836
} Xinoan=mAisXY& scaly laic], Adamsite Shcp., Hitchcock's Hep. G, Vt^ 1484,
liorliorabic. I A 1=120'^ Habit monoeliiiic. Observed planes : 0;
r, ^i, t-l, iri ; domes, 6-J, 4-i, 2-i, \f-^ l-i,f-i ; octahedral (or hemi-
J) 4, 3, f , 2, i, f , 1, 1^, h h^l ^-3, f S, fs.
.121^ 16' O A l-i:^106^ 53'
1=94^ 20'
8=98 38
U=1U2 50
ll=106 53i
OAh
C> A 1-1=125 2
0 A ♦-l=.114 29
0 A 61=92 54
2B5
O A 24=98 38
0 A 4-1=94 20
OA6-i-92 31
i
ey
IHiaek, UraL Binnen Valley.
; bafial eminent; occasionally ako separating in iibres parallel
nal. Twins : often observable by internal markings, or bv poUir-
; composition parallel to / con&isting of six individuals thus
>metimes a union of / to /-I. Folia often aggregated in stellate,
ise^ or globular forms ; or in scales, and scaly massive.
=2—2*5. G.= 2*75— 3*1. Lustre more or less pearly. Color white,
jwn, hair-brown, pale-green, and violet, yellow, dark olive-green,
810
OXYOEN 0OMPOUKD8.
rarely rose-red ; often different for transmitted and reflected
ferent also in vertical and transverse directions. Streak uncol
parent to translucent. Tliin laniinsB flexible and elaBtiCyj
i)onble refraction strong ; optic-axial angle 44° — 78*^.
'tt+B,
^S<
' elthBT.
I almost solely. These ratios may herefldcr i
niter a correct dotenoiuution id each c&se of the degree of oxjdatiou of the Uoil
present, but not orer 1 p. c. has io any case beeo detected.
WaUT id often preaent, cjipedally where the latter ratio ia 1 : 6 or 1 :tj Hid it
amouDlB to 5 p, c ; and the kinds containing 3 to 6 p. c. of water hare been fifeffwi i
cies Margarodite ; making the water basic in such kinds, the 0. ratio for ba»M aod tfk
1 : 1, as in other unUilicates. The hydroas kinds bo gmduate into the snhydroua libM
Bes are hero brought all together, aUhough the aped^ margarodtie \s introducvd m
The ratio 1:11 ^^7 indicate that nmi^corite ia a csombinatfon of 3 parts of a unipilJiCM
a biflHicate, as in the formula 8 {ii\ ft)' 8i' + 2 {tL\ H) §i\ But if the oiinoml it a tnitiai
Its relation to biotite and phlogopite would indicate, but wilhim eic«*8a of gnica,ih©fcfiii
( k\ Uf Sii»+ U Si ; or else with half the excess of silioa baaio. WiUi the 0. r f* - i * N
the bAses oonrcspoud to f£»-f-f S; with 1 : 9, to ^ ]&*-»- A fi; with I : IJ
The analyses are here arranged tn groups; first, aooording aA the oxyg- > I
bases (!^ + l^) and silica (SI) Is 1 : I^, or 1 : li; and mhordinaUsf^ into tli06«in whksk
ratio between tlie protoxyds (ti) and sesquioxyds (H) is either 1 : 6 approxiiiial«lft or
12. It is to be remarked that the incipient altemtion of a mioi, attended willi Ibif
a little magnesia, lime, or soda (Mg, <X or Na), with a remoyal or nol of eoat
Increase the proportaon of protoxyds and Uiua change the latter ratio from I : I
^duoe the intermediate gradations.
Analyses : A. 1. 0. ratio o/ B, ft, 1:6 ; 1, Delesse (Ann. d. M,. IT. xrl 203)
X, Ixixl 38) ; S, Sohaf bftutl ; 4-6, Smith A Brush (Am. J. 8d., U. it! 4(K 41
aughton (Pliil Mag., IV. ix. 212); 9, Sullivan (J, G. Soc. Dublin, iv, 165); '
^ (L a, and Q, J. G. Soc,, iviii. 4U, ix. 280K
2. 0. raiw of ft, tt^ 1 : 9; 14, Kupsln (Ramm., 4th Suppl., 75, and Mia Oi., Ul); II
a., viL 15); 16, Scliafhautl (Ann. Ch. Pharm., iliv. 40); 17. 18» Fudis (Jahrk Min^
1», Apjohn (Q. J. Sd Dublin, i. 119); 20, R Boricky (Ber Ak. Wien. Uv. t^ty
a 0, rati&Qf ft, S, 1 : 1 2 ; 21, 22, H. Rose (Schw. J. xxix- 282, GUb, Ann., Uxl 33, 1
23, Svtttiberg (Ak. H. Stoekh., 1839, I55)j 24-26, H, Rose (L a); «7, J. 0, Dm«k
I860, 357); 2«, V. Heuer (Ber. Ak. Wien, ilvii 216V
B* 29, 7. Rath (Fogg., xcriil 285); 30, EJerulf (Eamm. Min. Ch., eSS); Bl, T*
288) :
A- Oxygen ratio of ft-i-H to Si I; li, or nearly. In 1» 1 :l-25; 2, 1: 1^24: «, !:I1
1'25; 6» 1:1-2; 7, 1:12; 8, 1:1'24; % 1:1-22; 10, 1:1-28; 12, 1:126; 1S» U
1*23; 15,1:112; 16,1:125; 17,1:1-36; 18, lrl'2lj Id, 1 : 1^2; 20, I : l-^e
1. 0. ratio o/ B, 3^ 1:6. (MABOABODrrK in part,)
St. Etieone
?
Zillerthal
MOQIMy OL
Dtchfleld, Ct
Dublin Oo,
Gleodaiongb,
9, Glenmalure
10. lit Lehister
11. Donegal, whik
12. *» *♦
II, Yttari>y, "
46-23
47-81
47 05
UGO
46'70
44*60
48-47
4471
47-41
44-64
44-80
45*24
%1
3S0B
32 66
349U
88'91
aS'76
3fl-23
81-42
31*18
S621
80*18
29'7G
3564
1-45
0*^9 I '55
4-07
2*70
2-86
0 50 4*10
1 88 144
im 1*27
1-29 2-51
tr,
0*46 0-»2
0-61 0 54
i ft P
8-87 4*12 Ir.. ftnl^:
10-25 2 43 =99t«(]
7-96 1*45 "iH SH !
7 32 4 63 0 8:
7-49 4 90 Ob.,
3*48 2 10
3*06 1-28
1'50 1*95
269 O'OO
3*1 1 1 15
1*84 0-37
47y 1 13
4 69 0i»0
811 r67
eiio 0-72
8-80 0-71
2-24 0-71
XTNISIUCATES.
& Xl Fe Ag C« *ra IS: S
44-71 35-29 41 a 0*39 0-98 8'82 6*00
311
Jlidfcfif^ 47-5*6 34-46 I'SO OTl 0-69 0«7
4502 S800 6'G7 8u8 O'lS 104
44-56 34 '68 6*60 3 04 0*13 MiS
firn,! 46-43 37i>2 0*46 U'l? 0*67 1-54
4874 37'96 2'41 2"a»
-=100 Roth,
10-75 035, ^r 8'i>5= 100*93 Sohafh.
8*89 331 M«, Mn 1-75— 101-0& l^jcht.
8-86 8-28 1-16, Ma 1-73^100 Fuchs,
0^63 4-40 =101-21 Apjohn.
8'07 5-45 ^=100-20 Borickj.
H; 2d,
^S 1:12 (in 15, 1:12*4; Id 21, 1:12*5; S2, 1; 9'6; 28, 1:183; 24^1:11*9:
, 1 : 11-2).
BBTO^ vflft.
47-60 37-20 3*20 — — ^
46-10 81-60 8*d5
47*97 8U*a6 5*87
46-22 34-52 6-04 21 1*
46-36 ae-SO 4-53
47*19 88*80 4-47 2*58»0*I8
46^5 8%»'20 (r, 1'02 O'U
47-60 36-70 4*81 0*60 0*43
9 GO 2-63 0-58, Mn 0*81 = 101*47 Eoae.
8-3» I -00 1*06, Mu l-26=9**Hj6Roai!.
831 8 32 0*72, Mn l-5t>=99*54 8v.
8*ia 0*98 1-08=99-12 Rose.
9*22 1S4 0'67= 9^*42 Rose.
8*35 4-i>7 0*28— 100-87 Rose.
6-56 4 90 — — 98*»2 I»arrack.
e-07 4*04 =98 74 Haucr,
nt10offt'^HtoSi 1
UwTg
'HnOltieludtHl.
U, or nearly.
49^04 29*01 5-56 OTS 0-17 0*50 11*19 4*65 '=100-«7 Rath.
61-73 28-75 6'H7 0*62 2-14 8*28 0-83=99*7i Kjemlf,
50-10 28*05 6-46 040 241 1*26 7-B6 8*87 =99*11 Rath.
1, 0,=2*S17, graji»li*white, id graphic granite; 2, G.=2*88l, BOver-wljito, witli black
; 4, 5, with topaz and tiuorite ; 6, G.=2*76, colorieRR, pearly, with cyanito ; 8, G. = *i'793,
; trp,; 10, gray, silvery, trp.; 14, G. = 2*817, white; 16, white, pBeud. after undalus-
I, G,:=^3'123, in hexog. scales, from pri*ttmte, opt, chur. not given; 19, G. = 2*802^ in
mped maases of intersectiDjsr laminic; «U, f>,=*i*86; 28, G.=2*86; 29, G*=:a867»
•fter orthoclaae; »0, pseud. al\er orihoclaee; 31, 0.-2*83*^^ silvery white, 11*11,
p^ead. after acapolite.
' micsa of Goshen, Masa., afforded Mallet (Am. J, 8clp IL zxilL ISO) & 9*08,
mloa, oooatitiitiag a micaoeoua schiat or rock in Derby, Vt. — ^the a^^called
if ShepMd — conaists, aocordiag to G. J. Brush (Am. J. Scd^ IL xudT, 316|, fcsi 47-7^,
Se-29, Ca 0-24, Mg 1-85, alkalies (by loss) 8*77, ign. 5 09, and has all the ordinary char-
mica.
giTee for the eoropoaition of a mica reported to oome from Orange Go», N. Y. (Min., I
& a3'67^ Pe 73 1, II 16*29, Ca 6-13, Li 0*06 = 101 '89, Little reliance can be placed
fbmieirlj called taleoae schisiy from Ztllorthal in TyroU and named didymite by Schof-
Ch. Phann., 1843, J. pr. Ch,, Ixxvl 136, not dtdrimfte^ as aoroetimea written) ia near
io its composition. It ia feeble peariy, and grayish-whito in color; 11 = 1-5—2; G.=
UfhitiU obtained Si 4*J-69, Xl 18-16, Pe 5'25, Sla 1*23, it IMG, fl 0-60, Ca C 22-74=
also t>een called ampMogik. Probably onty a mica aehii^t
If of mttsoovite (I) composed of scalea arranged m ptumoHc forma is called j»2«tffiow mica ;
(2) baring a diagonal cleavage^ clearing sonietijuoa into thread-liko piooeSf primiatie
»...>« j<^.greea variety (8) is th» fuehitUe or chroroe-mica, containing aometimee nearly
rome.
iie dosed tube gives water, wliich with brazil-wood often reacts for fluorine.
•umI Aiaes on the thin edges (F.=5 7, v. Kobell) to a gray or ycDow gkas. With
Inactions for iron and sotnetimea manganese, rarely chromium. Not decomposed by
NQpOsed on fusion with alkaline carbonatea.
noofvite Is the most common of tbe micas. It is one of the conatituents of grautte,
•dust, and other rekted rocks, and ia oceaslonally met with in granular limestone,
lavm ; and occurs also disseminated spuriugty ki many fragmontal rocka. Coareo
ajreigiuioaa often form the matrix of toposs, tourmaline, and other mineral species in
laminie of mica sometimes exceeding a yard la diameter ; and other remarkaUte
are at FXnbo in Swedeu, and Skuttenid in Norway. See above for other locali-
Of ehrttme mica oocura at Greiner in the Zillerlhal, at Passcyr in T}toI, and on tljo
Ip^ aa Wt^U as at Schwara&ensteixL
312
HfSTBVaX COMPOUNDS.
In N. Eamp,^ at Acwortb, Grafton, and Alstfyid. "- -^- '', th« pUtoe it times a jirf^
and pcTfoctly transparetiL Iq Maine, at Paria ; at 1 u flue crfSfAla; at L'ftitj, a i
color, on tlio eatiite of James NcaJ (Thomson's nacriii., ... i.'ris-d u^ Ptmufiwidt), ,"
Chesterfield, with tourmaline and alhite ; at Barre and Sou ^
at MoudoQ aod Brimfleld ; at Chester, Eampdoo Co., faint ^si
mianamed lepldoltte); prismatic mica, at EusaeU. In Cohh^ ui Ikloaroii^ oi a dusk;
baTiog iuternai hexagonal bands of a darker ahade ; at Trumbull, at the topax '
radiated aggregations (colled margarodiie) j at Litchfleld, with cyanite, oolorleit'
(mnrgarodite), Q.=2'76; in browni hexagonal crystiGd at the Middletown feldflficr
itaddam, pale browiiish, with colambite, and also siKiilar at another locality with
N. York^ 6 ra. S,E. of Warwii^k, crj'Btals and plates sometimoa a foot in diafh4;Ur, to t
feldspar; a mile N.W, of Edenville, in six aided and rhombic prUmE; ailrtry, at*]
viUe ; In St. I^vrrenee Co., 8 m. from Pot^^dum, on the road to PierrepoDt^ in plit«» T lOi
town of Edwards^ in large prisms, aix-sided or rhombic; GreeuileM near Sandtyit in
brown crystals with chrysobcryl ; on the Croton aqueduct, near Yot ' ' ombic
a transverse cleavage. In iVnn., in fine hexagonal oryatols of a da: kit at
near Peons viUe, Oheatttr Co ; at UnionviUet whitish j Delaware Co., ^*^. .u-u. - umu,
with hexagonal internal bands, which aro due to magnetite (sec p. 1 50) ; at Chei»uui
Wis^ohicoon, a green variety ; at Leiperville, Delaware Co., faint greenish. In A', Ji
at Newton and Franklin. In Maryland, at Jones's Falla, a mJLle and three-qtUM'tecr
more ; the pktea show by transmitted tight a series of concentric hexagoos^ the M
Are parallel with the sides of a hexagonal prlsxn.
Marignac obtained (>A4=.94" 5u', and Oa2:^1»8" 30' (fig. 286); O A 1 = 107* 5, from
vUn crystal Kokacharof (;a1 = ]u6^ b'A 30", Yesuvian crystal; Zepbarorkb Wt
same angle, and 116'' U' for 0 a }.i (Ber. Ak, Wien, liv. 286).
The following table contains the opUe-axial angle, as tneastired in th^ air, for rwam
vftee:
1. Amerkan; as meaaured by B. SilUnum in IdSO (L c).
X. New York Island, 4 m. from city, violet-^ray
2. BoyalstoD, Mnss., dark brown, fine crystal
8. ib. ib. ib. ib. another
4. Fenusbury, Fenn., smoky brown, striated
5. Philadelphia, greenish-gray, banded
6* ib., near Fainnounti aihok^ brown, reaemUea Na 4
t* Oxford, Maine, light brown
8. Monroe, Conn., brown with patches
9, Boyalston, Maas^ violet-brown, in thick plates
10. Local T; greeniab-gray ; in crystals
1 1. Falls road, 2| m. ft^m Baltimore, transparent brown
13. Near ElllcotVs Mills, Md., ib. ib.
13. "^ Jones Falls,'' near Baltimore, blat^iflh-green ; aymmetiicallj
banded
14^ Gfeenfleld, Conn., greenish-yellow
15. Haddam, Coon. (Quartx UiU), clear brownish-green
16, Grailon, New Hampshire, light brown, transparent
IT. Union ville, Penn., white, oomndmn locality
18. Ac worth, N. U., greenish-gray, in granite.
19. Grafton, N. H., another apecimon, light brown, with quartE tod
tourmaline
SO. Tcmpleton, Mass,, truigptreDt brown
%l, Qrango, Mass., ib. ib., bcaattf\il cryatalt
Si. WUliinaDtic Falls, Conn., brownish-green, transparent
23! Pennsbury, Penn., brown crystala ; another locality
34. RoyuLaton, Mass., dikrk brown ; 2d locnUty
Xfi. Grailon. N. IL, tight brown; Sd specimen
tB, Middletown, Oqtul, browniali, feldapar quarry
S7. Che^k^r, Uampdeo Ca, Mati., greeiiiali- white
3(1. Norwich, Mass., greenish-yellow ; spodumeoe locality
ti. Pennabu^, Penn. (3d local K brownlah-green
BO. Ooahen, mW, greenish-yellow, with tpotlumcne
31, GrvenAeld, K. \^ brownish; chrysoberyl locfchly
as. Hathiam, Oonn^ brownish ; in lanre plates
Apparent JUgk
66' to— 6^' ¥f
67 SO
6S-^9
69
60 30—41
60^-^i 30
6S 42—03
U 10-^ 30
05
es ao— AS
00 90
06 im-a ^0
00 80— OT
6t
&t 90
et^-ot to
07 IB— e? 10
08 9— OS 10
00 90—09 10
09 90u^9 40
00 90—09 90
09 a?— 10
00 40— 7«1
69—09 SO
TO— 70 to
to— ^0 90
70 90
70—70 JO
70«-T0 90
70 49^71
TO
tnilBILIOATXS.
818
Apparent Angle,
iMM^^, K. T^ browniah-white, in boulder *10**
lUrn, 1U88. (Sd tpeaX transparent brown 70 15'
piDe^ Dd. Go, PaL, faint greenish, plicated 70 30^71
im Oa, N. Y^ greenish; in a boulder 71—71 80
L Maine, light brown, transparent 71 40 — 71 60
», Mass., jellowish-green, transparent 71 45
n, Oona, ib.; columbite locality 71 SO — 71 45
Iter, Westchester Co^ N. Y., yellowish-green boulder 71 30 — 72
llaine, ib. 72 15—73 80
fl>. ib. 72 30
rSdE, ICaine, whitish-brown, silyerj 72 37—72 60
nenr, N. Y.?, rose color; no lithia 78 — 73 6
, H. £L, gray, with flattened tourmaline, quartz, and feld-
73—74
, ICaine, nearly colorless; lithia? mica 74 60 — 75
i, Mas&, yeOowish-green, with indicolite 75
ib. ib. ib. 76 30—76
Hass., rose-colored, with albite 75—76 30
3. Husoovites, measured by Senarmont, GraUich, etc.
al axes mJtuakd tn fht^^tUxM of iht longer diagonaL
Iphia; transparent; dear oliye-green
in white quartz ; silvery, imperC transparent
1, greenish-brown
al, in albite ; silvery, imperil transparent
1, in a feldspathic rock ; transparent; pale
---?; transparent; dear brown
jk; yellowish-brown
in ? ; silvery, greenish-gray, with concave surface of deavage
bard, in quartzose gneiss; hexag.; silvery; dear gray
zoibach, Austria, pale green
transparent; dear olive-green
nenbnrg; transparent; c&ar pale rose
unak
kofrf; T^rrol; green
near Rio Janeiro, Brazil; odorless
Qflk ; imperfectly transparent ; rose-colored
f; transparent, rhombic octahedrons ; blonde
Finland; rhombic octahedrons ; transparent; dear blonde
; orystals silvery; grayish-green
en; transparent; blonde
hAlpe, Austria; G.=2'718
ocas, Brazil ; pinchbeck-brown
own,Ct; ooloriess; G.=2 862
nenbnrg; rhombic prisms in feldspar ; transparent; nearly
ie
-T: colorless: butaffords^ * **"^ ^^^^
Greenland
Ig, Hungary
sngoyt, Greenland; green
la,BraiEa; pinchbeck-brown
ohemia; blonde
leraes, Brazil; pale green
ib. ; pale brown
K Bavaria; pinchbeck-brown
ieldjlCass.; G.=2'827; greonish-yellow
> OxiceiQAO^ Brazil
irdien, Upper Austria; gray
[Jral; ptndibedc-brown
gn^ or ooloriess; G.=2'd03
Appar. Angle.
57—68
Ren.
57—68
t(
68
GraiUdL
68—69
Sen.
58—69
ii
58—59
«(
59
Grailich.
60
Sen.
60
ii
61 12
GraQich.
62—63
Sen.
63—64
i«
65
GraOicfa.
66
ii
66 36
ii
67
Sen.
68
ii
67—68
it
67—68
II
68
II
69 10
GraflidL
69 25
Ii
70
II
69—70
Sen.
70
II
60
Ii
70 86
Grailidi.
70 40
ii
71
II
71 25
II
71 40
II
71 50
II
72 20
II
72 25
II
72 30—73 80
«
74
u
74 36
u
75 26
«
76—76
n
314
oxraEK OQMPQxmns,
89. Chesterfield^ Kasb*^ ros« tS*
40. Go^hon?, Mass., rose^^lored Id 10^Ti40
41. Presburg, Hungary 7ft 12
42. Alenc;oQ; hemg.; transparont; graTish-bloRde 76 — 77
(2) Opt£eal tmts in the diameh^piane 0/ tfte shorter diagmoL
43. Baxoii7; hexa^?.; ailvciy, cle&T gray; transp., nmded 44
44. Kollinr Fniesia ; gr^y, in ^amto 50 1 2
46. ZitiDwald aod Scl3aggenwald; in granite. Lepidolite? 61 60
46. Tyrol J in granite^ gray 63 13
47. Siberia J oolorjesa 60 30
48. Piedmont; rhombic; Bilrery refleotioQ ; grayish-greea by trp. 63
49. St F«?r^le, near Brive; transparent; olive-^r^jen 65
60. Milan; hoxag. ; greeuiBk'White ; BiWory ; UDctitoua, not elaEtio 66
61. FoBsum, Norway ; hexng. ; clear olive-gTeen 66
62. Scotland; brown; in large tbiek cry stala 68
63. TarascoD (Ariege); rhombic; tmcspareot; cotor1o«fl 60
64. UraL in graphic granite ; sOvery lustre ; color blonde 7J
66. Uto; rhombs; lustre silvery ; yoUowish- blonde 72 — 73
Haughton found for tho mica of Dublin Co., Ireland, b^" 8'; of Glenmalupo 67' IV; ot^
loQgh valley, 70<' 4 ; ofMt. Lcio8t4?r, 72* 18 ; of Lough Dan, 70".
On examioing diObrent micaa presaed between two plates of glass, and siibJ«otiiif I
changes of temperature, Scnarmont found no perceptible change In the optical axta,
Grailicb showa that, with !«light exceptions, the angle increases with uie fipecific i
mica of a given locahly. Thus seven micas from Presburg, Hungary, gave Ui<> foilo«isifsj
Specific gravity
2-714
2'735
2766
2-78«
2-790
8-79»
2
Ajigle
69-7
700
70-5
71*3
72-8
72-4
T1
Mu.?covite was so named by the author m 1650, from VUrum Mnsoo/Mcmn or.
formerly a popular name of the mincrid. Fuckmte wnn nnmed after the chemist^ Faite
TakUe of Thomaon (L c), from Wick low, Ireland, ia nothing but margarDditc^ mqc
and Lettsom (Min., 203), who say that it invests crystals of andalusite. lliomsoQf 1
tion implies, oonaidered the oudaluait© priama and investing mica all one tnine
and in view of this, the analyses need not here be cited. Thomson's nacrUe^ |h>ffl '
Me,/' is the greeu mica of Unity, Me.
Alt — Mica at times becomes hydratcdf losing its elasticity and tranvparency, and 1
portion of the potash ; and at the same time it may take up magnesia, lime^ or i
rence of water^ magnesia, lime, and soda in som© mioas^ eapMsiaDy the maigvodile^ I
attributed to incipient alteration. See analyses under A, l, and A, 3.
Tliese changes may be promoted by waters containing carbonatoa of these bsH
{jahrb. Min., 1865, 2€9) gives the following analysis by Dr. Wotkenhaar of an
(bfotite?) from the diorvte of Schemoitz, which had lost nearly all its alumiDa «
largely of carbonates: gi 33-34, Xl 353, ^'e 1601, lin 0*89. ftg 2^6, Ca 31 73, fTi j
C 2006— IOU'44. The carbonic acid Mould require the Oa 2 1 "73, and ttg 2N)6v f
making 45 p. e of carbonates. Mica occurs altered to uteaiiie and setpcMi^
menttons cases of alteration to amphibole and atHpnosiderite.
294. LBFXDOUT^. Violetfarbigen Eolith (&. Roceua) v, Jbm, Grell*8 Aim., il I
lilalith (tb,) v. Bom, Schuppenstein Gtrm, Lepidolith Klapr^ Sobrilt Q^ M^l
1704, B&Tgm, J., ii. 80, 1792, Boitr., L 21, 21 B, 1795, IL 191. LepidoUte Tint.^ 11
Lithionglimmer C, GnieHn, Gilb. Ann., 1x1 v. 371, 1820. Lithia Jlica. lithioikltmi
64, 1853. Rabenglimmer, Siderischer Fela-Glimmer (fr. Altenberg), Breiih^ Chsr^
Handb., 404, 1S4L Zinnwaldit Haid, Handb., 521, 1845.
Orthorhombic. /A 7=120'^. Form.^ like those of ranscovit
age: basal, liiglily eminent. Al&o massive 8caly-granular, ooareel
H.=2-5— 4. Gt.=2'B4:-3. Lmtre pearl j. Color ros©«d, '
UNISILICATEa.
315
*., yellowisli, grayish-whitej wliite* Tran&lucent. Optic-axial angle
f^78"^ ; Bometiraed 45=*— 60°.
, ratio for beseA and silica moAtlj 1 1 H; tot^U, botween 1 : 8 and 1 : 4^. Th«
(k) tndade, besidea potash, Hthm, nibidia, and o»sia; and in the Zmtiwald mica,
I htti been detected. Fluorme ia present, and the ratio to oxygen moati j 1 : I'i, as in the
» aa analjEed bj BammelsWrg ; other ratioa obtaiQcd are: iu the Ural, Qhursdorf, Uto,
k nucaa, 1 : 20; in the A]tenberg(Stom), 1 : 60; in the Zinawald, 1 : 14, 1 : 1 1, 1 ; 12 ;
[Juachakova, 1:8; in Tnnier's Altenlierg, 1 ; 26. But there la much uncjertainty con-
■■ fiih all the determinationB of the fluorine.
, mtirt for the baaea and silica 1 : 1| corresponds to a combination of I umsilicote to 2 of
i or the formula (&• It)' ti'4-2 {ii\ JS) i^i" ; and also to simply a uuisQieate with atxTes-
itA\ »)»^i' + 2^l
U Klaproth (Beitr., L^ il, y.); 2, Gmpliii (1. c.)j S, Kralovauski {Schw. J., Hv, 230);
elsberg (5th Supply 120); 5, Rejfnault (Ann, d. M., OL xiii 151); 6, t, Gmelio; 8,
r CEdinb. J, Sd., Itl, rl 61) j 9, Kluproth ; JO, Lohmeyer (Pogg., IxL S77); 11, Stein tRamm.
[euppL, 119); 12, Ramraelsber^ (ibv); 13-lG. Turner (L c); 17, 18, Boflalcs (Pogg., Iviii
ft; 1&, Turner p. a); 20, Stein (J. pr. Ch., xiiriil 295):
Si
3fcl Fe Mn Mg I5^a Li it fi
CI
64-40 88-25
4l»-06 33*61
49-08 S4 01
61-70 26-7$
0'76
- 1-40 0-41
- 1-08 0-41
- 1-29 0*24
i-15
52*40 20*80 Si 150 — — -
hiifsdorf 62-26 28 35 M 3 66
^Zinnwaid 46'23 14-14 17M*7 M 467 ^
4i'28 24 5;sFeU 33 £ 1*06 ^
47-00 20'<M)i"el5*50 1-75
42-97 20-59 14 18 0'8:i r41
48-66 17-67PeU57 M 124 0-63 071
46-52 2l*81^e21-48-Ml*96 044 0-39
60-91 2817 — - M 108
50-36 28-30 M 1'23
50 83 21 33^*6 908
40-06 22-90 tl-0^ H 1*79
48-93 19 08 6-59 2'23
46-62 21-06 4-12
40*19 22-49^el978 M 2 02
47-01 20-36 14-34 il I'SS
3^6
4'33
4'00r2-60l — -too XL
4 18 4-24' Oil 8-40-100 a
4-1 9 [4-16] 3^50 =^100 Kr.
I0'2y 7'12. Ca 0-40, P 0*1$
= 100-38 R,
-98-87 R
= loO-76a.
= 1 00-94 G,
t=lD0-24 T,
==98-75 KL
"ti8-;iH L.
.^102-54 a [P-
,P 013 = 100 66
t =99-23 T.
, = 99-;i6 T.
^99-70 T.
") 00-27 T,
, CaO-14R
1-01 10-01, 6a 012, rePt
und, R.
7-49 *- 3-80=98-83 T.
9*62 1-63 0-40 1-43=100-64 8.
9-14
6'90 tr,
4-90 0-83
9-47 —
H-5C)
1002 [0-22]
8-60
909
9-50
904
ft-i^y _
430 —
10-96
und.
0-21
1-31
Qt anaiyma of the Eozena lepidolito, made eineo the disooveiy of the metala rubidium
r Cooper obtained (Ppgg., ouil 343) :
2l Fe %
Ht 28-54 0-75 0-51
Ca Ifcb Cs Li LiF NaP KF fi
101 0-24 ir. 0-70 099 177 1206 3*12=99*99
I of Ouorine was determined by the Iohs. Reckoning the fluorine as oxygen^ the
|fbf fl, a, Si ia I : 4*25 : 8*43. 0. D, Allen (Am. J, Scl, IL sxxiv, 3G9) found in the He-
olile weaiani 0-3, and rubiilium 0-14; and later (p. 373) 0*3 of nibidium nearly,
/a analysia of the Zinnwald lepidolite (auiil 12) gave him the 0. ratio 115: 3: 6-2,
'1:3:6; and that of the Eozeoa (aimL 4) 1 ; 4'4 : 9*13, or approximatoly 1 1 4| : 9, but
I he propoeeii 1 ; 4^ : 7f, ainee the apedmen he analysed contained free quartz in visible
^4 his silica might consequently have been too high [the ratio 1 : li bet-ween the bases
would require 1 : 4j: 8^j. From Eosales's analyais of the Juschakova (anaL 17X he
ttbs ivtio 1 : 28 : 6 4, or approximately, as he observea, 1:3:6.
II la died by Breithaupt for his rahcnglimintr ; G.=3-146— 3190; color greenigh-bladc
iiwikl BiQ& haa been called zinmioXditt,
316
OXFOEK OOMPOUNDS,
More chemlcn] luvefltigatiotis nro reqoir^ before tlie species lopidoUte caa hi I
divided or comprehended. Physically it ie hardly distinct from tnusooTitCL
Pyr,, etc-^la the eloaed tube gives wattT and reartioo for tluonn©, B.B. ftuet I
oenoe at 2—2*5 to a white or grayish glass, aomotimes magQetic^ ooioriug Ihe fiace i
at the moment of fuBion (lilhiaj. With the fluxes some varieties give r^ctiODs for itm g
ganese. Attacked but not oompletely deoompoeed by adds. ASXer fbelon, gelaitixtei i
rift^add.
Ob*,— Occurs in granite and gneiss, ospedaUy in granitic veins, and !■ aaeodatod >
with eassiterite, red, green, or black tourmaline, amblygonite, etc. Fcnmd aear Utj fca!
grajish-whlte at Zinnwald in Bohemia ; at Altenlierg, Cburadorf, aud Penlg to Sv^osr: Jaid
m the Ural; Hlac or reddish-violet at Roeena in Moravia; naar Chantek^ube, Dvfit Haute |
France; at Oantpo on Elba; brown at St Michael's Mount in Cornwall^ Ai^grH i
Tyrone in Ireknd.
In the United 8tafccfH a granular and a broad foliated variety at Paria, and alao at Bil
with red totinnaline and amblygonito ; granular near HiddlotouD, Coon, Tha iqb \
Gofihen, M1188., ifl mufloovite.
The optical axes lie in the pkne of the longer diagonal in the following lapido
of divergeuctt observed aro aa follows :
u On
7S 40
T6 ao
Paris^ Me. } whitish-green ; with green tourmaline
** rose-oolorttd
Stberia
EoEeua, Moravia
Feuigf Saxony
A '* Icpidolito '* from Botrnion'a collection gave Senannont 56*; and a Zinnwald nio^
or greeniah-blonde, 46"— 47*. Grailieh made the angle of mica from ZinnwaM toABdk
wald 51'' 10'. Each of these varieties, giving comparatively small angkia, have the]'
axes broichydiaQonal ; and the amaJl angle may arise from an interlaminatlon of m facii
kind with a macrodiagonai
Named lepidoUte trim Xnr/f , foo/e, after the earlier German name Sekt^pct^M^ iDattl
scaly structure of the massive variety of Eocena.
S06A. 3kah17mit£ BfctOk (B. H. Ztg., zziv. 364, 1665). A n^ca-Hka deang« h<mi
and another transverse imperfect. Occnrs massive and in t\i<ts colamoar b atrurtcs
H.=:4— 5*5, the loafit on cloavage-surfuce ; G. =3*626; lustre ou cleavag»-fik3o pcarljr, ill
vitreous; color mostly reddish- white, colorless^ grayish- white. It ia, aooordiagtor^ "
a silicate of alnmina^ lithia^ soda, and potash. Comes from the ahoie of tba T
<*iyiram, ia Norway,
295. ORYOPHYIXITB. /. R (hoke, Am, X ScL, IL xHii, %l% IMt
Orthorhombic. /A 7=120^. In eix-sided
highly eminent, as iii the Mica group. Twins:
masgive, an ^gregate of scalet^.
H.=2— 2'C G*=3 900. Lustre of cleava^e-faea hricrht pmAj
prisms. CleaTagt:
eom[>ogttioii*f«ee ii
ing to resinous. Color by transmitted lii^lit dml erm
ak grayi6>h, slightly grecii ■
igle 55^ toGO*"; piano of
Optic-axial anj
axes bmcbl
and elastic.
Cooke.
Oomp^— 0. ratio for ^ S, Si^Z : 4 : li; for ft+!l, Si* 1 ; 3; wheno^tha ftvnnliA^
Sl>, in whidi &:=rproioxyd of iron, potash, and lithia^ with a trace of aoda, mbUla i
But if the ndona are nnisiUcaie in type, the formuU may bo (f ft'-f f fi>* St* ^3 Si; fV 1
half theetxoeas ofaUioabaaio, Atiolysii : Oooko (I &) ;
^l
Pe Un
n As
t
U Sa.ftii ap
1677
1'97 034
r^s O'fe
nt5
4\*« tr, r41=»ti
(!) 51-49
P7T., •tc — lu tlie flame of ■ ouuUfl f^isea eaatiy ; and B.B^ with 801
tth enamel (F,= 1'5 — 3), giTiiig the flame a lithia reactian. In floe per«#
Aftnte mineral adda, the aOlot sejiaiati&gaa a powder. Tlio fluorine ii Mt i
Ote^— Oooon in the ffraaite of Oipe Ajm, with danallte ead kpldeoeUoe famiiieV
UNIfiELlGATES,
811
8CAP0LITE GROUP.
a© species of tlio Scapolite gi'oiip, with their oxygen ratioij
and the ratios of the iion-alkaline to the alkaline protoxydl
^ven on page 252. Althongh the oxygon ratios vary from
|1 ; 2 : 3, 1:3:4, to 1:2:4 ana 1:2: OJ, the species are'closely*
Tie equare-prismatic forms of their crystals, in t!ie small number
of occurring planes, and in the angles. The variation iti the
of the fiindamental octahedron (1 : 1) for the species of the
than 40', the extremes being 64^ 13' (sareolite) and 63" 40'
The species are white or grayish-white in color, except
J)iire, and then rarely of dark color; the hardness 5— G*5; Ct.=
l(2'932f in sareolite). The alkali present, when any, is soda,
trac^ of potash.
(the flrat species of the Sc«polite ^oup distinctlj recognized. It in, however,
Mpolite was included with lamellar pjToxcne under the name of WMe SchSrU
tt) hy Croustedt, who montiona Pargas, in Fmhiud, as oue of its locaUties, The
e and ScapoUtt were both introduced by d*Andmda (of Portugal) in the same
|4.t iv. 35j 3S, 18001, and applied to speciiDeQS from the same regioD in Norwaj*
}jir8t of the two in the article. Uaiiy ueed the names WernerikMid ScapoiU» \
ies distinct) in his Tmit6 of 1801. But in his Mineraloi^ical Course for I80i I
set aside the tatter for Faranthijie, Monteiro, a friend of d'Andrada, and
fhtlt, proteated in ld09 (J, de Phjs., IxviiL 177) against the chaiige, and after
[wiemerite and scapolite were identical, both on chemical and crystallographic grounds,
f option of the name WerMriie for the species. In the folio wiog pages the name
Ined for the irrotip, so that the minerals may all be called scapoiUea^ as those of
ap are csalled feldspars, and tlmne of the mica and cMonte jcroupa, rcflpectlvelj
I; and the name We me rite is applied to tlie moat prominent division of the old
I meets iiatiafactorily the question of pnoritj, and also tlie conveoieuce of the
IXTIL Sareolite Dr. Thompson (of Naples^ 1 B07. [Not Sareolite du Yicentin (=
FmijoMj Visuq^ Aim. d, Mtifl^ ix, 249, ISUT^ xl 42,] Aualcime camea MmL it C&v^
1835*
Miml; OA W=156° 5'; a=0-4435, Ob- 287
(lies m in the annexed figure ; hemihedral
Des 2-3, only the alternate occurring, Oa2
\\ 2 A 2, pyr,, 182° 52, 0 A|=15r 19^
V 27'; /A 6=10r 52^'; 1 A 1 (not oc^
lanes), bas*,=:64^ 13'. Crystals sraall,
G. =2-545, Broc>ke; 2*^932, liammels-
tstre vitreous. Color fle^h-red to rose-retl,
liite* Transparent to snbtranBparent, Ex-
rittle.
i rado for ft, R, Si^l : 1 : 2 ; (^f. Cs + ^ S'af +i3tl)«
\ alnmina 2'Z'8, lim© 33*4, soda 4-1^100, Analjsea : 1^ Scacchi (QuadnOryataUO'
S6» lU2)i 2, Bammelsberg (Pogg., cix. G70) :
318
OZYaEK OOMFOUNDe.
(I) 40-61
Itl 34-50 Ca 32-43
21-64 ^Tm
8'30, 1 120=98^1 Bi
ooire^pODdm^ nearlf to the composition of idocmfle.
Pyr,, etc.^ — ^B.B. fbflea to a white eniLmeL With acida g«1iitit)i£e^
Ob»^— Of rare occurrence at Mt. Somma.
Kamed ttom 9i^t fleshy and Xidni^ skms, in alluBtoa to the color.
The ciyitaOJzatioii was first correctly ascertained hr Brooke (Ed. J. SoL^ L 189, IttiV
had pronounced it ctibic (Tr., tii. I«*i2). Kokscharof round 0 a 2=1^8* 30', and 0 •' f^^
(Mia. Ru8«L, ii. 110). Rammoh«borg gives (1. c.) 0a2^128* 46\ and OAt-i^nrtl
above figure is from Ueasenberg (Mtn. N'ot, No, L)> The plane uanally m^\e I ii hci»
in order that the lettering of the crjatola maj correspond ?rith that of the crvftilaofttiiiV
of the ScapoHte group.
297 MmONITfi.
288
Hjaointe blanche do la Somma de lAde^ Oist, U. 280, 290^ III
Itsa. Meionitd E^ Tr^ iJ. 1801.
ja
E2 jfi«
Tetrflgonal: 0 A 1-t = 156* 18' ; a=0 439. Oli
planes : O ; vertical, /^ i-^ i-S^ t'2 ; njrramide, 1^ 1-i; ;
Olds, 1-3, 3-3 ; sometimeB heinihetlml in the j)lane* 3
alteniatti beinj;^ wanting, O A 1=:148'^ 10', 1 A 1, pyr.,
11 , basal 03° 40', Cleavage: i-i and / ratlier perfi
often interrupted.
H,=6 5-6. G.=2'6-2-74; 2*734-2^37 Jr. Sou-
Rath. Lustre vitreous* Colorless to white. Tran^pi
translucent; often mueh cracked within,
Oomp.-0, ratio for^!?,Si=l :2 :8; (itHOa+iS ^a>»+|lif !
41-6, alumina 31-7, lime 24'VBoda 2*6=100. ijialyp- ' ' ^hnal
J., XXV. 3% XXXV. a4S): 2, Stromeyer (TJnters., 378); O
berg., etc., Ramnu, 2d SnppL, 133) ; 4, v. Rath (De Comp. Wern,, Fogg., ^ i '^
atitut, 1862, 21):
^ £1
1. Sonoma 40-8 30e
2. " 40*63 82 73-
«. " 42^7 81^71.
As Ca :&a £
221 3*4 , Candign. 3'I = 100(3iadia*
24-24 1-81 te 0l8=99-5i) dtrofooj^.
22-43 0*45 O'Sl, ign. 0-31 =9720 WolE
42-65 30*89 0*41 0-83 21'4l 1-26 0113, *' 0*19=98*46 Ratjw
41*80 30'40 0*48 19*00 2 61 0*86, " 3*lt, gmngud 0*4^s9
An opaque meionite cxAmined bj Gmelin having G,:= 2 '66^ lost 1*6 bj ignitko, tudi
carbonic acid, it oontaining carbonate of lim«.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. fusee with intumescence at 3 to a white blebbj glaas.
without gekiixiiaing (t. Rath). Gmelin atiles it to be l^isllile with dimroliv i
both Qmelin and ▼. Eobell state thai It gelitinisea with muriatic add. An i '
men received from Scacohi fUltj oonflrms vom RalK'a ooodnaioni.
Obitf— Occurs in small crjatala in geodes, nauatiy In Uxueelotie blocka, ca Ma
Ni^lei.
KAmmelaberrg obtained (Pogg., zdv. 434) for 1 A 1, baaal, 63" 48' ; over msalt, 111
P3rr.,=186* 12^; the former givi'* Oa 1 = 148" 6\ and 1/1, pjf,, I3«' 8', Kd
lAl, pyr„ = 136 10-13*^^ Uf (Min. RuksI, IL lr»S); »c»cchl. 136* U* (L cl);
crjatalfl frfun L. Laaoh, 135" 6»4 (fogg., cadx. 2<>2)s giving a=o-44X
Named bjr Hauj firom ftt^f^ ^ the pyramid l^eijig Icaa acute than ia iddoBML
29B. PARAJrrHJTB. Paranthine |»t SkapoUt, ScapoUt, pt WffMrH ft
B^crgord Id Pktgaa) K Nmkm§k46^ Bdiw. J, sad. 417^ Wl ; id. (fir. !
HIi. Mia. Gwg. tieb. W5lilei^ 96, 1826.
(onuL Forms like those of wernerite ; difference in angle, if anj,
lined. Observed planes: prlt^matic, /, i-i; octahedral, 1, 1-i;
i, 3-3, Nord, Fig. 288, excepting; the planed t-2 wanting (form
at Ersby), Cleavage lateral. Also massive,
5. G.=2'736, Pareas, Nordeuskiold ; 2-849, Tnnaberg, Walm-
rfUstre between pearly and vitreous ; outer eurface sometimes a
acy. Color white, gniyish-white, icray, pale grayish-green, sea-
iproaching celandiue-greeu. Tranglueent.
<a ratio for It, fi, §i=l : 8 : 4j (J Oa"+f Xl)' J^i'=Saica 43-0, alumina U% lime
1-3, N. Nordenakifild (1- c.) ; 4, Walrastedt (La); 6, WollT (Comp. Ekeberg, DUa.
Xl Pe Mg Ca ^a
H
■N^
43-83
85-43
__
_.
18-96
1 '08=99-25 Nord.
WP
4300
34-48
1614
<_ — »
1^60=97-52 Nord.
41-25
83*63
0-&4
20-3«
3-32=y9'05 Nord.
cryA
43-83
86-28
0-68
19-37
=99 0GWalai3U
9bj1 whorgnK
45*10
32-76
— -
0-68
17-84
076
l-04=t*818 WoIC
ht^sL
45-46
SO-96
- —
17-22
2-29 l^Sl
l-:l»-98-a3 Rtttk
C^-J-TSS; 8, a=2'H9; 4, g.=r2'e49; 5, 0.:=: 2-7 12; 6, a=2 B54.
4» cwrrespoDd to the 0. ratio 1:3:4 (more nearly 1 : 8*1 : 4-3) ; anal 3, to 1 : 2*6 : 8-0;
! : 4-3 ; anaL 6, to 1 : 3 ; 46 j each oorrGflponding Yerj nearlj to the 0. ratio for
: 1.
nmen afforded FartwaU and Hedherg fJahre«b., iv. 166) 8i 48"11, Xl 31-05, Ca
. 0*61=99-62; which givet the 0. ratio II : 8 : 5*3, or a coDaidombl© exoeaa
> eoda. It ia probably the aame mineral wit!i that of anal 5, altered,
-The Tunaberg oTatalB B.B, ftis© eaaily with intumesoeoce to a giobiile.
in fi^reenish 4- and S-aidod prisms, aome of thorn terminated, at Tunaberg in
i Eraby and Storgard in the ptirish of Pargas, Finland.
liaugier of ** Paranthine " from Arendal affbrdyd hira (J. do Phys,, Ixriii. 36,
3tl 330, Fe, Sg 10, Cft 17-6, Nfl 1*5, k 05, wliieh agreea closely with the last
Th« name ptkranthine, Buhatituted for scapollte (and for Arcudul specimens)
sqnentlj oonnected iu Prance, almost as bood as introduced, with the above
I tiid_ooDnnued so to be for nearly 20 years after^-ard, Borzclius giviog the formula
9tl Si (and aUo the name paranMne) in his N. Syst Min,, 1819, 216» Although Lau-
~ I of the Arendal scapotites ia not oonflrmod by mter analyata, the name parantkU4
t raCamed for this acK^on of the SeapoUte group.
"Wenierit© (fr, Korway) ctAndrada, J. do Phys., li, 244, 1800, Bcherer^a
Seapolite (fir. Norway) tfAndrada, ib., 346, and lb. 38, 1800. RapMolith Abild'
Ch^ rxxil 196, 1800. Weruerite, Scapolito, B., Tn, iiL iv. 1801. Skapoiitb^
= Wernerite] Wbtt^ 1803, Lud wig's Wem., il 210, 1804, Paranthine [=Scapolate of
, Lucas TttbL, 205, 1806 ; H, Oomp, TabL, 45, 1809, Fuscit (fr. Arondal) Schu-
ferseichn^ 104, 1801. Chelmafofdite J, F,dtS.L. Dana, OuU. Min. G. Boston, 44, 1818.
> (It. Boltom) Brooke, Ann. PhiL, IL vlL 816, 1824. Glaukollth {fr L. Baika!)!?, Bsdicr,
\Bet^W9tk» Jr, John, Cliem. Uuters., iu 82, 181 Oj Qlaucolito.
: 0M-i = 15fy'> l^'; «= 0 4398, Observed planes:
*, i^ 1-4, t-2, t-3 ; pyramids, 1, 3 ; zirconoid, 3-3. 3*3
hemihedral, right or left, half of the eight planes being
820
OXTOEN eOMFOUNDS.
either wanting, or (as in f. 291, a top view) much smaller tiim
half.
289
2dO
»/fS
/
"M
i
4
s
1
/I
f
1
I
a
<?Al = 14S^ G
/A 1=^121 54
/A«'^2=1«I 34
/Ai-3 = 15S 26
i^iAi-3=161 34
i-i A 1-2=153 2*1
1 A 1, pjrr.,=13«
1 A 1, bus,, 63 4a
14 A 1-t, pJT„ = 14(
t-l HTUl i
lucent. Fracture su
Cleavage :
distinct, but intermpleA
maBsive, granular, «>r
R. ffludknka. *a^ ^ t fibrous appearance
tiraeft columnar.
H. = 5— 6. a=2-63-2S, Lustre vitn
pearl J externally, inclining to resinous; c
and cross-fracture surface vitrccius. Color
gray, bluish, greenish, and reddLUi, usually
streak unculored. Transparent — faintly
bcouclioidaL Brittle.
Var. — 1. Ordinary. In cfTBtala, white to gray, p^yith-green, browoish, *»*J nxfUift
purity, nearly black. KokBciiarof gives for the angles tbose of meiontt^r niui)£l7, 1 A '
ISe" ir, ba9^ = 63*' 42; 1-i A H pyr^^UG^ 57f, bas^-if 26', *-» ^ l-i-lir 43, /i
or (BCia. BuftaLf il 82). The prisms are sometimea seveml inches thick.
NuttalUe (named after T. Nuttnl) is whito to smoky brown scapolite from BoHOBf ^^0
fsts hfive found wide variations in oompoaition, and have ebo^'n that it is aonwitlmai W
The cryatala and maasire variety of Chekittrottl, Mais., of gray, grceniah, and reddiifel
color, haa been oaiU&d Chtimjifwdite,
3. Masmvt, Glaucoiiie is of pale violet-blue, blniah, indigo bhia, to
flometimefl resembling cancrinlto, but having the cleavage of acspollto. It la fbon
anka, beyond L. Baikal, Siberia, where it oocnra in veing in granite. The pink
is similar. Named ft-om yAa»rrtf, ffreenidh-gruff or tca-grKtu
Oooapu-^O, ratio for 1^ H, ^i=l : 2 : 4; or for bases and BiUoa I : Ik Formii..^
I j^^lf Si'-f §i; or etso with half the exoeaa of ailica (Si) basic; s, if Oa: rl^a^i; <
alumina 28*5, lime IS 1, aoda 5-0=100.
The above is the mean ratio ; but the analyses show Titriatf ona from it^ oa i
pttrfc at leaat, to impiintias, alteration, or inoorrect det^rnnlnAtionti.
Anahraes: 1, 3, G. v. Rath (P<m., xa 82, 28d); 3, TI.
Diss. Berlin, 1843, Ramni. Mia Ch„ 719); 5, Wnrts (-
(L e)j 9, Berg (Jahrosh, xxv. 366); 10, v. Bath (L c); 1 ., :. .... ,1 c):
Min., L 211); 1
It X. 926|i e-4^<
Si £1
L Bolton, hkfk^gTL 44*40 26'53
i. " *' 46-57 23-65
Z, " 46-50 26-48
4w " rdk, moa*. 48*79 *26'lf1
S. '* htm^ ** 47 B7 26-76
0. Arendal, ywKiffu ** 45D5 26-31
7. Arendal, ytcK, cry^fL 4e-82 26- 1 2
8. Malj^i.s blui^ ma$t. 47-24 2409
9. Drothemg, vioH ** 46*32 36-60
10. L Hiiikai, OkumoHte 4749 2767
IL lAurlidcari, FliiL 4815 26 aa
1-29
Ca
2018
20*81
18-6^
16-01
17-91
17-30
17*23
16'M
I7*lt
17-16
16-63
064
irmsnjOATEB.
S21
li 0.^2*tSB, blackish-green cfyBtdi!, the mterior in part opiique ; 3, 2 '748, and tike the
j'to color; 3, 2'70t>; 4, G.=2*718; 6, a = 2704i (1, G.=2*761; 7, G. = 2'697; 8, G,=
>^^a=:2'34?, from the parish of Drothems in E. GothJaud; 10, G.=3i*666; 11, G. =2-133^
nupn niloa for £l^ Jl| ^i, oorrespoadliig to the anal^aeB are;
L 1 : a : 3*6
6.
1:1-8:
: 8-7
8.
1
: 1-7 : 4-0
2. 1-2 : 2 : 4 I
6.
I: 1*7:
3-4
9.
M;
: 2-0 : 4^>
8. I :3 :4
-7,
1 : 1'8 :
3-6
10.
1
: 2-1 : 4-0
4. I t 2-2 ; 4 3
11.
11 ;
: 2 : 40
■I two ana] jsea bj r. Rath of apecimeiis Damed tiuttalUk^ and attributed to Bolton, ore
r of altered cfTatala, aa the pre&ence of over 3 p. a of oxjd of iron indicates* Theooloi
'Macidah-^reen/' is ihrther evidence on thiB point. Moreover it is a very unusual color
oalitj, aa nuttalUte fa ordinarUy white, grayish-white, aod pale imoky brown, the darker
mmng aometimea in erystala that are partly whitisL V. Rath states that the mlDeral
IF (GIBcaldj fiiaible. Thomaon's analysis (No. 3) was also made on an altered spedmen,
W 6 pi e, of waten
fai tQ analraia of nuttallite published byThom&on (MIdu, 383) obtained Si 37"81, Xl 25 10,
C« 18*34^ ^ 7'S0« 15 r60=97'd4. The potash and the low silica, as well as the iron, in-
I altered specltDen, if the analysis may be so far tmated as to draw a conclusion Irom it
tt-of th© mineral (white, to yellowish, bluish, or gretniBh) and the associated minerals on
a&Deo (sphene and green pyroxene) show that Mulr probably had true nuttallite for in*
km.
t% iiiAlyait of the pink scapoHle of Bolton gives more soda than the rest In a reoent
I^ODtrih,) B. 8l Burton found about 3 p. c of alkalies, sustainiug WoUT's results.
H^l-gray massive variety from Malsjo has been analyzed also by Suckow (Verwitt Min.,
HI he foaad no alkalies, his results are questionable, either on the ground of the sped*
llaD&iysi& He obtained Si 4H'17, iStl 28 27, Fe 2 38, Oa li^'04. ^ 2'0a-t»9'86. Suckow
lalao a kaolin from Jialsjo, a result of alteratloo of the acapolite (aeo p. 323).
I flc. — B>B. fuses easily with intumeaceiioe to a white blebby glass. Imperfectly decom*
If mofiatic add.
^*<>«ors in meUEnorphic rocks, and most abundantly in granular limestoue near its juno-
IiiIm asBodated granitic or allied rock,* sometimca m beds of magnetite accompanying
It ia often aaaodated with light-colored pyroxene, amphibole, garnet, and also with
i; amphibole la a leas common associate than pyroxene. The scapolite of Par*
i EmedtoDo ; that of Arendal tn Norway, and Malsjo la Wermiand, occurs with
localities of the mineral are above Indicated. In the following those of
^kebergite are not yet dlstluguished. In Vermont, at Marlboro', maasive.
and Boxborough, in crystals^ sometimes largo; at Chelmsford; Little-
Westtield, missive; at Parsonsfleld and Raymond near Dr. Swett's house,
r garnet. In Conn,^ at Monroe, white and nenrly librous ; a stone quarry at
massive. In H Tork^ at Two Ponds in Orange Co., reddish- white
, fphene, and zircon, one crystal 10 iu. long iindS in diameter; «t Fall Uill,
I bluish colors, massive, with lamellar pyroxene ; in Warwick of tho same
f Amity, milk-white crystals with pyroxene, sphene, and graphite ; 5 m. S. of War-
m. N. of Edenviile, oear Greenwood Pumaoe (plaues I, I, »-2, i-tX aro other good
Esttex Co., perfect crystals and massive, nearly fibrous, white aod greenish-vrhita,
' Kirby's graphite mine, 4 m. N. E. of Alexandria, iu Ticooderoga, assooialed ii^ith
Grown Point; in X^ewis Ck)., ia ^o crystds, wjiiio, bluiali, and d&rk gray, present-
' tight uot unusual with this variety; edges of the crystals oflen rounded. In K
iklin aud Newton, aod 3 ra. W. of Attleboro*, crystallized, in limestone, in. GanadOj
td,f massive lUao-colored ; at Hunters town, in large crystals, with sphene ; at
^witb pyroxene.
( ana^^^d a scapolite from Brakke, Norway, which gives a composition between that
i and wemerite* He obtained (C. E., Iv. 45 o) :
[HM-65 fe 0-87 Ag 1'15 Cs 13-32 Na 2 59 t 0"63 'k l-SO-lOl-29.
i eatted Ksmarkite.
uimerakU called mussurUe by Boulanger, stated to coma from Mt Gen^re, gay6
and the composition Si 44-f}, ^I 304, Idg 'J &, Ca 15-5, lS"a 7^5 (Ann. d. M., Ill
i m ilKted lo be greenish-white and oompuct, and to occur asaoduted with a greenish-
21
322
OXYGEN COMPOVmm.
farown gmunigdiie. Iq low spedflc gjavitj it In near Bcapolita. Bat W9 maj mispcct I
some iDifftoke nbotit the specific gnivitj^ m which case it may be totoito («ee p. SM
Baaasnrite of the Alpe. It agreea rather neiiflj with the hitter in comt>o«itioo>
Canaanite^ a grajish-white or bltush white rock oocuiriug with doUNnite ill Cm
and referred to maneive scapoUte hj some iuUKxrar la masflive whitish pjTcaaie, m u
roOD ill crystals in tht dolomite of the region.
A so-called gtaucoUk ft-om the L. Baikal region^ analTzed by Betgenumn (Poi^«
Glvartovaki (Bull Soc Nat. Moscow, 1848, 648) differs from the true ^aodite in F ~
Aiflible (as much ao aa orthoclaseX and alao in oompoeitioii; theae analysts obuining :
§i
%1
Fo
Mci
Mg
Oa
JTa
^
*
1.
60*&8
27-60
0*10
085
3-t3
10-«6
2-96
1-36
VIZ-%^^ Bo4
a.
&0'49
2813
0*44
0-59
2*68
11*31
no
1-00
l'78=8r5lQM
It was maflai?e, of a greenish-blue color, with Q.=2*tSIr Berg4 2*66, Q^y, It hai
to be a feldspar,
Alt — As the altered acapoUtes that have been derived ftom ekebergite or pariadd
been distiuguiabod from those derived (h}m wemerile, the following ofaeiervaCioiii
indude lill:
In the alteration of the scapolitea, one or more of the foUowing changM ooour, » J
the Mlowing analyses of different kinds:
1. The hydration of the mlneniL
% The loss of part or aU of the protoxyd bases, often effected largely thfOOfil til
carbonated waters carrying off the lime as carbonate.
~ 3. The substitution of potash for the soda or lime, dne to the actloii of the oarii
'tton In percolating waters.
4. The increase in the amount of soda, probably by the action of fflr^WTiiHi' of aoda oi
aodium in solution.
5. The introductiozi of oxyd of Iron, through ealta of lime (oigmsic^ bifiutaiil
solution.
6. The substitution of magneaia for other protoxyd baaea
7. The loss of stUca qm well a« protoxyd baaes.
By the substitution of potash, the mineral paaaes either to tho tUta of fi^Mt
or to that of a poUuh mica (anal 15, 16). By the aoquiaition of iron (anal IT, 16) H
cases to tpidoit (snal 19). By the introduction of luagneaiar It may paaa to rtirmlifc.
sia and potash^ to a viagnesta mica (anal 20). By a loss of baaea* the pffX)fx>f1iaa t(
increaaes (anal 4, 5, 6, 21, 22^ 23); and by a loss of silica also (wiiidi may beeooa
separation), the mineral passes to a haioiin'UkB compound, a common resuit oif iaa aMsi
24). MoreoTer, silica may remain, and the altered crystal beoome by additioai a As
mofph, as occurs at Pai^gaa.
AnaiifKs: L ^/d/rwa. h Weibye and Berlin (Pogg., Indx. 308).
n. Qmtammg cofhonaie of Urns. 2-6, Hermann (J. pr. Ch., xxzIy. ITT); T, Bravar
1E50, 680) ; 7a, same, with the 0 renoTwi
ILL Bjktssic and o/ten alao earbtmat&L 6, T. Rath (Pogf^n x& 166); 64, mm^
removed; 9, T. R Hunt (Rep. Q. Can., 1862-53, 168, 1863, 474); 10, 8lidtmtilkr(Aa
Till 394); II, T, & Huiit (ib., 103); 12. Crossley (This ICin., 1660^ 600); la. J, aW
J. Bd., IL zvL 207); 14, T. S. Uunt (Bc»p. G. Can., ISfiH. 186H); l^ Bbdiof (<3l Oarf
16-19. r. Rath (L a); 20, Bischof (I c.) ; SI, John (Beud. ^ja, H. H, IBBt}; tl 1
i Pjra,, il 202); )tS, Hartwall k Hedberg (Jahreab., it. I&5); 2< Badkvw (Tarsit
1848):
Si ^ We te An ftg Ca ^a t 0
L 1* ArondiO, Aiher. 38*00 24'10 — 4 82 0^8 t'80 22^ — 6-ils
IL 1 S^diankfl, 5<r«)g. 43 35 30*53 0*95 2) '59 8-14 — =
8. Dianu, gray 47*94 30-02 2 60 0*26 l4*il 2*S0 OTS 0J1:=^
4. Bolton, icrA^ i!r, 661>4 S3 92 114 014 0*30 9*28 t*6e ItT — ^i
5. '' n^^fitOin 51 <68 39*80 1-16 0*15 0-78 1351 1*46 0^ 0^:=!
6. Gul^ «0, fiuiM; 53-75 28*06 0 34 0'36 9-14 71MI Ml It0si
1 Franklin, ^itA. (1)47-85 2877 173 S-03 ltn)a #; l^
^ tflL " 49-71 8031 I'Sl 2 13 1310 l"*!-^
HI. 8. Bolton, vaUotf 49*99 3300 1-44 |-78 8^ 0'8i 7-00 4<fl, CH
So. ** 52-30 24*03 171 1 80 SHM 0-37 1^46 4^^
inn8ILICA.TE9.
323
Si ^ Fe Mg Ca :^a & £r
46-30 26-20 S-68 U'98 2*88 4 80 2-80=98'99 Hunt.
45-79 SOU 1-86 lt-40 348 1*68=: 100-27 StadtnL
.iifsrile 49-82 24-91 1'86 \15 Ir. 10'2l 7 '67, Ca C 3*94 =99-45 H,
49'96 24-41 1*48 5'18 997 6*06, & C 4'21 = 100-27 0,
5i-09 18-63* uml ^— wad und 6-68, C»C34'41, Ca*P 8-23 W
^ (I) 47 60 31-20 419 1*41 0*88 9'aO 6-43 = 99-55 Htuit
.Mica [65"82]*27-37» 0'42 0-4:i 577 0*20=100 BiBch.
44-49 24-91 4'84 0*36 214 111 6*71 a'44, Oft C 111 1^9911 R
bnek-rtd&914 16-20 7-9U 402 2*15 4-31 4-42 I*83=i0ir57 Rath.
Uadt 29*53 16-77 1914 850 9*02 0*58 0 "37 10'89, Ca C 4-63 =98'45 R
JQMtfote 37-93 19'21 15-65 0*25 23 68 0*39 0 2:i 2 61=98-74 Rath.
IRea 46*75 26-15 15*78 0-82 6-64 0-63 = 95-77 Biachof.
n-26 200=^100 JohiL
64-00 34-00
, briekHnd 61*50
ebf, Farg, 5134
, KaoUn 53-3*i
9535
32-27
44 65
1*60
1*91
1-60
0*75
• Willi aUuloFe^O*,
3-0O 5*00 Mn 150=99 Ben.
9-33 6*12 1-00=100*97 H, AH,
M7 _--991l Suckow,
^ Probablr too high.
■19 the characters of dLffereut altered Bc&pdltBBj iiidudiiig thoao of whkh analy-
fen:
Weibffe (Pogg., Ixxlz. 302, 1850). ABaL L Like scapollte in form; oolor green-
¥rom Arendal, with black gamet and keilhatilte.
1 Herm. (J. pr. Ch., xxxiv. 178, 1845) (AnaL 2), Has tJieformof scapolite(Kok8oL
J liL 96). C5oW yellowish to Light oil-green ; luBtrQ greasy ; transluoent; H,=5"5, G.=
ftiaes eaailj with iatumesoeDce. From the Sludiatik^ lu Dauria. The analysis af-
I fL a 1^ GBrbouic add, wMch ta abore removcKl ; thia correflponds to 1 1 ^4 p. tx of Ca 0.
Luge gray oystiila, containing 9-23 p. a of Oa 0; G.=2'74, In the anaL ms above
Of C ia removed. Occurfl a!; Diana, N. Y», with aphene in calcite.
» dyttals with calcite, from Bolton ; G,=2 66, In the anal, as above given^ 2*5
AnaL 5, reddish massive, from Bolton; G.—2-70. AnaL 8, maaflive, ye!-
^ t*5; G.=2-787. Oontttinfl 7-80 p. c of Ca C, From Bolton.
] 'Wlittiiih massivev from Ouisjo; contains 3 41 Ca.0; G.=2*69. In the anaL abovei, 1*5
ved.
_ «h Of jeUowi8h*greeD, deavable, and partly in cryatals, from Franklin, N. J.|
(( 0.=2'liif with sabreflinous lustre ; B,B. very fusible. Contains 10-7 2 p.c, of OaO.
euish-gray, waxy in luatre to pearly, subtranaluoent, with H,=5'B, G, ^2*640- -
i Perth in Canada, Contains considombEe magnesia as well as potash.
In grayiah crystals, from Dtaoa, associated with Bpheoe. (Not from Bolton, as an-
[ ibe fpecBinen showa by its character and the aaaoeiatod minerals that it is unquestion-
^)
Bwd (Am. J. ScL. II. viiL !03» 1849) (anaL 11 — 13) occurs in slender square pnams,
I 2 or 3 tn. long, imbedded m cjilcite. Yellowish to gray and usually dulL Brittle. IL
crystals more altered, 2*5. G^s 2*69 7 — 2-712, Hunt; 2*78, Grosaley. From
[ C3o., N, X The varying results of analyses, and the presence of carbonate of
, ftod the rebitions to known examples of altered sea polite, con^rm the view
tba Cbrm and appeoranoea, that algcrito ia an altered scapolito, and related to
■I (Logan's Bep. Can., 1853 and ISS^, Am. J. 8d.f IL xix. 428) (anaL 14) la a mas-
from Bathorstj Canada, aflbrdino: aquard prisrns by cleavage, and having H»
r7€fi — 2*776, lustre vitreous, a little parly on cleavage surfaces; oolor red dish- white,
peach-b'loissom red. Aooording to OhapmaaiAcn. J. Sci, IL rx. 2»V9), its crystfitliza-
* d^Afactera aro essentiAlly thoae of scnpolite. It ia associated with apatite^ calcito,
Hie oblique bosal cleavage, mentioned by Uunt, is, as stated in the last edition
, a SOS, only a fracture. Hoiit in Rep. G, Can. IS(k1 makes it a variety of gieseckite,
ia norlhem N. York. See further under Fin'TTK, p. 479.
^«f ■BBumflfBep. G. N. Y., 1837. 152) has the form of scapolite, with TL.-% ; G. = 2-53 ;
} pearly ; oolor yellowish-white or greenish \ and is from a amaE vein in liDJcstooe at
K. Y. It has not been analysed^ but la probably near algerite or wilsonite. The
k (|iitite4ace) Scapolit of Sdiiimacher (Yerz., 9Bf ISOl^ fnnxi Areodal, is probably simir
324
OXTGEN OOMPOUKDfl*
the algtrite and other pinits psoudomoq^bji. It 10 deacribed as corsumng lo < ,
iUitalvo^ of a white, greenish} and other shades, and as B.B. fusing easily. His IVaJCtdr^ier ^
m worn Areodal, appear* to haT© beec a skaiitk pgewdoraorphj it being RB. iBfu^T)te,
Mha jrmn Arendal^ Nrnwajf {Mka^U of Abildgaanl). AoaL 15, 16. The mia t
bedded in quartz, and haS} acoordlLg to t. Rath (1. c.)^ the form of S-sSded rvTstalB of I __
6 in. long. The cryatals are covered with mica externally, and within consist thnmghonl^
aggregation of the same mica* The mica is greeoish- white, translucent H, = 2 — S. G.=^
Oxygen ratio (from v. Ratli) 1 : 5 6 : iO'5 ; perhaps I : t> : lo|, giving 1 : I^ for the <
the bases and siUca. The change from scapolite hna consisted in the rcmoTal of Hum^ i
Fo, and substitution of potash for soda.
Micajratn Farga.% an at 20, is a magnesia mit-a.
The red scapolite of Arcudal (anal 17) has !L = 5; 6,= 2*852. Brownish or brkk*«4
ficiiltlj fusible. Oxygen ratio 1 : 2*4 : lb. lu the change, Pe^ magDeaia^ and potaah liav» 1
introducod*
The black scapolite of Arendal (aoaL 1 8) Ib altered by a large addition of inagiKeit
Color gmjiab-black ; streak grayish-white. Rather soft* G.=2'837. No deATigie.
rounded with difficulty. 0. ratio 1 : 2i : 2*5 : 1*6^ unleas part of the iron it seaqtiku^
The epidote ps^udomofph of the same locality (anaL 19) giTos the oxygen ratio nil
1:2:3. The crystals occur imbedded in uralite. Forohhammer has described oChif i
peeudomorphe after ecapolite from Arendal, which are alblte externally and epidote 1
Gabbbokitb of Schumacher (Verzeichm, IBDX) is referred here by 8ibiei«iii, wbo '
there are, in t!ie Eoole des Mines at Paris, crystals of it of the form of acapoUm (I^IJS I
.18fi4). t^ehumachor describes it as bluish-gray, inclining to leek-green; a&o |:Ajlili \
green ; lustre tecble; fracture smooth like that of flint; G.= 2'947 ; haying some 1
gabbro. The bluish-gray variety from the Kenlig mine near Arendal, with black
and caldtefand the <jther from Frederick svam, Norway, in syenite.
The kaolin from Malejo, anaL 24, is a reddish -yellow day-like maaBr retaining aomHl ,
crystaUind form of scapolite ; 0. = 2'1. The composition eorreaponds to 1 of ainjniiui to 1 1
For another kaolin see under Ekedsboitb ^Paasauitc).
SieatiUc pseudomorphs occur at Newton, N. J., and Arendal in Norway. A
of PargaSf of a gray color, m limei^nG, contains 92*71 p. c of ailksa, JJMl»lfll
Tschermak as occurring psoudomorphous after scapolite.
Fmtdo-Smpoliie of N- Nordenskiold (Bidrag FinL Min., 66, 1820) is wernerlte alterti \
eue. The crystals are large and contain crystals of pyroxene, which are moot abundant (
the exterior i from SUaoaaby, near Pargaa*
WO. BEBB^RarrB. fcapoHto (fr. Arendal) pt. Weraerit© (fr. Arendal) pt
WEiLVEnrTE.J Sodait (fr. Hesselkulla) Ekeberg, Afh., ii 163, 1807. NatroUte of 1
WoiktsUm, Ekebergite Berz., Arab, 1824, 168, Ekehergit, Porzellanspalh {ft*
ISichM, Denkschr. Ak. Munchen, vii, 65, 1818, Tasch. Min^ irii, 94, 182.'<. Pora
Taf; 92, 16 G 3. Passauit Naumann, Min., 305, 1855.
Tetragonal. Like wemerite in forrn and elearage. Alao
finely cc^lumnar massive,
H,=5-5— 6. G.^2"74. Lustre vitreous, somewhat pearly or
Culor white, gray, greenisli- white, bluish, reddish. Transparent
trail sUieeiit,
Oomp— 0, mdo for ft, II, ^1=! : 2 ; 4*5; formula (H^a, S"a>-h|Xl)*Si*-^S§i* orl
half the excess of silica (or 1\ Si) basic; =, if C^a : ]^fa=8 : 1, Silica 5W, alumina 2511,1
soda 6'9=lt»0; if Ca : ^^« = 2 : 1, Silica 51-7, alumina 263, lime 14*2, aoda t -0=100,
Analyaea: 1, Hermann (X pr. Ch., xixiv. 177); 2, Wolff (Inaug. Diaa, Berlin, lft43, ]
Mln, Ch., 719) J 3, Hartwnll (Bens. Jahresb.^ iy. 156); 4, Woiff (I c}; 6, v, B«tb (P«»|f,^
288); 8, Wolff a c); 7, Damour (L'Institut., 1862, 21); 8, t. Rath {L Cl); 9» F^v^^-
Kobell (J. pr. Ck, I 89); 11, 8chafh&utl (Ann. Oh. Pharm^ xM. 540):
^i ^1 Fe
1. Hessellkulla BIOS
2, '' gyK-gtu 4926
26^80
26-40
13 29
1444
083
oe5
; Mn (Hfslfl
infIBILICAT£8*
32S
& H fe ]C[g Ca j«a & n
4d-42 25-41 1-40 0*68 1669 Sm
^pmk,fms9, 49-88 27-02 0*21 0*85 UH *7'5& 0-87
50-04 25*68
106 12 64 C'89 i'54
, ywft.^. 60»3 25 81 075 0 58 13 34 7 Ofl 0-85
60-30 26 'OS 14-08 6'98 1-01
62*25 2397 0'78 9'8€ 870 1'73
JPtmmate 49'80 2790 14-42 5-46
60*29 27-37 — * 13*5S 6*93 O'lT
49-20 27 -ao — 16*48 4-53 123
* 1-S6 p, o. of c&rbonate of Lime removed.
1-46-100 Hartwaa
0'77=99\90' Wolft
2-60=9»'35 Rath.
0-41 = 99-74 Wolff.
3-25 = 9^-70 Daraour.
J*20=:98*49 BatL
0-»0=97-98 FucliB.
=97-30 Kobelt
1-2D, CI 0-92-99*66 a
,a-=2'S0;2,G.=2*736; 4,G.=2-628j 6, G.=2'658; 6, G.=2-712j 8, a=2-6a3j 9,0*
J (Poreelliinspatli) has the 0, ratio, in aoaL 1, 1 : 2*4 : 4-8; in 2, 1 : 24 : 4*9 ; in 3,
F4'^ But a Blight change in the bases would make the last 1 : 2 : 4'5 ; and it is probable
ijni&enU. is an altered ekebergite. Fuchs made the pd^niA probably about 92^^ and no
VBehAfMutL But Dosdoizeaux haei fouQd that it has but one optical axis— a negative
\ tlua d«ddes it to b<3 tetragonal in.ct7«tallUation, Its colors are white toyellovmh,
' grapsb-white. The dyBtals are coorae^ and irregnlarlj grouped i>r single.
a — In the closed tube jield a small amount of water. B.B. whitena aud fuses with
r to a btebbf glass. Imperfect] j dooompoaed by mtiriutie aeid.
Bessellknlhi and MaJsjo id Sweden; Arendal in Norway; Pargua in Finland^ in
neur, St Lawrence Co,, N, Y,, in limestone, with apatite and sphene^ in abort
»times several inches m diameter.
\ it f^m Appensall, near Fossau^ in Bavaria.
etvuite id the souroc^ by ita alberatioot of a large bed of porcehiiD earth or kao*
tof tlifi kaolin has the prismatie form of the possauite. FuchB fouud in one of his amdy-
_rH, ^ 32x>0, Fe 090, Oa 0-74, tl 1800, uadeoompoeed mineriil 2'9ti = 9^*60; in an-
f 43-«j5, il 36-93, Fe lUO, Ca 083, fi ia'60=99*91. Opal occurs iu the kaohn as om
Tthe ftiieration.
! K Nardmsk, (Bull Soc Nat Moscow, ixi. 221, 1857), Has the form and angles
(Kflikach. Mio. RussL, iii. 187), and lb probably altered ekebergite. Ck>lors white,
_ iali*b1ue; G. = 2-665. The cryMtals, after action of acids, are full of worm^like holea^
^the aeptmitioD of the carbonate of lime prt?9&iit. Analyais nfl'ordM Si 44*95, %1 W^9
'ig 1*01, Ca 14 44 [Na 10'8t*], ign. 1 '86 = 100, No potash was found, B,B, easily fuair
I O. ratio for tlf H, ^i la 1 ; 3 : 6 ; but Bupposing a loss of part of the bases, it may have
a true ekebeigite. From the laxulite locality near Budmrwi in Siberia, in the
I tCjgiioa.
301. MJZZOfrr^l, Seacchl, Fogg., £rg&nK^ ilL 476, 1652.
nal. Closely resembles meionite in its crystale* Observed planes :
^2, 1. O A l-i=156° 6' ; (j=0^M30 ; 1 A 1 = 135° 56' and W %\
1 : 135** 58', KokBcharof. Cleavage as in meionite. Crystals quite
Unknown massive.
e5'5— 6, G,=2-623, v. Katk Lustre vitreous. Colorless to white.
\t to translucent.
I for ft,S,^i=l :2 :5i; or, for bases and ail!ca, = l : If ;/ormula, (HCa,Na)*
; or else with half the excess of silica basic; =, if Ca: ^a=l : 1, Silica 66 '2,
fcH luae 9-9, soda 10-9= 100. The analyses agree about as well with the 0. ratio 1 : 3 : 6|,
i: ▼. BskOi (Fogg., dx. 254) i
iTO 51 23 80 Ag 0'22 Oa 877 '^^ 9*83 It 2-14, ign. 013=99 69.
\wA/am — ^B.BL fuses easily, but with less intumesoence than meionite. Not acted upon by
I on Sornma, like the meionite, but is associated with feldspar iostead of calctte
I ^f^^r, greaiar^ the axis of the prism being a little longer than in meionite^
326
OXYGEN OOMPOmffDS.
302* DIP7HJS. Schorl blunchlltre de UauI^ozi (Pjrenoea) (diaooT'd by GilleVl
LcuooUte, DdameUL, Sciagr.^ I 289, ii 4ai, 1793. Dipyre H^ Tr. ill 1001.
Blelf. Orykt, i 411* 18 IK Couseramto CkarpenHer^ Ajin, Ch. Pbja., mix. 21NV 181
Beranite, Prehnitoid Bhmstrand^ (Efr. Ak, Stockk, ISM, 297,
Tetragonal. Fonn and cleavage aamo as for wernerite and m
Cn^stals email or large, single or grouped. Sometimes columnar,
ll.=:5— 5'5. G.=2*646, Lustre ritreotis to somewhat pearly.
less, whitish, jellowish, greenish, and Bometimes reddish ; opa^iue
Transparent to Bnbtranalucent.
Dipyre occurs m rather ooarse crystals^ often largo or fltoat, tod r&r^tj ooluxnoftr, ta I
phic rodci, while maHalik is fouDd only in very iniall cxilozidM or white cryftakt in IgiiM
and coDt&ios more alkali Prehnitoid U similar to dipyre.
Oomp.— 0-ratioforR,S,fc3i=l:2:6; formula (MiCa4'i^«)'-f |Xl)'&"+«9l=,l!
= 1:1, ^Silica 5B'3^ alumiaa 226, lime 9^, soda lO'O.
Aualjsm: I, Vauquelin (Hauy'ii Tr^ iil 1801); 2, Deleaw (C. K, xviil ©H ^^H); ^
(L'lnatilut, lti» 1862); 4, Piaaai (DescL Uln., I 227); 6, Blomatraud ((£fr. AJc. a^oddSn,
^i itl fta SLg
1. i?iSpyre 60 24
2. " Xibaperna 66-5 248
3. ** PoiiMts 66-32 23-06
4. " Libarena 66 69 22*68 O»0 0*49
5. Prehnikdd 56-00 22-46 0*18 OU
Oa Sa ft fl
10 4 2=100 Tk
»0 »*4 D'T ^=»9^
9-U 7-68 0^90 3-4]=9ft-t0l
6-85 8*65 0*16 4 55~10l*0«]
7-T» 10*07 0-46 1-04, !*• 11
Pyr*, etc. — B.B. foaes with iDtomescence to a white blehby g:laaa« Soohi tp
pbcreacent when heated. Imperfectly decomposed by acida.
Obtf. — iVom the region of the Hauiea-l^'renei'a, in granubr limcsioiie : at ]
ndres'de-Bigorre, with a white uuiazial mfoa; near Dbam]a,ab<»utai]illeaodahalfi
with mica or talc; at the hatha of Aulas in the Dept. of Ari^; in a black
bank of the L^s^ near Luaenac, Ari^g« ; in the ▼idnity of Loutrfn, near Aog
granular limestoDei, with pyrite, aphene. Tha prehmioid is from a localHy 1
and Solberg in Sweden^ with ooorsely crystalliEed hornblende [ ita hintnuig la I
strand to be 7, and G.—2*b(k
The name dipyre^ fyom 6tt^ iwk«^ and ti^^ Jin^ alludes to th« two ollboli of bmt^ J
phortxena, Prehnihid refers to a reamnblance to pr^ehiiiie,
Altr — Dip3rre undergoes very caay alteration, much eaaier than wemeriiai iii4 Ihli I
owes to the large percentage of soda. At all the loealitiea the mineral oocura Voml
a crumbling state. Some of it appears to be changed to a kind of greeniah I
Ocruseraniie appears to be the same mineral in an altered form. It ooeiism ia [
and (he dipyre may be seen paasing into ooaaenmite. Ita aquare piiaios at^ \
rounded exteriorly^ and bluisb-black or graylah-blac^ to deep black in color, Hat i
isb and bliMddsh on the same speoiman. It ia often soft and (Ingile. CI
from the depMirtment of Ari^ (farmerlj OomaimDi). Ana^yaea: I,
ir, 327); 2, Pisani (Dead Kin., I 234):
m
£1
^e
%
Ca
«a
k
a ^
1.
5287
24-02
1-40
U-86
S^6
i*5l
^M*«*|
2.
68-33
20-20
1-90
7-20
0-99
0-76
s-as
tM-liJ^U^
Piaani's analysis was made on largo aqnare prinna fhua Poyaaa. 1% :
agatmatoliie. Both of the analyaea indicate the alteration by tha amoiuit aC|
OtUcT localities are near Bagndraa-de-Bigorre ; at SootMiao noar Beiz,
atone. An orthodaso of the region haa somotimea boon miitakea for i
303. MARTATjITO* V, Hath, ZR G., zria 686, 1866. [Not MarM
TetragonaL Clom\y redemhlea meionite in ilB ciTitala, Fo
UKISILICATES.
327
except that 0 is present, and 3-3 are wanting, 1 A 1=136*^ 0',
!S=5*5— 6. G,=2'626; bnt, allowtng for impurity, 2*530. Lustre
on*, Colorleds, or wWte. Transparent tu translucent.
, nitio for It, S. §1=1 : 3 : 6^ like dipype ; but havmg the aUcaliea ^d lime in the
j 1 fnflleod of 1 : 1. Formula (i (J Sl-h| ifa)*H-| Si)' Si'+3 *^i=Silica 683, alaraina 223,
\ aoda 13H=100. Or perbAps ratio t : 2 : O^^ which givea eiUca 02' 1, alumina 20 2, lime
M 12% agreeing better with the analysis. Analysis : v. Eaih (I c); la ija the aualjais
Ifcmoved aa mixed magxietite:
Si
%
Fe
Mg
Ca
]Sra
^
1.
69-60
20-70
445
0-29
4-39
8-90
1-09=
:99'82.
la.
62t2
21^88
0-31
463
9*87
I 16=
:iOO,
-fhxa ft Toleanic rook called
pipemo, oecmring at Pianura, near Napl
08.
KEPBHLITE* Sechaseitige welsso dtirchBichtige Schorlsauler mit oder ohne Pjramide
^pitse, etc {ft. VesuviuB (Somma)X J. /. Ferher, Bri^fe mn Wfiischland, 166, 1773; =
CTfetatZiBatua albua crjntaUls prism atida v. Bom^ Lltboph., 11 73, 1775;=Sommite
, X T^ il 211, l7t»T;=:NephelLn6 H., Tr, iiu IBOL pBeudo-sommite, Pscudo-nephe-
. a di BoveX ^ Bdtepue, J. de Phys., li. 45S, 1800 ; id., var. of Sommite, Iklaniftk, L c.
, CaTolinite, DaTina, MonL & CoveUi^ Min. Veauv., 1825.
Wera^ 1808, Klapr. Beitr., t. 176, 1810, SteffoQ^B Orykt, i 473, 1811. El®olith(fr. Nor-
iMiaffT., Mag. Ges. Fr. Berl, Hi. 48, 1809, Beitr., v. 176, 1810. Pierre groaae jK, Tabl^
1809. Pbotiiie (fr. Norway) Dead. Mia, I 289, 1BG3.
mal, O A 1 — ISS'' 55' ; ^=0*839. Observed planes : 0 ; prisms,
■ ; pyramidg, |, J, }, 1^ 2, 4, 6; 2-2, 4-2. Usual forms six-sided
r^e-sided prisms with plane or modified summits. Fig. 293, sum-
aes uf a crystal.
292
A 2=117° 18'
A 1=147 9
^ A 1=154^ 9'
U 4=104 28
/A 1 = 134 5
/A 2=152 42
1 A 1, pyr.,==130 17
1 A 1, ba6.,=88 11
/A t-2=150
: /difitinct, O imperfect. Also massive,
also thin columnar.
:r5*5— 6, G,=2*5— 2-65. Lustre vitreous —
a little opalescent in some varieties.
, white, or yellowish ; also when massive,
en, ^"eenish or bluish-gray, brownish and
Transparent — opaque. Fracture subconchoidal
feeble ; axis negative.
Vesuvius.
Double re-
-L Giasf^t <w Sommiie. Fsually in small crystals or graina, with vitreoms liiatre, first
i Ml 8oi&ma» in the region of VeaaTiua; G.=2 5a^ fV. Teaurius, Sehoerer; 2'G37, lb.,
J3lfl«y«tf IB nephdite from Veatiriua, with feeble luatre, contitiiiLn^, acix^rding to Hammela-
t-]4 pi CL of carbonate of lime, which he attrlbuLea to partial altoratiou^ and Couolimk
I tamb locality ; it haa a aiiky luatre owiog to kingitudinoi ril^ within.
328
OXTOEST CXOiPOUKDfi.
KokBcharof found tbo angle 1 A l=rl39* IT \ whence /A 1=134' &' Si", uid i
(Min. EussL, iL 160). Breitbaupt made /A 1 = 134® b' ; Haidingw 1S4' S'j Saedii tSl
S. Elfgoliit. In large oooree ciystala, or mai58ive» with « grenay lust«u G.— 2-S*t& J
Breith. ; 265, fr, Arkanflaa, Smith k Bruah, j, -» » * pi
Oomp,— 0. ratio for R, E Si=l : » : 4i. Formula p«thaps (N*' KVSi'+3 5I»a
(^ R»_^| ^1)» i^iVl SI Poaaibly 7 (i B* + f 5J)' b;i'Hf-2 (i ff4-f ifcl) B\\ making Ui
of a unisilicat© and a biailicate. The percentage correeponding to oitber, ia, tf J
silica 44*2, alumina 3:i'7, aoda 16*0, potash &'2=:100,
Aoalysea: 1, Arfvedson (Jahreab., iL 971; 2, 3, 4, Scheerer (Pogg., xW ePi.xUX-'
OmeJin (Neph, im Dolerit, etc., Hfidelbergj 182*2); e, Heidepriem (J. pr. Ch,, I f"^": ' ^«
ft Covelli (Prod. Min. Ve.suv,, 375, and Pogg^ li. 470); 8, », Ranimelflberg \V-
Min. Ch., 662J; 10, 11, 12, Scheerer (Pogg., xlvL 291, xlix. 369); 13, 14, Br
6771; 16, R v. Pusirevsk j (Kokacii. Min. RuphL, ill 78); Smith ft Bnuh (.Am. At
3T1); 17, X P. KimbttU (Am. J. ScL, IL nix, 65); 18, D. M. Balch (Proc T
3tl Pb tik ^'a ft: ft
€l)=loa-3tSah»eNr.
0'2i=&y«0Scb«wf,
l-39=l(KiTi8di«m,
l*3»=lor]3Gni«liiL
0-82, SlgO-U-lOU^JSM
=96-89 31 ft a
i-do^aifp^Cfi-oi^wr
2'06=r 1 00*69 ficJMerar.
, MgO'O7 = 100-«
. MgO'77=rff^l3l
0&2, MgOH5:=!OMI
, Mg 0 15:^100^
0 95 » 100*66 aft &
1*47=100*»1 KiohilL
^^SS-?! BiOdL
In the Irwt aniilysli!^ the mineral, preiions to analysis, had beea drlod At 160' C; wfci
100 0., it aflbrded 1*31 p c of water. Traces of muriatic add, mud fttao of sulplii
ed by Scheerer and Bromeis ; and in one nepheline from Mt Sommji they Ibaad
and 010 of the latter. Other analyses : of E» ft-, Norway, Scheerer, Fogg.
Ifeiches in the Vogolsgeb,, A. Knop, Jahrb. Mou 1866, 686.
Pyr^ etc. — B.B. fuses quietly at 3 5 to a colorless ghiar OelatinSsus with
Oba. — Nephelite oocura both in aodeat at)d modem Toloanic rocks^ and alio
alliod to granite and gneiss^ the former mostly in glassy crystals or ^nini [m
roasaiye or in stout cry.Htals (cheoliteK A doleryte cootainlQf much diijomiiirt
M ooourt at Katieubuckel, near Heidelberg, has been called muftilftmpftfrg tai
granite^like rock found noar Miaak, in which ekeolite replaoei qmrti^ baa b^ee
iroia its locality. A rock compoeed of orthodase, el^eolite, and aodalitei, tttwx IHlro b^
vmnia, is the ddrdyte of Tschermak, The rircoo-syenite of Norway coataiiai Ducb
Kephellto occurs in crystals in the older lavas of 3omma, with mioa* Ukjmwm^
Bove, near Borne (the l<xality of the pseudo-Mpheline) ; in tlie (dinkstono «l
Heidelberg ; at Hamberg in Heaala ; Auaajg in Bobcmla ; LoInki la Saxony.
BreTig, Stavern, and Frederick sT&m, Norwi^, imbedded In iirooci^^7«<e ; In
Urala, along with white feldsp&r, brown hexagoiial mtoa, liroon, pTrochlMi, t
ki\}B in the Tunkinsk Mts., Siberia, with graphite, eauori«i««, riromi* Tba cffM
Baaoehi was of the viirioty sfrmmite, or eioi^^ occurring al Somsia ill a g«o4n In "
■odaUte (Pogg. Brgans.. iii. 478, 1858).
Elaolite oocura masatre and crystallUBod at Utch field, Ife^ with caaerinite; la tlie
Arkanaai^ with brookite and schortomiie ; in a bouMer, with sodalite. at SbJme^ Um
Named MpftsMw* by Haiiy (1801), jh)m ri>fj^«>, a chud, iu allusion to ita ham
knmenDd In nireng acid; ettBoiiie (by KlaprothX tt^m n^tow, otl, in aUiudoti lo lla
vtrie^ havifig been made a distinct apeoiaa earlier by Wonaer (ISOt), atMlir ibt
Mlilini. The name aommH^^ derived fktm the Teenvlaii loeality, gt^m te 1T»I
baa ih0 pfiari^. But Werner early adopted lUQVa namei and latar autbott hum
/ Nepheiiie.
Si
%1
l?e
Ca
^'a
ft
L Vesuvius
44*11
33-73
20*46
2.
44n)3
83-28
0'tI5*
1*77
16*44
4-94
3. "
44'2»
33*04
D-39-
182
14'93
4*7-i
4. Odenwald
4:i'70
82-31
1'07
0-84
15-83
5TiO
6. "
4H-36
3340
l*/>0
0*90
n-m
113
6. Lobau
4:5-60
82*33
1-42
3*55
14*13
6-03
7. Ikivyne
4201
33-28
125
2*02
7 48
8, "
S8-76
28*10
932
16^2
MO
i>, "
86*81
28-66
10-33
16-86
1*21
U EkEoUiA.
lu. FrederickBv*n, gn.
45 31
82*G3
0-46
0*38
16-9&
6*45
IL BreTig, ^rn.
44-59
S2'14
0*86
0*28
16 67
6*10
12. Miask, whik
44-30
33-25
0-82
0-32
16-02
6*92
13, •* **
\2-b\
3H-7S
0*20
14'<)l
6*91
14. ** ♦*
42*33
3489
0-47
16-26
6*95
15. MaHenskiga
44'1»4
30-39
0T2
1*15
21*80
1-4S
16. Magnet Gove, Ark. 44 4^
a097
2U9
066
15*61
6-91
17. Saleni, Mass.
4481
32-80
it.
0-40
16-43
660
18. ** ♦*
4432
32*69
0*59
17*04
6'O0
»
Wltb Mn' O'-
j^in^ilild or elipolite is liable to readj oltemtion^ and u snail j produces a zeolite^ aa thofii"
^^^mkarkile of Sbepard^ according to Smith and Brush, ib ihomfonit^ (q. v.), and its sitoa-
^^^Pl TQ ehfiolite ahowB tha^it is a product of altemtiou. The largo amount of soda in
T^Sropared with the silica fits it espedaUj for generating zeolites. Bltim attributes berg-
i to tlie alteration of elsBolite (Pogg., Ixxxrii 315, and cv. 138).
b thowu by Blum to be a pseudomorph aflor this spedes. It differs mainly in con
' per odnt of water. It occurs in sbc-sided greenlsb-gray prisms of greasy lustroi
Ting Da 1 = 135" nearly ; and also at Diana, in Lewis Co., K. Y., with the oame
most put} although the results of measurement vary betwxjon IST and 139 % The
lire hexagonal in cleavage ; jei the planes of cleavage are oi^u separated by
WtsKi appearance, without lustre or cleavage, Aa*ording to Descloizeaux, the mj^terial
acts on polarized light like a gum or colloid, and is evidently a result of alteration,
the TaUey of FleiniSf in the Tyrol, is oonsidered by Blum a simikr pseudomorph,
I fiOfttainfl this oondusion. See further Pinitb, undor Hydrous Siucates.
Ilto has been observed altered also to mica and opaL JJavym is regarded as altered
tev doe to the intro^iuctiou of carbonic add^ as stated above ; and eofwruUk is supposed
^^^heaame origin.
Ikali and in six and twelve-sided prisms, sometimes with ba^al edges replaced ; 0 A ^=
; /a 1=116' 53', 4. A ^ = 164 47'; also thin columnar and massive. Ii=5— 8. 0,=
i-^ Color white^ Z^7^ yellow, green, blue, reddish; streak unoolored. Lustre sub-
' A little pearly or greasy. Tninsporent to tranaluoent.
Pormtila the same as for ncpheline, with gome li 0 and n $, ^ of the silicate to that
Ate being mostly as 8 : 1. Bose found no water. Analyses: 1, 2, G, Bose (Pogg.,
S» Puairevsky (Koksch. Min. RussL, iii. 76) ; 4, 6, J. D. Whitney (Pogg., In. 431);
>(Pogff^ xc. 616); 7, Puairevsky (I c); % G- Tadiermak (Ber. Ak. Wien, xliv. 134);
B^SLPhys., ULliviuJ:
304A. OANCRmtTBL G. Rose, Pogg., ilvii 11% 1839.
Si
^
^a
^
L 40*69
28*29
7-06
17-38
0-57
688
40'2(S
28SH
6-34
n*66
0-83
638
ft) 35-96
2957
6'&8
18'6a
6*65
yeSbtf 37-42
27-70
S-91
20-98
0-67
695
ffreeni^ 31*20
27-69
5-26
20-46
6*50
6-92
Mta. 38 83
28'65
4-24
2087
(Ca
37-73
27-76
sni
21*60
— -
6'GI
872
80*8
5-1
17*4
5-3
41*62
28*09
4-11
17^16
—
3-60
.^—^100 27 G Roso.
=4*9-70 G. Rose.
8*70, Pe,StiiO-lD, So 32=99-50 P.
2-82, Un, Pe 0 8ti=10[J*3l Wh.
a-28, ^n, Fe 0*27 Whitney.
D:)8'61=1U0 Struve.
4 07=99*86 Pttsirevslqr.
4'0=^99'2 Tachermak.
6-60 = 101*07 PisauL
— «™,r, tt, Litchfield, Me., Wliitney; 2461, green, Jb.; 2*489, ro8e*red (anal 8), fr.
vBkj; 2-454, yellow (anal. 7), fr, Tunkinsk Mts,, id.; 242, fr. Ditro (anaL 8),
rr. Barkevig, Pisani (anal* 9),
doeely like nepbelite in crystalline form, and it is probably identical with it Jn
ttg the carbonate and water, which may be due, as stated, to alteration.
ate in oomjJOsitioD, and differs only in that It has the carbonic acid combined
I A trace of chlorine In his analyses. The red color of the Kiask cancrmite is
1 graios of hematite, according to Kenngott, who also found calcite in mioro-
nd suggests that this may bo the source of the carbonic add of cancrinite.
L— In the dosed tube gives water. B.B. loses color, and fuses (F, = 2) with into-
I white blebby glass, the very easy fusibility distinguishiDg it readily fVom nephelite.
'^ ~i muriatic add, and forms a jelly on heating, but not before.
I at Miask in the Urals ; of dtroti-yollow color at the Marienskoy graphite mine iu
'Mta., 400 versts west of Irkutsk, in a coarse granite, with zircon, calcite, and
I Baricevig, in the Ijingesund-iiord, Norway, wbitisb and pale yellowish, ^ith blue
I ** befgmannite ; " at Ditro in Transylvania, pale flesh-red, in the rook called dUroyiej
loforthoclaae, elsolite, and aodalite (anal, %)* In crystals and massive, with blue soda-
330
OXraEN COMPOUKD6.
Alt^^Oociirs altered to nfl^?olite (hergfrnmnite) i the Gancrinitef w Saisim tod Plasi^
flrst loBing its transluoence and then passing to the flbroua oondltioii and xifttiire of \hs i
306. SOPAI.ITB> Sodalite (fV. Qroenland) Tlwnmm, E. Soa Bd. Tr^ T. S8t, tml}
FhiL Mug,, xxxtL 303, 1810.
Isometi'ic. In dodecaliedrons, f. 3 j also 4, 5, 10, 11, 14. Clesva^;
cahedral, more or less di&tiDct Twins: hexagonal prisms, t
12 plancfi ibmimg 6 prominent triant^ular ridges of 120*^, radii
centre, and arising from a combination of dodecahedrons. A
H.:=5'5-'6- G. =2136— 2-26, Vefiuvins; 2401, fr, Scarrnpatv
2-289, Ural; 2'37, Greenland; 2-294-2'314, Salem, Kiml^alL
vitreous, sometimes inclining to greai^y. Color graj, greenish, veil
white ; sometimes blue, lavcnder-blne, light red, Snbtransparent-
lucent. Streak imeolored. Fracture conchoidal— uneven,
Oomp,-(i ^e' + i Xl)*§i»+i Na a=(]fraV Si'+S XP&'+2Na d-SUica 371,
aoda 19*2, aodium 4*7, chlorine 7*^=100. Tho name alludea to the §(4a. J. D. Wtuta^J
that the blue color maj be owing to ferric acid present
Analj$c3: l^ Ekeborg (Thomaon's Ann. PbiL, L 104); 2. Thomson (I c); 3J, -
ii 97); 4, 5, Kammelaberg (Min. Ch^ 7u2); 6, v. Bath(Za G., irUi 621 )j 7. Hollnuraif
377); 8, V. Bore (Fogg., IxiviiL 413); 9, 10, Whitofej (Pogg., In. 481); 11, J. E
ScL, XL nix. 67); 1^ B. M. Balch (Proc Kaaez Xnat^ Solojn, ir. 4):
1. Greenland
2.
3« TeaQTius
ft. ** fffL
CL Soaimpaia
Si £1
86-00 32-00
38'6i 27*4S
86-99 32-69
3a*li 8168
88-76 84-62
37*30 27-07
Pb Cm fTa Gl
0-16
1-00 2-7
36*00
2»'60
66-56'
24-a7
_^_ 28 '48
4-03 0-43 16^
7. Bmen Mis. 38-40 82'04
8. Lamo, Norway 88*86 30'8*i
9. Litchfield, Mo. 37-80 32-8a«
10, ** " 37-63 80-93
U. Salem, Maa& 8733 32*70
12. " " 87-64 82'16
* With lome potuh.
0-32
1-21
24*47»
22-08
23'86
25-48
24-81
18-94
6-75-99-90 Ekeberg,
3-00, Ign. 2-1 = 98*80 T,
6 "SO ^ 1 00*43 AHVedaofi.
6-69==lU0-86 BanuxL, G.^riM.^
8*6&z= 99-36 Bamm.
e-96, ftg 0*73, Z 1*19, Ka e^\, 1
1011
7*10=102-33 Hofinatm.
untL\ ^ 0-51, Mg 0-44:^t8^1 J
6-97, £ 0fi9=10l*60 Whi* ^
— y rest vndei^ Whitney.
6-99=101-83 EJmbalL
6-45, Na 418=99-61 Baldl, i
Pyr,, etc — In the dosed tube the blae Turieties become white and opai^utw IKBL 1
Intumeaoenoe, at 3-5— 4, to a colorleaa glaaa. Deoompoaed bj muriatio and nilfio aoidl
■mioa of gelatinous silica.
Oba, — Ck!ciirs in mica «late, granite, ijenite, trap, baaalt, and Tokanic rooln, nilic
ated with nephelite (or elieolite) and eudial/te. With sanidiae it Tonna a iiiiiftilridii iadtii
pata In Xachia, in which iib«o occur aiigite, titanite, and ntagnelite in csTitak.
imenland in mica alate, oluag with feldspar, arfVedaonlte, and todk^Tto; at Vam^
Soiuma, in white^ traosluwat, dodecah&dral crjstala, with pjrctzaiiia^ oiea, and m
dodecahedrous, with cubic planee, in limestone along with idocraaa and neplieluK* ;
of a gray color imbedded in trap at the Kaiwrstuiil in Briegatt; alao near Lalct T
Tal di Noto, with nephelite and anaUite; at Miaak, in tho Ural» blue in tlie
oalled miascyte, with eiieolite and ^Idapar; Sedlowatoi, in the White 8e% wliki
laf maaaea at Lamiie near Brevig, Norway, of a laTeDder-Uoe oolor^ witli
and rarely eudialyte.
A blue variety oooura at Litehfiald, Me,, inaaaivA with diatinat d^wwgt^ i
n^ Mroeo, and caiierinite; a laT»ider>bly«v in a veio io tyooilOL al fia&an ~
m^ with ebBoUto, orthoolaM, biotite^ uid cirooo.
UKIfilLIGATSS.
I obtained for a greenish mineral hsTing G.;=2*602» occurrini? with eljcolite ot Brevig
orm^r (Pogf^ ImiT. 49^i), Ui 46-08, 3tl 23-97, ^a 21-48, CI 7-43, P 086, Oa, Pq /n = 90^7;
'ce the ^Dnnula of anorthito (oxygen ratio 1 : 3 : '6) with &n addition of some chlorid of sodi-
but it majr be onlj an impure sodalite.
kmed in oUnsion to its oontaining aodu.
t, — Sodalite oocara altered to kaolin, like the feldsparSf and also in conditionB of partial
I altiered iodatite from Greenland afforded Rammelsberg ^i 43^30, 3kl S2'5'l, Ca 3'00, '^a. 11*42,
^ fi (bj loaa) )»'84f giying for ][l, %!, Si, ll, the oxygen ratio 1 : 4 : 6 ; 2 ; but it ia not regarded
lit ehembt as a distioct chemical oon] pound
oQe-Wachtmeiifter found a Vesurian Bodollte lo contain (Pog$c., iL 14) 3i &0'98j ^ 27 '64, JTa
L Q 1*26=100*84, which must havo been either tgij impure or altered.
kLAZUU. LdY^tt^ Theophr, Sdpphiros Flm,^ zxxyiL S9* SappMrus Agrie^
I 9S8, 1&46. Cyaneua, Lapis Lazuli (Lapis Aznl AralKj unde nomen Asuri, aut Lazuli), S»
, Lip, 2T3, 1686. Lapls-Lazuli, Laiur-Steu, JaspU colore ooeraieo cnprifer, Wail^ Min,,
it. lApiB-Laxuli, ouHerre d'Azur, ih TrL Wall., L 186, 1753. Zeolites Blon (=Biuo
»], Lapis LacuK, Oronst, 100, 17 5 B. Zcollthua cseruleus v. Bom,^ Lithoph.^ I 46, 1712.
Germ. Native Ultramarine. Outremer Fr,
mnetric In dodecahedrons, f. 3, 4. Cleavage : dodecaJiedral, imperfect,
Eunonlj massive, compact.
L=5— 5'5. Ct.=*2'38— 2'45. LiMro vitreous. Color rich Berlin or
re-blue, violet-blue, red, green ; also colorless. Translucent — opaque,
eture rnieven.
A Blkate of soda^ lime, and alumina, with a eulphid probably of iron and sodiuoL
I, Klaproth (Beitr,, i. 189); 2, Omelin (Schw. J., riv, 329); 3, Kohler (Ramm. Miu. Ck,
Bcholtz (ib.); 5, Yarrontmpp (Fogg.. jtlLx. 515); 6, v, Hauer(Verk G. Eeichs., 1860, 86);
* ' J. Ch- 8oc, W. 831); 8/Schalt2 (1 cs.) :
fif
Si 9e Ca
4«-0 14-5 3 0 17-6
** 49 11 4 16
46-33 12-33 2 12 23 56
43-^6 20*23 4-20 14*73
Qdxam 45-50 31^6 «r. 3*52
ftro 40-54 48*00 0*86
66-d 20-0 0*1
ft §
2*0 40, C ini)=97'0 KlaprotL
tr. 2. Mg2 = 92 Gmelin.
0*86 3'2*i, CI (J'42, S?=98-78 Kohler.
— 5*76, S 3*16=IU0 Sehultz.
0*12 6-89, Fe <>86. CI 042, S 0*95 = 98*11 TWTOntT.
114 [12*54] 1'92 =100 Hauer.
101 , S 2-9 Field.
]5fa
8
11-46
8*76
9-09
45-10 25-S4 1*30 7*48 10 65 4-82, 8 a'96, K 1*35=100 Schulta.
r
pL, etCi. — Heated in the closed tube gives off aorae moisture ; the variety ft-om ChHI glows
Ift t»eetle-greet»ligfat, but the color of the mineral remains blue on cooling. Fuses eaaily (3)
iteftOBieaorace to & white glass. Decomposed by muriatic acid, with separatioo of gelatinous
I and eroliiticm o( sulphuretted hydrogen.
bftf— It li aeaaUy found In syenite or cryatalline limestones, associated oflen with pyrite and
jinicftles.
pmra of a deep blue color in Siberia, at Bucharei^ in Itmestone, with pyrite, apatite, and gtaa*
|| near the river Tal^a, and also the Bystraja, in the Lake Baikal region^ in a t?ryHtalline lime*
I QOBtftioing mica, in syenite ; also on the Sludianka in the some region ; at Ditro in Transyl-
1^ in A bomblendic vein in syeulto ; in Persia; China; Thibet; at Burdakschan in Tartarj;
mJLodtB of Ovaile, near the sources of the Cazadero and Tias, tributaries of tho Bio Grano^
pmitic rook. On the banks of the Indus it is disseminated in grayish limestone.
0 lidbly colored varieties of lapis lasuli are highly esteemed for costly vases and ornamental
In ; also employed in the mauufacturc of mosaics ; and when powdered const itute» the rich
lot»blepAint called uitramarim. B. do Boot gives, in his work above referred to, the method
nj^ for making artificial ultramarine. An ultramarine, Ghemically prepared, equal to that
DAlBTe lapis laznli in color and permanency, and mow oxteuaively used in the arte^ contains^
iHq^ to Yarrentrapp,
IS^H 5 ^'^30, £l 23*304, Oa 0021, ^a 21*476^ 1^ 1^752, S 1*635, Fq 1*063, 01 (r.=0d-785.
332
OXreEN COMPOUNDS.
307. HAfjYNlTB. LatiiiHte (fr. the Campagzia, sndent Latium) Gismonidi, I
1603f before the Akad de IJiiod at Borne, but unpublished, HauTae
J-, iv. 417, 1807, J. d. M., ixL 865» 1807. Auina Jtal Beneline L, A. Ntcker,
52, ISSl, Regno Um. Paris, 1835 ; t;. BaiL ZS. Q., xviii 546, 1SG6— Mazkli|» ,
moDdina ottaedrica MtcL Spado,
Isometric. In dodecahedrons, octahedrons, etc., £ 3 — 7 ;
planes 3, 3-3. Cleavage : dodecahedral distinct. Twids :
293 face octahedral, ad
farallel to all the plane
294, parallel to
with faces of tlie d4
dron. Commonly in i
grains often looking lil
tals with a fu6e<l surl'a<
Lustre vitreous, to sdj
preasy. Color hnVht H
blue, greenibh-brue ;
Albano, pis-green. Streak
^^^^^^^ bluiSi to colorless, ,
parent to translucent. Fracture flat conchoidal to uneven.
Var« — For the miDeral tr. Marino^ G,=S*833, Otneiin; fK VeaitTiai, Q.sSM
Mem, G.=3*4a6, Scaccbi; fr. L. Laaoh, 2'48l, ▼. Ratb. The whltd wkftf Arottl
Bendine of Necker, aocordlng to r. Rath (L c), from whom figa. 203, 384^ repreaenttlif i
ar9 taken. Yoni Rath remarks that the miDeral aoajjied by GmeUo (Oba. da &i^
which has been rt^ftirred tn berzeline, was a mixture.
Oomp^i Xa* ^ } ^1)* 5i' + Ca ^-{my 8i»-H 3 Xl' ^i' 4- 4 6a 5 -Silica 34-0, alnmai
9% soda 16*6, sulphuric acid 14-2t=lU0. Aanlyaea: I, Gmelin {O'-- ■'- T' Heidtts '
J.» xiv, 326, IV, 1); 2, Varretitrapp (Pogg,, xlix. 616); 3-5, J. %' (Po^^ !
6, EQmmelflberg (Pogg., dJL 677; j 7, id. (ZS. G., xil 273) j 8, r. Rt*U. . ;_., _. l 84)i '
xviiL 647):
Si £1 Pa Ag Ca f^a fi: fi B
K Marino 36-48 28'8T 116 1300 IB 56 [«-46]* ll^Sd Oi
2. Niedenn'g 36 Ul 27 41 ~ 12-65 6 12 «** 12-^0, "
" 38-90
^* 84*83
Mt. Albano 3244
ToaoTloa (1)34*06
T. Malft
9, BerteliM
34'88
(1)3311
a5f7o
29-07
28 61
27-75
27 '64
29S4
27*86
2817
0-31
1*06
0*70
022
7-60
7-28
»9C
10-ttU
6'64
lltu
10-86
18*28
18*67
14-24
11*79
14*47
I6*3d
a-13
2-40
4'»6
376
in
4G4
0-20
OiS
»ft,8tas4lMi.
J 2-0! = 100-7.
1213=101-61
12-98=»r7l
ir2&=ioO'Si
llMV t
1
ipoilttal|
at 4f «
hi
Tb« hatkjnite from Kied^rnsendig, aeoording to Wbitoey, oonwpoodB In i
ulte-fl uostte.
Pyr., 0to. — In the closed tube retains Us color B,B. tn the forotpa An
glass. Fused with soda on charcoal aifords a sulphid, which blaioloeat i&ftr.
muriatic arid wiih separation of gelatinous silica.
Oba.~0c5curs in the Vesijrian lavas, oa Somroa ; at Mtilfl, on Mt Vultor,
lava called Hai^ynoph^r^ a black to browm rock eoutainmg tb© haOjnlle dial
of bkck, green, blue, red, and brown colors^ and also white, and aoaurtliDai nd
ontafdoj in the lavas of the CSampagna, Bome^ and also in tbe papcfiiid of Mtfteiw.
DMr iJbaQQ, of skj-blue, bluish-green, and aoooetkoM optline^ abo wlilte (BamilMt li
KMormtndig and Majon, h, Laach, in atmcbjtic rock; at Mt Dor Id P^f^lM
HtahMlX Aaorea.
TJIflBILICATEe.
333
■.fter tbe cry^tallo^nipher and mineralogist HnQy.
tt- — The rftTutiona in tbe analjsea as to water present show a tendency to hjdrfttion and
cluuiges in the mineral
IITB Gmdm (Schw. J,^ rxxTi. 74^ 1822) ; Skolopsito v, Kobdl (GcL AnTOi^., xxviiL 638,
H^ Bammelsberg baa shown (B«r Ak. Borliii, 18r;2, 1864) diat ittnerUe and Akolopsito
pniMilj altered haujnite or noaite. Ittnerite contains 10 to 12 p. a of water, and soolopeite
■ intbid water from none to 10 p. a Tttnontci occurs in tmDsluceut dodecabedroiia or granular
wiXh B.=:5*5; G',=2*37 — 2-40; color dark bluish or ash-grB7 to smoky gray j lustre
«&d comes from Kaiseratuhl near Freiberg, in Brisgau, Basbach, and Eodinj^n,
ooenrs granular masajve; H,=5; G,=2iiS> color grayish- white, to pale reddish*
^ mod b from Kaiaerstnhl, and occurs in the same rock with ittaerite (riscber, Ber. Gea.
18<;2).
1, Gmelin (L c.) ; 2, J. D. TThituey (Pogg:., In. 442) ; 3, Hammelsherg (Bor. Ak,
li<^ 171)1 4, V. Kobell (L c); 6, RammolsbGrg' (L a, ii 1862, 245) j 6, id. (ib., lStJ4, 172):
a
0'73"fl8'36 Gmelin.
1"26^100 Whitney.
0 -ft 2 = 98 -93 Ramm.
Ofl6=^lOOD7 KobelL
1'36=100"05 Ramnj.
1-27 = 1U0 Eamm,
Si
M
Pe
Ag Ca
^B.
^
a
S
84*02
28-40
0-62
7-27
1215
1-56
10'7G»
2'86
3669
2914
6-64
12'67
1-20
[y83]
4-62
37 •»7
80*50'
— _
0*76 3-4S
7'89
1-72
12V
401
44^6
1786
2-49
2-28 l«J-84
12*04
1-30
4-09
S479
21-00
2'70
2-tt7 16 10
11-95
280
829
4-39
3860
IS-
29
lao la-ai
10&4
2^8
[10 261
3-56
*
• With H fl.
b With
amtle7«tOS.
• w«g named £roBCi vwo^mft^ a tpHnier, from its splintery fmctorew
In ripifl (L. I^adi) lapOlos elegantiores et sapphiros reperlre est, Freherut^
inarum, iL 86, 1612, Spiuellan Nos^ Noggerath's Mln* Stud. G^b. Medderrhein, lo9,
9^ IrJT, 160, 1809. Spineilan, Nosiao, iubj^r.^ Breitr^ vL 371, 1815. Hiiuyno pL No*
Hoain, 9omi autfutrs.
Betric, like haiiynite. In dodccaliedrons. Often granular maasivB*
fc5'5. G.^ 2 '25— 2*4* Color grayish, bluish, brownish; sometinieB
Translucent to nearly opaque,
<i ^44^ I Xl)* Si' + 1 5ra §^(^V)' 5i'-h 3 3^1* Hii' + 2 :5f a 5 = SUica 86*1, sulphuric acid
^ 81*0, soda 24-9=^100. A little chlorid of sodium is also present; ratio of chlorid to
» about 1 ; 10.
1: I, 2, Bergmann (BuTL 8d,, 1823, iil 40S); 3, Varrentrapp (Pogg., xUx. 615); 4, 5, J.
r(?tagg^ Uz. 431); t^9, y. Rath (Z3. D., tvL 86):
clear
a 3tl Pe Ca ^a
38*50 29-25 1-67 1-14 16-56
87-00 27-60 1"28 8*14 12'2l
36*»9 32-67 006 1-12 1784
36-52 29-64) . . . « I 09 43-1 j
36-53 29-42 f "^ *^ j 1-63 2297
86*73 29-08 0*75 120 WU
36-69 28-46
36-46 29 61
36-67 26*60
0-75
0-47
0-91
0-28
I!
0*63 28*90
2*37 20*60
406 20-75
R CI 3
816, Un l'0O=r99-n Bergin.
—^ — - 11-56, Un 0-50=99'59 Bergm.
1*8S 0 65 9*17=99*22 Varrontrappw
1-^7 n.Ri i 7-66=100-34 Whitney.
L61 u bi ^ 7-13-100-99 Whitney.
0-83 0-7 J 7-62, Ik. 0-34=100-48 Rath, G.-
2-281.
2 16 1*05 7*3O=100-M Rath, a = 2'289
2*02 0-70 7-34=st00 Rath, G..-2-336,
0-a7 1*08 10 00=100 Rath, G,=^2-399.
, io hb inalyBis (Beitr,, vi 875^ obtained ^i 430, XI 29-6, Fe 20, Ca 1*6, S* 19*0, S
fsM*».
^•le. — B.B. Eke haQynite. Gelattuizes in acids, yielding no sulphuretted hydrogen*
■^From near Andernach on the Rliiue, at Lake Laach, m looao blocks consisting largely
J fl^ldspar, with mica, magnetite, and occaaioDally zircon, occupying carities in the fold-
mail gmins or crystals ; also found at Itieden and Volkersfold in a leucite rock.
i ftfler SLr W. Nose of Brunswick.
334
OXYOKIf OOMPOTTWDS.
309. IiBUOITIJ. Wel6fl« Granateo, Weisae gnuiBt-fonnige Schorl-OrystaDea <lt 1
J, X Ibrbcr, Briefe au8 Walschl&ndf 166, \*IB, etc., 1773, BasalteA albua po)j9dra
fbnnia, etc,, «. Bom, Lithopli,, ii 73, 1775. Schorl blanc /V, IH of Perber. Oi«b(
Lcalcin^B (ft*. VeauviuH, where called Owhio di Peniico» Rome» etc) de SoMmvrti 3.
I Tii, 21i 1776, CEIl de Perdrix, Grenats bljinca, altMa par une vspeur acide qui ftjruit
for R laUs^ les grenats dmis im ^tat de bbmch^ur, Sage, lOn., L S17, 1777 ; iff £4
1783. Weiflse Granaten JSo/rn,, Bergm. J., 464, 474, 1789, White Garnet
Bergm, J., I 489, 1791, Hopfoer's Mag. K, Helvet, iv. 241. Leudte IL,J,±1L^w,\
Amphig^DO ff^ Tr., ii 1801,
2B6 Isometric. Usual form the trapezohedron (£ 8951
age: doclecahedral, very imperfeet. Snrfaces or
even, but Beldom Bhining. Uftan difiseimQated in
rarely maseive granular,
H,^5-5-0, G.=2'44-2-56. Lustre vJtiwoa.
white, aali-gray or smuke-gray. Streak uncolored.
cent — opaque. Fracture conchoidal. Britlle.
Oomp.— 0. ratio 1 : 3 : 8 ; fe §i+ Si §i'=Snica 66-0» aliimina 28"6, poUwh 21*5=^ WkT
1-4, Kkproth (Beitr., tl S9); 5, Arfrodsoa (Afhaodl i Fys., tI 1^9); % Aftlcjef i
107); 7^9, Rainmelal>erg (Pogg., xcviii. 142}f 10, 11, Bisobof <Lehrb., Ii); 12,
{Miu. Ch., C*99) ; Ki-15, Bischof (!. c); 16, RanuneUberg (Pogg,. xcriii l&O); 11-20, J
21, A. Knop (Jabrb, Miu., 1866, 685);
^i
3tl Ca *ra 4 fi
1. Verovius
53-760
24-625
21-350
— =99*735 Kkproth, J
1
63-60
24-26
.. —
2009
=97-84 Klaprwth. ^J
3. Pompeii
&4'50
23-60
^—
1960
=97-50 Klaptoth. ^H
4, Albano
U'
23-
.^
.^_
22*
^99 Klaproth. ^H
6. Yesuvius
66-10
2310
—^
21i6
, Fe 0*95=101-30 AffMl
a '*
56^06
23 03
ir.
102
20-40
= 100-50 Avd^f,
7. '*
6610
2322
— »
0-67
20-59
— =10(j-48 Banundibm^
8. *'
56-25
2326
0S2
0*45
20-04
=^100-40 lUfflflMUbuf.
9. "
10, «
(1) 56-48
67-84
23-14
22-86
0-20
0-50
604
19-78
12-45
0 69, Fe 0 14=100-11 Wt^d,
Ih »*
66-49
22-99
0'04
S-77
15-21
l*48-99 9ftBla^liot
11. *»
67*34
2296
0*91
0*98
18-61
13. "
I»5S1
34-38
—
8-88
10 40
— =9i»-27 Btadior. 0.=!^
14. L. Uach
64 36
24*23
3*90
1652
0 64-99-65 Biac4)of.
16, "
56-22
23-07
0'2S
6-40
1336
-99*66 Bischot
lOw BoocaMooflna (}) 56*36
23*15
0-26
025
1981
0-74, 0 0-03=100-09 BaBBk a
17. »
57-28
22-44
1 76
1713
1-41 = 100 BiaoboC
18. "
68-10
22'76
1-78
l7 36Blftohof. M
19,
56-45
24-35
1*98
17 43 BI»chot ^M
30, *•
56-32
23-99
^_>
2*15
17-54 Bt8choC ^H
21. Togelaberg
(}) 66-61
2292
les
2^5
13 66,
F© 2-83 = 100*14 Kiiop^ 1
Potaah, imrded long aa an alkali exdtiaiTelj of tho vftgetabb kMbmii wm tal I
iDinerala in thla apedea by Kkprotb, wIiom earUeat analraia wii mm fa 1T9C
BAmtoelaberg does not flad the large proportioo of aoda annoiwcad to ponia 1
According to DerOls^ llie kftioite of the modem TcsuTiaQ laraa oonlain more m
the flDdent of gonvma, the tvtio of aodft to potaah in tbAt of the lara of 1855 1
Ihte 1847, 1 : 1 67; and in the Somma, t : 8-21, Specimen for anal t la ttom taf»f
IttB, traoRparent, O. = 2'480; for 8, id., in graina; for 9, 10, pure omrtil
CVQpikKi of Ap. 33, 1845 ; for 11, id. of Feb. 10, 184T; for 13, id. of JanttafJ, 1851]
of entpfeioa not atated ; for H i^i anuill cnratala, extemalljr Boa)«wliat allvrvd ; It,
jeilow cfyauia, of feeble lustre and lltUe Wdjieaa ; 17, the aamt; 18^flL«r l" "
itme erjstali, 18 the eiicrior, 20 the Interior, and 19 an intermodiala pqivfitt.
Bj spectral examination, Richter haa a^tactid Utbk !& IIm VMUVka IbmIM*
mnsiLioATis.
335
^^ «tew — BlR infaiiTble ; with oobali iKdutfon giTea a blae color (alumina). Decompoaed by
fbcic acid without gclatinization.
fbm, — ^Leaolte is confined to volcanic pock a, and to thoae of certain pnrta of Europe. At
iDTitu aod aocce other parts of Italf it ia thickly diaBeininatod through the lava in gT&ui6f aod
lume kmdiffphyr and alao amphiffmyie baa been g:iVBn to such layaa. It is a constituent in the
laiiii-^QleffTte of Herchea in the Vof^Isberg (anaL 21); abundant in trachyto between Lake
IHlfllld AQdemach, on the BMoe* Vesuvius preseata tho Eoest and lariat crjBtallizatiooa.
If Eaue^ at Bori^hetta to the north, and Aibano and Fnu^caii to the so nth, acme of the older
klMpear to be almost entirely composed of it.
fe»|nidti
Hdhj
itic lava of the neighborhood of Rome has been uaed for the last two thousand yeaia,
iu the formation of mill-atones, Mill-atonea of this rock have been disooTerod in the
at Pompeu.
by Werner from Xrvc^, whUet in aUuaion to its oolor.
Amphigeke, is of later date, and ia froin a^f i, both^ and yr^v au, to make^ in sHuBion
of deayage in two directiona (whit;h is cot a fact), and to hia inferenoe tberefrom of
forma" (which ia only a notion of hia) ; and it haa therefore the beat of claims for
nephelite^ and kaolin occur with the form of leucite, aa a result of its altera-
fetdspar psendomorphB were first annotmoed by Scacchi, and since by Blum.
are analyses of altered leudte: 1, 3, RaLmmelaberg (MJn. Oh, 647); 3, d Stamm
Fhano-, xdz, 2B7)j 4, &, Bammelaberg (Min, Ch., 647); 6, Bergemann (J. pr. Ok,
§i JSi Ca &a £ ign,
I ' 98 9 03 — 1 0 0 Eammelsberg.
064 9 26^I00&8 RammeUberg,
0-71 8-93, ^if U57, Fa 1*35= 1 01 16 Stamm,
11 09» Mg 0'27^99'58 Rammebherg.
1 0 03 — 1 00-14 Raminelsborg.
r64=5noh»"«-2»^^<^l«berg.
13-63, Ug V2'2, te 1'98=99'82 Bergemann.
t of 1 and 3 £s white and kaolin-like ; 3, occurs in traohjte ; 4, 6, are Somma crya-
, under each, part of same deoompoBablo by muriotic add j B, part undecompo»«able ; ft,
Lharing E,=5b, G.^2-56i6w
I haa nearly the composition of aoaldte, and was publiahod as of that spedea. But Eoae
' , 621) and others nmke it an altered leudte, with the compositioD of analdte. 1 and
' the same in constitution with 3> as Rammolaberg states. 4, 5, eorrespond, accfirding
£berg, to a mucture of nephehtc (A part) with glassy feldspar (B part) ; and yet haa
litioin of a pi^kmitrBodaAeiAGitA. 6 has tlie composition and reactions nearly of tyUgodaae
^ ratio, 1 ; 31 : Sl'4): it loat by ignition V2*l p. c. ; 5-97 p. c were soluble in muriatic add,
i of Si 3-eO, il 1 60, f'e «j-05, Mg 004, Na tr., t. 0*47, Oa, Mn «r.
IConfinft 53-32
26-26
0-66
8-7e
63*39
2507
0-28
11-94
Itohl 54-02
22*64
2*94)
10-13
[Qft (1) &7'S7
2426
1*28
5'72
ieeom, 1839
12il
0*56
5-60
widac 39-91
11-69
0-40
0-30
67-62
24-72
0-56
6-32
desomk 24^
12^7
0-71
5*25
wikc 34^8
11'6S
— .
Ir.
iMmtbBl 60*46
22'U
0-62
FELDSPAK GROUP,
\ feldspars are characterized by specific ep'avity below 2*85 ; hardness
I J fusibility 3 to 5 ; obliqne or clinohearal crystallization ; pri&matic
Inear 120'; two eaej cleavages, one basal, the other brachjdiagonal,
together either 90°, or y^tj near UO*^ ; cleavage a prominent fea-
r&umj maseive kinds, and distinct in the grains ofgrannlar varieties,
i angular forms ; close isomorphism, and a general resemblance io
» of occurring crj'BtalHne forms ; twinning parallel to the clino»
[ieetion and (?, and sometimes 24 (or the corresponding triclinic
traDsition from granular varieties to compact, homstone-like kinds,
' dtee, which sometimes occur as rocks ; onen opalescent^ or having a
336
OXYOEN COMPOUNDS,
play of colors as seen in a direction a little oblique to iA ; often ave
troin the dissemination of raicroecopic crystals of foreign Bubstajicsea j
for the most part to the planes O and /.
The protoxyd bases are lime, soda, potash, and in one epecieft faai7ti|
Besquioxyd only alumina ; the oxygen ratio of the proto> '
yds is constant, 1:3; M'hile that ot the silica and basei^ v ; 1 1;
3 : Ij the amount of silica increasing with the increase uf aikuli, wui 1
ing pjreatest when alkalies are the only protoxyds.
The included Bpeeies are as foUowa :
CiTBt&Dixatioo*
Cntfot^
Ume feldspar
TriGUnio
!;):«
LABIlAIX>Sm
Ume-sodB feldapar
u
liirl
Htaiophaki
BaiyU'potafih feldaptr
MoQocIinio
l:l:l
Ajn>Kgrng
Soda-limo feld^iar
Tridkdc
l:3il
OUGOrTT.ABB
il U 4i
II
U«i|
Albitb
Sodalbldspo;
H
l^
Obthoolass
Pota«U feldppar
Monodiiue
iiiid
The flpedea appear in the analyses bo^rond to shado into one another by gradoil I
but whether this is the actual fuct, or whether the seeming: transitions ^whi^n oot ttPt
yses) are due to mittaros of different kinda through oontemporaneous crjBtalliiatkm, kl
itiveiy aseertaincd. The latter is the moet reasonable view. It has been ahown f "^
and others that orthodaae and alhlte (or the^ta^ft and soda feldspara) occor 1
tesimal lnt«rlamin»tions of the two species, and that the soda'potaali ¥811617 OiUn
ia one of those thus eonBtituted. Thia structure is apparent undicr a mamtflofi I
when apceirneas are eiamitied by raeaua of poh^rW-^'l iin-bt. Mor^ovw^taem md \
very commonly occur aide by sitle or Intercrygt :t not interlaminated; tsi
orthociaee in the granite of Oranffo Sammit^ N , rp, and Danburr* OoTrn : till
Mexico; in trachytes of other regions. Such facU eliow that the idea of
tween the species is probably a false one, since the two keep ihemsclv
pertMte and aimilar cases, even to mieronoopio perfectioD. They also make tnaniktl|
poraneOQS ciyBtaUization is a true cause in many caaea.
Intermediate varieties may also come through altf^ration under the ai^ncy oft
Water filtrated through powdered feldnpar of uny kind soon beconwaa aOoJi
part of the bases. Moreover there is a strong tendency to alteration, aD4 Ilia flail |
kaolin, a change involinng the loss of all the protoxyd bases, and ajao mudi oflh* i
gen ratio of the sihca and alumina being ttiua reduced to 1 : 1. IKkh 3 ; 1 in vtik
and fh)m 2 : 1 in hibradorite.
The species andesite is still a donhtfu) one.
The play of colors, eepedally rewarkabk» in much labradorite, and occ«rr *
adiilaria^ ^bite, and oligoclasOf indicatoe, according to HcuBc'h (Pogg^ eacri.
oxx. 95 Ji the existence of a cleavage structure of extreme delicacy tranAvi^
or brachydiagonal section. In adukria the phine of this cleavage i8
section (or that of the clinodi agonal); in Isbradorito it is in i?^»f'r:tl :?,
differently in diffon^nt specimens. The play of color, Reus<*
of Uun plates^ yet the linings of what ho regards as a r
Ulijpj^j.i A 1. ,r.. ..,...._ ^^^ although the ezistenoe of ih
BM^af r Is proved by their effects in the ..i im^i^*
Mid t ^ . . -.ilvxiou or diflfi^ctSou which result ii ... . ^ "*^
pears to be no ooauoctton betwi^en the inolinatiou of the plane in labradonte
The play of r^lnrs H best seen on a plate polished paniUel to th« braohydtah:
tta Deftcloi, "9, it b turned to the right or loft oa an axis slightly mI^h*^ ^'
which ext 1 1 the obtuse angle between the ed^ O/i-i and / > i-l^ a&d mai^
of about "i^' Willi uif) edge O/^I; and the tDaximum eflSet \a produood in iwofQiliM
4A' to 50" from one another, which aril ttoeqiiAUy Indined to tb# tkgm i4»
Ilia play of colors i^ iiHlotH^ndent of the diaaomiiiated ndcfoaoopki cfjifedi of ftci^i
vbieb oocasian the ci ffact.
T^ foldspars aro rdatod to the tsomelrio tpoetoa of tba
wiw* osTgvn ratio 1 : i^ . ^, one of the fftldspar raUos; so Qmi IsoomH
me^muM, and trioUnio andeaite (if thia 8|iociM ii i uatdoedj^ <bi«l ft
UHISILICATES,
337
296
c
' 0
T
\
^H
C-^^^"\ ■
h^^^s^J^ H \ ^1
i
\
^\ ^1
ii
'^^H
r
&
i#
/
■
\
T
D
T
D
[/
J
of leodte sppeare at first Bight la be rerj unlike that of the true feldspars, there
■TBrimatft isomorphiBin. For the monocUnia and tridinio formfl are irtrictlj oblique
id dodecahedrons.^
thedroQ be «o pbeed that ad octahedral nils, that le^ the line between the ftpioea of
dral solid af&glca^ is yerdeal, it U tlien a stx-sided prlara
I eiuiimlte. If now ibis axis be iQcHned 8' 6' in one of the
I of the six-eided prism, it will havG the InciiQation of the
le; and this S'' 6' is the j^eatest amount of (hviirgenoe
lecahfdral angles that occurs in the spetHes. The planes
to one another at angles near 120% and correspond to the
(9 of the dodecahedron (as above placed). The hasal
in dodecahedriCf for 0 A /:= 1 2'^ 16'» and O A *-! (dodecahe*
"The fhiir pianos 1 are also dodecahediic, an shown by ,
snd inclinations. Thus all the iweive faeeg of the dode-
ur in the above fignre; they are lettered D.
planes i-i and l-t, which replace the edges between the
planes i^ i-i and 1, 1^ with angles near 160^, eorrespond
the trapesohedron 2-3 (that truncating the dodecahedron^
cmsequentlr the figure contains «^ trapesobedrio planes ;
tredT.
planes 2'i are cubic; for they make with the dodecahe-
^ the angle 135" 3'^ varying but 8' fh>[D the iEometric
another cubic face; it is inelined to /| a dodecahedric
. There are present, therefore^ all ftix faces of tine cube j they are lettered H.
I plaoe f^ at the top of the flgure (and the only remaining one), lettered O, is octahe-
fn by its intersections with the cubic, dodecahedric, and trapezrihedric faces ; and also
Ition to the cubic face 2-1=124" 61', and to the dodecahedric face /=^146* 4T'j these
betiic forms being 125* l^' and 144' 44\
then that the abore figure contains the dodt^cahedrk planes /» j; i-i, O, 1, 1, with
JB, or the whole twelve ; the trapezohedrie i-^, i-5, 1-i, with their opposites, or mx ; the
^ with its opposite, or two; and the cubic 2-i, 2-i 2-i» or all ^iiac; and no others. The
Miqua cube are 2-« a 2-i, over O^^^O" 6', 2-i A 2-f=9(&*' 48', Moreover, the noraml
dinohediiaed dodecahedron is that part of the djital occupied by the octahedric
other words, }*i is normaUy the bcual plane, and not 0 ; and the true indinatlon of
Lxis is H' 6 (tlie angle f-t a i-i being 98 6),
J tlie two cleavages in orthodase, parallel to 0 and I'-i, are both dodecahedric
I ^Erections of twinning are either dodecahedric (parallel to f«t\ which is the most
C% or cobie (parallel to 2^i\,
lioofi hold true also for the triclinic feldspars, the only pecTjliarity in which is that
teotioii has slight lateral obliquity, so that the two cleavage planes (dodecahedric)
I another fia* 16' to 94* 16' iostead of 90 . G, Rose, in an article on albite (Pogg.»
Dudes to the remarkable fact that the planes 2-{ (see p. 349|i, either side of 6>, make
IT in this speciof very nearly a right angle (90* 85', Neumann, Qud 90* 4', Desdoi-
r het is not so surprising when it is observed that the planes 24 are cubic faoea. They
%*i m orthodase.
THTTB. DTDI ANTTEL Matrix of Corundum (fr. the Carnatic, India) Bmm., Phil.
)% Indianite Bourn,, Oat, 60, I Sit ; FhUHps, Mio,, 44, 1823. Anorthit (fr. Vesuv.)
Klb. Ann., lixiil 197, 1823, Cristianite (Chri^tiamtoX Biotina (fr, Vesuv.), Mont dt
Teenv., 1826, Tankit (fr. Norway) Breiih,, Schweij^g. J., Iv. 246, 1829, Tbiorsault '
l) Om^ Aon. Oh. Fharm,, Ixvi 18, 184B ; Thiorsanit bad orihoQr.
(fr. lAbrsidor) Brooke, Ann. Phil, v. 88:^, 18i3: Children, lb., viii. 3«, 18a4=Diplolt
G. GmeUn's Chem, Uoters. Dipl., Tubingeu, 1825. Amphodelit (fr. Finlaud) K i^>r-
ixtL 488, 1883i=LepoUt tt, Jo»sa, Breith, Handb,, 531, 1847.
a : b (brach.) : c (macrod.)= 0*86663 : 1 : 1-57548.
per l»y the author, Am. J. ScL, n. xliv, 406. The folio wing oomparisous will be bet-
»dff the reader has before him a dodecahedral crystal (asof gameti, or a model of tho
*d that a trihedral solid angle shall be at top^ and one of the faces of the trihedral i
be inclined to the left. The vertical edge to the lejt will then eorrespond to the kfl \
pt tli» figure of orthodase, that is^ to the edge I/L
22
888
/A /'=120° 31'
O A vt, ov. 2-i',=85 50
O A i-t, ov. 2-t,=94 10
<?A/'=n4Ci
(?A/=:iO 40
<? A 2-i'=133 14
OZTOZK OOICPODKIIS.
0 A a-t=137'' 28'
OA3-i,ov.l-i,=98 46
<? A 1=122 8
0 A l'=125 43
O A M, ov, l-t,=87 6
t-i A 7=121 66
« A /'=iir a
♦HAt-«=116 3
/'At4'=143 8S
a=88 4Si
/3=e4 4i
7=86 46|
H
H
w
6-1
24'
K
K
a
si
-I
4-3
H
-S-i
2-i
l-i
4-5
H
-r
-H1
E
i.|
Obserred PUnefl.
OleaTSce : Oy ii perfect^ the latter least bo. Twiim minilar to i
albite. Al&o massive. Structtire g^ranular, or ooar&e lamellar,
H.=6-7. G.=2-66<-2*78 ; 2'70-2-75, Iceland, Urals, Coiiici
maseive, Roee; 2-763, amphodelite; 2*668, indiauitc* SillimaiL h
cleavage planes inclining to pearly \ of other faces vitreonA, Cold
grayish, reddish. S treaE un colored. Transparent — transl n^mL
conchoidal. Brittle, Optie-axial angle hirge ; one b-
nearly normal to i-t, the otner negative and sensibly ol' ^
V*r*~K Ana^ik was do8crtbed fron tlM g^AMf crystAls of Soonm; m
ftMni are tho Mune mineral Thkmamte \n the umo from loekod,
it Mtete is a white, grmjiBh, or roddisb grutukr saoiihUe fttmi Iiidi% 1lr«l i
19QS -br Oomit BoamofL
a. Ampkod^Ui 1a a raddi«h-graj or diog7 peadi-blosMm-red nriety, mKb' tii itl^
teli, bom FlQlaQd aod 8in>den; the sngto betiTMn Ihe two doftT>ge funicvc {or 0 ^
nd O on tdg« // / =116*. Ltpotiie of Brvithaopt (or. •• lie m^% o{ von JoMi» y
tm) oomei from the iwne regkn, wad Ji tho umo wictf ; eoiiM of tlio cryiftidi m 2 i
UNISILICATES.
339
Labrador, is puJe rose-red, and do^ly resembles aniphodeltte. It has
_, accor^Qg to Brooke, the mutual iiiclLiiatiotia 93^ 3<V, 99i° 3i>\ and sr, of^l
t, lOr 45\ 93* 30' (= 0 A 14), and 109° (^ O A /'). Named after Rw. C. X "
'Scapolite from Timabergr** ia anorthito, aocording to G. Boae (Xiyst Oh. Mio.^
ratio 1:3:4; (i ft»^| 3El)' i5i»=8ilica 43-1, alumina 36-9, lirae 20-0=100.
1, Cheneyix (PhiL Tmn«., 1802, 338); 2, G. Rose (GUb. Ana, liiilL 173); 8, 4
_, U. 619); 6, Remwardl (Pop:-, I 351); «, Forchhamraer (Juhresb., xi. xiiii. 284);
(Bull G. Ft., IL viL 83); 8, Wiatershausen (Vulk. Goat, 22); 9, Erdmomi (OSfv. Akij
1848); 10, Xordenskiold (Jalireab., xiL 174); 1 1, Svanberg (Jahroab., xx. 238); l%\
(Mem. Mas, d'Hiat Nat, rii. 841); 14, (I. J. Brush (Am. J. Scl, U. yiil 391, witT
priT. oontrib.); 15, 16, Hermann (J. pr, Ck, xlvi HST); 17, IS, C. GnieliQ (Po^t^n iliel
I, A- Streng (Jahrb. Min,, 1864, 25&, B, H, Ztg., xxiii. M); 22, Do7ai©(Ann. Ch. Phya^I
1; 2S, R. HL Soott (PML Mag., IV. xv. 618); 24, Potyka (Pogg., cviii. 110); '25^/
(Pba Mag., IV, lii. 13); 26, A. Streng (Jahrb. Min. 1867, 536); 27, RammelBberfl
m): ^
Si 3ti Fo % Oil ^^a li It
HedA
43'5 37-6 30
44-49 34-46 074
44^2 86 12 0-7O
43-79 36'49 0 57
460 37-0
47 6:! 32-52 2^1
45-97 33-28 112
4514 32-10 2-03
43-34 35-37
15-0
6'2G 15-68
0-56 ni02 0-27 0-25
0-34 19-93 0-68 0*54
14-6 0-6
1-30 17-05 109 0:29
17-21 1-85
18-32 lOG 0-23
0-35 17-41 0-89 0-32
031,
0-39,
2
Lspoi
, FiuL 45-80
Tuoaberg 4455
i,rtd 42-00
uMe 43-0
42'09
42*80
42'50
44-65
41-78
45-05
45-37
42-01
45*8
Wgtcryat
magaiue
laclie
|r«k, Ural 46 79
tkoTikoi, " 45-81
d, IroL 45 87
arMts. 44*67
44-38
35-45
35-91 0*07
34*00 3-20
84-6 1-0
3B'89
35*12 1-50
3311 400
36-81
32-93
30 OO 1-97
34-81 0-50
28-63 2-23
35-0
3317 804
;U'53 0 71
34*78
34-22 0-88
33-73 3-29
5*05
408
10-15
1502
l.VOO
15-6
— * V5-7S
2-27 14-94
5-S7 m-Bi
0-03 8-28
6'77^ 9-79
1-29 16-71
0-B3 16-52
§r, 19-11
0-9 17-7
tr. 15-97
0-11 16 85
1-65 17-10
0-29 11-92
0-36 i8'07
3-36
26
4-08
1 50
- im
6-58
6-58
1-86 0-48
1-45 0-40
0*76 1-12
10
1-28 0-55
2-59 U-91
1-57 2-83
1 03 0 33
4-13
=98 0 Cbencvfr,
-100-63 G. Rose.
-100*04 Abioh.
= 100-34 Abidi.
= 9fil Eelnwnrdt
= 101-89 ForeWi. G,^2-T0.
. BUgil© 0 69 D. G.=2-75,
Mn 0-7 8»= 09-96 Waltersh,
^e 1-35, undea 0-57 = 10019
ErdMaQJi
, ^e 1*70 Nordenakluld,
^100-23 STanberg.
=98-55 Lflugier.
;97-7 IdmgiGT,
= 1 00-84 Bnifik
= 99-159 HormaniL
=9Iji'54 Hermann.
, Mn 3 I6=:;102'ltj Gmeliii.
=98-78 Gmelm.
= 1 Oi r49 Streng. G, = %*1 6.
= 100-84 Streng,
=98-89 Streng.
= 100 4 Deville.
= hK>3l ScolL a =2-72.
= 101-ul Potyka. a = 2 73.
^99-2:^ Haugliton.
= 100-ul Strei^g.
= 101-19 Eammelaberg.
■ With Ca O &nd Nl a * With Mn* o".
^ graoular, in diorjte ; 24, with Lombleade formiog a rock ; 26, in diorjta, G.=2-77 ;
BCeorite of JurenQs.
i in an analysis of his ThiormuUe^ which ia regarded b» the same mineral as that
»6, M 30*59, Fe 1-37, Mn ir., Mg 0*97, Ca 17-16* ^a M3, fe 0-62 = 100-20, Th$
r (aoaL 19), from a serpeotiDe rock, gireft tlie O. ratio 1 : 2^ : 4^ and is hjdroQayj
' lost port of its alumina. For an imalysis of the same by y. Hath, see Pogg^ *
fuses at 5 to a oolorleaa p:laas. Anorthit© from Mt. Somma, and indiaoite from
I dooompoeed bj muriatic acid, vrith separation of gelatinous sQica.
ue granitefl; occasionally io oonnectiou with gabbro aod serpentine rocks ;
f with corundum ; in many yolcanic rocks.
niie and l^fiotme) occurs at Mount Vesuvius in isolated blocks among the old
I of Monte Somma^ associated with sankiin, augito, mica^ and idocrase ; on the
• the euiranoe to the bay of Naples; in the Faroe islands, and on Java; on
r^liihi of Thiors^ Heda, and elsewhere (G.^2-69— 2 76); aear Bogoslovsk hi the
340
OXYGEN OOKPOUNDfl.
ITral (a=2*'J3-2'73, ftnaL 23, 24); at Carlingford in Ireland; in the meteoric bU
{maL 27).
Amphodeliie occurs in LqjOf Mnland^ in a Umestone quarrj, and at Tonaberf^, Sii
Kt Lojo Bnd Orrijarlri j iinmi« is probably the same partly aJtored (BreSih., J. pr, **
con taming a few p< C. of water. Lairobiie rs fWim Amitok island, on tbe oa
/fidiam^ ia the gangue of comndum in the Caroaticv with garnet, oyanitcu tnd ]
specimen aoaJj^ed by G. J. Bruab waa orlginaUj from the Imnds of Goiuit "^
firom the Indian locality.
AmorCuie was named in 1823 by Roee twm dvApek^ obliquey the crystaUinttion '
Bmimon'a name, Indianiie^ derived from the locality in India, waa flrat pnb]iab«d bkjj^
of the Royal Mineralogical Collection, in the year 1817, Tbe tpeci^B had been C
early as 1802 (I c), aud bis deacription Is remarkably complete for the tima^ it
phyaicai characters ^ a chemical analyaia by Ghenerix (anaL 1 above) agreeing a
pomta with the later by Rose^ and quite a« well ta hia, with the tmo or norowl <
the mineral. Boumon Buppo«ed that the graina might be rhombobodral ia en '
Brooke, in Phillips' ICnoralogy (8d ed.), publiahed in 1823, the year of Boae^ ,
nounccd that there were two deavages, indined to one another 84' 46" and 95* \h\ i
widely from the aame angle (0 a t-i) aa ascertained by Rose. Juatioe aeeoia to i
Bonmon'e name should be restored to the spedes. Beadant, in the flrat edilicm of hii i
publiahed in 1824, describes indlanite in full and called it lime-feldapar, raentiotung i
in hia index.
Chrisiianiie waa named by Montlcelli and OoveHi after the prtnoe Christian FrMM i
mark| who explored YesuviuEi with thorn ; AmphodelUe &om muft^ dtndde^ and mkhMf^ f^
crystals being often twiooed parallel to t-I; LolrobU^ alter €. F. tatrobe^ the^'
variety.
For recent observation a on crysL, aee Dead Min.^ i 294 ; Hessenb. MIn. Kot, Ha. L If 1
ZS. G., xri 530 ; Kokacharof; Bull. Ac. St Pet., vii. 32G. The angles given are from f
rof, whose roeasorementa agree dosely with thoae of Marignaa
▲It— L^naeOer N. NordeuskioH Komonen, Yerk Min, Giis. St Pot, 1843, 131 ftl
altered lepolltef which is from the same mine in Orrijiirvi, Finland, OccufS in Iai|l4
E,=3'5; &.=2 796 —2-83; color black extemnlly. The name is sometimes wrftlao tail
Swiduikite A. B. Nordenakiuld, Beskrilii, Fiul, Min., 113, \m\ sxmI Jahfli. Min^ If^lJ
spar-like in form \ Q.=2-70 ; fk>m Nordmndvik, Fin Land. It is regafded as altersd i
Roaik and poijfoirgiLs are pinite-like pseudomorpha ; see Pxxm.
The foUowing are analyses of these min orals: 1, Komonen (L c); 2, Hermiitii (J.|rJ
393, xlviii 254); a, Bonsdorff <fc Ursin (Bamm. Min. Ch^ 593):
^i Xl 3Pe te jtfg Ca jFTa fe 1ft
Myjiwetto 47-60 3529 7H>3 3-56 e-e2 = lQ0 KuimaJJ
1 " 43-23 27-65 6'98 2*00 8 86 258 S^ClO T-O(>=I00*l3l
^^SkmMkik 44*82 80-70 S 69 148 6 81 6'7g 3 33, Mn l-21-9»tl^
The presence of little lime and of much water is a peooltaHty of each oT these i
310 A. Ctclopitk von Walkr^uuum, Yulk. Geat^ S9i, 1853. Oydpplfes occurs ts 1
parent glassy crystals, with H.=6, According to t. Wattenhansen, in o;
dinic, like anorthite and labradorite. Analysis afforded him (L a) Si 4V4&,
30 63 Mg 0 66, ifa 2'33, t 1-72, 1^ 1-91 ^luO-OZ It ooa» geodos In th« i!
islands near Catania.
810B. Barsowitb G. Rofff, Pogg., xlvilL 567, 1839. Ifasaivs^ of i granolM^
nearly perfect cleavagu in one directtoru
H.=5'6-6. 0.=.2^4-2-7fii. Lustro more or lees peaHr. Golnr aaofVwwUliv i
cent Fracture grannkr or splintery. OptacaUy biazkl (Dead.).
ICean of three analyses by Yarrentmpp (Pogg., xlifli 5<i8)t ft 48-tl, ^\ tHO,i
16'29 = D9*44. The analysis correaponds to the oxygen ratio 1:316 :&-Mw UL t
only on the edges to a veaiculnr gln«a, Gfjlatinixea easily on hea^ng with
mineral is probably identical with anorthite. Optical charaolers eofiorato it fhl
in boulders in the aurifemim nnmi of Bar^uirAkoi, u^s the gaagtie oCthe hliiei
ilo is the gangpie of the corundum of the Cornatia
6100. BTTOWKrPB TT^mmm, Min., I 372, 1836. Bytownite to a l
mineral, oooon ' ^ nt Bytown. Canada, baring a:=r2'80U Tfaonaooi, rtH I
has been reft! v although the analyaes give the oxygea ralio MtflgrUI
bsrsowtte. T:.. , >^ uo aaalyaes with others of related subetanesi: 1, iMM
T. a Uunt (Am. J. Sd., II, xil 213, PhiL Mag^ lY, L 322); a, ToMttiil (|teo.Qfl
Sa9); 4, 5, T. a Hunt (Logan's Beps 1S63, 479); 6, T. Thomson (Kia. I 3S4 1890k,
rupuu wJLUtiU'Jur. xiiutiiUHiiinoiisoii uivi
^i w»8 from the same region, but is not called bytowuite hy Tennant Thai af 4 i
a the intrusive dioiyte of Yomaska mountain^ having the deavage Burfkoe
I iMociatcd with hornblende and a little flphene; Q.=2-7&& — 216^. That of 6 ia t
I bIdApar from a boulder; a= 2*695^2 703.
htrtmiie^ anaL 6 (i c,X is an impure anorthite-Iike feldspar, related to the above, ao-
K Hant (priv* oontrib.); excludiuff the 4"16 p- c; of water, the ^i would b© 47 p* a
tmt Thomaon statea that it ia infuaible. He also aajg ihiat hia bjtownite is mlli&^
■ Bnisb fiadg ia not a tact
BlORXTE. Labradorstein (under Peldepat) Wbm^ Ueb. Oronat, U9, 1780,
TO| 1789, Pierre de Labrador fbrgt, Cat, 82, 1T80; de lAsh, Crist, it 497, 1783,
Bldspar. Labrador G^ Bose^ Gilb. Ami., IxziiL 173, 1823 ; Breith,, Char., 1823. Lime
h
Ed. K Phil X, liil 1S32. Silidte Them., PhiL Mag^ IILxiiL l&O, 1843.
BAdauit BreUh., K H. Ztf,, snr. 87.
t Observed planes : O; i-i; 1,/; 2-1; 1', /'-
DV. 2-i',"93 20 0 A 2-1=98 58 i-t A /'=120 63
ov. 2-t,=86 40 0 A 1 = 125 28 i4, left, A 24=90 20
60 0 A l'=122 42 /A /,mtwin,=125
Marignac, Eeusch e^ves, as a mean of many measurementa,
f SO', <? A /'=114° 4', A A /'^120'' 43'. Twins ; (1) compoei-
l ; often lamellar from repeated i^ompOBition of thia tind ; (2) O^
r^odiagonal as the axis of revolution. Cleavage : O easy ; i-t
emcee. Alst) massive granular^ and grains cleavable ; sometimes
ttUine or hornstone-like.
G.=2-67— 2'76. Lnfttre of 0 pearly, pacing into vitreous ;
ritreouB or eubresinous. Color gray, brown, or greenish ; some-
E4<«ea and glaa«iy; rarely porcelain-white; usually a change of
able varieties. Strealc uncolored. Translucent— subtrana-
.ratio 1:3 :ft; ItSi + XlSi'; or{ift' + faa)'Si*+|Si;=, iflS^fCa+i^a,
80*3, lime 12-3, goda 4 6-100.
bBM& (a) Well crystallized to (b) massive.
ni cilh«r wanting, as in some colorleas crystals ; or pale ; or deep ; bluo and green
lioMnt oolora; bat yellow, flre-red, and pearl-gray also occur. By cutting very thin J
H ^^^^
OXTGES
r COMPOUNDS.
1
^^^H angle 9a|^. He also relbre here, with a qaery, a feldspar from Bin
^^^B apecimeii not fresh 2*811.
^^^ AoalTsea; 1, Klfiprotb (Beitr., vi 250, IBl
5); 2,
8. V. Walterahfluecn (Talk, Qt
^M 8. 4. Lehunt (Ed, K. FbU. J.,
18S2, July, m)
;6,Hi
lughton (Q. J. Sd. Dublin, ?, M
^m (FliiL Mag., ILL 1S-I3, I1>0); 7,
Svanborg ( Jahreab., xxiii. 285)
; 8, Forchhammer (X pr.
^H 9, Dauiour (Bull G. Soa, vil 88); \i\ 11, Kersten (Pogg
:„ liiiL 123)
: 12. Wm
^H aniBtianut, 1861, 177); 13, Blomstrand (CETt
. Ak. Stockhobn, 296, 1864, J. pr.Ofa.,
^H 15, G. V. Rath (PogR., icv. 638); 16, Streng (Jahrb, Min.
1864, 267);
17, 7. Rti
^H ^^&)\ 18. a F. ChaDdler (Inaug. Diss., Guit.,
, I86tij
; 19, Deleaae (Ann. d. M, IV.
^^^H SO, Rammelsberg (Za G., xl
lOL Min. Ch,,
597):
21-23,
i^treng (B. H. Ztg^ xx. !
^^B U, Segeth (J. pr. €b., xx. 253) ; 2&, Delense (I al ,'
26, Abich ( Ann. Ch. Pbya» b;
^^^^ WalterahauBeti (I c); 20-33, T. & Hunt (Phil, Mag
;., lY. i
. 322, ix. 854, and Bq^
^H and 1863, 479); M, Devilki (Kt 0«oL, I84S)
; 35,
A. Schlieper (Am, J
.BcLjUil
^^t T. Hauer (Terh. G. Eeicha., 1867, 12, 14, 68.
69, 60):
^H
%1 Fe
Mg
Ca
*ra «:
tL
^^^ L Labrador 66-76
26-60 1-26
11-00
400
0'5^99DO
^m 2, 63-75
27-06 0*99
0-47
9*68
1-26 7 53
0*62=101*!
^H 8. Oanipsio 54*67
27*89 0*81
0*18
10*60
5*05 0*49
— =itn
^m 4 Glaagow 52*84
29-97 0*87
12*10
8*97 0*30
=««•*
^m 5. Scavjg, Irel 58*60
29*88 ^eO-20
007
11*02
4^2 0*80
n jfi — iiifl"
^M 6. Antrim, Sihcite 54'80
28*40
- —
12*40
— - __
»
^H 7. Dalame 52*15
26*82 1-29
1-02
9*14
4*64 1-79
1
^M 8. Faroe 52 52
30-03 1*72
0-19
12*68
4-61
^IQl
^m 9. Beniford, leeL 52'17
29-22 1-90
13*11
3*40
^9H
^H 10. Eg^rsund, Norw. 52*30
29-00 1*95
016
11-69
401 n-60
==aH
^M 11. 62'45
29*86 1*00
0*16
11*70
8-90 060
— =»■«
^H 12. Httteroe 61-39
29-42 2-90
0*37
9*44
5 63 110
0^1 = W
^m 13. Sweden 5d'82
26-96 l*4a
0-20
11*20
6-00 1-S4
— -m-^
^m 14. NeurtMle, Sa 62-55
28*82 2*44
0*48
11-61
462 0*64
0-52:= int'
^m 15. 50-31
27'3l 1-71
0-78
1057
4*81 1-55
'2
^K^ 16. 4354
29-74 0-94
0*68
15*14
2*95 187
1
^^^^ 17. &xtw. 50*84
26-00 2*78
0*32
14*96
4-08 0-61
1
^^^K 18. Zobten, 61*76
26*82 1*77
0-85
12-93
461 0*62
ii
^^^ 19. Tyrol 62"23
27*78 1*60
0-93
8-28
7-38
t>'iH*;^ iVV
^M 20. Baste, Bars, Rod, &l'm
29*61 If.
0'28
11*39
314 2*09
«*4«=99i
^M 21. Hfeld '' 5H 11
27*27 fe2*68
0-91
7*47
609 1-08
238^991
^H 22. Harzborg, cr^ 50*60
29-62 2*18
0-58
13*86
2-65 1*21
121^181
^H 23. /^odavifa 50*65
27-55 0*15
0*30
13 06
2*63 2*19
2-91 ^99'i
^H 24. Kiew, BuaaiJi 55-49
26*63 160
0-15
10-93
8*96 0*36
(>■
^m 26. Greece 63-20
27-31 103
101
8*02
3*63 840
'^
^H 26. £toa 58*48
26*46 1*G0
1-74
9*49
4*10 0*32
0'4X Mn
^B 27. cri^ 53-66
25*82 3*41
0'63
1169
4-00 0*54
0^5= IOC
^m 28. 55*88
25*31 a-64
0-74
10-49
3*62 0-88
=10«
^H 29. Drummond, Can. 64*70
29*80 0-36
ir.
11 '42
244 0*23
o^=9r
^H 30. MorUu " 54 20
29*10 1-10
0*15
lVt6
wtdd.
0#as86-
^M 3U Hawdon, " 54*45
98^ 045
,
9-«8
6*35 1*06
0*55= 10<
^H 32, CMteoti Riober, "^ 55*80
86^ 1*58
0*27
9^1
4*77 0-86
045:= 82:
^^^ 83. Montar?me, '' 53 10
26*80 1*35
0*72
iwd
4*34 0^1
^^^M
^^^H 84. Ouadeloupp, W. L 54*25
29*89
0*70
n-ia
8-68 0-38
4
^^^v 85. Maui, Pacific 53-98
2766 I 14
1*35
8*56
6*06 0*47
s
^V 36. niowE 54*58
27*37
*r.
9 62
6-98 1*81
l-2ia
^M 37. Beaak 55*63
fBIA
tr.
9*78
6*08 2*61
l-OTadi
^H 88. BeTa 53*74
2872
tr.
10*69
4*95 1-02
1-86=101
^H 39. Ciiflkr 51*72
25*72 4-51
it.
966
8*95 1-D3
ru^m
^H 40. Pereti, Viti. 54*72
2T39
7-76
e-6« 21)1
a*5d^ii|
^m In anal 2, G.=2-646; anal. 5. fWnn doloorle, oT OMtooHc origw; tML 4.B
^H 2*68; 9, G. =2*709, trap, ywh.
; 10, 0.=j2^1,
, bmwiL van
Ifft; 11. 0.
=l*t%^B
^M oenoe; 12. 0.=2*72; 13, G.-
= 2*6^ bOtWMD Lund tad ClirMlian«tjiiIt
11. ^B
^H athenarock. bL-gj,; 15, G.x:
2*707, gabbro, 1
bh.-gy^
J 16,0, r».
^H 17. G.=2*y»8, color porortaln^whSte ; 18, tnow-wbile, gnlu-w^
■ ' ' 1 ' *"
^m in ''makaphyre^" belvaai BotMn and CoUmao, v»^ gylL-gm
't -'
.^fl
^H ^poriO^riTta t 28, ftom gabbro ; 23, ib.. tnaaaiTo ; 25, 0.=!
i-e»
^H 87, a^2^18 ; |8» a=3€33 ;
; 29, G.=: 2*697,
, lATeodof^blua ckavAbi^ i
1
iombletide or pyroxeDe, or the spedea hjpersthono, the nxik is caBcd hyperyte (ot hyper-
(3) If Uie horableudjc mhioral is a light lamellar pyroxene (dmllage), the ro<i is cedled
(4) If the horobleiide and labradorite oouFtitute a homogeQeous One-gram ed compact
fodk is called amphibolyk or diabase; and (&) if the diabase coutainB disiiiict crystals of
it IB % diabase porphyry^ the green porphyry or oriental Terd-antique of Greece (anal
of this nature, (0) The crypttM^rjatalltne, or felsite rariotj of labradorite^ ocoumng
^ in oonneetion with sorae ol the&e rocks^ haa been call&d incorrectly musmritc and
fkriie. The above are labradoric metaDiorpblc rocks.
le also the following iabradoric intt-ugive rooka. (7) Doleryie^ coneistiiig of labradorite
«ne» with generally aome magDetite — a rock whicli, od the one hand, may be light-col-
^ne or gcauitoid^ and on the other^ durk-colored compact maaeive, either porphyrito
©a oypto-crystalline, and also a cellukr lava; it iucledea much of the eoHjailed
, and amyt/diihid, (W) Basali, simibir to doleryte in structure, colorsT and varieties,
, is additiou to labrodorittj and pyroxene, ohrysohte in disseminated grains. Dolo-
itio lavas are the moat eotmnon of volcnnic rocks, (u) Labradorite also ooeiirs in other
vni, and is sometimea found in tbem in gla8sy crystals, aa in those of Etna and VeauTiDA.
tadoric metamorphic rocka are moat eonimou among the formatioQs of the Aj&oic or pre-
a. Such are part of those of Britisli Atnerica, oorthem New York, Fennaylvania, Arkansas ;
Jrewiland, Norway, Finkud, Sweden, aod probably of the Voages. Being a feldspar
f oomparatively HitJe silieaf it occurs mainly in rocks which Indude little or no quartz
mng^ localities are mentioned above,
coMt of Labrador, labradorite is associated with hornblende, hyperstheno, and magnet-
met with in place at MiUe Isles, Chateau Richer, Rawdon, Moriu, Abercrombie, and
p in Oanada East; and in boulders at Drummond and elsewhere, Canada Weat It
lodantly at Essex Go , N. Y, ; large boulders are met with in the towns of Moriali,
^irintyrei, Westport, and Lewia, N. Y. ; also occasionally in Orange, Lewis, 8t. Law-
Bseo, Scoharie, and Green Cos. In Ponnaylvania, at Miuetal Hill, Chester Co,, and oj^
^ Hope, Bucks Co. ; in the Witch! ta Mta.^ Arkansaa.
mad nwmUe are from Antrim, Ireland.
1f0SUb was first brought from the Isle of Fau)^ on the coast of Labrador, by Mr Wolfe,
m miwloiiary, about the year 1770, aod was caUed by the eoj*ly minoralogiats Labrador
hrt^orakin\ and also chatoyant, opaline, or Labrador feldspar, Kkproth'a analysis
I. I) was the first one made (in iHla).
irite reoetves a Hoe polish, and owin^ to the chatoyant refiecUons, the spodmens are
if bMotifuL It is sometimes used in jewelry,
dbradorite, like anorthite, appears to undergo atte ration with considerable facility, it
m throiagh infiltrating carbonated or alkaline waters, Rud receiving water, la some
\ it has received considerable iron. The foUowiog analyses appear to be of apeohnens
ired labradorite. The results are remarkable for either the small proportion of lime
roportiou of iron^ or the same of polmh or of w?a^» each of which may t>e regarded as
loa of alteration Analyses: 1-4, Delesse (1, Ann. d. M., lY. xii 200; 2, ib., ivi 342;
II Pbya^ UL iL 271; 4, Ana. d. M., IV. ivi 324); 6, Metzger (Jahrb. Min., 1850,
r. Bath iZa G., ix. 246); 7, Delesae (Ann. d. M, IT. B12); 8. T. a Hunt (Rep. G. Can.,
344
OXTGKN COMPOITNBe.
No. I iB from a porpbyrilic rock, G.==2*71J>; 2, from dioryte; 3, the voagitf, fttm i _
G.^2 771, color whitieh, aomotimeB slightly g;re<?ftiah or bluiah, lustre gr&iMj or pearfyj ^
the euphotide of Odcm in Ellaace^ 5, from au altered diabase- porph vtt : ^, fmra t gtbf
remarkable for ito high ipecifie gravity, (}.=2'840 ; t, from a porpby- ::ilaid, » <
ftQd trandacent vftriety, with G.^a-6'42 j 8, from a bflsalt (or chryBol v), *'witbl
admbcmre of augite.*' Labradorite alao oceurs changod to calctt^? (T«c(i orrnuK >.
Arti£— Hausmajin (Beitr. EiseDhochofeiiiJcblackeiJ, 31) has referre^d to labradorite < ^
Irlbtited through the mass of the ahig of a fumaoe at Veckedhagtn^ which were an rodi 1
i»ot well formed; had two deavag^e at right anglea to one another, with H* = 6, 0-^1*3
fuaible B.B., but iasoluble in muriatic acid; and aflbrded Bi 66*2, 3tl lu4, C* 210, Fall
Giobtdes of ike VarioiyU of Durance. These concretionary globulea are oHen half hi 1
more In diameter, grayiah-green iu color, compact in tesctmre, with G.=2*£>3H, A fpee^o^
a locjality south of Mt Genevre, near Briau^on, afforded Deleiae (Ann, d. H., IV. xtiL 11^
Si
&
Pe
^T
Mn
Mg
Ca
l^m
ft
Ign.
6<E*ia
17-40
7-79
0-51
tr.
3*41
a*7i
3-72
0-24
in^"
OamaUte. A feldspar, described by Beudant^ occurring at the localities of i
indianito in the Camatic^ India^ is pronounced by Breithaupt and ▼on KobeU be be I
312. ANDBSZTB.
Andesin Abich^ Jahreeb., x±i 167, IML
Giochr, X pr. Cli., ii3dv. 494, 1846*
Faeodoalbli I
Trielinic. Approximate angles from Eeterrel cryBtak (De»cl):
left, 87^-88°, 6^ A /=llr-^112^ O A/'^115°, /A t^t=lir-12<r|
120^ OA2-i=101°-102^^ Twins: (1) comjK>fiition-face t-l; ;
twins* made up of two twine of the kind in {1), one of tlicm tew
that there are 4 planes / in front, and at each end tliere are thepli
and 2-1 ; (3) dimble twin&, like the hi^t, but one of the part^^ tunid ^i
so that tliere iire reentering angles between two faeen O and twt* i-ifl
four planes / in front. Cleavage more uneven than in albtte. iUfiyj
ular massive,
H.=5'=-6. G.=2-61— 274; from the Andes, 2'61— 2-74; offi
2-66— 2*69; from tlie Vosees, 265— 2-68; 2'668, Canada, Hunt
white, gray, greeniish, yeUowish, flesh-red. Lustre aubvit^r^ttii
ing to pearly.
Oomp.— 0. ratio 1:3:8, but varying to 1 : 3 : T. Perhapa only a mixtiti^ of lalsaddrito^
aodtt-foldapar, Fonnida (i (Ca, >fa)'+ f Mf Si"-h3 Si ; or with balf Uio exoMi gf ailkm I ^
Aniilyeea: 1, Abich (Pogg., IL 623); 2, 3, Rammelsbeiig (6th SoppL, 4«>| 4^ .
Mio, Ch^ 607); 6. Deville (Ann. Gh, Phya., UL xl 283); 6-i», tkelme (Mm. 8mi i
Doubs, Ann. d. M.. T. UL 374) ; 1 0, Varrentrapp (Pogg,, lii 473) ; 1 1, Schmidt (PoffC. to I
Waltershaufleu (Vulk, Gest,, 24); 13, Laapeyrea (Za G.. xriii 329); 14, 1&, v. Baih(2&
249); 1^19. T. a Hunt (Hep. G. Can., 1»6h, 47B); 20, Fhinke (Bamm. Milk 01l,«};J
T. a Hunt (L c); 23, 24, v. Ilauer (Verb. G, Reicha., 1867, IS, 81); 26, te, t
O- RaidiB., xvi 897, 1866); 2T, A. Streng (Jahrb. Min. 1867, 637):
1. Harmato
2. ♦*
5. '•
ft. yoBge«, whUe
t. " red
a Obagejr
Si
1^1
Fe
Mg
Ca
60-60
24*18
1-58
1-08
5-77
60-26
26-01
Cr,
0M4
687
6832
26'52
ir.
frll
8-18
6014
26*39
0'87
0-63
7 98
63 $6
2405
0*38
604
68-93
2606
_
0-41
6-64
68 91
24 69
0-99
0-39
4*01
60*96
24 18
IV&
0*74
6-66
68*66
26-26
0^30
1-30
6-03
68*41
26-23
0*41
664
68*93
23 60
1*27
066
6-67
li^a tic 1ft
6 53 1-08 =r99^iA
7-74 0-84 slOii'ftf 1
6*27 2-36 0*60^=101*36]
1-^9 1-66 irlOl-ilia
6*04 0*88 0 76=lf«]
7 20 2^6 l^ls:^9'U]
7 69 2-64 0^=:tOOJ
6 ]Jt9 0-81 S^a:=100 IMm
C-44 1*60 0-91 s^ •?« i^i-
A'Sd - _ ^
7 42 0*06 2 21, .N <^
UNISILIOATBB*
S45
iBicher
eO'29
57*29
6679
58'1S»
59-81*
69-55
57*20
68-50
&S'3d
6715
68*16
57-20
60'10
Ml 67*70
bk 68-21
rMts. 59 16
^ Fe
23-75 Ml
2678 tr.
28*48
26-65
26*89 0-60
25-62 0*75
26*40 0*40
2580 I'OO
2»-86 1-18
27'10
26'0» 0-50
26-12
n-62
20-79
22-22
2597
5-70
11-84
fl'lO
0-87
0'20
0-10
7 03 1-85 2-24 401 3
8-36 1-71 6-45 tr. 3
7*30 0-73 5-18 tr. 8
1-04 003 9-23 a-91 0
* Probftblj wame mlxod quartz.
==100':6 Walterahausen
^99*20 Laapeyr03.
0-24=100-51 Rath,
0*30=100 Bath.
—=99-82 HanL
0*45 = 100- 15 Hunt
0-20 =99-66 Hunt
0-40=100*57 Hunt
1-03=100-11 Franko.
0 20=4>9-76 Hunt
0*45=99-89 Hunt.
1-68=100-11 Hauer
2*11 = 98*78 Hauer.
3-84= 10 1-83 Sommaruga.
2-16 = 100-35 Sommaruga.
0-68, Bft, Sr <r = 100-49 Str,
G.=3-T33; 2, Q.=2-e74; 3, a=2-68-2-688; 4, Q,=2-679; 5, G.=2'6l ; 6, tttm 8o^
1-683; 7,6*. CoroTillurs, ^=3*65 1 ; 8, a = 2'73H; 12, a = 2*65; 14, ** tonalyte," ft,
l*6*#5; 15, G,=2*676; 16, G.= 2-688; 18, la?eiider-bluej subtmusp., deavable, Curved
gnh. base of preceding, granuljir; 21, in a. boulder; 22, G. = 2-687; 23, G. = 2-685;
U, G. =2-607 J 27, in dioryto, G-=2 69, Other analyses: y. Rath, Z8. G^ ix
all but No. 5, by Deville, aflbrd rather cloeely the oxygon ratio 1:3:8. No.
; $: 8-9 L Noa. 24 to 26 have part of tbo idumiua replaced by iron, and probably Ln
of alteration, as the black color, little soda, nod much potatih would indicato.
— Andeeice fuses in thin flplintera before the blowpipe. Saocharite melts only on thin
boras forms a dear glaas. Impert'ectly soluble in ricida.
io the Andefi} at Marmato, aa an ingredient of the eyenitc-lilie rock called andC'
"ijry of FEaierel, Dept of Var, Franco; in tlio eyenite of Alsace in the VoageB;
lid at Ooravillers; in the i»rphyry near Chagoy, Haute SaOttte: at Vopnotiord,
_ -yellow tranaparent crystala (anal. 12); at Baumgarten in Sileaia (anal 10); iy
aib of Tonale, in Mt Adacnello, in a granite-like rock caOed tonalyte^ ooosisting of
according to v. Rath, with much quart?^ some orthodase, biotite, and hornblende,
is granular massire, with traces of oleavage in one direction, occurring in veina in
the chiysoprose mines near Frankenstein^ in Silesia.
found ut (ChtUeau Richer, Canada (anal IG-'iO), forming with hypersthene and
* rock ; color tie ah- red,
are analvaes of altered andesltc in addition to 24 to 26 above : 1, Ram-
6U8); 2-4,'Devillo (Bull GeoL Fr, IL vL 410); G, Francis (Fogg., UL 471).
of a cryatalj 2 A of the interior, 2B of the eiterior portion :
£8-32
67i)l
62-42
6392
&8'U
66-72
^1
2652
26-67
28*05
34-78
26*69
28-16
26-52
iSTa
120
0-70
0'6(>=lQl-36 Ramm.
0-17 = UX» Devllle.
1-43=100 DeviUe.
2-05=100 Deville
1-40, C 2-93 = ia«"02 Beiille.
1-26=100 Beville, a=2*62,
^=101-31, Francis; a=2-64.
ratio for 1 is 1 : 3 : 75 j 2, 0*9 : 3 : 75; 2^, 084 : 3 : 7*0 j 2B. 1*5 : 3 : 7*3 ; 3,
: 4, 0 8 : 3 : 7*2 ; 6, 1 r 3 : 7*2. The mineral of the Esterrel Mta., near Frejua in south-
» in a rock called porpliyry. DeviUe's analyses leaire no doubt aa to the altera-
by v. Riith (No. 14, above) also gives nearly the ratio 1 i 3 : 7 ; and llie
!fo. 4, from Marmato, coutaina 1'4 p. c. of carbonate of Mme.
I the ground, as a result of his analyseSj that all andesito la altered oUgocktsty the
ft of wtiich b 1 : 3 : 9; and the same result was earlier auggeated by G. Rose and
i^ analyses of the Marmato andesite gave luin nearly the oUgocIaae ratio.
alflo to kaolin. That of La Breaae, studied by Delesso, is in part in thia
\ and cnimbling j and in part lees changed and of a reddish color.
346
OXYGEN coMFOumm,
313, H7AIiOPHANB. Hjalophan v, WaU^^iausen, Fogg.t xdr, 134» im, cl
Monoelinic, like orthoclase, and aiio^les nearly the same. C
planes ; 0 ; vertical plane©, /, m, i-^ ; nemidome^, 1-/, |-t ; cUnod<
C^(by calcO=64° 16' /a/=11S'^41; /Ai-i=120^ 36', O aU=U
/a 1-1=111*^ 55'. Cleavage: O perfect, i-l somewhat len so*
crystals, eingle, or in groups of two or tliree,
H.=:6— tJ'5. G. = 2'8n, transparent; 2'905, translucent. Lufitn
ous, or lite that of adularia. Collar white, or colurlcsa ; ako flesh-anl
pai'ent to translucent,
Oomp.— 0. ratio for ft, S, §1=1 : 3 : 8j formula (i (Bt, t)*-h^ Xl)«Si«+3 S^ « Jib
and leueiio, except that the protoxjds are mainly baryta and potash.
Analjsea: 1» Uhrlaub (Pogg., c, 648); 2, aame, th€ irapiirity, Bolpburic add and put
aa sulphate, being remoTed; 8, Stockar-Eacher (Keimg. Uobors. I856-B7» lut); i
(Jahrb. MIil 1867, 102) ; Igelatr^m ((Efv. Ak. Stockh. 186T, J, pr. Ch,, ci 434):
^i £l ilg Ca Ba ^a £: t^ 3
1. Blnnen 45-65 1914 013 0-77 21 3S 0'4d 8 2$ 0-64 4 12=101 1
2. *' 61-30 21-50 (^^S4 0'87 15'11 0-56 925 OiV« — =1W>1
«. " 52*67 2113 0*04 i>46 J5-06 2-14 I'Si 05$ =&«•-
4. " 61*84 3208 010 065 U'82 10-03 0'4« — slW
5. Jakobaberg, Swed. 61 14 22*86 3*10 4 28 9-56 p-06] — =l«l|
AsaL 2 gives tbo 0. rado 1 : 2*6 : 7, and 3, I ; 2*8 : 7*3] and 4 agraes w^U with 3lot'
5 contains leaa baryta and more litne.
Pyr*, etc. — B.B. fusee \vith dilflcuHy to ablebbj glass. Unacted upon bf i(iid&>
Oba, — Occurs in a granular dolomite^ along with white barite^ groeoish tonrmaJli^ 1
gar, dufVenoysite, and sphalerite^ noar Inifield, in the valley of Biunen in tho YslaiilBt
or three lines long, and rarely hu^r ; also at the manganeae mine of Jakobabefg ia 9
limestotie with a luanganiferoua epidote (p. 288X looking much like ootmnon fle#h-f«d o
A maaaive variety accompanies it» containing aeoording to Igelstiaiii ^ e.) Si 5<^90, li
13*S0| Ba 3'50, alkalies, Mg and An, 11'21 uadetermined.
314. OLIGOOXfASXl* Natron-spodnmen Ben^ Arab., 160, 1824^Sodi>«poduiWK
£reii^t., Pogg., viiL 79, 1826. Hafnef jordit, Kalkoligdda% IbrMuMmMr^ Skand I
i Stockholm, July, 1843. Aventurine PeldspiLr=SunstOQe pt
Triclinic.
alhite): 0\
^-$
Observed planed (see, for position, the table under ■
2-t, l-i, 2^r ; i^Z; i-S ; -2, /, 3, 1 ; H H l'» i "*?'
1-5.
if
/A /'=:1^0° 42' O A 1 ^ISr 5l*i
O A w, ov. 2h',=93 50 O a 1 =121 W
O A i^i, ov, 2-t,=86 10 O A 14=127 «
C> A 7-110 55 f>A2i. -
OAr=lU 40 i4A/'=.
0 A 2^r=136 23 »-t A 1^116 64
0 A 2-1=132 40 /'A t4'=lW
/A tVs=147 30
Clc'4ivajje: 0, i-i, perfect, tl
wins ; siniilar to thoee af wbil
the Imtto'
Twins : giniilar to thoee af albtte. Aka \
H,=6-7. G.=2-5e-9'7S: niortljrS
Lufttre vitroo-pDorly or waxy, to vitreous. C<ilor
faint tinge of grayish-green, grayish- white, reddish-w
tJiOSILICATES,
347
ues aventarine, Transparentj subtranslucent. Fracture conclioidal
m<
V«r.— 0. ratio 1:3:9; (iPTn, Ca)'-h} Xl)* Si»H-3| Si; or elae with half the excess
— , taking k as soda oiotie, Silica 62*1^ alumina 23 7, soda U*2=1U0. Fart of the
~ bj lime.
in ciystala or nmssiTe.
r ; olig0eiase-fdsitjs ; indudes part, at least, of the so-called compact feldspar or
OOHsiatiDgof the feldspar in a compact, either fine granular or dint-like state^ contaioing
~ through the mass, lu those here mdudad, the feldspar \b a aoda-feldspar^
it to distinguish them lh>m aJbite^febiU, See tinder Albitg for aoaiyses.
oligoclase^ or mnstone. Color grayish-white to reddi^h-grajj usually the latter^
lowish or reddish ^e-like reflediaiis proceeding from diHseminated crystals of
bematite or gothite.
has a faint greenish tinge and pearly lufltr©T io which it somewhat resembles
wbcDoe the name sodch^podumene. Only ibe oligociaae of hiras or tracliytic rooks
S*6. Bdfit^iairdite (anal 36) contains the protoxyda of an andesite ur labradorlte,
belong here.
ft. A whitish opalescence.
2, Berzehua (Jahreab., iv. U1, iix. 302); 3, H Svanherg (CEfv. Ak. Stockholm,
" n {Fogg,, iliv. 329) ; 6, Bossies (Poggn Iv. 100); tJ, Franda (Fogg., HL 4T0);
., Iv. 110) J 8, Jevreinof (B. H. Ztg,, 1853, No. 12); 9, Cbodnof (Pogg., b±
lorfl cl); 11, Scheorer tPogg., liiv. 153); 12, 13^ Kersten (J. pr. CIl, xjtiviL
1845, 653); 14, v, Bauer (Jnhrb, Q. Eeichs., iv. 830); 15, DelesBC (Ann d* M.,
6, Kemdt (J. pr. Ck, xliii. 218); 17, Wolff (J. pr. Ck. Jtixiv, 234); 18 Rammols-
617); 19, y. Rath (ZS. G., ul 226); 20, Belesse (Ann. Cb. Fbys., IIL xxiw);
(G. Beschr, Baden, IS61-C2|; 22, Delease (BtilL Q. Soc, U. viL 310); 23, Laurent
Phys., 111. 108); 24, Damour iBamm. 5th SuppL, 178); 25-27, liaughton (Rep. Br.
m, 56); 23-30, Smith & Brush (Am. J, Sci., II, iv. 211, xn, 44); 31, 0. T. Jackson
t, n. xlii 107); 32-35, DeviUe |C. R., xii. 46. Et. GeoL Tenerifle, 1848); 36, Foreh-
and* NbL & Stockholm, 1842) ; 37, Fouque (Ramm. Min. Ck, 614); t, Hauer (Verb.
1«67, 60); 39, 40, A. Streng (Jahrb. aiiiL 18iJ7, 537):
1
gi
^
Fa
Mg
Ca
^a
t
fi
t^'ZoU
68-70
2»-95
0-60
O-05
2-05
8-11
1-20
==100*16 Berzeliua,
If ^'
61-55
23-80
0-80
3-18
9-67
0-38
^=99 38 Berzeliua.
I «
69-66
23-28
1-18
0-36
5-17
5-61
1-75
IH)2, und. 0 82=98-85 a
* "
6361
23-09
0-77
2-4-1
9-37
2-19
——101-37 Hagen.
^y^
62-70
23-80^6 0-62
002
4*60
8^0
11)5
— =100-79 Bosalea,
W4^ Ural
61-06
19-68
411
1-05
216
7-55
3-91
=99-52 Frands,
Miak, ''
64-25
22-24
0-54
114
2-57
7-98
1*06
^1=99 76 Bodemann.
Idttine,''
60-63
26-35
0-40
0-25
416
560
1-17
- — =;98'55 JeTTToinof.
^FmL,r6d
63-80
21-31
-«,
0-47
12-04
1-98
=9960 Chodnef.
aula **
6097
26-40
0-39
6-36
6*38
0-66
— ^^ 101)' 16 Jevreinotl
EjJK. Junti erso
23-77
0-36
4-78
S50
1-29
=100 Scheerer.
^^Bteg
63-97
23-48
0-51
0-24
2-83
7-24
2-43
=99-69 Karaten.
Bv^Boh*
6320
28-60
0-31
026
2-42
7-42
2*22
=99-32 Kwrsten.
t a
63-16
23-16
— ^
3-00
9-72
0-17
0-79=100-00 Hauer.
hsch
6366
22-27
0-61
tr.
3-45
6*66
1-21
l*70=9«-68 Delesso.
P
61*96
22-66
0'S5
O-IO
2-02
9-4S
8-08
,Uii 0-40=100 K.
WOfg, SiL
64-SO
22-34
— ^
4-12
9-01
^_
97-77 Wolff.
Errnn, *^
[63 '94]
23-71
ir.
*r.
262
7-66
2-17
— =l(jO Ramm,
L Grisons
6201
2116
2-54
0-78
3-63
6-94
433
=100-29 Eath.
M^laoe
63-26
23-92
tr.
0-32
3-28
6-88
2-31
,Mntr,=m*Si D.
b«i
63 68
22-52
0-a
3-85
8-39
2-39
^-=101-12 Seneca*
Pt»Bdg.
6370
22-64
0-63
1-20
1-44
6-16
2*81
1*22=99-69 Delesse.
►
62-60
24-60
001
0 20
3 00
8"90
=99-40 Laurent
62^50
2-i(l0
0-44
« —
4-86
8-20
0-94
=98-74 Damour.
IT Wood, I
60-56
24-40
0-40
0^04
6-96
6-46
1-76
=99-58 Haughton,
r ti
69-28
22-96
1*94
0-21
4-65
6-48
238
, ]Sln 0-32 = 98-82 HI
"^L, **
6240
23-60
^_
008
5-62
7-04
l'6tl
— = 10O'40 Haughlon,
pine, Pa, (1) 64-27
21-21
tr.
0-58
0-81
10-94
1-36
1 -^8 = 100-26 a JfcB.
7,Ct a) 68*76
B, « (1)64-26
22-56
tr.
if.
3-09
0-73
0-55
0*26=99*94 S. & B.
21-90
ir.
2-16
9-99
0-50
0-29 = 99D9a JbB.
r^Maa..
6^-00
24-40
0-70
3-50
8-07
1*00= 99-67 Jackson*
348
OXYQKK COMPOUNDS.
XencrLffe
Hafnejiordite
h. Luaoh
Scheinnitz
Kyll' hauler MIb.
62-97
6881
62-54
61-55
61-22
63-6
59-49
60-94
6U-01
$1
22-2&
21-98
22-49
22-03
23'3-2
22-1
23-88
24-25i
21-66
Fe
2-40
u
A browniali feldspar from Borodin^ Finland, affbrdod & y. Walterebaai
a'20, ail 18 41, Fe 0*20, Mg 0 S7, Ca 01 1, N'a 05.2, £ 144 J, fl 0 67=9»2a hmiv|
WalterBbaaaeii (Tulk.
fia / " „
thcxilaflG, G.^ 2-683, No. 9 may be mamlj ai&tie, judging f>om the amoiiDl ofsodjL
In anal 8, G, = 2-69-, 8,6.=i-656; 9, G.=2*63; ll,G.-2 """ '^ ^ ' "' "
1C» a=2-66-2-68, in mica schist; 17, G, = 2-661; 19, a^2-
G.— 2-61 J 31, G.^2-68G, IL=7 5, granular with ©merj; 33,
trachyte; S5, Q.=2-692, in trachjt«; 37, a = 2-66, in lava; 86, a = 2e35; 39, ^\m
G,=2 63--2-64 ; Nos. 1 to 31, in nietamorphic rocks, granite, goeias, P^rpl^jiy, ^feDibcai
82-87 m lavaa or volcanic rocka.
8orat> of the analysea vary from the oxygen ratio 1:3:9 toward 1:3:13, and
Hmidw. Ohem. of Liebig, Poggeiidorf, etc^ makes iutenu^diate varietleai aha4tiq$ IdIo b
and orihodase, one culled by him oligodase-aihiie^ the other o^iyodoae-orlAocbaie — Mt IW
cJue and olbiit. But as explained elsewhere, these probably ariao fhwn nuxturo*
Other analysea: from Ytterby, Haugbton, Q, G. J., xviil 412; from Dockwcilcr. in i
A. Streng, B- IL Ztg., ixiii. 53 ; from granite of the Ockcrthal and of MdnccV 1
PyT.| a to. — B.B. fusea at S-5 to a clear or caameMike glass. Not materially ; '■
Oba. — Occurs m porphyry, granite, syenite, serpentine, and also in diffcrrm rruj^i-T
It is sometimes associated with orthoplase in granite^ or other graoite-liko rock, Ai
localities are Duuriks^Zoll near Stockholm ; Kimito in Finland^ forming with quaftt uA
granite cxiutaiping columbite -, Farias in Finland ; Ari^ge and Arendal, witli caldtti 9^
crystals sometimes 2 or 3 in. long; Sohaitausk, Ural, greenish, in a gangue of quant (
and yellowish- white feldspar; in gneisa of the Schwarawald of Goggraau, oorth-oift oi
in Byeuite of the Vosges ; in a micacjeous dioryte (called fcerwinlyte) at Yiaembsch in iba
in protogine of the Mer-de-Glaoe, in the Alps; in euphotide at LavaldanBi DepaflMDt4
itt AlbuLa in the Grisons ; in a dark green porphyry at Quenast in Belgium ; in mio* idi
Emerald Mine of the Urals, and at Boden near Marienberg; in the amphibo^ne oC Mtfll
hernia; in a green porphyry (oligoclose-porphyry of Rose), near Elbingerod# bi Hit ta
baae of the Hans ; the Fiehtelgeblrge ; ChfilaQches in Atlemont and Boiirg 4*OImi»| H
at Tvedestrand in the Christiana-fiord, Norway ; at Hitteroe, Lake Baikid ; al the K'Oi
near llammerfest ; in Doulgal, Ireland, in granitev with otthodaae, etc. : In lcdla&4 ooi
HafneQord {haffiifiordiU). The oligodaae-porphyry ia caUed tiit^cgsA^ bf Goqiaaiki{
Raphael in the DepL of Var, in France, a rode of tbis kind haa a beanttM turanaMIl
very hard, and encloses crystals of oli^roGbise ; G.:=2-6L In lavaa ftod tnc^jta (li|
chyie) at Teneriffe, and in the Euganean Mts, near Padua ; in the doonrte niMfe|ili)<
Dome; in doleryte at L. Trfwch; in pumiee at Arequipa in Pern ; in dbifaSm^ im 1
Zimapan in Mexico.
In the Uuited States, at Union Tille, P&, with euphjUite and corundiim, Q,:=S*01 j ill
bury, Ct, with orthoclase and danburite ; Haddam, Gt^ olten transparent, witli ioUla
tcurmahne ; Mineral Eill, Delaware Co.^ Pa., called mooustoae ; at Orange aummit, \
aligiitly greenish, and pearly; at the emery mine, Chester^ Maaa^ gnymkr, wilJl
0.= 2'6SG| St Dixon's quarry, Del
Named m 18*26 by Breithaupt from tf^<>>^ liUk^ and mU^, to elsooA. BtonaUns ]
(in 1824) recognized it as a new mineral from apecbnena from Dttnrik*4EoQ^
named it natroD-8|iodumcno (soda^^podtUDene).
Alt — Occurs altered to kaolin and nntroiite. The change to kaolin takteplaca ^
in orthodaao, aa shown by the tonger rtJsistouiHJ of tlie latt^ when both oocitr InJ
(Laapeyres^ Za G., xvi 3tt7j,
316. AI.BITB. Fdtapat hrit pt WaH^ 65, 1747. f^kiapath p^ Sdhod '
Grist, ii 409, PL T^ C 15, H, 1783. Krummb14tterig«r PaldapalK AdoiAvy
Albit Gaim <e Airm, Afh., vr, IftO. 1615. Tetartin BrmUi., Char., tftU. 8o(
YiA, ^ikpd. Of ipectfis. Qearelandite (fr. ObestefdaUi) 3n^ Aul FlA^Oj
UNISILICATES.
349
Irilffin BreUh^ Ghar^ 1823; Peridine. HTposklerit (fr. Arendal) Breiih^ Schw. J., liL 316,
m. FteiBterito (fr. Pdrtfa, OtaL)ThinrL, PhO. Mag., UI. zxii. 189, 1843. Olaflt BreUh., B. H
^ ZXT. 88=O]igolda»>AIbit/8S6Aa0r0r, Pogg., Izzxiz. 17.
.iByte^ BBtroBOez, or HeUeflinta pt, Swed. Adinole (fr. Sala) Beud^ Tr., il 126, 1832.
Tridinic.
fA /=120° 4r 0 A 2-1, ov. l-i,=97° 54' i^i A i-8=149° 35'
^ U, OY. !^i',— 9S 36 (? A 1^^=150 3 i-i A i-5'=149 38
» 1-i, ov. 2-l,=S6 24 /-i A l'=:113 41 7' A l'=123 6
[A/=114 42 i-l A 1=120 11 /A 1=125 3
Ia 7=110 50 M A 7=117 53 24 A 2-r=90 4
1 2^r=lS6 50 M A 7=119 40 7" A 2-t=138 34
iS-i=133 U
306
nm
303
1 ^ 1
l-i
i4
/
/^
^3'
i^i
2-t
2-T
2'
24
l-«
r
|-
1
1-1
1'
i
i'
Obseryed Planes. Add f.
iJl
/tf
Middletown, Ot
a
Boo-toum^ SaTOf.
Boc-toum^ Sayoy.
Pbmposii
: <?, i-l perfect, the first most bo ; l-I Bometiraes distinct. Twins :
ition-face i-i, axis of revolution normal to i4y the most common,
360
OXYGEN CJOKPOUIfDS,
309
IJ
Ponclice.
f. 301. 2. C.-face and revolution the same, but (t 307) the two!
iniitnal penetration cro^^sing along a medial vertical line, so that thej ^
giiarter in front is continued in the left quarter behind, and the l^^ft i
front in the right behind, the upper and niider planes O meeting iji ai
taring angle, and the 2-! on either side in a salient angle — matinc
tei-sectin^ twin, having the aspect of a double twin of foiir crystak in i
the two aiagonally opposite are alike in position. 3. C-face the sama
axis of revolution jp/7ra//^^ to t-l, and vertical, prodncing the fomi in i
the planes 0 and 1 above (or below) being very nearly in the earne |
(the plane angle of t'4, which the edges of/ and O make, being IKT
and that which the edges of/ an<l 1 make being 115° 55', difle"'
31'); also exemplified m the donble twin, f. 308, the two halve
are t^vins like f. 307 ; may be right or left-handed, according to wl
18 revolved; also in other Bimilar donble twins (Ir. Jliddletowu,
which the two halves are like f.
C.-face parallel to 0, and revolution i
horizontal axi^ normal to the ghorterr
nal of (9, as in f. 309; the twin
^ banded, according as the part r^
1^ ^—^^^^^-^^ ui»j)er or lower. 5. The la^t kind
bined with the first (1), making doul
Also masgive, either lamellar or
the laminae sometimes divergent;
varieties occasionally quite fine to impalpable,
R = 6-7. G,^2'59— 2'(J5 ; 2'U2, Finbo, Eggertz ; 2*619, Br
Lnstre pearly upon a cleavage face ; vitreous in other directions.
white ; also oeeasionally bluish, gray, reddish, greenish, and grei*n;
times baring a blnish opale^ence or play of colors on O, Streak unc
Transparent^ — snbtranslucent. Fracture uneven. Brittle.
Oomp., Tar.^0. ratio 1 : 3 : 12; (l^ft'+|Xl)'£>i'>6§i, or withhalf theearoewofi
— Silicfl (38 6, alitmiiia 19% soda 11-8=^100. A smaU part of the ioda Ia mjaoed ran ,
always^ by poiaj^h, and also bj lime. But these di^oruncea are Dot <«xtenial^ af^atol '
Vnr, L (h-dmai-y, (a) In erystals or deavable masgiye. The angles Tftryioinewllii^ I
forplflDG I'; /a/' — 122'' 15', G. Rose; 121" 45'^ MAiigniic and De^doiseaux, as meaa
ineaeurements of St 0 othard crjPtols ; 0 A / ' = 1 1 5 ° &', Rose ; 11 4' 6 2\ M. and D. (1^) Am
slmDar to arcTiturino ol%oclase and orthocloso. {c) Moonftone; similar to tnoonatooel
dase and ortbocla&e, Fensterite ia a wbitiBh adularia-Uke albltei alightljr iridesoe&i^ h
2*626 ; named frora vtptortpa^ p*g«fm^ the colors reBemblliigfUjmewbat thoie of tlie D£<k J
fd) Periclme is in large, opaque, white crystals, abort and broad^ of the fonzm in 4^
a, = 2*G41 ; /a/' = 120' 3T', BreitK ; fVom the chloritic schists of the JUpiL
(t) ByjKMC?«n'ie ia blflckish-gteen^ firom Arendal ; H. = 6-6; G, = 2'63— 2"rt6; it 4
ing to Rammolsberg, 5 p. a of pyroxene, Hermann flgurea (J, pr. Ch.^ xlvL 3&6)a<
the planes and nearij the form off. 302. Named from 'vr^ wndsr^ vfXnpii^ hard^ wUht
the mfenor hardness.
(/) Lamellar; dtavdandU&; a white kind found at Chesterfield, Mais^ ind ]
OeaTelaDd, the minemlogisL
2. Chmpad; aUnltic /elsite ; smooth on Burfaoo of IVncture, whitish^ grajiahf <
color, and very tougL H. =6*5— 7 5; G.= 2*6— 2-65. See also under Ouooclasl
Analyses; 1^ G. Rose (GilK Ann^ liiiiL 173) ; 2, Tengstrom (Ann, PhiL, 1824); \l
(Untersuch., 300); 4, Laurent (Ann. Ck Phys., Ix.); 6, ThAulow (Pogg., jM. 5TU
(Pogg^ lii. 892); 7, Abich (B. H. Ztg., i.) ; 8, Erdmann (JahresK, iiL 192); $, Al
^26); 10, a a Gmeliu (PoiJrg, viL 79); 11, Kersten ( Jahrb. Min. 1845, UB); IX,
ftx>m meiaphyre of Agay, Ann. d. M-, V, il 184, 193); 13, Eammelsberg (Pogg.,
Lohmeyer (Pogg^ bri. 390) ; 15, Desclabi&sac (Z& O,, x, 207); 16, Scbeidtaner (
17^ Richter (Pogg,, \xxxix, 17); 18, Rube {ZS, Q^ my, 49); 19, BedtentadMr (^o^i^
g
UlflSILIOATES,
351
J Weld (Am. J. SeU IL riil 390) ; 22, T. a Huot (PhiL Mag.» IT. L 222, Am. J. Sci^
23, F. A. G«nth (Am. J, 8cL, II. xxviii. 249); 24, E, H, Twining (Am, J* Sd, 11,
t% Boj© A Bootli (Proc, Am. Flul, Soc, ii. 190):
^H
Si
£1
*e
fig
Oa l^a
s
^
68-46
19-30
0-28
0*68 [11 -27]
— ^100 G. Rose.
,
67-99
1961
0-70
0-66 11-12
= 100*08 Tengrstrom.
bU
70(>8
19-80
0-11
0'2S 9-06
=99*88 Stromejer.
68-4
ao-8
0-1
,^,*
0*2 10-5
— = 100 Laurent.
■r^ crv«t
69*00
19-43
- —
0-20 11-47
^=100*10 Thaulow.
u!lwm
67*39
19-24
0-61
0-31 6-23
677 = 100-55 Brooks.
yiC
[6845]
18-71
0-27
0-18
0-60 U 24
0-65, Ittn «r.=rlOO Abich,
6911
19-34
0*62
in
tr. imm
0-66, Hn <r.= 100-70 ErtlmaniL
^
68-23
18-30
1*01
0-51
1-26 7-99
2-53 ==99-83 Abidi.
67-94
18-93
048
0-15 9-99
2-41, ign. 0-36=100-26 GmeliB,
§
68-70
J 7 -92
0-72
.^^.
0-24 11 01
1*18=99-77 Keraton.
|VC
67-0
19*2
0-8
1-8
1*2 7*2
2-2 = 98-9 Didaj*.
rm
67-62
16-59
2 30
1-46
0-85 10-24
0-51=98*8 Rftmniekberg.
rahMi,^.
m 68*75
18-79
0-64
0-0^
0-51 10-90
1-21 = 100-79 Lohmoyer.
ivtiiiL
66*50
18 11
—
0-66
0'66[12-17]
= 100 Besdabbaac.
6611
18-96
0-S4
0-lfi
312 9-24
0-67 =9910 Sclieidtauer.
OM«e
66-1E13
19-90
0*39
0*39
1-56 10-13
, Md 0-20, H 0-26 = 99*65 B.
• «>.
66*99
18*40
0-76*
0-21
090 32-10
0-74=10010 Rube.
raiua
a)6T'20
19-64
«,p-
031
1-44 991
1-57 = 10007 Redtenbad^er.
fc, P^
6C-65
20-79
—
0-52
2-05 9*36
=99-42 Bnifth.
66-86
a I -89
0-48
1-79 8-78
, U 0-48 = 100-27 Weld.
66-80
21-80
0-30
O'iO
2'52 7 00
0-58, ign. 0-6 = 99-80 Hunt
»Ox
68-39
1965
0-41
— -
0-47 10-97
<r., ign. 0 2 1 = 1 00* 10 Genth.
K. Y^ gnk 67-01
19-42
0-96
ir.
0-39 11-47
0-25, igii. 0'24=99'73 Twining.
[•on. Pa.
67-72
20-O4
0-34
0-78 1(>'66
0-16=100-19 B. AB.
65-46
20-74
0-54
014
0-71 9-98
1-80=99-97 B. k B.
a.
A« Impurltjr, or matnlj to.
t, 0.=2-6l; 7, G.=2'624; 9, G.=2 595j U, G.=2-GI2j 12, a = 2-478; 18, Q.—
^=2-624; 18, a=2-61 ; 20, G. = 2-6I9; 24, G. = 2^6:i3 Brush.
)ei€rite (anal )3) afforded Hermann (L c) Si 5fl-43, ^1 21 -In, Fe 0-75, iln 03 9, Ce, La
(3, Mg 3*39, ^ 2-65, JTa 6*79=^99*80, giving the abnormal and improbable 0. ratio
Bammelabez^B later aaalysis appears to show to be incorrect, or the eompoflitiou
fbnn of it Its inlbrior hardness would indicate alteration.
Peimsjlranta, anatjxcd by Eedteobocber (anal 19 J, is caDed oii^ocIase-aJbiie by
the 0. ratio 1-1:8: 11*7. He applies the same name to tbo ^oantm feldspar
\ which he says has the external form of scapolite^ aud 0. = 2'39; ozygeii
11*SI. It ia the olafik. That of Soarum, analjajed by Scheidtauer, was in anow- white
I gave 1-2:3:118; it holda ao ezoess of protoxyda, owing to the lime present,
to m result of alteration.
lOORtpact feldspar has usually some f^-oe silica disseminated through it The follow-
raet of nome kinds, either (ttbift/clmte or oligtKluse'ftMk. The presence of lime is m
latter. Adlnoie is probubly albitic ; it is rcHldiah, from Sala, Sweden. Amausite <?<r-
efa considered as oligoclase in base ; the name wa6 gfyeo to a graoulite (Weissstein)
in Moraria. The analysis here cited of the North Carolina mineral^ by Genth, is
Sci^ XL xxyiiL 249 :
gi
XI
fe
Ag
Oa
^B.
79-6
12-2
0-fl
1-1
^
6*0
71-60
I4T5
1-41
(K
1-06
1006
60-29
19-66
4-6:i
0-23
i-sa
9-90
77-93
13-19
059
0-22
V2^
5-93
74-95
11-73
160
1 32
0-50
6*49
7&-83
11-37
0*91
1-3U
5-20
f9r^
OSTQOCULSE for other felsites*
—=99 -3 Berthier.
0-32== im ' 20 Sdmederraann.
171, Mn tr., ign, 1'20=99-4B G.
0 08, fl: 0-26 Sraoberg.
0 35, fi G-21 Svanberg.
0^16, H 1-12,
f — ^SlB, Aiaefl at 4 to a colorkss or white gtasa^ imparting sn intense yellow to the
bed upon by adds.
» is a constituent of several rocks. With bombleDde it constitutes diaryk of
\
WSIS^ iMi tbe same miserala, m tameHar mansoi (dcfiT«tftfiilite)^ slf gti^y bl^iliii, «lto^
■sd fmlj in small crystals; at Oofihan. In New Hamp,, ai Acwortli imd AlffUN^
Haddam, with chrjsoberjl, betyl, colmnbit€i, aod black tounaaliiie ; at Uw '
quATTj, In fine Iraut^pureDt or transIuceDt crystals (fig. 306); at Monroe, a
otMitiiiiiing beryl Id K York, at GranYille, Waahington Co.. « > 5t« t'-^^nspafent
Essex Co., of a greenish color, with emoky quarte, and r. ^Teen djuHafo^
UnioDviUe, Delaware Co.| a gruuukr variety i» the matrix o .tidnm (sc
baling the hardness of quarts (7 — V2b). It had been tak&n ior indlamte.
equally bard, is found with idocs'ase at Sanford, Maine. In Qdi/amtu^ Cala^
gold and aurifcrouB pyrites.
In Canada, in fine crystals, at the Suffield elltrer mine, near L. Maaaawippi, K
phremagog.
The name AWite is derived from olStti, white, in allusion to its color, uid wis gi^
by Qahn and Berzeliua in 1814.
For recent observations on cryst| BescL Min., i. 317; Heasenberg, Min. Not,
O, Rose, Pogg., cxxv. 457^ cxiix. L Figs. 307-309, are from Boae's papers. The
fig. 304 occurs at Middle town, Ot.
For Atkrtd forms and Ariifieiai ctSnk, see under Obthoola^b.
Ztoaditb BrettK. (Pogg,, liix, 441). 5Sygttdite, according to DeacJor -"- ^'li
ably albite. Occurs in thin Uiblea, which ate twiua, appearing Uk
homme and Modane. Tra&aluceiit or milky. In luatre and bardne^^c ..
ish-white, to reddish. G.=2 511— 2 &12, Breith. Plattner obtained in his triali
siljoa, alumina, and lithia, and no water Found with milky quartXt stUbila^ i
fissures in argillyte, at Andreasberg in the Hart. It waa named (rcxs (»|<tj»»^
knm/ed.
316. ORTROOIiASE. Silex ex eo ictu feni fadle ignis eUdtuf^est cubit
inleraectis oonatana, Agric^ Foss., HI 4, 154e* Falt-8pat, Bpatma pyrimiQiiim (ril
ereum, nibrumX WaiL, Min^ 05, 1747. Faltspat, Spa turn sdntmaim, CNwl, 04
spatb Germ^ /V. Feldspar EmjL Felspar bad orOt/tgr, Foiditeiii
ISia, Orthose ZT., Tr., iv. 1«01. in Index alone, p. 394, 4to editto.
1S30. [lu the preoedmg, the whole group of feldspars is indiided in tha one
Feldspath (Albite excluded) Ben., 1816^ N. ^ysL Min., laiO* FMspath (iJI^
and Anorthite excL) O, Ro9% GUb. Ann.. IxxUL 178, 182^. Orthoklaa (14 atBOL)
1823; (id. 4- OUgokks excl) Brtmi., Pogg., viii Td, 1SS6, PoUal^^^ldspar.
Cr0nn»
Vail MnodL at tp, Adolaire Pini, Mem. Feldspw, MHaii, 17^3; Adnlar
JA|^I Feldapath nacr^^.; Mondstein var. Faldspalh,, Wmm^ UeU CrocaU JTl
UAibiilOATEB.
853
indoxit JheOL, B. H. Ztg^ zxv. 86, 1860. Felsit von Kulda id, Htndb., 628=Kalcliii
B, Oottah idL, ib. Weiasigit Jenzach, Jahrb. Min., 1853, 89G. LaBur-Fddspath N. Nordenak^
L ICoMOW, xzx. 23fi, 1857.
Biit% PBtrotOdx, Lajni Corneus, pt, CVtMul, IGxl, 57, 1758. Felsite. Leelite (fr.
Biilsiid) OhrlBe, Ann. PhiL, 1818.
dinic. (7=63** 63\ /A 7=118° 48', (9 A 14=153° 28' ; aj : J : ^=
: 1'5183. Obeeired planes : O ; vertical, /, i-J, i-i, i-i ; clinodomes,
64 ; hemidomee, i-i, |-i, ^-i, 1-i, ^', |-i, 2^*, -2-i ; hemioctahedral,
-l,-2;3-i,4.i,-4-i;f8.
320
129 41
i4-»=ll6 33
vi{=99 38
<«»^=139
V«=116 7
!t
=150
134 42
321
322
(? A -1=146° 30'
0 A 2=98 4
OAi-4=77 31
0 A |4=161 36
O A 24=135 3
0 A »-t=90
<? A 7=67 44
i4 A iri=90
U A i-ft=150° 35'
i-i A 4-i=142 25
a A -4-S=130 60
t-l A 3-i=146 40
/A 2-t=134 19
/A l-i=110 40
1 A 1=126 14
-1 A -1=142 40
UB : O perfect ; iA, lees dietinct ; i-i faint ; also imperfect in the
B of one of the faces I. Twins : 1. Composition-face vi, axis
33
354
OXYGEN C01IF0Uin)8.
of resolution normal to t4, tlie forms not showing tl
externally, except eometimes by BUtnres. 2, C,-f»iec t-t,
olution vertical, producing, with the form in t SIO, the
315, which are right- or left-handed, according as one
of the parte is the one revolved ; with the fonu in f, 31 1^ \\ie
and O nearly coincide in the twin. 3. C.-face 24, as in £
the prism is made np of two adjoining planes 0 and two i-i^
square, because O A i4=90^, and O A 24rrl35° S' \ I A I^
the same in a twin of 4 crystals, t 317, each side of the })rifim tli
same in a twin of 3 ciystam, one of the four being ab«enf
the prism made np of the planes i4, i-h ; again the ;
takes, by cross-in terpenetrat ion of each, the form in f, <i22, cuj
parcntly of 8 crystals, or four twins of tlie land in f. 321 ; /
as above, 4. C^-face 0, 1 316.
Otten massive, granular ; sometimes lamellar- Also mm
talline, and sometimes flint-like or jasper-like.
H.=6-0'5. G.=2'44-2f>2, mostly 25-2 6, Lnstro
cleavage^urface sometimes pearly. Color white, grav, flesh-itKl^l
fjreenish-white, bright green. Streak uncolore<h l'rampim*nt;
ucent. Fracture conchoidal to uneven. Oj*tic-axial
the orthodiagonal section and sometimes in tne clinodii
trix always negative, normal to the orthodiagonal ; in'
adularia, according to Angstrom, 4° 6' to the cHnodi ^_
edge ///; and according to Descloigeaux, at 22*^ C, thcfie \
anxl 110*^ 4tV {or the red rays ; angle of divergence in adolnrijiiif
112^ to 123^ ; iu transparent from Wehr in the Eifel^ only 1
other optical peculiarities.
Oomp^ Var.— 0. ratio 1 : 3 : 12 ; (iR*+|Xl)'Si»+6§i; or else with
basic; :^BIlica 64*6, alumina IB'5, poUiah 16'9 = 100; with eoda eoinetixiiet
potash. The orthoclase of Carlsbad coiitatns rnbidinm.
The rarieiies depend mainlj' on etnicture, Tamtknis In anglii^ Ihe ptmmm of (
presence of impitritiea.
The amount of soda detected bj analT?<*« ^"'•"»" trreatly, the ntia ia tllft ftiHd
I ; 100 to 1 : |. But recent chemical bv Ijayo shown, what Breilbnptl
ocular exam'mntion in 186 1^ that some of r rous yartottea 9we th* wdi M
eoinbination of the orthodase with albite. The ptrUUk |84L«o h«^jOQd) has thmt 1mm
biat of thin altomate lajera of Ihece two feldspars. How Gir tlito espititalSoft
M}difcrous kinds remains to be asoertained
Tho variationH in anglea are Urge, and they occur wnoetinMS vnsu la
local it J. In crystals of the kind called chesttrliUt^ whldi are to all appeaii
tortod, the angjo /' (right pnsmatic plane) A /(left WL) yafies tttsm Itl* to
author's measurements ; and other angles make tha form Irtdmik^ 0 h I
differing A", one being 11 0 and the other 115^; while Iwina oompooodod
diagonal sectioo, which an* ooramon, prove, by the ahsifiic© of any fc^a^srii ^
that the form Is not trviiuic ^although so made by Breithaupt, who P»t»m Cba S|aA
xviL 1 1 to albito), Thi^ cry stnUtsa lion is normally monocUnic, and the variattwitt*
ularitioa. Thara arv also large optical Tariations in orthoclasa, on whkb avt f
The variatioiii Id amoitiit of soda and in angles haro led Breilhmpt |g i
out of the spedea ortbooUae. But until it is proTcti th^it irviitiila or eartiltt
uniformly the same specific diemiosl composition^ aij tiat khuda 1
chemical eompoeition wherever ooourrlDg, always^ \n s.illiie<t,
luch apades cannot proper^ be recognised as distinct Th$ varieties I
Ib6 foUowing:
Var, I. Onknary. In crystala, or doavahb miiaivv. (a) Adtdarim.
uaually with pearly opalescent raflectknifl^ nd aoptiMgi wtdi m ptajr df c.
Uioaghpator in shade JfiwA«toM(HMsiottte2M(ifNcf^T*T^ ILm,fl.**M^
tfKISILICATES.
, iSbte Teet bein^ albite tmd oHgY^dose. Vakmeiaiiiiiie, from the silrer mino of YBJeDciauji,
^is adulAiiiL BreithaopC fiDds for orctinary orthodnae (which he caUs peginaii^iiie} 6.=
•i*&78 ^B. H. Ztg., xzT. 38). KokschATof obtained (Mtn. Kusitl., t. 115) from crystals &ota
, Swritaerlan^l, for/A /:=n8* 48* 20'; 0 A j; acute, = 67" 45' 60^-47'; 0 A /, obtuse.
ri2' JO — U lu ' ; O A l-i'=rl29* rr. For crystalu from ZiUertlial, /A /=n8° 45f — 60^
MIS" 47' 21"); Oa/, acute, = 67" 47' 20"-60' (mean, e?"* 47' 88'); 0^1, ©btttML=r
'xa'-13' (mean, 112" 12^ 67 '); Oa l*irrl29' 43 Iu'-60' (moan, 129' 42' «8"). He
i tho oalcakted reanlt« for adularia, /a 7=118° 47' and 61" 1»^ 0 A /=67'' 47' 30" SDd
M2 4<»'; Oa l.t=129" 43' 26'; O A 2-1=135" 8' 39"; £7(0 A t^=e3' 66' 46 '.
, or amnkurine fsidspar (HelioHte DdamOh^ T. T., ii. 200). In part orthodaBe; rest
" M (q. T.).
A deavable feldgpar, fetid m odor when struck. The originai was fbond by
the York and LctneaRt^r road, 21 m, from Baltimore^ in granular limestooi^ Hid
I or hlnifih in color. Named from wirp^if, a corpse.
Bright Terdigria-green, and cleav^ble.
Fleah-red, &oni amygdaloid, near Kilpa trick. Made out by Thomflon to contain
ila. Named from t^^tih^i, red.
i of Noee^ or giagay feidgpar^ mdudtng much of the Ice-gpar, part of which is anorthite.
raoaparent glassy c»'y stale, mostly tabular (whence the name ftom ttwtf^ a board) in
, tmchyt^ t&onoUte, etc Proportion of soda to potash varies from 1 ; 20 to 3 : I.
"i liods ID some kinds 0*T9 — 2":i:^ p, c of baryta. JihyacoliU is the same; the name
Ito glaftay crystals from Ml Somtna (Eisspath Wem.\ Rose had Bince observed (Kiyst
, §6) thai the specimen he analyzed (Fogg., xxvui 148) probably uontained some mixed
I wnd that the mineral is orihociase. Named from ^'naf, etmam (lava stream), and Xt^t^ Mtane.
Id white cryatala, smooth, but feebly lustrous, Implanted on dolomite in Ohes-
Qfu. and having the variations in its angles above Btated. It contains but little soda,
ur with oompoiitian parallel to 0, and also parallel to both 0 and i-i, the latter appar-
hlia meeting of striiB along the middle of an O, and the former by the same on an t^
\ twtf ttcmx a line in breadth to 1| in. Q.=: '2^531 SilUmao. Emi*s analysis (This Min,^ 8d
, 07^) is erroneous, and therefore not cited here.
Usually in cleavable masi^es, whitish^ grayiBh, or reddish, and opaleaoent The
I from the zircoo-syenite of Fredericks vam nud Laurvig and Brevig, Norway. Brei-
f the angle between the two cleavage planes 90' 22' — 90° 23', instead of 90'; and
.rived the name, from nfvpot, htUa^ and «>iv>ir, Undine. The analysis (No. 66) gives for the
Pl^a lo ^ 8 : 2. But Breithanpt has since referred to microclin tlie feldspar of Arendal,
I iflbrded him the same angle, but yet contains but a trace of soda (No. til He oIbo refers
" ' trovok Kangerdluarsuk, Greenland (anal. 54), which is near the first-mentioned in
and gave the angles 0 A i-t=;90" 22', (? a /=U3' 9', O A /'==IU° liV, 0 a 1-it^
,i^ A /' = 119" 13'7a/— 119' 4', /a 1-1 = 121° 43'; also the feldspar of the micaceous
I MioKyiB) of Mlask (Urals)^ which has Na : K = l : 1^ with an excess of silica, accord-
\ msatififaciory analysis; also a Bodennmis feldspar of gray and greenish colors, with G.
••S^ft^A, but he suggests that Kerndt^s analysis (No. 5H) waB probably made ou a mixture
1 nod o^gookse, the two occurring together ; while Potyka found that the green variety
\ unnlainf i litUe soda^ Potyka alao states that the actiinl form was tridinic, and that
I 6»eehad the usual Ptrire of triclime feldspars; but Kenngott observes (UeK, 18B1,
" 1 not And the strias on a Bodeumats specimen, and H. Fischer none on the feldspar
lite. Other loc. reported by him are: Lewis Go., N. Y., with black pyroxene;
Lomnitz and Fischbach in Silesia, of red color ; Scholtzenberg and Kunersdorf,
khau in Silesia^ grayish- white, G. = 2*592; Sfon&ella in Predaizo, white, G.=2'696;
|pf the PbucD'Gruud, near Dresden—an extension of its distribution which mu^t make
. the value of its distinctive characters.
J the measurements of Breithaupt, microclin is prolmbly mouodinic. Desdoi-
r optSeal investigations (Min.. L 341 ), refers it to orthoclase. It is to he observed that
I were ohtaioed from kinds having little soda as well aa others having mudi* Kore-
, in which the amount of soda is still brger, is monoclinic
In grM or yellowish crystals, a little pearly or greasy In lustre, often
' iblning, 1' isually in the direction of the dinoiiagoual, 0 A 7=112" 30',
fellf* 50\ / A / = 1 lu ivi, O A i-i (cleavage angle)=90 ', Breith. G. = 2'fl— 2'62, Plattner.
t ftnd much more soda than potash, the ratio being about 3:1, but how far this is
t with albite has not been asoertained. From Hammond, St. Lawrence Co., N* Y.
lu^., tranmusTne^ and «Xiu., 7 cUavt^ under tlie idea that the crystals are peculiar ia
I parallel to the orthodiogonal section.
i has added still other names. His Ftxradoxiie^ from tin mines near Marienberg, etc,
r/=U9"0'; 7A*-i = l20* 4U', 7At.i-I30* 20 j H,=64^6; G.=^2'440-2'456;
CoQtalni potaah as the alkali, with little or no soda, {k) His OoUaiU is the
366
OXT0SN OOMPOUlfBS.
LgrayJBh- white orthoclaee in twina from granite In Carlabad, Boheniia, clrd^ i
l^alfl it liiMiG,=2-609l- 26098, H.=6-Gi, and IaF about 120 ; and hj
, H. Ztg., XXV. 39) it coQtains 8 p. a of eoda to 6 of potasli. But Eednarj
14, 15) thill it is an ordinary pota5b-fe1ds[»^ with over 14 p. a of [
"^2*6T«. (I) His Jdutdan la from Mnlda near Freiberg; it ia stilted to haf
=rll6% OA/^llC-lltH", Oa/=117'; G. = 2'64-2-66. MoD's aualjaia (
it is oommoa orthoclase, although irregulaT in ita angles.
(m) Xa«u7/<rie29par (Lasurfeldspath), a feldspar havipg H.=6, and G.=r2*^T,j
of orthodasG^ found near Lake Baikal with lapis laxuJl
(n) P^irUUU. A flesh-red aventurin© feldiiiiir, oonsiating of interlamiihitod I
LflM^ 81 shown bej-ond. From Fertbf Canada East
(a) MfurdiisoniiA ia similar flesh-red feldspar to perthitc, with gold-rellow
ll^ttOQf like sunntono ; and stated to ba^e also an unusual cleavage direct I un
reervfid. From DawliAh and Exeter, England. Named after ita diseorerer, Mardiiioii'
WeissigUe^ of .Tenzscbf is in small whitish or reddish-white twin crjacala, and ia A
ties of amygdaloid at Weissig near Dresdetl; G.=:2'53B— 2*546, L lies has nam
iPhikd., M»7, 1866) a greenish orthodoae from Lenni, Delaware Co., Pa^, '* almost w,
page/' ienmlite ; other specimens of the same locality, pearly and dbttinctly daATihIl
mnd a dull bluish-green subtrausparent kind^ of an aventurine character, oootaliiiBf 1
das bright and hexagonal (hematite ?) from Blue Hill, 2 m. N. of Mediik F^ «i*l
are announced only as varieties of orthoclose; but their distiDctivo duOiM
as to entitle them to special names. There is no place in the aeimtm of Ifl
»8 so giren.
2. Compact Ortboglash or OErnocLASS-FSLeirrE, This crypt(Vci78taUin4 Tiris^
^mid oocnra of various colors, from white and brown to deep red.
There are two kinds (a) the jaeper-Ukt, with a subritreoos lustre ; and {h) tba cwakii
with a wa^lostre. Some red kinds look dooely like red jaeperf but are easily i
fusibility. The orthodase differs f^m the albite felsite inoontaining much moral
Let^ik, named after J. F, Lee, is a deep, flesh^red variety, of waxy lustre^ froaC
The Swedish name HdUeJlinta me&ns /ala« JlinL
A. .proportion o/aoda midi leu than (hoi ofpoUuh ; from ^t and less to |.
Analyses: h VaL Rose (Scheerer's J., ?tii. 244); 3. DQrre (Ramm. If In. <
iHsyes (Ppgg-, cxiiL 468) : 4, Abich (Pogg» li. 628, B. H. Ztg., Jahrg., 19); 6^ !
njeb., 1861, 73); 6, T, Abieb (Xc;); 8, Flattner (Ppgg., xlvi 2U9): 9, Broiignisrt ft Ml
", M,, IV. il 465); 10, Kroner (Pogg., Uviu 421); I J, Kersten (J. pr. Ch., xxsifLI)
tatnm, Min. (7h., 024) ; 1 3, Jenzsch (Fogg., xcv. 3o4) ; 1 1, 1 S, Redner and Bulk iZkQ
i6, A. Streng (Jahrb. Min. 1B67, 541); 17, t. Uauer iKenng, Ueb., l$£i3-7, lOft); 1$^
(Bull G. Soc^ II. X, 568); 20, C. Bischof (Bischof, Lehrb. GeoL< IL 2171, SI8T); :
(GeoL BeediT. Baden, 1861); 22, Jevreinof (Pojcg., xlrli. 196); 2S. SchitUt iRamm. U\
% Jenzach (Jahrb, Min. 1865, 800); 25, J. Potyka (Fogg., eriil Bt^ TUd
bSt. 49, 6a); ."$1, Haughton (Eep. Brit. Assoc, 186a, 65^ Q. J. G.. xx. 2> PI
■«xil 22»); S3-S6, aw. a Fuchs (Jahrb. Min. 1862, 787, ^-^ "
B©schr. Siebengeb., Verb. pr. Rhein!. Jnhrg., 9, 28i»); 3§^
40, BanunelsbeTglMin. Ch., 1003); 41, F. A. GentlilKelk^ i .
(Am. J. Sci., IL xH 42); 4S, 44, J. D. Whitney (Am. J, 8ci,^ U XT. 440, 3
A Booth (Prm Am. Phil Soc. FhiUid., ii. 53, Jahrk Min., 1845); 47, T a Hfl _
474); 48 Smith t Brush (Am. J. ScL, IL xvi. 44) ; 49, G. F. Barker Ibt «vt \
B. Proportion of soda to potash AshMcn } : 1 and 2 : 1.
60, 61. Q, Gmelin (Pogg., lixxL 813); 52, 63. Seheef^ tV
(Breith, B, IL Ztg., 186S, No 6, xviL 11); 66, KemdL(B. H
53); 58, T. S. Hunt (PhiL Mag., IV. L a22, Am. J. Sd. II
Min., 1862, 789); 60, Hefaer 4 Joy (Ramm. Min, Ch. '
62, Abich (I. a); 63, G. Rose (Pogg., xxnil 143|; 64. t- t^rm ; ^b
Min. Ch^ 626); 67, 68, O. Bischof (L e); 69, t, KatJi (2a G, xii 44) j :a^tO
0, Can., 186.% 416).
G Itvporiwm ofmda to pe^aak omr 1 1 L
71 76, Smiih 4 Brush (Am. J. Set, IL xTi 4S) ; Tfi, Flattthsr (F^git, UriU 41t^;
bergvr (Oeol« Besohr. Baden, Oirismhe, 18^1, 48); 7% Mesw (Ann. Ob. FhfK l^
A. Propofltoii of sodi aiidi Ism Ifaca thai of pottn
Si 3^ 9« lie
nn.
67*01
65-10
17-50 175
IS 60 0-85
3012
019
t 1^
It'OO —
it*$o —
IJNI8ILIOATE8.
357
Si
tiittrd, AM. 65-09
* Kbia M-62
0^ grem 65*72
ii AmuHL 65-82
0^ TU0NC
nborg^ rd3L
mstoUen, Sax.
t SasL, 5^-to.
cig^Sax^ w^
ioaerMts.
iniu
66-8:2
64-00
66*43
65-52
65-76
65-24
63-02
65-23
62-76
63-84
66-48
64-26
64-00
21
17-97
18-50
18-57
17-89
17-58
19-43
1703
17-61
17-72
20-40
1828
18-26
17-71
19*24
19-06
19-27
18*00
Pe fig 6a ]^a &
1-34 101 18-99
0*21 0-70 1-55 15-58
0-10 0-34 1-25 14-02
0-80 0-09 0-10 2-81 1805
0-09
0-20 0-42
0-49
0*80
1-03 0-91
0-94 1-70
0-82 3-66
0-27
2-41
ir. 1-45
1-60 2-03
0-41 2-48
0-63 2-80
0-60 0-77 0*70 2-88
0-53 0-31 0 78 0-79
0-27
2-87
0-84
0-14
, rdh. 65-82
lal, JOerodin 65 76
•» 65-56
igHe 6500
maifl, gn^ Mer, 68*12
mUHhn,w. (}) 65-71
Btte, red 64-53
tdori; icA. 6500
nDEttdh, 6510
oel Erbst, rdh, 6621
;id, IreL (}) 63*20
land 64-40
thal,w^ (}) 66-92
ir& m^ (I) 65-53
dcebu, rdh. ii) 66*80
bach, JSanidin 65*62
taberg, " 67-42
ibaxdt, " 65-26
enfela, '' 65*59
** ** 65-87
I Co, N. C. 65*30
(1)64-97
IT, rdfk 66*70
" red 65-45
r^ Qn^ Del, w. 65*24
DgtoD, Del, g, 66-51
toiafl, Gail, to. 65-75
07, Ct,tf. (1)63-88
64-25
19.52 0-15 8-12
18-31 1-20 ir.
17. 99 1-50 1-54
19.54 161 019
19*78 *el-51 0-13 0 66 2-11
18-75 tr. 0-25 0-86 106
17-96 1-31* tr. 0-72 ir.
18-76 0-82 0-10 0-32 066
17-41 108 0*15 0-52 2*28
18-01 1-87 0-18 0-98 8-87
18-64 0-68 on 2-76 0-78
18-96 1-04 0 14 0-45 285
18-50 2-78 1-81 2-56
20-62 J^el-OO 018 0-46 825
17-97 ^^62-91 tr. 052 8*67
1716 1-67 2-44 0*44
15-88 2-83 0*15 2*77 0*43
17-62 0 91 0-35 1*05 2*49
16*45 1-58 0*93 097 2*04
18-63 • 0-39 0-95 3*42
20-20 tr. ir. 0*U5 0*79
17-65 0-50 0*27 0*61 1*69
18 68 0-8O 8*58
18-26 0-57 0-65
19-02 ir. 0*13 0*33 306
17-67 1-83 0-80 124 8*03
19-40 0-45 0-69
18-97 0-20 0-70 3-78
18-80 1-20 2*40
* Impuritj, or mostlj eo.
14-80
14-81
18*96
12-98
12-05
12-35
15-67
14-66
12*24
12-66
10-52
10-68
15-43
11-66
14-06
13-74
12-69
12-57
12-79
14-90
18-99
13-21
8-99
14*92
18*07
7-83
7-95
7-68
12*67
10-55
11*79
12*84
10*32
14*35
14*02
9-57
15-21
11*94
9*81
13-60
11-19
12*44
ign.
=100 Abich.
, Ba 0-17=101-38 a
=100 AbidL
,»n 0-19, Ca «r.=:99*7I
Ab.
— =99-29 Plattner.
[1-14]=100B. AIL
=99*85 Kroner.
— =99*55 Kereten.
=100 MolL
0-62, 1.10-71=100*88 J.
— , Ba 0-48=100 Bedner.
=99 87 Bulk.
1-64=100*74 Strong.
0-85=98*98 Hauer.
— =98*99 Delesse.
0-40=99-86 Delesse.
0-54, l»b & Oa 0*82=100-7C
Bischof
=99 77 Riflse.
=99-32 Jevreinof.
= 100-32 Schultz.
0-86, Li 0-56=99-94 J.
— =99*87 Potyka.
017=99*87 Richter.
0-45=99-57 Richter.
0*22=99-87 Richter.
0-39=100-04 Richter.
0 19=99-75 Richter.
— =101*08Haughton.
=100*41 Haughton.
0-34=100-24 Fuchs.
0-09=99-93 Fuchs.
0-30=99*74 Fuchs.
=100La8ch.
=100 Lasch.
— =99*47 Lewinstein.
— =100-40 Lewinstein.
0-44=99*92 Rammelsberg.
— =100-69 Genth.
0-65=100*36 S.&B.
0*70=99-58 Whitney.
— =100-14 Whitney.
=99-72 B. & B.
=99*89 B. & B.
0-26=100-14 Hunt
0-40=99-12 8. & B.
0-30=99*39 Barker.
ortioD of soda to potash between } : 1 and 2 : 1.
idaw'n, JOcr.
65-18 19*99
0-63 0-48 7*08
7-03
0-38=100-77 Gmelin.
i&
65-90 1946
0*44 0*27 6-14
6*56
0-12-98*88 Gmelin.
^SgemU, "
66-03 19-17
0-31 0-20 6-83
6*96
0-21=99-71 Scheerer.
u u
65-68 19*53
0-62 0*22 7-11
6*93
0-11 = 100-10 Scheerer.
tdlnanak, *'
66-9 17-8
0-5 0-6 6*5
8*8
— =100-6 UtendorfTer.
11
6816 20*50
4*72
6-62
— =100 UtendorfTer.
malB, "
63-66 17*27 i'eO-46 228 0*39 6-18
10-66
, Mn0'15 Kwndt
^Bng.,r^a.
66-69 18-44
1*28 0*34 0-85 4*28
7-48
— =99-36 Rube.
^
66-44 18-85
1-00 0-24 0-67 5-66
6*37
0-40=99*03 Hunt
ttMd,«'3»- (1)66-05 20*52
tr. tr. 0-72 541
6*96
0-19=99 85 Foohi.
lUatt, Am.
65-86 19-41
0-48 0*87 0*65 4*06
9-32
=100 H. & J.
^ u
67*09 18 88
1-25 0-08 0*85 4-59
7-58
=99-77 BIwdiof:
858
OZTOSM OOMPOCITOB.
1
Si ^
Fa % C» ]^a
^
ign- ^^H
02. Epomeo, IscMa, Ban. 66*73 17'56
0-81 1-20 1-23 4-10
8-27
^99ii^H
63. Edel, hnh..
66-30 18'81
er. 0-76 1-50 4^1
7-89
— ^=99^^^!
64. *' cryst **
66-60 16-69
1-36 1-43 0-36 4^3
8-44
65. Pappelsberg, '^
6608 17'87
0-62 O-lfl 0*47 6 08
8-86
66. liULgenbergi "
66-33 19-03
0-62 0-76 7-32
6-02
67. ** **
68-18 18-38
0-71 0-16 0-61 4'66
7-16
^-99^9 BH
68. KofkenBtt, *^
67-90 19-25
1 42 0 64 4-9«
63$
=99*49 m
69. Liiwenberg "
690 19-7
«r. 1-4 6-0
6-3
0-4=100-8 f. ft
70. Cbambly, Can., iSaii.06^15 19^75
0-95 6 19
7*63
0-6&S 100-1 nil
71. Broome Mtn., ♦* *'
65*70 20-80
0-H4 6-43
6*62
0-54»=109^9 m
72, Shfifford Mtn,, '* ♦»
65-15 20-65
0-73 6-39
6-67
U*60=:99-99 Hv
73, Mt Eo/al, " *'
€3-26 22-12
O'Se 6-93
6-29
0-93=99^7 Hid
C. ProportioD of soda to potash orei-
2:1*
74. Ltmfciaie
65-40 19-48
1-25 0-20 2-26 7-23
276
0-76=99-34 8L 1
76.
66-31 18-23
0-67 0-30 1-09 7-81
436
0-20-99^6 & 1
76. **
6S-50 20*29
0-67 3 *i2 8*76
S-03
— ,Si,P,fil|
77. Lochwald^w.
66-a7 19-95
tr. 0-4^ 9-64
3-43
=99*71^
78. DraoBfeld, gtaufi/y
64-86 21-40
tr. tr. 10-62
262
— =98.9M
In anal 5, G.= 3-6C86, oolorleas, trl j 6, G.=2'655; 10, G.=2*44t
a=:2-548; 16, G.^2-66, in dioryte; 23, G.=:2*675; 24, in amygdaloid, bJUmwI I
30, from the Eragebirgej 33, G =2*592, 0. ratio I : *r9 : 11*9. In gT»uito will
quartz, Hara; 34, G.=3*68, O. ratio 1 : 3'4 : 12*4, Hara; 36, G.=2 673, O.
Hair; 36, G. = 2-G0; 30, G.=2-547; 46, a=2-686; 46, G, = 2-6U8, 3 m. ffrom
J©. — 2-58; 60, G.==2-68; 64, G,=2-684 — 2-608, from Gr^nlaod, green; 66, 0.^1
Breith.; 68, G. ==2*57- 2*68 j 69, G.-'r-"' '^ ratio 1 : »-4 : 12-6. Hara. in _ " "
I the Gabbro, with oligodaae ; 60, e, BoheTnia ; 61, larm betv^en Ll^vM
IS3, 64 G. = 2-576, from volcanic sand i : . dl; 66, 67, trachjtecotik'Jomvmt^af^
I the Siebongnebirge ; 68, trachyte cou^ooieFate of " Kleinen Eo6(mati
cm doleryte in tlie Siebengebirgie, G*=2*66T; 70, from porphyrilic t:
achrte; 73, compact white trachyte ; 77, h rained granite*
Phillips, lu an imperfect analysis of mun il Kag. k AxUk, L 448^ <
Si 16*6, ^ 14*8. The miueral came from hnv, iu^u, and ia edd&iitlj orthodaaau
^le pertfiite afforded Gerhard (ZS. G., idY, 151} the same oompoeitioo ai
, Jfte,: &4i 66 83, *1 18-45, Fe 1*72, Ca tr„ ^a 606, fc 8*64, ign* 0-32^99*91
ber, that it waa divisible into thin reddish and whitish biyera, whieh y
[«Dd albite. These layers afforded him (L c.) :
gi iil Fe Ctt JTa
1. Bed layer*, OHAoe&ise 6636 1827 190 tr. 2 25 13
2. White layers, AlhiU 67*23 18*62 147 W. 8*60
Thus proTing that the aappoted sodA-ortbodaae is roatly an iiiisrcryatamiallM|
morphona sjieciea ; and suggesting that other similar auomaliea amciig llw J
iQslogoua origin. The 0. ratio fn Ko. 1 is 0-94 : 3 : 12*49; in No. 2, 0-9^ ; 3 i\
An Ofthodaee, monodinic in crystals and cleavage^ fr. ths nfinheUn^oleryle <
aflfbrded A. Knop (Jahrb. Min. 1866, 687) ^i 69-69, i&l 21*04^ Fa 327, Mn Ir^
Sfa 6-65, R 8-61, Ba 2*27, ^r 0 36, ti <r.=l01*74. Tha mineral is
amount of silica, large of alumina,, and the presence of baryta The pecttMsf i
a result of partial alteration, or of erystaUinic mixture \ which Is true !i ool I
fntermedtate between ovtbodase snd hjaJophatie,
The following are analyses of different felsitea, additioaal to thoee undsr Axmi \
1. ImMa 81*91
% Dannemora, IMj/L 81*24
5. 8asoQy, gyk-rtd 6»-<l
4. Kaatea, r>^^. 75-2
6. BrittanT. ff»A-^, 76*4
6. IVuUwltl HiUs 7M7
T* Uars 73-2fJ
a. Jtti«^ 76 16
i. a»tool|8weden79 6&
Kg Ca *s
Q
0*e4 0-21 0-78 8-^4 S'lO
4*5 X'l 6 8
2-4 1-2 34 1:$
1-20 1-4 8-8
1-40 0*1 0*40 8*19 t-^
1-76 1-01 232 2^9 -
1-90 1-62 0^ 1-94 8*61 -
042 0*10 262 3-ea 189 01
FHISItlCATES.
8S0
ftnAljBes of relsiiea: G. W. 0. Fuoha, Jahrb. Mia., Ism, 803,
'^ vie. — B^. Cnten at 5 ; Tarietieii containing much sixk are more fuaible. Lozoclaaie Aiaeg
C If ot a«l9d upon by acida.
Ofa^ — OrtltocUae ii an esaenttal conatituont of manj racks.
L Ormnud^t ay^aiUne, Orosut^ and gneiBt^ which oonsiat of ortboctaae} quarts, and mica.
adbi^ tl^ same with less ortlioclaso and more mica. S^mU^ and 9\iemiie fpteiaSf like the
difitt, Imt ooDtoiaing hornblende^ in plaoe of mica. Granuiy^tet a mixture of granular ortho*
aiaa more or lesa quarU. AlbUk f/ranite^ a graoite cootainiog albite as well aa orthodaaa.
illar rock oontaina oligoolase in plaoe of albite. Fjfroxenyte^ a rock cooaisting of ortbodaflQ
I pyrogens, Muueyte^ a granular alatj rock oonsiBting of orthoclaae and elax)Utef from Miaak
tr»L Xheae rodta contain the orthoclaso in cloavable gralna, iind eome times also in dis-
tad crjalala; when the latter ia the case the rock is Raid to he porphyriHc The
Ittilgiest GTfatala of orthoclase occur in granitic or feldapathlc veina,
crfpioerystallin^ OrthoelaseybWte, or kdUs^ alreadj described. It aometimea oon-
ia dSaseminated grains ; and Duroohor haa obaerred cases in which a felaite graduated
file or gnuiuljte. Aa the rock waa originally a chijey rock (derived from the wear (not ,
\tUm) of the minerals of g^ranltlc rocks) it la natural that thero sbould he the tran-
here mentioned. The feldspnr in some of the analyses 1x4ow may be partly of oligoclaae or
The hdlkjimia of Sweden is for the moat part here included.
the granular orfchodaae rocks, granite, gaeifls^ and the like, graduate Into others con*
horubleoda, such as syenite^ syeiiitic gneiaa,*etCf ao the compact orthoclase'felaites may
into others that are' horn bleudic, though not visibly ao; — and Uieae last wiil indicate
iblendic oompositioOf not merely by tlieir compos^itioii aa aacertainod by Ghemical aaaly-
by their high spociflc gravity. The sptieruleti of varwlyte of a white, grayish, or
hite colore are mostly a oompaot feldapar or fiBlslte of some kind.
i?i port, consiatiog of a f^aite base with diaaemiuated opaque crystals of orthodaae ;
Mse ia seldom pure orthoekae. in the green antique porphyry, it is an intimate
lase and hornblende. [The feldspar is oligoclaae or albite in eome porphyry.]
(r lor ciinkatooe), a compact grajisb rock» often containing crysttils of glassy feldspar,
a aeolite in the base along with orthoclase. flu some pbonoLite Che feldspar is oligoclaae.]
" '"^'^yiah ignei>us rock of rough fracture^ intermediate between phonolite and a gran-
ckf it owing its roughness of surlace largely to tho grains of glasHy feldspar
[istitute it
ajud kMlo09c schiU generally contain more or less of orthoclase in a cryptocrystalline or un-
tlial^ atato. Often, however^ aa analyses show^ the alkalies are mostly wanting \ and
file amount of feldspar is small ; and it may be wholly absent.
Otmdian or volc^tf nlc glass is sometimes an impure orthoclase in a glassy state ;
CBses it is a mixture of orthoclase or kbradorite and augite with cluysoUte and much
Mtariala Taryiog with the lavas of a volcano ; for any lava will become glassy, and thua
by rapid coohng. 0.^1-25— 2-8.
baa the lustre of pitch rather than glass; pearhUme has a pearly lustre, and is some-
ipheruloa («pAertiit(«), or consists of spherotdnl concretions. G. = 2'3— 2*4. The spher-
porphyry, etc., are quite similar, though usually having an excess of silica
quarts Pitchstone and pearlstoue are sometimos in composition alhite or oUgocIase
than orthoclase, that is, contain soda^ or sodm and lime, instead of potash. See
below. Fuchs has suggested that these rocks di:^rivo their glassy portion from solidified
affld not from the fusion of a feldspar.
Forchhammer, or Bauhte, appears Co be a siliceous feldspathio mineral related to these
It foirma the basis of the trachyte, obsidian, and pitchstone of Iceland According
»Walserluuiaeti, it oocurs also in tridinic orystals ; and ho deduces the oxygen ratio 1:3:
4*^^) fli*. B.B. ibaea only in thin splinters; lo acids insoluble, H.—6. Q. = 2'056|
M^^X, Walt*
\ Ibttowing are Analysea of pumice, obsidinni Bpherulite, krabllte, etc. i I, Berthier (Ann.
■, r. W3); a, Tauquelin (GehL N, aUg. X, v. 23U); 3, 4, Erdmanu (J, f techn. Ch., XT.
on; 6, Trommsdorf (N, J. d, Pharm., iii, aOI); 7, Erdmann(L a); 8, Ficinus (Schw.
9, Erdmann (L c); 10, KJaproth IBeitr., il 62, iiL 362); 11, Berthier (Ann. d, M.,
. B. SQliman, Jr, (Dana's G. Rep,, 200); 14, Waltershausen (Vulk. Oest., 311); 16,
iJBuE Q, Pr^ U. ix. 175); 16, Forchhammer (Skand. Nat Samm. L Stockk); 17, Geoth
,BhBtm^ Ixvi 271):
Si
%1
Pe C;a Mg 5ra ±
FlMOO 6«-46
2*60
2-60 7-54 2-60 h-m 7*12, fi 3-00=100 Berth.
Itadoo 78
10
% I — — » Mn 1-6=98 6 Vauq,
360
OXYGEN COMPOUNDS.
MflDj localities hure beeu enumerated above. Fine crystels are fonnd «t Gtrli ,
Bobemia (twioet f. 314, 315); Katherinenburg- in Siberia; Areodal 1& Nonnf^
nont ; Lomniti id Silesia ; Laud's End and St. Agues in Cornwafl : A IbJisrMo iw
and near Sdiaitanek in the Urals; Ibe Mourne tnouiitains. In
Rubicsitaw in Aberdcptishire, Scotlaod, etc ; in great aboDdaDOe
~ I OQ the Rhine; also in the lavas which dovaBtated the ialaud m i^r jjin, rtv^r ^^Jip
; Vesuvius, where it may b€ obtained in profusion in the vaQey called Foua Qmm
In the U. States^ orthoclaae id crystalfl occure iu Maim, on the ialiod Mt Hmnl
^ the tourmaline localitj, P&riiL In K Eamp.^ at the Acworth beryl loodt^. I& A
oyalston and Barre, oflen large cTy:§talfi ; at Three Rivers, in Palmer. Ja OomL, tf
ea of Haddam and the feldspar quarries of Middletown^ cry^tala a foot kffigr n
ick; near Bradley Bville, in the weatem part of Litchfield^ cryatala 2-3 In. ki^ ih
K, York, in St. Lawrence Co., at Roaaie, 2 in. K. of Oibow ; tli© cryatala are wUi» W^
and sometimGa an inch across; also B m. fVom Potitdam, on the road to FlafTCBODV vl
^A foot through are aaid to have been found; a ad near DeLong^B m File in Ibe torn b(
vith apatite and drcon, where the lomckue ia obtained; in Jj^wib Oow Oftbodut ^
y^tallized and massive in white limestone near Natural Briilge, with ^^eafjaQto lod
Orange C5o., crystals near West Point ; more abundant and int<^r * tra (bof
flill, ID Warwick, with ton rm all no aud Kircon ; and at Amity on ' ; it> ^tn
be Greenfield chrysoberyl locality, white trant?luccut erystaU, u
I i^a,, in crystals at Leiperville, Mineral Hill, Dulawaro Co..
aarrr fi - -* - Co. (chesitorhte) ; sunstone in Kenuctt TownsLii-.
ne, Oo., in white and yellowish crystals (anal, 41).
Mo: 'K-lase is abundant at the above-roeutioued looalltiee, l>:
; Ml Desert, Me., near 3. W. Harbor; at Rockport, Mass. An avetiuu
oppery reflections in spota, at Leiperville, Pennsylvania- Adolariai at
' Norwich, Conn., at Brimfiold, Mass., with iolite, and at Parsonflelil, ]
DC, Oonn. (Some of these may be oligoelaso.) Kaolin^ at Andover, ~
Sfew Milford, Kent, and Cornwall, Conn., and in the oountiea of Eaaox Mid^
) in Now Garden, Chester Co,, Pa., abundant. Neca*onite, li Boger*B Bodc, 1
omaon's quarry, near 11^6th street. New York.
For recent observations on cryst., aee DescL Min., I ; Heesenborg'a Min. NotiSHi,
~~ , V. ; Webakj, ZSL G., zv. 677 ; Kokscbarof; Min. RusaL, ^.115; F. SoharCiit
Alt.— Feldspar may be altered throuffh inflltratiog waters carrying rooro or 1
^In solution (Fordihammer, ]' * ' iD; also throagh the action of i
the docomf>osition of «ulpl i); also by ordinary waters holding I
and other ingredients in s(j1u.. .. ,^.,.v...u;.
The presence of a sulphid of iroii> or a mineral oootalning firoloxTd of Iroiv il
ttamet^ etc., is oflen the fhst oeeaeion of tlie change. The decompoeitioo of tht
uie attendant oxydation of the iron distributes forntginotia w»tort thitnifh ths nidi
of iron from the altered sulphid), and thus, by a diiaggregiiiag or doooBpoaiim i
the way for other agencies. ~
St 11 Fe Ca litg j^a £:
«. OMf^ Telkban.74 80
4. Fik^^om^ Meis. 75-60
5, •* Arran 63-60
e. "bk, Dresden 74-00
7. P^rUtone, Hon. 72'87
a. * " 7«i3
». ^hmdite, " 77*20
la Arnica, Lipari 77-50
IL « ^ 70-00
11 JVW# flair, I 61-1 g
Hswiaa, vote, glass \ 39 74
IC Stderometam 49 %6
Ik. Sbhtr,^vynmL 88-09
16. Mr^iiia. Iceland 7483
17. " 80X3
12*40 208
11-60 1-^0
U'I'iPeZ'SO
1700 Pc 2 76
12-04S P75
liiML>0
12*47
17-60
I6o0
3-34
10-66
1618
603
19-49
12-08
SO'23
440
0-90
669
MO
MO
0*78
*l«l
2*60
6 40, Mil l-Sls
277 ti 4*78sl
6S2 ^ iglt. St
, U SHMI^I
6 18 n ii
1 68 ft 11
4117 =rl6
SOO r=ff
- 650,tt8H
— —*!•*
21*62 ^##1
2 61 I-UtslOQ^
2 63 ft O'-SislO^I
6-66 tr, srlOO^ T. €
8 26 4 9tslO(H4 0<Slil.
Other tnalyaoa of obddlan, Deville (BuH 0. So<jl Tr» IL rUL iltV; oTpoBte lb. :
(J. F. a^ Ht. 16), ' V
the diADge in albite or other feldspars.
e change is not carried on to the exclusion of the protozyd bases, certain zeolites may
leSaJijf as Bischof states, when labradorite is the feldspar undergoing alteration, whid^
dascrObea as giving origin to the species mesolite. Massive nepheline or elteolite is a
WT*"Mm Bouroo of zeoUtes. AnaL 62, hj Scheerer, is of orUiodase enveloping the
jmannite, and 68, of the same enclosed in bergmannite, this zeolite having apparent^
1 out of other portions of the orthodaso.
B waters contain traces of a magnesian salt — a bicarbonate or silicate— the magnesia
^ the lime or soda, and so lead to a steatitic change, or to a talc when the alumina is
ind when augite or hornblende is present, it may g^ve origin to chlorite.
Ml of sulphurous add flrom volcanic fumaroles produces often a complete destruction
par and other minerals present, givmg rise to deposits or incrustations of silica, in
various forms, and also halloysite, kaolin, etc
iric^ dilorite, kaolin, llthomarge, mica, laumontite, occur as pseudomorphs after ortho-
:te ; and tin ore and caildte often replace these feldspars by some process of solution
ition. Labradorite more rarely forms kaolin.
B is also described as occurring altered to albite. This has been mentioned as an
paramorj^usm, the two spodes being dimorphous. But as these feldspars occur
me same rock, and must have boon formed under very similar drcumstances, we can
ose that either is liable to a change like that of a dimorphous compound to the form
Litiflcial feldspar has been observed in crystals in furnace scoria at Mansfeld, San-
lear Laimbac^ and near Stolberg. Analyses : 1, 2, Heine ; 3, Abich ; 4, Ranimels-
Si ^ ?e Mg Ca ^a &
Dgerhansen 64-63 19-20 1*20 — 1-33 , Ou 0*27 Heine.
»* 66-96 18-60 0-68 4-28 10-47 , Cu 0-13 Heine.
»* 66-03 16-84 0-88 0*34 034 0-65 15-26, Cu 0-30 Abich.
Imbadi 63-96 20*04 0*54 0*43 065 15-26=»8*21 Ramm.
m ratio afforded is 1 : 3 : 12. But the lost is an irory-oiihoclas€f the alumina being
aeaquio^rii of iron.
(Wasserflreier Scolezit [fir. Pargas] Ni Nordensk,, Schw. J., xxxl 417, 1821. Anhy-
lie. Soolezerose Beud, Tr., ii. 65, 1832. Yar. of Labrador lYankenheim, Syst d. Kryst,
Ersl^ A. EL Nordemk,^ flnl Min., 129, 1853. Kalk-Labrador Ramm,, Min. Gh., 696,
lodiiuc^ with the angles nearly of orthoclase; /a 7=118'' 44' Oaw=115° 12' and
14=149*' 66', i-i Ai-d=160' 16', /A 2-t=134" 49', 0 A 2-t=99'^ 48' (angles by Nord.,
amon goniometer). Observed planes : 0; vertical, /, w\ t-d; dinodome, 1-i; hemi-
deavage : O perfect; i-t less perfect. H.=6; lustre vitreous, pearly on suiikoe of
dor wlute or g^yish-white. N. NordcnskiOld obtained in an analysis (I a) Si 64*13,
. 15-46, £[ 1-07=99-87, which affords tlie 0. ratio 1 : 3 : 6, or that of labradorite, to
HI It liAft becm rfkfflrrpd bv Frankenheim and Rnmmf^lnhenr. A labradorite without
Sn ' Gmam
JJL SUBSmOATES.
ABRAHOBIIENT Of THB SPBCDQBSb
A. (hjgm ratio of baaeB and sQiea 4 : 8.
I. QHONBBODITB QBOUP.
819. OnmxBODm ftg'Bi' i4(»0jn
U TOUBMALINB OBOUP. BhanbdliednL OontidBtatlMlBMidMabMS.
850. Tdnooun (&*a»S)*SP {^^U,0M,mi»^JI^
B. Oxygen ratio of bases and silica 8 : i.
1. Cbnfffarfwjjr wo Ulsmic acid,
L OEHXBNITB QBOUP. Te^^$goDali faaaariihimBir^^
851. Ommn (iB*+ia)ai (i6a+iMtb
n. ANDALUSITB GB0X7P. AnUometria Containing onlj aesquiozTds.
322. AxDALUsm Si Si #M
328. FmBOUTI Si Si >A|
824. Ktakiti 21 Si Mi
826. TOPAX £lSi, withFrepLone-flflhfheO #M
JUL EUOLASB GROUP. Konodinic. Containing other baaea beaidea aesqoioijda
828. BU0LA81 (il^+|Be*+i£l)Si (iHt+IBe+filAqi
827. Datoutb (il^+SCa*+}fi)Sl (iH«+}6a+| ^
2. (})fUaimng iUatiiie aM
T. GUABINITB GBOUP. T^tragonaL
888. GuABDvm (Ca+¥i)Si, or (iOa*+|1hl)& Cl€a+ |yfl|b
U. TETANITB GBOUP. Aniaometiio.
829. TiTunn a6a«+|¥i')Si (i€a+||fl|l
880. GROEHin (ft', a» til) Si (fea4-i^V8<|.|im
881. KBLBAum (B",fiȴi})Sl (AB-KAm-f&yi^
888. ItoiMMiiits (&*,¥!}) Si (|B*f ||4%
eUBSILICATES. 363
O, Oxygen ratio of ba&ee and silica 2 ; 1.
)LrrE GROUP. CoQtamiDg no titanic acid
TAUBOLmi (k\ tt\ Uf ^i> (i {H„ R) + i0B), e^ejsi
3HITE GROUP. Co&taiiimg titanic acid aa a baae,
(R'. H, ti')*si> (A H+ A ^B+ A yft)*e,|e4|Si
it — 8S6, Sapphtbikv, Si^ Xl, Mg.
adalusite group^ the spedeci andoluaite and topax are approzimatelj inomorphous ; for
I tbe latter is made the fundamental prism, then /a /=1jB^ U', wMle It la 90" 44' in an*
, datolite, and the apedei of the Tiunite group are nl^ iBomorphons ; the angle
Ipe^mQf, 116^ 115^ 3', and US'' sr ; and 0 on a cikodome=161' 51', 162° 27',
>NDRODITE. Choodrodit [= Silicate of Mapnesiia and Iron] d'Ohssm, Ak, H,
\tv^, IKU, Condrodite if. Madnrcite, Fluoailicate of Magnesia (fr. Sparta^ N. J.)i 6'fy-
t J. Sd, T, 886, 1823, Bmcite (fir. N, J. and N. Y.) Gibbt, aeaveland^a Min., 295, 1822,
1 Am. J. ScL, T. 246, 1822. Humite Bourn., Cat , 53, 1817,
jriiombic. Often hemihedral in octaliedral planes, producing forms
Jinic in eharacten /Al—di'' 26' and 83° 34', Crystak of three
. in the following figureg.
Ins
324
32fi
826
m
n
If
if
Type!
Humite; Type IL Humiie: TjpelU. Humite: hemihedral.
A.,a:h: d?=l*4678 : 1 : 1*0805 ; IL, 1-5727 : 1 : 10805 ; IIL, 1-4154 :
805. Observed planes in Yesuvian crystals as in %s, 323 to 326, with
I in type IL; the two tinlettered planes on figs. 325, 326, 4-|, 12-f ;
;>lane in the same series (f. 325) 1-f- Obserred planes in chondro-
fig. 327, with also 0, i-i, 2-t, H H» H-, Fig. 32G left-handed
'^ 327 right-handed hemihedral Angles in the different types
364
OZT49
82t
O A 8-t=102** 48' UI. O A 1-1=125' \i
l^i
If
H
Choadrodite.
0 A 1-1^124^ 16'
0 A 1=116 34
OA3.i=103 47
0 A 1-2=121 44
1-iA l-I, bas„ 111 28
Oa}-2=112 24
t-| A t4, front, =71 32
IL 0 A 14^122 27
O A 2=103 8
0 A f 1=135 52i
O A 4.2=98 13
O A 24=108 58
1-t A 14, ov. t-t,=115 6
<r>A3-i=ioti^r|
<> A 4-97 M
e>Aft=n^4»i
O A 4-1=100 IS!
O A ^1=110
OAi-a=ii»il
OA8-i=04 85
O A 1=111 15
14 A 1-1 3 -
14 A J^
iA4.2,u%J,^l
Olieerved angles with the common goniometer in chondro^'**^ •
sey (Dana) : 14 A 14^112** (for mean of himiite t}T)e» 112*^
136*=*; 14Af2=157% | A f 5, ov. /,=127% /A /, adj„=85 , ^:
above it 168"*; of Vargas (Nordeuskiold) 14 A 14=114° 37' (in If
above 115° 6' ), <? A |4=136*^ 1', 0 A 24=109^ 3'.
Twins: composition-face ^lin type I. ; |-t and |-t in II.; I-Ii
the last sometimes producing gtellate forms of six cr^rgtak, eack k
dral. Cleavage indistinct. Usually in imbedded graiufi or
somewhat grranular texture.
H.=6—6 5. G.=3118— 3-24. Lustre \ntreous— reaBone. Ookr^
yellow, pale yellow or brown ; sometimes i*ed, apple-greeu^
Streak white, or slightly yellowish, or grayish, TraDspmrent
cent. Fracture snbconchoidal — uneven.
ie. In imbedded crysUlfl, maftft^ft, or min^, vibtni
t luetre, snd surfhcee bardl^r polished ; Um eiyitdt Mi
le abovB, oxceptin^ white. G.^ailtl, flromIL J^fn^vl
Var, — 1. Ordinaiy ehondrodiie,
opeque, more or less resinous in I
Indira or more broad, Colors the
8*24, tr, Eden, N. Y., id.; S*199, ft, Fmlond, Haidinger.
3. Huiniie, In am^ implanted, tnuisparent to tr&naluoent, poUa^ied iHtny <
suvius ; (a) typo L ; (fc) tjpu n. ; (c) type IIL, the tn06t oommoo. Colorleaa to atm-f
yellow, and brownish, G.=i*-23i, white, type L; 3*117, yellow, typo IX ; Sl9ft, I
3- 186, yoUowlsh. type IIL : ScacchL
Oomp. — I^g' Si', with part of the oi^gen replaced by fluoriae ; A ^ t^amdnHiKX i
mite, type 1., ,S in typo XL, ^ in ^ype III,, lUmm.
Analyses: 1, Dr. W. Langatiiff (Am. J. Sei, tL 172, analytia made in 1811); % I
Sd, T. 8^6); R, Hammelaber^ (Pogg^ lill 130, and lot Suppt, 88); 4 W. fU
II. ix. 86); 5, ThonifiOD (Ann, Lya K York, Ul 64); 6-10^ Bwanwlabais (F^W« Ul
413)t
1. Hew Jeney Sa-
1 ** 82*67
3. *' ytHow Sanid
8. •' ** n.
18. " " in.
Fyr^ •to^B.a Inftiaibia; tooM Tarioliii 1
33 10
88*18
84*80
88 86
86'6t
F
8*66, ti and Igm 3:=r80'8i 1
3*88»a Vi\ R2'n=8t^(
7*60^89-17 Ramm,
7l^0=89'6O W. FklMT.
S'77, X\ Vt^-^-^nTijoam^
8 CO
8-Ci'
SH7= iiM' i-- mmtia.
£-04, TaO 74, M liHIslHO^SSl
SG1=81 7SIUI11III,
iYmi
w isiviiuruuiui; « iiiiiv lu iu» uurwi ui cspurui uit» ui*si iiKmuijr m uiw uuaetm.
ttmoti, Lockwood, and FrankJiiu In .¥, Tork^ in Orango Co., ia Warwick, Monroe,
iMT Greenwood Furnace^ and at Two Ponda^ and elsewhere ; near EdenviU© in flue
im the land of ^Lr. Houston; nlso sparingly in Rossie, on the bank of Lftidlaw
MaM,^ at Chelmaford, with seapoliie. tn Pcnn,^ n&sx Chaddfiford, in Harvy's quany,
Ad orange colors, abundant In QuMda^ In limestone at St CSrosby, St. Jerome, St
irHle^ etc^ abnnd&nt
^chondrodite is from x^*^f'*^f ^ ^»"It aUoding to tho granular Btrtictar©. Bntcite was
iL Gibba Bfter Dr. Bruce, editor of the American Minemlogicul Journal ; MaciureiU by
vr Wm. Miiclure, Tho tuioend waa first diBcoverod in Now Jersey by Dr. Bruoe.
m ftrsi detected in it Id 181 1, by Dr LangataiT of New York, whose omilysiEt (Na 1} gi?ee
Ihe ooirect oooBtitution of the species. Cleaveland, io the first edition of his mineral*
In 1816), at p. 185, in a brief mention of the undescribed apeciea, apeaka of it as a
\g it Jiuaie of magneaiaj he evidently having had an imperfect report of Dr. LangstniTa
^ the results of which had not then been published. Dr. Torrey obtaineii dimilikr
leae of Dr, Langstaff in 1818. See od these points Am. J. yd., vi. ni» l»23. D*0h6*
id the mineral in 1817 without finding the Quorino, he obtaining (Lc.) 8i 38iiO, lig
10, 3tl 1'50, K 0'S& Mn Ir., a reault very wide from tho true compoaition, llumite
to be ideetical with chondrodite in composition by Ramraelsberg.
«ee Scaochi, Pogg., 1851, Ergiinz,, ii. I61» who identified and described tho three typet
also Heasenberg, Min* Notf ii. 15 ; Nordeuskiuld on chondrodite of Pargaa, Pogg.,
The author adopts a mcMMed view of Scaochi*a types, first brought out in Am. J. tkn.,
te altered to serpentiDQ has been observed at Sparta, N, J,, with spinel and mica.
b^iodij
RMALPyS* Early syju ofprectmu T, Turamali, Turmaiin (fr. Ceylon), i>ylfm namey
, Ciirios^ Speculationes, etc., von e'mem Liebhaber, der Iramer Gem Specnllrt, Ohem-
, Pierre de Ceylan ; un petit aiman; M. Leinertf la fit voir, etc., Ilist. Ac. Sci., Paris,
L Aschentrecker Ilotl ; Aachenzieher OeriTi, ; Ash-drawer Engl [alluding to electri*
ifty]' ZeoUthus ritreus electricus, Tourmalin^ Etrnfumn^ Ak. H. Stockh., 1766;
ilhoph^ L 4t, 1772, Borajc eloctricus LinrL, Syat, 96, 1768. Tourmaline Garnet SiU^
\ ITTL Tourmaline Ktrto., Min., i. 27!, 1791
fjfn.€f cpaqua T. Schurl pt Erk^r^ 1595 j ScMrlpt. Brackmafm, 1727 [see p. 206].
jOnnetifl crjstallisatua pt, Wall., 139, 1747. Basaltes cryst pt,, Skorl-Crystall pt,
^ 1158. Schorl, Staugenschorl, Oemk ; Shorl, Shirl, Cockle, EagL Borax Basaltes
Mt« 06, 1763. Basattea crystallisatus t^. Borr^ lithopk, L 34, 1772, 11. 95, 1775. Shod
IL, i 266, 1791
mn vnitfn of Z and S. in one species. Tourmaline on Basalte traimparent^ Schorl,
>i«t, 266, with fig. cryst (and proofs of ideat of T. fc S.), 1772. Schorl tranapa*
aboidal die Toanualiuo et Peridots 3ohorl, de Lisle, Crist, iL Sii, with figs., 1783.
GoiiTtniraf , N. T.
hedrons, iV f' i\ II, 1', J\ ** (the last roplacinff an^te
J*) ; pristriB, 7, t-lJ, t-|, i-f . Usually hcmuiedra^ bamg oft«o
opposite extremitii^, or heinimorphic, and the |iritais oAea 1^
Qeavage : 7?, -^^ and f-2, difficult Sometimee maauTe oomiiaQi;
lonmari coarse &c fine, parallel or divefgent
BUB8ILIGATE8*
367
<?Ai— 152
> A i=129
A 2=115
•a 1=111
I a ^=^Qd
^A J=154=* 59'
f A^=133 8
i.2 A^==113 26
t-2 A Ji—l'2S 30
i-2 A f =155 14
i-2 Af^l42 26
i-Sa^'=130° 55'
i.^2 A 11=^13*3 41
t'2A r=147 51
i^2 A /-f =160 54
'i-2 A 14=166 6
i-2Ai=il50.
^7— 7*5, G,^2'94— 3^3. Lustre vitre<3ii8. Color black, brownish-
blufeh-blaek, most common ; blue, greeo, red, aod aometimes of rich
rarely white or colorless ; some &peciraeiis red internally and green
lallj ; and others red at one extretnity, and green, blue, or black at
I other, Dichroic ; some, yellowis^h-brown axially, asparagus-green trans-
riy ; dark brownit^h-riolet axially, gi'eenish-blue transversely ; purple
Ply, bluish transversely; etc. Streak uncolored. Transpareu t^^>paque ;
transparency across the prism than in tbe line of the axis, irac-
[>nchoidal — ^nneven. Brittle. Pyroelectric,
-L Ordinary. In ciystala. (a) J?i*&ej««7e ; tbe red eometimea tranaporont ; the Siberian
' Tiolet-redj the BrazUian rose-red ; tUat of GheBterfleld and Goshen, Mass., pale rose-red
that of Paris, Ug.^ fine ruby-rtnl and tranaparent. (b) IndtcoHic ; the blue, either
or hIniab-bUck; named from the indigo-bluo ootor. (e) Brazilian Sapphire (in jewelry);
liid transpareDt ; (d) Brazilian BmerOLd^ ChrymUit{pfFmdat) of Bread; greeo and trans*
BaridM i>f Ceylon; honey-yellow. (/) Acfiroite; colodeia tourroalJDe, frofa Elba.
: ; black toarmaline, rrom Krag^eroe, Norway, {k) Coiumnar Audblack; coarse columnar.
>mewhat hornblende, but haa a more reaiooua fracture, and ia without diatinct deav-
'ike a flbroua appe&raace io the texture.
the angle i a | id the groen toarradbe of St. Gothard 133* 8' ; in the black of
. ; in the red of Siberia, las" 2'; giving 134' 6', lU' 3', and 133** 5«' for OAf
ifOODd for the angle (9 a^ in a white crystalf IS4'' 1' ; g'^n, 184° 3' 2i ' ; dear brown,
red. 133' 43 ; black, 133* 47' 12'.
etiea in composition and the aubdiviaiona sugfetted thereby are given below.
-O. ratao for bases (the boric acid here induded) and aiUca 4 : 8 (Ramm.) ; whence (ft',
The O. ratio for tlie protoxyda, sesquio^da^ and boric add (fi, H, B) varies greatly ;
» L (at* beyond) affordiog mostly 4 : 12 : 4; it, 4 : IB : 5 ; IIL, 4 : 21 : 6, 4 : 24 il.eic']
I S 40 : ' ^ ^ '^ : 1 1, cia ; V., 4 : 48 : IR, 4 : 66 : 12, etc. Tbe spedal formuUi for group L
fft'fSi"-h3ft'8iV]S'Si*or (i^*+|B-HitB)"Bi'; for analyaiaJS in group
t^3B*Si"or(|\fi*-hH^+Al^/^^*i ^^^ these (excluding analysis 'itJJ ar«
variaiioaa.
h^rHch. by a new method of analysis (J. pr, OK, IiixtL i\ obtained the iron as prot-
" rr 16*06 and 16'80 in that of Bovey Tracey (No. 13. beyond); 5^69 and
No. 9); 1714 and 17-29 in that of Sonnenbi?rg (Na 16); 7 54, T*a&,
,|MUrik near Murstusk (No, 17); and 6'74 in that of BroiiO (No. 2\y But
r laket the ground that Mitschorlicirs method of anulysifi h less aatisDietory than others,
I Mbjed ia still in doubt Mitscherlich's deterroinatiotiB, introduced into Rammelaberg'e
I as clone by himself, aflforded, in^ the U cases which he inveetigated, the following for
JBO of E-^fi-t-B, that of the ^i being 3 : L, Iron-iTui^^nma kntrmatine — 3 90 (No. 7);
. 8|: 4i)9(Na S); 407 (fr Havredall; 4" 16 (fr, Eomfoase); 4*11 (No. 10. Haddam); 4'ia
"U, rUddaoDj'; 4'21 (No. 1% Unity, Me.); IL, Iron tour7fuUine—4v2 (No. 13); 4»2 (No.
iNa 15); 4-23 (t>. Saar); 4*12 {ft, Langenblolau); 39^ (Ha 16). The reaulta leav«
I to the normal ratio for the sp^dea being 4 : 3
1-2^ Eamroelaberg (Fogg., btxx. 4(>9^ Ixixi. 1) arranged aa followia:
" C 0,=S-3«>7. mpan 3(^5.
[iffwmaHne, G. = 8'a6— 3X mean S'll.
I timrmaltne, G. =3-13- 3-25.
4i<AiVr tourmaimey G.=2'94 — 311, mean 8*083.
9tifmaliHej G.=3 — 31, mean 3041.
^ Gmetin (Sehw. J.^ 299, xiiviiL 614, Pogg., ix. 17'2); 80, Ulox (J. pr. Oh., xcvl
r. a Facha (Jalirb. Min. lU^ 800); 32, 34, 36, 37, 38,. GmeHu (L a): 33, 88, 89, 40,
i(Xpr. OK, xixv. 232):
111 kj^iati^
Si
fi 21 Sn % fTa
4B0MA
li^SmipiilBk
4218
39S7
42-89
89-70
6-74 36-48 6 82 0al-20
418 44-00 602
6-34 44 09 M 0-27 046 312
6 66 4l>-29 " 2-30 0-16 788
BI7B8ILIOATE8.
i, U igiL
2-41 2*04 1-81=97-68 Gmelin.
1-29 2-62 l*68=97-66 GmelizL
219 , C 1-66=100 H.
— 302 — =100 Hermann.
iMhaaezamined a specimen of true taltalite (Am. J. Sci., II. xliil 407), and shown that it ia
■Bae with oxyd of copper and other impurities. Domeyko made it a silicate of copper
iDdFbfbea, PhiL Mag., IV. xxv. HI). Ulez's specimen (anal. 80) was procured from a
•of ttipper ores landed at Hamburg, and identified as taitalite by its characters.
P&i etc— L, fuse rather easilj to a white blebbj glans or slag ; II., Aise with a strong heat to
% ilag or enamel, either white, greenish, or brownish ; III., fuse with difficulty, or, in some,
■ the edges, to a brownish, brownish-red, gray, or black slag; IV., fuse on the edges, and
vitfa great difficulty, to a yellowish, grayish, bluish, or whitish slag or enamel, and some
■tole ; v., infusible, but becoming white or paler, sometimes, as the Paris (Me.) rubellite,
^a fine enamel on the edges (Ramm.). With the fluxes many varieties give reactions for iron
i^ltDese. Fused with a mixture of bisulphate of potash and fluor-spar gives a strong rc^u^oo
lie acid. By heat alone tourmaline loses weight from the evolution of fluorid of sUicon and
Wabo fluorid of boron; and only after previous ignition is the mmeral completely decom-
bv flaohydric acid. Not decomposed by acids (Ramm.). After fusion perfectly decomposed
phoric acid (y. Eobell).
'-"Tourmaline is usu^y found in 'granite, gpieiss, syenite, mica, chloritic or talcose schist,
^ granular limestone, and sometimes in sandstone near dykes of igneous rocks. The vari-
Baniilar limestone or dolomite is commonly brown.
bn looaUtieB are mentioned above. Small brilliant black crystals in decomposed feld-
: Soonenberg in the Harz, are called aphrizite. Rubellite and green tourmaline occur near
jftenborg in Siberia ; pink crystals are found at Elba. Palo yeUowish-brown crystals in
V^indisdi Kappell in Oarinthia; green at Airolo, Switzerland; white specimens {ackroik)
Dm &»t Gothard, Siberia, and Elba. A specimen, formerly in the Grand Duke's collection
iBoe, measuring 1 1 inches square, contains 4 erect green tourmalines and I prostrate, 2, 4,
bdMfl long, and f to 1 inch thick.
nai Britain, fine black crystals have been obtained near Bovey Tracey in Devon ; also
a Cornwall at different localities ; green near Dartmoor in Devon ; black near Aberdeen
■and, and elsewhere ; dark brown at Dalkey in Co. Dublin, Ireland ; gpreen near Duufanaghy,
MjgBl; green and red at Ox mountain, near Sligo.
M U. States, in Maine at Paris and Hebron, magnificent red and green tourmalines
pidoHte, etc., some crystals over an inch in diameter, transparent, ruby-red within, sur-
l bj green, or red at one extremity and green at the other ; also blue and pink varieties ;
^y, green and black ; at Streaked Mtn., black. In Maas-y at Chesterfield, red, green, and
a granite vein with albite, uranite, and microlite, the crystals small and curved, neariy
and fragile, the g^reen cry^tiUs often with distinct prisms of red color inside, especially when
tr qaartz ; at Ooshen, similar, the blue in greater perfection ; at Norwich, New Baintree,
lile, good blade crystals. In N. Hamp., Alstead, Grafton, Sullivan, Acworth, and Saddle-
% ; at Orford, large brownish-black crystals abundant in steatite. In Vermoni^ at Brattle-
■ck. In Cofin^ at Monroe, perfect dark brown crystals in mica-slate near Leme's mine,
net two inches in length and breadth ; at Haddam, interesting black crystals in mica
ikh anthophyllite, also in granite witli iolite, and also at the gneiss quarries, on the east
the liver. In N, Tork^ near Gh)uvcmeur, light and dark brown crystals, often highly modi-
Ih apatite and scapolite in granular limestone (f. 8:^8, 339) ; at Canton ; in simple prisms
same rock near Port Henry, Essex Co. ; at Schroon, with chondrodite and scapolite ;
ra Point, one mile south of village, fine brown crystals ; at the chrysoberyl locality near
^ N. Y., black; at Alexandria, Jeflbrson Co.; at Kingsbridge, brown, yellowish or
i4MP0wn crystals in dolomite ; near Edenvillo, gray or bluish-gray and green in three-
■tana occur ; short black crystals in the same vicinity, and at Rcx:ky Hill, sometimes 6
iDdiainiQ^; a mile southwest of Amity, yellow and cinnamon-colored crystals with spinel
h; alio near the same village a dove-brown variety with hornblende and rutile in granu-
Kpnai in N. Jeraeyt at Fnmklin, Hamburg, and Newton, black and brown crystals in
■H with spinel In P»m., at Newlin, Chester Co. ; at London Grove and near Unionville,
iMfBltov or brownish-yellow (f. 458), in limestone, and ramly white; at Parksburg, Ches-
i Id Dataware Cow, at Aston; at Chester, fine black ; Middletown, black; Marple, of a green
I We; oppoelte New Hope, Buck's Co. ; in New Garden township, Chester Co., in lime-
tlhft teown to yellow and sometimeB transparent ; near New Hope on the DoUware, targe
mdii in iHkldi the prismatic fiices are sometimes almost obsolete. In & Oar^ in Cheo-
■ij. In Gtorytd, Habersham Ca In CaUfamia, btadk crystals, 6-8 in. in diameter, ic
24
8TO
OXTOEir 00MPOUNII6.
feldspar Yomfl, in the mounimnB between San Diego and tlie Ccdorado dtsertt
Tftted vidlej of Bun Felipe.
In Ctmada, superb greenisli-TeDovr CTTStolB, 1 inch tbrougk in luDectooe it
amber-oolored at FiUPoy» C. W. ; tr&nspareDt-brown (f. 3tH<J) at Uiiiitenitowi>,
andgamet; black at Bathurst and Elmslej^ C. W.^ and Bt Jerome, C. R
The name iurmakn^ from Turamali in Ciugale*©, was iutpoduoed into RoJJai
lot of goms from CeylctL The property of attracting the a^hes of burnt put, m
ita being yerj soon nnmed in Holland AschefUreeker, or anh'draiwer. In 1*1'
Memoir in tlie Hist do TAcad. des 6d., France, referred the iittrnctiou to
1766 to 1762, appeared the aeveral Mcrooirs of ^€piniis Ipnbliahed in the Mem.
xii» and at Pt. P&tersburg) on the tkctrical properties ol' tourmalme. Vtw tuant i
eiow of introduction into mineralogical treatisea. The first spedmenn from Of Ion 9
BO that the common cliaracteri sties of tourmaline and itcborl were not appun^t U
^yst Nat^ 1768. FuprRestg the relation between them, but de Lisle was the fintlfi
Ion crystals, and bring the two mineralB into oni^ On the OAine aolor^ tit]
S06. Long after the union of tounnaline and ^pedee continued bo btvl
iheee names; and even in 1816, Jameson, in t l of IChieralogyi rotilDi M
name of the species, with c&mmon schorl and lourmaiifit or prtci<ma xhori at two sahi
Alt — TourmAline occurs altered to mica, chlorite, eookeite, steatita. The mica is
species which is related in composition to some tourmaline, and is a frequent awoditKi
green varieties. It appears to take plaoe through the addition of alsalie9« SoiBi n
green tourmalines at Chesterfield are hollow, eridentlj Xrom decompoffttiflo and
interior ; and tn the cavitiea are oocasiouallj obacnred small erfstals of jeUow sm
tnacher).
Zkuiitb, Thomson (Ann. Phil, It. 299, 1814) was found in 1«M In
Htiel Unity, Com wall ; color browuj slightly greenish in some lights ; G.=
Btated to be flat rectangular. Thomson's analysis afforded Si 334$, X! 81*86,
■fl 6 -28=1 99*07. B.B. beooraes scoriaceous at the edges. Loses oyer & pL c. wlrto
£^as8 tube. Greg suppoaos that ibis loes may have been of boric acid laitesd of
the mineral is a forriferous toonnalin© (PhiL Mag^ IV. x. 118).
321. aBHLSNmi. Gehlamt JVd^, Bchw. J., zr* 377, ISU. BfsjMat
Taachenb., x 600, 1816, Boffin, Ifla, iv. b, 109, iaiT.
Tetragonal ; near meionite in form (p» 31S), O A 1*^=1
0-400, Observed planes : O ; vertical, t-t, t-3 ; octahedral, 1,
Descl 0 A 1=15(1^ 30', 0 A 2=131° 28', O A | = U7° 7\
fl35°— 136° obs.). Cryetals usually short square prismfi, t^ ^
Cleavage : 0 imperfect ; i4 in traced. |
H.=5-5— 6, G,=2"9— 3-067. Lustre reeinous, bclirnn- hA
Color d iiferen t i^hade^ of gray isli-green to li ver-bro wn ; nof •
Bubtrauelucent — opaque* fracture uneven — aplinteiy,
grayish-white. Double refraction feeble ; axis negative,
Comp. — 0. ratio for ft, !!, ^i = 1 : 1 : |, or 3 : *1 between bases and ailioa, •■ la i
(i ^*+ iB)Si=, if %1 to Fe=5: 1, 8iUoa*/9 U, idmnma21 5, sesqniozyd of Iran i
Analyses : 1, Fochs (Schw., xv. 3i7)j 2, Thomson (Min., L 24*0 j % ▼. KobdI(
ms); 4, Damour {Ann, Ck Phy8.,nL x. 66); B, G, Kuhn (Ann. Ch, Ft&aim, i
melaborg (JId SappL, 47) ; —
29*04
31«0
si-eo
80-47
2i)'68
29-76
24 80
2505
21'4
19-80
17-79
19H>0
22*03
ing
8itO = 99'6l>Fiidh«. !
* • - I _ t Lit J
aV*9a, ]3andiuita 128,
Eammalaberg has doared up in part the diacT«|ianciaa in th« ftoa^jwi b^ i
mliicfai eontatns both mfjmospgd sid pnio^ of iron. Tha aijfvii f«lo tkvm 1
9 4 : 8 : 4 1« for which he lubaatntai 3 c 3 : 4=ri : I ; {.
SUBSIUCATS8.
371
-B3. thin splinton ftise with difficoltj ^.=5*7, ▼. Eobell) to a gray g^ass. Witii
lowl^ to a glMS colored by iroo. G^elatinizea with moriatio add, yielding a solution
Ui protozyd and seequio^tl of iron.
lenite is found only at Mount Monzoni, in the Eassa yalley, in isolated or aggregated
itedby caldte.
Focfas after his colleague, Gehlen.
anifie occurs altered to steatite. A partially altered specimen afforded G. Bisdiof Si
9, te 9*43, fig 2-84, Ca 81*13, ign. 1*28=10009, with some mixed carbonate of lime.
t nnfreqiient among fttmace scoria, in thin square tables, or 8-sided prisms, with
M to the lateral planes of a square prism. Has been observed at.Dawet* furnace,
bgland, and at Holzhausen in Hessia Analyses: 1, Percy (Bep. Brit Assoc.,
Sd., IL ▼. 128); 2, Bunsen :
Si Si ]^e fin Mg Oa ]^a & Oa 3 Oa S
ibnry 28*82 24*24 027 0*07 2*79 40*12 0*64 0*26 3-38= 100*09 Percy.
i 82*22 27*81 2*67 6*67 17*35 11 30 306 =99*97 Bunsen.
lAJBTTB. BpB^ adamantin d'un rouge violet (f^. Fores) Bourn,, J. de Fhys.,
178a Feldspath du Forez Gnyton, Ann. Ch., l 190, 1789. Andalooaite (f^. Spain
DeUmdh., J. de Fhys., zlvi. 386, 1798. Andalusite. F^dspath apyre IT., Tr., iv.
iphilit, IGcafUit (f^. Lahmerwinkel), Brunnerj Moll's Ann. B. H., ilL 294, 1804^ Efem.,
Micaphyllit, bad orihogr. Stanzait (fir. Bavaria at Stanzen near Bodenmais, and
Flurl, GebiTgR-Form. Ohurpfalzbaierischen Staaten, 6, 1806. Hartspat Wem,
le Cordier.
sr cum cruce Candida: Darlnn ein weiss Ereutz, Gesner, Fobs., 45, 1565. LapiB
Compostella) quem Hispani vocat crudatum, MercaHj Metallotheca Vaticana, 287,
res de Mades (fr. id.) Robim, N. ide^s sur la Format, d. Foss., 108, 1751 (with fig.),
ri, Cross-Stone, EiU, Foss., 152, 1771. Pierre de Groiz, Made basaltique, SchoH en
mt lea an§^ obcus sont de 95^ de Lisle, Crist, 1772, it 440, 1788. Crudte DeUh
hr 292, 1797. Chiastolith Karst, Tab., 28, 73, 1800. ChiastoUte. Made K, Tr., iiL
Ispath Warn., 1803, Ludwig's Wem., 210, 1804. Chiast ident with AndaL Bom-
I Efen^ iiL 32, 1807, Beud, Tr., 863, 1824.
jmbic. /A 7=90° 48', Oa 1-1=144° 32' ; a : J : (?=0-71241 : 1 :
Observed planes : O ;
i-t, i-i, i-2, i-i ; doines^^
tahedral.
340
341
»hedral, 1, 2-5. (? A I y<T}K i?Cr"^"^"^">C
l-t=144° 55', i-2 A 1-2 >^T^^ /^^^^^^^^^r'^^
', 1-i A 1-1=109° 4', f^ ^\
fi\
Westford Mass.
09^ 60'. aeavage: Jt
Tjrstals from Brazil ; i-l
t ; i-i in traces. Mas-
rfectly columnar, some-
ited, and granular.
; in some opaque kinds
.=3-05 — 3-35, mostly
Lustre vitreous; often weak. Color whitish, rose-red, flesh-
Ij pearl-gray, reddish-brown, olive-green. Streak uncolored.
It to opaque, usually substranslucent. Fracture uneven, sub-
. Donole refraction strong; optic-axial plane i-i; angle very
' 80** ; bisectrix negative, normal to 0,
kdiMuy. H.= 7*6 on the basal face, if not elsewhere. For sp. gr., see below.
k (mmob), Stont crystals haying the axis and angles of a different color from the rest
Snkr amngement of hnpurities throng the mterior, and hence eidilbltiDg a colorod
372
OXYGEN OOMPOUin>0.
crofls^ or a teBselfited appearance ia a CrannyeTae section. H<=S--*! 5, vu;
degree of ffoptuit/. Tlie loUowing flgures show sectlona of some crynt^i.^ . . iU,J
Jackson Id J. Soc. N. Eist.^ Bost, I 5a; figs, a and b are from oppoelio exirx-tutiwt df
cr/stais ; ao also c and d ; e and /; Pk appears to be a twin cryBtaL
342
BOEaOHHe
Fig. 9t43 shows the suooesaiye parts or a single crjslal, as diaseeled hj B. Bonfevi i
fleld, Haas. ; 344, one of the four white portions; and 346, the central black poftiott* "
343
345
of the white and black portions vary much. Bemhardl showed to 1301 (L cj ti
oolumn sometimes widened from Ute middle toward each end
The name made is from the LatiD maeitJa, a ^pot^ sod, as Roblen obanri^ It
use of the '* masck '^ in heraldry, in wbicVi ' ' ""[([^ifies a vo^dod kmmge^ or a rll
oentre (L c, 1751, in de Lisle, Crist). C tK^m chi, the Greek name ^tla
Oomp.— 0. ratio for ll,Si=:a : 2; ^1. ._. ....;a 36-8, alumina «3-$=10a^«
■esquioxyd of iron replacinf^ the alumina. Anatyses: 1, BuchoU (UolFs Eftm^ k
IliODison (Min., L 2H2); 3, Buusen (Pogg.f zML 18d); 4. A. £fdmann (JalifMb^ ziif.
Both (ZS. G„ Tii. 16); 6-S, Hubert (Jahrb. G. Roichgu, I 350, 858); 9,Ki&mUm{J. pf,'
16S); 10-12, Pfiufreten A K K Schmid (Pogg,, zorii. 118); lS,Sviiifa«iK (Jahfeik«
14« 1ft, Jeremejef (Terh. Min. Qes. St Pet^ 1863, I441, 145); U, Arpne ( Act 8oc^ taft.«^
17, Domour (Ann. d. M., V. iv, fi3); 18, Bunsen (la); 19, Jackson (J.N. Hist BmM^II
Be&ou(ExpL Sd. de TAIgerie, 1548, 58); 21, Jerofcjef (Yerh. Min. Oes. Si F%t, llt%
ft
— ^m^M]
=r|00 14l
Tzv^^n RMk.|
=Hcri;Ha
Hersogsu
Tyrol
** liaens
^i Xl Fe Un Mg Ca ^a &
p.:
LoagtaufV.
36-6
35 SO
40-17
39-99
36*74
39-24
Krumbaeb, P^eud. 37*63
Munstig 37*61
Katharinenbarg SS-Ti
BobschOtz UU
Brionsdorf 37 67
Pahlun, 8w. «t-66
BCankoya, CkiasL 36'33
SchailatiBk, AndaL, se-7lt
KalToto, Flnl 87 41
firasU (I)87-rV8
Lao caster, ChituL 39 09
Alg*»ri% " Mi)
RuskiaiiifUii, *' U'i%
60-5 4 0
60-20 J'el-SS
sa-oi
58*60 0-72
6965 380
69 49 0«3
M-OO 1-83
59*14 om
60*01 1-49
56 98 &*l\
56 32 3-32
69 87 1-87
«»2*20 0 30
61-70 0-20
6136 186
61 '46 117
665«
61<> te^-Q
61-9
00*96 ISO
1-00
0*61
0 83
0-28
0 40
0*26 0'6l
0^3
0 50 301
0-46 0*48
0-20 0*15
1 14 109
0-17 0-61
0 3d 0-68
0*60
Ir. 090
c^9«J* I
=r9«-T9]
=Will
-99**f]
=zn^ui
1-50 0'25i^ 1 0«n 8 J
0-30 OSfi^tOi
:^IM«J
^99rU
0*Ofsf*iril
I*ft^9«ij«
. — ^u$\
0UB8ILICATE8. 873
Ta A. G.=3-164; IL oyanite tMendomorphous after andidusite, G.=3'401 ; 6, a.=3-108 ;
noruioiifl qftnite, fonning the exterior of 6, G.= 8*327 ; S, pseudomorphooa cyanite
ilDtt^lh>mtheKoralpin8t7ria»G.=8*648; 9,a=3152; 10, a.=8*12; ll,a.=311 ;
07; 1A,G.=814; 17,&.=3160; 20, a=31, /A/=93i'.
^fco^&B. inAuibla. With cobalt solutioQ gives a blue color Kot decomposed by adds.
led OD ftisioii with caustic alkalies and alkaUne carbonates.
Most common in argillaceous schist, or other schists imperfectly crystalline; also in
tea 9i6bi8tt aod related rodcs; rarely in connection with serpentine. Found m Spain, in
I (ftrat loioL discovered), and thence the name of the species; in the Tyrol, lisens yal-
m cijBt wHh qyanite; in Saxony, at Br&unsdorf, Bobschutz, Munzig, Penig; in Mo-
Soldenstein ; Bavaria, at Lahmerwinkel, Babenstein, Hogenau, Tillenburg, eta ; Austria,
If near Krems, in serpentine; France, Dept of Var, near Hyeres; Bardges in the Pyr-
inluid; Russia, at Schaitansk in ihe Ural; Makova, etc., in Nertschinsk. In Ireland
»y Bay, in mica schist; near Balahulish in Arg^^loshire r Cumberland, England. In
ovince of lOnas Geraes, in fine crystals and as roUed pebbles.
Imerioa, in Maine at Mt. Abraham, Bangor, Searsmont, Camden, S. Berwick. K. Hamp,^
ICtn. Notch; Boar's Head, near Rye; at Charleston. VermotUj near Bellows Falls.
Westford, abundant in cryst, sometimes rose-colored ; Lancaster, both varieties ; Ster-
itolitflL Cbnn., at litchfield and Washington, good cryst. Penn.^ in Delaware Co., near
ia, kige cryst ; at Marple, Upper Providence, and Springfield, good cryst ; one w^gh-
i, and a noup of crystals, i)«e from the ganguo. of about 60 lbs. CaUf.y along the
n rivers, 8an Joaquin vaL, at crossing of road to Ft Miller. In Oanada^ at L. St Fran-
Miah trL cryst, in mica sdiist, both var. In N, Scotia, at Cape Causeau.
Aadalnsite occurs altered to kaolin; sometimes to mica; also to cyanite (anaL 5, 7,
tls being found consisting of cyanite, or mica, as a result of the alteration.
iaU|f altned andalusite from the Tutchaltui Mtn., Nertschinsk, afforded Jeremejef (L c)
U 48-1, Pe 1*01, ftgfr., Oa 096, ]^a <r., ^ 08, ign. 0-87=:100-34; G.=--2'944. The
rere distinctly altered to a depth of 2 lines, and this part was BB. fusible, /a /=98i^,
sas not smooth.
-Formed in crystals by the action of a current of gaseous fiuorid of silicon on calcined
the angle /a /of the crystal 91°, and composition Si 29*5, ^1 70-2=99-7=3tl*Si'; also
tion of fiuorid of aluminum on silica (Deville k Caron).
\BreUh^ Handb, iL 358, 1841; Talksteinmark Freiesleben, Mag. Orykt Sachs., v. 181,
ausmann observes, the composition of cyanite or andalusite. It is soft, having a hard-
Mmt 2, yellowish or reddish-white to whitish color, with colorless streak. G.=2'4ft—
ameidiat greasy feel. 1, Kersten (Schw. J., Ixvi. 16); 2, Kussin (Ramm. Min. Oh., 581):
Si
^
fin
Mg
1.
2.
37-62
3601
60-50
63-72
0-63
0-82=99-57.
=99-73,
opt says that it contains 5 p. c. of water; but neither of the analyses made sustain this.
Faserkiesel (fr. Bohemia) Lindacktr, Mayer*s SammL phys. Aufs., iL 277,
. J^ ii 65, 1792. FibroUte (fr. the Camatlc) Boumon, PhU. Trans., 1802, 289, 835 ;
J iMeaa, TabL, ii 216, 1813. Bucholzit (fr. Tyrol) Brandes, Schw. J., xxv. 125, 1819.
iha (fr. Oonn.) B(noen, Am. J. ScL, viiL 113, 1824. Worthite Hesa, Pogg., xxi. 73, 1830.
Nardauk, Act Soa 8c. Fenn., i 372, Pogg., IvL 643, 1842. Bamlit ErdmanTi, Ak. H.
, 1842, 19. iConndite (fr. Monroe, N. T.) SiUiman, Am. J. ScL, IL viiL 885, 1849.
)cliiuc. /A 7=96° to 98° in the smoothest crystals ; usu^y larger
SB /striated, and passing into i-2. Cleavage : i-i very perfect, bnl-
Cryrtab commonly long and slender. Also fibrous or columnar
L sometimeB radiatmg. _ . . .
6-7. G.=3-2-3-3. Lustre vitreous, approaching subadamantine.
au^brown, grayish-brown, grayish-white, grayish-ffreen, pale oiive-
8treakunS)lored. Transparent to translucent. Double refraction
KKDg; optic^axial Diane t-t; angle about 44^ for the red ray ; biseo-
Bti¥0| normal to 0 ; Descl.
874
0XT01EK OOMPOF^TDS.
Var.— I- SiUimanUA. In long, alender crystal pasaing into flbrooar wllfc
0.==3'338« fr. Norwich, Ct. Diiiiaj 8'282. fr. id., Brush j 3-239, fr. Yorki
S. Jidroii/e. Fibroua or flue cx>luiniuirf firm and eompAct, sometiinds r;
pale browu, and pule olive -grt^en or greeniah-grax- BuciholMUe and flunsroliCti
flitter ia radiat<3d oolumnar. and of the greeBiah color mentioDied. G.=S^
»*19— 3'2l, id,, Damour; 3 239, bucbokite, ft, Chester, P*., Erdmaim;
BiUiman; a-OtS, id., Bruxh.
Bumalkt trom Bamie, Norway, resembles the monrolite, being oolamiiar
=2*9B4, and color greenish- whit^^ or bluisb-greeiL The analjsia of Eidi
laige exoesa of ailico ; but L. Suemann obac nree that there are minute pi
fibres of bamllte.
Xmolite alao resembles flbrolite doselj, excepting in the high «pedflo grafitfi
gests an identity rather with CTanitc. But the prifims ore stated to haw tbe
the angle of andaluaite; and Dc scloizoaux bujb that it is optically like
cjanite. Prom Petershof^ Finland, and near St. Petersburg.
W&rtliitc Is hydrous, and appears to be a somewhat altered form, H.«=^"15 ;
lucent. Optically like the above. From near St. Petersburg.
Oomp« — k\ ^\ as for an da]uf<ite= Silica 36*8, alumina 63'2 = 100, as in Dsmoiff^l
fibrolite, and Connelly Staaf?, and Silliman's of sillimanite. Damour obftaiasd b \
of siUimauite 39 p. & of silica, and others still more, sbowiog appamitijr that ths
always pure.
Analyses of flbrolite, etc : 1, Ohenerix (J ^^
▼Ui. 388); 3, 4, Damour (C, R., lad. 31l>);
Lya K. York, iU. and Min., I 235); 7, A- J
, Jr. (Lc); 10, Bowen (Am. J. Set,, ?iiL
xiT. 86> ; % B. emunan, St. (An
J. de Pharm., icL iJl i ; f^ Tbfll
Ak, R Stoekbolm, iSt'I Tf»); V
II, Uftyesi Alger"* M I
! Jameson's J., xzxL 232); 13, Siaaf (Jahrt^sb, xxy. 348); 14, SiUiman, : .
Ann.d. M,, Y. xtj. 319); 16, Norton (This Mln., 2d ed., 878, 1844); 17, 18, amii
tAm. J. Sd., 11 ivi 49); 19, Komouen (I c); 20, Hess (Pogg., ixi. 73):
il^);
gi
lk\
Fe iSlg ft
1. Carnatio, PtbroHU
38-00
58-25
075
%
8631
62 41
0-70
^— litbi^^H
3. Brioude, »
a718
CM7
1 -Ot; —i\}\\\\ 1 Nyndri^l
4. Morbihan, ''
37MU
GIU3
U-71
1-20=100^^ DamO^H
5. "Tjti^BiMk^
6, Ohester, Pa. "
46^0
5000
2-60
46-40
bt-^'l
<r.
^mzi Thornioa
t. ** **
40 06
5888
0-74
0*40=100*07 Erdmafta—
a ** '*
85-90
04-43
0-52
». Brandy wine %^,,fibnm
36-16
6.S52
^d9 68 sauam
10, Chester, Ct, Simmanite
42-66
i'*4-ll
2-00
0*51 ^^'28 BowQ.
11.
42-tiO
54-00
MO
D40
, il'a 0-31=9ril B^
12. " •♦
36-75
58-01
a-90
=96*68 OmmIL
13. •• '♦
37-86
5862
2-17
0-40
0 4.1-98-98 8lut
14, " *'
37 66
62-41
^=100i)edttHKl
16. ** «
8906
C» 58 Fe
1-43
, Mn o^a^^H
16. Fairfield, N. Y, **
37-70
6275
239
^-102 74 I^^^H
17. Momolik^
ST-tO
b^-Q'l
2^8
*.^~
1*03^99*13 MB^H
18. •«
37*08
61 -1*0
o-8$=99«Ya8^iai^H
19. Xmme
47-44
53'54
=9999K0noi^H
to. WmihiU
40-&8
63 50
i-oo
it»3=99tl BHi.^H
An analysis of bamlite aflbrded Erdmaou (L c) 3l 56-90, St km% ^ 1
99 71.
Pvr,, Mo. — Same as giyeu under andaloaito.
Obs, — OooufS Id gneiaa, mica schist, and n^Uted metamorphlo rocka
Obaorred nstf Moldau and Schuttenh6fen in Bobomia (/awrlntaaaf) ; ai ,
(^licAo/iClff) ; in tha Camatie with corundum {fhrclii^) ; at Bod^nmals la Biff9iii|
Bobemla ; Uaracbendorf in Moravia ; in France, in the rioioity of Inoiiv In ~ "
^ One of Boumon^B own specimens, received by Ci)l G4Mis (from whom tfai \
Yale Oftbloet was obtained) from Count Bournon Mrasolt
f^Prof Norton stutes tliat in his analysis the exoeas of alufl^na wm ]
vmeocs of altimlitaia of polasaa, whidi rsmainod with the alwniisi aflari
inmbfoitttkicpotaMil iubtttotiog this osaM% the analysis i
BUB8IUOATE8.
876
346
r Fiiilhagiiot^ and in the vicinity of Ghayagnao and Ourouze with cjanite and ooron-
tween 8& BUe and Grespignaa
ited StateSi in MaasachuseUs, at Worcester. In ConnectictU^ at the falls of the Yantic^
ii, with zircon, monazite, and oorundum ; and at Chester, near Sajbrook {sUUnumUe) ;
rsYille. In K York, at Yorktown, Westchester Co., 10 m. N.E. of Sing Sing; near
ling irom Pine's Bridge to Yorktown P. Office, in distinct crystals, with monazite,
d magpietite, the crystals often running through the magnetite ; in Monroe, Orange
6), with mica, garnet, magnetite, etc. In Penn.,, at Chester on the Delaware, near
forge ; in Delaware Co., in Birmingham, Middletown, Concord, Aston, Darby. In
Braodywiue Springs
ras much used for stone implements in western Europe in the
' (AnaL 3, 4.)
Ui^tioD of sillimanite, fibrolite, bucholzite, and also of bamlite
was first shown to be orthorhombio by Desdoizeauz, on optical
10 terminal planes in the crystal figured by the writer (annexed
rough, and, as stated in the last edition, of too doubtful import
in for their angles or their indications as to the symmetry of
Afforded (?A/= IDS'*; C>Am=l38° 80',mA/,back,=rl20*'80'.
8 approximates closely to andalusite, but appears to differ in
that parallel to t-i being very perfect, with none parallel to /;
ntive bisectrix and much smaller optic-axial angle.
rokie from the fibrous massive variety ; buchoksitej after the
lolz ; siUimaniie^ after Prof. Silliman.
VTTB. Talc bleu Sage^ Descr. Cab. de I'Ecole des Mines, 154, 1784. Sappare
lU, J. de Phys., xxxiv. 213, 1789. Beril feuiU^t^ Sage, J. de Phys., xxxL 89, 1789.
Greiner) Wem., Hoflfin., Bergm. J., 877, 893, 1789; Wem., ib., 164, 1790; Kyanite.
r., Tr., ilL 101. Rhstizit (fir. Pfitschthal, or ancient Rhsetia) TTem., Hoflfbi. Min.. ii.
5, Iv. b, 128, 1817.
e. In flattened prisms, having the planes i-t, i-?, ij /', i-2, as in
ed transverse section (fig. 347) ; O rai-ely observed. Crystals
ually very long and blade-like.
347
=93° 15'
/A /'=97° 4'
=100 50
U A /=:140 35
=96 42
U A 7=145 41
98 58
t-iA/'=13123
=122 21
{-tAi-i=159 15
=106 16
/A i-2=166 26
e : i-l perfect ; i-i less so ; O imper-
ins: composition-face i-t, the two
ind i-i mating angles with one an-
her T^A^handed or ^j^handed, analogous to right- and left-
^ins of orthoclase (t 314, 315, p. 353) ; also a kind having the two
casing at 60°. Also coarsely bladed columnar to subfibrous.
-7-25, the least on the lateral planes. G.=3-45-3-7; 3-569,
lite ; 3-675, blue transparent ; 3-661, Tyrol, Erdmann. Lustre vit-
arly. Color blue, white, blue along the centre of the blades or crys-
rhite margins : also gray, green, black. Streak uncolored. Trans-
ansparent. Optic-axial plane inclined about 30° to edge i-i/f-i,
>' to edge irl/O; bisectrix negative, very nearly normal to w.
white cjanite is sometimes called Rhcetizite,
jSl=8dica 36-8, alnmina 63-2=100. ^ ^^.^ ^^ ,
\-^ Arftredaon (Ak. H. Stockholm, 1821, L 148, and Schw. J., xxriv. 208);^B«ttl6a
60); fi> ICarignao (Ann. Oh. Phys., xiv. 49) ; 6, 7, A. Brdmann (Jahwab, xxlv- 811);
876
orraEir oompound6.
8p JacobBOD (PogKn IzTiii. 416); 9, Eohlcr (Ramm. Miel Oh., 667) ; 10^ ModMB <li»irf
141); 11, IgelBtrum (J. pn Ch., IxJT. 61)} 12, Smith t Bniah (Am, J. ScL, IL xvl illjt
fei Xl Fe
— =100^2 AriVedflon.
=99*22 *»
=rl0l6 **
1*19=100-97 Eoe«l©8.
O'84 = irMl-b0 Uarignac 0.=:«-6w
0-52, Cu 0 19, 1^ 0-61 — 100 68 ErdmamL
0*71 = 10016 ErdmauiL 0. = 5*6»l.
1-08 = 100 98 Jt4cob5<oni 0.=3*678.
1*04, Caa-42=lr' <r
0 46, Ca 2-21, fl 7 8 Mod-
2*04= 100-52 Igebu-oui. '.». —3*48.
l<60=99-60 Smith t Brush.
1. Rdrtaa, Norway
36*4
638
a. St. Gothard
34-88
64-89
3. " later an.
36-9
64-7
4.
3667
6811
6,
86-60
62-66
6. Boraaa
87 40
61-86
7. Tyrol
37-36
62 C9
8, Gremen Tyrol
87*30
62'60
9. Saualpe, Car.
37-92
6160
10. Herftjoki. FinL
4212
55 83
11. Wm'niland
40'U2
68-46
12. LiDcohi Co., N. C.
37-60
60^
G,=:
mu^^
Pyr^ etc, — Sam© as for ondalusite.
Obf.— Occurs principally in gneiss and mica alate. Found in tnnspar^nt rrrFtalf
ard in Switaerlaud ; at Grcmer and Pfltsch {rfmiizUt'^ or white ranet
B^ria; Canuthia; Bohemia; Norway; Fiiilaud; at Poo tivy, France ; V
in Scotland, at Botriphinie in Banflghlre, at Bauoho^ in AberdeenBhIre, ana n<
the Shetlanda at Uilawickness Point: Ln Ir^land^ at Donegal and Maya
In N, Hamp^ at JafiVey, on the Monadnock Mtn< la ifofa., at Cli0BtorM4
mioa schist; at Worthingtoo and Blanford in good spedmsiui: tt We«t<kild m '
Conn., at Litchfield and Waahington in large rolled moDHea, with oomodnin ind
at Ojdbrd, near niim phreyeTilie, in mica adiiat. In Vennont, at Thetford atid $
lows Fulls in ebort digseminated cryistals. In Fet^n.^ iu 6ne spccunenff near Phil
Sohuylkill road near the Darby bridge ; near tlie t^obuylkill, on the Rid^fts ro«^
Hcxxl tavern ; at East and West Branford, Cheater Co. ; at Darby and Ua
In Maryland^ eighteen mileB north of Baltimore, at J^tt^s mill ; in lK>lawari
In Vlrgima at Wtllia^s Mt. Buckingham Co , and two mile;? north of
fania Co. In N. Carolina^ on the road to Cooper''^ irrn) In Liiax^hi Co., wmt
with la£ulite. A black variety, aaaociated with ru La Kortti Carontuk
Cyaoite, when blue and tranapareut, aud in sufll - piooea, La eotplofid iitj
somewhat reaemblea aapphire.
Named f^om ^trai^f, blue, Tbo name aofipore arose (Vom a mistake by Swiami^ Sfn
a label of this mineral on which it wis called sapphfro; a oomr of this hiM is
Phya^ xxxiT. 213 ; the specimen thus kbelled was Sram Botriphinie in ScotUnA
the Duke of Gordon to Sauasure the father, DUUhm^ ia from U^, tmict^ or of two
itnmg^ alluding to the unequal hardneas and electric properties in two diiremat fUl
Yon KobeU has shown (Ber. Ak. Milnchen, 1867) that the right and left-tisi
easily distinguished by means of polarized light; they give, with the ptauroeoopf^ •
what oblique in position ; but the principal optical section does not revolve with Uis
of the crystal ; while the colors change in dificfent order with th^) rovotorioo,
twin is rtght*handed or lelVhanded.
AlV*-QraQite oocun altered to ulc and steatite;
826. TOPAZ- Not T.»«{t»t, Topaiaus, Gr., PHn., or AgHc. [=C
pt PUfi., xxxvil 42. Topasius vulgaris =Cliry8oUUitiB vetvnim db Bm
lithufl tk Laet, De Gemm. et I^p.* 1647. TopoHiis ?eni Bszoiik {tt.
Act Ac N. Cur.» iv. 316, Topsa Wall, 117, 1747. TopM pi [f«t Bcnrt •«&] I
176& ChrysoUthtii (fr. Stxoiiy) Lmn,, Syst. 1768. Topase da Br.
CWst, 1772, 1783, with figs. 5i, 51, Ca, f e, Bcrf^n,, Opusct, 178a .Hi, ,^ .
Mem, read before Aa Wisa. Berlin. 1804, B<?itr^ iv, 160, l8o7 ; Vmf^ J. ± M.» t^\
(with ref. to anal by Klapr.X PyrophysaUte (fr. Flnbo) ifia. # iltorm, AIIl, L 111, J
J., Ill 124, 1807 = PhywiKth Wenk, DoflPta, Mln,. iv. b, IU, 1811
ProHin. ^^eisser dtuigeiiaohAri (htm. ; tFarm., Uob. (koia^ lU, IIML
priimeestn6es(f^*AlleDbevg)iSkvi, Mio^ I 9(K 1711; 4$Lm,(kiaL, fL42ii Ittl
B«a [var. of Beryl] Wrn^ Bergm. J.. L j»74» 9$$^ U99, 6lfl««isleia [m
I^ikn 1789; Tab., 20, 68. 1800. Scboii UraoliAtra MtmA, Bdt^r^ I tf9;
8T7BSILIOATB8.
srr
& 279, lt97. SchoiUte Klapr^ CreU's Ann., L 896, 1788. Shorlite Kirwan^ Min., I 286,
FycDite ff^ Tr., UL 1801. Si+£l+F .0uc^ Schw. J., L 385, 180S. P7CDite=Topaze
oe floats almnineuBe jK, TabL, 1809.
lorhombic.
K Observed
^f *, ^^ ; 1
4=148° 58'
i=118 69
=162 66
=146 47
=134 25
=116 6
5=138 48
1=145 55
<=150 35
/A 7=124° ir, O A 1-^=138° 3' ; a : J : 0=0-90243 : 1 :
planes : 0 ; vertical, /, i-i, i-|> ^^5 ^j ^8,i-4, i-5 ; domes,
-t, f-J, 2-t, J*^, 3-1, 4-1, 8-t ; octahedral, J, |, 1, |, 2 ; 1-2,
24 ; 1-5, f 2, 1-2, 2-2, f 2, 4-2 ; 1-8, f S ; |-4.
. OAft=147° 33'
O A 2-1=136 21
6>A4-t=117 40
/A i-l=169 27
/A i-2=161 16
/Ai-5=150 6
i-2 A i-2, ov. i-i,=93 11
i-i A i-2=136 35i
i-zAi-S=141 46
I A I, mac.,=149° 31'
1 Al,
=1410
1 A 1, ov. 0,=88 49i
2 A 2-i=127 26i
2-z A 2-1, ov. (?,=92 42
2 A 2, mac.,=130 22i
i-8 A i-8,ov.i-i,=115 31^
i-i A i-'4, ov. i-i,=129 22
stals usually hemihedral, the extremities being unlike. Cleavage :
highly perfect. Also firm colunmar ; also granular, coarse or fine.
349
852
353
/^^^
851
ti
d
Trombull, Ct
•2
Schne(dcen8teixL
r8. G.=3-4— 3-65. Lustre vitreous. Color straw-yellow, wine-
, white, grayish, greenish, bluish, reddish ; pale. Streak uncotored.
Murent — subtranslucent. Fracture subconchoidal, uneven. J;^"^
2. O^tic-axial plane i4 ; divergence very variable, sometimes diner-
ich in diflferent parts of the same crystal ; bisectrix positive, normal
-1. Ordimanf' Usually in crystals; common form prismatic The baaaldeav^^ is an
■BTfBd ohanctor. Crystals from La Paz, Mexico, gave Hessenberg / a ■/- J ^* ^Iv - ,
U^ OifyrvpkumOik, is a coarse nearlfopaque variety, in yellovmh-wlute^lajrge ay»tow
mm^ vr wwvptqfmanuBj to » uuHnw ucany opaque vanofcjri *** jw»^..— — - ^-
bo; ift fantaiDMoes when heated, and hence its name from ^v^i^ to ^^..^J^^Jzt^ „
■tfiL etroctnre columnar, but very compact Has been considered a distoetspe^ on
Bd of oompodtion (see anaL) and"^ crystallization (made I^<>''<^^^''^^1 If^^^
' imtdToufc that the cleavage is the same, and the form P~J>*}^^^ ^ "^iJJ!?
hM Shown that the opticS^characters are those of top«L Knally, Bammelsberg s
_^_isjdT«i the same composition. Named from wvki^, wOc rnng^mX^ X\
i^aiSTwOh ooe^lfthof the oxygen of the siUca "^P^^^^^^^n^M^C^^
hiB^BDioon 16-n, aluminum 29-68, oxygen 84-67, fluorine 20 68-100, or, BObm
878
OZY0EN OOMK)UKB8,
16% iiHdc Quorid 28*] ^ aluinina 55-t=100* Tbe foimuk agrees "with
sbowB (J. pr. Ch., xdx 6&) tiiat the fluorine present amouuta to about 2068 p. a {mm\
Analyses : 1-3, Bcrxolius (Schweig J., ivi 423, Afhantll., It, 236 jj 4, 6, FordibaR
Ch,, -gTJr. 1»6, XXX, 400); G-10, Rauimebiberg (J. pr. CIl, kjvI t): 11» Budioll (8
385) J 12, Berzeliua (1, c)j 13, Forchliauicicr (I. a); 14, Bammdaberg (X t):
§i
H
1, Auorhach, Saionv
34 24
57 45
14-99 BerzeUoa. 1
2. Brazil, yellow
S401
583B
15 Od Berzeliua, ■
8. Fi obo^ i?vrqpA^^ite
34-38
5t'T4
16 02 Beraellui. ^
4. Fitibo,
35-66
5616
17-79 FohAhaiomer,
5. Trumbull, Ct.
36':i9
55 96
17-A5 Forchhamiaar.
6, achneckengtein
(|)33'5S
56-54
18 62Baiiim.
*l. SchlackoDwtUd
(|)33'37
56-76
18 54Ratii]iL 0.-3*6ia
8. Aduu-Tschilou
33'6<i
56-2d
18*30 BaumL G.^S-ftCS.
9, BtukU
(|)33-7»
6739
16 12 Bamm. G.-r56L
10. Trumbull
323S
55 32
16-12 Eamni. 6.^8 514.
lU Altenbarg, iVcnftt
35<0
4H-0
16-5 BuciiotE.
12.
S8-4S
51 00
17 09 BoneliuL
13, " **
8904
61*25
18*48 ForehbamzMr.
14. " •»
33-28
55'Sii
16 12 Ramm. Q.2S*5I4.
No. 10 gaya 0'66 igu. DeTille (C. B^ Hi 782) obtaiuod for topaa :
§i 2] Si
1. Saxony 22*3 64*t 6*5
2. Brazil 25*1 53-8 &'d
i7-ai=i(jO^
15*7:=^ 100*1
Elaproth, in 1795 (Beitr., L 10), found that pjcnite lost 25 p e in a ^
Fordihammer (J. pr Cb,, xxlz. 194, xxx. 400) obtaiuod for the loea, al tbe ftiai&^*iiofailaf fe
top&K of Trumbull, Ct, 23535 p. &; of Brasil, 23-03; of finbo, 24 SO H St Claifar
(C. BL, xixvuL 817) that topaa lo«e« ita fluoriue aa fluorid of ailioon ; 23 p (- nf tlits (
trialfv paaaed oflT, In recent experimenta made under Ramuelsberg's dir>
lost ia a porcelain oren 22*98 p. c; SchneckoDfltem 20*78; Schlackenw^i
bull 16*27-19*55; BrazU 15*40-1439; Alteuberg pycnlte 1998. The topaa wa
tlie beating jet somewhat bliatered at aurface. The Brazil topaa afforded Ramntfl
beating in which 15*4 p. e were lost, Si 30"22, Xl 7 1 '34, F 1 '66= 10"' : idimti
the loss was 14-i9 p. e., Si 3010, S:l 70-38, F 2 47=^102'9fl, ahowih part km^
strictly fluond of Bilicon, but may have included jjom© duorid of aim... t* 8i4dKfar |
ahown that part of the lluorine escapes aa ttuobydrie add, and m»kea BU9 p, e, c/ UmI
fluorine. This giwn for the Trumbull topnz (anaL 5\ 21 16 F; tlie Braafl S^'11 fi ^
^2*29, n-om Forcbbammer'a reaulta, oud 2i» m from Rammelslj^rg^a ; for Hue Sixoo, J
Bammelaberg'a triala, and *ia*d8 from Deville's; the mean of tbe whole 20-<;&
P3rr., etc.— B.B, infusible. Some ▼ariotie« take a wine-ydlow or pink C
Fu»ed in the open tube with salt of phoaphofOi girea the reaction for Jlooi
flolutiou the puJrcn2L>d mineral giveaafin-^- ^^ -- -^ heating. Duty partial^ I
add^ G. before i^tioo ^'539, after, 3 •'
Oba.— TopaK occurs in gneiss or gr^) tourmaline^ mici^ and fearyl, i
a^mtite, fluor spar, and tin ore ; also in taimefe rock, oa in Brazil* with enclaaa. Me, I
With quartz, tourmaline, and litbomarge, it forma the topaa rock of Womer \k
Specimens of quarU crystal fVom Brazil, penetrated by topai^ am not itoflooill
Minute cryjiLals of three or four differeot kinds, and two or thf«e Idadi of I _
detected by Sir David Brew^iter in crystals of topaa, (Ediub. Trana^ %^ and Am.\
and later, Kdinb. new PhiL J., IL r?i. 130. Proc B. 8oc. F^finU. I v. &4a» t, m.y
OAxio CoMPoavDa
Fine topazes oome trom the Urals, near Eatharinenburf, and Mlaik i In Kei ^^
L Baikal, in (he Aduo-Tacbilou Mta., ete.* one crystal from near the rtrvr Undn, m^M
perial cabinet at Si. Petersburg, belc^ U( tn. long, 64 In. broad, woighing 21| Tba tnl
nldoenl also in its perfect trsnsptrency and wina-ydiow color. Fomid ilao la Ki
reOow, green, and blue cobn ; Villa BIca In Braail, of doap yallow color, iMHir In i
In Uthomarge, or In looae cryatala or pebblae ; sky4)]iie ofyt tili to Otat^ptm.
Jamaton mentioDa one which weighed 1 9 os; ; at the tin minai oC SefcbAf wil
BhtvofrMendcof, and smaller crystals at Sdineokotialefn and AllMilimt tlio Ma
niAH Uvpid av7»tala with beryl, albite, and mim, in diw^ afHtaift gmu' *"
BTIB8IUOATS8.
879
I oi great sin, st Fossnm, Korwaj ; Finbo, Sweden, in a gnnite quarry, and at Broddbo
mlder; one oyBtal from this last locality, at Stockholm, weighed eigh^ pounds.
% oceun alio hi the Mnx»do Mtn^ in Durango, Mexioo, along with tin ore and magnetite ;
*9Mt proTinoeof Guanaxuato. Fycniie is from the tin mine of Altenberg in Saxony; alao
)f Schbckenwald, Zinnwald in Bohemia, and Kongsberg in Norway,
tie United States, in Contkj at Tnunbull, with fluor and diaspore ; at Middletown rare ;
limantic^ with columbite. In N, Car.^ at Crowder's Mountam. In Utah^ near 39** 40' K. and
W^ W. of & of Salt Lake, in Thomas's Mts., on Gapt. Simson's return trail At Trumbull
fitals are abundant, but are seldom transparent, except those of small size ; these are
^ white, or with a tinge of green or yellow. The large ooarse crystals are sometimes six
m inches in diameter.
iriety of topaz from Brazil, when heated, assumes a pink or red hue, resembling the Balas
The finest crystals are brought from Minas Novas in Brazil From their peculiar limpid-
as pebbles are sometimes denominated gouttea cPeaiu The coarse varieties of topaz may be
-ed as a snbstitnte for emeiy.
he cryat. of topaz, see Kokscharof, Min. RussL, il 196, 844, iii. 196, 878 ; Hessenberg, Min.
[a Til 38.
name topaz is from rav^iof, an island in the Bed Sea, as stated by Pliny. But the topaz
7 was not the true topaz, as it " yielded to the file." Topas was included bj Pliny and
writers, aa well as by many later, under the name chrysolite,
—Topaz ia found altered both to steatite, and kaolin or lithomarge.
354A
BUOXaASB. ffaiiy; Delamdh., J. de Phys., xlL 165, 1792 (without credit toHaiiy);
u. 254^ 1797 (with credit to HaUy) ; Eauy, J. d. Mines, y. 268, 1799, Tr., il 1801. Euklas
noclinic. C=79° 44'=(? A i-i, /A 7=115° 0', O A U=146° 45' ;
: ^=1-02943 : 1 : 1-5446=1 : 097135 : 1*50043. Observed planes :
Hi, /(*), i^{a), iA{h\ ir2{I), i^(a), ,4(^), i4(Z), iA^iy)^ ^(A),
, i-8(«), i-18, i-32; i-f; clinodomes, i4(n\ 14 (o), i-i{q)y 24, 3-i ;
lomes, i-t, f^', 1-i ; hemioctaliedral, 1, -1 (u) ; 1-2 {d)y -1-2 (r), ^2 (a) ;
,V-¥(^XH(y, 6-M«); -i-3(^); H(/); i-H^X -2-^^); H(^);
(*);H(/>),HH; 2-4(0.).
364
a A /=122*» 30'
« A 1-2=107 40
iA A i-t=90
a A H=127 5
a A -2-^=130 17
i4 A -1=112 50
a A -1-2=101 53
a A 14=123 15i
a A 1-2=104 6
|4 A f|=105 49i
-1-2 A -1-2=156 14
1-2 A 1-2=151 43
-1 A -1, front,=134 20
»4 A 2-1=130 16 14 A 14, top,=113° 29'
\fL(fn) A -VU^=123 22 i-i A H top,=143 42
1^ : a very perfect and brilliant ; (?, U much less difltinct Found
=73ra=3-098, Haid.; 3097, blue, from Braza,DeBcL; 3-006—
a
i/
O A H=l«l^ 51'
880
oxroEN ooMPOoms.
3'103, fr. Urals, Kokseli. Lustre vitreous, Bomewhat pearly on the de
face. Colorless, pale niomi tain-green, passing into blue and white, St
colored. Transparent; occasionally subtranBparent. Fnictureeonc
Very brittle. Doable refraction strong ; optic-axial plane t-i ;
acate^ positive.
Oomp.»0. ratio for Be, Xl, §{, tif — 2 : 3 : 4 : 1. fVom Dfkxnour^B uuUfdM, wbo
to be a ooDStituent ; whence (J H' + 1 Be»+ } Xl)Si:=8ilica 41*1, iIuibIim tfi-JLi '
6-2 = 100. Flaorine replaces a little of the ozjgen« ADalyses : 1^ Benealtufl (8
2, Mallet (Phil Mag^ IV. t. 127) ; 3, Damour (0. &, xL 942);
1. 43-22 80-66
S, 4418 81-87
5. (1) 4P63 34-01
1-03
Ca
0-14
6-04
— =ni» BerMlUiM
—=99-14 IfaltotL
0-38 = 100-60 Danotu
PjncH •to,— In the doaed tube, when «tronpiy ignited, B.B. giy^a off water (DaoiourV ^
the JoitsepiB craoka and whiteua, throwe out pointa, aiid fuses at 6*6 to a whit« eoaJiieL
electrio by fHctioUt and, when onoe exdted, retaios thia property for aereo-Bl boucB.
on by adda.
Oba* — Occttra In BtsleII, in the mining diatnct of TlBa Rica, with topaa in
the auriferous sands of the Orenburg district, southern Ural, near the rirer f
eonmdum, cyanite, eta One Ural cryatal measures 3 in, by | in.
Tlie cryfttalUzation of this spedoa is elaborately detailed by Schabua in the Traawctk
Royai Academy of Tienna, toI vi., and by Kokscharof in Pogg.| ciiL $48, and hJn
eralogy.
EuuUae receiYes a high polish, but is useleaa as an omAmeotal ttUnm on acoonot of Itt |
ess.
Named by Hauy from rS, ettsUy^ and cX joi^ le» break Hafty atatet that his i
published by Daubentou in an early isso© of his Tableau meth, de Min«^raui ; but Ibt j
ediliou of the Tableau (of which several were liffucd) the author has not bet^n able to 1
lametheriet after publishing^ in 1*792, the name and description^ without crediting cilbtrl
in Ida ThhH^dc Ui Terre, in 1797, gives Hauy full credit
First brought to Europe from S. America by Dombey, in 1765,
827. DATOUTE. DatoHth (fr, Arend^l) Esmark (undescr.) ; KarMen A JOopr^ Q^te^
1806, Klapr. Bcttr, iv, 8&4, 1807; JTar^, Tab., 62, 18u8. Datholit Wtrm^ 18
Brmgik, Min^ iL 397, 1807. Chaux borate silioeuse J91, TabL, 17, 18od,
Handb^ 862, 1813. DatoUte Aikin, Min., 1815 ; Jameson, it 257, 1816. Bomte oTl
lOloate of lime. Humboldtite Levy, Ana Phil, II. t. 130, 1828.
Botriolit Hauam., ?. MoU'a Efem., ir, 3&3, 1808, Botiyoliai Kar^, Tail, ftS, IM.
borate silieeuso van ooncretionnee-mammelonu^ /£, Tabi, 17, 145, 18o9.
Handb., 590, 1821, BotryoUte.
Monofliiiic. 6^89** 54'= O (below) A i4, /A /=115* 3\ O a1
27';^ : b : t^=049695 : 1 : 1-5T12. Observed pianos: O (n)- ^
(rf), i4 (c), i-i (6, rare), 1-% (p\ t-| (r) ; clinodomee, 14 {$\ \
44 (m) ; hemidonies, 2-* (y), -\-i (w), -^i (y), -S-t (a?). -S-» ^ ;
^C'f («), -S-e (4) ; Lennpvramids, | (*), 1 (0, f (' o** Sclii^^); 11
^ " ' "^ ^ ' oft 8&),
12-1 (p); 2.MAX^i(^),-fK^),-8^(?);f|U^
O A -2-1=135° 13'
<?A-l-j=153 35
OA-6-t'=108 87
O A 1=149 38
<9Af=154** 68'
O A 1=141 49
(? A 2=130 23
O A -4=118 4
OA<W=rl08*
O A 4-4=121
0 A 8-1=107 » I
O A /=90 S
ibiictnre;
381
t-iAt-i,ov.«-i,=76<»18'
44 A 44, ov. 0,=16 88
7-2 A 2, adj.,=131 38
-2-iA-4=145 34
-2-»A*<=134 53
J A f , 8dj.,=141 14
O diatinct Also botryoidal and globular, having a colnmnar
also divergent and radiating ; also massive, granular to compact.
BUB8IU0ATX8.
Oa»-»=90° 4'
0 A 84=147 41
0 A 44=188 19
/A 8=139 38
/A -4=157 1
Ma 1=111
»-»A/=147" 32'
»-»At-i=128 9
iri A 24=90 5
i4 A 44=90 4
I A I, front,=115 3
24a24,ov. ^,=115 21
S65
367
Andreasberg.
Toggiana.
=5 — 5*5- G.=2-8— 3 ; 2*989, Arendal, Haidin^er. Lustre vitreous,
^ BubresinouB on a surface of fracture ; color white ; sometimes gray-
de green, yellow, red, or amethystine, rarely dirty olive-green or
^-yelKw. Streak white. Translucent; rarely opaque white. Frac-
aneven, subconchoidal. Brittle. Plane of optical axis i4 ; angle of
Doe very obtuse ; bisectrix nearly normal to i-t.
b— 1. {MJnory. In csTStals, glassy in aspect Usual forms as in figures. Ciystals fW>m
M BSHf gmniwwi by Hessenberg (Min. Not, No. iv.), similar to fig. 365, but wanting 0, -^t;
, and hftTiDg 4^ f^ ^^- Those of Andreasberg haye the planes 0, H ij i-^ (these three
OXYGEN COMFOIINDS.
qiaite smaU) ; -1-i. -2-*, -Ai, H 2-t; 2-i, 4-1, -4, -6, -8, 2, i I -4-2, -8^^ -^k, -2-i 1
der, Pogg,, icviiL 34, und Dauber^ ib., dii. 116). Those of Toggiana, as in fig. ^6<V 1
i-i» -8-t, 1-i, 4,.f, -6-3, -54, One ot Gleo Farg, figured by GregJt LeCtsom. Xias tbmj
rhombic priam / (</) yery large, r*t (P) nurrow linear, the clmodomeB 2-t, 4-i ns
tahedral planea -4 (Bmfill), ^ (large), 1, 2>
The plane t-t ifi usuallj made 0, and 0, ki, and 4-4, /; but in that esse the form i« oot^
presented as in the above figures. The angles of the Tcrtical priSDia /^ 1-$ are vesrj 1
eal with thosie of the cUnodomefl 2-i, '1-t. The pmall letters added to the cryiniaJik^
io the liflt of obsenred planes above, are the lettering of Brooke A Miller (Miii.» 40h) j
The plane i, of fig, 358, makes parallel interaectioDa with | and 4^ but not «i4lb 1 1
140''-l42'",»-f A <= about 109f bj measurement.
2< OompiKt massive. White opaque, breaking with the eurfaoe of poroelaiii 1
ware. G. = 2-91l, Haye«; 2*983, Chandler. From the L Superior region (ati«L 81
8. Boirymdal; BotryoUie. Radiated columnar, having a botrjoidal aurfaoei, and cootalol
water than the crystals. The original loc&litj of both the cfjstallized and boU7old«i m
Oomp— 0. ratio for ft, I!, Si, ^=2 : 3 : 4 : 1 ; (C»', IP, B)Si, In which H* , C^ .
3— Silica 37*6, boric add 21 », lime SftO, water &'6 = 2o0. For botryolita^ the imtio S ; St
An»ly8€«: 1, Stromeyer (Pogg, lii* 157); 2, Da Menil (Schw* J^ lit 364); 2, 4^
berg (Pogg,, xlvil 176); 6, Bechi (Am. J, Sci., 11, xiv, {\^); G, T^herrank (Kcsog. Uef
57); 7, Whitney {Am. X Set, IIL xv. 4R5); 8, 0. F. Chandler (ib., xxxviii 13); B,/
(J. N. H. a, Boston, viiL 62); 10, lUmmelaberg (I c):
1. Dalolite^ Andreasberg
Arendal
Mt. Capordano
Toggiaun
L Royale, Dat&liU
L. Superior, whiiiR
Arendal, BoiryoliU
(f)
Si B Ca It
37*36 21*26 35'67 6-71 = 100 Stromeycr,
38-51 2134 35*69 4'$0^ 10014 Dn MeaiL
38-48 20-31 35-64 6-57 = 100 BammelAbeii^
37-6.') 21*24 8541 5-70 = 100 BunmAkbeii.
87*50 22*03 85 34 1*56, H a'8&« U^ %'\%^99'^\
38-2 [21-2] 84 9 5 7^100 TsdMrvuik.
37 64 [21*88] 34-68 5*80, Un «r.= 100 WMtoey.
37*41 [2W0j 36-11 5-73, Jl, Fe 0*35 = 100 ChiBdL-
38 12 22-40 33-23 Jl V7,^ Fe0-62,0u 0*M,qtll'H3^
36*08 19-84 35 22 8*63 -U9 27 "
Pyr., etc — ^In the closed tube gives oflT much water. B.E fUse* tt 3 with Inl
dear gkss, coloring the flame bright groen. Oelattnues with murjatie add
Ob*. — Datolite is found in trappean rodca; alao ia gneiaa^ dioiyte^ and mnymi^bi^
taDle vems ; sometimes also in beds of iron ore^ Found in Sootlan<( to trsf^ at WljfTffrf
Qlen Farg in Perthshire, and in Bolisbury Craign ; in a bed of magnotite at AfMim ^
and in Utt> in Sweden ; ot Andreaaberg, in veins of ailrer orea, in argfUnceaOi
phyllite, etc ; at Niederkirchen and Southofen in Bavaria (the h^mhoiaiiit) ; in |
near lAgo Maggiore, one crystal ftom which place measured 4^ x 3f >t t^ iiiOhii
Alp, Tyrol, and also at Theiss, near Clauaaen; at lit Oatini, Tuscany, id gBbbro;
in Modena, in serpentine : in dioryte, on the Rosakopf^ near Freiburg, in BitemL
DutoUte occurs cryRtallized and massive &I the Rocky Hill quarry, lUfWinlp
QOrth-efiBi part of Southington, near Mr. Hamlen's, in amygdAloid, both lt& emu
maiurive; also in Berlin, near Kensington; in the north>wost part of IlMlim u
field Falls, Coon; in better apedmens at Roaring Brook, 14 milea tnm Kew HaV
crystals {t 355-356) are sometimes halt an inch longf, and cear^y poUncid ; Um •(
from a transparetit crystal of this locality /a /=M5' 12\ ghring bf cakntlaUcm fml
28 ; the plane i ia not quite even, and is of\en unpoUahed; in <N. J«raiy, ai 7^-^
splendid crystals ; in trappean rocks, both crystals and the opaoua whita \
%\ in the Lake Superior region, at the Minneoota. Qainqy. Marqni
minee ; at the Superior mine near Ontoniigoii, and 00 lalo Rojakv
Kamed from ^irtu^ai, io divide^ alluding to the granular itmctafi <if a 1
introduced an h after the flrst t without reason, and most mibioqueot »__, ,
in this; but not Karaten, nor Leonhard who pronounced it WTOftg^ nor HahAiHw; j
ton, and others.
Lavy gave the name hm^boldHUi to crystals which he fymd l6 be
bM madt orthorhombto by Haiy. Wi^too prowl tMr Uantliy wHb <
AH.— H^rtwlta tt datolite altered to ehakedcmj.
BUB8ILI0ATE8.
888
328. OUABIMTTB. Chdacards Za Q., x. 14, 186a
Btraeonal. OAl-i=159° 38'; a=0-3712.
srved planes as in the figure. 0 A 2-4=
• 33', vi A l-i=110° 22', i-1 A 2-i=126° 27',
. 1-2=153^ 26', i-i A i.3=161° 27'. In thin
BB ; fig. 362 a top view ; planes i-i sometimes
ting; 1^ and 2-i observed in onljr one of
two zones. Cleavage parallel to ^^, rather
effect.
L=6. G.=3'487. Lustre of cleavage-face
ewhat adamantine. Color sulphur-yellow,
BV-^dlow, pale or dark. Streak uncolored,
rhitish-gray. Transparent to translucent.
(■q^i^Ca-hfi) Si, same as for titanite. Analysis hj Goiscardi (L c): Si 33-64, ¥i 33*92, Oa
y 9% Sn tr. The oompound is consequentlj dimorphaua,
rr^ vtc^ — ^The same as in titanite.
«, — Found in small caYities in a graTish trachyte, on Monte Somma, along with glassy feld-
and nephelite. The mass of the trachyte is rich in glassy feldspar, hornblende, and melanite.
le case in the common rock of Somma, consisting of feldspar and nephelite, and here along
sphene.
titanic add itself is trimorphoos, it is not strange that a compound containing it should be
rphoos.
TITANITB. Nouv. substance minerale (tr. Chamouni) Pidet^ J. de Phys., xzzL 368,
Bt ;=Picfette DdametiL, T. T., IL 282, 1797. Titaoit (fr. Passau) Klapr,, Beitr., i 245, 1796 ;
ntane sUioeo-oalcaiTe Daubenton^ TabL, 1799, JET., Tr., iy. 1801 ;=Braun Manakerz Wem., Min.
It, 1808, Leonh. TasdL, iil 311, 1809. Schorl rayonnante en gouttidre [or channelled Actin-
to, the ciyst being twins with a re^nt angle] Saussure, Toy. Alpes, iy. 108, l796;=Sphene
, Tr., m. 1801 ;=Gelb lienakerz Wem., 1808, 1 a
Sfaiifiine (fr. Marone, Dauphiny) FL de BeOevue, J. de Phys., li. 443, 1800. Spinthdre JET., Tr.,
1801.
E4giirito (fr. Stars, Apennines (liguria)) Tiviani, Mem. Ace. Sci. Genoya, iii., J. de Phys.,
cfiLSSA, 1818. Greenoyite(fr. St Marcel) Du/., Ann. d. M., III. zyii. 529, 1840. Lederite
^ Am. J. ScL, XTT1T. 357, 1840. Aspidelite Weibye,
Ibnoclinia ^^=60° ir=0 A i^'; /a 7=113° 31', 0 A 14=159° 39' ;
h I c=0'56586 : 1 : 1'3251. Observed planes : 0; vertical, r-i, i4, 7,
; elinodomes, 24, 44, ^fA ; hemidomes, -^ (or 4^*), -2-i, -5-i, -J-i, ^4y
24; hemioctahedral, i, |, 1, -1, 2, -2, 4, -4 ; 1-2, 2-2, -4-2 ; -3-3 ; H ;
I A i4(P)=lir 63'
, A l^a?)=159
iA4.i(*)=123 69
I A irr)=114 30
I A lfe)=154 19
I A 2(n)=141 44
A -1(Z)=139 26
A -2(Q=109 37
1^) A 1(^)=149 43
2(7i)A-2(0, ov. /,=108°
2(n)A/(r)=162 46
2{n) A i-t(P)=144 56
2(n)A2(n)=136 12
-1(0 A -1(A=133 52
-2(0 A -2(^)=110 52
-4 A -4=106 2
2-2(d) A 2-2(6)=157 16
l-2(w) A 1.2(ti>)=164 86
8M
OZTOEK OOHFOUNCe.
e.i(«) A iA(b)=zUO° 21'
-3-4(to) a -3-i(m)=76 7
-3-4(m) A i-i (J)=141 27
m(/^A4-3((?)=167 41
sea
ses
2/ 2
3U
4-i(«) A 4-K»), ov. 0,=6r 68'
i(»')AM(P)=146 45
l-*(a!)A«-*(P)=140 43
m(P) a i-i(6)=»0
/
36^
S68
4
\"/\
^r.\ /
X -
MM
/ «
^f
a
^^
ri
^^"""^
\ ^^
X
1
X
u
I
-i
1
\
/ W'
I
V
1
V
-H
V
I
J
1
Spiothere.
X
3ta
Greeuovite.
369
Ledorite.
a
1 *-
Cleavage r /fiometi me* nearly perfect ; i-i and -1 much less so;
jm greenovite) 2 easy, -3 less bo; aoinetinies hemimor]>hic it
Twine : coniposition-fHce i-i^ and twiiioed either {a) by re\
axis normal to i-i\ or (J) on a vertical axis ; the former very '
nsnally producing thin tables with a reentering angle ah^ng on
times elongated, as in 1373; oecaeioaally m aouble twin^, :
would be represented by twu t 373 uinted back to back. Sometii]
Bive, eompaet ; rarely lamellar.
H. =5—5*5. G. = 3'4— 3*5tn Lustre adamantine— resinoi]&
brown, gray, yellow, green, and black. Streak white, slipLtlv
greenovite. Transparent — upaqne. Brittle. Optic-axial plane i4;
trix ptisitive, very closely noraial to \-i (a*) ; double relraction
axial divergence 53^-56'' for the red rays, 46*^-45*" for the blue; ^
Oomp., Var*HC^i^+'V^O ^% which li equiyalent to H 3i (slnoo B O-t-RO^SKI^i Hi
8 t 2 flUicaleT tike luidalasite, bat one in which titjitiium forms put of the h^m,
Yar. 1. Ordmarjf. (a) TUamU; hrowm to block, the ori^o&l beln^ thus ooloi^
BUBBILICATES.
885
knshioeiit (f) Spheme (named from 0^^, a wedg^\ of light ehades, as yellow, greenish, etc,
«ftni tnmshioent ; tiie original was yellow.
was an appto-green aphene; SpirUhort (or Semeline) a greenish; named ipiiUhere
372
PSctite.
Bothenkopfl
Schwaraenatein.
Hi faurtre, and temdine firom semm lini, flaxseed^ alluding to a oommon fonn.
% opaque, or aobtranahioent, of the fonn in t 369.
MmgmMJm ; Oremoviie. Bed or rose-oolored, owing to the presence of a little manganese.
b toe crystala there ia a great diversity of form, arising firom an elongation or not into a
^and from the occnrrenee of the elongation in the direction of different diameters of the
■wital Uam, (a) Long prismatic in the direction of the prism I, f. 367 of ajnniheref
Jkupbtaj; abort prismaUc, in the same direction, £ 369, lederiie, from northern New York ;
ledge
tirin I
priniatic in the direction of the edge 2/2, very conmion, t S63-366 : (d) 'm the direction
pe -1 / -1, t 868 (from Naumann) ; e in the direction of the prism 4-t, f. r
V — » / —*j •. www |«.vfuj j.^t»min»MHy, « «jli iuxv vutovMVU v» uu«7|/ll0U« ■«-•, A. 371, piCtite, and
from Sdiwarzenstein ; (/) not elongated, of which f 866 is one example among many
f ^flbrentL Beaidea these there are (g) hemimorphic forms, as in f 372, the planes of the
Hb eztremitiea of the crystal oeing unlike.
atyaea: 1, Klaproth (Beitr., L 246); 2, 8. Bosales and Brooks (Pogg., bul 258); 4, Eucha,
. Gh. PhiimL, xlvL 319); 6. U. Rose (Pogg., IxiL 263); 6, Marignac (Ann. Gh. Phys., IIL
n); 7, Delesae (Ann. d. Mines, lY. vl 326); 8, T. & Hunt (Am. J. ScL, IL zr. 442); 9,
i(AiiaLnDak»ICin^34):
& Ifl Oa
■n,aik 35 83 83 =101 Klaproth.
30-63 42*56 25*00, ^e 3'93= 102-12 Brooks.
81-20 40-92 22*25, ^e 606=99 43 Bosalea.
32-52 43-21 24-18=99 91 Puchs; G. =8-44.
32-29 41-58 26*61, ^e 0-96=101-44 Rose; G.=8-685»
82-26 88-57 27-66, ^e 0*76, Mn 0*76=100 Marignaa
80-4 42-0 24-3, Mn 8*6=100-3 Delesse.
81-88 4000 28-81, ign. 0-40=100-54 Hunt; G.=3-5^
81-08 43-67 21-76, j^e 0*76, ilg 008)^1-05, ign. 0*88=98-62 A.
5l
'KB. wame yarieties change color, becoming yellow, and Aise at 3 with intu-
ft yaOoir. brown, or black glass. With borax they afford a dear yellowish-
Impeifect(y soluble in heated muriatic acid ; and if the solution be oonoentrated
lb II beoomea of a fine violet color. With salt of phosphorus in RF. gives a violet
eniitalHlng mndi iron require to be treated with the flux on diarcoal with metal-
deoompoaed by sulphuric and fluohydrio adds.
BOOTS in imbedded crystals, in granite, gneiss, mica schist, syenite, chlorite
Ifmestone ; also in beds of iron ore, and volcanic roeka, and often aaaodated
honUenda^ chlorite, scapolite, siroon, etc Found in complioated oompoond
25
386
OXYGEN COMP017>T>8.
I
caystuls of a pale green color and tnuiJipareiit, in the Gr{«on«, Rwi^fetrUnil,
ffeldapor and chlorite ; in mica elate at St Oothard; t/ - -• ^id
Alps I on crjatalfi of oalcite at Cbolanchea and Maromn ^n
reddish cryatale in the protogine of Ponnena* and Chi. *
lowish or Teddiflh-gToen crystals, with colorlcsB apai
{UguriU) ; in pale jeUowinh-green trausparent or trrir n
flBSorea in titanic iron at Arendal, in Norwaj {cu^pidclUii W » *
Marcel, in Piedmont^ with manganeBiun epidoto aud romeici ]
Ifnggla, PiediDout ; at Schwarzensteiu^ Tyrol j at Felberthal mrini^jmu; u i
of a brownish -black color (anaL 9). Small ciystala ocair in sjenite at Strc i
near CriQel in Galloway; at Craig Cailleach in Perthshire; in Inven?'"- ^
Trcmadcxs, in North Wales, with brookite ; at Crow Hill, near Newry, :
Occasionally it is found among volcanic rocks, as at Lake Laach (5 j
and at Andemadi on tho Rhine. I
OccurB in Canada at Gronville, Elmsley, Burgess, and Grvid Calmnet Island, in vr^
crystals; in the trachytes of Yamaeka,' Shefford^ and Brocne Mts* In J/ 4
at Sanford, also at Thurston, In Mass.y good crystala in gneiss, in the east i
with pyroxene and aoapolite in limestone ; at Pelham. In Qmn., at Ttusr^ " (
Bode on Lake George, ahnndant in small hrown crystals, along with ^
Gonyemeor, in black crystals In granular limestone with scapoUte ; in 1 i
LewiB Oo^ in dark brown cryatalBr among wbSch is the yanetr kd«rif< I
is distinct parallel to /; the cryetala are sometimes nearly three incl 1
Lawrence Go., in pale red and brown crystals with apetite, pargaaile, an< 1 M
Pleasant Lake ; in Orange Co., in large crystals abuodunt in limeflton^ \
the town of Monroe ; near Edenville, in light brown crystals, aoin^ '' t
in limestone; five miles south of Warwick, in large grayiah-br f
blende, and iron ore; also in small crystals a mile south of An
PeekskiU, in an aggregate of feldspar, quartz, and hornblende;
reddish-brown prLsms. In K Jersey, at Franklin, of a homey-yeli
three miles wc<^t of Attloboro\ asficKdated with tabular spaf and graplui^
The crystalli ration waa first clearly made out bj G, Rose in 1821. For fectnt
see B. ft M, liin. ; Descl Mm.; Hessenberg liin. Not, Noa. L 10 yfi; \ '
466. Breithaupt sUteff that much sphene is triclinie (Handb^ tL 744, B. H
870 aboTe is Ideal, being intended to ejdiibit the relatiw positions of the planv* %^i wr #1
prism, and the letters used on the planes by authoTit as well w the ajmboliL f^ I
Kaunmnn, drawn titer his ^w of the fundiunental form; mnd fig, 373 {{torn Bats
lar iu this respeot, but a side view.
Alt. — Bphene occurs of little hardness, dull in lustre, and hydraled IVmn sl1»9i
of this kind, found in a deeomposing feldspar, with droon at Oreen Birer, Hsiuli
have been named by C U. Shepard (Am. X Scl, nil U6, 1856) XanihMiam, Qokv
white ; R=3 fi ; G.=r7— SD, and stated to contain 12& p. a of water. Also «
f steatite,
ArUfp— Formed in crystals by heoling together 3 ^i, 4 Tl, and dilorid of eslelin
tlon of them (f) Si au-5, tx 41*7, Oa 27'B:=1U0; and the mangUKMiMi
chlorid of manganene (HautefeuiUe).
330. GBOTBin Dana. (Titanite P, Oro^ Jahrb. Mio., 1866, 44.) P, Groth has tiktm
lanlte^like mineral, 0t>m the syenite of PI 1 1 near Dreadsn, difltan in
cleavage from ordinary sphene. The fom^ ic m habit, b«fcns tMBitfa
367 ; but there is distinct deaTrage parallel tu ^^^ *, and little diatin-* '-■ *«»*l *- d» 1
angles are i a 2=136 ; 2 on l-i=155* 19 to 166^ 20'; 1-^ on E^
3'6'/ — 3-60. Lostre ?itreou8 to gn>a«y< Color dove to blsdciib*t>T
brown aud trausluoent The altered mineral is isabeUa^vollow to |fd« y«Uu 1
Composition according to Groth (L e): J}) iyi »0"61, fi 8Mrt, Fu &-^ Jl, i
31M=102*»0, It gives the 0. ratio for B, H, ti, 5i, 8'9& : .^23 : 12-16 : It: it, at u
included) to silica, 24 S4 : 161 5=3 : 2. Tlic general formula la Ihcrefore (B', irf^ BJSL
^ oorresponds very nearly to 8 l^i, 6 ti, I B^ 9 (Ca An). It is thenilbro • ti* '
oiio4nlf of the bases ooosists of 3 (a* + 1 (Fe, jkl\ U not a rtauU of alirfifloQ»
sctsT of tbs desTsge Is a constant ouc, it should rank as a dlatiuot spscfea^
GaBTKLLTim Csstellit Brtith., B, H, Ztg,, ^r l\\ 1866^ tfoooclliilss. la TC17 ■
oeedmgly thin 8*«ided tables, having for tha ao^ of tho sbombic prism I Ift' s«i ii*.
prtsoMKioT U.=M— 6. 0=3150. Losirs fitj^onsy sosncwbal BdsiiMaHiiSL. Od
low to wBx-jellow; streak oolorlesa, FnigQe.
Aooording to Plattosr it aois BM, like titaultis, giving efidmrn of IIm
SUBSILIOATES.
887
id iBIoa, bnt with less of the first and more of the last than in sphene. Ooonrs in the
tocf HolenUnk ICtiL, near Proboscht^ and in that of SoUodiz— a rock containing also sani-
nlilade^ aogite, ilmenite, and apatite.
Keilhaiiit A, Erdmann, Ak. R Stockh., 856, 1844. Yttrotitanit
Seheerer^ Pogg., IxilL 459, 1844.
374
376
DodiniCy and Dear sphene in angles.
ftom 7 A ir%) (fig. 374) ; 7 A i-i=
0 A 2=143** 30"7a 2=153° 30^
1=149**, i-t A 2-i=125^ from mear
ents wim tlie common goniometer
Forbes; O A 7=114^ 26', and
1=140® 42', from calculations by
een ; faces of the crystals rather
Twins very common^: plane
LDOtttion iri (ig, 375).
Sstinct, parallel to 2.
r6-5. GF.=3-519 to 3-72, D. Forbes ; 369. Scheerer ; 3-716— 3-738,
lelsbei^. Lnstre vitreous to resinous. Brownish-black ; in spUn-
rowniiSi-red and translucent; also dull brown and pale grayish-
. Streak-powder grayish-brown to pale dirty yellow.
tir— (ft*, ft% fi) Si, having, like sphene, titanium among the basic metals; but oontaininff the
fd almnina^ and traoes of g^uctna, and, besides lime, the protozyds, yttria, protozjd of iron,
m: 1, 8, Erdmann (La); 3, D. Forbes (Edinb. N. PhiL J., II., I 62, and iiL) ; 4, 6,
ibeig(Poggi07L296):
n Si 9e Sn ^ Be Ca 1^
9*62=100*98 Erdmann.
9*74=99-88 Erdmann.
4-78=99-41 D. Forbes.
8*16, Mg 0-94, & 0-60, Ign.
0-54=98-88 Ramm.
1715 1208, Mg <r., ign. 3'69=
100-60 Ramm.
daberg's analyses afford for the oxygen ratio between silica and the other ingredients,
t»-7i : 22-94=2 : 3, and anaL 5, 1520 : 22-71=2 : 8; conforming to the other analyses
tndameotal ratio of the species.
•tOw — &B. Aises with intumescence easily to a black shining glass. Yields an iron-od-
■• with borax, wluch in the inner flame becomes blood-red. With salt of phosphorus
iron ccdor and a silica skeleton, and in the inner flame a yiolet bead. Reaction of man-
villi ioda. Decomposed by muriatic acid.
-Oecors near Arendal, Norway; at Bude, Arkeroe, Alve, and Narrestde, in a feld-
reck, botti in ciTstals and massire. Crystals weighing 2| lbs., and masses of 15 to 20 lbs.,
ittoMd by Forbes. A dull brown massive kind A-om Alve gave G.=3'72; and a pale
S*603 ; a specimen from near Narrestoe, G.=3-519. The Alve keilhauite has two
~ to one another 138'' (Forbes & Dahl, NyL Mag. t Nat, xiil). Also from
Si
*
51 Fe Sin
«e
Be
Ca
30-00
29-45
31-33
i9^48
29-01
2814
28-04
2667
6-09 6-36 0-67
6-90 6-48 0-86
8-08 ]P'e6-87 Mn 0*28
6-45 6-75 tr.
0-82
0-63
0-62
18-92
18-68
19-56
20-29
28-50 27-04 624 6-90
tr.
I Jrarww.
4 lAv FTot KeOhau of Norway.
IQBBFFBnnTB. f Mineral de Ooromandel Beud., Tr., il 652, 1832. Tschewkhiil
O. Rose, Reis. Ural, il 1889.
Bfa amorphous.
:6-5-5. Q.=4-608-4-549, G. Kose ; 4-5296, H. Eose ; after heatinff,
4ar, 4*615; after fusion, 4-717. Lustre vitreous. Color velvet-black.
dark brown. Subtranslucent to opaque.
388
OXT0EN OOMFOUKDS,
Comp.— Essentiallj (ti\ Hi, U) % for the Ural tacJieflTkimte, m id keilhauite. A|
E. HoBe (PogK t IziL 691) j 2, HermaDn (Bull Boo. Nat MoecoUf xxiix. 57); 3, B^udiml
4, A. Damour (BtilL G. Fr., xix. 560, 1862):
6i *i
L Ural (8)2rOi 201t
2. ** 20'fi8 X6'07
8. Africa lUD 8 0
4 f* 19*03 20-86
1P21 0-53
20'9l 2-50 917 075
|?19'0 Ml '2
t CeX^tn Mg Oa tSa
46D9 023 3 &0 0*13
84S 33-80 8 26
36-0 8 0
88'38 0-37 4"40
Herrnanti ebowed that the iniDeral contaioe^ thoria, and thnt Hoee bad included it in'
add and oiyd of CJenuoi; hia 0, ratio for K (induding the thoriaX 1\ Si ia 10 44; «" '
15:9: 16, and bonoe for It + E, Si, 3 : 2^ wheiioe the above fonnula, Eooe^a ua||iif
to the same general formula.
a. The Coromandel mineral, referred here hy Damour^ afbrda, aooording to bLm. tha \
il + fi + U, §1=2 : 1 J and for ti, fi, U=2 ; 1:2; whence the formula 0 ftVI 8-1-
The alumina Is left out of consideration as an impurity. But including il^ the O.
and silica ia 20-65 to 101 4, sustaining atili better the ratio 2:1, Damour haa an
examinatioQ of tlie mineral, and directly ascertained the absence of ihorwm (letter ta
April 24, 1807); he farther observes that n little £>i and La are prohMj pmMil
Descloiseaux states that the mineriil in not homogeneoua, it coosiBting of a broini M
Mtiag on polarized ligbt^ and small colorless grains which are strongly doably
mineral hofl H.=5'5 — 6^ G.= 4^-26; lustre vitreous, inclining to realnous ; color
snbtrauslucont.
Pyr., etc. — B.B, glows, then intumeaoes strongly^ becomes brown, and Aiaea to a b
Gives with the Hnxes reectiona for iron, manganese^ and titanic acid. Ckilatioiaea vid
add. The Coromandd mineral in a closed tube yields a little water. BJB. finses vilj
oenoe to a black scoria, feebly magnetic. With a^t of phoepboma it givtia in BX a
glass, opaline^ which becomes milky iu the OF. With borax it affords a byaciotb^
transparent in the R.F. and pale brown and opaqne in the O.F. Attacked readOy hf
especially if heated, depoatting gebtinous siUca mixed with titanic add and hlvi
Mtimlc iron.
Oba. — From the Ilmen Mountains in the Urals ; only a few apecimenji bav« beMi fl
tscheff'kjnlte in collections m mostly urahrUtUe^ which it much resembleo. Alao ttmk
of Oromandet, whence it was long since brought by LescbenaulU
Named after the Russian general^ Tscbevkin.
333. STAUHOIirTE, Pierres de croix (fo Eobien, N. id^B aur la format d- FbB&i
(wHh figs.)* Baaaltes crystallisatus pt. CrowL (the specimen a croes of two
oryBU^ worn as an amulet at baptisms in Basel, and called Lapis cruci/ert and J
Min., *!% 1758. Schorl cradforme pt., Pierres de croix, de Lide, Criat» 17T2, 1789 (
Staorolite MametK, Sclagr., 1. 2m, 1792. Grenatite (fr, St. Gothard>»
§ 1900, 1796* Granatite. StauroHtb Karsi, Tkb., 32, 1800. Stanrolide M, Tt^ M
Orthorhombic. /A 7=129^ 20', O A l-i=124° 46' ; a:h:c=
1 : 2*11233. Observed planes : O ; vertical^ /, ir% ; dame, 1-i.
3T5 377 378 <? Al-t=124** 46'
O A I^W
O A t4=90
/Ai-t=:=115 17
/ ,
O A f-i, comp.-fiioe,
ii\ tr- — ^ foi /A\\/J^\ OAfI
^ — -^iij^ L IJ Cleavage: t-t dM
intemipted; / in
Twins cruciform : 1, compoeition-fiEu^ }-t (f 377) ; 2, compofiidon
BITBSnJOATES. 389
8). niaking f-i and f-f the planes l-i and 1, on the ground that twinning
Uy takes plaoe parallel to the fundamental or diagonal planes of crystals,
1 above is i-}, and the true 7 A /=109® 14', whence a^ : b' : o'=
)6 : 1 : 1-4082 (=f o).] Crystals often with rough surfaces. Massive
B unobfierved
.=7— 7*6. G.=3'4— 3*8. Subvitreous, inclining to resinous. Color
leddish-brown to brownish-black, and yellowish-brown. Streak uncol-
to grayish. Translucent— nearly or quite opaque. Fracture conchoi-
Optio-aidal plane irl ; bisectrix positive, normal to 0.
mp^ Var.— O. ratio for ft(+t^S, Si=l : 4 : 2^; for bases and silica 2:1; whonoe(i&'
Q^ ^= ^ 3 fi=f£[ + fjfg+}i*e) Silica 28*3, alumina 51*7, protozjd of iron 15*8, magnesia
Mer H=100. Excluding the water, the formula may be (Fe\ 3tl)* &* + 1 &' Si, equivalent
: 1 liBcttte containing a little (Mg, tef Si (chrysolite) ; or (^e\ ^y Si*+ iS (M ^) &h that
I me 2 : 1 silicate with a littie gehlenite.
[ mAf inaljBts made the iron all sesquiozjd. Mitscherlich has pronounced it (J. pr. Gh.,
Ll)dl jmionjd in the staurolite of St Gk)thard, Airolo, and Brittany. Rammelsberg found
Mlfof ntkM in his analyses of the mineral fh>m other localities, the silica varying from 27
VM per cent. But Qt, Lochartier has ascertained that staurolite contains, uniformly, some
• Mpenble only at a high heat ; and that the variations are due to impuriUeSj the powder
the microeoope being distinctly a mixture of two or more minerals, and the action of fluo-
laeidai some crystals making them cellular, or even spongy and fragile. After purifying
■nfite^ the proportion of silica was nearly constant, and the specific gravity was 3'70— 3*76.
*. 1. Ordkiary, 8. Zmo-Staurolite (anaL 27) ; found at Canton, (xa., in slender crystals, i in.
■d a line or leas thick, having a yellowish-brown to cinnamon-brown color; G.=3'792.
ifMds have the planes If 0, i-t 3. Manganese- StauroHiCj NordmarkUe (anid. 28) ; fVom
ilin Kovdmark, Sweden, of chocolate-brown color, with H.=6'6, G.=3'54, and presenting
Bel oryataDine form. Its easy fusibility is reason for here giving this variety the distinctive
hiet: 1. Klaproth (Beitr., v. 80); 2, Lohmeyer (Pogg., Ixii 419): 8, Mariguac (Ann. Gh.
iILxi7.49); 4-7, Jacobson (Pogg., briL 419); 8, 9, 12, Rammelsberg (ib.,cxiiL 599); 10,11,
BUS (J. pr. Ch^ xdiL 260); 13, 1^ Jacobson (Pogg., IxviiL 414); 15, Rammelsberg (L a);
oqnelin (J. d. M., viiL 864); 17, 18, Jacobson (L a); 19, 20, Rammelsberg (L c); 21, 22,
on (L &); S3-26, Rammelsberg (L a) ; 27, Qenth (Am. J. ScL, H. xxxiiu 198) ; 28, Paykull
4k. a Stodch., 1866) :
Si Si 9e Sn te fig ign.
Goihaid, red 27-00 62-25 18*60 0-26 =9800 Klaproth.
•• dark r. 27*02 49-96 20-07 0-28 =9733 Lohmeyer.
" 28-47 63-34 17-41 0-31 072 =100-26 Marignaa
" 30-81 46-80 18-08 2-16 , Ca 0-13=97-48 Jaoobsoa
" 30-91 48-68 15-87 fill 9 1-33 =99 48 Jacobson.
" 29-72 64-72 16-69 1-86 =10198 Jacobson.
« 29-18 52-01[17-68] 1-28 =100 Jacobson.
" bnwn 29-60 48-58 425 M 0*96 1150 312 0*76=98-72 Ramm.
" 86-05 4418 5-21 ** ir. 11*48 2*86 0*96=99-73 Ramm.
« 27-96 64-26 4*58 9*91 2*80 =99*60 Wislicenus.
« 27-90 64-42 4*90 9-96 2*97 =10016 WisUoenus.
iBadraaetta, Sft. 28*86 49-19 S-20M 1-28 13-82 2-24 043=98-52 RamuL
^hlaek 83-45 47-23 16*61 1*99 =99-18 Jacobson.
* 32-99 47-92 16*66 1-66 =9922 Jacobson.
* 43-26 40-46 2*40 10*92 2-09 0*45=99*57 Ramm.
ktagr 88-00 4400 I8OO l-OO , Ca 3-84=94*84 Vauq.
« 3919 44-87 15-09 017 0*32 =99*64 Jacobson.
« 40-36 44-22 16-77 0-10 =100*44 Jacobson.
* 60-76 34*86 2-86 ir. 10*46 1*80 0*38=101*10 Ramm.
61*32 34*30 MO-42 1101 232 0*69=99*96 Ramm.
,Uiml 88-68 47-48 16-06 2*44 =103*61 Jacobson.
M-38 46*97 14-60 2*47 =101*37 Jaoobaon.
L 86-16 44Da 0*88 fi 1-41 12-16 3*06 1-27=97-96 Ramm.
890
OXTQEN OOMFOUNDS.
24, Fnmconla, hn.
36. LitcMeW, Ot^ &ft»
46. Lifibon, N. H.
27. Canton, Qa.
Si 21
36-36 48*67
4910 ST'ia
(}) 28*82 49'il
0'51
Mn ft
tr, 1305
0*70 12*80
fir. I0t$9
015
28. Nordmark, Sweden 36*05 86'18 18-73MU'61
ign.
1*00 = 98^1
0-€8-99'8l
147, 2n7 13. ti«
lr, = l
251 — 99138 F^jki
In Na 2, G.=3'737- 3*744; 4-^7, a=8*797 in pieces, 3*744 in powdar; 1% Q4
14, G,=3'66-3'73: 17, 18, a=;3 528; 20, a-3*2t>5 ; 21, ^2, G,=^3'649» ^588; "
24,G.=3*764; 26, G.:==H-622; 26,G. = 3*413; 27, rinc-stauroliUs, G,= S-7tt2.
Lecbaitier obtained (BuU. Soc. CL, IT. Hi 375) tb<» following reanlla Alter puriiSiBtl
1, 2. St Gothanl
8» 4. Brittany.
6. Quimper.
flOioa
28*21 2848
28-16 38*98
29 15
%n.
1*60 1*60
156 1*48
1*49
Sp. Gr.
3-76 8*74
8*76 3^0
8*76
Before purification tlie ailica obtnined by him wna for 2, 36*30 ; 3, 4f**21 —Sli
41*36 p. c. Nos. 3, 4, 6, 6 wen) large opoque ciryslalfl. Be otmnrea ihat mil i
Ulanic add« and thai some magneala ia preeent.
Fyr^ etc*~B.B. infusible, excepting the manganeaian varietT (anai 26X ^
~; magnetic glABS. WHh the Qaxea giTOS reaotiona for iron, and i
Imperfectly decom posed by sulphurie acid.
ObB.~Uguall7 found in mica achist, argiUaoeouB Bchist, and gndflB; olVti I
garnet, cjanlte, and lounnaJiiie.
Oocura with cyanite in paragoniie BchiBt, at Mt Campione. Switseriand, to ]
tnoent crystals ; at the Greiner monnt^n, Tyrol, in aimple cry atAla asaodati
sometimes appearing aa a coutinuatioo of its crystala, parallel with theoi - n
the Tyrol ; at GoldenFtein in Moravia, brown and translneent ; in larg^ tw*a i.
at Tomduff and near KiUiney in Ireland; at Oporto^ St. Jago de GompOBfelill^ i
localities mentioned aboT0.
Abundant throughout the mica slate of New Bnglaud. In Maim^ at
bridge, the mica slate ii filled with larg« cfyvtala ; also at lik Abn«ham, U
throp. In if* Eom/p^ brown and large cryst at Franconia; at liaUm, mboaA
on the ahorea of Mink Pood, loose f n the aoU ; at Gnmtham, 2 bl from Mofidi^^ «Cj
in Turmoniiy st Olibot In Moms,, at OhAflterfield, in fine Gsystals. In Ootm^ «t T
fieldf Staiford, and Tolland. In New Tork^ amiaU c
379 bed in Dover, Ihichess Co. ; also three and ft Inlfil
York city, on the Hudson. In Ptun^ ;
on the WLssahicoon, 8 m. from Philadelphia, la i
mints Cautou, in quartcoee mic» acfalaU the gfto
Dr C. T. Jackaon haa daaofbed a Yariety of i
rrystala like ohiaatoUte, hom Ghaiiastow&i M. R, I
the aocorapaiiying figure. He atatM tf ^
by inte&aiblA ahadea into andahtilfia \
ptaaea into argiUaoeous 8lat«,
Named ttom rr^wptfc, a cr&»s» HaQy^a change cl ttamnMi$ to #la
nor reaaonable.
Alt— Oocura altered to ateatito*
334* SOHOHIX^MTTS. Shtpo/rd, Am. J. ScL, IL il 251, 1846.
Hist., Boaton, rl 46, 1849. 7 Iwaarit Kutorfo, lUX, K Jlhri^ Vant Bni!
Maagive, without cleaTage.
H.=7'-7-5. G.=8*862, Shepard :
powder^ RaaimelAberg ; 3745, fr, Ki
times tamiabed blno, and with pavoni
tre Titreoaa. Fracture couchoidah
J^-ROT. Whilnev; 8 783,
]. Djiiml* Color "
O<»i^--0. ratio for ft^fi+tt (baaiie\ and BlUoa=2 : 1 imtlj. Mid ir l^f
whence (A Oa»+ A 3Pe+ A tif)* SiV and afipmchlnf oIoMt th* <
Si
tt
9e
Mg
1. AiluuiBas
25*66
22*10
21*68
1 "
27-89»
20*43
21*90
3.
26*09
17*36
26-36*
1*66
4 "
[26*24]
21*34
2011
1*86
6. "
2tt*86*
21*66
22*00
1*25
6. Eaiflentahl
29*55
21*18
1808
1-22
BUB8ILIOATE8. 391
BO oerinm, and seeqiiioxyd of iron in place of alumina. Whitney deduced Ca' Si4-
i li*=:Slioa 24-9, ozjd of iron, 21*9, lime 80*7^ titanic acid 22*5= 100. In Banmielsbei^a
nd axialyaifl, the ailica was determined only by the loss, and in two of the other analysea there
I tttanic aoid remaining with the silica.
kHitnaa: 1, 2, Whitney Q-c)] 3, 4, Rammelsberg (Pogg., Izrvii Itttv., and Min. OIl, 886,
a« analysis revised) ; 6, Crossley (This Min., 8d edit, 692) ; 6, Claus (Ann. Ch. Pharm., crrix
0:
Ca
29'78=99*12 Whitney.
80*05=100*27 Whitney.
3112=101*48 Eamm.
29*88, ^e 1*57=100 Ramm.
30*72, Un <r.= 101*89 Orossley.
251 3, ^ f(a 4*22=99-38 Glaus.
* With Bome titanic add.
fte mineral was first correctly described and analyzed by Whitney. Shepard made it a hy-
iil iOicate of seaquiozyd of iron, yttria, and perhaps thoria.
fyt^ etc. — BwB. fuses quietly at 3 to a black glass. Reactions for iron with the fluxes. Fused
k liit of phosphorus on charcoal, with tin, in the inner flame, gives a violet bead. Gelatinizea
bamiatic add, the solution becoming violet when boiled with metallic tin.
)ba«— In small masses with elsolite and brookite in the Ozark Mts., Magnet Cove, Arkansas.
I dodacsabedral crystals reported by Shepard are black garnets, which occur with it Found
I ki the Eaiserstuhl, in the vicinity of Oberschaff hausen, in phonolite.
Ined from a resemblance to schorl (black tourmaline).
TAAUBL As described by Nordenskiold (Beskr. FinL Mln., 1856, 101), it has the characters
aohflriomite, and like it is found with elssolite. It occurs, he states, both massive and in
feiUike crjrstals, is lustrous black and opaque, with, the lustre adamantine; has H.=6*t), and
9M7— 8*69. The mineral is stated to consist of tt Si, 3 ICi, 2 Fe, 6 Ca, which corresponds to
MQL nt&o for bases and silica 3 : 2, instead of 2 : 1, the schorlomite ratio. B.B. fhses to a black
K fipopk Ivaar% Finland.
lb B4PPHERINB. Sapphirin (fr. Greenland) Giesecke, Stromeyer's Unters., I 391. Sapphi-
lineu Si^phirin pt [rest blue Spinel] HauarrUy Handb., 427, 1847.
Orthorhombic t In disBeminatcd grains, or aggregations of grains.
E=7— 8. G.=3-42— 3-48 ; 3473, Damour. Lustre vitreous. Color
b bine or green. Translucent. Optically biaxial ; and dichroic.
iMq^b— O. ratio for ft,S, di=l : 4 : 1 ; for bases and 8ilica=5 : 1 ; constituents, 3]fLg+4Sl
^KSOksa 14-fi, alumina 66*2, magnesia 19*8=100. The biaxial polarization shows that it is
laqnre corundum or spinel. Perhaps (i Mg» + i *1)* Si'-i- 6 Xl, or a staurolite with corundum
MiOQBisory. Poaaibly a 5 : 1 subsilicate. Analyses: 1 Stromeyer (Unters., i 891); 2, 3, Dsr
■ (BUD. G. Boo, n. vL 317, 1849):
te
3-92, Un 0-53, ign. 0-49=99-78 Stromeyer.
2 09 =99*34 Damour.
l-90=99*44 Damour.
Nei, aCo. — ^B.B. alone and with borax infusible, unaltered.
Bnbr-ABSOCJated with mica and anthophyllite at Fiskonaes in Greenland.
AiaasM aUndBB to the sapphire color.
Si
21
Ag
Oa
1. 14-51
68-11
16-85
0-38
% 14-88
63-31
19-06
3. 14-84
68-20
19-60
_-
APPENDIX TO ANHYDROUS SILICATES.
I HUIilTri'IL Arsenik-WiBmuth Wem., BreWu, Letzt Ifin. Syst., 23, 62, Hoflfta. Min., IV.
\m, 1811. WimmtWende, Bulytm, Breith., Pogg., ix. 275, 1827 ; Handb., 303. Wiamutiadiea
\ BtmHk^ Uib, 66, 1880, Char., 239, 1832. Kieselwiimuth J&ratoi, Pogg^, xrrlL 81,
» of Bismuth.
392
OXYGEN OOHPOUKBa,
Igometric: tetrahedral. Ueiially in minwte crystals^ and edca
rounded, figs. 34, 35, Observed planes: 1, O^ 2-2. Cleava£:e: aa
dral, very impertect. Twins : plane of compOBition paralleT to a
hedral face. Crystals often in groups. Sometimes globularj and co
lamellar, or granular,
H.=4*5. G. = 5'912— 6'006» Lustre reginous or adamantine,
dark hair-brown, yellowish-gray, grayish-wliite, and gtraw-rellow.
yelloirish-gray or uncolored. bubtransparent — opaque. Fracture
Kather brittle.
Comp. — Probably Bi* §i*, with some phosphate aod fiuorid of iron, Pnmkenhcim. A
KersteD (Pogg.^ zxriL 81):
iSi 22-23 Bt 69*38 1^ 8<31 Fe 2*40 Mu 030 HE, ^ and lou t^z
P3rr-} eto.^-In a matrass df^crepitates and aSbrds a trace or water. B.& Aitei loidl
mass, and g:iTe9 out inodorous fumea. Fuses and froths on oharooal, ataining il fiSknM
flometimea with a tinge of green. Fus^a r^'adi]? with soda to a bntton* at tMi _
and then reddiah-yellDW^ and finally affords metallic bismuth. With salt of pbospbonrf
to a jeUow globule^ with a silica skeleton^ which booomea colorleaa ou cooling,
Oba* — Found with native biainuth near Schneobei^, Saxony, in qoarts, and al B
Freiberg.
Named from r^Xtrr^f, taaily diaadkttd^ oifioQiik.
88t. ATELESTITB. BrmiK^ Char., 306. lasj.
Occare in bhibU monodinlc cr3rBtalBp at 8chneeberg, with euljrtite : they bavB •
color, adamantine luatre^ H. about 5, and are transpar«?nt to translucent
that Bome of the crystals, having the form of a rhombic octahedron, pdarixe light it
Contains bismuth, but exact compoaition not asoertained.
338. ErrPOCHLORITK Sogenannter Grdneiaencrde von Schneeberg, ^ypochlorili <f
J., Ixvi 41^ 1832, Diasert de Ferro ochr^ etc, /e»Me, 18^2.
Minute cry atalline i^ also earthy. H< =6. Q. = 3-9 — 3 04 . Lustre Titreoga, ftebfei
Streak light green. Brittle; fVacture eTen to flat conchoidal
OoMP. — Analyaia by Schmer (I c) :
Sl KU'24 £l 14-65 Bi 13-03 te 10*54 P 9*62 Ma |r.
Perhaps a mixture of a silicate of bismuth and iroUf and a phosphate of h^tittt't^
B,£. grows dark, but infusible ; a yeUow depoeit on the cool Inaolubils m loUJa.
In minute cr}'BtuIs and gruins, or mossiTe and earthy, with native bismiifh i
Bohneeberg, Johnnngeorgengtadt, and Br&unadorf, in Saxony. Alao vepoftwl
Yotetlaiid, In a bed of timouite.
I&ned &om ^iro^XuiMf, on account of ita green dilorite-like color.
338A. ISOPYHE, IWner, Ed. New Pha J.* liL 263, 181t.
In compact maasea, with deavage.
H.=6— 6*6, Q,= 2*9—3. Lustre vitreous. Streak light greeniah-gray.
velvet-black, occasionally spotted red, hke heliotrope. Opaque — tfubtniaalaoeiiL
concholdal Battle, Acta allghtly on the magnetic needle.
Ooicp.— 0. ratio for It, S, Si, 1 : 8 : 6, as in labradonte. Analyak bjTuraiEr (Lo):
gi 47 09 £l 18 91 Pe 20-07 Ca 15'4S Cn 1*94=^9*44
Part of the iron is supposed to be protojcyd, judging from the color of the tnineinL
B,B. fuses eoBily to a magnetic bead, ftud colors the fiame greeo. A aQicitakdilaB 1
phoephorua. With the ados deoompoeed with difficulty and imperfbctly.
HTDBOUB 0ILIOATE8. 393
hisl^ nmt Pimwnoe^ In a qumtBose granite with vounnaline and dn ore^ .n pieoet two
meter. Also in breoda on the Galton Hill, Edinburgh with limonite.
B. HYDROUS SILICATES.
Arrangement of the Species.
GissisRAij Section of Hydbous Silicates. Includes all Hydrons
excepting the Zeolites and the Margarophyllites.
licates.
ulicates.
silicates.
>LrrB SBonoN. Feldspar-like in constituents and oxygen ratio;
being alumina, and the alkalies and alkaline earths (E, Ka, Oa,
3 the ahnost total exclusion of magnesia and iron ; and the oxygen
veen the protoxyd and sesquioxyd bases being 1 : 3.
ARGAEOPHYLLriE Sbotion. Micaccous or thin foliated when crys-
and plane angle of base of prism 120°.
It of the imcertahities with respect to the relationB of the water in hydrous silicates,
ir a true classification of them is to a large extent wanting. From the dominanoo
xlrous silicates of the grand subdivisions of Bisilicates, Unisilicates, and Subsilicates,
onps might be reasonably looked for among the hydrous. But the formulas of very
species may be written according to either of these types, by mtUcing more, or less, or
water basic; and consequently all attempts to define the limits of the groups must be
iDsatisfautory. Grystallographic and other relations to anhydrous species give heli^
ays sure guidance.
ring examples elucidate some of the reasons for referring species to the section of
ather than that of Unisilicates, or the reverse :
fe (No. 342, beyond) has a close appro^mation in crystalline form to pyroxene, and
M a relation to the Bisilicates ; moreover, its formula is wholly pyroxene-like, if ^the
4 basic. It is to be noted that part of the water escapes on heating to lOO"" 0.
te same relation in form between pedolUe and pyroxene, as long since shown by
n; and the same formula also, if the water, here a more stable constituent, is
tUe is very near hornblende, or another anhydrous bisilicate, in its crystallization; and
ke it in formula, if half the water is basic. In each of these cases crystallograp^
show whether any of the water, and how much, is basia Again, diopUue has the
y, and the bisilicate ratio, of beryl, if the water be not basic
las an aflinity in its crystaUiaation to chrysoUte; and, if the water is aU huio, ^
> fOT the bases and siUca is 1 : 1, or that of a UnisUicate, as in chiysoUte. Calamine
itely isomorphous with prehnite, and, moreover, both are pyroelectric ; and the oxygen
. if the water is not basic Fahlunile, a result of the alteration of ioUte, is equivalent
f water. loUte is a } siUcate, there being a deficiency of base for a true unisili^te;
Ml water just fills up the deficiency, so that, if the water is basic, tiie 8P««g» !• atrictly
I, the O. ratio for &, fi, Si, fl being 1 : 8 : 5 : 1, or for the bases K+«+H •nd *^
There seems to be no reason for questioning this basic relation of *he w^; it
fliai the deficiency of base may lead to the easy absorption of water so <aaryot»iitto of
Iwr alteratioofl of iolito still more water is taken up, so that the O. ratio la 1 : 8 : 6 : 2:
Id is apparently the same, but with twice the proportion of water, ontar ope-half of ii
betog muria The same remarks are applicable to margarodite and other hydrous
k reirtioM to mnsoovite and the anhydrous micas.
394
OXYGEN OOMFOUIfDa.
Apophyaite dystallizes in tetrtigooal fonuB— forEoa ibat V9 ooaunoo
cates, and arc unknown among BifiUicftiea. The species it thareCbte •rfv&ged bif^ttl
Biiicate, but as a r^preaentativo of the BcapoUte group of ashjilroii^ eilioBtea. ^ibmak
tLre %M^neiric spedev, and related io belvite and garnet; and they af« UnJmUcatet, Uk*
the wuter be no< basic
From these examples it is apparent that the facta give onlj probable gonidmaoiia.
hoped that chomistiy will soon rumish prinoiplea that are eucutuLered with Im of
The group of ZeoliUs mcludee apectes that are feldapar-like in baying mim
ratiofl for the protoxjda, alumitiAf aod sUioa 1:3:4,1:3:6^1:3:8^1:3:11^
the only difference that water ia preeent in addiiton* They are therefore
representatives aniong bydroua silicates of the anhydrous feldEpara. Bnt tUis
apparently sustained by the oxygen ratios, in far from right It aesumes that the
If it be basic, then the apedea may be ordinary BiaiUcatea or Uniailicateai
feldspars. Looking to the crjBtallizationi it ia found that there ia^ in tM^
tain the relation to the feldspars. The spedea of the Feldapar group are aj
and physical characters ; wliile the zeolites are exoeediDglj iliTMio in boih
the feldspar form or angles. Nearly all the ayitema of crystalliiatlon are
and with a very wide range in angles. The feldspars have the prismatic flfigl* Mtf If
Uie aeoHtea that approach the feldspars most nearly — that ia^ the SliibUe groups in wl
gen ratio is 1 i 3 : 12, and the crystaUization is in p«ut oblique — ^have the "
in one species, and firom ISO"^ to l^&' m. othera. The hezagoiial apedea, 'i*hfli^Ttit<T,
gmelinite, usually made a subgroup among the seoUtea, have widely dlflbreci
Wbile, then, there ia seeming unity in the group of BooHtea, tliere is actually tla^
flity ; and, wheu fUUy uodenitood, they will probably luiTe their nkcoa aiuoutr iha
Bisiiicatea of the Erst section, Aniileite, which ia induded n. :, ia
to the feldspara, and in both form and formula (the water bei: . tbe
oate, leudte.
The MargarvphyUiUg appear to conatitute a strictly natural groups altbou^ noM
ous diemical constitution. They are foliated in structure Ulcc the iiiiciu, and, Bfcf
the phine tuiglo of the base of the prism 120^, the crystallization bolng eltbir b
mitic, with the onglea of base 130^ and eo '. They include tak and pyfo^hyUka,
other hydrous oiicas, dilorite, margaritei etc; with also kaoUtdle and acrptoN __
the same Cfysiallizatioii; and to these are added some spedes uot yet ksoniB Cbf
slate, whidi appear to be diemically allied to the msfgarophylUtiM. Tlie tni» ou
Sfe below 5 in hardness; greasy to the feel, at least when fltieW powders*!; mm!
tppeAfinoe when mossire, unless through pseudomorphism, iu which gbm lliiA
is that of the origizial mineral altered to malke them.
L GENEIIAL SECTION OF HYDROUS SIUCAI
AEEAKOEMENT OF THE SPBdEa
The oxygen ratios of the spedes are giTso after the tables of foftDUlas ; th« 111 i
0. ratio for Jt(, &, gi, £1; 24 oolumu for ^-f-S (or baaasX ^ 1^. AAer lbs fi !■ I
oolutna, a fraction Is added, giving the proportion of the waler tbal fa rsquh^ Iv'btl
bases to make the rfttio that of the formula. In jMddii^ fbr eximplGi, aD tba wii
tothebasee; this making the ratio of baaee to ailiot 6 -f t : 13==l :S.
L BISILICATES.
1. raoroLiTE oa ftboxenoid group.
bole group Cp> Wi).
a89. FMTotmi ci(OsKa)+itr)ai
6l6t046M^ia<|
HTDBOUB BIUGATES.
895
til. OKDin
342. GTBOLm
S43. LkUMOnTTM
M3iL iMXMBAEDm
(iC«+ifl)Si+itt
(fCa+ifl)8i+]e[
(iCa»+|Xl)8i«+3]S[
DL DIOFTASE (OB BEBYLLOID) GROUP. Hexagonal
I
844. CATAPLnm
8481 DlOFTASI
84€L Chbtbooolla.
841 AuFm
8481 CcwABin
tt(Sa,Ca)«+fZr)8i«+HS
Cu8i+]0[
CuSi+2]0[
Sie|ej(iH,H-iea)+iaq
Si ^l^«l(i H, + f ea) + aq
SiO|e,|(i€a+| /?Al)+aq
Sie|e,|(i(Na.,ea)+fy&) + aq
sie|e,|eu
Sie|es|eu + 2aq
sie|e,|(iH,+ f (»i,Mg))
BL FIGBOsklNE GROUP.
[. 840. PlOBOBKIin
I 85a SPADAira
Sie|e,|Mg+i aq
Sie|e,|(iH, + JMg)+iaq
AgSi+ilSE
(tMg+ifi)8i+i]0[
y .^lywrfi'j-— 351— 8C6, Ptballolitb, PigrophylL) Tbayxbselijte, Pitkarandue, Strakohit-
mt Moanusm; 367, NboLITB, 9 Ag, ^ 9 8i, 4^ ^; 368, Paliqobskite, 6 Mg, 6 ^1, 24 8i, 18
|l; 889^ Xtlotq.^ Mg, te, 9e, Si; 360, Anthosidbeite, Pe, Bl, tL
\ ft fiSi a
nil Si ti
It S Si
fl
ItfiSl £[
t^Mite 6 12 1
6 12 l(i)
Oatapleute
12 6
2
1 2 J
t^htta 4 8 1
4 8 1
Dioptase
1 2
1
12 1
^ite 1 4 a
1 4 2(i)
OhrTSOcolla
1 2
2
1 2 2
MMBtita 18 8 4
12 1
Picrosmine
1 2
i
1 2 i
lnbndite(T)
Spadaite
6 12
4
6 12 4(1)
n. UNISILICATES.
GALAICIKE (OR CHRYSOLITHOID) GROUP. Orthorhombia Approximatoly isomer-
phoas with chijBolite.
2n«Si+^ Bi|e«K2nt + aq
(Mg, *e)«Si+ifi Si|e4|^lg, Fe),+iaq
(ifi«+tCa«+}il)«8i« Si|e4|(ifit + l^+f^^)t
(«Ca, ]Sra)«+ } (Xl,Pe))» Si«-H2 it Si|e4|(4 (Na,, Oa) + |/?(Al,Fe)),
+|aq
361. Calamihs
882. YiLLABsm
884. CBLOBASnOZilTB
L THOBTTB (OB HELTTTOID) GROUP. Isometria
846. TmruMiTB Si, Ce, La, t^t^etc
B68L THOBm
86T.
*hSi+litt
(Ce,La,lM)«Si+tt
DL FTBOSHALirB GROUP. Hexagonal
(i£[+f(#e,Aii,l^y3i
fii|e«| ¥h.+Haq
fli|e«K€«si«.»i)t+K
filKe,OU)«K»H.+t(Fb,]CD)).
396
OXYaEN COMPOUNDS.
IV. APOPHTLUTB GBOUP. TetragoniO, with peHlftot basal deavaga
Y. GISitONDITE GROUR Tetragonal and hfimihedral, or orthorliombioj taleral i
Id short and small crjfitalfl.
3tl, EDiNGTONnB l(ffi + f Ba)*Si + ^fl 6ije.|(f H,+^fit>t-Hiit
872. GiSMOKDiTB (S0a + ife)+Xl,2i8i,4ifl
TL CAItPHOUTB GROUP.
873. CAaPHOLTTB (Xl, »n, Fe)' Si*+ 3 fi
]^ s §i fi sa 8i a
Si|e.|5(Al,Mn.Fe)t+aii
Oakmim^ 1 1
Yfllarsite 1 1
Prehaite 3 3 S
? Ohioraatrolite 1 2 8
Thorite 1 1
?Oerite I I
1 I i
1 1 i
B 6 1(1)
1 1 i
1 1 J
1 1 i
PjroBmaUto 2 8 1 S S
ApDphjrUite 1 4 2
fEdiDgtcuite 14 7 4 5 1
Gismondite 1 3 4^ 41 4 4|
Oorpholito i 1 i 11
m
in. SUBSrLICATES.
374 AixoFHAirs
3ti Si -1-6^(01
rBfl) ^lyieiajsi-fiitq
376. COLLTBITE
*l'§i+9fi
=1 AllophAne-hl (Hbtailt
876. SOBKOTTBEITE
^•Si'+aoft
- 8 Allopban^-h 8 Gibfaiitt
Th« 0. ratio for S, Si, H m Mophane is 3 : 2 : 6; id Collyrite 6 : 2 : 9; In SdiTottdfilft 4^
The apecioa Euclase (p, 379) and Datolite (p, 880) are true hTdrotia SubsUicatea. The i
placing thorn with the auhjrdroua spedea ia atated on page 204
L BISILICATEa
339. PEOTOUTE. PektoHth t^. Kobell, Eaatner'a AidL, ziiL 385, 1828, xiT. 341.
Bieilk^ Char., ISl, 1832. WoHastomt^ Btdlite, Thommm^ Min^ i. 180, 313L
coUeciara. Osmelith Breiih^ Pogg., ix. 183, 1627.
Monoclinic, isomorphous with woUaetoiiita Observed planes : 0\
tical, i-t, i-|j i-\^ i'i ; heGiidomes, l-i, -5-i ; hemioctalieciral, -SL
jBea&ured by Greg :
880
1/
:::=ii
MAl-i"=95°23'
t-;,back, A l-i=84 87
i4 A i-i=139 30
t-i At4=102 ^
i^'A-2=13S
Batha
Cleavage: 14 (orthod.) perfect. Twim:\
position-face p4. Id cloee aggregations of i
crystab. Fibrous maaeive, radiated to 8tfelli|
H.=5. G.=2'68-2-78. Lustre of the*
of fracture silky or eubviti'eoiia. Ocdor whit
gmyish, SubtranBlueent to opaqne. T013
HTDBOUB SILI0ATE8.
897
mineral optic-axial plane parallel to orthodia^onal, and very nearly
to i-i ; acute bisectrix poeitive, parallel to ortnodiagonal, and obtuse
: nearly normal to cleavage-plane or i4 ; axial angle inoiL through
> plates, 143^-145°; Descl.
llmoet ahrajs oohmmar or fibrous, and divergent, the fibres often 2 or 3 inches long,
imea, as in Ayrshire, Scotland, a yard. Resembles in aspect fibrous yarieties of natro-
te, thomsonite, tremolite, and woUastonite. Osmdite, ftom Kiederkirdien, near Wolf-
iria, is columnar and ranted ; G.=2'799— 2*833, Breith.; color grayish-white, yellow-
-O. ratio for ft,Si,d=:6 : 12 : I ; whence, if the water is basic, (}Ca+^]^a+it)^Si
t% lime 83*8, soda 9*8, water 2*7=100. Analyses: I. y. Kobell (Eastners Arch. Nat,
2, 3, J. D. Whitney (Jour. Soc. N. H. Bost., 1849, p. 86, and Am. J. Sd, IL viL 484) ;
ndall (ib.); 6, G. J. Dickinson (ib); 6, J. D. Whitney (Am. J. 8cL, H xxix. 206); 7,
; (Ed. N. PhiL J., Mil 277) ; 8, Heddle (PhiL Mag., IV. ix. 248) ; 9, Thomson (Min., L 131) ;
r (Heddle, La); 11, Kennedy (ib.) ; 12-16, Heddle (L c) ; 17, Adams (Millon, etc., Ann.
B, 166); 18, y. Kobell (Ber. Ak. Miinchen 1866^ L 296, J. pr. Ch., xcyiL 493); 19, Igel-
jr. Ch., IxxxL r"
Si
21
9e
ig
Ca
fra
&
£[
do
61-80
0-90
83-77
8-26
1-67
3-89=99-69 KobelL
ale
63-46
4-94
—
...
31-21
7-37
tr.
2-72=99-69 Whitney.
66-66
1-45
—
32-86
7-31
2-72=100 Whitney.
iHin
64-00
1-90
3210
8-89
tr.
2-96=99-86 Kendall
M
66*00
1-10
32*53
9-72
—
2-76=101-10 Diddnson.
" (1)64-62
i'el-U*
82-94
8-06
—
[2-37]-100 Whitney.
Br, Skye
62-01
63-82
1-82
0-39
32-85
29-88
7-67
9-66
~
6-06=99-80 Scott
<i
2-73
3-76=99-74 Heddle.
h, WbOasL
62-74
0-67
l-20'»
1-62
31-68
9*60
—
2-00—99-42 Thomson.
phineHill
6400
_^
_
2-69
30-79
6-66
6-48=98-86 Walker.
Bock, WoU.
51-6
1-0
820
8-6
—
6*0=98-0 Kennedy.
u u
6806
0-76
3S-48
9-98
3*13=100-40 Heddle.
fibrous
62-68
0-88
—
— .
32-79
9-76«
804=98-99 Heddle.
eryskUline
62-68
1-46
—
.-^
33-76
9-26
._
2-80=98-84 Heddle.
dolian Hill
68-24
100
— .
32-22
9-57
— -
3-60=99-63 Heddle.
i
63-48
0-41
...
84-39
9-88
3-26=101*42 Heddle.
a, OsmdUe
62-91
0-86
—
...
32-96
6-10
2-79
4*01=99-63 Adam.
(1
62-63
_^
0-37^
_
84-47
8-28*
<r.
2*94, lln I -76= 100-44 K.
land
62-24
l-76«
83*83
[8-48]
3-70=100 Igelstrom.
It With MOM
iMnO.
b Tbe iron protoxyd.
0 with Bome K 0.
■ obtained a fiuorine reaction with the Monzoni mineral The analysis by Adam (No.
the o&mdHa identical with pectolite. Riegel obtained a yeiy different result ( Jahrb. t
y zilL 1) ; but y. Kobell has confirmed Adam's result, and shown that Biegel must haye
id another mineral
to^— In the closed tube yields water. B.B. ftises at 2 to a white enamel Gelatinizes
itic add. Often giyes out light when broken in the dark.
>ocar8 mostly in trap and related rocks, in cavities or seams ; occasionally in metamor-
. Ponnd in Scotland at Batho Quarry, and Castle Bock, hear Edinburgh; at Kilsyth,
m Hill, Lodi End, Girvan, and Knockdolian HOI, in Ayrshire ; and at Taliyor, etc., LSkye.
i. Bakk> and Mt Monzoni in the Tyrol, where first obtained ; at an iron mine in Werm-
lated with chlorite and caldte.
ilto at Beigen Hill, N. J., m laurge and beautiAil radiations ; compact at Isle Boyale, L.
BOTZ obtained from Bergen crystals, iW A l-i=95° 30' and 84'* 30'. WoDastonite giyea
•• JT, « A -6-l'=169' 82', »4 A i^=140° 6', i-i A -2=98*' 62'.
840. XONALTITB. Zonaltit RtmmMerg, Za G., zyiiL 83, 1866.
Ymy hud. G.=a-71, white; 2-718, gray. Ool<» white to Uuiah-grty. Towg^
398
OXTGEK OOUFOmUM.
&
*• Mn
fif
1. White
49*58
131 1-Y9
% Onty
60-26
2-28
OXfl
'^.^
0. ratio for Ca, Si, fl=4 : 8 : 1 ; wbeooe 4 (!?• Si-f3=8ai(» 4d 80, Kmo 4e*4T, '
TOO, iUiilyiseH; 1, 2, BaLminelflberg (L c);
43'6ft 3*70=?a9'»i 1
43 92 4-0t=l00Tl i
Tielda water. Infuaible [?]. Deoompoaed bj muriatie add (Baaini,). Oocuitl
Xonalta, Mexico, in oocoentric lajem with apophjUite and buBtamita.
341. OKEXHTB. Oketut v. SobeU, XMtt>er> AfdL, idT. 3dS» 1818. Dyidulto
Pba J^ zyL 198, 1834. Bordite ^dom, Dufr. ITuh Ir. 697, 18$9.
Ortliorhombic? 7 A 7=122° 19', Breith. Compoeed of a
minute acicular crystals; commonly fibrous; ako compact*
H.=4-5^5. G.=2-28^2*37; "2-362 of dyBcl«6Jte, Conoel^
okenite, v. KobelL Lustre Bubpearly. Color white, with a ahailei
low or blue; often yellow by reflected lights aiid blue b^
Frequently opalescent. Subtransparent— finbtranslucent.
Ymr.^Bofdiiey from Bordoe, one of the Faroe islajads, U only a very fine
oketiite« firm in texture and very tongk, and having H.=8"6» G.==^2'83.
Oomp. — O. ratio for It, §i^ tt =^ 1 : 4 : 2 ; whence, if half of the water is basic. 9 i 4 ;
fomiula (i fi-hi t^a) Si -hi fl^SDica 56 6, lime 26% water 17*0=100. It haa the |
nearly of omphibole, to which it is related in oompodtioii. AnaljKt : 1,2, ? .
CoQDel (I c); 4, Wurth (Fogg., Iv. 113); 6, v. Haoer (Jahrb. G, Rai^dta., 1854, ;
(f^oglTj crxvL 143); 7, Adam (1 c):
17-00, lk\ and Fe 0-63, ft lr.=99^6 Eobea
l6-66=09-99 KobelL
14-71, All U-22, Fe 0 82, % 0*23, ^a 0 44slO0^M (
17*^4, M 0-46, ff« 1^2 = 100-46 W&rth.
18-04, Mg <r. = 10008 Haoer,
13-&7, Mg 1*58, 5la 0'23=r»9-7a 8eluiiiiL 6.=t^4
141», Xl 0-67, ^a l'04=97'94 Adain.
Pjrr., etc.^ — In a inatraBs jielda water. 6.B. alone becomes opaque an4 wkitt*<
glass. EfTerTeeccfi with Bod% and f\iaea to a tubtranspareot glasa, whicb la milk-)
with borax forma a tratiapareDt colorle&a glass, GelatiniaieB readUj in mnrialie i
Oba. — Occurs in trap or related eruptive rodca. Fonnd at the FkrOa Ulaoda; lal
the Laland of Disko, Greenland.
^i
Ca
L Oironland BB*G4
26-69
2, '' 66-99
26*36
8. Yntve hVm
2683
4. Diako 64-88
2616
6. '* (1) 64-81
27-23
6. Btroraoe 67 65
26*09
7. Bordiifi 6693
2614
342. QYROLITB. Gurollte Andsrmm, Pbtl Mag., lY. i 101, 18#1.
In concretions, lamellar-radiate in stroctura.
H,=3— 4. Lustre vitreoue to pearly. Color white, Tr
looming opaque.
Compel Oft + i ^) 8i+ fi.
13)J
L Skye
2. N. Sootia
Analjaei: 1, AndersoD (Le); % now (Am. J. id
111 Mg Ca ft ft
1-48 0*18 83^4 14'ias£9Ma
127 0-08 29*96 1*00 IStPistftt.
Pyr., etc.— Id a Qloaed tube jlaldi water^ intmiMSoa^ eiid ieptnifi ialD Ifefe
flwella up and fuflea with diffioQUj to an opaque eoamoL
Oba.— From the lala of Sl^e, wtth atilbito, lamnoiitita^ ©la ; ate H. 800m IS i
Blomidon, between MargintviUe and Port Oeorge, 00 apopl^rllita BMorMftta»ii
Qftealand. ^
BmBOVB SnJOATBB.
899
AQMOMVITAI. Ze(dithe effioreaoente A, Tr^ iv. 1801. Lanmonite H^ Tabl Comp..
w iMDODtt Went^ KanL Talx, 1808. Schneiderite JfoMyMnt, Am. J. ScL, H. zIt. 64
lodinic ^=68° 40', /A 7=86° 16', 0 A 14=151° 9' ; «:»:«=
: 1 : 0'8727. Observed planes as in the annexed figores. Prism /,
he very oblique terminal plane 2-i, the most common form. Cleay*
i\ and / perfect; i-i imperfect.
O A /=104'> 20'
<?A»^=101 20
O A 2-t, adj.,=122 69
O A -1=148 22
O A 1=138 3
a A -1=113 16
*4 A 1=120 14
-1 A -1, front, =133 28
1 A 1, front,=119 32
i-i A 2-*=125 41
/A -1=135 58
/A 1=117 37
/A 2-*=113 30
7a i^=133 8
7a a=136 62
381
381
^yTl
a
Huelgoet
MtOatiiiL
ins : composition-face 14. Also columnar, radiating or divergent.
=3'5— 4. Q.=2'25— 2*36. Lustre vitreous, inclining to pearly upon
ees of cleavace. Color white, passing into yellow or ^ay, sometimes
Streak uncoU)red. Transparent — translucent ; becoming opaque and
y pulverulent on exposure. Fracture scarcely observable, uneven,
ery brittle- Double refraction weak ; optic-axial plane i4; divergence
4' for the red rays; bisectrix negative, making an angle of 20° to 25°
\ normal to i-i ; Descl.
^iMUDcmtite of Huelgoet has G.=2-29; of Samthal, Tyrol, 2-28 (Gericke); of Flauen-
Inmd (Gericke) and Hdsingfora (Arppe) 2*31 ; of the red, from I. Skje, 2*252 (J. W. Mal-
lywicfiniite ocoun hi pearly monodmic crystals, of a flesh-red color, haying G.=2*4'7, and
ipr-0. ratio for ft, fi, Si, fi=:l : 3 : 8 : 4 ; and for ft + R, Si, tl=l : 2 : 1 ; whence the
i(j6aVf *1) Si»+3 fi=Silica 60-9, alumina 219, Ume 11*9, water 16-8=100. Both hi
I and crystallisation it is related to pyroxene.
lywa: 1, 2, Dufr&oy (Ann. d. Ifines, III. viu. 503) ; 3, Connel (Ed. N. FhiL J., 1829, 282);
IdK) and DeUTs (Pogg., Hz. 889); 6, Malaguti and Durocher (Ann. d. MUiee, lY. he.
nqteren (Pogg., Ixxriii 415); 8, Scott (Ed. N. PhlL J., 1862, liiL 284); 9, 10, Geridse
Oh. Aaim, wax. 110); 11, Arppe (An. JFlnsk. Mhi., 22); 12, J. W. ICallett (Am. J. SgL,
L 119); 13, How (ib., xxvL 30) :
1505=99-86 DufWnoy.
16-15=9910 DulWnoy.
14-92=98-72 OonneL
14-2=100-8Baba
16-n (loes)=100 Dellft.
15*56=100 M. ft D.
1402, V% 2-96= 100-18 EgdgNII.
14-64=100*80 Soott
Si
£1
Oa
mpabnrg^He.
51-98
21-12
11*71
OonBqrMir
50-38
31-48
11*14
•jT"
6204
21-14
10-62
?
52-80
22-80
12*00
?
61-17
21-23
12*43
Baetawt
62-47
22-66
9-41
^SfSTf^
61-61
19*06
12*53
Lfllivr
63<»6
22*94
9-67
400
oxYoi3ir cjOMPODima,
9. Sarnthfll
10. PlaucoGniod
11. HelBingfor^ red
It. Skye, red
la. Port George, N. S.
§1 m Cn ^
(J) 51 63 20*63 ll'&O 15*10, Fe 0-a«, JT* rftl=U . ,
51*38 21*98 »-01 14*95, Fo 0*14, f%A 31}0=IOO'L
5U-44 18*90 9*60 14-51, Fe 3*88, jfa,Ri*a«.iilftW«
53 95 20-18 13*86 12 42, &, ^^Ta OSt, Mg ^^.^lIM^'fS 1
51*43 21-64 12-07 15 '26= 100*44 How,
An impure Swiss laumontlte has beon ajwljzGd by Felleuberg (MittlL Berne. O, II
The vEddforaite ofRetziua, or tlie AW Zeolite of ^Jeiprg^ is referred here by K.i*"
oooaiders it impure Irotu mixe^d silica (quartxX and related to the red xeolite of UpMJ _
lilm. It aflbrdtid RqIuur Si 6<r28, ^1 J 5 -42, Oa S'lS, Fe 41 6, Mg ood Ma 0'A% U U 073
A similar mineral from Fiihlnn yielded Hisinger Si GO'OO, 3tl 16*6, Fe 1*8, Ca 8*0, f! Ill
whHe ho obtained for the ^Edelfors zeolite Si 53-76, *1 18-47, Pe 4-02, Ca lO-VOl tL IH'
which ifl near the compoBitloQ of laumootito. BukJiof ha« aaalyied a pwrndomoq^ oth
after orthoclase (see Orthoclasb).
Pyr., etc.^ — Id a vacuDm, Huelgoet laumontite crystals, according to ICalagotl |
loee in weight 2-26 p. c, aDd, oyer sulphuric add, 385 p. c; and regain tbe 8aai»
moist air. Heated up to 100° C*, they lose 3 17 p. a ; to 200 , 6*08 p. a ; to 300*, 7*fR;
remaiuder of the water only at a red heat. B.B. swells np and Aises at 2^ — 3 to ■ whiss I
Gelatinizes with muriatic acid.
Obs. — Laumontite occurs in the caTitles of trap or amygdaloid ; also tn pofphjry and (
and oocasionally in veins tra?eraing day slate with cssldte. It waa first obsemd 1^ HIT
lead mines of Huelgoet in firittany, by Gillet Laumont, after whooi it ia namftd
Its principal localities are at the Faroe Islands; Diako in Greenland; la
day slate ; 8t. Gothard in Switzerland ; the Faasathal, in laigs maaaoft *lf^fyi^ % \
structure ; Sarntliol, near Botaen, l^rol ; Plauenacher Grund, near Dresdoii ; Bawl
Benfrewahire, aoeompaDying analcite; the amygdaloidal rocks in tlia Kilfittrirjr
Ghisgow ; and in several trap rocks of the Hebndea, and the north of Ireland*
Peter's Point, Nova Scotia, affords floe specimens of this spedea. It is tii«r» i
apophylUte, tliomsonite, and other species of this family ; also at Fort G^ofve^ H. &.iai
times 3 in. thick, and at MargaretriUe, colored green by copper; atao at iHglfy 2iMic i
Point Aiao found in good epedtnena at Phipabuig, Mauie; also tparioifr aft *"
Litch^ld Co., GoiuL, near a paper-mill, in narrow aeama in gneisa; and at i
little east of the village, on the land of Mr. StiLes. Abundant in many plaOM in tb« I
of Lake Superior in trap, and on L Royale; on north shore of Lake Superior, bein
and Pond du Lac Found also at Bergen Hill, N* J*, in greenstone, with datoliltv i
etc ; sparingly at Fhillipstown, K. Y., in feldapar with stUbite, and ot Colnmbia f
Philaddphia.
Alt.— MoTtt varieties become opaque and crumble at the tottch aflsr expocur^ la liM ^
fitmoRphero, losing I to 2 p. c. of water. Specimens in cabinets can be beet pnaerreil
ation by keeping them in moist air.
Schftetderik {I c) in laumoatite from the serpentine of Monte CatinI, Itab'« wliJcii hsi
alteration through the action of magnesinn solutiona. It ia deecnbed by Meneghlid it I
radiate in structure, with H.=3. fig, 381 repreeenta a crystal Arom Mt Gbtliii
Prof. G. J. Brush fh)m Prof« Bechi); It gave the author the approximate ^
86* 30', f-i A 2^=126', •2-1 Af-i=:148'' 16', /A^I = 135^ -1 A -1, front,=:133'. «^
The planes had little lustre, and that strongly pearly. Bechl obtaltied bt an mauj^i^
^147^9 iaUl9 88 %U^3 Ca 16*77 $t, & l-^S aS41=lMJ
It fUses B.B. with Intnmesoenoe, and gekUniaea in oold addi. Ooooii wish <
gabbro rosso of Tuscany. Kamod after Sign. Schneider, director ei th* BiM of Mi
GiPOBCiAxm 8tm (Mem. oosi fit. Toeoana, iL 63). Hal been tofbfteA 1^ 1
deacribed by Mencghlni as reeembllng heulandite and near it in Eta eng^ aA
p. 444) 2-i A -2^1= lar, 2-1 A /=l50^ with ctoavi^se parallel to W vt-ty cu^, m
2-i; easy parallel to -2-t; faces 2-i minotely striated; alao in tirifis; ^ao laq
foliaoeous. H,p2'5; G.=2-470; color fleah-red ; lustre pearly,
COMP.— Oa*Si'4-S j^ ^V9 U, Bamm.^ and near launkOntitesSillc* ^% d
12 4, water U*$=100. Analywe: 1, Anderson (Bd. PWL J., 1842, tl}; % Wt
i(i»
Si
3^1
Fe
Ca
Hff
STe
tL
ft
L
63*8
3U
01
11*3
0-4
M
VI
lt*l =100*1 Ai
1
62*02
as'ss
—
868
Ml
O-M
vn
isiisiorii
HTDBOTJS 8ILI0ATBS. 401
ifles to a white enamel without intumesoenoe. Dissolves easily in adds, and fonns a
ID in tiie cold. Oocurs in geodes with caldte in the gabbro rosso of Monte de Capordano,
f ai»i other places in Tosoany. It is sometimes aooompauied by native copper.
UQNHABBITB jBfcim(Pogg^ hx. 330, 1843). Near laumontite, and probabljthat speciea.
iinic. /A /=88'' 30', and 96" 80 ; 0 A I=IU\ Cleavage parallel with / very perfect,
perfect. Also colmnnar and granular.
— 8'5. 6. =2*25. Lustre of deavage-faoe pearly, elsewhere vitreous. White, sometimes
b, seldom brownish. Subtranslucent Usually whitens on exposure like laumontite.
■ss: 1, DeUb (Pogg., lix. 336, 339) ; 2, Babo (ib.) ; 3, 4, G. O. Barnes (Am. J. Sd., II. xv.
Si XI Oa fl
1. Sehemniti 66*128 22*980 9*251 11*641=100 Delflb.
2. " 6600 24-86 10-60 12*30=102-16 Babo.
3. Copper F^Ols 66*96 21*04 10-49 11*93=99*42 Barnes.
4. *' " 6604 22-84 10*64 11*98=99*96 Barnes.
I results aflbrd the foDowing 0. ratios for &, S, Si, d: (1) 1 : 4 : 11^ : 4^; (2) 1 : 4 :
; (3, 4) I : 8i : 10 : 3^. Dolfib' analysis was made after drying the mineral at 100° 0. ;
the ordinary temperature it gave 13*647 — 13*807 water, which corresponds to the above
. KB. exfbliates, froths, and easily melts to an enamel Dissolves in adds.
a tradiytic rook at Schemnita in Hungary; at Pfltsch in an earthy chlorite, and near
o in the Fleims VaUey, Tyrol, in a melaphyre. Also at Copper Falls, Lake Superior
a variety which alters but little on exposure.
BStein has analyzed two altered specunens from the copper mines of Lake Superior (Z&
■hsfin. 1860, IIX one (A) containing 76 p. a of the mineral, the other (B) 81*61 p. a, the
^uri^; A, of a brownish-red color, and B, greenish, afforded, hnpurity exduded:
Si
Si
9e
Jig
Ca
^a
&
ft
A.
67*92
10-19
1*19
1*13
4*69
114
2*68
21*26=100.
&
56-21
22*68
2*56
1-81
0*98
3-46
3*41
10*61=100.
i« nesiiy the 0. ratio 1 : 2 : 12 : 8 ; and B, 1 : 6 : 13 : 4*3.
344. OATAPLBXTTB. Katapleut Weibye d: Sjdgren, Fogg., Ixxix. 299, 1850.
sagonal. In thin tabular hexagonal prisms, with the basal edges re-
dbythe planes 1,2,4; Oa1=U2^ 4^, O A 2=122^ 40', O A 4=107''
Cleavage : lateral (/) perfect ; 2, distinct. Also massive.
near 6. G.=2'8. Lustre nearly dull, weak vitreous on surface of
aa Color light yellowish-brown. Streak isabella-yellow. Opaque.
pkr-O. ratio far ft, 8, fll, fl=l : 2 : 6 : 2; for ft+fi. Si, fi=l : 2 : f ; whence the far
tllf+}2r)ft'+lifi. AnalTsea hj Gjogren (L c.):
Si
&
21
iJTa
Oa
Pe
fi
1.
4«*88
29*81
0*46
10-83
8-61
0*68
8*66=10l*02.
2.
46*62
29-38
1*40
10*06
4-66
0*49
9*06=:10l-61.
, ite«-*Iii the doied tnbe yields water. B.B. in the plalinnm foroepe faeee at 3 to a iwWte
; wMi borax a dear oolorleaa glass. EasUy soluble in muriatic acid without gelatminng ;
li acid aolntiao colors turmeric paper orange-yellow (reaction for zirconia).
-Iramtiie island Lamoe near Brevig, Norway, along with airoon, leucophanite, moean-
ri IrikMulte.
a iljiianiMlinii iiiiii H. Dauber, Pogg., xdL 239.
. Adiirit R R J, ffermarm, 1788, N. Act Ptotrop., xiiL 389, 1802.
.. ^— ■— , T. T., iL 230, 1797. Kupfer-Schmaragd Wem,, 1800, Ludwift ^-^J^t 1803.
Mi A, Ir^ la. 1801. Bmerald-Copper Jameaan, Smaragdo-Ohaksit Jfi*a, Qundr., 1824.
• 26
402
OXTOEK CX>3CFOUFD6^
384
Rhombohedral. M A i?=126^ 24' ; Oh ^=148^ 38' ; «
Obeerved planes : rbotnbobedi
2, -2; heini-scalenohednvl on !
temate edges, aa in tlie fi^re, 1
2* ; also 1 ; prismatic, i-2, t-f^
tlie ladt three Iiemihediml.
883
I?
it
it
it
i2
i2
0 A 2=129^ 21'
i-2 Ai-2=120
2 A 2=95 54
2At-2=132 3
2' A i-2=151
f 4 A i.2=
r A £^2=!
-2 A ^=
va A i?=
Color emerald-green.
Cleavage: R perfect Twini
eition-mce R, Also massiire.
K=5, G,=: 3-278— 3348,
Streak p-een. _^Trangparerit
vitreous. , — -^ ^ * , i
lucent. Fracture conchoidal, uneven. Bnttle, Double refractioi
positive.
Oomp,— 0. ratio for Cu» Si, fl=l : 2 : I; 6oSi + fi=aii<» »8% oxyd of ooppir
11^=100. AmOTtefl ; I, 2, Heu (Pogg., xH 360) ; 3, i, Dttmonr (Aon. Ob, Pl^
486) J
Cu
1.
3d'60
48*89
2.
86*86
4510
3.
36*47
60*10
4.
38-93
49-51
12-29, ^© 2*00=99t8 H©88.
1 1 52, ikl 2-36, Ca 3*88, % 0-23=9^*48 1
11'40. Fe 0*42, Oa C 0-85=98*14 T
11*27 =99-1 1 Dmnour.
Pyr., %to* — Like chiysocollA, but gelatinlxca with muriftyc aciiL
Obs^ — Dioptase occurs diapoised in well doflued crjBtali 9cqA imcMrplioaa OP i
aeacQS iu a compact limestone west of the hill of Xltyn-Tubeh id the
ported an foand in the Duchy of NassaUf between Oberlahustein and Bnub«clL
Bniiihaupt found for the an^le R AR\2b^ bb'\ and Koksd^mroi; altar oanflil m
adtwtB this valoe (BulL Ac Bt Pet., ix. 240).
Named by Hafiy diofttaitt, from hi^ ihrma^h^ and hpi^^m^ to mc, becaoaa iitut tiha?^
were dlstin^iahable on looking through the crystal.
Named Adiiriie after Achir Mahmod^ a Budiarian mepchant, living il th# (hr^Vi
latoi on the Irtish, who had procured it in the region where ii ocooired, and who fii
spedmena that were taken in 1785 by Mr Bogdanof to St. Peteraburg. AJthowfb
by Hermann, hia dcacription was not given to the dt Petei^bufg Aoadnnj hdmm Ul
volume oontalning it was not publiabed until 1802, a year aller the appgMPca oflM
346. CmiTSOOOIXA. OhiTMcoUa pt ThMfhr^ Dim^ Ptm.
OtfjFk Berggrlin, Agrk^ Fosa^ 1846. Gteruleum montanum pt IWL, Sfin^
oiontanum, Yiride montaniim pt, OomLj Hin., It2f 1758. Moqiildft Bte
Oreen pi. Bleu do Uontagne, Vert de IConUgne, Bleu do OulfTv, Teat ito CWrn
forgrun Werrk, Bergm, J., 385, 1T89 ; Karwt., Tab., 46, l«t>0» 112, 1 80S. Oaixim
pulveniknt, K, Tr., 1801; Tabl, 1809. KJeeelkupfi^r Khpr^ Bdlr^ It. 1% liH
Caivre, ChrysoooUe, BrocharU, Min., iL 208, 1806. Kiesebiialaeliil Am, BmtK H
ktipfer LtonfL, HandK, 182L U hydroamtwtur B Onifiv hj&ft^ •UWIIm, Uf
vreux, /v. SomervilUte (fr. N. J.) Ihtfr, Min., iii. 147, 1847, Dfltookorglta. Xil
Homn. Ifln,. UL b, 103, 1816 j HepaUoera BteHK, Char, 2H IW3; P^A^
HaadK, 872, 1847. lianca Chii^m Mirur^. Demidovil K ?S[^nUmtk . ML 8o&
nit 128, 1856. Aiperolite Bmn,, ib.» m\t, 68. 1866.
HTBBOCTB BUJGATES. 408
xxsTStalline ; often opal-like or enamel-like in texture ; earthy.
ng, or filling seams. Sometimes botryoidal.
) — 4. G.=2— 2*238. Lustre vitreous, shining, earthy. Color
!n-grecn, bluish-green, passing into sky-blue and turquois-blue ;
0 black when impure. Streak, when pure, white. Translucent —
Fracture oonchoidal. Rather sectile ; translucent varieties brittle.
—Composition yaries much through impurities, as with other amorphous substancet,
rom the alteration. As the silica has been derived flrom the decomposition of other
i IB natural that an excess should appear in many analyses.,
LiTSoeoUa appears to correspond to the 0. ratio for Cu, Si, S, 1:2: 2=CuSi+2 fi
>% ozyd of copper 46*8, water 20*5=10(\ the water being double that of dioptase. But
rmet afford 1:2: 8=Cu §i+3 ti (anaL 18), and 1 : 2 : 4=0u 9i+^ (anaL 11).
cfarysocoUa may contain, besides free silica, black oxyd of copper, ozyd of iron (or
ind Qijd of manganese ; and consequently vary in color from bluish-green to brown and
last especially when oxyd of manganese or of copper is present Other kinds are impure
oiate or sulphate of copper ; and others with oxyds of load, antimony, arsenic^ eta
«: l,v. B:obell(Pogg,xviiL254); 2-4, Berthier a c.) ; 6,Bowen (Am. J.Scl, viil 18); 6,
. J. QcL, xxxvl 111); 7, Scheerer (Pogg., Ixv. 289); 8, 0. T. Jadcson (This ICn., 620,
Jay (Ann. Lye. K. T., viil 120); 10, Rammelaberg (J. pr. Oh., Iv. 488, Pogg., Izpr.
Kordenskiold (Bamm. Min. Gh., 562); 12, J. L. Smith (Gilliss's Ezped., iL 92); 18, F.
L Mag., IV. xxiL 861) ; 14, Eittredge (Pogg., Ixxxv. 300) ; 16, Domeyko (Min., 146, 1846):
Si Cu fi Pe
knrsk 36-64 4000 20*20 100, gangue 2-10=99-M KobeD.
86-0 39-9 210 80, " 1*1=100 Berthier.
eilles, Pyr. 2«0 41'8 28-5 26, " 2 6, C 37=100 Berthier.
Tine, N.J. 86-4 86'1 28*6 , »* 1*0=100 Berthier
87*26 46*17 17*00 ^^=9942 Bowen.
lin,N. J. 40*00 42*60 16*00* 1*40=100 Beck.
lal, Norway 36*14 4807 20*36 — , I'e, Xl, Oa, it 1*09=99'66 Scheerer.
r Harbor 87*86 27*97 20*00 8*90, Xl 4*8=9966 0. T. Jackson.
•* 32-00 82*76 26*60 7-76»»=99 00 Joy.
Superior 82*66 42*32 20*68 1*68S Oa 1*76, Hg 1*06=100 BamuL
ueTagilak 81*46 37*31 81*18 0*40=100*34 Nordenskiold.
. 31*36 42*61 21*62 1*97, Xl 2*88=100*28 Smith.
mbo 28*21 39*60 24*62 2*80, ^ 4*V»7 = 1 00 Field.
40-09 27*97 24*73 ^4*94, Oa 1*49, fig 0-78=100 Kittredge.
ft.-^ 62*2 29*6 16*7 1*2=99*6 Domeyko.
A LoM inolod^d. b with some Al* O*.
iml from SomerriUe, N. J., as described by Berthier (Ann. Ch. Phys., IL 396X is of three
(1) a thin, green, transparent incrustration ; (2) a bluish-green earthy mineral, very
1 lig^t, becoming transparent, like hydrophane, in water ; and (8^ a pale greenish-Uue
isuiria], hard enough to scratch glass, and to be polished for jewelry ; and he obseryes
ahrjiocoUa is nearly pure in the first, but is mixed with opal-silica in much of the
id, and with opal-silica and ordmary silica in the last Berthier's analysis (No. 4 above)
I OD a specimen of the second kind, and according to him probably contained 8 p. a
ica in a state of mixture. Berthier, allowing for 8 p. a of free silica in this analyris, lug-
die oompoeition may be Ou Si+4 &, while Bowen's earlier analysis (6) gives Cu Si-i-
srthler's mineral has been named (without sufficient reason) SomayiilUe, ^^i^^
ifls generally been taken as expressing directly his view of the composition. Berthier
UBS^iS also of the hard chiysocoUa of SomerriUe {ihird kind) to show that there is m
free aiBca. He obtaiued (L a) SiUca 28*9, oxyd of copper 61, water 6*7, oxyd of iron
wfaWfl til fhi alkaUes 67*9=100.
Den for Na 13 had a fine turquois-blue color, and was from Tambillos near <^«f"J)o.
i oocors at Tagilst Urals, in mammUlated crusts of a Ay-Wue cotor^^ afforded N.
.J (L e) Si 81*65ril 0*63, Cu 33*14, Mg 3*15, fl 28*03, P [10*52]= 100.
IB has ghren (L c.) the name AaperoUte to an amorphous mineral from TsgjaKi Kossia. it
noifonn masses of the size of the fist, of a bluish-green color, cgnAoidalflractare,
dlmtroas. Brittle. a=2*6; G.= 2*306. Analysis afforded hun Si 81*94jiUu 40-81,
IM. a latlo for ft. Si, fl=l : 2 : 8. He considers it one of aswtes rf ^^s of
Dsisting of dioptase, chrysoooUa, asperoUte, and a mineral desoibed by Nordenskiold,
ni^vefyl,2,8.and4eq.fl. Named «pdn>Wc on account of its great brfttieiieBS.
Si
Cu
fi
1. DiUenburg
4a
40
12
26
60
n
3. ?
25-81
64-46
6-25
4- Turjinflk, 6nmn»
9-66
IHOO
18-ao
6.
17*95
ri-12
20*55
6. Mexico
2114.
seen
ie-70
7. Chili
7*1
46-8
16-0
8. •* bleuJc
16-00
20*33
16fj2
g^ it II
18-90
24-71
15*62
lo! ** "
18*3
61-2
17-1
U. " "
10'38
76 65
12-18
The folio wiog are analyses of other impure Tiirietie« ; 1, nUmann (Syit. tab. Ui ^
Klflproth (Beitr^ Iv. 34); 8, Thomson (Min., L 1836); 4, t. Kobell (X pr, C3h^ ixdt.
Damour (Ana, d. M., ni. xii.) j 6, Rammelsberg (Min. Ch., 652) ; 7. B<*rthier (Ann. d M^
098) ; 8, Domeyko (Mio., 1 8&0, 139) ; 9, F. ITSeld (PhiL Mag^ lY. zxiL 361) ; 10, 1 1, Dougl
Fa
, C 6=100 UHmanB,
, C 7 = 100 Kkproth.
, C 14-98=100 ThoCDMn.
6d-00=: 99*66 KobeU.
60'8&=l()l*47 Damotir.
17-48, Ca, % 0*40- y^-n lUnmH
1-6, B 10*1, ganr^ "* B4
8^6, MnSfl-80^^ Tka
0-28, Mn 40*28=^Ji^-i>4 f iwil
2*9=99*6 Domejko.
1 28, Oa 0 40, Mg 0-88^100 Dm
Nofl. 1 to 3 contain some carbonate of copper; and 1 has beon nanMd DiMmhv^
6 are Ktipferpecherz (or n4paimerz\ a brown yarto^ containing much limoiilte m '
oontaina 26 p. c of sulphate of copper ; Noa. 8, 9 oontaia ozyd of maDfraneae, asd «pa
Noa. 10, 11 include black oiyd of copper, Nos. 7 to 11 are all from the Ttdai^of <
The cupreous yanety abouods espiK^ially at the Hignera mines; and 10 ia fttn lltt^
mine ; 1 1 from the Brillador.
The chrjBocolla of Rochhtz, in the Rieeengebirgey afforded Herter k Porih (Jahrb. 0, 1
10) Si 42-93— 43'48, Cu 1611— 29*37, I»b 1-73—6*05, 2n 7*43— i) 50. Ca «00— l^H I
0*83, aJbl 5*66— 9 86, IPe 10-07 — 2*08, fi 9-28 — 8*6], and 32 p. o. of antimonic and
Deleese finds some recent stalactitic fonnationfl of a bluish-white color^ occurring b tSM
of a copper mine in Tuscanj (Ann, d. M., IT. ix. 693), to consist of SiUca 21'<KI,
OXrd of copper 28*37, water'82*72 = 100.
Pyr^ etc In the closed tube bhickens and jields water. B.B. decrepltatee,
emerald-green, but is infusible. With the fluxes gives the reactions for cop[Ttsr, With
charcoal a globule of metallic copper. Decomposed bj acids witliont gebtimiatioiL
Obs.— Accompanies other copper ore?, occurring especially in the upper part of vrini
Bischof observes (Lehrb., it 1886) that silicate of copper may be formed thfoogli
an alkaline-, linie-f or magoesia -silica te on sulphate or nitrate of copper in aolvtf
shows that this silicate ia decomposed by carbonated waters, producing carbotiat* of C0|
alkaline sthcates are (bmlshed by the deoompoaing granite, and the sulphals oToof^
pyri tous cx>ppe^r. But L. Sosmann communicates to the author that he haa seao wpttimiaM
ooUa from Chili, which have in the interior the fibrons atmcture and eompqjitkm of |
chite, showing that the whole was once malachite. The chrysooolla analyied faj 6ehi
7) occurs with feldspar, and is supposed to have resulted fh)tn the actkMi of iolphati
on the feldspar. Scune apecimenn of the chrysocoUa are translucent and farlt^ cm (
earthy, ILko deoomposed feldspar, on the opposite.
Found in most copper mines in Cornwall ; at Libethen in Hungary ; at Falkafii1«la
in the Tyrol ; in Siberia ; the Bannat ; Tburiugia ; Schneeberg, Saxony ; KupMrniL
South Australia; Cliili, eta
In gomerrille and Schuyler's minea, New Jersey, at Morgantown, Pa*, ajul at W
Ooxia.y chrysooolla occurs associated with red copper ore, native copper, and green nal
Poonsylvania, near Uorgantown, Berks Go. \ at Perkiomen ; at UamwaJl, Lebnon Cb. ;
similar associated minerals, and with brown iron ore, in Nova Sootla, al tiM
alao in Wisooosin and Michigan, mixed with carbonate of copp«r.
(^irffweoiia ia fl-om t^*^*i, ffoii^ uid «tfAA^ Qtue, and was tb# muM of a gRat«Hal
fold The name is often applied now to bora^^ which ia aa emptofed. But mwsk if I
^ry$oeoUa was a green stone containing copper as the coloring iiim#etil| aiMl 111* hm
OOfides saja, was that which was #<ir.i««^<.if iti^*>ii;»itaii, or of a flat Isit-gieoM or few (
the bland of Cyprus, which was named from its copper tnlnes^ was a promliieiil looril
asys the mioeral was named aHer the real duytoeotia, beoatise it lookad Hki it. Hma^
chided carbonate of copper, as waa true to some utenl of the e^MeooAe end mmam
the 16th, 17th, and 18th Genturies. TbB cankmt mmiiamm ~
oolb and an earthy variety of the oiitwDAte.
947* ALIPfTS. PtmeHl Akmidi, Fogg., hd ^BB, 1844.
MasiiiTe; earthy.
iOUL^im
HTBBOITB SnJOATBS. 406
j-6. G.=l"44— 1*46, Schmidt. Color apple-green. Not unctuous.
I to the tongue.
-O. ratio for ft, % fi, 1 : 8 : i nearlj; whence (^d+f (JTi, Ag))Si, if tiie wttar be
)ordiDg to Schmidt (L c\ Si 64-63, £l 0*80, f^i 82-66, ^e 1-18, ftg 5-89, Ca 0*16, fi 6*23
ileaia.
finom the Greek aXiv^f, not greasy,
348. OONMUCm. Eonarit J9^^»^, B. H. Ztg., zvliL 1, 1869.
Kdinic f In small grains and crystals, with perfect brachydiagonal
e, and supposed to be like vivianite in crystallization.
2-5—3. (i=:2"459— 2-619. Color yellowish, pistachio- and siskin-
olive-green. Streak siskin-green. In thin lamellsa translucent.
-^. ratio for ^ Si, d=] :8:H, nearly; whenoe (i^+f ^i)3i+f £;if athirdofthe
baaio. AnaljBis by Winkler (B. H. Ztg., zziv. 835) :
Si
Si
9e
Si
Co
a
p
2.
43-e
4-6
0-8
368
0-6
111
2-7
0-8
<r.=100.
Oocora at the Hanns Gtoorge mine, at Rottis, in Saxon Yoigtland, with rottisite.
from ctfva^f, evergreen.
349. PZ0B08MINB. Fikrosmin Eaid,, Ifin. ICoha., iii. 15*7, 1826.
orhombic. Cleavable massive. Also columnar or fibrous. Cleav-
i traces^ parallel to a prism of 117° 49' ; perfect parallel to iri^ less
Ilel tot-i
2*6— 8. G.=2-66, cleavable massive ; 2*596, columnar. Lustre of
;e-face pearly, elsewhere vitreous. Color greenish-white ; also dait
gray. Streak white. Subtranslucent — opaque. Odor bitter argil-
when moistened. Double refraction strong; optical axes in tne
ar variety in a longitudinal plane ; bisectrix negative, normal to the
' the columns.
^-A ratio for ft, Si, fi=l : 2 : i; MgSi+id=Smca 651, magnesia 36*7, water 8*3=:
mijtiM Iff Ifagnns (Pogg., vi 53) :
Si 64*89 Si 0*79 9e 1*40 &n 0*42 Mg 84*85 fi 7*80=98*16.
ito^— In the dosed tube some ammonia given off with the water ; the assi^ blaok-
laa a bornt smell. BJB, on charcoal whitens without ftising. With borax b1ow|7 dis-
a transparent glass ; affords a glass with little soda^ and an invisible slag if the scraa be
. A piUe and Indistinct red wi& cobalt solution.
•Aasodatod with magnetic iron ore at the iron mine of Engelsberg, near Pressnits in Bo-
Hkb ffimms variety resembles asbestua
: from vfff^ biUeTf and 'off/ir;, odor,
nr iaatitiited the species on the phjsical characters and deayage of the maastve and
■Mral, without a knowledge of the chemioal composition ; and he suggests that much of
\ may belong to it
looae or chloritic schist of Greioer in Tyrol, and the limestone of the vidnity of Waldheim,
mrapotted as other localities. Desdoiaeaux obtamed the above c^oalcfaaraotenfrom
nitB mineral, and also from another fh>m Zermatt
IPAllAnB. K J^cM/, QeL Ans., Mtbidien, XYiL 945^ 1843, X pr- <3^ xzx. 407.
brBj amorphous.
406
OXYaSN CX)2dPOUND6.
H.=2'5, Lustre a little pearly or greasy, Traiislncent. Colon
approacliing fle&b-red. Fractiu'e imperfect conchoidal and Bplintery.
OoB^p.—O, ralio for % ^i, tlt^S : IS : 4 ; wbeooe, if » fourth of iba w)Kter k huk, (||
fi) ^i-hi fi. Analyaia by v. KobeH :
Si 56-00 Xl 0-66 te 0'e6 Mg SO'ftt ft 1 1 *34=:99*31
Pyr^ «tc. — In the closed tube yiolds much water and beoomea Kray. B B. inelti to a |
eaameL Diaaolrea m oonoentrated muriatic add, the aiUca Giifl% gtilatiniang.
ObA. — From Gnpo di Bove, near Rome, iUUng the epooee iinoiig cayttak ecu
dtic lava.
Named after Sign. Medic! SpadiL
QijiNCTrE.^Th6 quincite of Berthidr ii Id light oarmine^red particlM dfiimiiiiiiil^l i
limOBtone deposit.
Ckff/ip, — Silica 64, naaguesia 19, protoryd of iron 8, water 17=98. From ii«*r the '
Quincj, France. Strong ooaooDtrated odds disaolyd the magnoiiU and iruo, and Usara thi i
in ft gelatlnouB state. The color is attributed to organio martteir.
351. PtBALLOUTB pt 352. PlCEOPHTLL. 353. TftATKBSXLLlTfc 354^ FeSJMMXBO^
Stbakoxitzitb. 366. Moniuditk,
These are names of pyroxene in different sta^ of alteration, between true m^mtmm
terpentine or steatite. For imalyseA and deacnptiona, aee tuder that species {p^lil^
367. NSOIiTrB. Neolii Scheertr, Pdgg., Isd. 386, IMl.
In silky fibres stelktely grouped ; also massive*
H. = l— 2, G,=2'77, after drying. Color green. Lustre ttO
earthy,
Comp,— O. ratio for ft, S» Sv fi abont 3:1:6:4; whence the fonnoU lljgSi^iS(4
fl*]. Perliap8(fi", fi,tt') t^il As the mineral ts formed through the i^gencyof t **" ""
through rocks ooDtoining magnesia, it is not safe to sjisame that there are no !■
Aiialyses: 1-3, Scheerer (Pogg., Urtiy. 373) ; 4, Bichter (ib.):
1. Arendal
1 **
47-85 10 27
3. Eisenach ft 1*35
4. ♦' ^lU
te liln HLg Ca 'A
3*79 0-89 3l*$4 0'S« 41>4=M^.
t-sa i^ei J4'T3 — e*sa=tt*it.
0i)2 0-79 3019 I'M §-5a=:9#^rt
879 3Pe0'88 31*11 i-OD rfiO^lOCrfl
Obs. — Oocurs in the iron mines of Arendal, and in osTiUoB in baaslt namt Wk
compact masslTe and earthy in flssurDS at Rochlitc in the Bieiiiigebirg^ Bofaii
tachio-green oolori or brownish ; G. = :i-625 to 2*837. Herter k BotSi (J&rt^ 0. 1
obsenre that this variety cootaine oxyd of siac^ oi^d of iron, lime, aiumias^ and i
purities.
Named IVoin ffof, mm, and Xt9jf, itoiwv
358. PALIGORSKITB. Paligorskit T, v. Et^liehmko/, Verb. lOn. St FH^ 1981, MH
Fibrous. SoO, bat tough, tnd hence with great difltoulty pulyerised a.=a-llT*
Com p.*-0. ratio for 1^ II, .^i, Hi, after ezduding 8^ p. c. of what ts oalM
AnalyalB by Saaftsohenkof (1, a): Si 6218, 'M 18-88, Ibt 8 IB, Cm O'ftt, tt 11^14 lEfV
^6==: ^-84. B.B. icfUsible. Not acted on by the sddSL
Frocn the Permian mining dlatrict of the ursl, "in d«r Psilgorfiobitt DSilsiMi** of I
mine on Uu^ riror Popovka. Probably an altered iSbettyi;.
iii^tlfT*''*'^ ^^'^^^n Syuopsts, ©7, 1847 (B^r^Ufh of BitBAug, in.. «.p^
gy,y^* "\ constitution, bat is probably only an altered sabostoa. H oecurs l ^ _
7 in lustre ; wood-brown, Ught or dark, and sIm) grM& hi color; wllli 0.=14-t
HTDB0U8 BUJGATES. 407
• liowii, and 3il6 tat the greeniBh, Kenngott Thanlow obtained (Pogg., zli 635) Si 65*68, Si
M^ 9e 19-44^ Ag 15-6(1^ Ca 0*10, ^ 10 27=79*93. Von Hauer finds (8KtE. Wien. Akad., xL 888):
Si
9e
*e
life
Oa
^
L
44*31
17*74
8-73
8-90
2-27
21-67
2.
46*53
18-03
3*36
11*08
«r.
22*01
3.
47-96
16*05
1-87
12-37
<r.
2164
Of the water in the analyses, 9-20, 7*90, and 8*13 p. a passed off at 100° 0. ; and, exdudingti^
Ban of these detenninations, reduces the mean of the above results to Si 60*43, ¥e 18*97, Fe
tti lU ll*8Si 0% 0-86, ^ 14 63=99*98.
Kenngott considers it as probably altered chrjsotile.
Jlfiifo of Hermann is also probably only a hydrous asbestus. It has a brown color and asbeeti-
on itnictiire. Hermann obtained (J. pr. Ch., zxxiy. 180, 1845X Si 44*06, Pe 37-84, Oa 6-58, Mg
«^ Cn 1-36, £[ 4-70=99*96. H.=3. G.=2-936.
36a AMTHOSDDERITE. Hau9m^ QeL Anz. Gdtt, 281, 1841.
In tofts of a fibrous structure, and sometimes collected into feathery
bwers. Resembles cacoxene.
H.=6*5, Q.=3. Lustre silky, a little chatoyant on a fresh fracture.
Wor ochre-yellow and yellowish-brown, somewhat grayish, rarely white.
Powder brown to colorless. Opaque or slightly suotranslucent. Gives
ftrks with a steel. Tough.
OoBiv— 9e* Si* + 2 fi=Silica 60*3, aesquioxyd of iron 36*7, water 4*0= 100. Analysis bj Sohne-
taumn (L e, and Pogg., lit 292) of the yellow yariety (mean of two results): Si 60*08, 9e
1118^ A 3'59=98-66. If the water is basic, the 0. ratio is 1 : 2^.
9fx^ •to.—B.B. becomes reddish-brown, then black, and (hses with difficulty to a Uack
iMtic slag. Decomposed by muriatic acid.
Ohi.— From Antonio Pereira, in the province Mines Geraes, Brasil, where it is intimately
1 with magnetic iron. Named from Mj(^ flower^ and vUnpof, inm.
n. UNISILICATES.
SI. OAIiAMIMB. Oadmia pt PHn^ zzxiv. 2; Agric Foes., 266, 1646. Lapis oalaminaria,
Omn. Galmei pt A^rfc., Interpr., 1546. GWhnoja pt, Lapis calaminaris pt, Oadmia offldn. pt,
WOL, Mku, 247, 1747 ; Zinonm naturale calciforme pt, Gahneja, Lapis calaminaris pt, Cronit,
Itt, 1758. Oalamhie pt Fr. Trl, Wall, I 447, 1753. Zincum spatosum dneroum oompactiim
•belriciim, ib. flayeacens drusicum (fr. Carlnthia), v. Bom, Lithoph., i. 132, 1772. Calamine pt,
IGne de Knc yitriforme (with figs.) de Lisle, Crist, 829, 1772, iiL 81, 1783 ; Kieselerde, Zfaikoxyd
(fr. Derbyshire), Klapr., CreU»s Ann., I 891, 1788. Gahnei pt KanL, Tab., 24» 1791. Zinc
«ijd« pt ^ Tr., iy. 1801. Electric Calamine, Silicate of Zinc, Smiihaon, PhiL Trans., 1803.
sCblMnfaie ^hm^n., Ifin., il 186, 1807. Zinkglaserz Karat, Tab., 70, 100, 1808. ZinkWeaelera.
iWaken, Kleselsinkspatb, Kieselgalmey, Oerm, SiUoeous Oxyd of Zinc. Zinc oxyd< siU.
J K GUanune Bead, Min., ii, 190, 1832. Smithsonite A <fc if , Min., 1862 [not Smithson-
ili BmA\ Hemimorphit Kenng., Min., 67, 1863. Wagit itodoaafawsW, C. R., liii 107, 1862.
Orthorhombic ; hemimorphic-hemihedral. /A /=104 13 , (? A l-»==
:
>
7
/
/
f
^
/
U
O A 2-1=129° 14'
O A 3-1=118 34
O A f-i=162 59
C> A f t=166 36
C> A l-t=l64 31
0 A 3-1=124 58
<; A 1=142'* 11
«4aS-S=129 7
»-i A t-J, ov. i-t,=l,
/A M=127 54
i-S A t-t=147 17
i-» At-i=156 4»
%
Twins. Cleavage : /, perfect ; 0, in traced. Aho
actitic, maniinilhitcd, botryoidal, and fibrona fonns;
rafis&ive and granular.
n,=4*5^ — 5, the latter when crystiJIized. G.=3i6-.
3-43 — 3*49, from Alt^nberg, Lustre vit^eoTls^ O snt^M
sometimes adamantine* Color white; e^ometimee with a <! 1
or greenish shade; also yellowish to brown. Streak white, xi^n^i^
—translucent. Fractnrc uneven. Brittle. Py reelect ric. Double j
tion strong; optic-axial plane i-T; divergence 81** — 82-^** for th«»
bisectrix positive, normal to 0,
▼■r. — 1. Ordmairy. (a) lo citbUIs. Keamited anglea: /A*4=rllt* 4*,
/A/==I03' 52'; /A»-S=:16r 12', Schrauf; i-5Ai4=14T° 25', HenwDberfcy 0 A 1^
Dauber, 148" 39', 8c'hr.; OA8-i=H8" 89', Dauber, 118" AQ' Schr. ; 0 aIh=IW 31,
154° 2T', Sehr. (ft) Mammilliiry or etalBCttlia {c) Masflivej often oelhilar, ITo^b*
tionary Ligbt-blue to g^reen calaouQe from Nijni Jagurt in the Ural; G,= 2*707.
2. CarhonaUd, Sullivan ba8 described (Dublin Q. J, Sd, 1862, \L 150) a T«rtotyof «l
from the Dolores mine in the proFiiio© of Santander, Spain, oocnrring in oonoentric plaoiilioi
(hjquentlj oODtaioiuK a semitraiiBluoent, opal-like nucleus. This mineral, prodoced tttm
drouB carbonate by the actiou ofsilicated wntem, contains fh>m 12 to 2<\ per cent, of Gtfb4
zinc ; 0.::=2'd43 — H*69. Sullivan's paper ia one of mueh interest.
3. ArgiSactoua. Ano^c^r (diamine from Spain, analyzed by Schunidien {B. B. 21%, S
coDtalnfl 20 to 26 p. c. of alumina, with 3r5 p, c. of slhca, 21 to 28 5 p. c of ozyd of BiiCii
20 of water; and is apparently calamine mixed with day. It occun majs^ivQ; oolor ailn
changrin^ In the air to violet, brown, and finally black; tnnsparent on the edgvfl; fB«J M^
Oomp,— 0. ratio for B, ^r,l! = l : 1 ; 4 ; 2n'Si-»-H=8ilk» 25-n, oiyd of ane «7*S^ fl
^100. Perhaps in some, or aU caaes, one-tbird more water, or 2o*Si -^l^ ti^Wok %i%
»nc fiS », wat^r 9*7 — 100.
Analyses: 1, Smithnon (Nieholson'« Joum,, vL t8); 2, a, Monhehn (J. pr. Gh., iltK.1
BenioUtui (Ak. a stockL, la^J, !4I); 6, Berthier (J. d. M^ zxviiL Ml); 6, ThomMtt ill
1840); 7, 8, Hermann (J. pr. Ch., isxiii. 98); 9, E. Schmidt tJ. pr. Gh«, H VA)\ lOv C, I
(Pt^gg., cr. 144); 11, BadosBkovaki (L c):
9T'T SmiituMMi.
FeO'68, r^O'SS^rlOiW !
Pe 0-22, 0 oai^SfDlTJ
— lo<> Berfietiiia.
'lOOBenhier.
^100'8Thooi«oik
t*b 2 70=100 H«
= 100 HcnnaiUL
Fc<r-72,0 l-OJIsMHI
ai;P©im Pir.=rW^iL
0* 1 66, Ou, f% Ir^W II
&
2ii
ft
J. Betebftoya
25^
68-a
4*4=
1
2534
67-02
7-58,
8. Altenberg
(I) 34-85
68 40
7*48,
4. limburg
26-23
6637
7-40=
6. Brisgau
25*5
61*6
10-0 5
«. Learthills; G.
=:8164
232
66'8
108 s
t. Nerfsohinsk;
0. =3-871
2538
62-85
9-07,
8. **
G. =3-436
260«
6566
8-38 =
9. Moreanet
2444
66*48
7-02
10. gaalander; G
.=342
2374
66-26
8-34,
11* Ural, Wiigik
26-00
66-90
4^0,
"^wagUe gives the 0. ratio 1:1: \,
Ki^"' ^^ — ^° ^^ ^^"^ ^^ decrepitates, whilena, and cfrw off
we (F. =r6) ; mogstenad with oobalt solutioa gives a gmtti o&n wbwj
•odft givi©i a ooating which is yeUow while hot, and white om oooltng
«a^indh»at©d in OJ-., this coating assiuiMMi a bright gram ocOor.
22SJ!r^"*^,*irBited. Dmmpoaed bj mtk tdd with gsOtl
vltlicol
HTDBOTJB BIUOATIS. 409
Obb— CUimine flmd smithaonite are usually found associated in veins or beds in stratified
Imoos rocks aooompanying ores of blende, iron, and lead, as at Aix la Ghapolle ; Baibel and
libaft in Oarintlida, in the upper Triassio ; Moresnet in Belgium, Fribourg in Brisgau, Iserlohn,
nomtB, Olkucz, Miedsanagoni, Betzbanja, ScbemnitE. At Houghten Gill, in Cumberland, in
iBritr ayBtals and mammillary crusts, sky-blue and fine green ; at Alston Moor, white; at the
ttndndDe, near Mattock, in Derbyshire, in brilliant crystals, and grayish-white, and yellow, and
fcriWated; at Oastleton, in crystals; on the Mendip Hills, mostly brownish-yellow, and in part
betitic; in EHntriiire, etc., Wales; Leadhills, Scotland. Large crystals have been found at
iHbb United States oomirs with smithsonite in Jefferson county, Ifissourt In Pennsylyania,
W Feridomen and Phenizville lead mines ; in a lower Silurian rock two miles from Bethle-
ii at FriedensTille, in Saucon Talley, abundant and extensiyeiy worked ; on the Susquehanna,
Mita SelunsgroTe. Abundant in Yirginia, at Austin's mines in Wy^e Co. A pale yellow,
hla idnciferous day occurs in considerable abundance with calamine at the Ueberroble mine,
^MniUe. Analysis of this by Johu M. Blake gave ^i 41*36, £l 804, Fe 9-65, 2n 32*24, ilg
»&*%£[ 7*76. Other specimens examined by W, T. Roepper gave a yariable amount of zinc^
■i«g that the sulMtance is not homogeneous (priy. coutrib.).
tt dytt see G. Rose, Pogg., lix. ; I^uber, Pogg., zcii 245 (whose measurements are above
Mad); Hessenberg, Senk. Nat Ges. Frankfurt a M., iL 260; Schrauf, Ber. Ak. Wien, xxcyiiL
[JDMd. Ifin., I 117.
■a name Calamine (with Ckdmei of the Germans) is commonly supposed to be a corruption of
^•n Agrioola says it is firom calamw, a reed, in allusion to the slender forms (stalactitic) com-
iiiiMbeadBuaJornacwn.
m mimia of fliny and of other ancient authors included both the native silicate and carbon-
fild tifes o^d fix>m the chimneys of furnaces (cadmia fomacum). The two native ores con-
M to be confounded under the name lapis calaminariSj calamine or gcUmei^ until invest!-
^dwmfcally by Smithson in 1808. Earlier analyses had made out chemical differences, and some
itt% before 1790, had rightly suggested a division of the species Bergmann having found
^jLflgbonic add in a Holywell specimen (J. de Phys., xvL 17, 1780) ; and Pelletier, in a
riia Fribooig in Brisgau, which had been called Zeolite of Brisgau because it gelatinifled
frMh, 5:1 p. o. silioa, with 36 oxyd of zinc, and 12 water (J. de Phys., xx. 420, 1782) ; and
Mli^ fai another, siinilarly gelatinizing, 66 oxyd of zinc and 83 siUca. But Smithson was
pit to make known the true composition, and dear away all doubts.
HUda Dotioed the crystalline forms of the two species, describing one kind as prismatic with
Jfal tunmlts, and the other as scalenohedral like dogrtooth spar, yet did not f\illy appreciate
hwwtaiiuu of the observation ; while Haiiy, 14 years later, in his Traite, describes only the crys-
« the iOieaief and takes the ground that the zinc carbanatee was only an impure calcareous
fe 1817 Brongniart called the silicate calamine^ leaving for the other ore the chemical name
m/ioMOee, In 1832, Beudant followed Brongniart in the former name, and designated the
kr AntAicmtfa, after ^othson, who had analyzed in 1803 the carbonate as well as silicate.
■IhB two spckdet were at last, not only distinguished, but mineralogically named.
Uhrtnnately, Brooke k Miller, in 1852, reversed Beudant's use of these names, with no good
M; and in 1868, Kenngott, on account of the oonfiision of names, as he says, introduced for
date the new ruLm^ SendmorphUe^ and so added to the confhsion. These innovationfl
M have no fiivor.
BA MOBBBRITI Bisee (Yerh. nat Yer. Bonn, 1865, Ber. 98). A mineral fh>m Altenberg, near
hen, ooeorring with calamine. Two varieties are found, one dark to leok-green and opaque :
oftsr li^ emerald-green, transparent The latter is the purest ; it has H.=2*5, oonchoidal
IM streak white. It afforded on analysis Si 30*31, ^1 13*68, ^e 0*27, J^i 114, 2n 43*41, Mg
Db *-, fi 11-37=100-18. RB. on charcoal gives with cobalt solution a pale green mass. DiiB-
If ioliilde in adds.
; rSULMBSTTB. Dufimay, C R, 1842, Ann. d. M., lY. i 387, 1842. Serpentin aus d.
Maleokerthal FsUenberg, J. pr. Ch., d. 88, 1867.
)Mioiliombic /A 7=120° 8', Descl. Observed planes: O, 1-f, 1;
all oopapound, consisting of three intersecting individuals; compo-
_ee i^. Oa l-t=140° 36', 0 A 1=136° 32'. (Crystallization per-
tpieudomardiie.) Mostly in rounded grains. Also massive.
1=4-6. <i=2-978,fromTraversella; 2-99, fr. MalenkerthaL Color
410
OXYOKN C0MP0UND6.
yellowish -green to olive-gre^n ; also dark green to blacki&h.
colorctl Tran&loceDt ; transparent in tlain plates. DoubW
BtroBg ; optic-axial plane, i-t ; biBectrix normal to (?, positive j
Oomp.— 0, ratio for ft, ^i, fi^l : 1 : J; (H *«+A ^©I'^i-hi fi=Sili«l 38H
protoijd of iron 7*8, water 5*8 — ir>0. Appears to be a hydrous forsterit© or 1
Bition, and to resemble much the latter. 6* Roee pointed out the upproxii
chrysolite, aud regarded it as an altered variety, lia occurroDoe in Iwuis of Ham I
crystakf as made known by Be»cIoizeaujc (MIn., 95, 1B62X ta an imporUni cluirvelerMe^
oboorreci in forsterite, or auy other epeciea of the chrysolite group. The crystala hiT
shitung, but not quite ereD* AiiAlyfles: 1, % Bufreuoy (L c, and Dufr, MJa^ ad> <
Fellenherg (L c):
[Jif^
Si
to
Mn Mg
Oa
^
^ m
1.
2.
8.
Traverselk 39-61
For©» 40-52
Midetikerthal (mi'U
3*59
fi'26
7*97
2-42 47-37
43-75
42*16
0-53
1-70
046
0-72
6*80=99-78 Dnfim
6*21-99*16 ])ufir«ii<
6-56, Cr, Si 0T5, 1
AnaL 1 is of the orii^imd Tillarsilte^ 2, of gralua from the granite of Forec aod
Bjr^ etc- — B.B, infusiblo. With borax a green enamel Attacked by ooooenl
Obs. — At Traveraella It is aBBoeiat^d with mica, quartz, and dodecabedrml
boltotiite is hydrous^ and in cotnpoi^ition belongs here. Grains in tho interior of
pseiidomorphtj of Snarum have fiooQetimeH a similar compoaitioQ. The mioezftl (H
Malcnkerthol, of the Griaons, corns tit\] tea tbe base of a serpentiDe-Uke rock, whidb.
cijataiiine in texture, somewhat slaty, feeble lustre, and between blaokiah-gray and dl
odor. Supposing the alumina present as a mixed allioate, the fonoula ia Uiat of iIm
mineral The rock looks tike a mixture of several minerals.
363* PREHNITB. ChrysoUte Sage, Min., L 232, 1777. Chrysolite du Cap (a kio<
de Lisle, u. 276^ 1783. Zeolithe verdAtre v. Bam, Cat de Kaab, L 203» 1790. Frt
Bergm. J,, 1790, L 110; anal by Ttopf., Schpift Oea. oat Berliti, viiL 217, 1181
(ft*. BanigesX Ficoi la Fej/roitse, XMemdh,, T, T., it 547, 1797. jEdelite (EdeUte)
Jahresb., v. 217, 1825. Jacksonite WTuincy, J. Nat fiL 8oc Boeton, v. 4S7, 1»47.
Orthorhombic. /A 7=99*" 56', 0 A 14=^146^ lli' ; a : 4 : c=
; 1 ; 1*19035, Observed planes; 0; vertical, /, i-i, i-i; domed
6-i ; octahedral, 2, 6. Oa f f=153° 20', 0 A f i=134° 52J', 0 A
45', 0 A 6:^100^ 47' 0 A 6-1^106° 30', /A U=UO° 2\ Cle4iv«g
distinct. Tabular crystaJs often united by O, makis^
386 forms, often barrel-iiihaped. Reniibrm, globnlar, aa
^ ^ titic with a cry i? tall ine Biirface. Structure
lumnar or laiiielhu*, strongly coherent ] also v
or impalpable* |
H. = 6-6'5. G.^2 8-2*953. Lustre vitreoM; J
pearly. Color light green, oil-green, parsing into id
61
1
fli
gray; otYen fading on exposure, BuDtmnf^j
cent ; streak nncolored. r racture uneven.
tie. Pyroelectric, with polarity central, th-
at the centre of the ba^e and the antilogu^
itieri of the brachydiagonal, Rie8s& Rose.
tionatrong; optic-axial plane usually t-i ; Vu-. „
normal to 0; axial angle 122*^—130*', for
Daupniny and Pyrenees, but in others much less; divergenoe '
diminiBhed hy heating ; DescL
Var- — Usual in Arm and hard tncrusting masses, externally globular or tDMBaoSltmf^ \
made up often of grouped crystals more or less imperfect^ but Bometiniea idiooUl
HTDBODB BIU0ATE8.
411
Si
£1
Fe
Oa
fi
43-00
23-26
2-00
26-00
4-00,
Passa
42-88
21-50
3-00
26-50
4-62,
BC; Ooupk.
44-71
28-99
25-41
4-45,
rtOD
4410
24-26
26-43
4-18,
n^EddUe
43-03
19-30
6-81
26-28
4-48,
w, green
43-60
23-00
200
22-38
6-40=
white
43-05
28-84
0-66
26-16
4-60,
rOiaaiia
44-50
23-44
4-61
23-47
4-44=
KHan
44-74
18-06
7-38
27 06
413,
[iichen,
42-50
44-00
30-50
0-04
22-57
6-00,
ymoTphB
28-50
0-04
22-29
6-00,
43-6
21-6
4-6
26-U
6-3=
44-42
24-09
0-92
26-41
4-26-
44-11
22-99
8-22
25-88
4-26=
^ is in oaTernons maaaea, made of amall, thin, fragile lamina or scales ; the original
he peak of EreeUda, near Bardges, in the Pyrenees ; also reported from the Od da
, at the foot of Mt Blana Named from /roii^of , letider.
t .^ckUUt) is nothing but prehnlte frx>m ^delfors, Sweden.
9 (or OMhytktnu pnhniUe) of Whitney is ordinary prehnite, from Keweenaw Pt and Isle
from FumingtoQ, Ct, hare for the optic-axial plane i-t; and the dirergence for the red
enter parts of a plate of a crystal, 48'*— 50** ; in an interior wedge-shaped part of iSbe
17*^, Desci The dispersion is very strong in these crystals, while in those of Dan- '
hardly perceptible.
-0. ratio for iL fi; & ^=2 : 8 : 6 : 1, whence, if the water is basic, for bases and
; and formula (i &"+ 1 Oa+i &)' Si*=8iUca 48*6, alumina 24-9, Ume 27*1, water 4*4=
yaes: 1, 2, Gehlen (Schw. J., iil 171); 3-5, Wahnstedt (Jahresb., v. 217); 6, 7, Thom-
ont (MiL, L 276); 8, Begnault (Ann. d. M., llL ziv. 164); 9, Amelung (Bunm. 2d
, Fogg., IzTiiL 312); 10, 11, Leonhard (Fogg., lir. 679); 12, Domeyko (Ann. d. M., lY.
P. KOtaing (B. R Ztg., xx. 267) ; 14, 0. W. Paykull ((Efv. Ak. Stock., 1866, 85) :
Sin 0*25=98*60 Qehlen.
Mn 0-25=98*76 Gehlen.
Un 0-19, te 1-26=100 Wahnstedt
fe 0-74=99-71 Wahnstedt
Un 0-15=100-20 Wahnstedt
=97-38 Thomson.
Mn 0-42, &, ^a 1-03 Lehunt
=100-46 Begnault
Na 1-03=102-40 Amelung.
fi: 0-02=100-63 Leonhard.
]^ 0-01=100-84 Leonhard.
100-1 Domeyka
= 100-10 Kutzing.
= 100-41 PaykulL
a paeudomorph after analcite, and 11 after leonhardite. The jackaaniie, or anhydrous
Whitney (L c), contains, according to Jackson and Brush, 4-7, 415 (J.), and 4-86 (B.)
er. The specmnen analyzed by Whitney may possibly have been calcined, as in some
I Lake Superior it is customary to bum the copper ore to free it from adhering rook,
I (L a) Si 46-12, Xl 2691, Oa 27-03, ifla 0*85=99-91.
)• — ^Li the dosed tube yields water. B.B. fhses at 2 with intumescence to a Uebby
glass. Decomposed by muriatic acid without gelatinizing. CoupholUet which often
It or yegetable matter, blackens and emits a burnt odor,
icors in granite, gneiss, syenite, dioryte, and trappean rocks, especially the last
ristophe and TArmentidres, near Bourg d'Oisans in Isdre, associated with axhiite and
Batschinges, Fassa valley, and near Gampitello, Tyrol; in Salzburg; Ala in Piedmont;
»in Oarinthia; Joachimsthal in Bohemia; in Nassau, at Oberscheld and Uckersdorf;
rg in Brisgau on the Bosskopf; in the Harz, near Audreasberg, with datcdite ; Aren-
^; JSdelfors in Sweden {edelite); Upaala, Sweden, in rifts in homblendic granite, ^e
on of the hornblende haying afforded the lime, and of the mica, the alumina (Paykull);
[aQ and Oampsie in Dumbartonshire, and at Hartfleld Moss ; in Benfrewshire, in reins
^ncD, associated with analcite and thomsonite ; also at Corstorphine Hill, the CJastle
ry Qrag, near Edinburgh ; Moume Mts., Ireland.
dted Stetes, finely crystallized at Farmington, Woodbury, and ^ddletown, Conn., and
{field, Mass., and Patterson and Bergen Hill, N. J. ; in small quantities in gneiss, at
1% Yt ; in syenite, at Gharlestown, Mass ; Milk Bow quarry, often in minute tabular
th obabaiite; also at Pahner (Three Bivcrs) and Turner's f^dls, Mass., on the Conneo-
^ and at Perry, above Loring*s Ck)Ye, Maine; at Westport, Essex Co., N. Y. (cMUonUe
Q a qoartEoee rock ; on north shore of Lake Superior, between Pigeon Bay and Fond
aige veins in the Lake Superior copper region, often occurring as the veinstone of the
m, sometimes including strings or leaves of copper ; and at ^es hi radiated nodules
1 throogh the copper.
» poliahed slabs of this mineral have been cut from masses ttom China,
da (iB'-*>i Si)' &' is analogous to that of chrysohte in the ratio 1 : 1, and the two
«r to be homoBomorphous, 2-{ a 2-i in chrysolite =99" 7'.
lodte oocnrs altered to green earth and feldspar.
r Wemw in 1790 after CoL Prehn, who first found the mmeral at the Oi^ of Qood
^12
OXT6XN COMPOtJiroe.
Hope. Sage had called it (17 Tt) ehryaoHte; and ^m^ d& IabIpi had reforred it (It
group o( schorl
363A. UiQiTB Bfddl^ (Ed. N. Phil X, U. iv. 162, 1866). In radiated sheaQr
In neeta m the smygdaloid of UiK. I&^e o^ Skje, along witli anatcile and
= 5*5; G. = 2'284; lustre pearly; color white, slightly yellowisb. GompoflittoOt _
Heddle Hoc cit), Si 4&-98, 3tl 2 1 "98, Ob 16 15, Na 4'7, fi II 25. The 0. mti<>for i^
pODding is near 1:2:4. B.B. fuaes readily and quietly to an opaque enamel, wliidlbil
gives a etroag soda reaction.
It appears to be near prehnite in structures and needa ftirther toyestigation.
364. OHIiORABTmoUTE. C. T Ja^^kson ; J. D. Whitn^, J. Hat Hilt Boel^
Massive. Finely radiated or Btellate in etmctnre.
n.=5*5-6. G.^aiSO. Lustre pearly. Color light
Slightly eliatoyant on the rounded ddes,
Oomp.^0. ratio 1 : 2 : 3 : 1 ; (Ca', :f;V)'Si''f 2{Xl,Fe)'.^P + 6fi=(ilEV|S)'9l»'f
8T'6, alumina 246, flosqiiioxyd of iron 6'4, lime 18-7, soda 6% water 7'fi=^10a *-*»—'
nej (Rep. G. Lake Sup., 18B1 JL 97) :
bloii
§1
m
Fe, little ^e
Ca
Sa ^
ti
1. 86-90
26-49
6-48
19-90
3-70 0*40
1-12
2. 87 -4 1
24-26
6-26
21-68
4-88
5-77
Eammelsberg obaerrea that it baa eome relation in compoaition to a hydrona
approachea carpholite.
Pyr., etc.— In the closed tube yields water and becomea white, B*B. fusea
oieBcence to a grayigh blehbj glass. Forma a trail sparent glaas readily with
iron. Soluble in muriatic acid, ttie silica sepmrating as a flocky precipitate (Wl
Oba.— Occurs on the ahoree of I.'^le Koyale, Lake Superior^ in aroall roui
have oome fVom the trap, and are waterworn ; il receirea a fine polialu
Named from x^^P^^f gftien, larftot^^ star, \i»ai^;sion€.
066. 'railTOMlTE. Tritomit IFai^ Jt Berlin, Pogg., Ixadx 299, 18
Ifiometric ; tetrahedral, f. 31. Cleavage indiBtinct.
H.=5'5. G.=3'9-4-06; 3-908, Forbes; 4*16-4-66, W. &
Moller. Lustre eubraetallic, vitreous. Color dull brown, St
yellowish-gray. Subtraneliicent,
Oomp,— (ft* tt% B)*i3i'+4 fl ? Analyaes : 1» approiimate^ N. J. Berlin (I a>; % ixl
N. PhiLJ., ILiii. 1866): ^
§1 W Xl Ce La fe An ^ Ag Ca Sa S
1. aO-13 4-62» 2*24 4036 16'11 1*88 6'46 0*22 S'lfi 1H€ V 8e=l
2. 31*16 8-96^ 2*86 37 64 12*41 2-68 riO 4 64 0*09 4*04 019 8*611^1
» With Ma O, Ca 0, Bfl 0*.
t Wltb 8a 0*
F. P. Moller has obtained a Tery difl'erent oompoaitiou in, apparently, a Cttr»f\il|
the state of oxydation of the bases waa aacortaioed (Ann. Cb. PharnL, czx. t4))«
&i Snfa^r?^ itl Pe Mn Ce La,t)i t Mg Ca Ba fir $a t
15-38 0-74 3-63 4*48 I 61 237 0'49 10-66 44-€5 0*42 0'16 6^41 0*19 0*71 f^-^f 2i»(
Prom Berlio and Forbes, the formula H* ^^^'-f 4 tt haa been deduced. M5Qer
for ft, fi, Si, B 4 : I : 4 : 2. But if the ?^n, ta, jtr are added to the baae
the oxygen ratio for all the bases tu the aillca and water la Tery n«arlj 2 ; I ;|,
Forbes questions whether the crystals O'baerred are not tbofitew
Pyr^ ate. — ^Yielda water and givaa a weak fluorine npactioii ; with bomac a
HYDXOUB BUJGATEB. 413
1^ wtidt is eotorieiB on oooliiig. With muriatio add in powder jielda chlorine, and gdat*
iBr-ftom the iaiand Lamd, near Brevig, Norway, with leuoophanite and moeandrito in a coarse
■ledfroiD rpit, fkrw-fiid, and rl^r6i, to ctUf allading to the trihedral cavities which thecrystala
iiliieglaigiM.
Thorit BenL, Ak. H. Stockh., 1 829. Orangit Bergemannf Pogg., Izxxii. 661, 1861.
ometrio and tetrahedral. In dodecahedral crystals, with octahedral
68 tetrahedrally developed, the larger set dull and even, the smaller
bt and rounded, and with the three edges about the latter replaced.
• massive and compact.
.=4'5— 5. G.=4-3— 5*4; of purest, 5— 5*4. Lustre of surface of fresh
ure vitreous to resinous. Color orange-yellow, brownish-yellow ; also
k, inclining to brown. Streak light orange to dark brown. Transjpa-
in thin splinters to nearly opaque. Iracture conchoidal. Easily
pble. Optically uniaxial.
r.— The brownish-blade and black yariety, from L5yd, Norway, was the mineral from which
Iqs obtained the metal thorium, and which received the name thorUe. The jellowish rariety
I §nmgiie (so caDed from the colorX from Langesnnd fiord, which Bergemann, when he so
I ill Biq»posed to contain a new metal, called bj him danarium. The latter has since been
vitli an exterior of the former. The mineral occurs as pseudomorphs after orthoclane and
I and cfyBtalfl of the latter kind have afforded Zschau (^. J. Sci., IT. xxvi. 369) the angles
e1>f(*, lAl=:12Si*, the corresponding angles of zircon being 132"* 10' and 123"* 19'. Zschau
btiie mineral thorite as tetragonal, and isomorphous with zircon, not considering his crystals
RHOOIOiphOllB.
lidueial Tirles modi in specific gravity, ortm^^'fe affording 5397, Bergemann ; 5*34, Krants ;
Dmoar; 4-888—6*206, Chydenius; and thorite, 4*680, Berz.; 4*686, Bergemann; 4*344—
Ohjdenios.
■pu— Eaaentianj thSi-f-lifl:=Sflica 17-0, thoria 76-2, water 6*8=100; for the black
•(anal 1)111 di+2lj[=:SUica 16*4, thoria 73*8, water 9*8=100. Analyses : 1, BerzeUus (1. c.) t
Moor (Ann. d. IL, Y . L 587) ; 8, Bergemann (L c.) ; 4, Chydenius (Pogg., cziz. 43) :
k Itli Sn 21 9e Hn ^ ^b ftg Ct, ^r t ti
m 61-91 0*01 0-06 8-40 2*39 1*61 0*80 0*86 2*68 0*10 0*14 9*50, undis. 1*70=99*51 Berz.
n Yl-66 0-17 0*31 0*28 1*18 0*88 tr. 1*59 0*b3 014 6*14=10014 Damour.
1^71^6 0-810*21 4-04 0*80 6*90, Ca C 4*04=100*74 B.
18 78*80 118 tr. 1*08 6*45=100*27 Chydenius.
r.,aia — ^In the dkwed tube yields water; the orange variety becomes dull-brown, and, on
% orange again. B.B. on charcoal infUsible, the edges only being slightly slazod ; with
ca ydlowish peari, becoming coloriess on cooling ; with salt of phosphorus a odorlesa glass,
kbeoomes miUcy and greenish on cooling ; with borax an orange glass when hot, which be-
I piyish on coolmg. A little nitre being added, the orange color remains after cooling.
iBvfiatic add easElv forms a jelly before, but not after, calcination. The black thont« Iw
l|rie brownish-red when heated ; and on charcoal forms a yeUowish-brown slag.
■^fboDd in syenite by Esmark at Lovo, near Brevig, in Norway ; also at l^ngosund
•iHr Brevig (orangite, anal 2-4). Masses of orangite weighing several ounces have been
bi Ihe black thorite appears to be partially altered.
Fermm caldforme terra qnadam incognita intimo miztum, Tungstmi von
t^ OrmMkdi, Ak. H. Stockhohn., 1751, Min., 183, 1758. Cerit HU. db Ben^ Cerium en
IbM, eta, 1804» Gehlen's J., iL 897, 1804, Af h., L 58, 1806. Ochrolt, Kiapr^ Oehlen's J.,
^ 1804. Oererit Klapr,, Beitr., iv. 140, 1807; KarsL, Tab., 74, 1808. CMlum oiyd^
%K JK, TkbL, 1809. Cerin-Stein Wem., Hoffin. Min., iv. a, 286, 1817. Kl^eloerit (Arm.
Ili«f CbrimiL Lanthanooerit Hermann, J. pr. Gh^ IzxxlL 406, 1861.
n^onml t laometric t In short six-eided priflms, Haid Commonly
fe; granular.
414
OXYGEN OOMPOFKDS,
16*S3 1805 S-Se 810, £] 1*68, ftn 0 27, Mg l-tt
S 47 1 *23 5 52 = 1 00 Kjerulf, '
7 28 1-31 B'7l=3 99-A7 Raninidibertr.
8*51 3*90 1*65 e'3l, C 0-83=100 Ucmm'tin.
n.==5\5, G,=4'912, Haidineer. Lustre dull adamantine on
]olor between clove-brown ana cherry-red, passing into graj.
''grajnsli-wliite. Slightly Bubtranslucent. Brittle ; fracture g]>rmt4
Oomp.— 0. ratio for 6, % 1&=1 : I : i; (Ce, La, t)i)* ^l+tt=SiIica 20' 4, crri» ^
6*1 = 100, Anoljaes : 1^ HiBiDgper (Afb.^ iiL 387); 2, Henoann (J. pr. €3iaiiu zxz. IStX
407); 8, KjcTuir(AniL Ch. Phann., xixvii, 12); 4, Rammolfiberg (Pogg., crU. 632, in
547) ; 5| HermDun (J. pr. Ck^ Ixzxii 406) :
8i *^e Ce ta iH Ca fi
1. BaatallB 1800 1-80 68-59 1*25 9 60=99-24 Hisiog^.
2, ♦' 16 06 3-17 26-55
8. ** 21*30 4-98 5B'60
6. " 2V35 1«46 60-99
From ADaJjaifl 3, 8*27 of molybflenite, and 0*16 bimnuth glances are remoYed u
Ajialysea I and 2 give near 10 p. c of water^ with much lanthanam and dtdytttitua, aodll
according^ to Hermann ; he aooordinglj applies to this kind the dtstiooliftt BMma k
and to the reat that of c&rite,
Klaproth, who published the first analysis (Beitr^ iv. 14 0\ and gav^ llk« vmm
ochrt?iie, obtAia&d ^i U% Ce 64*5, Fe S-5, Ca l"i5, fi 5*0=98*76; with his tOici
all the material not decomposed in his method of analjais. Bonnann baa auppotadth
analysed a distinct 8pecie«,
Pyr^ etc. — In u tnatraad jrields water, B.B. iufbaiUe alone; with borax hi
forma a jellow globule, which beooinea almost colorlcsa on oooling; in th^ Inai
iron reaction. With aoda not dlaaolved, but tuaes to a dark jellow alaggf wm
with muriatio add.
Oba« — ^Occnrs at Bastnaa, near Riddarbyttan, in Weatmannland, Sweden, fontiittf a ll
and associated with mica, hornblende, copper pyrites, cerine, eta It bean oooal^'
blanoe to the red graoubir variety of oonindum, but ia readily diatingidabed hy ila
Hibinger and BenehuSi in 180a-4, delected in this mineral a new metal whi^
eeriumf after the planet Orat^ then receotly announced ; and the miiieml th^
Klaproth made the same diaoovery about the same time^ and gave tbo nam* otknfik W
And odmntd earth to the new earth (alluding to ita color, from w i-^^ brmmMmik
Beitrage, 1807, Klaproth aooepted the namea of Hiainger and Benelina, yot adAn •(
they ahould appear to come ftom Miipit^ waix)^ making them eerermm tmd tmmit$ •
aooepted. In 1839 Mosander prored that the oxyd of oeiitun oomtaintd th^ new arti
and in 1842 another new metal, did^frmwrn,
368. IIRDMAinflTB. Berkn, Pogg.» IzxzriiL 162,
In imbedded grains and folia ; witli no tracea of ciTstaUizadim.
G.=3'l. Lu&tre vitreous. Color dark brown. In thin splintcn
lucent.
Comp, — i^nalyaia by Blomatraud^ of half a gramme (L e^):
§i ia Oz.0elLa fe ftn t Ck fitoai
31*85 11-71 84*89 8*52 0*86 1*48 ^r4A i-li
Oht. — From the ialand 8iokd in the Langetund flord, D««r BraiPlg.
Named alter Brdmann.
369. PYROSMAUTE. Pirodmalit Hmtm., MoU'a EAvl, It. WK imftL Wmt
tandtheil Salzsaurea Eiiieuoxyd, id^ ib. (fr. bbwpipetnala ef G«hs, lii dJitofin*!
EanL, T§b^ 103, 1S08; HausTrL, Handb., tOGH, 1618. f^ mw1«li M^ 1^1%
iL 418, 1818.
Hexagonal. 0 A 1=148^ 30'; a=0'5307. Obecmid plai«,
2, 0 A 2= 129° 13', /A /=120^ In prisiud or Uh\^ Clmt^
perfect; /imperfect. Also mafieiva, Double refraeiioii ilrgog»
Axis negative*
HTBBOUB 8ILICATB8.
415
:4_4.5. G.=8-3-2; 3-081, Hisinger; 8-168-3-174, Lang. Lns.
O pearly ; 6f other planes, less so. Color blackish-green to pale
rown, passing jnto gray and pistachio-green ; usually brown exter-
and light greenish-yellow intemaliy. Streak paler than color,
re uneven, rather splintery. Somewhat brittle.
(^ — O. ratio for ft, Si, ^=2 : 8 : 1 ; and ratio of chlorine to oxygen about 1 : 42. Mak-
nter and dilorid of iron basic, the ratio for B+1^ Si=l : 1, and the formula (i 1^+
31))* Si=, if Pod : ftn : *e (+Oa)=l : 6 : 8, Silica 847, *e 81-7, ftn 196, chloridof iron
r 7 0= 100. Analyiea : 1, Hisinger (Afh., iv. 817); 2, same, making the iron and man-
irotoxyd, and part of the iron a chlorid, and reckoning the loss as water (Ramm. Ifin.
; 3, J. Lang (J. pr. Ch., IxxziiL 424):
% 9e Hn j'e liEn Oa ^ Gl Fe
86-86 35-48 24*26 121 widsL 3-77 Hisinger.
35^ 28-07 21*81 1*21 [6*29] 8-77 3-00 "
36-48 30-72 20-61 0*74 7-76 3*79 , 3tl 0-24 Lang.
Holier trial, ISainger obtained Si 86*40, 9e 32*60, Sn 23*10, £l 0*60, the rest undeter-
•tc^ — ^In the dosed tube yields water, which reacts acid. B.B. fUses at 2— 2*6 to a black
l^asa. With the fluxes ^ves reactions for iron and manganese. A bead of salt of
ua, prerionaly saturated with ozyd of copper, when f\ised with the pulverized mineral
\ beiuitiful asnre oolor to the flame (chlorine). Decomposed by muriatic add, with sepa-
-Fyroamalite oocura at Kya Eopparberg in Westmannland, and at Bjelkegruran, one of
Bihiea of Nordmark in Wermland, Sweden, where it is associated with cidc spar, pyrox-
ihyOite, and magnetio iron. A hexagonal prism, in the museum at Stockhohn, is nearly
a diametor and one and a quarter inches long, and weighs five and a half ounces.
I fttMBi «V» fif^ ^<^ '•<"/* 'S <'<^» in allusion to the odor when heated.
■QPHTZiXJTIL Zeolith you Hellesta G, Binman, Ak. H. Stodch., 82, 1784. Zeolithus
sto migor MuBer, De Zeolithis Suedds, 32, 1791. Ichthyophthahnite (fr. Uto) cPAndrada,
t*B J., It. 32, 1800, J. de Phy&, IL 242, 180. Mesotype ^point^ (fr. Iceland) H^ Tr.,
\l. ApophylUte S^ Notes pour servir au Cours de Min. de V an XIII. (1805), Lucas
L 266, 1806. Slschangenstein Wfm., 1808. Ichthyophihalmit, Albin, Wem,, Letstes Ifin.
1817. Tessellte (fir. Earde) Brewster, Ed. PhiL J., L 6, 1819. Oxhaverite (fr. Iceland)
cr, Ed. J. Sd., viL 116, 1827. Xylochlor (fr. Sidly) v. Wall, Vulk. Gest, 1853. Leu-
te Her9chdl, Deed. Min., L 126, 1862.
agonal. 0 A 1^=128^ 38'; a=l-2615. Observed planes: O, U,
1, 1, 4, 1, K U. O A 1=119^ 30', O A fi=147° 58^ 1 A 1, pyr.,=
2', bas., = 121^
)3**26.' Crystals
nes nearl V cylin-
or barrel-shape,
ge: O hiffhly
; /less so. Also
9 and lamellar.
4-5-5. G.=
4; 3-335, Haid-
A variety from
I; 8-859, Thorn-
Lustre of O
; of the other faces vitreous. Color white, or
greenish, yellowish, or rose-red tint, flesh
388
899
386
ish; occasionallv
itreak nncolored.
Transparent ; rarely opaque. Brittle. Double refraction feeble ;
positive or negative; sometiiiieB a tesselated structure made app&n
polarized light.
Vat.—I. Ordinary. IJBuallj in dystale, vfhkok are remarkaVle for thoir peiilj biaill
Form sooietimes ncftrly cubic
B.AufA MtAoiype i^mnUe wm an loelatid variety ; Puch§ and Q^hlen to 1816 MOtft)
identity with apophyllite. In tabukr cryBtala from the Seiaaer-Alp Dauber found 1 a 1=1
m r^d from Atnlrta^berg 120' vX 18" ; mcryBtalu from Poonoh ll^* 43*.
1. The name Oxhav^ite was applkd to a pale green crystal found in petriJ3ed wood at tbl|
Springs, Dear HuaaTicic in Iceland Aihin of Wt^mer (named from alhw^ white I ia ta aol
cubic crystalft, opaque white in toIoFj fronj Auaaig, Bohomia, partly decsompoied. XyMi
Sicily, is olive-green, and has Q. = 2-29<>4 ; it owea its color to the presence of atitUa iK
2. TtssdUe, from Faroe, is a eubical variety, exhibiting a tesselated structure ia
light
3. Leucoq/ctite^ when plates parallel to the base are examined by meana of ,
ehowa a black cross with rings that are alternately white and violdt black, with (
positive (whence the name, from Xtvtcdt^ white, and itiifXiff, circle y^ inateud of the
rings— a peculianty observed in crystals from the Seisa^r-Alp, Audreaabeig (part
locality X Skye, Faroe, Iceland, Uto^ and Poonah in India. Some crystals fSrom Uto {
similarly examined, exhibit a black cross on a deep violet ground, with
These different optical phenomena may bo presented by oontiguoua pLates of tha
Desd
Qoiap. — A silicBte of time and potash containing some fluorine. 0. ratio for
I : 3*75 : 2 ; for the analysis by Berzeljua, 1:4:2; and for Oa, ^ 8 : 1. Ratio _
i : 4 : 2 J which correspontis to R+ 2 ^i-h 2 ^ ; and if 1 j^ be basic, the formula _
^H 81, or more spedally (i ft+| (4 k-h^ fia))* Si+^ Si=SiUca t&% lime MA
water lt>'7 = li.iU. This makes it a Unisilioate^ like other tetragonal ailicatea^ with i
(uncrystaliLEablo ?) slhcate as aooessory. The ratio of the fluorine to tha oxygen '
ascertained*
Analyses: 1, 2, Berzelins (Af k, vl IBl); 3, Rammelsberg (2d SnppL, 16);
Ztg.» XX. 267); 5, Rammelaherg (Min. Ch., 605) ; 6, C. T. Jackson (Thia Mim, 1
Reakln (Am, J. Sd, II. ivi, 84); 8, J. L. Smith (This Min^ 304, 1854); 9, W.
St Pet, 1862, 92); IQ, Haughton (Phil. Mag., IV. xixil 228):
§i Oft & fi P
1-64=99 85 BerBeliua.
ri 2= 100-05 fierseliua.
lis Bamm,
?=97'68 Btdlting.
0-46 Ramm.
0-tf 1=99*47 Jadnoo.
17 1=^101 Beaktrt
O-96=99'10 Smith,
0-84=100 n W. fi^clE.
0 97, 3fcl0 24,MgO'aa»Sr«
Jtylochhre afiTorded v. Waltershausen^ as a mean of two analyses (I c)^ 3t Si^OT^ dm
3-40, Jftg 0-33, Ka 0-56, ^ 3-77, ll 1*64, II and C 17-l4-=9i#'S7. The red odor cC te
berg crystals is attributed by Suckow to fluorid of cobalt
Fyx^ etc, — In the dosed tube exfoliatea^ whitens, and yields watsr, whicli
the opon tube, when fused with salt of phosphorus^ gives a fiuorioe iMolknt. lLBl<
colors the Same violet (potash), and fuses to a white vesicular enamel ^.=1'^ (t. "*
composed by muriatic! acid, with separation of slimy silica,
Oba. — 0<x-urs commonly in amygdaloid and related rocks, with variouB aeoUtit;
ally in cavities in grunite, gneisa, etc. Greenland, Icekind, the Faroe lalanda^ Poonall
medlrmggar in Hindostan, a5brd fine specimens of apopbyllite in amygdaloid. At
I.
Uto
62*13
24-Tl
627
16 20
2.
Faroe, l^eselite
62 '38
24-^8
5*37
16-20
8.
Andreasberg
61 38
26-86
4-90
find.
4,
rdh.
61*73
2602
6-10
1673
6.
Radauthal,G.^l-96l
62*69
26*52
4-75
16'7»
6,
Michigan, 0.= 2-305
61-89
25*60
6-07
16-00
7.
Nova Scotia
62-60
24-88
6-14
16-67
8.
L. SuperionG,=2*37
62 08
25'30
4-93
15-92
9*
I^rlax, Finl. (f)
52*12
24-99
5*75
16*47
10.
Bombay
51-60
2508
6*04
16 20
silver veins, traversmggray-wackc slate ; atOrawicza, Cziklowa, and Ssaiska in ^soflfHi
Ciated with woUastonite ; in Rfetthire, with magnetic iron; at Utoin Sweden* atPny del
in Auvergne, in a tertiary limestone, near intruded basaltic rocks ; at Fin bo, Vt^ Koit
Sweden; in the Tyrol, near Frombach; near Kertsi^inaki Siberia; in Anatnlia;
dan Mines, Mexico.
In America it has been found at Peter^s Point and Partridge Island, in the Baaiaof !
Bootia, both massive and crystailixed, presenting white, reddiah, azid greenl
dated with laumoutite, tfaomsonite, and otiier mineqild of trap rocka ; i&o al
HTDBOITS BILI0ATB8. 417
Ota, SwBn't Greek, and Cape Blomidon. Large crTstals occur at Bergen Hill, N. J^
ith anakate, pectolite, stilbite, datolite, etc, some of them 3 inches across. It is also
Oore, near Perry, Maine, with prehnite and analdte in amygdaloid ; at the OUff
laperior region (f. 399).
e was BO named bj HaQy in allusion to its tendenpj to exfoliate under the blowpipe,
f6XJio9, a leaf. Its whitish pearlj aspect, resembling the eye of a fish after boiling,
me name IchihyepfUhalmUef from ix^ft fi^h ^^^ <i^0d>/<ik, eye,
vMiyof^uhakmiU (or i€hQiyophihaJLme\ given in 1800 by d'Andrada, has priority. Bat
3eacri|&on (L c) is bad in all respects, answering much better for pearly feldspar or
Q the epedfio gravihr (2*491) beii^ far out of the way ; it affords some evidence that
drawn it from anomer mineral It was therefore hardly a violation of the sMctett
ty that Hatiy, who had studied carefully the crystallization of the mineral befiue h
0 d'Andrada, should have named it anew. Neitiier justice to d'Andrada, nor the good
qairee that the name apophyUUe should now yield place to the earlier one. The ear-
1 were made in 1806 by Y. Rose (Qehlen's J., v.), and Fourcroy ft YanqneUn (Ann. da
on altered to pectolite near Tiexno on Monte Baldo, along with anohanged orystala.
yatala have been obtained by Wohler from heated waters, and he inferred thatatem-
80** F. was necessary to the result He stated that when heated in water to this
ander a preesnre of 10 to 12 atmospheres, it forms a solution which crystallizes on
irly radiated crystals were formed by Becquerel through the action of a solution of
tait on plates of sulphate of lime (gypsum). Daubree has detected crystals of apo-
le Roman works at the hot springs of Flombi^res ; they were covered in part with
id Btalactitic hyalite.
UTOMiTJJ. EaitL, Brewster's Ed. J. Sd., ill 816, 1826. Antiedrit Breiih^ Ohar.,
164, 1832.
mal; hemihedraL OAl-t=145° 59'; 390
'3. Observed planes as in the annexed
^ther with another dome in the zone
the summit angle 144°. (? A 1=
\ I A 1=133** 39i', /A i=115° 26,
r summit,=92° 41', i A i, ib., =129°
rage : /perfect. Also massive.
-4-5. G.=2-71, Haid. ; 2694, Hed-
tre vitreous. White, ffrayish-white,
reak uncolored. Translucent — opaque. Brittle.
). ratio for ^fi, Si, 1^=1: 4: 7: 4; whence, if half the water is basic, for bases, sOica
:7:2=l:l:f; and the formula (?(} fin- iBa)«+ 1 3tl)»Si»+l^ ft. A new determi-
I oompontion is needed. Analysis: F. Heddle (Pha Mag., IT. iz. 179) :
\U'99 2122*63 Ba 26-84 Ca fr. JTa fr. ft 12*46=98 91.
tallied, in an imperfect and incorrect analysis (Brewst Ed. J. ScL, iil 818), Si 86*09,
12-68, ft 18*82, loss 11*22 supposed to be some alkali.
— TiMda water, and becomes white and opaque. B.B. at a high heat (\ises to a ool-
Ailbrda a jeXiy with muriatic acid.
i^tonile occars in the Kilpatrick Hills, near Glasgow, Scotland, associated with har-
tfagr teryla mineral, and also analcite, caldte, etc. One specimen obtained by Mr.
MSio&
t ThomaoD (Ifin., L 328), from Port Glasgow, on the Clyde, Scotland, is described
b viiifte orjvtals that " seem to be regular octahedrons; at least 4-8idDd pyramids,
wUflh anpMr to be eqoilateral triangles, are visible; other crystals appear to be
tS-6; 0.=2'18; lustre yitreous. Thomson obtained (I a) Si 87*01, & 16*81, 9e
i^ H U-SSsdO-Oa Heddle states (Phil Mag., IV. iz. 181) that it is probably eding-
vfUl banaolome, mentioning that Thomson's mineral came from the same locaHtf
o^lonlte^ and from the same dealer that Aimished him with the edingtonite fbr bia
27
418
OXYGEN OOMPOUKPS,
373. aiSMONDITB. Zeagonite Gtsmottdi, Oseerr. Ifin. dl Bom% ISie^ Tudv 1
1817* G^iemoudiD Leonh., ib.^ 168. Gifimondiae. Abrazitie BrMaJr^ Initit G«oi, ii. ti
Orthorliombic, I A 7=93** 41'. 0 A l-irrl34° S5' ; c» : J : <?=H
1-0140, 14 A 14, toD, =89*" W, I A l*i:=124'' 43', v. Lang, F
i Bcmbling square octahedrans, but made up of the planes /and I
eloBtered into mamiuillated forms with a drusy surface. Cka
rather perfect,
H.=4'5, G.=2*265. Colorless or white, bluish-white, grajriAh
Lustre splendent. Transparent to trauBlucent. Opticidlv biaxia
axial plane parallel to axis u^ and ant^le very lai^, v, Laiig; bilj
only confused appearances in polai'izea light, DescK
Oomp— 0. ratio for ft S, Si, tl^ 1 1 B t ^ i ^. Formula perlupfl that of e1n^b»n
water Analysla by Mangnac (Aqil Ch. Fbya., Ill xiT. 41): ^
flig5-38 Xl 27-23 Ca 13-12 fe 3-86 fiiM<i=lQ"l
PyTp, atc^At 100° a jielda one-third of its WRt«F, aod beoomea opaqtsi^ BJL
tuoiOBceH mucht and melta to a milky glass. Easily diaaolTea in actda and gelat*
Oba*— Ocmirs in the leudtopbyr, a leucttic lara, of the region of ML AQm
Ucttn^ at Capo di Bove, and elsewhere, associated with pyroionai, magoefeite, m
wollastocite, etc ; also, aecordiog to Kenngott, oa the Gora«r gUdef-T ii«M' Zarmatt, i
a coarse, granular, reddish-browD garaet-rock^ with epidot«, c^dt«, chlorlleir aad f
in the Yai di Noto, Sicily, aeoordiug to Scaochi, in whit^ roam miliary oocicracioa«i tk
The name ZcagoniU is from (cm^ to cook, and Ayuni^ barren, and wbb tho first aant^
L&onhard eubatituted the describer'a nAme, which it haa ainoe held.
Von KobcU and Marignae ha^e analysed crystaia ttom the looali^ at Cbpo dt B«f»
very dlQerent (Vom the above: and it ia supposed tiiat the oqrstala tak^a for tha aai
muturo of ginmamiite and phimpflite. The ccyatala were, however, reoaivwl (yon til
eralogiflt Medici<bpada. Credner examined a part of the aame lot of cryatalak tad ||
and figured them in tjie Jahrb. Mia. 184T^ p. 559 ; and the figures hats the twio ~
to octahedral) and atrifie of phlUipeito. He deacribes others tliat are rounded
rough edges witluout the striie — the* true gismoudite^ aoeoniing U> moffl authors— b
even-fami octahedroaa graduate imperoeptibly into the rougb^ aod thai all appaar I
ciep. Ho oouaequently makes all the oryvtala orthorhoinbl& aod damfy iwai ~
But y, Laug baa ahowu that the oryatala are not twins, sad nSTa tlha ■fcoat «i^
IV, nviii 605).
Von Kobell (in the Oel Ans Uandieo, 18S0) descrfbid Hia ctytUll as ttlrairftetl
twins, and published the foUowiug analysis. He also plaoae tbe Spioka tr^
in his Ooachichte der Min. (p. 487) he even queriaa the idantilY of tin
made the erystala tetragonal octahodroua^ with the angles oTbaaaJ wdgm v: :'s
idal ll«* 31 . Analysea: 1, v, Kobeli (I c. and J, pr iJh^ xrOl ICW); t, Mark
JVs^HLxiv.il, 1B45): /»-»'•
Si
^
Ca
z
ft
1.
42-60
SA*60
7-60
s-sa
17*65=l(MI-ai
3.
43 64
248d
et2
loss
I5 00=:^l00tf
VhsantlolbrthefirstSsnear l;4;ti;((; ft^r the second t;9:a:a(. inaw
sooieUmes placed under the name aaogvMuiQ, as If a third minand asalad at Cbso <
ftem th« phahpaite and gismondila. Bat w. £obc)l holds Uiat hia rcmlta glv» Ite (
^ Of giamoodtta. L. Gmebn, nota tfaaa 40 yaata m>, lottda a cbe ~
u ^ ^'^i^SSr^^ ^ philUpaits. Mafigaae fsgsAsd «ia atfaati
Owlriafals bluish octahedral crystala A^md Ttaarfaia^ aflMSaA
J»taJI aaels l2i- 58 . hmrfi been called M^t^ti^ whk" "
HTBROTTB 8ILI0ATE8. 419
873. OABFEDOXiITa Karphdith WenL, Letastes Min.Sjst, 10, 43, 1817.
nhombic In radiated and stellated tufts, and groups of acicular
. Bhombic prisms of 111^ 27', and 68^ 33', Kenngott, with lateral
imcated.
S— 5-5. G.=2-935, Breithaupt ; 29365, Stromeyer. Lustre silky,
sg. Color pure straw-yellow to wax-yellow. Opaque. Very brittle.
-O. zitio for fi, 1^ ^=1 : 1 : i, If the bases are all sesqaiozyd, as made by t. Haner;
ftxiiiiik(3^llii, Fe)* Si'+3 ]^ Analyses: 1, Stromejer (Unteraudh., 410); 2, Stein-
iw. J., zzT. 418) ; 3, T. Haner :
21
Sn
fe
fe
Ca
fl
HP
5
6
28*67
26-47
19 74
1916
18-33
20-76
6-27
9-87
2*29
0-27
1-83
10-78
11-36
10-19
1-47=98-79 Stromeyer.
=99-96 StoinmamL
F 1-74=100-28 Hauer.
lou — In the dosed tube gives water, which reacts acid and attacks the glass (flnorine).
I up and ftises at 3*5 to a brown glass. With the fluxes gives reactions for manganese
Hot deoomposed by muriatic acid. Decomposed on fbsion with alkaline carbonates.
)oeon in minute divergent tufts, disposed on granite, along with fluor and quartz, in the
of jchladrenwald. It was named by Werner in allusion to its color, from xip^;, siraw.
I that the mineral is altered maroeline (Geschichte Min., 677).
m. SUBSnJCATES.
Allophan Stromeyer^ QeL Anz. Qdtt, 1261, 1816. Biemannit BreUh,,
lOiL, ir. h, 182, 1817. Elhuyarit Sack, Schw. J., Ixv. 110, 1882 (announced, not
Jahxbi Ifin^ 38, 1834 (mentioned, not described).
phoiis. In incrustations, usually thin, with a mammillary sur-
a hyalite-like; sometimes stalactitic. Occasionally almost puiveru-
I. Q.=1'85— 1'89. Lustre vitreous to subresinous; bright and
iftemaUy. Color pale sky-blue, sometimes greenish to deep green,
yellow, or colorless. Streak uncolored. Translucent. Fracture
eUy oonchoidal and shining, to earthy. Very brittle.
-0. ratio for Si, Si, fi, mo8tly=3 : 2 : 6 (or 5); ;& Si+6l^or JSd Si+6 1^
m: 1, Stromeyer (Unters., 308); 2, Walchner (Schw. J., xlix. 164); 3, Guillemin (Ann.
, zfiL 260): 4, Bunsen (Pogg., zzxL 53); 6, Berthior (Ann. d. M., IIL ix. 498); 6-9,
tiMSOte (PUL Hag., IV. xHL 388); 10, SiUiman, Jr. (Am. J. ScL, U. viL 417); 11, C. T.
hi,xlx.ll9):
41-30, 6u,C806, gyps. 0-62,3Pe« ft* 0-27=99*888
86 75, Cu 2-33=100-95 Walchner.
35-74, " 0 96=99-83 Ouillemin.
40-23, 3Pe 2-74, Ca C 2-39, ftg C 2-06 Bun.
44-20, day 47=100 Berthier.
,mtk. 20-60 31-34 1*92 42*91, ^e 0*31, C 273=99-71 Northoote.
-^ 3919, ^e 0-11, C 2-44=99-98 Northcoto.
40-92, ^e tr, C 1*49=100 Northoote.
40-31, 3Pe 6 69, C 1-82=99-99 Northoote.
35*24, Ag 2*83=99-49 SOUman.
37-7, Hig 0-2=99-2 0. T. Jackson.
Si
JSd
Ca
21*92
82*20
0*73
24*11
88*76
28-76
39-68
2105
30-87
....
21*90
59-20
20*60
31*34
1*92
19*58
87-30
1-86
17-00
39*09
1*60
17-06
32-88
1-34
32-66
38-77
19-8
41-0
0-6
430
OXTGS37 OOMPOUKDB*
The Dolorinjr matter of nhe blue vurietj \b du© to traces of chrjKwollA, the
nod Umt of tJie yellowish and brown to iron. Allophjme oooin at BiciiaMi&id, lCAa^
mately with part of the gibbaite of that locality (Silllinan).
Fyr., etc. — Yields much water in the dosed tube, B,B. crumble^ but y
blue color with cobalt flolution> GelatiDixoa with moriatic acid.
ObB. — Allophace is reg^arded aa a result of the decotopositioD of MiDi ahniflh
(feldspar, etc.)^ and it often occurs incnieting flBSures or caritieB in inmea^ •apcdil
copper and limonite, and eren iii beds of coaL It lines carities in a kind of mnH it
near Saalfbld in Thuringia, where it was ^-st obeerrcd^ in 1809^ by Rli>Minim, mi
])een called riemannUd. Found alao at Sehneeberg m Saxony ; *t Genbach m tba 6<l
Pc4row in Morayia^ in a bed of limonite ; CbotiDa in Bohemia^ at a copper mine in aiat
PrieRdorf^ near Bonn, in lignite (the elhuyank^ of a brownish or lioisey«y«llow cokir,
I'li); YIb6 in Belgium, in the carboniferous limeatono; at the Chessy copper mise, i
France; in the chalk of Beauvaif^ France, preaenting a honey-yellow ootor ; at N»i
near Woolwich, in Kent, England, in old chalk-pita, of amber-yellow, ruby-rad* and UM
white oolora. In the United States it occurs in a mine of Unionlte, with gihbdto. at
MaBB., forming a hyaline criiBt, scaly or compact in atrtidnre, and brittb; at th« Bii
Mine, Ct. ; at Morgantowo, Berka Co., Pa. ; at the FhedeosyiUe siiic mmm^ Hmi b
mine of Polk Co., Tenn.
Named A^m l^Aof^ oih&r, and ^afvbi, to appear^ in aHuaion to Its diaiige of
blowpipe.
A yoUowish- white earthy mineral from Komwestheun, between Statlgvt tod l4
with G. = I'79*1 and 2*093, consiBta of allophane and aluntinite in oorobinatioii, iftd 3
JTieMMtiTntmte (SHicmua olh^mimie) by Groningen and OppeL In on* of fhalr
otrtBlzted ( JahieBb. 1S52, 892, from Wurtemb. Kat. Jahreshefte, 1851, 189) Si ISIM^
42-59, ign. «»'32=100'OL
A. CAROLATHura F. L. Stmnenachiin (ZS. G. Qes^ ▼. 223» and J. pr, Ch^ Ll 268, H
phona, with a mammillary surface, and approaching allophane in tlie ratio of ^ bo
tains le»A water. 11. =2-5; G.— 1-616 f oolor honey- to wine^yellow; aubtzanalsmnt.
Analysia by Sonnenschein gave :
a 29 ea Si 41'26 fi IB'IO C 1-33 H 0 U O 5'W^=lOflL
Heated it afTorda water, which la neutral in its reactions; at a higher twuptf atari
the color darkens, and a black ahlning mass is obtained. B.R ignilM ' ~ '^
the oiiganie ingredients prosent
From the ooal-bed of the Kdnigin-Louisa Mine, at TMiWy in Uppor ffil
d?6. COULtYRlTE]. Das man dort Salpeter nannte {ft, Sdustmiits) i
X. e9, nea. Naturlicbe Abunerde (fr. ScbaamUa) o. IkMet, Min^ llfV ttU; ,
i. 267, 1796. KoUyrit KarsL, Tab,, 30, tS, 1800.
A cky-like mineral, white, with a gUmmering lo&tre,
adbering to the tongue, G.=2— 2*15. H.=l— 2.
Oomp.— 3tl'Si-h9 tJ; or 1 of ADophaneH-l of Gibbfliie:=[l] Si^t Bl^[llfl^
alumina 48*02, water 37 8 L AnalyscB ; 1, Kluproth (Beitr., L 257); 9, Bcr^il« I
476); S, Kersten (Schw. J., Ixi 24); 4, J. U. and G. Gladstone (PhiL M^ IT. l
Si
Til
n
1.
2.
3.
4.
Schenmits
Ezqoerra
Saxony
Hove
14'0
150
23-3
1449
46 0
44 '6
42-8
47-44
42-0^101 KkpfoHv
40 5r=I0OBarthisr.
34-7 1^ 100-8 brMB.
38-89, Ca 0*8^ C 0^9= iQt
In other specimens Gladiitone (L a) obtained from 8 to 3 pi* 0* of iflk
proportion of hydrate of alumina,
Fyr^ etc.— Yields water, B.B. InfUsible. Gives a blus color wliea biiBJI
tion. Gelatinizes with nitric acid. Does not fall to pieces in waifr, or tM«
Obi, — From Eaquerra in the Pyreaeea ; near 8cfaeninSti» HooKSiy ; naor ^
at Hove, near BHghton, Bngland, in Ossares in tike upper chalk, of a patm i
■oft
The Dime seOyrtMn (tf«XA«p«a*) was appUed by the Greoki to 1^ ^'Sorite Mt
Mopted it boouus tU deecHption of this MTth bj DfoiooridM 1^^
HTBBOUB BCLSOATtBy ZBOLTTB BEOnOV . 491
ounn Haid. (Fbgv^ IzxyUL STt, 1849) is a related sabstanoe. Earthy, with H.=1'8
1-674—2-836. AiuutTseB : Hntsehnazm and Karafiat (Pogg., Izxviii 676) :
21*18, te, An, alk. ^.=100*87 HntBefanaim.
20-06=99-22 Karafiat
IfMfl oorreapond to the formula Sl« Si*H-9 d=Smca 24*39, almnina 64-28, fi[ 21*38.
B is the gangoe of the diaspore of Schenmitz, at a place called Dilln. Dr. J. L. SEoitii
naj dfi&rat result for a similar material from the same SchemnitB looaUlnr, as giyen
t (q. y.) ; and it is probable that dillnite is a mixture of diaspore and lEadinite or
SI
21
Ag
Ca
tt-40
66-40
0-44
«r.
8S-63
63*00
1-76
0-88
BSTTSBITB. Opalin-Anophan SchrdUer, Baumg. Ztg^ ir. 146, 1887. Sohrdtterit
CRocker, Grundr., 6S6, 1839. Opal Allophane.
ibles allophane ; sometimes like gum in appearance.
— 3'6. G. = 1*95 — 2*05. Color pale emerald- to ledc-green, green-
>, yellowish, or at times spotted with brown. Translucent to nearly
mt.
•O. imio for S, S],*]9[=4 : 1: 6; £l"Si'+80fi; equivalent to 8 [Si Si + 6 fi] +6 [id ^,
mhane and 6 of gibbsite. Analyses : 1, 2, Schrotter (J. pr. Oh., xL 880) ; 3, J. W.
. J. Sd., n. zxvL 79) :
fi Oa Cu fi
86-20 1*80 0-25 0*78=99*73 Sdhrdtter.
86-60 103 0*26 0*48=98*14 Schrotter. •
41*09, Zn 0*77, ^e, lilg <r., S 0*80=99*67 ICallet
}i^— B3. acts like aDophane, but bums white. Decomposed by adds.
on DoniDger mountain, near Freienstein, in Styria, in nests between day-date and
lestone ; in Cornwall ; at the Falls of Little River, on the Sand Mtn., Cherokee Co.,
an incniBtation over half an indi thick and partly stalactitic, resembling gum arable
n, having H.=3*5, and a.= 1*974.
iBBROm Venon (PhiL Mag., U. v. 178, 1829) is a white dayey substance, allied to
in Oomposition. It is without lustre, highly acUiesive to moist surfaces, and may be
the nail; H.=2-0; 0-.= 1*486? Composition, according to an imperfect aDalysis by
\ Si 10-60, Si 42*60, Fe 0*26, H 46*76. In a second, equally imperfect, he obtained
42-76, £[ 48-66, Pe 0*80=100. Does not fall to pieces in water, but inoreases in
flUs the yeinings of a sandstone, which is much marked with ozyd of iron, or <^ its
the ooaBt of Scarborough, Yorkshire, England.
Si
£1 9e
11-96
11-93
(})10 63
46-30 2*96
46-28 2*66
46-48
n. ZEOLITE SECTION.
ABRANGEMENT OF THE SPEClEa
PB GBOUP. Adsometric ; angle 7 A /near 90° ; deavage parallel to Z CrystaDisa-
i Mfcolar, or kmg fibrous and radiating ; thomsonite sometimes in short neariy reo-
with flat sunmiits, and sometimes foliated, but with a less pearly and more
» Uutt in stilUte.
& fi Si fi &fi Si fi
1 3 4 2i 1 1 4 (|0a+J»ft)i3tl,2ft,»jfi
18 6 2 1 li id) lra,l],8ai,2fi
%19. SooLscns
3S0, ELLiann
aSL Uebouts
ft fi gi a
1 S 6 3
1 S 6 3
1 S 6 S
1 H Iff)
1 1* mi
I H fti)
n. LEYTNITE GEOUP. HezagonaL i?A^==106", iwarl^.
381 Lbttshtb 13 6 4 1 li 1 CI) (<X^«,tXiltft,4
Til. AHALCITK GEOtJP. Ifiometric, or eke orthorbombic wiUi /A/=IM'. 0.
ti, Mf ^~1 : 3 : a, o(r 1 ; 3 : 9* Kerer fibrous ar aoiGakr.
383, A^AUmB
13 8 2
J 3 *
Sft,5],4Si.iA
S84. £cn»2iOPHITB
1 3 S S
1 a f
]§r«,3El,4gi,2fl
S86, Faujasitb
13 9 9
1 2iH
(|0«^iM»»**9
IT. CHABAZITE GBO0P. HexftgoTtfll, or olae orthorhoiiibic with /a fcl«>\ 4
&| S, Si= I ^ 3 : S^ or 1 ; 8 : 0, Merer flbroua ot iidGitlAr, Ka« pearif fcilklfd
386. ClIlBAiaTB
13 8 6
1 2 I#
(|Oin^M**,^)K«^
387. GHBUmTM
1 3 8 e
1 a H
(ie»4^i(^».t)iJi
388. Hxsscum^i
13 8 5
I 2 H
ttSt+itXitl4lt
V. PBILIJPSITB GROUP. Orthorhombic ^ lAlmv m\ Often Im
Wom\m or sd^ukr. Not poarlj foliated.
889. PHiLLiPsm
18 8 5
1 2 li
ttCa-hitX5l.4§i.l
VL HARMOTOMB GROUP. Orthorhombic ; /A/=124'-126^ Often in crudfo
never fibrous or acicular. Lustre vitreous.
890. HABSfOTOm
1 8 10 6
1 2i U(i) Ba»Sl,5Si,6d
TIL HYPOSTILBITE GROUP. Like the mesotTpes in adcular and fibrous CTTStilli
absence of pearly cleayage. 0. ratio for Jft, S, di=l : 3 : 9.
391. HYPOSTILBITE
13 9 6
1 2i li(i) (lCa + tMXl.*f
Tin. STILBITB GROUP. Orthorhombic or monodinio, with an easy pearly diagooi
cleavage. 0. ratio for ti^ fi, Si=l : 8 : 12.
392. STILBITB 1 3 12 6 13 H U) 0a,Sl,6Si,efi
898. Efbtilbiti 1 8 12 6 1 3 li (|) (f Ca-»-i*aXil,«S
394. Hbulahditb 1 3 12 5 13 li (|) Ca)Sl,63i,6fi
395. Bebwstebitb 1 8 12 6 1 3 li (|) (|Sr-hiB^ il,«*.
396. liOBDEEiTE 1 3 18 6 1 4^1^ (| Oa-hi 5(aX 51, ^^i,
-^lyemKx.— 397. Sloahim. 898. Sabpaohitb.
HTDBOtrS 8IUOATE8, ZEOLITE SEGTIOX.
433
la the preceding table the ooDBtituents of the ipedes are stated without the Airangement of
into formulafi. The reaemblimco to the Feldspar group in oxygen ratio fleenui, «! flrslj
* , U> Intplj Fesembiimoe at least in sclicmc of eompositioo. But it has been obaeryed {gk j
It laslead of unity of eiyatoillQe form and ph) Bicul characters, na m the Feldspar
ftban 18 the utmost diversity, A relation between the propc>rUoD of silica and alkali hoMt '
'; ibe !)&ldspars; but none exists, or could be rightly lo<iked for, ainiong the Taried groups
*;ht together under the name of zeolites. Tho w;tter present has produced the wide
I from the feldspars ; and it is thereforo probablo that this water is in psrt, at leasts
This being so, they may pertmn to the two divbiona of Unisiljcates and Bigilicates. la |
I table they are arranged under these heads, and tbrajuka added to correspond with.
» of them.
^^ipccita of the Mesotype and LoTTnite groups aro made Unisilicates, because they hare not
ic&o^h fur the bLsilicate type, Thomsonite haa the 0. ratio for the bases and siJicn==l4-
|=t : it or that of a true Unistlicale; »nd natrollte, if the water l>o baaic, is ako uni^jilicatSw
r, the clo«e ison -- ' of the several species of the Meaotype group renders it probablo
r ftre ciffiilar > and thereiore all uni silicate.
cses of the r .— „ i^^roups have silica enough for BiaOieateSi and are so arranged ia
Liig table* Yet those of the groups 3 to & have water enough for Unisilicatcs, if tbia
fhs mainly baaia Thus ohubazite and gnieliuite have a unisilicate ratio, if two-thirds of tha ]
|fa baste : and herschelite and phUIipsite, If four-iifths. But the facility with which part of ^
' m these species escapes is evidence that a considerable part of it, at least, is not basic.
I o?er 7 p. c, of water, or more than a third, by simple exposure to dry air. For ^
r fkcta, see under the £«pecie8 beyond. It is, therefore, not at all probablo that enough j
_ Ec lo make tlie species unisilicate. In the preceding table, the fraction written after
I of ^ indicates the proportion of water wliich is made basic in the formulas which
1. UNISIUCATK
a(|Ii+jCa + i]ffa)a + iSl)'i;i''-hfl
^10 (i(|n + }Ca + 4^e)»+i^/3i'-4-fl
Bl I O, I (i (t €ft-Hi Na,)+i^:^),+ 1} aq
Si|0*|(il|H, + iNa,) + i/JAl)t
Si I e, I (i (I H, + i ea) + i 0Mh +1 aq
Si I O, I (id H, + i(ea,Na,))+i ^Al),-^
i^ (Hltl^i l<^«t ^a, K}f + i 3a)* Si' H- 2 ft Si I e. I a (f H, + i (Ra, ft)) + i ^Al), ^
2. BlSaiGATE.
(jSa'-fliySiVUft
(iira'+|atl)£^i«H-Hft
ti 15-f f (Ca, Ka))*H-f Sl)^i*+iifl
(i (i Ot-ht :5rft)'H-4 Xl) SiV4i fl
tt(iCa+l*a)*+f3tl)SiV4|ll
ttd *ia+i ^)'+i M} 5i'-h3i n
(i(tCa^iS)'-ht*l)Si'+3tfi
(IUfi+lBa)»+iXi}Si'-ha|fl
6ie|e,|(iNa, + |Ml) + iaq
Si e I Ot Id Na. + f ^Al)+i aq
Sie|ev|(iHt + |fea,Na,)) + JAl) + «aq
Si0|0,|a(ea,Na,)+|/?M)4-Uaq
Sieie4(i(tNat+iK:»)+f^Al)+liaq
Sie|0.|U(|ea+iK»Hf^M)-|-lja
Sie|0,|(|(iH, + ifiaHl^;:^)+*aq
(Hifi-MCOa» Mf^i ^) Si'+ 3|li Bi e I e, l(i(iH,+|(6a, NaO)H-i^Al)t
a(tfi+iCa)ViXl)fli'+aA Si0|e.|(U*H.4^i6a)-hJi0Ai)+tit
4M
OXYGEN COMTOWDB,
Brewstente (i (| fl-f i [M 6r))Vi il) 8»«+ H fl Si B [ 0, | ( J (| H,^i (Bi^l
The term s&oliie was flrfft used by Oonstedt m It 56 (Ttuuactloiis of ttM I
Tol xviil), for certain minerals that fused with much iotumescenoe ; th0 iro
(cu»^ (9 6tnJ, and X«&«f, «ton«. Before the elope of the eenturjfiTe eubdlvisionij
bjr Werner And the miner&logistfl of hig school: (I) MehJimiith (nuuilj I
zcoUih or KE*(»i«?/i^ (fibrous zeolite) j thee© two oorroapondiag to the i
(or UAtroUbe, acolecite, mesolite, and thomaomte); (3) Strahli^ weotHk or SUvldml^l
seotlte), now stilbite ; (4) JUattriger zealith or BiaUeneoltth (foUatod »ottl»]L fiOvMU
apopbjiliie ; (5) WiirfeheoHtJi (cubic zeolite), now chabazitd and aiia}citi& lionofs, I
l^r called harmotome, and PrthniU werv regiu<ded as diatlnct 9peci6i ; and mti^Ui
which had been rank&d with tb© s^oUtea bj Walleriua. 1
In 1801 flauj gave the name of Meaoiypt^ or ZeoUU proper, to Ihe rarittlai iachsdiij
.flrat two of the above aubdi visions, together with apophjlUte ; aod took a aaoood liaeii
which he never retraced, in uniting thoae of the third and fourth in one aptciM ita4if'
G^ SiObiU. At the aame time he rightly removed jlna£oiiii« from th« okl Owic i
In ISO:^ mStrtMie was separated from meaotype by Elapfoth, aud itiooe Ida 9
for the Bpecies ao designated. In 1813 ScoitHe, and id 181$ MeaoUlt^ ^
and Gehlen ; and in lb20 Thomaoniie by Brookp. Haiiy'a name mesotype i
or should be, to a generic uae to include the group of s«olite«, vit, oat;
and the related species.
377. THOlffSOKITB, Mesotype pt J7., Tr., IBOl. Thomsoiiite (fr,
PhiL, xri 193, 18iO. Gomplonite (fr. Somma) BrmsUr, Ed. PhiL J^ !▼. :
BisnL, Ed. Phil J., vil 6, 1822. THploklaa BrcitK, Char, laaa. ChalUtia t
I S24, laae. Scoulerte R, D. Tlummm, Phil Ma^^ in. svii 408, 1840. Ooflcllr j
aaa) Skep^ km, J. ScL, H. it 251, 1849. KarpboatObit v. WaiL, Vulk Q««i, ITI, III
lite (=HeBole} U^Me, Phil Mag, lY. xiil H 1857, xt. 26, ta&a.
891
W
If
Li
^
n
Orthorhomhic. /A 7=^90^ 40' ; 0 A 14=144*' 9' : a ;6 : <
I'OllT. Observed pUines, m in the annexed figum, wit
law macrodome, nearly coincident with 0\
Buminit angle 177*^ 3*^, Nauniann. ('^
= 134'^ 40 • Cleavage : i-l easily o 1
O in traeee. Twins : cnicilbrm, havi
axis in common, and t-i uf ouv, part
i-i of the other ; one of the pair of prii(
each broader than the other. Al&o coin
radiated ; in radiated spherical ocncretiooa]
phuus aud compact.
Il.=5— 5-5. G.=^'3— 2-4 • 9-85— 8*88,
Zip^>o; 2*857, fr. Ilm , Kamm, Vitr
lees pearly. Snow-white; impure varit: aik Btnoak imoul
went— translucent Fnu^ture uneven. Brittle. Pyruel
raniction weak ; optic-axial plane parallel to O: bisectrix u
to i4 ; divergence 82^— ^ai** far red raya, from bambArtoo}
HTDROUB BUJOAnSS. ZBOUTIB SECTION,
425
^ (a) In regular cirstals, nsnally more or less reetangolar in ontilne. (5)
ieme, often Tesicular to radiated, (e) Radiated fibrous, (d) Spherioal ooncretkma,
udiated fibres or slender cryBtalB. (e) Massive, granular to impalpable, and wlute
wn.
^larddite of Heddle), the original from Farde, occurs in spherical concretions, oon-
aellar radiated individuals, pearly in deavage. The component crystals gave
rertical prism, 127* 20', which is within 8' of the corresponding angle in iboroson-
lotseauz regards the two as optically identical It occurs with mesolite and apo-
rrobably owes its slight excess of sihca to mixture with the former of ^ese minerals,
ee sili<». Mesole was long since referred to thomsonite by Haldinger.
. D. Thomson, from Port Rush, Antrim, is mesole in structure. It has. Dr. Thorn*
" the same composition as thomsonite, with only (according to an analysis by R.
ather lees alumina, and 6^ p. c of soda. The analysis has not been published.
Thomson, is a compact va^ety, of a reddish-brown color, from tiie Donegore Mts.,
mson described it in his Mineralogy (i. 324) as haviug G. =2*262, tpd as containing
uioxyd of iron (most improbable with so low sp. gr.). In the PhiL Mag. for 1840
desoibes apparent^ the same brown " uncrystallized " mineral as having G^.=2'29,
ne constitution as the Kilpatrick thomsonite, according to an analysis by R. D.
n analysis not published. He gives the locality, Ballimony, Antrim. Von Hauer
fhalilite, and found considerable magnesia with only a trace of iron. Qteg db Lett-
Min., 160) that the soouleriie graduates into the compact chalilite. In view of the
irdly be doubted that it is impure thomsonite.
• massive thomsonite, as shown by Smith and Brush, either granular or oompacti
color, "with G. = 2 -24.
ratio for ft, II, Bi, 1^=1 : 3 : 4 : 2i ; corresponding to 2 Si, %l, (} Oa+i^a), ai£[=
mina 31*6, lime 12*9, soda 4*8, water 18*8=100. Analyses: 1, Berzelius (Jahresb.,
imelsberg (J. pr. (Th., lix. 849); 3, Retzius (Jahresb., iv. 164); 4, Zippe (Verb,
im., V. 39. 1836); 6, 6, Rammelsberg (Pogg., xlvi 888); 7, Melly ^b. Univ., N.
, Rammelsberg (J. pr. Ch., lix. 848); 9, 10, Smith ft Brush (Am. J. SoL, II. Tvl
Taltershausen (Vulk. Gtest, 272, 277):
Si Si Ca f^a & £[
=1001 7 Berzelius.
= 100*20 Rammelsberg.
9e 0*6=101*84 RetEhis
=100-24 Zippe.
= 100*49 Rammelsberg.
=100 Ramm. G.=2*37.
=99*16 Melly.
=99*48 Ramm. G.=2*867.
Fe 1*66=99*48 a ft B.
=99*70 Smith ft Brush.
Mg0*13, Pe 1*49=100*48 W.
= 102*83 Waltershausen.
g are analyses of Mesole: 1, Berzelius (Jahresb., ill 147); 2, 8, Hisinger (ib., v.
4, Thomson (Ed. X. Phil. J., xvii. 186); 6-7, Heddle (L c); 8, v. Kobdl(J. pr.
); 9, How (Ed. N. Pha J., IL viiL 207, 1868) ; 10, O. a Marsh (priv. oontrih.):
Tick
88*30
30*70
1354
4*58
13*10:
arton
3809
81*62
12*60
4*62
13*40:
39*20
80*05
10*58
8*11
13*40,
rg, CompU
38*25
3*2*00
11*96
6*58
11-50:
u
38*73
80*84
13*43
3*85 0*64
13*10:
u
88*77
31*92
11*96
4*64
12*81:
ra
37*00
81*07
12*60
6*25
12*24:
istein
89*63
31*25
7*27
8*03
13*30=
\k
36*86
29*42
13*95
8*91
13*80,
87*08
31*13*
13-97
8*72
13*80=
ogtObiie
89*28
29*60
12*38
4*09 0*38
18*28,
leanL
39*86
31*45
13*83
5*30 1*00
11*89=
* Withiom«F«'o'.
Si &
Uti a
42-60
28*00
11*43
6*63
12*70=100*36 Berzelius.
Oef
42*17
27*00
9*00
1019
11*79=100*15 Hisinger.
41*62
26*80
8*07
10*80
11*79-98*99 Hisinger.
^7
42*70
27*60
7*61
7*00
14*71=99*62 Thomson.
41*32
28*44
11*64
6*77
13-26=100*33 Heddle.
s
41*20
30-00
11*40
4*38
13*20=10018 Heddle.
48*17
29*80
9*82
6*33
12*40=100-02 Heddle.
1
41*00
81*66
10*73
4*60
12*11 = 10000 KobelL a.=l
\mAj
41-26
29*60
11*71
6*29
12*73=100*69 How.
nidoa
41*64
80-62
9*21
4*96
18*11, 4 0*44=99*87 Marsh.
tdhut to Benriius, I : 3 : 6 : |. 1 : 8 : 4i : 2i oorrespondB better wilh
I TUM bat little ttom the oomposition of thomsonite.
426
OXTOHN OOMPOUHDS.
Dr. Thomson found for hia chaliliie (I c;), Si 36'5e» 3kl 26-20, F© 1158, C« ia-18, $•
16 tt6 = 101*70. VoQ Kauer obtained (Jabrb. G. Beichft., 1863) Si 88*66, Iki 2TTI, F« 4r^ T
Ca 12-01, fi[ 14-32.
The Hauengtcin coiDeml (forme rlj called memliU of Hiui6nst4^tn) occurs mixed w
and UiiB accounts for the results of Freisamath*d analjrsk (Scbw. J^ zxr, 4:t&\
widely from Bammelsberff's later results (anal 8).
Pyr., etc.— The ^littelgebirge mineral olianges but slightly in molat or Arf air* ]
Damour; after two hours at '/SO* C, it lo&es 6-1 p. c, and very slowly regsinA tbft i
the open air, the loss being reduced to r& pv c after forty hours. At a red besi llie lotfl
p. a, and the mineral becomes fhsed to a white enamel B,B. fuses with iuttunesoBiie* all
white enamel Gelatinizes with muriatie acid*
Obs. — Found in cavities in lava and Other igneous rocks ; and also in acme 1
with elisolite.
Thomsouita occurs near Kilpatriek, and at Ki]mal(X>lm and Port Glasgow, ScothiQd, ia i
ioid ; in the lavt^ of Bomma (wrnpionite) \ m basalt ot the Fflasterkaute in Saxe WeliBAr ; i
berg and elsewhere in Bohemia, in the caTities of clinkstone { in the Cyclopeta
with analeite and phillipsite ; in Fari>e; in phonolite at UaiieosteiD; in HuAgarx, \
nitz; the Tyrol at Thelss; at Monsoni, Faasa; in straw-yellow needles {caqphoMbib) ai \
flord, Iceland, 0. = 2-362.
Long, ftlendor, prismatic crystallistations, of a grayish-white color, are obtained «t IVtcf^J
NoYa Scotia f where it Is associated with apophyllltep meso^rpc, Isumontite, and cvther \
erals; fibrous rudiated imd amorphous {ps^aa-kite) at Magnet Cove, in the Ozark Mta., ,'
cavities in ola^lite (&om the alteration of wMch it has apparently teeiilted)| with ik
of apatite.
Meaok is fVom the cave of Nals5e, island of Faroe; Disco I., Greenland; Auniikle^ J
tew miles west of C. Blomidon^ Bay of Fundy, near the small village of Ft 6eorg«t
On twin crystals, aee H. Guthe, HUi Jabresb. 6es. Hannover, Jahrb. Milk 1866, 479.
PiOEOTHOMSOKiTK Mmegkini tk Bechi (Am. J. ScL, II. xiv, 6'i, 1852). like the
form, and near it in compositiot^ The soda is replaced by magnesia, and possibly tm m i
alteratToa. Occurs in radiated masses, lamhmbed m struotur&r and deaving with
parallel to two sides of a rectangular prism; H« = &; 6.=2'278; lustre pearly; wl
parent in email fragments-, very fragile. .
C0MP,-(Ca, nig)* 8i4-2f 3tl Si+44 It. BechL Analysis: §i 40*36, il SI -16, lilg 6 HOy
ila, fi 0-29, 6 lO-79=09'94. B.B. fuses to a white enamel, with intumescence. Diaaolfitr
froidfl and gelatinh&es. Occurs with capordanite In the gabbro rosso of Tosoaoy. Us]
from wifp6t^ btittir^ and thomsonite^ alludes to the magnesia present.
37B. NATHOIjITXi. Zoolit pt, Zeolites crystaliisatuB, prisroaticqa, capiHaris (fr, i
OronsLf Min^ 102, 1763; Z. albua flbrosus, rapUlaris, ete (fr, IceUnd and Qnfl^iAbkil
litbopk, 46, 1772; de Lisle, Crist., 1772, 1783. Mehl-Zeolith, Fasriger-Z^ Wtnk^ Oikj
343, 1760 ; Faseraeoiith, Nadekeoliib, Wem. Mealy Zeolite, Fibrous Zeoiitie» S«
, ZooMte, Mesotype, pt, jffi, Tr., liL IflUl. Natrohth (fr, Hogae) Klapr^ H*
Fr. Berlin, iv. 243, 1803, Beitr., v. 44, 1810, Hogauit Sdb., Schrlft, tK, SW, ITal
Ooura de Min., 1SG4, Lucas Tabl, L 338, 1806. Natron- Mesotype. 8od*-MeiOtype.
Krcikalith(Crocalito) (fr, Felvatsm) Eainer, Min., £L, pt 2, 559, 1797. Beri|pBi«itfiil (ill J
icksv&m} Schufjuichcr, Verz. dan. Foss., 46, 1801. Spreusteiu Wem^ 181 1« Boffin
303, 1812. Hadiolith Esuiark, eunefDld, Schw, J,, KL 361, 1828. Brevicil (fr«
Siir^i\ Jahresb., xiv. 18S4. Lehuntite Thcftisony Min., L 338, 1886. Eisen-Katroada Gi
mann^ P<>gg.» bcixiv. 491, 1851 ; Iron-Natrolite, Savite Mme^hmi, Am. J. ficL, IL iJT.<
Galaktit i/aid, Kenng. Ber. Ak. Wien, liL 290, 1854, ivi. 167, 1855. Farglte
Mag, IV. xuL 50, 1867. Pal«o-NatroHtb Schoerer, Pogg., cviii, 416, 1859.
/A /=91^ 0 A 1-1=144^ 23' ; a:b: r?= 0-858
Orthorhombic,
1'0176, Obsei
(between 1 aoc
.Ur 40', /A l = lltj^ 40', 03 Aa?=146'^ 28', 1 A 3-4=153^ 30'.
Uflually slender, often acicnlar ; frequently interlacing, divergent, or f
late. Also fibrousj radiating, massive, granular, or (x^mpact.
L^rved planes: prigmatic, I^ i-l; octahedral, 1, 1-
lod i-t), I/\ti=13^'^ 30', 1 Al, ov. a?,=:U3'' 1
HTDR0U9 BILI0ATB8, ZBOLITS SECnON.
427
393
-5-5. G.=:2-17— 2-26; 2249, Bergen HiU,
Lustre yitreous, sometimes inclining to pearly,
y in fibrous varieties. Color white, or colorless ;
rish, yellowish, i^ddish to red. Streak uncolored.
rent — ^translucent. Double refraction weak ; op-
plane iri'j bisectrix positive, parallel to edge
ial divergence 94° — 96° red rays, for Auvergne
95° 12' for brevicite ; Descl.
-0. ratio for 1^ fi, Si, A=l : 8 : 6 : 2 ; corresponding to 8 Si,
=Silioa 47-2, alumina 27*0, soda 16*3, water 9*5=100.
Ordinary, Commonly either (a) in groups of slender colorless
m adcular, with I A 1=91% Haid., 9r 86', G. Rose, and 1 A 1=
aid, 144** 40', G. R., US** 33', Phillips ; or (6) in fibrous divergent
masses, yitreous in lustre, or but slightly pearly (these radiated forms often resem-
f thomsonite and pectolite) ; often also (c) solid amygdules, usually radiated fibrous,
hat siUcy in lustre within ; and (d) rarely compact massive.
is ordinary natrolite, occurring in colorless acicular crystallizations in southern Soot-
ited as a species on an erroneous analysis. JFbrgite is a red natrolite fh>m Glen Farg
xmtaining, like galactite, about 4 p. a of lime.
Rsle (= spreusMn^ brevicUe^ radioiite^ pakeo-ruUrolite) is natrolite firom the zircon-syenite
I Norway, near Brevig, on the Langesundflord, occurring fibrous, massive, and in long
jystaUizations, and ffom white to red in color. /A 7=91", G. Rose; 90® 64', Eenn-
L A 1=142*" 55', G. Rose, 143** 26', Eenngott; and 1 A 1, side, =142'' 49', Kenng. The
ieties are impure from mixture with disseminated diaspore, as shown by Scheerer, and
rariations firom natrolite in composition. The radiolite is in radiated masses, and com-
9 nodules, of a grayish color, from Eckefiord, having<G.=2'276— 2*286. These miner-
from the alteration of ekeolito, cancrinite, and oligoclase, according to Blum and 8o-
isani The planes 3-d occur on brevicite (G. Rose). Orocalite^ firom the Ural, is a red
ntical with the bergmannite of Laurvig ; occurs in small amygdftles, and is fibrous
ooording to Sella's crystallographio and other observations (N. Oimento, 1858), is noth-
Tolite, occurring in slender colorless prisms of the same angles. Sella found / A /=
rlU** 35', i A It, macr.,=14a** 10'. It comes fh>m a serpentine rock at Mt Oaporci-
and specimens are ordinarily not pure fh>m serpentine. Meneghini states that H.=r
=*i*46. See for composition below.
uUrotite (Eisennatrolith Bergm,) is a dark green opaque variety, either crystalline or
, in whidi a fourth of the alumina is replaced by sesquiozyd of iron (anaL 30); it has
=2*363. Occurs with the Brevig brevicite.
i: 1, Klaproth (Beitr., v. 44); 2, Fuchs (Schw. J., viil 858, xviiL 8); 3, Riegel (Jhrb.
L) ; 4, 6, Puchs (I a) ; 6, Thomson (Min., i 8 17) ; 7, v. Kobell (J. pr. Ch., xiil 7); 8, 0. G.
igg., IxxxL 811); 9, 10, Scheerer (Pogg., Ixv. 276); 11, Sieveking, 12, Scheerer (Fogg.,
; 13, Scheerer (Fogg., Uv. 276); 1^ Souden (Fogg., zxxiiL 112); 15, 16, Kftrte (G.
1. Syst, 1862. 96); 17, Michaelson ((Efv. Ak. Stockhohn, 1862, 605); 18, Hlasiweta
ebm., 1858, 72) ; 19, Yatonne (Ann. d. M., Y. xiL 684) ; 20, v. Hauer (Ber. Ak. 'Wlen,
21-27, Heddle (Phil Mag., lY. xl 272); 28, Brush (Am. J. Sci., IL zxzL 866); 29,
[Ann. Lye. N. Y., viil 122); 30, G. Bergemann (L c); 31, R. D. Thomson (Thomson'a
J); 32-34^ 0. 0. Marsh (priv. contrib.):
;ne, cryttL
t&raua
sary^L
lad, masnoe
l^NatrotUa
whtiA
Bargm^ wMe
" ni
Si
^
Pe
Oa
^a
4
S
48*00
24*25
1-75
16-50
9*00=99*50 Eaproth.
8-88=99*16 FudiB.
47*21
25-60
1*35
16*12
48*05
25*80
210
15*76
9*00=100*70 RiegoL
47*76
25 88
— — .
16*21
9-81 =99*1 «Fadis.
48*63
24-82
0*21
15*69
9*60-98*95 Fudis.
47*56
26-42
0-58
1*40
14*93
10*44=101*33 Thomaon.
46*94
2700
1*80
14-70
9*60=10004 KobeD.
48*68
26*37
1600
0*36
9*56= 100-96 Gmelin.
47*97
26-66
0*73
0-68
14*07
1r,
9*77=99*88 Sdieerer.
4812
26*96
0-22
0-69
14-23
tr.
10*48=100'^ S(dMerer.
4716
26-13
0*53
0*58
16-60
9*47=99-42 Sivrekiiig.
44*50
80*06
0 98
0-83
18*62
9-98=99*81 S(dieerar.
428
oxTOEN oaurofHDe.
3i
^1
9e
Cft
]$fa
4
ft 1
13. Rodiom
48-38
26-42
024
0^4
13*87
l*«4
9*42=106^18dMnrJ
14. Brevig, BrevicUfi
43 88
26-39
6'88
1032
9*63, iLf e^l=:»ll|
16. •*
4832
2624
ft-.
16*97
9 47=lOOiJ«Ki<l*, ;
la " *'
48-50
2605
In
16-49
9 29=100*33 S^m '
17. "
47-78
26-04
053
2-22
1337
0*40 10 24^100-^ MkiiMill
18. FasBn, ^l
48-34
27*43
3*60
9*00
lU-30. UirO'44\lr^.l
11-00 Utt.
19. Algeria
46-50
2630
0-73
16-20
20, Bialiopt., Gahdite
46-99
26-84
4-36
9-68
0-46
10*56, i_ , ifa
^srllHa
2L " ^'
t0.
41-60
26-60
0-16
15-86
9 56=99*78 Hoddla
22 '* "
rta
47-76
27-20
0-^3
14-i8
9*56^=99^2 Heddk.
23! Glenfar^, **
4824
27-00
082
14-82
9-24=100*12 EMkk
24. »*
r«2
47-64
21-11
4*31
1130
10'>4 = I0O-gl [I«ddli
25. Campsie H., '^
47-32
27-36
263
13^6
10-3'.^=I01n)5 n«d4kt
26. KDpatrick, «
4803
25-26
0-86
2-31
13-98
9'i2,il«0-4»3=lOt1ll
27, DurobartOD, **
46*96
26-91
3-76
12-83
9'6fi=99-96 Ui^dk
28, Bci^n Hill
47 31
26*77
0-4 1
1644
036
9^ = |0e*|f firoik
29. New York
47-04
26 76
1466
10^9s99'36 Jof.
9-37, f>2^, Xarf
80, Jr&7fNairolite >
46-54
18*94
7*49
14*04*
=99*93 Bom
SI. i>^ffilito
47 -xa
24-00
1-52
13-20
I3*ft0=99*<0 ttail
82. Two iBlands, N.
&
4684
27-10
024
U-89
160
9-79^100^ Mjf^
88. C. BloraJdoD, N. a
45*74
28-38
0-27
14-23
1*16
10*11 =99-ad Marik
34. Bergen HOI
48-43
26-96
0-49
13-09
i-g«
9 71=99 74 Mini. J
• WlU>«llUl«|>oUa1
1
6<^eerer has shown (Fogg.^ c?tii 416) th«t the befi^maDiitte lod broridttti wbca 4f I
r^difih color, contain 4 to 7 p. c. of diaapore (a kind oontaimDg flome iron). Th* 9fmk
mtiaL 12 contained 6| p. C; and, aUowing for thia^ the aoaljait beoome* Si 47>|7, fil
Fe 0-60, ta. 0-88,' ]^a 14-42, ti 9-6L=il9-81, This fact explains tiw diaeivpMMM Ift (
analyaea.
flta«»ae affbrded Bedil (I- ^) Si 4917, Xl 19 66, fig 13-50, ^a 10^2, 1^ 1*13, S e^TsV
BaUa suggeate that the magnesia 01117 con^e from the asaociaied serpeotine.
Pyr>i ^^c. — The Auvergue natrolito undergoee, aooording to Damour, no loM ts 4ilM tig: ]
240 "" C. it loses nearljr all its water and beoomes milkf and opaque; and if aflanfifij
the free air, it regains all it had lost, excopting iu transporencf and firm tozlnrv 1 Ifiplil
it losoB its water at about 90° C, In the closed tube whitena and beoomca opeqiift, BJL Am%
«t 2 to a colorless glaasw Fusible in the Qiaae of an ordinary ate«rina or wtOi^tuUi
witli acids,
Oba^^Occurs in carltie! in amjgdoloidal trap, basalt, and other tfPMD9 Toel(« ;
in seams Id granite, gnelfiB, and sjeuite. It is found in tiie ^thimMi of iLoaa% aod '
Bohemia ; in fine crjatalfi at Puj de Marman and Puj de la FiqtMCIa In AutrvrgBt; ai .
near dontra in Hesse ; Monte Baldo, Tyrol ; Foesathal, T^rd ; Katmik In Himgarr : '
Algeria; Hogau in Wiirtemberg {the Fasarwolith WX In jellowiah radiated maaiiii : fla
red am^gdules (crocaiite) in amygdaloid of Ireland, SooUatid^ and the Tyrol ; tl» l ^,
Blshoptown (galactiteX aoioular cTTstala, several inches long ; at Glea 9mm isFUMdn; leto* 1
twrtonabire ; in Eenfi^wahtre ; at Glenarm in the ooun^ of Antrim i ct An i
gee Island, near Lame, Ireland.
In North America, natrolite occurs in the trap of Nova Sootfu, at Oelee* boobIiIr. Qqi (
8wa&*8 Oeek, Cape Blomidon, Two Islands ; at Bergen I : tpariBi|^ el Chifftf, QL|
Oopper Falls, Lake Superior, in crystals, sometimes on u r; also on H^m TcflE I
Named Meaotffpe by Haily, from /i^of, middle^ and Hnt^ t^y^^ bt.xssiuw Una fbcm of IIm i
In hia riew a square prism— was intermediate between the focina of ptHMfei
itoii^ of Klaprothf is l¥om natron^ wda ; it aSudea to the preaenoe of •oda» m
mtdam^soiype^ in contrast with scolecitc, or limo^mtol^ff^ ftrhnfiiifhiff*e b*ii
BergmiuiD, dates fVom the same year (1801) wiUi HaQj^ Wite^iiitf.
Ait^-Occurs altered to prehoite. Iroo-natrolite la probably an itttrtd varMf .
379* BOOLDOrm*
Jltoomf Zaollte pt*
Bkok»slt ^eUm dfc FSaeka, Soilir. J<, vSU 9«1« 1918. Ksn
lime-Mesotype. PoooahlJIe Btockt, FUL Magp^ & Iti^ tUL
HTDR0U8 8IUOATB8, ZEOLITB BECTION.
429
893
Monodinic 0=8^ 6', /A 7=91^ 86', 0 A 14=161^ 16i' ; a:h:o=
M8S : 1 : 1-0983. Observed planes : 0 ; prismatic, /,
'^ iri (only as composition-face), i-2; hemidome, 1-i;
mioctahedral, 1, -1, 3. 1 A 1=144° 40', -1 A -1=144°
K, 7a 1=116° 2r, 7a -1=143° 28', a A 1=107° 40',
k A — 1=:107® 56'. Crystals long or short prisms, or
icular, rarely well terminated, and always compound.
niiis : composition-face i-i (ortliod.) ; striae on iA, meet-
g along a vertical line in an angle of 24° to 26°, the
aes converging downward on the implanted crystals.
leavage : Tnearly perfect. Also in nodoles or massive ;
broiiB and radiated.
H.=5— 6'5. G.=2'16— 2*4. Lustre vitreous, or silky
ili0B fibrous. Transparent to subtranslucent. Pyroelectric, the free end
f the ciyBtalfl the antilogue pole. Double refraction weak ; optic-axial
lane normal to i4 ; divergence 53° 41', for the red rays ; bisectrix n^a*
ife, parallel to i4 ; plane of the axis of the red rays and their bisectrix
ndined about 17° S'^to id, and 93° 3' to 14.
▼ar^— a. In toiciilBr orystals. h. Fibrous, radiated, c Massive. I^ 7=9 r 22', Phillips and
iMdL; 9r S5', G. Bose. /A 1=116^ 84', DescL; 117*^ 10\ Phillips. 1 A 1=144^ 40', Rose and
HmgL ; 144* 1ft', Bose. Ptionahiite of Brooke, from Poonah, Hindostan, has the angle /A 7=91*
V.KenngotL
O0B|k— O. ratio for 6, S, Si, t[=l : 3 : 6 : 8 ; corresponding to 3 Si, £1, Ca, 8 ]^=Smca 46*8,
iHlnaSe-l, Bme 14*3, water 18*7=100. Analyses: 1-8, Fnchs ft Gehleu (Sdiw. J., xviiL 13);
iMlenin (Ann. d. IL, xiL 8); 6, Biegel (J. pr. Ohem., zL 317): 6, Gibbs (Pogg., Ixzl 565); 7,
Mdi (Pbffg., lix. 378); 8, Bomeyko (Aon. d. M., lY. iz. 3); 9, Soott (Ed. PhiL J., liii 277); 10,
IV. Tijtor (Am. J. Sd., H. xviiL 410) ; 1 1, P. CJoUier (priv. contrib.) ; 12, Gmelin (Pogg., xlix.
my.
Si Ca $ra
tL
1. loeknd
48-93
25-99
10-44
......
18-90=
%Vuoe,cnfd.
46-19
25-88
13-86
0-48
13-62:
S.8taffim>l»rtw9
46-75
24-82
1420
0-39
13-64:
4 AnrergoB
S. Niederl^chen
49-0
26-5
16-3
9-0 :
48-16
28-50
14-60
0-30
18-50:
Cloeluid
46-72
25-90
18-71
13-67:
». •*
46-76
26-22
18-68
13-94:
8LChOI
46-8
26-9
18-4
14-0=
i. Mall, Scotland
46-21
27-00
18-45
13-78:
10. & Indies
46-87
25-32
18*80
0-46
13-46,
IL Oluuita
45-80
25-55
13-97
0-17
14-28,
45-12
30^4
10-20
0-66
18-39,
=99*26 Ii\ichs ft Gtehlen.
=100 08 Fuchs ft Gehlen.
=98-80 Fuchs ft Gehlen.
=99-8 Guillemin.
=99-96 BiegeL
=100Gibbe.
=100-6 Gulich.
100-6 Domeyko.
= 100-44 Scott
ft 018=100-03 Taylor,
ft 0-30= 100-07 OoUier. G.=2-28.
ft ^.=99-81 Gmelin.
^yr^ atOr-vAooording to Damour, Iceland columnar masses lost nothing in dried air; nothing
m the heat applied exceeded 100** G. ; at 800" it had lost 5 p. a, which it regained in moist
^; at a didl rad neat the loss was 12 p. a, and it was no longer hygroscopic; at a bright red it
H 13-9 pi OL, and became after uitumescence a white enamel B.B. sometimes curls up like a
■HI (wfa0Doe the name from mwAn^, a worm^ which gives scolecite^ and not Kolesiie or scolezUe);
Iht Tirietias intamaeoe but slightly, and all fuse at 2 — 2*2 to a white blebby enamel Gelati-
M with adds like natroUte.
Obu, Qocora in the Bemflord, Iceland, where the crystals often exceed two inches in length,
d urn oooMiooaUj a croarter of an inch thick. It has also been met with in amygdaloid at
mh; in the lala of MnU; in Skye, at Talisker; near Eisenach in Saxony; near the Yietsch
Imiv. yalals; naar Poonah, in the Vendayah mountains, Hindostan; in Greenland; at Pargas,
rind; In AnTergne; the Valley of Cachapual, in Chill
Mk Harmann states (J. pr. Gh., Ixxil 26) that he took a white amorphous plastio masa from a
ifflea in the ccrfnmnar basalt of Stolpen, Saxony, and put it away in a box; and that after a long
■^ oo opaolog the box, ha found there, not the amorphous mass, baft a group of white aoknilar
fiyiiy whSdi had an tha aspect of scoledte.
430
OXrOEN OOMPOUNDfi.
380. Ellaoite a, NordensM^ (BeBkrifh^ etc., tSS, 1855). Regarded bj RuDswIilMPf ai j
ferriferms natroHte. Occurs in yellow, browniah, or reddtflh-jreliow crystillliifl nmsiM
cleavable In two directions with the mtersectiona near 90* ; opaque to eubtraiifllaceiit.j^ ^
a cleaTnge Burffice, IgelFtrom obtdoed (RaintxL liin. Gh., 860) ^i 41*t3, ll 35-30, fcl(
8-72, 1*1 12-81 = 10103, which, taking the iron as protoiyd, as the ezreaa soggMti^ { *
ratio 1 : 3i : 6*5 : J), or 1 : 3 : 6 : 3, and tho general couatitution, ihcraforfv of B
forma a white enamel
381, MBSOLTTE]. Fwhs A Gthkfi, Schw. X, Tiil 353, xviiL Ifl, 1816. Meaotype |C
Zeolite pt. Mehl-Zeolith pt lame-and-Soda Meaotype. Antrimolitd Th^rm^ Miia^ L 3tl^ II
Ilarringtonite Thorn., Ed. N. Pha X, XTiL 186, 1834
Triclinic I De&cl. ; but nearly isomorphous witb BcolecJte, and &miiUr |
acicular crygtallizations. /A '/^^SS" to 88° 15', and 91° 41' to S^^''
minal angles of x>jraraid 142^-143°, and 14^—146*' 10', tlie latter I
faoee of the two united halves. Cleavage: / and I* perfect. CiTitibj
ways twins ; plane of composition one or both vertical diagonal planeL
more or less cliverpnt groups or tiifta, often very delicate; lateral pli
commonly vertically striated. Also massive ; nodnles or ma^dea
silky fibrous or columnar ; often bristled with capillary crystal* ; i
consisting of interlaced fibres; rarely stalactitic, radiated fibrons
occasionally crj^tocrystalline, porcelain-like,
H.=5. 'a:^2'2-2"l; 2*39, Iceland. Lustre of crystal^ vttiQ0iB(4
fibrous massive more or less silky. Color white or colorleea, grayial^]
lowish. Fragile, Transparent — ^translucent ; opaque, wlien anioTi '
Brittle, but tough when crypt^crystalline. Optical character* di)
from those of scolecitCj and compatible only with a triclinic form, INacLI
Var.— Befiidea (a) the ordinary adcular and eepinaiy cryttalliialioQ^ ^vnml 1
delicate comrooDlj than tho^e of natroUte^ but aometiiDaa downy), and fihmft iMOlaa i
mesolite cKx^urs (b) in fibroua staloctitea, with the fibres rudiatiu^ from the cettU» ll
called AnlrimoUk by Thomson, from Antrim, Ir^Jand, having H,=3-6 — 4, O.=t'0*#; alM^l
phoua, chalk-white^ like an almond in luatre. opaque and tough, with D. = 5— 5A aot! G,^i
tlie variety named Harringtomk by Thomson, also from Antrim; t5. = riT4, QaufMa^
cording to Keungott, the priamatic flbrea of the antrimolite liave 7 a I^^i" 13 , and two i
•dgea are bevelled by a priam of 150* 30'.
Comp.— 0, ratio for B, S, Si, lt=l : 3 : 6 : 3; corresponding to 38l, IkX, il tn^l%%\%l
Silica 45-6, alamina 260, Ume 95, aoda t% water 13'T=100. Analyvoa: I, P-
ill M7); 2^5, Fuchs * GeWen (Schw. J., xviil 1): 6^ Eelgol (J. pr. fTh , ii
(PhiL Mag., 1840); 8, Breidenatein (Ramm, 5th SuppL, 168); 9, ▼. V .i-fa j^VuUt
267); 10, Thomson (Mtn., i. 326); 10-15, Heddle (PhiL Mag,, TV. i ; t^ H, II 1
<Am, X Set, II. xxvl 32); 18, 19. Thomaon (I <x); m v* Haoer ^*mt. ajs. WIm^ \^\^
HaughtoD (Phil. Mag., IT. xxxii, 225); 22, 28, 0. C Manh (prlv. eootrO).>|
^ lk\ Ca &A fi
1, Faroe
%. ♦♦ cryat
3. loaUnd, yibrvMi
4. **
h, Tyrol
I). Kiederkircfaen
7. Giant*! Cbuaewiy
8. loalaod
9. Berufiordi Xodnod
10. AniHmom
11. "
12. I^Hakar, Syke
U. StOfT,
10. KukO«, ikrGe
4SS0
26&0
9-87
6*40
12 30=100*87 BMseUiia.
47*00
2613
93&
6-47
li 25=100-2^ FndM k QMm,
46-t8
S5*66
1006
479
l2*3i:=:r99-60 FoG^ A UMm
47 46
2&*85
1004
487
] n % T — 1 riri' l 3 ^^Mfet k OdilHk
40*04
27-00
9«l
6*30
M ] FMditaMllM.
46-G6
27-40
926
491
12 iRiagti
48-88
26 36
7-64
4 20
]2'32, Mg S-46:^t0t*MttaMaa
4A-78
27 58
9-00
6-<p3
12-38, It 0-S]=rl(MH»6 fllriilllHih
46MI
26*24
9*68
4*46
13*76, & 0*41, ftg <H»ts|0t*f1 WiM
43-47
3026
760
16*84, K 4 10. tm 0 19^ « 6-ia=llrtl
46'f»8
2618
1078
454
18*00^100 46 BiMS^
46 71
26-62
9-08
6-39
12*8Ssl00^XHiddte^
4672
1670
8^90
6*40
12*92= IO0-ft4llMl41a
4«-9e
26*46
10-00
498
l.lHHslOO 76 li»dd>a
46*80
16 46
9i>6
614
12-26s9V-76 lUddliL
HYDBOUB 8ILIGATE8, ZEOLITE BEOTION.
481
Si
Si
Oa
fra
SovB Sootfa (1) 46-66
26-48
9-63
4-88
M
46-71
26*68
9-65
5*68
BmHi^imik
44-96
44-84
26-86
28-48
11-01
10 68
6-56
5-56
u
46-71
26-58
11-48
8-80
» Bombay
45-60
27-80
1212
2-76
a Blomidon, N. &
45-89
27 65
9-13
5-09
B«Ddj Ckyve, N. a
45-39
2809
7-55
5-28
12-25=99-90 Ho?r.
11-42=100-04 How.
10-28, i'B 0-88=99-54 Thomson.
10-28=99-85 Thomson.
13-1 1=100-68 Hauer.
12-99, ]illg«r.,ftO-63=101-40H. G.=2-174.
12-79, t 0-48=100-98 Marsh.
12-71, 1 0-49=99-51 Marsh.
^ysi 9^o^ — Yields water in the closed tube. B.B. becomes opaque, swells up into Termicnlar
n^ but not in so marked a manner as scoledte, Aising easUy to a blebby enamel Gelati-
m vith muriatie add (Fuchs).
)t««~Ooeax8 in amygdaloid and related rocks. The fibrous kinds, especially the coarser, are
idlj ft little less smoothly or neatly fibrous than those of natrolite. On Skye, in delicate inter-
; CKystals called oatiar^tone^ and in feathery tufts, and in solid masses consisting of radiating
' I ; In downy tafts and other forms at Naalsoe on Faroe ; also with chabazite in Eigg ; near
'i and SJnross, and at Hartfleld Moss, in Scotland ; in Antrim, at the Giant's Causeway,
> erystaUisations; also at Ballintoy in Antrim, stalactitic (antrimoliteX mvesting yellow
dte, or ohabazite ; in Antrim, in veins of amorphous mesolite (harringtonite), at Portrush and
te Skerries; and at Magee Island, and Agnew*s HUl, 5 m. W. of Lame ; also at other local-
ly M slated aboTe.
m tiie North Mountain of King's County, and Gates' Mountain, of Annapolis Co., N. Scotia,
\k fhrdelitei, in masses, sometimes large (one reported as large as a man's head), usually within
• Aroufl, radiated, and somewhat plumose ; also at Cape Blomidon.
a ZiUVVMlTU. Levyne Brewster, Ed. J. Sci., il 332, 1825. Mesolin Berz^ Ed, Phil J.,
▼ii 6, 1822.
Bhttmbohedral. H A ^=106^ S'; Oa ^=136° 1' ; a=0-83583. Ob-
Vfed planes, as in the annexed figure, with also
»: -2 A -2, term, edge, =79° 29', -2 A2-=125°
A\ 0 A 8=109^ 3', O A 2=117^ 23'. Cleavage :
•1^ indistinct. Twins : composition-face 0^ as in
ihibazite. Crystals often striated ; oftea in druses,
Doible refraction strong ; axis ne^tive.
H.=4— 4-5. G.=2-09— 2-16. Lustre vitreons.
Oolorlees, white, grayish, greenish, reddish, yellowish. Transparent to
tednoent.
^Jae^-Lsyynite occnrs in crystals, usually tabular, and presenting the plane 0, a plane not
yi limymtala of diabasite. It differs from chabazite also in clearage. The origind crystals
1^ fton IMsnypen, Fkrde. Mesolin is a white granular material from Far6e, which may be
"»; it IIUb small oavitiea in amygdaloid.
_>— O. ratio fbr ft, S, Si, ft=l : 3 : 6 : 4 from Damour's analyses ; corresponding to 3 Si.
^ Na, KX 4 BL Berzelius's analyses, which are suspected to have been made on a mixture of
Ytm and loTynite (see Greg ft Lettsom, 179), give the ratio of chabazite, 1:8:8:5. Anal-
^: Li, BeraeUua (Jahresb., lil 146, y. 216) ; 3, Oonnel (Pha Mag., v. 50) ; 4, 6. Damour (Ann.
ll,IT.Ix.3SS):
394
ss?
Si
21
da
^a
t.
S
1. FMe, XtfvyitOs
48-00
2000
8-85
2-86
0-41
19*30, fig 0 4=99-32 Berzelius.
1 " MeaoHsi
47-50
21-40
7-PO
4-80
18*19=99-79 Berzelius.
3L Skye, livyiufa
46-30
22-47
9-72
1-55
1-26
19-51, I'e, An 0-96=102-07 ConneL
4.lotkiid, ^
45-04
21-04
9-72
1-42
1-63
17-49=99-34 Damour.
ft a a
45 76
23 56
10-57
1-36
1-64
17-83=100-22 Damour.
^K, •Co.— loeland crystals, according to Damour, lose 4 p. a in dried air, and regain all
Urn •OOB in the free 1^. When heated, begin to lose water at 70*" C; at 225* the loss is 12
It p^ & ; remain hygroaoopio up to 860*. The loss is completed at a white heat, when the min-
I ii A wUle blebSiy ^asa. B.B. intumesoes and fhses to a white Uebby glass, nearly opaque.
\ with anifiatio and nitric adda.
QZT6EN COMPOUNDS.
Obi. — Lines cavities in amygdaloid, sDd is. with a rare exception^ the *^mk iemaU of iHJ
even though these drusea be within a quarter of an inch or others contaimng
ated with half a dozeo other zoolitea " (Hcddlej; it shows thus its distinciiveuesA fira
Found at Glenarra and at Island Mageo, Antrim ; uear Dun civ en, MajBriliigau, and i
LoDdonderry ; Hartfield Moas^ near Glasgow j at Dalsnypen, Faroe, and on the lalaadl
at Godhavu, DIbco Island, Greenland ; frt Ooundurfiord, Dyjeflord^ and elaewhare in f
Named after the mineralogiat and ciyBtallographer, JL Levy
as 3. ANALOITIS. Zeolite duT« (f^. Etna) Ihlomieii, F. de @t Fond Hhi. das
IT 34. Wurfelzeolitb pt, [rest ChubaititeJ Einmerling, Min., 206, 1793; Leu«, L Ml,
t 9, deacnbed.] Zeolite cubique, Z. leucidqiie, Ikkmdh^ T. T,, ii 807, 308, ITd?. <
K, Tn, ill. 1801. Aoalcite GalliUin, Diet Min., 12, 1801, Kubudt Wem,, 1§03,
Mim, a 210, 1804. Anakim Wem^ Letet Min. Syst, 6. Kaboit BreWu, Char., 1
(Analzim, p. 127).
Isometi'ic. In trapezoliedrons, f. 10, also f. 9, and anotLer form
excepting a very low pjTaniid, m^ m, ia place of each O, Cle
cubic, in traces. Also massive grannlar,
H. = 5— 5*5. 0, = 2-22— 2 29; 2*278, Thomson. Lustre vitreotw
orless ; white ; occasionally grayij&h, greenifili, yellowish, or reddish
Streak white. Transparent^nearly opaque. Fracture subcoQC
uneven. Brittle.
Oomp*— 0. ratio for S, II, Si, 1^=1 : 3 : 8 : 2, oorreftponding to 4§i. Xl, ^a,2 ^=9
ftlomina 23-3, »oda H'l, water S'2 = 100, Ana! jswi : 1, H. Rose (Gilb. Aon.. liiiL 181);
(Pogg,, xlvi. 2U)i 3, Leachner (Breith. Min., 1847, 4\v); 4, Counel ^Ed. J, ScL, 1823^
Thomson (Min., L 438); 6. Avdejef (Pogg., Iv. inl); 7, 8, Riegel (J. pr. CK xL $mt
den (Ann, Ch. Pharm., leijc. :i37); in, Ramnielsberg (Pogg., OT. 317, Min. Ch^ ao*}y
terahausea {Yuilt. GmL, 266); 12^ 13, Rajnmelaberg (I a):
Si
1. Faimathol 65*12
2. Blagodat, CuboUe 67-34
3- ** *' 6 LOO
4. Kilpatrick 6507
6. Giaiit's Causeway 65"ti0
(1. Brcvig 65- 16
7. Kiederkirchen 67 50
8. *' 6e*12
9. Eaiaerstuhl 64*02
10. Wessela &6-22
11. pyd rds, G. = 2-2S6 6S-72
12. ** 55*22
13. *» 6434
Xl Oa Na ^ fi
22-99 13-63 8 27=99'fll Rose*
22*58 0*36 11*86 0*66 »*UO=10l*68 Henty.
24 13 0*75 1175 9*76, Pe I'S0=98'8li
2-i-23 — 1317 8'2i=99 23 Connel
23-00 U"G5 7'90^iOM6Tbom«oii,
23-55 tr. 14-28 tr. 8 20=101*20 A vdftjeC
23*16 6*63 6-45 8*00, Fe ir 10= 100-83
ai-OO 6-8'i 6-45 B*00, FeO'15^100
22-54 2-91 10-14 Oil 8*93,MgO*6T,Fe I'Sft,
22*22 0 27 12 to 1*45 8*33 = 100-59 Eammelabef^.
24-03 1-23 7*tf2 4 4IS 8-50, Mg 0 05-9991 W, "
2»*14 0 25 12 19 1-62 7*68=. 100 Rammeii
23*61 0-21 1295 0*66 811, Fe 012 = 100
Pyr., etc.— Yields water ia the dosed tube. B.B. fhaea at 3'5 to a
niisee with muriatie acid.
Brellbaupt haa found (B. R Zlg,^ xxW. 337) the sp. gr. of the opaqna aniyoite fhxiiXi
rior =209^ and for the nearly tranapBrent =2*1 — 2*11. But a microaoope ahowi, aa P
obaerved, that the cryBtal^ are full of air caritiea.
Oba,— The Gydopean IshindB^ near Catania^ Sicily^ afford peUuoid crystala (C S);
Tyrol ; Scotland, in the Kilpatriek Mills; Bowlinp, pBeudomorpbs after lauioontite; 01
near Edinburgh; at KJimiilcoliii ; iho Campsie HilltJ, eta ; at Antrim, eta, in Irriandt
Islands; Icijlnnd; the Yinceutine, with prehnite, diabaaite, apopbyUitB^ etc.; Wai
AuftNig, Bohemia; at Arendalt hi Norway, in beds of iron ore; at Andraaabof , ia
in ailTer mioea.
Kora Scotia affords fine apedmena at MartiaUa OoTe, Five lalanda, Cape d'Or, 8ra
and Gape Bloroidon; cryatala Uke f. 9, 10, occur at Bergen Hill, New Jeraaj: m
Yonkera, Weetchoater Co., N, Y. {t lu) ; at Perry, llama, with ^)(n>hyttit«\, &a gm
dant in fine cryatala, with prehnite^ datoMtc, and caldtOi ia tbft Ittko Supcdor
ZEOLTTB SECTION. 488
i the copper, a* Copper SUls and north-western mines, and at Michipiooton Island
1^ and auo at other mines not now worked.
me AMtidime ia fh>m aMiA«i<, vfeak, and alludes to its weak electrlo power when heated
L Hie correct deriyative is analcHe, as here adopted for the species.
Fknmakime of Meneghini and Bechi (Am. J. Sd., II. xiy. 62) is probably analdte altered
agnaaian process. It occurs in geodes in the gabbro rosso of Tuscany, and also in the
Mste of a metalliferous dyke; forms f. 9, 10, with distinct cubic cleavage. H.=6. G.
Color flesh-red to oolophonite-red. Lustre vitreous. Composition, according to mean of
raea by E. Bechi (I a), Si 69-11, 3tl 22-08, Mg 10-12, ]ffa 0-46, Bl 0-02, fi 7-67=99-46. For-
* Si* + 8 il^l Si' + 6 £[^ Bechi. Associated wi& calcite, caporcianite, and picrothomaonite.
ewhat similar compound, a pseudomorph after analcite, has been observed by Guthe
On., 18»I3, 690) in the day-iron ore of Duingen. An analysis by Strbmeyer (L a) af-
l 66-7, Xl 21-2, Fe 2-8, ]^a 9-1, fi 9-8=99-6.
\mihiaiHe of Thomson (Mln., I 3H9, 1836) occurs in flesh-red vitreous crystals in amygda-
le Silpatrick Hills. H.=3'5. G.=2*166. Opaque or subtranslucent Fragile. Analy-
fed Si 61-266, & 23*660, Fe 7306, ]^a 6130, Mg 1*283, ^ 1 0*553 =99048. It may be
nakate.
to altered to a mixture of caldte and hydrous sOioate of alumina has been'obaerved by
ik. Also ocoura altered to prehnite.
384. BUDNOFUITil. Eunophit Weibye, Fogg., Ittit. 803, 1850.
lorhombic. /a/=120^ /Al-i=130°, 1-iAl-i, over (?,=84^ 9'.
a eix-fiided prism (/, i-l) with the dome 1-t. Cleavage : 0 perfect ;
i irly less so. Commonly massive, eleavable.
=5*5. G.=2'27. Lustre weak, a little pearly on the cleavage-faces,
white, grayish, brownish. Streak white. Translucent ; m thin
d transparent. Optically biaxial; double refraction strong; Descl.
1^-^. ratio for ^ S, Si, £[=1 : 8 : 8 : 2, or the same as for analcite. Analyses by Ton
id Berlin Q. a) :
Si
&
«ra
fi
1.
64-93
25-59
14-06
8-29=102-87 Borck.
2.
66-06
28-12
14-06
8-16= 100-40 Berlin.
aCc« — ^Fases to a colorless glass. Gelatinizes with muriatic acid.
-Occurs in a coarse syenite on the island Lamoe, near Brevig, Norway, with oataplelite,
ohe, moaandrite, eta
i from ci^rpf 0(, dacuriiyj in allusion to the cloudiness of the mineral
3B6. FAUJASZTB. Dcmowr, Ann. d. M., lY. L 395, 1842.
letric In octahedrons. Twins : composition-face the octahedral.
=5. G.=l*923. Lustre vitreous ; sometimes adamantine. Color-
rhite ; brown externally. Fragile ; fracture vitreous and uneven.
i<m on polarized light.
hr-O. ratio Ibr ^ S, Si, ld[=l : 3 : 9 :9; corresponding to 4i Si, Si, (iOa+ilSTaXd'tiLs
% afamdaa 17-4, Kme 4% soda 5-2, water 27-2=100.
Mt: 1, Damour (L a); 2, id. Ob., xiv. 67):
Si
&
Ca
STa
tL
49-86
16-77
.6-00
4-34
22-49=97-96.
t "
46-12
16-81
4-79
6-09
2702=99-83.
■tor— Aceotdtog to Btmonr, loses 16 p. a of water when exposed for one monili to diy
28
434
OXTOEN CX)MF0inni6.
air, but regains almost all of it in ordinaiy atr in 24 booni. Heated at 60*^5* CL I
16-2 p. e ; at 60'-<55°, 10'4 p. a ; at 70*-75\ 19'© p. c, which is almofft entSraly l
sure to air Tor a few weeks. B.B. fhses with intumescence to a wlute biebbf i
posed hj mumtic add without gelatinixation.
Oba. — Oocura with augite in the amygdaloid of Kuiaerstahl, Baden. Tbt i
aomelimeB existing is attributed to a thin bituminoua coating. Kazned bj ]
de Saint Food.
3S6. OHABAZTTB. Zcolithua albni) ctibicua laLindics v. Bom, Litboph. i ^ lTt%
cubea /btycw, Tola Viv., 126, lT78j dg Lisle, Crist, ii 40, 1784S. Chabo^ (fr.
Base d^AnUcy J. d'Hist. K., ii. IBl, 1780. Wtirfelseolitb pt (i««t aBaJclto) ITmu
Min., i 205, 1793, Cliaboaie (rhombohedral form teoogniaed) H, Tr^ ill imu
Kar»L, Tab., 30, 1B08. Schabasit WerTu, IToJm. Kuboisit Wmm^ Ucil&[%. Ifiau,
1818, Mag. Gkfl. N. Fr, Berlin, yIL 181, 1816.
FhakoUt Brfiih. ; Ibmnau, Jahrb. Mio., 653, 657, 1836. Hajdeoilo
1822, Aeadialite Alger di Joofi^on (without pablication}='*No ChabuSe**£Ji
J. Set,, XXX, 366, 1836;=Acadiolite Thomnm, FhiL Um^^ zziL 192, 184t; Bo^m,
U. i, 122, 1846.
Rhombohedral. R A 2?=94^ W, O A 7?=129° 16' ; fl=106.
planes : prismatic, i-2 ; rhombohedral, ^, ^^2 ; pyramidid^ |-2 (*}j
Iiedral, ^ (<?, bcvelliiii^ terminal edge of ^, or replacioff
and -i ^) ; H* (0? always etriated parallel to edge X (£ \
Z%h
89e
Hajdenite
^ A -i =.137*^23'
y2A-J, ov. -2,=83 31
ff A «2, vert., 119 42
Ii A -2, acroBS, 126 2*^
-^A-i, term.,=125 18
^A^, tenn.,= U5 54
-2 A -2, term^-l
«iAr=:rl55 18
A" in 7=108 »
rin/:=174^
X in J\ or. 4,5=^
rinl*=155M
Twinfl : ooznpo&itiun-faco O^ verw ^^■-«>^i
ally in compound twins, as in i, SOT, 888;
A\ rare, Cleiivage rhombohedral, mth^ C "
lL=4-6. O.=2-0S-2*lR LostTevil?
3^^f^ white, flesh-red: streak nncHiJored.
tranalacent. Fracture uneven. Brittle. Double refraction w.
larixed li^ht, images rather confused; axis in scxno erystalf'
Aegative^ m othere (from Andreafibei^ positive; Desel.
HTDB0UB 8ILIOATE8, SSBOLTTE SECTION.
485
-I. (MJMryi 11ieiD08toomxiioiif<mni8thefymdamentalrhombohedit»,iiiwU
r 90* that the ayBtalB were at first mistaken for cubes. RAS=94r 46', PhilUpa, HakL ;
fr. Kflmakvilin, Tamnau ; 94' 68', ft. Biibendorfel, id. ; 95° 2', ft*. Ftosa» id. ; 94** 24', tt
D, Breith. Aeadialite^ from Nora Sootia {Acadia of the French of last oentoryX is onlj a lud
iMsite ; sometimes nearly colorless. In some spedmens the coloring matter is arranged
slated maimer, or in layers, with the angles almost colorless.
looifCe is a colorless variety occorring in twina of mostly a hexagonal form {t 897^ and
idii modified so as to be lenticular in shape (whence the name, from fM^, a becm); the
iras from Leipa in Bohemia; BaB=\^'' 24', fr Oberstein, Breith.
fdmdte is a ^Dowish yariety in small crystals of the form in fig. 396, from Jones's lUls,
timoce, Ifd. ; the crystals are often twinned parallel to ii2L
dte crystals discovered by Ulrich in the Okerthal, Hars, in cavities in the granite, have
i9, and their edges scratch glass (v. Bath, PctfOp^., czxii 404).
k^For most diabazite 0. ratio for It, S, Si, H=l : 8 : 8 : 6 ; corresponding to 4 % Si,
(&a, £[)X 6]ft; some, I : 3 : 9 : 6, the same in constituents except 4i Si. For the phaoolite,
g to Bammelsberg, 1:3:7:5.
see: 1-3, Hofmann (Fogg., xxv. 495); 4, Berzelius (Afh., vl 190); 6, Bammelsberg
,L149); 6, Thomson (Min., L 334) ; 7, Connell(£diDb. J., 1829, 262); 8, Durooher (Ann.
IL xix. 686); 9, Genth (Ann. Oh. Pharm., Ixvl 274, 1848): 10, Bngelhardt (Ann. Oh.
Ixv. 872); 11, Bammelsberg (2d SuppL, p. 34); 12, 13, A. A. Hayes (Am. J. ScL,
!2); 14, Bammelsberg (Pogg., Ixil 149); 15, Anderson (Ed. N. PhiL J., 1843, 23); 16,
r (Jahrb. Min., I860, 795):
19*66, Fe 0'85=:99'79 Hofinann.
20*70=99-91 Hofmann.
21'10=99'95 Hofinann.
19-90 =99-52 Beraelius.
2*56 [20*47]=100 Bammelsbeig.
■ "" 21 72=99-98 Thomson.
20-83=99*50 OonnelL
21*30=99*63 Durocher.
22*29, 3Pe 015= 100*78 Genth.
19*65, Mg 0*26 Engelhardt
1919= 100 Bammelsberg.
18-30=99*54 Hayes.
20 52=99*69 Hayes.
1*29 [1916]=100 Bammelsberg.
17*98, Mg 0*14, Pe 0*43=99-95 Anderson.
22*09, Ba 0*48, §r 0-82=100*40 Schroder.
vyta and strontia of the Oberstein crystals were first detected by spectral analysis; and
ame method the absence of these earUis from the Iceland was ascertained,
w obtained in an analysis of haydenite, made on too small an amount of material to be
fier. QcL, xxv. 107), Si 49-5, itl, Fe 23*5, Oa 2*70, Mg ir^ t 2-50, fi 21-0=99*2. SiUi-
lal^ysis (This Min., 2d ed.) is wholly erroneous.
•Ic^Aooording to Damour, crystals fit>m Dyreflord, Iceland, and Bdbenddrfel, Bohemia,
p. ol after 6 mos. in dried air ; after some months in the free air again had regained this,
• an excess of 0*15 p. c Heated for 1 h. to 100^ 0., the loss was 2*75 p. a ; to 180°, 14
1 230*, 17 p. a ; to 800*, 19 p. c. ; this loss was reduced to zero in 8 days ; at a dull red
» km was 21 p. c., and the mineral was no longer hygroscopic ; at a bright red, it lost
s^ intomeeced, and was partially fused.
tte of Scotland [Ireland?} lost 7 p. a after 7 mos. in dried air; and 4 months after, in
sphere saturatecl with moisture, it had an excess of 12*5 p. c, which it lost very nearly
ordinary air. Heated to 100" 0., the loss was 8-7 p. c; to 210°, 15*7 p. c. ; to 290*-
I pi a; and after 48 hours* exposure to the free air, the amount lost was restored. At a
'f the loss was 22*2 p. a ; at a bright red, 22*8 p. c, and the material was ftised to a
Si
Si
da
^a
S
Axsol N. 8w
la&al
61*46
17*66
891
1*09
0*17
48 63
19*52
10*22
0*56
0-28
u
48-18
19*27
9*65
1*64
0*21
taUbetg
60*65
17-90
9*87
1-70
■ig
48*86
18*62
9*73
0*25
2*56
■Miky>lTn
48*76
17*44 10*47
1*66
M
60-14
17-48
8*47
2*58
ie
47-76
20*86
5*74
2*84
1-65
erode
47-00
19*71
10*63
0*65
0-88
■en
48-31
19*47
11*01
1*17
(boro
62*14
19*14
7*84
0-71
0-98
Maine
6202
17*88
4*24
4*07
3-08
u
62-20
18-27
6*68
2*12
tt, PhaeoiUe 46*33
21*87
10*40
0*95
1*29
u
45 63
19*48
13*30
1*68
1*81
ratein
60-19
17*46
7*13
2*12
0*62
and fbses to a blebby glass, nearly opaque. Decomposed by mnriatio add,
imtioii of attmy stlksa.
-Ohahwite ooonrs mostly in trap, basalt, or amygdaloid, and occasionally in gneisSi
■tea lohiati homUendic schist
I at the Faite Islands, Greenland, and Iceland, associated with chlorite and stilbite; at
B Bohemia, in a kind of greenstone (the graustein of Werner) ; at Oberstein, with banno-
t Aanarode^ near Gieesen; at the Giant's Gausewi^, Kilmaloohn (■ooM an inch aoms) ;
latoofflkye^eta; Poonah hi Hindoetan, eta In Nova aooti% wiM-yrilow or fleth^
436
rod (the last the acadi€diU:\ afiBociated with lieulaiidStef analclte, a&d caldte, ai Five
Creek^ Digby Neck, Mitik Cove, William^s Brook. PhamUte oecars at Liipa m
Salesel and Wanoow^ in Bo!ietnia^ in Antrim, IrelaDd^ at Giant's Canaewij.
Both mubsive aud iDcrustod at the Paugatuck Btono-quaiTj, 6UmiQgtoii, Godil, nit^
ephetie, and apatite j alBo yellowish-red in North KiUingwortli, on the Eesex turnpike
Ijnie, Ck)Qn.^ on gneiss ; in syenite at Charleatown, Mass. ; also at Chester, Maa«., in ««
at Bergen HiU^ N, J., in small cryBtuIs ; in the same rock at Piermont, N. Y. ; ia fl«9tif(
blendio gneiss at Jones's Falls, near Baltimore {fmydestdk), with heulandite. HiaooIiII
reported from New York Island.
At HusnTic, Iceland, fossil dam shells (Venus) occur in a recent deposit, lined wftiiia ^
rhombohBdrona of chabaziLe. Daubri^e states that crystals occur at the wann ipfingt 4
DepL of Haute Sa6ne, France, aa weQ aa at those of Plombi^res, under conditioiiA whi|
that they were formed through the agency of the warm waters ; the tempeintixre at,
1 16* F,, and at nombiftres 1 63* F.
The name Chahaxiie is from ^afii^ic^^, an ancient name of a stone. *
Alt, — ^The haydenite is often covered with chlorite, and sometimea (^aritie tilies tt
theorystaL
Altered crystals from the Yogehigebirgei, that had loat part of ^taSr ptolQiyd
■oalyBed by Suckaw (VermtU, etc^ 140) :
ft
Xl
6a
Sa
R
fi
C
Interior
48-40
1913
1*88
147
813
2V01
=100-0^
Exterior
47-29
1^16
&-78
1-50
1*4T
21-00
a-^on^ss'io.
Eemoving da C from the larter, the 0. ratios are, for the first, 0*76 : * ; $-6 :
second, 0-37 : 3 : 8'4 : 6*2 (Ramm. Min. Ch., 818),
DoranUe of Thomson mtiy be altered chabazite, if the analysis is not an incorrect ooe^
tered mineral. It is described as occurring m aggregated crystals, apparently euhSe^^
white, and translucent, with G, = 215 ; and as consisting of Si 48*0, $1 52^0^ ^e 2tl{|
Ca 6-0, H 7 TO =99 '46. Found in basalt, 2 m. W. of Carrickfergus, Co. Antrim.
387* GMELINITE. Sar^ltte Vauq,, Ann. d. Mus^ ix. 249, 180T, xl 41 Hydftlfil
Cat. Min. de I>ree, 18, 181L Gmelinite Broohi, Ed. J. ScL, it 262, 1825.
Jackson, Am. X Bd., nv. 78, 1834,
EbombohedraL B A ^=112^26', O A J?=0 A-l = 140° 3^ ; a^
Observed plana
ic, iy i-2 ; rhomboho
-1 ; and also tlie
truncating the
tween JS and -1»
pyr., = 142* 28',
bas.,=79* 54', S
-1 A i^2=ior W,
tals usually h^xfm
aspect; Bori;
er tlian J?,ai
400
809
^1.
l-l
C Biooiidon, etc.
0. Blomidon.
Cleavage : t j3€rfect.
I
bobedral ; » often I
Observed only in crystaki a
tally striated,
aa twins.
H.^4*5, G.^2-04^2-17; 2-099^2-169, fr. O Blomidon. JM
reous. Ci^lorless, yellowish-wliite, greenish-wbtte, reddisb-whitc^ I
Transparent to transhicent. Brittle. Double refraction weak ; tX
tive for crystals from Cyprus, negative for tbose of Andreasberg, the
tine, and Glenai'm ; no evidence of compound structure by pobraei
Descl. ^
^ '^w^^— The angle i?A -I, oy. t,-80* %\ Brewiter, 80' 54', G. Boss. SO' 6', *«-.
Breith., SO" S; K k M., 79' 44; from Andreasberg, Deed. Plane t-i obnmd oft^
Si
Si
Ca
Sa
Z
GHentfin
48-56
18-06
5-13
8-86
0*89
u
46-40
21-08
8 67
7-29
1-60
u
46-56
2018
3-89
7-09
1-87
22^
4687
1955
5-26
5-51
0-78
49-47
21-48
11-48
394
t(
68-71
17-68
6-52
8-10
0-80
u
47-19
20-13
7-44
3-54
0-91
u
51-32
18-45
640
[3-
48]
HTIXBOUB fllUQATBB^ ZBQLirB BBOnON. 4S7
ritals. The mroolik of Yaaqnelin ib a flesh-red gmeliDite flrom M<mteo6bio-lCa»ciore in
ntiiiy mapfotrnd, bj Yaaqnelin, when he used the nante, to be identioal with the YesuYian
k,
wHb is ordSnaiy gmelinite from Nova Sootia^ impure with some free sOica. Marsh has
Siat k does not ouflbr in the amount of water ; and Desdoiaseaux that it has the same
livKng B A -1, or. t,=80°, and 0 A B=l4f)\ Marsh found a.=2-108 (anal 6), and 2-099
); most of the crystals obtained bj him were implanted on quarts.
^ — 0. ratio for ]E^ fi, Si, 1^=1 : 3 : 8 : 6, as in chabazito, G. Bose; corresponding to 4di,
+f (Jra,£:X6£L Analyses: 1, Connell (Edinb. New PhiL J., 1838) ; 2, 3, Rammelsberg
dix. 211); 4, Damour (Bull Soc. G., IIL xvi 675) ; 5, A. A. Hayes(Am. J. Sd, xxy. 78);
; O. a Marsh (Am. J. QcL, XL xUv. 362):
t
21-66, 9e 011=98-75 OonneH
20-41=100*45 Rammelsberg.
29*41=100 Etammelsberg.
2200=99-47 Damour.
8-h8, Pe 0-14, P 3-48=98-57 Hayes.
17 98=99-74 Marsh.
20-58=99-74 Marsh.
20 36=100 Marsh.
yaes 6, 7, giye an excess of silica, and Marsh attributes it to free quarts, yisible partidee of
were detected by him in the crystals ; 6A is the same analysis with 6 after separation
Bioess. amounting to about 12 p. c. Both 6 and 7 are of crystals from Oaipe Blomidon, but
Itaent localities.
1 eta— According to Damour, the Cyprus gmelinite loses 6 p. c. in dried air; at 100* C
pi &, and the amount is regained rapidly in free air ; at 230** C. loss 20 p. a ; at a bright red
i*5 pi c, and the grains become soldered together. The Irish crystals lose 7*25 p. a in
ir, which in six months increases to 9*8 p. a ; the loss is reduced to 1*5 p. a after a fbw
r exposure. In the closed tube crumbles, giving off much water. B.6. fuses easUy (F.=
I to a white enamel Decomposed by muriatic acid with gelatinization.
i-Occan in amygdaloidal rocks at Montecchio Maggiore, and at Gastel, in the Vicentine ; at
iflberg, in argillaceous schist, with analdte and heuJandite ; in Transylvania ; at Glenarm
vtmsh in Antrim, Ireland ; the island of Magee, some crystals i in. across ; near Lame,
ibred ; at Talisker in Skye, in large colorless crystals ; on the I. of Qyprus, near Pyrgo, of
reddish color, and G.=2-07 ; at Cape Blomidon in Nova Scotia (ledereriteX on the north
t a pdnt nearly opposite Cape Sharp, in geodes, with analdte and quarts, often implanted
litter mineral
Ms is usually considered rhombohedral, and the crystals as twins, secondary to a rhom-
OS of 86* IS'. Tamnau makes i? a /2 as in chabazite, and the pyramidal faces the form f *.
iSgonal oleayage observed by Bose separates it widely from diabazite.
Bd OmeUniie after Prof. Ch. Gmelin of Tubingen; UydroliU fVom the water present;
ib after Baron Lederer, Austrian Consul at New York. The name hydrollte has tiie pri-
st is ofagectionable because the mineral is not so eminently hydrous as to make it deserv-
he appellatioD.
[BR80HXIIJTB. Levy, Ann. PhiL, x. 861, 1825. Gmelinite pt many auihon, Ker-
sdielite v. Laing, PhiL Mag., IT. xxviil 506.
korhombic, v. Lang. /A 7=120°, or nearly, 0 A 1-1=139*' 23'.
rod planes : (?, i-i, 1-?, 2-?, |-?, 3-i. i-% A 1-1=130° 37', irx A 24=
6>\ vi A |-J=155°. Not known in simple forms. Cleavage : basal.
: composition-face /, the crystals hexagonal tables, with replaced
edgee, but consisting of six sectors from composition. The tables
iggr^ated, as in prebnite ; and also into spherules. Surfaces of planes
smooth ; 0 often rounded or rough.
=6'5. G.=2'06. Lustre weak vitreous. Colorless or white. Trans-
; transparent in thin plates. Fracture conohoidal. Optically bi-
10 obearved in each sector of the tables, y. Lang ; double refraction
axial divergence small ; bisectrix negative.
^38
OXTOKN^ OOMPOOme^
Oomp.^0. rado for ifl, S, % lt=rl : 3 : 8 : 5; coireBpoodin^ to 4§5, 5], <| ^a+
Ncftr gmelmite in the genera] form of the crystalfl and in oompcwition, but the cryiliJi
rhombic imd not siiople, and it contains as its protoxyd buses potaeli and i>oda in pUi
and aoda- Analysea: 1, 2, Damour (Ann, Ch. Phja., IlL xit. 9»)j 3^ t, Wallwnhaiil
Gest, 261): ^ ^ ^ ^
Si 3tl Oa Iffa & ft
1, AdCaatello 41*39 20-90 038 8 83 4-39 n-84=9$'2S Damofiir.
2, *» 47'46 2018 0'26 9-36 417 17'65=:99*ue Dunour.
3, •• (1)46-46 19-21 4*75 &'2T 2'88 17'86, Jig 0 41, IP* l-U=97i|
Pyr.| etc, — In the closed tube whitens and jields waCer. B.B, fnaea eaiily to a will
Easily decompOBed by acide, yielding semi-gelatinous silica (DamourK
Oba. — Accompanies piiillipPite in a lava at Aoi Caatello, near Ad Beale, Skaij; alM I
Oatank ; in basalt near Eiehmond^ In Tictoria, Australia, th« cxystalfl in iDode oTti'
optical pToperties like the Sidliiin.
389. P^ZLiUPSITB. Levy, Ann. FhiL, II. x. 862, 1825. Lime^Harmotoni«^ K4
totn© Germ. Kali-Llafmotom, NOTmalia, Brem,, 8chw. J., L S2t, 181ST, Clb., $% 1
126, 1S32. Chiistianite Dead., Ann. d. M., IT. ziL 373, 1847,
Orthorhombic. /A 7=91° 12' and 88° 48'; 1 A l = ltil' 2m,
and 88** 40', Marignae; 120^ 42', 119** 18', and 90% Bmike anr^
Faces 1 and t-I etriated parallel to the edge between then
tals unknown. Twins : (1) eoniixieition-faee /, pn^ducinff \k:. -
like either part of £ 401 ; (2) cruciform crystals, consisting of U
461
40t
JI
if
aaij
CLdiBove.
OTstak, each a twinned prism (f 401) ; (3) cruciform, coi
crosaing twinned priams at right angles to one anotlier. Ttmlf
t. 401 sometimes short, as in f. 402. Crystak cither isolated, or in
tuttB or 6pher<» that are radiated within and bristled Wif
H.=4-4*5. G.t=2'2; 2-201, Iceland, Damoiir> mD,i
htdbohb eaxoMXM, zboute ssonoir.
488
Si
&
Oa
»a
&
£[
irg
48-61
21-76
6-26
6-38
17-23,
48-02
22-61
6*56
— .
7-50
16-75,
50-45
21-78
6-60
3-95
16-82=
I
48-22
28-33
7-22
3-89
17-65=
osewHT
47-35
21-80
4-85
3-70
5-66
16-96=
d
48-41
22-04
8-49
619
15-60=
60-16
20-94
7-74
6-50
14-66=
^
4817
21-11
6-97
0-63
6-61
16-62,
asteUo, Sic.
48-53
19-88
2-92
6-18
3-82
14-76,
DDia, Sic
48-37
2107
3-24
3-41
615
14-54,
a
0. nOo for ft, fi, Si, £[=1 : 8 : 8 : 5; corresponding to 4 Si, Si, (t Oa+i &), 6 fis
ilomina 20-6, lime 7*4, potash 6-3, water 17*9=100.
: 1, 2, Qmelin (Leonh. Z& Min., 1825); 3, 4, Eobler (Pogg., xzxylL); 5, Coonfll
. J^ xxxT. 1843, 875); 6, 7, Damour (Ann. d. M., lY. ix. 336); 8, Genth (Ann. Gh.
L 272); 9, 10, Waltershausen (Vulk. Gest, 263):
9e 0-99=100-88 GmeUn.
9e 018=100-62 Gknelin.
=99*49 Kohler.
r 100-22 Kohler.
=100-21 ConneL G.=2-17.
=100-73 Damour.
=100-00 Damour.
Pe 0-24, Ba ^.=100-36 G.
Pe 2-64* Ag l*60=100-34 W.
Pe 0*71, fig 1-42=98*91 W.
published as an analysis of the phiUipsite of C. di Bove results differing widely flrom
See page 418, under Gismondits.
. — According to Damour, the Kaiserstuhl crystals (mixed with a little fki^asite) loee
a month in dried air, and regain aU again in ordinary air in 24 hours. Heated to
I hour, the mineral loses 12*3 p. c, and recovers nearly all in 24 hours' exposure to
, but becomes a powder and opaque (the fai^asite remaining transparent). Heated
he loss is 16 p. c, and only 0*8 p. c. after exposure again to the air for 4 days. At
loos is 18*5 p. a, part of which is due to the fa^jasite; it is reduced to 9 p. a in the
B. crumbles and fuses at 8 to a white enamel Gelatinises with muriatic add.
translucent crystals in amygdaloid, at the Giant's Causeway, Ireland ; in small oolor-
, and in spheroidal groups, in leudtophyr, at Capo di Bove, near Rome ; in crystals
l masses at Ad Castello and elsewhere in SicUy ; among the lavas of Somma; at
ir Marburg; Habichtswalde, near Cassel; Annerode, near Giessen; near Eisenach,
Doar; Petersberg, m Siebengebirge ; Laubach, in Hesse Darmstadt; in Kaiserstuhl,
te ; at H&rtlingen, Duchy of Nassau ; in Silesia ; Bohemia ; on the west coaat of
shores of Dyrefiord. Very small transparent crystals, of recent formation, in the
he hot baths of Plombidres, France, observed by Daubree, are stated by Senarmoat
angles, and by Desdoizeaux the optical characters, of phiUipsite.
ter the English mineralogist, J. Phillips. The name chrisiianUe was given by Dee-
fter Christian YIIL of Denmark) to the Marburg harmotome and crystals firom
1 in his Man. Min., 1862, he places all of phiUipsite under his name christianite.
see DescU L c., and Min., i. 899 ; v. Rath, za G., xviil 680, from whom the abore
aken.
BflOTOHB. Spatum calcarium cryst dodecaedrum album, opaonm, et
rectia, eta (fr. ZeUerfeld), v. Bom, Lithoph., il 81, Tab. L, f. 1 ; Pigfura hywin-
: h» crystaUi non sunt calcare», sed sUiceae, Bergm,, Opusc., ii 7, 1780. Hyadnte
)eme8te, Lett. 417, var. 6, 1779. Hyacinte blanche crudforme de Lit^ Crist, iL 299,
19 (goodX 1788. KreuzkristaUe Heyer, v. Trebra's Erfahrungen, eta, 89 ; CreU's Ann.,
89. Kieutzstein Wem, Karsien, Lempe's Mag, iL 58, 59, 1786. AndreasbergoBte
ne, Sdagr., i. 267, 1792. AndreoUte DekmeQi,, T. T., iL 285, 1797. Staurolite Kir-
I, 1794. Brdnite Kapime, Elem Min., 239, 1797. Harmotome HaQy, Tr., iU. 1801.
dforme Broehant, L 811, 1808. Morvenite Tham^ Min., L 351, 1886. Baryt-Hanno-
liombic. 7A/=124*»4r.
9 Ij hemihedraL
Observed planes : (?, ^i 1, * ; h *i ^^
L=120^ 28'
1=98 22
/A 1=U9° 32'
1 A 1, ov. /,=119 3
1 A X, adj.,=12r 6'
/A/,a^.,=110 26
440
OXYGEN CX)MPOUNI>8,
Cleavage : /, (9, easy. Simple crystals unknown. Twins : 1,
f face /, t\ 403, 404 ; i; 403 elongated, and f. 404 shortened ml
403
404
^CD^
StronUao.
406
Andreaebefg.
of the vertical axis ; both penetration -twins, tl
terior quadrants twinned parallel to /, and
parta prolonged backward in the direction of t
diagonal, making a crystal composed of two ii
ci^fetak, but apparently compoeed of 4 nfi
part having one narrow plane / betweeal
1, and one broad /, beeanse the form 1 is hemB
planes oecurrin|5 only on one of the two ba^al
either half of tlie prism, 2, Composition tlie
twins double twin&^ m in f 405 ; also in f. 40*
like f^ 405 in a different position, except in the enlargement o
and the consequent absence of the terminal planes /, the large lat
corresponding to 4 0^6 and each reentering pair to 4 Ts. UnJnioii
H.r^4'5. G,=2'M — 2*45* Lustre vitreous. Color whit©; p
fray, yellow, red, or brown. Streak white. Sub transparent — t;
raeture uneven, imperfectly conchoidal. Brittle, Double
weak. Optic-axial plane i-l (liaving tlie direction of the Uneo
404) ; acute bisectrix positive. Dispersion inappreciable. ■
V«r* — ^The Taricty morvenUc^ from Strontian, Scotland^ occurs in traiiBp«refit W
WUIant crystala like flg. 403, G*=!i 447, Damour.
Oomp.— 0. mtio for S, fi, f^i, fi == I : 3 : 10 : 5 (or 4^); oorrespooding to H
Silica 46*5, alumina lfi'9» baryta 3»'F, water 13^ = 100.
AtialjBee: 1, Kohler (Poj^g., iixvii. 561); % Rammclsbdrg (HAodw, L 500);
§M)\ 4, 6, Kohkr (1 c); 6, RammelshtTg (Pogg., i^x, 624); 7, Connel (Ed. '
1882, 33) J 8, Damour (Anu. d M^ IV. ix. 336. and a B, uiL U6); d, 10,
It, IT. ix. 845) :
Aft JTa 1
0-36 1
1. Andrensberg
2. Andreasberg
4, Obersteiii
5. Strontian
6. *•
7, **
8*
9. M^nfemie
10. "
Si
46-68
48*74
48-49
46 65
46-tO
47*62
47 04
47'U
47 60
47 -59
ld*83
17 66
16-86
16-54
16'4l
16^94
16-24
16*68
16-39
16-71
20-32
19-22
20-08
10-12
20-81
20-26
2085
3106
20-86
20^46
MO
063
OiO
109
0-84
0-80
0-74
102 16*03 = 100i)S]
14-66= l(M>-27 :
2 07 13-00=99^99 lUmiMd
11 0 15^=90 77 Koliliar.
0 90 16 11=99 96 EAUm;
I -00 13-46=]0a*3fi BsmB-
0*88 U-S'l, Pe 0-24=rlOCIl
0-78 13 19, Fe 0 Sl^l^^-tl
081 !4'1G, I?ea-66 = 10I*«
14- 16, Fe 0-66= 99^7
Pyr^ etc- — Acoording- to Damour, the Scotch harmotoroe loses 4*8 p. e bj 4i hum
dried air. Heated to 100' a It loses 18 p, c; bctweea 100° And 160% 9*9 |ii e.^
HTDBOUB SILIiOATES, ZBOLTTB BEOnON. 4tl
IS'6 pu a; andaftnr 24 h. ezposore to the ordinary air, what is lost is restored. At a
At the loss is 14*66 p. a, and the mineral is disaggregated ; the total loss at a bright
I 14*70 p. o. B.B. whitens, then crumbles and fuses without intumescence at 3*6 to
insfaioent glass. Some varieties phoephoresoe when heated. Decomposed by muriatio
it gelaliDSdaig.
[armotome occurs in amygdaloid, phonolite, trachyte; also on gneiss, and in some
OS refna.
It Strontian, in Scotland, in fine crystals, some an inch through ; in a metalliferous
udreasberg in the Harz ; at Rudelstadt in Silesia ; SchiffenlMrg, near Giessen ; at
i Hanenstein in Bohemia ; near Eschwege in Hesse ; at Oberstein in Birkenfeld, im«
agate in riliceous geodes ; at Kongsberg in Norway ; with analdte in the amygdaloid
Umabin,
^om *«^^(, Jainij and ri/ivw, to cfd, alluding to the fact that the octahedron (made by the
fivides parallel to the plane that passes through the terminal edges.
t see LsTy's Heuland ; Desdoizeauz, Ann. d. M., lY. iz. S39. and 1^., i 412. The
ngle 124° 47' gives for the prism i-i the angle 87° 26' and 92° 34', which is near the
dUipsite ; so ^t while phiUipsite has the 0. ratio for bases and silica of a bisilicate
t|^ I A lot pyroxene, harmotome has the 0. ratio nearly and angle /A / of hom-
tamonr and liesoloiseaux show morvenite to be harmotome (Ann. d. M., lY. ix. 839).
le AndreoHte of Delametherie (derived from the locality at An(keasberg) has the priority,
hcNMfe of Kapione ; but Haiiy substituted Juurmoiome, of no better signification, and all
t mineralogists have followed him.
?OBTIXiBnS. Beudant (fr. Farde), Min., ii 119, 1832. Desmin, Puflerit, Bukeisen,
Ber. Ak. Wien, zxiv. 286, 1857.
ftll concretions, compactly fine fibrous within ; also in large radiate-
T colnmnar masses.
•5—4. G.=2'l— 2*25. Lustre vitreous, strongly so to feebly
Color white, sometimes greenish-white. Transparent to trans-
▼».— 0. raUo for &, fi. Si, fl=l : 3 : 9 : 6, corresponding to ^ Si, Xl, (J Ca+| ^Ta),
;=0a, Silica 60*3, alumina 19*2, lime 10*4, water 20*1=100. The ordinary hypostil-
ns some soda, with :Sra : 0a=2 : 7, nearly; while the variety ptj^fUriU is without
lostilbite, 2-14, Beudant ; 2*18, Haughton ; 2*252, Mallet ; of puflerite, 2, Bukeisen ; 2*21,
[n puflerite the fibres have two unequal cleavages, at right angles with one another,
) stron^y vitreous. Double refh&ction is strong; axial divergence small; bisectrix
the sides of the fibres and negative; axial plane parallel to the plane of more difllcult
[)escL
i: 1, Beudant (Min., il 120); 2, Dum^nil (ib.); 8, Mallet (Am. J Sd, XL xxil 179);
n (PhiL Mag., IV. xiiL 610); 6, id. (ib., xxxiL 224); 6, Bukeisen (Ber. Ak. Wien,
18*70=99*96 Beudant
18*75=99*50 Dum&ilL
12*42=100-28 Mallet.
17*88=99*97 Haughton.
18*52=98*75 Haughton.
17-16=98*09 Bukeisen.
I found (ICn., i 345) a "red stilbite " from Dumbarton to contain Si 5250, *! 1'^'32,
i 18*46=99*79. As he calls the mineral red stiJbiie from Dumbarton, a noted local-
tObite fiimiliar u> him. and stilbite is easUy distinguished by its pearly dea^ge, it is
ghra credit to his mineralogical opinion than to his analysis. UntU hypostilbite is an-
, good anfthiMrtty ftom Dumbarton, the analysis may, therefore, be taken only as a corn-
fc-Aoeording to Beudant, intumesoes a Uttle, and ftises with ^^^^,^ ^ ®^";
' adds without gelatinizing. According to MaUet, g«la«>^ J^^^'S^^^i,^
MOOfding to Bukeisen, intumesoes much, and ftises easily to a snow-while blebby
442
OXYGEN ooKPomroa.
Ob«. — ^Hjpostilbite occurs od the island of Faroe with etilbiCe and ffggtUhfte^ An
Bodutea or ooncretioos in nmjgdalold ; on the inland of Skye^ in a aimusr maiuur;
hudda TaUejTf aud near Bombay in Indm, in the same rock, oonsUtutin^ krgei, flbrai%
masses, radiated like natrolite or thomsouite.
Puflerite occurs at Pufier-ktch in the Seiser Alps^ Tjrrol, in caTities in mela|^ijTe^ n
and obabazite, and oRea implanted on these minerals in small concn^tioGS.
Named from 'niru, belong and sUlbtie, in allusion to its containing baa ailiQa than ilOfe
been oouBidered altered stilbite.
1
392. STIIiBrrc. Zeolit pt. Oron$t, Ak. & Stockh., lUB; Zeolites <ff79t^ oryalifl
tendentea (fr, Gustafeibei^p et&X Cronst^ 102, 1*758. Z, fade Seletiltka lamelliria,
Zeolit pt, WaU.^ Min., I 313, 1772. Strablig^r Zeotith Wern^ Ueb.
Strahl-Zeolith (vor, of Z,) Wertk, I80O, Ludfrtg., L 49, 1803. Kadiaicd
nacree, StUbite, JMamtth., TT,, ii. 305, 1797. Stilbiie (Heulandite inci) h
1798, Tr., iii. 1801, 1822 ;=StTah]-ZeoUth Hoffm., Blin., iL 237, 1814. Betmti
HeuL erd.] BrtiQi., Hoflm. Mio., \y. b, 40, 1818 ;t=Sliibit© Brookt, Ed. PWl.
Sphairostiibite B&td., Tr., IL 120, 1832. Bjbedrite Shepard^ Am. J. Set., II xL ilil^]
Orthorhombic. /A I=W 16' (whence f-8 A i-S=:l30*» 13',
/A /in heulandite) ; 1 A 1, front,=119'' 16', Bide, 114° 0', i
Brooke and Miller make O A i-l or i 5=90*^, 1
U A 1=120° 22'. Cleavage : t4 perfecU il Id
as in i\ 407 ; more common with the prism
allel to i-i or the cleava^^e-fac^, and pointed at dui
ities ; sometimes with the vertical edges rep*
frifim /. Twins: cniciform, componitiun*!
bmmon in sheaf-like aggregations ; d"
sometimes globular and thin lanielhtr
H.=3-5--4. a=2'094- 2-205; ij 101,
Lustre of i-l pearly ; of other faces vitreons.
occasionally yellow, brown, or red, to brick')
uncolorcd. Transparent — translucent. Fr
Brittle. Double refraction strong ; opttc-axial J*li
divergence 50°— 55"^ ; biaectm lu^Uve^ perpaidi
O; Descl.
Var.^-1. Ordinary, Either (a) in crystals, flattened and pearljrpmlkl to Ih0|
or sboaf-liko or divergent groups ; ot (if\ in radiatod stars or b«mimiera«, i
^iduals showing a pearly desrage aurfaco. SphoBroHiihik Bmsd. a in 0pheia%l
with a pearly fracture, rather aofl externally, but harder al 00017% aod luiriiigQj
hows that it is sdlbite impure from mixture wlih roesolite ; the origioaJ was f^
Oomp.— 0. ratio 1:3:12:6; corresponding to 6 Si, ^ Ca, 6 llss:Bilioa ST A <
'1-9, water 17-2=100. Analyses : 1, Fuchs ft Gehlen jSchw. J., rOL 2W>; 3^ f
63); S, Retains fJnhresh, iv. 153); 4, Moss (P<?gg.. Iv. 114); 5, Riogal ( J. pc J
Hermann (Bull Boe. Nat Moscou, 184«, 318); 7, Munster (Pogg.^ Ixt, aS1|a "
Ak. Stockh,, 1848, lU); U), Wultershausen (Yulk. Oast, 364); 11, KeHlM
12, R. Weber (ib.); 13| Beudnut (Min., il 119. 1:^0); 14^ Heddle (6r«g k
Hiughton (Phil Mag., IV. xUi 610. nxiL 234) ;
k loelond
1 **
K^. Fkroe
\^, Ktoderirbdie(D
i. UmeoMta.; a.==3'19
lOhriitlaaa; G.=:S'303
Si
6607
58*0
6608
6718
68-83
56-3 1
6853
033
'WkHs
ft
ldS0=t06^f.i
u: '" - nil
18
n
17 ,, i^^ml
Si
21
6a
JTa
t
ns
«7-4l
16-14
8-97
1-21
104
orway
68-41
16-56
7-89
>.=2184
57-40
16-23
7-71
0-60
0-84
«g
568
15-9
7-4
0-6
Iceland
58-02
14-94
8-83
1-80
Idle
56-91
17-61
9*03
0-68
5664
16-43
8-90
0-46
68-20
16*60
807
0-49
0-92
56-69
16-36
6-88
1-46
0-89
4iB
16-60, ftg fr.=101-40 Sjogren.
16-68, Mg, An 0-69=99-93 &
16-68, iig 018=99-09 Waltenh.
17-6. ¥e 1-3=99-1 KerL
17-71 = 100-80 Weber.
17-84=100-07 Beudant
1706=99-38 Heddle.
18 00=101-28 Haughton.
17-48 Haughton.
\kj incrostation on ohert, from the hot spring of Olette, eastern Pjrreneea, afforded
'6, il 16-1, Oa 8-6, £[ 17*6=99-9 ; and Desdoizeauz observes that it occurs also in
angular prisms like those of stilbite.
r SUbepard (L a), from trap in the Sjhedree Mountains, Bombay, has a greoDish oolor,
1 ; and afforded W. a Tyler (J. c) ^ 16-06, t'e 271, Mg 2-46, Oa 6-46, £[ 16-40, the
idetennined, but supposed to be all silica. Alkalies wanting. It may be an impure
Ki by a chlorite-like mineral
-According to Damoiir, loses 1-3 p. c. at 100** G. ; IS p. a between 100*" and 150*" 0. ;
ost but 3-1 p. a after 6 days' exposure to the ordinary air; at 170° 0. the loes is
ich is reduced to 9*2 p. c after 16 days* exposure. B.B. exfoliates, swells np^ ourres
or yermicnlar forms, and fuses to a white enamel F.=2— 2*6. Decomposed by
without gelatinizing. The apTusrottttlhite gelatinizes, but Heddle says this is owing
itmeaokie with the stilbite.
^ oocors mostly in cavities in amygdaloid. It is also found in some metalliferous
granite and gneiss.
on the Fkroe Islands, in Iceland, and on the Isle of Skye, in amygdaloid; also
Isle of Arran, Scotland ; in Dumbartonshire, at Long Craig, and at Kilpatrick, Soot-
srystals ; at Kincardine, Kilmalcolm, Gampsie, Sootland ; at the GHant's Causeway,
le Mts., eta, Ireland; at Audreasberg in the Harz, and Kongsberg and Arendal in
I iron ore ; in the Yendayah Mts., ^ndostan, in large translucent crystals having a
; also in the Nerbudda valley and in the Bombay Presidency ; a brown variety on
> copper mines of Gustafsberg, near Fahlun in Sweden ; at Audreasberg, Kongsbeig,
He ooouTS in minute spheres over fkroelite in Skye; at Storr (anal 13, 14); and at
)heres as large as a pea.
.merica, sparingly in small crystals at Chester and the Charlestown sjrenite quarries,
» gneiss quarry, Thachersville, Conn., in crystals lining cavities in coarse granite ; at
radiated forms on gneiss, associated with epidote, garnet, and apatite ; at PhilHpe-
in crystals or fan-like groups ; opposite West Point, in a vein of decomposing bluish
"secting gneiss, in honey-yellow crystals ; in the g^reenstone of Piermont, in minute
oopiform crystals of a dull yellow oolor, near Peekskill, N. Y. ; and at Bergen ^ffill,
n small but bright crystals ; also at the Michipiooton Islands, Lake Superior ; at
ind, Nova Scotia, forming a perpendicular vein from 8 to 4 inches thidc, and from
long, intersecting amygdaloid, its colors white and flesh-red ; also at Me Haute,
3kimver's Hole, Black Bock, Cape Blomidon, Hall*s Harbor, Long Point
ftUbde is from ariXfftif lustre ; and dtsmine from dler^rr, a bundle. The species stilbite,
Hauy, induded Strahlzeolith Wem, (radiated zeolite, or the aboveX and Blitteneo-
listed zeolite, or the species heulandite beyond). The former was the typical part of
ad is the first mentioned in the description ; and the latter (made the variety «<if6t<0
)he added to the species, as he observes, with much hesitation. In 1817, Breit-
>ed the two zeolites, and called the former deamine and the latter euMob'As, thos
e entirely, contrary to rule and propriety, HaUy's name aOBnief which should have
I by him in place of deamine, it being the typical part of his species. In 1822
rently unaware of what Breithaupt had done) used atHbiU for the first, and named
CMdtfe. In this he has been followed by the French and English mineralogists ;
mans have unfortunately followed Breithaupt
ite has been observed changed to quartz.
UJaOB. Bpistilbit a 12owi Pogg., vL 188, 1826. Monophan -^-eO^, Char^ 279,
1823.
ombic. 7 A 7=135° 10', O A l-i=144° 63' ; a : J : o=:l-422 : 1 :
)bBerYed planes, as in £ 408, with 2-i replacing edge 7a 1^.
444
OXYOEH coxFoumie.
14 A 14, top,=109*' 46', 1-t A M, top,=147^ 40'
^1* =122^ 9', 14 A M= 141° 47'- Cleava^: %
perfect ; iudistinct in other directioaa* Face 1
uneven. Generally iu twins; compodtioDi
Ako granular,
H.=4-4 5. G. = 2-249-2'36a. Lustre of
face peaiiy; of / %atreou8. Color white, bl|
yellowish-white, reddiah. Transparent^ — i
Fracture uneven, Donhle refraction weak
optical axea parallel to i-i, and bisectrix no
Oomp. — O. ratio for ft, It, Si. fi:=:l : 3 : 13 : B; ooireiipoiidmg to 6 5i, 3lI, (| Cb-hiJ
^ca 59*0, alumina l^% lime T 3, soda 2*0, water 14-8=100, Anfilrac: 1, 1 O. ~
.% Dr. Limpricht (Walterslu Yulk, Gest, 248); 4, 5, WalCerebaoflen fibu) ; e, Ku
ScL, IL xiiil 421); 7, 8, How (ib,, xxvi. 3»):
14-48 = 99-93 Rose.
12-51 (]oss)^100 Boie.
14 98=^ nn -44 limpndit.
13*&0^101'01 WoJterelui
14-3 1 = 101 -03 WalterBhauM^
14-21, 3Pe 012, ti 0 19=100^
16*42, i?e 1-58, k Q-9«=d9'M ]
14-93=100 How.
^^yr^ etc, — B.B. intumosces and formB a yesicular enamel Soluble in ooaoentnM
'[ withciut gelatiDiziug.
Obs. — CkxMirs with Bcolecite at the Beru0ord in Iceland; in Farue; at Poooah la
small flesh-colored crystals at Skje; \n fimall reddiBh crystala, nearl/ or quite op^qtM^
bite, at Margaretville, N, Soot i a, 7 m. E. of Port George (anal. 7 ; loci for aiuL 8 i
JcDOwn), Reported as occurring with stilbite, apophyllite, etc., at Bergen HiU, N. J.
FarastHhite. Vou VValterj*ha!i8ea thuB names (I a, p. 251) a specimen from Boififdf
afforded on analysis Si 6 1 '87, Xl 17 83, Oa 7'S2, Ka *ioO,^ 1-78 H P 20= 100, for
deduces the 0. ratio 1 : 3 ; 12 ; 3, and writes tho formula R Si + 3tl§i'4-» fl- It
j^lilbite, but gives (Fogg,, sctx, 170) 136" 89' for the imgle IaL
Si
Tkl
Oa Sii
1, Bomfiord 68-59
17-62
T-56 1-78
2. '^ 60-28
17-36
8-32 1-52
8. '* hk 68^99
18-21
6-92 2-36
4. '« 69-22
17-23
8'2U 2-4e
B. '' ywK fiO'08
16-74
8-14 ^2-35
6. ** 58-74
nno
7-8lNa2-iJ5
7. N. Scotia (j) 58-67
1634
7 00 0-99
8. '* 68^:^5
16-73
7*87 2-10
394. HZ3iriiANDITll. Bliittrigier Zeolith Mtftr, Beschaft Gee. N. Ww.
Noftn,, Bergm. X, 4J50, 1789* Blatt^r-ZeoUth (var. of Z,) Wmu, 1800, Lndw;
StilbltG pt., Stilbit© anamorphique, K, Tr,, til 180L Euzeolith BreUh., BofltaL
4f\ 1818. Heukndite Brooke, Ed. PhiL J.» tL 112, 1822. LiaooUiite Mikhcpck IS^^i
ISBB, 4J7f ISSfi, 602, 1841. Beaumoutite Levy, G, R, 1839.
MonocHnic. t7— 88* 35', / A 7:^136^ 4', O A 14 = 156^ 45 ; a
1-065 : 1 : 2 4785, Observctl pi
in the annexed %area.
0 A 2/=^ 116° 20' aA^l=li
<?A-2-i==114 aA/=ii:
2-i A -2-i=129 40 -1 A -1=1
a V/^V\ \ y AA r Cleavage : clinodiagonal (^4) «l
Also in globular forms; d»d gi
H,=3o-.4, G.=:2% n^
2*195, Faroe Islands, ThomsoQ ;
Iceland. Lustre of i-i etrottf
of other faces vitreoua. Color
diades of wblte^ p«£ftiiig inlo ni
409
Jt
-2i
410
/
\«^
\
/r"\
1^
o\y
Joneses Falls.
HTDBOUB SILICATES, Zl^LTTB SEOnON. 44r5
m. Streak white. Transparent — subtranslucent. Fracture snb-
al, uneven. Brittle. Double refraction weak ; optic-axial plane
D iA; bisectrix positive, parallel to the horizontal diagonal of the
38Cl.
0. nitio 1 : 8 : 12 : 6, oorrespouding to 6 Si^ ^ da, 6 d=Silica 69'1, alumina 16*9, lime
;4'8^100. Analyses : 1 Meyer (I c); 2, Thomson (Min., L 347); 8, 4, Rammelsberg
8i)2, Pogg^ cz. 625) ; 5, Damour (Ann. d. M., IV. x. 207) ; 6, Waltershausen (Vulk.
; 7, Hanghton (FhiL Mag., lY. xiil 509) :
Si
21
Oa
]5fa
&
fl
58-3
17-2
6-6
—
17 6=99-6 Meyer.
M
5916
17-92
7-66
—
15-40=:100-12 Thomson.
and
58 2
n-e
7-2
16-0=99-0 Rammelsberg.
u
69'63
1514
624
0-46
2-35
16-48 Rammelsberg.
u
59-64
16-33
744
1-16
0-74
14-88=99-64 Damour.
u
58-90
16-81
7-38
0-67
1-68
14 33, Pe 0-12, % 0-29=100-04 W.
budda
56-59
15-35
5-88
1-45
0-89
17-48, Mg 0-82=98-46 Haughton.
y>\ot of the Fassa crystals ia due, according to Kenngott, to minute crystalline grains
mineral
Cif— According to Damour, the Faroe mineral loses part of its water in dry air, which
1 ordinary air ; the loss of the mineral is 2*1 p. c. at 100° C, and 8-7 p. c. between lOO""
. ; and this is restored again after 24 hours in the air. At 190° the loss is 12-8 p. a ;
end of two months all is regained but 2-1 p. c. B.B. same as with stilbite.
eulandite occurs principally in amygdaloidal rocks. Also in gneiss, and occasionally hi
18 Terns.
It specimens of this species come fVom Beruflord, and elsewhere, Iceland ; the Far6e
le Vendayah Mountains, Hindostan. It also oocurs in the Kilpatrick Hills, near 01a»*
le I. of Skye ; in the Fassa Valley, Tyrol ; Andreasberg, Harz ; near Semil and Bodis*
lia; Poremba, Poland; Marschendorf, Moravia; Neudorfel, near Zwickau, Saxony;
ffertschinsk, eta ; in the amygdaloid of Abyssinia. Bed varieties occur at Oampsie in
re, with red stilbite ; also in Fassa Valley, Tyrol ; and brown in ore beds at Arendai
r's Point, Nova Scotia, it occurs in amygdaloid, presenting white and flesh-red colors,
ited with laumontite, apophyllite, thomaonite, etc. ; also at Gape Blomidon, in crystals
1 a half in length ; at Martial's Gove, Isle Haute, Partridge Island, Swan's Greek, Two
ill's Harbor, Long Point
nited States, with stilbite and chabazite on gneiss, at Hadlyme, Gt, and Ghoster, Mass. ;
minerals and datolite, apophyllite, eta, in amygdaloid at Bergen Hill, New Jersey ;
at Kipp's Bay, New York Island, on gneiss, along with stilbite : at McKinney's
ittenhouse Lane, near Philadelphia, sparingly; on north shore of Lake Superior,
feon Bay and Fond du Lac ; in minute crystals, seldom over half a line long, witli hay-
fones's l^dls, near Baltimore, on a syenitic schist (Levy's beaumonUkj which is crystal*
It and optically identical with heulandite).
iter the English mineralogist, H. Heuland.
I Eow (Ed. N. PhiL J., II. z. 84, 1859) is near heulandite in composition, but is massive,
resinous or waxy lustre, H. =3*5, white or yellowish- white color, and it fuses B.B. with-
Boence. How obtained, as a mean of two analyses, Si 67*57, ^1 12-66, l^e 1*14, Mg
B2, ii 0-37, ti 15-69=99-12. Forms the thin outer crust of amygdules m trap of the
ady, near Black Bock. A pure species could hardly be expected from a massive
sadtx a condition.
IW8TBBZTB. Brooke, Ed. PhiL J., vL 1 12, 1822. Diagonit BreUh^ Ghar., 118, 1882.
dinic. C7=86^ 56', /A 7=136% OAl-i=157^ 14'; a:b:c=
1 : 24715. O A i-i=93° 4', 0 A a=90% O A 7=93° 24', O A 44
h* ^ i-i=172°, Brooke. From measuromenta by Mallet, 7a /=
, /Ai^=157° 17'-23', 7Aa=112^ 12'-17', ()A|-i=175^ 49'
A i4=171° 40'-48'. aeavage : U highly perfect
'5—5. a.=:2*432, Thomson; 2-45, Damour; 2-458, Mallet Lua-
446
OXYGEN fX>MPOU3n)6.
411
tr© of irl pearly ; of other faces vitreous. Color vl
clining to yellow and gray. Streak white. Tmnfep
translucent. Fracture uneven. Double refi
optic-axial plane normal to i-l ; bieectrix i>ara
diagonal ; plane of axes of the red rays mclined
to A; and 70°-72° 4' to 0.
Gomp,— 0, ratio for ft^ S, 8f, ^=1 : S : 12 : 5,
(l^r + i Ba), 6 I1^SiUca5S-6, alumina 15% baryta t^^
18*4 = lUO. Analyftes: L Oonnel tEd, N. Phil J., xix. S5); 2, *
I 848) J 3, J, W. MaUet (PhiL Mag., IV. xriit »!») :
Si
63-67
63*(>4
(I) W'32
XI Fe
n'49 0*29
16 54
16*26 O'OB
12*&8=100'44 4
14-73=10011'
1312=91^86 MaOill
Pyr*, 0to. — According to Damoar, brewsterite loses water io unheated dried aiTf t
a lo88 of weight of I -65 p. a in the courso of a month. At 100" C^ alter 2 boari) '
p, c^ but at 180* 0. 7*7 p. c, when the mineral while alill hot ia electric, the
attraetinj;? ; thej have become opaque and pearlj ; by 48 hours* oxpoeur« to
Is reduoed to 2*7 p. a At 180° C, the loss to S*S p. c ; this ia reduced to mr^
exposure ; and at 270"^ the logs la lO'l p. c, which iB reduoed to 12 p. a t(Wr 8 d^yi^
At a dull red heat the loaa la 12*8 p. c, and at a bright red, 13*3 p. c BvB. aweUa o^
at 3 to a white enameL Decomposed hj actda without gelatinizing.
Oba.— First obsenred at Strontian in Argyleshire, with ctaldte. Occurs also at tl
Cause way, coating the cavities of amygdaloid ; in the lead mlues of St Turpet ; aaer J
the Brisgau ; at the Ool du Bonhonimet S. W. of Mont Blanc, on a quarts rode ;
the Pyreoees, lo a calcareous schist ; and it has been reported fW>iii the '
in France.
Named aiter Sir David Brewster.
396. MORDENrm. ffow, J. Ch. Soa, n. IL 100.
In email hemispherical, reniforni, or cylindrical con€r^oii&
fibrous.
n.==5. G.=208. Lustre highly silky. Color whita, pSkfi
pinkish. Translncent on the edges. Rather brittle.
Oomp.— 0, ratio, S, R Si, fi=l : 3 : 18 : 8 ; ooneipoodlniF to dfil, JLl, (| Oa-l4%
68 02, aa 12 66, Oa 4 69, Ka 2 64, fi la 29=^100. An^sUlH^ ^Lc);
St
(t) 68 40
13-02=100.
^he soda Indtides 0*09 to 0-23 of potaah. The silica viTied l^tm 97^8 to i
Fyp., ate*— Yields water. JkB. fi\i^§ without intumeoooDoe. Hot
acula.
Obt— Occurs near Mordon, Kjng»a Co, Nova Scotia, tn Irapv wiUi «p
prehnito-like mineral ; also at Peterti Point, eight mUea wesV ifilh gyrolltsu'
APPENBIX TO ZEOLITE SECTION.
607. SLOANTTE Jfew^Jtmi ^ MaAi, Am. J. ScL, It Jdf. M.
^2?^^H''^^1«^- ^ A /=105^ Olearage : / very disltiiet
«»»ea, with often a fracture tranaveree to the mdii^ioiu
HYUBOUB 8ILICI1TBB, ICABOABOPHTLLTTB BBCnON. M7
=4-5. G. =2*441. Lustre pearly. White. Opaque.
p.— O. ratio for ^ 11, Si, £[, from ana]78i8=l : 5 : 7 : l=SQica 42*7, alamina 34-9] lime
«ter 11-0=100. Analysis: Beohi (Am. J. ScL, XL ziv. 64):
& XI Cft % ]^a S: -&
42-19 86*00 8*12 2*67 0*25 0*80 12*50=100*76.
, na — Yields water. B.B. ftisefl without iatumescence to a white enamoL Dissolyes in
da even in the oold, and gelatinizes.
1 the gabbro roeso of Tosoanj.
Sabpaohiti Deschma/ux (Min., L 420). A aeolUic mineral from Saspaoh in KaiHerstohl,
d J. SdiiU (Jahrb. Min. 1846, 452) §1 51*50, % 16*51, Ca 6*20, & 6*82, Mg 1*98, £[ 17*00
S. Ooeura in tufts of fibres and concretions; G.= 1*465; H.=4— 5; white or colorless ;
lilkj to Titreoua. Easily soluble in muriatic add. Occurs in doleryte in cavities, and is
irei&id hj foujasite and apophjllite.
m. MAKGAKOPHYLLITE SECTION.
e Mai^arophyllites, whose general characteriBtics are mentioned on
893, have the crystallization of the micas, and the name alludes to
early folia. Massive varieties are, however, much the most common
a lai^ part of the species, and they often have the compactness of
or wax. Talc, pyrophyllite, serpentine, are examples of species
nting both extremes of structure ; while pinite occm-s, as thus far
n, only in the compact condition.
B proportion of silica varies widely, the oxygen ratio between it and
aaes having the limits 3 : 1 and | : 1, corresponding to tersilicates at
sxtreme and the lower of subsilicates at the other, ^ut, reckoning the
\ or part of it, among the bases, the species may all be arranged
r the heads of Bisilicates, Unisilicates, and Subsilicates ; and, although
must be much that is hypothetical in such an arrangement, tne
od is adopted beyond.
melliod of arrangement is in fact no more arbitrary than the common one of making no
t of the water. Talc has the oxygen ratio for the silica, bases, 2i : 1 ; but, at the same
k contains water, and holds it even when highly heated, thereby indicating that port, at
iihd water is basic; and with basic water the ratio may be 2 : 1, or that of a true Bwil-
The arrangement of talc at the head of the Bisilicates appears, therefore, not to be alto-
aititrary. Pyrophyllite is a true alumina talc, it having the same oxygen ratio as talc,
• ftmctoze, lustre, greasy feel, and even range of color ; and it has its place, therefore,
I taic, among the Bisilicates. Serpentine has not siUoa enough for a BisiUoate ; but, with
Ita water basic, it is a Unisilicate. Kaolinite is identical with serpentine in oxygen ratio,
ophyDite is with talc, and is similarly a Unisilicate. Pinite has the same ratij excepting
IS of water, and is strictly an alumina-alkali serpentine; and palagonite m.*^*'^1^^
Id characters. These species, moreover, are aU related to the margarodites or hydrous
m ftOowIng taUe the spedee are distributed under the three heads above m«n?;j"«f\ ^
m of themdea and theSformulas m the first two of these subdivisions is foDowed by a
atribiing^rozygen ratio for the protoxyds, sesquioxyds, s^ca. ^^^ j^J®'. •n^^^
roofami^ thowfor the bases, siHc^ and water; and under fi in the ^'» *J^«^.^
R pm&eBai, whid\ indicates what proportion of the water (when any) U made basio in
^^^448 ■
^^^P OXYOBIC
OOMPOUJfBS. ^^^^^^^1
^k
aeeangembkt of the specibs. ^^H
^^
I. BISILTCATES
1
^M L TALO GROUP
. Foliated when cfystalllsed.
1
^B »9a Tmx? a
^H 400. PTBOPIIYLLrrB
^H 401. FmuTK
(ifi-f0Ig)Si
(itt+iMg)Si+ift
{Jt^*-fj3tl)Si»-hTV^
(ft',ft*,3tl)§i"4-JVft
Sie|e.Kt H.-i-f »g)H-^KtV
H e|e,Ki H, -1- 1 aM)+-h H^
^M XL SEFIOIilTE GBOITP, CoDtain magnesium or Bluminum. Known Cfsdj mtadft. H
^m 402. SmouTB (ifi + iMg)SiH-Jft
^M 40a. Apqbodttb Mgdi + f It
^1 404. CmOLlTl (ifi'-M3tl)Si'4-fi
^M 405. Rmtsotitb (ill> + 4£l)§i*H(.4ift
^M 406. MOKTHORnXOKlTS (i 1^^+ f 3£l) ^i' + 5 fi
sie|e,|(iH.+tMg)-t-W fl
SieiejMg+laq ■
» eie.Ki B, + 1 ^M)-i-i t^ M
Kete,|(iH.+i/hU]+HeA
Si e|e,iu H, +tMi)-«-ili^
^B nL CHLOROPAL GROUP. Contain iron in tlie sesquioxyd state. H
^H 407. STTLPNO^rELAI^E
^B 4Q8. CiaOftOPM.
^B ^ 409. Glauoonitb
(a\(Fe,Xl))Si*+2ft
(fe\^©)Sl+4iIl
sie|e.t(H,^{i«eiAi))+iHB
6ie|e,KFe,/}F«)+liai| ■
^^^^- 410. Ceuldontte
1
^^p £ fi Si ft IfeE Si It
^^— B 1 2i i I 2i id)
^^B PTTophyUite 1 2i i 1 2i i (f)
^^H PtMtte 1 8 20 2 12}} (i)
^^H -fiepiolite 1 a 1 1 3 1 (|)
^^^ Aphrodite 1 2 1 1 3 |
B fi Si ia l^n Si 4
CimoHte 13 1 11 IH
Smectite 14 4 7 14 i^M
Moiiitiiorillomto 1 2i 3i | t^ 1^1
Btilpnomekne 1 S ^^|
Chioropal 1 2 i 13 ^H
Gkuconite 13 9 3? I ^ ^H
^^H
n. TJNISILICATES. 1
^B lY. BERPENTINB GROUP. Cootam tnagQeainiiL
1
^M 411. Serpsintinb
(J& + «MgrSi-hitt
fiqe.KiH.+|i(g),^4.q ■
^M 443, DSWETLITE
^^^^ 414. Cerootb
^^^B416. HTDBOPmn
^^^" 416. Gehthitb
^1^^417, Sapohii*
{ifl + |Mg)^^i+tfi
afi+iMg)gi+ift
(ift4-f(Mg,^e))'8S + t^
(|ft+l(S:i,Klg))*Si+ttt
6iie.|(H.+|Mg), + ti, M
Biie.KiH.+lMg).+ia4 ■
HTDBOUS SILIOATES, HABQABOPUYLLTTE BECTnON.
OUNITE GB0X7P. Contain aluminum.
44A
Xl«Si"+4fl
Sqe4|/3A1, + Jaq
(iia[»+iXi)«8i»+jfl
Si|e4|(iH,+}^Al),+iaq
LOTSm
ttfi«H-iXl)«Si" + 3a
Si|e4(iH,+i/ffAl),+aq
OITB
NITE GROUP. Contain aluminum, and generally alkali metals.
CB (ifl«+i(i»Xl))«Si"
ifipnjTi (|&"+tXl)»8i"+*fi
LBiTB (t&»+iil)«Si"+|a
IQOMTB (ifi" + *fft",Xl))«9i" + nfi
K|G4(iH,H-i(E:„/?Al)).
Siie^Kf (K„ea,Mg)H-t/?Al).+ Jaq
Siie^Kt ^fe,6a)H-i/3Al). + i aq
Si|e«KiH,+f(B,/?(Al,Fo)),+aq
ABGABODITE GBOUP.
all metals.
Structure micaceous. Contain aluminum, and generally
B
inTB
OABODrra
OnBITB
loONim
ITLUTB
ACBKBITM
(f(iH+ift)"+f(3fel,Pe))«8i«
(KiA+i&)»+K*l,Pe))«§i»+>fi
(i(tia^+tft)'+iXl)*Si'+fl
(ift>+i(Xl,Fe))«Si>+8fi
(i(ta+ifi:)«+f(Xl,5'e))«§i«
(i(ffi+ift)»+*(il,I?e)«§i-
tt(ifi+f*a)»+*atl)«Si«
(Jlfe«+jXl)«Si>+jfl
(i(ifi+ift)"+**l)Ǥi>
Si|e4(|(H„ ftHf /?(A1. Fe)).
Si|e4(f (H„ft) + f /ff(3W. Fe)),+| aq
Si|04(i(H„ «)+i/?Al),+i«q
Si|e4|(ift+i/?(Al, Fe)),+aq
6i|e4|(i(H.,K,)+t/ff(aW,Fe)).
Si|e4(i(H„K,)+*/ff(iHFe)),
Si|e4|(i(Ha,Na,) + */ffAl),
Si|e4|(i (K„ Naa) + f /?A1), + } aq
Si|e4a(H„K„R)+f/?Al),
USINGEBITE GROUP. Consist laigelj of iron, or iron and manganese.
yoKSini
[AnCITB
TOCITB
(ifl»+f J?e)»Si"+4fl Si||e4|(i(H«, R)+f /?Fe),+}aq
(ifiP+f C^e, An)VSi"+fl Si|e4|(f H,+f (Fe, Mn)), + iaq
(i^+f (iln» tig»,Pe))»gi>+3 A Si|e4|(iH,+f (Mn,Mg,^Pe),+|aq
JSQITB
(ft",Fe)«Si»+6ll
(ilfe»+tXl)«ai>+4fi
Si|e4|(«,^Fe),+2aq
Si|e4|(i(Fe, Mg)+f ^Al),+taq
\a,^4Al, Epiohloioti. 44a. Polthtdbitb. 443. Lhjits.
It S Si ]&
3 4 2
2 8 3
S 4 8
S 3 8
S 3 3
8 3 2
8 4 2
3 4 8
^Si ^
3 4 2rt)
2 3 3(i)
2 4 3(f)
2 3
2 3
3 3
3 4
3 4
3(«
3(«
2
3(«
Pinito
Cataspilite
Bibarite
Palagonite
Fahlunite, A.
B
Voigtite
Ghroppite
It S Si &
1 8 12 8
5 8
ftfiSi tL
3 6
Itt)
f
m
1(«
«(«
I
1
28
450
OXTGEir OOKFOUNDfl.
&
ft & fl
m^i
fl
E a Si a
— 1
ftBt
Margarodite
6 9 2
T 9
2(1)
Hiirmg^rite
Dftmount©
9 12 2
10 12
2(i)
EkmaDnite
4 e s
Paragon ito
9 12 2
10 12
2(t)
Neotoeite
Eupbyllite
8 9 2
9 9
2
GiUiDgttd
I 1
€P:]1ncherite
4 6 1
6 6
1(1)
JoUjUj
1 S B S
Cookeite
IIL SUBSILICATES.
The flpectee here arranged as dubsilicates Beem to blend indeflnitelf with the '
The common ehlontes hare atomicallj three-fourthA, two^thirdo, or Umc^ of sOk* f
ftfe nmDifestly subaiticate in ratio. But thej graduate into the pyrcrndtti^/m^
TJnigiliciates^ if the wat^r is not partly baaic^ and tbua pftaa into the mAi^g»roditn i
pjroeoleritea hare so mudi iwemblaDoe to the chlorites that thej seem lo T
natural group.
Under the uncertainty with rogard to the amount of basic %\ ^P^cje
the following table with their oiygen mtios, and with the cor; uattmag^ tetol
It ia, however, intereflting to obeerre tlUt ih« apeciea oi pv ru^^cit^rttea tuaa dli
have the formula of a two-thirda ailksate if all or p«rt of the water be mada 1
ratio 3 : 2 be the right one for thia flrat secMon of the SubBtlicalea, tibe Sob
have the ratio 3 : 2 for the flmt or Chlorite group, 2 : 1 for the aeoood or C
for the Sejbertite group. In a second table below, ibe formulaa are wriUen oo 1
L CHLORITE GEODP.
ft S Si n
445. PxtOBGLKmrH 4 2 6 3
446. CHOTnGEITB 3 2 6 2^
447. jMwrmsasfTZ % Z 5 ^
446. Pimnnra 4 2 4^ 8
460. BiPIDOLm 5 3 6 4
46 L LBUOBTE}rBEB(}I!n 4| 3 5 6|
462, Pboohix>rit8 4 3 4} 3)
463. GHXKOiCMrrE
454. AFBBoamEKms
466. ItoTACHliORrrE
460. Ceonstkdtits 3 8 4 3
0. ratio for bases and alUca^ water ezduded, t : I to 2 :
1 1 m
4 3 2(i
4 8 tU)
8 9 U
8 2 1|
«(|l!V^|3UX8Si,8tt
8(|3f!g'^4l48a.ll
8(t{ta,lliir4i?HM
n. OHLORITOID GROUP. 0. ratio for 1
467. CoBiTVDOpaiLrTs 1 1 1 J j
468. OHLOtmmi 18 2 1 j
469. ICaboautb 16 4 1 ^
460. TDURZXom 2 3 8 S I
i and ailioa, 2 : 1, or oaai^.
i 4tt**^^^iai3^ift,ii
Mf) 7ada^'ff&]Vi&'t]
20) li3(|FaVlfIl.f^n.tl
HL SKTBERTITE GBOUP. O. rttioibr baaea andj
HL^KwmmM 6 9 6 f ^ I h
^ 8 ^ t \VJ 4 : i 1 1
l(l(*g;6ij»+.|!
HTBBOUB 8ILI0ATBB, HABGABOPHYIXITB BBOHON. 451
iTiIas of the SnbsilicateB baaed on the ratios 3 : 2, 2 : 1, 3 : 1.
tlTE GBOUP. 0. ratio for bases and silica 3 : 2.
(J(H„Mg)+|/?Al),0|e4|Si
(tt(H„Mg,6a)+TV/?Al),0|e4|Si
(A(H„Mg)+A/?Al),0|e4Sl+iaq
(«(H.,i4g)+A/JAi),e|eja+aq
(f (H„ Mg)+f i»(Al. Fe)), e |ej a+aq
(fMg+l/?il),e|e4Si+taq
(♦(Mg,3Pe)+»i?Al),0|e4|Si+|aq
(i (Fe, Mn)H-i^ Fe), O jOJ SlH-J aq
UTOID GBOUP. 0. ratio for bases and silica 2 : 1.
mum ft(4g,*e)»+iXl)*9i"H-6fi (i(Mg,Fe)+i/?Al)4e,|ejSi+faq
a> (i*e«+iXl)*8i"+8fi (JFe+fi»Al)4et|e4|ffi+aq
B (J(fl,Ca)»+iXl)*Si« (i(H„€a)+fi»Al)4e,|e4|Sl
n (i(fi,*e)»+i(Xl,Pe))*Si»+2a (i(H„Fe)+i/?(Al.Fe))4e,|ej8i+taq
EBTITB GBOUP. 0. ratio for bases and silica 3 : 1.
n (|(ig,Ca)«+fXl)«Si+ifi (f(l»fe,€fa)+f/tfAl).e4|e4|fli+iaq
(Kfi,Sg)«+tXl)Si
(H(fl,ig.Oa)«+A*i)Si
(A(l9r,Ag)«+A*i)8iH-ifi
I («(fi,*g)«H-/rXl)Si+a
B (t(&,&g)»+f(3fel,Pe))9iH-fi
[BBBein (}Ag'+|Sl)di+ii^
(♦(Mg,*e)«-+.»Xl)Sl+lffl
a{te,4n)«+iFe)Si+lifl
n
tm
APPENDIX TO HYDROUS SILICATES.
JOBOOttKOm
am OcHBB
8i, ^, Pe, tL
8i,Xl,^,Ag,fl
8i,^,Xl,3Pe,a
(Xl,^)8l+8fi
467. Ghlobofhati
468. KlJPSTKLNiTJft
469. CHAlfOBSm
470. Altitb
470A. PlOBOTLUITB
Si,9e,tt
Sif iinif H
Si,ll,9e, J*e,A
Si,&g,Oa,F,fi
I. BISILICATES.
XA Bi«yri|rif XiOof T^^jpiir. MagDotis, Germ, Talck, Glimmer, il^rfc., Fobs., 254,
;, 4e6» 1646w Wk, Greta Brianaonia, a Hiapanica, C. Sartoria, Telgaten=Lapi8 Ollaris,
lfii^ 188, 184, 1747. Talcum, Tftlgsten, Specksten, Steatites, OronsL, Min., 8», 76,
Tlrio^ Boapstone, Steatite, Potstone. Craie de Brian<?on, eta -FV. PyraDoUte pt
tk, Sohw. Jn anod. 889, 1820. Bensselaerito jBmiwwi*, Bep. G. of K. T., 1837, IM.
OTbomlnc. /A 7=120^ Occurs rarely in hexagonal prisma uid
deayage : basal, eminent. Foliated massive ; sometimes m globn-
lar and stellated groups; also granular massive, coarse or fine;
pact or crjptocrystalline.
H. = l — 1-5. G.=2-5(;5 — 2^S. Lustre pearly. Color -^
wliitej or silvery-white; also green issli-grav and dark gn
briglit green perpendicular to eleavage suHace, and br*jw i
lucent at right angles to this direetiun ; brownish to bla^
reddish when loipnre. Streak usually white; of dark gretnj
lighter than the color. Subtransparent — eubtranslttceiit, Seeti
high degree. Thin laininte flexible, but not elastic. Fed greaaj,
ajtial plane i-l ; bisectrix negative, normal to tlie base ; De@cl.
Var.^L Folialedj Talc. Conaifita of foUa, usuftlly oasilj Bepar»t«d. UtTiog m grsM
preacDting ordinarily liglit ^een, grteniah-whit^, and white color*. 0- = !'55— 5^1
2. Masnve, Steaitie or Soapstotie (Speckstein Germ.}, (a) CoAne gtfir
and browniBh-gray in colors ; H.= I — 2'6. Pol-^kme or Lapis oUarit (T
stooe, more or less impure. (6) Fine granuliir or cryptrKzryataUine, and
C^alk; as the French chalk {Crak de Briancon^ wliich ia milk-white
Bffisseioen'k^ cryptocryatalline, or wax-like in oompositiou. but often hav;.,^ ,.,. . ..,J
of flahlite or pyroxene, and evidently pgcudomorpliouA ; oobni whitish, yeilowiBti. ignm
ish-white to very dark» and sometimes pearl-white; R=3^4; G.=2*ai-k Beck; rU
vUle, 2*644, fr ObarloBton Lake^ in Canada, Hunt; usucdlv tnmslnoent ia pims A
inch thick. Some agalmatoHte ia hc^ro ineludod. (d) hduraUd iaie. An VB{Ni
harder than ordinary talc. Talcose aUte is a dark, slaty, arfaiaceoiw rock, bating i
greasy feel, which it owes to the presence of more or iess Ulc
PyraUolite is partly pneudomorphous steatite, after pyroxene, like t^mwifikente.
oeedingly in composition, as shown by Arppe and others and as reoo^isd tv'JLi
skiold in bis Finland Mineralogy, the silica ranging from 4U to 70 p, c It iModM
therefore, in Farious stages of steatitic alteration. Three analyses are gir»D beyDod (I
aod others on p. 211, uuder pjroxene. Anal 40 Is of the same materiiil from Flnbl
by 8cheerer to his i)ilAiarand4/e. The true pitkarandite is siautsff but ailbrded IHI
and 9-17 Oa (see anal., p. 231).
Comp.— 0. ratio for Mg, Si=l : 2|, with a varying amount of wvler £d botli laic m
from a fraction of a per cent to 7 p, c. In som©^ the ratio for Hg, Si, tl = l t %i t^i
iug to the formula, the water being basic, {^ MgH-^l^* ^^i^SlKea ft^*8, magii«iiia SH
= 100. In the larger part about 1 1 2^ : i=il ^ig-^^ Il^Silioa ^li\
water 4*0 = 100. The form u hi is commonly written Mk i Th© wntef it
at a high temperature, and in some analyses thAt havy iM^un uiAde it Um, on tiria
been detected.
Anal 33-H6, by Lychuell, Kersten, Genth, and SenO, aflbrd noarly th« fonnigli t|P{
be that free sUica (quartz) is sometimes present, and that ihenoo oooiefi ma
this ingredient.
AnaljSM: I, Marignac (Bibl* Univ., 1844)j 2. Kliprolh iBeitr,, ▼, «0H 1. J.
Gh., iim. HI 6); 4, Hermann ^J. pr. Ch., xlvL 2311; 5, 0, v* Kohell (Kasta. Ardk. M
7, Beck (Min. I^. Y., a&7); 8, l>ele8se (Rev. Scientif.. eta); 8», Wack«nrodar (J. |r.
10. Dt'lcase (I c); U, T. a Hunt iRep. W, C«a. 1651, 454. and imX 4*U|5 lf-«l»
RiL-hter(Pogg., Ixxxiv. 321); 2:i-'ift, T, a Hunt (V c, Hi9, 47C»); 2% Bfttftdtt^Jite
27, Scheerer (L c); 2B, T. a Hunt ^l c); 2M, Sche^rer (U cl); 2Si|, TM«atvtai (^laira*
.Sl^33, LyohueU (Pogg,, xxxviiL 147); 34, Kerat - r — '"»• ''-"*l IM>; ^K ^
8ci., II. xxxiii. 'H)0\ ; H6, SetiiX (ZS. (I., xiv. 167); w J, co^
Arppe (Finak. Mm,, 4:i, 44, Act, 8oc. Sol Feuu,, i , , k'*Jgg*, xiin. l^\
^1. Chamotmi, IhL tak
S. St Gothard, '*
3. China, AffolmaL
4. Slatoust, Jbic
5. Katbartnenb,, *'
6. Greiner, *'
r, OanioD* R T., J?svim,
8, ZmtrttuO, Tak
r9S 86 40 0*04 = 100 MattffMe,
Si
62'3ll
6200 23& SO'fiO
6^*29 0*&3 2 37 Si*92
»n-2l
2-26 34*42 I
1
I'UO
6200 O'lM) 110 81-91 l^X = S^ii ;>4 KoML
100 ]»^40 2':f>i = 10OlO KjoML
3 40 32-90 «-«3, ral^OOsft*Ml
tt, 83^0 S*40 = l(lUMhBSft.
62*«0
597»
6;t'00
HTDB0U8 BILK1A.TBS, KABGABOP&TIXITB BECnON.
458
AgaknoL
GaiL, SleaiUe
auc
(B, indwr'd
d€l, P^auL
u
oUes, *'
igalmoL
It
lard, Tale
del, 5fea<ife
it
ra2e
Oan., SteaiUe
N. T^ i&mM.
U>n Lb, ^nM.
legoo, Pyr^ iSKca^ife 6670 —
I.
r, N. OL, i^ tofc
FUkaramd,
Si Si t^e ftg tt
0-67 3303 3-48=99-16 Wacskenroder.
1-70 31*68 8'83=98'96 Delesse.
4-60 2915 4-40, iSTi (r.=97-96 Hunt
1-42 31 19 4-78, Si 0-20=99-92 Scheerer.
0-47 3208 4-78=99-98 Scheerer.
1-84 81-32 4-78=99-79 Scheerer.
1-69 8113 4-83=10011 Scheerer.
1-22 31-56 4-83=100-04 Scheerer.
1-62 31-32 4-89=100-19 Scheerer.
1-47 31-02 4-92=99-37 Scheerer.
0-09 32-08 4-95=99-68 Scheerer.
1-88 8144 4-96=100-31 Kichter.
2-53 30-46 4-97 = 100-14 Richter.
1-59 30-41 504=99-06 Scheerer.
3-51 2905 5'56=97-82» Hunt
1-62 3163 5-60=100-05 Hunt
1-58 31M»6 5-60=99-79 Hunt
8-02 30-15 5 63=98-92 Brandes.
2-1 1 29-94 5-87, l^Ti 0*30, Ve 0*46=99-77 Scheeiec
1*45 80-42 6*64=100-31 Hunt
1-09 82 83 6-56, Ca 061=99 64 Scheerer.
28*25 6-66, ¥e 0*6=100*28 Tengrtrom.
2*41 80*23 =99*84 LychnelL
6-85 27*70 =99-08 LychnelL
2*27 84-80 =99*70 LychnelL
0*81 81-94 0*20, ]?fa (ft (r.) o-75=99-72 Keraten.
0-48 1 39 3319 0*34, ]?fi 0 28=100*07 Genth.
1-05 29*65 1*60=99-24 Senft
8*88 0*89 23 38 3*68, Ca 6-68, »n 0*99, hit loss 6*38 N.
1-11 1-26 80-05 7-30, An 0-69, Ca 2*90=100-80 Arppe.
0-84 2-18 2319 7-32, Ca 8*74=100*64 Arppe.
6-67 1-68 27*18 4*62, I^e 0-67=9983 Scheerer.
61-97
61-76
69-60
62-38
62-47
62-35
62-07
62*29
62*80
61-96
60-86
6203
62*18
61-98
59*10
6110
61-60
60-12
60-31
61-90
58-46
68-96
64-58
63-13
6602
64-44
66-94
66-62
57-49
63-87
60-06
0*40
0*13
0-39
0*15
006
1-71
tr.
0-04
0-79
0-09
0-78
* After separating about 2*5 p. a of carbonatee of Ume and magneata.
,0.=2 768; 9, G.=2*747; 12, G.=2-69; 13, G.=2-78; 18,G.=2-79; 22, G.=2-78;
•5; 36, G.= 2-682. For other analyses see Scheerer, Pogg., Ixxxiv. 840-860.
r found 0*4 JTi hi the talc of Boraas, and 0*43 '^i in that of SelL
.te firom Gopfersgriin, in which Klaproth found but 69-5 per cent of silica, along with
2-3, iS 5*6 (Beitr., ii 177), is what has been caUed hydrosteatite. An impure, leek-green,
k^ from Bristol, Ct, afforded H. H. Lummis (Am. J. Scl, IL zzxi 368) Si 64*00, ^e 4*76,
L 4*80 =98-52. The Feuestrellos (Piedmont) pseudomorph had the deavage of bom-
hose of Wunsiedel (from G^pfersgriin), No. 15 was a pseudomorph after quarts, and
mite.
9y — ^logthe closed tube B.B., when intensely ignited, most varieties yield water. In
I foroeps whitens, exfoliates, and fuses with difficulty on the thin edges to a white
itBtened with cobalt solution, assumes on ignition a pale red color. Not decomposed
ieosaelaerite is decomposed by concentrated sulphuric add.
\o or steatite is a very common mineral, and in the latter form constitutes extensive
9 regioiis. It is often assodatod with serpentine, talcose or chloritic schist, and dolo-
iquently contains crystals of dolomite, breunnerite, asbestus, actinolite, toarmaline,
: the material of many pseudomorphs, among which the most common are those after
Dmblende, mica, scapotite, and spinel The roagnesian minerals are those which com-
1 steatite by alteration; while those like scapolite and nephelite, which contain
0 magnesia, most frequently change to pinite-like pseudomorphs. There are also
rodomorphs after quartas, dolomite, topaz, chiastolite, staurolite, cyanite, garnet,
TBolite, gehlenite.
■hown that talc (or steatite) is a rare mineral in Azoic or prssilurian crystalline lodcs
ace ofieDseDaerite in these rocks in northern New York is no exception, any more
IHa in those of Finland, these being producU of subsequent alteration or iiietasu)r-
en talo oocun in the Grehier mountain in Saltzburg ; in the Yalais, and other jJaoes
•too in Oomwall, near Lizard Point, with serpentine; in Sootland, wira Mr-
In Axoic rocks.
Tho so-called rens8daeri4e occurs in northem Kc^w York, lu the towns ^
form of pyroieoc), Fowler. Dekalb, Edwards (at the iron mine, n whit© Twietj;^
etonds KaYe been made), Rugjsel, Gouvemeur, Canton (in amall ayatalaX He
CxyBtallLue massive); «Dd in Canada, at Grenv^ille, Charleston Lake, near F
Rauiauf. It is often aaaociated with crystalline linie»tODe, and grad nates i
into serpentine ; its rock'maaaes are irregular^ and are seldom ooniinQOua I
four hundred yards.
Slabs of steatite are extcnsivolj omplo/ed aa fire atones in (Unmoet i
turned in a lathe^ or formed into tubes by boring. The Qne-gratued Ta
rensselaerite} are sometinios carTed into omamenta, etc. When ground^ it iiv
friciion. It m ol^o employed in the manufacture of some kinda of poroeUin.
used for removiug oil stains from woollen doth, etc.
A white steatite of a silvery-pearly luatre was tlie Mdifndis of TtieophnBtaa^^
ing to ihip author^ of silvery lustre, occurripg in large massea^ and easily obI^
word is tho origin of tlie modem ma^ffima. AgricoU, in Uis ** Interpretatio r
appended to his works (1546), gives as a Oeraian synoo^in of UsimeHs, "
other sjnon^-ms, Silb^wtisa and Katsenstlber^ and also CfMmmtr, tbe Q«f!
denLly confounding the two minerals. He meatioDB its lesisUxace to f
Other later writers derive the word iak fVom the Arabic talk; and Aid
tluit it is of Moorish introduction, adding, ^' Iloc nomen spud Mauritanos i
tur." Sieiia TbrcE— Star of the Earth — being one old name of thie mineral, i
a star and with silvery lustre it chines. " CiePiua (*' De MiDefmlibii^** 16Se
Latin, Taichtt^ but most other writers of that ceotury, TiikunL
The word afeatUis occurs in Plitiy as the name of a stone re9embUfi|t '''^^ • ^^ ^
tion is given that can witli certainty identify it.
HeuMelaerite was named al\er Stephen Van EeDSselaer, of Albany, N. T.
400A. TauxuD Kavmanm (Uin,, &th edit., 3&&, ia&9) is a siow*whli% 1
Fretsniti, described by Soheersr as neuirakr kUadsamw ^fdr»4tUe (Fogy., 1
Aaalysea by Scheerer and Kichter t
Si
^l
fig
»a
A
1. PressnltK
67-81
<_^
2627
riT
413
2.
et-fs
a'24
S6 54
1*60
4^141
The oxygen ratio nearly 3 : 10 : L It msy be only comxnon tolo
For another aunlysia of Pressnitz CalG, sec No. 39, above, Tho Klttelsthst t
(Speckstein, anal 8U, p. 4fls) is simlkr, except ittthajwssj
HTDBOUB SnjOATES) ICABOABOPHTLLITE SEOnON.
455
i-green, yellowish to ochre-yellow, grayiBh-white. Subfitransparent
e. Lajninse flexible, not elastic. Feel greasy. Optic-axial angle
out 108°) ; bisectrix n^ative, normal to the cleavage-plane.
) Folitted, and often radiated, olosely reeembling talc in color, feel, lustre, and atrao-
2*785, Berlin. (2) Compact massive, white, graTish, and greenish, somewhat reaem-
BCt steatite, or French chalk; a.=2*81~2*92, Brush; H.=l-5— 3. This compact
Brush has shown, includes part of what has gone under the name of agahnatdite,
; it is used f(» slate-pencils, and is sometimes called penciMone,
O. ratio for 2^ Si, H, mostly, 1 : 2i ; i, as for much talc, if three-fourths of the
isic^ giving the formula U ^'-l-| ^) §i*+i ]&=Silica 65'0, alumina 29*8, water 6*2=
bnnula usually written 3tl*gi»+2 fl=3tl* Si"+4fl:.
Qd 2 give nearly the formula £l Bi'+£[=Silica 69*9, alumina 34*2, water 6*9=100;
pedmens were not impure, they indicate that two species are here combined. The
fkyUiUe waa established on the first of these two analyses.
: 1, Hermann (Pogg., xv. 692); 2, Igelstrom (B. H. Ztg., zxv. 808); 3, Ba«mielB-
IzviiL 518); 4^ 5, Sjogren ((Efir. Ak. iStockh., 1848, 1 10); 6-8, Wahnstedt (CBfv. Ak.
r8. III); 9, Brush (Am. J. Sd, XL xxvi. 68); 10, a T. Tyson, 11, 0. D. Allen (Am.
sdT. 219); 12, 18, Genth (Am. J. Sci^ XL zviiL 410); 14, J. L. Smith (Am. J. Sol,
berg, Sw.
^ Sw.
Si
69*t9
59-86
66*14
67*77
65-61
65*96
66-88
" 65*66
" 65*95
rer, N.O., mcM. 65*93
on, " " 66-25
ield,a C^JbL 64*82
" 66-01
18 6502
^
Pe
Mg
Oa
29*46
1-80
4-00
33-44
0*77
0-44
tr.
25-87
1*49
0*39
25*17
0*82
0*26
0*66
2609
0-70
0-09
0*69
28 58
0-09
0-15
0*18
27-96
006
0*16
0*18
28*79
0-28
<r.
0-23
28-97
0*22
29-54
_
_...
27*91
1-08
28-48
0-96
0*33
0-56
28-62
0*87
0-18
0*23
26*11
2-20
5-62=100*67 Hermann.
7-46=101*97 Igelstrom.
5-59=99*48 Rammelsberg.
6-82, An 0*50=101 Sjogren.
7*08, Mn 0-09=100-35 Sjogren.
616=100-12 Wahnstedt
6-20=99 93 Wahnstedt
6*11=100*06 Wahnstedt
6-48, STa, t 0*25=100*87 Brush.
5*40=100*87 Tyson.
5*25=100-49 Allen.
6-26=100*39 Genth.
5*22=101*03 Genth.
4-98, Mn tr^ Sra,t 1*18=99*49 a
.— Yielda water. B.B. whitens, and fuses with difficulty on the edges. The radi-
« exfoliate in fan-like forms, swelling up to many times the original volume of the
ted with cobalt solution gives a deep blue color (alumina). Partially decomposed by
id, and completely on fUsion with alkaline carbonates.
mpact pyrophyllite is the material or base of some schistose rocks. The foliated
ten the gangue of cyanite.
ite occurs in the Urals, between Pyschminsk and Beresof; at Westana, Sweden; the
in Elfdalen, with cyanite; near Ottrez in Luxembourg; in Brazil Also m white
negations in (^ottonstone Mtn., Mecklenburg Oo., N. 0. ; hi (chesterfield Diat, a 0.,
9 and cyanite ; in Lincoln Oo., Ga., on Graves Mtn. ; in Arkansas, at the KeQofiK
ear Little Bock. The compact kind, resembling a slaty soapstone in aspect and fi&S,
arge beds at Deep River, N. C, greenish to yeUowish-white in color, with G.=:2'91 ;
irbonton, Moore Oo., N. 0., having G.=2*82.
act pyrophyllite of Deep River, N. 0., is extensively used for making slate peneila.
in an analysis of his nacrUe (Rea Gkn. Sci., iiL 332) from "Brunswick " (should have
, Maine, obtained the composition of a pyrophyllite. But the mineral is aotiiaOy a
the high silica, aa lie saya^ was due to mixed quartz.
^ITB. Fihlit Stftbrlhn, Svanberg, Ak. H. Stockh., 1839, 155. GumatoUte C, U, Sksp-
ivate publication. May 24, 1867. Oymatolite ui, (^rrespondenoe, Dea 24, 1867.
lOUB. Sometimes constituting long prisms, but only as a pseudo-
Surface of plates sometimes wavy.
5. G.=2'72, Dihlite, Svanberg ; 2*74, cymatolite, Shepard. Lustre
8tttm-like. dolor white, almost silvery ; also yellowish. T<ainiii«
456
OXTGEN C0MP0TTKD6,
brittle, but separating into thin scales, which are flexible^ somewhat
and transparent. Feci soft.
Comp. — (ft* Xl)8i\ fVom Svanberg's analysis, If the water be basic; ffom Burton**, tf
the water be basic, (Jt(ill + i^)-hiXl)i5i". It Is ciosely related to pyrophjlhte, bat i
thut apedea in ltd appearance and its alkoliea. Aaaljaes: 1^ STmoberg (L c) ; 2, 3, fi.
(priv. coQtrib.):
Si XI 3Pe ]S[g Oa S'a li t fi
1, BrattBtad C3*68 2512 3 01 1-62 3^76 2*39, F 0-84, Mg 0'68=
2. Goshen 61-21 28 01 0-43 0 53 067 iU 3-83=99'12 Burton.
8, ** ei'iO 27 -aT undeierviinod 3 1 9 Burton.
Prof Shepard^ in an imperfect examination (pri7. oontHb.), obtained ^ 6d-i, & 39*91^
Mn2fi0, £1 l-40 = &7*il.
Pyr.g etc. — ^lu a closed tube yieldsi water at a bigh temperature (Bmali). B3.
only on the tliinneat edges; mluaible (Svouberg). Scarcely attacked by addfl.
Oba. — From Brattstad, near Sala, Sweden, in granite. Alao (cymatolite) from IImi
locality, QoBhen, Mass., and from Korwieh ; at botii places covering crystals of cpodi
times at the latter to a depth of three-fourths of an Inch; and also as oontiniiatiaDS
ajBtals, the follotlon, according to Shepard, at right an^es to the spodameoe;
a result of the alteration of the spodumeue.
Named alter the Swedish mining director, PiM OpnatolUt ia Iroim ci^«, woxt^
402* SEPIOIiITB* Meerechauni Qemi.^ Wem. Bergm. J., 377, ItSS, L'Ecame ds
KefFekiU Kirw., L 144, 1794. Magneaite pt Bronffti^ MJiL, 1807 j JMUgneeito idL, 19H
lith Gbck,, BjTL, 190, 1847.
Compact, with a smootli feel, and fine earthy texture, or clay-lika
II,=2— 2'5. Impressible by the nail. In dry masses float* on
Color grayi&li-white, white, or with a faint yellowish or reddi^
Opaque.
Comp.— O ratio for ft, Si, ft=l t 3 r 1, corresponding to Mg*8i'+afi; or, tf halfl
basic; 1 : 2 : i:=tfMg + ^ fit) Si4-^ ft— Silica fiUH, magnesia 27-1, water 12'1=100.
1, LychQoU (Ak. U, Stookiiohii, 1826, 175| ; 3, Schultz (Ramm. Min, Ch^ 1000); 2, 4-1^ I
k Eichter (Pogg., btxiiv. as I); 9, Damour (Ann. Cb, Phys^ DX m 316):
Asia Minor
Turkey
II
Greece
Asia Minor
Morocco
St ]^g It
60"87 27-80 11-29, ¥e and 3tl 0*09^100-05 Lychnell.
61*38 28'28 9'82, iP'e 0-09- 100-19 Scheerer & Riditer.
6O-01 2678 12-62 = 99-41 Sdiultn.
61*17 28-43 9-83, ^e 0-06, (? 0-67=lOr>16 Soheerer,
61-49 28-13 982;, fe 0'12, C D 67, Ca 0 G0 = 10'r83 Ridlter.
6l"30 28-39 9-74, fe O'OB, C 0-56 = 100-07 Scheerer.
fi8-20 27-73 9-64, Oa 1-53, C 2'7»=99'83 Richter
flO'46 28-19 9-67. Pe 009, C 1'74, 3tl 0'11 = 100*)6 Sdieerar.
55-00 2B-00 10-35, Po P40, 3kl 1*20, Oa liH, ti O'&'i, sand l-S^^-H-j
19 to 20 per cent of water wore found by Berthier In meerschaum from Madrid an4|
naiere (Ann. d. M,, viL 313); and by von KobeD in that of Greece (J. pr. Ch, xxrvL \
follows :
h Spain
S. Conlommlers
8. Qreeoe
gi
53-8
640
48-0
1*3
1-4
ir.
Mg
238
240
2006
20-0=98-8 B«rthi«r.
20 0=9tf'4 "
19-6, Fe 12-40=10a-0e K6
Dobereiner also found two atoms of water t instead of 1) in the meersdiiiim
Klaproth (Beitr^ \l 172) found in the same 6 percent of carbonic add, wfaidi
iotemiixed carbonate of eiagnesia,
A rotated mineral, found in the serpeatiue of Zoblitz, a lit^ tramshiceDl; i^U^ m
with H. = 2*3:i5. ttftbfded Delesse Si 53 5, ^1 0-9, witli Fe tr^ % 28*6, ft ]0H:=9r4.
Pyr-i etc. — In the closed tube yields firvt hygroaoopic moisturei siid it s 1
IfABOABOPHTLLITB BECnON. 457
di water and a bornt smelL B.B. some Tarieties blacken, then bom white, and (Viae
cultj on the thin edges. With cobalt solution a pink color on ignition. Decomposed
ac acid with gelatinization.
Occurs in Ai& ICnor, in masses in strati6ed earthy or alluvial deposits at the plains of
er, where, according to Dr. J. Lawrence Smith, it has proceeded from the decomposition
ito of magnesia, which is imbedded in serpentine in the surrounding mountains. He ob-
it more or less carbonate of magnesia is often found in the meers(^um (Am. J. ScL,
6); also found in Greece ; at Hrubschitz in Moravia ; in Morocco ; at Yallecas in Spain,
hre beds, affording a light but valuable building stone. The mineral fVom Morocco,
Frendi Pierre de aavon de Maroc^ is used in place of soap at the Moorish baths in dif-
oes in Algeria.
rd meerKAotim is German for aea-/fo(^ and alludes to its lightness and color. SepiMe
8 from vfpria^ cutU^-fi^ the bone of which is light and porous ; and being also a pro-
rthe seSf '* deinde spumam marinam signiflcabat,*' says Glocker.
itft, in the first edition of his Mineralogy (1807X included under MagnesUe (1) the car-
hidi he calls MikhdPa magnente (see under Maomesite) ; (2) the hydrous silicate or
im ; and (3) the siliceous carbonate from Baudissero in Piedmont ; he putting '* Mitchell's
i" the carbonate, first Earsten, in his " Tabellen," published the next year, separ-
meerschaom the carbonate, and adopted for it the name magnesiiej and in this he has
ired by all German and most other mineralogists. The application of the name mo^ne-
hydroos silicate, done in the later writings of Brongniart and by subsequent French
ate, is hence in violation of the law of priority.
403. APBRODrm. Aphrodit BerUn, Ak. H. Stockh., 172, 1840.
Old earthy like Bepiolite.
J'21. Color milk-white. Opaque.
-O. ratio for ^ Si, fi=l : 2 : f ; %Si+f & Berlin obtained a c) Silica 61-65
13*72, protozyd of manganese 1*62, protoxyd of iron 0*69, alumina 0*20, water 13*82.
horn Longban, Sweden,
from di^ffoam,
has analyi»d another species, containing Silica 68*6, magnesia 28*6, alumina with trace
ixyd of iron 0*9, water 164=nearly MgSi-hfi. Occurs in serpentine, of a white or
otto, with a waxy lustre, and somewhat translucent G.= 2*386.
trite is a name applied by Hermann to the steatite of certain steatitic pseudomorphs
BDd analysed by Dewey (Am. J. ScL, iv. 274, v. 249, vi. 384, 1822, 1823), who obtained
!^ 015, Mg 28-83, ^e 2*69, Mn 110, fl 1500. It gives the oxygen ratio for ft, Si, H,
But the constituents of pseudomorphs are seldom pure species, and without thorough
on afford no sufficient ground for instituting a new species. They have mostly the
EOUTB. K</iMAra Theophr. Cimolia PUn.^ xzxv. 57. CHmolit Klapr^ Beitr., i 291,
PeUkanit Ovchakoff; BulL St Pet, xvL p. 129, J. pr. Ch., Ixxiv. 254. Hnnterits
«, PbiL Mag., IV. zviL 18, 1859, zxiil 60.
Lemnia Dioeeor, PUn., etc. Sphragid KarsL, Tab., 28, 88, 1808. Bhrenbergit Ndgger
•fa. nat Yer. Bonn, ix. 878, 1852.
-phous, day-like, or chalky.
soft G.=2-18-2-30. Lustre of streak greasy. Color white,
white, reddish. Opaque. Harsh. Adheres to the tongue.
-O. ratiSLfora, Si, fi=l :8: 1 ; corresponding to Xl> Si*4-3j9[; ^^^ *( ^^^("i^^ T^f
1 51+ i fi^ &• +fl. Analyses : 1, Klaproth (L c.) ,* 2, Ilimoff (Am. J. M. Russ^ 1841,
" r (Jahrb. geoL Reichs., 1854, 67) ; 4, Ouchakoff (L c.) ; 6, Haughton (L c.) .
Si Si Pe Ift
en 63*00 23-00 1*25 12*00 =99*26 Klaproth.
Hnrdn «8-6a 23-66 1200=99*07 nimott a -9.i*7A
m «2S0 24-28 12-34, Oa 0-83=M*7O aner. G.-Z3TfB^
^idkmiU 66-66 22*84 0*44 9-31^ Mg 0-56, 4 0-3(^ P 0*17 =WM
9 66-93 20-97 1161 kg 0-46, Oa 0-80=9»-26 Haoghton.
OXTG£ir OOHFOUSTDS.
Klaproth, in a kter analysis (Beitr., H S88]^ obtained & ^% Si S6-6^ Fc l^ltl
The huntcrite, aocording to the analysia, oontoSni a Utile exceu of lOki, pfQ^ttb|f di
quart/^ as the material wa8 gritty under tba pMtle,
Pyr.| etc — Yields water* B.B. becomoA graj and fluallj burns wfaftfi ; iol^giildt.
BolutioD a blue color,
Obs. — From the isknd of Argentiem {KifttuH of the Greeks); Berig^ Tlradiiacht^
bemia ; also from EkateriDOTska, district of Alezandrovak, Russia ; Ga^emmsiit of Ell
Ni^ur, Geutml India^ with orthockiie in granite.
404A. Sphbaqiditb. (Anfifia yn Btaaoar, T^myif Hfttta. Terra T^mnSr. p?<i|^
gid Karst, Tab., 2», 88, 1808.) Related in composition to ciet] »DUiM
Color yeliowiah-gray, brownish^ or jellowiah-white. Sometimop nitb
b&rah to the touch, adheres feeblj to the toDgue, and forms a paste wiib wikt^r,
Kbproth obtained for its oompoHiUon (Beitr., iv. 3^3) :
Si '^ Pe Mg Ca $a tL
66-00 14-50 6-0O 0 86 0 55 3*50 tW
From Stalimeno, the ancient Lemtios. It was also called TWru f^lofs. U i
1 purposes onee a year, cut mto ^pindle-Bhaped pieoee, aod ^tBtmptd irnfil a m«{, •■
) sigillaia in Latin, and ^hragk in Groek, There was also a aiibrioa Lmmi^
Esddle^ used by painters, which is confounded by Plinj with the tme tonrn lemiila.
404B. EBEBiniEBOiT Nogi/eralh (Yerh. nat Ver. Bcmn, iz. 378, 18&7). Haar Hit |
oomposition, and, like that, oontaioing alkali It is almost gelatinous in the fiftgli
oomea ^gile, pulverulent, and opaque on drying; color rose-red. Aaalyaaa; 1^ '
2, O, Bischof^l c):
^i *1 fe lin Mg Ca Sa, ^ fi
L 56*77 1&'77 l'&5 0'86 ISO 2 76 8'78 1711=100 SchOiM.
2. 64*54 604 4*6<J 4*61 0*41 3^6 811 7^7=100
Ekrmbergite occurs in defts In trachyte at tbo tiuaniea of
geblrge.
400C. Anauxitb Breiih, (X pr, Ch,, xv. 325, 1
cleavage in one direction. Traasltioent. H.=2— 2*5.
tl 1 1 -6, with much Xl, a little Mg and f e.
From BiliUf Bohemia.
404a
Graeniab-wliitai, p«ar)jr, pM
a:=:i-36. PlatiiMr otaiiiadtf.
POBTTTE Menegfrni dt Bechi (Am. J. Scl, XL ziv. 63). OrtbQr!iocaM&
masses; cleavage very distinct parallel to a rhombic prism of 120^ H*=5. 0*=1^
vitreous. Color white. Opaque.
Oomp. — If the protoxyds are not an essential part of the compound, tht
the formiUa 3tl 53i'+2 A Analysis by Bechi (Am, J. Soi^ XL xiv. 63) :
7 92 = 100-41.
Si Xl Mg Oa <ra R
58-12 27-60 4-87 176 0'16 O-JO
Tields water. B.B. intumesoes mudi and affofda a milk-whit»
even in the cold, and gelatin taes. From the gabbro rosso in Tuacaay.
of Tnacany.
406. SMUOTiTS. Fuller*8 Earth pt ; Terra or CrvU FuUoniim pt %
pi., OtntK ; Terre i Foulon pt /V. SmffOtft Bnit/L^ HandU, S44^ IHI.
pr. Oh., X. 610, 1837.
MttSBive. Clay-like.
1^ Very soft. G,=l-9— S'L Lustre dull ; of stredcihiiuM- Cola
TF^^'" *»ud various ghadeB of green to mouutaio-ii^reen ukT olivte-g
Drown mh. Strciik colorless. Unctuous. Does uot adtim U> lbs
Boftens in water.
Si
Si
Pe
Mg
Ca
SftuetUe
61-21
12-26
2-07
4-89
2*18
sFuUa'a K
63-00
1000
9-76
1-25
060
rfel, ifoitft.
60-n
10-66
3-16
0-26
HTDBOUB 8ILI0ATB8, KABGABOPHYLLITB SEOnOK. 469
^WZsr'tf Earih indudes many kinds of unctaoos days, era j to dark-green in color, and
MTt BreUhaupVs smectite. Much of it is kaoliuite. MdUhacite is described as occor-
Q lamins or scales, and sometimes massive, with the color white or slightly yellowish,
Jates translucent ; the original is from basalt, at Steindorfel, in Lausitz ; and Beraun
i is given as another locality. SmectUe is a mountain-green, dl-green, and gn^yish-
, from CSney in Lower Styria.
-O. ratio for S, Si, ]&= 1 : 4 : 4 in anal 1 ; whence, if a fourth of the water is basic,
[»)Si"+4ifi.
mical spedes characteristic of these minerals is probably the same— a silicate of alumina
dmolite, but containing three or four times as much water.
a: 1, Jordan (Fogg., IxrviL 691); 2, Klaproth (Beitr., iy. 888) ; 3, 0. Meissner (L c) :
27-89=100-44 Jordan.
24-00, fe to-., Na a 010=98-60 Eapr.
35-83=100-06 Meissner.
to. — B.B. the malthadte is infusible ; but the smectite and the Riegate filler's earth,
he impurities present, f\ise rather easily. Decomposed by muriatic add.
Ail the kinds haye a soapy feel
JTB ThoTMon (Min., L 364, 1 836) is a rose-red mineral, " seeming to consist of a congeries
octangular prisms with square prisms." Earthy; feel soapy; H.=2'0; (}.=2'0.
fttched and polished with the naiL B.B. not altered.
itiQfii,aocordng to Richardson (L c), Si 65-9, & 8-8. 9e 11-4, ISIn ^., %0-6,Cal-l, 1^22*0
?Yom nodules in amygdaloid, in Antrim, northern Ireland. " It appeared to have been
ictod upon by the rain and weather." Portlook states that the mineral contains less
Thomson's analysis gives, and also that it readily frises.
^MTMOBnXOMITB. Salveiai, Ann. Ch. Phys., III. zzL 376, 1847. Confolensite
Gn^ iiL 683, 1866. Dolanovit Kenng., Jahrb. G. Reichs., iv. 688, 1868. Delanouite
liTL, iiL 688, 1866. Stolpenit (=Bole of Stolpen) Kenng,, Min., 41, 1863. Saponite NuMs,
L Phya, HL Ivl 46, 1859=Pierre a savon (Germ. Bergseife) de Plombidres. Steargillite
DescL Min., i 206, 1862. Erinite Thomson, Min., L 341, 1836.
ve, clay-like.
soft and tender. Lustre feeble. Color white or grayish to rose-
I blnish ; also pistachio-green. Softens in water, and for the most
38 not adhere to the tongue. Unctuous.
[1) MonimcriUonUe is rose-red ; from MontmoriUon, France. OonfolenaUe is paler rose-
dnfolens, Dept of Charente, at St Jean-de-G61e, near Thiviers. DelanauiUe is similar in
is fir. Millac, near Nontron, France ; stated by Kenngott to adhere to the tongue.
MRtte isa day from the basalt of Stolpen. SieargiUUe is white, yellow, and pistaduo-
>trBnslucent, insoluble in adds ; and is easily cut into cakes loolang like 8«*P^'. ""^ 5
irolet on the EocheUe railroad, and at the tunnel of Poitiers. SaponiU of Nickws is a
clay firom the granite firom which issues one of the hot springs of Ptombidres, France,
p Spring.
is a yellowish-red clayey mineral from the Giant's Causeway ; G.=2-04; opaqj^®; *
ious in lustre ; unctuous ; B.B. infusible but whitens. Named flpOTi ^P^]jf^^ . ^
—Like smectite, but containing more alumina. 0. ratio for fi. Si, H—l : 2i^j2t ;
^Xl+tfl»)Si*-h6^ Analyses: 1, 2, Salvetat and Damour (L a): 8, BertWer (Tr. d.
ebe, L 68); 4. v. Hauer (Jahrb. G. Reichs., iv. 633); 5, 6, Mvetat ( Ann. ^.^^iJ^:
i; 7, Bammelsberg (Pogg., xlvil 180); 8, Meillet (L a); 9, Niddds (L a); 10, Berthier ,
Km (]. a) :
26*67=98-84 Stlvetat
26*00=99*84 Damour.
28*0 =99-7 Berthier.
24*06=98-78 Hauer.
26-S0;SigeL01)6,qt&
l«0i=99-46 Sdretftt
Si
Si
Pe
%
Ca
Sra,«:
BonUon, ifenl
tt) 49-40
(1) 60*04
19*70
0*80
0-27
1*50
1*60
M ^ ti
2016
0*68
0*23
1*46
1*27
Iras, Om/.
49*6
180
2*1
21
-
^Mm.
60-66
19*16
^4-40
0*68
-
«»C61e^ (W.
46*66
22*60
1*06
0*30
1*66
0*10
iGO
OXTOEN OOUFOUNOS.
Si 21
Fe Mg Ca ^A,ft tl
Wm 1-35 OHIO 083
0^3
26-10:^99^* mt
gf^-.t;^'. — ^iT-Bj 1^
aS^ao^e 1-21 liln 1-48
1^11
2T tfH
18-45 ir. Mg tr. CaS3^58
0-41
:s- NickJ
23-4 2*1
2«'^=i^d^B«rtli
18*46 6-36 Ca too
25-28, Hi a O-ftj
I
T. aWpenm 45-93
8. St^argilUit 45*30
y. Piombi6re8,5b|Kmtte40'fll
10. " " 46*8
11. BriniiB 47*04
BalTetftt obBGirea that carbonate of soda eepanites a little g<?latizioii8 iilto», uid 9ttl|i
frome quiirte-fiilica — o fact of great interest in connection with tb« eozthf ^;fdrotts '
Ciites generailj.
Pyr*! etc, — B.B. infuBible^ excepting the stolpenitc, which affords a jeUowiali
owing to the 4 p. c. of limo in tlie state of &tlicat« present aa impurity, ModtmoritScnj
p, c of water at 100 C, and delanouLte 14 p, e. The sapmik lost, according to KldkK
of water in dr;^ air at IS*" C ; 34'5 p. e at 100° 0. ; and ]$1 p, c at redness. The
phunc add waa 39 p. c
jS«j«rtte, according to the analysis of PoBetiep (pu 477)^ wonld be idontkftl nearly wil
eral fVom Coufolena.
4 06 A. RiUOft7nqfskin of John, a greeniah-wMte day-like mineral from K;Oittiiikli« io^
near montmotillonite, except in the lesH amount of water. Zellner obtained :
&i 54-50 ll 27*25 tf» 0-25 Mg 037 Ca 3*00 fi 14-35=98-1
A HGwmairge (Steinmark) fVom Strimbuly, TransylTania, afforded Hlngenau (Jaht^. 1
690):
Si 62 40 Xl 21'80 Ag 4-38 Ca 2-50 t Sa 1-34 fi [n-e8]=l0i
It ia, probably. Judging from ^e magneaia and alkaliea present^ ozf!y a mixture.
407, STU-PNOMBLAKB. GtoeJctr, ZS. t Min^ Jan., I82a, Handb., 572, ISSL I
Shep., Eep. Am. Ajboo, tI 232, 1851.
Foliated plates, gometimes hexagonal, sometimes radiated. Aboi
or OB a velvety coating even or tufted. Cleavage easy in on<» ilirtirt
n.=34, when in solid plates. G.=3— 3*4, Glucker; 'i
2*7G, chalcodite, Brush. Lustre of cleavage surface betwctjn ^tad
vitreous, Bometimes gubmetallic or brass-like. Color Uack, greeoiiH
yellowish-bronze, and greenish-bronze.
Var.^ — (1) Ordinary y in platda or maeiive,
(2 j Chalrodite^ in velvety coatings of bra38-like or submetallic tuatre, conaiating of
which are flexible.
Comp.— O. ratio for ft + S, .^i, fi[=3 : 6 : 2 nearly, from anaL I to 3 ; iiribioo»(B*, %\
Brufth's anidyaifl, in which the state of oxydation of the iroo was deteniiifi«4, gin* Ul
8*18^ or nearly the aame.
Analyses: I, Hammelsberg (Pogg., xlilL 127); 3, Siegart (Bamm^ Sib Ssopi, 39QL
880); 3, L. J. Igvlfltrom (J. pr. Ch., \xnx 396); 4, G. J. Bmab (Am. J. Set, U wnr. II
Si Xl Fe ^e Ag Ca & fi
1. Obergnmd (}) 45*96 5-84 35 60 1*78 0*19 (M5 «*6S=9t^li
3. Weilburg 4607 4 92 41-98 0*94 1-67 a-4T3:ft^i|
8. NoTdmark 46-61 6-00 8770 8*tM> 9-U=ifHHi)|
4. ChakodiU (})45 29 3 62 20*47 lG-47 4 56 OSS tr. 9-32sfrft Hi
Brush ascertained the identity of cbaloodite with ttilpiuimebJM ; Mallot aia^ywd 11(4
XL xxiv. 113X but, as be states, he had too little of the mineral for raliable *"~
Pyr^ •Ic. — Yields much water. B.B. fasefl easily to a black, ahiidng; tBm_
the duxea giT«a the reactions for iroo. Chaloodito U complpl^ydpOBiapotad W'oiitf
Oba.— dttlpnomelane occuri? at OberisTUDd nn<l olaewbens is BQeii^ wltb «Mli i
aometim«s tnt^rmtied with pyrite and magnetite. Alto ia Moraili, naarSrokwvlPVft
b«rg, in tt b^ of UtDonitc, in a day alafee, probacy of tb« Dofoalli& «gis^ tad oUn Mu.
«hlori(«, mogneUte, and cnlcite ; at Ft«daric mine near W«ilbiari» Kaaa4ti. ia a bed of iA
HTDB0U8 BILI0ATE8, MABOABOPflYLLITE SEOTION.
461
ordmark, Sweden, radiated foliated with actinolitei in veins sometimes 4 inches thick
cars at ihe Sterling Iron mine, in Antwerp, Jefferson Co., N. Y., coating hematite
id sometimes oonstitating peeadomorphs, having the form of hollow rectangular tables ;
irietjT resembles in color mosaic gold.
Jpmmekme flrom anXrvds, shining^ and /ilXaf, Uack; and ChdlcodUef from ^oA^df, brass
mOPAI*, Bemhardi df Brandes, Schw. J., xzzr. 29, 1822. IJnghwarit Glocker,
B39, 637. Nontronite Berihier^ Ann. GIl Phjs., zzxvl 22, 1827. Pinguite BreUh,^
It 308, 1829. Fettbol Freiealeben, Mag. Orykt Sachsen, y. 136. Gramenite
8. Nat Heil-knnde, Bonn, March, 1857, 0. Bergemann, Jahrb. Min., 1857, 395.
;t massive, with an opal-like appearance ; earthy.
•— 4"5. G.=l-727, 1*870, earthy varieties, the second a conchoi-
len ; 2"105, Thomson, a Ceylon chloropal. Color greenish-yellow
3hio-green. Opaque — subtranslucent. Fragile. Fracture con-
id splintery to earthy. Feebly adhering to the tongue, and
the touch.
oropai has the above-mentioned characters, and was named fh>m the Hungarian
Ring at Unghwar, whence Glocker's name Unghwarite. It is described as broking
pip^is, having opposite magnetic polarity at opposite angles,
is pale straw-yellow or canary-yellow, and greenish, with an unctuous feel ; flattens
mpy under the pestle, and is polished by friction ; from Nontron, Dept of Dordogne,
siskin and oil-green, extremely soft^ like new-made soap, with a slightly resinous
Ihering to the tongue ; the original from Wolkenstein in Saxony,
a liver-brown color, a slightly greasy lustre, shining streak, conchoidal fVacture, and
reith., and is from Halsbriicke near Freiberg.
has a grass-green color (whence the nameX and occurs at Menzenberg, in the Sie-
n thin fibrous seams, or as a feather of delicate lamellas; H.= l ; G.=l*87, after
i** F. ; lustre and feel somewhat greasy, as in pinguite.
L hydrated silicate of iron, With probably the general formula Pe §i*+4i lt=Silica
xyd of iron 880, water 19-3=100; or(^e*, l?e) Si3-h4i fl. The water and silica
ich. The Hungarian chloropal occurs mixed with opal, and graduates into it, and
I for the high silica of some of its analyses.
1, 2, Bemhardi ft Brandos (L c.); 8, 4, Killer (Jahresb., 1867, 671); 5, Thorn-
464); 6, V. Hauer (Ber. Ak. Wien, xii. 161, 1854); 7, Berthier (Ann. Oh. Phys.,
, Duf^r^oy (Ann. d. M., III. iii. 893); 9, Jacquelin (Ann. Oh. Phys., xlvL 101); 10,
pr. Ch., XL 162);. 11, 12, Mehner (J. pr. Ch., xlix. 882); 13, H. Miiller, 14, B. Uri-
) Mis., 1854, 337); 15, Kersten (Schw. J., Ixvi. 9); 16, Bergemann (L a); 17, Kers-
.,lxvi 81):
... ... ^
18=100 Bemhardi ft Brandos.
20'0o=99*75 Bemhardi ft Brandes.
8-8=99-8 Hiller.
261=99'9 Hiller.
18*00= 100*24 Thomson.
19-78, Ca 1*77=10«) Hauer.
18*7, clay 1'2=98*6 Berthier.
2300= 100*20 Dufr6noy.
18-63, Oa 019, Cu 0 9=100*8 J.
21*56 Biewend.
21-82, J^e 2*26, Ca Ml =10048 Mehn.
20*38=102*91 Mehner.
1000=100 Miiller.
9*79=100 Uricoechea.
2610, ^e 6*10, Hn 016=100 Kerst
23-36, ^e 2-80, An 0-67, OaO-66, Z 1-14
=100 Bdigematu].
24*60=97-41 Kersten.
Si
Pe
^
Mg
ar, eompad
46
33
1
2
earthy
45-00
32*00
0*75
2-00
rg^ cotnp.
71*6
16-3
2-1
1-5
earthy
39-7
28*0
3*7
24
53-00
26-04
1-80
1*40
trite (}) 57*76 f'e 20-86
0, Koniromte
44*0
290
8*6
2*1
nee, **
40*68
30-19
3*96
2 37
>rt, "
4131
35-69
8-31
•berg, "
41-10
37-30
gnh.
40-60
33*71
1-09
bk.
46*21
36-32
tr.
mw^yinUr.
47-1
35-75
7*15
ir.
I u
47-69
42*49
0*13*
fian,PinguUe
86-90
29*50
1-80
0-45
life
88*89
25-46
6*87
0*75
46*40
23-50
301
• Wlthiom*
potMb.
462
OXYGEN CXJHPOUlfDfl.
KobeU found, after expelling the water (J. pr* Chem.f zUv. 1I&):
1. Haar
3. HtiBgarj
§t 52 10
6283
43*34 2B3 0-93 (l-t»=99*e5.
Thifl oheimBt regards the chloropal as a mi3:tnre of ?e bt* 4- 2 H «uad &pol ; tad be
same formula for nontronite and piQg:uite.
PyXi^ «to. — ^ Yields water. B,B. icAiBible, but Cunu blade «i4 b<>conw nia|;in<ia
fluxes gives reactions for iron, Chloropal ta parttoUjr deooinpoaed by laumtio aadj
completely decomposed, with separation of polveruleDt 8010% ivl^la noutroDito
muriatic add
Obs. — Localities are mentioned aboTe. The local! tj afehhrifpal ftt M<
is Dear Gottlngen ; pinguUe occurs also at Sternberg in Moravia.
Named ft-om x^^*^** grceji, and t^foL
Chloropal also occurs {Church, Cimm. News, 1866^ il 71) in m Mim-9toom qmnytlMI
tin mine known as CorclaBe, not far from St Auetell, in OomwaU, aMOckted wUh inor;
variety which has been named granicniie.
409. QLAtTOONITE. Gkukomt K^erskin, BeutaoK g«oL dafgE^st, v. ftlO, IIS^
Haadb., U% 1881, Grunerde pt Gemu Green Earth pt Terra verie pt Jk,
phanerit /ensacA, Jahrb. Min,, 798, 18&5.
AmorphoiiB, and resembliBg earthy chlorite. Either in carititft in
or loosely granular massive.
H.=r2. G.=r2*2— 2 4. Lustre dull, or gliat^ining. Color oUrt^
blackish-green, yellowish-green, grayish-green. Opaque.
t
Oomp^ V«r*^£sseotially a hydrous silicate of iron and potiah ; but tlie wadaM (il
not always^ a mixture, and consequently varies much in eompositSon. In nwit ^ Ai
the state of oxydation of the iron waa not determined Hauaholte,
l?ei as the moat common oxygen ratio for R» fi^ 8i, A 1 : S : 9 ; 3^ .
§i + fl §i»-f 3 ft=(if fi=| f'en-i &, ajid li=| Pe-^i Sli SQioa 4^3. altmilna t^
iron 2 2 '7, protoxyd of iron 6-3, potash 8*3, water 9 6L The rotio it thai of a "
especially acmite, excepting the water and the presence of potash la ptoee cf ti^
between the bases and silica being 1 : 2|. Differs l>om oeJadonito io Maf
muriatic aoid.
The kinds of glauconite are:
L Green earth of cavities in eruptive rocks ; to which the chknphtumik of 0. A
perfaapB be added
2, Green grains of sand beds or rocka^ as of the green laad of the chalk fbnBtffni^ fi
in limestones; called glaucemita (in allusion to the green color ]l H.=S; O.^S^t^l
oMve-green to yellowlah-gTeen.
Aoalyses: 1, Detesse (Bib. Uoiv, Gen. 1848, Jane, 106); t, 8, WakerahaQinn (Talc
4, G Jensschd c); b, B. U Dana (Hitdicook^s 6. B. Mass., 98« 1841); 0^ BMt
N. X, 201-204); tt, Flaher (Am. J. Sci., IL Ix. 83); l(\ Berthier (Ann. d li, m^
von DeohenCVerh. nat Ver. Bonn, 1855, 17 A); 12,W. van der lUrck ((K, IM^
MaUet (Am. J. 8cL, IL zxiiL ISl); 16-18, T. a Hunt |Bep. G. Cto^ ISSS, ~
Berthier; 31-27, Hauahofer (J. pr. Oh^ zcvii. 863); 28, id (tbn c& ^8); m, H.
Set, U. X. 326);
h Jhnn tmpUve rock$»
HTDBOITB gnJOATSB, IfABOABOPHTLLITB SEOTION. 463
Si
Si 9e
te % Oa
»a
fc
ft
Rill,
J 1 60-76
6-60
22-14
12-96
7-60=:99-85 Rogers.
fPhiLinN.J.S3'26
3-86
2415 1-10 1-73
1-60
6-36
1012-101-12 FiBher.
my
62-1
6-2
22-1 4-3
6-0
10-0 Berthier.
Westph.
WertphT
68-17
10-09
18-75 3-37
837
6-25=100 Dechen.
63-46
5K)0
21-78 6-21
.—-.
8-79
[4-76]=100Mardc
Aufl^Ala.
(I) 67-56
6-66
20-18 1-70 1-04
4-88
8-17=100-04 MaUett
u
68-91*
6-48
19-24 0-87 0-71
4-58
8-17, pyrites 1-46=99-42
^ Mallet
9-79=99-96, Pe tr, MaU.
ivffle, Ala. R 68-74«
4-71
21-06 1-48 0-92
.....
3-26
50-70
8-03
22-60 2-16 1-11
0-75
5-80
8-96=100 Hunt
flI<L,OaiL
50-7
19-8
8-6 3-7
0-5
8-2
8-6=100 Hunt
ird,Mi88.
46-58 11-45
20-61 1-27 2-49 0-98
6-96
9-66=100 Hunt
49-7
6-9
19-5
10-6
120=98-7 Berthier.
52-3
6-6
23-0 4-9
3-0
8-5=98-3 Berthier.
)iiberg
49-6
8-2 22-2
6-8
8-0
9-5=99-2 Haushofer.
;
50-2
1-5 281
4-2
6-9
8-6-98-5 Haushofer.
(1) 49-4
7-1 20-07
8-8
_.
6-75
12-75=98-87 Haushofer.
iotbeaeni
47-6
4-2 21-6
8-0 1-4 2-4
4-6
14-7 =99-5 Haushofer.
Hlfg
48-99
6-4 25-8
4-8 tr. 0-78
....
6-18
8-98— 1 00-98 Haushofer.
60-8
6-7 21-8
31 4-2 tr.
3-1
9-8=99-5 Haushofer.
ith
(1)49-1
706 23-6
8-26
6-76 101=98-85 Haushofer.
, France
60-62
3-80 2108
602
7-14
9-14, Mg, Oa, 0 1-11=
99 86 Haushofer.
BbyN.J.
(1)48-03
33-94
1-30
5-66
ll-50=99'93 Wurta.
^ 11-85P. «L of SiO'iiiMLlB oaib. aoda. ^ 88-89 p. o. oTBi o'IdmL in earb. aoda.
, 0.=2-166; 18, G.=2-297 ; 16, G.=2-349; 16, 17, fr. Lower SUurian rodcs of the
xmp; 18, fr. Lower Magnesian Limestone, Lower Silurian; 21-25, 28, 29, Cretaceous;
ic; 27, Triassic (Muschelkalk). In 29, 4*81 out of the 1160 ft called hygroscopia
iQu — ^Tielda water. Fuses easily to a dark magnetic glass. Some Tarieties are entirely
)d bj muriatic add, while others are not appreciably attacked.
I caldte from Central India contains a skeleton of glauconite— separable by aclds^
Ig abodi 14 p. c. of the ^ole, which afforded S. Hau^ton, on anidysis (Phil Mag., IV.
i 64-69, Si 4-74^ te 2284, tig 4-90, Ca 0*94, ft and loss 1199. He names the rock,
I mixture of caldte and glauconite, HidopOe, An analysis by Haushofer of a glauoonitio
(muschelkalk) from Wurzburg is giren in J. pr. Ch., xdx. 237.
aconite grains are most abundant in the '* green sand " of the chalk formation, some-
itifciiting 76 to 90 pw a of the whole. They are often casts of the sheUs of Bhisopods.
ial has also been found in Silurian rodcs, and beds of other geological periods, and even
Da of recent Rhizopods, and in fragments of coral obtahied in deep sea soundings (Am.
ttB. 281). The g^uconite of the Silurian, analysed by Hunt, contains less iron and
doa than that of the chalk formation.
owing are analyses of material usually called "green earth.'* It occurs often in the
endomorphs ; uiat of Fassa having the form of pyroxene; of Framont^ lining pjrroxiene
id HDiiig cavities among them, as if a result of their alteration. 1, 2, Bammelaberg
489); 3, Belease (Ann. d. IL, IV. iv. 351) :
8i Si I'e j'e tig Ca fTa ft ft
pMwL 46-87 11-18 24-68 028 1*50 5-52 9*82 Bammelsbeig.
*" 39-48 10-81 8-94 15-66 1-70 441 4*24, Ca C 16*26 Bammelsberg.
il 48-60 16-61 8-88 11*88 666 0*69 3-14 715, tin 080=99-26 Delesse.
LADOMimBi Terre yerte de Yerone de JUsfe, Crist, ii. 602, 1783. Ghriinerde HSg^^
J^ ilft, 1788. GreenEarth pt ; Qreen Earth of Verona. Seladonit Oloek^ Syn., 198,
[Jeladofiita JV-.
J Gtm minute scales, forming nodules or filling cavities in erup-
n. Very soft. Color deep olive-green, celandine-green, apple-green.
ire or less greasy.
464
OXYGEN OOMTOUNIM,
Comp- — AnftljsiB by Klaproth (Beitr., iv. 289) ;
fe 10 ft «=0SI
Pyr^ etc. — According to Elaprothf and abo Inter, Ton KoMl, not acted cm bf i
Obft. — From cavities in amjgdiLloid at Mt Baldo ncwir Veroai.
Named in allusion to lUe ordinAry color of the minora], celodW^neM, tquMkakA
eea-green (written SsJa^fon In GermaD), Tor which tenn tbo Engliah subsUttitwl « '
Oladon la the name of on© of the characters in a Prendi romaiM» by 6*TItpk i
ptibliabed in 1610. He waa a weak verdant lover of infiipid tendemeaa, and
tinn to the above varletj of green. DUrfiS borrowed the name from Ovid; if <
from AnXiy^*, Iwning.
n. UKISILICATES,
411. 8BRPUNTXNXI. 'Ofh^i pt Diate&r,, v. 161, Opbitet pL V9rwi^
pentaria, Agrie^ Fobs., 304, 809, 1546, Uannor Serpratmnnv K. Zoblioliiiii, I
iDAiuce, Ltpia Serpetititiua, B. de Boot, 1636, pp. 50^ $(M. ToigBtaQ pL,
Sorpemtinuia, M. Zoblizen^e, Lapia Colubrlnua, WaU^ 13£^ 1T4T.
HSa, Serpentin, Zoblitaer 8s Cronsi., 76, 1758.
Orthorhombic ? In distinct crystals, but f>nly ns pseodomoi
times foliated, folia rarely separable ; also delicately fihrom*, tlie
easily separable, and eitlier flexible or brittle. Usually maa&iirQ,
iibvr to impalpable or cryptocrystalline; uW felaty.
H. = 2*5— 4, rarely 55. G.=2*5— 2*65; eoiue tibronft varietiei S*!
retinalite, 2'30— 2*55. Lustre stibresinoua to greaay, pe**rlv i-^rthy
like, or wax-like ; usually feeble. Color leek-grcen, i 4»l
and eiskin-groen ; bi*owMi&h-re<l, brownijili-yellow ; none i «^
nearly white. On exi>osiire, often becoming yello wis! : 'j- r l v . s r r^ii
Bliglitly sinning, Tnuiislucent — opaoue. reel stnooth, aoiuetimfli
Fracture conehoidal or splintery. Polarization in crystais^ waMf
irregular colors, as in amorphous or cryptocrystalline sulj^timcai;
apparent in laminated and tibrous varieties, with tl^e liiM^etra i
and normal to the plane of lamination or to that of the fibrotii sin
▼iir.— llanj mMustuned sped«s have beoo nado out of tirpeailfiM^ MhHof li i
(maaaiv^ aUt7, foUated, fibroosX or, as rappoeed^ m dtamloil ^nommoa; ml tai
parif stand aa variotieft, aloQg with eome others bwwd oo variaikMia In ^ntmt% hm
A. lUaBnra (I) Ordmary mamee. {a) iVactntf or Koble Serjtmfim jfijlm 9m
i» of t fieb oit-grceo ootorT af pale or dark ■bado, wad tmutnma^ avm whtm ia IM
ih) Oomumm BiffmfiiMi, when of dark shadoa of odkst, ftad «>litwwiihM<m^ H*
bttdMia of t*5^3 ; the Utter o<len of 4 or bejrond, owinf io ittpniltfia
1. JimimcmM. Jivimakk Tbomno (MIb^ L 201, isae>i« ewoiivo ■»pantfQ^
low to %bl oll-grM>a colorfl^ aod w«kj or redb-like litatfo aad a«poct. H.^1^ ;
Of«nvmo, Hunt, 2-36— SSB, Oalumet Id^ Hunt. It ninda TtaHoblai dofrafttttw
aoatTSia^ 3 p. a aMw of wator thaa oirdixiary acmntiiia ; aad it is proboblt that
mixture of terpen ttzw lad dowitfltte. Ifained mm ^K rmim, «»d ftom
- __. « . lygpihKiai
oll(lfla. ?iDficlL« IftM^l, 71> (• Ibo I
at ilrooviUe, U W. fiiiUliirfti KaoMMtMUi. FOflOlL^ ISM^T, 71> li Ibo SMM^
to fr(MfttiisJi4ilack in ookir. H.=3^; Q.^t'4&. Prom tbo flaimo ««ili^« TfnL
% AnaiAuoiit; J^^tdtpkOi. Tbo ** BNtfaebaum " of Tiboiy 4 fitt ii a mA
•JiftambMi
I (ftfM VtfMfjl Id Ui !
^lalila8filmof r
rtL4fic,ittiw
HTDBOIT8 SHJOATES, lCABaA£OPHTLLITB SECmON.
465
meencbanm in external appearance (Berlin, Ak. H. Stooicfa., 1 840). This variety
rj soft when first taken out A variety resembling compact lithomarge occurs
Delaware Oa, Pa. (anaL 87). It has a smooth, porcelain-like fhusture; H.=3*6 .
»ana (Min., 266, 1860, Nephrite BotMUj Am. J. Sd., t. 848, 1822) is massive, of
lar texture, and mudi resembles nephrite, and was long so called It is a|^»Ie-
h-white in color; G-.= 2*594 — 2*787, Bowen ; and it has the unusual hardness 5*5
me evidence that this variety may be a good species, although proved by Smith
lentical with serpentine in composition. From Smithfield, R. L
Schweizer (Pogg., xlix. 695, 1840) is thin lamellar in structure, easily separating
or subtransparent folia ; H.=2'5 ; G.=2'622 ; color brownish-green by reflected
Toen by transmitted ; feel smooth, but not greasy. Polarizes light, according to
med from the locality, Antigorio valley. Piedmont
t Shepard (Aul J. ScL, IL vL 249, 1848) is a lamellar impure serpentine, of apple-
li R=4'6 and G.=2'59— 2*t>4, from Texas, Pa. Does not doubly refract, DescL
I massive granular variety.
ATED.
Nuttall (Am. J. ScL, iv. 19, 1822, but shown to be a variety of serpentine by
x»d. ScL Philad., iiL 133, 1823) is thin foliated; the lamina brittle hot easily
jpraduating into a variety m which they are not separable (which variety has
: called in the United States keroliie). G.=2'41 ; lustre pearly; colors green-
hwhite, to pale asparagus-green. From Hoboken, N. J. Fdia frt>m Hobdcen
ition, accordiQg to Websky ; feebly polarizing, according to Desdoizeaux.
fllUe A. Nordenskiold (Beskrifh. Fin. Min., 160, 1856, Hermann, J. pr. Oh., IxxiiL
n small scaly crystals aggregated into masses, with an amorphous steatite-like
itals exfoliate like vermiculite or pyrophvllite. H.=2*6; G.=2'61, Nord.; 2*66,
o( deavage surface pearly ; color light brown to silver-white and yellowish-brown.
I ; the a^al angle 22° 20' ; bisectrix negative, normal to plane of* deavage, Miller.
>^ Finland.
V. ElobeU (J. pr. Oh., iL 297, 1834, xxx. 467, 1843; Schillemder Asbest ; Ami-
lelicately fibrous, the fibres usually flexible and easily separating; lustre silky,
ic; odor greenish-white, green, oUve-green, yellow, and brownish; G.=2*219.
3S Seams in serpentine. It indudes most of the silky amianihus of serpentine
ginal chrysotile was from Reichenstein.
Sausmann (Mollis Efem., iv. 401, 1808) is columnar, but fibres or colonms not
md often not easily separable, or affording only a long splintery fracture ; color
mountain-green, greenish, gpray, and brown. The original was from Taberg,
haupt (Ohar., 113, 326, 1832) is picrolite, consisting of separable but brittle cdumns,
tute color, and weak pearly lustre ; H.=2— 2*5 ; G.=2*52. From Schwaizenberg.
minated variety.
lomson (PhiL Mag., xxiL 191, 1848) is picrolite from Bare Hills, Md., of a grayish-
ky lustre, opaque, or subtranslucent, with H.=2*6— 3.
[ZED Sjikpentinb. The observed crystals are all pseudomorphs. The most oom-
»nn of chrysolite, and the annexed figure represents one
;o«e has observed some crystals which were still partly 412
lease states that the serpentine of Odem graduates into
ipears to have been derived firom the alteration of that >^^— -7^^
r kinds are pseudomorphs after pyroxene, amphibole, yyf i^w< ixV
dite, garnet, phlogopite, sphene, and chromic iron. /<<^ "^"^.JS^
d and fibrous kinds may be partly pseudomorphous. If
ermophyUHe is truly crystallized serpentine, as seems
lystaUization of the spedes is actually micaceous^ like
and talc
m RooKa Serpentine often constitutes rock-masses.
Bars mixed witii more or less of dolomite, magnesite, or
a rock of douded green, sometimes veined with white
sailed verd'Oniique, or ophiolUe, Ophiolite is styled by
mc, (2) moffnentic, or (3) calcUic^ according as the ser-
1 with ddOTiite, magnesite, or caldte. Serpentine rock
yttled with red, or has something of the aspect of a red
reddtoh portions containbig an unusual amount of oxyd
Bfpsnthie lodc oat into slabs and polished, is called aerpentimfi fnarbk.
30
Oomp— O. ratio for BfTg, Si, H^3 : 4 : 2, oorrefipondiug to 2 Si, 3 Ag; S H=Silk*a M
ncsia 42-91, water 12-89. Foramla» as oonmHJolj wiitten^ 2 Mg ^-i- Mg tf , But m c^
eapedallj liable to th& change to Berpentine, and chrysolite is a vnisilicoit, and the
in a loss of aomo Mg, and the additioo of water, it is probable that part of the
place of the ]OHt Mg, so that the miDerai ia eaaentiallj a hjtf rated cbiysoiite of the
^ fl)^ 8i + 1 tl. The rehition in 0. ratio to kaolltiite and pimte coiresponda w\th tim
fommlft.
Aoalysea: A. Massive SerpmUne, 1^ Hartwall (Jahreab., tx. SM); f^ Sdi^^fer fPq
828); 3^ Hemianti (J. pr, Ch., mil. 4fli»); 4^ Genth (Am. J. ScL, 11 raiii. M
pr. Ck, iixvjL 161); 6, Hiain^r (AfhandL, iv. 341); 7, LychneU (Ak. H.
8, Jordaut 9, Marchaud (J. pr. Oh.^ xxxii 44^9); 10, Moeander (Ak. H. Stocki^, *--
Lychnell (L c); 12, 18, U, Scliweizer (J, pr. Ch., xxiiL TtB); 15, Haagfaton (PhiL
263); 16, LychneU (L c) j 17, 0. W. Hultmark (J. pr. Ol, Iiiix. 378); 18, A. E. Ai
FenEL, vL, and Verh. Mm. St Pet, 1862, 149); 19, 20, Haughton (I c.)j 31, T. Wm
Zurich, 1861) ; 22, Vanuxem (J. Aa Sd. Philiid., iii. 183); 2H, Lychnell (I a); 54-17,
(Eep. G. Can., ISfil, 1851, 1863); 28, 29, C. T. Jackson (Proe. Bo«t Soa K. Hkt,
Sharpies (Aid. J. Sd., IL ilii. 272); 31-S8, T. a Hunt (L c); 34, E. A. Manice (prtT,
8A, (EUaeher (Jahrb. G. Reicha, 1857, 368); 36, Smith k Brush (Am. J. Sci, IL x».
B. S. Burton (priy. oontrib.).
B, LameUar S^irptfiaim. 88, Bniflh (Am. J. Set., 11. ixiv. 128); 39, Stookar-]
Uebers., *66-^57, 72); 40, K v. Gihn (Ber. Ak. Wien, xiiv. 287); 41, iTanof {Jj '
42, 43, Schweizer (Let; 44, v. Merzt (I c.) ; 45, 46, 8mlth k Brush (Am J. Bd,
Hermann (J. pr. Ch., liiL 31) ; 48, Delesae (Ann. d, M., lY. xir. 78),
a fliin-jmutd SerptTdint. 49, Garrett (tlii a Min., 1850, 692); SO^LTchnell (Lc);
(Min-, i 292, 1835); 62, 53, Vaniirem (J. Atsad. Sci. PhUad., liL 133); 54, Hennann
zIyL 230); 55, Arppe (AnaL flneka Min., 27^; 58, Hemmnn (J. pr. Ch^ IzxiiL 2U);
OOt© (PhiL Mag., IV, lYt 263, J, pr. Ch., Ixiri 253).
D. FSbre^ or columnar varittieB. &8, Stromeyer (Unters., 366); 59, List (Ann.
Ixriv* 241); 60, Lychnell (L a); 61, Rammelsberg (3d SuppL, 107); 62, Brewer (Una
692); 63, v. Koboil (J. pr Ch., ii, 297); 64, Brush (tliis Min., 186-*, 283); 65, " '
Set, II. xTiiL 410) ; 66, Delesee (I e) : §7, Hultmark (J, pr Ch,, Ixiijc. 378»; 68,
(Rose, Reise Ural, I 245); 69, GUtii (Ber, Ak, Wien, xxiv. 287); 70, Schw^lter (I
(Ann. Ch. Pharm,, lii. 869); 72, Plattner (Prob, Loth., 2d edit, 211); 73, Ktiha'
lesae (Thke AnaL, %A)\ 76, T. & Hunt (Rep. G. Con,, 1866, 205); 76* Hunt (iU
Thomson (Fha Mag^ zxU. 193) ; 78, E. Schmidt (J. pr. Ob^ zIt. 14)
1. Snanun, Bmd,-Uhry»,
s! L. AuBdikul "
4, Webster, N. a"
A« Masaim Serpentine.
gi m te iig
fl
42-97 0-87 2*28 4166 12*02- 100 Haitiraa.
40-71 2-39 3-43 41-48 12'6I=99'e^|
40-31 1-83 913 S5-08 13-75-10OJ
43*87 0^31 7-17 38-63 9'66, ftn fr.,
chromic iron 057 = 10
5. Schwarzenberg,-niewl-(3bf»e< 41-50 — 410 40-34 12*87, Mn 0'6, Sa on
6. Fahlun, pr^ciou9 &
9 II «i
10. Wermland
11. Sjogrube
12. Zermatt, yw,-gn,
13. •' "
1 4. Wallia Alpa, hkk'gn.
15. Zermatt paie gn.
16. Sak
17. "
18. Lttpikko, Finland
19. Galway
:sO. gyria
21. Zermatt, nndelGL,ttFA.,
22. Newburyport, pr«jc»(7tw
33. Maasachusetta
34. Orford, Can,, olive-ifn.
48-07
41-96
40*32
40-52
42-34
41-68
43-66
43-60
44-22
42*88
4216
41 02
42-4tl
40-12
41*24
gyK-gfi. 42*13
42
48^0
40-90
n-25
0-37
0 21
0-36
40*37 1 2-46, Ca O-BO^W-Sl i
40 64 11*68. C. bit ZAt-W
41 76 13 64^98*96 Jordio.
42D6 18*85, bit 0-3=99-94 J
44 20 12-38, C 0-89=W^ I
42-41 11*29, C, bit 3*43 r
4112 18*57=100*96;"
40*16 14-73=100-88 i
86-41 13-11 = 100 80^1
40*62 12"64=99*ft4
42-26 \1 -^ ' ' ■ 'T
42-21 1 -(
39*91 l:: , . .. ;8=9»'«l,
40*04 13-86, U 2-00=S
36-28 14 16=99*09 T
42-90 13*60= IOOMt.
40 14 38=97*89 Va
40-09 It-42=991»6IA
[39-07] 13-36, Si 0*tV
HTDBOUB 8ILI0ATX8, HABGABOPHYLLITB SBOIION.
467
K. Y.
BeUmiOtiie
^ ::
Vorhau$erite
BowenUe
n, PareeO,
Oej, Tyrol
rral
gyKifn.
UarmolUe
kermophyUUe
PieroUie
in,"
in, Ohfymlile
Ot, "
.Tyrol
boig; JfttaxOe
M
oo,0n.
Si Si j'e % fi
42-90 7-4t 86-28 13-14,5^1 016, Sr 0-26-10019 H.
48-40 8-60 40-00 nm)=lO0 Hunt.
40-67 6'18 8-12 82-61 12-7 7 =99-30 Hunt
42-60 — 8-30 85-50 13^00, Ca 0 0 60 =100 Jackson.
37-6 2-5 41-0 1B% e« C4i[»-99 Jackion.
48-89 1-38 40-48 1345=99-20 Sharpies.
39-34 _Pel-80 48*02 16-09=99-26 Hunt.
4010 —"1-90 41-65 1500=99-66 Hunt
41-20 0-80 48-62 15*40=1001^^ Hunt
42.62 1-96 42-16 U-22=100*Si3 Manice.
41-21 1-72 39-24 1616, Mn 0*80, Oa» P ft Oa Q
0-96=99*69 (Ellacher.
(i) 42-29 ir. 1*21 42*29 12*96, Oa 0-63=99*88 & ft B.
(1)44-08 0*30 1-17 40-87 18-70, Ca 0-37= 100'49 Burton.
B. Slaty Serpentine,
41-68 2-60 7-22 36-80 12-67, Sri,Cr«r.= 10087 Brush-
40-83 3-20 5-84 36-26 1287=98-86 a-Bschor.
42-42 0-66 6-71 88-06 12 91 = 99*74 GUm.
40-80 3 02 2-20 40-60 12'1>3, MnO- SO, Ca 0 42 =97*16 Iv.
44-22 1-10 6-44 37-14 12-43 = 100 Schweieor.
43*78 2*24 10*87 28*21 14-60=99*70 Schw^izen
42-46 2-12 42-66 18-70 = 100 83 t. Merz.
41-60 tr. 8-24 41-11 12-10, ^"i 0 60=99*16 S. ft R
42-60 tr, 1-62 41 90 1210, ^l 040=99-22 & A B.
(?) 44-60 0-76 1-89 39*71 12*76, M 0 90=100 Hermann.
41*34 8-22 6-64 8761 12 06=99*77 Delesse.
0. Thin-foliated Serpentine,
42-32 0-66 1-28 42-23 13 80= 100-29 Gatrett
41-67 Pel-64 41-26 18*80, C, bit 137 = 99*73 L.
40-00 te2-70 41-40 l&'ft7, Cfl 0*98=100-70 Shepard.
40- FeO-90 42- 16-46=99-85 Vanuxem.
. 42-69 "1-16 40- 1611=99-6 Vanuxem.
40-0 1-8 42-4 15-8 =lfXt Hermann.
(1)41*20 1*71 1-20 39*58 10*84, ft 319, JJa 0-46=99l8 A,
43*12 4*91 Pe 1-99 34-87 13*14^ ^a 1 '33=99-36 HCTToaim.
(f) 41-48 6*49 1-59 37 42 10-88, ^a2-84^99*l0lforthcote.
D. Fibrous or Columnar Varieiiea,
41-66 406 87*16 14-7 2,5ln 2*26=99*84 StromeTer.
44-61 2*63 39*76 12-67=1»9 56 List
40-98 0-78 8*94 88-44 128G. Cl'73=98 68 LjohneE
43-79 2-05 41-08 12*47 ::^9y "34 Rain ni&If*l^rg.
44-26 4-90 3-67 34-00 ! 282, N I 0-69=99-83 Brewer.
43*60 0-40 2-08 40-00 18-80=99-78 KobelL
44^6 2-63 89-24 13-49=99*8 Bmsk
42-62 0-88 0*27 42*67 14'2&=lOO*t0RGakirt,
41-68 0-42 1*69 4261 13-70=100 Delesse. ^^
41-08 1-48 1-26 42-81 18*72, Mn, C fr.=99-74 Holtm.
43-78 0-81 6*11 37-72 11*63=100 Schofl'gfotBfh.
42*81 0*62 6-98 88-71 12-64 = HtO-<M f^'l'"
41*69 1-66 207 4038 12-82=98*47 Schwelier.
43-48 2-20 41-00 12-96=99*63 Kfthn.
48 60 6*10 3Pe 2-80 3424 12-67=99-41 Plattner.
44-48 2-84 40-60 12*86=99-77 Kiihn.
42-1 0-4 3-0 41-9 13-06^IfJ«> I>ele3**-
48-66 1-46 41-67 13-48= 100-16 Hunt
43-70 3*61 40-68 12-46=100*34 Hunt
40-95 1-60 10-06 84-74 12*60=99-80 Thomson.
mo 2-76 10-^ 29-96 1217. if* l-»8= 100-70 SdmSdk
468
oxTGEsr ooicpouime.
In anal 3, G.^2*67; 11 G. = 2*646 -2 '553; 18, a=S'64T; 1^ G.=i'5»t; Ht
G=2 5I»S; 41, G. = 2"65; 44, a=3*6; 48, a=a-644; 64, a=2-40j T«, O^s"
accompanies the chrysotUe of No, 65,
Od oompoflitioD of ^rpentine rocks^ aod of the carbooAte mixed with eerp
antique marble, see Jackson in Proc» K H, S, Bost^ 1 836, and Jaa. J. fid,, IL i
Bani, Am. J. 8ci., TL xxvL 234, and Logan*a Bep., 1863, p. 609 ; also Haa^klotk, F
258, where he gives the oompositioii of the red btaae of a ^* aerpentiiie porphf
because of ita aspect; C, Scfimidt, Atm. Ch. Pbann., di 190, on the rock near tlm 1
acid fumuroloa.
Au impure asfpsn/WM (Vom Aker, 3udermannl*!i4 tranflpareot and jeHowtah, i
nell (Ak. H. Stockh,, I82«) Si 35'28, *l 13-73, fe I 79, Ug 35'3fi, tl T-SS, C aadl
99 IG. Berzelius referred it to pvrosderite.
Von Bauer analjzed a miueraj firom near Baltimore, which bn caDa
Idm (Jahrb. G. Eeicha,, 1853) Si 27 15, 3tl 18*54, Ca 16-08^ Mg 26110, fi 13*33stt1
found in the melaxite of Schwarzeoberg (priv. contrib.) only 0*78 pi. a of JIL^ "
2-98 ^e.
Nut tall ga^e the following iDoorrect analysis of the maimoUie of Hobqken in i
his first descriptioa of the mineral (Am. J. ScL, ir. 21, 1822): Si se-O, ii$ 4^% i
4grO*6, fl 150.
Stromej^r found of oxyd of nickel 0^82 to 0*45 pw & in the serpentine of Eonai; <
of Sundiif ; and 0"i2 in that of Saxony. Lvnchnell obtained 2*24 p. a from cm (
Hunt has detected it in the serpeutitie of the ■ - ^' imtaina generally, that of ]
New Baren, Ct.. of Hoboken, N. J., of Conv , of Banffshire. SocvtL, of Ihi Tsj
but none in the ophioUtes of the Azoic (L.:... .„ .„a; rocks of QaaadA, or the i
Easlon, Pa., or of the wax^yeUow variety of MontviUe, N, J., or an olive-gfiMm i
town, N. T., or a yellowiali-^green from Newburyport, llass^ having G. =2*65 1
4, 45-47, 62.
Pyr,, etc — In the closed tube yields water. B,B. fuses on the edijes wilk
Gires usually an iron reaotion. Decomposed by muriatic and snlphuno acidft.
tho tiUoa in fine fibres.
Obfl. — Serpentine often constitutes mountain masses. It is i SMtaoiorjihie fock,
frotn the alteration of other rocks, and mostly of tJiose of sedimffntwy origin ; and is
periods in origin, from the Axoic age upward.
Oijstals of serpentine (pseudomorphous) occur in the Fassa vmUey^ Tyrol ;
Antdikul, Barsovka, Ka^arinenburg. and elsewhere ; in Norway, at Smmim ; etc: ?b
serpentines oomo from Fahlnn and Gul^o in Sweden, the laie of Man, Ibe
soy m Aberdeenshine, in Cornwall, Gotsics, Siberia, Saxony, elCL Tbe ni8Di« 0t
are given above.
In N, America, in Maifm, at Beer Isle, predoot serpentilie of m ^fSbli p9m
Vermoni, at New Fane, Oavendish, Jay, Roxbury. Troy, Weatfleld. In JMw, £• il
port ; at Blanford with Schiller spar, and the marmolite variety ; also at Weadkid, 1
Lynnfield, Newburyport, and elsewhere. In R. Island, at Newport ; thtt bo^wvnlte at
In Conn., near New Haven and Milford, at tlie verd-antiqu© quarriea. In Jr' Tork^m^
In the FlighLmda; at Port Henry, Kbs«x Co. ; at Antwerp^ Jefferson Co^' in crytmk; «
easit of Uajor BurnetX Interesting vanetiea ; in Gouvemour, St Lawrence Oa, la
also in Bossie, two miles north of SomenriUe; at JohD^burg in Warren Col ; IlsfW.
Weetchester Co., afibrding fine cabinet specimens : in Cornwall, Moorocv «od WifVl
Gov, sometimes in krge crystals at Warwick; and from Richmond to N»v
Co. In K Jerfq/^ at Hoboken, with bnicite, magneoite, etc, and th«
Frankfort and Bryan ; at Montville, Morris Co., sUky iSbrotis (chrysotO*) mm
mon serpentine. In Fmn^ massive, fibrous, and foUaled, of varlona oolong jMirpli^
and gray, at Tesas, Lancaster Go. ; aleo at Nottiogham and Waal Ooifara^ Cbailiri
chaster, Chester Cix, the wiiliamnU; at Mineral HOI, Newtown, Marpla.
ware Co. ; a variety looking like meerachaom or lithomam at Middklowft; m
morphous alter nyrozene and amphibole. In Mari/lamd^ at Bare BW» i «t Ooofito
with diallage ; also in the north part of Oedl Oo. In Oamda^ al Offord, BSm,
iV, ^vmtwkk, at Crow's Nest in Portland.
Serpentine admits of a high polish, and may be turned la a latlio, ts&d ii aoai
as a material for omamenta, vasea, boxes, etc. At ZoblJta In Saxotty, Boyreiillw tnd Ii
soTonil hundred persona are employad in this manuf^tiire. V«rd«antk|i]ft
grssQ of various shadea, and ia a beautiful material for table and
posed to the weather it wears uneven, oiling to iu ui
•urfkoc.
unaqoal Itardnaa^ tad apoo ham I
The
•crpMtiM
naoiM Smpmtim, Q^Os, LopU
riafrom
tlothai
.ftOBi
468
ittereide) prMent; ThermqphyUiUf firom acp^ir, \eai> and f€XXo», leaf, on acoonnt
on irhen boated; ChryaoUU, from xp^^i golden^ and raof^yS&nHtf; JfeUmie, from
rmo^ii^ from ^apfMi^io^ I sh^ ''in allusion to its pearly and somewhat metallic
0.
led bj A. Gages in a transparent amorphous mass, bj placing a solution of golat-
r magnesia in a dilute solution of potasL It is deposited after some months' stand-
t Assoo, 1863, 20d.)
I, or SOHILLRB Spak. (Talkart v. Trehra^ Erfahr. Inn. Gebim, 9*7, 1785. Schil-
ite) Heyer, Grell's Ann., 1786, I 385, ii. 147. Schillerstein TVem., 1800, Ludw., 50,
pt ff^ Tr., 1801. Metalloidai diallage pt Bastit ffaid,^ Handb., 628, 1846.)
ipure foliated serpentine, occurring imbedded in serpentine rock, and is supposed
f the alteration of a foliated minend of the Pyroxene group, as long since announced
rhat of Baste, the original locality, was derived, according to Strong, fit>m the
bastite) of the region (see Enstatitx, p. 208). Ithas H.=3*5— 4 ; G.=s2'6— 2*76 :
pearly, bronze-like (to which the German name achiiler alludes), to vitreous, ana
2 to olive- and pistachio-green, and pinchbeck-brown. Besides ^e direction of
\ there are two inclined to one another about 87° (NaumannX which is the deav-
and hypersthene. According to Descloizeaux, it is probably orthorhombic, and
bisectrix, which is normal to the plane of deavage, and g^ves for the axial dUver-
. A kind from Todtmoos in the Schwarzwald is thin foliated deavable, and has a
9r, but is metallic pearly on the deavage-face ; H.=8*4; (}.=2*56; and shows
Nicope in polarized light that it is not homogeneous.
2, Elohler (Pogg., xl 192) ; 3, W. Hetzer (G. £. Weiss, Pogg., cxix. 446) :
Si Si
^
te
An % Ca
&,jfa ]&
rysL 48*90 1-60
2-87
10-78
0-56 26-00 2-70
0-47 12-42=100-69.
fuusive 42-86 217
13-27*
0-85 28-90 0-68
1207 = 100-25.
>s (1)48-77 6-10
7-14
80-92 1-17
2-79'» 8-61= 100-40.
•WIthiomeCr'O*-
* 1-67 CO*plu« 112 o;
rg. SQbAt.
tube it affords ammoniacal water. B.B. becomes brown and is slightly rounded on
With borax reactions of iron. Imperfectly decomposed by muriatic add, com-
Iphuria A mineral resembling schiller spar occurs in serpentine in Middlotown,
»a.
istin BreilKf (Thar., 29, 180, 1823, 115, 1882) resembles somewhat schiller spar.
Ko Breithaupt, is altered bronzite. It is foliated, but the deavage is not very easy ;
=2-825; lustre pearly ; color yeUowish-gray ; feel greasy, talc-like. It is from
he Fichtelgebirge, and occurs distributed Uirough serpentine. It has not been
nJTB. Emmons^ Bian. Min. and GeoL, 1826. Gymnite Thomson^ PhiL Mag.,
xxiL 191, 1843.
OS, and having some resemblance to gum arable, or a brownish
fiin.
•5. G.=2-246, Mlddlefield, Shepard ; 2-19-2-31, Bare Hills,
16, ib., Thomson; 1-936-2-155, Tyrol, (EUacher. Lustre
lor whitish, yellowish, wine-yellow, greenish, reddish. Trans-
ittle, and often much cracked.
atio for 4 8i, fi=2 : 8 : 8. Formula (| %+^ fl) Si + J fi=Silloa 402, magnesia
l^epaid (Am. J. 8d., xviil 31, 1880, analysis imperfect); 2, Brush (tWs ^,
Thomson (Pha Mag., 1843, 191); 4, (EUacher (Za G., iii. ?22); 5, ▼• KobeU
jo^ 1851, xxxiil 1); 6, Widtermann (Jahrb. Gt, Reicha., iv. 525, 1858); 7,
r. Ch., xdx. 240):
Si ttg ]& Pe
Bfleld 40 40 20 — =J<» Shepa^f ,^ .
»Rl 48-16 85-95 20-25 — ^, 5l «r.=W-86 BnMilL
OXraEH OOMPOCKBB,
3. Bare HiDe, Ud. 40-16
4 Tyrol, Fleims VaL 40 '40
5 " " ^* 4r50
R. ** ** »' (1)40-82
t. pBflsaix 45-5
36-00 21-60 1*16, Ca 0'80, Xl fr.=9^-t2 !
S6'85 22-60 0*S8, apatite 0-18=: 100 i
38*30 20-50 == 1 fMj-30 KobelL
3606 21-72 0-42, Co 69 = 99-61 WU
34-6 20-0 =100»IIaiMlM>fof,
^ After Mp&ratloQ of 4T8 Cu 0 C 0*. 0-80 F«* 0*.
G. ofanaL 6=2136; of anal 7» 2107.
Pyr^ etc. — In the closed tub<^ ^ves off mxLcb. water B.B. becomea opaque, and ftl
edges. Decomposed hj hydrochloric acid*
Oba. — Occurs with Rorpcntine at the localities ahove mentioned.
Named after Prof. Chester Dewey, The pymnite of Thomson, Darned Iroca ysH^I
aUueloQ to the locality at Bare HUls, Md, is the same species.
Thomson found in another minHral fVom the United States, labelled Deweyiite <G,3
eo 70, Mgr 23-^^ fi 211-60, itl 855, te I 70 (Am. J. Sd, xxxl 173); and in aaollier
eral, Si 41*42, Mg 23*&8, ^fa 625, t[ 19-86, 3tl 447, ^^ 8*67, f^e fr.
Artif. — Formed by A. Qages by the melJiod mentioned under SBBPnrmiK (p, 465).
414. Omnourm* KeroUth Breiffuuiptt Char., 145, 254^ 1823. Gert^'th GloeL, 1831
Masftive, reniform, compact or lamellar.
H.=2— 2%5. G.=2*3— 24. Lustre vitreona or resinous. Odor
or yellowisL-wliite, yellow^ reddish. Streak uiicolored, Tranapareni
lucent. Feel grcaiiy. Fracture conchoidaL Does not adhere to the
pomp.— 0. ratio for % Si, fi[=:l : 2 : H ; forrouk, if two-tbirds of th« watw it bi
4 Mg) SlH-i aq ; making it thus a Qnisllicaie Uke deweyllte, wbkh Fpecies oerolit* dot
bJed in phyeicai cbaracters. It difiTera in compo^itioD trom aphrodite, how^TOTi on^ii^
half more water. Analyses : 1, 2^ Kuhu (Ann. Ch. FharoL, lix. 368):
L Sfleaia
2. "
^i
47-34
40-96
Ug fi
29-84
3126
21 04=98-22 Kiihn.
21 '22=99-44 KiUm.
Maak obtained (Bcbw. J., Iv. 1S29) for tlie same mbenil Si 37-95, ill 12*18, iig 181
=90*15. But Kiihn 6tate» that he und his lalwratory pupils found no alumina, i
analy^ia must be incorract. Kiihn dried his mineral at lOO"" C. before ttie analy
lesd water.
Pjrr-i etc- — B.B. blackens, but does not fUaeu
Obs. — From Frankenatein in BiJesla, associated with serpentine, and also^ \
brueite. Breithaupt unites deweyUte to cerolite.
Melliiig obtained for a mineral from ZoWitz, similar to the above, Si 47*18^
3kl 2^57, fe 2'9:i = 100 25(Riioini,, Ist Siippl, 79), HorniflnQ obtained for an ( ^^
tVom Lake Itkul (Bull. Soe. Nut Uqsg^ xixvuj. 48U Si 47-06, iii 2-80, Mg 3lsl.
a =2-27.
The name Cerolite ia from cfjfMk, wax^ and hB,n,
41 6« HTDHOPHrm. Svaftherg^ Ak. H, Stockh., 1889, Pogg^ II 526, Ji&k
Am. J. ScL, II. liiL 392, 1852. Eiaengymnlt
Massive ; Bometimefi in fibrous crusta,
H.==2-5-3-5. a=2*65, hydrophite; 2*4-2-6, jenkij:
feeblcj Bubvitreous. Color inoiintaiii-green to blackLah-
paler. Translncent to opaque.
Oomp,^ — Same aa for deweylite^ except a replacement of part of the tnag
iron. AnalyBea : I, L Sraaberg (L c) ; 2, 3, Smith k Brush (Am. J* Sd*, II. ;
HYBBOUB SILICATES, MABGA^OPHYLLITE SECTION.
471
JeMtmie
^i
^
te
Mn
Htg
3619
2*90
22^73
1-66
21 08
3sm
0-63
19-30
4-30
22-87
3T43
0^98
'20-60
405
22-76
lfi-08, V 0*135=100*765 SmilJerg.
18-3e=B0-39 S. & B.
13'48=i)9'28 8. A B.
t ^ BraBb find in jenkmsite tbo oxygen ratio for the protoxyds^ bIMca^ and wftter^ 3:4: 2^A
[ limf mention the nearnefia to both hydrophite and iiorpentine. WebslQ^ fegarda hjrdrophitol
I impure meiaxiie (Za G. Gea,, x. 284).
PjTj •tc.^ — In the doaed tube jdvea off water, B.B. blackena, and ^haea ot about 3 to a block
dtic globuku With the fluxes gives reactiona fur iron and manganese, Decompoaed bjJ
[Oba* Hjdrophite occurs at Tnberj? in Smaland ; and jenkinsite at O'Neil'a mine in Orang« *
, 21* Y„ aa a fibroua lucniRtation on mngnetite.
SXydrophUt in aUuaion to the water preaont ; and Jenkirmte after J. Jenkins of
' itw Br^ihavpi^ Char., 104, 1832. Maacive, reniform, or in cnista on serpendne,
5tre and green color. Feel greasy ; odor, when moisteaod, argillaoeoue.
r^uon^ acscordtng to Fidnua (Mjil Ges. za Dresden, ii. 216) ;
§i
£1
^e
^n
Mg
Ca
]$ra
tJ,0
1, 35 80
0-42
1133
2-35
23-70
0-83
0'6a
26^20=100*03.
3, 40-17
0^83
1400
1-17
19*33
0-83
1-33
2200, §0-43 = 100*09.
I (Mg, Pef Si*-|-6 ti7» but probably a njixture. B.B. blackens and cracka,
i Waldbeim in Saxony. The name la fl'om dip^o, 9kkij alluding to ita occurrenoe as an
StiOD.
10. QSNTHITB, ITickel-Gymnite Oent\ EeH & Tiedm. Monatab.^ ill 487, 165L Oentblte
Dma^ Am. J. ScL^ It Miv, 266, 1867,
f AmorphouSj with a delicately hemispherical or stalactitic surface, incrast-
.^3—4 ; sometimes (as at Michipicoten) so soft as to be polished
the nail, and fall to pieces in water, G.=2'409. Liiatre resinous.
' pde apple-green, or yellowish* Streak greenish-white. Opaque to
lucent.
: S, or the eame as for deweylite ; forniiila (| {^i, Mg)-h|
Analyses : 1, Genth (L c); 2, T. S. Hunt (Rep, G. Can.,
n
%
Ca
fl
0-24
1460
0^26
19*09=100-19 Genth.
2*25
3*55
4-09
17^10, 3k] S*40=99'39 Hunt
Xratiofor ft, Si, :&=2 ; 3
•I % being a nidcel-gyninite.
Ifeaa. Pa. 35*36 30 04
ilpicoten Id. 83*60 30'40
niiymg at a temperatnro above 100" 0., Hunt obtained {L c) Si 35*80. iffi 3220, tl 12-20,
r«| «itc< — 1q the dosed tub© blackens and gives oO' water. B.B. infusible. With borax in
f % violet bead, becoming gray in R.F. (niekel). Decomposed by muriatic acid without
fom Texas, Lancaster Co.^ Pa.t iu tbin crusts on chromic iron; and from Webster,
o^ N. 0., with chromic iron in serpentine, as an amorpbous, reniform, apple-green
ii r on Michipicoten Id, Lake Superior^ of a greeniah-yellow to apple-green color. Also
leur Malaga^ Spain, with chromite and talcose schist; and by Wiser, from Saasthal
dais.
.....xdi, (B. IL Ztg., xviii. 1, 185G) may be essentially the above. It occurs with phos-
1^ nickel at Bottls in Voigthind^ in amorphous masses and reuirorra incrustatiaiiB, apple-
* em^ndd^green, of little lustre, translucent to subtranslueent, but opaque when earthy,
L=2— r26, and G.=2*3&8— 2 370. Winkler deduces the formuk N\ Si^| fl; and
j» as the rosoJt of his analysis (L c.) Si Sm*1B, *1 4'08, ?e 0-81, Ni 85-87, fi 11-17, with
T, Cn 0 40, V 2*10, As 0-80. But his summation of these numbers is 100 79, or 4 54 more
^ fbot up ; and there is here an imexpkined error. The mineral, as Brush has obserTed,
' ' nickel-gymnite.
472
OXYGBN COMPOin?D6.
417. SAPONTTB. Terrft port^Iknea particuliB impalpalibuB moUla, pt, \
SmectiB, £^j^e/*Jt Walklera, « hwit (I^rndsend I Corowall), Owul, 76, ltd
Cornwall) iETapr., Sdirift. mit. G^fl. ^Berlin, Tii 168, 1T87, B^itr., II 180, r* H.
Ckimwall Kirw., Min., i. 152, 17D4, Soapfltone pt Pierre 4 Savoa £ Sapooil J
H. Stodch., 1S40, 153. Piotine Svmherffy Pogg^ Uv. 267, 1841, IviL 165, Tliallle ^
Pband^lLii. 179^ 1862.
Massive. In noJiiles, or filliug cavities.
Soft, like butter or cheese, but brittle on dr^
greasy. Color wliit^, yellowish, grayish-gi'eenj I
adhere to the tongue.
G.=9i
red<liflh-
Oomp, — A liydrotis iOicate of magriesia and Alumina ; but analjaee gfye, i
reBultB for 8ucb an amorphous material tSapposing the alamlnA preeent m» i
acoordiug to most of tbe aualyncS} is a ailicate allied to aphrodiky as if tlie tnixiefil^
of the twa Analyaes : 1» KlaproUi (L c.) ; 2^ Svanbergr (L c); 3, Haiightoii (F""
263) J 4, Svanberg (I, a) ; 5, 6, Smith & Brush (Am. J. Sd., II, xn. 868) ; T, S^ EMUrti
(Am, J. Sel, II. rviL 180) :
Si £l ?e Kg Ca f^a t R
1. Cornwall 45*00 9-25 100 24 7fi 0-76 lS*00=:»8'7i 1
2. ** 4G-8 8D 0 4 ^3 3 0'7 11-0=10011
3. ** (1)42*28 7-21 29*70 — 18-|»2 Haoghtoa.!
^. FMm 60-89 9-40 2-06 26 52 0*78 I0'&0=l0<ri6 f
5. ThaJLUe 45*00 4*87 2-00 24i0 107 0*45 20*663=9$^ 9
6. '* 48*89 7*28 2*4A 2417 0 81 16iS6s^m I
&
44-07 4*72 i-lO 21'40 3'75
tMidd 19*^6 B«aklrt
4466 7*79 26*60' 016 0*11 imdA XojMr.
^ Cootaliu some Ihn*,
The oxjgen ratio for ft, fl» Si» S, in 1, is about 2 : I : 6 : 3| ; in 2, 3(i : 1 : Gi
1 : 7 : 6i J in 4, 2 : 1 : 5i : 2 ; in 6, 3i : I : 8i : 6i ; in 6, 2i : I : 6i : :'
Pyr*, etc, — B.B. gives out water and blackens ; thin spllntera foae w.
Decomposed bj Eulpburio acid.
Oba.— Occurs at Lizard's Point, Cornwall, Id veiiiB in serpenttno; in ttM _
Roaring, Brook, near Now HairoD« Ct ; in the trap of the north shore of Ijtkm
Pigeon Point and Pojid du Lac, In amygdaloid {fiaalite of Owen) ^ al Srlrdijd fo
hSBA tapanUe),
Saponite is from mp(^ soap; and piotine from ri6rni,/aL
Another similar mineral, associnted with chalilite of Thomson in amjgdBlQli bm _
afforded Ton Hauer (Kenngott's Min, Not., No. U) 8i 44*11, ^1 10*90, fe 1*06«
6-74, Mn and ^ tr., ign, 24-07 = 99-88i oxygen ratio nearly 4 f : 2 : 13§ :12; or
Si, I : i'8. Ii has U. — 2, and is frfti^ej lustre waiy,* color laabeUa-yeUoir,
or alacks in water. Soluble in muriatic acid, aflbrdmg pulremient aOioi*
»
418. PHOLBRrm. Fbolerite OmTkmm, Aon. d. M., zi 489, 1826.
authors. Pholerite, PelitlBobe Felaittollb von Chemnlt^ A, £ntfp^ Jabfii^ Mia, 1
Orthorhombic. In rhombic and hexagoaAl gcfdefl, like thme of k
OccuFB cliiy-like and compact miuasive, eoii6i6tillg of an
BcaloB.
II. = l-2*5. G.=3 35— 2*67. Lustre of ecalefi pearly. Ckiln
grayish-whir^, greenish- white, yellowish, reddi^h-brnwu, Ttolol.
refracting, Knop,
Oomp^-0. rfttio for Hgi,ttt=3 : 3 : Jj Xl*a«+4fis8nk« 19 S, alnmli
r fl ^Ajialyaea : 1, 2, GufDemin (L e) ; 6, A. Knop (Jahrb. Mlo,, 186u, 640)
J, ScL, IL xi. 58); 6, MaUet (Sbep, Min^ 1867, Suppi to Append^ p. it):
HTDE0C8 SILIOATES, KABGAJBOPHTLI-rrE SKCTION.
473
^
^i
£I Fe
lYmB
42-93
4207
i "
41-66
43-35 ^«
i Chanmtz
39-34
45-90
A, Schemtutz
4245
4'2-8l
5. Jackeonrille,
Ala.
4219
41-80 0-82
Mg
ft fi
ro9
16 00=^100 GoOleiiiin.
16 00 = 100 QiiilltJiiim.
14-76=100 Knop,
12 92=98'IS South.
14-20 = 9^-60 Mallot
I PjTTn^tc. — Yields water B.B. ia fusible* Gives a blue color with cobalt Boltitioti. Insoluble in acids.
^Mk — The pholerite of Guillemfn was from nodules of iron ore in the coal miiies of Fins, Dept.
J FhmoB. The Chemtiitz mineral ib fVom NLedcrmben stein (and fdso at Zcisigwald, etc)^ .
iltcoiki;(itute9 a rock called byNaumann ptliiische fdsiUuffe in the Lower Coal formation;]
in color, but is shown to consist of crystalline, folorleaa, doubly refracting 8calea.j
\ dchemnltz ia the gangue of diaspore, and it may be kaollnite irnpnro with (Oospore. The Jac
\ ta a kaolin, and may be kaolinite; the analjais ail'orded 4 30 of f^^e silica, and 0'90
upoeed material which above is excluded*
\ aaftlyBes of kaolintk have been referred to pholerite under the idea that Guillcmin'a analy-
ai moorTect. But the unnlvsis by Knop appears to show that there Is a apecie^ with tho J
& compositioo, but not differing from kaolinite in its phyaical or oryatallograpUic eharucteri, I
' from fwAtf, a ^cale.
f il8^ TeraloUU Glocker (Grundr^ 544, 1839 ; Terra miraculo€a Saxoni© C, Ekhier, 1732 ; 8ax-
^ Wuudererde of oid G^rt. authors; Eiseueteinmark Breith., Ch^r,^ 14% 1823, 301, 1882)^'
. Enop holds (Jahrb. Mln., 1859, &4(>) tliat the teratolite Is an impure Uthomarge-llke pholerite^ 7
' ited to the miticml ftoio Chemnitz, It Is described as having H.=i2*-2|, and G. =2*411 j
r varied with Uvender and other Rhades of blue, and spots of red and rarely peariii
^Vr.rn an amygdaloidid rock overlaid by coal strata at Plnoitz near Zwickau m Saxony^ '
!i oxydofiron; but, according to Knop, probably is a mixture of pholerite with
i:, pulverised feldspar, hydrate of iron, carbonate of lime, and magnesia. The fol-
f i^ UiH an^jsis of Schuler (Freiesleb. OrykL Sachs., UgSI G);
1. POauitt
Uu ilg Ca ft
1-68 2'5& 3-D4 0-93
14-20 Scbnlen
KAOLXNTTE. Talkerde von sohuppigen TbeDen (ft-. Somi© A^it^ Halsbracke, near Frei-
118, 1780. Erdiger Talk H&fifiann, Bergm. J., 160, 1789; KarsL, Tab., 82,
ileux JI, Tn, iiL 1801. Nacrite pt BrongjL, Min., I 605, 1807. Schuppiger
01, 1S08. Nnkrit Breith., Char., 94, 318, 1832. Pholerite pt many author$,l
^uhnson, Am. J. Scl, IL xliil 861, 1867.
xi, Gerjfi. Stein marck, pL, Agric., Interpr., 466, 1 &4€ = Lithomarge pL Karaat
uiiidb., iL 359, 1841 = Steimnark von RocIj litz -S^kpr^^ vi 285, 1815, Terra Somlai
a, Aster, P/rn., xiiv, 5^, Marga porcellana, Lcucargilhi, ptj WaiL^ 22, 1747. Terras
ea OfonsL^ 7S, 1758. PorcelQin Clay. Kaolin. Porzclknerde, Porzellanthon, G^rm.
^ porcelaine Dr, Terre A foulon pt Fr.= Fuller's Earth.
•Ortljorhombic. /A /=120^. In rhombic, rhomboidal, or hexagonal
'* plates ; Bonietiiocii in faii-shaped aggrcgar
i>ual]y constituting a elaj-like mass, either
, friable, or mealj ; base of erj&fals lined (f.
sing from the edges of g n peri m posed platee,
• ; basal^ perfect. Twms : the hexagonal
iiijtde np of six sectors.
U=l-2"5. G.=2'4-2*63. Lnstre of plates,
; of mass, pearly to dnll earthy. Color white,
' -white, yellowisn, sometimes brownish, bluish,
"Udiah. Scales transparent to translucent. Scales
iUe, inelastic ; nsnallj nnetnoiis and plastic. Op-
Jjr biaxial ; axial plane normal to the base, and
«de of the hexagon ; axes quite divergent ; bisectrix negative ; Dead* I
413
474
OXTGEK CX>MP0UKD6.
Var.— 1. ArgiUi/orm, Soft, day-lSVe ; ordliuiiy kadinite ; under the mk
out, fihowing that it is made up largely of pearly scalee. The oonstitiient oT i&oK; ifiu
kBolin. G.— 2<J27, fr. Freiberg, Brtit±L; 2'6, fr. Sclmedceost^ui, OlarkeL
li, FaHnijorvu Mealy, hardly coherent, conaistiiig of peaiiy uigiilAr acsdet^ nil M
S, Jnduraicd; lAihomarge {Stcinmark Genn.). Firm and compact; H.=ll^S-Sk. "^
, oltea shows a acaly texture (anaL 17-34), G.cr2-6, fr. Okiowiart, aoUd m
• of Thomson Jb a lithumarge from SootJand, uaed somatunea for alate {Modlii Hjs
2 4S— 2'66 J color milk-white,
4. Frmi^mottff; Carnal Breith. A. firm ULhomarge of a reddiah^whitA or liillHad
color owing to the preaenoe of aome oxjd of uon replacing the alumina; H-sS— I;
Streak colorksa; amooth to the touch (anal 16, 16). Also brownish-red (anaL 31 V
Oomp.--0. ratio for 5L Si, 15=3 ; 4 : 2 ; whence, if hali'the water be baai^ (Jfi^^
(as usually written, ^tlSi^-f ii fl:)^Silica 46^8, alumma 39*8, water 13-9=100,
Analyaea: 1, W. a CUirke (Ana. Ch. Pharm., lux, 122j; 2, Piaani (CI E, fiiL M
MuUer (B. H. Zt^., xxiv, 336); 4^ Genth (Am. J. ScL, IL xx?jiL 251); ^% JofaM
^Am. J, Scl, II. xlilL 354, S58) ; 7, A, Knop^Jalifoab., 7b9, 1S&9) ; 8^ B. Richly (Pofg
», Stolba (J, pr. Ch., xd7. U6); lU. Smith (Am. J. Scl, IL iL BS); U, BoaailM
". M., in. V. 654); 12, T, a Hunt (Rep. G. Can. 1868, 495); 13, Kiaproth (Bejlr-,H
aur (Ber. Ak. Wien, xxil 693); IS, Klaproth (Bettr., yi. 28S); 16, Naacholz (Bic Hi
[1866, 138); 17, Rammelaberg (^in. Ck, 576); 18-21, ?. Hauer (Jalirb. G. Bcioha^ Td
B2, 28, Fikeoscher (J. pr Ch., lixxii. 401); 24, Rammelaberg (L cl); 25, f6^ft.l3LH;
Bichardson (Thorn, Min^ I 244) i
gi ^ f 0 % Oa £[
1. Schnec^enstehi 46*76 3959 — 094 18^2=100^1 i
2. Lodeve, Fr. 47*0 3J*'4 14^4=100^^
3. Freiberg, Sax, 46*74 S9'4« 1406=100
4 Tamaqua, Fa. (D-t^-DO 89-60 13 80, iJa (
6. Summit Hill, Pa. 45-03 39*81 — — 14i>2=:99-T$J
6. Richmond, Va. 48"5a*^ 35*61 - — 12*9« tiT!«1frt. i^sU
7, Zfiaiffwald, Sax. 49-91 3523
8. Altenber^r, Sal, 46*6,^ 8^*89
9, Schlan, Bohem. 47*93 36*T8
10. Naxos 44-41 41*20
N. Grenada * 460 40'2
12. Cliaudi^ro FaUa 46-05 3837
13. Aue, Kaolm 46*00 39-00
14. Zetclita, " 48*61 S8'90
16, Roclilitz, Camat 46-26 3650
16. "* ^* 46 09 38- IS
17. Rumpolflberg, Lithom.4lHS 40*28 1'44
"18. Rene, Bohem^ *• 48*18 39'60 ir. <r.
19. Baaskai, whiie, ** 4^*19 37*92 0-93
20. " ydhiff, ** 44-37 .SD'70 <r. 0-96
21. " hnK-rtd^ « 4454 3U-O0 5*36 0*61
22. Cainadorf, ffl.yrwiifc, ** 46*82 39*42
83. " •♦ toiidt " 46-20 39*72
U, Sohkokeuwald, " 43*46 41*43 — 0-37« 1*20
S5. Tweed, Tuesite^ " 44*30 40-40 0*60 0*76
26. ** " *' 4880 4010 0*94 0*66 0*64
— — om 1
0-26
2*75
1'79
l=9«-96 SttUk
— T lilt T^ouitiftgm
:\ ftik
6= HI
1=98 4
1=99-01 ]
li=KiO-ft8 ]
[>=9t-«ii Qaoar! '
'FUMMCJ
* Aneri«pantlogo)7d of iron eiS^ Ot O Qrm, kj wiriatlo Acld (OmUiX
•Kaa
lsl00^4
Pyr., etc. — Same aa for nholerite.
Tlie mineral &om Chaudiere Falla exToliatea In wtita cau1Sflaw#r>h'k« absfas {H^
Oba, — Ordinary kaolin is a reault of the decompoaitloii of ihuDinoiw vdnm^ m
feldapors of granitic and gneissoid rodca and porphrriea. In aoraa miora wlim itei
daoompoaed oo a large aoale, the reaultiiig day remaina hi vaat bada el kmt$^ um
waa mixed with free quarts, and aocneiimea with oij-d of iron tnm mmm of tbt «ll
maent Pim> kaoUoite in acalaa oftsD ooonra m connection with Iron of«i cf cW Om
It aoin ,9 extenaive beda in the Tertfanr fonnatioD^ a« iitar Bkitew?^ Tik
'"rw' '** diaapcwu and emery or corundum.
.Jr^"^'' I" ^' *' ^^^ formation at Cadie-Apr^ in fidginm; also in tha aaiataiMilHi
m^ fiohe; tn argiUooeotui schbt at Lod^ve^ DepL of IltouU, Prwnce^ ai fk# ft
fli nvttd, near Frvibeig, and etoewherv in 8ftiOQ7 j M kaoliii tl r
HTDB0U8 BILIGATE8) HABOABOPHYLLITB SECfnON. 475
Id near Obemnits; as ihe gaiigue of topaz at Sdmedkenstein ; with emery and mar-
izoe; aa the gangue of diaspore at Schemnitz; as the material of paeadomorpha after
; Altenberg (anaL 8), showing well the hexagonal scales (Johnson & Blake) ; with
iwald, a white powdery substance oonsisting of hexag. scales ; at Bochlitz (camat) in
0 rook ; in seams in an argillaceous rock on the Tweed (iuesiie), tlie Latin name of
is Tuefia, At Yrieix, near Limoges, is the best locality of kaolin in Europe (a disooveiy
t affordfl materia] for the famous Sevres porcelain manufactory. The dark-oolored
rbridge, England, is made up in large part of transparent lamin» (J. & B.).
States, kaolin occurs at Newcastle and Wilmington, Del ; at various localities hi the
ion of Vermont (at Branford, etcX Massachusetts, Pennsylvania ; Jacksonville, Ala. ;
. G. ; near Augusta, Gku ; and Johnson & Blake observed transparent hexagonal scales
lo a blue fire-day fi^m Mt Savage, Md. ; in the white clay of Brandon, Yt., Beekraan,
ti Amboy, N. J., Beading, and a locality in Chester Co., Pa., Long IsUmd, and in
3lored clays of various other places. Near Richmond, Ya., the mealy constitutes a
iderable extent in the Tertiary formation ; at Tamaqua and Summit HiQ in Carbon
•ccurs in the Coal formation ; in a sandstone of the Quebec group, just below the
alls, filling seams or fissures, often ^ in. thick, having an unctuous feel, and consist-
6 soft scales.
cters of this species have been well defined, and its relation to kaolin explained, in an
^hnson k Blake (I a), by whom the name kaoliniie was proposed They show that
*s formula for kaolin is the true formula, and also that of kaolinite ; and that the two
jecies chemically and physically. They point out that much lithomarge should be
1 that tiie hexagonal sodes, which the massive mineral presents under the microscope,
cted in all kaolin, and also in some dark -colored flre^slays, although much mixed with
They also show that the plasticity of the kaolinite depends on the fineness of the
I that kinds not plastic in water may be rendered so by fine trituration. They suggest
inction of kaolinite and pholerite may disappear on ftirther chemical investigation.
St reo(^nition of the mineral distinctively is by Werner in 1780 (L c.X who placed it
It afterward took the name of earthy UUCf as used by Hofifmann in 1789 (L c.). The
in prouoimoed it a sccUy day (schuppige TJum), and arranged it accordingly in 1808
10 author of the next twenty years fully adopted his view. In 1807 Brongniart made
fuuTUe (L cX for a fusible^ anhydrous, pearly poiash-mica^ analyzed by Yauquelin
60, ^ 26, Fe 6, Ca 1'5, ^ 11'5\ and referred to it doubtingly the earthy tofe, in a
It any knowledge of it Hausmann, in 1813 (Handb., 500), says that the achuppige
easberginthe Harz (which he says is wrongly called ImUermilchsilber) m&j perhaps he
'drargillUe (hydrate of alumina) or Thor^ but ao analysis was needed to deade it Hoff-
15 (Handb., ii. b, 268), makes it his first variety of talc^ but queries its nature, and
lysis by John of a hydrate of alumina. ''
. c.) Breithaupt gave the Saxon mineral the name naorite (nakrit), without any appar-
3 in the place to Brongniart's or Yauquelin's previous use of this name. But he at
le questions whether it may not be identical with phoUrUe (which had been described
tnce then the species has been united to pholerite, under the idea that pholerite was
nalyzed by Guillemiu (which may still be true) ; and Breithaupt, in 1841 (Handb., 891),
aew, putting pholerite of Guillemin under nacrite ; and, moreover, he attributes his
•■ to Yauquelin. This was the state of the question when the description of kaolinite
and Blake appeared.
t, in 1882, stated that the scales were hexagonal ; and again in his account of the
Brand near Freiberg. A. Knop, in 1859 (Jahrb. Min. 1859, 594), describes with detail
sation of the Schneckenstein mineral ; he makes it rhombic, with the planes /, 0,
I the angle /A /=118**. Desdoizeaux, in his Mineralogy (1862), shows thatoptk»Ily
om Brand, near Freiberg, are orthorhombic, and makes the angles 120** and 60° ; and
llake give the same angles as a mean of their measurements of various kaoUnites.
KaoUn is a corruption of the Chinese KauHng, meaning high-ridge^ the name of a hill
1 Fn, where the material is obtained ; and the petuntze (peh-tun-tsz) of the Chinese,
the kaolin is mixed in China for the manufacture of porcelain, is a quartzose feld-
, oonsisting largely of quartz (S. W. Williams). The word porcelain was first given
ware by the Portuguese, from its resemblance to the nacre of the sea-shells J^trcel'
u), they supposing it to be made from egg-shells, fish-glue, and fish scales (S. W.
LOmrrB. Halloysite Berthier, Ann. Ch. Pbys., xxxiL 332, 1828. Galapektit,
kML, Char., 99, 1882. Glagerit Breiih., Handb., 367, 1841. Smectite SaiveUU, Ann,
m. *Tgi 102, 1851. Steinmark or Lithomarge pt, Psendo-Steatito pt, Qloflseool-
lOiL, 1867, App. to Suppl, p. iii.
? letmnit JohfL, Chom. 6chrift, t. 193, 1S16. ? Sereiite Baid^ Tr^ 1814, in I&ao^ i
1832. ? Nertschineldte RoaioumovskL Bole pt
MaBsive. Clay-like or earthy,
H,^l— 2. 6.=1'8— 2*4, Lustre Bomewhat pearly, or waxy^
Color white, grayish, greenish, yellowish, bluisii, reddifih* TraD
to opaque, Bome times becoming tranBlucent or even tran&parent il
with ail increase of one-fifth in weight. Fracture concnoidal,
plastic.
Var. — 1. Ordinary^ Earth j or waxy In luBtro, and opaque nuisvlTe. OakipaeHk h \
sit© of Anglan FamidoaticaUU of Thomson A Biimey is an nnpure viriety (tiuL 0, •),
in oobr, with H.=2'26, G.=2'4d9. GlagtrUe^ from Bergnersreuth in BarariA (anAL lll^ UJ
to be hallojait© hv Fikonscher ; it is white to yellowish-white ; G.=ti'3fi — 2S82 ; a =
2. Smectite of Salve tat is groenish^ and in certain states of humidity appeare ttma\
almost gelatinous ; it is from Cond6» near HoadaDi Franco. Breithaupt's Gwnmi^(Cfhtir,
VB a ^^ gum-like halloyeite/' not adhering to the tongue, fromAnglar^ though in his Handbi
the aame locality is meutioue>d, he quotes BeTthier's analysis of coUyriie firom Ifae
OlosHeallite is milk- whit© and earthy, but becomes translucent cm the edge* tod a 1ft
in water. It forma a seam 1 in. thick m a Bilioeoua gOiinan rock in ^ing Faw^
Georgia. *
3. Letmnik is earthy, oompact^ white, transluoenti and somewhat opaline^ fhmi IS
Eifel ; and brownish, from riils id pegmatite at La Yilate, near Chonteloube, in France
considered it (Handb., 1826) a decomposed semiopal It is described as not geliitiniaini
Named after the Gormim mineralogist LemL Na-iiidun&liiie of Eazoumovski, a wMtisl
earth from Nenschinsk, has been referred to leDcinite. Severik, or leD«inite of St, i
first noticed in 1818^ and analysed in that year by Pelletier (J. de Phya., bniri 251,
has sometimes the semitransporoncy of opal, a soft feel, adheres strongly to the ta
makes no paste with water ; it is from the upper areuaceoua stratum In the gypailiBiroiM
at St. Sever in France. It La Dot deur whether it belouga here or to kaolmit^
4. Bole, iu part, may belong here ; that ia, those colored, unctuoua cbya oon
less oxyd of iron, which also have about 24 p. c. of water; the iron gives it a brownli
ishf or rcHidish color ; but more inveatigatioD is needed before it is known that they an
mixtures. Orcj^M??* of Glocker ^Syn*, lb 8, 1841) is a dark brown to bhiok bole; it is thi
of Werner (Ueb. Croust, 18^, 1780), haviag a greasy feel and streak, aod H, = l— 2; tl
attributed to biiuininous matters preaeiit. It is from Olkutseh in Poland. Where ill
doubtful. The analysis below by Bucholz is of a similar kind from Thuringia ; but
with Weenie r*s Polish Bcrgseije is not certain.
Oomp*— 0. ratio for fi, 8i, 11=3 : 4 : 3 ; (| llP + f 3tl)« i5i^+3 ft or (Xl Si*+5ll)=a
alumina 31-7, water 19 0— lOiJ, Analyses: 1^ lA, 2, Berthicr (Ann. Ch, Phyti,, I t, 1
III. ix, 500); 3, Dufrenoy (ib., iil 393); 4* Oswald (J. pr, Ch., lii 173); A, Wotih^im {
\rer. Bonn, v. 41, Hurara,, 4th Suppl, 221); 6, Sauvage (Ann. de M., IV. x, 77) ; 7, Sitfi
Ch, Phys., IIL xxxi, 102); 8, 9, Thomson and Binney (Ed. N. Phil J., xrl 65); 10, 1
BCher (J. pr Ck, Ixixix, 459); 12, v. Hauer. (Jalirb. G. Eeicha., 826, 1853); lH, PisaW (
310) ; 14, John {\. c.) ; 15, Salvetat {1 6) ; 1 C, 17, Lowig t" Leouh. Orykt," bnt not fo«si
the author); 18, Wackenroder (Kaetn, Archiv., xi 466); 19, Zelhier (Jahrb. ICih 19
20, Buchok (GeMen's N. J*, ill &I*7):
^i ^1 Pe % Ca <^a & ft
1. Anglar 39*5 M-O « — — 2(% 5t=rlMBcni
lA. *' dried at lOO' a 44-94 30*06 — - -^ — le-OUrxlOO
2. Hoasscba
3. La Voulte
4. Miechowitz, Sleeia
G. Altenberg
6, Eoogne
7, C-ond^ Smectite
Blackburn
8.
9.
hx
11.
12*
Gioderiit, compad
mrihy
St. Sever, Sevtrita
Georgia, OlotBec
46-7 86 » 16 0=i*9'UB*
40m 33-66 24 83— SrlSD
4tr25 30-00
40-31 83-28
43 80
UO 82'6f'©l-20
41-89 2205 6'62
42-78 22-68 G'Bl
42-85 30-14
37*12 41-2T
44*42 86-00
HTDBOUB 8ILIGA.TB8, MABGABOPHTLLITE SEOTION. 477
Si £l 9e ftg Ca fTa & £[
LenginUe 81-5 87-5 26'0=1(K) John,
xibe, " 86-36 3600 1-96 0-18 0*60 21*60, 8i gel 20, quartz
1-64=10018 Salvetat
lusen, Bole 42-00 2414 1003 0-48 0-52 24-08=101-05 Lowig.
•udellea, ** 41-06 25-03 809 0*50 0*46 24-02=9914 Lowig.
il, " 41-9 20-9 12-2 24-9=99 9 Wackenrodet
^ " 42-00 20-12 8-63 201 281 0-50 24-00=99-97 Zellner.
ia, Oropum, 44*0 266 80 0*6 20-5=99-6 Buchola.
obtained for the aeveriie (L a) Si 50, ^\ 22, '&. 26=98. Shepard made the glossecoHUU
a hjdrated silica contaiDing 17 p. c. of water.
!.— Holds water. B.B. infliisible. A fine blue with cobalt solution. Debomposed by
lite 18 decomposed by hot sulphuric add, Pisani.
con often in veins or beds of ore, as a secondary product ; also in granite and other
p derived from the decomposition of some aluminous minerals. The HaUoyHU of Hoos-
red from graphio granite.
Appendix to Glats.
inng are other earthy hydrous aluminous silicates, all of doubtAil character :
fOPm EBotam., Handb., 1847; E.rwirif? TJieophr,; Rubrica VUruv.; Sinopis Pliny;
Srde Kiapr^ Beitr., iv. 345 ; Bol de Sinopis Beud, A clayey earth of a brick-red color
white, adhering to the tongue. The material analyzed by Elaproth was from Ana-
iinor. The sinopic earth of the ancients was brought fit)m Gappadoda, and used as
and may have been a red ochre. Theophrastus speaks of two oUier kinds of sinopic
rhitish, the other between the red and white in color, and called tiie pure kind because
without mixing; besides also an artificial kind make by burning a day— the day be-
Dwing to the hydrated oxyd of iron present, which was freed from its water by the
USTTE CRocker (Syn., 186, 1847 ; Gelb-Erde pt Wem, Hoffin. Min., ii. b, 210; Arglle
le pt ^.; Yellow ochre pt.) is a yellow clayey material, looking like yellow ochre, more
lar in structure, shining in streak, adhering to the tongue, and soiliog the fingers ; Q-. =
kind analyzed, and to which the name especially belongs, is that from Amberg in
ther reported localities are MOnden and Schoningen in Hanover; Wehrau, Prussia;
Saxony; Yieizon (whence sometimes caUed Vierzonite), Dept. of Cher, and Pourrain,
one, France.
IRAN BreiiKj Char., 100, 1832. A kind of " bole " of a yellow color from Orawitza,
§y in feel, with H.=l— 2, and G.=2-4— 2-5; streak pale yellow to colorless,
t Thorn. (Min^ I 3 23) is a brick-red clay from Antrim, Ireland, having G-.= 2*342, and
id not adhering to the tongue.
: 1, Klaproth G. c); 2, Thomson (L a); 3, Kersten (Schw. J., Ixvi: 31); 4 Kiihn
.466):
Si Xl Pe Ca Na 01 fl
p&$ 82-0 26-5 21-0 1*5 17-0=98-0 Klaproth.
ftOe 33-23 14*21 87*76 Mg 1-38 13*24=99-82 Euhn.
Me 80-88 20*76 26*16 2-60 19 60=100 Thomson.
tM 31*3 4s*0 1*2 21-0=96-5 Kersten.
aeons days are probably only mixtures. Yon Hauer obtained fl^m a "melinito " of
oeiOty (Jahrb. Qt. Reidis., 1858, 428) Si 46-50, £1, Pe 40*82 (in one trial 9e 14-92), Oa
«=100.
▲TBBn BreWkj Handb., 366, 1841. Massive and in nodnlet, and resembling halloy-
iTler. H.=2— 2i; a.=2'701; lustre waxy; color greeniah-iHiite; unotoooa. Itia
euppoHed to be a hyxiroun aluminoui sEicate containing oxyd of n»a In the ^ ,
much waWr. B.B. jields, aoconling to Plattner, with soda gnd bonx on dbmemi^
is yellow wliile hot »nd white on cooling. The oxjd of zinc is protab^ imsiQI
the day.
From Orawitsiiy TnLnsylvaniii, with oalamlne^
420R HT»u.xitA Ibrchhammer (JahrMb*, xxiii 2&f», 164.H). A white or
from the action of sulphnric and carbonic acida on tiie ferriferous d&jn
Cympoaition Si 50*99, IStl 7*80, Fe 21'21, Mg 19-96, f\ 0*46=lOO-UI
420F. KEFFEOLms (KefTekiKth fUeher, Mem. Soc iTat Moeoon, i GO,
to grajieh-white litboinarge, from tbe Crimea, having a greaay feel, ftod i
the tongue, with G. = 2'40, John. John obtained (1 a) ft 46*n0, Xl UtHi, Fto J
Na 01 1-60^ 1^ 22'(K)^ manganese, chrome (?)} magneaia, and lofis 3'<iO,
scratch ghtsa by calcination. It is evidently merely a clayt?y mixture,
Kefekil Tariammm (of tb© Tart.ira) waii, according to Cronstedt (Min^ t% ITfiS), i^
white lithomarge from Tartary, uaed there as a subatltnte for aocp. It ~
sepiolite by aome.
420a MiLOPSTTB BreiVL (Handk, ii. 360, 1841), Melopaite is tranah
grayiah, or greemsh, baa a small eonclioidal fracture, adheres a titUe to tlie 1
in texture the Eesh of an apple (whence the nam<* from ^4A«r, a^pU^ and •i^v»
ing to Plattner, it conaiata of Filicn, alumina, a httle magneaia and oxyd of iroo, wmt*
water^ and acme bitumen. It aiTorda in a glaaa tube ^'leaa water Ihain g^agtiile.''
420H, AoBT^RAGDrnD Rtissitm, before 1841 (Qlockefs Syn., »a5, 184T. A^SvudHi
Kaasive ; earthy. Soiling the fingers like cfaklk. AJao in tetrabedral erjstt^ or i
of a dodecabedion and tetrahedron, but evidently peeudomorphoua. Color
greeninh-gray ; loatre none ; fracture earthy. On the AehtaragdA, a Iribatary to iha 1
at a locality of idocraae, and containing crystaht of tdocraae ijnbedid«d ia it ; liao T i
near WUnl on Mt, Uegcmat, with groaaularite. Contains atlica, alumtna, oxyd of i
magneaia, and water. Supposed by Bresthaupt (B. JdL Ztg., 18SS, 370/ to b» i
alter helvite.
421. BAMOim. Bana, Min., iSS, 1850 ; and Oeol Bep. EzpL 1
Stalactitic, with a latneUar Btructure.
II. =4— 4*5. G. — 1'7— 1"9, Lustre resinous in the
white, grayieh, or yellowish. Translucent to subtmuslti
to the tongue nor plastic, being too hard.
Oomp.— Analyaea : B. SiUiman (I c.):
gi
XI
Mg
jTa
fl
CaC
L
31 -23
37-31
0*06
0-06
804G
0-0l=W1M. Q.^1
2.
30-14
81'9&
1*05
ir.
30'8O
I'^rslOQ^U. a.s
Ht^^X P^^M^® ^» "^^^o 3 : a : 6, and fonnula Xl^t^P-f-lO t^. Ka 3 (^.^
Si -hlOH [ + J H Si]. The mode of origin of the mineral renders qoils
of Bome opal-silica.
Pyr^ etc*— EB. Inftiaibte. In nitric or mmiatic add g^liafiiBteefl, kaviof
-.P^^T?**^" itahiotSteB and 8talagmJt«a; th« ibroKT km mdeaH; Hw
■pnerical in shape, with a width of 3 inches or so, smooth at smrikosL "
a series of thin platea dosely adhering. When frvah they wws aofl m
rare, but hardencxl on expoanre. They occur in a btra c«voni go tkm I
J^»c Island of Upolu, of the Navigator or Samoa gnmpi tha cawn i
SS^ ^T^ ^**"?» entered about a mUe and a half fton the sea by a
dilfc^ t®^^*^'"^ ^"^'^^ *°^ beneath the sea, and also tip the bioqih
flSmttS; J!LV^ "^^ ^^^^ ^^^ '^ P>*<»" ooTered with the Mmocla, n
S^^^y^^^ "^i*"' ^<» OTorfrring rock waa about 1& fbet thick.
a partm*
L
HYnSOUS 8ILI0ATBS, MABGABOPHYLLTrE SECTION. 479
422 FJLNiTJd.
hous ; granular to cryptocryBtalline ; usnally the latter. Also in
ind sometimes with cleavage, but only because pseudomorphs, the
cleavage being those of the minerals from whicn derived. Karely
kceous cleavage, which may belong to the species.
>— 3-5. G.=2*6— 2-85. Lustre feeble, waxy. Color grayish-
lyish-green, pea-green, dull green, brownish, reddish. Translucent
. Acts like a gum on polarized light ; Descl.
'•r. — ^Finite is essentially a hydrous alkalino silicate. Being a result of alteration,
ma, the mineral varies much in composition, and numerous species have been made
al in its yarioua conditions. If crystals of staurolite may vary 20 p. a in ^e proper^
1, mnch more should a massive mineral which has been made by &e metamorpMsm
terals. Yariatlons would naturally exist fh>m the presence of some of the unaltered
?ral, or of some of its ingredients in an unoombined state ; and in the case ^ rode
I mixture with firee quartz, partially altered or unaltered feldspar, or other substances,
ties of pinite here admitted agree closely in physical characters, and in the amount
od water present, and their variations are such as are reasonably attributed to the
B.
do for the bases, silica, and water, deduced from the mean of the analyses, is 8 : 4 : 1,
formula (ifi»H.f (ft« »))»&»=. if ft=fc and &» : fi=l : 8, Silica 46-0, alumina 86-1,
water 6-9=100 ; or, if ft=i Ag+f fc and It* : »=1 : 6, =Silica 46-9, alumina 82-7,
5, potash 12-0, water 6*9=100 ; or, if % : &=6 : 7 and A* : fi=l : 6, =8ilica 46*2,
0^ magnesia 3*3, potash 10*6, water 6*9=100. The mineral is related chemically, as
ysically, to wrpeiuine (which has the 0. ratio 3:4:2); and it is an alkaU-alumina
IS pyrophyllite is an alumina talc
ent kinds are either psendomorphous crystals after (1) iolite ; (2) nephelite ; (3) scap-
imekind of feldspar; (5) spodumene : or (6) other aluminous mineral; or(7)dissem-
»s resembling indurated talc, steatite, iithomarge, or kaolinite, also a result of altera-
the prominent or sole constituent of a metamorphic rock, which is sometimes tk pinite
gous to, and often much resembling, UUcose schist^ and still more doeely related to
dchiBt^ As argillaceous shale often consists of pulverized feldspar, its conversion into
i would be wholly similar to the pseudomorphism of a feldspar crystal into pinite. It
»k> to arrange all the varieties under the above heads. The following are the names that
ntroduced, and the characters of the substances to which they are applied :
vm. Speckstein [ft. the Pini mine at Aue, near Schneeberg j aofmann^ Bergm. J., 1 56,
derde + Thonerde, eta, Elapr., ib., 227, 1790. Pinit Kanim, Tab., 28, 73, 1800.) The
te is in 6- to 9-sided prisms ; color brown. Occura in granite, and is supposed to be
hous after iolite. Also found at St Pardoux in Auvergne, at the I^tiy de Dome, in
1^ feldspar porphyry ; at Miihlenthal, near Elbingerode, the prisms 12-sided, lustreless,
-8. AnaL 1-7.
DTB (fr. Greenland, AJkm, Ann. PhU., il 1813). In 6-sided prisma, probably pseudo-
iter nephelite. H.=3-6. a.=2*78-2*86. Color grayish-green, dive-green, to
Brought by Gieseck^ from Akulliardsuk and Kangerdluarsul^ Greenland,'where it
mpaci feldspar Also of similar characters fVom a pyroxene rodr at Diima, N. * n™
I kige^ and with the basal edges replaced by a plane inclined about 135 to the base.
dtf Kanten (Hag. Ges. Fr. Berlin, iv. 78, 1810; John, Ch. Unt, L 171; Splittriger
Mm., 520, 1818) has a little less silica and more alumina than the above (anaL 13),
iriae easentially the same ; it is imperfectiy lamellar, scaly in firactore, fi?«»«yj»/"«2!i
i-red, brownish-red, or spotted with greenish and yellowish; 0.=2*5l ; and w««>ni
rentte of Fredericksviini and Laurvig. It is regarded as altered ^^^^ ^ '«®
and origin is the (c) U^iiaysnit Marignac (BibL Univ., vL 293, 1848), from a POJhy-
lUc ro<* of Mt Tlesena, in Pleimsthal (anal. 13-15) ; it oocomng in 6-sided priama
Kfi«e; a=3-5; G.=2-814, v. Hauer; 2*806, Breith. ; lustre somewhat greasy; color
qr ; and without double refiraction. ^ „ --^. , ^«ai^ii«
iUife Shepard (Proa Am. Assoc, 311, 1861, Am. XScL, ^ xii "^^J^^^f
itii the gie^ito from Diana and elsewhere, Lewis Co., N. Y^ it ^^f^J^^^
nethnea ala^ hi structure, and somewhat resembles serpentme, ^^^^^^ J^
aall«,19); tt=8-3*5; G.=2-76-2*81; colors often mottled, uaoaBy gweniah, Bome-
ihorapottedwithred. Associated with phlogopite, etc ^^^^
riUte T. a Hunt (Rep. G. Can., 1852, 1863) ia similar to dyaynttiwte, imt icas pure;
480
OXYGEN COMPOUNDS,
the fuialjfieB vary oonsTderably (anal, 2l>'23), it being, as regarded by Hunt, a rodt* and \
mmpte luineral; the nnniQ alludes to a rcseniblnnoe to serpentine; H, = 2'&~3s aod Steal
masaly© talc; G- =2*7— 2-7 84 1 2 90, fn Pownal ; colors prrc^eniph, yellowish, reddish, grayiat
ooBStitutes 11 fichistos© rock at St. Nicholaa and Famine R., Can,^ beixig an altered 9luJ* of I
Lower Silurian (Quebec i?roup) ; also occurs in Staoatead, Can,, on thi E. shore of L. fli
phremagogf with chloride f^chjst ] and at Pownai^ Yormont as a blmah^ny schiat, thai hadl
considered a talooae or magnesian scbiat. ~
(/) A green minei-al fVom the Grindelwald glader (anaL 2A\ having H,=rS'5— 4y and Oj
a Bomewhat waxy lustra, reaeinbling a compact green talc, and described by F«Deciliefl|g f
Gefl. Bemo, 1866) is very aimilor to parophitc,
[g) Pinifoid^ described by A. Knop |Jalirb. Mtn. Ifi59, 668) as a wxi, i« 1'^'^ *^?
ebaractera, and a schist oaUed *^pini{oid schitft^^ approaches paropbtte. I A.
H. = 'i'6 ; G.=2*788 ; color leek-, oil*, And grayish-green. Occurs' m tha rev vn]
and Clicmtiitz, Saxony, pscudomorphous alYor foldBpar, In a balf-daoompoa^d ipiuiuc
coDStituting about 26 p. c. of the rock,
3. WiLSONTTB T. SI EhtU (Rep. G. Can,, 1853, 186S) is a pinite pseudomorph, with tha I
deavago of scupoiiie; H.-=S*5j 0.^2*76 — 2*78; lustre aoraewhit pearly; cqUw
ments tracsliicect; anal. 16, 17. It is from Bath urst, Can., where it was llrst forund lij Dt,1
aJso St, Lawrence Co , N. T. Termite {p 32H), from Antwerp, St, Lawrenoe Oix, tofky bt f
4L PoLTAaoiTE and Robitk of Svonberg (Ak. H, Stockh., 1840) are dose to the j
onmpositioiL Eosiie (spal 28) is a granular red mineral, occurring in granular limeata
in Stxlermanland ; H.^2'5 ; G.=2'72. G. Rose and others make it aUered amorrJbleu
(anaL 26, 27) occurs in reddish lamellar maasos at Tunaberg, Sweden; tl=.4 ; G.^S'TBE^
from ^oHi, fmtch, and .i^ytff, itparkte. Th© name P^rrholik has been given tt» a tpddlili
mineral from Tunabergi whidti is very similar to polyar^te (Desd Mii, i. &02, i962); it I
3— 4 ; and deavage surfaces inclined togi'thcr about S7 ; and is apparently ftCiorthlte Isi
than in roaite and polyargite. It is optically biaxial. The '^* pinitoid ^ of Saabichwald, ]
Baden (anal HB), is iiUertd digodast, according to Snndberger ; H.=2'5.
5, KiLLiNiTB Thmnson (Min., I 330, 18JSGX f>om Kiliincy Bay, Ireland, has bees i
the form and cloavi]^ of spodumcne, a minora] that occurs in the vidnitv. It hss H.=l
2"56— 2 '66, Thomson: 2*678— 2-688, Galbraith ; lustre weak vitreous ; coJorgreetiish-^rvaf^^
ish, or yellowfah ; anaL 2 £^33,
6, Other pinite has passed under the name of lithomar^ {StiemmKrk Gtrm,\ TbaK
(anal 36) is green, and has G. =3*086^ Ramnu The SchemniU minerd (anal 37) oocur* \
nitoand kaolinite as the gangue of diaspore, and la gray or greenish-gray in color, with 1
^&, G.^2t:^6. AnaL 47 is of a lithomarge from Schlackcnwald. That of Ems (a *
green to white, and kaoHn^Hke in cousistenoet and occurs in clefts in the Spirifer SMud
The comjpaU talc of KJammberg, Tyrol, is probably pinite or agahnatolite in conKtitulioo^ J
7. Agalmatoltte (Agahnatolithua, BOdstein (fr. Cluna), Kla^^ Beitr,, iL 184, 1TU7* T
Napione^ J. de Phys.^ xhi. T2i\ 1798). Like ordinary maaaiv^ pfuite in its aaoiphotii
texture, luetre, and other pbysieul characters, but contains more silica, so sa to af^- >^^ *'^'* '
of a bisilicnte, or nearly, and it may be a distinct species. Yet, as above obsen
silica is possibly from free quartz or feldspar as impurity. The Chinese hsa 11
2-785— 2 815, Kiapr. Colors some as for pudto, usually grayish, grayish^freen, biuwiui^j
iah. AnaL 38-4 L
A similar mineral in composition comes horn Nagyag In Transylvania^ and <
Bchwarzenberg in Saxony {anaL 44}. Agahv^olita woa named ttom mr*^^*^ am UMUf^t and j
from pagoda, the Chinese carving the soft stone into miniature pagodaa, ™Tftg**^, etc. FaHf
so-called agalmatolile of China is true pinite in coniposition, another part is oompaot ]
(p. 456), and still another steatite (p. 453). (Brush, Am J. Sd., IL xxvL C4.)
Oncovin V. Kobell (J. pr. Oh., iL 2d5, 1834) is related in oompoaition (anaL 45), and bail
G,=2'S; color apple^green to grayish or brownish; transluoGnt *, it occurs tn roondUii
Imbedded in dolomite with mica, at Possecken near Tarns weg, in 8alxburg. («) OCmtt {0^}
ib.^ iii. 216, 18E4), another related compound (anaL 4H), ui white to r>eddish or broa
occurs in ^5- and 12-sided prisms- it is from the 06s valley, duchy of Baden, oocuirifl^ li 1
called pinite-porphyry,
(tl) GongyliU (Gongylit Thorefd, Act Soc 8d. Fenn., iiL 8IS, A. WowL Bsafcrtfb. \
146, 1 8 5d) is yellowish or yellowish-brown, and has deavage in two direoClOBs; willtr
G. = 2'7 ; anaL 42. From a schist caOed taloose schist at Kimsamo in Finland.
0. ratio for E, It. W\ I^, for ag<du\atoliic, about 1 : 9 : 18 : 8 ; fov Qfteott^ 1 $ i : lilf
oimU, 1 : 1« : 24 ; 6; for gongyitie, 1 ; 3 : 8 : 1^,
The following may be impure pinite :
8. Gigantalite Nord. (Act. Soc Sci. Fenn,, i. 2, 377, I83t). Prom gnsIsMid gusills if 1
IHnland, in hirge 6- and I2*sided prisma, with basal cleavage; H.=2'5 ; 6.=:S*8€1— MfW
somewhat waxy ; color greonish to dark steei-gray, sometimes approachiiig m^wnttllff* lii
HTDBOnS BUJOATXS, MASOABOPHYLLTTE SECnOK.
481
alteration of the original iolite and the presenoe of uncombioed ozyd of iron, (h)
^irg (CBfir. Ak. Stockh., i 219, 1844), flrom Montalyan, near Toledo, Spain, is the same
laractera ; H.=2'5 ; G.=2'89. Both are a result of the alteration of iolite, and are
te md/iMinite (p. 4S4) in oomposition.
1, 2, Bammelaberg (3d Suppl, 94, Miu. Ch., 835) ; 3-5, Marignac (J. Phann. Ch., III.
Bammelsberg (Min. Cb., 836); 7, A. Streng (B. H. Ztg., xx. 266); 8, Stromeyer (GeL
i. 1998, 1819); 9, Pfafif (Schw. J., xlv. 1()8, 1826); 10, v. Hauer (Jahrb. G. Eeicha.,
1, G. J. Brush (Am. J. Sd., II. xrvi. 64); 12, John (Chem. Unt, L 171); 13, Mang-
le V. Hauer (L a, 1853, 147); 15, CEUacher (Za Ferdinandeums, 1844, 2); 16, T. 8.
h Cbjl, 1868, 483) ; 17, K VV. Root (Am. J. ScL, II. xlv. 47) ; 18, 19, Smith A; Brush
IL XTL 50); 20-23, T. S. Hunt (Bep. G. Can., 1852, 95, 1863, 484); 2^ Fellenberg
fes. Berne, 1866); 25, A. Knop (Jahrb. Min., 1859, 558); 26, 28, A. Svanberg
169, Ak. H. Stockh., 1840); 27, A. Erdmann (Ak. H. Stockh., 1848); 29, 30, Lehunt
omson's Min., L 330); 31, MaUet (Ramm. 5th SuppL. 148); 82, 83, J. A. Galbralth
nblin, vL 165); 34, A. Streng (1. c); 85, Seidel (Boschr. Baden, Garlsruhe. 55, 1861);
^^rg (Pogg., IzlL 152); 87, Earafiat (Pogg., Ixzyiii. 575); 38, Yauquelin (Ann. de
); 39, 40, Xlaproth (Beitr., y. 19, 21); 41, John (Chem. Unt, i 12b); 42, Thoreld
L Fenn., ill 815); 43, Nessler (Beschr. Baden, Garlsruhe, 32, 1861, Jahresb., 1861);
m. PhiL, iv. 214); 45, v. Kobell (J. pr. Ch., iL 295); 46, John (Chem. Unt, Lc); 47,
3. Min. Cnu 576); 48, Herget (Jahresb., 1868, 822):
»ux,
)de,
PinUe 46-83
" 47-00
** 46-10
" 47-60
48-92
47-51
Gieaeck, 46*f>8
»* 48-0
" (f ) 46-88
" {}) 45-67
Lifthrodes 44*62
aebenar. (}) 44-67
" 44-46
" 46-13
WOwniie (}) 47 'HO
ice Co., " 47-46
Co, Dy$. 44-80
las, JPtir.
it
is, **
I, ''
aldGL
^Pinitoid
u
siie
KiUxnUt
r, Pmiie
'aid, "
'lOiomatrge
B
vK, AgaJm,
0M, ''
u u
i •«
CfcmgyUk (}) 56-22
46-70
(}) 48-46
48-10
60-50
50-30
46-81
47-77
44-13
46-12
44-90
49-08
47-93
52-89
50-45
6011
60-95
60-43
49-75
49-50
66
64-60
66-0
66-60
XI
27-65
28-36
32-46
31-64
8180
32-29
31-17
33-88
32-5
26-93
81-51
37-86
3651
88-75
86-50
81-19
30-51
34-90
31-01
27-55
28-70
33-40
82-60
3516
32-65
85-12
85-64
34-60
30-60
31-04
33-24
3013
29-37
30-62
28-89
29-88
27-45
29
3400
83-0
31-00
21-80
Pe
8-71
7-86
4-27
6-57
3-92
3-49
3-36
40
0-27
1-00
2
2 63
*e
1-85
6-30
0-77
1-75
26
8-01
8-69
508
4-80
tr.
ir.
1-43
8-94
0-96
0-14
069
2-27
2-83
8-27
3-53
2-23
2-48
6-61
1
0-75
0-5
1-25
4*80
1-08
Mg Oa
1-02 0-49
2-48 0-79
2-26
2-86
0 92
1-30 0-51
1-55 1-24
1-20
1-5
7-87
3-48 2-20
tr, 2-75
1-40
tr. 1-58
1-56
419 0-95
3-63 0-53
.0-42 0-66
0-50 tr.
202 2-05
1-41 2*10
1-00 tr.
1-20
0-65 0-99
0-49
1-43 5-56
0*26 5-88
2-45 8-59
108 0 68
0-46 0-72
1-45
109
1-03 0-34
0-35 0-35
3-48
1-47 0-43
0-72 5-56
2
Sa fe fl
0-40
1-07
0-46
0-95
1-78
0-15
0-88
8-()0
0-92
2-79
0-42
0-89
2-48
3-60
6-52
10-74
9-00
7-89
9-05
9-14
7-23
6-20
6-5
4-84
8-21
9-90
6*45
8-07
9-30
8-78
6-87
tr. 11-68
2-36 516
1-53 4-49
0-63 8-10
undei.
0*49 9-68
1-50
0-67
tr.
0-95
0-60
0-12
868
2-00
- 6-90 0-77
81
0-45
5-86
6-78
6-93
6-63
6-72
6 06
4-94
4-81
6-71
9-74
5-12
- 6-36
10-20
- 7
- 6-25
- 70
- 6-26
4-46
7-80=99-42 Bamm.
3*88=102-18 Eamm.
6-45 = 100 Marignac
5-39=100 Marignac.
603= 100 Marignac.
4-27, Mn 0-11 = 10003 R.
902 (with C)=99-72 a
4-89, An 1-16=96-71 S.
6-6=98-0 Pfaffl
6-82=98-64 Hauer. [B.
6-97, Ca 0 0*32=100-28
6-0<i=99-78 John.
5-05=100-19 Marignaa
[4-76]=10l-08 Hauer.
4-70=9901 (Ellacher.
6-43=99-65 Hunt.
6-09=99-43 Root
6-38, An 0*30=99*94
Smith k Brush.
6-30=98-88 & A; B.
7*14=99-81 Hunt
8-40=99-63 Hunt
5-36=98-99 Hunt
6*50 Hunt
5-25= 100-99 Fellenberg.
4-19=101-40 Kndp.
5-29, Hn 0*80=99-22 S.
4-62, Stn 0*19=99-66 B.
6-53, An 0-19=99*48 B.
1 0-uO = 1 00-43 Lehunt
H)-00, An 1-26=99-80 B.
3-67, Li 0-46=99*92 M.
7-58=98-54 Galbnuth.
8-03=98 42 Galbnuth.
5-25=99-86 Streng.
5-84=97-44 SeideL
6-48 =99*97 Ramm.
5-10 Karaliat
5 =100 Yauquelin.
4*00=99*60 Elaproth.
3-0=98-6 Klaproth.
5*00=100 John.
6-77, An 0-82=W-49 T.
43. Bfideti^ Oosile
44. Ocbsenkopf
45. Tameweg, Oncosin
4ti. Saxony
47. Schlackenwald, Ltth,
48. Ems, Kfiasau, green
8*30=1
[4Tii] 8 21== 100
£1
Fe
1^
Mg
Ca
f?a
&
n
2610
15'60
089
380
_^
1-20
2^0
AiM),f a
2G-62
15-7S
0-S5
2-tt8
086
5*44
5-89::? H
2fy'l
13*8
0-^
24
_—
58
82 = 10^
30-74
1718
1-33
0-80
0-40
0-04
457
^-67 =10
lu a 9(vcfilled piniioid schist of Che vullej of Raibl, apple-green in oolor, Tsct
Ak. Wipe, liL 443) : ^i 62*0, *1 16^, ^e 4' J, Mg \% Ca TS. ^» \%^ 4 1,
There is a large exoesB of eillca, which maj be duo to fVoe tiilicai if the fook te '
pyrt^yUite schist,
A pinite-Iike Tnineral fVom the phyUite of Petit-CcBtir Id the Tiireiitaisei Smrcft
Terrell (0. B., liil 12(i) i^i 50 00. Xl 36'4.% Fe 0"37, C», Mg 0-45, K 5-Oi, ^a tr^Vif,
100-24. The compositioD is the aaoie with that of the containing achiit
Gmc'Uii obtained (KaBtn. Arch., L 22G) for the Auvergne pinite, $i 65*06^ Xl JW
the latf-r analyses (Noa. 5^ 6, above) ahow that his results are erroneous. Tha M
pinite is an anhydrous mhierol^ it gave i^cinus (8chw. J», xxvL 280) Si b4% ll 7^%
1% Mg 0-8, IC 112, ^ 1 -2 = 100^8; and MiiflRalm (Trommadorff'B N. J^ it. % 3U)
30O,3P© 12*6, k 12-4 = 100.
The following: are analyses of giganioliie and Qttriie : I, Wachtmoiater (PogKr
Marignac (J. Fharm. Ch., 11 L xii. 160, Ramm. Mid, Oh., 836); 3, Komoneii (Ko^fi
Min., 161); 4, Norlin (CEfv. Ak. Stockh., 1844, 219):
Si
1. TanielA, GigonL 46-27
2. " ** 42-59
8. ** " 46-5
4, Montalvan, IheriU 40'&0
Pyr., etc. — In the dosed tube gives oflf water^ which frequently reacts ftTV^^hm
varieties fuse easily with inturaoaccnci?, while others f\ise quietly and with
prfeciably attacked by stroug muriatic acid.
Obi.^ — Gieseckit© has been attributed by many authors to the alteration ofziepbelSII
Pisaai (G. R., IxiL I3i4|bas found the latter mineral from Brevig, Norway, partly i
bride-red material which is true gieeeekite in nature and composition. On the same I
found tnie trauslueeDt elaK>llteT aSTording only 1*3 p. o. of wtiter on calcinatiaa, and tn
ble in dilute adds; by the side of this, red spots where alteration has oomaK
beyood, the mineral changed to a brick -red unifonn material, mostly opaqoe^ with
lueetit spots of unaltt^rcd okiolite. This red material afforded 5'9 p. c of irater, m
only pariially in dilute nitric add, leaving an abundant red deposit On separation thi
portion by treatment with oold dilute nitric add, this aflfbrded, on analyaia, & 46*95^
1-86, % 0*58, Oa 0-tS8, Ka, Li u 71, ^ 8*71, ^ 5*58=99 72, thus showing that, bedM
water, the eoda of the eiieoIit4j had been replaced almost wholly by potaah.
423 A. KenroliiA Thomson (Min., L 354, 1886) is greeuish-yellow, impaHWotly foUatad
cxtnsisting of thin flbres of some breadth but rather obscure, but "not tlta kaat an
cryalalliiiatiou-" H,~ 4-125. G.=3 476. B.B, whitens, but does not ftiae, Coomiili
iog to Thomson, %\ 73*uO, Xl n-35, Fe 0 4fi, U^ 1*50, Ca 3*25, H 4-80=9Stl, fwm
Lower Canada. It Ims been doubtful what minenil I>r. Tliomson had in hand la
description. But seoording to T. S. Hunt (Hep. Q. Can., 1863, 485 X netirolite la a
ety of woodlike agalmatolite. His analyaia afforded (L e) :
te
Mg
1-20
l^a,it
1
It occurs at Stanstead, forming a belt 150 feet wide ; In some placoa gnmslar aad 9i
m oihera achistose and oontainiug quartz. A thin hiyer has a bttoded
peafinoBj with a shiny satiji luj^tre. It is translucent, of a wax or
493 B, A mineral near pinite in oom position has been described by Doadoiacaiia (Bi^
Yxii. 25). It oocura in rounded grains, of a waxy structure and giWMiiah o^or, " '^
imhydrite of Modane. Thin plates without double Jefraction, iooovdiBg lo
HTDROI78 8ILIOATB8, MABOABOPHYLLTTB 8B0TIOK. 483
il Yidda water in dosed tabe. B.B. fttses witli intmneaoenoe to a white enamel
f attached hy muriatic add. Pisani obtained (BulL G. Soa, L c.) :
) Si 19-70 *e8-38 Ag 12*80 Ca 1-64 fi; Sa, Li (by loss) 1-22 67-06=100.
423. OATA8PXLITE. KataspiUt TgdsUrdm, (Etv. Ak. StoddL, 1867, li.
ndomorphouB after iolite, and presenting its forms.
=2*5. iiOstre pearly. Color ash-gray. Subtranslncent.
p^Near Finite. 0. ratio for ft, fi, Si, fl=3 : 6 : 8 : 1; (i A>-|-tXl)*Si*+f& Analy-
sl8tr6m(L a):
I 21, with some Pe, 28*95 ftg 8*20 Ca 7*48 ]^a 6*26 S 6*90 ign. 8'22
Broah found in a pale greenish pagodite fVom China (priv. oontrib.) Si 41*60, Si, with little
M), ftg 12*26, ^a 0*60, ]^ 6*42, £[ 7*50=99*67, approaching the above, but afforcUngthe
8:6:9: 3=1 : 2 : 3 : 1. Igelstrom obtained but 1 p. a of water in one trial, and in his
makes the cataapilite anhydrous.
I 0to« — ^Fuaea on charcoal rather easily to an enamel-like bead. Decomposed by muriatic
th a separation of flooculent silica.
— FhxD a gray dUorite rock at Longban, in Wermland, Sweden, distributed through it in
IS large as peas. Named from xarainriXa^b), in allusion to this mode of occurrence.
DOABITII. AgalmatoUth (fr. Retzbanya) Baid., Ber. Min. d. k. k. Hofk., Wien, 1843.
Biharit K. R FeUn, Ber. Ak. Wien, xUv. 132, 1861.
isive ; fine granular or microcrystalline.
=2*5. G.=2'737, yellow var. Lustre greasy, inclined to pearly,
yellowish to green, brownish, dull wine-yellow, oil-green, leek-green,
lucent to hardly subtranslncent. Feel a little greasy. Optically
J refracting.
}^-0, ratio for ft, S, Si, ft=2 : 1 : 3 : J, nearly ; whence (| (Ag, Ca)>-|-i 5l)* 3i*-l- li tL
i: Sdtesx (L o,\ after removing 4*68 Ca C:
a
Si
Fe
%
Ca
ffa
t.
&
41-74
18-47
tr.
28-92
4-27
tr.
4-86
4-46=97 -72.
«to« — ^In the tube yields water. B.B. inAisible (the green var.), or only Aising on the
i edges (yellow).
-Onurs imbedded in a fine granular limestone in the Biharberg, near Betsbanya.
AZiiiQOMITB. Palagonit Sartorius v. WaUerahausen, Subm. Yulk. Ausbr. Val di Koto,
3«tt, 1846; Yulk. Gest, 1863. Bunsen, Ann. Ch. Pharm., Ixi 266, 1847, Pogg., boziiL
185L ICelanhydrit A Kraniz, Yerh. nat. Yer. Bonn, xvi. 164^ 1869.
orphous. In grains and fragments aggregated into a tufa-like rock,
I oonstituent oi tufa or volcanic conglomerate.
=4—5. G=2-4— 2-7 ; 1*82, melanhydrite. Lustre vitreous or greasy,
:e pitchstone. Color amber-yellow, yellowish-brown,^ colophonite-
, garnet-red, blackish, black. Streak yellowish, brownish-yellow.
) S»-»-«aq, who writes for the palagonite of Io€«and the formula ft>9P-hfiP£
ttd §» Hm* of the Galapagos, 2 ft* Si*+ tf Si*+ aaq.
484
OIYOEN
Analyses hj r. WalterahaiifieQ (1, c.) ; memiB af reeuUi after git^gw eidlldtd .
IV.
L ErlsoTik
2. Heda
4. Vftl di Noto
6. Galapagos
6. *'
t. Sudafell
8. Val di Noto
9,
VL 10.
40-68
4U*7fi
42-2S
38-69
38*07
36-94
4r4ft
41*26
40*86
84-99
^1
14 59
6*42
U-14
13*61
13-03
11-66
10-91
8-60
10-07
0-02
14-24
n-fl9
16-71
14-61
10-71
18-1^
26-32
20-64
20-50
t a
0*44 ttfA
1-00 H-W
f3S 10*24
0*94 13 ]&
b 'js t?ii4
WalterfihauBeD calculates for chrjBolite^ and Bometim«$< carbonate of U!iie» |«vif ai lA 1
and givea the following for the correct oompciHitiou under the abore tyws, 1. lo VL, to 1
aasi^a the lumea and formulaB annexed. The compounds are mainl j L jpolbdkd :
Si
^
Fe
M«
Oft
^a
Z
n
I, PoiagmiU
41 '90
12-72
1674
6-86
6*71
1-^2
0-99
l2U^k*^^tM
IL
4IJ-63
11-03
15*86
6-44
7-28
0*62
163
17-67= •: J
m.
38-{*6
12*75
IU71
6*53
6-96
0-66
0*90
i3*e«^*" 31
IV. Korite
44-07
12-00
19*47
4-95
5*68
O'TO
0-44
12*l5t4r
V. ffybUie
40-86
10-22
20*68
2-61
4-53
4H>5
1-12
lr>-.-
VL Notiie
36'96
6-36
2166
11-64
3-26
0*97
0*99
J-^ ^
Va Trinacrita
81-82
5-25
33-96
4*57
2*57
4*19
3*42
li ti
Hie lymacriie is dull brovm^ and dearablo or aiioiiceotii!« and la tabxA mitk hM 1
Sidaronlicite^ a bjdroiiB silicate of Bosquloxjd of iron and nlumina.
The following are Bunaen'a resultB— gasigue ezdndixl (loa dt, and BaoiB. IfiiL Qi^ (
a
Xl
Al
Mg
Ct
jTt
K
a
L loeknd
89-01
11^
14-79
6-30
914
0-^6
0-70
ni0
1 '"
40*74
8-42
18-00
4-54
8-75
Q-tt
0-43
18-M
3. *'
a9-82
U-88
15-20
7-92
5-41
0-6«
^^
19^
i. "
41-28
n-03
18-82
6-49
8-76
oat
«^«l
IT-M
S. "
40-80
14*46
14-90
7-S7
6-88
1-dS
<hi4
13^
6. "
39-08
8*69
20-00
7 '29
8-09
ru
0-^4
tt«t
7. ••
41*d0
13-61
13-78
8'20
8-82
1-23
Wl
11-11
8. "
42-20
11-16
16-72
6*80
5*67
1*79
IB^ft
9, OalapMoe
S<i>ft
11-66
10*71
6-27
7-96
a-A5
0-n
tyu
10. *f^
38*07
13-03
10-00
6*58
7A4
0-70
ir»
»IM
IL "
S8T2
11-60
11-66
8-7&
6-37
i-ta
I'U
^H$
12. OBpey«rdeB
86*76
11-76
14-95
11*22
3-S9
r4i
VH^
13. Limbai& M9^ Mi
48*96
9-94
10*04
81M
4*98
1-04
•^
H^
41-63
18*72
286
5'2a
iVTMii2 51^07 83
mil
Pyr., otc^Tleld^ water. BJB. fUaea eaall^ to a black magoDtio ^an. DteopipoiiA i
itic add with gelatiniHtion.
Oba^— Tufas are formed througli the action of wstan, and oftw lliAft of IimM watM* i
aooompanjing an eruption of laraa, on tlia granulated Toloonic rock, or foloMik taikl ; m
* prootaa the protozyd of iron of the pyvoixene of tha rock booomca motn or lam m
r ^^^P*^ ^ eeaquiorjrd, and water ia taken up. asd 60 the palagooiie li i^rotesed. Jla lit
[ '^^ ^ ^^^^ lip genermOf of pyroxene and t IMdapar ahrsya In very variable jp¥{
f nn^nai^ Id Bocb reaulta of alteratioD te ool poMitde^
Btinaea obaervoa that paUgonite is the beaia of ihe buttHio talks cC Qt,
rGanarlaai Obm Terdea, Toittigaa, and probably also of thoea ol tho FrnMe
[ JanaL J4, by Wackemagel L ct, and Ramm. Ilin. Oh.) la T«lfct4iteck lo
I In Imgnkr nodttloi in a deoonipoaed wicko at SehoMilMftlial umr Iki
»im*d jMlppotuie fh?m Fial^la, one of ita U>call(l«« lb Stcf^,
420. TMaSAmmL FUhlnut (fr. Fkblon) JRoiiver, WtL-Qat^, Sma^ tt ..-
lAtiti {ft, ibO j: /: £. Hmmnmm, Ifotl'a Mn^ ir. SM» lioe, V^^iwm itllto (ft*. 4N»f
KABOASOPHTLLITE SECnON. 485
Ak. H. StooklL, 166, 1827. Aunlit (ib.) v, BonacL Hydrous lolite, Bonsdorffite, Thorns,
L 278, 328, 1836. Baumit (from Raomo, ilnL) v. Bonsdorff. Weissit (fr. Fahlun) Wacht-
w, Ak. H. Stodch., 1827. Esmarkit A. JErdmann, Ak. H. Btockh., 188, 1840. Praseo-
r. BnUcke) JEWimaim, ib. Chlorophyllite (fr. Unity, Me.) C. T. Jackaon, Bep. G. N. Hamp.,
1841, Am. J. SoL, zli 857, 1841. Peplolit (fr. Bamsbeig, Swed.) Carlnon, (EfV. Ak. Stockh.,
1857. FyrargOMt (fr. Helsingfors) N. Nord,, Jahresb., zil 1832, 174. Polychroflith
ye, Jahib. Min., 1846, 289. Aspaaiolit Schwrer, Pogg., Ixviii 828, 1846.
six- to twelve-sided prigms, but derived from pseudomorpliism after
Cleavage : basal sometimes perlect.
=8'6— 6. G.=2*6— 2'8. Lnstre of surface of basal cleavage pearly
ay, glimmering. Color grayish-ffreen, to greenish-brown, olive- or
aen ; sometimes blackish-green to black ; streak colorless.
r-ThiB spedoB is a result of alteration; and considerable variation in the results of
18 flhoold be expected. The crjstaUino form is that of the original idite, while the basal
m wben distinct is that of the new spedes fahlunite.
ndmU and foMwnUe were from the same locality, Pahlun, Sweden. The mineral has the
shancters. Bonsdarffile and auralUe are BonsdorflTs JBydrous iolite, from Abo, Finland, and
d witti fiihlunite. The name tridasite alludes to three cleavages^ and is therefore bad, as
m not deayages of the spedes, but in part of the original lolite. J^bhiunite dates from the
«ar.
mVk is fUilunite. Ck>lor grayish-green to whitish, with a greasy lustre. G.=:2*709,'
B. {h)IVaaeolite is similar from Brakke, near Brevig, in granite. H.=:3'5; G. =2*754.
— itfii, from Baumo in Finland, is of like nature and origin, according to A. E. Nor-
5ld (BeskriftL FinL Min.), although analysis gives a somewhat different constitution.
knfiyOiie frt)m Unity, Maine, is like fahlunite in composition, eta ; H. on base of
=1*5—3 ; G.=:2-705. Named from x^^^f^^i green^ and ^vAAoy, leaf, (e) PeploUie from Bams-
Iweden, has the composition essentially and form of esmarkite; G.=2'68— 2'75.
)frargUlUe is near fahlunite, and probably essentially the same, though containing more
and less of protozyd bases. Form the same, but cleavage not distinct ; color blackish,
fiver-brown, or in part dull-red; H.=3'6; G.=2'5; lustre weak resinous. It is from
I near Helsingfors, flnland. Bischof has shown that it is only altered iolite.
hlifduvOUe hfUB been referred here. It occurs in six-sided prisms of 120°, without distinct
6H.=3— 3*6; lustre greasy; color blue and green of different shades, and also brown
-red. Occurs in gneiss at Kragerue, Norway.
ItptuiolUe occurs in prisms like those of fahlunite, but with the deavage less distinct ; H.=
; G.=2*764 ; color green to greenish-gray, douded with brown or red. It is from ELra-
Norwrny, with iolite in quartz.
mule Thomson (Min., i 384, 1836). Ck)nsidered an altered mineral near fahlunite, by T. S.
Ooears in spherical masses in homblendic boulders in the vicinity of Lake Huron. Struo-
utly fin imperfect folia, and partly granular. H.=3— 3*5 ; G.=2'86; lustre waxy to pearly ;
i^ yeUovrish-green ; subtranslucent WeissUe Wachtmeister, is like fahlunite in most of
laetan^ bat differs in oomposition, and may belong elsewhere. Occurs of bluish and g^een
it Ikhhm, in masses as large as hazel-nuts, in chlorite.
■i^^-O. ratio for fl, fi, Si, fl[= 1 : 3 : 6 ; 1 ; whence the formula(| (fi, fi)»+ J (3tl, Pe))« Si", the
Mig basic, and entering, as already suggested, to make up the defldency of bases in the
In some kinds, the same with the addition of ^ The 0. ratio of iolite, the original
i,lil:3:5.
1, Hisinger (Afh., iv. 210); 2, 3, Trolle Wachtmeister (Ak. H. Stockh., 1827, 213);
Iriorff (Ak. H. Stockh., 1827) ; 6, Malmgren (Arppe's Finsk. Min., 1861, 686, Verb. Min.
A, IMS, 162); 6, Erdmann (Jahresb. 1841, 174); 7, 0. T. Jackson (Bep. G. N. H., 1844,
< Ik Bammelsberg (Min. Ch., 833); 9, Erdmann (I a); 10, J. Staudinger (Bonsdorff, I a);
hIm, Amark and Sieurin (L a) ; 12, Nordenskiold (L c.) ; 18, Sdieerer (Pogg., IxviiL 328) ;
mtmeister (Ak. H. Stockh., 1827):
Si il ^e fin fig Oa 4 fi
fcMn, TrieL 46-79 2673 6-01 Sin 043 2*97 18-60=95-4a ffistoget
" " Nt 44-60 3010 8-86 224 6*76 1-86 198 986, F «r.=100-28 W.
v" " cry^ ^'^^ «0-70 7-22 1*90 604 0*96 1*88 8-66=101-79 W.
MBmtd. 46 30 6 9 11=100 B.
**■• Am, 41-76 31-26 836 0*80 473 1-78 160 10-44=100-11
486
OZTOEK C30MP0irNDS,
6. Brevig^i Esmark,
7, Uotty, Chltyroph.
9. Brfikke^ Fra»,
Si ^
45-97 82-08
10*32
c« *
45-20 2'?-6a 8*24 4*08 960
46-Sl 26*17 3P© 10-99 /r. lO'Ql
4094 28-t& " 7*40 0*32 18*T3
0*58
]0. Eatitno, Haumite 4&-00 1000
IL Eamflber^, Pepl (1)45-95 30*61
12, HelBlngfors, Fynwg. 43-93 28*Vi3
18, Krag^roe, AapOi, 50*40 32'S9
14. Eahlmi, W&miit 60*69 21*70
12 66
7 09 0*50
2-90*
8*01
0 e3 8-09
5*49, 6i^J
TiO*45=fL,_.
R60, P^.=l
6*70- 1 0018$ I
T«8,C%p^
0'5Or=99
6*00=98.7
8-30— lOODli
1*05 1547,:ffAl
6'T3=
4*10 810,
slOOit Wl
^ With flODiA Mn 0.
In p^ychroiUte Dahl found (1- c.) Si 62, Xl 37, P© 3, IkTg 7, 0» X, ^ * ; wwi ,__
ftlwut 6 p. c. of water. The hunmiie afforded Thomsoa (L c) Si 45*80, Si 3S 92, fe'
Mg 1 72, ti 4-ld=97*9« ; it is fltnted to be iDfusible and not attacked bj adds.
An ash-gray mineral fSrom Potton, Canada Eaat, aa analyzed by Tennant, ia Dear
position. TeDnaat obtained (Bee. Gen, ScL, iii 339) Si 55 05, ^1 22*60, t^ 12'^, An m
Ca 1*40, H 225 = 99"60* and gives H,:=l*76, G.^2-8263. T, S. Hunt aaya it is proU
r<x;k, and not a mJQoral apeciea, as ho judgea from a epedmen he haa a^en so UbeQied jpi
muni cation).
GigantotiU and Iherite uioch reaeroble fahlunite, and like it are remits of thd altSfi
occurring in large six to twelye-sidcHl crjatals. But they contain pouah, add arv
lated in composition to pitiite, of whieh Uiey ae^m to be impure Tarietiea* See uiidar f
PyT*> etc.— Yields water. B,B. fuses to a white blebby glass. Not acttd npoi-
Pyrargillite 13 difficultly fusible, but la oompletcly deoomposed by murimtio add.
427. GBOPPITR Svanherg, (Mr. Ak. Stockb^ liL 14^ 13418.
Ojstaliine, with odo distinct deavage affording a broad deayage sur&ca, and
diBtinct.
H.=:2*6. G.=:2'73, Thin splinters tranalueent Color rose-red to
paler. Practuro splintery.
0* ratio for fi, B, di, 1^=2 : 8 : € : 3, whence, if half tho water be basics (| (fl*, ]
Pe))* &' + fi. Analysis by Svanberg :
§i Si 5»e Mg Oa 5ra ^ fl
45-01 22-56 3-06 1228 4*55 0'22 523 7*11, undiiMiolTed 0*18^1 01*1
Ttbl — Id a matrass yields water. B.B. whitens^ and on thin edges shows oidy i
Bvftoberg's formula is the aarae as for ottrelite.
From a limestone at Qropptorp in Sweden.
428. VOiairril. E. K Schmid, Togg^ xcylL 108, 1856. Eaatolyte Shep^ Mba^ ISS7,
p. Tin and Am. J. 80.^ IL zxi?, 128.
In email crystals and scales, mica-like in i^tmcture and aspect,
H,=2~3» G.=2'91. Liisti-e pearly. Color leek-green, oft^n
ish. or brownish from alteration. Thin scales tranalucent
Oomp.-^. ratio for B, S, Si, S-1 : I : 2 : l; U ftViS)*Si»^« tl, ortli©i
tite with the addition of water.
Aaalyaes; I, Schmid (L c); 2, Piaaoi (0. R,, Ht, 686, Am. J, Sd., rmT, 208):
§i
£1
Fe
te
Mg
Ca
f^a
6
L Ehrenberg
33-83
18*40
8-42
2301
7*64
2*04
o-9e
0*87=91
2. Eastoiyte
34*98
21*88
28-44
6*24
r22r=i
Pyr., sto.— In a glass tube yields water, sometimea sxfdiates, tod 1
BrnSOTTB SILICATES, MABGABOPHYLLTTE SECTION. 487
BwB. Ihaee easily to a black g^ass, with the reaction of iron. Attacked by mariatic
d^ giving a yeDow solution, and the insoluble part becomes after some days oolorlesa
'- i^-Tof ~
foigtite constitutes the mica in a kind of graphic granite at Ehrenberg near Ilmenau.
rto^yte iainaah-gn^, reddish, and bluish lamins, looking like an altered mica, at Monroe, N. T.,
DBd with pyrites and probably formed through the action of the decomposing pyrite on mica.
liunad after Ifr. VcHgt, director of the mines of Saze-Weimar.
^Ubmmptiie of Kenngott (p. 307) is a similar hydrous biotite with less water.
Lnotlier from Hio Janeiro, dosely related to the above, has been described by Kenngott in his
haflciht for 1856-67, p. 80. It is in dull green short prismatic crystals, in granite. Oomposi-
t, aDOonUng to t. Hauer (L a), Si 32-33, ^ 2047, f^e 26*26, Mg, by loss, 7*76, Ca 0*86, t, 2*02,
.10-sa.
429. KABaARODXTB. Margarodit Scha/hauO, Ann. Gh. Pharm., xlvL 826, 1843.
lake muscoyite or common mica in crj^stallization, and in optical and
bar physical characters, except usually a more pearly lustre, and the
lor more commonly whitish or silvery.
ratio mostly 1:6:9:2; whence the formula (i(ft*, fl*) + f Xl)« Si', the water
Sometimes O. ratio 1 : 9 : 12 : 2, whence, (i (&* fi^+i Al)* &*; but this divi-
_ I with damourite, if the two are distinguishable. This species appears to be often, if
I always, a result of the hydration of muscovite, there being all shades of gradation between
nd that metes. Muscovite has the 0. ratio for bases and silica of 4 : 6, or nearly ; and the
MoDcy 01 base for a unisilicate here indicated appears to be the source of its tendency to take
^ viter, the water passing in to supply it
War analyaefl and localities see under Muscoyitb (p 809).
A hydrous mica, accompanying cyanite, at Litchfield, Ct, afibrdcd Smith ft Brush (Am J. Sci.,
LxT. 210) Si 44-«0, il 36-23, Fe 1*34, Ag 037, Oa 0*50, ]S'a 410, fc 6*20, ti 5*26, Mn, F tr.=
ML It ia a »odchpo(a»h mica intermediate between margarodite and paragonite; 0. ratio
:ti:10:2; G.=2-76.
43a DAMOURITB. Ddeaae, Ann. Ch. Phys., UL xv. 248, 1845.
An aggregate of fine scales, mica-like in structure.
H.=2— 3. G.=2*792. Lustre pearly. Color yellow or yellowish-white.
3ptic-axial divergence 10 to 12 degrees, Descl.
. OpBik — A hydrous potash-mica, like margarodite, to which it is closely related. 0. ratio for
Mdi.A,l :9:ia:2.
iaslyaea : 1, Delesse (I c) ; 2, Igelstrom (B. H. Ztg., xxy. 308) :
Si ^1 7e £: fi
1. Pontivy 45*22 37*85 ir. 11'20 6*25=99-52 Delesse.
S. Horr^joberg 48*41 35*17 462 10*90 4 50, fig 1-40=100 Igelstrom.
^ is the gangoe of cyanite at Pontivy in Brittany ; and the same at Horrsjoberg, Wennland.
'^^tod after the French chemist Damour.
ilOA. BniORB Liii (Ann. Ch. PharoL, IzzzL 257). A scaly mineral from a silky schist, occur-
^ at Kerothal near Wiesbaden. H.=l ; G.= 2-897 ; greenish or yellowish-white. It afforded
•t a49*00, XI 23*65, fe 807. iSig 0*94, Oa 0*63, l?fa 1*75, k yl I, tl 3*41, ft 189, « F* 1 60=
'^U. Supposed to be near damourite. Named from its silky lustre.
^L PimAQONZIZL Paragonit SchafMvil, Ann. Ch. Pharm., xlvL 334, 1843. Pregrattit
L, LieberuTf Kenng. Ueb. 1861, 53, 1862.
Kassive, sometimes consisting distinctly of fine scales ; the rock slaty or
ilitttoee. Cleavage of scales in one direction eminent, mica-like.
H.=2-6— 3. (J.=2-779, paragonite, Schafhautl; 2-895, pregrattite,
488
OXYGEN COMPOUNDS.
CEllacher. Lustre strong pearly. Calor yellowifih, ffrayish, grajisli-^
greeniahj light apple-green. Translucent ; single scales transpnrtftjt
Oomp.^A hydrone soda mica. 0. ratio for f^, li, ^i, 11^=^1 ;0; 12: 4, or IM I
ifliwi, if the walor bo made baaia Formula (i tfi\ Sa')+1 3tir J^i'; tho pff^relliltl
more of protcjjcyd busea, tlie 0. ratio being I : t '3 : I* : 1 7 =^3 1 :j5i i 27 : 6, or oect^
Anidjsea ; ), SchafMutl (I c.); 2, Rammelsberg (ZS. G., lir. T61); 8, (£ikcbi» (£emi(|
Le):
& 9e % Ca ^a & tt
35-90 2-36 — - 8-45 2*'to
40-06 ir. 065 r26 0*40 fr, 481!
40-41 :^e0'84 O^St 062 7*0e I'll 6-04, t;f u lM^i^.0 ii^j
1. iVirajTOflt^ 60-20
3. " (1)46*81
3. PrtgraiUk 44'«5
Pyr.— B.B, the paragonite la stated to be mfusible. Tho pregraUlt^ eif»:iliat*3
TennicuUte (a property of aome dioochlora aod other apeciet), and becocnea iaitk*i
edges.
Oba. — Paragonite consttttites the moss of the rock at MoDte Campione, in the n^fpoaj
Gothard, containing cy unite and staiirotide, called paragon! tic or tAlcoae ichist Tb« r^
oontaiuB garnet and black toumialino. Named from waftayu*, I mi&kad. The progntuttj
Pregrattea in the Puatenhai Trrol.
A B re rig mica afforded Defruxice 5 p. a of aoda, but with much l^aa dlica thaa ib
under Lepidomelanb; p. 307« where relationa to other Brerig mica are stated, that te&dl
that it is an altered mica.
432. EUFHyLUTB. SUliman, Jr„ Am. J. 8<±, II. Till. U\, iai«»^
Structure as m mica, but lamiDse not as eiisily sepiirable.
H.==3-6-4 5. G,=2'963-3*008, Silliman ; 3 83, Smitli A
Lustre of cleavage surface bright pearly, inclining to ailatnantine*
white to colorless ; sides faint grayish sea-green or whitish. Tr
to translucent ; at times opaque or nearly so. Lamina) ratlier
Biaxial ; angle between the optical axes 7X1°, SillimaD,
Comp— 0. ratio for ft It, ^i, fi=l : B :9: 2; whanoe (J ft'+|fi)»Si*+i tt=. If Call
» : 4 : 11, Silica 41-6, alumioa 42'3, lime 1% potaab %% soda ft^, Walsr i^=t^ '
Smith Jfc Brush (Am. J. ScL, II. rv. 209) :
Si 3tl f'e Jig Ca ^a (t IJ
1. tTniaiiyllle 40*29 43-i)0 130 0*<ji roi GiG 3*94 6*o€=irt0^i
2. '* 39-64 42-40 100 070 I'OO 6 16 3*94 6D85»9'62 1
S, ^ 40 21 41*50 1-60 078 188 4*26 3 25 6'91=£01»-2» {
4. •' 40 96 4140 130 OTO Ml 4 26 8'25 e^Ssgd-ai Sotitfal
The fipedmen for aoaljsia 2 hj Smith t Brush was from the orlgt&al ati9 d
Their results show that the earlier aualj^iB of Crooko (Am. J. Sct^ IL Till IBI) i
4 Garrett ithia Miiu, 3d edit !««9 I'-'^n) are erroneous, Knu*a a»d Orooke^ \
from the aame that aflbrdcd tl; for analysta 2 of Smith ib Brui^
Pyr., «tc. — 111 a matraBS yu B.B, exfoliates, eadfci a alroQf ttglhl, i
ftiaes on tlie edges, Girea traeeii t*f iluorine.
Oba.— Occurs asaodated with tourmaline and comodum at tTfiloDfCllc^ Dclairaiv Oa, 1
impreeaicm of the orjatala of tourmaline on the hiteral aurfiuja of tha Mft'
amooth, hard4ookiQg aurfaoe. Also in tiie aame rioiiiity fin AggrafaM lanik^ or i
oompaot maaaea.
Dr. Smith refers here, with a qnerj, a mica fooM bj Mm with the emci^oC AaiaJ
iflbrded him th# followiug reaulta (Am. J. BoL, IL sL 62, xr. 210) :
die
ft
^
Fe
Mg
Ct
1. Gumuchdagh
2. Kiilah
3. "
C Kicaria
42-80
4362
42 71
42-60
40*61
38*10
M-52
3t45
1-30
860
2-32
1-70
ir.
Q'26
l/r.
If.
>D1
O&i
0-68
489
r lifefd fbe mMn (nmen ratio, ezchiding the water, 1 : 10 : 12. J£aj be damowriit. A
irUtish mica, from Kewlin, Pa., afforded & B. Sharpies & 48, & 40, alk. 7 to 8 p. a
BLLAOSmRITB. Margarlte from Pfltschthal (EUacher, Kemig. Uebers. 1860, 49, 1862.
(EDadierite Da/na^ Am. J. ScL, II. zliv. 256, 1867.
dTBtalline scales or laminee ; structure micaceous.
=§•884— 2*994. Lustre strong pearlj. Color grayish-white to white,
in plates tranfinparent. Elastic. Double refraction strong ; optic-axial
t in tike air 79 21' for the red ray, 78° 45' for the blue, or the same as
isoovite ; Descl.
rO. ratio for ft, S, Si, £[, 1 :4 :6: 1 ; whence the formula, if d be basic, (i(ft*, fi*)+
Bemarkable for the presence of baiyta. Analyses : 1, CEllaoher (La); 2, Bammela-
S&OnZiT. 763):
21 Fe ^e fin Ou fig Ca Ba Sr iSTa £: £[
f SO-18 0-91 1-74 012 0*31 485 108 4*65 0*09 1*42 7*61 4'43 = 99*98 (E.
1 32-79 1*85 0*81 2*90 0*23 6*91 undeL 4*26 Eamm.
I — Oocars near Eemmatin Pfltschthal, along with the chlorite analyzed by HetEor (p. 602).
ialitj ia about 12 miles in a direct line from that of margarite (p. 506).
434. OOOXBXTB. G, J, Bnuh, Am. J. ScL, IL zli 246, 1866.
minute scales, and in slender six-sided prisms, sometimes yermicularly
Often as a coating.
=2*5. G.=2"70. Lustre pearly on plane of cleavage. Color white
lowish-green. In thin scales transparent. Flexible, inelastic.
ip.-0. ratio for ft, S, Si, £[, 1*93 :21: ]8'74: 11*91, Brush=:l: 10: 9: 6i Approaches a
B litiiki mica in oomposition. Analysis : P. Ck)llier (1. c.) :
§i Si Li &: a SiF"
(1)84-98 44 91 2*82 2*57' 18*41 0*47, fi exp. at 100°C. 0*88=99-49.
e determinations of the silica obtained 35*04, 8405, 35*71 p. c. The alumina contained a
cydof iron.
I, •to^ — B.B. exfoliates like Termiculite, and colors the flame intense carmine-red. In the
tabe yields water, which is at first neutral, then becomes acid by decomposing the fluorid
m erolTed, whUe a ring of silica is deposited. Tube slightly etched. Fusible on thin edges,
*«• Uue color with colmlt solution. With phosphorus salt gives skeleton of silica. Par-
•oompoeed by sulphuric add.
.— Oocura wldi tourmaline and lepidolite at Hebron and Paris, Me., often as a pearly ooat-
lijililB of rubellite, of which it appears to be a product of alteration.
nSINOBRZTII. Hisingerit {it, Biddarhyttan) Ben., Pogg., xiiL 505, 1828. Deger6it
ihry^ Bidr. FinL Nat, L 4, Min. Ges. St Pet, 1850, 1851, N. Nordenskiold, Yen. FlnL
, 1862. BkotioUt Arppe, Fmsk. Min., 13, 1857.
Qorphous, compact, without cleavage.
s8. Q.=3'045. Lustre greasy, inclining to vitreous. Color black
owniah-black. Streak yellowish-brown. Fracture conchoidal.
b-(l) BMngerUe, (2) Degeroii^ a.=2*54, Holmborg; H.=2-5; color blackish-green to
p) SooMUe; O.=8'09 ; H.=r3 ; color dark green to black (and named from nr»n*f, dairk)\
H mnoh fnagiMwria. and less water than hisingerite.
■py-4). ratio Ibr B+fi, ^ ^=2 : 3 : 3; formula, making one-third of the water baaio^ (ft*,
'f4a% or ipedaUy, (i£['+t(ft'.Fe))*^i'+4aq. In the latter formula &* imfludea some
490
orroEN cx)MPOUirD&
l^e, H^i Ca, and occasionally iin, Exduding % the peroentage compositioD k
quiojtyd of iroo 42-6, water 21 6 ==100, OIeve'5 aimljiis make* the seoiiohk of
tiallj hisiiigerU©; and tbat of Orijarvi may be an impure variety (aoiiL Ifi),
AiuilysoB: 1, Hlsmger (Fogg., xiit 5u&); 2^11, Qevo, Ooberg, lindjlfom, 9Mi
Thoreld (CEfv. Ak. Stockb., 1866, 169); 12, RanimeUberg (Pogg,, liir. 398/ j II, J4»
(MliL Gea. St Pet, 1860, 61, (Efv. Ak, Stockh^ 1866, ie»J; 16, Aippe (L e):
Bl H Fe U iin Ag tiL tL
h Biddarbjttaa
3.
3.
4. Solberg, Norway
6. " **
6. Jordofieu
1, Longban
B, WaldemaraTlk
9, Orijarvi
10. Tunflberg
IL LoDgbaD, Scatioiiie
U. Ridd&rbyitan, Hid.
1% Degepo, Ik^efoiie
14, "
16. Orljairi, ScoUolik
36-30
S6*08
3633
8T*6d
34-90
33-66
86-92
31-14
S6*t3
83-07
36-60
34-45
40-97
- 44*39
1*20 39-46 2-20
1-38 40-28
32-14
1*1 T 80-67
36-00
- 27*70
.^ 311 90
31 87
1-39 30 24
- 34*97
^^— 34*78
0-80 41*56
0-76 88-63
0*60 26-04
2-23
7*08
7*00
»-2a
7-52 3-02
2*30
8-92
3^2 0*17
3*09 tr,
17-69
M6
1*08
256
2*90
2*70
0-38
20*70-101-39 QiidiiigaP
21*70, undec: 0-96=101
20*78= 100*46 Oatiil^
2*1
lb OtVlL
22-53= &U-4>4 3loite
21 09=99^t ^orte
3i-09^10O-dtf
si'dec^dd'fiaciBm
16-80=99'»4 dim
11*64= 100 ._
13'70,FeP0'2«.Ulldl
19-64^ undea 1*401!
16-12=96*74 Arppi.
The port of the water drivoa oflf at 100* C. was lo anal 2, 11*20; 4, 11-66; 6^ irll;
7, 13"19f 8, 9*87; 9, 13*56; 10, 10*61; 11, 6*30; 14, 11*60; 16, 7*49.
Pyr*, «tc^ — Yields much water. B.B. fuses wlih dlJIicultj to a black mstgtifs^e ^a^ ^
fluzea gives reactions for iron. In muriatic acid easily decompoaed without gibflnlwil
Oba. — Found at the various localicies moutioDed above. At Hlddarhyttan it oocunli
iniu«so8 asdooiated with pyrite In a copper mine, and is a result of alt9ra<Uoo; al Slf
Hetalogfors, Finland^ in a silver miuo.
Famed afler the Swedish chemist, Hisiuger*
MsLANOUn Wurtz (this Miu,, 679, 1860). Approaches hisingerite. It b bhck. of^
streak dark olive-green ; 1L=2; G.=2 69. Surfiice of Uio mineral often stmled, or •!
perfectly columnar aspect H Wurtx obtAined, excluding 12*77 p. g. of CBrbonato ofHai
i^i 36-36 M 4*49 Pe 23*20 l*e 26nS ^a 1*86 fi 1Q*24=100'83L
From MUk-How qnairy, near CharlestowHf Kasa^ ioomatiQg tli« afalM of* flMaf-
436. EEMANNITE.
Kkmannit L, J. Ig^tram, (Efr. Ak. Stockh^ 1866^ Bl H. &§,
1867.
Foliated, clilorite-like. Also foliated ooliimnar and asbeetiform,
also granular massive, consisting of minute scalea.
Hardnegd and lustre w^ in chlorite. Ck»lor graifr-green, lodt-|p«ai
ish-wliite ; also black.
Oompw— 0. ratio for It+S* ^ ^=4 : 6 : 3, with the baitts mainly j
one-third to one-sixth being aeaqnioxyds (Fe, lii\ and :
muhi (f iPe, Mn)H-tfl)" Si-j-i H» In which two-thirda
ith the baaoa ntainly proAMrfi
, and regarded aa Unpurfty bf 1
hirda of the wmtar u aaida li
(M
• ~V| a|^9Laiiii.uMi \^u v*f*
Si
11 fb
U nu
ttt
o»
< J
L IhL-moM^ grxm-^
84-80
<r. 4-97
36-78 IW«
t-w
^»
]*tis;i<i
2. ML^eoL, gyh,^.
36*42
107 479
24 27 Srsa
^.
*-«
r9isja
a. FoL-m9$t,, Mf^n.
40 80
6-08 3*60
26-61 7*U
7-i4
loii^iM
t ?^-S"«^ ^rtta^^
»7*07
6-86
38-20
6-S2
rtj
Mi^^fm
i. it«M^,VrMf»
«7'69
»607» 14-74
_^,
11-H:rM
<L /bi-moi*^ gnem
36'8a
8*63
3109 9-29
Tfii
ir.
lt11>^
•
Wllk piAapa «»« atuAiUak
1^ 1^
iii
m
J
HTDBOUB BIUOATES, KABaABOPHTLLTTS BBOTION. 491
u^On heatiDg jk\dB water, becomeA black, Bubmetalllc, and after ignition strongly
33. Aisee to a blacdc slag. Soluble in muriatic add, with a deposition of silica.
>m a mine of magnetite at Grythyttan, in Sweden, filling cavities in the ore, pene-
^enslTely, and oonstitatiDg nodular masses and beds. AnaL 4 is of the green interior
rhich was black externally. Some of it contains carbonate of lime, and some affords
I a bituminous odor.
er G. Ekmann, proprietor of the mine.
omea black on exposure, through oxydation.
rOOim. Neotokit X. Nardenskiold, Yerz. FinL Mln., 1852. Wittinglt icL, ib.
tigt Manganoxid-siUkat J. R Bahr, (My. Ak., 1850, 240. Stratopeit L, J. IgMram,
143 (with mention of " Neotokit " and " Wittinglt ").
bous.
-4. G.=2'64— 2-8. Lustre dull, sometimes feebly submetaUic.
3k to dark brown and liver-brown. Streak dark brown to black.
^ar. — ^The amorphous mineral substances here included are results of the alteration
in which the manganese passes from the state of protoi^d to that of sesquioxrd,
anges take place through the presence of any ingredients in the altering inflltratmg
oniformity of composition is not therefore to be expected, and much doubt must exist
ility of the species which any chemical analyses may seem to indicate. The most
sea (anal 2 to 5 below) have a correspondence in oxygen ratio which appears to show
among them at least one true hydrous silicate of manganese, and that it is related
>n to hisingerite. The 0. ratio for J^+fi, §i, ^, in analysis 2 is 12*69 : 19*11 : 14*32 ;
•69 : 14-86; 4, 12*11 : 19*09 : 14*02; 5, 13*04 : 18*34 : 16*44; each of which corres-
early to 2 : 3 : 2|, and to the general Msingerite formula, (It', S)* di'+3 aq, in which
the water is made basic.
anal. 4, 6) is here included by A. £. Nordenskiold alon^ with stratopeite, and good
pears thus to be given for setting aside the older analysis of it by Igelstrom (anal 6).
, G.=2'64, according to Igelstrom; in neoioctie and tnUingiiej G.=2*7— 2*8, aocording
Qskiold.
I Svanberg's analyses, 9-12, give a different composition, as the manganese is ooade
but new determinations are required before these, or the analyses of wittingite. an
representing distinct chemical compounds. Bahr writes for analyses 9, 10, 11, Mn*
id for anal 12, obtains the 0. ratio for fi+fi, Si, ti, 18*9 : 17*6 : 8*6. The wiUingite
Arppe (anal 7) contained 7*21 p. a of carbonic acid, corresponding to 18*82 p. a of
' manganese.
1, Igelstrom (L c); 2-6, Cleve and A. E. Nordenskiold ((Efv. Ak. Stockh., 1866, 169,
121); 6, Igelstrom (Nord. Vera. FinL Min., 1862, Beskrifa. Pinl. Min., 138, 1863); 7,
t Min., 21); 8, Nordenskiold (J. pr. Oh., c. 122); 9-12, Bahr (L c.):
Si Si 7e ^e Un Mn % Ca ti
, Siraiopaie 35-48 10*27 32*41 8-04 18*75=99*90 Ig^strOm
" 35-88 8*20 29-87 8*66 16*11, fb 218 C.
a 3505 1-86 38-49 5-27 0-47 16*72, l?b 8*31 N.
ind, Neotoeite 86-79 — 10-90 13*93 2051 2*44 0*52 15*77=99-86 Nord.
" 84-38 1*57 18*58 288 2267 250 17*37=99-96 Cleve.
" 35*69 0*40 25*08 2412 290 0*66 ^ 0*37= 99*1 1 I^Jr.
. WUtingiie 3501 — 3*50 43*20 ^^'^^'^^JItS?.^^
39*72 2-06 84 76 1*21 0*69 21-98=100-42 Nord.
Id 86*20 1-11 0-70 47*91 4*43 0*61 »-^=\^:^«^^^,
8611 0-90 11-31 42*00 0*57 0*70 [»*»l=i?i??,®:^^-
34-72 1*09 10-45 42*64 0*36 0*56 » ;[5=?^|.^^;
33*81 108 7-63 46*18 1*42 0*72 9-67 = 100-26 Bahr.
—Yields much water. Reactions with borax for manganese and iron. Difficultly
SSl^th rhodonite at Paisberg in FiUpstad, Sweden (^^r^^^P^ bSSS^^^JST
leu; at Ingoa (*.), Finland; at Wittingi (wUtingiis) in Storkyro, Finland; «t Bf©d-
ITest Gothland; at Klapperud in Dalecarlia, Finland. ^^
mn9n€t,€fncgfU origin. This name antedates alf«wp««.
a
Obs^ — Occurs at the ialaod of liparL Named from Dr. Alpbonse StQbeL
439* QUXIKarrE. Svart Stenait {Ct, Ombge) Bmn^er, Afh., til S04» 1810,
Hlsinger, Mm, Oeogr. Schw^ (W^lilec's), 102, ISm Thmalit (&. Bodcnmab)
liv. 61, 1828. Traiilit
AraorphouB^ — compact.
H. — 3. G.=3'045, Hminger^ fr. Gillinge. Lostre shimiig to dnl
face of fracture earthy. Color black or blackish,
Comp.^ Var* — 0, ratio for ilH-K, Si, fi:=r, nearly, 1 r 1 : 1 j whence
auiJ. 3, of gillirtgitey ft' t fl=3 : 6 ; in 4< 1 : 8*5, or nearly 3:4. (*) For
Kobeil adopts the same 0. ratio^ 1:1:1, obaeirmg that the mineril aiutlyiied oo&tiii
mixed pyrrhotite. Atialyaee: 1^ Hiainger (Afh., iii. 304); 2, Baimn^berigr (
39fi); 3, 4, Hoglund and Taniin (iEfV, AJc, Stockh., 18G6, 169, J. pr. Ck, C 12»)| 6,
(J. pr, Ck, ilvi. 238} i 6, Eisiiiger (Pogg., liii. 505); 7, t. Kobell p. c;):
Por ajial 7, of iA«
Si
$1
Fe f^
IHtx
Mr
CM
ti
1.
Qillingo
27-50
fi-60
51*60 Ma 0-77
ll-76z^97*0|
2.
*«
3218
3^)ao 8-63
4*22
5*50
19-^7^1MJ
3.
41
27-88
31-62 18*29
117
6-95
^.^
id-^a^M
4.
li
29^86
2-96
34-23 ll*6d
3*69
3*12
0*50
15'52=fH
6.
Oryarvi, ^wwiff.
29-51
10*74 87-49
T78
]3i>0^=^
6.
BodenmaiR
TAmttli^ 31-77
49*87
— .
.- — .
20*00 tdH
7.
u
it
31'2S
43-42 5*70
- —
lU-lSslifl
Pjr,, etc — Yields much water. B.B. fuses easilj to a black, slaggj. optqiJ0| i
Decomposed bj muriatic add,
Oba. — From Gilliuge-Grube, in Strtlennanland, Sweden, whence the nimft,
fVom 6^uvAdr, fragik) occurs at Bodenmala, three leagues from Ewiesel, m Ba?ari«, wilii *
eta
440. JOLLYTE. JoUjt v. KobeU, Ber. Ak. Miinchen, 18^5, 168.
Compact, amorphous*
H.=3, G.=2*6L Lustre weak greaa^. Color dark brown;
splinters traiiBparent, with green to brownish-red color ; tlie coarse
Ib lifljht Icek-greeo, the fine, light grayish-green ; in gome poeiti^
powder appears ochre-yellow, rVacture eiifconchoidal and spUntes
thin splinters shows double refraction,
Oomp— O. ratio for fl, II, Si, tt=l ; 2 : 8 : 2 j (i ft'-hf Xl)^ 8i*+4 fi, If #• :
Si 35*6, 3tl 27*0, fB no, Mg 63, S 14*2^100. Analysis: v. Kobell (L (x):
Si 35*65 3tl 27*77 fe 16-67 lilg 6*66 fl lS-18=rS
Fy?,, etc, — In the doeed tube yields water. B3, eweDa up and Aum villi
edgea to a black moBs^ which m not miguedo, or only s%hU7 00; with tha fioarea gif«
tiona for iron, Decomposed readify by muriatic add^ leaTing g«lBlm4Mia aifio^
HTDBOUS SILICATES, KABOAJBOPHTLLITE SEOnON. 493
-Ooours at BodenmaiB in Bayaria, with pyrite, yivianite, iolite, etc. Resembles a hisin-
, which the iron is replaced by alumina. It is distinguished from this mineral, as
!rom gillingite, 1^ the green color of its powder, and by yielding a residue before the
I which is but slightly magnetia Named after the physicist, G. JoUy.
oann obserros, in a letter to the author, that this species is very similar to fahlunite.
^noRLOBin Ramm. (Pogg., Izziii. 437, 1 849). Fibrous or columnar, between schiller spar
rite in its characters. U.=2— 2*5; G.=2'76; color dull leek-green; streak white to
; histre greasy ; in thin columns translucent and of a bottle-green color.
-O. ratio for B, fi, ^i, ]d[=4 : 8 : 9 : 4, whence, for bases, silica, and water, if half of
r be basic, 9:9:2. Analysis (L c.) :
Si 40-88 £110-96 Pe 8'72 f'e 8'96 Mg 2000 Oa 0*68 d 10*18= 100*88.
ues only in thin fibres with difficulty. With the fluxes reaction of silica and iron,
▼eins in a rock reseknbling serpentine at Harzburg. Named in allusion to its being near
In characters.
H>LTHTDBin Breiih. (Handb., it 334, 1841). From 8t Oristoph, at Breitenbmnn, in
Amorphous; a=2— 8; G.= 2-095— 2142; lustre dull; color liver-brown; streak
(Fsylsh. According to Flattner, contains di, Fe, ^e, with some ^ Mn, and 29*20 p. a
. In muriatic add decomposed.
surrm Beuaa (Ber. Ak. Wien, zxv. 560, 1857). From Przibram in Bohemia, with pyrite,
ng, apparently, through the agency of decomposing pyrite. H.=2 ; G.= 3*043. Earthy,
flonite; blackish-green. Analysis afforded di 32*48, Fe, ^e 54 95, H 10*20, Oa C 1*96,
»=:100>22.
Iblobitb-ukb Mikbbal, from the keuper of Altenburg, ffaushofer (J. pr. Ch., zciz. 289).
rk leek-green. Stated to be B.B. infusible. Analysis gave Si 29*51, £l 1 154, Fe 18*26,
^ Oa 0*52, ^ 14*81 =99-90. 0. ratio of bases and silica= 1 : 1, and of ^ S= 1 : 2.
446. FYB080LERITB. Pyrosklerit v. KobeH J. pr. Ch., it 53, 1834.
Murhombic, or monoclinic ; Descl. Cleavage : basal eminent or mi-
B ; in a transverse direction at right angles to the former, in traces.
:8. G.=2-74, V. Kobell. Lustre of cleavage surface weak pearly.
ipple- to emerald-green. Translucent.
»^-0. ratio for It, fi, Si, fi=4 : 2 : 6 : 3 ; whence (| ft»+i Xl)« Si«+ 3 fi=Silica 88*9, alu-
8, magnesia 34*6, water 11*7=100. By making part of the water basic in this spedes
hree foUowing, the 0. ratio for bases and silica may be 3 : 2, and the formulas as written
I.
na: t. Kobell (L c.) :
Si *1 «r te % fi
1. Elba, Pyrosckriie 8703 18*50 1*48 3*52 8162 11*00=98-10.
. ntio from the analysis is 13*43 : 6*75 : 19 74 : 978, whence 20*18 : 19*74 for the basoi and
•la— TIelda water. B.B. fhses at 3-8-4 to a grayish glass. With the fluxes reaoU fbr
B and IroD. Deoomposed by muriatic acid with gelatimzation.
ifyioadarite appears to differ from kammererite in crystallization •« ^^«1 »• oompoil-
vay Indnde tabergiie (p. 496. 7, 8) and the TalochhrUe of Trayersella (P; 500)-
I with dKmicrite, constituting seams in serpentine, near Porto Ferr^jo, KUbt.
I from wBffftrtf and mXirpas, hard (refractory).
T!HWmLin T. H. WM (Am. J. Sci., vil 55, 1824). Hexagonal, being opttorily nolAxtil,
)Boo» In iman foliated scales, distributed through a eteatitic bas^ and bti^
.sl~l; a.srl-76«, CroBsley; lustre somewhat tate-likej color gwjrtoh, MMWbat
494
OXTGBEr OOMrotJUDS.
ABalyais: CroBslej (this Mio., Sd ed, 291, 18S0) :
fli 36-74 ^16 42 i'6 \0i>2 Ag 27 44
fi 10'3O=99-dl
a ratio for k, S. Si, ^==13-20 : 7 '66 : 19-16 :9'14=7.: 4 : 11 : 5, or cppfOfimtlely I
ffliich III that of pyroaderite. G<?neral formula (^', H)'Si'4-2 aq, as abote.
li 49*i>8, 3^1 7*28, "F© 1612, Ag 16*96. ti 10"28; but be eiridently took Ha
rhil© Cro6filey m?parated with great c»re from the ba«e the scaly mint^ral which f> lit
'mvculite. When heated exfoliates pr< ' the scales opeulzig out ialo loq^ 1
threada, made up of the fiepflrote folia. n oommencf R at 500* lo IWO* f^uAu
-with so ojucli force as often to break tLc ^vai Lulie la which the Jsiueiml iu*f bt
fufes at 3 '6 to a grayiiih-blBck glass.
Occurs at Milbury, uear Worcester, Mass. Named by Webb, afl ho sayt,
miculoTt I breed worms.
446. CHONiaRITB. ChoDlkrit r, Kob., J. pr. Ch^ ii. 51, 1884, Metoxoit A^
Act Sci. Fenn., n. 680, 1861, Holmberg^ Verb. Min. St Pet^ 18e?, I
Massive, crystalline granular, or compact ; sometimes globa
H.=2-5-a: G.=2-91v.Kob.; 2-58-2-61, Arppe, Lue
to glimmering or dull. Color white, sometimes with yelluwii
spots ; pale greenieh^blue.
Oomp., Vwr*— 0. ratio for % H, ^i, fi=3 : 2 : 5 : 1 It la t Um€ _
occurs only maBsive, white, with Q. = 2*91, and has the lime to the TrtairnVsfa
is gr<jemsh*blue to nearly white^ amorphous or erygtalUoe grar» -^
lime to magneaia about 1:1. It oontaina more sHica, the oxygeu
being 5:6:3. Analyaea: Ij ▼. EobeU (I &); 2-4, Asp and HiLiit^ttu ^r msK. 3lu\, i
2. MdtaxoUt^ erysL
a, »* **
4 ** arrwrpK
& %1
35-69 IT 12
38-69 9-6S
37-90 9-78
40-63 ion
Fe
4-7
6*78
6-78
fin te
— 1-46
undtL
2-06
Mg
22-5<i
16-28
122H
1124
0» fi
ii-eo ^-oosMJt
mdtL 12«9T Afji.
18 7V IJ'iesslOH
16i>8 12^
ChonkHie girea the O. ratio for B, fi, Bi, fi=12-8 : 6 ^9-0 : 8; or fbr baeei,
20 8 : 19 : 8.
Meiaxoite, auol 3, giyea 10*3 : 7'It : S0'21 : 1 1 34i=for baa«a, liliea, and w»l«r,
PjT^ etc* — Yield much water Ohotiicrite foses with intaoieeceDee al
white glass, and is decompoeed hj muriatio odd, the aflioA leparating in
acts much the same,
Oba*— Chonicrite forms, with pyroaclerite, aeams m aerpentiDe, on Bhs; a
found near Lupikko in Finland^ some irerata south of Pitkaranta, with MCTMitiiiai
Ghomcrite is from x^^'^*^ fi^'^**^ ftn<i rpirdf, te^t its fuaibilhy dii^guiahkag U ft«
speetes. Metaxoitt^ tVom its neameas to mt^axite,
447. JEFFBRISmi. Yermioulite ? O, X IkuOt, Am J. ScL, IL xot U9, Wlj
td. lb*, zlL 248, 1866.
Orthorhombic ? In broad crrstals or crystalline platens. Clotfi
eminent, affording easily very tain folia, like mica. Snrfiu^ crfpli
triangularly marked, by the crossing of lines at angles of *K>* iM
H. = l 5. G.=2'30, Lustre pearly on cleavH^^ surface. Oj
yellowish-brown and brown iteh-yellow ; li^' " ' nuiimitl
Trangparent only in very thin folia, Fk .Iula»
biaxial, DescL
Oo»p^0. ratio for ft, R, Si, ft=2 : 8 : 6 : Ji (Iti tba analyala, 3) ;
t H. Diili&ra from pyroaderite in the larger proportioQ of afsqtiJaxjil&.
HTDBOUB SILICATES, KABOABOFHTLLITB SECnON.
495
exact a n^ is 8*20 : 11*36 : 1919 : 12-23, giving for bases and siUca 19-66 : 19*79.
r^ stc.— When heated to 800** 0. exfoliates yery remarkably (like yermiculite) ; B.B. in
I after ezfoliatioii becomes pewly-white and opaque, and ultimately fUses to a dark gray
With tho flaxes reactions for silica and iron. Deoomposed by muriatic acid.
iT-Oocors in veins in serpentine at Westchester, Pa. Plates often several inches across.
L after W, W. Jefferis of Westchester, P&
iiated mineral similarly exfoliating occurs coarse-granular massive, according to B. Pam-
in Japan, in the mountains of the peninsula of Kadzusa, S.E. of Tedo.
berai fhxn the Yosges, referred to pyrosderite by Delesse (Ann. d. Min., IV. xx. 165, 1861),
cfaes more nearly the jefferisite in its oxygen ratio, although containing less ox^d of iron
ibatitote for alumina. It has the following characters : cleavage as in pyrosdente, perfect
direction, and lees so in a transverse; structure a little lamd^; soft; G.=2-622; lustre
or waxy; color grayish, bluish, and emerald-green. Composition, according to Delesse, Si
il 26-64, €r Ir., Pe 0-59, Mn <r., Mg [2216], Oa 067, fi 11-67. 0. ratio for &, fl, Si,
: 8 : 6 : 2^. As the magnesia was not directly determined, the results are doubtM. It
in nodules in serpentine at St. Philippe, near &iinte Marie-aux-Mines.
nmmnTB. Ohlontept Hydrotalc (rrWasserglimmer of Morin) Aecifeer, lOn., 1886.
Bhe J. FrSM db R Schvoeizer, Pogg., I 623, 1840. Ejunmererite Nordenak., Act Soc. Sd.
,1488, 1848, and Arsberat 1843, 193. Rhodochrom Fiedler, Rose, Beise n. d. Ural, it
\ and POgg., lix. 1843. Tabergit pt Scheerer, Pogg., Ixxl 448, 1847. Ohromchlorit ffemL,
*. Ch^ liii 21, 1851. Bhodophyllite Cfenih., Proc. Aa ScL Philad., 1852, 118, 121. Pennmite
ombohedral. ^A^=65*' 36', (9a^=103*' 55'; a=8-4951. Observed
8 : Oji; rhombohedral, ^, f ,
414
OaA=128°
47'; ^A|=
\ i {^h i i^)t occurring often
ramios, f. 416. C
<?A|=12r 47
8'; (5 A I (r)=95° 40' (95°
».); 0 A 4 (m)=94*' 3' (obs.
); ^ A2f , in twin,=152° 10'.
age: baaal, highly perfect.
lb often tabular, and m crest-
nips. AIbo massive, consist-
f an aggregation of scales ;
ompact cryptocrystalline.
=2— 2'5 ; 3, at times, on
. G.=2-6-2-85; 2-673, Ala.
d of cleavage surface pearly ;
»ral plates vitreous, and some-
brilliant. Color green, apple-
, grasB-green, grayish-green,
peen; also radish, violet,
ed, pink, grayish-red ; occasionally yellowish and silver-white ; violet
lis, and sometimes the green, hyacinth-red by transmitted light along
ortical axis. Transparent to subtranslucent. Laminae flexible, not
BL Double refraction feeble ; axis either negative or positive, and
tiniea positive and negative in different laminsd of the same plate or
Texaa, Pa.
EMmmererite, Urals.
>**1. i%wiifallBL As flrat named, it indaded a green crystamied chlorite from the Ptanlne
biifeof Kadcer ia penninite from the Binnen valley, in the Yalaia. Axis of donbla rafrao*
irftfftbDead. Most of the penninite from Zermatt, and that of Binnen and the Tjrrol, havt
496
OZTOEir OOMTOCNDS,
»
a nefratiTe optical axis ; some orjstalt of 2Sermatt, and those of Ala, a poftitiTe ;
from Zenn-^tt coasist of positive and iie^tivo liiminas united; Desd
2- Tbhergiie, from Taberj?, Wennland {Blu6 (ale of Womer, and called alao
blmsh-green or green chlorite. According to DescloizeAux's optical obsarratioQav it b <|
caekd, with the axis positive like true pmniniie. But in other caaea uniaxial and hla
are oombtned, and negative and positive also ; and the axial divoTgenoe of the biaxial pi
from I' to 'dZ% indicating a mixture of penninite and another chloritev either
ripidolite,
Ozystals of Texai* have the double refraction positive though feeble (Detcl^ Cooler)
oflen mixed witJi ripidolite, and sometimes a oryatal is traveraed by a band of tipldaf
optic^axial angle is 60 ' to 70" (DescLV
3. Kdmimr^ite^ The original specimen was a reddiah'violet mtcaoaons mineral fna
Bisaersk, in PenuT Russia, partly in 6-sided pdsme. It was named aHor KMmmvwf
JihodophyUite Q^ G^nl\ imd chrmn-rMloriie of Herm. {anal* 12X are the samei (botn TeiB%
2-61 7—2*62, lifwdochrmn^ ia a oompiict or scaly-granular variety, origtiiaII(y trvm l^ Illj
having a splintery ftactura, with 0. =2*66— 2*67, Color deep green; bat fiotel^ roM
bloaaotO'red in thin Bpllnterfi, whence the name.
4. LoffoniU of Hunt {^Pseudophiie of Keangott) is near penniuite in oompoaitioiL
of loganite, from Calumet FallSp Canada, ia given under Altfrtd HornUend^ (p, 242)« aa
form, augles, and cleavage of that species ; and also of an allied material under Afier^
(p. 221). It has G. — 2"tiO— 2'64 ; color clove-brown to chocolate-brown ; laalre dolL
J^deudophite of Kenngott (Ber. Ak. Wien, xvi 1855) has tlie compoaition of log
compact massive^ without cleavftge, and resembles serpentine (whence th« naine, fN
fahe^ and qp/«te or serpentine); H. = 2 5; G.=2'75 — 2*77; lustre weak; cotor gr$f
olive-green^ pistachio-green; feel unctuous*. It forms the gangue of en^tatitj^ (Mg j^Ji
Aloyathal, Moravia. In the occurrence of a massive form, penninite is thus like talc^
lite, and other related species.
Deacloixeaui found |Min,, 436} J? A R—^b" 28* in peDninile, and 0 A i?=l08* Hi
lutter in the Texas ktimmererlte. The above anglea, and figs, 414^ 415, are from Cooko'l
the latter (Am. J. Sci., IL xliv. 201), and f. 416 ia from Eoksoharof (Terh. Mln. Ges. St B
Comp.— O. ratio for bases and silica 4 i 3, oorreaponding to 8 (IJilg*, 3klX d Sit I5i ft,
ing from 4 : 3 to 5 : 4. Exact dedaetiona from the aualysea cannot be ma«d^ untQ t^
oxydation of the iron Id all oasee ii asoortalned; and, further, until it ia ilsa prortd I
may Dot be a crystaUm^i mixture sucb as is mentioned above under tahergilev Hia
oontalDs microscopic grains of magnetite^ and these are anppoaed by £eii]igott to o
of the disorepaocies in the analyses.
Analyses r (1) PenniniU, I, Schweiaer (Pogg,, L 526); 2, 3, Marlgnac (Aim. Ch. Ffcjj
42H); 4, Merz (kenngott*8 Uebers., 1858, 62); 6, MacDonnell (Proc E. Aca4- nnliHn i
Marignac (I e); "7, Eiiromelsberg (4th SnppL, h7), {2} KammererUe^ etc 8, ' fl
xxiiL 26«); 9, Hermano (J. pr. Ch., liii. 1); 10, T. IL Garrett (Am* J. Sci. -4
Geoth tPn>c Ac. Sd. Phikd, 18&2, 121); 12, Hennann (1 c); IS. U, Suuth i Bni^H
8cL, n. xvi. 47); 15, 16, Pearse (Am. J. Sd., II. xxivil 2i23); It, Hermatia fL c]L (3)
18, T. Houer (Ber. Ak. Wien, xvL 1865) ; 19, T. S. Hunt (Rep. Q. Can., lS«a» 4f I/;
ft
12*S8=09'O8 Schweiear.
12*80=99-74 Marignfta
12*74 = 100 Marignac.
12*18=09 61 Mert
12*40^100 46 KacPonndL
12-62=100 Marignac.
18 68=100*97 ~
Si
$1
^
Pe
%
1. Zermatt, i^nmite 33 D7
9*69
^ell-36
32*34
2, ** **
33*36
13-24
0*20
693
34*21
3,
83'40
13*41
0*J5
6-73
34-67
4i u u
33*26
11*69
i;^e7-20
S6']8
5. '* "
3364
10*64
8*83
84*96
6. Binnen, •*
33-95
13*46
0*24
612
33*71
7. Snarum
34*88
12*48
681
34*02
8. Ural, Kiim,
37-00
14-20
1*00
I'eveo
81-60
9. L. Itku; *•
30-fi8
15-94
4*99
1^6 3*32
33-46
10. Texas, Pa^"
87-66
n-82
3-60
^e2'60
24-97
U. ** •♦ (1)33*20
IMl
6-86
1*43
36*64
12. «• ♦*
81*82
1510
0*90
4-06
36*24
13. «* "
8»*2tl
10-6J>
4*78
1-96
86*93
14. " **
S8'30
10-50
4-67
^ 160
3603
16. " «f*Jh7'
I131-86
13-75
216
fre2 31
84*90
16. « "fwi
SI"3I
12-84
2*98
^e2'4e
3602
34-64
10*50
5-50
1 80
36-4t
S3 42
15*42
*'e2-68
84*04
19. Loga^nite
33-28
I3-S0
1*92
36 60
!'■■ '-n. ^
] ^$9
12*75, Ni 0 26 — 100*12 Hi
12 H K 5ra 086=99^1 1
13 26, R, Jfa 0^36=99^5 J
18*98, Ca 1*27, ^i0-22^>"
13*20, Ca O-SS.&iO-as^t^
13*03 =99'MHMtaatia.
12*68=9614 Hsatr
1600^100 HtiaL
i
ETIXB0U8 BILIOAnB, XABGABOFHTLLITB BBOnOV. 487
0.=:l-«8; la, a.=:2*883; 20, a.=2-85A.
forded Sytnben^ (Ak. H. Stockholm, 165, 1839): Si 36*76, Si 13*03, te 6*84, ttn
!Y, & 2-OY, ICg F I'l, fi 11*76=100*98. a W. 0. Fachs obtained for its oompositioii
1867, 832) 8l 82*96, ^ 18*08, fe 13*72, ftn 007, lilg 26*83, C» 0*96, fi[ 11*84^ K
F 0-97=100-49; giying the 0. ratio for It, fi, Si, &=7 : 8 : 9 : 6^ while the analy-
K gives 6:3:9:6; both of which are near that ot pyroeckrUe. G.=2*813. Dea-
rs a part of tabergite to ripidolite ^see below).
-In the closed tube yields water. B.B. ezfoUates somewhat and is difBooltlj (Visible,
ces all Tarieties give reactions for iron, and many varieties react for chrmnium.
mpoeed by muriatic and completely by sulphuric add.
irs with serpentine in the region of Zermatt, Yalais, near Mt Boea, especially in the
IB Fhidelen ^ader ; crystals from Zermatt are sometimes 2 in. long and 1^ in. thidc ;
t of the Simplon ; at Ala, Piedmont, with dinochlore ; at Sohwanenstein in the
erg in Wennland ; at Snarum, greenish and foliated, called tinaUU of Snamm.
e Is found at the localities already mentioned: also near Miask in the UtbIs: at
Q Unst, Shetland Isles. Abundant at Texas, Lancaster CkK. Pa^ akmg with oBao-
rystahi being imbedded in dinochlore, or the reverse.
of kftmmererite and penninite is made by Desdoiaeaux, and is sustained by his
ationa, as well as by diemical composition.
FTB. Chlorite ferrugineuse DeUsae^ Ann. d. M., IV. ziL 196, 1847, and zvL 620^
1849. Delessite Naum,^ Min., 1850. £isenchk)rit
th a short fibrous or scaly feathery texture, often radiated.
K=2-89. Color olive-green to blackish-green. Powder gray or green.
Delesse (L c):
&i a ¥e te ig 6a tL
31*07 15-47 17*54 4*07 19*14 0*46 11*66=:99*30.
^ 29*08 42*00 12*28 8*70 12*99=:10a
lu 29*45 18*25 8*17 1612 15*32 0*45 12*67=99*88.
•ds the 0. ratio for It, fi. Si, fi=8*7 : 12*5 : 16*6 : 10*27 ; and anal 8. 11*87 : 10*96
The former gives for the 0. ratio of bases and snUAl: 1*29, and the latter 1: 1*45;
tiidiissbout8:4.
i yields water and becomes brown. B.B. Aises with difficulty on the edges. Easily
B, aifording a deposit of silica.
ng or filling the cavities of amygdaloid, or amygdaloidal porphyry, at Oberstein,
freve near Ifielen.
Delesse, of Paris.
3ZJTB. Chk>rite pt early auihon (for Syn., see p. 601). Hexagonal Chlorite pt
fir. Achmatovsk, SchwanEenstein) v. Kob., J. pr. Ch., xvL 1839. ? Tlibergtt pt
[fir. Westdiester) W, P. Bkthe, Am. J. ScL, IL xiL 339, 1851. KUnodikM* CkmL
(fir. a Ural) Kokicharof, Bua Ac. St Pet, v. 369, 1861.
lie. C=:
17756 : 1
; |-i, 2-i, -6-i, Kokscharof.
r 57' O A I, adj.,=118*' 32' /A i-i=160^ 10'
^=102 7 Oa 1-4=116 45 4-i A H ov. Wjsltt 88
125 7 Oa U=W i'l A 14=147 1*
jk,=108 55 1 A 1=121 28 v* A i4=114 8
I 18 /A 1=143 57 Oa i4=:104 88
O eminent; crystals often tabular, also oblong; frequently
nl in aspect) as in f. 424, the plane angles of tfie base 60^ csr
88
498
OXTOSir OOMPOUKDg^
120**. Twins : compoeition-face f , making Btellata groups, as in £
421, very common ; 0 A |=89'* 43' to 90^, and these twins therefore h
small or no reentering angles on the face of cleavage* Crystals often gfl
in rosettes. Massive coarse scaljr granular to £ie granular and eaitl
41T
418
41i
a
AchfEkatoTsk.
AduDAtovak.
L- >i
Teiw.
or
We«tche»ter.
H. = 2-2-5. G.=2-65-2'7S ; 2 774, fn Achmatovsk, G. Rosej
lb., Marignac; 2*603, ik, Hermann ; 2^673, fr. Ala, Marignac; 2*Ij
Texas, Blake; 2'71, fr. Willimantic, Burton, Lustre of cle
somewhat pearly. Color deep grass-green to olive-green ; als __
Often stronglv aicliroie, being Bometimea brownieih or hyacinth-red 1
verse to the vertical axis, by transmitted light, when green in the dir
of the axis; at other times green in hi>th directions. Streak _
to uncoloral. Transparent to translucent. Flexible and somewhat <
Optic-axial divei^ence 10*^ to 86^ ; bisectrix acute positive, inclined
16^ to the normal to O; plane in a direction eitner parallel (C 4J
at right angles ff 423) to two sides of the hexagonal base, the linell
422, 423, and the lining in f. 420, 421 (of the twins), stowing '
directions.
Var.^l. Ordinafy; jrreen ripidolite, paaaiog into bluish-green Bad bhxiali (telMgMiJ
atod ; (6) tnasniTe. 2. Kotschubeiie; ro8B-re4. 3. ErfoiiaHng, much lik© TermiGiifiiei
found the optioazial angle in the mineral from Texas 15^— 60'' (> crfatal lyniiig a b
dens of k&mmererite) ; others from PennejlTania 70*— 66" ; from AchmatoTalc and J
way, 40' -43" ; fr, Zermatt, 46^ ; ft. ZjUerthal, 48^-50' ; fr. Pftindenfc.46*-i4', &.3t«
26^; fr. Cavalaire, Dept of Var, 26% 44% 72=; fr. Pfttach, Tjrrol, 15'-SB'; U AU. IS'
TraverteUa, 1 5" -24' ; fr. Tnbei^ (taher^teX hMsh to green, lu'^^s^*. In a Pcnii
1m found 68* at 20" to lOO^ a ; €r at 160* C. j 71' at 180* a j T3i* at ISO' C ^ ir «t J
ptad the uiglB for plateB ft. Texas 67°— 84"*, with the incliQation of the Usectrix Ui"" to
. ratio for 1^ fi, di, d==5 :3 : e : 4 ; correspoDdiiJg to 5 Mg, *!, & SI, 4 fit-Silica 32*6,
18 15, mHgneflia 860, water 12 9=100, Analyses: 1, 2, W. J. Grew (Am. J. Sd., IL xiii.
tt. Kobell(GoL Aa«. Miinchen, Ap. h\ 1854) j 4, Varrentrapp (Pogg., xlviiL 186); 6-T,
, (J. pr. Ch., xTi 470); 8, Bruel (Pngg,, ilviil); 9, Delesa^ ^Ann. Ch. Fhya,, IlL Ix,
, U, Marigniic (Ann. Ol PhyH., IIL x. 430); 12, Hermann (J. pr Ch-, xL 13); 13, B. &
^ . oontrib,):
424 — Nataral size.
Wettchfister, F^
8i
^\
^T
Fe
te
flg
3134
1747
]'69
3-85
■"
3344
31*78
22-71
3364
8349
15-37
0&&
3*S0
425
32-94
80'38
16-97
^_
4'8t
83-97
31146
18 72
^_
^_
610
32 08
3114
17-14
.^_
— ^
3*86
34*40
3i-68
1457
^^
697
3811
81-47
16-67
.>_
6*^7
3266
821
18-5
—
0-e
38-7
aoiji
19-11
^_
4 81
^.^
33*16
3027
19-89
4-42
83*13
30*80
17*27
1-87
^
87 07
31-86
15^80
^—
4'77
34*80
ft
33 U U 60=100 39 Craw.
lt-«0=10a*T8 0niw.
11*60 = 100 40 Ki>b«U.
12*68^98*81 VHrrmtranib
1268 = 99-78 Kolnill
12*20, inaol 0*88^100*11 Kt^
12*10, Innol lMt8*W>-TI lUkM
12-42 = 9911 Hrllil.
I2*l = 10iv IiotoiM.
irft^^u^O'k Umtiamt.
|8^a4BilOiV-98 Maflvtiiith
U*80v98 8S UarfDMiH.
irTI, OilM«W-t8lH
• rotmd 4*65 f e in the minena from Aohmj»U>i«ik. Tfmfnl 9. l>.«fHlia j 1©,«J,i
=a*67i; I'A a=2*608. Pearse found the grwn clJorlU af r«Iii W t
OXTOKN CX)MP0mn>8,
J. Sd^ II xiiTU. 222) Si 28'62, Xl 18'37, ^r 1-97, :5ri 0-37, ^e 3*73;, U^ 3J-13, (h U
-r1 00*66 ; and od tho ^ound of tho tow sQicn mAkee it n new spede«, and nuxiea it gi
ypa«Ti(, ^049. Tbo mmeral was probably the true npidollte of TezBA, perhftp« inpan
Pyr*, etc, — YieldB water. B.B. in thn plAtmum foroep« whitens and Piiaea with 4
the edges to a grajish-blaek gla»&. With boraX| a clear g^lasa eo^lored bj iron, and
chromium. Id aulphurio acid wfaoUf decomposed. The Tarietj from Willimantic^ Ct^ i
womi-like fortnsi, like vermiciilitc.
Obi. — OccniTs in connection with ohloritio and talcose rocke or achitt, «od aet^oitii
at Achmatovak and other foreign localities mentioncKi above ; red [kolmiutbak} in Una
UGaleisk, South ero Ural ; at Ak, Ficdnvont, with prochJorite ; at Zermatt, with Ivown
Markt Leugast id Bavaria; Marienl}erg, Saxony.
In the tt. States, in larf^ crjatals and plates at Westchestert in aerpeutiiieir tod
Pa. (f. 424); at Texas, with chroniile^ and intimately aBaodated, and sometimei c«
with red and green penninite.
On crjsi. see Kokscharof, Min. Rubs],, il 7 (abBtract In Aiil J. Sd^ XL xiz. Itt
zeamt, Min., I 412; Hessenberg, Min. Not , Na Til 28; J. P. Oooke, Am, J. ScL, Q
from whom flga. 420-423 are taken.
Named ripidoiiie from ftmtf a fatty in idlusion to a common mode of e^roupini^ of Hi
and dinochhrei itom the inclined monodinlc fonn of oystaUiaation asoertained by Bid
invcstigalioD. It has since been founds and flrat through examiiuitaotiB by Kokscbofi
chlorite of Achmaioysk, and also that of Schwanenatem and Ak, the throe tipoBf
Kobell based hia deacriptioD of ripidolitef are also monoeiimct and ideollcil witli^
BipicbMie has oererthelesa been, to aome extent^ s^t aaide for clmoeklo9% bacMiii of €k
in the sdenoe coanected with that name (see p. 602); but the Umter oa&m te very ol
since there is now a aeoond monoclinic chlorite known (p. 504), The fbrroer name iM m
Yon Kobell's important chemical discovery that the old chlorite tnduded two diati
(p. bii2\ and ought to be retain ed.
Talc-Ghloritb of Traveeshlul occurs in large hexagonal pUUM reffukitj gv
praaents, according to Bescloiseaux, the optical cliaractera of cUDooiilorei
oonilstiDg of six triangular sections ; at centre tliey are tnuisluoeiit lod 1
a mffoMiye bisectrix, and exteriorly clt>ar green and transparent, irlth ■ j
nac regards it aa between talo and chlorite. He obtained (Ann. CSl Fhjn,^ IXL tSsw,
^
s.
3.
8845
89'8L
4134
11-75
12-56
11-42
^e
12-82
ll'lO
10-09
3819
28*41
29-67
8'4^=t»'7a
7*66=100*1«L
1:4:3, and therefbre the general fomj
poasibly ripidolite Impure from mixtnra
OocuTB at TraTeraella,
Copreaponda nearly with the 0. ratio 8 :
:8i*-l-aq, or that o( pyrascieriie. But it is ,
which view would accoant for the high percentage of 'aULcm.
with magnetite and ripidolite.
At Traversella there is iftiil another iate^chioriie^ aoft and of a aUTOfy-wblte biftif
single optical axis, or two veiy slightly divergent ; the hexagonal plat«a are opaqga at
transparent toward the borders. It affords much water in a matraaa, and fomm wHl
on the edges to a white enamel
i
-4G1, UIUOBTOMBERGITE. Leucbtenbergit Komonen, Yerh. Mln. Sc
CHorite blanche de Mauleon Iklesse, Ann. Gh. Phys., IIL fz. 39«, 1S43.
Hexagonal. In hexagonal plates or crptals. Cleavage : basil i
H.=^2'5. a^2ai-2-71; 2'61--2*e4, v. Lenchtenberg ; %^
Kokficharof. Lustre of cleavage surface pearly, Colorleas^ wbita
ish-white, greenish-white ; often opacjtie externally (from alteriU
colorless within. Translueent in tliin laminae when unaltered*
laminffi flexible, very slightly elaBtic. Optically unaxial ; Haid, J
Oonp^-O. ratio for % fi, gi, A=4i : 3 : 6 : 3| ; (| ig*-h| Xl) Sl^ 1 J fi=8aiQiMl
30-9^ magnesia 36-6, water l'i'2^I00. It is a proohlorite with the protuTd haat W
magnesia. Aoalysea: 1, Hermann (X pr. C3lu, zL 18): 3, T. Leochtanbefg (BaL Aa |
1S8); 8,Delesae(L&):
HtDBOUB BILI0ATE8, MAXOABOPHYLLITB BBOIION. 601
Si
21 9e
*g
Ca a
89*85
(1)30-46
881
18-00 4-87
19-74 t'e 1-99
18*6 0-6
32-29
34-62
36-7
— 12-60=99-61 HermwiiL
01 1 12-74=99fi6 Leuchtenberg.
— 121=100 Delesie.
acbtenberg's aDaljBis was made on imaltered material, aeparatod with great oara^ ereo
ic^ Arom impnritiee. It gives the 0. ratio for ft, fi, Si, £[=18*83 : 9*85 : 16*24: 11'82 ;
umn'a, 12*92: 10*69: 17-26: 11*11. The "white chlorite" of Maol^ appears to be
rith ieoehtenbergite.
rtc — In the dosed tube yields water. BJB, exfoliates and fhses with diflkmlty oo tiie
1, becoming white and opaque.
Pound in uie Schiachimsk Mts., near Slatoust, partly in large crystalSi and partltjr quite
>edded in steatite. The crystals are mostly opaque and altered ezternaUj, and oontain
ter part from 9*30 to 10*75 p. & of water. The mineral oraitains minute ganiets and
rr crystals as impurities.
after Doke N. y. Leuchtenberg.
OOBXiOBITB. Mica pt, Telgsten pt?, Lapis colubrinus lameUoens (fr. Salbarg),
Gn., 130, 1747. Talgsten pt, Spedssten pt, OraiuL, Min., 89, 1768. Ohlorit pt (fr. St
a, Tolfis Altenberg) Wem., Bergm. J., i 376 and 891, 1789. BUtttriger Ohlorit (fr. St
i) WenL, 1800, Ludwig Min, i. 118, 1808. Chlorite v. Kobett, J. pr. Ch., xtL 1889.
oal Ghlorite. Bipidolite O. Rose, and this Min,, kut edit Lophoit, Ogkoit, BreWL,
, I 881, 383, 1841. Helminthe O. 0. Volger, Entw. Min., 142, 1854. Grengesite (fr.
)) Hitmger, Suckow's Erz. u. Gesteinlager schwed. Geb., 60, 1831=StrahUge GrOneia-
T. Balame. Froohlorite Dana, Am. J. 6cL, U. zliy. 268, 1867.
iffonalt Cleayage: basal, ei
les, and in divergent groups,
dal. Also in large folia. Ma
»nalt Cleayage: basal, eminent. Crystals often implanted by
, fan-shaped, or
assive granular.
1-2. G. = 2-78--2-96. Translucent to
; transparent only in very thin folia. Lus-
[eavage surface feebly pearly. Color green,
•een, olive^reen, blackish-green ; across the
transmitted light sometimes red. Streak
ed or greenish. Laminsd flexible, not elas-
)ouble refraction very weak ; one optical
e axis (Dauphiny) ; or two very slightly diverging, apparently nor-
plane of cleavage.
— O. ratio for &, S, Si, fi=12 : 9 : 14 : 9^ ; for bases and silica 8:2; (f (Aft t'a)*4-
1^=, if ftg : ^e=l : 1, Silica 26*8, alumina 19*7, protoxjd of iron 27*6, magneau
er 10-7=100. Analyses: 1, Yarrentrapp; 2, Rammelsberg (Min. Oh., 688); 8, 4, ▼.
. pr. COl, zTi) : 6, Tschermak (Ber. Ak. Wien, liiL 26) ; 6, y. Kobell (L c.) ; 7, 8, Marignac
Phys^ m. xiv. 69); 9, Hermann; 10, J. L. Smith (Am. J. Sd., II. xL 66) ; 11, Genth
cL, n. xzriiL 260); 12, Hisinger (Suckow, Erz. u. Gesteinlager schwed. Qeb., 1881, 60);
urn (Erdmann*s Larobok, 1868, 878) :
Si Si te Un tdg tL
othard 26-36 18-66 28-79 — 17-09 8-96=98-70 Yarrentrapp.
2612 22*26 23*11 Fe 109 17*41 10-70=99*69 Bammelaberg.
thai 26*51 21-81 16-00 22*83 12'00=98-16 KobeU.
27-32 20-69 1623 0-47 24-89 12*00= 100*60 KobclL
26-3 19-8 161 24-4 12*4, Oa 1-0=99-0 Tidi«miak.
la 2606 18*47 26-87 062 14*69 10-45, gangne 2-24=99*40 KobeD.
IiIbt 26-88 17-52 29*76 18*84 1 1*33= 99*88 Marignaa
St Gfaristophe 27*14 1919 24*76 16*78 11*60=99-87 Marignaa
t 26-60 22*21 Fe 6*00 80-96 18*48, lindea 2-Xi=99*46 Harm.
Boli-dagli 27-20 18-62 23*81 17-64 10*61=97*28 SmittL
p
Si
51 te
Mn
*g
11, Steele'ii M^ N. 0.
24-90
2rTT 24 21
1*16
12^78
12. Gren^cifiUi
37 dl
14-31 26-63
S-18
U31
13. Dannemora
2ve&
14-30 21*21
6-4S
1442
10*69, Fe 4-60=100 Of
12'55=:96-1» HimAger.
10*»0, Pe 6-96, C« (»-44
llOn = 100'U
Analyses 3, 4, are of Hie lopAatfe of Breitlmupt; ^ a 0=106" 14'— 106* 86'; 0.^1
Anaijv&a I and 6 are of bia Oj^^Hife.
The helminthe of Vo!g«r oooora in Blender Tertnifonn crystalluatkniA Ike flg. 426 («
oameX tranflYereelj Ibtiated, penetrating quarts aod feldapar. The figiii« is frooa a 21
abire spedmen describc^d by U. F. Hubbard, and maj be one of the other apec:ies of eld
A dark green mineral from the FQUelithal, acoompanjing (EUacher^a margatites ^oH
(EamuL Min. CL, «46, ZS. Nat YfT. Halle, v. Strl ) gi 28HH, 5i 23^9, Fe 26-1, Mg IM
fi 2-30, F 0*08 = 97*32, It i« stated lo be infusible.
Pyr*, etc, — Same as for Hpidolite.
Oba*— Like other ohloritoB in modes of ocxnirr^nce, Sometinies tn implanted cmteJ
Gothard, enveloping oiUm adularia, etc. ; at Greinei- in the ZUlertbal, Tyrol ; Baui
burg; TraveraelJa in Piedmont; at Mtn. Sept Lacs id Dauphiny (anaL 7); in Styriaj
Also massive in ComwaB, in tin vems (where it is called peieh} ; at Arendal in Korwi
and Dannemora, Sweden ; Bognacaka, Hungary ; also as paeudomorpha, at Sefg^
Saxony, after go met, and at Greiner. Tyrol, afVer hornblende,
Grmgtsitt ft^m Grangtssbergin Dalecartin, Sweden (anal. I'J), oocuts partly iu henrai
Eations, more or less radiatelj grouped, and probably results^ Erdmann oDserrea (Im
185S, 374), ftom the alteration of pyroxene. Erdmann spells the name (?nii^asd|
^vity 3'1; color dark green. Reported also from Fischbacbthal, as nltenMl MIgli
phyro.
Nam^
!7amed from vXioe^f, grtm,
Werner's species chlorite was shown to include more than one spedes by too Kobi
and the name chlorite was thereupon giveo by him to the St Gothard and other cblod
2& to 27 p. €L sihca, and ripidohlc to that of Sohwarzeastein and Aehmatovak liiiiri^|
p. c. of silica,
Iu lSl^B, G. Rose reversed the names of v. KobeU(6ee paper on chlorite by Yarrentq
zlvili. ISS, 1 839) on the ground that v. Kobell's ripidoltie waa not so characieFtaUcBllyl
in ag^cgation as the other species. But the change was tmfortunate, aa both ^eei
known to differ but little In this respect and it has resulted in much ocmfuiioii oi Ij
Morsoyer, it violated on older claim of priority; for Werner's hlatinger Chlorii (or €3Ui
losus), the first crysiallized chlorite reoDgnixed by him (in ItiOO or earlier, Ludwfg^ K
1803), was the hexagonal chlftrite of St (jothard, and this should therefore, in the dii^
retained the name chlorite.
As the term cMmie has become the designation of a family of minerals^ it seezoa MOI
it should have some modiiii'^d form for this ^pcK-ies, and hence the applicatJOO of j
TT^a, he/ore^ and chlorite^ iu allusion to its being the earUest crystalliaed kind J
p
The following are chlorite-like minerals of doubtful nature :
Joo c€ pmoeM
ifeooBM|A
463, A ChiX)Bite-ij^s mineral fh>m Webster, K. 0,, in ctystala^ mifsaceoua in
dark bluish to brownlsb-greeu color, afforded G^ntb (Am, J, 8cL, XL zcdiL 200) ;
3145
£1
13'D8
416
fe
4-88
Si
0^16
fig
4310
Ca
0*17
006
U
The ratio between the oxygen of the bases and silioa is aboul 8:2. II ia remaiial
smaM amount of water and iron^ and the large proportion of magneaia : a oonstitalioo ll
have an explanation In its being a mixture of talc and chlorite. II ia aaaociated wf£b a ^
Genth found to be nearly anhydrous (p, 453).
454. APHBOHtDSHrrE Sandberger (tJeb, Gool Haaaao, 97, 1847). A floft fbrragiixwfcl|
dark olive-green color, scaly massive in ntructure ; the soaJes minute, traojspafeoli and I
and having G.=2*8 and H.= l ; from Weilburg, Duchy of Nassau, at the Geie|eob«ilj
similar mineral, but more magaesian^ has lieen found in goeiaa at Quistberg m Wen
hematite at Bonscheuer near Wutterahausen, Duchy of Nasaau, having G. = 2'991 ; atBi(
on the Lahr; and in mice schist with hematite at several plaoea in Upper Suri% ooai
iiakroacopio scales of a dear green color. Analyses: 1, Sandberger (loc dt); 2, X j
(J. pr. Ch., Ixjcdv. 480) J 3, BrleauDoyer (Jahresb., 1860, 77a)j 4» v. Haner:
504
OrrOEN OOMPOUNDfl,
456 A. StDEROSOHTSOtrFB WfHieJtwiJfc (Pogg., I 88t, 1824), Probablj croostodtito, 1
draJ, affording the plaooa 0^ If I; crjstals minuto tatd olton bemisphetioi]^ ^roypidj
basal, perfect ; also maBsi?©. H. = 2*6; G. = 3— S-4 Lustre spleiidQiit; fsAtmpgm^
wheo crjstallizedi dork greoniBh-gray ; Btreok leek-greeu, gTeeoisb<gni7 ; cptqju^
Formula ; t^* Si+ 1^ H| Wemekink, f^otn an BDaljsis of onfy three grains of Ihe i
^18-8
3tl4a
B.B. eaailf fbsible, according to Wemeklnk (iufhaibl©, Beraolius) ; gelatiniaes b ]
It occurs in carities in pjrrhotite and siderite, at OoDghouas do Csmpo, BraiO.
Sh^ard(er. N. Car.), Am. J, Set, IL adt 4X1, I8fil ; (
Clmochloro (fr. Chester) J. R Cooke, Am. J. 8d^ Hi
457. CORUNDOPHmiTE.
Mft8B.)«i, ib,, iL 112, 1866.
1867.
Moooclinic, Descl. Form double hexagonal pyramids. Cleavi
Bent, as in elinocMore* Twina common, Bke those of clinocldore
f. 421).
H,=2'5. G-=2'90, fr. Chester, Brush. Lustre of deayage suifa^
what pearly. Color olive-greenj leek -green, grayish-ffreen. Traii6|
nearly opaque. Laminaa flexible, somewhat elaatic. Optically btaxia
between the axes varies from a very small angle to 73i'', mostly 30^
bisectrix positive, oblique to plane of cleavage ; double refraction 8l
Var.— Descloizeaux fouDd the optioaxial Angle iii & plate fh>tn Chesier^ Mass. (Iwtl
author of Jan. I8<>rt), G5°, with au increase of 3 id the aogte on heating to JOO" d*i
which, h© observes, diBtinguishes this mineral and ripidolite from peuninite. Cooke fli
for the aame, from difToretit plates, the angles 32", 45', 71-^^, T3^°. The plane of tht
pendieular to two side a of tha hexagon.
Oomp.— 0. ratio for S, U, ^i, 6, ft-. Piaani, 1 : 1 : 1 : i and between bases and d
wheoce (k ^'^i ^l)* Si*H-B ft. Aoaljses: 1, Piaani (Am- J. ScL, IL xlL «W); l» /,
"on material not absolutely pore^' (ib., zlii. 92):
Si 51 ]^e Mg 10[
L Chester, Mass. 240 25*9 14*8 227 11-9, An. Oa, Li ir,=^t\
3. " ^' 25-06 30-70 IQ 50 16'41 10 62 = i«9*39 Smith.
Dr, C. T. Jackson found in the Chester chlorite (Proa N. H. Soc, Boston, x, 331) Si
23 50, ^6 41*50, Mg I'SO, fi 11 00=1 0030, It oontalned, he oboervea, aome mixed I
But it h further erident that noarlj all the magneBia was left tmaepaFated from the ffO
Obs. — Oecura with conandura or emerj; its low percentage of silica accords with tfa
tioQ. The species was instituted on a dilorite found with the oomndum of Asht^
whence the niirae, from corundum, and ^tXc^, friend. The above description ia flroia I
occurring abundantly, and sometimefl in large nud small cryatals, at the emery miae d
Mass., which Sliepard haa referred to eomndophilite ; its identity with the AjheriUe i
not yet dscertaincKL Shepard describes the latter (1. c.) as oocurring in DionocUnic tsejy
/a/=120; 0 A /=97* 30, 0 A t-»=:88' to 89"; sometimes in stellate groupe;
flexible ; and he obtained in a very tinaatis factory chemical examinatioQ of 0*14^
51 8^55, te 31-25, fl 5-47, with a loes of 20 p. c
458* OHLORFTOZD. Chloritapath FK^dkr, Pogg., xxv. 329, 1832. GhkiriloU 4k i
Ural, i 252, 1631. Barytophyllit Giock., Gmndr., 570, 1839. Maaoctite a T J
of R. Island, 88, 1840, 8i«mondine IkksKy Ann. Gk Phya., UI* iz. ^86^ l$4l.
Monoelinic, or trielinic. /A /'about lOC^; ^ (or cleavi^
lateral planes 93**— 95°, DescL Cleavage : basal perfect ;
lateral plane impertect. Usually coarsely foliated maBsiTcT;
curved or bent, and brittle ; also in thin scales or small pUtei '
through the containing rock,
H. = 5*5--6, G,=3*5— 3*6. Color dark gray, greeni&h-gny,
black, grayish-blackj often grafis-^een in very thin pto»
HTDBOUB BILI0ATE8, MASOABOPHTLLITB BEOTIOK. 506
itreak nncolored, or grayish, or very slightly greenish. Lustre
f cleavage somewhat yearly. Brittle. Double refraction feeble ;
liqne to the base ; axial divergence small.
8 original ehhritoid (or ohloritspath) from Kossoibrod, near Katharinenbnrg in the
) earring lamins or plates, grayish to blackish-green in color, often spotted with
zture with limonite; G.=3'65, Fiedler, 8*657, Breith.
mdine or 8t Maroel mineral is bladk ; but, according to Deadoiseanz, grasa-gieen
Im ]amin» parallel to 0, pale green and black in two different directions at right
it has /A /=about 100^ 0 A /=93%* bisectrix negative; a.=8'666, Delease.
^m Katie, B. I., is in very broad plates of a dark grayish-green oolor, but bhilsh-
bin laminte parallel to 0, and grayish-green at right ang^s to this; G.= 3*689,
/, plane of cleavage, =95**, DescL It is evidently impure, and this must have
true of the material analjrzed by Jackson (anaL 12).
mineral is in small plates, one-fourth in. wide and half this thick, disseminated
It (like phyllite), and also in nodules of radiated structure, half an indi thTOU§^:
it That of Gumuch-Dagh resembles sismondine, is dark green in thick folia ana
rery thin; G.=8*62, Smith.
■atio for B,S,§i,lft=l : 3 : 2 : 1, for most analyses; whence the formula (^ (iS'e^
' 4- 8 ^=Silica 24-0, alumina 40*6, protoxyd of iron 28*4, water 7*1. The Bregntten
IS one-third less water (2 fi[).
Bonsdorff (G. Bose, Beis. Ural, i 252); 2, v. KobeU (J. pr. Ch., IviiL 40); 3, Her-
13); 4, 5, 0. L. Erdmann (ib, iv. 127, vl 89); 6, Gerathewohl (ib., zzxiv. 464):
^ Ana. Miinchen, Apr., 1854); 8, Delesse (Ann. Ch. Phys., IIL iz. 885): 9^KobeU
39); 10, J. L. Smith (Am. J. 8cl, XL xL 64); 11, J. D. Whitney (Proa N. H. Soo,
100); 12, C. T. Jackson (Bep. G. B. I^ 88, 1840); 13, T. & Hunt (Am. J. Sd^ XL
Chbr, 27-48 85-67 2705 429 6*95, &n 0-80=101-64 Bonsd.
6-34=100-98 KobelL
6*38= 99*97 Hermann.
— =99-99 Brdmann.
— =100 Erdmann.
— =99*86 Gerathewohl
5*50=100-40 KobelL
7-6, fi <r.=98-7 Delease.
7*80, undea 0-6=98-76 K.
7*08=98-66 Smith.
MaamOe 28-27 32*16 88*72 0*18 500=99-28 Whitney.
" 83-20 29*00 25-93 024 4'00,Mn 6*00=99*87 JaoksoiL
ada 26*80 87*10 25*92 3*66 6*10, Mn 0*98=101*01 Hunt
K> made the earliest analysis, and also (Gerathewohl (who made his examinatton on
nen, and under Erdmann's direction), obtained no water, and Hermann obaerraa
oen had probably been calcined, as it is the custom to bum the emeiy rook at the
Jrals.
rite-like mineral, in fine scales, occurring in a quarts geode in the Spirifer aand-
snity of Ems, in Nassau, afforded Herget (Jahresb., 1863, 820):
Si 22-26 ' Si 31-76 t^ 86*97 ti 8-63=99-62.
■atto for &,S, Si, fi=8 : 14 : 11 : 7i, and oonresponding to (T*r*e'+ A *!)•*•+
) of the iron is sesquiozyd, the composition may be the same as for cihioritold.
In a matrass yields water. B.B. nearly infusible ; becomes darker and magnetlo.
omposed by sulphuric acid. The masonite fiises with difficulty to a dark gre«i
jMeofbrod ohloritoid is associated with mica and pyanite : the St Maroel ooonn In
Jorite schist, with garnets, magnetite, and pyrites; the tthode Island, In an aifll.
the Cheater, Mass., in talcose schist, with emery, diaspora, eta; the Oanada, at
oeou achiat, and at Leeds in argillaoeous adiiat Ohloritoid oeoora alM •* fik<».
)1; flkCKimiicfa-Dagfa, Asia Minor, with emery; in Saaatfaal, Takia.
Si
IS^
9e
*e
4g
27-48
85-57
27*05
4*29
23*01
40*26
27*40
8*97
24 54
30*72
17-28
17-30
8*75
24-90
46-20
28*89
._
24*96
48*83
31*21
...
24*40
45*17
80-29
26*19
38*30
6-00
2111
8-30
24*1
48-2
23-8
—.
26*75
37-50
21*00
6-20
28*91
39*52
28*05
28-27
32*16
88*72
0-18
83-20
29*00
25-93
0-24
26-80
87*10
-~
25*92
3-66
506
OXYGEN COMPOUNDS.
Named C^iihrMd from the reeemblaiioe to dilorite* Tha naoae ChJonttptA^ or fe I
rih Spar, haa the precedence in time. But it la objectiouable in form aiid ■igoitotict^ {
rightly been superseded by chloriloid.
468A. Phtllitr Thofnson (Antu Lya N T., iii. 47, 1828. Ottwlite Dad, 4t Damtm'J
M-, IV. ii. 351, 1842; Newportit© 'Jtttiett, Sht^pflrd'a Min., i. 161, 186t), Phjllite (■nd
doBelj reaembles chloritoid^ as observed by Hunt (Am. J, Set., IJ. xttL)» and also bjr T
(Mm., u 466}. The antdyses hitherto mftde^ however, show a wide discrepancy. XdL it j
noted on this point thut we have only one of each variety, and the loiaenl k to i&fotv
oontainiug slEte rock that it is very difficult to obtain it pure.
Occurs in enmll, oblong, Bhiniog scales or plates, more or leas hexagona], in i
Afxxjrding to Desdoizeaiiz, ottrelit€ is probably monodinic, and the option az«s ars
gent H=:&— 5'6; G. of ottrelite 44. Color bLaddsb-grayi greenish^gny, black; wsn
greeniab.
Analyses : 1^ Thomson (La); 2, Damour (L o^ 3&t):
Si *1 Fe ^e Jifn ^ fl
1, Sterling, PhyUUe
2, Ottrez, Ottrelite
88-40 23'68 11-52 SU 6'80 4*80=l(MM<ri
43-34 24-63 I6t3 818 6'66=W-M ]
Orthorliombic ;
/A /= 119°- 120°
Yields water in the dosed tube. DifQcnldy Aitible to a nmgnetio globule* Eea^doaf 1
with the flnzes.
Phyllite occurs in the schist of Sterling, Goahen, Chesterfield, Plainfield, etci, in
and Newixjrt, E. L, and tlie rock in consequence of it is called by Hitdjcock (JEtep 0. ',
594, 1841) **i3p^ngled Mica Slate," the phyllite being the mica of the sdtlsk 11» i
from i-^ in. long, and half to oDe-third this broad. Ottrelite is from a anular wdk i
on tbe borders of Luxembourg^ and A-om Ardennes. Phyllite has also been repoflsd t
cany. Desdoizeaux remarks on tlie dose resemblance of the ottrelite of Ardennes \»i
port phyllite, and Hunt on the same to the Canada ddoritoid.
459. MAHaAHITE. Perlglimmer (fr. Sterang) Moha, C\\Mi^ 1820, Omndr^ SJIS, 1
garite Tyrokae min, dtakrs. Cbrunaellite (f>. Pa.], Clingmanite (fr. H, C),
8cL, IL viiL 380, »88, 1844>. Emerylite (fr, Asia Minor) Smith, ib., viii 8t8, 184%!
bemiliedral, witli a monoelinic afipect^ like mn
0 A r=^ 152^-153% 0 A ^=144^-145% O a *=1
134'', 0 A t-i=90°. Lateral plaoes horizoiitall|
ated. Cleavage : l>a&al^ eminent. Twiod :
composition-race /, and fomiiD^, by the cro
3 crj&talsj groupe of 0 &ectoi"6. IT guallj in into
iug or aggregated laminae ; sometimea i
a scaly structure.
H.=3*5— 4*5. G.=2 99j Hermann, Lnetre of base pearly, kt(
vitreous. Color grayishj reddisb-wbite, yeUowi&h* Transtacent^ sub
lucent. LaminsB rather brittle. Optic-axial angle very obtu*e, VA
Ur m\ 126^ 24', ISS'^ 48', for the red ray in differen't platee ; '
axes parallel to the longer diagonal ; dispersion feeble*
€3omp.^0. ratio for %^ Si,fl=l :6 :4: 1; whence, if the, water be baaic, fm .
«iljca-2 : 1 ; formula (i(fi" ]ft») + | *!)* Si' =: Silica 80 1, alumina 5 1 -2, lime 11*6, soda l€vi
Analyses: 1-9, J. L Smith (Am. J. 8d., IL li 6fl, and iv. ^08); 10-lS, W. i. Cta«r(
at 9) ; 14, B. Silliman, Jr. (this Min., J85ii, 382) ; 16, W. J. Craw (ibad.) j 16, CL T
IT, Uermaim (J. pr. Ch,, liiL 1); 18, 19, Smith k Brush (Am. J. gcL, LL xt. 20»):
Nat. Ver Halle, v. 301) ; 21, J. L. Smith (Am. J. Scl» IL xiiL »0) :
426
1 (. I
(za:
\t Oumuch-Dagh
2,
»•
4. lalandofNicaria
§1 Al Fe % tn. tm,% ti
29 66 60-88 1*78 0 50 13*66 1*50 8*41 aapiM
mm 48-21 2*81 wndeL 9-63 ^^dtL 4*6 1 ScmII
81-93 48 80 1-50 *' d'41 S'3l 8'«2;Mnl
30 22 49 61 1-33 it, 1167 2*31 S'll finli
28^t 48*88 1-88 (r. 1084 2*86 4^f3 telti
UTuaam BiuaAm, nkmkwumnuTB bbohov.
£07
Si
1^
9e
Ag
(h jra,& tL
NazoB
80-02
49-62
1-66
0-48
10-82 1-26 6*66 Smith.
u
S8-90
48-63
0-87
undei 11-92 mdeL 6*08 Smith.
M
8010
60-08
mdeL
it
10-80 ** 4-62 Smith.
3!8-fiO
61-02
1-78
It
1206 «* 6-04 Smith.
hwa^ViL
82-31
49-24
—
0-80
10-66 2-21 6-27 Ci»w.
u
81-06
61-20
— —
0-28
9-24 2-97 6-27 Onw.
u
81-26
61-60
0-60
1016 1-22 4-27 Craw.
M *
80-18
6140
—
0-72
10-87 2-77 4-62 Oraw.
»Ga,N.a
29-17
48-40
1-24
9-87 6-16 8-99, HF 2-08, 8immaii,Jr,
le,Pa.
29-99
60-67
0-62
11-31 2-47 6-14 Craw.
a
3215
64*28
ir.
006
11-86 undo. 0-60 Hartshorne.
82-46
4918
1-84
8-21
7-42 1-76* 4-98=100*80 HennaniL
28-47
60-24
1-66
0-70
11-60 1-87* 6-00=99-26 Smith 4 finMdv
28 64
61-66
068
12-26 [2-01*] 4-76=100 Smith 4 Broah.
29-67
6268
1-61
0-64
10-79 018 8-20=99*76 Faltin.
Mass.
82-21
48-87
2-PO
0-32
10-02 1-91 4-61, la 0-32, Mn 0-20s:
100-96 Smith.
•O-OBefthtabKO.
^TnoeofKO.
— Yields water in the dosed tube. B.B. whitens and Aises on the edge&
e md duiifmiUDUe were based on an incorrect determination of the silica in the
)f Kordenski51d (BuQ. Ac St Pet, y. 17) is only margarite. It occurs in hexagonal
perflBct basal deavage. H.=6— 5-6. a=3-04— 3-97. Color white to bluish. Analy-
Dof: Si 84-02, ^ 48-88, Ca 1311, ^e 3*02, Hn 1-06, 1^ 6-84=99-87.
rgarite occurs in chlorite from the Greiner mount, near Sterling in the Tyrol, where
426) ; at different localities of emery in Asia Minor and the Gredan Archipelago, as
Br. Smith ; with corundum at Village Green, Delaware Co., Pa. ; at UnionviUe,
*ak (corundellite) ; at the corundum locality in Buncombe Co., North Carolina (din|^
h the corundum of Katharinenburg, Urals. It occurs massive in PennsylyaniL
from the emerald mines of the Ural, with chrysoberyl and phenadte.
w^arUe from ^cMpfnif, pearL The name is attributed to Fuchs, but he nowhere pub-
on Leoohard (Hiuidb., 1826, 766) gives it as '* the current name among the Tyr^Me
nerals**
«, according to Dr. Erants (Am. J. ScL, II. zHy. 266), is the origintd margarite. Tlie
m Sterzing analyaed by Smith k Bmsh was one received so labelled fhMn Dr. Krants
\.
J. L. SmiOi^ Am. J. Sd., IL xl 69, 1861. Lamellar, and resembles white cyanite.
knit Scratches i^ass easily. G.=8'15— 8*20. Color pearly-white,
y Smith (Lc):
Si Si Ca ]^e ]Sra,little£: fi
1. 31-64 67-89 189 134 441 8-12=10019.
2. 8004 56-46 21 1 100 4*41 8-09=97-07.
n ratio deduced for the protoxyds, sesquioxyds, silica, and water, is 1 : 16 : f : t.
ery locality of Gumuoh-Dagh, near Ephesus, on specimens of mapietite. Pkobtblj
ogarite, near which it is placed by Dr. Smith.
OHOITB. Thurlngit j^vO^, Char., 96, 1832. Owenite Qtxdh^ Am. J. Sd^ IL z?L
1868.
I ; an aggregation of minute scales ; compact Qeavage of scalea
one direction.
.. G.=3-186, fr. Saalfeld, Smith; 3-151-3-157, id., Breitti.:
enite, G^th: 3*191, id., Smith. Lustre of scales pearly; of
»ning or dull. Color olive-green to piBtachio-green« otreak
-actnre subconchoidal. Very tough. Feel of powder greasy.
iLMtiDi
te S»J^ai»d=2: 8: 8: 2; whADoe^lflMlf dwii«larisbario^(iC6|fif^
508 OXYGEN CX>MPOUKD8,
AnalyseB: 1, RajnioelBberg (Min. Cb., 851); 2, J. h. BsaLth (Am. J. ScL, H Xf%
P. Keyaer (ib., 4U) ; &, 6, J. L. Smith (la): i
gl ^1 Fe ta Ug ii$k t B
L TMirin^ 22'36 18^89 li'Se 34'34 1*26 ••81 = 101 I
2, *• 2205 16-40 n-6« 80-78 089 0*14 11-44=119^0
8. " (i)23B5 15-63 18-79 84*20 1'47 — ^ 10'fi7=91>-21 Kiyi
i, Owemie 23-21 15-59 IS'BO d4'5B 1-36 0*41 0*08 10'68, Oft 0*36 sK
6, " 28-58 16-85 14'33 33 20 1'52 0*4e <r, 10*45, jjfn IVOHsl
6, Arkansas 23*70 16^64 1213 33*14 186 0-33 10-W=d9-74
Pyr., eto.^*In the closed tube 7i«ldaf water. B<B. f^iaes at 3 to an iroo^blaek OM
lile. With the 6uxes reacta for iron. Qelatluizes with muriatic add.
Obi, — Tbunngite ia from RGiohmaunsdorf (anal 1, 2) aod SohiD)ed<ibeii|f (atial $\
in Thuringla; Mot Spriogs, Arkanaaa (anaL 6); owenite &om the metamorphic
Potomac, near Harpers Ferry.
Owmiie waa named after th© geolo^giat^ Dr. D, D. Owen.
461* SETBBRTITB, Bronzite (fr. Anutj) J. Finch, Am. J. Sd, xvi 185, 1830,
(fr. Amity) MaUwr, 1828, but unpubHshed; Mather's Rep. G. of N. Y., 4C7, \^iX
{tr. Amity) aemsmi, Ann. d. M., Ill ti. 4Bd, 1832, Am. J. Sci, zzir. 171, 1833.
Mandd [—or the trade], Chrysophjin {fr. Amity) Brtith., Char., 92^ 1882. Holmitd
Thcma&n, Rec Geu. Sd,, iii 3115, J 836. XanthophyUit G, Bok, Pogg^ I 654. 184C]|
il 130, 514^ 527. Bnmdiait Ltebcner, in Baid. Ber., I 4, 1846. Diaterrit BteiOkt
J. pr. CK, xlL 154, 184T,
Orthorhombic. / A /=120°, In tabular crystakj Bometimea hi
also foliated massive ; sometimes lamellar radiate. Cleavage :
Stnicture tliin foliated, or micaceous parallel to the base,
H.=4— 5, 6.:=3— 3*1. Lustre pearly suboietallic. Coloi
brown, yellowisb, copper-red. Streak un colored, or slightly ycl
grayish. Folia brittle. Double retraction stroDg ; axial divej*s:ei
BO*^ for white light ; sometimes apparently uniaxial, or unitecT a|
• nary temperature; bisectrix negative, normal to the base ; aadal
allel to i-t ; Descl.
ITar^ — L The Amity seyh^Ue (called also dintonil/R^ holmite, and ehryiophan) is in H
to copper*red brittle tbllated muaaes^ the eurfoces of the foUa oltea marked wjlb m
angles like some mica and dilorite ; optic-aiial divergence Tefj aoul], or ooo* at
temperature. G. = 8-148, Brush.
2. XanthophyUite^ fr the Schiisehimjikian Mts., near Slatouat, la id crusts, or in \mfik
lar formB, 1^ io. throiigli, which eonsifit of tabular crystals about a oentre of ta'
' ti alao the enclosing rock. Optically uniaxial \ axis negBtive, or twa axes very
and hardly aeparating with iucreatie of temperature : Dead
3. Brandisite (called also disierrite\ firom FaAsa, Tyrol, lA in hexagonal priamt ol
green or leek-green color to reddiah-gray ; H.=5 of base; of aides, 6—6^5: G.=:8iX
KobeU; 3 013 — 3 062, v. Hauer; 3i>l— 3*06, Liebener; optioaxial diTergeaoe U*
of it pseudomorpbous, after faasaite.
Oomp.— 0. ratio for f^ II, Si, D, fVom Bnieb's analysis, =: 6 : 9 : 6 : -(; whence fd
3 : 1, and formula (jJB' + f *lj'Si+|^. From v. KobeU's (anaL 9% O. mtio for ft
aamei, or 8 : 1, with fi* : B^l r K From Meitzendorff's, 0. ratio for ft, &, gi, ]S=11
and for ^+lt, Si^8| : U The state of oxydation of the iron was Doi ezamiMd i
analysia by Brush.
Analyses* 1, Clemaon (L c); 2, RicbardsoD (Ree. Gen. Sci^ May, 1836); a, 4. O. J
Miu., 1«^54, 506)^ 5, Flattner (Breith. Uandb., ii. 385); $-8^ Meitaendorf fP^^ Iftf
Xobellp. c): ^
Si $1 fn ftg da ^
I. Amity, Seyk 17^0 376 50 243 10-7 3-6=?>8*2 Ckmaoa.
a. " '* 1 9 85 44-75 Fe4*80 9*05 11 45 4 66, Mn 1 -35, HF _. O-i^ _ ^
S. « " 20-24 80*13 " 8*27 20-84 13-69 104, Na^^ 1^3, 2rl>-T4slW
HTIXBOUS BILK)ATSi8| MAXOABOPHTLLirE SBCnOV. 609
Si 21 ti-e Ag Oa JTa fi:
.iritgr, 8§yk 2013 SS-Mf^eSiS 21*66 13*36 1*06, [fra,& 1*481 ^0*68=100*46 B.
•• •• 21*4 46*7 " 4*8 9*8 12*6 8*6=98'7 Plattner.
irtoutt^ JSamOL 16*66 43*78 2*62 19*04 13*12 069 4*88=100*06 MeitKndorC
" *• ltt-41 43*17 2-28 19*47 14-60 0*62 4*46=100*85 Melteendorfl
* " 16-20 44*96 2-73 19*43 1216 0*56 4*33=100*85 Meltaendorf.
)mm, IHikr. 20*00 43*229e3*60 2601 4*00 — 3*60, & 0*67=100 Kobell
yt^ •lo^— Yields water. BJBL infbsible alone, but whitens. In powder acted on by oonoen-
I oocprs in limestone with serpentine, associated with hornblende, spinel, pjroz-
, ela; MmOwphyUUe in taloose schist; brandiaiie in white limestone, either dissem-
_i er bi grouped cfystals, in geodes, among crystals of Cusaite and blade spinel
ftaa^flMrate was discovered in 1828 br Messrs. Fitch, Mather, and Horton, and named eUii-
Irlf timn on the spot, after De Witt Clinton, as stated by Mather hi his Bep. GeoL N. Y.,
H Bat the name was not published at the time by either of the discoyerers ; and FIndi, the
B|iar, 1829 H. e,), announced the mineral under the name of hnmsUe. Olemson's name «fly-
% aftar H. Seybert (1882, L o.), has fberefore prinri^ of publication, and must be aooepled
ki name of the spedea.
Sbnorpl
APPENDIX TO HYDROUS SILIOATBS.
4BSL WOUmOBUKOVVM. JQiiim«fw, Jahrb. Ifin., IL 420, 1881.
jhoTiB. Dull — Bhining. Color bliiish-green, pasBuig into grasB-
Streok bloiah-green and ahining. Feel reBinooB. rolialiM by
Fraotnre Bnbconchoidal. Adheres Blightlj to the tongae. Very
ntk> fbr bases, silica, and water (anal 2, 4) 2 : 3 : 3, as in deweylite and genthite.
1, Berthier (Mem., 11 263) ; 2, Elersten (Pogg., xlviL 489) ; 8, lUmoff (Ann. Jour. Mbes
1842, 866); 4, lyanof (KoksdL MhL BussL, L 146):
tL
28*2=98*8 Berthier.
21*84, ^b 1*01, & lr.=98*26 Kersten.
12*40, Oa 1*90, :^b 0*16=100*74 Bimolt
22*46, Oa 1*39=100*89 iTanot
In tiie doaed tube yields water. B.6. bladcens, but is faifVisible. With the ihizea
for diromhim and Iron. Qelatinisoe with hot concentrated muriatic add, in which
■in is diaaolTed, the rest remahiing in union with sOioa.
OiOiaosk in Siberia.
M. Wolcbonsky, of Russia.
ITMfk (Laboratoiy, L 287, 1867). Masdve. H.=3*6. a.=2*68. KsMnUU
motuie uneTsn and splintery. Somewhat brittle,
to an analyds by Mr. Newberry:
Si
21
er 9e
Sn
Ag
lt-2
..^^
84*0 7*2
.i._
7*2
37*01
6*47
17*98 10*43
1*66
1*91
S6*06
8*09
81*24 9*39
—
6*60
86*84
8*60
18*86 17*86
...
fli 47*16 2138*23 €r 7*62 &g4*36 6 6*23=98*78.
tD the a ratio Ibr A, fi. Si, fi, 1 : 10 : 16| : 3; or for bases and lOiea about
If lot pnMbfy a mixtare. Perhaps containing some talc as impnri^, with which it ia
HMd in tidii Mama. KB. becomes white and fhses on the edges to a gnoriih^white blebby
i' Oldlf parliaQy sofaiUe in strong adds.
BlMir nsfhrot^ Yietoria (AustraUaX in the Upper Baarian. BTamad aAsr A. a BstiTB,
«f tl» gaok^glesl surrej of Yiotoria.
610
OXTOEN CX)l£POUND6,
4G4. Chrcmt Ochre, A oi&jej material, oontaiomg' some oocyd of duoino. Oocors etrtli
bright green shade of oolor. ~
An&lyses: 1^ Drappiex; 2, Dufloa (Schw. J., IxiL 2&1); 3, ZeUjier (leia^ 1894, esT):
& £t I9r Fe fi
1. Creuzat, Fr. MO 230 10*5 — . 6a end % 2*6=100 '
2, HflHe 610 22-5 &'5 8-5 11H)=»9*6 Ehifloii
8. SOeaia 68-BO BtrOO 2*00 300 6*25=»915 Zellner.
Tho formula (Xl, ^9r, 1^©)* Si* oorres ponds nearly to the composition, the water ei
Chrome ochre occurs at the localities abore mentioned; aliaa on Unst in Zer'
in Sweden, and elsewhere.
The chrmw ochre of Halle, analysed by Wolff (J. pr. Ch.. raiv. 203)» appro«di#«_
compoaition, btit contaiDs much more water. It afforded 3l i&\ 1, ^ 30*53, €r 4'39,
12*53, Jffa U'46, ft 3-44=^100-49j a=2'7, giving rather doaely the formula of kaoUa,
be an iiupure kaolinite.
465. MIIiOSGHlTE. MUoachb Esrder, Pogg., xlvil 465^ lU^ Serbian BrmA^ J. pi;
327, 1888,
Ck»mpact R = 1 '5— 3 . G. = 2 • 1 3 1 , Breith, Color Indigo-blae to celandine-green,
OoMP.— Approaohes (£lJ^) 3i -h B S, it being a chrormfgnmB aUophiORe with half HiA
aUophane, Analysos : 1, keretea (Pogg,, xlril 485); 2, Bechi (Am. J. Set, It xIt. 0)j
1. RudnJak ^i 27*50 & 45'01 ^3*61 Oft OSO li[g 0*20 ^B 32*30=99-92 K
2, Tuscany 28'8d 41/33 8*11 2^76=100*561
In a matraf^s yields water. B,B. tnfuaible. Partly diaaolved in moriatic acid*
From Rudniuk in Servia, associated wltli quartz and brown Iron ore ; Tollerr^ ToiO
Numed after Prince Miloacbi*
4ee, PIMELITB, Oraner Chiyaopraserde (fr. KoseroSt*) JOapr,, SchHii, Oe«. K. Bed
1788, Beitr., iL 134, 1797, Bmelit Kargt,, Tab^ 28, 72, 1600.
Massive or earthy. BL=2*5. G,=2-28— 2-8; 2T1-2-76, Bser. Lustre weak, ({if«
apple-green. Streak greenish-white. Tranaluoeut to subtransluoenL Feel gnwiy.
adhere to tbe tongue.
Coup.— Analyses : 1, Klaprotb (Beitr^ 11 134) j % W. Baer (J, pr. Oh^ Ir. A9}i
L Chrysoprase earth
2. Bard Pimdite
gi 2tl Fe :f^i Mg Ca fi
35-00 500 4 58 1563 1-26 0*42 S8-12 Slipi
35-80 23 04Fe2-69 3 78 U-<»6 31-03c=l<fO
Pimelite gives water in the closed tube, is iuAisible B.B,, and with the fluxes feacta
D^om posed by adds.
Ftom Silesia and elsewhere. Named from ri^cX^, faifhess. For GlodKr's (dipUe §m fk,
467, CHLOROFHiEITE. Maceulkxh, Western laUfl, L 604, 1826,
Granular massive, imbedded, or as a ooatiug in geodeo, JkBUfoai, <
Cleavage in two directions.
H.=l'5— g. a = 2 02, MaocuUoch; 1-809, Forchbammer. Liwtre
Oolor dark green, olive-irreen, changing to dark brown or black on ezpoenra.
Formula perhaps J^e 3i + ti :^ ?=Mica 33*3, protoxyd of iron 26*7, water 40^^100,
Analysis by Forchhamracr (J. pr, Chem., xxx. 399, 184S): From Faroe, Si tt"^ f% i
8*44, fi 42-16 = 100, the iron being corrected (Rammelsberg) for the true atomle
fhsee to a black glass.
A i^lorite-like mineml from the \Testem Isles of Sootiand, at Sooir Itev fa
of Bum, and f^om Fffeshfre^ occurring in amygdaloid ; also from Qualboe
lilaiita Beported also as incrnstlng chalce<lony in Antrim, and iu FmaQ '
amygdaloid at Do^vn HiE But the chemiml identity of the origiual chlofO]
ftom Senir More with that of Faroe or the other looalitiei has not yet beia
from x^'^t^^f* greeri^ and ^^aioii browm.
HTDBOUB 8IU<UnBS, XABGABOPHTLLITE BSXTnOK. ^ 511
P8TKINITB. Schwara-BraunflteiDerz von Elapperad JTopr., Beitr., iy. 187=Op8imose
h^ 187, 1832. Yattenhaltigt Manganoxidsilikat Bahr, CEfr. Ak. Stockb., 1850. 242.
inito V. Xok^ J.pr. Oh^ zcriL 180.
ions. Compact
-5*5. G.=3'6. Lostre dull to submeUJlia Oolor dark Hyer-brown to bUu^ Streak
-O. ratio for ft4-fi»J^ ^ doabtfol ^ pertiapa for kUpateinite 0:6:8, whence (ft*, fif Si*
Ftehapa only a mixture.
»: 1, £bipioth(L a); 2, Bahr (L c.); 3, y. Kobell (L c):
Si
M
Pe
ffn
An
Ag
Oa A
roA^OpsirrL
25
23-69
0-61
9U
60
66-21
0-39
13 =98 Elaproth.
0*60 9-51=100-05 fiabr.
^.Kbpri.
25-00
1-70
400
3217
2500
2-00
9-00=98-87 KobelL
TC. — Yields much water. Fuses to a slag which is black in the oxjdation flame.
ctiona for manganese and iron. Easil j decomposed bj muriatic add, tibe kUpsteinite
8 mineral eyotyiog chlorine.
ftom Elapperad In DalecarUa with rhodonite ; also from the Bomberg mine at Herborn,
nburg.
if 8 name opeimose has the priority, but is intolerable. It is from the Greek ^/loc,
ihimg late. Klipstemite was giyen after Prof y. Klipstein of Gieasen.
kKOrSITB. Iffaie de fer oxyd^ en grains agg^utin^a Ofteymard^ J. d. IL, xixy. 29, 1814 ;
idle Berthier^ Ann. d. K, y. 393, 1820. Mineral de fer en grains Berlhier, Ann. Oh. Phys.,
!68, 1827. Berthierine Beud,, Tr., 128, 1832. BayaUte Huoi, MhL, 290, 1841.
ink occurs compact or oolitic, with H. about 8; G.=8— 3*4; ccAor greenish-gray to
reak lighter ; opaque ; feebly attracted by a magnet Berthierine is similar in strao^ire,
t9; color bhiish-gray, blackish, or greenish-lMadc ; streak dark greenish-gray; and
ittracted by the magnet
BS: 1, Berthier (L a); 2, id. (Ann. Ch. Phys., xxzy. 258, 1827):
Si &
*e
fl
1. ChamoisUe
14-8 7-8
60-5
17-4-100 Berthier.
2. BarOuerine
12-4 7-8
74-7
5-1=100 Berthier.
site ftises easily, and also gelatinizes. Berthierine frises with difficulty to a blade mag-
nle^ and gelatinises. The latter is mixed with 50 p. o. or more of siderite and osteite ;
bond 40*8 of the former in the material he examined.
Bite forms thick beds of rather limited extent in a limestone containing ammonites, at
1, near 8t Maurice, in the Yalais ; and a similar substance is reported from Mettenberff
nese Oberland, and Banwald in the Yosges. Berthierine constitutes a yalnable bed of
I Hayanges, Dept of Moselle, and also occurs in the ores of Champagne, Bburgogne,
470. ALYITE. 2>. Forbes di T. DahU, Kyt Mag., xiiL
naL Orystals Hke those of zircon.
. G.=s8*601— 3-46. Lustre greasy. Color reddish-brown, beoomhig graytab-biawn by
8iibtnnsluoent to opaque.
•A yery small portion, somewhat altered, afforded (I* c ):
I, Be 1411 Fe 9-66 Zr 8-92 th (?) 1613 ^ 027 ^ 22-01 Ca 040 Cu, Snftr. A9-32=97-24.
li/^TMdiirator. RB. inftasible ; with the fluxes reacts fbr lr«m tel «ol flirtiiMlun.
badda.
¥om HeUe and KarestS in Norway, with feldspar and Uaok mica.
Cb
fi *e An IT
Ce
67-38
«r. 1-29 0-16 0-81
18-16
62-25
2-28 6-11 ir. 0*70
3-09
TAKTAIJLTn, OOLUVBJLTES. 518
1-8, 8 with planee 3-2. deavage: octahedral, sometimes distinct,
iHt in the smaller crystals.
=5-5-5. Q.=4-2-.4-35; 4-32, from Miask, Rose; 4-203^ ib., Her-
; 4-208— 4'221, from FriederichsyarD, Hayes. Lnstre yitreous or
IS. Color brown, dark reddish or blackish-brown. Streak liffht
, yellowish-brown. Subtranslucent — opaque. Fracture conchoiaal.
-The Dame hifdroeldm' was giyen bj Hermann to kinds oontaining water (anaL 6, *l\ and
' to those cnntalniTig fluorine (anal. 1, 2, 3); both bad and mmecessarr names.
phr-A mlnmhate of lime, cerium, and other bases, but exact constitution not ascertained;
Analyses: 1, Wohler (Fogg., zlviii. 88); 2, 8, Hermann (J. pr. CSl, zxri. H 1- 1^8,
id. (Bull Soa Nat Mosoou, zxzyIU. 366); fi, Wdhler (L a); 6, Ohydenhis (Fbgg., adz.
Wohler (L a); 8, 9, A. A. Hayes (Am. J. Sd, zItL 164):
ttg da JTa & F d
? 10-98 8-93» 3-28 116, 8nT=
^ 102-08 W
309 2-00 13-54 8*t2^ 3*00 0*60, £r6-6t=:
101-71 H.
60-83* 4-90 2-23 0-94 15-23 146 9-80 2*69* 0*54* 2*21 slOOSSH.
61-80 3-23 1-54 620* 11-97 2-69*0-54 2-21 ^, th 888=
99-06 H.
ig 67-02 isr. 133 1*69 516* «r. 9-88 1r, 7-06^ S 4-60=
97-80 W.
61-07 2-82« 5-00 16-02 460 md, 1*17, ¥h 4-62, 8n
0-67 =95-87 a
▼^ 62-75 216' 2-75 6-80t 1285 ftr. <r. 4*20, tf 518, fti
0-61=97-25 W
5310 20-20 2-35' 1945 0-80, S, Hn, ^b.
Sn 1-20=97*10 H.
59-00 18*38 0-70' 16-73 5*63 0-80= 101-19 H.
1^ tb* 0x7m ^ Id^ tnd with tome LI. * Later made to eomUt of 14*68 colambte add and MIS'
iMsaeid. ' Wtth thorliu * With protoz. of oiaoiain. ' F«*o'. ' C«*0*.
etc — ^Fyrochlore from the Miask gives but traces of water in the dosed tube. B3.
, bat turns yellow and colors the flame reddish-yellow. When ignited it glows momen*
if taking fire, the same phenomenon as observed with gadolinite. With borax and sdt
horna in both flames giyes a light sreen bead, becoming colorless on cooling. A saturated
lonz gfves a greenish-gray enamel in B.F., while that with salt of phosphorus is reddish-
lecompoeed by concentrated sulphuric add with OYolution of fluorine (O. Rose). Pyro-
om Norway g^res water in the closed tube, and B.B^ ftises with difficulty to a dark brown
IMS. With borax in B.F. gives a dark red bead, which hj flaming turns to a grayish-
iiire blue enamel Dissolved with eflbrvescence in salt of phosphorus, giving in OJt, a
sad while hot, becoming grass-green (m cooling (uranium). In R.F. the bead ia immIb
to Tiolet (titanic acidV Fused with soda gives a green color (manganese). All varictieei
Dposed by ftision with bisulphate of potash. Most specimens are suAdently daoompoaed
do acid to give a blue color when the concentrated sdntion is boiled with metalUo tin ;.
r fiaappears after a time, and almost immediately if diluted with water.
-Oocnrs imbedded in syenite at Friederichsvim and Laurvig, Norway, with liroon, poly-
and zoDOtime; at Brevig, with thorite; and near Miask in the Urals.
I froin «i|p| Jkrt^ and x^«^<i gr^en^ because B.B. it becomes yellowiah-green.
lOBOUTB. Microlite C. XT, Shepard, Am. J. Sd, xxviL 861, 1885, xxxfi. 838, ^ifi..
116. Pjrnxshlore ^ayef, ib., xliiL 88, xlvL 158, 888.
letrie. Fonns octahedral. Observed planes: 1, /, 2-2 (or 3-8)^
|.& 90+8» Known only in small crjatals.
:5-6. 0.5=5-485—5-662, the last from a larse crystal, Shepard ; 5*405,.
Lustre vitreons or resinous. Color pale clear yellow to brown*
piJe yeOowish or brownish. Translucent to opaque.
83
514
OXYGEN OOMPOUWDfl.
CoDLp.— The yellow erynUh wore made by Haj«« eseeu tially columb«to of Use. fM
tDTeatlgiLtion suggested bj BruBb t& hG prohaMj (priv. oonlrib.) a pjroohlore, in va
acid repiaoes the oolumbic, this corresponding witb tbe Ugh specific graTitj aod laigon
of the Dietallic ^d. '
Analyses: 1, Shepard (I c, xsxlL 238)*, % Hayes (fb., zlvi 168): |
1. Oheeterfldd 76 70 H84 7*43 J-Oi^lOod
2. " 79 60 0-70 2-21 160 10'87, F« 0*99=95-07 HAy«iL
Pyr^ etc.— B.B. infusible. In salt of phospboms difficultly soluble, giTing in (
yellow while hot, and colorless on cooUng. Id KF. after long blowing yields a pale I
bead. Not attacked by myriatic aeid, but decotnposod on fdtnon vnih bisulphate <3t\
the solution of the ftiaed maas remains uncolored when boiled with metallic tin-
\ Obs.^Occurs at Chestertleld, Mass.^ In the albiie Yein, along with red and green i
oolumbite^ and a Utile eassitertte.
Named from ftiK^^kt amaU, alluding to the sise of the crystals.
473. TANTAXilTB. Tontalit Ekeberg, Ak, K Sto<^h., £dii. 60, 1 601 Taatalile pL k
Ferro-tantalite Thom^t Rec. Gen, Se.^ !y. 416, 1836|rrCoIumbate of Iroii;=Sidero^
Handb,, ii. 960, 1847 j^Tammela-TantaUt jV: NordenskioU, Act Soc Sa fbaa, i Uf
lit A E. I^denskiold, Boskrifn, Finl. Min., 1855, Kimito-Tantaht JV: ^Voftt ;=Iiiolilh4
Pogg^ cL 632, 1867. Fiabo-Tantalit ; Broddbo-Tantatit;sKassiterotanUl ffamsm^ Li
sit BdidL, Handb., 1846, 64d;=Harttatitaler£ ^e»e^, Char., 230, 188^ Handb., 874,
Orthorhombic. Observed planes as in the figare. /A/=Ji
[-0 A 1-1=122° 3i'i a:b: c=l*5967 : 1 : 1*2247.
427 Oa ^1= 146^ 54' 4 A J, ov. i-t, = lis
i A i, ov. /,=91 *
1-2 A 1-S, adj., = 141'
t-t A «4=118 33
f-i A|-t, top,=113 4
|-t A f-t, top,=54 4
^'l A VrS top,=i6T
Twins : composition-face i-», common. Also n
H.=6— (^'5. G.=T— 8, Lustre nearly pm
lie, somewhat adamantine. Color iron-Wnck.
reddisli-brown to black. Opaque. Brittle.
Oornp.) Tftr.-^^e, lfln)fa, with sotnetimei stani^c add (f^D) repladng part of i
A taDtelat© either (1) of iron (anal l-U, 13-15, 19, 20), or (2) of iron and mangsjieiei
(3) a Btauno-tactflla« of these two bases, part of the tantalic add being replaced by
(anal 16-18, 31-23). Number 1 is the Fhrraianiaiiie of Thomson ; 1 and 1, the SMvi
IlauBmaoE ; 3, the CasnteroiantaJUe and Leudite. The kinds shade mto one another. <
the lowest specific grarity, Q,=7~7'3. The mineral Taries in the atale of oiyill
bases, owing^ as Rose has shown, to nltemtloii of the protoiyds to sesqaioxyda; wiw t
of the hitter the streak loses its black color. It v^sries also hi O. ratio for 1
between 1 ^ 4 and I : 5. The latter oorreflponda to Tantalic add SCE-OS, prolazyd of
and the former to Sai and 16*l». Eose finds that prolonged WMhing of the ptmi
carries off the iron.
Analyses: I, Nordenakl^ld (Jahresb., ilL l^); 2, Jaoobson (PofSgn l«>tt- ^^^l ^
4, Weber (Pogg., civ. 85) j 5, 6, Arpi>e f Act Soc 8d, Fenn., Ti- ; Verk Mia 8L ftC
1, BiomstntudiMenL Unir. Lund, 18<)5, J. pr Cb., xcije. 43); 8, Damonur (jkiin.d, ICH
9, li\ Jenzsch (Pogg^ jcviL 104— the 2d anal of a specimen altered by espasafe); I
\(hmig. Dissert) ; 12, 13, Berzelius (Schw. J., xrl 269, 447, xxxL ^1i); 14, BanM
.1x1. 206); 15, A HordeDSkiold (Pogg., cL 830); 16, Wonium (Pogg^ UuL SlT>j IT,
^(Pogg^ dv. 86); 19» A Nordenakidld (Pogg., evil 874); 20, B1omstr»Dd (I ct)i IM
(Afh,, It. 172, 205, 207):
OaH=146^54'
OAfl=117 2
0 A Vrl=173 49
i-l A 1-2=143 H
U A i^l23 45
f-t aH = 135 4
4 A i, adj., = 126
TAITTALATES, OOLUMBATSS.
516
tk
Sn
tt
An
Ou
k
83-44
ir.
13-76
1-12
<r.
84-16
0-32
14-68
0-90
1-81
84t0
0«60
14-29
1-78
0-04
83-90
0-66
13-81
0-74
0-11
83-66
0-80
15-64
82-71
0-88
15-99
84-06
0-81
14-47
0-27
OQbc
) 82-98
1-21
14-62
tr.
gi 0-42
83-66
1-02
14-48
tr.
2rl-64
78-98
2-36
13-62
tr.
" 6-72
79-89
151
14-14
182
" 1-32
83-2
0-6
7-2
7-4
86-86
0-80
12-94
1-60
Si 0-72
84-09
0-70
3-38
1-82 FelO-08
84-44
1-26
13-41
0-96 Cu 0-14
77-83
6-81
8-47
4-88
** 0 24
76-71
967
9-80
4-82
76-81
914
9-49
427
(H)7
da
83-79
1-78
13-42
1-63
81-46
1-99
13-03
2-29
)
68-22
8-26
Fe 9-68 »n 716
W619
66-36
8-40
" 11-07
" 660
" 6-12
66-99
16-75
" 7-67
•* 7-98
Ca
=98-81 Nordenskidld; a.=7*264
0-07=101-93 Jaoobeon; G.=7-197.
=100-81 Brooks.
=99-22 Weber: a=7-414.
=100Arppe; G.=7-36.
=99*63 Arppe.
Hg 0-08=99-68 Blomstnoid.
=99-28 Damour; a.=7-6ft.
=100-69 Jensech; a.=7-703.
=100-68 JenMch; a=7-04.
=98-67 Chandler; G.=7-53.
~~98'i. Bera.
0-66= 102-47 Bers.; G. =7-936.
=99-70 Herm.
0-16=100-36 Nord.; G.=7-86.
0-60=98-78 Woraum; G.=7-166.
=99-60 Weber.
0 41=10019 Weber; G.=7-277.
=100-62 Nord.
0-86, W 0-27, ^ 0-26, IJEg 019=99-84
Blomstrand.
1-19=100-69 Bers.
1-60=100 04 Berz.
2-40=101-79 Bens.
nd eohmbic adds were formerly supposed to contain either 8 or 2 of oxygen, and a
and a hypocolwrnbic were recognized. The recent results of Marignac^ conflnned by
mstrand, haye led to the conclusion that there is but one acid, and that this one con-
tygen, aa represented in the symbol aboYe used.
obtained from the Eimito tantalite (Beitr., y. 6) Ta 88, ^e 10, ttn 2=100 ; YauquoUn
, 308) ta 88, 9e 12, Mn 8=103 ; and WoUaston (Phil Trans., 1809) ta 85, l*e 10,
lb — B3. unaltered. With borax slowly dissolved, yielding an iron f^a, which, al a
t of aataration, g^ves, when treated in R.F. and subsequently flamed, a grariah-white
opletely aaturated becomes of itself doudy on cooling. With Mlt of phoaphoms dia-
h givuig an iron g^ass, which in R.F., if free from tungstic add, is pale ydlow on cooling ;
L tin on diarooal it becomes green. If tungstic add is present the bead is dark red,
inged in cdor when treated with tin on charcoal. With soda and nitre g^ves agreen-
igaiieae reaction. On charcoal, with soda and sufficient borax to dissolve tiie oxyd of
II B.F. metallic tin. Decomposed on fiision with bisulphate of potash in the platinum
{i?ea on treatment with dilute muriatic add a yellow solution and a heavy white pois-
on addition of metallic sine, assumes a smalt-blue color; on dilution with water the
KW diaappeara (v. KoboU).
ntaliteia confined mostly to albite or oligoclase granite, and is usually associated with
r Hirkiaaari, tantalite is aasodated with rose quarts and gigantolite, in albltio granite.
t ia aaaodated with lepidolite, black tourmaline, and colorless beryl
Finland, in Tammela, at Hark&saari near Torro, associated with gigantolite and xoat
CImito at Skogbole, in Somero at E:aidasuo, and in Kuortane at Eatiala, withlepidolit^
and beiyl ; in Sweden, in Fahlun, at Broddbo and Finbo; in France, at Ohantdo^
i^ In pe^Diatite. JxioliHe, from Kimito, waa instituted on a auppoaed (not real) dinw^
""* I form. UdeffmsiU is from Ildefonso, Spain, and has G.=7-416, H.=6-J. ^
by Ekeberg, from the mythic Tautalua, in pUyM alluaton to the ddBcnltoi
bn enoountered in his attempts to make a solution of the Finland mineralln acids.
m afterward extended to the American mineral oolumbUe, and to the aame fromotoer
rtdla Iha name cdumbite, the metal columbium having been discovered ftn»Fnor
nestvvd a aifflilar extension, so as to indude an tantalite. Theanl^gn^^^Jj^^'^
■ and eolnaablnm were disthiot metala, and that the two compounds dilfcwaalao in ttie
I of ike constituents, finally established them as independent speoaa.
OreofOdumbium(fr. (>)nn.)frafcWi;Fha.Tr.,1802, OdbunUto/omtf-
i.8ai;i806w Cdumbateoflron. Columbeiaeu (3^Brm. B«l««ne (fir. Bavaria) Awd,
1^ 18SS. Tonrelite Thom^ Rea Gen. Sd, iv. 408, 1886. NioWte AM^ Handb., 64tt.
51(i
OXTGSir CX)MPOirNI}fl,
1846. Greenlandite ^reith,, B. K Ztg^ xriL fil, 1868. DUnite «. J&ft.. B«r, Ak. 1
Man 10, 1S60.
Orthorhombic. / A 7^10^ 26' ; Oh 1-T^1S4^ 534' ; <» i * : f =1*^
1 : 1*2225. Disserved planee : O ; vertical, i-i, t-i, /, t-|, vS, i-A ; ^
^-i, i-l, K H; 14, 2-1 ; octahedral, |, 1 ; |-2, 2-1 ; 1-|, H; S-i; U,
9>« ; 2-6, 4-12* Of these planes, zone 1-i : i-i ciontains l-t, 14, 1^
zone 2-1 : i-l contains 2-?, 2-6, 2-8, 2-1, 21 ; zone ^-t : i-% eantaiitt
3-S, 4r-i5 ; zone f-i ; i-t contains f-t, |-2, 14, 2-S.
4i8
430
/^^^^
V a
9 / ilir I
Haddftnu
MiddletowQ, Ooqil
4Sl 0 A l-t=161° 30'
t-t A
^^-^r-n^gi,^ C>Afi=U6 13
t-i A
/<
<Sj*r<>^^».^ 0 A l-i=140 36
i-i A
^^SjCjI \^J^ Oa 2-i=121 20
t-i A
V tft>r
pce
0 A 1=127 38
i'l A
IT
0 A 1-4=138 26
14 A
J
If
d
0 A 2-5^119 25
i-S A
<
a A 1 = 127 48
«-S A
V.
^
rf>-
-f^
i-i Al = 120 6
i-« A
C2L/^i-^
I*-! A 14=104 30
i-4 A
Gre
8ti]jmd.
i-i Af-2=157 45
7=140^ 4*
7=129 n
v4=157 50
1.4=127 3J
2-t=lM «
1-J, ftdj^=l
t-4, OV. M,:=
i-S, OV. f-i,=r
^ = 121 »
2-4=150 85
Twina : coraposition-face 2-i, Cleavage: t-i and t-t, the former m
tinet. Occurs also rarely massive.
H.=6. G.=5'4— 6*5. Lustre etibmetalHc ; a little shining,
iron-black, brownish-black, grapsh-black ; often irideBoent, Strcek I
red to black. Opaque, f^racturo siibconchoidal, uneven. Brittle
Oompwi Yar. — ColuDnbate and tantalate of iron and manganeae, of the
^) (Cb, TaX with at least twice as much atomicallx ofoolatiibio «t of
spdcil^o gpavitj JDcroaaiDg as Ihe propordoD of laDtalic add iDCfeaatM
one, 1666). The following are some of the ratioa from Marignac^B
Greenland, ta 33 p. c ; Cb : ta=35 : I. (2) Acworth, K. H^ U Tikto, M«r
ilJonOd of Bodenmaia, ta U*S— 13^4; Cb : ta=7 or 8 : L (n) Another fir,
Ob i ta=a ' I, (4) A third fr. BoddomaU, ta 35-4 ; Cb : ta=aboiit t : 1, W
ta 38-4, and another 31 S; Cb : ta=3 5 : 1. (6) In another from Haddain ht
p, c of tautalic aoid, but qoodet th« rasuSt Blomatnnd obtained for • Hartdup
TAlffTALATES, OOLVUBAUSS. Sl'I
: 1, with G.=6*161 ; for one fir. Bodenmals (anal 16), Ob : ta=4 : 1, with 0=
fir. B. (anal 11% Cb : ta=a'6 : ], with G.=6-26: for one fir. Greenland, no fm
l His reeolts all give for the 0. ratio of bases and adds 1:6. ^
J, giyea the formula 8 CPe, An) CbH-(^e, fin) fta; and No. 4^ 2 (Je, Mn) Cb+(*e,
» 1 gives 36 (^e, fin) Cb+(^e, fin) ta. te Cb oorresponda to oolnmbic add 78*83,
m 2117=100.
ig are the G. of the spedmens employed for the analyses below:
anaL 2, 6-46»— 6-495; 3, 6*708; 4, 68; 6, 6-68— 669; 6, 6028— 6-048; 7,6-86.
9, 6-39; 11, 6-7; 12, 602— 6-06 ; 13,6-976; 14,6-971; 16,6-698. Ilmea MU^
-6*73; 20, 6*461 ; 21, 6-447. Greenkmd^ anaL 22, 28, 6*876; 24, 6-40—6*42. CkaM^
r, 6*60—6-727. Other G. are as follows:
did, Mass., 6*6, Shepard; fir. Monte Video, a A., 6'660, Maskelyne ; fir. Haddam, 6-967,
iddletowii, 6-690 and 6*645, id. ; fir. Greenland, 6*896, id. ; fir. Bodenmais, 6-116, id.
lais spedmens, haying the highest G., give a blade powder; and others, of less, a
rown, but as a result of partial alteration, Rose.
>f the crystals vary considerably. The angles above given are those calculated by
a study of the crystals of various localities, adopting for the basis i-l A 1-8=104*
eenland crystals), and i-l A f-8=ll2° 10' (112° 20^, obs. on Gr. cryst). The author
what different results from a Middletown crystal, £ 429 (this Min., edit of 1837.
8d, xxxii. 160, 1837): « A 14=104'' 6*2' ; « A 7=140" 40', whence /A 7=100^
168" 6', whence « A i-S=lll" 64' ; 0 A H=160' 84', whence « A i-t=109' 26';
36'; 0 A 2-1=119° 40'; 14 A 14, a4J.,=160° 17'. The angles 7a 7=100* 40',
34', correspond to the dimensions aihi e=] -0684 : 1 : 1*2069. Sdirauf 's measure-
n for w A 7=140° 30'. fr. Greenland and Bodenmais ; i-i A i-i=108°, fr. B.
from Bavaria, Mlask, Connecticut, Chesterfield, Mass., and Monte Video, have the
bown in t 429, 430, though sometimes with the basal plane wanting; while those
lave the habit generally of f 481 (fr. SchranTs paper). Occasionally the octahedral
7 much elongated, producing crystals with long pyramidal summits, as a kind
N. EL (Shep., Am. J. Sd., rriL 358, 1880).
, WoUaston (PhiL Trans., 1809, 246); 2, Schlieper (Pogg., bdii 317); 3, H. Rose
ann (J. pr. Ch., zliv. 207); 6, C. F. Chandler (Inaug. Dissert); 6, Oesten (Pogg.,
T. a Hunt (Am. J. Sd., IL ziv. 340); 8, Blomstrand (Mem. Univ. Lund., 1866, J.
4); 9-11, H. Rose (L a); 12, Avdejef (Pogg., bdii. 317); 18, Jacobson (ib.); 14,
i; 16, Warren (Pogg., Izzxv. 488); 16, 17, Blomstrand (L c.); 18, H. Miiller (J. pr.
hnrix, 27); 19, Hermann (J. pr. Ok, zzxviil 121); 20, Bromeis (Pogg., IzzL 167);
(L c); 24, Hermann (Bull Boa Nat Moscon, zzxix. 67, 1866); 26, Mailer (L a);
1 (L c) ; 27, Damonr (C &, zsviiL 863); 28, A. Nordenskidld (BeskrifiiL FinL Min.,
Oa
— =100 WoUaston.
0-46, fig 0-22= 101-28 Schliepar.
<r. =1 00-96 Boee.
— ^ fig 0-49=99*06 Hermann.
0 48=99*24 Chandler.
— =99-86 Oesten.
=99-92 Hunt
— ^ Zr 0-34» fig 0-42, fi 0-16=
100-19 B.
lr.=98-80 Booe.
Ir.=99*29 Booe.
IT. =99-67 Rose.
0*21=100^3 Avdeje£
— =100*89 Jaoobaon.
0*22=96-91 Chandler.
0-80, fig l*67=W-9« Warrea.
^ & 0-28, fig 0-40, ft 0-86=
100-11 B.
^ fig 0*14» fi 0-40=99-66 BL
=99-07 MOUar.
— ^ t' 2*0, tr 0-60=100 Henn.
0-76, 1^ 0*66=100*17 Bromeis.
0*64, U 0*64sl00 Oi '
0-54=98-22 Oeaten.
0-89=99*88 Oeaten.
Ob ta
Sn
W
Je
fin
Cu
It 80
-.—
16
5
n 78*83
0*29
16*66
4*71
0-07
79-62
0*47
.—^
16-37
4*44
006
78-22
04
0*26
14-06
6-63
76*79
0*60
18*23
3-14
_
79-80
066
..-
15-00
4-60
^^
80-60
<r.
16*67
8-26
0-60
51-68 28*66 0*84
0*76
18-64
4*66
1 81-07
0*46
^__
14-30
3-86
0*18
81*34
0*19
18-89
8*77
0*10
79-68
0-12
^^
16*10
4*66
0-12
80-64
0*10
.-»
16*33
4*65
..i.
79*78
0*10
._
14*77
4*77
1-61
76-02
0*47
0-89
17-22
8-69
78-51
0*03
1*47
16*77
2-81
^~^
66-48 22-79
0*68
1*07
16*82
2-89
48-87 80-68
0*91
16-70
2*96
illth 78-6
0*17
—
16-1
6-2
—
80*47
...
i-i..
8-60
6-09fig2-44
78*60
12-76
4*48fig3-01
76*66
0-42
— —
14-29
[7*66]
^.-
7604
0*89
^^
16*91
4-34
— .
77-80
6*17
16*62
4*95
618
orroEtr oohtocniis.
Cb *a
Sa
W ^e Mtt
Oil
c^ .!■
24.
26.
26.
GreenlttEd 52'16 25'W
" Evifftok 1814
" 77-91
0-16
073
16*41 4'fiO
lfl-40 6*12
0*13 1733 3-2«
_^
«r.,2rMOi
21
28.
Oiuitekmbe 78t4
BjorkBk&r, FiuJ. B2 5
10
H'fiO 7*17
— 13-2 B-&
—
—= 100-41 Dti
— =lOS-«!Ior
^ Ilmonle add of Uenrumo.
Wollaaton'a nniilyaifl was made on four graiiiB of tho originul specimeii in titifl I
sent out from Connei^ticut by Governor WiDthrop to Sir HfittS Sloane*
Pyr^ etc.— Like tantalito. You Kob^ll states that when deoompcMed by M
potaalv and treated witb muriatic and Bulphime acida, it ^Tea, on the additSan
oolor much more lasting tbon with tautalite; aud the rarietj dianite^ wbea aimilai!
on boiling with Un-foU, and dilulioa with its volunie of water, a sappbire-blue fl
taDtaltte and ordinary oolumbite^ the metullic acid remaiua undiasolved. The t$
daiDt Ot, m partially de<M>mpoBed when the powdered mineral la eraporated to dt
ooDtrftted Hulphune acid, its oolor in changed to white, light gray, or yellow, a
with muriatic acid and metallic zinc it gives a beautiful blue. The remarkably piu
columbite from Arkaut-Qord in Greenland is alao partially decxsmposed by aulpbiu
product givea the reaction tost with zinc, aa abore.
Obi. — Occurs at Rabeuatem, Bavaria, near ZwieseL not far from Bodeomaia,
ioHte and magnetite; at Tiri^htjureuth, Bavaria; at Tammela, in Finland; at Ct
Limogett, in pegmatite with taatalite ; near Miask, in the Bmen Mta^ witb lanu
manakar, near BjnraJkar^ in i'lnlaud; ia Greenland^ in cryolite, at Evigtok, in bi
disbe ruinated through or among the wolfram of Auvergiie, and detected by ■''^tW
which di8i»nlvea the wolfram and leaves imtouehed the oolumbite (Phipaon, Qu
160); at Monte Yidecw 3. A.
In the United States, at HaddaiDf 2 m. from the viUage, in a granite vein, aooM
several pounds in weight ; also at the chrysoberyl loeality, but not now aooeoJ
iolite locality, lladdam ; near Middletewn, iu the " feldspar '^ or " china-atone qnai
abundant in iioe crystals aocno very large ; ligure 429 represents one f in. km
scribed by Professor Johnston (Ara. J, Sci , xxx. 387}, weighed, before it was bro
and the part figured about 6 in. in lengtb and bread tli^ weighed 6 lbs, !:£ osl; it ft
i-i, >•{, i-2, ij i-$i i'\ and another imperfect plane^ which appears to bo l4.
Mass*, some fine crystalB^ associated with blue and green tourmalines anid bet]
aibitio granite; Acworth^ N. II.; also Beverly^ Mass. ; Northtleld, Kaaa., witb bi
N. H., with beryl; GreenJEleld, N. Y., with chrysoberyl
The Connecticut crystals are uaually rather {ragUe from partial duin^; white
land are very firm and bard.
The oocmrrence of oolumbite hi America was first made known by Mr. flatdie
of a specimen sent by Governor Winthrop to Sir Hans Sloaiie, tbeu Preetdent of Ui
which was hibelled as found at Neatueague. Dr. .'^. L Mitch ill stated (Med. Bepa
it was taken at a spring at New London, Conn. No locality has since been detect
But the rediscovery of it at Haddara^ first publiahed by Dr. Torrey (Am. J. Set, I
neex Middletown, about T m. distant, has led to the belief that the originil Jocalit
these places, which are about 30 m, W. of New London.
For reosDt papers on crjst see Descl, Aon, d, M., V, viiL 8£>5 ; Schrauf; Ber.
44fi, 1861 ; Maskelyne^ PhiL Mag., IV, xxv. 41, The crystallograpbic identity c
mineral with the Bavarian was first shown by Dr, J. Torrey (Ann. Lya N. Y^ i
The metal of eolumhite was named oolumbium by Eatehett in 1802, from Ooln
America, whence his specimen was received, and thus came the name cokmMi gi
and Thomaon <see further under tantalite). Ease, after investigating the metal •»
named it anew, calling it nib^tVim, and this gave rise to the name moftili. Sat
Qerman name of Bavaria. T&rreitie Thomson, named after Dr. J. Torrey, W thai
town oolumbite; and Greenlandiie Breith., is tliat from Greenland; both name* i
in erroneous views of the crystids of the minerals. Dianiie is the Bodenmaia goI^
T. Kobeli supposed he had discovered the acid of a new metal, which he i^Oed di
No good reason has been given for substituting niobium for columbmm; wl |
chemists, as well as European, have thua far followed Rose in rejectim| tba V
English discoverer. The rule of priori^ demands recognition.
476. TAPIOLITB,
Tapiolit A. E. Ndrdm*kii>ld, (Efv. Ak. Stodch^
Sukuk) Arppe, AcL Soc. Scl Fenai vi ft»0» 1861,
TABTALATBB, OOLUlfBATBS.
619
onal. O A l-t=147*' T ; a=0'6464. 1 A 1 in same pyramid
)ver base 84*^ 52' ; 0 A 1=137° 34' ; 1 A l-t=16r 30'. Cleavage
G.=7-35— 7-37, Nord. ; 717— 7-36, Arppe. Ltistre strong
ne, approaching metallic. Color pure black.
i'e'f a*=Taatalic add 83*1, protozyd of iron 16*9=100. Analjaes : 1, Arppe (L c.) ;
dold (L c.) :
ta Sn ^e
ikula
(1)88*18
(I) 88^06
0-82
1-07
16*77=99-77 Arppe.
16'78=99-91 Nordenakiold.
rr.ofWwithi
>.— B.B. behayes like tantalite, bat gi^es no reaction for manganese.
cura near the Kulmala farm, in the village of Sukuk, in the pariah of Tammela, ]fin«
te pegmatjte granite, with berjrl, tourmaline, and arsenopyrite.
offl an andent Finnish divinity.
470.
B}ehnit A, R KordenakiSld, Fogg., czL 286, 1860.
Uization indistinct. Massive, without apparent cleavage.
G. =5-82. Lustre metallic. Color pure black. Streak grayish-
fracture granular.
A Btanno-tantalate of iron, nraninm, and yttria. Analysis : Noidendddld (L a) :
a 8n,W Ou XJ Je An Ce t Jig Oa tL
A2 6*56 .0*10 4-87 806 8 82 1*07 519 0 26 4*2d 8*26=99*87.
t. — In the dosed tube decrepitates and yields water. BJ3. invisible, but turns brown
th salt of phosphorus easily dissolved to a bluish-green ^ass. With borax dissolves
^lass, whion renuuns unchanged on flaming. With soda on oharooal gives metafile
ordenskiold).
om the Kararfvet mine, near Fahlun, Sweden, along with garnet, pyrophysalite^ gado-
Itum, in a pegmatyte granite.
EU>TAMTALITB. Yttrotantal Skeberg, Ak. R Stodsh., zziiL 80, 1802. T^UBlale
6 yttrifire K, Tr., 1822. YttroDmoDit Herm,, J. pr. Gh., xzxvfiL 119, 18i6w
hombic /A 7=123° 10' ; (? A 2-i=103° 26' ; a : J : c=2-0934 : 1 :
Observed planes : 0 ; vertical, i-i, ly i-2, i-J.
es, 1-i, 2-t. 0 A 1-1=131° 26', i-i A 14=138^
/=118° 25', U A i-5=137° 16', U A i-2=
iri A i-i, ov. i-i,=94° 32', i-2 A ^-2, adj.,=
i-t A i-5=159° 43'. Crystals often tabular
0 t-i. Also massive ; amorphous.
-5*5. G.=5'4— 5-9. Lustre submetallic
IS and greasy. Color black, brown, brown-
r, straw-yellow. Streak gray to colorless.
x> subtranslucent. Fracture small conchoi-
diular.
Ytteriiy.
The Uaek yttrotantalite, of Ytterby, is iron-black, sub-
istre, and has a.=5*39fi, Bens. ; 5*67, Pereta; after ignition 6*40, Pareii; 7-09, Nor-
Often in crystals.
low of Ytterby is amorphous or indistinctly crystalliaed, and has G. =6*882, Ekeberg;
Der: after ignition, 6^40, Pereta; 5*846, Ohandler. 8. Tte yaOow from KtratfVet
10^ (aydanioB. This variety contains mudi vraniaa.
482
/3/f
ir
HermaDQ calk tbe mineral of anal. 5, 6, 7, yUrotandaUle^ and that of hit own aiulyi
nikj giTring'Cr,=4'88.
Comp. — Tantalate of jtiria and Moief or ^rttria, Ume, and iron, with some proloijrd
(t, f^e, Ca, tr)**ta*=,if Y : Ca : f'e : tr=6 : 2 : 1 : ],TaQtaHcaoide3'{is7ttriASi-I^H
oiyd of iron 3*4, prot iiraiiiuiu 6 3=100. AujiIjBes : 1-i, Bereelim (Afhaodi, II
Schw- X, xri 461); 5, Perctz (Fogg., bcxil 166 If 6 A, uame, with 4*S6 tt, tlie «
ignitioB (Eamm. Min. Ch,, 400); 6, Chaodler (Inaiig. Dissert.); 1, Potyka (tnaqfc 1
NordeDskiold {Fogg., cxL 280) j 9, J. J, ChjdeDiua (il>., 284); 10.12, HermajmO^
Mosc, xzxviiL 358) :
fa W
^n
tl t *^e 5rg Ca Cu fl
1.
rttethj, ydlow 60'13 104
^6-62 29-78 FeM6 0-60 =1
a.
H
'* 59-60 1-25
♦' 3-33 29-90 " 2-73 %-29 =S
3.
(1
hktck 5T'00 8 25
** 0^50 20-25 *» S-50 6-26 =«
4.
it
bnL-bk, 61-82 2 59
" 111 38-52 " 0-55 3-26 =8
6.
it
&/adb 58 65 060
"3 94 2125 629 1^40 755 040 =1
5A
. "
** 65-80 0-67
S-75 20-22 6-95 1-35 7-18 0*40 4*8«=l
6.
u
|f«2/oi£r 57 27 1-85
ono
5 10 1864 4-82 0-76 4-78 0-«9 6-00^1
7,
u
'* 55-60 0-49
0-10
7-00 25-52 0T7 O'lfi 3*<V0 0*43 4-n =9
8.
tc
hiadc 56'56 3*87
_ —
0 82 111-56 8-90 4*^7 ^r. f€B^l
9.
Kararfvet, 6f(mw 56 44 ZoO-42
M9 8048 327 2 27 0-27 4-83=9
f ft* Cb^ fi til
0
t (Ce,Li^l)i) t© An ttg Ca fl
10.
Ttterby
61 '33 1-50
5^64 19-74 ft-. Bm VdO J-OS l^C*:?
11.
ii
57 81 500
1-87
18-30 2-27 13-61 O'SS O'SO — ==
12.
II
81-29 23^80 300 2-83
BDl
21-03 2-48 11-07 026 O'SO — ==
Blometrao^ has foxind 16 p. c of colmnbic acid in the jreJlow yttrotaaUdit© ; bi U
mannas llmeDic add aa haTiug no exiKtouce. Marignac ooDfirma this acatement and 1
Llmenic add (G. 3'**) to be columbtc add mired with titanic add, while hia " niobic" I
contained tantalic? add In anal I, 2, 4'64 p. c of £[ were fou&4 *n^ tn 3, 5-43.
PyT.j etc. — In the dosed tube yields water^ the bkck Tarietiea turn yellow. Oo ifl
tion both Tarieties become white and give off traoea af fluorine* B.B. infUaible. ^
phosphorua diflRolves witb at first a Fe]>aration of a white skeleton of tantalic add, w|
atroDg heat ia aleo diasolved ; the black variety from Yiterby givee a glaaa faintly tmt
from the presence of tuogatic acid ; the dark and yellow varietiea give a faint gn
cooling, due to the presence of uranium. The minerai from Finbo and KaraHVal gl
gtaaa. With aoda reacts for manganeae. With soda and borax on chaj^ooal givv« trM
Tie tin (Bcn&diua). Not dp<x»nipos&d hy acidB. DeoompcMed on fuaion with bliulpbail
and when the product ia boiled with muriatic add metaUlo sine gives a pale blue ootbr i
tion which soon fadea.
Oba* — Occurs in Sweden at Ttterby, near Taxholm, In red feldspar ; at tha Kara
and at Finbo and Broddbo, near Fahlun, imbedded in quartz and ^bite^ aaeocaaM 1
mica, and pyrophyaalite.
On cryat. aee A. E. Nordensklotd, {Efv. Ak. Stoddi., 1860, 28, dted In Fog&i «d
pr. Ck/lxixl 195.
The D&me yiiroianUdiie alludes to the composltioQ. YUroUmemU^ waa gifm l»i
Hermann upon the diacovery in It of hia supposed new metal ihneiuuDi. ^^^
478. BAMAMBETTB. UranotantaJ R Host, Pogg., xlviU. 665, 1839.
Fogg., liiL 157, 1847. Uranoniobit i£ Rose^ Fogg., Ixii 166, 1847.
xlU. 129, 1847, J. pr. Ch., xHv. 216, 1848.
Orthorliombic. Angle of priem t-2, 135° to 136° (whence .
40' to 101° Wy near that of eolimibite). UsiiaUy in flattened gnl
H.=5'5-0/ G.=:5'€il4-5-75; 5*45'-5-69, North Carolina. J
611 rface of fracture shining and subraetallic. Color velvet bl|
dark reddieli-brown. Opaque. Fracture BubconchoidaL
Ootup. — Analyses: 1, 2, 3, Peretz, under the directicm of Rose (Fogg,, Ixxt !S7);
(laang. Dissert),- 5, Hemmnn (J. pr. CSl, L 178); 6, T. a Hunt (Am. J. Sd.. IL j
Cb W U(»T)
*e
t
66*38 U16
16-43
916
66*00 16*70
16-90
1104
66-91 16-77
16-94
8-86
66-10 0-48 19-S2
16-06
4-91
66-86 ^16-63
8-87
18-29
64-81 "17-08
14-07
u-u,
TAHTALATSS, OOLI71CBATB8. 621
Hfg Oa,Aii
0-SO 0-92=96-84 PeretB.
0-76 102= 101-41 Perete.
0-76 1-88=99-61 PeretB.
0-26 I 00, Sn 0-26, Cn 0-07=96*86 GOumdler.
0-60, Ce, La 286, An 1-20, ign. 0*33=100*08 H.
11-11, Ce, La 8-96, ign. 0*24=101*21 Hunt
Vfaikeiier and Stephana have obtained fh)m the Miask mineral (H. Bose in Yerh. Ifin.
1863, 13):
WS2r§n¥h^eMnCaCe t iig Cm tL
1*36 11*60 4-86 0-6 6*06 11-02 0*96 0*26 3*81 12*61 0*14 0*78 0*46=100-66.
f 11-08 4-26 0-63 6-66 10-66 1-60 16*90 0*04 0-64 0-40=100*82.
S for the O. ratio between the Cb [+W] and the other ingredienta 9-49 : 9*66=1 : 1,
tiie general formula (ft* fi, Icf )* Cb*.
I eto«— In the dosed tube decrepttates, glows like gadolinite, cracks open, and turns
ad is of diminished densitj. B.B. fhses on the edges to a black glass. With borax in
MayeUowish-green to red bead, in R.F. a jellow to greenish-blade, which on flaming
I opsqne and yellowish-brown. With salt of phosphorus in both flames an emerald-
Md. With soda yields a manganese reaction. Decomposed on fUsion with bisulphate
ih, yielding a jellow mass whicm oo treatment with dilute muriatic acid separates white
tdd, and on boiling with metallic sine gives a fine blue odor. Samarskite in powder is
Bdenflj decomposed on boiling with concentrated sulphuric add to give the bme redno-
t when the add fluid is treated with metallic zinc or tin.
-Uranotantalite occurs in reddish-brown feldspar, with crystallized sschTnite, in the
noontains, near Mlask in the UraL The largest pieces met with were of the size of
iti.
^oocorring prism of Samarskite is i-S instead of »-2 (aa in mengite), then /A /becomes
'tol02'20\
idafter the Bosaian, y. Samarski.
479. BUZBMinL Euxenit Seheerer^ Pogg., L 149, 1840, Ixrii, 666.
borhombic. Form a rectangular priBm (t-i, i-t) with lateral edges
m1 by /^ and a pyramid at summit, also with a maerodome m-i.
=126% in A f?^i=154° 30', i4 A pyramid=107% Dahl ; I A 7=120*^ f,
^^=153% viAm-tz^ilW, i-i A pyr.=136°, Greg; prism of 141%
lome of 59° 16', Breith. Cleavage none. Commonly maseive.
:6-6. G.=4:-60, Jokter, Scheerer; 4-73— 4*76, Tvedenstrand, id. ;
t-99, ib., Breith.; 4-89— 4-99, Alve, Forbes; 4-96, Chydenius.
brilliant, metallic-vitreous, or somewhat greasy. Color brownish-
in thin splinters a reddish-brown translucence lighter than the
Streak-powder yellowish to reddish-brown. Fracture subcon-
w— A cdmnbo-tantalate, containing titanic add, yttrium, and nranium. O. ratio for ^ tL
= (from mean of anal 3, 4) 8 : 6 : 7 ; and if the titanic is basic, the ratio for the basea and
li 2 : 1, which would give the formula (fl*, ti)»(Cb, fa). If tl is add, the ratio is8 : 18.
I OMkes it iaomorphoua and similar in formula with adschynite. Analysea : 1, 2, Sdieerer
I Fbrfoea dc Dahl (Bd. N. PhiL J., XL L 62); 4, Streckor (J. pr. Oh., Ixlv. 684); 6, Ohj-
lolL 8oa Gh., tL 484, 1866) :
ftsta ttXltrJeOeLatttg&kfi
r 49*66 7*94 6*34 218 096 26-09 0 29 2*47 3-97 Scheerer.
iHtnuid 63-64 7-68 260 291 28-97 *'^='?5!?l„°?n?*
38-68 14-86 8-12 6*22 198 3*31 29-36 019 1-87 8-88=100-87 F. « IJ.
on 8t-16 16-26 8-46 8-03 2646 6-26 iS~lS2r'?/l!5SiS:
The Jdlster euxenite oontaiiiB the most titmio tdd; jet Scheorar does not doubt (
of the two iniuerala.
Cbydenins has ahowD that the mineral coataios tbori% and onlf t9«oe« of 0x3rd
Marlgmic (Bib. Univ., rxr. 29, 1S66) found 52'28 of metallic acid^ conaiatmg oCiiboQt I
Ub and 29-T of titatiic, the ratio of the two being stated at 268 : 24a.
Pyr^ etc. — B.B. infunible. Dmsol^ed in bofax and soli of pihoapbonii,, giTli^ t j
while hot ; with Salt of phosphorus ahowa a yellowish-green (uranium rototioo) on €01
ficiently saturate tl (ScheererjL Wheu decompoaed by fusion with canatic potaah, audi
treated with water, and thia eoiution neutmlized with muriattc add, it gives a pracipl
boiled with concentrated muriatle add and lin-foil g^ives a clear Bapphire-blue fluid, v|
to an olive-green^ and Qnaily bleacbea. If the residue of the fuaion after leadiln^ is j
muriatic add and boUed with tin-foil, it yields on dilution a pole ros^red color
The mitiemi is sufficiently attacked^ on eTaporation with sulphuric add, to giire a ^
which, treated with metallic ainc or tin, affords the characteristic blue reduction 1
0bB.-^0cciir3 at J^ilater in Norway, imbedded io feldspar and sometimes in aci
r largest cryatals 'i in. long and ^ in* wide, but usually much amaller ; also Doar Tvodl
i AIt©, Island of Tromoen, near ArendaJ ; at Mdretjar, near Naakilen.
^^L Hamed by Seheerer from cvffrv^ a sinmffer^ in allusion to the rarity of its oceurfsiiai
I
480i iBSOHTNlTS. .£achynit .B^rz^ Jahreaki iz. 195t 1828,
34i; O A l'l=145^ 1H\ Kofcscharof
48«
Orthorhombic. /A 7=91
^0*69244 : 1 : 1'0279, Obeenx^d planes : O (not common); verti
i-t ; braeliydome, 2-i ; octahedral, 1-2, Crystals osi
pii&riiatic and etiiated. Cleavage : i-l in tracea|^
none observable according to Kokscharofi^MH
i-l A ^-2=128° 6'
i-2 A i-i^ll5 57
2-1 A 2-lj top, =73 10
2-5 A t-i=143** 2S
1-2 A 1-2, adj.,=:lj
1^2 A 1-2=146 60
2-1 A 1-2=128 16
•14
; 51 18, Mia&k, Kc
nearly dulL Col
K=5-fl G,=4'9-^
Lnstre Biibnietallic — re«inoue,
black, inclining to brownigb* yellow when tri
Streak gray, or yellowish-brown, almost black, i
lucent — opaque. Fracture small BubconchoidaL
Oomp^ — Doubtful The tnineral described by Benelios aod 1
Hart wall differs wnwh in the pyrognostic and other chjumiwi
that from the same locality InTeatigated by Hennaim, and tbe la
two is not yet certain. Bcheeror fbund no ziroooia. Aoalyses : 1, HartwaU (Pud
Jahre«b^ ii. 196); 2--1, Hennann (J. pr. Ch., mi 89, ixivii 116, L ITO, LrriiL 9T)f|
80c Nat Mo&cou, mviil 4Vl, J. pr. Ch., idx. 288); 6, id. (BuiL Soc Nat Moiooq
16S6}:
th fe ^?e Ce La t Ca fl
ta^fib
1,
a, 33-39
8. 8506
4. 83^20
ti Zr
&6^0 200
11-94? 11-52
10-56 1 IT '68
26"90
Sn
0-5
— — 1&-0
1166 — -
4*82
6-45 22-20
2-48
15-59
513
4t6
11 13
«S3
836
1-28
8*8 ^fbi
3 40 1-68^ N
— re6=ri<><
. 82-30* 1506 — 22-91 «*00 15-96* S'SO I'JO
, 33-59*' 16-12 -^— — 22*67 6-58 H^Se^ 4-80 3*16 1*60=
» If ftde n-Oa nm&nit ftctil (or, Uter, 19^ llmcnki, and 16-T3 tlmeDOtw •cl4> pJoa t'lO al»fcflHt
b Mflde 90 le llmenk add plus t'U nloltous add, c C» Ol l#Ol»I"^
Hermann's analyses afford for tho 0. ratio of bftflea, fi, Cb-hta 7*9 : € ^ : 8*t» lij
him, or 13-9 r 8 '2 for bases + ti, and Pb + ta, Hia Hmonic add ia made ta&telifl w*^
Pyr., etc— In the open tube yields water and traces of fluorine. KB. ia **» ^
up and changes ita color torn black Io a ruetj browiL In bofax dlAiolfii iiiQr^
TA2ITALATE8, 00LUXBATE8.
623
bead while hot, and on oooling becomes oobrleas ; in BJF. with tin elTea a blood-red
tf ore difflooltly soluble in salt of phosphorus ; with a small amount of the assar gives a
1 bead, while with a lai^r quantitj there separates a white substance which cJouds the
I BmF^ with tin on oliiuxxxal, yields an amethystine glass (BenseUus). Decomposed on
i& potash ; yields reactions similar to those mention^ under euxenite (y. Kobcul). It is
kaently decomposed hy sulphuric add to show the reduction test with sine.
-From lOask in the Umen Mts., in feldspar with mica and ziroon; also with eudase in
sands of '*Kaufmann*sBakakin," in the Orenburg District, Southern ITraL
1 ftom «{vy«i'4, ehame^ by Berselius, in allusion to the inability of diemical sdenoe, at the
its discovery, to separate the two unlike substances, titanic acid and siroonia.
yst see Brooke, PhiL Mag., x. 188 ; Bose, Beis. UraL, 11 70 ; Desdoizeaux, Ann. d. M.
49; Koksdiarof; MhL Bussl, ill 884, iv. 63, 100. Bose made »-2 A i'i=l2V 19', and
=73° 44', which he says are approximations only, the fiioes being rough. Fig. 483 ia by
481. POLTORA8B.
lorhombic / A /= 95**,
Polykras Scheenr, Fogg., IxiL 480, 1844.
O A 1^=134° 15'; a: J:
2655 : 1 : 1*0913. Observed planes as in the figure.
\ 2-J=118** 0'
\ 1=125 41i
^ 1-8=139 59
\ 1-8, mac,=96 40
\ 1-5, brach.,=152
1 A 1, mac.,=112° 32'
1 A 1, brach.,=106 24
i-i A i-5, ov. i-J,=140
i4 A i-8=160
2-i A t-t=152
Is thin linear. Cleavage none.
=5-5. G.=5-09— 5-12. Lustre bright. Color black;
inters brownish. Streak grayish-brown. Fracture
>idaL
p< — ^According to Scheerer, contaius columbic acid, oxyd of uranium, titanic add, airconia,
Iron, yttria, and protoxyd of cerium, with a little slumina, and traces of lime and masnesia.
, ate— In the closed tube decrepitates, and gives traces of water. BJB, in the forceps
md turns to a light grayish-brown color, but is invisible. Soluble in borax, giving in
jtear yellow bead, which in B.F. with tin turns brown. In salt of phosphorus gives a
Dow i^asa, which on cooling is greenish ; in R.F. the cdor becomes darker. With soda no
for manganese, and on chiurooal no metallic partides. Decomposed by evajporation with
rated sulphuric acid ; the product, treated with muriatic add, gives on boiflng with me-
DC or tin a deep azure-blue solution, which does not fade. The dilute solution gives a
lop to turmeric paper (zirconia).
—From ffitterOe, Norway, in granite with gadolinite and orthite ; crystals ^ to 1^ in. long;
IT Breaden.
)d flrom reX<(, manyj and jrp<(<rif, miacture,
IfoDer makes the so-called polycrase of Brevig certainly, and that of HitterSe probably,
1 with polymignite (J. pr. Ch., Iziz. 318). Scheerer mentions a prism of 93* 32' (B. H.
H 2SX CAd Breithanpt one of SS** and 12^.
482. POLTMiaNITXI. JSenwIttM, Ak. H. Stookh., 388, 1824.
iiorhombic /A 7=91° 44', 0 A 1-1=144^ ««
: b : 0=0-7262 : 1 : 1*0308. Observed planes :
1, 2-J, 4-1, ii; 2-2.
14=144^ 58' 2-2 A 2-2, mac.,=136*^ 28'
M=126 15 2-2 A 2-2, brach.,=99 14
i-2=:131 49 2-2 A 2-2, bas.,=116 22
W=160 26 1-t A li, ov. O,=109 46
H=lll 46 « A 1-1=125 7
Cleavage : Pi and 0 in traces. CryBtals generallj slender and \
Btriatea longittidiiially.
H.=6*5. G. = 4'77— ^85. Lustre eiibmetallic but briDiant
black* Streak dark brown. Opaque. Fracture perfect conchoj
Benting, like the surface, a brilliancy almost metallic*
i
Gomp. — According to an naalyfiiB hj B^raeHus (Ak. H, Stockb., iL 380, IRMj
cauae of the difficult separation of the titaDic acid and ziroonia :
ti 46-30 irWU l^e 12-20 Ca 4*20 »B 4-70 ^5« 6-00 t ll'W>=9e■a<
with a traoo of potash^ magneBia^ silicat and oxjd of tin. The blowpipe roArdooA I
probahle preaence also of coiumbic or tantatk acid aa aa cen^entii^l constitueot (Bmahi
Pyr*, etc.^B,B. Iq fusible^ aod unchanged in color. With borax d!seolTe« readil|
iron btjad; with more of the Gssaj becomes bmwnlah-jellow on flaming, and opaqiie
with tin in R,F. tunig reddish-yellow. With salt of phasphorus not eaaUj acted iip
radish tin^ in ILF., which is unchanged by tin. with eoda sbowa traoea of maisg
zolius). The powdered Fredcncksvim mineral, heated with ooncentnited aulphutio
a whitish residue, whicli, treated with muriatic add and tin-foil, gives a beautiTvil axisrt
indicating^ as under polycrase, the presence of some other metallic acid in additkni
which of itself gives only a violet color. The dilute add solution gives with tunnari
orange color characteristic of zircoriia.
Oba*— Occurs at Frederick svarn in Norway, imbedded in feldspar and drcoo-ajvoitfl
tals Bometimea exceed an inch in length. BefJorted by Shepard as occurring at BeT«i
436.
483. FURGOBONITB. Ilaidingcr, Ed. Phil Trana., z. STi, 1816.
Tetragonal, hemihedral O A l-t=:184*'
1'464. ()bBerved planes as in the annexed
0 A 1=115" 46', 1 A 1=100^ 54', and 12^ i
3^=91° 59', f-f A 3-1=169^ 17'. Cleavag
di&tinct traces, ^^
H.=5'5«6. G.=5'838, Allan; 5*afl
Lustre externally dull, on the fractureTi
vitreuius and enbmetallic. Color brownish-hl
thin eealee pale liver-brown. Streak palei
Snbtranslucent — opaque. Fracture
choidah
^H nJ ^- — / Oomm Var.— Varies much in compoBition,
^^P ysea, like other columbium mineraUL, aod probably i
^^ ation. The description above given is from (1) the Greenland fergusouite.
r 2. A mineral frtmi Ytierb^, aooordiog to Nordenskiold, is very similar in its 1
1 Uzation and form, but contains B p. c of water (auaL 3^ 4) ; b» pyroehloire \b i
I this peculiiirity may bo one of the effocts of aliemtion. It has an imperflEiCt T
1 reoiis to greasy lustre ; a dark brown color ; H.=i4'6 ; G.^4'89 ; and is fbebly vab
I 3. Tyriie Forbes (Ed. N. Fhil. J., i. 67, 183&, and PhU. Mag., IV. xiu, 91) occurt I
pyramidal crystals like those of fergusonller and sometimes 2 inches long, with oecilil
cording to iCenngott planes corresponding to 0, 1^ 3, |, and bemihed^; but witiil
too uneven for exact measurement It has one deavage distinct, sjud tracM of two (MIm
brownish-bladc ; H.=6"6; G.=&'13-6'6G, Forbes; 5 65fi, Kenngoit II eOQlttei 1^
approaches fergusouite in composition (auaL 5, G). It is from HampM^jr tiii Q{
Arendal Norway, and tbe cryBtals often stand on plates of black mk«.
4. A mineral from tbe Norwegian locality of tyrite^ and supposed to be that
men having been sent as such from Krantz to H. Hose), baa been analyssd with
results by J. Potyka (Pogg., cvii. S&O), he finding in it 7 p. c of potash <aaal 7)l U
irr^^nlar mass imbedded In reddish feldspar, bad no deavage, a submetaUic Instre, a biii
reddish-brown at the edges In thm splinters, a reddish-brown streak, and H.=4, G.=*"Jl
This last mineral, the tyritCj the Ytterby mineral, and fergusouite, maybe four d'stinc*
but it does not appear prohable.
.1^
TANTALATBB, OOLUMBATBS. 596
gi§$ of Plocbes and Dthl, from HellO) Narestd, AIto, and AakerG, Korwaj, haa been re-
femaooita bj J. A. lOohaelaon (J. pr. Oh., xc 108). F. ft D. deaoribe the mineral aa
il, nfth H.=6— 6*6; G.=5'18— 5*36; color brown; atreak jellowiah-brown ; Inatreeub-
thin qilmtera tranahioent ; and aa loaing water when heated ; but inftiaible B3., and
; jeUaw ; and aa aflfbrding, with aalt of phoaphoruSf a skeleton of afliea ; oharactera which
I relation to hTdrooa or aJtered ziroou, where it ia placed on pi 27 (L Miohaelaon^a mln-
ajiah-brown, haa H.=s4*5f G.=5'40, and containa no aOica (anaL 8).
lea : 1, HartwaU (Ak. EL Stockh., 167, 1828); 2, Weber (Pogg., oyil 190); 3, Kordena-
pr. CIl, IxzxL 200); 4, Beraeliue (Afh. L Fja^ eta, iv. 281). TyrUe: 6, 8, D. Forbea
, Po^a (Pogg., OTil 690); 8, Michaelaon (L c):
Cb W 8n & XI t Ce ta tr *e Ca fi
.land 47-76 1-00 8-02 41*91 4-68 0-95 0-31 =99-62 H.
' 48-84 0-86 6-93 3861 8-06 036 1-83 =99*46 W.
bj 46-83 2-86 39*80 1'12 0*10 316 6-44=100*89 N.
48*86 2*44 36-31 1*01 0'47 8*07 6-tl=97-87 B.
leiiijr, ryr-^*^ ^- 6-66 29*72 6-36 8*08 6*26 0*81 4*62=100-26 F.
" 44*48 (r. 2*78 8*66 27*83 6*68 1 47 6*99 2*11 1*68 4-66=100*18 F.
§j, " 43*49 1*36 0*09 0*80 31-90 3*68 4-12 1-12 1-96 3*71, i 7*23,^
0*41, On 0*36=100-20 Pot
BngUef 48-10 1-46 82-7167*48 4*96 1-37 1*82 1*08, ttnO'll,
ttg 0*89, Pb 0*09, IfidL
•^ analyaia girea for the O. ratio of protozyda, airconia and tin-Qzyd, and ccdomblo aoid,
6; and, if the airconia ia basic, for bases and add nearlj 1 : l=(ft', ft)*Ob*. The
mineral alao afforda rery doeely the ratio 1:1; tyrite about 9:11; Potyka'a mineral
r Tory nearly 1 : 1. Whence all, the water disregarded, may perhapa come onder the
ineral formula.
trmnd flnda 6 p. a tantalic add in the Ytterbv mineral
afto.— Feigoaonite from Greenland ghrea in ue dosed tube a little water. B.B. inftnible ;
oal ita color beoomea pale yellow, with borax diaaolvea with difficulty, glTlng a yeOow
lie hot, the inaoluble portion being white ; the aaturated bead ia yeUowiah-red, and ia
wqpe by flaming. Slowly dissolved by salt of phoaphorus, leaving a white inaoluble reai-
OJ?. the bead is yellow, whUe in B.F. it is colorless, or, if saturated, slightly reddish, be-
MMiane on cooling ; treated with tin the bead remains uncolored, while the insoluble reaidue
fleah'Ted. Deoompoeed by aoda without diasolying, leaving a reddiah alag ; with aoda on
afbfda globulea of metallic tin (Bersolius). When evaporated with auljmurio add yidda
randiM^ which, treated with muriatic add and metallic zinc, givea a blulah-green odor.
ecrei^tatea and yields much water in the dosed tube (Forbes).
-Fetgnaonito waa diacovered by Gies^k^, near Oape Farewell in Greenland, diaaemfaiated
i^ and named after Robert Ferguson of Raith. Also found at Ytterby, Sweden, aa men-
bove.
> ia aaaodated with euzenite at Hampemyr on the island of Tromoe, and HeUe on the main-
t Nnakid, about ten milea eaat of ArendaL
U>BLPH0L1TK Adelfdit K. NordmakiM, Beakrifti. FinL Ifin^ 1866, Jahrb. Ifin.,
313, 1868; A. E, Nord,, Pogg., ozziL 616, 1864.
KonaL iinglea nndetermined.
1*6— 4*6. G.=3-8. Lustre greasy. Color brownish-yeUow to brown and black. Streak
r jeQowiah«white. Subtranducent
Boibata of iron and manganese, containing 41*8 p. a of metallio adda, and 9*7 p. a of
Wnm Lanxinmiki in Tammela, Finland, with columbite.
nnanito Bro6k» PhiL Mag^ z. 187, 1831. Mengtt G. Ro&e, Bait. Ural, iL
83, 1842.
boiiiombic. /A /=100^ 28', 0 A 14=188*^ 42' ; a : 6 : c=:l-0468 :
on.
526
OXYGEN OOMPOTFinJfl,
4ST
0 A 1-3=136° 50'
/Ai-i=140 U
i-f Ai-3:=111 60
1-S A 1-5, maa,^'
I'S A 1-1, briidi.,:3
Occiir& in Bhort prigmB^ often termiDated
sided pyramids. No distinct cleavage.
n. = 5— 5-5, iT.=6'48. LmtTO rabi
splendent, of surface of fracture subvitreons.
iron-black. Streak cbestnut-brown. Fract
even.
o«S
Oomp. — Contains, aooording to tl. Rose (L c), ziroonia^ oxyd of iitm^ aod titsaio i
Pyr., etc.— B.B infusiblo. but beoomeB magnetia With salt of pbosphonifi, in the a
gives a gi^enish-jeUow clear gkss ; Ln tbe inner a yeJlo wish-rod, Which is made deep l
iogtin. Wilb soda a manganese roactiou.
Obs. — Docors in granite tgids In the Ilmen moimtains. The crystala are imbedded
and the largeat are bat two or throe linea long.
Brooke'n name IVmeMis being preoooupiedr Roee changed It to Met^fik^ after ]
erer of tbe mineraL The mengite of Brooke it monazite.
486. RiXTBBBFOBJ^ITB. Shepard^ Am. Amocu, {?. t\% 1861^ Am, J. 8d^
llonoclitiie, with /A /=93^5 according to Shepard. In crjsl
grains, withont cleavage.
H.^5'5, Hunt G. = 5'58— 5*69* Stiemrd ; 5^55, Hiint. Lustw
ture shining vitreo-resinous, and color hlackish^brown* Opaque, 1
fragments translucent and smoky orange-brown by transmittal
Streak and powder yellowish-brown, near fawn-color. Fracture (
dal. Brittle-
Oomp« — Aocx>rf]ing to Shepcird^ contains titanic addr osrd of oeriiim. and poasffat
uranium and jttria. Aooordlug to aomo uuflniahed trials bjr T. 3^ Hunt (Am. J. Sci, tl.
it contains probably 58-6 p. c or more of titanic acid, with 10 pw c of ^m^ with otbir ii
undetermined.
Oba. — Occum at the gold mines of Rutherford Co^ North OaroUnar along with ratflfl^
sircon, and monaaite.
J
S. PHOSPHATES, AESENATES, ANTEMONATES, NTTB
A. PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, ANTDdONATE^
In the anhydrouB Phosphates and Arsenates the hardness is from
f!olors various, comprising, bejsides white or colorless, shades of
yellow, blue, brown, violet, black, several of them bright ; ci^
forms of each of the systems, except the isometric. The nydrous
have a still wider range of crj^tallization and colors, including the h
system in the former, and reddish shades among the latter; wi
limits of hardness are lower, being between 1 and 5 j ft much lai]
portion of the species are clinoliedral. In comi>ositiou, the oxyg<
lor bases and acid which is far tbe meet common, is 3 : Sj^g^
ANHTDB0U8 FHOSPHATEB AJSTD AB8ENATX8. 687
he ratios 3 : 8, 4 : 5. 3 : 3 are rare ; wh3e 1 : 1 is unknown, except
latieallj in two or tnree species of doubtful composition.
rognostic reactions for phosphates B.B. are the following: If the add is combined with
tiidi of itself imparts no color to the flame, it will give a characteristic bloisb-green
. this maj be made more intense bj moistening with sulphorio acid before ignitUn. If
hate is soluble in nitric add, the dilute solution will give with acetate of lead a white
B^ which after washing yields B.B. on charcoal in B.F. a crystalline polyhedral bead of
» of lead. Fnil^er, according to Bunsen, if a phosphate, or a substance containing but
Qount of phosphoric add, be heated in a wide dosed glass tube, with three parts of dry
a small flragment of aodium, it is on Aision conyerted into a phosphid, which after
ields phosphuretted hydrogen when moistened with water. Most phosphates in the
3wder are reduced to phosphids by simple fusion with sodium.
tes are easily recognized by the alliaceous odor given when treated on diarooal, MpedaQy
»d with soda^
L ANHYDROUS.
ABRANOEMENT OF THB SFECIB&
fOTIME GBOUP. O. ratio for bases and add 3 : 6. CrystalliEation tetragonaL
yraa t^lP (P0)«|0« pFt
noLm Oe»1P (PO),|e, |6e,
A.TITE GBOUP. Oxygen ratio for bases and add 8 : 6, but with the additfon of t
odd or dilorid, which, if induded with the bases, makes the ratio 10 : 16=2 : 3.
rstalHiation hexagonal Fbrmula A on the ratio 3 : 6, and B that of 2 : 8.
nn A
3Ca»l?+0a(01,F)
(Pe).|e. |ea,+i6a(GU,F.)
B
(A6a+AGa(01,F))-^
p,e4(oi.,p,)|e„|eat.
3n»P+Pba
(pe),|e. |Pb,+iPbou
B
(^^y>'^M^ol)r^
p«04Ci4e,»|Pbt»
KTITI A \
3l»b»ls+PbCl
(Ase),|e. |Pb,+iPba
B
(A^+A,(Pb01)rls«
As.e4a,|e,.|Pb..
A^amSBITB GBOUP. 0. ratio for bases and acid 8 : S, but with the additioii, in
gnerite, of a fluorid, which, if faicluded with the basee, makes the ratio 4 : 6w Grystal-
Hion orthorhombio, with I A I=dV-db\
muBE A ftg*1^+MgF (Pe),|e. |Mgt+MgFt
B (f ag+lKgF/P (PF) 104 |Mgt
(Cte, La, l>i, fhiyl^ (Pe),|e. ne^haBi^ymu
itLOK OBOUP. 0. ratio as in the Wagoerite gnrnp. dystalliiatloa orthorhoiDUab
nun (t^lLn^UfP (POj^^tK^Mn^Ii.).
528
OXTOEH ooMPonmis.
499. TBiFUn A
(freifinVP + BP
(pe),|e,KF«sMi.),+R
B
(KJ'e,an)+lBF)'t
lPF)|0.|ifc,ll»), J
BOO. HoPHW
1
V. BEBZEUITE GBOUP. 0, ratio for bases and add 2 ; 8.
'&0L BKBZELnn (C%fig,Aiiy*2aP Aa« e«|Ot.K€a^ llg, ife),«^
VI, OABMTJtnTE GEOUP. Contaiua BeequiorjdE. CryitaU orthorhombtc
eaa. CAEMmnE la, Fe, ^b
Tn. AKBLYGOIOTI GEOUP. Cootaina alumina, lithia, and ftuoruMu
dime J /A/=T3'— 7^.
603. Ambltqonitb P, Sl,Ii,F
YllL HEEDEEITE GEOUP.
504. Hbbdkeitb P, lJ,Ca,F
IX. MONIMOLITE GEOUP. AntimooatoA. CrTstaUization telFagooaL
8b,e|e, |(Pb,F©.Mn,<
605. MoumQim
606. EonfTX
607. Ammiolitb
(J^b.te,MQ,Ca)*gb
^»SbO»SbO«
Sb,%Ou
Appendix^^^QBt 509. Absskatbs OF NiCEiL
490. ZSNOnMS. PhoapborsTrad Ttterjord Berz., Ak. H. Siockl^ iL SH 1*^ I^
aaure Tttererdo Gertn. Phospbute of Yttria. Xenotime Beud^ Tr^ iL 652, 1$S1 T(
Ghcker, Handb., »59, 1831* CafiUilnBudito Damour, L'Inatitut, t8, 1853. Wicoia
Jabrb. MiD. 1864, 454,
438
Tetragonal 0 A 1=138** 45' ; a=0^620l
served planes as in the annexed figure,
pjranv.,— 124° W; basaI,=S2^ ZV ; Jhl\
15', Cleavage : /» perfect.
H.=4^5. G.=4-45-4;56; 4 557, Bew,
GreoTgia, Smith. Lustre resinous. Calor yal
brown, reddish-brown, hair-brown, fle&h-red, (
white, pale yellow; streak pale brown, yello'
reddish. Opaque. Fracture (mevea and 8(
Comp.— t*P=PhoBpboricfidd 87-86, jttria 62-14=100.
Aoaljses: 1, Bereelius (L c); 2, E. Zachau (Jahjrb, Hin. 1855, 61 S); 3, J. I^ »
Scl, IL iviu. 978) J 4, Damour (Bull G. Fr., IL xiiL 542); 6, Wartha (Pogg, CXZfifi*
Pa
Oe
1. mttoroe
8S-49-
S0T4
62*68 , Bubpbospk iron S'98 = 100
«r. GU'26 T'DS, ^ ^.»dS-97 Zaobao.
ANHTDBOnS PHOePHATBS AND ABSENATE8.
929
1? f e * Ce
eorgia SS^ 2-06 5413 ll'08^ & 0-89=100*66 Smith.
" 81-64 l-20« 60-40 , ¥i, :&r 7-40=100-64 Damour.
laerine 35-08 — 48*33 , specular iron, with atuse tl, 6*69=100 Wartha.
^With«r.ofHF. ^ Inolndw a UUle La 0, Di 0. * IneladMfomeU*0'.
ic — ^RB. inAisible. When moistened with sulphuric add colors the flame bhiiflli-graea
solable in salt of phosphorus. Insoluble in adds.
?rom a granite rein at Hitteroe, with polycrase, malacon,
e^ where the crystals are sometimes symmetricaUj com- 439
rith crystals of atroon, as in the annexed figure (E. Zsdiau,
L, XL zz. 273), wliioh is airoon above and xenotime below,
pedes bemg dosely is<nnorphous ; at Ytterbj, Sweden ;
Berge, S.W. from St. Gothard; Binnenthal in Upper
ritzerisind {tnaerine). In the United States, in the gold
of Clari^sriDe, Oeorgia (C 488), assodated with ziroon,
<granite; in McDoweU Co., N. 0. ; in grayish- white and
r orystals in the diamond sands of Bahia, Brasil (castel-
; named the spedes xenoHme (apparently from ^rvtfc,
, and rtfi^ h(mor% but in the next line gives the deriva-
, vain^ et rt/i4, honneur," as if the word were kenoiime^
iterward that his name is Intended to recall the fkot that
il was erroneously supposed by Berzelius (in 1815) to
new metal (the metal which he named thorium, before
tuHiam was djsoovered)^ There is a sneer at the great Swedish chemist in the name,
old have occasioned its immediate rejection. Fortunately the word was misspdt from
■ad in its accepted form may be regarded as referring to the ikot that the crym8 are
, nol showy, and were long unnoticed.
rPTOUTB. Kryptolith Wohler, QeL Ans. Gott, 1846, 19, Pogg., IxviL 434.
phooerite ff. Watts, Qu. J. Ch. Soc., il 131, 1849.
Phos-
icnlar prisms and minute grains ; those of crjptolite perhaps hex-
Wohler ; those of phosphocerite tetragonal octahedrons and sqaare
Waits and Chapman.
t*6, cryptolite ; 4*78, phosphocerite. Color wine-yellow ; of phos-
», pale sulphur-yellow or colorless. Transparent — translucent.
-Ce^ 1^ QSke monante\ the cerium replaced in part bv didymium. The analysis of
iflbids better Oe** r*. Analyses : Wohler and Watts (1 a):
IP Ce, i)i te
1. Cryptolite 27-87 73-70 151 =102-68 Wohler.
2. Phoaphooerite 29*66 67*88 9e 2-95=100 Watts.
ift ia aaaL 1 is supposed to be due to oxydation of the protoxyd of cerium in the*
iie analysis.
tou— Cryptolite is not altered by moderate heating. Soluble in conc^trated sulphuric
■lihoesflta, according to Chapman, vitrifles partially on the edges, tinging the flame at
fane allgbUy green. Affords the reaction of phosphoric add and also of cerium, pro-
WBver, with borax and salt of phosphorus, a fflass which is pale videt-Uoe when cold,
Id Um pfMSDce of didymium or a minute portion of cobalt ore.
kypcoBte ocoors in the green and red apatite of Arendal, Norway, and is discorered on>
I ■jwiHte in dihite nitrio add; constitutes 2 or 8 p. a of the mass ; it was (bund espe-
m nd apatite, or in reddish points of the green, and assodated with nartides of mag-
iMnridande, and another cerium ore of a hyacinth-red odor, supposed to be monasite.
•I waa looked for in the yeUowish apatites of Snarum without aoocess. Occurs also
li in tiw IVrol(r); and in the apatite of the Sltidianka in Siberia. Fhosphoceriti^
l» Witts and CSiapman, may be the gn^yish-yellow powder hi the cobalt ore of Tunabng.
Una ftmi aoet oommon in the powder are an ootahednm and a square or reotsngnlar
lin^tef in a fbur^ided pyramid parallel with the lateral plaMi^ rssamWing fig. 248,.
NL Gtalfa has obnerred a mineral, probably ctyptoUte, in the Hnrdstown ^^tita.
84
580
OXTQKir COKFOUND&
493. AFATmS. CrysiaUixed from Spain. ChiyBolite ordinaire de Luie (with figt.\ (
ii. 271, lt8S;=^Sparge1gruiid StefnktyHUlle «U8 Bpanfen oJiherD ApAtit Won^ 1
74, lTdO;=dpargel8teln WsnL; Asparagus Stone; Pierre d'A^perge /V^.; A«pcf^dilteJ
gaard, Aniu Ch., xxxU. 195, ISOa Clmux phosphAt^e Vaiuq^ Ana. Gh^ xxri l^ \
PboaphAte of lime.
Cryifi fr. Saxony, Aqaamarin (oelatidme-i^reeu, fir, Scbuedceaatets) BnmmJdk, hit C
Am^thiste baaaltiue (mostly violet, fr. Mines d'etain de Saxe) Scugt^ Ifio. L, SSi^ ImT;
Crifit., ii. 25i, 1793;=Apatit Wem^ Gerhard's Gnindr., 881, 1786, Beq^ J, 5T$, ttlj
1789. Pbofiphorsaurer-KaJk Klajtr., ik, 294, 1788. Sachswc^er Ber^U, Ajpiititl«
nounoem. of supposed new earthy Agusterde), Trtnfitnadorf^ TrommBd J. d. Phana^ \\
Onjfi, fr, Norway, etc Morozil (fr, Arendal) Ahi!d{f€Mni, MoI1*b Jahrh. B. IL ii. 4
Francolite |fr. Bevoushire) Brooke ; T. R, Hetyry^ PhU, Mag., III. xzzvi ISW.
Kordensh, Bull Nat Mosoou, xrx. 224, 1867.
MoBsivt. La Pierro Phosphorique <&. LagroBaa, Ettremadura) i>iP<2o, pi €0. Madri{^
phaie calcaire ProtMrf, J. de Phys,, mil, 24 1^ ITBS; Pdleiier, Ann^Ch^Yii lTaO;=f
Kirw,, lCo.» L 129, IIU ; Id Karst^ Tab., 52, 1808. Eupyruhrolte (fr. K. TA Smum,}
N. Y., 1838. Osteolith Brmtieis, Ann. Ch, Pharm^ bncti. 18Sl^Bone-pho«phate.
Apatite find the Sazon and the Spanish crystallized (Spargelstetn) and mavire
ezd. Morexite) KaraL^ Tab., 33, 1800 ; id. (iud. the same and also Horoslte) B^!tt^t\
Hexagonal ; often hemiliedral 0 A 1=139° 41' 38", K. ! ^ '
0'734603. Observed planes : O ; prisTnatie, /, ^-2, i-f , t^ :
1, 2 : 12, 2-2, 4-2 ; 3-}, 4-| ; S-f. Figs. 440, 441, 442 ; f. 441, hen
in the planes, S-f, 4-J; f. 442, actual tbnn of a crystal of which li
the normal form; <?^3-f, {?'=4-^.
0Ai=i5r ri
C?A3r
OAfr
0 A 4rj =Kil* 4
OaH=1U "
c>A2-|=m:
f? A 1.2=14S
<?a2-2 1^4
/A 2-5=135!
/A 4-1=157
/A3'|=U9^
1 A 1, pjrr.,::^!
1 A 1, W,^B01
441
i2
«2
4il
St Gothard.
/Ai-2^150^
12
8t Gothard.
Cleavage: O^ imp<irfect A more bol
glo1)ular and reuifonn, with a fibrous or
lectly columnar structure; also
ture granular.
K.=5> Bometimea 4*5 when mii^ir*^-
'2*92—3*25- Lustre vitreooa, in«
reginous. Streak white, Oolar
green, bluish-green; often violet-UM^j
times white ; occasionallj yellow,
red, and brown ; none bri^^L
?SJ
ANHTDBOUS PHOSPHATES AND ABBENATEB. 531
A bluish opalescence sometimes in the direction of the vertical
ciallj in white varieties. Cross fracture conchoidal and nneven.
Ordinary. Crystallised, or deavable and granular masaiTe. (a) The aapatug^ done
t>m Monsia, &pain) and nwroxUe (fh>m Axendal) are ordinary apatite. The former
h-greei, aa the name implies; the latter was in greenish-blue and bluish orystals;
M have been used for apatite of the same shades from other places.
fir. EhrenfHedersdorf^ in Saxony, G. Boee; emerald mine on the Tokovaia Hirer,
Koksch.; of Pargas (anal. 14) 8*19, Arppe; of Tammela, bluish-green (anaL 16),
of Miask, yeUow (anal 17), 3*284, y. Bath; ib., 8*216, Alezejef; of Murda, Spain,
of Arendal, Norway, 3'194> Rose; of Snarum, 3*174, Rose; of Greiner, Tyrol, 8*176^
Gothard, 3*197, Boee.
» measurements are by Kokscharot^ on crystals from the emerald mine on the
fluor^patite (anaL 27). According to him, apatite from Achmatovsk, and that of L,
Is 0 A 1=139* 64' and 1 A 1=142^ 26'; that fhm Blagodat, 139'' 44' and 142* 18^';
trcia, 139* 47' and 142* 20'; that of St. Gk>thard, 142* 19'; that of Ehienfriedersdorf
that from the Tokoyaia emerald mine.
ptUUe is a sky-blue yariety; it occurs in crystals with lapis-lazuli at Bucharei in
Fhmeoliie^ from Wheal Franco, near Tavistock, Devonshire, occurs in small crystalline
lases, grayish-green to brown, and in minute curving crystals.
omenitonary, gtalaetiHc The name PhoaphorUt was used by Elirwan for all aiiatite,
lind it espedally included the fibrous concretionary and partly scaly mineral from
, ^in, and elsewhere. It has H.=4-5; G.=2'92— 8, Forbes, but 8*98—8*12 after
ipyrchroite (from Orown Point, N. Y.) belongs here ; it is concentric in structure, oon-
ivez subfibrous layers, more or less easily separable; H.=4i; G.= 8-063; ash-gray
lijin. oolor, and gives a green phosphorescence when heated (whence the name, firom
Ir^ and ;rf^> a color,
afiuUe; OsMUe, Mostly altered apatite (see beyond). CoproUtes are mainly impure
lime.
paiiic 6. Chkr-apatUe, Apatite also varies as to the proportion of fiuorine to chlor-
leM elements sometimes replacing nearly or wholly the other.
Hie of Breithaupt is peendomorphous apatite from Kurprins, near Freiberg^ and
Id in Bohemia.
1io«phateoflime,wiihchloridorfluoridoflime,orboth; Ca*P+iCa((XF); or(,^
I, F))*F*=, for cMorw^NiM^ Phosphoric add 40*92, lime 48*43 (r^89*o6 P, CaX c^lo-
cfaim 8*84 (=10*66 CO, Ga); and for fktor-apcuUe, P 42*26, Ca 6000 (=9226 P, Ca), F
(=7*74 F, Ga) ; and the analyses should give for the former F 40*92, Ca 63*81, 01 6*81 ;
r F 42-26, Oa 66*66, F 8*77 (Rammelsberg). In most kinds both fiuorine and chlorine
The amount of fluorine has not been determined with accuracy; in the larger part
les it has been deduced from the loss ; and where this is the case, the amount of
i g^ven in the table of analyses beyond. G. Rose first detected the fiuorme and chlo-
lUidied the following as the composition of different specimens (Pogg., ix. 186):
1. Snarum, 2. Murcia, 3. Arendal, 4. Greiner, 6. St Gothard,
Norway. Spain. Norway Tyrol IJyroL
'Ifane 91*18 92*066 92189 92*16 92*31
Usham 4-28 0886 0*801 016 «r.
UAxun 4*69 7*049 7*01 7*69 T'69
G.=8*174 G.=2*236 G.=3*194 G.=8176 G.=8*19'r
, fai 1, Cfl 2*71, Ca 64*76, Pe 0*25; in 2, ao*66, Ca 66*80; in 8, G 0*61,
A, CI 0*09, Ca 66*67 ; in 6, Q 003, Ca 66*66.
kvBea: 6. Weber (Fogg., Izzxiv. 3o6>: 7, 8, Bammelsberg (Fogg., IxviiL 606, bczzr.
soae (P^m., Izzziv. 3U8); 10, Joy (luaug. Dissert, 46); 11-13, Yfiloker (J. pr. Oh.,
\A, 15, Arppe (An. Finska lOu., 4); 16, Henry (Pha ICag., ni. xxxvL I860); 17, v.
nvL 331); 18, v. Alexejeff ( Verb. Min. St Pet, 69, 1862. Koksdiarof's lOn. BussL,
ksoo (Am. J. S<1, IL zl 402) ; 20, J. D. Whitney (Am. J. SgL, XL xviL 209): SI,
ID. Oh. Pharm., Iv. 116); 22, Gano k Penuelas (Bull Soa G., xrlL 167); 28, ICajer
lacm., cL 281); 24, Jackson (Am. J. Sci., II. zil 73); 26, Petersen (Jahib. Min. 1867.
iler (ibi, 18M^ 716); 27, 28, P. v. Pusirevski (Yerfa. ICn. St FM., 1862, 69, Mid
I MIb. BomL, !▼.):
OXYGEl^ OOMPOUNDe,
P
1^ lilg Oa CI
F fl ^^"
6^ Soaimn
41'54
1*79 63-46 2-66
— — Weber.
9. SdiWAraODBteia
55-31 0O7
Ramm.
; 8. ScblBckenwald
0 27 63-97 0-06
fi. Faldigl, Tyrol
^-.-.
55-87 0-06
Roaew
10;
43i>l
0 09 65*24 0-05
— — Joy,
11. Kmgeroe, whiie
41-25
0-29 63-84 4 10
— 0-42, 1^ 0-S8, aMLO-n.bMi
la. »♦
42*28
0.92. 54-44 1-38
0-49, inflol 0-99 YWl
13. " red
41-81
1^06* 64-59 r03
0-83, aft. 0^0. intol in« 1
14. Pdrgiis, &hM;
40*76
O^Sl _ 64-74 tr.
,1^, Fe^llO^Alfft
15, Tmmmelji, bOt-gn.
41-39
1-72 55-40
— Ajppe.
16, Wheal Frnnoo
41-57
3-09* 5310 £r.
— ^ Henry,
17. Klask, !^«0(7t0
42-08
0-n 55-n tr.
0 16 V. Bath
18. "
4^'»9
^ 58-00 tr.
Alerejefll
19. Hurdatown^ crysL
42-34
O'U 55 08 0-S4
Jackson,
20.
43*23
ir, 53-87 1*02
Whitney.
2L Estromadura, PhospL R7-1S
3-15 64-08 0*20
— , §1 1 70 DanbCTiy.
22.
4oia
0-61 — 63-60 006
3. 16 , Si, 51 3-10, low O^f 1
28. Amberg,
43-63
0-90 O-IO 58-66
2-09 , fcNa 0-73 MaTer. ]
24. Eup^chrml^ ''
45-75
p2i^0 49 94 0-13 0*60 0*60, C 1*22 Jadrwm. J
26, DiesH Naesau, **
30 18 FO 61^0-19 58*S0
2-46 1 66, a ft I 0 08, E (Ml^ 1
4 25, !]i0oL lX)6=j
3-46 3-46, 1^ I 08, Si 4-83; 0
26. StaGTel, "
84-48
6-43 0-16 46-79
n-42, t 0-68=19^
27. TokovEia, 0r»l
41-99
55-96 0-01
4-20 — PusipevaH
28. SiidiAraka, Momt,
41D8
55 91 0-11
4-03 — Pu8if«TikL
* with some Mf 0 aa<l Fa O.
» Willi i
The earliest examinatfoii of apatite was that of Proust, in 1788 (1- cl\ on ib» jfbfi^
Estremadtira, which led !iim to call U a cakareous ph(m>hate; and that of Kl«proto, Ift
year(L c.\ on the Saxon apatite, in which he found V 45, Ca 66. PeUetier in iTWj
a wmpiete, although not entoly accurate, analysis of the phoephonte, detecting en
me and chlorine, obtaining P 34, Ca 69, fluoric acid 25, muriatic add i»'5, Fe V, »
100. The asparagus atone of Spain wa« not analyied until J 798, by Vauqu^lln (I tV
only phoBphoric acid and lime, respectively 45-72 and 54 '28 p. c His molts pmf»
tity with tl:ie Soion mineral, and from this time they were united, along wltil pbo9|i
Wemer'a name of apatite, flrst giTon in 1 780 to the Saxon mineral,
Forbea found in the eupyrchroite (Phil Mag,, IT. xiix 340) P 441 2. Th
localities has oflbrded a traoe of iodine* and that from Amberg gare H. I:
trace of hrmniiie. Apatite from Kraprerue, according- to Volcker tsmd. 11), roTiUKus
Thai of Juinilla, BfTorded de Luna 1*76 p. c. of cerium, lanthanum, and didyminm.
Near Coquimbo, Chili, at the mines of Tambillos, occur dear turquoia-blue crystilA. I
according to R Field (Chem, Gaz., No. 4rHi, tmO. p. 224), P 37-«9, Oa 36-64, On 20 51
fi 2 "3 2 =99*91, the copper being present as phosphate.
Lechartter ban shown (C. H., Lxt. 172) that an arsenic add apetite mey be
together of ar^enatet of lime and chlorid of ealdum ; and that from th^ rame at •
ture an arsenic acid wagnerite is obtained in crystals.
Pyi-^ el<;.— B,B. in the forceps fuses with difficulty on the edges (F.=4'5— 5)^ «d
flame reddisli^yellow ; moistened with Bnlphuric acid and heated colora Um flame fale 4
(pboaphoric add); some vanetiea react for chlorine with ealt of phosphofut, WModl
been previously saturated with oiyd of copper, while others give fluorine when ftied
salt in an open glass tube, Givea a phosphid with the sodium test
Dissolves in muriatic and nitric acid, yielding with sulphuric add a oopiont pfeQ
sulphate of lime ; the dilute nitric add solution gives with aoetate of lead a whita |
which B.B. oil charcoal fusea^ giving a globule with crystalline Eaoete on onoMng^ 80M
of apatite phosphoresce on heating,
Obs* — Apatite oeeura in rocks of various kinds and agoi^ buiifl noflt commnhl
crystiiUiDe rocka, especially in granular llmoetone, granitic and otanjr neiaUllbecNia fill
tarly those of tin, in gneiss, syenite, homblendic gneiss, mica schist, beda of tmn ores
ally in serpentine, and in igneous or volcanic rocks ; sometimea in ordioarj itntifltd
beds of sandstone or shale of the Silurian, Carboniferous, Juraasic, Cretaceoniv or T*t^
tions. Ii has been obeerved as the petrifjnng material of wood.
Among itH local! ties are Ehrenfriedersdorf in Saxony, SchwancDatcin tnd Pflliak ift I
region of St <lothard in Sftitzerhind; Muaaa-AJp in Fiedmooti vtditt Of
form and color on the Mittaghom in Upper Talais ; Babenetein mmi Aataf la
ANHTDBOUB PHOSPHATES AND AB8ENATES. 688
ScUackenwild in Bohemia; in England, in OornwaU. with tin ores; hi Onmberland, at
PieQa, in oelandine-green oryatala in gilbertite; in Deyonshire, cream-colored at Borej
nd at Wheal Franco {/rancoUte); in Ireland, in a hasaltie dike near Kilroot in Antrim,
Knm, Ihiblin, and SJUinej HilL The greenish-hlae variety, called morvxUe^ ocean at
Snarum, and Erager6e in Norway, at the latter place in homblendio gnetee, in part
and looking much like feldspar; with magnetic iron of a greeniah-jellow color at Mt
in the Ural ; with blade toormaline on the Schaitanka in Katharinenbarg: on the Slii-
imropaUte) at the emerald mine of the Takoraia, 85 versta N. E. of Katnarinenhnrg ;
iilba^ 70 Terats 8. W. of Miaak, oontahung no chlorine (PusirerskyX with G. =3*126; in
ftiiand. The aaparagtu stone or apargMein of Jnmilla, in Murcia (not 0. de GkitaX Spidn,
iBowish-green in color ; and a variety fh>m Zillerthal la wine-yellow. The pho&phontef or
radiated variety, is obtained abundantly near the junction of granite and argillite, in Eatrema-
da ; at Schladienwald in Bohemia ; at Krager6e, whence it has been IngeHj exported to
; at Amberg, in Jnraasic limestone, nodular and stalactitia
w, on Long Island. Blue-hill Bay, in veins 10 in. wide, hitersecting granite. In K ffcunp^
often large, are abdndant, 4 m. S. of the N. village meeting-house, Westmoreland, in a vein
ar and quarts, In mica slate, along with molybdenite ; fine crystals at Rermont, in white
), on the land of Mr. Thomas Gross. In Mass., crystals occasionally 6 in. long, at Norwich
itX in g^y quarts; at Bolton abundant, the forms seldom interesting; sparingly at
eld, Oh€«ter, Sturbridge, Hinsdale, and WiUiamsburgh. In New Tork^ li^ge crystals of
n found in 8L Lawrence Ckx, in granular limestone, with scapolite, sphene, eta ; one crys-
Bobinson'a farm, in Hammond, was nearly a foot in length, and weighed 18 lbs. : in crys-
& E. of Qovemeor and 2 ul N. ; in Bossie, with aphene and pyroxene, 2 m. if, of the
r Oxbow; also on the bonk of Vrooman Lake, Jefferson Co., in white limestone, green
-6 in. long; Sanford mine. East Moriah, Essex Co., in magnetic iron orei which is often
todded with six-sided prisms ; also at Long Pond, Essex Oa ; near Eoenville, Orange
isms ^12 in. long, bright asparagus-green, in white limestone ; in the same region, blue,
leen, and grayish-white crystals ; 2 m. & of Amity, emerald- and bluish-green crystals ;
Pood, Essex Co., with garnet and idocrase ; at Greenfield, Saratoga Ck>., St. Anthony's
1 Oorlaer's Hook, less interesting ; fibrous mammillated {eupyrchrotie) at Grown Point,
i, aboat a mile south of Hammondsville, in larse quantities, quarried for agricultural
In Nsw Jersey^ on the Morris Ganal, near Suc^asunny, of a brown odor, in massive
i; with the magnetite of Bryam mine ; Mt Pleasant mine near Mt Teabo, in a low hill
jonction of Bockaway R. and Burnt Meadow Gr., f m. from the canal, hi masses some-
u through ; at Hurdstown, Sussex Ga, where a shaft has beeh sunk and the apatite
liases brought out weigh occasionally 200 lbs., and some deavage prisms have the planes
u In Fitmkt at Leiperville, Delaware Go. ; in Ghester Co.. at New Qarden; hi Bucks Go^
mpton. In Maryland, near Baltimore. In DeUma/re, at Dixon's quarry, Wilmington, of
e color.
ado, in Korth Ehnsley, and passing mto South Burgess, in an extensive bed 10 ft. brokd,
[kich are pure sea-green apatite, and outside of this mixed with limestone, and sometimes
in prisms a foot long and 4 in. through, with pyroxene and phlogopite— a Jluor-apaUte
roofy 0-6 chlorine (Hunt) ; aunilar m Boss ; at the foot of Galumet Falls, in blue crystals ;
Bbdsdell's mill on the Gathieau; in crystals m doleryte; at St Eoch, on the Achigan,
-wd, amethystine, and colorless crystals, with augite. ^^
was named by Werner from 4»ard«, to deceive, older mineralogists having referred it to
M^ dirysolite, amethyst, fiuor, schorl, etc. ^ ...
ent articles on cryst, Kokscharof, Mm. RussL, U. 39, 189, ill 86; v. Rath, Pogg., cvih.
t, Foggn <sri. 276 ; Hessenberg, Min. Not, Nos. il and iv. rx nu \. tm.
\190X, OOTBOim is massive impure altered apatite, as stated by A. H. unurcn (un.
L 150, 1867X after analyses of specimens from various localities. The onUnag ^?P~
oki like hthographic stone of white to gray color. It also occurs earthy. ^— *-;* *
3% fr. Hanao, Bromeis ; 2-86, fr. Hanau, Ghurch; lustre feeble or wanttng. B»»P««
L U has the composition of aiitite, altiiough most analyses, excepting those of Uhurcn,
■BtMfeed the fluorine or chlonne. « ^ « j m. i<*.^^
m: !-«, Bromela, Bate, and Ewald (Ann. Gh. Pharm., Ixxix. 1); 4, Schrdder {JOx, ixxxa.
It); A, Dnird (Pogg., ov. 166):
a
2*28 =99-51 Bromeis.
8'46=101-28 Buta.
8'68s=98*80 BwakL
1-81=101'02 Sohroder.
2-91, a «r.=9g-6» a
1^
Ca
Si
Si
Pe
Ag
»a
&
c
36-88
49-41
4-60
0-93
1-85
0-47
0*62
0-76
1-81
ST^l
49-34
2-76
1-26
2-78
0-79
0-46
0-81
2-34
3T-16
48-20
2-03
tr.
2-31
1-85
0-43
0-73
2-66
ml 4SH)0
48-16
4-97
1-66
0-76
0-02
0-04
2-21
naUM
44-76
8*89
6-14
0-60
0-79
—
—
-
Mof«l»»ooiiip«>tpart;2,oftheeMthy;S,ofthelntenaedl«to. Klqtott fcuiA b
S34
OXYGEN CiOMFOUimB.
an earihj apatite from Siegeth, Him^arf (Beltr., iv. Z1$\ 3*5 p. a of fluoric AciiL AkindJ]
bed in the Tertiary fonnatioii of the Fichtelgebitige, white and earth j« with G =:5^8l*,|i«8i'
(B. H, Zt^., XI. 3«0) 76 p, c. Oa' P. Church found the white, hard oateoiit© of Kkko. H«
afford mu(^ fluorine^ and more Ume than would aattirate the phosphoric and mMA I
whence he deduces from his atmlysia W P 87 '25, Ca C &*70» Ca F 492, S S'34-lM1t,l
it true apatite.
Found in fleauret or c»Titiei Id dolerjte or related rocka^ as if a aeoondaiy product; iIib h|
among atratifled rock&
Oocura at Ostheira, near Hanau (G.=2-89 — 3*08), and near Schonwald in 6Qheiaai((Ls
indoleryte; atBedwitz? in the Fichtelgebirge (G.=2*SD, 2'82X It is uaxi ~ ^
and >iSoi, bones oonsiBting^ largely of the same phosphate.
400B. Pbosphatio NoDULEa Copeoltte& Phoaphatic nodules oofsur in maqy '
which are probablj in all cases of organic origin. Thej sogntigiw prciMit s V'^l
interior structure, derired !h>m the animal organization that sflMsd them, sod n ■
their ooproUiic or^ is tutquestionsble. In other cases there is no structure to iid li (
whether they are trae coproUtss or not The following ai^ analyses of some o^fdim:
I,
3,
Burdle-
Fife-
Burdie-
Burdie-
Eosdi-
OM
houae.
shire.
house.
house.
m^
!•
Riosphat© of lime
968
63-60
86H)8
83-31
50-89
in
Carbonate of lime
61-00
24'1'5
10-78
1511
3ifl
ii
Carbonate of magnesia
IS'61
289
1-
^esquiozyd of iron
640
tr.
208
^
Alumloa
642
«
Silica
413
tr.
0-34
0't9
014
«
Organiic materiMj
3-38
395
1-47
7-S8
Xt
Water
5 33
3'»3
—
Lime of organic part
V
Chlorid of sodium
t
10001
9t4o 10015 10018 99-03 10
Nos. 1 and 2, by Gregory and Walker ; 8 and 4, by Connell ; 6, by Qnsdnii ; fi, !
See other nnalysef by R. HoSbiann, J. pr. Ch., ic 469.
Phosphatic nodules J from the Lower SEurion rode a of Canadsi, contain aofoeciiiMS I
shells of Lingula and Orhkula^ which Bheils, unlike most others^ ooosist Isfvety of |
They are found in the Chaey formation at AHuroette Id. (G.=2*8T5K IIsw*o«b«iy, 1
(Q.=S 16^ mA elsewhere. They have afforded T. a Hunt (Lcgan^s Bepv Cko^ \U^
and AuL J. Sci., IL iviL 235, 1854) the following results;
AHumett© L Hawkesbury,
R^Ouflik
Phosphate lime
36-33
4470
41^34
Csrb. lime, with some fluodd
bm
6-60
ri4
Carb. magnesia
irU
H9
Besqaiox. iron and little M
Magnesia
[7'02J
8-00
MM
— ^
— -
luBoL
49-90
27-90 ^
15^
Voktile
170
5'fK) ^
Ml
100-<H»
97 56
9i-art
They are blackish eitemally. and yellowiah-brown to blaakish*bTOW& or 1
A phoaphatic nodtile, m brown coal beds near Both, afforded Hasaeocamp (JsbftL I
422) Phosph. lime 4557, ph. magn. *2 (^4, ph. iron 27 71^ magnesia 1K4, Um 4'I4^ ^
organic acid 3 S.% water 7*50, C and Joss 7*68=100. H,=2'5; 6.=2*8t2. OolOf <
pitch-black ; within, honoy-yeliow.
4900. Staf elite of Stein (Jahrb. Min. 1866, 716) occurs iocrusting the piiosph^'^^'* ^■
botryoidnl, reniform^ or stalactitio masaes, fibrous and radiating. H^4. ^
leek to dark groen, greeniah-yeUow. Analysis aflbrded Forster fl. e}F i9"0 *•,
*»6 0-037, Ca 646T, F 3*05, £[ 1*40-101-423. Stein regards it is a winll of tfis srfwfl w^ »
ated waters on phosphorite.
ANHTDBOUS PHOSPHATES AND ARSENATES. S85
ra Guano is bone^osphate of Ume, or osteolite, mixed with the hydrooi plioe-
S and genenUj with some carbonate of lime, and often a little magnesia, alumina,
xum, and other impurities. It often contains 9 or 10 p. a of water. It is often
[itic ; also compact through consolidation produced by infiltrating waters, in which
aentlj lamellar in structure, and also occasionally stalagmitic and stalaotitie. Its
Jlj grayish-white, yellowish and dark brown, and sometimes reddish, and the lustre
f fracture earthy to resinous. Shepard*s Pyroclaaite (Am. J. SoL, H zziL 97) is
8 hard guano from Monk's Island, Oairibbean sea, the mass of which he named /yrv-
the wrong idea of its having undergone the action of heat ; and Phipaon's StmAn-
^ XT. 277, 1862) is the same thing from Sombrero, as shown by A. A. Julian (Am.
n. 428). The waters which have filtrated through the guano at Sombrero have
al rock adjoining^ turning it more or less completely into phosphate of lime of a
rownish color; and phosphatic stalagmites and stalactites resinous in fracture are
Assiye OlaubapatUe^ yellowish-brown to chocolate-brown in color, and in fibrous sta-
lonk^s Island (L c.), is also in all probability merelr the guano rock above described,
ineral contains 16*1 p. c of sulphate of soda, with 14rO of phosphate of Ume^ and
but such a compound is hardly a possibility, and the fact of its existence needs
The name, from glauber and apatite, alludes to the oomposition. The mineral
* tabular crystals," which may possibly be bnuhikf although the oomposition is
OSPHOBXTB Breiih, CB. H. Ztg., xxv. 194). Occurs reniform, of scaly-granular stroo-
0 fibrous, vitreous lustre, leek- to celandine-green color, with H.=4*6— 6, Q.=3*125.
licbter it fUses with much difficulty, and affords indications of phosphoric add, Ifane,
HI, alumina, and a very little silica : not tested for fluorine or chlorine, becaoae m
laL Occurs with garnets and graphite in a crystalline rode, but locality unknown.
APATm Bermann (J. pr. Ch., xxxl 101). An apatite from chlorite date in the
. mountains, near Slatoust, containing a large percentage of magnesia in place of part
1 low in specific gravity. It occurs in 6-sided prisms, grouped or single ; H.=6 ;
lustre dull to earthy ; color milk-white, yellowish externally ; feebly tranduoent
according to Hermann (Uc\ exduding 9*60 of insoluble materid as impurities :
;44, Mg 8-66, 9e 110, d 0*92, S 2'32, fluorine undetermhied ; whence Uie formula
\ with chlorid and fluorid. Berzelius suggests that the magnesia may have come
le. According to Yolger it is an dtered Impure apatite. Some msgneda is present
)s (BischoC).
DAPATm Damtfur (Ann. d. K, Y. x. 66). In mammOlary ooncretioos, kwkinff a
3edony. H.=5'6. G.=8-10. Ck>]or milk-white. Subtranqiarent OomposittOQ
uapaUie; 8Ca*P + CaF+& Andysis by Damour (L a) :
P 40-00 Oa 47-31 F 3*36 Ga 3*60 £[ 6'3a
tube it decrepitates and gives out ammoniacd water.
it Oirons in the Pyrenees, in the fissures of a brownish, femiginoos^ aigfllaoeoos
rhich not fiir distant affords wavellite.
lORPHTlTL GMn Blyspat, Mhiera plumbi viridis pt, WaH, Bfh^ 298, 1748.
Db verte /V-. TrL Wall, I 536, 1853. Griinbleiera, Braunbleiera, Sohiltu, Drasdia
L761, ii 467, 1766 (with obs. on identity). Orun Buyers, PH06raoB8AUBnAU»
iX Klapr^ OreU's Ann., L 894, 1784. Green Lead Ore, Brown Lead Ore; Phoat
L Phosphorsaures Blei, Phosphorblei, Buntbleien, Germ, Pkmib phosphate I¥.
Pyromorphit, Hausm,, Handb., 1089, 1090, 1813. Traubenbld id^ ib., 1098.
BreiiK, Char., 64, 1832. Nusderite Danhauaer, Bamiel, Ann. Oh. Phys., IxiL 217,
t Breiih., Handb., 286, 1841. Cherokine Shep^ Rep. Canton Khi^ 18«^ lOn.,
m. J. Sd., U. xxiv. 88, 1867.
d. {? A 1=139° 38' ; a=0-7362. Observed planes : O, /, i-2,
36° 28' OS 2-2=124° 11' 1 A 1, P3*-i=l^'' 1^
20 28 /A i.2=160 /A 2-2=186 46
OXTGEN COMFOVmyB^
Cleavage : / and 1 in traces, / commonly striated lioruBontally
fflobolar, reniibrm, and botrj^oidal or verraciformj with nsuaUj
uninar etrueture ; al&o fibrous, and granular.
H.=:3'5— 4, G.=6'5 — 71, mostly when vrithont lim©; 5— «^
containing lime. Lnstre resiuous. Color green, jell i
diflereot shades; aonietimes wax-yellow and nne <-
grayish-^bite to mi Ik -white. Streak white^ sometime- !
&ansparent — eubtranslucent. Fracture subconchoidal, uuk.. . ^ . . . J
Var, — L Ordinary, (a) In eryskUs. J. Schabus tound the aogles 1 A 1, in green ci
ZBdiopau, = 142' 26' and 80° 11' ; and in brown ftom Bleittadt, 141* 14' and 8u' il
800), (6) In ackidar and mogihiike aggregations, (c) Ckmcretionary graupa or maMM j
liaving the anrfaoe angjtilar. (d) Ftbrotts. («) Granular momiw, (f) Earthy; tecTUilj
% Polyepharite. OoDtainmg lime; color brown of diflerent shades, jellowiah-graj, j
(o nearly white; streak white; G. = 5 '89 — 644. Rarwlj in separate crjstals; uatiaJlJ
globnkr^ m&m miliary, vemiciform, Miesiie, from Mies in Bohemia, la a brown rariety,
iB similar and impure^ from Nussiere, near Beaujeu* France ; color yellow, greenish, {
0.= 5 -0415. Cherokme is milk-white or pinkish-white in color, and occurs in slightly i
prisms, and also botryoidal and mossire; G.=4'8 (?); ftom the Canton mine, GtM
Georgia. 3. Chrom^eroua'^ color brilliant red and orange. 4. AraemfermiB; ool^
white; G.=:6'5 — 6*G, 5. Pseud&marphom ; (a) SifUiT g^enii^ ] (ft) ceruBsile.
Both the green and brown colors occur among the pure phospbatet of lead, M '
oontaioing I'mie.
GoBip.'-S f*b» P+ Pb O, or ( ,% f*b + A Fb O)" P', with lime often repladng Mrt i
Buorld of cadciura part of the cWorid of lead, and arsenic add sometimes part of the'
jK!id,=Fhosphorio aetd 1&-T, oxyd of lead 74i, diloriue 2*6^ lead 7 '6= Phosphate ol
ehlorid of lead IO'2 — IOO, Analyses: 1-3, Kersten (Schw. J., liL I» Pogg^ xrrLJ
Lercb (Ann. CL Pharra,, ily. 328); fi, 7, Sandberger (J. pr, Ch., xlfil 462); 8, Stm4
Itin. Euaal, iii. 42); 9, Wohler (Pogg., iv. 161); 10, 11, Kersten (I c); 13, G, Bairu^
Wuliler (L c); 14, Stmve (L c); 15, 16, Seidel ^Jahrb. Mln. 1864, 322):
.1
1. WWiUUleornDphofphiaSeQ/ Ume{(}o^fi,
Ph*f
PbO
CaF
L Mies, hrmimerysL
8D27
rm
0-22
1 S. Blei^dt, *"
8tf'lT
9-92
0*14
' 8« Poullaouen, crysL
S9dl
I0-i*9
4. Bleistadt, hrmm cry§i
. 87*38
10'28
007
6.
88*43
9-57
0-20
& Ems, ydhw crysi
89-07
11*33
—
1* Smnaberg, grwn
89*16
10-47
8. B«re«»rBk, ywL-gfk
8918
9-94
9. LeadhiBs, orange^ed
90-09
9 91
^—
L Wiih mucii pho^phc
10. Prelberg, brown
77*03
10*84
1-09
lU Mies, **
81 -(55
10-04
0-26
12. Nussierik
56-40
7-65
Vim. 1
Ca»P
0-85=100 Kereten. G,— 81
0-7 7 == 1 00 Kerslen. G.sTm
:=100 Kersten, G.^I^OMl j
0-85, Pe*P 0-17=99-31 Lerch. a^
1*58, ^e'P 0-60=100-27 Lerch. i
^100-40 Sandberger. )
=99*Aa teidbeigcf:.
, J?e. <9rO 69. V^, =99-711
==100 Wdhler.
11-05=100 Kersten. G.=0ti91
7-46 = 100 Kersten. G.=6'444.
22'iO, Si 7 30« M t'e G £0=99^
1
IS. Zschopau, whiie [nH]
14, Altai, yfJlmo 12'90 261 7340
15. Badenweller, wan^Uow 16*11 «j-66 77*46
IS. '' dark oranife U'BS 0'69 17-45
3. Containing arsenic acioL
la Th Pba
2-30 72-44 10-09=100 W5hler.
10 18=99*04 Strode. 0v
, Ca 2*40, 01 3 84=99*:
, Ca 3 46, a
Hunt found the cherokine (n specimen received fVom Shepord) to conaklof /end i
acid, with less tha^ 1 p, a of other material (Am. J. Sd, IL xxit. 275).
S^peclmens of pyromorphite iVom Huelgoet are often mixed with plumbQglUiaBiH *
alumina up to 16 p. c (Damour, Ann. d. M,, UL xrii, 191, 1840).
4
i9*n9H
\ I
rilSkJ
ANHTDBOUB PHOBPHATSB A3KD ABBENATES. 687
:n the doMd tabe gives a white sabUmate (dhlorid of lead). B.B. in the forceps
=1'6X coloring the flame Uuish-green ; on charcoal fhses withont rednction to a
va cooUng asaumes a crystalline polyhedral form, while the coal is ooatad white
id, nearer the aasaj, yellow fVom oxyd of lead. With soda on charcoal yields
lome nurieties contain arsenic, and give the odor of garlic in B.F. on charcoal
osphonis, previously saturated with ozyd of copper, gives an azare-blue color to
treated in O.F. (chlorine). Soluble in nitric add.
lorphite occurs principally in veins, and accompanies other ores of lead.
lUaouen and Huelgoet in Brittany: at Zschopau and other places in Saxony; at
, and Bleistadt, in Bohemia; at Sonneawirbel near Freiberg; Olausthal in the
ystals at Nassau; Beresof in Siberia; Ck>mwaU (green and brown), Devon (gray),
Mu and yellow), Cumberland (golden-yellow), in Eng^d; Leadhills (red said
X in Scotland; Wicklow (dove-brown and yellowish-green) and elsewhere, Ira-
) has been found in good specimens at the Perkiomen lead mine near Phikdetehia,
; Phenixville ; also in Maine, at Lubec and Lenox ; in New York, a mile souta of
ing^y at Southampton, Massachusetts, and Bristol, Conn. ; in good crystalliaatioiw
and gray colors, in Davidson Co., N. 0.
wip, ftrtj /(of^, formf alluding to the crystalline form the globule assumes on oo61«
ies passes into the following.
I altered to galenite (Pb SX cerusite (fhO\ calamine (2n*fli+£0, caldte, and
leniie, probably through the action of sulphuretted hydrogen.
nTB. Miners plumbi Yiridis pt., Plumbum arsenico mineralisatum, Watt^ Ifin.,
?lomb vert arsenical (£r. Andalusia) Frouat, J. de Phys., xxx. 394, 178*7, ;id«m
with anal) Ibureroy, Mem. Ac. ScL Paris, 1789. Arsenikaliadies Bleyers LtnM,
1794. Griinbleierz pt, Buntbleierz pt, Flockenerz, Traubenblei pt, Arsensaures
Arsenate of Lead, Green Lead Ore pt Plomb arseniat^ Fr. Pyromorphite pi.
t^se Beud., Tr., ii. 594, 1832; Mimetene Shqf^ Mh^ 18.36; Ifimetedt JBtaUk,
1841 ; Mimetit ffaicL, Handb., 1846, Glocker, Syn., 1847. Hedyphane BrtWL,
11, 1830. EampyUt Breith,, Handb., IL 291, 1841.
443
il. O A 1=139*^68'; a=0-7276. Observed
pyromorphite. O A 2=120° 46', (? A 2-2
1 A 1, pyr.,=142° 29', bafi.,=80° 4' (mean
lents by Schabus). Cleavage: 1, imperfect.
G. = 7-0 — 7-25, mimetite; 5-4 — 5-5,
Lustre resinous. Color pale yellow,
3 brown ; orange-yellow ; white or color-
k white or nearly so. Subtransparent —
itnary. (a) Jn crystals. Schabus found 1 A 1 in crystals
orgenstadt 142' 87', ir 44', 142" 32', 79° 66', 142* 29', 80* 4', 142" 18', 80* 48';
142* 46', 79* 24 ; from Phenixville, Pa., 142* 18', 80* 80' (POgg., c. 297). (6) Cap-
atous, especially marked in a variety from St Prix-eous-Beuvray, Fnmoe ; somewhat
ind straw-yellow in color, (c) ConcreHonary,
r. Bedyphane, which belongs here, is colorless and translnoent, in crystals and
e between adamantine and greasy; H.=3*5— 4; G.=6'4— 6*6, Kersten; from
irmland, Sweden.
r much phosphoric acid. Oampyliie^ from DrygiU in Oumberland, has G.=7'318, and
iped crystals (whence the name, from KafunXof, eurvoc^ yellowish to brown and
b" Is -fPb CI, or ( A i*bH-THrPb CI)" P»= Arsenate of lead 90-66, ohlorld of lead
phosphoric usually replacing part of the arsenic add, and sometboes, alsc^ lime
1 of lead. Analyses: 1, Bergemann (Pogg., lxxx.401)! 2, J. L. Smith ( Am. J. SoL,
t, Wohler (Pogg., iv. 167); 4, 6, Dnfr^c^ (Tr., iiL 46); 6, Bammelibeig (BogS^
nnre (Verb. Mm. Ges. St Petersb., 1867); 8» Kerstan (Sehw. J^ IzB. !)*•
ANHTDBOUB'PHOfiPHATXB AJSD AB8ENATX8.
589
dTBtal; 2*985, untranBparent,
wnite. Color yellow, ofdiflTer-
Fracture uneven and splintery
a.=5— 5-5. G.=8-068, transparent
nundabei^. Lnstre vitreous. Streak
i fibfldeB ; often grayish. Translucent.
QiB the prism.
ignpy— ttg'P+MgF, or (f Ag+iMgF)«1^=:FhoBphorio add 43-8, magDesia 371, fluorine
y iM^afhim 7^=100. Analysee : 1, Focba (L o^ reYiaed hj BammelabcHrg) ; i-4, :
rCPogf^ Mr. 261, 405^ Ifin. Oh^ 849) :
p
*g
*e
Oa
F
1. 41-78
S. 40-61
8. 41-89
4. 40-23
46-68
46-27
42-04
88-49
4*60
4-69
272
8-31
2-88
1-66
440
6-17, ttn 0-46=99-61 FudUL
0-86=108*21 Bamm.
fmdL, 210-66 Bamm.
wui, ** 0-96 Bamm.
ys, •lo^-B.B. in the foroepa ftiaea at 4 to a greenish-gray g^aas ; moistened with sulphiiric
. eolon the flame Uoish-green. With borax reacts for iron. On ftision with soda eflbnrescee,
ii not oompletelj dissolyed ; gi yes a faint mansanese reaction. Fused with salt of phosphorus
B open glass tube reacts for fluorine. Soluble in nitric and muriatic adds. With su^uric
1 CYolnes ftunes of fluoh jdrio add.
Iml— This rare spedes occurs in the yallej of Hollgraben, near Werfen, in Salsburg, Austria,
mgnlar veins of quarts, traTersmg day slate.
OMd after the Oberbeigrath Waonsr.
Jt— in a specimen of apparently altered wagnerite, Bammelsberg found Si 98*81, r 1-87, ttg
^ tm S-58» 21, 9e 1-41.
I MOMASSETB. Monaiit BreilK., Schw. J., It. 301, 1829. Monadte had mrihogr. Mengite
Mh^ PlilL Mag., n. X. 139, 1831. Edwardsite 8hep^ Am. J. ScL, zzziL 162, 1837. Bremite
I91, ih., 341, 1837. Monazitoid HentL, J. pr. Ch., zL 21, 1847. Urdit FMm A DakO, Nyt
kg. t Hal, ziiL 1866.
tfonoclinie. 0=76"" 14', /a 7=93^ 10', O A 1-1=138^ 8' ; a:h:o=
4715 : 1 : 1'0265. Observed planes : Oj rare ; vertical, i-i, i-i, I^ i-2,
; clinodomes, 14, 24 ; hemidomes, 1-t, -14 ; hemioctidiedral, 1, -1, ^,
, 2-2, 8-8, -2-i.
446
447
448
/
L^
^\ V
/« ■
M
^
x^.
Hbrwidi, Ot.
?Al-i=180°6'
?A-1-»=148 6
>A»4=108 46
>A -1=188 89
'AlslSie
Watertown, Ot.
O A -2-2=121" 18'
O A 24=119 10
0 A t-i=90
1 A 1, front,=106 86
-lA-1, " =119 28
Watsflowii, Ot.
-2-» A -2-J, front,=81'' 4'
t^ A -l-t=140 40
t4 A l-t=126 8
*■-• A 14=100 18
«-«AS4=98 6
640
OXYGKH OOMPOUittie.
14 A l=14a 18
t-i A i-^, front,=55 42
tW A 7=136 40
t-iA-l = 131 53
t-iAi=n8MS'
t-i A -2-^^120 10
-2-^ A 24=152 66
-1 A 7=146 17
1 A 7=1SS" 8
a A 24=150 SO I
i-4AM=l31Ml
t4 A i-}=153 9
Crystals usually flattened parallel to m. Cleavage : O rerj peribet, i
brilliant. Twins: corapoaition-face 0.
n.=5-5-5. a=4 9-5-26; 5*203, N. C, Genth; 511, Und, K^
eliarof ; 5'19— 5*26, urdite, Forbes. Lustre incUniiig to rceinoufi, Ool
brownish-hyacinth-red, clove-broMm, or yellowish-browB. Subtrmusp
— Bubtranslucent, Rather brittle.
Comp^Ce, La, t)i, thi)' P. The later aaalyait of Herrnum (1064) g^vot tha 0, i
La, l)i to th to F— 9
^xxiiL 90) ; 3, id (ib.
f
1. Blatrntst 28-50
2. *' 28*06
3. " 28-16
4. R. Chico 28-«
xciil 112); 4, Damour [Amu Cb. Phjs*, DX IL 445):
(Xf«
tr.
Oe
26-00
37-36
86S6*
1-68, ltBid1h«r.=rl0UfiL
1 -46» % 0 SO, P"* «r. =99^ E
^. fi 1-60=99*47 tknsDA.
— w ixiBoL l-e^lOO Dmmtt.
' Inetvdw aUo Di O.
Thorn was detected in monazite both b^ BerzeliuB and Wdhler^ thoogb not bj HemaA>
was detected, with the blowpipe, b/ Eoro In tlie Americaxi moiiasto.
Shepurd foucd in hit edwardsit© (I e) 7*77 p. a stfocmk, 4-44 Xl, 3*88 Si, villi IHlCU
and 26-G6 P ; but rejects hia results in the laat edition of bis ICinaralog;, reCbuiqf bolfc i ' "
and ore mite to nionazite.
VtLJt. — The crjatal aflTordiiig the author the above angtea {t 447) waa a fin« ooe ihtb }
tuo&&f well calculated foraocurate meaaurements.* Honnana givea the an^ /A /=92' Uf; 1
htmpt, 94^ 36'.
Desdoi&eaux obtained for crjatala from the aurij^rona aanda of B. Cblcov is i
Ch. Phya„ IIL IL 445), /A 7=98' 20', /a W=186* HiV, 76" 16', uiA-U^ttl\
129" 30', -1 A -1 = 107' (nearly), -1 a 1-1=143' 40. Kokschanif haa tneaaorad (
ML Dmeo and the river Sauarka, and found /a 7=98° 22', (7=76" 14', 0 a W = II!I'^
= 138'' 9', 1 A 1 = 119** 28\ -1 A-l=:106" 44; a A Ui = 148" 2'. 0^-14=12$' W ;
were not very even, and bis results^ he etatea, were theretore not very «8aot
PyT.p etc — BJK infusible, tuma gray^ and when rooiateoed with soljihitrlB mM i
fleime blniah-green. With borax g^vea a bead yieHow while hot and coloHcai oo i
Biitureted bead beoomea enamel-white on flaming. Difficultly eolable in niuriJiCio aebL
Oba. — Monazite wai first brought by Fiddler from the Ural. It oocurt IM«r Stato
llmen Mto., in granite, along with fleah-red feldapar; also near the tivvr t^avurti, te Ifet i
near Notero in Norway (urdite\ in cryatala Fometixuea 1 to. aeroaa ; al SdinilbvliJMi, iritT
liuite (G.=4-9), In the United Statea it ia found in smaQ crystala finoo t^ to f fa. ka|^ 1
aillimanite of Norwich, and sparingly with the aumo ininend at Cbe«t«rf Gt Aimrj '
{tranite of Shepard) were found in a boulder of albitie granite, containfa^ aJao a tbw
and tourmBllneBf in the noriheaatem part of Watertown^ Ct Good mMato af» e^biaiarft
tbe eiliimanite of Yorktown, Westchoater Co., N. Y.j near Crowde?^ li^fUiUaijk, N, d :
gold waahinga on Todd's branch, Mecklenburg Ckx, N. C, wicb gtrao^ lifooa, aft
Found aleo in the gold waahinga of Rk> Chico, in Antioquia.
Named frofia*»*tf(ca, (o he miitary, in alluaion to its rare oocumn^e*
Mmaxiloid Hemuttin(J. pr. Ch., xl. 21). This mberal is monaslta la
externa] charaotwa. H.=6. G,=5'28l. Henaaau ttatec that the btown oolar 1i <
Hermann obtained ip his aQalysia :
P n 94 Ce 49-36 La 2l-«0 Oa 1-60 ft 1 -86, «nbf t Uke tantalum 6-«t, Aft '^ •'^
B.B. infUsfble, Widi tbe fluxes Hke mooaaite.
TumiriEOT Levy, Ann. Phil, wm, 241, 1828. TuxMilte ia iaanarpboia vMi i
^ Am. J. ScL, zxziil, 70^ 1888. Fig. 8 in tbaS artldo is mnsm^ and ool i
ANHTDBOITS PH0BPHATE8 AND ARSENATES.
641
Ike it in daftvage aad odor, and may be the aame spedea.
ila ; the orfginal, fh>m 1ft Sorel in Dauphinj
nired bj Lrry, Marignac, Phillipa, and Des-
mx); later, firom Santa Brigritta, near Ruaraa
• Tavetsch Talley, Alps (measured by Tom
)l The aooompanying profile figure is flrom
Bath (Pogg^ Gziz. 247), but reversed in poai-
10 as to make it correspond with the aboye ;
»fer, the plane of peii^ deayage is made
Maal, as in monazito, instead of H that so
I by T. Bath. Some of the an^es are as
n: those unaccredited, y. Bath's calculated
ta, from Ma 1=141° 28'. 1-t a 1 = 143*' 44',
1-1= ISl*" 68'; those with Dx. affixed, Des-
Mtax's ditto, from <-t A l-i=100, i-i A 1^=126°
A/\ 1-^=96'* 20'; those with M., P., L., af-
, measurements by, respectively, Marignac,
^ I«Ty:
/A 7=98* 60'
Oa 1^=180 8
{>A-W=142 16
OAf4=102 42
Oa-1=138 0
0 A 1=121 16
Ma -1-1=140 21
** 140 40 Dx.
Ma U= 127 16
" 126 31 Dx.
•• 126 81 IC.
Ma 8-8=168 26
" 163 17 Dx.
" 168 62 P.
" 162 66 IC.
MA 2-2=142 6
141 16 M.
MA 7=186° 66'
" 136 48 Dx.
" 137 22 L.
** 136 48 IC.
Ma •-2=164° 68'
U A 1=148 44
" 148 30 Dx^ P.
-1-»A-1=149 86
'' 149 44 Dx.
" 149 88 P.
MAl.i= 99 24i
" 100 0 Dx.
*' 99 40 L.
" 100 26 IC.
MA2-i=96 8
MA -1=131 41
131 66 Dx.
MA 1=191* laj'
" 119 8 B.
MA 1=126 16 B.
** 126 80 Dx.
" 126 26 IC.
M A 2-i=160 66
" 160 49 Dx.
" 160 66 P., IC.
'* 160 68 R
MA 1-1=131 68
** 181 60 IC
" 181 66 P.
M A 2-1^=146 48i
" 146 67 Dx.
" 146 10 P.
** 146 68 IC.
l-jAl-i, top,=86 4
nerite is described as haying H. aboye 4 ; lustre adamantine ; color yellow or brown ; streak
» or grayish ; transparent to translucent Children, after some hnperfect trials, made out
H oontained alumina, lime, magnesia, a little iron, with no titanic add, and very little silica.
Ct Sorel it occurs with quartz, albite, orthodase, crichtonite, and octahedrite ; and in the
iMh yaUey, with quartz crystal and octahedrite in talcose schist
Triphylin Fuchs, J. pr. Oh., iil 98, 1884, T. 319, 1886. TMraphj^
BtnLy Arsb., xy. 1886. Perowskyn N. Nardentkim,
Whorhombic. /A 7=98°; O A 1-1=129** 33', Tscliermak ; aihic—
LI : 1 : 1-1504. Observed planes : O ; vertical, i-t, /, i-i ; domes, f-*,
ff;HH
^/,ov.i-t,=82^ 6^ A 1^=133*' 32'
^vt=131 OAJri=
^i•l=16a 80 {?Afi=
^ U=1SS 8 Oa f-t=130 54
A v«=133 1-t A l-i, ov. 0,=87 4
w of crystals usually uneven.
Avage : O nearly perfect in unal-
Bd crystals. Massive.
H,=6. G.=8-54 — 3-6; 3-545— Norwidi.
11, Bodenmais, Oesten. Subresin-
460
f) /(
461
1 l^v
r if a I
\ 1 ' '
n
I*
I
543
OXTOKN OOMPOnmS.
ons. Color gjreeni&h-gray ; also bluish : often brownifih-bbck exte
Streak gray isli -white. T^ransluceut in tliin fragmenta.
Comp. — {f^, Mn, Li)*?, Fiicha. Oeetea's imiilysi% which waa made on th« pure i
wholly unaltered, »0BtaiD3 Fuchs-s formuliu 0. ratio for f'e-hMn, Li4-^'ft-f Mjz-!? : K
Analyses: J, Fucbs ( J. pr. Ch,^ liL 98, y. 319); 2, 3, RanimeUb«rg (Po.
Beer (Arch. Fbarin., IL IviL 3T4) ; 6, G. 0. Wittstein tVkjrt pr PhaniL, L 6
nat Vor, Halle, Ix 149); t, Oeatett (Pogg^
Nordenakiold ( Jolireeb,, xv, 211 ) :
c¥iLi:fS); b, uiip«ffeci
1. Bodonmais
2.
4. *'
6. '*
7. *»
8. finlasd
4l'4t
g9*35
86-3tV
4109
4032
44*19
42-6
48-67
41-42
39-97
4452
36'6I
86-M
88-21
3S-6
Hn
4'70
9-43
9-80
5-76
1140
9-06
5*63
li'l
% Oa
1-00
0*76
*• fc
ft
0'53
0*35
0-58 025
1*19 I 78
0*07 Fe 3-31
0*85
OHM 0-40
0-€i=t9*«J
=IIHHI&]
=100J*1
1-03=99**^ WH
=98IS6«d{
= 100-06 (
=103-2 Bm.
The excoBS in the analysis of tbe Pinlasd minernl (tetraphyline) U suppooed to tw t
incxtirect detenninatioQ of the lithku
Pyxn etc. — lo the closed tube finmetimefl decrepitAtea, taruB to a dark oolor, aad fxm i
traces of water. B.B« fUaee at 1-5, colorings the flame beaiitii\il lithja-red in ctradtSt witiii(
blulBh-green on the exterior of the cone of flame. The ooloratioa of the flame t* bef t iwa i
the pulverized minenil moistened with sulphuric add is treated on a loop of platiatm] wift.
borax gives an iron bead ; with aodo a reaction fbr manganese. Soluble in munallc add
ObB, — ^Triphylite oocum at Rabenstoin, near Zwieael, in Bavam; and t 4dl it ln» • I
somewhat distorted Bavarian crystal in the cabinet of R. P, Greg^ Jr, having the ap
being altered; also at Keityo^ In Finland (perowskine or tetraphyline) ; Norwich Maa^
On cryBt, Tachermak. Ber, Ak. Wien, xlvil 282; R. P. Greg, thia Min.. -Kiii, H^M, V>m,%
Named fVom rou, (kr^efold^ and ^vX^i, family ^ in allusion to its oontaining thre* pbo^
Alt — ^Triphylite and t'riplite, like other mmeraU cxji^tftining protoxyd of nutigimm
easy alteration by oxydatlon and hydration ; and the former also by loaing iti a&ftliea Hi I
quioxyd of iron in Wittstein's analysis (aoaL 5) is thus aa?ounted for. Tlift IbOovtmlifli
from the alteration of one or the other of these minenila,
A. Heterositb. Heteposite AUaaudj in an Art by Vmiqudmt Ann- Cb. Flijv ^^ ^ ^
Het(?ro8ite, Hetero&ite, Alhuxud^ Ann. Scl Nat, viii. 846^ 1920.
CSeaTable maasiTe and lamellar; cleavage stated to be in three directli»% «o
an oblique prlam of lOO^'-lOl*. H,=5-5— C j G.=3*62. or 3-39 after Airthen
lustre resinous^ or Uke that of apatite; color gneenisb* and bluiah-gny. beoxBlng Ttnirt Md
metallic on exposure^ Soluble in acida, with a slight residue of silica, B,B, hiMH los diapl
aubmetaJiic enamel Found In pegmatyte near limoges, BepL of llante VIeoiiQ, fliae^aiil
dally at tlie quarries of Bureaux. Kamed heieronk £rom f r<^«i, o^itt or ilijlfil, lol i ' ^
Vauquelin.
Bl Fsbttdoteiplitb Blum, Orjkt., 3 AuQ., 537, with anal, by Delflfk.
ooL^urs incrusting triphyUte ti Babenstein, Bavaria^ to the alteratioti of wUdi Ita I
owing, *
0. AtLUAUDiTic Darmtr, Ann. d. It, XT. xiiL 341, 184S [nol AJluaiidili Hvmk*^
nodules, or masaiTe, with three rectangular cleavages as In tripiite^ two mthtr mgft tka r
less fto. H.=4— & ; a. =3-468, Damonc Gdor brown, Irowniah-fsd at the Mlgvi I^J
light; powder browniab>ycrUow. B.B. ftisea easily to a black mamtic gloMa.
muriatic acid with evolution of chlorine. Suppost>d to be altered tnpttte, and com*
tetoubii, near limogeB.
D, AUertd Triphyiiie from Kbnptch^ Maa9. The Norwich mineral it fbmd oolj Id <
an Inch long and wide, associated with spodmoene in quarts. The crfMali ftfjr wmk It I
Bugles ; the faces are smooth but hardly polished. The foUowiog .
author from 8 crystals (the right-hand i-5 is iiero aocentod):
ralterBtioi^Mfl
onlng Tfoirt Mil
•-2 A ^r
1-2 A i-i
i-f Ai4
OaU
<-aAx-i
L n. m IV. V. TL TIL TUtJ
128* 13r-132* 12?M80i* 130| IW* lU* iW «•*
118 113 lOi I9# .^
121^-122 120 lU U#4I
ISI 129-132
lOli-102
ANHTDB0U8 PHOePHATES AJW AS8SNATE8. 648
L IL
HL
IV. V.
VL
VIL
VUl
118^ ,
llO'
110M12O
IW 1«8
94-97
86-87
90
98*
lOO'
90«
86
86'
80
90
93
P 9e Sq
*e ftn
B, HeierosUe
41-77
34*89 17-68
n
82-18 31*46 8001
i»in, Piuudotr.
35-70 48-17 8*94
II
36-71 61 00 8-07
AlbiaudUe
41-25 26-62 1-06
2308
^Ma88.
41*86 27*36 24*70
u
44*64 26-02 23*30
Z')A/
aMedgeof /
r the cryntals have ft monodinio form, while others are orthorhomhic; hut the latter is
I form ; the ohtiquitj having resulted fVom some moyement in the endosi^ rock after
Is were made. They dosely resemble in form the crystals from BaTaria. (Seayage not
CcAor bUMsk; streak brownish-red; opaque; britfle; H.=5'6; 0.=2'876, Oraw. la
n, quite near aUuaudite, as observed by Mallet Brush found the interior of a crystd
flite, with odor grayish-green; H.=6, and G. =3*684 (Am. J. Sd., IL zzxIt. 402).
s: 1, Duft^noy (Ann. Ch. Phys^ xli. 342); 2, Bammelsberg (Pogg., IzzxT. 439); 8, FQchs
, ilL 98, T. 819); 4, Delflb (L a); 6, Damour (L c.); 6, 7, W. J. Oraw (Am. J. Sd., IL
J.W. Mallet(ib.,xviil83):
Oa Li d Si
4-40 0-22=98-86 DufWnoy.
6-86 =100Bamm.
5-30 1-40=99*61 Puchs.
452 — , ins. 0*70=100 IX
3-66 0*60,Sa6-47=99-7$D.
1-97 2-27 2-07 , Mg «r., insoL 0*29
= 100*01 Oraw.
1*61 2*20 2-07 — ^ Kg tr,, insoL 0-80
=100-14 Oraw.
" (1)48-04 29-60 22-69 0*09 1-79 2^6 ,Mg 0-73 =99*79 M.
te, by RammelBberg's analysis, gives the O. ratio for bases, add, and water 18*67 :
>4, and was made on a brownish-violot spedmen having G.=8*41 ; bv Duft^noy's, 8 :
eudoiriplUe oorresponds nearly to 9 : 10 : 2. AOuaudiie gives approsmately. suppoa-
langanese to be protoxyd, as stated in the analysis, for the 0. ratio for ft, 8, r, H=
: 2 ; and the Norwich mineral 1 : 9 : 16 : 1. It is useless to write formulas for these
B until the state of ozydation of the iron and manganese has been more precisely aacer-
id even then they are of little value, as the mineral fai the altered state is probably a
ore.
!HLOR Fueha (J. pr. Ch., zvil 171) is altered triphylite according to Seemann (this Kin.,
i8) It is a phosphate of iron from Babenstein, oontaiLing, in 100 parte, 88*9 sesquiozyd
totogyd of iron, besides protoxyd of manganese, and 9 to 10 p. a of water; it occurs on
The name aUudes to its blaokish-green color.
IPZJTB. Phosphate natif de fer melang^ de manganese (ft. Dmoges) Vauq.f J. de M.,
1802, Ann. Ch., xlL 242, 1802. Eisenpechen pt. TTonk, 1808. liangandse phosphate'
FabL, L 169, 1806. Phosphormangan Karat., Tabl, 72, 1808. Hangante pho^>hat6
ip IL, TabL, 1809. Triplit ffausm., Handb., 1079, 1813. Eisenapatit Fkchi, J. pr. Oh.,
«, 1889. ZwiseUt BreifK, Handb., ii 299, 1841. Phoaphate of Iron and lUngaaeaa.
itMdb,8yn.,244,1847.
^rhombic. Imperfectly crystalline. Cleavage: unequal in three
OS perpendicular to each other, one much the meet distinct.
t— 5-5. G.=3-44— 3-8; 8-617, fr. Peilau, Berg. . Lustre resinous,
g to adamantine. Color brown or blackish-brown to almost black.
fdlowish-gray or brown. Subtranslucent — opaque. Fracture small
daL
-ft»P+RP, ▼. Kobell, with ft hi anal 8=ite + t*ni "d R=l Ca-f 2Mg+3»B,
*•• Ibr the percentage composition, Phosf^oric add 82*7, pfotaoc faoo 16*6, proCoK. bmhi*
\% iron 6*4, magnesium 1-8, caldum 1*6, fluorine 8*8=100. Ana^ysea: 1, Benalfaia
xxHl 70); 2, Bergemann (J. pr. Ch., Lcdz. 414); 8, ▼. Kobdl (J. pr. Oh., adi 890); 4^
pr. Gh., XTiil 499); 6, Bammelsberg (4th SuppL, 247):
544
OXYGEN OOMPOCWDS-
P to Mu ilg
Ca ]Sa Fe &
P fl
1. limogw 32-8 31-9 826
2. Peilau nU 3172 30^S3 082
3. SchlackenwaM R3*85 26-98 3000 3 05
4. Zu^ieadiie [3&-dO] a&'44 20-34
fi. *• »0'83 41-42 23*25
*Photph&L«orilzo&
3 2*
lt9 0 41* V56 0-23
220 1^^.
f 6 4-76 0-68
l-28=:lfiOil|
810 = 104T<
8*18 =100 9j
6-00 — ^=iuoa
e. Will
Yon Kobell'fl analysis beoomea, oo oambinlng the finorine with ¥% Ca^ Mg^ P Sd^'SSy
Mn 3000, Fe 5-54, Mg 1-88, Oa 1*67, P 8-10= 100-76.
Pyr., etc,— B.B. fusea eaailj at 15 to a black miigiietic globule; in
add colors tbe flame blulsh-green. Wi tb borax m O.F. givM an ameUijitine i
ganeac); in RF. a Btrong reaction for iron. With eoda reacte for otaiigAncve.
acid e?olTeB fluohjdrie aciiL Soluble in muriatic acid.
Oba,— Found by Atluaud at limogea in France, in a vein of quartz in grmnitB» M[
by apatite ; occurs atsa at Peilau in Silesia, }
ZufieaelitCj a dove-brown variety, was found by Fuchii near Rabenstein, 1 kftgne ftof
in Bavaria, in quarts (6, = 3 97 Fucha). Fucbs in hia MxDerslogy auggeata ita relatiaDi
It ia atated to have a rather perfect basal cleavage; a brachydiagooal Uttle distinot; I
matte parallel to a priam of 1 29" very imperfect «
Alt*— Often 00CU7S coated with ozyd of manganeao aa a reault of ita aJteraliOD. i
600, HOPBTI^. Brewst^, Trans. R, Soc Edbib., %. lOt, 1825, PHsma&oidlaoher 1
BrdtiL, Char., 38, 1832. ^
Orthorhombic, /A /— 101% 0 A 1-1^133° 19', Levy ; a:hic=\
1 : 1'2131. Observed planes as in the annexed figure, with bJbo
and i'l.
452
0 A 1-1=138° 50'
1-1 A 1-i, ov. (?,=97 40
0 A 2-1=119 47
J
3 A 2, brach,,=i
2 A2, macr.,=lO0"
2A2, ba6.,=140 i"
n
"KiSy
Cleavage : i-l higlily perfect. Plane O striated,
reiiifonn masses, and amorijlious.
H.=2-5-3. G.=2 76-2-85. Lustre
Bomewliat pearly. Color grayish- white j
when compact. Streak white. Tranapar^nt
cent.
vitreo^
reddifih
ir^nt— j
iticM
Pyr., ©tc^IHaaolveB without efierveacenoa in nruriitic
and ia slowly alTf^etcd by sulpbunc add. B%B. gives out
tnelts with difficulty to a clear coloflasa ^bulflv tinging tbe
The globule olstained with borax remains clear on cooling. With 9odi it wX^t^m a •«
ia yellow wheu hot, atid gives out copious fumea of zinc and tome of oa^niiim. Tlia i
eral forms a fine blue glaas with a solution of cobalt. Hopeite ia aopposed, i
hydrous compound of phosphoric acid and oiyd of zinc, with a smaU pcftioa d CiAi
Nordenakiold, Jahresb., v, 198, 1825.
Oba.— Found in the calamine minea of Altenbcrg^ near Aix la ChapeUa
Named in honor of Prof Hope of Edinburgh.
The angle of 1*1 a -^-i in hopeite ia near i-2 A i-i In flaobaflte.
GOl. BBRZBLHTU, Berzcliit JTuAn, Ann. Ch. Pharm., xxxlv. 21 1, 184I1L
macoULe Dana, Min., 239, 1844 Chaux araeuiat^e aMiydre XH^r. Beoselil
1645. Kiihnite B. 4b if., Min., 481, 1853,
Maasive, with cleavage in one direction,
a =5— 6. G.=2'52. LuBtre waxy. Color dirty-white or
low. Brittle.
AHHTDBOT78 PHOSPHATES AND AB8ENATB8.
545
iqp^O^ JIg, Ah)»l8'. 0. ntio for ft, lt=l : H. Analyses: KOhn (I c):
2.
C«
»g
An
ign.
1. 68-61
23-22
1668
218
0-30-99-84 Kiihn.
1 S6-4t
20-96
16-61
4-26
2-96, insoL 0-23= 100-47 KShXL
oflier ptftU anal/sis gave Oa 21-31, Ag, An 1707.
Kii •tOii-'BJL innisibld, bat tarns graj. With soda on charcoal gires an arsenical odor;
Hda OB platinam foil ftises with efferTesoence, and gives a manganese reaction. Soluble in
at Lopgban in Sweden, with iron ore and grannlar dolomite.
Oarminspath Sandberger^ Pogg., Izzx. 391, 1869. Oarmine Spar. Car-
minite Dana, lOn., 410, 1864.
rihorhombic. In dusters of fine needles. Also in spheroidal forms
; a columnar staructure. Cleavage parallel to the fSaces of a rhombic
.=2'5. G.=4'105. Lustre vitreous, but cleavage pearly. Color
line to tile-red ; powder reddish-yellow. Translucent. Brittle.
■py— O. ratio for ^b, 9e, Ss=1f : 9 : 17 ; or for bases and acid 2 : 3, or, less nearlj, 8 : 6.
«ger and Mailer adopt the latter, and write the formula ^b' As + 6 9e As. Analysis bj
■sr (Ptogg., dii 346):
Is 4911 9e 80-29 th 24'66=108'96.
r., etc — ^B.B. on charcoal ftises easilj to a steel-graj globale, giving oat arsenical Tapers ;
KMa a globale of lead, and with borax an iron reaction. Heated in a glass tube no change.
Isinnitrleadd.
b— fhm Horhansen in Prnssia, 12-16 m. K.E. of the town of Nenwred on the Bhine, with
itfle and qnarta in a mine of limonite.
iTOOMirB. Ambljgonit BreiiK, Hoffin. Ifin., It. b, 159, 1817, Handb., 483.
463
icUnic. Observed planes as in the annexed figure, Dana.
^Zback,=87 40
n/=111 80?
IV edge 7/7=78 80?
\ 9^105 90
/A 1-1=185** 80'
/A t-S=155 80
r A t-S=97 60
/A 2-t=107 80
i-t A 2-i, ov. /,=142 80
iri A H adj.,=181 60
. 0 perfect; i-l nearly perfect, tmgle between
» eieavBges 104)-^ ; also / imperfect. Usudl j massive,
mUe ; scnnetimes columnar.
=6. G.=8— 811 ; 8046, Hebron, Brush. Lustre
yon Hce of perfect cleavage {(J) ; vitreous on i-t, less
let cleavage-face ; on cross-firacture a little gresAY.
r pale mountain or sea-green, white, grayish, brownish-
Sl Sabtransparent — ^translucent. Fracture uneven.
sal axes very divergent ; plane of axes nearlv at right angles to i-i ;;
trix of the acute angle negative, and parallel to the e^^ O/i-t;
(i(U tra)*+f Sl)« P, with onMimth of tbe oi^rgen feplaoed \^ floafine.
Bt(QiIb. Ann., Izr. 821); 2, Bammelaberg (Pbgg:, Izir. 386, Mln. Al, 869):
86
Habron, lie..
■•: I.
646
OXYOSN ooicpomrDB,
L Choredorf BQ'S9
2. Arnsdorfj a=3-ll {|) 47-68
*1 ^
S-29 0-43
Betz.
8U = 102-ST:
In three triala tiio altimtiui was foocd to he 86'S6» S6'62, and 3689 p. c _
tho form^ (Si' P*-h]ft' P') + (A1' F*4-R F^ R ataoding for lithium and aodium ; Rose ^
P+ 2 il P)-f (Al'FV AI' d»).
Fyr.j etc. — In the closed tube yields water, which at a hi^h heat b add and
dtow. B.B, fu8«a dosilj (at 2) with iutumosceiioe, and beoomes opaque white on on
fiaEDe yoUowiah-red with traces of ^een ; the Ilebron rarioty gives an intenae 1
tened with sulphuric acid gives a bluish-greeu to the flaine. With cobalt adutiOD i
blue color (alumina). With borax aud salt of phQ9photn9 forms a tTaosparent
lu fine powder dissolves easily io sulphurio aoidf more slow^ in muriatic.
Oba, — Occura at Chursdorf and Arusdorf, near Peoig in Saxony^ wfa^re it ia
tourmaliDe and garnet in granite ; also at Arendal, Norway. In the U. States, in Ma
imbedded in aeoarse granite in maaaea, aome times well ciyatalliEed, with WpidfiUtik, i "
greeo, and black tourmaline^ apatite, and rarely cassiterite ; alao at ICi Ifiet io :
HebroQf with tourmaline. The Hebron crystAls have rather rough fiioe«» idtnittiDg <
mative measurement, and am occasionally I in. thick and 2 in. long (Am. J. ScL, IL ;
The angles above are f^m measurements by the author of Hebron cryatala. Deadi
tained from the cleavages of the Hebron mineral 0 (p) a ■-» (m)=105' j 0 (p) .«. /(I;^
/(I) A i-l (m)=:136" (0. R., Ivii. 367, Pogg., crxiiL 188).
The name is fh>m dftiXit^ bkmtj and y^yv, angle.
.504. HBRPERITE, Horderite BotdL, PhiL Mag., iv. 1, 182a Alkgtmit J^nUL, 1
1880, Ohar^ tS, 1883.
Orihorliombic.
46i
/A 7=115^ 63', 0 A M-U5° &V; aih
1 : 1'5971. Observed planea as in the annc
with also 3, 4, and 6-?.
V
fr
Oa1=UVW
O A 3=1^112 85
O A f *=U7 30
1 Al,mac.,= ur IT
1 A 1, brach.,=llfl 8
0 A 7=90
Cleavage : /interrupted. Surfaces /and 1 vaj
and delicately lined parallel to their edge oi i
tion,
H.=5. G.=2'9S5. Lustre vitreous, tncHn;
BubreBinons. Streak wliite. Color various ii
yellowieh- and greenish-white. Translucent Fracture sinaU oond
Very brittle. Index of refraction 147.
OozDp«-»Frobahly, aocording to triola by Turoar and Fla^ttneTt an anhydrpoa ph
alumina and lime with fluorine*
Pyr^ etc.— B.B. fbses with difficulty to a white enamel f beoooiM hliia w1th«o^DaStl
DiBsdvea when finely powdered in muriatic add.
Oba< — Very rare at the tiu miuea of EhjeQ^iederadorf in Saxony. Reaembtoi tlii
-variety of apatite.
Kamed after Baron von Herder, dlredor of the Siizon mhiet.
606. MONIMOIimi. MoDimolit L. Jl JgMtom, (Efv. Ak. Slockk. iM% 1
Tetragonal In octahedrons. Also maeaive and incrnsting.
A2raTDB0UB AinSMOHATSS. 547
H.=:4*6— 6. G.=6'9*. Lustre submetallic, greasy. Color yellow,
wder citaron-ydlow. fVacture grantJar.
>owp» 0^ t^ An, Oa, fig)^ 3b, but maioJy antimoiiato of lead. Analysis: Igel8tr5m (L c.) :
gb40^9 l»b 42*40 ^e 1^6*20 Ca 7-69 fig 8 25= 09*78.
yri ate— KBk on cbarcoal gives a malleable lead-colored globule, which in . O.F. giyes a
to coating of antimoDjr, and nearer the assay the yellow of ozyd of lead. Inadluble in strong
% or with carbonated or caustic alkalies, even on ftision. Beduoed by hydrogen gas at a red
t; bacooiet soluble in adds.
ta^-Oocun with tephroite at the manganese mine of Paisberg, In Wermland, Sweden.
SOe. B0MBXTB. Bomeine Damour, Ann. d. K, IH zz. 247, 1841 ; Y. iiL 179, 1853
Tetragonal. In octahedrons, near the regular octahedron in form ; 1 A 1,
lal, 110° 60'— 111° 20'; over the summit, 68° 10'— 69° 10'. Occurs in
mps of minute crystals. Cleavage none.
BL above 5*5. G. in grains, 4*714 ; in powder, 4*675. Color hyacinth
honey-yellow.
tonpir— ft", SbC, SbO* Damour= Antimony 6224, oxygen 16*32, lime 21*44=100. Analysis
r(L a, 1863):
015-82 Sb 62*18 Fe 1*81 Mn 1*21 Ca 16*29 Si soL 0*96 hisoL 1*90=99-67.
3b 0*40*79 SbO* 86*82 *e 1*70 1*21 16*29 0*96 1*90=99*67.
B Us eailter analysis (1841) Damour obtained Sb O" 79*31, ^e 1*20, An 2*16, Oa 16*67, Si soL
1=99-98.
^, ttOi^— B.B. ftises to a blackish slag. With borax aflfbrds a oolorless glass in the inner
n, a violel in tiie outer (manganese). With soda on charcoal glyes white antimonial ftimes
I gioboles of metallic antmiony ; fhsed on platinum foil with soda pyes a bluish-green man-
ale. Insoluble in adds.
)4i. llomoito was found by B. de Lom at St Marcel in Piedmont, in small nests or veins in
) which accompanies manganese, consisting in part of feldspar, epidote, quarts, limonite,
I hj Damour {not by Dufir^oy) after the crystallographer Bom^ de Tlsle.
f. JUaOOLTTB. Antimonite de Mercure Dcmuyko, Ann. d. IL, lY. tL 183, 1844. Cina-
■io tabldo Domeyho^ Min., 168. 1845. Ammiolito Dana^ Min., 534, 1850. Antimoniato de
■Am ooq dnabrio terroso Domeyko^ Min., 129, 1860.
Ear&y powder. Color deep red, scarlet.
OoHfi^-Besttlts yariable ; but regarded as antlmonate of copper mixed with dnnabar and with
kKfanpoiit&es. Analyses by Domeyko (Min., 129, 1860) of the material obtained in the earliest
It of a process of lerigation :
§b
On
Hg
S
9e
quarts fi and loss.
84*1
16*9
19*9
8*3
8*8
24*8 8*8
89*6
15-6
83-6
3-3
3*1
8*1 16*9
88-1
18*1
19-8
31
1*1
Kbfi iMfl ibimd In a similar substance from ChiU (Ann. d. M., T. tI 656), Sb 86*5, On 12*2,
:8S% Te 14>8, F^ S ir^ quarts 2*5, 0 and loss 12*6, and obsenres that his result hidicates
^BMB^M of teUnrid of mercury and antimonic acid along with antimonate of copper.
nrr. clo^— Bflbnresces with nitric add, without loss of color; bat loss of color by action
^onrtSe acid, and an abundant deposit of white antimonic add. fisaled in a mrtrass, a
ftoMite of meieory.
nany of tiie (Thilian mines, filling esTities ia tiba qmrtWMe or flrgOlo-llnEnigi-
$18
OXYOZK COMPOUNDS.
nous gangiie of the merctiml tetratiedrite, and in the porofl of the imperfecClj oomps
itaclf, and has proceeded fjpom the deoompoaitioii of tttii mercuriAl ore.
Named fhsm I^^i**, vermdion,
F. Field haj} imalTzed a red earthy aubstanoe fVom Tombilloa, near Coquimbov Chill, ifidj
it a compound of antimooite of mercmrj and fvulphantimomto of mercurj; but then iff
uiioertainty over his reetilts. He obtained (Q. J. Ck Socx, xU. 27) ;
8b
S
Hg
7e
a
qoarts
14-21
C»<43
3i'43
^-m
4'fte
M*50=M-70.
15-26
6-98
3T94
3-94
4-08
29'T8=de*eS,
He takes the lo«3 aa partly oxygen, and thus OQakee Sb 0\ Sb 3*, Hg 0| Hg S u 1
ents. The matenal Is probably a mtxture of dnnabar, etc
APPENDIX.
608. ABsmrATB OF NiOKEL (Nickelerz, ^i' JU, a Berifemann, J. pr. OIl, Ixxv, 139,
OTystallioe nmaaiTO or amorphous. H,^4. Q.=4'8SS. Color dark gnua-green to
spots where amorphous ; streak lighter.
Formula giren by Bergemann (L c.) ^i* As = Arsenic acid SB% oxyd of nickel 69^d
His analysis afiforded :
is 8a-57 P 0-14 ]?ri 6207 Co 0*54 Cu 034 Bi 024 Fe lk-.=f
Unaltered in the doeed tube. B.B. on charcoal aflfords arseoical fUmes ; with
gives a gray bead (uickel) i with soda on charcoal gives off arsenical fumes and yields 4
miBB. From Johanngeorgenatadt, along with the following, nickel oxyd, and native f
KDd. AbSEKATI of NiOSel (Niokelerz^ jSTi* 1m, C. Btr^emann, J. pr. CL, IzxT.
Amorphons, H.=4. 0,— 4'993. Color sulphur-yellow. Formula S"!' As, .
acid 60 S^ IJfi 49*6 = 100. Analysis! by Bergemann (L a);
Is 60-63 P ir, iii ABU Co 0 21 Ou a-«T Bi O-$2=l00^l1
Like tho preoeding in pyrogoostic characters. Oocon at Johaimgeorgeprtsdt» wUli (bi|
ceding.
n. HYDROUS PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, ANTEMONATES.
ARRANGEMENT OF THE SPECIES.
A. Fhobphatbh asd AxBssATm OF Basks m thb Pbotoitd raxe.
L 8TRCTITE GROUP. Contain ammonia. 0. ratio for bases and acid a : ^
615, SntOOBTflB (|*a-fiNH*0 + |H)»P+8fl POJO.KiNa-l^i AiD + iB).>4l(
5ie. arEtmiB (f Mg-fiNH*0)»P + lsn (Pe),|e.KiAm, + |Mg)*^ll«|
IL HAIDrNGERITE GROUP. Oontafn lime; 0. ratio 3 : 6, OrthorhombiA vHh 1 1
diagonal cleavage.
517. HAmnroiEttK (|Oa+i^»la-|-sA (Aj0),(e.Kf^+4BJ,+*H
in
(lC»+tfl)*P+4fl
mUSHRl
(lOa+tflyP+stt
lAOOun
(}0m+ia)'2s+6fi
^IHTB
(C«,Co)'P+4tt
nm
il^la+B^
xsm
(}A«f+ia)'£s+iaa
HTDB0I7B PHOBPHinB AITD AB8SNATBB. 649
kBlCAOQLETB GBOXTP. Oontdn Ume or magneria. 0. nftio 8 : fi. Mn..A.ahA> with
irlj dinodSagoDal dMTige.
(Pe)je.Kl«t+tH,),+4tq
(P^).|e.Kl e*+t H,),H-S tq
(ABe),|e.K|6t+tH.),H-5tq
(Pe).|e.K6iS6e),H-4tq
(ABe),|e.p(g.+8ftq
(ABe)jej(l¥g+tH.),+iatq
lANlTB GBOUP. Contain iron, manganese, nickel, oobdtk or lina 0. ratio 8 : 6.
Dclinic, with a pearly dinodiagonal deavage.
fiTB Je'P+sA (Pe),|e.|Fe,+8aq
■am j'e'ls+naq (ABe),|e«|9e>+fiaq
sm Cc^lB-^SiL (ABe),|e«|6o.-h8aq
mom Jn'Sfl+SiaE (AB0)i|e«|Ni«+8aq
tm (Si,Co^Ag)«Xa+8fi (AB0),|e.KI«,6m«g),+8aq
on (2n, Co, JTi)* la+S fit (Aa e)t|e.K2ii. 60, )«),+8 aq
LULiTi (i[n,*e,fi)"P+2fl (Pe),|e.KMn,Fe,H,),+laq
rDRABSENITB GBOUP. Contain manganese. 0. ratio 1 : If Ko olean^ ob-
RABsmn ttn*l8+2i]a[ A8a|ei«pCn»+2iaq
rENITB GROUP. Contahi On, 2n as the protozyd baaee. General formula &* (^1
fi aq, with sometimes Ou fi, or 2n fi, aooessoiy. Orthorhombic, withoat peaiily
age; /A/near 90%
iLomB Ou'Ss+sH (ABe)t|e«|ent+6aq
iBOun P, Cn, '&
xHiTB Cu'P+OnH (pe),|e«|en>+eaHtet
riTB 0a*(ls,1h+0afi[ ((A8,P)e),|e.|en,+eaH«e«
n 2n'l8+2nfi[ (As,O)i|0«|2ns+ZnHi0t
[ALom (Cn,Ca)*(1^,l8)+0afi[+ifi ((AsP)e),|e•K6^6a)•+61lH•0•+iaq
OHiTi (Ou, f»b)' Is + 6u fi+fi (As O)t|0«K^ Pb),+eu H* Ot+aq
om 0u*l8+0a]a[+6]a[ (Ase)t|e«|en+6aH«e*+eaq
OOONITB GBOUP. Contain On. General formula &* (P, ls)+fi aq, with moat^
]9[ or 8 On fi[ aooessoiy. IConodinio^ without a veiy distinct basal deaTBge.
n 6u"P+6ufi4-2H (Pe)t|et|6n,+euH«eft-ftaq
mM Ou"ls+(iOu"+|5l)fl*+9fi(Ase),|e,|6a.+Q+faq
ncALAomn Ou'P+sOufi (Pe)4e«|6n,+8eaH«eft
■ Ou"P+20ufi+fi (P0)je46o.+l6aH,e*+tq
■n 0a*l^+30u]a[ (pe)i|e.|6ii.+s€«H.ek
660
OXYGEN COMPQVmm.
544 EWXOM
545. COEXWALUTE
Tin. OHALOOPHYLLITE GROUP. Contain Ou. A perfect bosAl d^?«gQ.
546. TnoMTB Ou*la-f2CTifi-h'^fl
548. CHALOOrHTLLiTl a Cn'SiH- 5 Cu fl + T fl
{M 0)«|ef |6ii« + 8 eu H. 01
Asi|0i,teu» -t- 3 eu H, 0« 4- >if I
B. Phosphates jljtd AissENATsa of Babes wholly, ob or fabi, dt the SflBQcions 1
(1) Oxygen nitjo for (&", jft), (IP, Jtg)=3 : 5, with water and sometimfttf other aoofiitorfc
aiituents. Flumbo^ammiie is of uBcertain relatioos*
ilP+5fi
(3ti,fe)P+4fi:
549. BEBLDflTB
550. Callaieitb
651. Laeclite
552. Babhandtte
553. SOOBODITE
554. Watellite
555. TbOLLEITB
556. PwmBtmgMMiTB (?)I*b'P + 6 3tlfi'
657. CALCiOFBBaiTB (?e^ Ca«)P + ifi ft*+4H
558. Phabiiaoosii>ewte PelB+i3Pofl*+4fl
(Pe),|0, I^AU + itq
{pe),|e, ^J3y*^^5H
(FBUW^ |^3kl,4-MgH,0,
(F0)tie,|^Fe,+4aii
(Pe),|e, |^Al,-hQ-l-5aq
(p e),|e. pih + 18 tf Ai H,e,
(Aii0).|O. |4Fe.+^FeH.e,+4H]
559. CiEBOLnB
(2) 0. ratio for (k% B>, ?=4 : 5.
TrolleUe {555), cakioferfit$ (55 1), unA ^iharmacoeideritA (558 X bave tb« O. ratio 4 : 6^ tfidlfi
of the alamma or iron m not present as tui aooeesory b jdrate> tb^ abonld be bidwWd nl
group. Wa^xUUe (554) Ib also jimr it
(3) 0, ratio for (2*, fi), (P. 2a)=l : I ; but dwibtfW.
5^, Obildbenite
681. ? ATTAOOLrrB
(f(l?'e,]etn)'-f»Xl)'?'4-15a
P, Xl,Oa»lin,teifi
(4) O. ratio for (2* fi), (P, lj)=e : fi.
562. AnOELtTB
563. TCFBQBOIB
564. PEOAKTrS
665. FiSOHEEITE
666. Tatistoceitb
567. CSheeethite
568. DUTRSICZTB
569. OAOOZlKni
3a'P + 3fl
3tl*P+5£[
Xl»P+6ff
il'P + 8&
(i!£l,0aVl^+8fl
(?)F©*p+i2a
Mi.0|0,*|P,4ii
$M.^ 0f0i«|Ff4'ii
MJ.0f0i4Pt^6i
(0a»^Al),e}0,4P,-^lH^
(0E,^^),0|et4A*rMl
/y^fiit 0|0ti|Ft^ '
HTDBOUB FHOaFHATKB JUn> AS8ENATB8. 551
(6) 0. ratio for (k\ R^ (P. 2ji)=3 : 1
BnTHALiTi (Xl,Oa«)fP'+'?fi (ea./?Al)i,e»|e„|P«+7tq
oon SfP*4-16H ^ikli,e4e«.|P«+16aq
csm 0?e,6a7P«+16a[ (ea,^I?e)i,e4e,o|P«+18aq
G. PHOSPHATH OB ABSENATH OOMBOrSD WITH SuLPHAna
OOHITK P, 5, Pe, tL
icm la, S, Pe, &
>AimTB P, la, B, Po, f»b, fi
ACKKsm la, S, On, &i, fi
rBERGm P, B, Si, Ca, ^a, £[
nn P,5,Je,An,fl
HXmiTB
D. AiTDf ovAna
yreeeding formulaa the value of Q mBj be learned fVom the corresponding formnla in
column. In many of the phosphates of copper the member n Ou & is made an aoces-
>ne bj Rammelaberg and others.
SEIOOBITB. Steroorite Earapath, Q. J. Oh. Soa, 1849. lOorooosmio Salt Native Salt
of Phosphorus.
^stalline masses and nodules. G.=1'6161. Lustre yitreons. Color
tained jellowish-brown. Transparent Fragile. Not efflorescent
dluble in hot and cold water.
-]^aNHH)P+9ti[=Phosphorio add 3406, ammonia 1240, soda 14*92, water 88*63=
Jjsia bj T. J. Herapath (L a):
1^ 34*326 Am. 7*680 JTa 16*t62 S 42-248=:100.
rith about 9 p. c. of impurities, consisting of organic matters along with ohlorid of
rbonate of hme, carbonate of magnesia, phosphate of lime, sand, eta
^—- B.B. hitumesces, bladcens, and gives off water and ammonia, colon tlie flane ttio-
I fUnt green, and fbses to a transparent colorless glass, sdnUe in boiling water.
Vmnd in guano at the island of Ichaboe on the west coast of Africa, and nained from
iercua^ doing.
ciea ia identical with the SaU of Phosphorus^ used as a flux in blowpipe analysia.
dJVXXB. Struvit XTlex, (Ef7. Ak. Stockh^ 1846, HL 32, Ann. Oh. Fhann., Izfla 4L
Qnaaita £ F. Tkschmaeher, PhU Mag., m. zxviii. 646; 1846.
552
OZTGSN COMPOUNDS,
Orthorhombic. Hemihedral, two opposite sid^ having unlike 1
/A/=10r 42', {? A 1-1=132'* 32'; a : 6 : <?=1*0900: 1 : 1-3284
served planes as in the aimexed fignra
458
0 A M=138^ 25'
0 A fi=151 25
O A i-t=90
t-2 A i-J, ov. i-l,=8
1-i A 1-1, ov. {?,==»
J-t A |-f, ov. iH,=i
Twins : compositii
Cleavage: O, perfect,
i-t *
H.=2. G.=l-65-l*7. Color slightly
ish to brown ; white. Lustre vitreous* ' 'H
cent ; sometimes opaque. Brittle^ Tae^len
but slightly soluble.
Comp.— KH*0 ]fifg^!^+12:d=PliosphoHc add 29*0, mugnesia 16% Ammonui 10-0; ifl
= 100. Ulex obtained (Jahrb. Min, 1851. fill:
1 100. Ulex obtained (Jalirb, Min, 1851, fil):
PjfT^ «to.— Id the dosed tube ^yefi off water and ammoDia and beoomo* o|mk]1M. E!
the flame green^ and Ihsea eaBtlj to an enamel^ which, heated with cobalt aolaiioa,
beaoCiful purple color. Soluble in arids.
Obfl« — Fouttd in gtmno fmm Saldanba Bay^ coaat of AfHca, imbiHided in patdie* of \
also under an old diurch in Hamburg, where quantities of cattle dang oxiated In tbe fl
a bed of peat wliich euntained the crjBtata. This fti^t fonna when a tribaalc pboapCu
salt of ammonia are disBolved toother, and a aalt of magneaia ia added to th« cdxtitii^
The dimeoAioQs of the ctyatala m% nearly those of tMiytet If M be takea sb }*i
Named after the EusaloQ etateaman y* Btruve,
617. HAIDIKGtBBrrEI. Tmnm, Edinb, J, ScL, a 303, 1836.
-0-595 : 1
1-1918. Observed
Orthorhombic. /A /=100" (80** over i-x), O A l-t=U8** 16' ;
planes: vertical, /, i-i, i-t; dome^l
; octAedral, 4-2. ^. 4-1 A |-i, top, = li
1-t A 14^126^ 58', /A ^1^140^ /A vt=130^
age : i-l highly perfect. Mostly in minute cryatali
gated into botryoidal fonns and dmsv crofiU.
n.=l-5-2'5, G.=2'848. Lusti^ vitreous,
white. Color white. Transparent — translucent.'
tile ; thin laminae slightly flexible.
V llV'-t^ OoMp.— (|0a+lfl}'XaH^3^==Ar«enic add 68-1, fiina J«1
1S'6=10O. Turner (L o.) obtained, araenate of Unao 8£'^li
14*319. DisAolirea oaally in nitric add.
Fyr- — B.B, like plmrmaoolite.
Obs.^Supposed to be fVom B^iden or Joachitnsthal, according to E. P. Grqf . Jt^ «
seft oontained the only specimen that has been obaerred ; probably the latter pAftoa, at
Yo^ (Min. Joack^ IB 6). II ia associated with phannaooUte,
Named after W^ Haidinger.
§18. BRUSHITS. a R Moore, Proc Aoad. Cal, UL ISt, 1864, AttL J. Sdi, IL se
Monoclinic. (7^62° 45', I A /=142° 26' ; aii: c=0*&ZW : 1 :
HTSBOITB PH06PHATE8 ASD AB8EZ7ATB8.
55?
460
:108^ 47', 1 A arrlOl** 40', 1 A 1=156** 46' (156^ 80'
Ofzimate meaBurement), -1 A -1 (unobBerved planes) =
\ angle between edge ///and lines of ctobb cleavage
on orthodiagonal section or plane i4) 117°— 117i®,
ween same edge /// and edge 1/1 (=i-i on 14)=
i"" ; whence 0 A l-i=about 147° 80', Dana, aeavage :
^nal, perfect and pearly ; 0 (parallel to c^ perfect,
often breaking transyerselj along tliis plane. Crys-
11 and slender. Alao concretionary massive, consisting
lar individuals, and having pearly cleavages.
1—2-5. G.= 2*208. Lustre of i\ peany, elsewhere
, and in part splendent ; when massive, eiurthy, or more
esinous. Colorless to pale yellowish. Transparent—
snt
-<f Ca+id)*1^+4d, or, of the general formula, &"l^+aq. Analyses: 1, 2, ICooie
riilien(ib.,zL879):'
BSL
u
nbrero
p
Ca
41-60
41-32
39-96
32-66
82-73
32-11
26-83=100-48 Moore.
26*40=100-46 Moore.
25*96, &, 9e 0-83, 5 0*78, hygrosa l*23n:100*36 JaUeo.
O/— Heated in a dosed tube whitens, and at an indpient red heat gives oiT water. B3.
tinmn forceps ftises easilj with intumescence, tinging the flame green ; the button
with brilliant fiusets on cooling. Dissolves reacUlj in dilute nitric and muriatic
tocurs on the rock guano of Aves Island and Sombrero in the Caribbean Sea, in groups
oonristing of delicate and mosUj transparent crystals. Named after G. J. Brush,
see may be regarded as isomorphous with vioianiie; 2a:b:^e of brushite equalling
: 1*807, which is yeiy near the ratio in viyianite given on page 667. The two agree In
xsept that one has 4£[ and the other 8& It is isomorphous also with pharmaooUte
n /(142* 26') be regarded as corresponding to i-2 of the latter, the ang^e of whidi is
rABUUHUlTB. A. A. JvlieHy Am. J. ScL, IL zL 871, 1866. Zeugite JvHen^ ib.,
p. 373. Omithite JtiUen, lb., p. 877.
dinic, with pearly clinodiagonal cleavage, as in brushite. Occar-
nes, the clinodiagonal i4, with the
lodiagonal i4 and -l-ij giving the
Q the annexed figure. Crystals usn-
ns iri broad and even, but not shin-
me other planes deeply furrowed
tdinjg into one another, as in fig. 462 ;
68 tmn and flattened parallel to t-i.
4 A -l-t varying, 38^—46°, mostlv
'; and 88^ in the best cnrstals
Cleavage : clinodiagonal perfect.
2-6-8. G. = 2-2^, 2-866, 2-362.
eeble, except on the cleava^face,
pearly, somewhat resinous m frac-
!olor pale yellow, bufif, to nearly
streak unoolored. Translucent to
snt Brittle.
654
OXTOBN OOMPOITKDfl.
Oomp.— (|<^a+il^*P+sd=Fho0pharic a<nd 41*90, lime ^'42, utter aO*4$slO0|
ae bmahite, excepting one lesa of water. Analyse* : 1, Jalien (L c.) :
L «) 42-72
0-79 21-83
S
0*05, hygroBC. I'«)=rl0
Ca
A
% Pe,a^ s e
F
KaCl
44'2I
3-fl2
3*59 0*06 0-19 0-M
ir.
1<»6=ii1U;
48-87
3-98
O-Jse 1*02 018 1-74
tr.
? =99*Si
46-77
9*45
4.<J2 —
The water induded some orgaalo matter,
Pyr., etc.— Same as for bniahite.
Oba.— From Sombrero, coatiDg caritiefl id guano and the coral rode alierad
^ ibe OTerljrlng griano. Crystals sometimes 1 indi long and ^ inch broad.
This compound, as Julieu states, baa been recogtilsed as an artificial salt bj Baawskyin^
AIL— The crystals of metabrushite from Sombrero are often boUow ftom Iha
Dterior, and otherwise altered Julieu describes the following varletiea:
1, H.=3'26. G,=2"971. The crust of the hollow crystak thin, and surfaost vf tbia
out oflen coatod by minute rhombs of calcite ; the ixugiU of Juhen. % Qrvit nft(
without a glittering surface of calcite rhombs, 8» G,=3-988— 3030; in narrow
an inch long ; the crust thick, the crystals being ne-arly or quite eolid,
4. Omiihite of Julien, from Sombrero (I cl, p. 377), appears also to be altcfed
crystals presenting the same forma aad habit, but usually quite small and yefy th^ p
orthodiagonal; also somettmes thin paraBd to the dinodiagonal, and acute rhosibfci
angle i-i A -l-i=about38° ; H.=2'5, The analysis given waa made on only
and the results are hence unavoidably doubtful
Analyses of I, 3, 4, aObrded Julien (the water including some ai^guiic mattar)
Var. 1, &uijitt (f) 46*55
Var. 3. ♦' 48*24
Var. 4. Omiihite 4014
Iti 1, 0. ratio for P, Oa (impurities cxduded)=2'i>5 : 1*66 j ondtbile corrotpcioili «
[Ibrmula Oa* P -t- 2 aq.
There occur also hemispherical stellated groupe of white oryitala, b« tllefid
FMr, Jtilien has not analysed, but supposed to be the same compound mimn ^ 1
I ijryatal of the ao<caUed omithite exnminod by the author had on its edges and mstam
\ tafia of ttdcuiar crystals.
I^igkubite and cryBtallijied f?Zau&qpaltfe of Sbepard (Am. J. 6cL, IX. sail §<*» ISftl),
L other of these may be metabrushite or brushite. Qlaubapatite bae already beta tm
Ion page 535. It may be added that there is further proof thai no such gQttDeaOO|
r(oombinatioD of sulphoto of soda and phosphate of lime) in that A. A. JulicQ haalirani
lAf it in bis inveBtlgdliona. His results suggest that fiaiepard'a soda may harr oome ft*
[ialt present, and his sulphuric add from sulphate of Ume.
IJpu/iaubite is described as occurring in ^' small aggregates or interlAoed masaoa d 9
l^transpaient crystals of a shining vitreous lustre, whidi aro always iraplaotedoa ~
apatite, with H.== about 2-5," and as being " a largely hydrate phosphatis chie^ of ll
also contain magnesia and aoda." It is not impossible that the mineral ii metabrmhl
some characters are inconsistent with such a oondusion. If to^ the nimtt ip|M'
occurring implanted on glaubapatite) is inapplicable, and ahould be ngeolaiL
620. PHAHMACOUTS. Arseniksaurer Sjilk (von Witlaobeii) SA^ Bcbrnm^
ISOO. Pharmakolit Karsieny Tah, 76, 1800. Araenikblithe WWrn, pi. AiMri
Chaux arseniat^ i^V, Picropharmaooht ^SfiTOWMysr, Mb. Ana., Ixi ISa, I8|f.
Beud., lOn,, iL 698, 1832.
463
Monoclinic. / A /=rlll** «\ « i
iA A i^2=10r 26', «> t4z=90^, 1 A U
1 / 1,=8S^ 14^ OleaTag© : i4 «aiii ^
the faccB 1 often obliterated by tbel
the other. Surfiices v4 mnd t-9
parallel to their mt^tual tttten§ectioci.
crystals ; cooimonly in deUcate iiU^ f
HTSBOITS. PBD8PHATX8 Jjn> AB8EZ7ATB8. 556
rstallizations, in stellated groups. Also botrjoidal and stalactitic
metimes massiye.
=2— 2*5. G.=2'64— 2-Y3. Lustre vitreous ; on i-l inclining to pearly.
wldte or grayish ; frequently tinged red by arsenate of cobdt IStrea^
Transficent — opaque. Fracture uneven. Thin lamin© flexible.
V-<} Oft+i "^ la+5 ]9[= Araenic add 5M, lime 24*9, ^ter 24*0=100. AnalyBOs: 1,
&(B6itr., m. 277); 2, JohD (Oh. Unters., iL 221); 3, BammeLsberg (Pogg^ bdL 160):
Is Oa S
1. WHtichen 60*54 2600 24-46=100 Elaproth.
2. Andreasberg 46*68 27*28 23*86=96*82 John.
3. GludcBbnizui 61*68 23*69 28*40, Oo^ Pe 1*43=100 Bamm.
obdl in the last la attributed to a miztnre with cobalt bloom. Turner obtained fbr a
& of unknown locally (Brewst J., iii 306) Arsenate of Hme 79-01, water 20*99=100.
m antmeUe is applied l^ Beudant to the mineral analysed by J<4m on the ground of the
eCo. — ^In the dosed tube yields water and becomes opaque. B.B. in O.F. ftises with
senoe to a white enamel, and colors the flame light blue (arsenie). On diarooal in B.F.
lenioal ftimes, and fiises to a semi-transparent globule, sometimes tinged blue fh>m traces
L The ignited mineral reacts alkaline to test paper. Insoluble in water, but readily
nadda.
-Found with arsenical ores of cobalt and silver. Has been found at Wittidien, Baden, in
; atSi Marie auz Ifines in the Vosges, in botiyoidal or globular groups; at Andreas-
ihe Haca, and at Biedielsdorf and Bieber in Hessia; at QlQcksbrunn m Thuringia; at
ittial in Bohemia.
pedes was named, in allusion to its containing arsenic, from ^^a«oy, poiaon,
■g the form as abore, it is remotely homcsomorphous with cobalt bloom and yirianite.
PImiffiutnnaediU of Stromeyer, fh)m Biechelsdorf (L c.), contains Arsenic add 46*97,
(6. magnesia 3*22, ozyd of cobalt 1*00, water 28*98=99*82, affording the formula
f AsV12 fi, BamoL ; but it is probably impure pharmacolite. The prefix picro^ from
Cfar, aUodes to the magnesia present
A new British mineral containing cerium A, K Church, Gh. Kews, zii.
M6. Gbnrdiite 0. G.WUUamSf ib. 183. Hydrated Gerous Phosphate Ohureh,J. Gh. Soo,
S&S, 1866.
(oclinic ? In fan-like aggregations of minute crystak. Cleayage
; in one direction (the clinodiagonal T) ; also radiated columnar.
:8. G-.^S'l*? Lustre vitreous; pearly on cleavage plane; color
noke-gray, tinged with flesh-red. Streak white, transparent to
leent. Fracture conchoidal. Doubly refracting.
Hr-a xallo for B,P,fl=8 : 6 : 4; (jCe+iOa)« P+4fi=Phosphorio add ^t-73, oeria
M 6*47, water U-07=10a Analysis : Ghurah ( J. Gh. Soa, IL iiL S63):
P Ce Oa fi
38*48 51-87 6*42 14*93=100-70 Chnroh.
•Ic^— BJB. in tube yields add water, becoming opaque. In outer flame becomes reddish,
nitty solnUa. With borax in outer flame gives a bead which is orange-yellow and opaline
it^ and oolorless or slightly amethystine when cold. ... .^ -
-Oooors aft Gomwallin a copper lode, as a coating iV of an ^^f^ «i* ^^JP*^ •^^
m jchirt. a G. Williams (Lc.) has proved ch^adte to oontein didymtaL ^loh
latRM^ floorina Cteavage takes place paraM to a rhombic plane, wWdi Maakelyiie
liftvStet A. H. Ghurch, of Girenoeeter, Bug.
566
OXT&£N 00MF0UND6.
523. BCERNZISITII* Hornesit Haid.^ VerlL G, Beiehi, 41, 186(V Ber. AJL J
1860.
Monoclinic. Cleavage eminent in one direction, like tala A|
narj Btellar-foliated.
Il ^ 0 5 „ 1^ G . —2*474, Cleavage pearly* Color boow-wM
traneparentj flexible.
Comp.— SL^lfl+8 £r^ Arsenic add 46*6, miigPMlft S4'3^ wmter 29'1=100» Kut^ogH
Ite. AiLAljsts: v. Eauer (l^ c):
Xn 43 33
% 24 &4
fl 2d*0t=9^-94.
Pyr., •to. — In a gluBS tube gives much water. B.B. fuaen easSlj, asd on divooi
odor of arsenic Insoluble in water and enwily soluble iu adds.
Ob«.— First distinguiglied by Keongolt m minerals from the Bannat (yidni^ cillMl
or Ormwitx&) m tbo Imperial Miueral Oablnet at Viemuu Oocutb in a ooafsdj
dtei oontaiiiiiig also some garoeta,
Hamed after Dr. HdroeB.
623. RCBSaLQKrFB, H Blum, Jahrosb. Wett Go8. Hanaa, Si, IdfiJ
In thin crystalline plates, with columnar or fibrons stractiin
age apparent in one directian, Ako in vermiform effloreeceneea,
"II, =2—3, G." ? Lustre vitreous to dull. Colorleas
Transparent to translncent* Becomes opaque and duD on e^qposi
Comp^— (}Mg-f|^)'lB+12&=AneiLiG add
hjIMBk{lc)t
jU 40-ie Kg 14-22
) 65) magDQsk 13 80^ water 4^*1
Ce er. fi 45^2
Obi
Pyr., ete,— B.B. fuses to a white enamelf and In a clo0ed tobe giTos water,
arsenical ^mes» Soluble in muriatic add.
Obfl. — Occurs in the Kupftirdchicfer, at Bleber, with phannacx>lite and erTtbrite.
Named after Dr. 0. Bossier of Hanaxt*
A niinerttl in monoclinic crystals ooeuri at Joaehimstbal and Kromnitz» whicb,
Tscbermak (Anzeig. Ak. Wleo, 1867, 218), has the composition (| Mg-r i ^)*Ai^S 1
is probablj rcBsslerite.
524. TlWlA^rrm. Bloa Jarojord, NatiirMgit Berlinerbl&ti, Calx Martia pblogut
OrimsL^ 182, 11&S. Csenileom Beroiioeoae natlirum Bam.^ Lilhoph., t 136, 17 Tl
bleue, Bleu de Prusse natif; de Liak, iil 295, 1783. Naturliche Berllnerbteii, tl
EisGD, Klapr.^ CmM'e Ann., i. 3a0, 1784, Eiaenblau, Blaueisenardo, Germ, Tifi
waO) Went., Leztes Miu. Syst., 1817; 41 ; BreitK, Hoffin. Um^ It. Ij, 14<L 1*117,
of Iron, Blue Iron Earth, Fer phosphat^ For aaur^ Dr, Eisenpame
liBen*Ph:rmt BreUK, Char., 26, 1823. aiaukosidorit Giocker, Handbu, SS7, ISl
Thomg,, lOn., L 452, 1836. Anglarlte BertMer, Ann. d. IL, IIL zii aoS^ IfSt.
Monoclinic. C^7r 26\ I A I^llV 12\ O A 14=145** M;
1 002 : 1 : 1-3843. Observed planes: O; vertical, i-i /, i4^ i
domes, ^4, 14; hemidomes, ^-t, 1-i, 2-^ -l-t ; hemioctwednl,
U A 14=125° 47'
i-t A -14=144 20
i4 A 7=145 36
i4 A 1-3=167 7
1 M, fix^ntj^lig** 10'
1 A l-i=149 35
1 Aii=120 25
14 A 14, top,=lll 6
i4 A 14=90^
vaAiS=154
4 A i, front,.
O A i4=slO&
HTSBOUB FHOfiPHATn AMD AB8ENATB8.
557
Bmooth, others striated. Cleavaee : i-i, IurUj am
i and i-i in traces. Often reni&rm and glob-
ictore divergent, fibrous, or earthy; also in-
-2. G.=2-68— 2-68. Lustre, t-i pearly or
early; other faces vitreous. Color white or
>T nearly so, when unaltered; often blue to
pening on exposure ; usually green when seen
ilarly to the cleavage -face, and blue trans-
le two colors mingled, producing the ordinary
color. Streak colorless to bluish-white, soon
jo indigo-blue ; color of the dry powder often
I. Transparent — ^translucent ; becoming opaque
re. Fracture not observable. Thin laminee
Jectile.
)'P+8fi[=Pho8phoric add 28*8, protozyd of iron 48*0, water 38'7=10Q, wfaeu
ig iaomorphoua with eiythiite; bot changes readily, owing to ozydatloii of the
i afforded BammelBberg 6 (Pe* P+8 '&) + 9e' P*+8 fi).
1, Yofgdk (Gilb. Ann^ liz. 174); 2, Bammelaberg (Pogg, IzIf. 411); 8, Stromejer
; i, 6, Bammelsberg (Pogg^ Iziy. 411) ; 6, Brandea (Sdiw. J., xzxL 77) ; 7, Thomion
8, W. Fisher (Am. J. ScL, IL ix. 84); 9, Bammelabeig (J. pr. Cbu, IzzxrL 844):
P 9e J'e &
26-4 41-0 81-0=98-4 VogeL
29-01 11-60 35-65 twui Bammelaberg.
31-18 41-28 27-48=99-89 Stromeyer.
28-40 1206 33-91 imd It»««^i.u.„ n -••*«
1206 33-98 27-49 f**°^°**"*^'«f- ».=2-58.
80-32 48-78 2500, Si 07, Si 0*02=99-82 Brandes.
26-06 46-81 27-14=99-61 Thomson.
27*17 44*10 27*95, Silica 0-10=99-82 Fisher.
28*81 4*26 88-26 28 67=100 BammelBberg. G.=2-68.
fses, probably of this species more or less Impure or altered, have aflbrded : 10^
u d. IL, ztt. 808); 11, Segeth (J. pr. Oh., xz. 256) ; 12, Klapioih (Bettr., It. 120): 18,
); 14| 15, StniTe (BnlL i£js.-mattL Ac St Petersb., zIf. 171, 1856); 16» a A. Korl-
Sci,n.xziiL422):
fl
32-4^ Si 0-6, Sn 0*8=99-4 BertUer.
26-26=100 Segeth.
20-0=99*5 Klaproth.
16*5=99 8 Berthier.
27*50=99*55 StruYe. G.=2*72.
26-10, lAg 7-87=100-12 StruTe.
26-60, Mg 0*08=101-85 Knribanm.
Ite corresponds to the formula ^e^P+4d; it is probably massire Tirianite.
ftwn New Zealand afforded B. Pattison (PhiL Mag., lU. xxt. 495):
Phos. iron 62-8, water 28-4^ organic matter 2-8, silica 51=99-1
-In the closed tube yields neutral water, whitens, and exfoliates. M^Juses a^
Jisllamebluish.green, to a grayish-black magnetic globule. "With the flaxes leasls
able fai muriatic add. ^ ^ _^_ ^_^ u.
ns asMdated with pyrrhotite and pyrite In copper "nd tin Tetos; somettnsi to
wMh gold, trsTersing gray-wacke; both friable and oystaffiied in ^o'^. «*
lodsled with Umonite, or bog iron ore; often hi cavities of fosifls or burie^^
• in Obfiiwan transparent indigo crystals have been found, 1 in. fai«a^^
; HWhMlFWmouth, and near St Just; in DcTonshire^ near T^fiitosk ; alBodsn-
nes, Cornwall
trap
are
own, N. J.
p
9e
te
rnm^Onehm Earfh 23-1
.
43*0
idi, « •• 24-95
48*79
itsbsig, •* " 32-0
47-6
ar, AngtarUB 27-3
K& 29-17
560
21-34
21*54
nis, earthy, blue 19*79
33*11
13*75
down, N. J., " 29-65
18*45
27-62
or bei0ot£3^i~aB^dlherfQifi]ji m tne rem]|);iiioua miui RifmaaoD. :sso
above )» 4 m. W. of Cantwell's Bridge, and near Middletown, in Green
wbidi are colorless when first obtained, eridieutlj, aa FUber obBeired, coi
of iroQ ; uesr Cape HenlopeD, in Sansez Oa In Maryland^ in ihe north
Worcester Cos. Id Virginia, with bog cm in BtAflbrd Co., and 8 or 10
gold and galeoite. In OmadOf with Uroonite at VondfpuiJ, abundant
Kamod by Werner after J. Q. Vivian, an English raineralogist who diaco^
CdrnwalL Werner was not aware of their identity with the
name.
Alt, — ^Booomee altered, as above stated, throngh the oiydation of
given Qluatnito. Tschermak obtained (Ber. Ak. Wien» zlii. 342) for an
from a cabinet in Vicuna, P 30-6, IP© 651), Na IS, fi 14-<l= lOL G-=
color on face of cleavage piuchbeclc-bTowo, elsewhere bladcish'brown ; itreal
Beraunik Breithaupt (Handb,, 150, 1841, B. H. Ztg., I8B3, 402) is of ainui
acter. It occurs in small foliated and columnar aggregations, with one ]
cleavage, hAving H. = 2; G, = 2'878; oolor hyadnth-red to reddish *browu
Plattner found it to be a hydrous phosphate of aesquioxyd of iron. Fip
Beraun, in Bohemia; and reporte<l also from Wheal Jane, near Tniro^
a ted with pure and altered vivianite.
525. STMFZiBSITS. Sympleslt Brei^ J. pr. Ch^ x. 64
Moncelinic. In fonn resembling erythrite. deavagf
with the clinodiagonal face. In minute prismatic cryi
gated.
IL = 2*5, nearly. G, = 2*957. Lustre of cleavage-face g
vitreous. Color pale indigo, inclined to celandine-gl
between leek- and mountain-green. Streak bluieh-wUite.
to traneliieent.
Ootnp. — Siippofiod to be an arsenate of the protoiyd of iron.
Pyr.^ etc. — Is the dosed lube jielda much water; at a high temperstos
sublimea, imparting an add reaction to the water, and giving a black
the forceps lufusible, but colors the outer ftame light blue (i
magnetic Ou charcoal gives a strong arsenical odor. With the fli
Also traces of mangaoese aud aulphuric add (Ptattner).
Aeoording to Breithaupt, when heated in a glaaa tube, it tunia brown^^
water. Plattaer found 24f p. G.
Oba* — Occurs at Lobea stein in Voigtland| with spathic iron.
626« ERT^fBRTFll. Eobold-Bluthe Bruckmann^ Magnalla, 161, efo,
Flos CobiUli [the cryat]^ Eoboltbeatag [impure earthy], Oobdtl i
HTDBOUB PHOfiPHATBS AJSCD AS8ENATB8.
659
*9747 : 1 : 1*3818. Obeerved planes as in the annexed figure, together
h S^' and f4 between iri and l-i.
Al.f=124 61
A 1=149 12
i4 A ff =156** 5'
{4 A i4=137 6
i-f A^=130 10
^Ai4=94n2'
U A 1=120 48
1 A 1=118 24
465
i4 and 1-i vertically striated. Cleavage: i-l
Uy perfect, 14 and 1-i indistinct. Also in globular
I reoiform shapes, having a dmsy surface and a colum-
litmctare; sometimes stellate. Also pulverulent and
liy, incmsting.
l=l-5— 2-5: the lowest on i-l G.=2-948. Lustre
U pearly: other faces adamantine, inclining to vitre-
.; iUBO dull and earthy. Color crimson and peach-red,
Mlimes pearl or greenish-gray; red tints mcline to
K perpendicular to cleavage-face. Streak a little paler than the color ;
dry powder deep lavender-blue. Transparent — subtranslucent. Frac-
iBOt observable. Thin laminee flexible m one direction. SectQe.
Ito— 1. Ofyatallked and foliated. 2. Earthj. The lutter is the earthy eobaU bkwm (Eobalt-
Ihg OeniL, Bhcdoive JSuoQ.
bu^— Co* As+8 fi^Anenio add 38*43, ozyd of oohalt 37-56, water 24*02 ; Co often partly
iMlij te, Ca, or til Analyses : 1, Buoholz (Gehlen's J^ II. iz. 308) ; 2, Luigier (Mem. d.
IdUrt^ iz. 238); 8, 4^ 6, Kersten (Pogg., Iz. 261); 6, lindaker (Yogrs Joach.):
Is
37
40-0
88-43
88-30
3810
Co
39
20*6
36-52
83-42
29*19
JTi te Oa
1. Blecbeladorf
1 Altonxmt 40*0 20*6 9*2 66
8. Scdmeeberg 88-43 36-52 l-OI
4 " 88-30 83-42 4*01
6. " 3810 29*19 800 _ _
OlJoaiohimtthal 36*42 23*76 11*26 8*61 0*42 23*62, 3 0*86=99*74 Lhidaker.
22=98 Buchols.
24*6=99-7 Laufcier.
24*10= 10006 Kersten.
24*08=99*81 Kersten.
23*90=99*19 Kersten.
|fKi,«lo«— In the dosed tnbe yields water at a gentle heat and turns bluish; at a higher
tfffw offarsenoos aoid, whidi oondenses in crystals on the oool glass, and the residue has a
e gn^ or Uadc color. B.B. in the forceps f\i8es at 2 to a gray bead, and colors the flame
imm (vwDio). B3. on charcoal giree an arsenical odor, and fhses to a dark gray araenid,
iiWllQi borax girea the deep blue color characteristic of cobalt Sohible in muriatic aoid,
Mm loiarod adntloD.
BavOy eobaU bloomy of a peach-blossom color (kobaltbeachlagX is shown by Kersien to be
PUoooi, with some free arsenous add. He obtained:
1. Bdineeberg
S. Annabeig
Xs
61*00
48*10
Is
1910
20-00
Co
16-60
18*30
2*10
11-90=100*70.
12-18=98*68,
cf niekel, Bma, and solphuric add (Fogg^ Iz. 262).
al Sshneeberg in Sazony, in mioaoeoiis soalea, steUnlariy Mmffated; in bril-
eonajating of minute aggregated onrstala, at Saalfeld in Thmiiigia; also at
Heasia; wolflioh and Wittichen in Baden; ICodum in Norway. Tba earthy
taridiea bave been observed at Allemont in Danijbiny; iu Cornwall, at the
81 Jntt, ate.; near Alston in Cumberland; near KQlam^ in Ireland. A per-
iatjy oooittt at Flatten in Bohemia, and sometimei red and gieen tingea ba-Te been
tbe aame oystalfl.
tbaaOmai, is Taloabto for the mannfJMitnra of i
526A. BcfiKLrrs. Tbe roaMe of Li^Ty (Ann,
439, 1824, and Eil J. Sci., ii. 1T7} i« probtblj a i
bloom ; and Kersteu suggests tlujt it mskj he idautia
rarietj in the third of his analTsea aboYe^ which i
an element detected bj ChUdreii in rosoHte. TboJ
giron ia from Levj. Haiding«r makes it b twio i
tion parallel to ut
Orthorhombic /A /=132' 48', 0 A M^isa' t'. |
dintiBct and bhllmnt, paniUQl to t-L It la d«ep ro«a-r
lustre vitroouB, and H.=3.
lid onlj known locality i8 at Schiieeb«rg la
has be«n found in Bmali ^uantitiea on quarts. Named alter G, Rose, of Berlin.
1
Amorphooa^ with • ^
Color lATender>bioB.
B26B. Lavenduljlk (Breithanpt, J. pr. Ck, x, 505, 1837 V
mclining to vitreous. H- — 2'5— 3. G,==3*014, Breithanpt
blue. Tranaluoent. Firactiife oonchoidaL
Containa, according to Plattner. ajTienic, and the oiyds of cobalt^ nSdcel, and
water. J. Lindaker (Jahrk G, Eeichs., iv. 655) found oijd of copper an a prominenti
with the others ineniionod Fusea easily before the blowpipe, ooloring the flanio
jieldtng a globule wbioh becomea crjatalline on cooling. On charcoal jielda an
With the floiea gives the reaction of cobalt Occurs at Annaberg in Saj[OQj, witl|]
other ores, and is a result of their alteration.
&27. ANNABEHOITB. Ochra NiccoU, Nlccolum oaldfonne, OonsL, Ifin., 21S, 1T5I
ocker, Nickelblutha Nickel Ochre; Kickel Green; Arseniate of NidceL Nickel,
Ann&bergito B it M.^ &03, 1852,
Monoclinic, In capillary crystals ; also massive and diseemiiiati
Soft, Color fine apple-green. Streak greenish- white. Fracture
or earthy.
Oomp*— :fil" Is+S fi:= Arsenic add 38-6, oijd of nickel 37*2, water 24*2 ==100. 1|
Bertbier (Ana Oh. Phjs., adit 52); 2, Stromeyer (Schw. J., xir. 220); »-ft,
251);
25-5=100 Berthicr.
24-32, Fe 1-1 », § 0-25=100 Stitnn. ;
23-91, tfi <r. =90-94 Keraten.
24 02, '* 2-21 = 100*13 KeF8t«n.
23 92, » 1-10, ia 0-i2=98'85 Kersteai.
P^*l etc. — In the dosed tube gives off" water and darkens in color. B.B. fuaea aal
charcoal gives an arsenical odor and yields a metallic button^ which with borax gli
first a oobalt-blue glass, and later the violet to reddiah-browu color characteri«tt(r
B^F. It beoomea graj from reduced nickel Soluble in adds.
This ipedes is probablj isomorphoua with erjthrite.
Oba* — Occurs on smaltite at Allemont in Dauphinj^ and ia supposed to
decompoaitioQ of this ore ; also at KamsdorC near SaaUeld ; at Annaberg; al
other mines of nickel ores. It has been occasionally obaerved aasodaled with
the cobalt mine at Cliatluun, ObnnecticuL
528. Mydnms Bihasic Arsmiaie of NkM and CobaJL Under thia name D, Foibat
Mag., IT, %XY, 103) a mioeral occurring in the desert of Atacama in veina in a
A few yards below the surface it paeans into chloanthite, from which mincfml it
been derived. Il.=r2*6. G.=3-0«6, Structure fibro-crystalline. Lustre doll to silky
Color grayifih-white. Analysis afforded Ss 44 05, 5fi 19'71, Co 9;24, fi 26*98=99*96 ; I
Forbes deduces the formula (Ni, Cofis-f 8 % which requirea Aj 43-S9, On^l^
= lOOj making it allied to pharmacolito, B.B. in the dosed tube yielda
on charcoal fuses imperfectly^ evolves arsenic fUmes, leaving metallic ^obnkii of
nickel and cobalt. With fluxes givea reactions for nickel and cobalt.
By regarding a portion of the water basic, the mineral beoomea a trihaflie
approaches annahergite. Kenogott names it Fbrle$Uc (Ueb., 1642-*85p 46^ 1868).
Is
n
Co
1.
Allemont
36*8
36-2
3-6
2.
Riecheladorf
3697
37*35
3.
4.
Sehneeberg
88-30
38-90
36-20
35*00
1-59
6.
<t
37-21
36*10
er.
J
1
lea aal
1
HTDB0T7B PHOSPHATES AND ARSENATES. &61
Waaserhaltige Niokebzyd-lCagiiefiia J, K lerher, B. H. Ztg^ xziL 806»
1803. Cabrerite Ikma.
Qodinic. Like erythrite in habit. Cleavage : elinodiagonal perfect,
ibrons, concentric. Eeniform and granular.
=2. G.=2*96. Lustre pearly on face of cleavage; silky when
s. Color apple-green. Translucent to transparent.
^— O. ratio for ft, Is, lt=8 : 6 : 8. ft'ls + SS, in which ft corresponda to fn, Oo, fig
itfo 1 : 6 : 4i* AnalyBia : F^rber (I a), having only a small quantity at his disposal:
Is 42-37 iSTi 20-01 Co 406 Ag 9-29 fi 26-80= 101 -63.
•ta — In the doeed tube yields water and becomes grayish-yellow. BJ3. in RF. inftis-
duffcoal gives arsenical fumes.
-From the Sierra Cabrera, Spain, in a gang^e of brown spar, which is connected with
Dtiln limestone and argillaceous schist Besults fh}m the alteration of arsenids of nickel
lit
tymaiTB. Zinkarsenlat Otto KdUig, J. pr. Oh., xlvilL 188, 1849; Nawmaim^ ib., 266.
Kottigite Dana, Min., 48*7, 1850.
Lodinic, and isomorphous with ervthrite, Naumann. Massive, or in
with crystalline surface and fibrous structure. Cleavage: clino-
lal perfect.
=2*5— 3. G.=3-l. Lustre of surface of fracture silky. Color li^ht
le- and peach-blossom-red, of different shades. Strealc reddish-white,
ocent to subtranslucent.
k— (2n, Co, ]Sri)' Js-l-8 fl, or analogous to erythrite. Analysis by Edttig (L c.) :
Is [3717] 2n 30-52 Oo 8-91 Si 2 00 Oa fr. fi 23-40=: 100.
•tOd — In the dosed tube gives much water, and at a higher temperature a faint crystal-
tmate of arsenous acid. B.B. fuses easily, coloring the flame blue ; on charooal in B.F.
[lioiiB ftimes of arsenic and coats the coal with ozyd of zinc; with soda the coating is
ore marked, and is yellow while hot and white on cooling ; this moistened with cobalt
and heated in O.F. assmnes a green color. With borax and salt of phosphorus g^ves a
Be glass.
-Oocurs with smaltite at the cobalt mine Daniel, near Schneeberg. The color is owing
tike arsenate of cobalt in the mineral
JRBAXTZJTB. AUuaud, Vauquelin, Ann. Ch. Phys., xxx. 802, 1825; AlhiMd, Ann. d.
It, viiL 349, 1826. Dufrhun/, Ann. Oh. Phys., xlL 338, 1829 ; Deadoiuavx and Dflwwyr,.
IL liii 293.
oclinic. /A /(planes unobs.)=99° 21'; i-2 A ;.2=61*' ; 0 A 7=90°
Ai-f(=C)=90^ 33', 0 A 1-1=138° 22', 0 A 3-i=122° 63', 6>Af*
2'. In small crystals, isolated or grouped, the groups sometimes
illaiy, or fascicled as in stilbite. Cleavage not observed. Also to a
I extent massive, compact, scaly, or imperfectly fibrous.
:6. G.=3-185, yellow, and 3-198, reddish, Damour. Lustre vitr^
mewhat greasy, bright. Color brownish^range, rose-violet, and
O0e, nearly colorless. Streak similar. Transparent— translucent.
Uy biaxial ; axes very divergent, the plane orthodiagonal ; bisectnx.
36
563
OXTGSK CXSQfFOUHDB,
Vw^-The (a) browniBh-orange or jellowiah, (J) the roae-violfit, aod(cy th« l
v&rleCiee, diffaring flomewhat in their crystalline planes. The orange ia tb» na
oryetaiB approach in babit those of crocxjisitef though of very differeot oaglec
ComiK^O. ratio for ttP, ^=1 : 2 : I ; whence (Mu, ^e)'P«-|-5 fi, wtlii 1
better (An, i'e, fi)* r+2 H=:Pho8phorio add «9-L, protoxyd of mangatiese 40% j
8'B, water 12*4=100. Analfios; 1, Dufrt-noy (I c); 2, 3, 4, Damour 0- C;);
1. Liiooges
S. *" veUouf
4* "* f«(2(i£>^
37-9«S
88-20
37^
fin
32-85
41 15
42-04
41-80
18HX>=$9'9ft DoMtq^J
12 as. quarts 0'35r=gftf
12-00 ** O^O^WA
1X60 " 0 3o=ie
FfT^ Mc^ — ^In the dosed tube giviea water. B^R fbaet to ft mddiah-yeilow j
brown in the outer flame, then becomes blac^, and the flame it colored gtwML
ganeso and iron. Easily soluble in acids.
Oba.-- Found in cavities of tiiphyliue or its altered form hetefOilli^ ia ^naita^j
mune of HurS&ux, France.
The cryatalB were first examined bj Dufi^ooj Q* c\ and ftfterwmrd
douseaux (1. c).
632. OHONDR4IISISNI71L Kondroanenit Igei^riins (Efr. Ak. I
In small graioB,
H.=3. Color yellow to reddifili-yeUow. TranslucenU Br
ture eonchoidal.
Ooin|i. — Am arsenate of maDgftneae.
JUia^yaifli IgelBtrom (L c.):
O. ratio for ft^ £fl,fi=2 : 3 : I j
8S-50 6159 3-05 i'SA 1*00, C ir.s99^ ]
Pyr*, «tow~B.B, In tube decrepltateflj bladcena, and gfii^t neutral wifter« Oa (
fbaible to a black bead, not magnetic; In the inner fluae givei arMoScd tatm
^yea manganese reaction. Easily and oompletely soluble in dilule morialfc nd
Oba. — Occurs in tho Falsbeiig miDesi Wermtand, in Taiaa of baHte iai
Named from its similarity in oociiiTeao% oolori and tzmoiperaiqr lo
^om it in being an arsenate.
533. TBIOHAIXnrs* Tri^^haldt Eerm^ X pr. Ch^ IxzHt 311» tSil J
In radiated groups, columnar ; also in dendritic fonzts.
H.=2'5. Lustre silky. Color verdigris-green,
Ooinp<— On* l8-h5 XL Analysis by Henneao (L &) :
Is P Ctt
»6-TS
0-6t
44*19
ft
It^lsslOO.
Pyr,, etc— 'Heated decrepitates, yields much water, wul booooMM dtek Uvti
•ooal fUses in the outer fliune to a pearl, and in tho inner jlelda m be^d of i
••asihr in cold muriatic acid.
'From the Tnijinsk copper mioe^ or fiereeonk, oq i
634. THROMBOZilTB. ThrambolUti JNii^ X |K, C^ xr. til,
AmorpIiooB.
HTDBOUB PHOSPHATES AND AB8ENATB8. 568
— t G.=3'88— 8*40. Lustre vitreous. Color emerald-, leek-,
^reen. Streak emerald-green. Opaque. Fracture condioidaL
•AoocffdJog to an imperfect analysis bj Plattner (L c.) it contains :
' 41*0 Cu 89*2 "6. 16-8, besides a small amoant of silica and alumina.
3. — In the closed tube gives much water and turns black. B.B. Aises easily and first
lame Une, like chlorid of copper, and later gives a dark emerald-green. On charcoal
Uaok globule, which, after long blowing, yields globules of copper. With the fluxes
opper. With boric add and iron gives a fhsible phosphid (Plattner).
>und with malachite m a floe-grained limestone at Betzbanya, Hungary.
9TBEMITB. Oliveners pt Phosphorkupfererz pt Phosphate of Copper pt
losphat^ pt Octaedriflches Phosphorkupfer Zeon^, Leonh. u. 8elb*s ICin. Stud], 1813.
sr Pseudomalachite pt Hausm.^ Handb., 1036, 1818. libethenit .^-ei^A., Char., 267,
.phMae BeutL, ii 669, 1832. Pseudo-libethenit Ramrtk, Min. Ch., 344^ 1860.
•hombic. /A 7=92° 20', 0 A l-z=U3° 50' ;
=0-7311 : 1 : 1-0416. Observed planes as in
txed figure, with also the prismatic planes i-9.
top,=109^ 52', 1 A 1, ov. l-i,=118° 12', adj.,=
, ov. /,=90° 46', /A 1=135° 23'. Cleavage :
, t-t, i-t, very indistinct. Also globular or reni-
1 compact.
G. = 3-6 — 3-8. Lustre resinous. Color oli ve-
nerally dark. Streak olive-green. Translucent
onslucent. Fracture subconchoidal — uneven.
■Cu*P+fi, or Cu'P+CuS (RamnL)=Phoephorio add 29-7, oxyd of oopper 66'ft,
100. AnaWses ; 1, Kuhn (Ann. Gh. Phann., 11 154) ; 2, Bergemann (Pogg., dT. 190):
I (J. pr. On., xxxviL 175); 4^ Chydenius (Acta Soa Sc. Penn., v. 340); 5, P. Flela
i^ June, 1859); 6, H. MuUer (Qu. J. Ch. Soa, xL 202); 7, Berthier (Ann. d. IL, TiiL
odius (Ann. Ql Pharm., Ixii 371) :
]^
405==100-43 Kuhn.
4*04, As 2*80=99*09 Bergemann.
5*50=100 Hermann.
3-6S, Xs «r., ]^e 1*77, C 0*82=100*22 (Ihydenius.
3*74=99*47 Field.
[4*18]=100 MaUer.
7*4=100 Berthier.
28-9 68-1 7*3=99*8 Rhodlus.
L $=3*6—8*8* 8 4*27.
Tsia by Berthter 'is identical with Rhodius^s analysis of ehlite=6u* P + 2 ft and the
ndled P^eudoMbethenUe by Rammelsberg, who writes the formula Cu»P+OuHh-H.
M the same analysis in connection with his name Aph^i-se.
3i«— In the closed tube yields water and turns black. RB. Aises at 2 and colora tho
■Id-green. On charcoal with soda gives metallic copper, sometimes ^J^^_^J^^^
)d with metaUic lead on charcoal is reduced to metallic copper, witii the formation of
of lead, which treated in RF. gives a crystalline polyhedral bead on oooUng. With
eocts fbr oopper. Soluble in nitric add- ^- ^i. «• !.■ .
senri fai cafiUes in quarts, associated with chakopyrite, at LTbothon, M«r 'f enaoHtn
It Bhelnbreitenbach and Ehl on the Rhine ; at Nischne TagUak In the tJrd ; lii BoUvia,
malediite; at the Mercedes mine, near Coquimbo» Ohm, with te^te aod Umonite ;
II qoa^ltiei near Gunnis Lake in Cornwall, and near Redruth; tn toe UraL
P
Cu
ithen,ery9t
29*44
66*94
4
26*46
66*29
[*agfl8k
28*61
65*89
ti
29*48
64-47
nimbo
29*31
66*42
go, Africa
(1)28*89
66*98
»then
28*7
639
S64
OXY0EN OOJfPOIiNSa*
468
(^
636. OXJVSNtTB. AraourkaAurea Kupferera (fr. Cornwall) £7<]^^ SchHt Oei: H
nl 160, 1786 ; OliFetiera (fV. Cornwall) Wfcm., Bergtn. J,, 382, 395. ITift. OUri
JTiri^an, il. 151, ITSd. Olive-gieeD Copper Ore IiaahUigh,Bnt MhL, L pi n^ C 3, 1
1802, Ouivre ar^eniato en octaMre aigna Boum^ FhlL Tr^ 177, 1801, Flutfi
^ottonw, iii. 1042, 1813; Olweiikupfor, id, 104&; Phannaoolzit id^ lOSSy 1S4I,
JatMton^ Syat^ Vi 85J6, 1820 1 XetmA., Orykt, 283, 1821.
Orthorhombic. /A 7^92° 30', O A l-i=144^ 14'; aibn
1'0446. Observed planes as in tlie figure, 1-i t
= 110° 50' (110° 47', Descl.), i-l A 14:= 124^ 85'
136"* 15'. Cleavage: / and It in traces, fi
acicular. Also globular and reniform, in^T " *f
fibres straiglit and divergent, rarely pr. •(]
curved lamellar and granular*
H-=:3. G.=:4*l-'4*4, Lustre adamantine— J
of Bome fibrous varieties pearly. Color varioiu
olive-green, passing into leek-, siskin-, pistachio-, j
ish-green ; also liver- and wood*brown ; sometim
yellow and grayish-white. Streak olive-green-
Subtransparent — opaque. Fracture, when obeerr
choidal — uneven. Brittle, Optically like libethenite, DescL
Var,— l. Ordinary, (a) Ory^Uiztd ; G. =4*378, CoTnwall, Damotjr; 4*1 aS, tb^l
{b) Fibrous; finely and divergently flbroua, of green, yellow, browu, and gray, to y
with the Burface Bometimes veWety or acicular; G. = 3'013, Hermaim; found mwA
Bion yariety or passing into It ; called wood'^^opper or tvood'€trsemaie {Hobkupfertny
(e) Earthy : nqdular «>r mBSsiTo ' ^ometimes foft enough to aoO the flngenu
Oomp.— -0u*(A8,P)+ll, or 6ti*(As, F)+Cii^=, the arsenic being to the phofpl
6 : I, Ajeotuc add 35*7, phosphoric acid 8'7, oiyd of CJOpper 57*4, water 3"ix:I04
phous with Libethenite. Analyses: 1, y. KobeU (Pogg., xriii 249); 3, 3, Bi<±aidBOiit'
j, 614) ; 4, llennann (X pr. Gh^ xxziiL 291 )f 6, Damour (Ann. Ch. Phya., Ill silL 4041
■on (Min.| L 615); 7, Hermiiun (I c):
Xs P Cu fit
3-50=100 KoML
3*66^100 RidiardMn.
4*16=100 Henoasa.
3-72=98 Sa Damoor,
4-41 = 100 Tbomaoo.
8-88, ^6 8 64 = 100 HaC!
Pyr., «tc;. — In the closed tube gives water. B.B. fUaea at 2, coloring the flana
and OD oooling the fosed mass appeore crjatalliue. B.B. on charooal fUaes with della^
0^ arsenical fumefi, aod yiolda a metallic arsenid, which with aoda yielda a globiill
With the fluxes reacts For copper. Soluble in nitric acid,
Obi.<^Tlie crystallized varii^ties occur disposed on, or (X)atiDg, oaritiea of cpiirta
at Wheal Gorland, Tiug Taog, Wlieal Unity, and other mines near St. Day; aUo oi
near Tayfatock, in Dcyonphire; also in iiiferior flpeclmens at Alston Moor« ia Ou
Gamadorf and Sauheld in Thnriugia ; the Tyrol; thoBannat; &'beria; Chili f aodoU
The name oliveaite alludea to the oliye-green color.
None of the mineml phosphates or arsenates were dlatinctiyely recognised la m
alogy. The specie b containing copper, if observed, were left to pase nnder the gi
ckryaocoUa and itmlachiies. In 1T47, Wallerius has, besides Koppar-Lnmrn- or if
•pedes Copper Green (malachite) and Copper Blue (ohrysooolla and asuiiie in |tf^l
weU-46fiDed limitA. CroDstcdt, io 1758, describes the Mountain Bln« aa wg/mnlt/mmv^
OBloarea mixtaX and hence eOrerreedtig with aqua<forti& Footana^ In lt78^ maoiW
wrhonaie after an analyms; and Bei^rmann in his Sdagrapliia, 1783, reecHoiM* m
of oopper, and calla wrongly the greenk mica of Werner (1130, and later ftir&nfl^ '
1. ComwaD, crysk
38-71
3-36
56-43
2. '' **
39-d
.
66-2
3 u u
89-80
_
66-65
4. ^* ^^
83 -60
in
66 38
6, ^* "
34-87
8-43
&6'8e
6'. *' JQyrom
40-81
&4'98
*t *^ *'*
40-50
i-oo
51-03
HTDBOUB PHOBFHATBS AND AB8ENATE8. 565
Isptotii aiuJvied an amenaie^ and Werner soon after gave it the name of Olwenien; and in
^ lyBtem of 1789 (Bergm. J., 382, 1789), Aaurite, Kaladute, Copper green of compact tez-
t eflbrrefloing with adds (chiysoooUa), and OliTenerz, together with a so-caUod EisenachSMig
Wyn^ (moatly earthy green carbonate), were the only species. Karsten's Tabellen of 1800
a no addition to the list But in 1801 Boumon annonnoed, from an analysis by Oheneyiz,
d arsenate^ aftetward called Liroconiie; Yauquolin a third, afterward naxned C^icUco-
; ]3q)rotfa a fourth, the StrahUgea OUvmerZf or dinocUue, Klaproth also published at
le time an analysis of the first phi08p?uUef now called PiseudomalachUe; besides one of^the
irid Atacamikf which mineral had been brought from Chili as copper aand between 1780
M^ and was pronounced an ozyd by Yauquelin, and a chlorid by Earsten in his Tabellen
C
637. ADABOTB. Adamine C, Friedd, C. R, bdL 692, 1866.
ihoAombic. /A 7=91*' 33', O A l-t=143^ 40' ; a : ft : (?=0-78547 :
)271 ; isomorphous with olivenite. I^ i-^=16V 43J', /A i-5=161*'
-i A 1-1=107^20', /A 1=135° 45', 1 A 1, over 1-t, =120° 4'. Cleav-
1-f very distinct.
=3*5. G. =4*338. Lustre vitreous, strong. Color honey-yellow,
J the latter often external only. Streak white. Transparent. Plane
tical axes parallel to the base, and normal to i-l ; angle in oil for a
rf violet variety, normal to the obtuse bisectrix, 115° 50' for the red
DescL
i|w— O. ratio for 6, Is, :6[=^4 : 6 : 1 ; 2n* Is + 2n :&= Arsenic add 40-2, ozyd of sine 66*7,
I*1=100l But the analysis gives li tL instead of 1 £[. Analysis: Friedel (1. a):
Is 39-96 2n 54*32 ^e 1*48 ftn /r. tL 4*55=:100'80.
i dno dUvenite.
I clo. — Heated in a closed tube decrepitates feebly, and yields a little water, becoming
bd poroelanous. Co charcoal fuses, producing a coating of oxyd of zinc, and a feeble odor
Ik: ^ a dosed tube with soda and charooal gives a ring of arsenia With borax in 0.
-jdlow while hot, colorless on cooling. Easily soluble in dilute muriatic add.
— Aom Chafiarcillo, Chili, with limonite and native silver. Named after Mr. Adam of Paris.
38. OONIOOBAZiOXTB. Eonichaldt Breiih. & Fritzsche, Pogg., Izzvii 189, 1849.
liform and massive, resembling malachite.
=4-5. G.=4r*123. Color pistachio-ffreen, inclining to emerald-green ;
the Bame. Subtranslucent. Brittle. Fracture splintery.
Db— (Co, 0a)'(l8, 1^)+Cu iS+it^i with some vanadic add repladng (7) part of the phoe-
ue obpper and lime in equal proportions, the arsenic to the other adds as 2 : 1. Goeely
» ottveoite and vdborthite. Analysis by Fritzsche (L a) :
2b 80-68 1^8-81 Vl-78 Cu 81-76 Ca 21*86 fi 6-61.
I Cte. — ^In the closed tube decrepitates, gives water, and tnms black. In the forceps ftises,
■■ tibe flame at first emerald-green, but after a time light blue adjacent to the ass^. On
I fbaes with deflagration to a red slag-like mass, which gives an alkaline reaction to test
dmI with soda gives a globule of copper. On charcoal, with salt of phosphorus and
t laid, Jidda a gjaaa which is dark yellow while hot and chrome-green on oooUng (vana-
^Wnm ffinijoea de Cordova, in Andalusia, Spain. Named firom kopIo, Ume, and x«^«^*
•89. BATXiDONITB. A. H. Chwch, J. Ch. Boo, XL HL 265, 1866.
minute mammillary concretions, with a dmsy BurfSBUM. Stmctore
■omewluit reticulated.
S66
OXYGEN CJOMPOUHDS*
H.=4'5. G-=5"35. Lustre strong resinous* Color
blacki&h-green. Streak siskin- to apple-green. SubtranslQcrat
eubconchoidal, uneven.
Oomp.— 0. raUo for il, Xs, tl=4 : 5 : 2 nearly; whence (,:?h, Cu)*X«^2fl, wi4
1 : S; or(I*bf Oa)"X» + OuS + fl, Chyrcii,= Arsenic add ^1% oxyd of oopp6f 3]
len)} SO'T, water 4*9 = 100. Analysis: Church (L c):
(|)31'76
1S[
4-68, Fe, Oa, and lom 3>e5=l00 OhxtcIl
469
II
II
21 I
Pyr., etc^B.B. gives off water and beoomee blacky which Utter reactioa Ghurd
indicating that part of the copper erijtfl in the minora] &3 hydrate. On dudxsoal Aui
bend, deflagTates^ g^iving off arsenical fumea, and leavfte a white metallic be«d of 1
With borax io outer flame gives a blue bead. Diffieultty Boluble in nitric add*
Obii Occura in ComwoU. Named after Dr. John Bayldon,
640. EUOHROITB* Euchroit BreWu, Char., 17% 3S€v IdSl
Orthorliombic. 7a 7=^92*^ 8\ O A 14=1
a:b: c= 0-6088 : 1 : 1-038. Observed pIao«
annexed figure. 1-t A 1-1=117** 20\ t-t A 1-1==
U A f i=i32° 24', U A 2-1=140° 36f , 2-i A
=101^ 13'. Cleavage ; / and 1-1. Faces 14'
Btriatad.
H.=3*5-4. G. =3-389. Lmtre Titreom
bright emerald- or leek-green, Transpareat"
cent. Fracture small conclioidal — uneren.
brittle.
Oomp— On* Xa -1-7 ft or Cn* Xs + Cn fi-t-e ft (RamnL)=ArMnic add a4'l, o^
47% water 1ST = 100. Analysea: 1, Turner (Bdinb. Phil J^ m SOljj t, S» KU
Phann., H l3iB); 4, Wohlor (ib., 286): ^
ifl Ou ft
33-02 47*86 18'80=99*6T Turuer,
34-42 4^-97 19*31=^100-70 Kiiha,
32-43 46 99 19-31, Oa I*13=d9»a4 Koha
4. « 33-22 48 U9 l8-39=:99'70 Wdhter.
Pyr., eto,^ — In the dosed tube gives more water, but ham olherwiie Iha aama
olivenite.
Oba« — Oocnra in quartzose mica alate at Ubethen in Hnngaxy, Id cryiitida of ooa
having mnch reaemblanoe to dioptase.
Named from ^xf^r beautiful cohr.
ir the prism 2-i were made the fundamental vertical prism in eudm>it«, then / a f
101° n\ and 1<i A 1.1, top, =87" 62', nearly aa in wolftam and hopdte. Tlie tA/tmn^
accordance witli tliia view,
Alt. — Tetcbermak fiugge«ts that olivenite may he euchroite altered by the
finding crystala of oliveniie projecting from the holes of cavetiiouB enchroite (Ben i
129). ^
&4i. TAdEUTE. Tagilith (fir. K. Tagilak) ffermann, J. pr. Gh^ xczriL Idl^ IMf
reuth) BreOh,, K H. Ztg., xziv. 309.
Monoclinic, but like liroconite in habit of crjBtals, Bmt
brachydiagonal, distinct. Also in reniform or spheroidal!
Structure fibrous ; also earthy,
H.=3— 4. G.=about 35, Hermann; 4-076, Breitli.
HTDBOT78 PHOSPHATES XSD AB8ENATE8. 667
verdigris- to emerald-green. Streak verdigriB-green. Sabtransln-
Brittle.
V^— O. ratio for ft, 1^, S=4 : 6 : 3; whence Ou*1^ + Sfi; or, tu* l^ + Ou tt + J tt
.)=PhoBph(ffic aoid 37*7, ozjd of copper 61*8, water 10*6=100. Analyses : 1, %, Hernuum
3, field (Oh. Oac, June 15, 1869):
1^
Cu
^
1. Ural
26-44
61-29
10*77, 9e 1*50=100 Hermann.
2. "
26*91
62-68
10*71=100 Hermann.
8. Ooqoimho
27-42
61*70
10-26=99*37 Field.
li
., eto. — ^No Uowpipe characters are given hy Hermann.
— Ooours at Nisdme Tagilsk on limonite ; at the Arme Hilfe mine, UUersrenth, in minnte
I and reniform groups or masses, on limonite, with quartz; in S. America, at the Mercedes
Soquimbo, fibrous, on limonite.
oann's toffilite was in reniform concretions, with H.=3, G.=3*6, and color emerald- to
dn-green ; and had the composition mentioned. The other characters in the above descrip-
cnepting the anal, hy field) are fh>m Breithaupt, in an account of the UUersrenth ore,
be refers to tagilite, but which has not been analyzed, and may or may not be that species.
JROOONITB. Octahedral Arseniate of Copper (fr. Cornwall) Boum.^ PhiL Trans., 1801
Bashleigh's'Brit Min., a, pi 2, 5, 11, 1802. Lmsenerz TTem., 1803, Ludwig's Hin., ii
1804; Karsterij Tab., 64, 1808. Linsenkupfer Hausm,, Handb., 1051, 1813. LIrokon
ohitpt. Mohs, Grundr., 180, 1822. Chalcophacit Glocker^ Handb., 859, 1831.
nodinic, Breith., Descl. /A 7=74° 21', Descl. ; M
2', B. ife M. ; 71^ 59', Breith. 14 A 14=61^ 31'
.; 60*^ 40', B. & M. 6^=88° 33'. Observed
B as in the annexed figure. Cleavage lateral,
btained with difficulty. Rarely granular.
=2-2-6. G. = 2-882, Bournon; 2-926, Haid.; ^
, Hermann ; 2-964, Damour. Lustre vitreous, | y li
ing to resinous. Color and streak sky-blue
jris-green. Fracture imperfectly conchoidal,
jn. Imperfectly sectile.
.p.— O. ratio fr. anaL 1, 8, 4» for Xt, Xl, (Sa, P), S=4 : 2 : 6 : 12; whence Cu»(lt, P)-».
hi i\) fi^'+9 £[, if the alumina and a fourth of the copper may be in the state of hydrate.
Mely parallel with that of pseudomalachite, the second member corresponding in oxygen
ft* or 3 ^ ^. As the O. ratio for bases and acid is 6 : 6, the formnla might be written
hi Si)* (la, P)+12 ^ Analyses: 1, T. Wachtmeister (Ak. H. Stookh., 80, 1882); 2,
m (J. pr. cLf yyH« 296) ; 3, 4, Damour (Ann. Ch. Phys., IIL xiiL 404):
iwaH
, cto. — ^In the doeed tube gives much water and turns olive-green. B.B. cra^s open,
m not decfepitate; Aises less readily than olivenite to a dark gray slag ; on charcoal cracks
taflagratefl, and gives reactions like olivenite. Soluble in nitric add.
r— Cryatalfl occasionally an inch in diameter; usually quite small With varions ores of
mite, and quarts, at Wheal Gorland, Wheal Mnttrell, and Wheal Unity, in Oomwall;
BuiBitte ccyatds at Herrengmnd in Hungary; and in YoigUand.
prism i-S (whidi may be taken as /) has the front an^^ 111** 1*7', if calculated from /A /
H, and tiiis ia near the angle I A lot pseudomalachite. Moreover, the formoks of tha two
iflw. at ihown above.
•d tnm kufds, pahf and ^99(0, powder.
1b
P
£1
Cu
fi
20-79
3-61
8-03
3619
22-24, Pe 3-41, Si 404, gangne 2-95=100-ie
2805
3-78
10-86
36-88
2501, ¥q 0-98=100 Hermann.
22-22
8-49
9-68
8718
26-49=98-06 Damour.
23-40
3-24
10-09
37-40
25-44=98-47 Damour.
M8
oxYGEir oGioowmm
643. P8Zn72>OBSAI^CBI7B. Phosphonainres Kupfer pt Jtanl, Z^pr, 9, 1
Ges. Nat. Ft , iil 304, 1801. Pho«pborkupfer id, Tab^ 64, 9T, 1808. PliO0plMrlni{i
Culrrt pbosphAtd K, T«bl, 92, 1809. PboflphAte of Copper, PtoodooiAlacliit
1036, 1813. Fbospborochaldt Ohcker, Haadb., 847, 1831. Tpd^une Bem£, Tt^ I
Ehlit, PmsD-cbalzft, Brcith., Ch&r., 45, 49, 1832. Lmmit BemharebL KuplMltip
Ch. Phj&nxL, a 126, 1844. Dibjrdnt Eerm^ J, pr. Cb^ xzxrU. 178^ I846w
Orthorhombic, hemihedral (monoclioic !). / A /= 100^88',
146'' laj' ; a : ft : c= j/2 : 1 : 06667* Observed plane® as in th4
471
U
n
figure, z-2 A i'f=UV 4' and 38° 56\ 1 Al=
aAi^I=166*=' 34', li A 1-2=168^ 46'
i-% imperfect. Also reniform or massiire ; in
fibrous^ and having a druBy stuface,
H.=4'5— 5. G.=4— 4'4. Lustre adami
clining to vitreous. Color dark emerald-,
or blackisb-ereen, often darker at the surface
green, a little paler than the color, Trau
fiiibtransluceut. Fracture small conckoidal-
Brittle.
Var^ Oomp*— The analjses wy much, and have been regarded by Henoftim tod
dlcating tbat two or three apeciea are here included ; but the (Uffefencea tuay be
queuce of muture. The supposed epeded diatifigufahed are as foUowa: «
A- Ehlite (and Pmaiu) of Breithaupt Formula Cu*P+3 fl^ or Cu'f^+J Cu I! 4-1
Phoapboric add 239, oxyd of ooppcr 67 *n, water Hi :^ 100. Oocura crystallised
and botrjoidalf with a radiating libroua structure; also fDasaire, G.=;3'8— i'i.
jeea 1 — 7, and perhaps others.
The name IVo^n la used by Brettbaupt for paeudomaladute in general; ha
aoalyais (Ko. S) of a libetben ore, and one by Lunn (p. 56^) of a EheuibreHeiibal
and mentions other localities in Bavaria, Yoigtland, and Siberia. For faia Mi$t ha
mann's aoaljaia of an Ehl spacimen (No. 5) wbiob doea not difler eaaeotiaUy fia
Aooordlng to a recent analysis of the Ehl mineral by Bergeokaun (No. 6), it oonli
vanadk acid replacing part of the phosphoria
B. JMhydrite. Formula Cu' P-f *2 fi, or Cu' F-h 2 (I'u ft (Karom), = Pbosphode add
copper 6&'0, water 6'3==100. Includes the analyses having 6 to 6'5 p. c. of water. _
C. P»udamalachitc Formula Cu" ?+ 3 fl, or Cu' F + 3 Cu fl (BammX=:Fli0^lMl
oxyd of copper 709, water 80= 100. Inclndea anaiysea 16-10.
Nordenskiold unites Dihydrite and EhUk^
Analyses: It HennanD (J. pr. Ch., xzxyii); 2, Kubn ( Ann. Ch. rbarm., zxziir. 118)
(Aim. d. M.f Tilth 4, Nordenskiold (1. ci); 5, BergetDann (^chw. J., lir. S0&); A
(Jahrb. Min. 1H68, VJh); 7, Heddle <PhiL Mng., IV. x. 39); 8, 9, Hensann {\ cl>;
denskiold (1. c); 14, AriVedaon (Jahresb., it. 14:*}; IB, Kiibn(Lc^lT. 124); Ifi, IT,
18, Bhodiua (Fogg., Ixil. 3fi9); 19, Church (Ch. News, x. S17}; SO, Bcrgeinaiui
*®^J- * A *
P 6a fi
libethen
4. Bhl
5. "
6. "
7. Com wail
8. N. Tagilak
JXhydriie
fibrous
Q.:=4^
a=4a98
0.=4-2fi
0.=4'36
G.^4-4
a=4'i8i
G.^4'07
t4-£»5 67^ 8*^=100 Hat—ii
33*14 66*86 lODO==lf>0 Kislui.
24 7 ess 9*0=100 Berthiar.
22*61 6e'66 9*03, 1^1*11, C Ir.zslM
24-93 66*99 90<(=99'96
17-89 64*09 8 90. V 7-84=9§*Si
22-78 68*13 8 61, quarts O^strift
98 76 68*76 7 50=100 BsmBinL
26 30 68*21 6*49;=l00H«niiaB.
23*00 66*23 7 60, malachite 4*34 Sold
2316 64-63 6-84, ** S-fi K^fd
22*72 64 46 6 82, *• 6';6 Nor4
22-89 64-72 6 69, ** 6*63 Hori
HTDBOUB PHOSPHATES AKD ABSENATES. 560
ibreitenbadi 24'tO 68-20 697 =98-87 ArfVedson.
hberg, Kupferdiaspore 24*13 69*61 [6*26]= 100 Kiilm.
hberg 20*87 71*78 7*40=100 Ktihn.
ibreitenbach 21*52 68*74 8*64=98*90 Kiilm.
ben 20*4 708 8-4=99-6 Rhodius.
19*68 71*16 8*82=99*61 Church.
19*89 69*97 8*21, As 1 •'78 =99*86 Bergemaim.
mil obtained for an ore from Rheinbreitenbaoh (Ed. PhO. J., t. 211, 1821) 1^ 21*687,
[ 16 464=99*988, giving the formula Cu*r'+6 ]^. But no later analyst has ftNmd
3r. Beudant cites this analTsis under his ypoieme.
—Like Ubethenite ; some yarieties decrepitate remarkably and yield a black powder
tube.
urs in yeins traversing slate at Yimeberg, near Rheinbreitenbaoh, and at Ehl, near
ELhine, along with other copper ores ; at Hirschberg in Yoi Jutland ; Lfbethen in Hun-
ae Tagilsk in Siberia. A single specimen has been found In Cornwall, oonsiating of
lar concretions. Also met with in the Perkiomen mine, Pa. ; in Cabarraa Co., st. 0.
hates of copper were included in the olivenerz and malachite of the mineralog^ts of
achUe of Hausmann is the earliest of the names of this species, and is as short and
le later PhospJiorochalcUe of Olocker. Lunnite was substituted by Bemhardi, and has
some recent works. But Lunn's one analysis was not made until 1821, and givea a
position from that since obtained. It wiU certainly be soon enough to use his name in
rhen a mineral having the composition he arrived at, and thus befitting it, has been
644. BRINmi. ffaid,, Ann. PhiL, U. iv. 164, 1828.
imiUated crystalline groups, concentric in structure and fibrous,
from the terminations of very minute crystals ; the ooncentric
npact, and often easily separable. Traces of cleavage in one
»— 5. G. =4-04:3. Lustre almost dull, slightly resinous. Color
fidd-green, slightly inclining to grass-green. Streak green, paler
olor. Subtranslucent — nearly opaque. Brittle.
hi* £s + 2 ti, or Cu*Xs + 2 Cult (Bamm.),= Arsenic add 34*7, ozyd of copper 69*9,
00. Analysis (approximative) by Turner (I c.) :
Is 83-78 Cu 69-44 tL 601 Stl W7=100.
—In the closed tube decrepitates and yields water. B.B. on charcoal emits arsenical
uses, giving an arsenid, which in O.F. yields a globule of copper. Soluble in nitric
ted by Haidlnger to come from the County of Limerick, Ireland ; but shown hj
a Comish species.
. OORNWAXiLrrB. Comwallit Zippe, Abh. d. Bohm. Ges. Prag, 1846.
lOUS.
1. G.=4r-160. Color emerald-green to dark verdigris-green,
ionchoidal.
hi»la+5fi,orCu»l8+2Cufl+3fi(Eamm.> Aooording to Lerch, who obtidned,
two analyses (I c., Bamm. Mhi. Ch, 877) :
Is 30*22 P2-I6 Ou 64-66 £[13*02=99-94.
—In the matrass yields water. B.B. on chaiooal gives arsenical Aimes, and a beid
rdoped In a brittle crust.
570
OXYGEN 00MFOUND6.
OhB*' — From Corawall, oocurring in small botiyoidal or diBBeminated mdliridiiali
Besembldfi mtdadiito, but dUTem from it in not eO'ervescmg with acidsL
546. TTBOOTE. Kupferacbaum Wem., Hoffin. Min., ill 180, 1B16, Letst HSilI
1817. Kupapbdto Shep^ MId., I 204, 1835. Tircdit Baid., Hondbu, 609, IM
Ortliorhombic. Observed planes : (9, i-t, Z Cleavage : O, perfei
allv reDifomij massive ; structttre radiate foliaceoua, surface arnsyj
ll.:=l-2. G.=3'02-3 098. Lustre: C> pearly ; other faces
Color pale apple-green and verdiOTS-greeDj inclining to sky-blue,
a little paler. Translucent — suDtranBlucent. Fracture not od
Very sectile* Tkin laminae flexible.
Oomp,*-0u* Is + 9 &. or Ou* XsH- 2 Cu ti + 1 fi (Hamm,), =: Arsenio aotd t^% ua^
60'3, water 20'&^100, witb oarbooate of limfi ba tiapuriij. Analyaia: r. KoMl (1
268):
Falkenstein, T7T0I Is 26-01 Cu 4S*88 tLlVU CaC IS^^^slOa
Fyr,, etc.— In tho dosed mhe docropitata§ and jrielda much water. B.B. m tbo ft
to ft ateel-gray globule. On charcoal gives off araenloal f\jin©8, and fuaes quietly withoi
tion to a aloggy raasa^ which in R.F. yields globules of copper. Soluble iu nitiio add
yeacence. Soluble in amiDomaf jieldiog a blue solution and a white residue of carboy
Oba. — Usu^y occura in the cavities of calamine, calcite^ or quartz, aooompamed by
of copper, appoanng in a mull aggregated and diverging Qbrous groups of a pale gi
poeaessiug a delicate ailky lustre. Has been obeerTed in the Bannat ; at Poeing and ]
Hungary; Nertsehiosk in Siberia; Falkensteiti and Schwatz in the Tyrol; SoalfeldiB
Biechelfidorf iu Heasia; Bchneeberg in the Erzgebirge ; in zechstein-dolomiie naar Bifl
647. GUNOOLASm]. Strahliges Olirenerz KarsL^ Klapr., N. Schrift Beii Gtt.
IdOl. OupreotiA Arsenate of Iron Bourn,, FhiL Trana., 1801 (with anal by Ctm
Umn Karsten^ Tab., 64, 9T, 1808. CuiTre arseuiatt' ft^rrif^re K, T&bl, 91, 1809. i
Bmem., Handb., 1060, 18 J 3. Strahlere W^rr^ KOnoklaa BrdtK, Uib., IWk fk
GhehBTt (^rundr., 840, 1 83 L Aphan^ Meud.^ Tr^ E 60^ 1833. AphanedlB 3k^
Abicbit Bemhards Olocker'fi Gnrndr^ 570, 1839.
A12
473
annexed
highly]
t
Monoclinic. C=^(f 30'
front, =56% side, 124'
planes as in the
Cleavage: basal,
AIbq massive, bt
form ; structure
H. = 2-5 - a
Lustre: O pearly; ekewhd
oils to reeinouB. Color i]
dark verdigris - green ; el
blackiab-blue green, ^tnsalj
green. Subtranslneent. Not very brittle.
Oomp.— Ou* 1b ^n 1^, or On' Is-h 3 <^u fi (Bamm,X= Arsenic add 30% osyd cf
water 7 1 = 100. Analyses : 1, Rammelsberg (2d Suppl, 78); J, Dwswar (Am. €&.
xiii.) :
Sliif^
2b
P
Ou tl
Fe
1. Cornwan G.=4'258-4^869 29 71
0*64
fiOHX) 7-64
0*39, Ca 0-1
1 '' 0,=4'312 27i)9
1-50
03-80 7-57
a'49=99*i4
HTDBOUB FH06PHATE8 AJXD AB8ENATES. 571
nil, •Co^-fiame as for diirenite.
Mi^— Oocnn in Oomwall, with other ores of oopper, at Ting Tang minei Wheal Unity, and
■1 Qoriand, and at Bedford United Ifines, near TayiBtook. The crystals nsnallj present a
dark bloe color and brilliant lustre, but are rarely recognizable, being aggresatod in direrg-
loapa. or disposed ia extremely minute individuals, in cavites of quarts; whenoe the name
■ariie^ from 'a^v4f, unmanifesi Also found in the Erzgebiige.
aned CUnoeiante in allusion to the basal deavage being oblique to the sides of the prisuL
OBAZ^OOPBTZXITB. Cuiyre arseniate lamelliforme R, Tr., 1 801 ; VaujuOin, J. d. If ^
MS, 1801. Blftttriges Olivenerz, Eupferg^mmer, Kant,, Hoff's Mag., I 543, 1801 ; Lndwig's
mer, 180, 1803. Copper Mica Jameson, Mia, 1820. Kupferphyllit Breiih^ GhsTn 42, 1882.
«lkophymt Bretih,^ Handb., 149, 1847. Tamarite B. db K, Min., 1852.
Lhombohedral. B A Ii=6r 48^ Oa^=108^ 44'; a=2-5536. Ob-
wl planes: i2, 2, O, -i, /. iAi=88°46',
. 4=134** 9'. Usually in six-sided tabular crys-
; plane O sometimes triangularly striated.
ivage : O highly perfect. AEo foliated mas-
tand in druses.
=2. G.=2-4-2-66 ; 2-435, Cornwall, Her-
m ; 2'659, ib., Damour. Lustre : of 0 pearly ; of other faces vitreous or
idamantine. Color emerald- or grass-green to verdiffris-green. Streak
lewhat paler than the color. Transparent — translucent. Fracture
■cely observable.
Mim^— On* 18+12 tt, or Cu*l8H-5 Ou ti+l fi, from Chenevix's ana1y3i0,= Arsenic add 21*3,
lor copper 68*7, water 20-0=100. Prom Hermann's analysis, Cu" As + 28 &= Arsenic add
md of oq>per 49*6, water 32 4= 100. Analyses : 1, Chenevix (PhiL Trans., 1801) ; 8, Her-
1 (J. pr. Ch!, zxziiL 294) ; 3, 4, Damour (Ann. Ch., Phys., UL xiil 404) :
1b Cu 1^
1. OomwaU 21 58 21 = 100 Cheneviz.
2. " G.=2-436 17-51 44-45 3119, ^e 292, ^ and P 3-93=100 Hermann,
t. " G.=2-669 19-36 5292 2394, 3tl 1*80, F 1-29=99-80 Damour.
4. *• " 21-27 52-80 2258, 3tl 213, P 1 •56=99-84 Damour.
fr.,ttta — ^In the dosed tube decrepitates, yields much water, and gives a residno of ohye-
i icalea. In other respects like olivenite. Soluble in nitric add, and in ammonia.
btri— The copper mines of Tingtang, Wheal Gorland, and Wheal Unity, near Redruth, are its
Ipal localities in Ck>mwalL Occurs also crystallized in iron ore at Sayda hi Saxony; in
tSb crystals at Herrengrund in Hungary ; Moldawa in the Bannat
Ung ii? as the ftmdamental rhombohedron, then B A i^sSS" 46', and a=l*7768.
lb— Found altered to chrysooolla.
40. BBRZJNITB. Berlinit C, W. Blomstrand, Prir. contrib., dated Lund, Deo. 9, 1867.
Jompact massive, without a trace of cleavage.
1=6. G.=2'64. Lustre vitreous. Coloness to grayish or pale rose-
. Streak uncolored. Translucent. Fracture uneven.
liHip. iSl 1^ + i fi, Blomstrand, = Phosphoric add 56-9, alumina 40*6, water 8*6 = 100.
^: a W. Blomstrand (L a):
1^ (}) 54-84 il 40-27 Pe 0-26 fi 4-14=99-61.
nr.i, tlow—B^. whitens without fbsing. A deep blue oolor with oobali Hardlv attacked far
^ Jhai^ dsoompoaed on ftision with alkalies, and the resulting maai aoloble in witor with
■tton of much heat
5T9
OXTGBir OOHFOiniDB.
Obi. — Eeseinblea quarts. From the iroo mine of WefltanA in 8oiiiiiB« Sweden, mhm
Bparinglj in quarts, from wMeh it is ordiniuily separated by a thin laj«r of lasoUfeek.
Named after Pro£ N, H, Berlin, of the UniYersity of Lund
650. OAIXAJNITB.
^GaOaioa Pltrt., xxxrlL 33. Turquoia pt
936, 1864. OaUjOnite Zkuia.
OOlato
Massive, Texture wax-like.
H.=3-5— 4. G.=2-50— 2-52. Color apple-green to
spotted or lined with whitisli and bluiBh. Translucent.
Oomp.--H P+6 3=^Phoaphorio add 42*89, alumina 30*75» water 36'de:=:100.
BamouT (I c) :
1^ ;^1 Pe Mn Oa ^ Band
42-68 2&*67 1'82 ir, OTO asez 210:
Pyr^ eto* — When heated yields water, and becomes opaque, chocolate-brown,
B.B, infusible.
Obfl* — From a Celtic grave, near Manner H'roek !b Lookmariaquer, in rotmdod pio<
8i;£e of a flax-seed to that of a pigeon's egg, and found in the ooUeutions of the PotfOi
of Morbibon, in western France.
Bamotir makes this mineral the callau of PliQ/r and espedaBj m view of its ^naea <
the callaig was blue, and the gjeen atone really related to it waa probably the aafll
581); Yet, as this identity is not established, the name caUamiit is better than S
tinmodifled,
6&1. UkZUJJTB. Himmelblau Fossil von Steiennark [Styria] Widmmatm, Be^
Ap. 1791 ; Smalteblaue F. von Voran, Schria. Gee, N, Berlin, ix. 362, 1191; Namd
Berlinerbka, Eisenhku f =TiviaDite] ; Bergblau [=Chry8oooUa] j Unachter Laaofiti
Lopia-Lazuli], Siiiiz, Einricht Nat. Wien, 49, 1793; Lazulit=Kie«ele^de'^-Thotl«fd•^
JS7apr, Schria. Gea, N. Berl., x, SO, 1792, Beitr,, I 197, 1796. Diohter bkn«r l\l
Krioglach, Styria) Kiapr., Bettr,, i. 14^ 17»5; Lazulith JOapr,, Beitr,, iv. J7«, l8W,i
Blue Faldspar, WahrscheinMch n. Fosa, aus d. Salzburgischen, Siderit, v, MsU, Jahi
71, 1790 (\\ith bad anaL by Heim); MoUit Ealm'te, Handb^ 180i;:=Laaulith MolkM, J
427, 1804, Blauspath Wcm. Yoraulite Ddamdh,, Min., 1812. Aaorite Jtmettm^
1816. Phosphorsaure Thonerde, etc, Fudia, Schw. J., 3KdT, 373, 1818. daprolhili
464, 1824 y KJaprothlne id,, il 676, 1832,
Monoclinic. C==88*^ 15', /A 7=91° 30^ OAl-i=139^ 45^
aih\ 6^=0*86904 : 1 : l'026d. Observed planes as in the annexes
<9A-2=lir 37'
0 A 2-1=120 42i
1 Al, frofit,=115 30
OA2-i=121 16
O A §-1=150*^ 15'
O A 1=140 20
O A 1 = 129 10
O A 7=90 23
0A^=14r
2 A 2, front,==:
-2a~2, " =1
9^*AJ=141S8
Olem^age
Twins: oomposition-face i-t; also £7, as in t 481
indistinct* Also massive.
H. = 5^6. G.=3'057, Fuchs; 3067-3121, Priifer; S'lSS,
Brush. Lustre vitreons. Color azure-bine; commonly a
viewed along one axis, and a pale greenish-blue alon^anol
white. Subtranslucent — opaque. Jracture uneven, ^rittlf _
optical axes clinodiagonal ; bisectrix negative and inclined 60*
normal to the edM ^2/ --2, and 70*^ to a normal to 2-t; aa^e
the red ray in oil 77^ 16' ; BescL
HTDBOTJB PHOSPHATES AND ABSENATES.
673
.»tlofor«,il,1^,fi=l: 8:6:1; wh«noeilP+Mgfi; or Xl P+CSfe te) fi,
jplioric add 468, alumina 340, magnesia 1 32, water 60= 1 00.
I, Fudia (Schweig. J., xxiv. 373) ; 2, B. Brandea (ib., xxx. 386) ; 3-8, Bammelaberff
kfc; J60); 9, 10, Smith & Brush (Am. J. ScL, II. xvi. 370); 11, Igelatrom (J. pr. Oh!
I fir. CBfr. Ak. Stockh., 1864); 12, 0. W. Blomstrand (priv. contrib., Dea 9, 1867)T
477
478
480
481
P
&
*e
%
Oa
fi
%^
41-81
35-73
2-64
9-34
6-06,
43-32
34-50
0-80
13-66
0-42
0-60,
& 0.=811
42-41
29-58
10-60
10-67
1-12
6-62:
i»
48-84
3809
6-69
9-00
1-44
5-94=
M
46-99
27-62
6-47
11-19
212
6-61 =
^Mfa. G.=2-02
40-96
36-22
1-64
12-86
1-42
6-92:
47-36
3006
1-89
12-20
1-65
6-85=
U it
47-73
27-48
1-91
12-16
4-82
6-40:
OiCtomna
43-38
31-22
8-29
10-06
6-68,
a
44-16
3217
8-06
10-02
6-60,
Vltfld
47-52
82-86
10-55
8-68
tr.
6-30,
48-83
32-82
7-82
9-06
0-84
6-92,
Si 2-1=87-68 Puchs.
§i 6-5=:99*6 Brandes.
= 100 Bammelaberg;
= 100 Rammelsberg.
= 100 BaounelBberg.
= 100 Bammelsherg.
= 1 00 Bammelsberg.
=100 Rammelsberg.
Si 1-07=99-70 Smith & Br.
Si 1-07=100-96 Smith k Br.
An «r.=99-81 Igelatrdm.
ftn 0-18, Cu 0-1 = 100-86 BL
wlsberg found some silica, as impurity, in his analyses, which is exduded in the results
•tOr— In the closed tube whitens and yields water. B.B. with cobalt solution the blue
the miDeral is restored. In the forceps whitens, cracks open, swells up, and without
Bm to pieces, coloring the flame bluish-green. The green ook>r is made more intense by
ag the assay with sulphuric add. With the fluxes gives an iron glass ; with soda on
m inftaaible mass. Unacted upon by adds, retainmg perfectly its blue color.
-Oocon both massiye and crystallized in narrow veins, traversing clay slate, in the
b«di of Sehladming and Badelgraben, near Werfen in Salkborg; with spathic iron ; in
Mr Tonm ; In Krieji^adi, m Styria ; at Hochth&Ugrat, at the Gomer glader, Bymidsoh-
'pper Yalais, in Switzerland, H.=about 4 ; also in veins or podcets in qnartadte^ In Horrs-
cryetauine angular ; concentric in fitructura,
H.— 4*5. G.=2*57t>. Luatre between vitreous and grea
bhii^h, reddish, greenisli or yellowisli-gray. Streak yellfl
white. Tranelueent to opaque,
Oamp^—0. ratio for % P,^=» ; 6 : 4, with Jl=f JPe+? 3tl; whence (fJ
Pluwphonc ttcid 40*63, aluinina 12*61^ Besqmoxjd of iron 26*16, witer SO'603
BoHdcT (L c) :
21-00^100^
S9-68
12*U
26^^8
Fyri «tc.— Yields water with an udd reaction. B3, tpHta opeo
color } moiBtened with anlphuric add colora the flame bluiflh-green. Soluble
OIm«— Occurs at Cerhovie, N.N.W. of Przibram, in Bohemia^ in defts in a
Eton?, with caeoxone and Btilptiosiderite; the tninalijceul giobulea { to
and having uithin aome rcBemhlanoe to opal; the opaque variety witboul
a grain of limonite at centre^ and partideB of the same aa impiritf,
Alt* — Stated to gire ongln by alteration to dnfrenite^ simikr globules and
locality haTing the oompositioo of the latter muereL
663. SODRODITE* Cupreous Araeniate of Iron. Cupro-martial Aiaenata
1801, 191. Martial Areeniate of Ckipper. CuiTre araeniat^ ferrirdre H^ Ti
dit Breiih., HoMa. Handb., iv. 2^ 182^ 1817* Scorodite and K^ocfidsa
DeacL, Ann. Ck Fhya.^ III. x, 40a. Araeoik sinter, Eisen-ainter,
Ho-ecou, I 254f 1845. Eobalt-ecorodit Lippmanny y. Homber|^ ZooL M
172.
Orthorhombie. /A 7=98° 2\ 0 A l-i=132° 20' ; a : J
1'1511. Observed planes as in tne aanexed figure, with aJ
i-5 A ^-§^120*^ 10' 1 A 1, bafi..
i-i A i-i=150 5 1 ^ ij pyr*f
1 A 1, pjri\,=lU 34 and 103 6 ^ A J, W
Cleavage : i-l imperfect, i-i and i-l in trad
H.=3"5-4, G.=31-3'3. Lu^^tre vi
BTDBOVB FH0BPHA.TE8 AND AJBSBSA.TW.
676
1b
9e
fi
If JftOdCBC
bO'lB
34-86
16-66
fan
49-6
84-3
16-9
7, ^ erytt
60-96
31-89
16-64
wan, hhie cryiL
61-06
32-74
16-68
ij.lMdi
62-16
38-00
16-68
\,Keode9e
60-96
33-20
16-tO
0-67, Ca <r.=101-86 BenBelinii.
, Ph 0-4=101-2 BouBsinganlt
=98-48 Damoar. G.=8'll.
=99-48 Damour.
=100*74 Damour.
=98-86 Damour. a.=8-18.
fUer (EiBensinter, Arsenik-sinter), from NertschiDsk, analyzed hj Hermann, is an
corodite. Hermann obtained (J. pr. Ch., zxxiiL 96) Ab 4806, 9e 86*41, £[ 16*64=
—In the doeed tube yields neutral water and turns yellow. B.B. ftises easily, oolor-
) blue. B.B. on charooal gives arsenical fUmes, and with soda a blade magnetio
1 the fluxes reacts for iron. Soluble in muriatic acid.
ind of brown color in the granitic mountains of Schwarzenberg in Saxony, assodated
lyrite ; at Luling, near Huttenberg in Carinthia, with leuoopyrite ; at Chanteloobe,
) ; at Nertschinsk, Siberia, in fine crystals ; also as an amorphous crust or tronnmisr
paz, and quartz ; leek-green, in the Cornish mines, coating cavities of ferruginous
le Minas Gforaes, in Brazil ; in Popayan ; at the gold mines of Victoria in Australia, in
irsenopyrite and gold.
minute crystals and druses of leek-green and greenish-i^te colors, near EdeiiTOle,
arsenopyrite, iron-sinter, eta, in white limestone ; in CSabarras Go., N. C, on Q^.
irm, in aggregations of greenish-white, brownish- and leek-green crystals ; ooating
aartz and Hmonite with copper ores and pyrite.
-scorodite of Lippmann (L a) occurs in bluish crystals with quartz and hypodiloritOi
g ; it has not be^ analysed.
>m atApoiovj garlic, alluding to the odor before the blowpipe,
rodite occurs altered to limonite.
BUJTB. Wayellite Bdbbington, Davy's Mem. in PhiL Tr., 162, 1806. Hydrarga*
lb., 165, 162. Devonite Thomson, Strahliger Hydrargillit (=oolumnar var. of Dias-
fni., Handb., 443, 1813. Lasionit /lu^, Schw. J., xviii 288, 1816, xziv. 121. Strie*
i/^ Sdiw. J., Ixil 879, 1831. Thonerdephosphat Chrm, Alumine phosphate iV.
late of Alumine.
lombic. /A 7=126^ 25', 6> A 1-1=143° 23'; a
K Observed planes as in the annexed figure, with
I, and i-J.
I : c=0'74Sl :
488
L29° 47'
iac.,=146 28
rach.,=110 20
a8.,=79 34
2-5 A 2-2, mac., =117'' 23'
2-5 A 2-5, brach.,=118 83
2-5 A 2-5, ba8,,=93 7
a A i-|=123 67
a
: /rather perfect; also brachydiagonal. Usually
^herical or globular concretions, having a radiatM
25-4. G.=2-337, Barnstaple, HaidinMr; 2-316,
ety, Richardson. Lustre vitreous, incuning to pearly and resin-
lor white, passing into yellow, green, grav, brown, and black,
hite. Translucent. Index of redaction 1'52.
O. ratio for 3tl, P, fl=9 : 10 : 12; whence Xl«P«+12fi, or perhaps ftP+iStlft'-h
ihoric acid 34*4, alumhia 873, water 28*8=100; or the same with 4iE[=Pho8phoric
nmhia 38'], water 26*8=100.
: 1, 2, Fudis (Schw. J., zxiv. 121); 8, BerseUus (Schw. J., xzrlL 63); i-t, Ridinann
dx. 164); 8, Hermann (J. pr. Oh., zxziiL 288); 9, Sonnenadiein (J. pr. (Sh., liiL 844);
/Lm. J.Sci^n.zxiiL428):
570
OXYGEN COMPOIH«fD«.
%1 Fe n
1. DevonBhire 35*12
2. *• 8484
a. " 33 40
4. Striegifl, Urn 3406
6. '* Sfff^ yeUow 33'28
e. » 6roi£^ 3165
7. " black 32^4G
8. Zbirow 34*29
9. AUendorff 8216
10. Chester Ckk, F^ S4'&8
37-aO
3716
35-86
3660
S6'39
34-90
35'3d
36*39
36-78
3G67
* Wltii perosf d of B
iSOO
2800
26-80
27-40
27*10
S4i>l
34MK»
36*34
2893
28 -29
^=100-ai FQcim
=100 Fuchfl.
206i Ca OSOstW-Si ]
(r.=^0906 ErdnMBiL
(r. =^99*46 Erdmasn.
«r., di 7-30=99-97 :
tr^ Si 6*66 = 100 1
l*69=98i»l BertnamL
tr,, Oa 0*86, Si i*TO=l
tr^ limonitd 0*33=99*ftf
Homunn obiaineil muck lead duonn^ %h&n Berzellufl^ and gives « dilfereat fbraudi.
selius remarks that thle ingredient maj easQj fidl short
The cement of a oongloraerato oear LoughhiU, Co. of Limerick, Ireland, ooctaistiiig ot]
green, witb some white, erygtals, approaches wavellite in composition, affording A.
Soc Dubl^ viiL 73) P SO'Sa, Xl 3«16, Po ISl, ^1 0*33, It 23*&6, F tr^ SiSSl, apaUU I
l'00=98-94. A wavellite containing oxjd of lend occurs at Bosi^res in stolaotii
by Berchier.
Fyr,, etc, — In the closed tube gives off much water, the last povtions of wMoii ^
odor Brazil- wood pap«r yellow (6uoriueX and also etch the tube. B.B. in the forodfB
and splits (Vequentlf into fine aeicular particbs, which are iofusible, but color the flamo
moistened i^ith sulphuric acid the green becomes more intense. Gives a blue
tion. Some vaneties react for iron and manganese with the fluxes. Heated with
gives off fumes of fluohydric add^ which etch glass. Soluble in muriatic add, and
potaah-
Oba.— Wavellite was first discovered in a tender day slate near Bamstspl^ in
Dr. Wavel. It has flinoe been found at Ctonmel and Cork, Ireland ; in the
land ; at Zbirow in Bohemia ; Zqecov in Bohemia ; at Frankenberg and
Diensberg near Giessen, Hesse Darmstadt; on brown iron ore in the Jura
in Bavaria (the lasionite of Fuchs); in a manganese mine at Weinbach near
(Qenth) ; at Villa Rica, Minas OeraeB, BraziL
In the Udtefi States reported as found near Saxton^s River^ Bellows Fall*, H.
elate quarries of York Ck>., Fa«, near the Susquehanna ; at Washington mine^ Dv
with actinolite, pyrile^ and native silver j at Steamboat, Chester Co., Pa., in a
abundant in atalactitic fonug, part looking like gibbsite, part drusy with rboinbks
often coated with a pearly scaly mineral yet undetermined.
Named afler Dr. Wiivel, the discoverer. The apeote« was cODBldered a vsriaty
D^Aubuiason, Boumon, Hausmonn, and some other eM\j mineralogists, and
pore by Werner in 1817; while Jomeson arranged it in 1816 among the xeolitaa.
Calculating from the angle /A 7=126* 26', the prism f-2 has the angle, over i-i,—W
near the angle / a / of lazulite.
5MA. Kapniottk Kenng., Ueb., 1855, and 1856-«7. Probably wavellite. Oeeois I
radlaited rounded concretions, the fibres rhombic pncms pyramidally temdnailed,
lustre; H.=3'&— 4; a=2':i&6(3tadeler). St&deler obtahied ^Ann. Ch. Fbann.^ dz.
'M 30*59, with water 24*92 (fi'om the loss)= lO'O, and remarks on the dose approzi
wavellite. From Kapnik lu Hungary.
654B. Plakebite. Under tliTS name Hermann has deecribed (BuH Soc l^al Moec^
1862) a mineral from the copper mines of Gumoschef^k, In the Ural It ooatn ia
ciystalliDe, botryoidal layers in the cavities of a quarts rock. H.=:5; G.:=^2'^ Ookl
surfaue verdigris-green, poHsing to olive-green on expoeiire to the air. IauHii dnlL
on the edges. Analysis afforded :
P 33-94 ;ilS7*48 On 3*72 te 3'S3 £[ 30*93=99*^
From which Hermann deduces the forrauUi (Xl'P*4-9 tt) + | (On, ^e)fl, H« i
oxyda of irou and copper as unesseutlal, and as oocurring in nuiny other
as turquois, peganit^, and flscherite.
B.B* in lube decrepitates, yielding much neutral water. Easily solnible in bom, |
reaction. Only alightly attacked by adds, but easfly deoompotod bj boilii^
Named after Haner, director of the m'mes. Possibly Impure wavellite.
HTDB0U8 PHOSPHATES AND AB8ENATE8. 57T
TROUJnTB. TroUeit 0, W. BhrnMrandf Priv. coDtrib., dated De& 9, 1867.
act, with indistinct cleavage.
ittle below 6. G.=3*10. Lustre more or less vitreous. Color
en. Fracture even, to conchoidal.
-SlP+i Slfi*=Pho8phoric add 4T-8, alumina 46*2, water 6*0=10a AnalyBia: G. W.
i(La): ^
P XI Pe Ca fi
(I) 46-72 43-26 2'T6 0-97 6-23=99-93.
ic— B.B. same as for berlinite. Scarcely attacked by acids.
institutes small detached masses and veins in other phosphates, at the iron mine of
n Scania, Sweden.
ifter the chemist H. G. TroUe Wachtmeister.
JBCBOOUMBurn. Plomb rouge en stalactites— tantot en globules, de LU^ Demeste
Ifln., it 899, 1779 ; Crist, iiL 899, 1783. Sel acide-phosphorique-martial O, dt la^
do Phys., xxviil 885, 1786. Plomb-goomie dt LaumonL Aluminiate de Plomb avee eta
inaisou Brrs., in his Nouv. Mia, 283, 1819. Bleigummi, Blei-alumlnat, etc, Bart^ Sohw.
. 65, 1819 (trL fr. Nouv. Min). Native Aluminiate of Lead Smiihsatif Ann PhlL, xIy.
(citing Berz., and also a letter by de Laumont, in which S. Tennant (who died in
said to have first analyzed plombgomme and made it a combination of oxyd of lead,
and water). Plomb hydro-alumineux K, Tr., ill 410, 1822. Gummispath .B^wC^, Ohar.,
I Plomgomme Beud., Tr., iL 1832. Plumbo-gummite 5^., Min., ii. 113, 1886l
reainite Ikma, Min., 230, 1837. Gummibleispath, Bleihydroaluminat, Genn, HUcb*
Shep^ Bep. Canton Mine, Ga., 1866, Min., 401, 1857.
>rm, globular, botryoidal, with sometimes a concentric structure ;
srusts; compact massive.
:-5. G.=4-6-4 ; 6-421, Breith. ; 4-88, fr. Nuissi^re, Dufr6noy ;
litchcockite, Genth. Lustre resinous or gum-like. Color yel-
rajr, reddish-brown, greenish; also yellowish-white; sometimes
irhite, bluish. Streak uncolored. Translucent; subtransparent.
-Analyses: 1, Berzolius (Schw. J., xzvil 65); 2, Duf^noy (Ann. Oh. Phys., lis. 440);
or (Ann. d. 11, lU. zviL 191) ; 6, Genth (Am. J. ScL, IL xxiil 424) :
P S XI l^b ft Pe Ca Si
t 0-20 37-00 4014 18'80 1-80* 0-60=98-54 BerzeHus.
« 34-28 37-51 1613 2 11, l»b«P 7-79=97-77 DufWnoy.
)t 8-06 0-30 34-32 35*10 18-70 0-20 080 » PbCl 2'27=99-75 Damonr.
1206 0-25 1106 6216 618 " 8-24=99-92 Damour.
15-18 0*40 2*88 7086 124 " 9-18=99-73 Damour.
iBUe 18-74 26-64 2904 2086 0 90 144 , C 198, a 004, inaoL 0-48=99-02 G.
•with some Mn*0*.
s made the mmeral a hydrous aluminate of lead, l»bXl«+6fi[. Damour concluded
eaultfl that in BerzeUus's investigation the phosphoric aad was precipitated with the
id oxyd of lead, and so lost sight of. He observes that his own analyses, though so
went, agree in affording 1 : 1 for the 0. ratio of water and alumma, and "«« ™
I pcMent in the state of a hydrate. He writes for the formula of anal. 8, Pb r-he At
fiioj iodines to adopt Damour^s view (Min., iii. 294, 1866). , « « * xv^ ««^^
h'a tnalysia of hitchcockite, the 0. ratio for the water and ^umjp* » J.-li f^L'^ ^™'*'
fl, fi : 12-2 : 10-6 : 18-5, which corresponds to 2X1 P+tJ>'P +4 fflff"-^^
hy mineral from Bosidres afforded Berthier (Ann. d. M.. m. xix. 669)P(wltk Ir. of is).
J-0, tb 10-0, Cu 8-0, fl and organic matters 88 0=99-5.
87
loses 29 p* c oa ignitloiL
ooaoeiittio m gcniacum; saepsivi gnvs mu^FIM
561, CALOrOFKHRITE. C3a3cof«rrit /. R Brnn, Jmhrb. Miiu I
MonocUnic? Foliated masBive. Geavage : Terj perfect, orfoUated, in on
ciaother at right angles to the pi^rfect one ; alto in another oblique to the ■«
SLsS'fi. G-=2 523— 2'52d, Eelfisig^ Lustre of deavag<(sface pearlj. <
gr»enish*jrellow to sifikin-grGe^ yeliowish^ white. Streak sulphur^oBow*
cent Brittle.
AiJiUjsis hy Keieaig (I c\ gi?ing neartj 4 P, 8 S, 6 ^ 1 9 H ; 2 R» PH- 3 fl 1
fU-Ol Fe24'S4 ^12M 2^g2*65 Ca U'81 ^30*69=
BJB. fhses easily to a shining black magnetic globule. SaaOjr dsoomii
In nodules in a bed of day at Battenberg b Eheoish Bavuf^ Tbe i
jeUowikh- or reddiflh-brown impure caldoferrite.
ass. FHARMACOSIDBRITII. ? Per min^ralis^ par 1 addo
i. 195, nriO; Arseiiicated Iron Ore Kirwan, ii 189, 17M. 01
Warfeln kTjBi. (fr. Carharrack) Klajir., Schrift. Ges. nat Fr. Berl^ 1, 161,^
1803 ; Wiirfelers, var of Olivenera, Lem, iL 18, 161, IIM. Wurfelen
Onbe Ore. Phannakosiderit EauerrL^ Handb., 106JS^ 1813,
leoTnetric ; tetrahedral. Observed planes : (?, 1^ 3,
CryBtale modified cubes and tetrahedrons. Cleavage:
0 sometimes striated parallel to its edge of intersection wi
planer often curved. Rarely granular
II*:=2 5. G.=2'9— 3. Lustre adaraaDtine to
«T«a»y,
Color olive-green^ passing into yellowiBli-brown, borde
hyacinth-red and blackish-brown ; also passing into
green, and honey-yellow. Streak green — brown, yell
parent — eubtranslucent. Rather seetdle. Pyroelectric
Oomp.^— 0. ratio for jS, Ss, 11=4 t 6 : 6 ;
w«*p.— V. idiiiu iv/i A*, -£*■, Mj.—^ ' » * »i whence E Po Ss +Feft'-t'lf 1
of the As replaced byP^Arsenle add S9'8, phosphoric acid 2 '5, aesqu
n*l=:100* Analysis; Beraelius (Ak. EL StocJdi^ 364^ 1824) ;
is P Pe On fl
40-20 2'63 89*20 066 ISei, ganeue 1^6=10
HTDBOUB PHOSPHATES AND AB8ENATES. 579
lut flnt annoiinoed the existence of an arsenate of iron, IVom greenish-white ooncreUonary
leos fimod in Spain; but from his meagre description its identity with this species cannot
tooertain.
• — ^Haa been obseryed altered to psilomelane, limonite (9e*&*), red iron ore (Fe).
i69; OZBROZirm. Kirrolith C, W. Blomatrand^ Priv. oontrib., dated Dec. 9, 1867.
impact, without a trace of cleavage.
.=6—6. G.=3-08. Color pale yellow.
Dap^— 0. ratio for fi, fi, P, fi=2 : 2 : 5 : 1. Formula, Xl«P + 2Ca'P + 3fi, Blom8trand,=
ihoric add 41*7, alumina 20*1, lime 32*9, water 6*3=100. Analysis : Blomstrand (L a) :
f
Si
*e
An
^b
fig
Ca
fi
(|)«W
80-64
0-91
2-24
Oil
0-21
29-37
606=99-61,
ramoral of 4*60 not dissolved in the acid solution, of which 8*17 was silica.
r.i, •to.— B.B. fbses very easily to a white enamel With soda a manganese reaction. Decom-
on digestion in fine powder in muriatic add.
b— 0(»nr8 at the iron mine of Westana, in Scania, Sweden.
ned from Kt^^ pale ydhw.
660. OHTTiPBTINITB. Levy^ Brando's J., zvl 274, 1828.
rthorhombic. /A /=111° 54', 0 A 1-1=136° 26' ; a : J : c=0-9512 :
•4798. Observed planes as in the annexed figures, with also f-f.
2^=127° 53', 0 A 1=131° 4', 0 A f =142° 35', 0 A i-I=90°, 1 A 1,
, 130° 4', brach., or over 2-1, 102° 41^, bas., 97° 52', 2-i A 2^, ov. 6>,=
16', B. & M. Plane 0 sometimes wanting, and the form a double six-
l pyramid, made up of the planes 1, 2-i, with i-l small. Cleavage : i-?,
atect
484 486
.=4-5—5. G.=3-18— 3-24 ; 3-184, Kenngott. Lustre vitreous,
Ding to resinous. Color yellowish-white and pale yellowish-brown,
brownish-black. Streak wliite, yellowish. Translucent. Fracture
bh.
np.— O. ratio for ft, S, J^, fi=4 : 3 : 7 : 7 ; or less nearly 4 : 8 : 7i : 7i, Rammelsbeig,
viitea the formula 2&' P+^l*P+15^=Pho6phonc add 28*9, alumina 14*0, protozyd of
»-3, protozjd of manganese 9-6, water 18-8=100. Perhaps (^ ft»-ff iiyP»H-16 H. But
r wDaijtiB is needed. Analysis : Rammelsberg (Pogg., Izzzr. 486) :
P28'«2 X114-44 te 80-68 Mn 9-07 >fg 014 fl 1698= 100-23 Ramm.
», tlo^— In the closed tube gives off neutral water. B.B. swells up into ramifications, and
OB the edges to a black mass, coloring the flame pale green. Heated on charcoal tarns
and becomes magnetia With soda gives a reaction for manganese. With borax and salt
Mphorai reacts for iron and manganese. Soluble in muriatic add. ^^^...^^^
Nk— Ocean in crystals and crystalline coats, on spathic iron, pyrita or qiiar^andaometimefl
ipotitB^ near Tavistodk, and at the George and Charlotte mine, and also at Wheal Giebor, m
OOMP.— 0. mtio for k, l{, P, ^, after aeparAtSng 8-00 Si as fteo daioft=8
uncertBii^tjr as to wh^thor the silica is free or oombiiied reindera tha
doQbtftil. AnalyaiB : C. W. Blomstnmd (L c):
(I) 3S06 29*75
fe
3-98
Mn
0-33
13-19
^a
0-45
6
Prs-t BTO. — B.B. fuses eafiily^ an<i, when laore heated, with intumeecenoa, ta
glass. With soda a s&ong manganea© reaction* Very inoompletelj
088. — From the iron mine of Westana, in Scaala, Swedem
Named from dTraunt^ salmon^ alloding to the color.
662. A0G£Sl4lTS. Augellth (7. Wi Bkmstnmdf Pri?. cootrib.^ dated
Massive. Cleavage: distinct in three directions^ and {
obtained.
G. = 2*77, Limtre of cleavage surface strongly pearly.
generally pale red.
Oomp.— 3tl' P+S tt^Phoaphoric add S6'8^ alnmina 61-S, water I3^4=l<
W. BlouMtrand (L c-) :
P
(!) 86*01
2kl
48-80
0-75
mn
O'Sl
Ca
13-04i
The mioend is often intiiniitelj- mixed with silica, and not easQf separated
Fyr., etc. — Yields much water in the glass tube. B.B. infusible. Scarce^
Oba*— Occurs imbedded in other phaaphates at the iron mine of Weatana,
Nam(Hi from aiy^, Itistre,
663. TXmQtJOia ?Callala, TCaUaina, PHn., EctviL 6S» 33.
qnois pt, of the 16th century and kter (Turquea, Fabyon'a Chronlde). TU\
dbeaa/toLf Turquois© Fr, Tiirquoiae J". R Thvemier^Yoj, enTar^uie,
TnrtMne Boee&nS Museo di Fisica, etc, 278, 16J>7. Orieotalischer Turkic
y. Nord. Beytr, v. 261, Fallaa, ib.» 265. Turquois orientale, Calaite, A\
lUcfi^Tt Mem. Soc. Imp. N, Mosoou, L 1806 ; also his Onomaaticon Mln.
1811, and Essoi sur la Tiirqtjoise, Moaoou, 1816, of which Abfltr. in Ann. P
^ohn, Mem, Soc Imp, N. Moacou, L 1806, 3chw. J., ill. 93, 180T (with ana
^t is no OdontcUU). Hydrargillite pt Hauwrn,, Handl
1. SOeflia 80-90
44-50
19-00
3-76
% " 38-90
64-60
1-00
1-50
8. Blue Onmiai 27*84
47-46
18-18
202
4. Nkshabour, PersU 32-86
40-19
19-34
6-27
HTDBOUB PHOSPHATES AND AB8ENATES. 581
Dmp. — 0. ratio fr. anaL 1 and 8, for £1, P, £[=6 : 5 : 6 ; whence Jlltl'P+6 £[=Pho8plioric add
alumina 48*9, water 20*6=100. Analjaes: 1, John (Ann. d. IL, II. iil 231) ; 2, ZeUner (leis,
, 687); 8, TT^n'mnfi (J. pr. Ch., xxxiiL 282); 4, Church (Ch. News, z. 290):
P il fl Cu
*e 1-80=99-96 John.
3Pe 2-8=98-70 ZeUner.
" l-10,»n 0-60, Ca'P 8-41=100 H.
te 2-21,Mn0-36=100-23*a;a=2-76.
* After sabtracting 0*74 Si O' and 0-49 hygroeoopie water.
le green oriental turqnois afforded Hermann onlj 6*64 p. a of phosphoric add, and is evidently
<4iMiw*al xnixtore, oontaining but little turquois. Specific gravity of the last 2*621. John in
larly aQalysis did not detect the phosphoric add ; he obtained ^ 73*0, Ou 4-6, 9e 4-0, £[ (or
18=99-6.
Sr^ etc. — ^In the dosed tnbe decrepitates, yields water, and turns brown or black. B.B. in
roeps becomes brown and assumes a glassy appearance, but does not fVise ; colors the flame
a ; moistened with muriatic acid the color is at first blue (chlorid of copper). With the sodi-
«8t gives phosphuretted hydrogen. With borax and salt of phosphorus gives beads in O.F.
ih are yellowish-g^reen while hot and pure g^reen on cooling. With salt of phosphoms and
n diarooal gives an opaque red bead (copper). Soluble in muriatic add.
bfl. — Occurs in day slate, in a mountainous district in Persia, not far from Nidiaboor. Ao-
Ing to Agaphi, the only naturalist who has visited the locality, turquois occurs only in veins,
h traverse the mountain in all directions. Fischer, in 1816, named the different varieties
ite, Agaphite (or oonchoidal T.X and Johnite (or quartzy T.). Pieces of the siie of a hazel-
ixe considered very large. An impure variety is found in Silesia, and at Oelsnitz in Saxony ;
the well of Nasaiph between Sues and SinaL W. P. Blake refers here a hard, yellowish-
uish-green stone (which ho identifies with the chalcfiihuiti of the Mexicana) fh>m the mountains
OeriUas, 20 m ac. of Santa P6; H.=^6; G.=2*426-2-651 (Am. J. ScL, IL xxv. 227). A
green turquois occurs in the Columbus district, Nevada.
irquoia receives a good polish, and is highly esteemed as a gem. The Persian king is said to
n for his own use all the larger and finely tinted specimens.
le CaOaia of Pliny is generally regarded as turquois, and probably rightly so. But all he says
is, " Callais sapphirum imitatur, candidior et litoroso mari similis," resembling sapphire (that
\jpMazuii) in color, but paler, and like the sea toward the shore ; indicating a greenish-blue
and deg^ree of opadty corresponding well enough with much turquois.
16 Caliawa also of Pliny (to which he devotes a long chapter) is referred to this spedes, and
. even better reason. It was a stone of a pale green color, and was obtained, according to
amid inaccessible rocks in the countries that lie at the back of India, near ML Caucasus, etc.
ilao states that it was remarkable for its size, and was full of holes and foreign substances,
ii U ia difAcult to reconcile with the true turquois. But he speaks in the next sentence of a
from Garmania (a district of Persia) as of better quality and dearer, and this may have been
turquois. He says that no stones were more easily imitated, which is very true of turquois.
ilao remarks that the beauty of the Callaina is greatly heightened by a setting of gold, the
nit peculiarly befitting it
inr also speaks of another stone called CktUaica (xxxviL 66X and says of it: ** Callaicam vocant
tldo oallatno; ferunt pluris conjunctis semper inveniri ; " it is so cidled because it is a turbid
ina, and they are found together. He also remarks that the stone (»]led '* AugtHa (xxxviL 64)
is non alia videtur quam callaina," by many is thought to be nothing but callaina. (See
wr OALULDnn, p. 672).
le P&rman amaragdus^ or emerald, alluded to by Pliny (xxxvii 18, dting from Democritos), as
thout transparency, agreeable and uniform in oolor, satisfying the vision without allowixig it
matrate it^*^ may have been turquois ; yet, as with most of Pliny's descriptions (owing to his
ng different things of similar aspect), when all the other characters given are weighed they
edoubt
is probable that the turquois^riental and ooddental — was as commonly used in Persia as
■a in andent times as now. The name turquois is French in form, and means Turkish^ a
tok gern^ the gem having come into Europe through Turkey.
loat of the turquois (not artifidal) used in jewelry in former centuries, aa well aa the present,
that deacribed in the early works on minerals, was Ume-iurqturia ^called also odomMUie^ from
(i tooAX whidi is fossil-bone, or tooth, colored by a phosphate of iron. Its organic origin
MMs flaanlfeat under a microscope. Moreover, true turquois, when decomposed by muriatic
\ glfss a flue blue oolor with ammonia, which is not true of the odontoUte.
582
OXTOEK OOMPOnia)8.
664. PXSaANrrB* Peganlt BreWL^ Schw. X, Ix. SOS^ I8$0k
Orthorliombic. In rlioiiibic prisniB, with the acute lateral ed]^
angle of the prism about 127 and 53^. Cleavage; basal, and b«
agonal, imperfect.
H.^3-3-5. a^2-492-^2'501. Lustre greasjr to vitreous. Co
green, greenish-gray, greenish-white. Streat white.
Oomp. — ^1' ? + 6 1^, Hennatm, = Flioeplioric add Sll, alumiDA ib% water 28*7=rtOQ^
bj Henn&nn (J, pr. CIl, ixiiiL 287):
P 30 49 i^ 44*49 ^ 22*82 Oil, Fe, gan^e 2 30=100 Hermium.
Pyr., etc, — In the closed tttbe ^rieldB water, and aMnmes a Tfotol or roaa eokr.
open, becomeH violet, but does no I luse. GiYea but a faint copper reaction, but ia
liko turqtioiB. The f^owdered mineral gives a fine blue with cobalt solution.
Oba, — OocuTd in cnistaf cousisting of Btnitll pnstnatic crystaia, at Striegifl»
Saxony.
Erdmann aDalyzed a Striegis mmeral {Siriegisan of Breithaupt) with a rmj different^
seen from the analyees under WAinLUTK, to whidi spedea the apedineiis
Feganiie has till recently been placed under wavellite.
Named horn xj^m*^, on herh, in allusion to the color.
665. FISOHBHrrH. SchUchurtnfaki, Harmottnt X pr* Ch., jcxxiii 988^ 18
Orthorhombic, Kokscharof, /A 7^118° 32'; a:h i e^m : Ij
/ A i-2, bevelling plane,= 160^ 48^ i-l A i.|=99'' 52^' and 80° 7J', j
= 139° 56'. Mostly in small six-sided prisms. Also crystaUioe, ;
H.=5, 6. = 2*46. Lnstre vitreous. Color grase-green to
and verdigriB-green. Translucent.
Oonip,—il'PH- 8 fi= Alumina 41*8, pboaphoric add 28*9, water 29*9^=100.
Hennami (L a) :
P 29*08 &38*4t Fe and Mn 1*30 Cu 0*80 fi 27 '60= 100.
Pyr., etc— B,B. becomes white, aod douded; yielda roudi water^ but no fltjo
in eulphuric add*
Oba.— From NIschne Tagilek, where it occurs m veina Id a fbrruginooB aandaUnK
filate.
C6&A. Tabiboitb BreiQi, {J. pr. Ch., x. 506, 1837). Gontafna the same ingredlenti M
but Ib not yet accumtely analyeed. Bemrorra; apple-green; with white ^i
greasy lustre, and tranducenL Yields water in a matraaa, B3. in the Tcm
beoomea white ; in the outer dame, colors the 6ame deep bluiah-greeii ; with
phosphorus forms a pule ye Uo wish-green glass ; with iK>da ftiaea with
feetly; with cobalt solution becomeH blue. Ooonrs in quarts and sihceoai akto
Saxon Yoigtland, Named from YarlBda (Yoigtland),
606. TAyiSTOOEITI!. Hydrated Caldum-aluminic Phosphate ff) A, K ChmtK 1-
n. ill 263, 1805« Taristockite DatuL
In microftcopic acicular crystals, Bometimes aggregated in irregnl
late groups, constituting a wliite warly powder.
Lufitre pearly. Color wliite. Transparent to translucent. fT^
Oomp_^0. ratio for ft+3Bt P, fi:^6 : 5 : 8; whence (iCa'+l^tlfP^-SasJ
30-41, alumina 2206^ lime 35*97, water ll*&6=I0a Aaalyaea: Ghutdi Q. a)i
HTDBOrS fHOSFHATES JLSD AB8KNATE8.
683
Xg
P
3Pe
Cu
1. Ckmiwall
88-5
27-5
22-6
a.
32-20
2-30
25-10
31-70
? XI Ca fl
30-86 22*40 86-27 1200=101-08 Ohnrch.
*yr., cto^ — ^B.B. " incandesces ** and becomes opaque. With nitrate of cobalt gives a blue color.
Hfess bead with borax. Difficultlj soluble in acids.
ttm^ — Oocora at Tavistock, Devonshire, in cavities in quarts dystala, with pyrite, chalcopy-
^ and childienite.
667. OHSNil VIXITJJ. Ghenevixite Adam, F, Piaam, 0. B., IziL 690, 1866.
Biassive — compact.
H.=4"5. G.=3-93 ? Lustre vitreous. Color dark green. Streak yel-
vifih-green.
9oBin.--^0. ratio for fl4-fi, Xs, fi=6 : 6 : 3 nearly, with 0. ratio of Pe, Cu=7i : 6^. Fonnnla
I, On*)* As + 3]^; or perhaps PeAs+3Cu]9[; As : P=9 : 1. Analyses: 1, Chenevix Q. c);
?S8aDi(La):
Ca -&
— 12, sand 3=98-6 Chenevix.
0-34 8-66=100'80Pisani
PSaani refers here the analysis by Chenevix. 10*3 p. a of sand are removed from anal 2.
Pyr., eta — In the closed tube decrepitates and yields water ; becomes brown after calcina-
X KB. on charcoal fVises easily, giving out arsenical Aimes, and leaving a black magnetic
cia with grains of copper. Easily soluble in the acids.
dtia. — From Cornwall, involved in a quartz rock in small compact masses, IVom which gangue
■ dUBcolt to separate it entirely.
1. DUFRBNITXI. Strahlstcin (var.) Jordan, Min., etc., Reisebem., 243, 1803. Gruneisen-
Itain (strahlichter) UUmann, Syst. Tab. Uebers., 162, 319, 1814. Chalkosiderit mhrnnn^ ib.,
828. Fasriche Grun-Eisenerde W, DuArenite Brongn,, Tabl., 20, 1838. Green Iron Ore.
Eranrit Bretih,, Handb., 162, 1841.
Delvanxene DumorU, L'Institut, 121, 1839, Delvaux^ Bull Ac. Brux., 147, 1838. Delvanxit
EaSi, Handb., 612, 1846.
Orthorhombic. /A /about 123°. Cleavage: brachydiagonal. Also
ASBive, in nodules ; radiated fi])rous, with a drusy surface.
H.=3-5-4. G.=3-2-3-4; 3*227, Dufr. Lustre silky, weak. Color
nil leek-green, olive, or blackish-green ; alters on exposure to yellow and
rown. Streak siskin-green. Subtranslucent.
Oomp- Var.— Pe«P-f-8]G[=Pho8phoric acid 27 6, sesquioxyd of iron 620, water 10'6=100.
\ 5l)" r + ^% Pisanl Schnabel's analysis makes part of the iron protoxyd.
iaalyies: 1, Vauquelin (Ann. Ch. Pharm., xxx. 202); 2, Karsten (Arch. f. Bergb. u. Hfitt, xy.
18); 8, Sdmabel (Ramm. Min. Ch., 329); 4, Pisani (C. R., liil 1020); 6, Kurlbaum (Am. J. ScL,
LxxifiL 423); 6, 7, Dumont (L'Institut, No. 276); 8, Delvaux (Bull Acad. Brux., 1888, 147); 9,
1; Dietterweg (B. H. Ztg., xxii. 267):
tL
9-29=100 Vauquelin.
8-66 =99 '73 Karsten.
8-97=100*99 SohnabeL
12'40=99'83 Pisanu
10-49, Si 0-72=100-96 Koriht
49*76=100 Dumont
48*81=100 IXumont
4il3=99-77 Delvaux.
10-90= 100-88 DiesfeerwQff.
18-98=100-65 Diaatmre^
P
J^
Fe
»n
te
1. Hante Yienne
27-86
^_
66-20
6*76
—
2. Siegen, dark green
27-72
63-45
—
—
8. "
28-39
63-66
—
9-97
4. ICorbehan, "
28-63
4-50
64-40
—
5. AUentown, K. J. **
82-61
63-74
8-77
6. DOvmmie
16-04
34-20
— •
1. "
16-57
36-62
— —
—
8.
18-20
40-44
—
9. Siegra, dorii green
27-71
62*02
0-25
IOl ^ red
26-ao
—
69*14
2*88
— -
684
OXYGEN OOMFOUNDe.
Ohnrdi (Oh. News, z. 157) ehows th&t dufrenite oontaiQS 10'G5 p^ & of water, i
the aboTe forisulii; it loses do water at luD^ C. He obderrea bIbo thAt the
BO mixed with hematite that it is difficult to separate it Tor aDalysfa.
Church alBO demonstrates (L c, 145) that the ddvotmie of Liege is ooljr t tfcf diifr«oi1ft. Ill
in hia trial 20'33 p. c over etilphunc add^ and nearly 6 pw a more on heating to 100' C. ; the ■
peroentage of water having been found to be 37*23^ whence the essential wmlUBr it oiiIt iMf
p. c, afi in dufrooite. He detected a trace of lime. The color of delvaoxite ginm is jidlowikj
browo to brownish-black or reddish, or that of altered dufrenite; and G,= r86. *- -*— "
dufrenite gave Diesterweg (L c) P 6 'i6, Pe 8003, fi U-08=lO0-34w
Pjrr^ etc. — Same as for vivianite^ but leaa water is given out in the doa^ tube. BJL (
easily to a sla^.
Obi« — Oocurs near Anglar, Dept of Haute Yienne, and at Hirschber^ In Westphalia (Ihi I
tiee of the spfocimena, according to Dufr^noy^ originally named dtifnt^tit) ; at Rodusfortittpli
MorMhan, France ; Eisenfeld near Siegen. Also at Allentownf H. J., m ft fibroos liriP|
ooatiDg, Bometimefl half an Inch thicks in the Green Sand formation f it changes to bfow& bl
ing to iimonite.
The deivauxene is from Besnau, near Tis^, in Belgium.
Kamed after the Freneli mineralogist Dufrenoy.
GLOBOflTTE. This name is given by Breithaupt (B. IL 2t^., niv. 321, 1865) to a minenl <
ring at the* Anno Hilfe mine near Hinschberg, id amaU globular eoncietions. H«=S— i^i.
2'825— 2-827. Lustre greasy to adamantine. Color wajt-y ellow to yellowish-gray. Stratk i
Brittle. Analysia on a small quantity of the mineral aUbrded Fritssdie (I a) P 2S*d^r AM ly
0'24, Fe 40-8«, Ou 0"4a, % 2'40, Ca 2*40, ]& and P 23*04= 100-06. B.B. in tube yields i
by stronger heat gives the fluorine reaction^ depositing a ring of silica, and leaving a red J
not magnetic, but giving with fluies the reaction for iron. Slowly soluble in muriatic i
occurs as above with massive and pulverulent Iimonite; also in the oobalt mine of f ~
in Saxony, with quartz and hypochlorite.
669. OAOOXENIT^O. Kakoxen /. Steinmann, Vortr. Bdhm. Ge*,, Ptag, 1S25.
Occurs m radiated tufts of a yellow or brownish-yellow color
H*=3— 4, G.=3-38, Becomes brown on exposure,
0.
- ratio, fr. anal 3, 4, for fi, P
whence l^e*P-hl2li, from Richard sr>u*s analysis. Analysis 5 corresponds to '
Analyses: 1, 8t«inmann (Leouh. Oryki, 7&U); 2, Holger (Baumg. Za, viU. 12»); ^, iua
(Thomson's Min., i. 476); 4, fi, v. Hauer (Jahrk G. Reichs. 1854, 67):
Oomp^^Supposed to be an Iron-wavellite.
"" ^P -hi 2 ft, from Richard sr>n*s analysis.
P Pe 3tl Ca Si fi,F
1. Zblrow 17-S6 3B1t2 lO'Ol 015 8*90 25*95=99^9 Stemmann.
a. " 9-20 86-83 11-29 3'80 IS-SS, Mg 7*68, 2n 1-21. S ]
8. •♦ 20-5 431 M 21 80% Ag 0-9=r97 9 T" ' '
4, '* fibrou$yw, 19-63 47S4 32-^3 = 100 Haoer.
6. *• globular 2D71 41'46 — ^ — 32*83=100 Bauer.
The alumina of the earlier analyses was from Impurities,
Fyr., etc. — Yields water, with trace of fluorine. Fuses on the edgea to a blaok ahima^ I
and colors the outer flame blulsh^grcen. Reactions for iron. Soluble in nnirUtio add.
Oba. — Olxjuts at the Hrbeck mine, near Zblrow in Bohemia, along with earthy
Stated by Zepharorich to be lometimes derived from the alteration of barrxmditi^
670* AHSENIOilDIlRITD. Arsoniosiderite Dufr., Ann, d. IL, IT. ii 84S> 1843.
krokit, Arseuocrocites, Glochcr, Syn., 226^ 1847.
In fibrous concretions of a yellowish-brown and Bomewhat goldea i
resembling cacoxenite ; the fibres large and easily separable oetweea 1
fingers.
H.=l--2. G.=:3'520, Dufr.; 3-88, Ramm. Lustre %i\kv. Pon
yellowish-brown, rather deeper in color than that of yellow odue.
rubbed in a mortar the powder adheres to the pestle.
HTDBOUS PH06PHATB8 AND AB8ENATES. 585
-!■•, Pe*, 0»» fi» or Ca« 1b + 4 l^e* 1b4-16 fi=ArBenio add 8t*9, Bosquioxyd of iron
nme 11*1, water 8*9=100. AnalyseB: 1, Dufrenoy (Ann. d. M., lY. it 343, 182); 2, S,
kaelibeig (2d SuppL, 20, Pogg., IxvilL 608) :
1.
28
Fe
fib
Ca
i
fl
3426
■39-16
'37*36
41*31
40*00
38-81
1-29
8-43
1218
12*08
0-76
8*76, Si 4*04=98-84 DufWnoy.
8*66=100 Bammelflberg.
8-68, Si 3-67=100 Ramm.
oofding to Fonrnet, arseniosiderite is essentially cacoxene with the phosphoric add repkced
fSNilo add, and having the correspondiog formula Fe* As'+IB tL; but this ezoeeds the
ittion of water by nearly one-half, and does not take into account the lime.
fx^ fto^ — ^Like soorodite.
!■«— Occurs in a manganese bed at BomanSche, Department of Saone-et-Loire, France.
iBPd from (uraenic and (rC6np9s, iron, Ohanged to arsenocracite (fir. fff>&ri7, Jibre) by Olocker,
Hs of a preyious use of arsenosiderite (see p. 76).
671. BVANSTTB. D. Forbes, PhiL llag., lY. zzviii 841, 1864.
[assive ; reniform or botrjoidal.
[.=3'5— 4. G.= 1-939. Lustre vitreous or resinous ; internally waxy,
ftrlefls. or milk-white ; sometimes tinged with yellow or blue. Streak
be. Translucent, subtranslucent. Fracture subconchoidal.
«pk^-0. ratio for fi, P, fi=9 : 5 : 18, whence *1« P+Xl fl'-flB fi, Dana, = Phosphoric
ilhL, shimina 39*7, water 41*9= 100. Analysis : Forbes (L a) :
P 2kl £[
(}) 19*05 39*31 39-96, insol 1*41=99*72 Forbes.
nr.i fto^ — ^B.B. in tube yields neutral water, decrepitates, leaving milk-white powder. In-
Is. Moistened with sulphuric acid colors the flame gpreen. On charcoal with cobalt solution
. intense blue. With fluxes trace of iron. Soluble in sulphuric, nitric, and muriatio adds,
tine not detected.
!•(— Occurs at Zsetcsnik, Hungary, as reniform or globular concretions on brown hematite.
ing^t In 1865 jfh>m Hungary, by Brooke Evans, of Birmingham, England, after whom it was
d It was labelled allophane.
TORBBRNITEL Mica yiridis cryst (fr. Joh.) v. Bom^ Lithoph., I 42, 1772. GrOner
buDer (fr. Saxony) Wem,, Ueb. Cronst, 217, 1780; Torberit Wem. (earliest name); KarsL^
ibi Wem. Yerbess., 43, 1793 pater spelt Torbemii^ as in Ludwig's Wem., 1 808, 1803) ; Chalko-
I Qmt near Chlorite] Wem., Bergm. J., 376, 1789 ; Urankalk durch Kupfer geflirbt, Uranites
lUiosns pt, Klapr., SchrifL Ges. N. BerL, ix. 273, 1789 ; Bcitr., iL 217, 1797. XJranglimmer
mL, 1800, Ludwig, i 66, 1808. Urane oxyd^ H., Tr., 1801. Uranite Aikin, Min., 1814.
Mi-Mioa Jameaan, Syst, 1820. Uranphyllit Breith., Char., 1820. Phosphate of Uranium
Ifedning Phos. Copper R PhiUips, Ann. PhiL, II. v. 57, 1823. Phosphate of Uranium and
VpsrBenL, Jahresb., 1823. Kupfer-Uranit Germ, Copper-Uranite. TOrberite RAM,, 617,
n Oapronranit BreiUh,^ B. H. Ztg., xxiv. 802, 1866.
fotn^naL (? A 1^=134° 8'; a=l-03069. Observed planes: (? ;
aii\ octahedral, *, f , 12, 2-i. Forms square tables, with often re-
edges ; rarely suboctahedral. 486
0 A 2=108^ 56' 1 A 1, basal,=lll^ 6'
0 A 1=124 27 2 A 2, bafial,=142 8
0 A 1=135 49 2 A 2, pyr.,=96 3
0 A 1=138 50 f A f , basal,=88 2U ^
0 A W=115 53 24 A 2-i, basal,=128 15 ComwaD.
*^ : basal highly perfect, micaceous. Unknown massive or earthy
686
OZTQEN COUPOCHDS.
1-
OomwoU
160
60-0
90
2.
a
15-57
61-20
B'U
8.
it
U'lH
&9'03
8-iT
4.
It
14-0
fifJrtT
8-60
5.
it
13^94
6100
8*56
H,=2-2'5. G,=3'4-30. Liistre of 0 pearly, of other &a
mantine. Color emerald* and graBs-green, and sometimes leek-,
Biskin-green. Streak suiiiewliat paler than the color, Tranftpia
translucent. Fracture not observable. Sectile. Laminae bntt]
flexible. Optically uniaxial ; double refraction negative*
Oomp.— O* mtiofcff ft, ^ P, fl-1 : 6 : 6 : 8 ; wheooe 9* P-fCu ^^-t fl, Dua.
B. FhlUip9 (I c) ; 2, Berzeliiis (I e) r a, Werther (J. pr. Ch., sliii. 3S4); 4^ Piatai (0,
6, Cburdi {CK News, ziL 183) :
P e Co fl
14-5 = 99'5 PbiDip*.
16-06 = 100-45 Bensolius,
15 39. ^i 0-40, earthj fiub«t4iicae
l&'OO, «jftnd 0-40=97*51 PisftoL _
U16» Afl 1-96, Ca 0*6^=100*24 (
Pyr^ etc. — In the closed ttib<^ yields water. In the forceps f\a^8 st 2-6 to m him
Golors the flame ^cen. With salt of phosphorus ^ves a green bead, which with
beoomea on ooohng op&que r^d (oopp^r). With «oda on charcoal gives ft gk»l
ASbrda a pboephid with the Aodiotu test Soluble in nitric add,
Obi« — Gtinnis Lake formerly ai!brdod splendid crjstilli^aiiona of this apeci«i^ tcoAi
and Wheal Builer, near lledruth^ ajud elae where in Cornwall. Found also at Joliain^
and Kilxjiistock and Schiiueber^. in Saxony; in Bohemia, at JoachimsthAl and Zjiun
gium^ lit Vielaalni. A variety from Providence in Corn7.*all is in 8^ided tablea wil"
mid, and has a leek-g:reeii color, with G.=:3'329— 3372 (Breith,, B. H. Ztg^ xadv. I
The angle 0 a 2 is given hv Mohs, Hal dinger, and Nauraann :=108' 39 ; bj Hci
Not., vi. 41) 108" 38' ; Kokacharof (Min. RussL, v. 35) 108'' 56' j the mean of his
of Cornwall and SclilackeQwold erystala being 108^ 53' 23" and TT 5' 21". Similif
given bj Greg &, Lett^m, Min., 384. The angles of B. Jk IL do not agree with anj-
urementa.
Firat named iarberiie {torhermtc) by Werner, after the chemist Torber Be:
fis written by Bergmann himself]. Then, this naming after persona having
innovation (aee Karstea's TrVemer*g Verbess., 43, lt93), Werner subatitul^
copper^ sig^nifying, as he eaya, *'eiD Kupfer haltender Stein") in allusion to
mination in 1180 that the mineral was muriate of copper, Wljen, finally, it n
roth to be an ore of umiiinm in^^toad of copper, Werner, with Knrsten and others,
chitkolite, because false iu aignilication, and used Uranglimmar (nnin-mioa). Cbalcdl
crept back ngaio, but is no more appropriate now than it ¥rtui aixtj joars ago.
her tie w&a written aa it should be, ttrrbtrniie, by some minenilogiats of last oentitry.
Both thia species and the autunite have goae tinder the oommoD tiam0 of arm
also as Copper-uraniit, the latter lAnie-uTaniU.
573. AXJTUNITB. Yar. of Uranglimmer, Urankalk, or ChalcoUte^ of mSian
Sel k base do chaux, <^u I'oxide d'urane jouo le r61& dWde, JSefi^, K. %>t I
Uranit Besrz,, Jahresb., iv. 46, 1823. Kalk-Uranit Gtmu lime-UnuiitJa. Auf
U% 18&2. Calc^ouranit Brdih^ B. R Ztg., xziv* 303, 1866.
Orthorhombic ; but form very nearly square, and crys
cloBely those of torberiiite. Cleavage : bafial eminent, as
Oh%^=Wr %\ Oa^^^IW 17', 2-iA24^l#5^ -TT
edge 2-l/^i)=138° 30', Descl. Planes 2-i, %i correar^i of
H.=:2— 2-5. G,=305'-3a9. Lustre of O pearly; ebti^wh
mantine. Color citron- to eulphur-yellow, Stroak yellavridh,
cent- Optically biaxial, DescL
Oomp.— 0. ratio for ft. 0, P, i{—\ :6 : 6: 8; whence ^P + Catt^-lfi,
acid 16 7, oxyd of uranium 62*7, lime 61, water l$*5=10O. Ana^aes: 1^
Pisarn (0. B., Ill 817) :
I^ 0 Ca Mg, 1^ Sa Sn ft
1. Autun 16'20 61-78 6-88 €'20 157 0'06 U^48=l
2. *• 1340 66-47 5*60 20^)0
HTDBOUS PHOflPHATES AND ABSENATE8. 587
•to*— Same as for torbernite, but no reaction for cop^r.
-Antonite ia found usually with other ores of uranium, associated with sHyer, tin, and
. Occurs in the Sebengebirge, in the homstone of a trachjtic range ; at Johanngeoigen-
l Eibenstock ; at Lake Onega, Wolf Island, Russia ; near Limoges, and at St Sjmphorien
ton; formerlj at South Basset, Wheal Edwards, and near St. Day, England. Occurs
at the Middletown (Gt.) feldspar quarry, associated with columbite and albite, in
ibultf crystals and thin scales, of light green and lemon-yellow colors ; also in minute
it Chesterfield, Mass., on the quartz or albite, and sometimes in the red centres of tour-
aod at Acworth, N. H., straw-yellow and light green ; also in a gneiss quarry on the
1, near Philadelphia, about i m. above the suspension bridge.
zeauz makes autunite to differ from torberDite (Ann. d. M., Y. xiv. 186t) in being optically
id therefore orthorhombic ; and the planes 2 of the latter thus become 2-i and 2-i, as
ine unequally to the base. The angles are still very closely the same, the pyramidal
eing in torbernite 96*" 6', Eokscharof; 95° 62', Uessenberg; 95** 46', Haldinger. The
e at least closely isomorphous.
18 calls the uranite of Cornwall and that of Autun, respectively, chalcolite and uranUo, in
announcing the composition, in Jahresb., iv. 146, 147, 1823; and the special application
to this species dates from that time. Yet, in order to avoid confusion from the double
name, it is better to adopt for the species the name of auiuniiej from one of its noted
!HEITE BreWky B. H. Ztg., xxiv. 302, 1865. A mineral much resembling uranite in its
quadratic (or nearly so) tables, with a perfect basal deavagc ; with H.=2— 2'5 ; 0-.=
itreous to parly in' lustre ; reddish-brown to hyacinth-red in color and streak ; trans-
Ibrding Fntzsche (L c.) reactions for oxyd of uranium, protozyd of manganese, vanadic
phoric acid, and water. The red color is attributed to the manganese, and it is consid-
mgan-uranite containing some vanadic acid. It occurs with cr3rstals of autunite and
at Neuhammor, near Neudeck in Bohemia, in a hematite mine ; at Johanngeorgen-
ine red color, with torbernite. Bed crystals in groups, supposed to be this mineral,
1 observed on specimens of uranite fh>m Autun, and from Steinig, near Elsterberg, in
igtland. May it be an altered uranite ?
>HITHALITE. AmfithaUt Jgdstrom, OBfv. Ak. Stockh., 1866, 93, B. H. Ztg^ xzv. 309,
1866.
). H.=6. Color milk-white. Subtranslucent
for 1ft, fi, P, tL=l : 10-25 : 7-5 : 6. Analysis : Igelstrom (L a) :
P il Jig Ca fl
30-06 48-50 1-55 6-76 12*47 =98-84 Igelstrom.
ftisible. Insoluble in acids. Occurs in the quartzite of Horrsjoberg, Wermland, with
atile, and c^anite. Named from a/i^i3aAn(, becrxnoned^ since it usually occurs surrounded
)eautiM minerals, though unattractive itself.
Ujfdrous Phoaphaie of Alumina and Lime Damour (Llnstitut, 1853, 78). CV)mpact, of a
rk brick-red color. Scratches glass feebly. G. =3*194. Supposed by Damour to be a
^>hata of alumina and lime. B.B. in a tube gives considerable water ; and in a platinum
i til red heat loses 12-70 p. a of water. Found in rolled pebbles with the diamond sand
Jupreoua Phoaphaie of Alumina, Domeyko (Min., 2d ed. 425) describes a mineral from
iio de la Ligna, Chili, occurring in a decomposed feldspathic rock, giving on analysis r
6, a 46-3. Cu 6*3, ^e 3 3, A 18*8=100. Its color is a pale turquois-blue ; sfemcture
bomogeneous, and so soft as to be scratched by the nail
676. SPHJUUITIL Sphasrit v. Zephanmch^ Ber. Ak. Wien, ItL ISe?.
obnlar concretions with a dnisy faceted surface, without a diBtinet
or concentric structure. Cleavage distinct in one direction.
4. G.= 2*536. Lustre greasy-vitreous, glimmering. Color light
ore or less reddish or bluish, the red color from mixture with hema-
Tranduceiit.
P
M
«g
<k
A.
(I) 2S-58
42-8e
360
l'4l
B.
26-60
46*71
■
588 aXTGEN OaUfOIXRDfi.
Oomp.— 0. ratio for 3tl, P, ft=3 : 2 r 3i : Xl»^-f 16fl=Phoephotte Mid ^
water 265=100. Analyaea: A, Borkky (1 a); B, fiame, witli Si, C% 1% ftnd
these baaee) excluded :
ft Si
24-03 o$t=a
2^49
Pyr^ etc. — ^Yields water. B3. is liil\iBible, aod colors the flfine blulBlii
solution a fine blue,
ObB< — Occurs liniDg cavities or fleams In hematite, at Zi^ecoT, Bohemia, ia Lot
schists, aion^ with wavellite,
Alt. — ^Becomes opaque white, dull, end earthj bj alteration.
676. BORIOKITE. Dclvauiene (fir. Leoben) v. Hauer, Jshrb. G. Helchs. ISM. 6t
code) Borkky, Nat ZS. Lotos, March, 1867, Borickite Doi^a.
Eeniform magsive. Compact, without cleavas^e,
H. = 3-5. G. = 2-696 - 2 "707. Lustre weak waxy. Color reddia
Streak the same as color. Opaque.
Oomp.— 0. ratio forE+B, P, S=3 ; 2 : 8^ with fi : S=l : t j ft=C«, fi:=Fej
4-15 El.
Analyses; 1, y. Huuer (L t.); 2, Borickf (I c):
?
Fe
m
Ca
|[
1. Leoben
(i) 2049
5229
^— .
8-ie
x»*oe=ioo
2. Nenacovic
19 36
62*99
0-41
T-2»
19^6=100
Pyr,, etc,— Yields water. B.B, Tases easily to a black mass. Soluble io muriayo!|
Obs.«-Froin Leoben in Btyria, aod b a Lower Silurian sohist at Nenaootic In T '
PHOSPHATES OR ARSENATES, COJilBINED WITH StJXI
580* DIADOCHITE. Diadochit BreHh^ J. pr. Gh^ x. 503, 183t. FhoApboretooiil
Reniform or Btalactitle; structure curved lamellar.
H.=3. G, = 2'035, Lustre resiuous, indining to vitreooa
yellow or yellowish-brown. Streak uncolorei Fragile; fin
choidal.
Oomp,— l?e'P»+2 F© 5' +82 fi=Phosphonc add 14*3, sulphuric add lk-2,
iron 40'4, water 291 = 100. Anatysis by Plattaer (Kamm. Ist SuppL, 43) :
P 14-811 S 15*145 Fe 39690 tL 30'S44==1C»0.
Near iron sinter (pittidteX with phosphoric add in place of arsenic add.
Pyr., etc — ^Yields much water in the dosed tube, and swells up, hm
opaque yellow; wben ignited gives oflTsalphuric acid. B.B. io the forcopA
powder, but carefully ignited fuses easily to a grayish-black shi^, and ooloft
greeo. On charcoal oGTords a steel-gray magnetic globule. With soda afTords I
and gives a sulphid which blackens silTer, With borax and salt of phosphomm 1
Soluble in muriatic add.
Oba.— Prom alum-slate near Grafenthal and Saalfeld In Tburingia,
Nomed from ^laS^xot, a mcc^ssor^ on the supposition that it is an iron ainlei; Ia i
add has replaced the arsenic add.
BYDROUB PH06PHATE8 AND AB8ENATE8. 589
mo. Eisenpechen Earsten [not TTem.], Tab^ 66, 98, 1808. Fer ozyd^ resinite
98, 1809. Pittizit Hausm,, Handb., 285, 1813. EiseiiBinter Wem,, Hoffin. Min.,
16; iv. b, 141, 1817; fr. Freieslebea G-. Arb., v. 74, 261. ArseneiseiiBinter Germ.
}re. Diarsenate of Iron. Sideretine Beud, Tr., iL 609, 1832 [not PUHzile Bead.,
tidt Hauam,^ Handb., 1022, 1847.
Is
S
¥e
Sin
s
2606
19-14
33-10
0-64
29-26=99-09 Stromeyer.
20
14
85
tr.
30=99 Laugier.
80-25
40-45
28-50=99-20 Keraten.
24-67
6-20
54-66
1 5*47 = 100 Rammelaberg.
28-45
4-36
5800
^—
12*59=100 Rammelaberg.
26-70
18-91
84-85
24-54=100 Rammelaberg.
. and massive.
I. G.=2*2— 2*5. Lustre vitreous, sometimes greasy. Color
id reddish-brown, blood-red and white. Streak yellow — white.
: — opaque.
aljaea afford varying results. 0. ratio for I!, S, ^a, tL, firom Stromeyer'a analysis,
5:3:5: 16, whence Pe As+^Pe S-M5 lt= Arsenic acid 26-6, sulphurie add 8-9,
•6, water 29*9=100; from the Schwarzenberg ore (No. 6) 12 : 9 : 10 : 24; whence
leduces Pe* As'-fPe S*+24 li; perhaps 2 Fe As + 3 (Pe, ]&•) S-f21 fl; or 2 Pe
:ft -hFe- ft* ;= Arsenic acid 26-0, sulphuric acid 18*6, oxyd of iron 86'1, water 24-3
*meyer (Gilb. Ann., 1x1. 181); 2, Laugier (Ann. Oh., ttt. 325); 3, Eersten (Sohw.
, 5, Rammelsberg (Pogg., Ixii. 139) ; 6, id. (6th SuppL, 102) :
erg
tzstoUen
arzenberg
In the closed tube yields water, and at a high heat gives off sulphurous add. In
I on charcoal like scorodite. With soda on charcoal gives arsenical Amies and a
blackens silver.
8 in old mines near Freiberg and Schneeberg in Saxony, and elsewhere. An ore
urm near Edenville, N. Y., is referred by Beck to this spodes.
liuter without the sulphate, see under Sooroditb.
682. BBXTDANTITE. Levy, Ann. Phil, IL xL 194, 1826.
ledral. li A li =91° 18' (mean), Dauber. Occurring planes:
?, -1, -2, -f , -4, -5 ; crystals modified acute rhombohedrons.
basal, easy. Basal plane {0) flat, dull ; H bright, curved.
-4'5. G.=4— 4-3. Lustre vitreous. Subadamantine, resinous,
to clear olive-green, yellowish-green, black, brown. Streak
ly to yellow. Usually opaque, rarely transparent
mineral oontaining phosphoric add, with little or no arsenic; the mineral from
kwch. 2. Containing arsenic add, with little phosphorio add ; mineral from Bor-
stals from Cork, 91° 18', Dauber; from Dembach, 9V 9', Danber; from Horhanaen,
91'' 48', Dauber. The Cork crystals are black, brown, or green and opaque; G.
, Bamm.; those of Dembach, olive-green to yellowish-green, sometiniea trans-
BL=3'6, G. =40018, Sandberger. The Horhausen mineral was the original
lulta varying much. Analyses: 1, Sandberger (Pogg., a 611); 2, Bammelaborg
, Peroy (PhiL Mag., IL xxxvii. 161); 6, Sandberger (L a):
iti
A. FhosphaUc variety.
Is § 3Pe Ph Cu fl
;)1«-S2 1r. 4-61 4411 26*92 tr. 1144 Sandbeiger.
f) 8*97 0-24 IS'te 40-69 24-06 2*46 dll BammeLiberg;
Ortliorhombic- In oblong rhombohedral tabled, groia
and in reniform masses.
1L=2— 2'5. Lustre vitreons. Color verdigris- to app
paler to white,
Oomp.— ^Cu'Ib+^PS+T % laodacker, who obtained (L c^) :
la 28-58 B 6*44 On 36 34 $R 1015 j^e 2-90
Pyr., etc. — B.B. od cfaucoal giTes iDiaceoui f^mee, and Atsea to ■ blick ]
salt of phosphorus a copper reacrtloiu Soluble ailer long beating in
gidrig a yellowiah-brown predpitate with Bulpburetted hjdrogeo.
Obs.— From JoiichimathaJ.
684. SVAKBSRQITB* STanbcrgit ^jMrSm, (Etr, Ak I
EhombohedraL H A i?:^90° 35' ; J2A4:II (occurring
Dauber; IiAli=:S7i'' to 88% Breith., with other rhoK
16' and 82'' 26'.
H,=6. G.=3-30 ; 2*571, Breith, ; 8*29, BlomstranA
adamantine. Color liuncj-yellow to yellowish-browiij,
rose-red. Streak reddish or colorless, Subtranspa
Ootii|>,— Analjiefl: 1, Igelstrdm (L c, md J. pr. Gh., UIt. 96S); V
C0Dtrib.» Dea S, 1867):
P
5
3ti n
ftu
n t^
C^ JTa
1. Wermlaod
n-80
17-3t
3TS4 1*40
_
6*00 11^
3. Weatana
16-70
1697
34 96 0'1$
^.
383 0&4
lew
BlotDstrand'a analysia g^iTei the 0. ratio (br ft H, ^, P. ft=3 : » i ._
8:9:6:5:6, it aUbrda the fbrmtila (i CV^^i il)» Pi^2 51 t?^^6 Bg|
milphuric acid 18-0, ilumina 34'9, Ume 189, water 12'l:=lfiO. Taking '
Itoorreepondalothefbrmula 5(iCa*+i Xl)»P^^d 2tl S + afcifl^t^
Igelfltrom'B analjata aflbrdji appfosimatoly S : 9 : t : i f f
NIIBATE8.
691
dc, with one perfect deayage, and a second indined 129** to the other, both paralld to
agonal.
5*6. G.=8*4— 8'53. Lustre waxy or pearlj, weak. Odor black. Sabtranslucent
; by Fidnus (L c.) : P l'2-82, S 407, ^e 68-85, Stn 6'82, Ca 017, Si 0-17, fi 16-87. B.B.
lemimetallic slag, which is magnetia In adds hardly attacked.
t Bodenmais, with garnet, iolite, eta Also reported as occurring at the Gottesgab mine^
amais, in crystals.
HYDROUS ANTIMONATES.
rDUUlMiTJU. Blei-Niere (fr. Nertschinsk) Karst., Tab., 60, 77, 78, 1800 (dting anal.
kemij Schrift Qes, Nat Fr. Berlin, x. 874, 1792). Antimonate of Lead. Antimonbld-
jitimonsaures Bleioxyd, Ghrm, Stibiogalenit Olock,^ Syn., 267, 1847. Bleinerite Ifteolf
3, 1849.
phous, reniform, or spheroidal ; also earthy or incrusting. Stme-
letimes curved lamellar.
[. G. =4-60— 4*76, Siberia, Hermann ; 5*05, white, Cornwall,
; 4*707, brown, ib., Heddle. Lustre resinous, dull, or earthy,
hite, gray, brownish, yellowish. Streak white to grayish or yel-
Opaque to translucent.
-]h)* Sb+ 4 ]6[, Siberian mineral, Hermann; l^'Sb+2|]6[, Horhaosen, Bamm.; 'tb*
, Cornwall, Heddle, anal 4, 6 ; the true nature not fully understood,
s: 1, Hermann (J. pr. Ch., xxxiv. 179); 2, 0. Stamm (Pogg., c. 618); 8-6, Heddle
., rV. xiL 126, Greg A Letts. Min., 873) ; 6, Peny (ib.):
gb
l»b
U
Pe
Oa
2s
S^ertsdiinsk
31-71
61-38
6-46
.-i.
— =100 Hermann.
Boriiausen
4113
48-84
6-48
3-36
<r.
It., Cu 0-84=99-69 Stamm.
domwnn, white
42-22
47-04
11-60
=100-76 Heddle.
K tl
4244
46-68
11-98
— =101-10 Heddle.
" brown
46-70
48-94
6-46
1-44
1-34
«r.=99-88 Heddle.
it
47-36
40-78
11-91
-^=100 Percy.
-ly found m the Nertschinsk mineral (Schw. J., zzviL 1) Sb 43*96, Is 1642, l*b 88*10,
u 8-24, §i 2-34, 5 0*62, Fe, Mu, eta, 3 32=103*28. Bindheim (I a) made H to oontain
86, Fe 14^ ^ 10, Si, Al 9, Ag 1-16=96-16.
tc — In the dosed tube gives oflf water. B.B. on charcoal reduced to a metallio globule
ly and lead, coating the charcoal white at some distance from the assay, and yellow
it
L result of the decomposition of other anthnonial ores.
ertschinsk in Siberia; Horhausen; near Endellion in Com wall, with jamesonite, flrom
( derived.
He ia German for Leadrhtdney-itet and StOnogalenUe implies the presence of galena or
hence the substitute above after the earliest analyst of the spedee.
B. NITEATES,
Smm
Jt» N0,|e |K
Soda Him
ila» N©.|e|N«
HmocALOEn
c«»+fi (N0,).|eje«+«q
HmoicAemnn l^f^+nlft
(Ne,),|e,pig+iiaq
(Bettr^ I 817) Nitrate of potasli ii'^n, gtilphate of liin« tS'H <5*»W of c
of lime 30*40=^98 60.
Pyr^ etc. — Deflagrates TiTidlj on bumiDg ooak, and detooAtea with
Colors the flame violet (potash). Dissolvefl eaailj m water; not altered 1^ j
Ob*. — Found geiieniUy ia minute needle-fonn crjstala, and crustajra I "
on walls, rocks, etc. It forma abundantly in certain aoila in Spain, .
during hot weotber miooeedlng raina. Also manufactured ft-om soils \
of lime or Boda) form In a simikr manner, and beds called nitriariei m i
France, Germany, Sweden, Hungary, and other countriet. EeAise _
in calcareous aoils, giYGS rise to the mtrote of lime. Old plaster, UxiTifttt
of nitro. In India it is obtained in large qnantilies for the arts.
Kitre requires for its formation dry air and long periods without nun; lli|
from the debris of feldapAthie rocks in the soiL Tbe otJcydsUoo of tbo nilfK
moled by organic matters; hence the nitre is geiterally oftsodttted wttlij
organic substances. A nitre crust from the ricinity of Gonstantine, '
Oaf^ and MgS 3-00, NaCl 600, 1^ 3 50, iusoL, etc, 1-60=100, Bom
In Madison Co., Kentucky, it is found scattered through tbe loose j
of a large cave. Also in other caverns in the Misdaaippi vaUey. Th
Uroestone slopes and in the gorges of the Cumberland table-land, afl
Nitre» aoooi-ding to Frankenheim, is dimorphoua, like oarhonate
(aragonlte-Uke), the other rhmibohedral (calcite>hlce)p Tbe priaoiatiol
-10' C. and 300^ C: and between theae temperatures tha ibombolil
into the prismatic through the presence of some foreign subatance.
hedral is the nomuLl one, the prismatic here chan^ng to it| and i
diminution of temperature (Pogg^, xdL 364).
691, SODA NITR£« Sonde nitratee native M. de Ewert^^ AxjXl d. 1
of 3oda. Soda Nitre. Nitre cubiqne. Nstroo-Salpeter Xe^nA., .
ffaid^ Handb., 18SI!.
KhombohedraL i? A ^=106^ 88' ; a==0'85l7«,
dral, perfect. In efflarescencee ; alfio maafiiTei gnut _
H.=l-5-2. G,^2'09-2'29; 2-290, TarapftcOjHAj
Color white ; al&o reddiah-brown, gray, and kmon-yi —
Bather sectile. Fracture indistinctly t»>nchoidaL Taatc (
etrongly doubly refracting,
Oomp^lral^=Nlt^ add 03 & aoda 3e*5=:|0a Eocihrtottor (
B0BATB8. 598
I obtained ftom massea collected by Mr. Blake, Nitrate of soda 64*98, sulphate of
mon salt 28*69, iodids 0 68, shells and marl 2*60=99*90.
,900 quintals of this salt refined were shipped from Yquiqne; in 1866, 1,000,000
I used for the manufieicture of nitric acid and nitre.
)da nitre equals nearly 0 A f in apatite.
OAZiOlTB. Kalksalpeter Eaus.^ Handb., 1818. Nitrate of lime. Ghttoz ultra-
NTitrocaldte Shep.^ Min., iL 84, 1836. Oaldnitre Huot, Min., ii. 480, 1841.
escent silken tufts and masses. Color white or gray. Taste
)itter.
ft-ffi=Nltrlc add 59*4, lime 80-7, water 9*9=100.
-On burning coals it slowly f\i8es with a slight detonation, and dries. Yeiy daii-
e, but not after, being desiccated by heat.
cura in silky efflorescences, in many limestone caverns, as those of Kentndnr.
in covered spots of earth, where the soil is calcareous, and is extensively used m
re of saltpetre. According to Hausmann, a large part of the so-called nitre In
lalt
BSAaMBSITB. Nitrate of Magnesia Beud,, Tr., iL 384, 1832. STitromagneslte
ii 86, 1836. Magnesinitre ffuot^ Min., iL 481, 1841. Magn^sie nitrate Hag-
sscences. White. Taste bitter.
B salt contains, when pure and anhydrous, nitric add 72*3, magnesia 27*7.
limestone caves, along with nltrocalcite.
:e of this spedes as a natural product has not yet been dearly nuMle onl
4. BORATES.
in but few minerals; viz., Datolite, Danburite. Aad-
B, with the following. It is a remarkable fact that in
d occurs in
ourmaline, \ ^,
1, as far as known, the crystallization is either hemihedral or
$oracite and Rhodizite are hemihedral isometric; Tourmaline
rhombohedral ; Datolite is monoclinic ; while Danburite and
I triclinic. In Tourmaline and Axinite boric acid acta the part
ABRANOEMENT OF THE SPECIES.
> for bases and add 1 : 1.
1 ft«B
m (JMg+ifi)*B+ifi
EACiii (i(Ca,Mg)«+flf)B
B|e,|H.
B.|e.KiH,+tifg).
> for bases and add 1 : 4.
t llg»B*+iMga
B,e,|e.|Mg,+*ifeaa
■
t8
B0BATB8.
595
_-_^- ..ntb for Ag^fi, 6=16 : 18 :4; fommk 3 Ag* B*+4 S, Stromeyer ; or, if partof
iwterbabMifl^ (tlig+i]ft)'S+i&
Ui^yiei: 1, 2, StromeTer (Ber. Ak. Wien, xlvii. 347); 3, Sommaruga (ib^ zlviiL 648):
S lilg 1^ CI 9e Si
1. JMBm 36-66 62-49 6-99 0*49 1'66 0-20=:98-49 StronL
1 EBmelB 34-60 49*44 12-87 0*20 3*20 =99-81 Strom.
%.NMlm 87-38 68-26 6*77 0-61 1-78* 0'31=100Soiimianiga.
•2Pe*0',8HO.
Aid. 1 and 8 aiford, after separating impurities, the iron as 9e* £[* :
S 38-85
88*88
Mg 64*66
64-67
fl 700
6-96
*fr^ etc — Yields water. B.B. splits open, glows, and fVises to a pale, hornlike, brownish-graj
^ Qoloriiig the flame yellowish-red
hm» Occurs in kernels imbedded in a gray granular limestone at Werksthal in southeastern
after Szi^ibelyi, who collected the limestone containing it
• HnXBOBQRAGITB. 0. Hess, Pogg., zzxL 49, 1834. Hydrous Borate of lime and
Magnesia.
bCBombles fibrons and foliated fin^snm.
L=2. G.=l-9— 2. Color wlSte, with spots of red from iron. Thin
368 transluoent.
a«^V^«*B*H-*g'B*+18*=(i0a+iMg)'S*H-9ft; or, making the water basic, (fl0[+i
lilg))>S;=Boric add 478, Ume 14-3, magnesia 10-2, water 27*7 = 100. Analyses by Hess
fc xcd. 49) :
B Ca Ag fi
1. 49-92 13-80 10-43 26-38=100.
2. 49-22 13*74 10-71 26 33=100.
^ft, elo^-^BwB. ftiaes to a dear glass, tinging the flame slightly green, and not beoomhig
laai In a matrass affords water. Somewhat soluble in water, and yiekUng a slightly alka-
Dissdves easily in muriatic and nitric adds.
•Hydioboradte was flrst observed by Hess, in a collection of Oancasian minerals. The
k WM Ibll of holes filled with day, oontaming different salts. It may be mistaken for
but to rmdnj distinguished by its ftisibUity.
Eubisdie Quars-Erystalle (fir. Liineburg) Lasius, OreU*s Ann., iL 838, 178T.
_ r fiedatlv-Spath Westrumb, KL phy8.-ch. Abh., iiL 167, 1789. Borarit WertL, Bergm.
» IIM, 893, 1790, 284. Borate of Magnesia. I£agn6sie borat<^ lY. Parasit 0. Vtigtr, Pogg.,
H. n, 1854. MwwiYe Boradte of Stassfturt=StasAirtit (7. Bxm, Pogg., xoriL 638, 1866.
Ic ; tetrahedral. Figs. 1, 29, 30, and the annexed. Observed planes
b the fignres, with also ^^
L 5-jL on alternate aisles
m GSeavase : octahe<&al,
noeB. Cubic faces some-
188 striated parallel to al-
&ite pairs of edges, as in
rita
B.=7| in crystals; 4*5,
isriva G.=2-974, Haid-
|Br ; 8-9184, maaBive, Ear-
it Lustre vitreoiiB, in-
596
OXYGEN GOMFOUHDS.
clining to adamantine. Color wtite, inclining to gray, jeHoy , .
Sti^ak white, Subtransparent — transluceBt, Tractnre concliaidjdjj
Pyroelectric, and polar along the four octahedral axes.
Var, — L Ordinary. In eryHtali. 2, Masgivt, with Bometiniefl a eaboafauiiiittr
furliie of Eoae, It resembles a flno-gnUned white marble or gnnolar IhneeU
Voiger ia the plumose interior of some crjstaifl of boractta
Oomp*— Mg*B*'»-iMgCl=Boric add 62-6, magnesia 26 8, chlorid of
AnalTsea: A. of crystalai 1^ Stromeyer {GiIbert*B Ann., ilviii 215); 3,
StockL, 1832, 92): 8, Rammelsberg |Pogg.,xlix 445); 4, Weber (Pogg., Im. 26J>; i
(Pogg« evil 433); 7, 8, Siewert and Geist (J. pr. Ck, IxrviL 338)i
B. Of MiiBBive Boracite or StaBsfurtite : 1, Karaten (Pogg., bcx, 557, 1S47); % C.
(Iiiang. Diaa-); 3, Siewert A Drenkhnm (Z& Nat Yen Halle, z\. 365); 4, R LtKli
Pharm,, n, icvi 129); 5, Heinta {X pr. Cli., bctri. 24S); 6^ Potyka (Pogg^cru. 4^)i
(Areh. Phann., II. xcvilL 13&):
A, L Ltneburgi trp, erysL
It
opaque
chuded
m
B
m ,
[69-7]
[C9'77]
[64-48]
62*91
61-19
llifsr"
61 '80]
69-05
58 45]
'61*221
58'90l
Mg
33
SOS
80-23
31-39
2524
2619
25-48
25*44
2948
*29-9H
S083
23-80
25-74
2616
24-93
ID3
(•eo-ad
0-82
0-48
f*e0-40
MgCl
10 90
10-41
11-43
11*83
11-75
10^98
10-73
9-97
=100 Strom,!
=UX) ArfV.
=100 ]
3 53=100 We
0-55=101 It
o-M=ioo-a
=1001
— -tooGtiftI
=100]
=lfiO<
=lOOi
6-00=100]
i'«3=ioo:
1-95=100]
6-20 = 100 ]
An inm-boratite (EiseBBtaSBfartit) from Stassfnrt ia described bj Huf saeo ('/abilL J
329), havmf^ half the Mg replaced hv te.
Weatnimb, who was the first to aetect in boradte the boric add (8edatiT8ala=fi
old authors), found (I c.^ and alao Sebrilt Ges. N, Ft. Berlin, ix.) Bitrio add €8-0, \
lime U-0, alumina 10, oxjd of iron 0*75, silicii 2-0=96-25. In another trial he <
% 20-5, Ca 7-0, te I 25, Xl 225, Si 1-0, with 2 of water or losa on ignitioti=99il
subflequent analyats failed to detect the chlorine.
Pyr., etc. — The massive variety giycs water in the closed tube, B^ both T«m|(
2 with lotuHieseenc© to a white crystalline pearl, coloring the 6jtme green j
ing with cobalt solution aMsutDes a deep pink color. Mixed with oxyd of (
charcoal colors the Eatne deep emire^blue (cblorid of copper). Soluble ia ora
Bohible in powder in dilute muriatic, nitric, or sulphuric adds, and th«
readily so. Alters very slowly on expoaure, owing to the chlorid of i
takes up water.
It is the frequent presence of this deliquescent cblorid in the ttmnife mlnenl, I
ing, that led to the view that there was a hydrous boradte (alaaafhrtitex S»q «a ]
BIschof a StevDsalzwerke bei Staasfurt. p. 36, and Stdnbeck in Pogg^ eizT. fi.
Volger is a re&ult of the same kind o^ alteration in the Interior of cryatala of 1
gives the somewhat plumose character it has, and the water. Weber's azialyab ab^ftl
ably made on Fuch an altered crystal
Obi,— Observed in beds of anhydrite, gypsum, or salt In cryaials mi Kalkb
in Liineburg, Hauorerj at Segeberg, near Kiel in Holatein; at LuneTiUe, La
massive, or as part of the rock of the Salt Mine at Stassfurt, Prussia.
Boradte was flnt shown to be pyroelectric by Haiiy in 1791.
698. RHODlZITB»
Rhodkit a ncse, Pogg., xxxiE 253^ 18^ xxx!z. ni.
PlaueB 1 smooth and i
I&ometric and tetrahedral, like boracite
i often uneven,
H.=8. G.=3 3— 3 42. Lustre vitreous, inclined to frfaminti
white. Translucent Pyroelectric,
B0BATB8.
597
— B.B. in the platinum forceps Aises with difficulty on the edgw to a white opaque
; the flame at mat green, then green below and red above, and finally red throughout
md udt of phosphorus (Vises to a transparent glass. Supposed to be lime-boradte.
md by G. Bose in minute crystals on red tourmalines from near Sarapulsk and Schai-
▼icanity of Eatharinenburg, and named from ^6i^stv, in allusion to its tinging flame
rgest crystals seen were two lines in diameter.
LX. !nnkal of India. ChrysocoUa (ex nitro oonfecta), Borras, Agric^ 1546. Borax
ICin., 1748. Borate of Soda. Boraxsaures Natron Germ, Sonde borate I^.
inic. (7=73° 25', I A 7=87°, 0 A 2-i=132° 49' ;
0-4906 : 1 : 0'9095. Observed planes as in the
ignre, with also 4-i. 0 A 7=78° 40' and 101°
=139° 30', 0 A 2=115° 53', 0 A 4-i=114° 51*',
>0°, i^ A 7=133° 30'. Cleavage: i-i perfect:
irl in traces. Plane of composition iri; 0 A O
-2*5. G.=l*716. Lustre vitreous — resinous ;
\ earthy. Color white ; sometimes grayish, bluish
h. Streak white. Translucent — opaque. Frac-
loidal. Rather brittle. Taste sweetish-akaline.
492
/^^^
ci=Ly
!Ja BVIO ti ; or (^ l5ra+f ft) B+4J fi=Boric acid 36-6, soda 16*2, water 47-2.
. — B.B. puffs up, and afterward fhses to a transparent globule, called the fjLsM of
d with fluor spar and bisulphate of potash it colors the flame around the assay a clear
ble in water, jielding a faintly alkaline solution. Boiliug water dissolves double its
LB salt
rax was originallj brought from a salt lake in Thibet The borax is dug in masses
;e8 and shallow parts of the lake, and in the course of a short time the holes thus
lin filled. This crude borax was formerly sent to Europe under the name of tincal,
irified. It is announced by Dr. J. A. Yeatch as existing in the waters of the sea along
a coast, and in those of many of the mineral springs of California (J, FrankL Inst,
(tals, 2 or 3 inches across, occur in the mud of Borax Lake, near Clear Lake, OaL,
of Suisun Bay and 36 m. from the Pacitlc It has also been found at Viquintiioa
in Peru ; at Halberstadt in Transylvaniu ; in Ceylon. It occurs in solution in the
igs of Chambly, St Ours, etc., Canada East (Hunt, Logan's G. Rep., 1868).
8 of Borax Lake, California, contain, according to G. K Moore, 585*08 grains of crys-
X to the gallon (Am. J. Sd., xlL 257).
now extensively made from the boric acid of the Tuscan lagoons, by the reaction of
carbonate of soda. This salt is employed in seyeral metallurgical operations as a
times used in the manufacture of glass and gems, and extensively in the process of
rax from the Arabic buraq^ which included also the fii^ (carbonate of soda) of ancient
natron of the Egyptians.
i has analyzed a borate occurring as an incrustation at the Tuscan lagoons, whidi
3-6e, Sa 19-26, fi 87-19=100, giving the formula iSTa B*+6 fi (Am. J. ScL, XL xvil
aZXJTB. Haye8ine?.B^t, Am. J. Scl,n.xviil29, 1854. Bechilite 2^0. Hydrous
Borate of Lime.
ts, as a deposit from springs.
X ratio for Ca, S, t[=l : 6 : 4; (i Ca+iH) B+ll]^=Boric add 5%% lime 20 9
:100. Analysis: Bechi (La):
i 51-13
Ca 20-86
1^26-26
21, Ag H6=99-98.
B0BATB8. 699
B Ca fTa & fi NaOl
1 Iqnique [43-701 1313 6*67 0-88 85*67 — =100 Bamm.
1 "^ [46-30] 14*08 5-17 32*61 1-89=100 HeUng:
L " 42-48 14*39 7*72 85-61 =100 Kraut
1. " [47*20] 16*24 6*38 801 8 =100 Kraut.
I " [48-22] 17*68 5*42 28*68 =100 Krant
I Africa 45*74 13'46 7*08 33-78 =100 Kraut
Hlqaiqoe 44-38 12*69 558 36-85 — , Mg 050=100 Lunge.
i. W. Africa 86-91 1402 8*69 3740 2-19, ^aS 0-89=100 KletzinBkL
0. Iqiriqae 34-71 14*45 11*95 84*00 , 01 1-34, B 110, Si 060, sand 2*00=100'16 P.
II " 84-74 15-78 8-33 35-00 0*81, S 0*84, earthj 2*90=100 Salvetat
II K. Sootia [41*97] 13*95 8*36 34-89 , B 129, Mg 0*04=100 How.
k " [4410] 14-20 7-21 • — 8449 =100 How.
a.ofanaL 10=1-912.
Id analTBiB 3, 8*17 chlorid of sodium, 0'41 sulphate of soda, and 0*89 sulphate of lime are
Pyr., eto. — ^Tlelds water. B.B. fVises at 1 with intumescence to a dear blebbj glass, coloring
IS flame deep yellow. Moistened with sulphuric add the color of ^e flame is momentarily
hugei to deep green. Not soluble in cold water, and but litUe so in hot ; the solution alkaline
HinactiottB.
ObSi^ — Occurs in the dry plains of Iquique, Southern Peru ; in the province of Tarapaca* (where
Is oaUed tuta\ in whitish rounded masses, from a hazelnut to a potato in size, whidi consist of
tewoTen flbres of the ulezite, with pickeringite, ^uberite, halite, gypsum, and other impori-
«; on the West Africa coast ; in Noya Scotia, at Windsor, Brookville, and Newport (H. ELow),
Bog narrow cavities, or constituting distinct nodules or mammillated masses imbedded in white
yram, and associated at Windsor with glauber salt, the lustre internally silky and the color
S white ; in Nevada, in the salt marsh of the Columbus Mining District, forming layers 2-5 in.
attemating with layers of salt, and in balls 3-4 in. through in the salt
Samed after Ulez, who gave the first correct analysis of the mineral
iklL— Occurs altered to gypsum.
Miayesine Dana (Hydrous Borate of Lime A, A, Hayes^ Am. J. Scl, zlvi. 377, xlvii 215, 1844;
Mooakite; Hydroborocaldte Hauim,^ Handb., 1429, 1847) from southern Peru, is the above. It
naa from the same locality, and has the same appearance ; and all analyses of the Peruvian
liianl since that by Hayes have found soda to b« an essential constituent Hayes obtained
46*11, Oa 18-89, tL 3500=100, with the formula 0aB'+6^; and he attributed the soda found
rUtax to the mixed g^uberite.
603. ORTPTOMORFHmi. K Haw, Am. J. SoL, U. zzzii. 9, 1861.
In kernels apparently uncrystalline, but under a high magnifying power
bown to consifit of thin tables or plates, rhombic in outline, and about 80^
aao^le.
Without lustre. Color white.
Ooaqp^— O. ratio for JTa, Oa, fi, % according to How, from an imperfect analysis, 1 : 3 : 27 : 12
BBorio add 58*5, lime 15*6, soda 5*8, water 201= 100, and no satisfiictory formula. 1 : 3 : 24 :
J voold give the more probable composition (i(^a, Oa) + id)B+£[=Boiio add 65*6, lime 16*7,
i0dft6-2, water 21*6=100. Analysis : How (L a):
S
Ca
Sa
a
Mg
s
A.
53*98
14-21
7-25
19-76
0*62
8-98=100.
K
59*10
1555
5*61
19-72
-^
— ..
Bit tba mult after removing the magnesia and part of the soda in the state of sulphataa as
rttwf ato. Bame as under ulezite.
tttA-Oocon in white lustreless kernels of the size of a pea or bean lying between Cfystals of
^ The province of Tarapaca is between 19** and 2^** a lat, and 3000 to 3500 Ibet above the
TrarOSTAXaB, VOLTBOtAXEB, TAHADtATEB.
601
TUNGSTATES, MOLYBDATES, VANADATES.
ASRAS&EMSST OF THB SPE0IS8.
STATES AND MOLTBDATEa
WOLrBAMITB A
(t*e+tliIn)W
we,|e,Ki9e+>ifii)
B
(l^e+lliDi)*
w©je,Kf3P»+fMii)
0
(|Je+iAn)W
WejO,K»Fe+Hfa)
D
te : ftD=S : 1, 3 : 1, 6 : 1
^r wa|wa|Hll
Ferbebitb
(f*e+ifin)*W
w.e.|e.|(|Pe+iMii)
BfXOABASXn
(ito+tibiyVt*
w.eje.Ki»e+fMii)
CaW
we.ie,|em
(fO.+iCu)W
w0,ie,Kfe«+t€u)
Stoleitb
tbW
we,|e,|Pb
tbflo
Mo 0«|Ot|Pb
PATXRAm
Oofio
tfo 0a|O«|Oo
LDATEa
{l'b,2n)V
ve,|e,KP^zn)
"Dmownm
tvv
•V- t7|t74|X*0t
VAJTADDlin
3tb'V+pbcn
V|e.|Pb.+iPb GU
VOLBOBTHm
Ca.V,fi
Chiuitb
Lopi Spuma, Lapis niger ex qao oonflatar oandidnm plumbum [=Tiii],
It., S66, 1646. Yolfhun, Ferrun araenioo mineralisatum, Spuma Lupi (fr. tin TeintX
L, 268, 1747. ICagnesla [= Manganese] parva oum portione martia et Joria mixte,
fr. AltenbergX OraruL, Min., 107, 1758. Wolfram=TDHasno Aon, Iron, and Mans^
, Chem. ZergL Wolfirama., 1786. Tungatate of Iron and Manganeae. Sdieolin forro-
r., It. 1801. Wolfhunit BreUlL, Char., 227, 1832.
lombic- /A 7=101^ 6', Eose (101^ 45', Kerndt ; 101^ Desdoi-
'A i.i=140^ 32' ; i-i A *-t=117° 20' ; 1-i A l-i, over the Bummit.
d rarely f i. Also irregular lamellar ; coarse divergent columnar ;
ranular, the particles strongly coherent.
-6-6. G.=7-l-7-55. Lustre submetaUic Color dark gniyish
sh-black. Streak dark reddish-brown to black. Opaque, Bome-
k magnetic.
602
OXYGEN OOMPOUKDe.
Tar* — ^The most importatit Taiieties depend on the proportions of the ifoa tad i
Thofle rich in manganese have Q.^t'ld — 1'&4^ but generally below 7*25, and tha i
black. Those rich in iron ha?e G-. = 7*2— T*6i, and a dark reddiah-brown atraak, j
aometimes feebly attractable by the magnet
4U
0 1
k
H
H
H
I
3.3
14
a
i-2
j /
»-2
^
MV
Observed Planes.
Oomp.— (^e, Mn) W ; mostly either a ^e W-f-3 liln W, or 4 te W-hlin W; bgl <
2: ], 3r 1, 6: 1, and 1: 4,
Analyses: 1, 0. J, Popplein (Mining Mug., IL i. S59); 2, 0. S. Rodman (prir.
nouilli (Fogg., cxi 603); 4, 5, ScbflfTgotBch (Pogg., lil 475); 6, Ebelmen fAnn- Cb, PhT
5€5); 7, Kuaein (RnmnL 3d SuppL, 127); 8, BeraomlU (l. c); 9, Weidinger (Z& "
71); 10, R. Schneider (J. pr. Ch., ilii. S22); 11-16, Kemdt (J, pr. Ch., xliL $1): H.
(Lc)j 18, 19, Schaflgotsch (La); 2u, Kerndt (1 e); 21-24, Bemotiilli (l ci); 2**». B. i
(Pogg,, xdii. 474); 26, Ebelmeo (L c.|; 27, Rammelsberg (2d Snppl., 176); 2»-iJB, T
ai-38, IL Schneider (L c.) : 34, ^- A. Gentb (Am. J. 8d^ IL ixriii 253) ; 3fi^ F
xyt476):
TnK08TATB8y MOLTBDATB8, VANADATES.
603
a.
W J'e An Oa
DUp
t-48— 7-61
76-83
19-32
4-84
76-68
18-77
6-01
76-76
18-08
6-76
Id
76-98
18-61
6-02
76-13
18-49
6-10
;
76-67
18-98
4-90
i
(J) 76-20
19-19
4-48
)rode
7-143
75-66
20-17
3-64
7-23
76-90
19-25
4-80
rideo
76— 7-618
76-02
19-21
4-76
jnsk
7-5
76-64
19-56
4-81
lasebach
76-04
19-61
4-98
faffenberg
76-21
18-64
6-23
[eiseberg
76-26
20-27
3-96
£, N. C.
7-496
76-79
19-80
6-36
land
74-67
17-59
6-64
^!cb
=99-99 Eemdt
0-22=99-68 BemouaH.
Jb 0-31=99-89 Bernouim.
5b 0-62=10008 BemouiUi
=99-72 Bernonilli
0-70=100-96 Peteold.
, Mg 0-80=100-67 Ebelm.
=99-27 Rammelsberg.
=99-96 Kerndt
=99-98 Kemdt.
=100-00 Kerndt
, Mg <r.=100-92 Sdu
" 0-86= 100-74 SdL
" 0-16=100-91 SdL
0-82, Sn ^.=101-26 Qenth.
, Si 2-10=100 BeneUus.
I giyes for the composition of a wolfram from the Department of Haute Yienne, W
1*46. Mn 11-95=100 (Ann. Ch. Phys., xzx. 261) ; and Bichardaon found for one from
' 73-60, ^e 11-20, Mn 16-75=100-55 (Thorn. Min,, i. 487). The former analTsia cor-
arlj to the ratio 5 : 4 for the two tungstates ; and the latter to 8 : 4 nearly.
vler (Ann. Ch. Pharm., cxL 247) found indium in two specimens of wolfram ; one
228 p. c.
I tungsten was first recognized in this mineral by the brothers J. Joseph and F.
1 1786 (Ch. AnaL of Wolfram, eta, translated from the Spanish by CtL CuUen, London,
k of which a German translation by Gren was published at Halle in 1786). They
m the Zlnnwald mineral Tungstio add 66-0, ozjd of manganese 22*0, of iron 18*6=
i. — B.B. fuses easily (F.=2-5— 3) to a globule, which has a crystalline sorfaoe and ia
With salt of phosphorus gives a dear reddish-yellow glass whUe hot, wluch is piUer
in RF. becomes dark red ; on charcoal with tin, if not too saturated, tbe bead asaiimea
a green color, which continued treatment in bLf. changes to reddiah-yeUow. With
itre on platinum foil fUses to a bluish-green manganate. Decomposed by aqua regia
tion of tungstic acid as a yellow powder, which, when treated B.B., reacts as under
. 186). Wolfram is suffidently decomposed by concentrated sulphuric add, or even
d, to give a colorless solution, which, treated with metallic zin(^ becomes intensely
on bleaches on dilution.
olfram is often assodated with tin ores ; also in quartz, with native bismuth, tungstafee
Ite, galenite, blende, etc. It occurs at Cornwall, much to the detriment of the tin ores.
8 crystals at Schlackenwald, Schneeberg, G^yer, Freiberg, Altenberg, Ehrenftiedersdorf^
ad Nertschinsk, and other places mentioned above ; at Chanteloup, near Limogea, in
ir Redruth and elsewhere in Cornwall ; in Cumberland (the ratio 2 : 8 at Lodifella,
at Godolphln's Ball) ; on the Island of Bona, one of the Hebrides ; in the auriferooa
Wicklow rivers, Ireland, with tin. Also in 8. America, at Oruro in Bolivia. The
iinnwald are remarkable as hemitropea
States it occurs at Lane's mine, Monroe, Conn., in quartz, assodated with native bis-
le other minerals above mentioned, often pseudomorphous after tungstate of Ume; in
ties at Trumbull, Conn., at the topaz vein ; massive and in crystals on Camdage Iknn,
lill Bay, Me. ; at the Flowe mine, Mecklenburg Co., N. C, with scheelite, crystals
i; i-i, i-i, l-l ; in Missouri, near Mine la Motte, and in St Francis Oa. l4 m* flrom
Kiver ; in a gneiss boulder on the W. shore of Chief Island, L. Gouchiching, Canada
ammoth mining district, Nevada.
i(»8 is shown to be isomorphous with columbite by G. Rose (Pogg., Ixiv. 171). Des-
and in the angles of wolfram some evidence that the crystals were monoclinia But
ws fh>m the twins that the form is orthorhombic and not oblique,
dfhun occurs altered to scheelite by a substitution of lime for iron.
NBBITB. K RioUe, Beese River (CaL) Reveille, 1866 ; J?. Ondner, in B. H. Ztg.,
xziv. 370, 1866.
hombic. 7 A 7=105'*. Cleavage : i-t very perfect. Oommonly
lar masses or foliated.
604
OXYGEN OOMPOirNDS,
H.=4-5. G.=7'14, Breith. Lustre adamantiQe on face of
elsewhere greasy* Color browniBh-red to brownish-black. Streak y<
iBh-brown, Opaque. Fracture uiieven.
Oomp. — SCtt W— Tungstic acid 76*6, protoxyd of mauganese 23'4:=^10a
k Hiibner (La); fl^ 0. & Bodnum (priy. ooDtiib«) :
W
Mn
te
1. Nevada
76'4
28*4
— ^=9^*8 R. 4 H.
2 «
pft^-iS]
un
O-Si-tOOBodman.
Analyfietj
Pyr,, etc. — B,B. in the forcepa less fasibl© than wolfram ; with tba fiuzet giiPM i
nod tuDgstic acid reactionB. Partially eoluble in muriatic add, leariog a yeUow i
in Ammonia,
Oba, — From the Erie and Entorpriae veina^ in Mammoth diat, Nevada, inAvda I
in argUUte, with acheellter iuor, and apatite.
612. FSEB£IK1TH Jerberit K. L, T. Liehe, Jabrb. Mln. 1S63, 641, ftttribiitiiig 1
Breitlmupt.
Ma&Bive, granular, with some imperfect planes of crystallisatiOD.
age : t-l very distinct.
H.=4'~4i. G,:=6*801, BreitL ; 7-109, Ramm. Lustre ii3
vitreous, a little eubmetallie-aclamantine. Color black. Streak 1
black to blackish-brown. Opaque.
Oomp*— TungBtate of iron with a little manganeee ; 0. ratio for ft, W=l : f *14 10 ]
nearly 1 : ^ (instead of 1 : 3, as in wolfram); giving the formula fi* W^^ with t^ ; i
AnaljfieB; I, Liebe (L c); 2-4, Rammelaberg (J. pr Oh., xcSl 2ii8) :
L Spain, Ibrherite
1*75. XlM7 = 9d'»0]
6&-8S
70-65
69-88 0-10
26^68
26-97
25-34
3-09
217
3D0
=$99*60 Bamm.
1 62 = 100 Banmt.
1 62-100 Bamm.
Pjrr*, eto. — B.B. on charcoal fbaes easOj to a magnetic globule,
Oba, — Occurs in the Sierra Almagrora in southern Spain, in argillao©oa« sdiisti '
Named after R. Ferber of Gera^
613. MmaAMAMITB. Megabaait Breitk, B. K Ztg., zL 189, 1852. Blnmit £
Jahrb. Min. 1668, 652, attributing name to Br^ithaupt
Orthorhombic, with the angles of wolfranij Blum* Clea^
tinct ; /in traces* Occurs in fine needles.
H.==3 5-4. G.=6 45, fr. Schlackenwald, Ramm. ; a-0^7, ib^ j
6*969, fr. Sadisdort; id, ; 6-939, fr. Morococha, id. Lii
adamantine. Color bro\raish-red, clove-brown to ye i»rai
a reddi&h-brown to hyacinth-red translucency. Streak paie
brown to ochre-yellow.
Oomp. — Tangatate of manganese with a little iron ; 0. ratio for ft, W—l : 2}, ai I
formula H* W*, with f> ; Md = 1 : 4,
Bammelaberg gives the 0, ratio 1:3; hut his anal 3, which he iigrm wis idmI* M
material, Ruataine 1 r 2^,
Analjaea r 1-3, BammeUberg (3d SuppL, 127» Min. CHl^ 309):
TTTNGSTATBS, HOLTBDATEB, VANADATES.
eo6
Sdilackenwald
[67-06] 6-72
71-71 719
71-6 5-4
19-78
21-10
28-1
8*02
1-08
Si
1-01
0-61
ign.
0-78=100.
=100.
— =ioa
— Same as for wolfVamite.
!ur8 at SchlackeDwald, where it is sometimes altered, as shown bj Blum, to litho-
at Sadisdorf ; at Morooocha, Peru.
miiTrB. Temiapat, Lapides stanniferi spathaoei " ilk en hnit spat " (fr. Bohemia),
., 303, 1747. Not Tungsten von Bastnaes [=Oerite] OnmsL^ Ak. H. Stockh., 1761,
1768. Stannum spathosum subdiaphanum album Xtnn., Sjst, 1768. Tungsten (=
Aon) and Lime) Scheeie, Ak. H. Stockh., 1781. Schwerstem Werrk, Beigm. J.,
KarsL^ Tab.^26, 1791. Scheelerz KarsL, Tab., 66, 1800, 74, 1808. Tungstate of
leelin calcaire H., Tr., iy. 1801. Scheelspath Bt^WLj Ohar., 28, 1820. Scheelit laonh^
)4, 1821.
>nal; heraihedral.
>; vertical
/,
b 1, H H i-^j
\ 3-3 and 1-2.
OaU = 123°
i-z, but not common
3-3, 1-2; hemih(
Observed
:114° 44'
=101 38
=120 21
3yr.,i=100
i)a8.,=130
=107^
4
33
14 A l-iy pyr.,=
14 A 14, bafi.,=113
1 A l-i=140 2
1-2 A 1=156 59
3-3 A 1=151 16
1 most distinct, 1-i interrupted, O traces.
)mpo6ition-face I ; also i4. Crystals usually
[ in form, resembling f. 496. Also reniform
nnar structure ; and massive granular.
.—5. G.=5-9— 6-076. Lustre vitreous, in-
adamantine. Color white, yellowish- white, Schlackenwald.
w, brownish, greenish, reddish ; sometimes
inge-yellow. Streak white. Transparent — translucent. Frao-
3n. Brittle.
la W=Lime 19*4, tungstic add 80-6=100.
1, KJaproth (Beitr., ul 44); 2, BeraeUus (Afh. i Pys., iv. 805); 8, 4, Brandea ft
weig. J., XX. 286); 6, Himmelbach (Za G., xv. 607); 6, Bernouilh (Pogg., cxL 607) j
[Ann. d. M. Russ,, 817, 1841); 8, Rammelsberg (Pogg., IxxviiL 514); 9, Bowen (Am.
8); 10, P. A. Genth (Am. J. ScL, XL xxtuL 262); 11, Domeyko (Ann. d. IL, IV. UL
isse (Bull a. Soc., XL x. 17):
9e
1-25, Hn 0-76=97*45 Elaprofch.
— =99-82 Beraelius.
=99-06 Brandos k Buchols.
1 -60, Oa and *1 1 -1 =98*64 Brandos ft B.
tr,, 3tl, Ag <r., ign. 0*60 Himmelbaoh.
— =99*96 BeraouDlL
^ Jig 0-66=97*94 Oh. a.=6*071.
=100-20 Rammelsberg. G.=6'0ft.
1-08. Mn 0-31=99-29 Bowen.
018, Sn 0-13, Cu 0-08=99*22 Qeath.
^ Ou 3*30=97-85 Dom^ko.
— =99-75 Delesae.
' TnotofiUfet.
w
Ca
gi
76-25
18-70
1-60
mknd, Sweden
80-42
19-40
awald
78-00
1906
2*00
I
76*60
16-60
2-94
birge
8eio»
19-30
Qa
80-70
19-25
enburg
78-41
18-88
78-64
21-66
Ot
76-05
19*36
2*64
L,N. a
79-62
19-31
OhUi
75-75
18-05
0*75
80*35
19-40
em
oxraKN ooMPouKDe.
The brotheni Elhujart obtiiiiied (tee for ret under Wolfram) W 6a» Ca 30, ign. 2=^
Pyr^ etc— B3. in the foroepa fusee at 5 to a ii«mi-tninipareixt g^asa. Soluble iH ~
a tranfiparent glass, which afterward becotnes opaque and crjstaUI&e, With aaJt of i
forma a gkaa, Golorkfls In outer flame, in muer green when hot, and fine blue oold ; vm
taining Iron require to be treated on charcoal with tin before the blue color appearm.
or nitric; at^id decompoeedf leaviii^ a yellow powder soluble in ammonia.
Oba. — Tungstato of lime is usually associated with cryatalliDe rocka, and ia oomiDOn
connection with tin ore, topaz^ 0 no rite, apatite, molybdenite^ or wolfratn, in qoarta.
Occurs at Seliluckenwald and Zinnwald in Bohemia; in the Bieaengebiige ; m Hi
Caldbeck Fell, Dear Keawiek, with apatite, molybdeutte, and woUhoiL iJao wlk i
Salzberg; Neudorf in the Ears; Ehrenfriederftdorf in Saxony; Fdnnf in HoDg
in Piedmont, in fine cryslalef some times traua parent; Daiecarlia and Bitsbecg in
mout in the Vos^a, with pyrite In polished crystals, glv-ing Delesae for the ang^J
1, 100'' fi' and 130"^ M\ G.:=^6i)C; at the copper mines of XJamneo, near Ghnap
reddiflh-gray color^ mixed with gr^eeo, due to chrysocolla.
In the United States, crystaUized and massive at Ijuie% Mina, Monroe, and at
Conn., with wolfrem, pyrite, mtile, and natire bismuth, in quartz; at Cheat^rfie
albite^ with tourmaline; in the Mammoth mining district, Nevada; at Bangle mine^ J
Oa, N. C. ; and Flo we mine, Mecklenburg Ck)., aome cryBtals at the latter locality bar
of wolfram*
TungBtio add was diacoyered in this spedea by the Swedish chemiit Sdieeky la
word tungflen^ flrat used by Cronstedt^ is Swedish for heavy »Ume.
Alt, — Occurs altered to wolfram, a tungstate of iron and maDgaoese, by tlie actioo <
of bicarbonate of iron and manganese, or perhaps mainlj through sulphate of 1
the decomposition of pyrite. Also to kaolinite (at fihrenf^tederedorf ).
616. CUPHOSOHBEUTI]. J. D. WhUnty, Proc Gal. Acad, Hi !
Crystalline-graDular, Cleavage distinct in one direction
n,=:4"5— 5, Lustre liigbly ^atreouB. Color pistadiio-greeii^ p«
oli%^e- and leek-green. Streak light greenish-gray.
Oomp,— 0. ratio for % W=l : 8; On Wh-2 Ca W^Tungstic add 78*43» ootyd of <
lime 12'62"100, Analyaiai Whitney (L c):
W 79-69 OurtT J'© 0-81 Ca 10*95 fl 1-40 =99*1 a.
P^., ate — In the dosed tube blackens^ and gives oiT water. B3. fbaat on Ilat4
black glass, and colors the flame an intense green. On charooal btackeoa,
intumesoenoe, forming InaDy a flag containing minute particles of metanic gg
gives tungatio add and copper reactions. Eaaily aduble in muriatic add, 1
separated
Oba,— Occurs hi the vicinity of La Paa, Lower CaJifomia, in a red metamorphic fodi;
with black tourmaline.
Domeyko has analysed a mineral from OhUi containing 8*8 p, Oh of ozyd of copper.
Sghsslitb, anaL II.
616. STOIiZlTB. Scheel-BIeispatb B^st^, Char,, 14^ 1B30. Tungstate of]
WoHVambleierz^ Soheelsaures Blei^ Germ* Soheelitiae Beud^ Tr., iL 6$2, 1831.|
Handb^ {i04, 1S45,
Tetragonal, 0Al4=122'' 33'; a=l-567. TTend fonna
Obeerved planes : -^ 1, i, % 1-i ; sometimes hemihedraL
0 A i« 132^ 4' 1 A 1, pyr.,=9r 44' 1^ A U, pTr,,:=M
O A 1^114 17 1 A 1, W,=131 25 U A 1^ bk,=rll
O A 2=102 42 2 A 2, pyr.,==92 46 S A 2, W,=I "
Crystals often indistinctly aggregated. Cleavage: 0 imp
more so.
H.=2'75— 3, G.-7'87— 8-13. Lofitre reeinona, eaba
TUHGSTATB8, M0LTBDATB8, YAKADATB8. 607
. yellowifih-graj, brown, and red. Streak nneolored. Faintly trans-
p^^t\i WssTiiiigstio add SI, oxjd of lead 49=100. AnalyBes : 1, Lunpadios (SgIiw. J.,
4); % Kemdt (J. pr. OL, zUL 116):
W Ph Ca te^An
1. Ziimwald 5H6 48-26 =100 Lampadiua.
S. ** (1)61-736 46-993 1*397 0*471 Kemdt
, atoiP— B3. decrepitatea and Aisea at 2 to a crystalline, lustrooa, metallic peaii With
. charcoal yielda metallic lead. With salt of pbosphorua gives in O.F. a OGOoriess g^aia.
1 B^P. becomes blue on cooling. Decomposed bj nitric add, leaying a jellow residue of
ladd.
— Stohcite occors at Zinnwald in Bohemia, with quarts and mica ; at Bleiberg in Carinthiai
dybdate of lead; in ChUi, province of Goquimbo; at Soothampton, Mass.
■pedes was first made known, according to Breithaupt, by Dr. Stolz, of Teplita.
TVnUPBNTTB, Phunbum spatoenm flaro-rabnim, ez Annaberg Aostr. v. jMrn^
ph^ L 90, 1772. Kfimtherischer Bleispath v. Jaequin, MisoelL Aostr., iL 1781, Vienna;
'm, AbhandL K Bleisp., Wien, 1786, foL Plomb jaune de Lide, iil 387, 1788. Gelbbleien
., Bergm. J., 384^ 1789. Yellow Lead-spar, Molybdenated Lead Ore, AtriMM, ii 212, 1796.
b moljbdat^ K, iiL 368, 1801. Molybdate of Lead. Mdjbdinbleispath, Bleimdyfodat^
. MeUnoae AadL, iL 664^ 1882. Wulfenit Haid^ Handb., 604, 1841.
ragonal. Sometimes hemihedral. (? A 1-1=122'* 26'; a=l-674.
rismatic-^i-S
In modified
ved planes: O; square prismatic, /, i-i; octagonal
m; oct^edral, X, |, |, 1, f ; | 4, fi, fi, 1^, fi.
3 tables and octahedrons.
=114^ 12' 1 A 1, ba8.,=131° 35'
, pyr.,=99 40 14 A 1-i, pyr.,=106 44
|^Aff,baB.,=92^48'
fiAKl>afl.,=76 28
48T
498
PhanizfUU.
PhenixTille.
•00
ige : 1 very smooth ; O and 4 much less distinct. Also granulorly
c, ooarae or fine, firmly cohesive. Often hemi- •
in the octagonal prisms, producinj^ thus tables
500y and octahedral forms having the pris-
pljjieB similarly oblique.
=»-76— 8. G.=6-03— 701. Lustre resinous or
ntme. Color wax-yellow, passing into orange-
; flbo siskin- and olive-green, yellowish-grftj,
i-whltey brown; also orange to bright red*
608
OXYGEN OOMFOHKM^
Streak white.
Brittle.
Subtranaparent — Bubtransluceut Fractnfo Bul
2. VimadifbnmM, Color orvoge to liri^ :
Var. — L Ordinymrj/, CJolor yellow.
oojiuTing at PheoixTOle, Pfl*
Dauber found for the angle I A 1, in crystals from Blelberg, 131* 43' ; ft. 1
fr. Pheniiville, 131" 60' j fr. Zinnwald, 131° 67'; aod v. Zephjirovidi, for ^frtali ft. 7%
131° 43 38 '. The laet correepoQds to Hi*" 8' for G A 1. DeodoLzeaux fotmd for O A I (
oquia cryatala^^nr 20 , aad 1 a 1 = 181' 40'.
Oomp.— l*bfio=Moljbdic add 3 8 -5, ozyd of lead ei*6=100. Analjsea: 1, Gobel (g
jcxxvii. Tl); 2, Melling (RammelBberg Ist SuppL, 69); 3, 4, Parry and J. Brown (Proc. P)
Glaagpw, April, 1847); 6, (X Bergemanu (Pogg., Ixzz. 400); 6, 7, J. L. Smith (Am. J. " '
346h ^
So
40*5
40*29
S9-30
8919
37-65
S8*63
37-47
1» Cartnthia
2.
a. **
4, *»
6. Zaoatecaa
6. Pbenumlle, ydhmi
7. " red
59-0=99*5 GobeL
61 90=10219 MeDin^.
60-S6=99-6S Parry.
60-23 = 99*42 Brown.
62-36 = 100 Berg«maun.
6048 = 99-16 Smith. 0.=«-95.
60-30, ? 1-28=99-05 Smith,
A molybdate of lead from FamploBA^ 3. A*, afforded Boussingaiilt (Aim. Ch. P)iyi^ it
th 78-8, fflo 10*0, C 2*9, HCl 1*3, P \% Cr 1-9, Pe 1% 3tl 2*2, qoarte S'7=98*l. He e«
it a basic salt, with tha formula ^b' Mo. Klaproth, who made the first complete aoalyaii^ d
So 84*25, f*b 64*02 (Beitr,, iL 275). A crystallized wulfenite from Chili gare Domcyko (,
M,, IT. iii, 16) Sto 46*12, Ph 47-00, Ca 088; oorrespODding to 2 J»b 3o -K Ca 3o. Tha H
of tli« PhciiixTille mineral was uhowD to be due to Tanadic acid by Smith. The maaiiini nj
of GarmiBcb la a mixture of the mineral with quartz, carbooate of lead, eta (Wttfeit»i& bi
jahrBSchr. pr. Pharm., viL 70).
Pyr., etc, — B3. decrepitates and fuses below 2 ; with borax in O.F. giTea a ookkrieai |
B.F. it becomes opaique black or dirty gr^eo with bhtck fiocks. With salt of plio9ptkonii
gives a yellowfah-greoQ gla^a, which in R.F. becomes dark green. With aoda en dianoil
tuetidlic lead. Decomposed on evaporation with muriatic add, with the fonsatum of d^
lead and moljbdic seid ; on moistening the residue with water and addiog (oetaUic iiacv I
an intense blue color, which does not fad© on dilution of the liquid.
OImi*^ — This species occtirs m veiDs with other ores of lead Pound first at Bteibezj, 9
zenbach, and WiDdisch-Kappel, in Garinthia; also at Ruskitza in Anstria; at Bet^biii]
Staska in Hungary; at Przibram; at Moldawa in the Bannat, where its crystals ars if
have considerable resemblanoe to cbromate of lead; in the Kii^hlH Steppee in EiiMia; i&
berg, Bohnccberg, and Jolianngeorgenstadt in Saxony; at Badenweiler in Baden; tptf^
Chinches, Dept. of la^re, in France; in the gold sands of Bio Chico in Antioqda, Oi
Sw A- ; in Lackentyre, Kirkcudbnglitahire, Scotland.
It is found in small quantities at tbe Southampton lead mine, Maas. ; in fine yeUow tad H
orange to red crystals (lig. 409, and also in thin tables) at Wheatley'a mine^ near Pheoisfdl
at the Gomstock lode in Neyada; at Empire mine, Inyo (k>., Cal. ; in tbe Wea?«r dSaL, ill
For recent papers on crvst see Dauber, Pogg,, cvii 267 ; Dead, Ann, Ch. Pbyt, 01 \
V. Zepharovich, Ben Ak, Wieo, liv. 278, 1866; J. L. Smith, Am. J. Scl, 11. xi. 245.
818. PATERAITE. Paterait Eaid^ C. Y* Haner, Jahrb. G- Eeidia,, Tii IH 1866» xJ?* ;
Amorphous. Color bbck.
Composition Co 3o. AtmlyslB by Laube (L c., zIt. 803) :
So 30-0 Bi 2-0 ?Q 16-6 Oo 27-0 ti 8*6 S U% inaoL 3*8=10
The first ezaminatioB of this mineral was by Patera, and waft only qnafitatiTa. lU
molybdic acid, silica, biBmuth, iron, cobalt, and snlphtir. Jolea^ stales (Jahrk O, Eeig^^
that it conaiBts principally of vanadic and molybdic acidc tod ooMt Ijiiib«% wuXjm^
Patera's result. Tbe mineral is so intimately mixed with pyrite and biranitmnlTe l^cfvi
the greatest care, it could not be complete^ separated. Subtnotiof IIm blasiitth, troo, i^
phur in the above analysis, molybdate of cobalt- remabs, whicb, sooordia§ to Iaiib% ft %
mineral
TinsrOfiTATIB, HOLTBDATE8, VANADATES. 609
hk tbe dofled tube giTM water, a sublimate of molTbdio add, and vapon of sulphurous
On dbarooal melts easilj to a blade bead, giying a white coaUng. With borax, bead green
lot (iroDX bine when cold (oobalt). Easilj soluble m adds.
owed hj Vogl, In the Elias mine, Joachimsthal, with uranium ores.
0d from A. Patera, who first examined it.
C. Bergemofm^ Poggt Ittt. 393, 1860. Ar»oxen v. Eob^ J, pr. CSl, L
186a Sosjnohit Haeher db Nesaler, Ber. Ges. Freiburg, 1864^ Jahrb. Min. 18M, 570.
BMbisdier Yanadit Zippe^ Ber. Ak. Wien, xliy. 1861 (see under Daxjuxiin).
fisiTe, botryoidal, nodular, stalactitic ; sometimes traces of a columnar
tore.
=8—4. G.=5*6— 5'81. Lustre of fresh firacture greasy. Color fine
red to yellowish-red and brownish-red ; also leather-yellow. Streak
p-yellow to ochre- and pale yellow.
^— The original deduniie was from Dahn, near Kieder Schlettenbadi, in the Lauter Yallej,
li BaTaria, and was dull red to yellowish-red in color, botrjoidal In surface, with Q.=5*81.
■f is from the same locali^, and is like dechenite in all its characters, except aooord-
Bnigemann, a dnDer reddish-brown color, which, however, is not distinctiye.
JfcUfwdtffc is from Freiburg in Brisgau, jellowish-red to leather-yellow in oolor, with 0.=
■MDa&. and H.=:3*6 ; it occurs in nodular and stalactitic forms.
Iphf— n1^, or Tanadate of lead, according to the older analyses ; but probably in all oases
boTlead and shio, with ttie formula (Ph, Za) V.
|nsi : 1-3, a Bergemann (L c.); 4, id. (Jahrb. Mln. 1867, 897); 6, r. Kobell fl. a); %
rftHeader (L a); 7, 8, G. Gsudnovricz (Pogg., cxx. 17); 9, Bamm. (J. pr. Ch., xd. 418):
V ft 2n
^ Bdn, JMImil^ f«tf 47*16 52-92 =100*08 Bergemann.
k « " •* 46-10 53-72 =99*82 Bergemann.
L « " ywK 49-27 60-67 =99 84 Bergemann.
Ik ** Armoxme 16*81 62*55 1811, Is 10*52, Si, 9e 1*84, P ir.=99-83 Befg.
I « «* 48*7 16-32 KobeE
I IMbnrft EutynOUIe 22*69 65-70 , ^i 0*94, V 20*49=99-82 F. ft N.
L « " [28*65] 56*47 16*78, Si 8*20, P «r.=100 Cteudn.
l " " [19-171 58*91 21*41, Si 6*61, t #-.=100 Candn.
|L «• *' 124*22] 57-66 16*80, Cu 0*68, P 1*14, 1e 0*50=100 Bamm.
i Huit botti dedienite and eusyndiite contain a considerable amount of oxyd of sine waa
|ff a J. Brush in 1857 (Am. J. ScL. n. xxiv. 116), and the identity of eui^ynchite and
» wMi dedienhe suggested. Fischer ft Nessler's method of determining the ranadie aoid
mot (Omiinow ici).
|ilo^— BJBL flises easflj without decrepitation to a yellow glass. On diarcoal in SJ»
iA globolss and a white coating, which, treated with oobalt solution, becomes green (sine).
Ror nbosphoms and borax ffives an emerald-green bead in B.F., becoming yellowish-green
in O.F. Decomposed by hot muriatic add, yielding an emerald-green sdution. Thia
AvUii aloolMl, boOad and decanted from the separated chlorid of lead, Yields, after eTspora-
Mlbikm wMob, difaited with water, has an asuie-Uue color (r. Kobell).
|^^>QeofS with other ores of lead.
mmd at Dahn l^ Br. Kranta.
■iftaAv dia German gedogist, ron Dechen.
JL JJmmaw, Ann. Ch. Fhys., IIL xH. 72, 78, 1854. BhomfaiMiMr Yanadit
Ber. Ak. Wien, xUt. L 197, 1861, nehermak, lb., iL 157.
. /A 7=100^ 28'; OA 14=148*' 14' ; a : S : c=(K47 i
Mhl Angliw, DesdouEeanx :
89
V
Ph
Zn
Cu
te
Mn ft
CI
(|)22-4fi
54-70
2-04
0-90
V&O
6-81 &-20
0-32
cmors 5fioned with straw-yellow, reddish-brown, and black]
middle and darkest at extremities of crystals.
Comp.~f b* ?=TaiiAdJc add 29*3, ozjd of le«d 70^7=100. Analyse*:
SHQ
The oxjds of manganeae, ircFn, copper^ and zinc are regarded as imp«mtJ
P3rT^ etc* — In the dosed tube gives water. 6.B. on oharooal hiaea, i
to a globule of roetaOic lead etivolopod in a black sooriA. WHh I
wltb nitre m 0;R a violet color due to roaoganeae. With aait of ph
a chroriie-gre*n color, which ia orange-yellow in the O.F. DiaaolTes i
Obs. — Oooura m aniall orystala, 1 to *1 mm. tbick^ clustered on a i
from Sotith America, and aaaociated with adcular green pTromorphita, 1
Zi^^'a vanadiie (L e) la referred to deacloizlte bj A. Schniuf (POfQg^
mineral occara at Kappel in Carintbia, in small clove-brown rhombic <
Taebermak obtained in hie analyaia (Ber. Ak. Wien, xJiT. ii. 158) V 46*T» ]
:cnc^ although looked for), and referred the apedea to dechei^ta. Gr
make the form orthorhombic, and the anglea 1-2 a l*i=l2ft^ 28' — I
and atr 8 — ar m\ But a Bchrauf finds for the aame anglea 1^*-
92"^ ageing doselj with the above of desdoixite. Scbranf snggests'l
Tanadite are dechenite ; and Techermak (Pogg , cxriL S49) that Tanadtte i
apedea^ and deaelotnte an altered vanadite.
Noiued after the Frtuich mineralogist Dcscloizeaux.
630A. Vanadate o/ Lead^ from Pheniiville, Fb, A thin cryataUine
ahndftt black color, but dark hjacinth-red by tranaroltted Ugbt^ and ofj
oocnra covering quartz, ferruginous clay, and wulfenitd, at PhenizrOle.
it ftppeara to consist of minute lenticular crjatala. It ooaM not be
asaodated milfenite and other impurities for analyaia, and the result
whoUj aatiBfactorj. J. L Smith found (Am. J. 8d,, IL n, 247, 18^&j_
65*01, Sn, 3tl 5-90, 6u 1-13, sand 2 '21, nq 2'04=d9*O3. Subtracting I
die add to make wuUbnite, it leaves 22-52 p. a for the 11*70 of i
composition of desdoidte than tli&t of dedienite.
^021* TANABXHITS. Plomb brun^ Braunbleiers of Zlmapen, aoHy
Plomb brun (from Deacotil'fl anal.) Brmgn,, Min,, H 304, 1807. Vm
xxix, 455, 1833. Yaiiadinit v. Kob,^ Gmnd&^ 283, I888t TiiudAta isf J
_«j:_i.i^i_
_tU TT -li_-
V ft
Pb 01
L SBUpM
74-00
26-33
L8ooti£d
28*44 6«-88
7-06 2-46
1. ?
15-86 83-73
6*62 2-26
L(Mnthia
17-41 89-68
6-62 2-23
\LBumot
16-98 71-78
7-18 2-46
lb
14-64 7114
7-18 2-46
TDKOfiTATIB, 1IDLTBDATB0, VANADATES. 011
iyw, Btraw-yellow, reddish-brown. Streak white or yellowish. Bnh-
alnceni — opaque. Fracture nneyen, or flat conohoidal Brittle.
Kp— ft'X^+iPb 01=yanadate of lead 90*3, chlorid of lead 9-7al00. Asaljses: 1, Ber-
I fflchw. J., IxiiL 119); 2, B. D. Thomson (Thorns. M3il, L 674); 3, Damoar (Ann. d. It, m.
11); 4^ Bammelsberg (Mln. Oh., 316) ; 6, 6, Struve (VertL ICin. Ges. St Petersb., 1867) :
^ ¥e*tL* 0-67=100 Ben,
i 9e and fit 0-16=99-43 Thomtom
^ tsi 6-86, On 2-96, fi 3-80=101-60 D.
0-96=96-79 Ramm.
8-08=101-43 Strore.
2-79=98-11 Strove. •
ft^ «la— In Hub dosed tube decrepitates and yields a &int wfaiie sublimate. B.B. ftnes
f^ and CD chaiooal to a black lustrous mass, which in R.F. yields metallic lead and a ooatfaig
hmU of lead; after oompletel j ozydizing the lead in O.F/the black residue gires wKh salt
tMiphoras an emeraM-green bead in RF., which becomes light yellow in O.F. Gives the
!%irsaotion with the ooppertest Fused with 8 parts of bisulphate of potash fbnns a dear
ir ttM, wbidi on cooling reddens, becoming finally of a pomegranate*yellow cdor. Decom*
d by mnriatio acuL
wic add be dropped on the crystals they become first deep red firom the separation of
A add, and then yellow upon its solution.
hti— This mineral was first discovered at Zimapan in Mexico, by Del Bia It has since been
jlVd MMOg some of the old workings at Wanlockhead in DumiHetshire, where H oocun in
IMNdar qiasses, sprinkled over calamine, or forming thin coatings on the surface of that
m, and also in hexagonal crystals, the largest not more than i in. across ; also at Beresof in
Bnd, with mrromorphile ; and near Windiach Kappd in Oarinthia, in crystals, the angles
<^ ghrsB. This mineral has never been found at Wicklow, Ireland, although so reported by
«Qii (Oregand Lettsom).
Mm gives idr the forms from Windisch Sjippel j; 1 ; i; 1, |; Z 1, 2-2 ; 0; i; 1, f ; O, j; 1,
His basal an^^ of pyramid 1 in different crystals was 78" 46—78'' 64'. The anglee are
Nar tiiose of mimetite and pyromorphite, the basal angle in the former being 79"^ 24'— 80^
M iB pjK»orphita of Bleistadt, 80° 40' (Pogg., a 297).
fciniiii uf rsgards the oystals ftom Beresof as pseudomorphs after {vyromorphite; and
^ ftJtmrwM that the crystals contain at oeutre a portion of unaltered pyromorphite (Min.
S iiL 4^ Dd Bio discovered this spedes at Zimapan, and obtained firom It, in 1801, 80*72
V^ of ]ead» and 14*8 of a now metallic add, the basis of which he called BryffwmUwn, This
^^iis sat aside by himsdf m the Ann. des Sd. Nat de Madrid, F»b. 1804 (Ann. d. M., iv.
iuid also by DescotUs in the Ann. Ch., liiL 1806, both of whom made the add the diromks,
^ mineral a brown chromate of lead. The metal vanadium was not discovered by Seflrtrom
^9M% and then in iron made of ore from Taberg, Sweden ; and in the same year WoUer
N that Dd Bio's lead ore was a vanadate.
^OUBOOBLTBTTB. Hm^ Bull Ac. St Pet, iv. 1838, and J. pr. (X xiv. 62. Enanifite.
Vanadate of Copper. Yanadinsaures Kupfer.
^^ocagonaL In small six-sided tables, often aggregated in globular forms.
|f^ige: in cme direction very perfect.
f-^8— 8'6. G.=8'65, Credner. Lustre pearly to vitreouB. Color
••green, dtron-yellow. Streak clear yellowish-green, nearly yellow.
^ qplinters translucent.
*^|^i AuHintiug to Hess (L a) a hydrous vanadate of copper.
^ tiib B3. on diarooal fhses Msily to a black bead, which in the inner flame becomes
V»fp|^. . fm soda on diarooal yields copper; with borax and salt of phosphorus rea^
Fused with soda in the platinum spoon, tiie mass yields on trsatment with
muriatic ••••-••
^^ MSoo which, addulated with muriatic add and boilsd, gives an emerald-green aofai-
^ifl thfi ddntsd wMi water becomes blue ; v. KobeH
2^-4hMB8|vssersk and Nischne Tagilsk in the Urah^ wheiett was lM»d I^Dr. A. Tolborai;
P^ SBVinl mines of the Permian formation hi the government of Perm, espeoiaOj at the
^iiitii^i fa thsMelowfUch District
10 Ko. 1 ifl about S : 2 ; and In 2 tnd S| B : 3.
623. Chileitb Kenng.^ Molis'sche Miil, 28, 1853 (Yaoadate of Lead
d. IL, XY. xix. 150, 1848 ; Vimaditikiipferbkierz). Thia ore baa a dark bro^
color, and hna been observed only m &n earthy stata looking modi like m
earth. It oocura ta cavities in an arseno-pho^phate of lead aloiog witb ainof'
lead and oopper B.B. f\iBt» easily, aitd aUbrds a blade pearl, a Ultle blebby'
pearl with salt of phosphoma or borax, and a globule of lead coQt^ning oo]
nitria add easily Bolable.
OOMP,— I*b* V + Cu' V". Analyaaa by Domejko (L cl) ;
t
ts
P
Cu
l*b Pbd Ca Fe,Xl St
a
1.
13-6
4*6
oe
146
64-9 0-8 0-6 3-6 ID
2^%
2.
1883
i^ea
0-68
16-07
6197 0*37 0 68 8'42 1*33
3-7 0^
Oonaidenng the arsenic and pboapboric acida as ootnbioed with lead,
J}bo6phate with which the mineral ia asaodated, the analjais afforda i
brmtila.
TMa ore oocara at the aQver mine oaUed Mina Qrande^ or Kina de la
reoantly worked for copper and silver.
628iL. Vanadam from the Lake Suptriar Copper Region. An ore aimilar
appearance to Domeyko'a mineralr haa been announced by J. B. TeedienuhdM
from the OUff Mine, in the I^ke Superior Copper Repoa, The preaenoe of 1
talned by both blowpipe and add tests. The color is a dark ehocdata,
The exact atftte of composition of the vanadic add ta doubtful
orOf and the brown Tariety is mixed with an earthy oxyd of iron ;
the gangue it was found to contain no copper, Thia Min., 531, 1850.
)colata. aaA
"1
6. SULPHATES, CIIEOMATES, TELLURi
In cryBtalline form, epecific gravity, and color, the Snlphj
indefinitely. TIib hardness is not above 4. The Cliroi
deep red, aiid green to brown colors, with the hardni
native hvdrtnifl f^hrnmntpa arpi Irnown
SULPHATBB, OBSCMAHEBj TXLLTJSATB8.
618
are not deoompoied hj heating in tbe matnm or doted tube; oilier Bnlphatos,
protozyd of iron, manganeee, eUx, are partially deoomposed with the OTohition
i Bulphnrio adds. On charooal the sulphates of the alkalies and alkaUne earths
ed to sulphids, which, moistened with dUute muriatio acid, evolve sulphnretted
ther sulphates thus treated give off sulphurous add, and leave earths or metallic
or metallio sulphids, and sometimes, where the metal is volatile, ooat tho coal
non-volatile sulphates when Aised with soda or neutral oxalate of potash on
lepatic mass, which is more or less absorbed by the ooal ; when this is removed,
>nght dean surface of silver with a drop or two of water, It stains the metal jel-
bladE from the fomfation of sulphid of silver; treated with muriatio add the
es sulphuretted hydrogen. In sduble minerals the sulphurio add may be reafi^
ing to the solution a few drops of soluble baryta sal^ whidi produces a while
iUe in adds and in ammonia.
L ANHYDROUS.
ABRANGBHESNT OF THE SFBOISa
1. Oxygen ratio hetufeen hoses and add 1 : 8.
.TB GEOUP.
£[S 6e,|e,|H,
^ GROUP. Orthorhoml]io; /A /= 100* -106*.
1
(t&-l-iNH«0)S
Se.|ej(tE.-«-iiLin,)
n
&9
eejOtiK.
(it+ifi)S
Beae.K*K.+iH,)
1
»aS
seje.|Na.
BaS
o wt|^a|9a
SrS
6e,|0.|8r
OaS
6e,|ej6a
»b3
6e,|e.|Pb
2nS
6e.ie.|aii
e
nB+3tbO
S OtlOtiFb-hS [^ w|0a|PbJ
EnXB GROUP. Orthorhomblo; /A 7=aboot 96*.
?l»bS-i-(ln),Cu)C
"E GROUP. Rhombohedral ; S A i?=:92*— 04o.
(fBa+iCa)S
l^bS+StbO
? B, Ou, 01
o vt|0t|Pb+8 [w 0|Oii|Pbj
JTE GROUP. Monodinic; /a7=88*-86*.
(i5ra+iOa)B
l^bS-hJ^bO
se4e.pb^-[66|e4Pb]
n, Oontain aee^itiioxyd baaes.
646. PFiTKorra
647. AiajmulM
£13*
625* BULPMATTTB, Sulphuric Add. Sdiwefelsfture €hniL
Liquid. G.=l-85. Colorless. Odor pungent. TasUj
Oomf^^ti S^SuJpbunc acid 81*8, and witer l8*4=!0O,
Obi* — ThiA add^ iu a dilute stato, hafl beeo found in the neighborhood
It occura near Sienna^ in the cavitiea of the small volcanic mountain
carem Dear Aix, in Saroj. Water strong with sulphuric acid oocors at
N. Y. ; also at Tuflcarora, near Braatford ; at Chippewa, Niagara, and
We«t The first afforded W. J. Cmw and H. Krai for 1000 parts of
449), and the Tuacarora water, T, a Hunt (Rep. Q, Can., 150, 1347, 545, li
Free §
^aS
Mn*
OaS
ftg3
S5
»a5
Si 1
I.
8.
20122
2-0070
4-2895*
0-4356
0-4266
0-3638
03702
0*S^d2
0-4681
M066
1-1161
0*7762
0-4592
0*6805
0-1539
0-1061
0-0822
0*0608
0-1196
0D945
0-0502
0-0656 J
0-0868 i
* 80* HO.
The water for Htrnt's nnatjsia was taken in Ckioberf 184f ; another
1846, aUbrdad Oroa 2-9069 of aulphimc add, with tba baaea in quile diflbil
n& apeoifle gravity of the Alabama water ia 1-00482 at 15* O, BmEj
1-M6G8,
Sulphuric add rOHulta from the oi;^datioD of aulphnretted bydrogon.
FaraxQo do Ruiz in New Granada, and Rio Tinagre^ are Toloaoio locvilitii
€26* TATIiOBITB. Sulphate of Pota«h and Ammonia W. J, Taiffkfr^ ]
309, 1859,
In 6m^ Qompact lampd or mnrffttinm '^ fttnifinm
AHHTDBOOt SULPEAm, OHBOHATXS. 616
*wr^ flto*— B.B. mi platinom fbfl blaokeiis and ftiset with dUBonltF, leaTiog ft white bMd,
db it tohible hi iD||er and tMtei a little saUne and bitter. Heated hi a plathmm orud ble
amm first Uaok ma then anow-white, not toBvag at a high beat (T^ior).
Will 1*^11111 the ffnano beds of the Ghisofaa lalaada.
lB artificial solphate of potash and alomina ia described hj Linlc aa earij aa UM, hi OreU't
mIbilL 89.
K AFUTUITAZJTB. YeeuTian Salt amWuon, PhiL Trana. & Soo, 181t, Aphthaloie
ImA, Tr., ii 477, 1831 Aphthitalite, Shqiard, MUl, L M, 1835. Aramite EsML^ Eaadh.,
H, IjMft. Gkaerite McmnL, Handh, 1847. Sulphate of Potaah. flcbwifttaavM Kali,
Omrm. PMaaae anlfiit^ IV.
>thorhombic. / A 7=104* 53', O A 14=119* 46'; a:b: (?=l-74» :
1-8. Observed planes: O, It, ff, i^ H HH 1» 2^- 6^Aff=:
r 46', O A H=l^'' 4', 1* A 14, ba8al,=120* 29' U A 1-i. id,=ir)e*
, H A H, id.,=60* 28', i-i A i-i=67* 62'. Occure m thin tables, and in
des made np of aggregated erjgtalB ; also massiye, cm* imperfiBCtlj mam*
Dtry, and in crosta.
I.=3— 3*5. Q.=l-731. Lostre vitreons, inclined to resinoos. Color
tbt, aometiraea tinged with blue or green. Transparent to tramlooent,
ipaqiie. Taate saOne and bitter, disagreeable. Unalterable in the air.
il|i It B^sPoCaah MI, aalpimic add 4S'f =100. ▲ i
tteef liriih llH^aulplMiaeofaodalS-i^dyofidofifigM^^citofdefi
iMa ft-4=I00 (PhiL TtuMl, 1813).
IK. flfie^-F^na befiice the Uowpipe without hrtnaararwum. MoUe fa water
I aft Ti—iiai, spon bra, la defieate erritalfiaatioH, and also la aasias aa faA or
»l
bj Beadant a 1631 torn k^^^ iii iMriniiir, and hn, mM; wad fkmm^ hf
■Morrwt far» froai these Graak wotdiL ■ W ijihir Hsm rKr was sssdifW
iflMsB of Ois wwk. a naaw pres bf niiiSMaiiii i& 1647, after the ftiwiH CMil0f4 Glsair
Ij t>s Mrft ^i^ Uai fsriy caaed A</iiipL4i Liiaw Cisigx B« IT sydLtfldlaile fe r^ ^ "
A. AacriK M»> g i^^ r nil wtwa
laflkyfifareaof a vhiteeolor. SoloUe ; taite add a&d bittffi.
■p^-AS-rAS. Ahltm bf SeaccM a &, X PL OL. H, S4y:
BsMa £3rsT 23»» a^n^iMi
sasAr i» ^* floe «f e ipn kd^b nvaraiv a Yiite «far to ft.
/• /=:*t5-».0 • l-^=la>y>r^ll ;#:»:^
- 1 : l-»7, O • :-i=l^;' ^i . :-* ' l-e ^jf^Tt" ^. baa»l=M*»
lAl^l»*41.Iig:-«. 74-:-. CSttra^i!:: baiiLa«ar:?fiifCMS.
TnoiuKiaxi:.'
:<^=:vyi ■ fji rl-n »<;;1lliulMr
616
OIYQMX OOMPOUKDS.
1.
B. BoUtU
8 tm
99't8
65*11 42 «7
54-31 4152
0-48
Pyr^ •tc. — Colore the Mowpipe flam© deep yellow. Wholly soluble in wster.
Ob««--OL'C!yrd ID Spain, at Espartluas, 5 leagues from Madrid aod 2^ from
water exudea duri&g winter f^om the bottom of a baAiD, and becoming oooocntmt
mer seoflon, deposite cfjetula of thenardite. Also in uitre pUlna of Bolivia; at '
gliiuberite aod \ikxlte, the crystaJa of which locality give some of the angles
aiooor«ling to H. J. Brooke (La). Alao on the soorin of Vesuvioi (pffrotechmik) of the <
1855; on Bolutbti and eTaporatioOj octAbedraJ crjatala were obtained by Seacdii
pianos /, 1-i, 1, 34, with /a 7=118" 37', l-t A 1-i, o?er bafl©, = 128' 68\ 1 a ], h '
pyramidal, = 123* 39', 74** 36', 34 A 34, baBal,^t5a- 41*, pyramidaV ^3* 4S'. Ur 1.
Kayser has analyEed an adcular Baline effloreaoetioe from a mine near dftusthal, aoffUHI
{B. R Ztg., rviii. 1859, No, 18) ^a S 91-95-3, Mg 8 1^-4*0, te 5 0% Oa 5 I'ft-l «» 1^1
1-1*8.
030. BAHim. Lapia Bononiensl!*, Litheosphorufl^ K lAcetus, Utiiii, 1641^;
Ac ^. Cur.j 1673, 1674, and Lap. Bon. in bbacuro luoena, 1675. (I) Lyaoateo, ]
Gypsum irregulflre, lameUoaum, eta, WaH, Mio., 56, 1747; (2) Marmor
teesulATO (G. =4*266), itl, 58, 1747. (1) Gypaum sp^tosmu pL, Mannor
BonoDieuse (G,=4-5X Tuugspat^ CnmsL, Urn., 21, 1768; (2) Terra calcare* phlo|p«to«^
▼iCrioli mixta, Leswersteu, Lapis hcpatictia, id, 25, 1758. Gypsum poodaixwuiD s. \
Lithopk, i. 14, 1772. Spaih pefuiut ou s^leniteux de Lisle, Crista 1772, with flgs.; W*l
Heavy Spar j Bolognian Spar ; Cauk| Calk, Cawk, D^byak, Mmms, Withering, f%iL ft^|
Schwerspath Tfem., etc Spathum poaderosiim=:Terra ponderosft Titdolate J
1782. Sulphate of Baryta. Baryte aulfat^ Fr. Schwefelaaurea Baiyte <r«rsi*
Wism. Stmhlbaryt. Baroseleuite Kirw,, Min., I 136, 1794. Baiytite D^tamA^Z^
1797. Baryt Karat, Tab,, 88, 76, 1800. Baiyte K, Tr., it 1801. Baiylme Mmd.
1824. B&rytea.
Hepatit Karsi^ Tab., 38, 75, 1800;^ Lapis bepaticus CVtwirf., t. supra ;=Terr»
petroleo imbuta Bergm^ Sciagr., 17ei;=Leber8tein pt Gtrm, ;=^FetJd Heatj Spar.
phit SreUfL^ J. pr. Oh,, zr. 322, 1888, Calatroobarite £1^.^ Am. J. ScL, zzxit. l^U 1
BarytooolestJn v. WdlUr^,f ^ogg., xciv. I3t, 1855.
Orthorhombic. /A 7=101° 40', 0 A 14=121** 50' ;€£:h: <n=1>^
1 : 1*2276. Observed planes : O; vertical, /, t-i, t4, i-f, i-i, tki, iU
i-5 ; macrodomes, -J-I, -J^l, ^, ^l^ f-I, ^i, 14, f4 ; brachydomes, |*I,|
tahedroiis, J, |, ^, i, i, f , 1 ; 1-2, |-S ; ft, M, fl. ]
f-i, 14 ; octaDedroiis,
605
<^^^^
<^^^
OM
0/\\
OAi
OAi
OM
O A 1-i
0f\i4
=158' 4'
=141 8
= 121 50
=111 36
152 33
133 64
145 17
115 42
=146 43
=127 18
or t-i=90
1 A I, ni8c.,=lU*J
1 A 1, bnwj.,=Sll
1 A 1, b<»8..= 12?
i-kA i-l=z\ih
H A H, tol>,=l
1-i A 14, •'
HA4-L " =1U!
14 AH " =74
« A 7=129 10
i4A*-l=:14d 8T
Crystals usually tabular, as in fignre* ;
AVHTDBOfUB KULFHATBB^ OHEOMATBB.
«17
the direction of the vertical axis (f. 607J. deavage : basal rather
somewhat less so ; H imperfect. Twins : plane of composition
pound character being apparent in the stris of the plane O.
bular forms, fibrons or lamellar, crested ; coarsely laminated,
ver^ent and often curved; also granular; colors sometimes
I stdagmite.
606 ^^<^ »- ^^
Cheshire.
Yirginia.
3-5. G.=4-3— 4-72 ; 44864, G. Eose, a pure colorless crystal,
ous, inclining^ to resinous ; sometimes pearly. Streak white.
; dso inclining to yellow, gray, blue, rea^ or brown, dark
msparent to translucent— opaque. Sometunes fetid, when
)tic-axial plane brachydiagonal.
inary. (a) CryBtals usuallj broad or Btont; sometiiiies very large, welridnff 100
in slender needles. Dauber, after carefVil measurements, made / A /= 1 0 1 40 , and
, r&Tjing but two minutes in the latter from former Bieasurementa (Fogg., oriii
d ; massiye aggregrations of tabular CTTStals, the crjrstals projecting at surface into
(c) Columnar ; the columns often coarse {Stangefupath) and IoomIj Mgrogatad,
ted (strahlbaryi) or parallel ; rarely fine fibrous. Werner's siangenipaikwmB from
Q globular or nodular concretions, subfibrous or columnar withhL Bologma Stone
being radiated, globular, often reddish-gray in color. It is fhim a bed of cl^ in
u* Bologna, and was earlj a source of wonder because of the phosphorescenoe it
leating with charcoal " Bologna phosphorus " was made htm it in the ibnn of
Bring the mineral and uniting it again with gum. (e) Lamellar, either («) straight
he latter sometimes as aggregations of curved scale-like plates (the kntmBchaliger
Wener). (J) Granular, (g) Compact or cryptocrTBtanine. {k) Barthj. (t) te-
^mitic ; similar in structure and origin to calcareous stalactites and stalagmitea.
sdled from the odor given off when struck, whidi odor it due to oartxmaceooi
(AnaL6-8.)
te Breith. ; a kind having the form and deavage of anhydrite, and fbund at Uoter-
idolstadt, in Schwarzenburg ; G.=4*3d— 4*48. Probably pseadomoTphoos ; Breit-
as a case of dimorphism.
'iU Thomson (Min., L 105) is a white barite fh>m Strontlan in Argrleahire, oon-
as mixture, 6*6 p. a of lime, and some silica and alumina. He fo«ind 9 86*13, Ba
:;a 6-60, Fe 046, Si 414, Si 8*46, moisture 0-67=100*19; a.=4190t. A p«t
Uigtr SchwerepaOi of Werner— specimens fh>m Freiberg— is refiBffred bera hj
gives for / A / 101" 68', and G.=4*0a— 4*2«.
0; the spar containing much sulphate of strontlan, as that of BKnnen vaOiy,
d. 2X to whidi von Waltershausen applied the name barylo nimlint, and also Hiat
le angles of the Binnen spar, according to Hugard, are iotermedfaUt bettween tfaoM
Mtite.
i/e, flrom Schoharie, N. Y., has the aspect of a mere mixture. Shepard made It a
of earb(maie8 of strontia (22*80) and lime (li*16X with 66*66 p. a of sulphate of
I it is partly 9ohMe inmwriaiieiMeidwUheferveaeenee. Yon Haoer foandaspedmai
labelled eJaironbarite to consist of sulphates alone.
wdinary barite of the Derbyshh^ lead mines. Withering^ irho first ana^jied It
dv. 293, 1784X describes it as occurring in roundish fonna, oonsisUBg of iliOBi.
nftisedty aggregated and white or reddish hi ookv, with 6.=:4-880; and a 1
OXTOKN 0O1CFOI71I1I8.
Tsiiety as radiated flbroue, somewbat silky in lostrav and At tuties oonoeotrlo la|
ftth-white^ and opaque, with Q.=4'0O. Greg k Lettoom (1858) ooofine tlie
' earthj variety of the Derbyshire lead mmeB.
The barite of Munsar, Hungary, and of Betler, hmt Eofleoait, was eftfty 4
ootumon barite, in crjafcala, usoally obloDg in the dtrection of the Tertiottl saEiii snd
t-i and 0 large, axid also k2 large. A. Schrauf mentioDa the following aa otb«r qog
O, « 1-i, H H» ^ H 1-1, 1, 2, 1-S, 2-3, 8-4, 4-3riBer. Ak. Wien, irriy 11
Bays tliat at Mnazar it oocura in the caTitiea of alumatODe.
Oomp.— ^a S — Sulphuric acid 34-3^ baryta 65*7. Sulphate of Btrontiaii and f
eat, and aometimea sulphate of lime, clay, bitumiuoua or carbonaceoua i
Btroroeyer (Unters., 222); 2, Walterahauaen (Pogg., idv. 138); S, Ban
4, Jovdan (Sehw. J,, Iril 358),- 5, Heidingafeld (RamnL 6th Suppi, 20t)j 6^ t,'
T3» 69) J 8, Klaproth (Beitr^ r. 121):
L Kutfletd, cryst,
S. Binneu, *'
S. Goreig, ** hiK
4 Clauathal,/o/.
5> CfaiBtr^nbaryief
Ba5 Sr5
99-37
8tt9 Ml
6848 16*12
86-00 6-7B
83-10 7 10
93-55
92-76
95-26
CaS
612
8*68
2-00
0-oe
012
0-25
1-88
0*87
1*60
6iM)3
1-83
0-99
676
=^9»-7ll
0 3t^i>8-m
1=99'74 B
6L Scukgsberg, EepaUie
7. Andranmi, "
8. ** **
200
2-00
Jobn.
1 35 JobiL
2^5 (loai fad
a of anal. 2=8-977 ; i, i'4888,
Iti pure colorless cryfltals from Silboch, of G.= 4*4884 (Hose), Bamaelabm Di
exoei^ a trace of strontian (Min. Ch., 259). Freteakbeii Ibtusd 8 p. cl of mm fa i
Nassau.
AUomorphik^ according to Gemgross, oontaina 19 p. a of sulphate of time as Ibi|
Hauer found none (Jahrb. G. Beicha., 1863, 152).
Pyr^ ato. — B.B. decrepitates and fuses at H, coloring the flame feUowUh^sm
masa reacts alkalioa with teat paper. On charm I redoood tn a snlpbid* WM
first a dear pearl, but on oontinued blowing yields a hapatio maa% wbldh apfeadi c
into the coal If a portion of this mass be remored, placed no a olean iflW toffi
tened, it gives a black spot of sulphid of silver. Should the barita ooolain soJphali
wiU not b^ absorbed by the coal when treated in powder with soda. Insolobla xa J
Oba.~OoourB oommonly in connection with beds or veins of metaUic orea, im part'
of the ore. It is met with in aecoodary limeetooea. aomatimea forming diatinoi fa
in oryetals along wiUi calcite and oelestito.
At Duitou, in Westmoreland, England, laiips transparent oryvtals oo^tir, sosvUai
dimeuftions ; some were found lying in the mud at the bottom of a oavoni, and ani
lbs. Other English localities exiat in Cornwall, near Uakeardf etc, li^ CoBkbeiisB
shire, in Derbyshire, Stafbrdabire, etc ; fine stalactitic at Kewhaven in Datb^iluia:
in Argyleabire, at Strontiau; in Perthshire, of a bright yellow color at BaUtadaanril
laud lead mine ; in Ireland, in thick Teins in old red sandstone, at fiallyniarraaa a
The aeptaria of Durham, England, which are cut and polished for labial^ sto^ bivi
lined with brown heavy spar, adding mnch to their beauty. Soma of tha OMSt l^fisrt
localities are at Feladbanya and Kremnits^ at Freiberg, Mtrjanbarg^ CiawatliS^ M
Boya and Roure in Auvergne.
In the United SUt&s, in X Mamp,, at PleriDont. In Maat^ at HatOsld and Unn
«t Cheahire, large orystala, sometimaa tfaospaient (t 606, ana sinpter IbmtV ia*">w
fad sandstone with vitreous copper and green malachite ( at Berlin, FannliiilM, od
In K York, at Pilkr Point, opposite Bockutt's Harbor, oiaasiva. 2-3 ft tbok, to «
alone^ aOronUag large slabs, beautifUl when poUahed; at Sooliariai a flbrags tariff
ihe two often meohanioaUy mingled ; in SL I^wrence Co, flaa tabwhr ulMi *
i'owler with specular iron, at the Pariah ore bed, and on tha ttam of J. mam, to
with calcite and hematite, and on the banks of Laidlaw lake In Eoaaie; tba m^
Hammond, with crystals of pyrite; at WoUsott, Wayne CJo.. i»aar tha stistiiis «f !•
ore, and on the a aide of the Mohawk, oppoaite little FaUa, In /Vaa^ in erpH^'^
Jaad mine. In Virgima, at Eldridge's gold mine in Buokii^iam Ok (Qg. iu1)t I «|
Lexington, in Rockbridge Co.; a beautiful white Taric^ on Has platt*a»to« » J-J
^^•nquierCo. In fsfihidiy, Mar Paris, in s large vain. In SW. oa Drowa'k (Mn ^
laaf NaabvOle; la laigia veina in saDdstooe on the W. eod of L Bi^ila, LT" "
U, N. ahora, ooa vaia (ooDtaimng also oikile) 14 St wida, lonmtliTiffa ia r
ANHTIXBOUl 8ULPHATBB) OHBOMATBS.
fllO
la Omada^ a tbIh Stt iiL wide sfc Lmdidoiwii, aflbidfaig flue ajjatals.
le cijrrtali oew Fort WaUaoo^ New Mezioa
» wiute Tiitetiefi of huite tie ground np and emplojed as a wlitte paint, either alone or
I with white lead.
r reeeut papen on crjtt, see Dauber, L a; Pfali; Pogg^ di 4B4; Hessenberg, Ifia. Not, iiL
r. AboTSy the deavage prism is made the vertical I, as done hj PhiQipa^ Brooke and Miller,
mmj other anthers, this position giving the sunplest symbols. Neumann makes this prism
ome l-i; and i4 the basal plane 0, while 0 above is hii i^. The planes IbUowfaig the ordsr
^6ie,an,hiNauniann's position, as fdlow8^f4; *« vertical," 14, i^^ (]^ H» H^H»f^
""maorodomes,** i^ i^ i^, O, i-3, i^2, I, i.}; " brachydomes," 8-1, a-i; H l-*; "ootahe-
^• M, 6^8^ M, 44, M, 2-2, i-1, 1 ; 2, 3-1; 2^ 1-% ^2.
med from fiS^ot, weigJU, or ^opt^, heavy.
t^ — Heayv Bpar occurs altered to caksite^ spathio iron, oerussite^ quartii Umonite, red iron
ijiite^ psuomelane, gdthite.
Ftesriger Sdiwerspath [=Fibrou8 Heavy Spar] (fr. Frankstown, Fa.)
kUiMf Besdir. Nordamer. Foss., 12, Leipa., 1791. 8chwefelsaurer Strontianit aus Pennsyl-
dien Xlapr., Beitr., iL 92, 1797. Strontiane sulfate (fr. SicOj) (after YanqoeUn's anaL) Dokh
eis J. de Phys., xlvL 203, 1798 (disc, bj D. in a hi 1781). Coalestin Wem,, ICn. Syst, 1798;
m, MuL, 233, 1800; KarsL, Tab., 64, 96, 1808. Sidlianite Xm, Min., 238, 180a Soh&tnt
wiard, G. KanL, Tab., 38, 76, 1800. Zolestin ofker Germ, OrOiogr.
BaiTtosalphate ofStrontian ThotfL, Mm., L 111, 1886.
hrtiiorhombic /A 7=104^ 2' (103° 30'-l()4° 800, 0 A 1^=121° 191' ;
( : c= 1-6432 : 1 : 1-2807. Observed planes : 0 ; vertical, t4, 7, i-l, v«,
; domes, 4-i, |-i, 14, |4, l-l; ^V^, ^, ^, i-l, |4, 14^ 24; octahedral,
^ 1 ; in the zone 1 : 14, 1-S, 1-S, 14, l-e, 1-16 ; in the zone 7: 14, M,
» I*"* f*^) fi~24 ; in the same horizontal zone with {4, {-le, {-6, {-4 ; also
9 A 44=167° 88'
9 A H= 140 85
!>A|4=129 8
9 A 4=162 29
0 A 1=116 88
608
0 A 14=127° 56'
O A 1-2=123 17
O A 1-5=125 38
0 A 1-4=126 35
1 A 1, mac.,=112 35
1 A 1, brach.,=89° 96'
1 A 1, basaL=128 44
U A 1-5=114 44
HAH, top,=101 11
14Al4,top,=76 62.
609
LuRrie.
Mige: O perfect ; 7 distinct ; i4 less distinct. Also fibrous and radi-
al •ometimes globular ; occasionally granular.
1.528-8-6. G.=3-92-3-975 ; 3-9593, crystals, Beudant; 8-973^ fr.
^ind, Brdth. ; 8*96, fr. Kingston, Hunt. Lustre yitreous, sometimes
'^'liiig to pearly. Streak white. Color white, often faint bluish, and
l^times reddish. Transparent— subtranslucent. Fracture imperrectly
slusldil— ^uneven. Very brittle. Trichroism sometimes very disfeiiiat
5
gr
Ba
Cu
L Frankatowii, Fa.
42
58
t. Bicilj
46
54
'—^
_
3. *•
4301
56-35
—^
4. Domburg
42'9&
56-26
_
.^^
6. ♦*
43'76
54'78
_^
1-41
6. Suntel, Hanover
43-74
55-18
0*86
0-31
7. DehreeU; **
42-94
55-01
0-64
8. FasBA
40-85
51-93
1-23
...
9, Iwhl
48-83
55-96
.»
_.
10. Brftirt
48-68
63-a9
0-51
1-28
rttt. CO
lunidd
^ J
ttn (L &); B» 4, 6, 7, Stromeyer (Untoira., 203); 5, M&ddrell (lUmm. Mfa,
(Sohw. J I XXL 17?); 9, y. Hauer (Jahrb. G. Beicha., iv. 397); 10, Schtnid
=100 Kkproth,
=100 VttuqueJ
0^3, C*C 0-09, fi _
0'03, 5lOi>5» OaC ai<»,
—=99-90 MaddreH
ChH, OftCo-02, tl 0-Q&
0-66, ^0-n, S 0-25=:: 99
0'6<\ Si l-Oo, Oa, S, C
, B 041 = 100-19 Hai
0-^28 = 99-12 SdimicL
Widte found in o%fftitd ttom i stratum of daj near Wass^ — the
Phaim, cliL 33)— 6rB 91-464, C'a S 8 313, t& 0-008=99780; G.x^4
tnixture.
Thomson givea for the composition of the Dnimmoud L oeleatite — barfioei
8r 35-72, Ba 23-06, fe 0-59, H 0'72=100'29, and a = 3-921. Bnt hia
tion. The oeleatite of Kingston, 0. W., which Thomaon ranka with that of,
oeieaiite aooording to T. S. Hunt; it has 0.=3'96. In the radiated
over, Turner found (Ed PkiJ. J., iL 329) SrS 18-31, Ba5 20-41 = 98-63^!
Ix. 72) grS 78-00, Ba B 2617, who analjsed crratala of a bluiah mi!
3-9506.
Wittateln finds that the blue color of the oeteatite of Jena la due to m
iron,
Fyr., etc.— B.B. frequently decrepitates, ftisea at 3 to a white peart,
tia-red; the fused moaa roacta alkaline. On charcoal fbaee, and io RF, It
cultly fusible hepatic tnusi; thia treated with muriatic add aod i1f^>M?<
flama With soda on charcoal reacta like Inirite. InaoiabJe In
Oba, — Celestite ia uauolly aasodated with iifioeatoiie, or limLiloiM of!
sic, and other geological fonnatioiia. Oooun alao in faeda of gypauov
with sulphur in aome volcanic regiona,
Sicily, at Girgenti and elaewhere, aflbrda splendid groupe of evyatala
gypauuu Fine specimens are met with at Bex in Switzedand, and OanQ
near Jeoa^ fibrous and bluish; in the department of the Garomii
banya, Hungary; at Norten, in HanoTer; in rock Mlt, at Itdil, -
Feny, near BriHtol: in trap rocks near TantaUaa, Sa Eait Lothiaa; at
near Knareaborough, in Yorkahire ; at F^paymn, New OrSnada.
Specimens^ finely crystalliaed, of m bluish tin t^ are found in the Tt^eoloQ 1
Huron, Dartioularly ou fitrontiau Island, and at EJngsioiQ \n Oantdug
ftnd Lookpork, N. T., bmf^ aflbrded good spedm^nt; elao the ~
AKHTDBOUB SULPHATHBy 0HB0KATK8.
691
btained in crystalB at a temperatme of 300* 0. from solutioii in water (Br. SnlUvaD);
fystals bj fhaing a miztore of gypsom and common salt, and treatinj; with water;
rDBTTB. Mariadt,Sa]z8aiirerKaIk(fr.Ha]l,T7rolX^&Mi'bda»FiQhtel'8M^
n, HH 228. Wurfelapath WenL, 1800, Ladwig's Ifin^ i 51, 166, 1808=KXibe Spar,
iat^e gTpaifdre (of Hall) (from Elapr. anaL in Beitr., i. 807, 1796) H^Tt^^ 1801. (Ihaax
ihjdre (fr. Bex) Vauq., H^ Tr., iy. 180L Anhjdrit WmL, 1803, Lodw., iL 812, 1804.
« Ludmg^ ii 169. Anhydrous Sulphate of lime, Anhydroos Gtypsom. Eantenit
[andb., 880, 1813:
tein (fr. Boehnia and Wielicska) Wem. ; Tripe Stone Ems^; Pierre de tr^ i^V./ss
Klapr^ Beitr., iy. 231, 1807. Pierre de Ynlpino; Marmor Bardi^^ di Bergitmo; Bar-
Chaux sulfate quartaifke Foug., A, Tr., It. 261, 1801 ; Silioaona Anhydrooa Glyp-
solgjpe, Yulpinit, La/diwig, iL 170, 1804.
lOmblC /A 7=100'^
r. Observed planes :
>ctahe<iral, o, n,y.
14=132*^ 80'
H=iio 8
14, top,=85
H, top,=40 16
t, ov. i-i,=122
J4=143 12
^;=77 26
4, ov.i4,=102 84
U=185 85
30', 0 A l-t=12r 19'; a : J : (?=1-3122 :
O ; vertical, /, i-i, i-S, t-f, i^, i^; domes^
510
611
Staaaftirt
Anasee.
r=168 50
*4 A n=148*^ Zr
i-i A 0=124^ 10'
1 view of front side of a thick, rectangular, somewhat tabular
iving a zone of planes between i-l and each l-l, or the correspond-
CSeavage : i-l very perfect ; i4 also perfect ; 0 somewhat less
\ fibrous, lamellar, ^anular, and sometimes impalpable. The
md columnar varieties often carved or contorted.
-3-5. G. =2-899-2-985; 2*956, Anssee ; 2*985, Staffifiirt
4 and irl somewhat pearly; O vitreous; in massive varieties,
iclinin^ to pearly. Color white, sometimes a grayish, bluish, or
nge: wso brick-red. Streak grayish-white. Fracture uneven;
[amellar and fibrous varieties, splintery. Optic-axial plane paral-
or plane of most perfect cleavage ; bisectrix normal to 0\
Ordinary, (a) GryBtallized ; deaTable in ita three rectangular direotioiia. (6)FSbitMis;
^ or radiated or piumoee. (c) Fine granular. ((Q Scaly granular. Vuipiidk ia a aoafar
d from Vulpino in Lombardj ; it is cut and poliahed ror ornamental porpoaea. It
narilj contain more ailica than (XHnmon anh jdrita A kind in contorted concretionary
tHpeitone {GtkrSssleiny
unykouB f in cubes after rode aalt.
:!a S=Iime 41*2, sulphuric add 58*8=100. Analyaea: 1, ElapfOth (Beitr., ir. SM);
w (Sdiir. J., xir. 876); 6, a W. a Fuoha (B. a Ztg., sd. 198):
0ruHL
aablM
S Si 0 9e Ca fi Bit
69-78 0-95 010 48-06 =108*19 KbqproUi.
\lmg,cryii. 65-80 0*18 0*09 0*25 40-68 2*91 0t)4=160r
Ht t^e salt mine near HaU In Tyrol, by Ab^g Foda ; imd next tint <
localities are at Aussee, both crjatallized and maasiTe, the former son __
{f. 611), the latter brick-red; at Sulz on the Neckar, in Wortemberg ; Hli
Blefberg In Cariothia; Llineburg, Hanover; Lauterberg In the Harx; E^p
in Upper Austria; Aussee in Stjria; Berohtesgaden in BsTafia ; at Bieiili
the Alps, crystals, or their caTities, within quartz cryvtala \ Suasfkirt* in f
In the U, States, at Lockport^ N. T., fine bluo, in geodea of black lii
crystala of calcite and fgypsnm. In Nova Scotia it forma extenaire
Avon and the St Croix rivers, also near the l\ve lalaada iiud eiaewhen
In the Cafboniferous formation.
A cryatai from Hall^ figured bj Haliji was a etout rectangular prisn, <
lateral ©dgoa, givinff i-i ^\ I=l4Q° 4\ whence /\/=100* 8, The
Blum^ Jahrb. Min. 18^^ 601) have nearlj the ordinary forma of I
in angles. Schrauf makes the angle over ^ of an occurring vertical i
120", and v. Rath (Ber niei Ges. Bonn, 201, 1862) 121° 24'. Blum
the moflt common ; it is vertically striated, and these striatioDS tkte f
vertical prisms measured by him ; mcaBurementa onlv approximations
the angle 1-1 A 1-1=85"; Fucha (B. H. Ztg^ xii, 198), 84^"; and v, "
the plane o is in the same vertical zone with s; and if o is made the |
and Miller), n is 2-^ and/ 3-1 B. and M. obtained tn their measa
H\ 148° 41', and 123* 31' (Phil, Mag,, IlL 19, 1T8); and Grailich tx
Ak. Wien, xxviL 26X 153' 60', 143" 87 , 124* 10, The latter give
163^ 18^', 142" 59f , 123^ 82f . The prism f*T, wUch has the angle 1<
logons with /of barite ; in this case the brachydia^nal above wmld 1
Alt. — Absorbs moisture and changes to gypeum. Rxteoaive beds i
in port or throngboul, as at Bex, in Switzarlaad, where, by di%
unajtered anhydrite may be found. Sometimee apeoiixiefia of anbj
folia or over we exterior. Also altered to quarts and aidjerite.
633. ANGI*ESn*Zl« Tltrtol de Homb Mofutei, Syst Min., Stl, 1779. B^
minendiaatum Bcrgm^ Sciogr., 116, 1182, Lead mioermlixed by vitriolk
Bergm. Sdogr., 1783. Lead mineralij^ by vitriotic acid and iron (oo L .
quantities **) WtihennQ^ ib. Vitriol de Flomb (fr. Andalusia) /Vrm*^
1787. Bleiglaa {(t. the Harz) LasiuB, Boob. Hangeb., d. 355, 1189. TS4
Tab., 24, 1791. Load Vitriol, Sulphate of Lead. VitriolbSeien Oamj
Angleaite JS^ud, Tr^ ii 459, 1882. aardiidA& JNM, & VL 2lK« sir^^
AJntTDBODS BOUBATBi, OHBOICATBS.
2=108° 28'
r=Ul 62
w3=158 84
H=189 28
r=188 8
f-»=163 18
{-1=160 38
7a ♦-«=141'' 8'
7a1=154 24J
7a 2=166 32
1-t A l-s=153 17
l-t A 2-4=166 44
1 A 1-S=151 32
1 A |4=168 87
1 A J-i=l*7° 25'
lHiAHtop,=76 36J
14 A l-t, ov. i4,=104 24^
i-5 A 4-t, top,=101 14
t-S At-2,froiit,=187 8
t-J A t-J, ov. »-J,=115 1
»-J A p4, ov. ♦-*,=184 0
613
614
fcyp.
Anj^esM.
Siegen.
m
tak Bcmietimee tabular ; often oblong prismatic^ and in the direction
Ither of the axes : as the vertical axis in f. 615 ; the macrodiagonal in
S, 516 ; the brachydiagonal in f. 513 ; also thick and short as in £ 514 ;
•ometimes in octanedral forms, more or less modified, made principaDy
MM 1-1, as in f. 517 : or of planes 1 ; or 1-a, or 1-i Cleavage : 7, </,
intermpted. The planes 7 and irl often vertically striatea, and ^
■OQtaDj.. Also massive, granular, or hardly so. Sometimes stalaetitic
,=2^6~8. G.=6-12-6-39; 6-85, Phenixville, Smith. Lustro highly
ttilidne in some specimens, in others inclining to resinous and vitreous.
» white, tinged yellow, gray, green, and sometimes blue. Streak
Wwed. Transparent — opaque. Fracture conchoidaL Very brittle.
229r-tS>B=8ii^hQrio add 36-4^ osrd of lead 73-«=10a Analyaea: 1, 2, Oaproth (Beifcr^
^; Ik BUuDeyar (UntenL, 226); 4, Thomaen (MIil, L 669) ; 6, J. li Smith (Am. J. 8oL, IL
624
OXTOEN COMPOUNDB.
§
^b Fe
tt 1
L Wanlodkhcid
2575
^0*50
2-25 = 98'50 KlaproHL
2. Auf^esea
24'S
n-o 10
20 = 98 8 Klaproth.
3. Zellerfeld
26Dtf
t2-47f0^OO9
0-51, JIn0o7 = 9M3J
4. Leadhilla
2fi*65
7i.05
0'80=100 ThooMOQ.
5. Phonmille
(1) 26'G!>
73-20
, ^i 0'20=9d^a^|
Pyr., etc* — B.B. decrepitaios, fuses in the fiAme of a candle (F.=1-5L On
fuse* to a clear pearl, which on cooling iMJcomea miJk-whit« ; in E.P. is redticed wifli i
to metallic lead. With soda on charcoal in E.F. givefl metallic lead, and the soda \b
the coal : when the aurface of the coal is removed and placed on bright ailver and i
water it tarniahee the metal black. DifSciiltly aolnbla in nitric acid. Soluble in citrate 41
nia (J. L Smith). Soluble in 22,816 parts of water of IT 0 (PrGaenius). Soluble I part i
of water (Bodwell).
Oba — ^Tbis ore of lead was first observed by Monnet aa a result of the decompositioii
nite, and it ia often found In its cavities. At LeadhiUs it occurred, occupying tbe €obU
of galenite, or disposed on the aurface of the ore; and this locality, and alio tluit <iif 1
beiid, forme rt J aflbrded large and beautiful crjstala, aome tnnapareot and sevctal t
diameter. First found in England at Parxa mine in Angleaea. Oocara also at Melaix
Cornwall ; in Derbjghire and in Cumberland in crjatals ; daustbal^ Zellerfeld, and Oiepil
the Harz; near Siegen in Prussia; Schapbaoh in the Black Forest, Bndenw©tler in B
and in Sardinia in smaU but perfect transparent crjatala; Fondon in Granada j -^
Siberia, Andalusia, Alston Moor in Cumberland ; in Australia, whence it is expoitedfl
to England. ^1
In the United States it occura in large crjstala at Wheatley's mine^ PhenixviHe^ Pa. (tt
514) ^ less well crystallized in Missouri load mines ; at the lead mine of Southampton^ M
RosBio, N, Y. ; wifli galenite at the Walton gold mine, Louima Co., Va. ~
Named from the locality^ Anglesea, where it was first found by On Withering.
For recent papers on cryst, Kokscharof, Min. Rusal, i. 34, il 167, iii 243, ekborati
Ber» Ak. Wien^ very elaborate ; Zeplmrovieh, Ber. Ak. Wien, v. i 369.
Sardmian is distorted anglesite from Monteponi in Sardinia, with which Hid)ter(
agree in composition; Q.=6*380— 6%'102 ; IL = 3— 3*5 ; white and like anglefljto in I
baupt makes it hemidomatic (monodjnic or hemihedral); and found for the ftu
angle 101'' 52' ; and says that the bisectrix of the optical angle ia normal to i
an edge of the fundamental prism, and not to the base aa In aoglesite. The
■howa that the prism ia normally orthometric ; and if the plane referred to
(or plme 0) then the mineral agrees with anglesite, both crystallographically md (
ftCH»Jled fundamental prism is prism ^-t of anglesile, which haa the angle, as
14'. The form approaches fig^ 616 above.
Alt— Anglesite oocuib altered to oeruasite (Ph C) : alao to m hydrous tag
Breith.
684. ZINKOSITE. Zinkoait Breiih.^ B. H. Ztg., xl lOO, 1852. Anhydrous Sul|ibiM
Aooording to Breithauptr this sulphate occurs at the mine of Bamnco Jsroio I
ilmagrera, Spain, in crystals iaomorplious with anglesits and bsrite. DoubttUL Q,i
335. LBAUHUXITE. Plomb carbonate rhomboidal Btyum., Cat, p. 843, I8it, ^
tricarbonate of Lead BwoJx, Ed. Pha X, ill 117, 1820. Leadlullite Bsm< TV.,!
Bleianlphotricarbonat, Teniarbleierz, Wei$9. Psimythit Ohcker^ Syuu, 356^ 184T,
Orthorhorabic. / A /=103° 16', O A 14=120° 10' ; a : J : d=
1 : 1*2632. Observed planes as in f. 518, with also i-f
between /and t4, Hemihedral in /and some other planes
oclinie in aspect, or rhombohedral when in compound cryel
OAf 1=150° 10'
(?Ai=126 11
i-l A |~i=119 60
MAfl=:156'*2r
«Afi=128U
a A i=^lll 30
«A/=ia8*l
aAvi=iiij
i4Af4=90
AHHTDBO0B BULPHATSB, OHBOKATES.
;i8 619 630
6S6
^
if
621
^%/
622
: iri very perfect ; iri traces. Twins, f. 620,
vn with tri as top plane), consisting of 3
composition-face, 1-^ (see £ 522) ; also par-
>. G.=6-26— 6-44. Lnstre of U pearly,
ts resinons, somewhat adamantine. Color
Bsing into yellow, green, or gray. Streak
I. Transparent — translucent. Conchoidal
carcely observable. Bather sectile.
^b9+3 ^C=Sa]phate of lead 27-45, carbonate of lead 'r2-66=10a AnalTMi:
(Jahxeab^ iii 134); 2, Stromejer (QeL Ana. Gott, 113, 1825):
1. LeadhiDs ^bS 28-7 th C 71*0=99^ BemliiUL
2. *' 28-3 72-7=100 Stromejer.
^
. — ^RB. intomeaces, ftiaea at 1*5, and tomajeDow; but white^oo
!faarooaL With aoda affords the reaction for anlphorio add.
od leavea white sulphate of lead ondissolyed.
is ore baa been foond at Trfwdhnis, with other orea of lead; alao in crjatala at Red
liand, and near Taunton in Somersetahire. Grenada ia also stated to be a loeaHtf of
iknd of Serpho, Grecian Ardiipelaga The GryBtala aeldom exceed an indi in leogtli,
unon^ smaller. Reported bj (X U. Shepard (An*. J. Sd., IL xr. 446) from Nafwbaif.
;., but there is some doobt as to the locaUtj; also from the HorgHi lihrar min% 8par-
tnct,&a
d IGDer, who diow that the fonn of kadhimte ia orthoriuMnbic^ maks Om priim H (oC
) ftmdamental Terticsl prism, and appear to regard the spedea aa related to araaonfaa.
t the twins are not formed parallel to the laoea of this prism (aa tb^ abould be iC
i were homologous with the aragonite priamX and the doee approximatioo fai kd{ '
ahown abore, besides other reaaona, hare led the author to adopt iSbb poaltkm of I
) gi^eo, idiidi exhibita the ang^te relation. Suaannite (riioaibohedral) and leadhil-
ombic) are mutuaDj dimorphs, and ao alao are dreeliie and ang^eattei Now sitaannHe
are nearij identical in ang^o ; and therefore laadhfllite and angkiaita moat be aquallf
ee In suaannite the sulphuric add Atwnin»k»^ orer the carbonic add, and impresaea oa
; ifeB diaracier (or the fonn of the sidphateX the same should be the oaae with its oor>
iffita— dua apedea being the yeiy aame chemical compound. (Sea ou tUa itjaet^
n. xrfiLX The hemihedrism of the spedea gives origin to tibe peeoHar rlioinboha>
of Oia twins. The anglea of theae twina are near tiioaa of anaannita. 1^ 1 la
Molia, wi^ odier occurring planea,and la Introdnoed to aho'W tha raladona of tiM
• poaitioo of the ofystal adqited.
^Haidfaiger, Ed.PhiLTrana.,x.2n: B. Jk IL, IOb., 66t.
Gupreooa Sulphato-GarboiMifta of Lead Bnoke, Bi. FhiL X, ffl. Ill;
18M. OaladonllailBML,Tr.,iLM7, 1831.
698
OXYGSH OOMFOmTDB.
Orthorhombic.
623
ft
/A 7-95% 0 A 1^=123** 9' ; a : 6 : (j=l'S314 : 1 : H
Observed planes as in the annexed
0 A 14^125^ 29', 0 A 24-108** 5', 0/
125° 60', O A 1 = 115^ 43', /a «=m
1 A 1, p}T.^=105° unci 96^ 46'. OeaT
and 0 mdiBtinct, i4 more obvious^
sometimes large ; usually miimte ;
ally in divergent groups,
a, =2 5-3. ti. = 6-4. Lustre
Color deep verdigris- or blnisli-green ; h
ing to nionntain-green if the crystals are J
cate. Streak greenisli-white. Truoslo
Fracture mieven. Rather brittle.
Oomp^^tilphBte of lead oombmed with, carbooata of oopper and lead. Axaijm$ \ff\
(I a);
l*b S &5*8 in» 0 Sa-S Cu 0 11-4=100 Brooke,
correaponding nearly to 8 f*b 9 + 2 l*b C-h 6u C, or H Ca (5.
Tyt^ etc« — ^B.B. on charcoal ofisily reduced. Fartiallj aolable^ with a alight dfei
nitric odd, leaving a rosiduo of Bulphate of lead (Brooke)*
Oba,— <3cciirs at Leadliiila, Sootlandi acoompatijriog other oree of lead, is erjalilivtllll
at Bed Oill in Ciimborknd ; oIbo at Retzbanya in Hungary ; Tanne in the l£ttt. flaidfe^
at Mine la Motte, Misaotiri The above figure ia by Brooke of a Leadhilla cryataL
637. PHEEIiTrE, JitMll^ Jhtfrinoy, AniL Oh. Phya^ Ix. 103, 1855. Dreeit 0Mr,|
261, 1S41
Rhombohedral H A Ii=m'^ or Qi"". Cleavs^e: riiombohe
traces.
H.=3 5. G. =3*2— 3*4, Lnstre pearly ; splendent on a snrfiice^
tm^. Streak and color white.
Oomp^-'Oa S + 8 %& S, Analyflia by DulV^aoy (I a) :
:6a3 6W3 Oa8l4-2T5 OaC 8*05 Si Ml £19-406 Ca I'SS fi Sitl^OQl
Obi.— la amall unmodified cryatak, dkaeminated on the rarfkoe aod b the ctfitt
quart7>os« rock, ot Beaujeu, Fraooe, Dept of the Rhone ; also at Badeawel]er(B«ieo]L
Named by Dufr^noy after Mr, do Br|e, a liberal patron of adenoe.
Thomaon has analyzed another compound of the sulpha tea of baryta and Uuae (Mlfr. ij
ooniiBtfug of T 1-9 of the former to 28- 1 of the latter ; it was from Harrowgoto in To '
€38* StrSANNITB. Sulphato tHcarhoDate of Lead pt (ft, Suaanna minei^ LiadbiUl)
Sd. N. FhlL J., ill UT, 138, 18^7. Suxannit ffaid., Bandlx, 60^ 184&
£25
624
y^5\
Khombohedral. Ji A R=W, O A i?=:lJ
a ^ 1 1062. Observed planes : -2, <?, t, S, 4>
0 A 2=111° is; 0 A 4=101* 30', 2 A 2=7r
Cleavage : O easily obtained.
H.=2'5. G.=6*5-6*55. Lnstre resina
adamantiae. Color white, green, ydlow, 1
ish-black. Streak uncolored.
Oomp.— Same aa for leadhillite. Ana|yi(i byBiMbl
Sulphate of lead 27*6, carbonate of lend TJ-6. - ^
Oryatala from Nertachinak, analyatd by Kotaclioboy, ^irsV^
AKHTDBOm SULPHATEiy GHBOMATBS.
627
I— 6-Mv and fliefeftre ptohMf susaanfte niher than leadhiDite, aftyrded him (KokedL
HriL, V«, 186S) :^b8 St*06, ^0 74*26=101 -81 ; and ^bS 36-91, ^bO 12-9^-9918.
—In attaciied oryatela at the Susanna mine, LeacUuDa in Scotland ; at Moldawa in Hon-
Rertadiinak in ffiberia. Formerlj reftoed to leadhillite, the oomponnd GrjrBtala of which
JKMDbohedron B of snsaunite, as it is assumed bj Haidinger, equals yeiynearlj -3 of dree-
iBb Ik te hare made.
Oopper Ore of an azoreblQe cdor, composed of needle crystals (fir.
aFraiideooe)ieMft^^Brit]fin.,iL18,pL12,fll,6,1802. SulphatOKsfalocide of Oopper
ai; Bapu Brit Assoc, 1847. OonnelUte Dana^ Min., 538, 186a
zagonaL 0 A 1=126'' 60' ; a= 1*1562. Observed planes
tbe annexed figure. From the measurementB of Maake-
to=-]^-^. CrjBtals slender, or acicular ; like f. 526 ; and
lexagonai prisms (^-2), with the pyramid 1.
i Ij ov. Bummit,=73*'
i 1=143 10
i 1, adj.,=182 60
V vS=:183 68
Vii/=168 60
40^
«>A«7"=187^ 10'
w A i-2=156 2
«> A 7=166 54
w A 1=162 87
/A i.2=160
jitre yitreons. Color fine blue. Translucent
WheslUnilj?
mp. — ^From trials hy ConneU, contains ozyd of oopper, sulphuric add, and dilorid of oopper,
opposed to be a compound of a sulphate and ohlorid of copper.
if aofaible in nitric or muriatic add.
L— In Oomwall, at Wheal Unity and Wheal Damsel, in slender Grystals, not oyer jinr ^
oeter and -Ar ^ thick; Maskel/ne, Pha Mag., lY. xxr. 39, whence the aboye figure.
QZaAUBBRITB. Glauberite Bnngniar^ J. d. H., zxiil 5, 1808. Brongniartin v. Utrnk.
Handb., 370^ 1836.
dnodinic ^^=68*^ 16', I A 7=83^ 20', Q A 14=136*^
a : & : (?=0-8464 : 1 : 0-8267. Observed planes : 0 ;
cal, 7, iri] hemidomes, 2-i, |-t; hemioctahedral, |, i,
-Ij 8-3.
O A i^=lll^ 44'
O A 1=186 49
O A 8=88 67
^ A 7=104 15
-1 A -1=116** 20'
1 A 1=96 22
3-3 A 3-3=136 8
rage: 0 perfect.
=2-6— 8. Q.=2-64— 2-85. Lnstre vitreous. Color
yellow or ^v ; sometimes brick-red. Streak white.
tare oonohoidal ; luittle. Taste sli^tl j saline.
>-na abore ang^ are from Brooke k Miller. Senarmont Ibond (Ann. Ch. Vhj%^ m.
lSt)/A/=83' 86'-.88' 16', Oa 1=187* 87', OA 8=80* 6', OA/=104* 63'-105* 17',
Isllt* 18'*-116* h%\ 8-8 A a-8sl86* 30'.
628
OXTOSN OOHFOtmPB,
Oomp-^i ^ft+i Ca) S=SdiphatG of Boda 61-1, Bulptate of lime 48-9=100 ; or, t
67 '5, Hme SO 1, Boda 22-4. AiuljTses: 1, Brongniart (L a); % v. Kobell (0«L Ana. lA
Jalirb. Min. IS46, S40); S^ r. Hauer (Ber. Ac Wien); 4, Hajva (J. Nat. H. 8oc Host, i
&, Ulex (AniL Cli, PbarnL, lacx. 61); «, Piaani (a R., U. t31);
1. yUla Kiibia
2. Berchtesgaden
8. ledil
4. Tarapaca
6. YarengoTUle
5
66-6
61-29
67-&2
67 -22
660
Oa
20-2
21*04
20-37
2068
19 6
^Ta 3 60-60
«a
CI
23-3
21-27
21-87
21-32
21*9
OaS4B'78
0-31
= 100 Broogikkffi
=9^*60 KolJelL
=100-0T Bauer.
0 14-99 36 B^^ft.
, B S'6=ieo Uki
daj 0-40=99*68 Ite
Ho. 5 was mixed with some ulexite ; No. 6 wna brick^red^ fHable, and reain-Uke. W
P3rr-i ato.— B.B. decrepitates, turns white, and fusea at 1*5 to a white enamel, cofa)
flame iDteoaelj- jeUow. On charcoal ftisea in O.F. to a clear bead; m R.F. a portioti ia j
bj the charcoal, leaving an Innisible bepalic residue. With soda on charcoal girea the tm
flulphuric add Soluble in muriadc add. In water it loses its transparencj, b partialhrd
kairing a residue of aulphate of lime, and in a large excess this is oompletelj diaaolTsa.
exposure absorbs moiatur^ and falls to pieooa.
Oba^ — In crjstala in rock salt at Villa Rubla^ near Ocana, in Now Oastile ; also at Ai
Upper Austria; in Bavaria; at the salt mines of Vic, in France (Oa/=:104' 11', X)
Varongeville, near Nancj^ a red variety in salt with poljhalite and anhydnte ; and i
Lake^ Oalifomla, in bine dBj, at a depth of 40 ft, having been obtained in an Aitttim
Frorioce of Tampaca^ Peru (a0brdin|r the above 6gure and Senarmont'a angleaX wfdi via
AxtS£ — On the artlldal preparatioQ of glauberiter J.Fiitsachei J. pr. Ch., Ixiii t91. €t
Senannont, Ann. Oh^ Phj^.^ III. xxxvi 167.
641. LMIAIimTB. Sulphato^rbonate of Lead Brwke, Ed. PhE J., liL 117, 182a h
Beud., Tr., iL 366, 1832. Dloxylitli BreWL, Char.» 1832, Kohlenvitriolbleiapath, Ed
blei, Oerjft,
Monoclmic. /A 1=85'' 48' ; i^i A t-i, front, ^lO*" 60', Gw ; <
= 120° 45'. Plane iJ usually rounded
629 eryetald aggregated lengthwise, and m
tinct. Cleavage ; O pOTect ; -1-i lem p
LaminsB flexible as in gypsnin.
son. Lustre of the cleavage-fac€ pearl
parts adamantine, inclining to reemov
white. Color greenish-white, pale
gray. Transparent — translucent.
Conip.^|>bS ->-?b{5=Sulphate of lead 6816, carboiuite of lead 46-86.
(L a); 2, Thomson (Phil Mag., IlL xv. 402):
Carbonate of lead 46 9
'' " 46-04
Bnlphate of lead 631=100.
♦* ** 43 96-100; 0.=W19T.
PjTT-j ate. — B.B. on charcoal eaailj rednced. Partiallj diaaolred En
eence, leaving a residue of sulphate of lead (Brooke).
Ofe»* — At Leadhilla, Lanarkshire, Scotland, with caledooite and gnaaniitta ;
renoe. Massive In Siberia^ and at Tanne, in the Horz; at Bibcrwoter, IJroL
642. OHOCOrre. Nova minera Plombi J. G. Lthman, Acad. Batiop., 17««; ?tSki\
1770, ii 235. Minera PlniDbi rubra Wali, Min., 17 T8. Eothet-Bleiers WtriL, AMfcl
296, 1TT4. Plomb rouge Macquari, J. de Phys., xxxif. 1789 ; Vamqwdim, BoIL 8<Mxng(k
and J. de Phja^ xlv. 388, 1794, advL 162, 311, 1798. Ftoab dtaa^M A 1Sr>
AHHTDBOiro tnTLPHAratB, CmKMATBS.
689
Ghromtanres Blei, Bleiduomat, OhrombleiBpaih, Oerm, KaOodifoiii Bamtm^
1818. Croooiae BeuidL, Tr^ U. 869, 1832. Oroooisit v. KbHk, anmds^ 282| 1838.
, Handb., H 262, 1841.
. ^=77^ 27', /A 7=98^ 43', 0 A 14=138*^ 10' ; a : J : o=
L-04U, Dauber. Ob-
3: (?, not common; *^^
ommon), i-i, i-^ (not
)-i, 5-*j 4-i, ? |-^, 3-i,
, -6-i, ?-5-ij ^-t, -|-i,
diagonal hemipjra- J\ /
2-2, -8-2, -\^%, 3^
^; H; V^;f3,
5-3, 0 3, -12-3 ; -Ar^
f¥ ; H ; y-S^ ;
4; H, 184; f5, 6.5: .-., .^., -.-. , ^™, .-., -^ „ ,
^; 17-34; clinodiagonal hemipyramida, tS-i, |-i, J-J, -f-i;
Urals.
Urals.
BraiQ.
8-6; »f7, -7-7; -8^; »-9, -9-9;
-j; ~f^; -¥4; -f>; H; 4-i; »V-20.
=183*^ 9'
=102 83
0 A 24=118** V
i-i A i-i=56 10
-1 A -1=119^ 12'
1 A 1=107 88
tx)lerably distinct ; O and iri lees so. Surface /streaked lon-
the faces mostly smooth and shining. Also imperfectly colum-
alar.
I. G.=5-9— 6'1. Lustre adamantine — ^vitreous. Color vari-
f bright hyacinth-red. Streak orange-yellow. Translucent.
gives the following observed angles for a large number of oystals from Bnofl,
iilippines (Ber. Ak. Wien, xliL 17, 1860) :
BraadL
98'17'-98U3'
146 86-146 46
119 29-118 63
Urals.
93'22'-98'46'
146 4-146 61
119 20-118 66
138 14-138 9
97 44-97 36
Phflippinea.
98'*80'-98'5t'
146 27-146 40
119 20-118 62
■1(0
•1(0
-*(«)
N(»)
\m) 99 11-99
roos exact measurements he deduoes for the angle (7, or the indination of tiie
lian, 77** 14' 28" ; the Uralian, 77* 31' 20" ; thePhilippine, 77' 23' 27". Kupflbr
8** 1'; Brooke k MiUer, 77*" 66'; Haidinger obtained from one orjtM 77* 10' ;
8 from other measurements of 4 orystals 77* 29'— 77* 67'.
Igures of fifty-four different orstals. The BraaUian have usual^ the plime 4-^
luiety of this form is shown in f. 632. One form from the Phmpplnes is the
ledron 1, -1 ; another i^ -1, or j; -1, i-i^, in slender prisms ; wliile ottiers approach
m.
r=rOzjd of lead 689, ohromio add 81*l=:10a AtuOjaes: 1, Ffkff (Safanr. J.,
8e]his(ib.,zxii64):
I.
2.
Or 31-786
81 '60
tb 67*912=99'647 Mifll
68*60=100 BensUna.
be fttwn the northern penfeBulB of Lnzon ; accoTdinpf to Br. HochftottOT; st I
in the Prorinoe of North OaDsariDea, on the aoutheastem peninsol* of I
This speeiea was irat uotioed hj Lohmon (I d). The name OrooaiU
Bertbier, in 1832, gave the word the tnd form Ooohm, which ▼on Eobell i
fommbl© to ordinarj miaeralogical nomencJatiire) in 1838, to Orocoitiik^
to Orocoite {KrokoiiX and t. Kobell also to thia last mentioned fofm f
mann^B Cdllochrome has the priority ; but as the name b a poorer ooa,
and the speciea was not one hiBtituted bj H&uaniaQn^ we sUow Croeoits to i
643. PHCENIGOOHROrrB. Melanochroit Hennamn, Pogg^ xxviiL Ifi
chroit Glocktr^ Qmndr., 61 3, 183 9. Subseaqutohromate of Lead
Bandb., &04, 1845.
Orthorhorabic ? Crptals usually tabular, and reticnla
Cleavage in one direction perfect. Also massive.
H.==3— 3*5. G. = 5*75. Lustre msinous or adamantiii
Color between cochineal- and hyacinth-red ; becomes l€
exposure. Streak brick-red, Subtranslucent — opaque,
Oomp,— l»b' Cr»— Chromic add 231^ protoxyd of lead ^e-ds^lOO,
zzriiL 162):
Chromic add 23'8l
Protoxyd oflead 76 6»=1CK>.
The aame reault was obtained by G. Roao (JahrK Min, 1839, 67S)i
Pyr*, etc. — B.B. on chartsoal FuseB roadOy to a dark mass, which is cryst4
E.F. on charcoal ^ves a coatiiig of oxyd of lead, with g^obnlea of lead and
oxyd. Gives the reaction of chrome with Buxea.
Oba^'—Ocenra in limeatone at Bereaof in the Ural, with oroooite, Twiqiu
and ^enite.
Named MdaryochroitB by Hermann, from ^i>ci(, Uack^ und x^^ cohr. Bn
and not black, and the name is therefore false to the species, Glooker eha«g
He, from f6htvo<^ dee^ red, and x^« ; ft^d in this he is followed by Hansmad
form phanicite Is bad, because it is too much like the name of another minej
644. FAUQUEUNri^. Yauqnelitie Btsrz^ AfK, tl lOO, 1818L VatM|i
MJn. Faria, 202, 1819. Chromate of Lead and Coiner.
-If.
AflA^ll-niA
n»«ni4-a)A oottallir-aalimt.41.
AJXBYimOiUB SDUPHATn, 0HB01CATE8. 681
ffown ; Bometimee nearly black. Streak greenish or brownish. Faintly
acent— opaque. Fracture uneven. Bather brittle.
p*— Ou« JV+a t^* 0r»=(6a, tbf Or»=0iyd of lead ei-4» oiyd of ooppar 10-fl^ ohromlo
}= 100. AxudjBifl bj BeneUuB (L c.) :
Cr 38-88 ^b 60*87 Ou 10*80=100.
, •tc— B.B. on diarooal slightlj IntameBoefLaDd ftiaes to a gray Bubmetallic globule, yielding
lame time aniall globulea of metal With borax or salt of phoaphorus affcurda a green
rent glaaa in the outer flame, which in the inner after cocding la red to black, aooording to
Hint of mineral in the aaai^; the red ocdor ia more distinct with tin. Partlj aohible in
id.
-Oocora with crocoite at Bereaof in Siberia^ generally in mammiUated or amorphona
or thin croata ; alao at Pont C^band in the Puy de Dome ; and with the cnxxnte of
e lead mine near Sing Sing it haa been foond by Dr. Tomj in green and bmmlrii'^reen
lary ooncretiona, and also nearly polyerulent; and at the Pequa lead mine in Laneaater
, in minute eryatala and radiated aggregationa on qoartz and galenite^ of aialdn- to apple-
olor, with oeruaaite.
d after Yauquelio, the diacoyerer of the metal chromium, and alao the flrat one to notloe
itala of thia apedea (J. d. M^ No. YL i 780).
deacribea a greenish or brownish chroTruhphoaphaie of lead and copper (diromphoBphorkup-
Mith) from Beresof, Siberia, aa oocorring in anuJl oryatalline ooncretiona, haying toe auifiice
witii capillary prisms; H.=2— 3; opaque to subtranalucent ; fracture uneyen; npwder
enish. Analyaia afforded (Jahrb. Min. 1845, 87) ]^b Cr 46*0, l»b 19*0^ On 11*20, P 4*10,
manganese ir^ "A 1*78, impurities 11*42. To a large extent aoluble in nitric or mnriatio
t ia probably only an impure yauquellnite.
JossAin Breiih. (B. R Ztg., xyii 54^ 1868). From Bereaof occurrinff in small orange-
Tystals with yauquellnite. Described as orthorhombic, with /A /= 1 10^—118', and traces
latic deayage; the lustre between yitreous and waxy; atreak dull yellowiah*white; H.=
=5*2. According to Plattner, it giyea the reactions of chromic add and oiyda of lead
646. PBTTKOITB. Pettkoit A. PtimUnyi, Jahrb. MhL 1867, 467.
netric. Common form the cube ; also f. 6, and f. 6 with planes of
^decahedron. Cleavage : none distinct.
=2*5. Lustre bright. Color pure black. Streak dirty greenish,
ire uneven. Taste sweetish.
pb— An add sulphate of iron; 0. ratio ferine :9e : 9 : £[=1'6 : 18*6: 27 : l*ft, AQowing
) hydrated oxyd of iron aa impurity (about 10*6 p. a, aa 1*61 of water would require 9*1
br limoniteX the formula may be (te\ 9e) 5*, with te* : 9e=l : 7. Aaa^: A.
i(Lc):
S 46*82 9e 44*92 j'e 8*66 fi 1*61=98*41.
I etOd — ^In a dosed tube yields water. B.B. on diarooal yielda a magnetlo mass; with
fea the aulphuric add reaction. Wholly soluble in hot water, with a deposit of a flooca-
diah-brown predpitate. Soluble in dilute muriatic add.
—Prom Kremnitz, in a breoda, along with iron-yitrid (melanteriteX in crystala from the
leaa to mOleta, and hi gndna. Named after Bergrath y. Pettka
647. ALUBSZAN. BreWL, B. H. Ztg., xviL 63, 1868.
^mbohedral? Oiystals microscopic. Cleavage, traces. Also maaaive.
=3—8. G.=3-702— 2-781. Lustre of anoSll crystalg vitreous; of
I weak. Color white. Subtranslaoent.
ABRANaEMENT OF THE SPEGOS. ^^M
L Oxygen ratio for bases and acid 1 : 3 ; the speoies coming m
eral formola fe § -i- n aq. It P^n aq, or (ft» fi)5"-i>n aq, 1
A. StUj^aieaofElemtnismCieProl&^/dwtaie. 1
1. Oontain ammoniam, Orthorhombic^ with /A /=100"-
^H
6Ba Kasoagkith NH*Oi+^
eSL BoUBBmaAULTITB (?) N H* 0, Mg, B, 1ft
652. LBOOUTrrB 0fa, ^NU* 0) 5-f sfi
6e»|e.|(Na,K.:
2. CSontain eodium, without magaeaimn, calcium, or iron-
^
653. MmABiUTE KaS+lOfi
Be.|e,|Na,+lt
3. Ootitam caldnin or magneaium, with or without the aBcalme metaU; leasl
of 5b ManodiEuo qt orthorbombia 1
654, Gtpsum CaS^afl
666. PoLTHAUTi (tCa+i%-^-ift)S + ifi
65T. MAJtAMTB tiCa + |%+i&)g + i^
658. PlOftOMEBITB (i Mg+i t) 3 + 8 &
659. BixEDifs (|%+lfra)S + 2fi
6€).|e,iUs+a<L
e«,|e.KtK.+|
se,|e,KtK.+|
4 Baaes and water aa in section S. Oryttak tetragonal
[ 660. LcKWsnn (iJi[g+ifra)5+Ua
BQA&JHiiSt^
HTI»OUt 8ULFHATBB. 688
SBAS QBOUP. Basic elemeiits and water as in aectioQ ft. Mboodinifl^ widi/Ajs
)2*; ortiidinia
TBBEn J'eB+'rfi 60t|Ot|Fe+7aq /
n ( J'e, Ou) S + 7 fi ee«|etK^ ea)+ V aq
un 2nS+7£[ 6e,|et|2n+Vaq
xa OoS+7£[ 60t|Ot|€o+Vaq
osrcB jn3+'r£[ 6et|et|IH+taq
LNTHUB Oa3+6£[ 60t|Ot|6a+5aq
OOHBOITE aBOUP. Contain copper and potaaaianL
OHBom. (i&+iCa)3+3fi[ 6et|etKi^>+i^)+8aq
B. Su^fhatea of Elements in fht SesquAoayd HcUe^ or SeBquioosyd amd Droka^
OGEK GBOUP. 0. ratio for 8, Si, fi=I : 3 : 9 to 1 : 8 : 18.
SEV 21 3'+ 18 fi[ 6 BJ^JipM+t aq
Bm 9e5*+9fi 60t|et|/9Fe+8aq
GROUP. 0. ratio for ft, 8, 3, fi=:l : 8 : 18 : M; for baaea, add, and water, 1 :
OryBtals iflometria
laom (i(KH«0)*+fSl)5*+18fi 6e,|e,Ki(NH4).+fi9^)+6aq
n ttt»+f5l)B'+18fi[ fie,|e,|(iK:,+»/?Al)+«aq
'AITE GBOUP. 0. ratio for ft, S not 1 : 8; for baaea, add, and water, 1:3:4
ala iaometric.
TB (i'e' I^e) B»+ 12 fl 6 e«|e«K*e, /?Fe)+4 aq
yTBICHITB GBOUP. 0. ratio fbr ft, 8, 3, fi=l : 8 : 12 : 22; for baaea, add, and
', 1 : 3 : 5^. CiTBtallisation orthorhombic or monodinic^ nauallj line flbroni or
ar.
la groop ia related in ratio to the Alum group, it differing only In 22 instead of 84 of
. But the real difference maj be much greater, and this is rather to be intered
the unuflual ratio for the water. If 2 of the 22 of water are basio^ the 0. ratio for
and add is then 1 : 2, and for bases, add, and water, 1 : 8 : 3^. The formulas of the
)8 below, based on this ratio, would hare the general form (i(fi, fi)'+i Si) 3^+10
r, hi the now STstem, 6 e|e,| (\ (H„ B) + i i? ay)+3i aq.
on (i]Sra'+f%)S*+ieia 6e,|e,KiKa,+ftMl)+5iaq
Droini (jfig»+fXl)3"+18ifi Be,|e,KiMg+»iWkl)+5iaq
nra (iAn'+fXl)S"+18ifi Be,|e,KiMnH-f^*«)+H«q
a *e»+f 51) 3«+ieifi Beje,Ki^+l^=*0+****
634
OXYGEN OOKFOUima.
la. BCEMEEITB GROUR
«82. RoMESiTE {ife«-j-|l?e)5'+12S
Se,|0,|(iF»4^|4
n. Sulphates, with oxygen ratio of bases and acid I to lesa than \
taining Copper or Uranium.
The copper and uraniimi hydrous aulphates are of iinc»rtam formolM, and i
bj themselveB. There is ttho much UD<«rtaintjr with regard to the true I
liere included, on account of the doubtful rektiooa of the water.
1* O. ratio for bases (no water included) and acid 8 : 6, 9 : S^ S : 6.
683. OOPIAFITE Fe' S^ -f 1 2 ]& (or 18 It) B» e»|e,t|^Fe, ^ 11 a^
684 EAiMOM>iiii f e« 3' + Ti fl 6 Ofe* |^Fe, + «4 i
685. FiBBOFERRnB Fe' 5*+ 37 ft S» 0tt^i il^Fe^ 4- St i
686, Apatkute Fo'3*+2d fi»Ot|6i*|iFe,+3>q
2. 0. ratio for boAea (no water Indudod) and add 1 : 2,
681 BOTBTOQBir (J ^e' + 1 Fe) B'+ 9 fi
B,e,|e.KFe»^Fe).
B. O. ratio of bases (water excluded) and a43id 1 : X^ to 1 : 1; but if some
1 : 1 for aUf as fn the formiilas below.
688. ALtjicmiTi
689. ALUNrrs
690. LdwiaiTB
691. JABOBrrs
692. CAHFHOeiDrEin
3tlS+9fl
(H^.fi)'+|Xi)B+]er
ti(1t,^*4-|Xl)5+I|l^
(i(«;Sfl,fl)«+tFe)S + l|ft
{ifi'+lF^jS+JE
6|e.|^Au+9n
s|e.Ki(K..H,H
S|e.|(i(B*,H,)4.j
8|e*|(iHt-ht
The B pedes Copiapii&, EaimemdUej Ftbfvfsrriie^ Botryo^ien^ maj be here inchidB^
water is besia
4 0. ratio of bases and ^d 1 to less than 1
693. Paejllumtottb
694. PlSSOPHAi^lTB
695. FELfiOBJjrnn
6Q6. QLOCExam
691. XiAMPBQPHAKm
3tl*S+16a
?(Xl,Fe)*5 + 16fi:
3ti*s+iofir
Fe»5+6fl
III. Sulphates, with oxygen ratio of l>ases and add 1 to leea than 3^
ing Copper, Lead, or Uranium.
Bj making part of the bases accessory bydratoe, inateAd of basic to the id^J
may he yaried ad ItbihinL Only one of the possible forms is here pfeiL
1. GcmtainlBg lead or oopper.
too. LlNABITB ^bS+Otift
tOl. Bbochakis^ CuS + 2|0iitt
T02. LiHGin 0oS + 3Cii£[ + K
T03* OTAJromiGHiTii Ou S 4- (6u* Xl) fi»+l J fl
BXIXB0JJB 91^«PHATXS.
ess
phatoB of Uraoium.
tAHHlTB (t(0»,5)+iOu«)g-i-ljfi[
urooHALom (f (tl',C)+t0a')S+i0uS+9fi[
wiDiTi (?)(i6+iCa^S-h7ifi[
S|e.Kiea+|(F,/m)),+H«q
S|e.Kiea+KF, W)),-hQ+9 tq
PEm
UAAsnm
iooBin
(^,0uVS«+8fi(or6fi)
(ti»,^«3+afi[
(eu, fi^ e»|ett|St+6 (or e) aq
(F,^F)«e,|e. |B+2«q
^•e.ie.|s+i|«4
TELLURATES.
JSTASJTE fiiTe + 2fi[
€fultXL— SlLBIAnB ?
9e|e,|ai.+a«q
ASOAONITB. Mascagni^ Dei Lagoid, eta, in Kena, lt79. Sel ammoiiiao TitrioUqadi
imoniac secret de Qlauber {ft. Solfatara near Naples), Sagty Min., I 63, 1777. Ammoniaque
« Fr. Solphate of Ammonia. Maskagnin KcarsLf Tab., iO, 75, 180a
lorhombic. I^ 7=107^ 40', 0 A l-i=122^ 56', aili o=l-6487 :
680. Cleavage : W perfect ; O imperfect.
rt=160^ 84' i4 A i-i, ba8.,=68^ 52' f-S A i-5=lll^ 15'
f4=125 34 |4 A }4=118 52 ^ A f over /,=87 26
7 in mealy cmsts and Btalactitic forms.
:2— 2'5. Q.=l"72— 1'73. Lustre when crystallized, vitreous. Oolor
ish-gray, lemon-yellow. Translucent. Taste pungent and bitter.
».— N H«OS+d=Sulphnrio add 63-3, ammonia 34*7, water 12*0=100.
•to. — ^In the dosed tube yields water and is sublimed ; with lime gives off anuDonia
Dissolyes readily in water, and gires with baryta salts a predpitate insdnUe in adds.
-Occurs about rolcanoea, in the fissures of the lara, as at Etna, YesuTiua, and the Llpari
d is also one of the products of the combustion of mineral ood.
1 after Professor MascagnL
051. BOUSSTKaAULTITK R Beehi, 0. IL, Iviii. 588, 1864.
>hate of ammonia with part of this alkali replaoed by magnadii OrjtMt iwembla tlioie
Bgnine, but isomorphism with that spedes has not yet been eitablished.
s about the boric add Aimaroles of Tuscany.
WXlMOOnrrTB. W: J: Ibyfor, Am. X Sd., n. zztL trs, I868.
boiliombic. In prismatic dyBtalSi long or short /A /(calo. from
636
OXYGElf GOMFOtnrDg.
ir^ A t-2)=103° 13', 0 A 1-1=117° r ; /A iM=160% t-l A i-f =U5\ j
^12r 30'— 128°, or over a, 52^—52° 30', Dana,
H.=2— 2*5. Lustre vitreous. Colorless, when pure, and tmnq
Taste saline and rather bitter. Permanent in the air,
Oomp^ftS-f 2 fi or (fSa, l&X ^ H* 0) 3h-3 tL Analyms by Taylor (L o):
44'9t
Witb t'80 organic restduO} 0'] 1 inorgaDic id^ and P ira«e.
Pyr*, 6tc- — Only partially sublimed in the closed tube, but otherwise i
ObB, — From the cave of Las Piedraa, near Comayagua, Centnl AmBric% 1
mass made up of the excrement of bats. The crystala often have m ooal^ ofj
The care is worked for the nitre, which the earth of the floor near ita mootli i
Namad after Dr. John L. Le Conte.
An artifldLal salt of simikr general fonnnla, bat having amniffnia and poteflh aa tej
well known (Gmelm'e Ch., iii 119).
653. MTBABTTiITE, Glauber Salt Sal mirabilQ Oiayber (the arUfidal aalt ^(
first format! ou). Naturhches Wundersalz, Glanb^raalXf O^rm, GJanber
Soda. Sonde aulfatt^e Dr. MirabLlite Bmd^ Handb., 488^ 1845.
Gediegen Glaubersalz (rr, Saidachits and SedUtz) E^usa, CreU'i AniL, ITOl, 8. tf j|
lichoB Bittersals pt X-enz, Min^ L 489, n&4;^ReuMm EarsL, TaK, 40, 1800.
684
Monoclinic (7=72* 15', /a /=86" SI
=130** 19'; all: c=llQS9 : 1 '^
served planes as in the annexed
II
^*i
OAi-i=107^45'
O A 1-1^122 5
OA-i^£=155 41
0 A 24=113 0
1 A 1, front,=M'
"1 A-lj fh>nt,=tl
i4 Al-f=130 10
MAft=:lM41
Cl^kvage : i4 perfect XJsuallj in
erosts.
H,=l*5--2. G,=1481. Lustre Titreouft, Color white.
— opaque. Taste cool, then feebly saline and bitter.
Oomp,— ]^aS+10fl==Soda 19-3, sulphuric acid 14-8. water 65-9=100.
Analysea: 1, Rivot (Ann. d, IL, V. tl 668); 2, lioliidntt (ib^ xtIL U); 1 3
J.i IL TL 64):
L Guipuaooa, Spain B 24*8 jTa 196 lutg 06 Ca 0-8
2- St Rambert, France 86-0 20*0 OiT HQ IT.
3. Windaor, N. Scotia 44*64
???'*'. •^*^'^^" *^® closed tube mndi water; giToa an fntena* ttOow 10
•oluble m water; the aolution girea wfth baiyta lalta tbi» ra^lte ter Ailite
powder on exposure to the air, and beoonoM anJ^drmia.
Oba.— Occurs at lachl and Hall^tadt in Anatria; aiao In HuDfrarr, em\
ampuicoa in Spain, etc; abundanUy at the hot spHn^a at Ckrlabad; at
HandwlGh lalanda, abundant in a cayera, aod fonning fhxa tlM MllcHi of fv^Hi
on ^t water. Effloreaoea with other aalta on tha tisDeaton# baiow tfaa OaoiM ]
Vri* • "LY^?^' ^**^ Bcatii^i also near tha SwaetwMar Btw, Mrnkf V
The artificial salt waa diaooTef«d by Olambcr, a 0«fiBiii ^ — ^
HTDBOTJB BULPHATBS.
687
leenft oentnij, wbile he wuoperBtiiig'with snlphnrio add and oomnKm salt; and the name
nMe was hia own expresaion of anrpfriae at its fonnation.
big the plane 1-4 aa 2-<, the azea are nearly those of pyroxene, heoomhig a:b: csrOiSSiiS :
963.
Bo^saDed Beussm ia impare glauber salt, as pronounced by Benss in lt91, after hia early
of it It oocorred aa a deposit of crystals and efflorescent crusts in or about the mineral
B of Saidsdiiti and Sedlits, and according to Reuss was most abundant near the end of the
. The oryatala (some of which were i to 2 in. long) had the form of atont 6-sided prisms,
•^ro sides smaller than the others, terminating in two rhomboidal planes — the form of
>w salt It ia stated to have become a white powder on the expulsion by heat of the crys-
tian-wster. The analysis was made first on a sohOion of the salt, and afterjrard on the
■oed salt, which contained aa a result of efflorescence (the usual result) no water; and
^tte amount of water was not ascertained. CJrystals reproduced from the solution lost more
lalf their wel^t when heated to redness ; corresponding with the fitct that both glauber
kd epeomite contain more than 50 p. c. of water. The anidysis afforded Beuaa l^Ta S 66*04,
•1*66, lig d 2*19, Ca 9 0*42 ; which, addhig the water and exdnding the Mg Cn, oorreeponda
I of g^uber salt, 31*1 <tf epsomlte, and 0*8 of gypsum=100.
ansujjoa Beud. (Tr., IL 4t5, 1882) is a white efflorescence, such as results from the expo-
o the air of glauber salt Beudant obtained the oomposition fTa 9 + 2 fi[ from the analysea :
1. YesuTius
2. mdesheim
9 44*8
42*6
]5ra85*0
38-4
fi20-2
16-8
«8a¥ian mineral was from the lavaa of 1813, according to Beudant
^ io is/lort$oe, and &Af, ao/l
It waa named from
OTPSUBC Titpot [=mosUy burtU Cfypnm] Serodohts, Plato^ ThsophrasktB. EcAfyfr^f,
pMOfMr, DioMfrides, y. 152, 159. Lapis speoularia (principal partX Gypsum (=bnmt gyp-
t 0Bfy\ PHn^ Lapis speoularis, Gypsum, MXiiWnK, Oerm, Gips and Fraueneis, Mi Lumen
Boakda [Scaglida], Agricola, Foss., 261, Interpr., 466, 1546. Gladea Maria, Marienglas
Menite], Gips, Gypsum, Alabastmm (fine gnOned G.X Selenites (ciyst G.X WtilL, Min.,
1947. Marmor ftigax Xwm., Syst, 1736. Gypsum, Terra oalcarea addo Titrioli aaturata,
faster, Selenites, OronsL^ Min., 18, 1758. Gips, Gyps, Fraueneis, Wem, Gtesao Hal
6 SptuL Sulphate of Lhne, Alabaster, Plaster Stone. Ohaux sulfkt^ Albfttre, IV*. Satin
r. Mbntmartrite Ikiameth^ Le9ons, iL 380, 1812.
nliapa in part 'AXaffwrpinn^ Theophr^ PUil
moclinia C7=66° 14', if the vertical prism / (see f. 537) correspond
B cleavage prism (second cleavage), and the basal plane 0 to the direc-
of the third deavage. /A 7=188^ 28', 14 A 14=128^ 6V;a:h:c
9:1:2*4185. Observed planes : (?(tnincatee the edge 2-1/24) (a) ;
xyxc»TDK<c;« V*; i^ or clinodiaj^oQal, emment^ affordiinH
iehed folia ; (2) 7, imperfect, nbrous, and often appar^n
Cleave
(1)
539
linings, making with 0 (or the edge 2-i/24) the angl^
46', coiTesponding to the obliquity of the fandamental pril
base, imperfect, but affording a nearly smooth surface, T\
tion-face 0 (f. 538), occurring (A) i]
sented in f. 635, having tlien tlie reel
32', and the cr06&-lining of the eeo
that parallel to /) in tie direction
in the angle evff^lS2° 28', or twi
occurring (B) in a form made up of
(instead of 2-J, 1), and having a re
132° 28', at the opposite end of the i
age lines being parallel to the sides
angle. 2. Composition-lace 1-/, or (
reentering angle made between edg(
each part,=123^ or double the euii
edge ///(which equals 61° 80'); ti
kind often lenticular ; also like f. 639 (compare with £ 6i
edges made of the planer / (n), and the outer C4L>uvei
planes 1 {I) and 3-t (a) blended together, and meeting at
angle of 25^"*, or of planes 1 and 2-i, and having the
56 ; the interior cleavage lines parallel to /, having p
meeting the axis at 61^-, or one anotlier in the angli
tals otlen witli warped as well aa curved aurfaces. AWi
lamellar-stellate ; ouen granular massive ; and some
H. = l-5-2. G.=2 314-^2 328, when pure
pearly and shining, other faces subvitreous. Ma^ii
tening, sometimes dull earthy* Color usually white;
flesh-rcd, honey-yellow, ochre-yellow, blue; impure vu
brown, red, or reddish-brown. Streak white. Transp
HTDBOTJB 817LFBA.TSB.
689
Smimarirtt0L A Ytakitj from B<nr8iideii» near QdMngen, oontaixM anhjdiite
664).
-2 d=Siilphario add 46'5, Ume 82-6, witer 20-9=l0a AnaljMfl : 1, Bndioh
9); 2, y. Rose (Karat lOn. Tab., 58, 1808); 8, De la Trobe (Bamm. 4th SappL,
[Za nat Yer. Halle, yUl 482); 6, 7, W. Hampe (B. H. Ztg., zx. 26T):
£1 9e
— =98*8 Bachols.
— — ——=99*04 Boee.
0-64 =100-8A Trobe.
0-60 =100*93 J&ngat
0-60 =100*19 JangBt
=99*94 Hampe.
0*45 =100-80 Hampe.
S
Ca
fi
Si
44-8
330
21-0
_
r
44*16
38*88
21-00
Unxma
4419
29-41
20*18
6-48
ie, con^Mici
45-76
31-87
19-90
2-80
S "
46-95
82-62
20-70
0-42
whiie
46-61
32-44
20-74
0-15
red
46-50
31-99
21-56
— -
irietj from Albay, Lnaon (Philippine ialandaX waa of Toloanic origin.
East Riyer, Pictou, Nova Sootia, aooording to Prot W. R Johnson, and that of
, according to Prof. W. B. Bogen (Am. J. Sci., IL y. 118, 1848X oontoin 1 atom
ilphate of Ume (2 Oa 9+^ &e former affording 8 54*7, lime 89^4, A 5*90. Hie
rite into gypsom ia ezeniplifled on a large aoale fn many plaoea, aa at the
d at Bez in Switaeriand (Blum. Psend., p. 24; Am. J. 8oL, zlyiiL 69X and the
scribed may haye been formed in the oonrae of the tranaition ; or, more prdbap
' of gypenm and anhjdrite. This compound ia formed artifidally only at a high
K)ye 120"* Q The incraetationa in ateam-boilera on the ocean oonalat largely of
F. W. Johnston, and later by R W. Johnson, who gaye for the oompoeition of
I. y. 112, 1848), haying G.=2*69, and a fibrous atr^stnre. Sulphuric acid 54-25,
6*07, equiyalent to 2 of Oa 9 to 1 of & T. K Phipaon found in one (Inyentor's
67) Sulphate of lime 65-0, magneeia 19-0, water 18-5, 9e, 2l 0*85, Naa 0*70,
corresponding to 1 of Oa 9+^ and 1 of Mg fi (bmoite).
the doeed tube giyes off water and becomes opaque. Fuses at 2*5—8, coloring
jrellow. For other reactions, see AirHTDBm, p. 621. Ignited at a temperature
)** 0., it again combines with water when moistened, and becomea firmly sdid.
c add, and also in 400 to 500 parts of water.
often forms eztensiye beds in connection with yarioua stratified rocks, espeoially
irlytes or day beds. It occura occasionally in crystalline rocka. It ia also a
iocs, occurring about fumarolea, or where sulphur gases are eaoaniDg^ being
ulphuric add generated, and the lime afforded by the deoompoeing iayaa-^4fane
a augite and labradorite. It is also produced by the decomposition of pyrite
mt; and often about sulphur springs where sulphuretted hydrogen ia emitted,
through reaction with yegetable matter, into sulphuric add. Gypsum is also
eyaporation of sea-water and brines, in which it eziats hi sdutkm. Oryttals
rm on eyaporating a drop of sea-water in the field of a microscope,
are found in the salt mines of Bez hi Switaeriand ; at HaU in the Tyrol; In the
Sidly; in the gypsum formation near OQana in Spain; in the day of Shotofer
and large lenticular crystals haye been met with at Moatmartre, near Paris.
of alabaster occura at Oastelino, 35 ul from Leghorn, whence it is taken to
lanufacture of yases, figures, eta
!ure in eztensiye beds in several of the United States, and more partionlai^
Inois, Virginia, Tennessee, and Arkanaaa, and is nsuaDy associated witii sail
Noya Scotia, Peru, eta
lite and anowy gypsum occur in Ni York, near Lockport (ocoaskmaDy t 532) hi
Ikh pearl spar and anhydrite; also near Oamfflus, Onondaga Oa; oooasionally
1th in the yidnity of Manliua. In Jfarylandf large grouped crystata on the St
so near the mouth of the Patuzent In Tiivta^ large beds of gypsum with rook
n Oa, 18 m. from Abingdon; also near Lynchburg. In OMo, large t
I found at Poland and Oanfield, Trumbull Oa In ThuL, sdenita and ahib
In KerUnekyj hi Mammoth Oaye, it has the forma of rosettes, or flowers, yines,
Lbundant also W. of the Mississippi m many places, and in Oalifornla.
Skissez, King's Oo., on Oapt McOready's farm, large shigle and grouped crystals^
ain much symmetrically disseminated sand.
(or gypsum which has been healed and groond op) la used ftv making moaldt.
itoea, medals, eta; for producing a hard finish on waOs; also in IhemannflKStars
^ as the scagliola tables of Lsffhom, and in the g^aifaig of popodain
lety, when cut en cdboehon and polished, resembles oat'a-eye.
Named flrom y«i^f, the Greek for tbe mlirenil, but mom i
The deriFatiou ordinarily Buggeated, from y^ earthy and iifMn. too
mo8t common use of the wurd amoDg the Greeks. Theopimstiiti^l
speaks or the makiDg of gypBum by burning the proper atones (acnoDg wb
of inakiog plaster or oement from it by ^* powdering it pouring on w»ti
inBtrumento, there being too much heat for the baud; ^ oT the ne
dialeij before the use of it, because it aoon driea and beoomee bar
the waUa of houses, and of ita being an exceUoni materia] for making 1
The word y*i^ot in Plato and Herodotua baa been lometlmea tr
lateat and beat Lexicon — the rcoent edition of Stephaoua, The ac
it, and :he ?erb yn^du derived from it m«uiing to onier orwhikmwUki
if calcined gypaum, or preparationa fh»m it, ate underatood-
Powdered chalk is not lucely to have been used for a whitewash ; and i
of dry chalking, Moreoyer, true cshalk waa probably unknown to the (
tion of more weatem oouiitries ; and, aocording to Fltnyt even the F
term Oreta (Latin for chalk) principally days, and prominently the *' (
Ul X true chalk being what Plinj oalla " the inferior kind.'' Theoph
ffypeum (so called by the people of Tymphmi) whldi waa a fuller's <
yv^i ia^ therefore, much more likely to have been applied at tin
chalk. The aacienta were acquainted with lime from the burning c
called this y#«^»f. Plato'a expression, Tnr ii wn Aji^f yu«^» «} ^lAroi i
sum or anow," ia not improved by auppoaiog it chalk; for there ia i
gypaum, or the oeilinga or ornaments made from it
&9£efiifo» (= moon-stone) of Dioscoridea, which he says was also oaHed <
^* because it waa fouad at night while the moon waa on the increttae^" waa |
simi or modem aelenite. His description x^kH^ Jitm*fH, cW^ (=a ~
oa far ns it goes; and the uaea of the atone which he mentioos alao i
with that <>f iia being either the modem vwonskme or oof #-«yi^ to i
name ia from nA4»9, mom^ and alludes probably to the peculiar j
Some aggregated cryatallised masses might well have suggeated
doubtful what Pliny had in view under the name aeknUta (xxxviL 0t)t^
brevity on tlie subject* that he did not know the mineral
La^ 9pecuian$ (fipeculaNatone) of Pliny waa moatly cryataQiaed |^ ,
Ifte spenka of it (xzxrL 60) aa affbrdlng by burning the beet of gypaoaiL
'Akaff^trrpirm (or alabajter^stoQe, meaalng the atone out of whldij ~
called aiahastra were made) waa with Theopbraatua and Pliny maf
which is now o^n called oneniai aiahaMer (aee under Cjllciti) ; ami '
locality. Such vases were made of other materially and St ia poatihit I
one ; for when polished it often reaemblee aoiae liooded ataliigiiiiittB.
though not plaoed beyond question — by the statement in Thoophraaftu^ {
that the gTpsttm^atoiie la '*?ery atmilar 10,"" 'not unlike'* (meaning la i'
alahaUnk^ whioh reeeoiblaDoa ia not obvioua if stalagmita la tliA ai4y 4
ir^fU tf Plinv fWim Rvn* aaSil tA Kb wKlfea mm^tA^aA «r^k 1 ~
s
Ag
6t-7
36-8
68-98
28*61
68-90
28-61
6t-78
28-78
64-16
3811
HYDBOUB BULFHATES. Ml
irrpw (akbftstron) oooan m the name of •labaster-stoiM in the writiDgs of the hlito-
odianuB ftbont two oentorieB after Christ, bat without deacription. The atabattmrn of
mething white and ftoth-Uke, called also, aa he aaja, stimmi, atfdi, and iarbaait^ and oom-
ntrer flainea, cannot be alabaster. There is here probably some mistake on tine part of
gypsum is called Flaster-of-Paris, becaose the Montmartre gypaum qoarriea, near PiriSi
have long been, fiunons for affording it.
Qjpsam oocors altered to calcite, malachite, quarta.
B8BRITB. Kieserit BekharcU, Salzbergwerk Stassfttrt, 1860; B. H. Ztg., zx. 89,
Hartinaite KeanffoH ^^^ 1866-67, 22; i&imm^ Pogg, xcriiL 262, 1666 (not Martlnaite
i»184B).
orhombic. Massive ; fine granular or compact.
;8*5. G.= 2*517, Bischof. Color white, grayish-white, to yellowish.
icent to opaque. Friable to firm. Little soluble.
.-ftg9-)-fi[=Sulphur]c add 680, magnesia 29-0, water 13-0=100. Analyses: 1, Bam-
(Pogg., zoTiiL 262) ; 2-4^ Siewert ft Leopold (Jahresb^ 1860, 788) ; 6, Beiohazdt (jahrb.
1^343):
a
Stassftirt 6t-7 26-8 []6-6]=100 Ramm.
13-47=100-96 Siewert
[12-49]=100 Siewert
14-13=rl00-69 Leopold.
14-80, Gl 218, insoL 0-39=9914 Beidiardt
rdt in his eailieet analyses obtained (L a) S 4806, iig 21*66, ti 84*66, which correfpoods
ht& AnaL 2, 8, are of an opalescent, translucent and friable yariety, and 4 of a darker
pqne^ and mnoh harder kind.
lUC— In the dosed tabe yields water. BJB. ftises easQy, and with soda on diarooal
SDlj^nrio add reaction. But little altered at 100** 0. Diasdres in nitric add, leaving
sidne of impurities. Soluble slowly in water, but completely, 100 of water taking np
i; a residue is deposited of microscopic crystals of anhydrite, or of stasslbrtite.
mm the salt mine of StassAirt, often mixed with oarnallite and gypsum. F. BIsdxif
a Stassftirt salt beds vertically (Ann. Ch. Phys , lY. t. 806, and R H. Ztg., xxiy. 1866>
baa, corresponding, he observes, to the natural order of origin fK)m an evaporating
or lower, the anhydrik region; 2, the polyhalHe; 3, the kimeriU; and 4, the oomoWte.
rfte is in beds, 9 to 12 in. thick, alternating with common salt The whole depoait ia
ibet thick, and has the following as its mean percentage oompodtioin : Oomoion salt 65,
17, camallite 13^ chlorid of magnesium (hydrated) 3, anhydrite 2^=100.
after Mr. Eieser, President of the Academy of Jena. For the marUngUa of Earsten,
HAun^p. 113C.
LTHAZiITB. Pdyhalites Stronu, Comment Soa B. Qotting., iv. 189. Pdyhalit
SkcfiL, Unters., L 444, 1821.
krhoinbict Clinohedral? Descl. A prism of 115% with acute
nmcated. Usuallj in compact fibrous masses.
8-5-8. G.=2-7689. Lustre resinous or slirfitly pearly. Streak
>lor flesh- or brick-red, sometimes yellowish. Translucent— opaque.
itter and astringent, but very weak.
^&S+4fi, in which ti-% % Ca in the ratio 1:1: 2=:8alphate of lime 46'2, ioL
19^ toL potaah 28*9, water 6*0=100. Analyses: 1, Stromeyw (Unters., L 144); 2,
mg (Fogg. Ixirlit 612); 8, Dexter (Pogg., xdiL 1); 4» Befanln (ib.): «, a A. Joj
lMitt,4», Pogg.,xdil 1); 0, 7, y. Hauer (Bsr. Ak. WioD, xL 886) ; 8, G. Jemadi (PogK^
MDeitar(fa); 10^Bisdiof(Ann. OkPhys., IT. y. 812); 11, Beidiaidt (Jahrb. ISl.
41
643
0X70EN CX>lIFOimZ)(L
Ausaee
0«3
44-74
46-43
" 46 62
Hallein, red 42-29
Umundea A%'1B
HaUatatt 56*41
Ebenaoo 611 3
Vic, mi 4411
20^03
20-59
18-2T
19-05
1104
lS-53
1918
0-61
2G0
0-76
1-69
2t*70
2810
2339
21*09
2811
14-81
19-12
25-87
NaOl Fe
Old 034
0*11 0*33
0-31 0-24
1-38
1-15 #eSo-80
1216
0-28 0-41
0-24 l-Ol
». *< gray 44*12 1&-08
10, Staaafurt 42*64 lO-IG
11, ♦* 48-44 20*56
21-11 0-44
2190 3-49
26-22
0*69
6*9S:=9S<94 1
6-24= 99*80 1
4$*02,^i0 82,]iteH|
6*10, Jil 0-27, FeS 11
6-41=99*21 Jo/.
5*58=100 w, Baoer.
6*05=100*52 ▼. Hiuer.
616,310*11, 21 0*39,
1*40== 100 Deztar.
5*75=99*54 Biachot
1-41, Mg a 0*58=98*27]
FroiD analysis 9, 6*23 p. a of ciaj have been remored, aud part of the 7*40
beloDga with it.
Berthier'a aualjaea of the Tie polyhaHte (Ann. d. M., x. 260) were Isi
Gmunden (anal 5) aliould be either Istihl or Auaaee, aooofding to Kamiaelabefg,
mineral doea oot occur near Gmunden (Min. Ch, 233, 1862), Joy aaya in a ttHLtt
dated Oct, 1606, that It was brought to Q-. Boae'n laboratory ao labelled.
FyT.,fito, — In the dosed tube girea water. B.B. fuaea at 15, colors the
charcoal flssea to a reddish glohnle, which in R.F becomes white, and on
hepatic ia«te; with soda like glauberite. With fluor dees not give •
Bolubie in water, leaTing a reddue of sulphate of hme, which diaiolTet in
water.
Oh«,r— Occurs at the mines of Ischl, Ebensee, Auaaee, Hallatatt, and Halkan In
oonimon salt, gyp»uoi, and anhydrite ; at Borchtesgaden in Banana ; at Tic in
The name P(>ly halite la derived from iruXit, it^ny, and IXi^ aait, in alluaioQ to the U
hi the conatitntion of the lOLQeraL
For remnrkij on the position of the polyhalite at 8taBafiirt aee EmxBm, p. 641.
651. MAiri.Nrns A. 6^oe5e2 (Bull Aa St Petersb^ ix. 16, 1865). Ltke polyhalfte
characters, but has the ^ Mg, Ca in the ratio 1:2:3. Color white ; lustre
foliated flhroua. In nodules as large as the ^t^ at the salt mine of Hainan in
naUite, and also investing or Intersecting nodnlea of camallite.
6S&. FIOBOMEBITB« PicromGrido Scacchiy Mem. Inoend. Tesav. 1855^ 19
Bamm^ Min. Gb., 281, 1860. Kainit Zmcien, K H. Ztg., zxiv. 79, laSft.
Jttx^ MuL 1865, 602, 1666, S40.
Monoelinic. <7=75° 12', /A 7^109** 50', O A 1h=154''
116° 41'. In ciTstak and crystalline crtiste,
H. = 2-5, Color white.
Vomp,-t. 5 + Mg3 + 6 ft, or (i ^+i %)S+8 fi=8ulphuric add 39*8,
23-5, water 26'8= 100. Analyses : H. Beichardt (i o*) :
3
Mg
±
ft
a ^B
1. Stassflirt
38-52
11-56
22 82
[36*29]
0-81 =100.
2.
80-74
10-40
23*28
26*81
0*28=100^7.
Eetchardt^s analyses were made on his ach^itt^ a salt obtained by him by
of magnesium in what is called kainiie by means of aJcohoL
FjT^ ©tc.«Loses 11 p. c. water at 100^ C., and all the rest by heating to IS3^
According to Qraham, the artificial salt loses its water wholly al IS2'.
Oha. — Fouod at Vesuvius among the salts product at the emptloii In 1855v b i
with crystals of cyanochroite, ati Lsomorphous species in which oopper replacee I
Also ooctirs at the Stassfurt salt mine, along with Ideaeiite and oanMiQile* U isofl
at StMsfUrt, with chlorids and other salts. Alcohol dissolTea out oblorid of majiniiiiM
Kainiie of Zincken, from Ibe same locahty at Stasafhrt, la nothing but the impoie p
just alluded to, as shown by Eotchardt. It has been analyaad by QrtS (E R Z%^ t
K. and H. Eeiduu-dt, Hoseeua, and Theile (Jahrb. Min. IS66, 331)* Fh% \^ K, J
and the chlorine In tlie reanlta Taries ftom 14*5 to 361 p. c Nearly all tha olilate \i
JTaS
%s
NaClMgCl
■<di],ni^
83-34
86-66
0-33
"* orange
41-02
86-36
0-60
Utnkan
41-73
3681
0-34
iflDdOM
46*74
33-31
116
u
45-82
33-19
1-79
H^D^BOUB 6I7LPHATK8. 648
id of magneeiiim on treating the mineral with alcohol Forma granular maaaea wfaidi
oolor from oolorleaa to grajrfah, yeHowiah, and reddiah, and haa 0.s8-181* 2-147, but
to 2-184. It aometimea oontaina alao oommon aalt Named jncnoiiMrito in alluaion to the
n preaent; and Kainite (properly Oamiie) from mcm^^ receni.
USDVTB. Bkedit John, Unters., 1811. Astrakanit G. Boae, Beia. Ural, iL 270, 271,
1842.
Dperfect crystals. Also massive.
r whitish, orange, reddish. Translucent. Very soluble.
•The original hU»dUe from laohl, analysed by John, was maaaiTO, somewhat ffivona, fleal^
ick-red in oolor, and spliniery in fracture. The astrakanitef from near Aatrakan, waa in
tyatala.
<— ftS+2£i; with :ft=iMg+i^a=Sulphate of soda 42-6, aolphate of magneaia 85^
l-ftsioa Analyaea: 1, John (L a); 2, y. Hauer (Jahrb. Q. Beioha., 606, 1866); 8,
oae'a Beia. Ural, L a); 4, Hayes (Proc. N. H. Boat, y. 391):
22-00, MnS 0-88, 9eB 0*34=98-00 John.
21-60=99*88 Haner.
21*96=99*88* GobeL
19*60, sand, eta 0*19=100 Hayes.
18*84, sand, etc. 0-36=100 Hayea.
* 1*76 day and Mud remoY«d.
^ lample afforded Hayea l^aS 48*00, %5 84-20, NaQ 1*21, fi 16*42, Si, etc. 0*17=
^ried at 90* F. the water waa reduced to 16-20 p. a The leaa amount of water in HiQres'6
I than in the others may have beeir due to the degree of drying.
I tto^— Heated loses water rapidly; at a red heat frises quietly to a transparent globote,
I white on oooUng. Somewhat deliquescent in a moderately moiat atmoapbare.
■*fR»i the aalt minea of Isdil; the salt lakes near Aatrakan, eaat of tne month of the
naL 8); the aoil of the oountiy near liendosa, between 8an Lnia de k Punta and the
tb Andes, especially eaat of San Jnan, oceorring in fanperfect ofystala at the junction of
Ml of common aalt, one to two feet below the aurfkca
Id after the ehemiat and mineralogist Bldde.
UBWBITB. LSweit ffaicL, Abb. Gea. Wias. Frag, Y. iy. 1846; J&id, Ber. Fr. Nat,
a 266, 1847.
iigonaL Massive. Cleavage octahedrons have approzimatelv the
111** 44' and lOS"" 2' giving for the vertical axis the valne 1-804.
ige : basal, distinct ; /, imperfect ; 1, or the octahedral, in traces.
52'5— 8-0. Q.=2-376. Lustre vitreous. Color yellowish-white to
•yellow, also reddish. Fracture conchoidal, with the aspect some-
k fire-opaL Taste weak. Optically uniaxial ; refraction positive,
J ordinary ray 1*491, extraord. 1*494.
c— ft9+U]ft, with ft=i Ag+i^a=Sulphate of soda 46*3, sulphate of magneaia 391,
.-1. Anatyses: 1, Karaflat (L c); 8, y. Haner (Jahrb. G. Beldia., 1M«, 606):
B
»g
«a
d
L
BS-85
12-78
18*97
14*45, 9e, Si 0-66=99*21 Karaflat
a.
62*63
14*31
18*58
14*80=100*22 Haner.
-In para orystallhie masses an inch thick, inyolyed with foliated anhydrite, at the lachl
i^Avstria.
Bpeom Salt Sal natiynm catharticom A JSGnhumm, De Sale natiyo
!tf6o la IbdMs Hnngarim reoena inyento^ Poaonii, 1781. Sal aentram addolai^ 8el
Ootnp*— liTgS -f t ^ when pm«=Mi^ertA t«'3, TOlplnrrfc add St^ ^
irsea; 1-4, Stromejer (G«i. Auk. G5tt, 1833, Pogg., zxxi I3t, Scbw. J^ '
ScL Industry my. 300); 6, Dofr^noy (Tr., iL 323):
5
Mg
l^e
2;[n
^ ^
1. a AMCB.
3226
14-68
— -
8-61
49*24=90-69 Slilfl
S. Idria, ''EaaraalM''
S330
16-89
0-23
^— ~
50-93=99*86 8uH
3. GatalomA
81-90
16 49
51^0^99-69 Stt^
4. NeuBohl, ro9e<ed
31*37
1531
009
0-34
&170, On 0*8$, €■
6. Ktou, France
84*37
n-31
— .
48 32=100 BoaiiL
Q a
34-07
16*20
—
47 20, Ca 2 10-99-6"
Pyr^ etc — Liquifies in its water of caTstalUzatioo. Qiw&B nmdli
a high temperature; the water is add B.B. on diarooal ftiMt
infusible alkaline masa, which^ with cobalt aolutioa, giyts a pink
Iq water, and baa a very bitter tasta.
Oba. — Common in mineral watera, and as a delicate flbroua or oa]
in the gaUories of minear ^^^ elsewhere* In the former state it
at Sedllts and Saidscbuta io Bohemia. At Idria in Oamiola it occort.j
called hairmU hj the workmen* Also obtained at the gyp«oin qi
in Fitou, Dept. of the Ande, France: in Aragon ana Catalonia in ,| ._
Sk Juan in ChUi ; and in a grotto in Southern AfHcai where it forma a 1^
found at Vesuritia, at the eruptions of 1850 and 1865.
The floors of the limestone caves of Kj^ Tenn>, and lad,, are In manj
epsomtte, in minute crystula, mingled with the earth. In the ICammoth 0
the roof in loose masses like 8D<iwball<i^ At the Alum Obtq, in gerier, Ti
of the West Fork of Little PIgeoii BXrer, maiaea of nearlj piue ep«ointle^
volume, hare been obtained (SafibnTt Bep., 119). It effloreeceft from tUm a
m. tnm OoeTmana, on the east face of the Helderbeig, K, T. Baid to oc
fomia plains, east of San Diego (Am. J, ScL, IL tL 38^). Also 6fflor«ei
aeipentine in Marmora^ Canada West ; and on dolomites of the Clinton
■bellered plaoea between Niagara Falla and Lake Huron, as at Dundaa, y
Sulphate of mag&eeiA ia dImoiphouB. According to Haidinjcer and ]
described form is produoed when ciTitallisitloo takea place below 16' CL
dinic form between 25'' G. and 30" u.
HTBBOTJB 8ULFHATB8. 645
ttnctiiig moisture readilj, oooorring in snuill pyramida] and adonlar oryatela aoppoeed
hombio^ and also masaiye. "ProhMj a hjdroua sulphttto of aeeqidozjd of iron : bat
not ascertained. H.=l*5~2.
inl, near Schwarsenberg, in Sezony, and Brftonsdorf in the Srsgeblrge. Named flrom
Jlnsion to the deUqnesoenoe ; bat changed to graulUe hy GHocker, beoaose the Greek
aifying aetivelyf and not panively as in deliqaesoence.
663. FAUSBBXTB. Fkoserit BreUh^ B. H. Ztg., zziy. 301, 1860.
hombic. I A /=91® 18'. Cleavage : iri diBtinct ; / in traces or
rather distinct. Crystals grouped in stalactitic forms.
— 3^. G.=1'888. Lustre vitreous. Color reddidi- and yellowish-
colorless. Translucent to transparent. Taste astringent, bitter.
-%5-l-2 &nS + 16d=(i Ag+f ftn)9+6d=Salphario add 84*7, protoz.
lagnesia 6*8, water 39*0=100. Analyses: 1, 2, Mollnir (L c):
8449 19*61 516 42*66, Si, 9e *\IM
33*78 20-06 6'68 40*64.
t>m Herrengrand in Hungary. Named after ICr. Eaaser.
COPPERAS GROUP.
>ecie8 here included are the ordinary vitriols. They are identical
I formula with the species of the Epsomite group, and are regarded
Qie compound essentially under oblique crystallization. The cop-
late diverges from the others in crystallization, and contains but
ar; but species containing copper in many other groups exhibit a
rgence from the rest in crystalline form.
T BBffOBl 1750. XUXkupBop, XahtTrif, MtXmvmpCa^ ZS^ M(4r«, DtoecOT^ Y. 114-118.
m (from yaXcai, braaa, and i^s^ flower) is vitriol of any kind; Spain is given as a
ialcUi8f a disintegrating pyrites, iron or copper, impregnated with the same, as a resnlt
tion; Mdcmieria {tr. ^<Aav, ink), a salt-like chalcanthua, or earth containing it; jSi^nc,
til or stone impregnated with some vitriol; Jtftni, a yeUowiah vitriolic stone, per^
copiapite, and partly yellow ochre impregnated with vitriol of some kind.^]
;om sutoriimi=Ohalcanthmn, Chalcites, Sory, Misy, PUtl, xzxiv. 29-82; evidently in
ioscorides. [The description of ChaicatUhum gives prominence to hkte vitriol, while
boemaker's ink (which Atr. sutorium signifies) implies the presence of grem (or iron)
material still nsed for blackening leather ; ChalcUea and aory are the same as above;
3W and pnlvernlent, Uke the mineral now called copiapite.]
um 8atoriam=Melanteria=0halcantham, (Chalcites, Bory, Misy, Agrie^ Fobs., tlS-
Kapferwasser id., Interpr., 463, 1646. [The first three of these names are synonyms
iol or all ; and include (as partly also in Diosoorides) o^iillary or wool-like, ptomose,
ind salt-like kinds, besides Lapia aJbrammU; Agrioola mentions the varieties Akrammr
n eandidim (=Xc««oiov Gr,), which is white or zinc vitriol ; A. «. vtrMit, whksh is grsen
preting these ancient names it has to be borne in ndnd that there are three souroes of
lesides that of imperfect description :
he earthv or stony mass containing the essential ingredient comes into the description.
Pyrites (mdading pyrite, marcasite and pyrrhotine) is brassy enoogh to be oonftmnded
pyrita the ore of copper or brass ixt^XKit) ; and, in fact, Diosoorides says that pyrites
it, although in the next line asserting that it strikes fire with a steel, a diaracteristk)
ing it firom copper pyrites. Moreover, Agrioola describes ell the vitriols ante bis
mitoria, sod makes KvpJerwaaMr of the Gennans (meaning topper wokr) a ooomioii
r them ; as has been true of Ooppera$ in English and Ooftmmmm lirenflh.
ron sad copper pyrites often occur together, and the vitrtoUo resolts of tiieir aliens
iseqaentfy variously mixed in nature.
U6
OXYGEN CX>llPOUlfD0.
vitriol ; A, «. CGBruleum, which in bluo yilriol; Sofyy a grtj or blaekJah aioii%
rotundaeX impregnated with any ritriol; Misy, a yefiow effloreaootil or
Goalar in the Harz i9 the principai localitj cited bj AgriooU. C^oleilii
9orj and misj in texture* and rubra ei (mi$ eohrt; perhaps a red oobx9 (m fr^i
dteratton of pjrites) oontaiDiog oopperas and Bome unaltered pjritM.
Atrameutum viride, a quibtiadam VUreolum Tocutor, Atbertug Mojpvm, De
1270, Vitriolum Agric., ib., 213. [So namod from vOrimn, gUus^ in alluaioa 1
appearance of tlie crystals of vitriols ; Agricok speaka in couieotioii witli lua
wordj of *^ A, candidum transliicidum in star Crystalli."]
AtramentuiQ Gesner, Foas., 13, I5G5; divided into A. album durum Goo1«riftQ|
riol], A. viride [or Iron vitnol], A. coBruleum Cjprium pulcberrimum [or ]
Melanteria, Sory^ Ui»f^ Gfjmer, iU^ 15^ Id.
Yitriolura WalteriuSt Min., 155, 1747, and OnrnMedi^ma^ 113, 1758; ft gem
specieB W Cupri (=V. Qypri, V. Veneris); 2, V. viride (=V. ferri, V. itiartis);
Zinci (fYom Ooalar); besfdoa 4, Y. miituiQ (a mere mixture); 5, 6^ Terra ritrklka
moutarius (earth or atone impregnated with vitriol of some kind]^ and including
tariua flavuB, or Misy.
66C MELANTEHITB. MtXayrnpia^ XaX^db^i^, etc., Dhsoor. Ghalcantha
eutoriiiQi, etc, PHn, MelanteTia, Atramentum autorium viride, Agric Tttrk
M<ignm, Atramentum viride Cesner. Yitriolura viride, "V, ferri, V. naitSa, W
TitrioL Copperas. Sulphate of Iron. Fer aulfat^ iV. Melant^rle Bnid^ 1^
540
Monocliiiic.
123^ W; a:b
c=V310 : 1 : 08474.
♦f
H
O A 1-/^104^ 20'
0 A 7=80 37
0 A -^-1=159 6
OA-u^tm
-1 A -1=10
metallic.
Cleavage : 0 perfect, / less so. Often
fibrous, stalactitic, and concretionarj fol
/y rally massive and pulverulent.
Il.^2. (^.=1-832. Lustre vitreoiift.
ous eliades of green^ passing into white;
yellowish on exposure,
pf^retit— transhicent
Fracture conchoidal. Brittle.
Streak uncolored.^
Taste sweetish, ast
Ooiiip*—3PeS + 7 tt= Sulphuric acid 28'8, protoxyd of iron 25-9, water 4S'3=1
Pyr., etc. — In the ctoded tube jields water, and after a time aulpburous and aa|
On charcoal tuma at firat browti, then red, and finaltj black, becoming ]
tluxoa reacts for iron. Soluble in twit^ ite weight of water, and the aohiti
tincture of uut galia. Expoaed to the air booomoa covered with a yellow ]
aulphflte of the seaquioxj^i of froo.
Oba. — Thia aalt usually proceeds from the deoompoaition of pyrit© or i
afford it^ if oocaaiouallv moistened while expoaed to the atmoapbere. Ooaan^
Hans I Bodeomals in Bavaria ; Fahlun, 8we<den ; at Hnrlet, near Paialej «
Europe and on the other coetiDenta. UauaUj accompaniea pfriie in the U* i
an elBoresoeuce ■ at CJopperoa Mt., a few milea E, of Bainbridge, Ohio, it is «
and pjrrite. it m employed in dyeing and tanning, and in the manafaoture of ink i
^e6. mBMNirm. K ISsani, 0. R, zlTilL 807. Fisanit Emng., Uek 1S&
In concretionary and stalactitic forms.
Lustre vitreous. Color bright blue. Becomes ochreoiid,(
Oomp^fe,Cu)S+7flj or ft oopperaa with thr«&.flftba of tbe iroa
Analygia by Pisani {L c}i
HTIHKM7B SULPHATES* M7
999*90 t^ 10*98 Ctt 16*06 tLiB'M
IQpr., «*o^— BwK gives with the fluxes leaotioos for oopper. Otherwise Uke melsoterite.
DiMfc. Ooours with ohaloopTrite at a oopper mine in the interior of Turkey. The interior of
^ Mliiena has sometimes druses of minute orjstals.
Sm QOSZiARITB. Atramentum sutorium, candidom, potissimum reperitur (Joselarke, trans-
iorf^lnm, crystalli iustar, Agric^ Foss., 213, 1646. A. album fossile durum Goslarianum Oemter,
ioM^ 13, 1665. Yitriolum Zinci album natiyum, Galizensten, Hvit Yiktril, WaU^ 167, 1747.
Bhio Yltriol, White Yitriol, White Copperas, Sulphate of Zino. Zinc sulfate Oouperoee hianche,
W. GalUzinite Beud., Tr., 446, 1824. Goslarit Eaid., Handb., 490, 1847.
Orthorhombic I A 7=90^ 42' : (? A 1-1=160^ 10' ; a : J : (?=0-5786 :
: 1-0123. Observed planes : /, t-t, i-t, t-S, 1-i, 1-J, 1, 2-5. 1-t A 1-i. top,
120^ 20', 1-t A 1^ top,=120° 3', 0 A 1=140^ 67', 1 A 1, mac.,=127^ 27',
A 1, brach.,=126'^ 45'. Cleavage : i-i perfect.
H.=2-2-5. Q.=2-036; 1*9-2-1; 1-953, artificial crystals, Schill.
BBtre vitrteous. Color white, reddish, bluish. Tnmsparent — ^translucent,
rittle. Taste astringent, metallic, and nauseous.
OoBipu— 2nS+7fi[=8ulphuric add 27-9, oxyd of rinc 28-2, water 43-9= 100. Beudant
lilned for a specimen from Schemnitz (Tr., iL 481) S 298, Zd 286, Ua 0-7. 3Pe 0*4. H 408=
0-2, which oorresponda to 6 1^ Klaprolh obtained (Beitr., r. 193) 5 22*0, Zn 27*fi, iin 0*6, H
2=ioa
SJrr., etc^— Helds water. On charcoal with soda gires a rinc ooathig, and a Bulphid whioh
nbhes aQyer. Easily soluble in water.
Oba^r— ThiB salt is formed by the decomposition of blende, and is found in the passages of mines.
<iectir8 at the Rammelsberg mine near Goslar, in the Han ; at Schemnits in Hungary ; at
hhoA in Sweden ; and at Holywell in Wales. It is not of common ooourrenoe.
il is manufactured for the arts, and is yery extensively employed in medicine and dyeing.
Ute vitriol, ae the term is used in the arts, is the sulphate of ^o in a granular state, like loaf
produced by melting and agitation while cooling.
name GaOtiaienUe, which has priority, was given the ndneral by Beudant from a popular
1 name Galiigeruiein. But although so caltod hi Qermany, zinc vitricd is not a stone fttMu
(Poland), as the word hnjdies, while it is eminently a product of the mines of Goalar in
Haidlnger's name GoOariU is therefore adopted for the spedea
K
r. WIHHHklTU, Oobalt ^triol Sage, J. de Phys., xzzix. 58, 1791. Kobehvitriol Kopp,
l«lilen*8 J., n. vL 167, 1808. Red Vitriol Sulphate of Oobalt Shodhaloae Beud^ Tr., iL
•1, lasi. Bieberit Raid., Handb., 489, 1846.
If onoclinic. Usually in stalactites and crusts, investing other minerals.
a.= 1-924, artificial crystals, SchilL Lustre vitreous. Color flesh- and
e-redL Subtransparent — translucent. Friable. Taste astringent.
lo«ip^-Co5+7fi=Sulphuric acid 284, oxyd of cobalt 266, water 461=100. Analyse :
. H. Kopp (Gehlen's J., IL vi 157); 2, Winkelblech (Ann. d. Pharm^ xiiL a66>; 3» Beudant
.); 4^ H, ficluiabel (Ramm. 4th SuppL, 118):
3 Co ft
1. Biaber l»-74 88-71 41-66=100 Kopp. ^ ^ „^, ,
J. *• 2906 19-91 46-83, Mg 3-86=9965 Winkelblech.
a. ** 80-a 28-7 41-2. Fe 0*9 Beudant ^
4. Sfegen 28-81 23 30 4522, Ca 043, ^ 0 88, 01 0H)9. taaoL 1;1J=1J0-11 Bclm.
K. •• 10-84 16-60 3813. Ca, Big <r.. Q 0-06 InaoL »4-«4=100 8dm.
iopp'te anatyiia ooneepottda to 0o«5+8fl; but the eodalwwe of roA a compound is tut
blfbL The artliidaDy prepared cobalt vitriol haa the oompoaltioii above given.
^ cniHi
Berifita Minem, Madrid, 305, i 860. Sulfiito de aickeV MoreDooita, C|
1661. Nk^d Yitriol T. B, Hunt, thU MiiL, 679, 1850, Logaa*9 Q,
line V. J£4>&*, G«L Aos. Mundi., xzxv. 316« 1852^ J. i»r. Qh., iTiiu M.
Ib aeicular crjrdtals and thin prisms. AIbo fibrous ;
cence.
H.=2— 2-25. G.=3'004, Falda. Lustre vitreous,
to greenish-white. Streak white, faintly greenish. Soli
lie astringent.
Oomp.— ^i5+7U=SQlphuric add 28*6, oxyd of nickel 26"T, wster <
If 2, Fuldaimd Koiii^r(AaD. Ch. Fharni., czxzL 211);
5
^i
a
X.
L Biechelfidorf
28-64
26'T6
44 iS
o-4t=iooi
2.
28^2
S6-69
44'8a
0-24= lOM
In the mineral &om GiilfdA, on whidi the apeoias was instttulod* tiM
to Oasares (U a), was mixed with a little salpliaie of copper and iroo ; '
aooofding to Hnni, appeared to be pure nidcd yitrioL
Pyr^ eto. — B.B. in tube gives water, strooglj add, awella np, and hi
aod opaque. On charcoal glows ttrougly and orolvet tulphuroua acid
pbonis salt giirea a distinct nickel r^i^oo. The RieeheJadoff minttml i
bine, from the pcesenoe of araenic.
Oba< — A reault of the alteration of nickel ores. Oocurs n«cr 04
on magnetite, with which some millerito is mixed ; at Rie^helador^
mouD tain-green in color, vdth native bismuth and arsenical nickel,
Lichtenberg in Bajreuth rpjromeline). Also in adonlar cnratals ■
Lake Huron, upon a sutpburet of nickel and iron; at w Gap
Pennajlrania.
Named bj Oaaarea after Mr. Moreno, of Spain. A. M* Aldbar staAaa
ooiomunicaiion on this mineral to the doci^td dd Fharmacie of l^uja ia It*
liflhed
669, OBAIiOAKTHITB. XiA.i.^x', Chakanthiiro pt, Diomir^ .
Agric., Oissner, Vitriolum Capri =V. OypTi=V, Veneris, WaiL, Oonit
Vitriol, Copper YitrioL Kupferyitriol Qwm. Ooapen)aa
HTDiBOUB fllTLPHATBS. 84B
=8-6. Q.=:2-218. Lustre vitreous. Color fi^i
i-blue to Bky-blue, of different shades;
imee a little greenish. Streak nncolored.
ansparent — ^translucent. Taste metallic
anseons. Somewhat brittle.
p. — Ca9+6fi[=Siilphiirio acid 32*1, ozyd of copper
Iter S6*l= 100. Often mixed with melanterite. Bliuah
finom mud at the OronebaQe copper mine of Widdow
aooording to Mr. Mallet, 34*2 of solphate of iron to
ralphate of copper.
, ttto. — In the dosed tube yields water, and at a higher temperature solphnrfe add. B3.
ida on charcoal yields metallic copper. With the fluxes reacts for copper. Soluble in
a drop Of the solution placed on a surfoce of iron ooats it with metallic copper.
»6hie yitriol is found hi waters issuing from mines, and In connection wiUi rocks contain-
toopyrite, by the alteration of which it is formed. Some of its foreign localities are ttie
Isberg mine near Goslar in the Harz ; Fahlun in Sweden ; at Parys mine, Anglesey ; at
mines in Oa of Wicklow ; formerly in crystals an indi long at Ting Tang mine in Gwen-
flo Bio TInto mine, Spain. The waters of the Rio Tmto mine haye yielded annually 1,800
copper, consuming 2,400 cwt of iron. At Widdow about 600 tons of iron were laid in
I at one time, and in about 12 months the bars were dissolyed, and eadi ton of iron yielded
I tons of a reddish mud which was cemeni copper, containing for eyery ton 16 cwt of
pper. It has been obseryed at Yesuyius among the products of the emplion of 185A.
d at the Hiwassee copper mine, also in large quantities at the Isabella and other mhies, in
iw, Tennessee, 30 ul from Qeyeland ; at the (^ton mine, Georgia ; at Gopiapo^ OhUi, with
te.
Q porifled it is employed in dyeing operations, and in the printing of cotton and Unen, and
ons other purposes in the arts. It is manufactured mostly fh>m old sheathing, copper
igs, and refinery scales.
M ancient chakanihum see p. 645. BeudanVs name q/anoae (with cyononte deriyed from it,
«Mf ) is rejected like other names in which the terminal s of the Greek is retained. More-
ahtmOiiief meaning ./IcNMrv of copper, is old and good.
670. OTANOGEDIOXTXI. Gianooroma Seacch^ Mem. Yesar., 191, I860.
noclinic. C7=75° S0'=O A i-i, I A 7=108^ 12', O A l-i=163^ 66',
-*=141^ 47', O A 2-i=116^ 49'; also plane 2-i. Occurs as a crust,
rystals obtained by solution and evaporation. Color clear blue.
ip. — According to Scacchi, a hydrous sulphate of potash and copper j (iOu + i&)5 + 3fiL
—From the sidine crusts formed on the layas dunng the eruption of Yesuyius in 1806.
sd in allusion to the color from rvavos, blue, and xP^i ^"^^ Scaochi*s name has been
1 to the aboye, in order to secure the termination tfe and ayold ambiguity (the mineral con-
no chrome).
kLUMOOBN. Hydro-trisulfkte d*alumine BevA, Tr., 449, 1834. Dayite (?) JUiZL,
t. J., 1838. Ahmogene JBetMi, Tr., il 488, 1833. Solfktarite pt Shtp,^ Ifin., 188, 18S6.
■Bobafit aUick», Grundr., 689, 1 889. Saldanite Buai, Min., iL 461, 1841. Stypterit GMkw^
, 297, 1847. Halotrichit pt ZTati^m., Handb., iL 1174, 1847 (not Halotridiit OVoefar).
vefelaaure Thonerde. Sulphate of Alumina.
moclinic, Juraskj. In six-sided tables with two angles of 92^ and
of 184®. Usually in delicate fibrous masses or crusts ; also massive.
.=l-5— 2. G.=l-6— 1-8. Lustre vitreous— silky. Color white, or
b1 with yellow or red. Subtranslucent — subtransparent Taste like
of oommon alum.
660
axYQiass cx>MPoi7Nim,
Oomp.— %lS'+ 18 tr^:: Alumina 15*4, flolpburic ftdd 86-0, wvt)«r46il=l00« Aa
BouBsingauU (Ann. Ch. Phys^ xxx. 109); 8, Uerapatb (Ch. Qat, \%U); 4, Hftftvill
178); 6, IL Roee (Pogg-, nmi 317); 6-», Rammelflberg (Pogg., xliii. l«0, 3S«); l(
(Aat BL £ lit, 1847); 11, U Barth (Bor, Ale* Wien, niv. 258) ;
1. Rio Seldaoa
5. Paato
3. Adelaide
4. Milo
6. Copiapo
6. Koloaomk
1. Priesdorf
8. PotBchappel
9. PreienwiUd©
s
36*40
35-68
3fi'63
4081
3B^
35-82
37-88
35-71
3664
1 10. KonigHberg 36*76
IlL PusterT-^Tyroiae-O
16D0
14-98
17 09
H'98
14-63
1557
U-87
12-78
11-28
14-30
168
46-60
49-34
4G-70
40-94
Mg
0004
0-85
.=$9-01 Boom.
l'I3» 2s_
10
0-21
44-64 2*68 0*14
48-61
4516
47-02
48-84*
44-60 2-16
48-4
0-27
iin
0'1&
0-64
0-46
1*3T-100 as EcMii.
c^lOOEamm. ^
, & 0-22, tm 1 a
, in«oL 2^01 z:^90*
= 1002
Beudaut obtained in his anatysm of a epedioen trom Guadaloopo^ the int
>,, 44», 1832), S 39 94v M 16'7ti, H 36-44, pofcaab aluoi 4 68, green Titriol 1^
stead of 18 H. The other aoaljsea agree well in the latter, and the
I'BiTor.
I. Ikwite N. MIU (Brandies Q. J.| xxv. S62^ 1828) from a hot epring at CSiiwmclLi ■ da^V
{^Bogota, aflbrded hiixi S 28*8, Al 15 0, tL 5P8, 9e 1*2, with eaith/ matten 3 Sssia
'ayestlgation. Anal 10 in of the k^am&haUk <^ Jurtaky^ from aoar SxfOJi«b«i|L
P3rr^ etc. — Yields water, and at a higher temperattire eulphurio mai, in m
liOiyea a fine blue with cobalt solution. Soluble in water.
Oba.— This specieSf a hjdroQfl sulphate or alumina, reaulta both trom t^kaak
ullie decoui position of pyrites in coal districts and alum shales, and occur* at Uit iM
I mentioned, besides many others. The Paste mineral was ttom the crater oC « voloi
I been observed by Scacchi at Vesuvius ; at KSnigaberg, HuQgiiXf it oocuiv ia thkk
r Iron yitriol It is found as an efiioreaoenoe in namerona plaoaa in the Ufutad
^jlbFous aluQOgeu (7) oocura abundantly at Smoky Mtn^ Jackson Co^ K. C, irfe«i% II
^may be obtained.
This species was made known by Beudant, and by him first named AhmogtM. fl
LcrosB between French and Greek, and therefore objootiounble ; but not
|0f minerals that are accepted. Should datnle turn out to bo th» aane things tUi I
|JkaTe the precedence in time ; but still it could uot claim fooogoition on the bsele of
proyed to be so greatly In error.
072. OOQUIMBITS. Xeutralee achwefelaattroa BUenoxyd (9. Rom, Fog^ nff
Wliite Copperas, Coquimbit BnHh^ Handk, 100, 1S41.
Hexagonal, Prisms usnallj with tlie terminal edgea deepljr
0 A l = 15r, /A 1=119^ 1 A 1 = 128° S'. Cleavage: /, ioij ^
in fine granular masses.
1L==2— 2-5. G.=2~21. Culor white, yellawiali, broi
^witb a pale violet tint. Taste astringent.
Oomp.— 9e3*4-dfi=Su]phuric add 42*7, MaqQiozydof boo 2d*fi, water itf^lj
m: 1, 2^ BL Boae (1, ci) :
1. OrystaUine
2. Oranular
H
43-66
43-66
84-11
2621
0^2
078
Ca
0*73
0-U
032
Mi
Si
0-St
0^1
ft
210-ltl^lM^]
i»^sl00-l4]
PjTTt, eto--
heated, aesquioxyd
thaaflloa.
— B.B. resembles melanterite. WhoQf tohlhle In oold wilif j
tuiozyd of iron ia coptoualy predpitated. Dilute mttrielie aald (
m
KTBfBOTO SULPHATES. A51
. — ^Forms a bed in a feldspathic or trachjtio rock, in the provinoe of Goquimbo, aboat half
joamej firom Ck>i^po. The bed of salt ia on the inoreaae, and is probablj derived from
K>Bin^ anlphidfl. Pita 20 ft. deep have been formed in it by the people of the country.
also in Bdivia near Oalamaf constituting the greater part of a laige hilL
frred hj Scacchi about fumaroles after the eruption of Yesuyius in 1855, partly in a
sh frialde oni8t» which, by solution and eiraporation, afforded yellow ?iexag<mal crystals ;
a yellowish cmst, in many parts tinged green, compact in texture, with the lustre of a sur-
fhboture yery bright
tich states (Ber. Ak. Wien, xxriiL 272, 1858) that a spedmen of ooquimbite from Ck^po
museum at Vienna has the optical characters of his roemerite, and therefore cannot be
•nal, and he suggests that the two minerals may be identical
lated ochre-yellow mineral from Algodonbai in Bolivia, afforded v. Bibra (J. pr. Oh., zcvi
.'i0*2», Fe 43*89, Ca 4*21, £[ 21*20, CuP lr.=99*53; which, if the lime be separated as
a (10-21 p. C.X becomes S 50*34, 9e 27*80, tL 21*86=100. It is partiy sohxble in water,
I solution contains no iron.
ALUM AND HALOTMCHITE GROUPS.
onps of Tersulpbates having tbe ratio of base and acid, and also of B.
: 3 ; all very soluble, and having more or less the aatringent taste oi
lonaJum. H.=2-2-5. G.=l-56-2. The Alums have 24 fi[ to 4 S,
sure isometric ; the Halotrichites have 22 H instead o{ 2i^ and are
jometric, being either orthorhombic or monoclinic.
species here indnded are not easily distinguishable by the taste or external charaotera, and
sarly authors on minerals include fUl under one or two names. The old synonymy and the
^ of the species are therefore more conveniently given here than under the seTeral sub-
as of the group.
rqf (a Gr, Alumcu Plin. [embracing vitriols as well as the alums]. Lxtrrii ervwritpia Dioeeor,
idng the fibrous or feathery kinds, Lytwii being from vxt^ot, I cut, and alluding to the easy
ision into fibres]. Tptxtrns ZHowor. [fr. Bpt^, Atow, it embracing capillaiy kinds]. i4umen
Germ. Alaiin, Gesner^ Foss., 1565 [vitriols being excL, and comprising the var. A. can-
KeapoUtanum ^fr. Na|des), A. capiUare, ib., A. Placodes (latas crustas habens), ib., etal.
Alumen [indudmg var. a solidum, 0 crystallisatum, y plumosum, or Fjader-Alun], WaiL,
61, 1747. Alun, Argilla acido vitrioli imbuta, Oronsty 115, 1768. Argilla vitrkJata [=
te of Alumine] Baym., Sdagr^ 1782. Alaun, Haarsalz, Federalaon [all aa one spedee, or
without right distinctions], Wem., and other Min, be/ore 1800. Alumine sulfate alkaline
, iL 278, 1801 [dting Vauquelio's anaL of potash-alum, but induding all alums].
705 Klaproth proved (Beitr., L 31 IX and in 1792 Breislak (Essais Min. sor la SoUktara, eta),
vme alum (that of Miseno and the Solfatara, near Naples) was pata^i-ahim. In 1802 Klap-
howed (Beitr., iiL 102) that the FBderalaun of Freyenwald was trtm^wm. Bendant
lined that there was a native alum-Uke mineral whidi had the constitation attribated last
f to true alum — that is, was a simple sulphale of alumina, without an alkali or other prot-
Fr., 449, 1824). Gruner, in 1821 (GUb. Ann., Ixiz. 21 8X made known a native ammonia-
Thomson, in 1828 (Ann. Lya N. Y., iii 19, 1828), a native wda^aium; A. A. Hayes, in
Lm. X ScL, xlviL 360), a magnesia-alum,
raOHBRMZOXTB. Ammonia Alum. Ammoniakalann, AmmonalanUi (kmu Anmoit'
ahin And, IL 497, 1832. Tachermigit v. KobeO, Tafehi Beatimm., 1863.
octahedrons and fibrous.
=1—2. G.=l-50. Lustre vitreous. Color white. Transparent to
dncent.
K^-NH«OB+Sl S*+24 tL=z(i (KH« 0)'+f M) S'+18 fi=8ii]pliale of ammoola 14-6;
Hi ofaliimina 37-8, water 47-6=100.
ityiet: 1, P&ff (Handb. An. Ch., iL 47); 2, Lmvadta (GUOn Aaa., Izz. 182^ Isdr. 183);
^ r(PoriUxixL137):
Isometric, UsaalJy fibroug or maBeive, or in mealj or
H,=2— 2-6. G.=1'75. Lustre vitreoue* Oalor vch
to translucent.
Oomp.— 6s+^8'H-34a:=(i&'+f &)S'+lSfi:=&iilpbAte of potoalg
mina 36% wEter 46-5=100.
Pyr^ «to.^B3. fu&es In ita water of ciTatalHxatioii, and froths, fonnio|
cobalt solution an intense bluo ; on charcoal ^vea a hepatic maaa S ^ ""^^
Us weight ofoold water, and in little more than its wmght of boiling
Oba, — EflBorescea on argiilaoeouB mmerala, and more particulaiij alt
Bbire is a noted locality, aUo Hurlet and Campaie near QJaiigpow* Ah
of the Lipari iBlea and Sicilj. Cape Sables Hazyland, affords larg^ qoani
In the caves of the Unaka Mts,, Eastern Tennessee, espcdallj at Sevier,
size may be obtained ; also in the " Black Slate " of Middle Tenneasee ;
VAlkja and gorges of the streama in JOe Ealb, Coffee, and franklin Cos^ T\
676. VOLTATTE, Yoltatte X Soac^ Aa Bd Hap^
Isometric. In octahedrons, cubes, dodecahedrans, and
these forms.
Lustre reeinons. Color dull oil-green, greenkb-black,
Streak grayish-green. Opaque.
Oomp.— ^oS4-FeS»+24fr, Scaochi, = te5 154, FeS» 40-€, tt
complete analysis. Dnfrenoy's analTsls (Ann. d. IC, IIL tx. 165)
Bcaochi (Mem. G. Camp. Napoli, B% 1849).
Abich haa obtained an artiUdnl Bait of aimilar charaoterSf wliiolk
I |Pe)S*-|-4 % and th« composition :
i
8 4d-S2 ^ 2-20 9e 17*65
fc^Tschennak. An«. Ak. WieiL
^e 11 GO Ka 6-15 &
It ii vuppoied that rott
npoi
a little of the iron being replaced by alaininuaL
eeiientially in oompoaition.
^PauUnyi haa found oyatdA of a similar ^componnd^atKreMte TTl
iHi
HTDBOUB 8ULPH1T1B. 658
IDOZITB. Soda Alum. Natronalaao, Natmmalaiiii, Chrm, Naiionahm Hwoi^ tt.
. Sc^tarite pt Sh^^ Wai^ iL 187, 1885 (not in Min. of 1857). Mendodte Ikma,
te fibrooB masses.
and G.=l-88, Thomson. Externally white or pulverulent,
ambiance to fibrous gypsum, but harder.
Sra3 + Sl5*+2a]9[=Sulphate of soda 16*1, ralphate of alumina 89*0, water 44-9=:
Iphurio add 36*8, alumina 11*7, soda 7*1, water 44*9=100. Analysis bj Thomson
t Y., 1828):
Juan near If endoea 3 37*70 2112*00 JTa 7*96 fi 41*96=99*63.
. — Resembles ordinary alum.
curs near Mendosa, east of the Andes.
found for the composition of a soda alum ttpm Southern Pern which he called Sab-
ite of Alumina (PhO. Mag., IIL xxii 188X 9 32*95, Si 82*55, JTa and 9 6*50, fi 89*20
>.= 1-684.
tates m Am. J. ScL, xvi 203, 1829, that the alum of the Island of Milo is a soda alum
tiomson's ; but in tqL xziL 387, ib., he admits a doubt» on tkie ground of HartwalFs
I MOo alum, which makes it Ahmogen (q. v.). Shepard's name solfataiito (which he
jected) was based upon its occurring in solfiitaras, and not In the Naples soUktara, to
iuaion is made in his edition of 1835 ; and under It he gaTe three analyses of ahmo-
le one of JO(i(»-a/iifii by Thomson. The Hendoia mineral Is not from a solfiitanL
SRINGCTB. EayeSf Am. J. Sd., xlvL 360, 1844. Magnesia Alum <b, Magnesi*
alaun, Talkerde-Alaun, O&rm,
linic ? In fine aeicular crystals ; long fibrous masses ; and in
Dces.
Lustre silky. Color white, yellowish. Becomes pulverulent
3 on exposure. Taste bitter — astringent.
ftg9+Sl9'+22]9[=Sulphuric add 37*8, alumhia 12*0, magnesia 4*6, water 46*1.
I, A. A. Hayes (L a); 2, How (J. Oh. Soc, XL L 200):
9 Si te^AnUg Oa & tic
36*32 1218 0*48 4*68 0*13 45*45, H (3 0-60=99'74 Hayes.
N. a 36*38 10-64 0*68 4*79 0-23 46^CoO*06, <ri014,slateO-72=99-5tH.
tier trials How found for 9 86-36, 86*59, and for ti 46*16, 46*07.
.—In the matrass yields water, and acts like other aluma. Tastes Uke ordlnaiy afann.
om near Iquique, in Peru ; also from N. Scotia^ in Newport, on the bank of the
I an efflorescence on the slate or shale (Silurian) of a sheltered difl; where it results
ion on the shale of decomposing pyrite — and probaUy a kfaid containing traces of
ickeL How obserres that the fibres in this mineral are oblique in orfstaUkatioo, and
ins only 22H; and that it is therefore not a true alum.
>HMITB. Manganese Alum Aj^oJm, PhiL Mag., zfi. 108, 1888. Manganalsim.
Apjohnit Gloeker, ^yn., 298, 1847.
ous or asbestiform masses, white, and with a silky lustre.
:AeJolin(FhiLMag.,La):
2^ 21 10-65 fin 7-3S (=&ii 6-60) fi 481S llgB l-OSslOQl
65* OXTGBN 0OMPOimT>B.
ObL^
>- Nearlj tbe same es for ordlnniy ttum, but gives with fiuzes a iMCtSoii te 1
From Lagoa Bay in S<mih AiHoa.
680. B08JlE!MANrni. Manganese Alum pL| Mangano-magnesian Alum. Bo^ciaaiiil
MonocHnic ? In silky aeicular or capillary crystal! izatioos ; a
cruBts and effloreacances. Taste like that of ordinary alam^ bu
Btrong.
Oomp*— (Ma, %)S+XlS' + 22fl(How)=if Mn : Iig=l : 2, Sulphuric add 8€-M,j
11 '83, protoxyd of mutigatieae t*13, mafneaia 3'06, water 4S'66=100, Analyaea : I, 8t]
(Fogg., xzxL 137); 2, J. L Staltli (Am. J. ScL, 11. zriiL 379); 8, K, Scdiweiser (Kmiii«. 1
18&d, 12):
5 m te Mn Ug Ca is: fi
L BoBJeman R^ Afr. 86-77 lr&2 217 S'69 4574, KOI 0-20=1
2. Utah 36 85 1040 0 16 2*12 6'94 — — 0 20 46O0=l0a'6e
3. MaderaoTaU. 35-96 10'5£ 106 2-51 8 74 0 37 0 58 44-26^00 0-32^]
la the last there was some ammonia with the watei',
Pyr^ etc — Aa under apjohnlte.
Oba, — It covers the Hoor of a cave uear Bosjemao rirer in Southern Afrioa, to a i
inches ; the roof is a reddish quarCsose conglomerate, cx^ntaining magnwaia ttod {
on a bed of epaomite. 1 ^ iQchea thick ; also found in Miideran yallej ia Ouiteo Ufv 9
(oallod keramahdUle hy Schweiier); and at Mum Point near Salt Lake, in Utah. S
mineral waa made a manganesian alum bj Dr. Gale (Am. J. BqL| U. zt. 484, 1858). ^
631. BAZiOTRIOHITC Federalaun von Frejtmwalde (with anaL ahowliig it to liB I
lUura) Klapr.^ Beitr,^ iii. 102, 1802. Eisenaulaun Germ, Iron Alum. UalolricbJt 4
Gnrndr., GOl, 1831). Hversalt Ibnhhammer, Jahresb., xziil 363, 1843. Haiotiidiina ;
Mem. Qeol Camp. Nap., B4, 1849,
Silky fibrous, Yellowish-wEite. Taste inky-astringent.
and piil7eriilent on exposure.
Gotnp.— f*eS+itlS'+32fi^SiilphuriG add 35i), Klmmna 1 1 '5^ pnytozyd of I
44-5= lOO.
In the IfvermU of Forcbbammer (L e) a smal) part of the alumina is replaced hf i
of iron, and of tho proto:eyd of iron by magnesia* fieaochi'a Maiotnchine (L c^\ maj tw
he writes for the formula ^e S+} ^ S'+ 18 £L If part of tho iron is sesquioxTd ift^
hTersalt.
Analyses : 1, Berthier (Ann. d. Mines^ v. 2 57); 2, Kammelsberg (Fo^^ ^eIuL 39^)) J
man, Jr. (this MId., 228, 1820) ; 4, Arppe (Ail FtDske Min.» 1857); 5^ Fl]dlUpa (Ajul <
rriii. 822} ; 6| Forchhsmmer (L &); 7, Scacchi (L a) :
5 SI fe iin "^
34*4 8*8 120 0-8 44-0=100 Berth,
2. Morsfeld 36 03 lOill 9*37 0 23 43*03, It 0-43=100 Ramm.
5. Oroomlah 3381 10'63 916 41*61, .^i 8\H4, Fe l-05=9i^'W ai
4. Finland 34*11 18 33 6-23 44-20=98*47 Arppeu
6, Hurlet 30-9 6-2 207 43'2=10o PhiHipa.
t. JIverstdi 35'lft 1122 4 67 2*19 45*63, Fe 1*28== 100 Fon^lbaantti
1. MaiOrichine 3412 9 78 10*20 46-93=100 Scacchi
Xlaproth obtathed for the " Feather alum ^ of Freyenwalde, Sulphuric acid aad wnt
alumina 15*25, protozyd of imn 7*50, potash 0*25=100.
Pyr^ etcd — Fuses m its own crjataUization-water, craclra open^ and If sU^uinglf baatfi
off flulphuroufl acid, leaving a brown residue ; with the fluxes reacts for ifoo, •no witk io(
charcoal givea ia hepatic mass.
Oba. — Ooefors at BodetmiaiB and at Murefeld in Rhenish Bavaria. Alio ai Draovkk, f
where the inhabitants use it for making Ink of a flne quality ; at Hnrlet and Campiie aftf
gow ; at Bjorkbackagard in Finland (azial 4). Ftobab^ at BoaavUle, BkhmoiMl Q^S,T0
HTBBOUB llULFHATBB. 8SS
ver$aU of Focchhammer is an aOiBd ahun from lodand. MaMHMM ii a aflky afaim from
l&feani naar Naples.
name BdMrichite is from iX;, galt^ and 0pr^. Aoir.
f-butter {Benrre de Mmkigne) ia an impure alnm or oopperaa effloreaoenee, of a bntter-Hke
feence, oosing from some alum slates. A yellowish kind fr<nn Wetielateinf near Saalfald,
id & Brandea (Sohw. J^ tttIt. 417) 9 84-83, & 7-00^ fe 9*97. Ag 0*80, iSTa O'l^ ammoida
ft43*50=99*oa Another, from the original locality at Irtiadh in the Altai, gave Klaproih
, tL 844) 5 81-0, Si 2-6, te 6*0, Mn 020, Mg 6*26, Oa4-0, jfa 0*25, ift 49*26.
682. BCSBCSBZTB. Boamerit Orailich, Ber. Ak. "^inen, zzriiL 272, 1868.
>nocUiiic. 0^=78^ 59^ /A /, front,=101^ 24', 0 A 7=98*^ 30' and 81**
O A i4-10V 1', O A a=90% /A a=129^ 18', GraUich. Cleav-
clinodiagonal perfect. Coarse granular, the grains partly crystal-
=2-75. G.=2'15— 2-18 ; mean of reenlts 2'174. Lustre between greasy
vitreous. Color rust-brown to yellow. Translucent. Taste saline,
ig^it, vitriolic.
ap.~0. ratio for ft, S,*3y ]9[=nearly 1 : 3 : 12 : 12 ; ft 3+9e 8'+12 tL Mean of two
ea by Tschermak (L c) :
8 9e i*e 2n An Ca 1kg tic insoL
(1)41-64 20-68 6*26 1*97 ir. 0*68 ir. 28*00 0*60s99'48.
r., flto. — ^Probably the same as for oopiapite. Beactions of iron and rina
«-— J9tom the Bammelsberg mine near Qoslar, along with oopiapite.
0OFIAP1TB. Miffv Diosc lllsy (fr. QTprus, eta) FVn^ zxxiy. 31. Misy, Oerm, Gelb
unent (fr. Han, etc.), Agric^ Nat Foss., 218, 467, Interpr., 468, 1646. MIsy, Gul Atrament
t, Lapis atramentarlus flayus, WaO,, Min., 169, 1747. lOsy (fr. Hais) Eawm^ Handb.,
L, 1818, 1208, 1847. Qelbeisenen BmilL, Char., 97, 238, 1823, 228, 1832. Yellow Copperas,
iapite (fr. Copiapo), Basisches Schwefelsaures l^senozyd, H, Rm, Fogg., zxtIl 309, 314,
I. Xanthoaiderit pt GkKher, QyxL, 66, 1847.
sxagonal ? Loose aggregation of crystalline scales, or granular massive,
scales rhombic or r^agonal tables. Cleavage : ba^Ed, perfect. In*
ing.
=1*5. G.=2'14, Borcher. Lustre pearly. Color sulphur-yellow,
tt-yellow. Translubent.
ap.— 9e'3*+18fi, Boee; 9e'8*+12 6, Bamm.=Sulphurio add 42-7, aeaqniozyd of iron
prtar S3*islO0. Ana^nMs: 1, H. Boee (Fogg., zxrfi. 309); 1A« same, exohidingt 18*46
to, 0-19 gypaom, and the ailioa, aa impuritiea (Bamm. IOil Oh., 276y; 9-4) Boroiier, and
d k Uttrich (B. H. Ztg., 1864); 6, 6, List (Ann. Oh. Fharm., boiT. 289):
s
9e
£1
*g
Ca
ft
iiap9
89*60
26-11
1-96
2-64
0-06
29-67, Si 1-87=101*40 Boaa^
M
41-69
88-69
—
— »
24-82 Boae.
iiar,erfftL
88-00
24*24
2n6-80
—
—..
80-06=98-10 Bordier.
U II
B9*44
28-00
" 200
i_
.m-mm
30^=100-68 A. i n.
*" eatlkf
88*07
26*03
** 2-30 ftn 1*26
,^^m
30-60=98-21 A. 4 U.
: ^
42-92
80*07
a 2.40
2-81
i9-a»
21-89=100 List
tfS*21
80*87
.«—
•^
'—
iflMLLbt
656
OXTGEN
Pyr^ eio< — ^Yields water, and at a higher temperature sulphuric acid. Oa duifooal bl
magnetic^ itod with soda afTorda the reaction for aulphurio add. With the fluxiea ratrth
iron. In water lOBolubloL
Oba. — Common aa a raiult of the deoompoaitioD of pjrite at the Bamtnelabtr^ vSm
Qoalar in tlie Harz, and elsewhere.
Thifi apedoH is the yellow copperas long called m\sj, and it might wvQ boar qov tl«i
Msyitte. The descriptiou of Dioacorides is tinsatisfactoij. But that of VMnj^ not orvr ti
later, is good, and is aa likelj to represent the true /ii«ii of the Greeks; and
ia exoeUent, and waa taken &om Goatar specimens.
684. RAnUIONDmi. EaimDndit BreUh,, B. H, Ztg., ZXT« 149, IS6d.
HexagonaL In tliin Bix-aided tables with removed baaal edges, scale
Cleavage : basal, perfect
H, = a=3*25. U.=ai90-'3*222. Lustre pearly. Ctolor betwe» 1
and ochre-yellow. Streak oclire-yellow. Opaque.
Oomp,— 0. ratio S, 3, fi:=B ; 9 : T ; W B' + T fi=8ulphurio add S6*0,
46-6, water 18 4=100.
A^aljais: 1, Eube (L o.); «
L EhrenfViederadorf
It
1^40=100.
Pyr-i etc-^Probahlj the same as tor copiapite. In water insoluble.
Oba, — From tb© tin mines of Ehrenfriedersdorf, in scales on cassitorltot
6&4A. Pastbettb Korman {Bergemann, Terh. sat Ter Bonn, 18$6| \^\ loay be
apedes, [f part of the iron is present as limonite, Aooording to Bergeuiann, it oootrsi
or remform, of a yellow color, at PaiUi^res, near Alais, Dept of Gard, with car
caldtOi gypanni, fibrofemte; B.B. infusible f in muriatic add easSy soluble^ The
3 §i Is Fe l^b Ji
\, YtUmo 30*47 2^40 186 46-50 1*25 16-04, ^ ifn, 0^ 0 89 =fi*A
2, YtUowiah^mim Whh 2 06 63'80 13-96, ilkJ, Ca, bwmI 0'63=9n
RecelTed by Dr. Bergemann fl-om Dr. Normann, of Marseilles, who named it after Pn
Pastr^ of that city. It approaches Jarosite (p. &60), except in the abaenoe of alkallea,
686. FIBROFBHltmi. B, mm, Pogg., x^nil 309. 1833. Pibroferrite Pridtma^ Phi
UL 397, 184 L Styptidt JIamrL, Handb., ii, 1202, 1847* Ooptaptte / L. SmdOtf Aa» J
IL acviii 376.
Delicately fibrous. H
H. = 1 '5 — 2. G. = 1 84, Smith. Lustre sDky, pearly. Color pale ja
or nearly white. Traimluceot/
Oomp.— Pe' 5'-h27 11^ Hamm.=Snlphuric add 30*80, sesq. iroo 36 1 A, water tft-fls
Aoalyaea; I, H. Eose (L a)j %^ J. L. Smith (L c); 4, B- Tobler (Ann, Ch. PfaaniL, xa^l
5, Prideatut (L a); 6, F. Field (Q, J. Ch. Soc, xiv. 166); 7, Pisani (C E., lix. U)t
3
Fe
%
Ca
fi
1. Coplapo, ySb.
31-78
28^1
0*59
I -SI
88 68, Si l*48=100-53 B4m^
2. "
tt
30*36
Sl'76
- —
S8-S0^ iasol 0*54=100 76 Sii
3. *♦
u
80*43
30'd8
.«-
Miiel Smith. li
4. '*
u
31"40
31-69
^^^
38*83= 100 Tobler. B
6, »
*l
28-«
34-4
,^_
36^= 100 Prideaux. ^1
a CMi
II
31*94
31*89
.
^_
35-90=99 78 Fkid. ^^H
7, PaiUldf^B
39-73
33-40
It,
36 88=100 FftaflL ^^H
HTDBOUB 8ULPHATXB.
esT
0^— Same as for oopiapite.
rom Oopiapo, Chill, in delioatdj fibroas masses, associated with coquimbito ; also from
>r Paillidres, in Gkird, France.
e alludes to the fibrous structure. There is no reason to doubt the identitj of Pri*
'Hferriie of 1841 with the mineral analyzed by Rose, Smith, and others, and which
named stTpticite in 1847.
686. APATBUTB. MeiOei, Ann. d. M., lY . iil 808, 1841.
lall friable nodules or balls. Color clear yellow. Besembles
642
-Pe» §• + a It. Analysis by Meillet (L a) :
3 42*90 9e 53*30 tL 8*96=100-lft.
Meudon and Auteuil, disseminated in an argillaceous bed connected with the plaatic ob^.
RTOOBN. BotherEisen-YitriolBsnL,Afh.,iy. 307, 1816. Bed Iron YitrioL Vw
mge JV. Botryogen HaicLy Pogg., zii. 491, 1828. Neoplase pt BeudL, Tr., il 483, 1832.
Zocfc, Syn., 300, 1847.
jlinic. ^=62° 26^ /A 7=119^ 56^ O A U=152^ IJ' ; a : J : o=
L : 1*5334. Observed planes as in the figure,
> 1-i (on acute solid angle of base), 1 (on acute
base), and ^4. t> A 7=113° 37\ 0 A U=
, O A 1=121° 4' 7a i-S=160° 54', i-i A i-i
', H ^ H=l^l 5 0 A 24=160° 30' ; 7 and
ally striated. Cleavage parallel to I. Crys-
Uy small. Often in reniform and botryoidal
insisting of globules with a crystalline sur-
— 2'5. G.= 2*039. Lustre vitreous. Color
cinth-red ; massive varieties sometimes ochre-
streak ochre-yellow, a little shining. Trans-
Taste slightly astringent.
■Tf'e'S'+BFeS'+seH, Berz^=(i*e»+lFe)5*+9fi=8nlphate of protosyd of tai
Besquioxyd 48*8, water 82*7=100. Analyses : Gahn ft Bersehns (L oi):
3
1. 86*53
2. 87*8t
3.
Fe
26*60
24*77
25*45
%
5*69
8*95
6*92
Ca
2*76
0*91
30*90
ho deduces, without having determined directly the protozyd of iron :
^eS J^eFeS liCgS
1. 6*77 85*85 26-88
2. 6*86 89*92 17*10
3. 48-8 20-8
CaS ]9[ audioes.
2*22 28*28=100.
6-71 31*42=100.
80-9=100.
bates of magnesia and lime are rejected as impurity, bat with how mndi propriefy ia-
>• — B.B. fntumesoes and gives off water, producing a reddish-yellow earth. On oliar-
m magnetic ; with soda gives a hepatio mass. Remains unaltered if keni dry, bniih:
loephere it becomes covered with a dirty yellowish powder. Partly solnUe in boiUng:
ing an odireous residue.
xurs at the copper ndne of Fahlun, in Sweden, coating gypsnm or pyrite.
42
668
oxTOEN cxmpomiDe*
Nuned from /7^«(, a hwty^of grapes^ and vfKi4«v ^'^ma^ This lul put «C (
■Dd b well thrown aaidd bj (}k>Gker, who makeA it hsitffk; Aolryiic woold bm ma
688. AI^UMINTTB. Bebxe Tbonerde (f^. HiUe) W«m^ UeK Cransteati lti» 1
Argffl rtruTOfi, Ifin^ L 175. Aluminit 0. C Haberh, Der Kinendreich, eta, IWt ;
48, 1808, HiklHte Ddamdh^ Min., IL 1 812, Webfiteritd Xevy, ia Brooke^ lSSi»
d'alnmiG©, Webaterite, Brwt, Tr.» 449, 1824.
Eeniform, mafisive ; impalpable,
E.=l— 3. G.=l-66. LuBtre dull, eartliy. Color while
Practure earthy. Adheres to the tongue ; meagre to the touctu
Oamp,— 5:1 3+9 :&= Alumina 29-8, Snlphojic add 23% witer ^I^O^rlOO.
meycr (Untera., 99) ; 2^ Bdimid (J. pr. Ch^ xuU, 495) ; 3, 4, Stt<Mn©y«r (L a): fu j
iL 1845, 366); €, DtunAfl (ib.):
46-373-100 BcrDtnejcr.
46-34, Ca 1*18=100 &fai
45-34=100 Siromerycr.
46^6=100 etrome/ttr.
46*80=99-9t DuMierf,
47=100 IhimAS.
Pyr*, eto.<-Ii] the doaed tube giTes madi water, wblch. at a h%Ii twnganU!ai«a, \
irom the evoIutioD of sulphurotifl and sulphuric acida, B,B. iurusiblo. WHIi cofail
flue blue cx>lor» With soda on charcoal a hepatic maaa. Sotable b adda.
Oba« — Goeurs in connection with beda of day in the Teftkiy and POat-teniatT' (
First found in 1730 iu the Garden of the Pedagogium at l£i^: aftetward fiia|
artificial product, from a manufactory near by ; aubaequentlf fbmid elaawbafia b I
of the region, and proved to be native. Since diacoverad by Mr. Web^ar at Hw
in leniform and tK>tryoidal ooDcretiona, imbedded in fenngiDova daj, wideb i
etrata; alao under similar drcomBtances at Epemay, in Lnnel Vieil, aiid AtHiiii^ (b ]
689. AXiUNITXI. Alumcn de Tolpha, quod prizmnn foaaom aal in Italia, Ptt Sdl 1
poribus (Piccolomini, 1458-1464), Oetm^^ Poea., 13, 1565. Romenk JUOMN
163, 1747. Akunatein (fr. Tolfa) Wem^ Bergm, J., 376, 1188,
IMameOi^ T. T*, It 113, 1797. Alan de fiome pt B^ Tr., 160L t\
Tolfa Fr, Alunite Beud., 449, 1824. Akun-^ath Bm»k^ Obae^ inS.
5
^
L Halle
23365
29-263
2. »'
2325
29 23
3. Mori, near Halk
23-68
30-98
4, Newlmven
2S'37
2987
5. LunelVieil
23-45
29-72
a AuteuU
23
30
Kliombohedral.
548
B A i?=89° 10', O A B-\W W, Brcith- ; (
Observed planes : i?, O^ and Ui^
I, i^j -\i and -2, Breith.
T
O A 2=109° 4'
<;a*=119 67
O A 1=128 66
9 A 9=7(1
Cleava^: basal nearly perfeot; B ind
AJso massive, having a fibrous, gnuiitlar, or impslpahte teztore.
H.=8'5— 4. G.=3-58-2-75l. Luitre of B vitmoua, bval
wbat pearly. Color wbite, eometimee gnmab or roddUL
Transparent — Bubtrunslueent. Fntctnre nat conRhoidal^ in
'Bive varieties splintery ; and aometim«i eartby. Brittle.
8
SI
a&,eryiL
A< a
36-60
38*68
39-66
36-83
ozsai, Hong. (}) 39*64
" *' 36-98
37-13
39*01
ireghflsaES) Hung.
UOU17
no
39*42
36-6
38-27
87*96
400
8704
tDore
39-1
46*6
yria
36-3
40*8
HnmOUB BULPHATBB. 669
, Var^a) GryBtaDiied. {b) Fibrous, concretionary, (c) If astdye, and moderatelj ten-
Hard, main]/ from diaaeminated ailica, which impurity aometimea amounta to 60 p. c.
toua.
for ft, fi, B, fi=l : 9 : 12 : 6. Formula, aa uaually written, & S+8 5lB+6fi[; or,
le-tliird of the water baaio, (&, fi)' 8 + 3 ii^ S+4 d=Salphurio add 88-68, akunina 37-13,
84, water 13*00=100. But A. Mitacherlich, in yiew of the reaulta of its deoompoaition
ing (J. pr. Ch., Ixzxiii 466X it affording alum, which water will remoTe, and hydrated
lolda that the formula ahould be ^ S + iStl 5' + 2 ^ £[*, makmg it a compound of anhy-
n and gibbeite.
m: 1, Ooidier (Ann. d. M., ▼. 208); 2, Mitacherlich (J. pr. Ck, IxzziiL 464); 8, Bam-
(L c); 4, ICitBoherlioh (L a, and Z& G., zIy. 264); 6, Berthier (L c) j 6, a Desootfls
H, L 319); 7, SauTage (ib., IV. z. 86); 8, Gordier (lb., iy. 206); 9, Mdan (Ann. Gh.
CXTL106):
Ca l^a ft tic
— — 10-02 [14-88]=100 Cofdier.
0*70 1*84 8*99 12-68, Ba 0-29=99-96 Ifltldl.
10 67 12-66=100 Bamm.
0-49 10-67 [12*71], Ba 0*19 MitK!h.
^^ 10-66 11-97=100 Bertfaier.
— — 18-8 10-6=100 Deaootila.
— — 1160 18-09=100 Saurage.
— 8*5 6-9=100 CJordier.
8*6 16*4=100 Fridau.
nalysia 3, Si 26*88 is exdhided aa hnpurity ; Arom 6, 1^ 26*6, Pe 40, are ezdnded; _.
; ftom 8, A 28*40, 9e 144. No. 11, by Fridau, aa nuUiahed in ftiQ, ia ft 60*71,
19 06^ ¥e 118, & 3-97, tL 7*23, Oa 0-66^ Ag 0*41, ft. Si 0*81, Mg5 0-09, lig Q 0<»8=
ilyaia of impure A. from Pic de Sancy, by J. Gautier-Lacroze, aee 0. R, Wil 862.
ito. — ^RB. decrepitatea, and ia infbaible^ In the doaed tube yielda water, aometfanea
Late of ammonia, and at a higher temperature aulphuroua and aulphuric adda. Heated
Jt aolution affords a fine blue color. With aoda and charooal inAiaible, but yielda a
aaa. Soluble in sulphuric add.
Forma aeama in trachytio and allied rocka, where it haa been formed aa a reaolt of tiia
of the rock by meana of sulphurous yapora.
th at T(d£i, near C^yita Yeochia, in the neighborhood of Bome^ in oyatala : at Miootioiii
y; at Muaaal and Bereghasaaz in Hungary; on Milo^ Argentiara, and Neyia, Qradaa
go ; and at Mt Dore, France.
mpact yarietiea from Hungary are ao hard as to admit of being uaed for miUatonaa.
btained from it by repeaiedly roasting and liziTiating, and finally ayatalliaing by ayap-
wdee was first obseryed at Tolfa, near Borne, in the 16th century, by J. de Oastro, a
who had been engaged in the manu£EU$ture of alum, from an alum-atone or ''Bode-
md near Edeaaa in Syria. It was named Ahmimlite by Delametherie in 1797, a long
I changed to Ahmite by Bendant in 1824.
WXGITB. Alaunstein B9mer, ZS. G., yilL 246, 1866. L5wlgit A. JOiackerUeh, J. pr.
Ch., IxzziiL 474, 1861.
onded masses, similar to compact alunite.
8—4. G.=2'68. Lustre feeble. Color pale straw-yellow. Slightly
slacent Fracture perfectly conchoidal.
—0. ratio 1:9:12: 9=& 8 + 8 Si 5+9 ]9[=Salphurio acid 86*2, alumfaiA 84-8, potaah
Mr 18-3=100; or alunite with 9 fi in place of 6 & Analyaea: 1, Ldwig (Za O., yilL
(i A. Mitaoherlich (L a); 4, BammeUberg (Min. C%u, 289); 6, Berthier (Ann. d. IL, IY.
B Si 9e iilg Oa jSTa & tL
U-84 «8-8t 1010 [18*821, org., Si ail7= 100 LOwfe.
94-81 84*96 0*68 066 0*28 0*89 9*30 [17-88], ^0*44» org., ft O^Ssr 100 M
6i0
oxrasH oQicPoinnis.
S. Tolfa 37-86 3601 9-«
4. " crysL 3694 3403 lO'S
5. " ** 87*6T 84iS9 lOi
16-72, gi |f>4=rl00J
n*06=100 BerUijer.
Pyr^ etc.^ — B.B, oearlT like alunlto. The water ia expelled at a lower tsnipemtBrt 1
Alamte; and the compound i^snltiag after heatuigt instead of oontalning m jntztim i '
alum and insoluble hydrated alumina^ aflbrda to water aulphate of potash md mfan ~
alumina. M^iischerlieh henoe writes for it the abore fonnuk* instead of one Uke Ilia I
Partially soluble iu muriatic Qcid^ while a1 unite ia not at all ao.
ObB,^Found in a coal bed at Tabrzo iu Upper Sileela, in oompaci liunpa, bariof 13m]
color, and texture of the Solenhofen Uthogniphic stooei but blaiddah exteroaUj from a <
also with alunite at Tolfa.
Aooordlng to Bamnielaberg'e analysts, part at least of the efyBtaDiaed ahinite ham the \
tion ori6wii^
691. JAROSTTB. Gelbeiaenen Bamm., ^ogg, aiia 132, 188S. lOay M<M^
1S4&. Yitriol^bv Gelbeiaenen^ ffamm., Handb., 1205, 1847 [not GelbeiaoDon fr. Hani
Char., 1833]. Jaroait JMAi, B. H. 2tg^ 1353. MoroooUte Slup^ SofipL A^pprnd. IQiL, ^t
1357.
Rhombohedral H A J2=88'* 68' ; 0 A i?:=124° 32'; a-V2SU,
age : biisaL Also fibrous, and granular masgi^e, Alao in nodulei, orl
an incTDslation with a tnberoee or coralloidal surface.
H.=3-5-3-5, G. ofcry8taIUj5ed3'24-3'2e; of nodular 2'6-2Hfc..
tre a little shining to doll. Color ochre-yellow ; streak yellow, i '
Opaque.
Vmr^ Oomp^—iiy OyrtaBwarf; Jaramk^ whkh occurs also fibrous and granular; G.=S
Spain; 1-S44» fr. MarTlaiid, Bnilh. (i) Cbacntfewtfy, the ordinary fonn of tihe Ka
Bohftipian miaeral, and the meromoUk of Orange Oo^ N. Y. : Q.=2-69 (monoooliteH-S^f. '
afatiofiDra,a,&^=l:lS: 15:%Baami.; (X, ^a) 8+4 9e S^^d^fiaon. Ktff
FiMber iMooaa 1 : Id : 18 : la, diflbrtag mainly io a little leas oC alkiH BSchlaf^
was ImDerfto. Il ia iaoaiorplioQS with ahiiidte, which would an^geil tha taHo I :
wUoliaBO ilHbia mia^in ihe proportaoo ef protozyd. Analfsea: 1, BmaoBMbm
fli^issar (ftw, air. 168); 3, J. H. fMier (B. H, Ztg^ xziiL 10); 4, lyiar (Asl JJ
III):
5 fW ITa ]^
X fllUiTjiii lull
St-11
81*45
Sl'tfi
MIT
TjT^ atOk — ^Keariyaalbri
Oba^ntaecKiaalQf tr
188 lS-5€. Ca M4=HM«S ]
8^ — lMl=100^adMafar.
MO 8^ 11-85. li1^=100«^f%aiL
8-Sl 13*18, H 0«, Ca M0^8^^ flf^ir.
kSolowxnkaad BQo^J
i& H. Sl^ xzT. 1481^ ftuBi Maryland, of j
to hHBMrilt; Maxkjo: SlnaBr, fbtkk aiaa
I^XIk
sAtihiftWhGlidk]
lisftOM
Hiii
■oa^lLT,
BaaaadaM
1,1888; AmJ.&i^IL&ifAdll
liMlam Hk iijpa ■iif (»J
HTDBOUB SULFHATBB. 661
692. OABFHOSmXIRrni. Earphosiderit BreWL, fichw. J., L 314, 1827.
In reniform masBefl, and incrustations.
BL=4— 4-5. G.=2-4:9-2-5, Breith. ; 2-728, Pisani. Lustre resinous.
Oolor pale and deep straw-yellow. Streak jellowish. Feel greasy.
^^Ooauy— O. ratio for S, S, 1^=1 : 1*28 : 108; if a foarih of the water is basic (fPe+ifi*)
Wf S HssSalphiirio add 31*4, aesquiozyd of iron (M)*2, water 18-4=100. Analjsefl: 1, FSsani (a
)M^ ML tin, J. pr. OtL, xdL 376) ; 2, same, after remoring impurities:
8
Pe
Stn
ft
Sand
Gypsum
1.
25-52
40-00
tr.
10-67
14-78
9-08=100.
2.
31-82
49-88
18-80
=100.
bj Harkort (L c.\ after blowpipe trials^ to be a hydrous phosphate; but shown by
aiia]||y8is of an original specimen to be a sulj^te.
Pwr., •to. — ^BuB. nearly like ooplapite. Insoluble in water.
'Ohl— Ooours in fissures in mica slate, and was first distinguished by Breithaupt among some
ptdinwni which he says were firom Labrador. Pisani's spedmens were ftom the KAIbuig o(d-
Mitfon In Paris, and were labelled Greenland, most probably the true locality.
Hi8 Dame alludes to the oolor, and is from «df^)r, straw^ viStiftof, iron.
Wa. PARALUBmVZTB. Paraluminit Steinberg, J. pr. CL, xzziL 495, 1844.
ICaaBive, and like aluminite. White to pale yellow.
miU urn I in ]&=Sulphuric add 14*4, alumina 37-0, water 48-6=100.
' ' tea: 1-6, Sdunid, Martens, Marchand, Wolfi; Backs (J. '^
> Yer. HiJlQ, ziiL 265); 8, Berthier (MeoL, 1839, 288):
ibHl^yias: 1-6, Sdunid, Martens, Marchand, Wolfi; Backs (J. pr. Ch., zzxii TXTiii.); 7, Dieck
■iLmtYei "" " ~
s
SI
fi
1. South of Halle
14-64
86-17
49-03-99-74 Sdunid.
i. " '*
1404
85-96
60-00=100 Martens.
3. " **
170
360
47-2-100-2 Marchand.
4. " *'
12-44
38-81
47-07, CaC 1-68=100 Wolfll
0. " "
12-22
37-71
49-18, CaC 1-00=10011 Bac^a.
8. " ^
1146
39-60
48-80=99-75 Mardiand.
7. "
16-56
36-54
46-89=98-99 Dieck.
aHuelgoet
13-37
43-00
48-63=100 Berthier.
r analysis of the mineral from Presslers mountain, near HaUe, aflbrded Geist (ZS. Nat
iTm. BaOB, sdiL 268) 9 2218, & 89-8G, tl 34-91 by loss, Si 1-92, 9e 040, Ca 0-50, ttg 0*08. P6r
il iUbr n^neral firom Bemon, near Epemay, France, Lassaigne obtained (Ann. Gh. Phys., zziz.
_ 21 89-70^ ti 39*94, gypsum 0*30=100.
ri, •tab— Nearly as for alummite.
*~ r in its modes of occurrence to aluminite. Fdund in Presslers mountain (anal. 7)
near Halle, and Huelgoet in Brittany.
69^ FI880FHANITB. Pissophan BreUfL, Char., 101, 1882. Gamadorfite.
Amorphous, or stalactitic, somewhat pitch-like in appearance.
H.=1'6. G.=l-93— 1-98. Lustre vitreous. Color pistachio-, aspar-
*, or olive-green. Transparent. Yery fragile. Fracture conchoidaL
662
OXTGBN COMPOVmm*
Oainp,— ErdmatiQ (Sdiw. J^ Ixil 104) obtaiii«d:
s
aa
Fe
« 1
1. Ormi
3. reOewf
n*7o
XS-49
1190
S5'l&
35-30
680
0ti
9-80
4006
41-6ft,gai«qft Mid loss \:
41^0 *♦ X
40-13 *' Jii^H'O,
Probablfnot a simple minoral. Perhaps No& 1 and 2,5^3+19 B, and So.t|9l
Th© relation m the former is more exactly ft* 5' + 30 ft.
Pyi^ eto^— For the most part insoluble in wattr. HmSlj lolnljiB Is HBiii
beoomea black. In a glasa tobe giTea alkaline water.
Oba. — Occura at Gamadorf, near Saalfeld, and at Reichenbaofa, Saxonj, m akm
Named from nian^ pUch, and fsy^, appeottance,
696. niliSOBANYmi. I^laobanjt ITaidL, Ber. Ak. Wlen, 18S2, jiL lt3i» li
Orthorhombic, Maeaive, and in csoncretions, groupad or fiingle* «
ing of scales, which are hexagonal, and have two angiea of 119^ ^^
perfect. Optically biaxial.
H. = 1'5. G.=2 33. Lustre of deayage-face p^rlj. Color mu^
enrfaee often yellowish. Translucent to subtransparent,
Oomp^Xl^S + 10 fi=8ulpbtiric add 17-2, alumina 44'1, water 3a'T=l(W. Am^T^: 1
(Ber* Ak. Wien, liL 188):
(|)§ 1647 ^ 45-53 ti 37-27^99-37 Hatier.
Pyr*, etc^ — ^Nearly aa for aluminite.
Oba. — Tiom Eapnik near Felaobanjn in Huogaiy, the concretioBa tumttim
barite.
696, GLOOEBEITB. Ti^olocker Bon., AHl, r, 157, 181(1 Bar
K. Min. Syii, 181S. Tltriol Ochro. Pittidto Bswi, 1^^ 44it, 18S4. dodnrit .
S54, 1866,
Hasgive, sparry or earthy. Stalaetitic.
Lustre resinous or earthy. Color bro^sTi to ocbre-yeUow, alio 1
black to pitch-black ; dull green. Streak ochr^yellow to brovrri.
to subtranslucent. Fracture ehining to earthy,
Oomp^ VaET,— Fe^B-fOft, Berselius, for a brown to oebi<e-yallQ«
botijQgeu at Fahlun, oontaining acxx>rdtDg to him, Sulphurio aoid li% i
water 21-7=100.
The same for a atalaolitic varietj fVom Obergrand, Dear ZnckmantAl, Hia i
ftre eometimes 2 feet long^ brown to pitch-bla<^ Tellowiah*brown. and dst
jeQowiahpbrowtt to oohre-jaUow streiak, ahining liwCro to earthy, and InidiL
the GkKkeHIk of Kaumaun, who citea Hochstettor^ analyaia, S 15-1», Pb WU, t n%i
ebeely with that by Berseliue.
Jordan obtained for a oompact and earthy vitriol odm itan BaoniUbaff odiie
(J* pr. Oh., ix. 95X and Scheerer for another from Modum, If^rwi^ (^ogS^ <1^* t^*
5
Fe
fi
1. Goalar, ampad
2. *' earihy
3. Modum, fenouw
13-59
9-80
600
63-8$
68-75
8073
18 46, Za 1-S3, Co ^-97, gv
15 53, 2n 1-29 CaO^OiiV^
13-57=100 ddiMrar,
TjT^ ate— Nearly ai for oopiapile.
Oba.->A reeolt of the atteratioQ of pyrile or nutrttflia*.
QUtdmite was namod after the mlner«IoziAt R F, QlotiMr,
tUl^i
HTBBOUB BULPHATES. 668
7. LAICPROPHANITB. Lamprophan IgMr&m, (EfV. Ak. Sfeookh., 1868, 98.
lin cleavable folia.
3. G.=3'07. Lnstre pearly. Color and streak white.
*— An axudTsis afforded IgeUitrdm (I a) :
3 I'b An li[g Ca fTa^ft ft
Il-IT 2800 7-90 6-26 24*85 14*02 8*85=99-38.
ktc— Yields water. With soda on charooal yields metallio lead and a hepaitte ntaa.
ly soluble in acids.
From LoDgban in Wermland, Sweden. Named in allusion to the lostrt from Xi^ir^
BTARmi. Linarite Brooke, Ann. PhlL, IL iy. 117, 1822. Onpreoos Solphale of Lead,
Cupreous Anglesite. Bleilasur, Eupferbleispath, Oerm,
aclinic. ^^=77° 27' ; /A /, over i4,=6V 36\ 0 A l-i=141^ 5', a :
>-48134 : 1 : 0-5819. Observed planes: 0] vertical, i-*, 7, i4, i-2 ;
mes, ^, f-i, |-t, 1-i, |-i, 2-i, j-i, 7-^; -1-t; clinodomeg, l-iy^j^;
ramidfl, 2, 2-2, f^, f-8. Fig. 544. Plane i4 often wanting.
i^=102° 33' 0 A ^4=90*^
l-i=152 19 <? A i4=158 1 M*
-l-i=156 57i i-i A 1-^=105 8
|-i=161 23i iri A -l-i=125 35i |f^— W, Tf I
2-i=130 5 wA2-i=127 22 i S (^ '^
ft=176 36 i-2 A i-2, ov. i-i,=100 1 P *0|^ U J
i-i=156 48 /A 2-2=137 1
7=96 23 7a 2=169 9
composition-face i-i common; (9 A (^=154® 64'. Cleavage: i4
jrfect ; O less so.
2-5. G. = 5'3 — 6*45. Lustre vitreous or adamantine. Color
zure-blue. Streak pale blue. Translucent. Fracture oonbhoidaL
— O. ratio for On, ^b, B, fl=l : 1 : 3 : 1, whence tb 5+Cutt; or, if ft be basics ioa:
acid 1 : l=(i Ou+i 1^+i ft)' S. It seems to be an objection to the first fbrmnla that
,0 near isomorphism with anj sulphate of lead, while there is with cyanosite or suJ^ihato
es: 1, Brooke (I a); 2, Thomson (PhiL Mag., ILL zriL 402); 3, v. Kobell (X pr. Oh.,
A):
ftS Ou ft
1. Wanlookhead 75*4 18*0 4*7=98*1 Brooke.
a. " 74-8 19*7 5*6=100 Thomson; G.=5*2137.
3. Kadainski 7841 17*48 6'18» 01 1^.=100 KobelL
•ta~In the dosed tube yields water and loses its blue odor. B3. on diarooal fbses
ft pearl, and in R.F. is reduced to a metallic globule which by oontinued treatment ooats
rith oxyd of lead, and if Aised boric add is added yields a pure globule of oonper. With
8 the reaction for sulphuric add. Decomposed with nitric add, leaving a wiute letidue
te of lead.
Formeriy found at Leadhills. Occurs at Boughten Gill, Bad GQl, and near KMwkk, in
Dd, in OTstals sometimes an inch long; near Sdmeeberg^ rare; in DOlenburg, at the
urora and Thomas; Nassau on the Lahn; at BetriiNmya; at the Xadainakl mSne in
664
OXYGEN COUFOUime.
Nertschinak ; and in the vicinity of Beresof ia the Ural; and auppoa^d fonnerlj to be lb
linarea in Spain, whenoe the name.
Alt. — linanto occura altered to cerussite, a change like that of asglestte to cenmlti^
For recent obs. on cry at., B. A M., Mlm; Gref^ k Lettsom, Min., S8£^ 1S5S; KokadMm^
EussL, iv. 139, 7. \M\ Heseenberg, MitL Not, No* Tli, ttoim whom tha above aAgie« are (
K* Peters, Ber. Ak. Wien, xliv- 168.
701. BROOHANTTTB* Brochantite (ft- Katharlnenb.) leey^ Aim. Ph£L, IL viiL ;
KoQigine (fr. Buasia) Lei^, ib,^ xi. 194, 1826, Brongnartine \ft. Mexioo) JSwui^,
1841, Krisuvigit (fr. Iceland) Forchhammcr, SkancL Nat Stockb^ 1842» AnU
WarriDgtooite (ft, Oornwall) Maskelyne^ Ch. Newa, i. 263, 18$4, PhU Ma^^ IT*
Orthorhombic. / A /=104° 32', i9 A 2^=U7° 49' ; a : J : i?=c
1 : 1*2923. Observed planes: vertical, /» i4, t-S; domefi, 1-i,
545 ; also prisms made of / and t-3, and dome 14 without t-l,
resembling f. 542, p. 657, excepting the absence of Oy this plan© a
been observed.
&46
%\
U
irl A £-5, ov. i-i,=114^ 16'
14 A 14=152 37
2-i A 24, ov, <?,=115 38
i4 A 1-1=147 8
a A 7=127 44
U A 14=103 41
Also in groups of acicular cryst
crusts. Cleavage: i4 very
traces. Also massive ; reniform with a cohimnar structure,
n.=3'5-4. G,^3 78-3-87, Magnus ; 3 90tJ9, G. Rose. Lust
one ; a little pearly on the cleav^e-iaee i4. Color emerald-g
ish-green. Streak paler green. Transparent — transluceut
Var, — 1. Ordinary Brochantite, The analyaes vary conaiderably, as shown below,
talfl are vertically atriated.
2. WaningkmiU, Eseentially brochantite in composition^ but occuning in nofi-atrial
in form like a doubly ourying wedgei of paler green color than ordinary brodxsatita^
3-89-3^47, and H.=8-3-6.
Comp.— O, ratio for Ou, S, fi=7 : 6 : 6; Ou8 + 2iCiifi; or perhapa sOa'S + fttf
=Si]lphuric Qcid 199, protoxyd of copper 69*0, water 11-1 = 100, ^me analyses
the 0, ratio 4 ; 3 : S; aod Field's to 4 : 3 : 4, the ratio of langite, Analyaea : I, 2, '
xiv. 141); 3, Forchliammer (J. pr. Ck, rxi. 896); 4, Bertbier (Ana Ql Ptm^ L
EiB8e(Pogg,, or. 614); 6, Piaani (C. R., Iijl 912); 7, Warrington (J. Ch- Socl, IL
Maakelyne (PhiL Mag., IV. xxix, 476): 9, Tschermak (Ber. Ak. Wien, E 131); lt\
Mag., IV. XEV. 123); 11^ v. Kobell (Ber, Ak, Miinchen, 1866, ii, 70): 12, Domeyko
VLv. 460): -
5 Cn Zd th ti
11*887-99*856 Magona,
ll-917 = 1004Tl MagSLOA '
12*81=99-44 r ■'
n-3 = KiOBertliiar,
13 2,Cl«r,=100aii_,
13 i,Ca 0 8 = 101 PtsMil
12-3i^ inaoL 0-58=100 Wfl
14-64=99^1 UaaJtotae.
n 5=100 Tachennak.
16-47^100 PiaW; G.=S1
[ 1142]= 100 KobelL
13 5, gangfie 2-4=loa'2 1
' With Ffl'o*. " 1-04 p«r««iii water loMbeknrMo' C
1. Betebanya
17132
62-626
8-181
0*030
2.
17*426
66-935
8*146
1-048
18-88
67-75
4 Kexico
16*6
66-2
5. Nassau
190
678
6, Comwall
17-a
68-8
10»
7, " WiuT.
18-93
68-27
8. ''
16^3
68-24
9. N. a Wales
19-4
691
10, am
16 59
66-94
—^
IL "
19*71
68-87
1% *•
158
68-5
BTDBOUB SULPHATES. 665
BzioMi oorrespondfl to On* 9+4d, and is the BronffnarHne of Huot
band in crystals of brodmntite of a flDe green color, which afforded a slight eflbrvescence
s, 9 19*4, On 62-9, £[ 13*6, with C 1'2, tL 1*2=98*2. The mineral had undergone partial
I, as shown by the 6*2 p. a of carbonate of copper present (Ann. d. K, V . iiL 740).
etc. — ^Yields water, and at a higher temperature sulphuric acid, in the dosed tube, and
black. B.B. Aises, and on diarooal affords metallic copper. With soda gives the reao
nlphuric acid.
•Occurs in small but well defined crystals, with malachite and native copper, at Gume>
tnd Nischne-Ta^filak iu the Ural ; the Konigine (or KonigUe) was from Gumeschevsk ; in
Uiant crystals with malachite in a quartzose rock near Roughten Gill, in Cumberland; in
(in part warringtonite\ and sometimes with crystals of brodiantite on the so-called war*
»; at Betsbanya; in Nassau, with chalcopyrlte ; in small beds at Krisuviff in Iceland
ie); in Mexico (brongnartine)] in Chili, at Andaoollo (anaL 10); in Austra&a (brought
ley, N.8.W., anal 9).
L after Brodiant de Villiers.
Bl, G. Rose, Beis. Ural, I 267 ; Kokscharo^ Ifin. RussL, iil 260. The above angles are
kscharoC G. Rose found /a 7=104° 10', and 1-1 A 14=161* 62'. Fig. 646 1s from
iuokscharof 's figures have not the plane 2-t, and several are without i-L
—Formed in a bright green powder by Field (PhiL Mag., IV. xxiv. 128) by adding to a
)lution of sulphate of copper a small quantity of caustic potash, boiling, filtering, and
till all the sulphate of copper is removed; azialysiB after drying at 100° C. afforded 3
L 6761, fi[ [15'61]=100, giving the 0. ratio 4:3:4. See f\irther under Lavqiti.
INaiTB. A new Brildsh mineral K S. Maakdynt, PhiL Mag., lY. zxviL S06, 1864.
a MaOoelyne, Pisani, C. R., liz. 633, 1864^ Maskelyne, PhiL Mag., lY. xzix. 473, 1866.
AC Pisani^ C. R., 813, 1864=LyeUite Maskelyne, Ch. News, x. 268, 1864.
lorhombic. /A 7=123° 44' ; (? A l-i=147° 36' ; a : ft : c=0-6346 :
702. /Ai4=118° 8', (? A 24=128° 14'. Cleavage : apparently
iA. Crystak small and short ; simple forms not observed. Twins :
sition-face /, and forms like those oi aragonite. Also in fibro-lamel-
1 concretionary crusts, with earthy surface.
:2-5— 3. G.=3-48— 3-50, Maskelyne. Lustre of crystals vitreouB;
3ts somewhat silky. Color fine blue to greenish-blue ; through i^
through iA greenish-blue; through O paJer greenish-blue. Trans-
w— 0. ratio for It S, ld[=4 : 3 : 4, Pisani; 4:8:6, liaskelyne. The former gives the
On 5-h8 On fl[ + f[=SuIphuric acid 170, oxyd of copper 67-7, water 16*3=100. The
Responds to Sulphuric acid 16*4, oxyd of copper 65*1, water 18*6=100. The ratio 4:8:4
K) the formula Cu*3-i-0u 1^+3 1^.
aes: 1, Maskelyne (I o.); 2, Pisani (I c); 3-6, A. H. Ghuroh and B. Warrington (J. Gh.
iiL 87); 6, Tschermak (Ber. Ak. Wien, h. I 127):
Oa a
18*32=100-66 liaskelyne.
0 83 1619, lilg 0-29=100 PisanL
15-78=100 Church.
16-26=100-28 Warrington.
16-63=100*29 Warrington.
0*5 [16*2]= 100 Tschermak.
koiltme (or lydliie\ which includes the Incrusting Tarie^, is, as Tschermak has shown
Dgite mixed with gypsum, which is apparent in sc^es. His analysis above was made on
mne after separating 18 p. c. of gypsum; and he stated that Pisani's analysis of the
(0 hidicates the presence of 24 p. c For an analysis of the l/yeOUe by Church see J. Gh.
•toy— B3. on charcoal yields water, add fUmes, and metallic copper. Heated it panes
(1) a bright green color, losing 1 equivalent of water, and then having the 0. ratio
I) of some brochantite; (2) various tints of dive-green; and (8) beoomes bladL It has
■traog^ add reaction.
3
Ou
1. Cornwall
16-42
65*82
2. "
16*77
65*92
3. "
16-79
67-48
4.
16-72
67*31
5. "
16-88
67*88
6. "
16-2
68*1
666
OXYOEK COMFOtrNDS.
ObB. — Found in AfgOlAoeoua achist (kiUas) in CornwiH, in minute twfmied
Itlue crust, partly earthy. It ia aAsoctated sometimea with oonneOite.
Named langite after Dr. V. v. Lang, fonnerly of the British Mnaeuta,
The analynea of 80-oalled brochaotite bj Berthier of a Mexican speciaten, and 1
as well as of the artifid&l mineral, have the same oompoaition ■Migned by Plaaol (
the kmgHe; and there ia yet some UDoertainty as to the true limlta betwo«n
The ipedmens had the ^een color of brochantiie.
703. CTAKOTRIOHrrB* KupfersammoteTZ, Kupfersammter^ WeriL^ Xaffttao*!
1808. Velvet Copper Ore Jarruam, Min., iil 153, 1816. Sammeterx Brvitk^ Qiar^ 1
320, 1832. Oulrre velout^ ^. Gyanotrlchit Gbxker, Qraadr., 687; 1S8S^. Leiiiaai
PhiL Mag., xxxvi 103, 1830.
Occurs in drusee of Bhort capillarr crystals, and having an
like velvet ; Bometimes in spherical globules.
Color clear smalt-blue, sometimes passing into sky-blue. Lnsti?
Oomp.— 0. ratio for tu, S, S, ti, from mean of analyaea, 9*08 : S*48 : 8*8S : 20*60. 1
at 9: 6: 9 : 21, the formula may be 8 Cu»§+i5lfl'+ ISfl; or SCu §-h« Co'fi'^-I J
fi - 8 Cu S^-4 (i Ou' + i Xi) fl* -f 9 fl. Needs ftiriher invectigaUon. Analyse* : J. '
3
il Fe
Ou
]ft
16 39
11^0
4316
28-oe=98'80.
Ul%
1106 M8
4669
23-oe, inaoL 2«-'98'8a
SO. 1
I
Oba. — Occurs sparingly at Moldawa in the Bannat^ ooating the cayities of «d earthy \
cayd of iron, along with a white amorphous sulpha te of alumina.
Named Oifanoinchiid from ^at^s^ blu6t and efpii, kmr; and LettaomMe aftar ^le ]
gist, W. a. LettBom.
Y04. WoODWJLttjmi Church, Ch. News, liiL 85, 11 S, 18«€» XGheia 8oc^ H. ir. 13
an impure uucryslaUlBod yarietj of the above, mixed with hydrste of alumina,
wall, m miQute botaryoldal coucretioos, of a rich turquois-blue to punish- blue r ,
to almost transparent; G.=2'38, Analyses : 1-8, Ohuroh and Warrington (L &);
E.,l3cv, 1142);
18-48=98*74 Churdi.
! 19-65]= 100 Wi
22T8J==100 Wj
86-9], Si 1-2=100
Church and Warriuj^n also found traces of silica^ lime, magniMi% and pboi|>horie idi
were uodetermiijed. The mean of the first 3 analysee alRuds the 0. ratio for (hk ^ Bi 1
9-6 : 9 : 23 ; equivalent to 3 Cu" §, 2 Cu ^, 3 ^l W,i2tt ; or 8Cu Sf8Ca%sil1l*,4l
t, by Pisani, gives about 12 : 9 for the Ou and fi^ the ratio in langSte^ and he makaaltel
impure langitt. He analyted (L c.) another aimlkr material from Comwill (raeeifad M
TulliDgX of a ckar green color, and obtained S 4*7, M Z%% Cu 17'4« tL 58^, Si 6«Tsli»fl
log a mixture of the copper salphate with a hydrous silicate of alumina at wtXi m '
tfaja he oonaidera aa proving that woodwardite is only a mixture.
The mineral is soluble with scarcely any residue in diluted adda. Natned
Woodward.
705. JOBANNITB. tJratiTitriol Jchn, Ch. Unters^ T. 2H 1^21. Jehsnmt
bohm. Ges. Prag, 1880. Sulphate of Urvnium. Sulfate vert d^nndae
S
'M
Cu
L Cornwall
13-95
17*97
48-34
31
1304
1864
48-67
S.
1264
17-93
46-80
4 •*
11-7
18-4
40^
Monoclinic. C= 85'' 40', / A /= 69"*. Crystals flattened, and finfl
to three lines in length ; airan^ed in canoentric dniaes or reniform la
II,=2— 2*5. G.=3a9. Lustre vitreona. Color toMtifiil(
green, sometimes passing into apple-green. Streak paler.
HTDBOUB BUI1PHAXS8.
bmndaoeiit ; sometimeB opaque. Soluble in water. Taste bitter, rather
than astringent
tp«—w. ratio for bases and add 1 : 1, whenoe the formula (fr',^9+i0a"9+lifi; or
) +i da*) 9+1^ A=t tf ^e uraniiim be all sesquiozTd, Sulphuric add 20-8, ozyd of ura-
'sg'l, ozyd of copper G-S, water 6*2=100. AnalTsis by Lindadcer (mean of two trials,
rogl's UhL Joad^ 1867) :
9 20-Oa t,8 6Y'7a 0u6*99 t'eO-SO £[ 6*69s:99-52.
^fK| stOi— In a c^aaa tube at a low heat does not change ; highly heated giyes off water and
■i^£nroas add, and becomes brown and finally black. B.B. on charcoal gives suljAnr ftunes and
% aoorin of Uadc color and dull green strealL With salt of phosphorus reacts for copper and
amniom. Somewhat soluble in water. Solution predpitated chestnut-brown by pmssiate of
potiah, yellowish-green by alkalies, and in brown flocks by an infusion of nntgalls.
, Otaii— DisooTered by John near Joachimathal in Bohemia, after whom the spedea ia named.
' also at Johanngeorgenatadt. Reported fh)m the ^ddletown feldspar quarry by Sbep-
^00. URANOOHAIfOITB. Urangriin Hartmaim, Uranodialzit BrtUh,^ Handb., 173, 1841.
In small nodular cruBts and velvety druses, consisting of acicular crys-
tds.
H.=2— 2^. Color fine grass-green to apple-green ; streak apple-green.
Oomp^t(^i^)+ida')9+iCn5 + 9d=, if the uranium be taken as all sesquiozyd, Sul-
jfanio add 3ri, ozyd of uranium 83*5, ozyd of copper 7*0, lime 9'8, water 28*5=100. Analysis :
.tUacker (Yogi's Min. Joach., 1857) :
9 tS te Cu Oa fi
(t) 20-03 86-14 0-U 655 1010 2716=10012.
Obfc From Joachimsthal in Bohemia.
107. MUlXIUinB. /. JL Smiik^ Am. J. ScL, IL ▼. 387, 1848. Sulphate of Uranium ft Lime.
ICassiye, vdth an imperfectly cryBtalline structure.
H.=2'5. Lustre vitreous in the fracture. Color dark amber. Trans-
. parent.
r Oonp*— Perhaps 89+0a9 + 15^ according to some qnalitative trials by Smith; but aa
|ntel4y S 9 + Ca^ 9 + 15 d=(i ^ + i Ca*) §+ 7i 1ft, and thus approaching uranochakHte.
'. V|T., atOri— In a matrass easily yields water. At redness bladrens, being oonrerted into ozyd
-tf vnninm and sulphate of lime. With salt of phosphorus a green bead. Dissolves readily
kdHnte muriatic acid.
Ofcii Occurs near Adrianople, Turkey, on pitchblende, associated with liebigite, in some places
vUi dystals of sulphate of hme ; also at Joachimsthal, with liebigite on uranium ore. Externally
flftM dull from loss of water.
II WIS named after the Turkish sultan Abdul Me^jid.
106. SUFFJUiTiL Basisches schwefelsaures Uranozyd (yerwitterter Uran-Vitriol) J. F, John,
UnMn., T. 18S1, Jahrb. Ifin. 1845, 299. UranUiithe Zippe, Verb. Qea. Bohm. Frag, 1824 Zlp-
prit AldL, Handb., 510^ 1845.
Li delicate needles ; acicular rosettes ; warty crusts.
Hi=& Color fine sulphur-yellow, lemon-yellow, orange-yellow.
668
oxTOEN coMPotnroe*
Clompw— HjdroDi sulpliato of eesquiojcTd of nramnm, wttli at m^QimA mjAt
lemon- to onnge-jdlow when witboat Amljses by lindauaker (Togrii Ukk, Jm '
S ^ Fe Cq Ck fi
1. WIA no Oopp^ 1S'06 €7-86 0 17 O'Sl ll-flS^strSIl
2. Copper var.
17-36 62'Oi
521
U«=ftM
Formula of tbe former ^ SH 1| fl, Vogl ; of the latter, ^S« + 6 li, with 16 p. c. <
as impurity, Bamm. ; or (Ou", ^)'S'4'S ]ft, in which 0, ratio of Cu, ^ = 1 : 12.
Pyr., etc — In the dosod tube wHter, and at a higher temperattu^e salpbiuic i
of phosphorus gives a jeUowieh-green ghasa In 0.F*, beooming onieimid-gTMn te J
ObB<--From JoAchimsthaL
Kamed after tbe roineralogiat ProC Zippe. John's &(me M^ihak il i faflb
be either the preceding, or what Yogi ofdle Uranochrt.
709. TOOIilAKITB. Bailc Sulphate of Uranium Vo^ UVa. Joach^ 101ST. V^
In soft globular, and nodular, earthy coatings.
Color piBtacliio- to verdigria-green ; etreak pale green or app
Oomp.-4(tJ^,^'5 + (Ca,Cu)S-hlO^ or, Kg&rding tbe aulphata of co§§
impurity, (fj', ^)* §4-2 tL Aualyaea by liindacker (Min Joaob.) :
S tJ^ I'e Cu Ca fl
1. Xime var, \2'U 19'fiO 0']3 1 66 ^iBzs^n-lh
2. a99>9rtKir« 1213 79 69 0S6 t*34 OHtft ^-2d=d»tm
dba« — From Joachim sthal in Bohemia,
710, UBAOONITB,
Uranochre Vogl^ Min. Joach, ! UtacoBiM
Uraconite iTima^
l^ilim
AmorphooB, earthy^ or &caly, audof a fine lemon^jellow colore or c
Oomp« — Analyvea by lindacker (I c) i
S 0 9e Cu Ck IS
L YeOow 712 70*94 0 41 0i4 aO'8S^9d-ML
2. Orange 10*16 660& 0-86 362 20*06=9^^4
Formula dedttoed by Yog] for 1, ^B+Ult; Ibr 2, |6aS4-^5+Uft.
Oba.^^From Joechimethal, with other urmnium 01*08. Unooolia of Ben^liBl i
a yellow pulTonilent ore ; its oomposltion ta unknown.
711. MONTANZTR F, A. Omffi, Mn^ oooMmtioOt Jea. It, II
Incnisting; without distinct crvstalUne etructure.
Soft and earthy. Lustre doll to waxy. Color ydlowifih to
Opaque-
Oomp.— lii Te+2 fl=Tellurio acid 261, osyd of binatb 6iA w^r ftlslOCL
Geotbilc);
Montana T^ 26^ fif 66^6 9b 0*66 th 0*3»
Pyr^ etc— Yiclda water in a tube when hoaM. SlB; ffm i
teUanum. Soluble in dilute mudatio aoUi
Obs.— Iiicruate tctrttdymite, ftum whoee altemtioik H had ben 0bna^ m 1
The waxy lustre ia obserred when the incroilaikMi hai aeparalad Ami te mIh 6ft
ANHTDROUB OAJOOKATES.
TENITB. SdoiiUeiipatfa KenUn, Pogg^ zItL SYT, 1839. SelenigMUM BMozyd
Cferm, Selenite of Lead. Selenate of Lead. Eeratenite 2>afui.
ipheres and botryoidal massea. Cleavage distinct in one direction. H.=3— 4. Lna*
-vitreous. Color snlphur-jellow. Streak uncolored. Brittle. Fracture fibrous.
3 Kersten, it consists of selenous acid and oxyd of lead, with a small proportion of
i coal it fUses readi^ to a black slag, giving off a strong selenium odor, and is flnallj
t metallic globule. With borax it fuses and forms a jellowish-green pearl, which is
color on cooling. With soda on charcoal metalUo lead is obtained. Occurs with
ntimonj and lead, malachite, eta, at the Friederichsgliiok mine, near HOburghauaeOi
Id. May it be a selenate^ or is it only a mixture ?
7. CARBONATES.
rbonates have a hardness not exceeding 5, and consequently will
I pure, strike fire with a steel. The anhydrous come under the
il formula, RO, CO", but present three types of crystallization,
1, with^A^nearl05*^;
jenerall , _ - , - - , ^ ^^ ^ . ,
nedral, with H A H near 105 ; an orthorhombic, witn Za /near
i a monoclinic, with IaI near 105°. They constitute therefore
pleomorphism, while all, still, are approximately isomorphous.
iiydrous species have a vitreous to subpearly lustre, and are tvpi-
•«. The hydrous carbonates vary much in crystallization, and in
!8 have a strongly pearly lustre. All effervesce in hot acids, and
em in cold.
L ANHYDROUS CARBONATES.
ABRANaSMENT OF THE SPECIES.
; GROUP. Rhombobedral: i? A /?=106'— 108^
fJELBHin
Lovssin
G81T1T1
ITOMEain
IODOOHR08ITB
RHBOHin
OaC
(iCa-hi%)C
(iOa-hi{Ag,*e,li[n))0
AgC .
(f%+i*e)C
(iAg-+-i^e)C
teC
ttnC
2nC
ee|e,|ea
ee|e,Ki6a+iMg)
«e|e,Ki6a+«Mg,Fe,Mn))
ee|e,|Mg
eO|e,KiMg+iFe)
^ 0|Ofl|Bfll
ee|e,|zn
ETITE GROUP. Orthorbombic. /A/=115*— ll9^
jreAHOOALOITI
CaC
(tAn+i(CKig))0
BaC
t7|t7t|t7a
ee|e.KiMii+^(«%iCB))
670
OXTOEH OOMPOUKDS.
7St. BvoifUTB (4dl^+iC«)0
^29. STEOirttAinTi firO
139. CvBUsamc ^C
€0|e,|Br
m. BASTTOCiJiCITB GEOUP. Monodink. /A 7=106*— 1 07*.
730. BiATTOCJjjCtni (iBft+iCft)0 € 0(0.1(1 Bi+|€ki)
IV. PABISITE GROUP. Carbonate containing fluorine.
t31. PAWgrn (C«, U, tA) 0-i-i (Ca, Ce)P
T32. EiaonnitiTi e tAC + C}e*0*+C]e*F*+afi
Y. PHOSGENITE GROUP. Carbonate contaiimi^ chlodne.
t38. PHOBGKjrrrs l»bC + PbOl
716. OAIiOITB, Mamior (Marble) pt PHtL Lapii calcanna. fiaxnm oMt (CaM I
meaning burnt limeX Kalchateln Affrict Ba Nat FoAa.^ S20, loterpr., 46S, l&4lt.
WaiL, Mid., 1T47. Spatig Kalksten, Kalkapat, Cktmft, Hin., lft» ItSS. Kalk,
£alkBtein, ^trrm. Calx aerata Ber^m., 1774, and Opuao, L S4 ITdO. Oakareooi Spar ;
itone; Carbonate of lime. Chaux carbottatie ^. Oaldt Merid^ Hsndb^ 498« 1046.
EhombohedraL R h R {I 550a, over a terminal edge)=ia&° 6', OAi
^135° 23' ; a^0'S543, Cleavage : E highly perfect.
650
Ml
^
u\«
Observed forms: 1, Rh<mhohedrons ; fonna whose planer are m
6ame vertical zone with 72 (one of which, 4, is shown in f. 55©, 5501^1
three of the minua Bene©, in -2, -J, -J, in f. 564, 550o, !»,»); d»J
rhombohedrons ranging from J^ (tne vertical axis of which i» ^tli '
of R relatively to the lateral axes) to 28jff, the plaii^ of th« fa
nearly coincident with the bflsal plane o, and of die latter aa nearly \
those of the vertical prism ; the minus rhombohedrong ranging fro©
to -14 ; the fundamental rhorabohedron R (f. 550a) uncommon,
in combination with other planes, or as a cleavage form ;-+/?(£ 5f»<*B, '■
called nail-head spar) corresponding to a tmncation of the tiTminal (
of ^, very common, and especially in combination (f, B53c, 553jl, % I
ANHTBBOUB OAWOTlffATBS*
071
25 (£ 66O0), called the wwra^ by Hatty, because the an^ over the
3dges is near that over the terminal of Sj common ; --fli (f. SSOd),
663
Boesie.
cuboid of Hauy, its angles being
lear those of a cube, and the acute
£ (f. 650e), also common ; 135
) 01 not unfrequent occurrence;
558d).
ealenohedrons. (a) Planes bevel-
te latend edges of By f. 662,
when more extended, take the
1 the dotted lines of the same
or the complete scalenohedron ;
ies havinff the ^neral symbol 1",
luding all the K)rms in the table
from 1« to 1" (the 1 signifying
ley are thus related to the rhom-
)n lHj and the annexed number
ing the length of the vertical axis
t^ndi with that of lH; also a
aopifla, -1% having the same relation to -15; three of the mima
fe combined in the illustrative figure, £ 568, and two of ihephu in
673
oxraEN coMPouifiWw
f. 559) ; scalenohedron 1' (£ 553a, doff-tooth spor) veiy oomtDOQ, bol[i|
i»nd in combination (the latter in f. 555 to 559, 564, 565 ; t &56 \
' fonii of f. 555). (J) PIaii69 bevellinff the lateral edges of -%ff\
aud having the ffeneral symbol -2°. (c) Planes having the same \
other rhombohedrons, but if referred to the fandamental rhoB
B^ replacing it8 lateral or terminal angles, or tenmnaj edges (t ,^
{iJ) The last mentioned bevelling the tej^minal edges of i? (as ^* i^
having the general ftyrabol m*, widi } m/t— ^ m=l when Uie
hedron hplus like the ^, but f mnH-im=:l when m^ni/^. {e) Be?
of terminal edges of other rhombohedrons, m'R^ having the same i
Bjmbol m*, but with f ;/m— i i7t=m% when of like signs with m.
f mn-^i mz=im\ when of unlike signs*
664
565
U^
DerbTshire.
m
8tt
'A.
Alston -Moor.
\^%IUI
». EegjUar sia^-ndsd pyramids ; general sjmbol m-%y u» ^^^_r^ «■
4, Prisms, (a) The regular six-sided prism ♦, very oomnoiiidlkif i
or long (f. 5530, 553a, b, 654, 570\. (/>) Priam i-% oafy ill *
and not common, {e) Twelve-sidea prisms f-|, v|.
d^
AKETTDBOUB 0ABB0NATE8.
571
678
tZ, plane (?, as in 552d, 553a, o, 570, far less frequent as a tenni-
crystals than rhombohedral and scalenohedral planes.
Angles of BnoxBOHEDBOifs.
of the l\mdainental rhombohedron 11?; i?' the particular rhombohedron below in
be basal plane :
TemL Edge. o^R
R/\R
Term. Edge. oaR
R/\R
156' 2'
166** 9'
149*' 14'
-6
63*51'
10r28'
128** V
152 35
161 48
153 85
-*
64 42
102 42
121 65
142 55
158 28
156 55
-4
65 50
104 17
120 20
184 57
153 45
161 48
-J
67 26
106 9
118 iS
116 53
152 48
163 35
-V-
71 18
110 14
114 88
129 40
150 35
164 48
-t
73 15
112 5
112 88
105 5
135 23
180
-V
74 9
112 56
111 41
82 66
120 5
164 42
-t
76 9
116 16
110 81
73 15
112 5
156 42
-2
78 51
116 52
107 45
69 24
108 40
153 7
-¥
85 26
121 58
102 39
68 25
107 20
151 57
-V-
86 36
122 49
101 58
66 50
104 17
148 50
-1
88 18
124 6
ido a
65 6
103 24
148 1
-^
90 55
125 58
98 30
64 42
102 42
147 19
-J
95 28
129 2
95 36
62 43
99 86
144 18
-i
97 10
130 11
94 48
62 1
98 14
142 51
-f
99 14
131 35
98 a
61 14
96 25
141 3
-i
111 18
189 12
86 85
60 36
94 27
139 4
-i
115 7
141 43
88 54
60 20
93 38
138 15
-1
123 10
146 40
77 57
60 19
93 IS
187 50i
-»
127 39
149 23
75 U
60 8
92 4
136 41
-i
134 57
153 45
70 58
60 31
94 8
138 45
-i
156 2
166 9
58 38
60 50
95 19
129 18
-t
160 42
168 50
55 47
61 33
97 48
127 25
-A
170 14
174 22
51 15
AKGLK of SOALBNOHTOBOim.
LoDgE. ShortK Mid. E.
154*^87' 145** 55' 6^86' J" (1:677)
180 16 181 14 181 19 i*
Long K Short B. Hid. K
159"* 84' 188* 5' 64*54'
146 10 188 15 98 80
674
orrosai ooicpouin».
LcmgE.
Short K Mid. £.
Long BL Short £. Mli^
ii>a
161" Ba-
133° 53'
66° 81'
v«?
157* 14'
88' 66'
144
»-,a
ne 6S
no 48
164 43
ioHt
134 8
66 44
126,
V
164 I
130 37
67 41
v»*?
16« 10
71 36
\$1
tl
152 40
123 35
90 20
-8?
169 89
71 18
n$
i\
166 fi7
125 63
6S 16
^i
164 69
T8 61
13t
f»
16d 5
122 37
69 45
^1> Bk
168 30
83 84
UTi
♦'.Hg:
136 48i
112 59
133 53
^i
159 4
87 87
130 (
ii
no 29
120 14
71 fi
-2l
163 n
se e
111
o<&
114 2S
118 23
71 36
^*
159 20
88 18
127
*L
172 30
116 59
72 1
-2»
153 16
93 9
188
H^.Hg.
14T 4
105 131
125 53f
^2t?
146 53
98 22
HI
1+f
171 48
102 55
88 16
-2»
141 ao
9d 68
148
li
168 1
102 31
94 1
-a*
139 86
108 25
161
if
165 33
102 6
97 57
-jHt
173 40
84 46
til
li Hg.
169 56
102 36
91 13
-l«?D«.a
174 44
85 as
101
li
161 63
101 55
108 63
-i»T
147 31
98 32
1S7
li
160 IS
101 56
106 34
<'
150 16
96 23
m
if
169 17
101 67
108 7
Ht^ Da,i
164 8
D3 46
Hi
!•
155 50
102 11
113 45
-i;j^,a
161 8S
83 15
\H
li
161 7
102 52
121 34
-ttr
151 6
99 6
m
i»
144 24
104 88
182 58
-*J
167 6
95 15
103
iV
186 4T
107 48
146 38
-♦f
158 8
96 61
HT
i»
1S4 28
109 1
150 44
-ft' Wr.
167 23
n %
m
iV.Hg.
133 53
109 34
152 30
-f*
155 7
99 26
Ul
iV
182 41
110 3
154 5
-li?
169 56
102 36
91
iV, Bh.
131 31
110 36
156 43
-ii
161 68
101 65
lOS
1'
ISO 10
HI 39
158 58
-lit l\ iV, l^aameaflH-lij
\i'K
!•
127 60
113 21
163 30
Hf
145 15
1U7 38
tu\
1«»
126 26
114 24
166 28
-1*
164 7
111 54
lOS
!•
125 47
114 50
167 85
-i*
157 5
120 36
68
1"
125 30
115 12
168 33
-i'
U9 43
117 28
m
♦?
165 69
95 27
105 24
-*'
US 8i
116 17
U7
*♦
170 0
91 34
103 21
-iVt
140 44
114 57
lit
J'
142 53
100 55
145 28
-i'
138 88
114 34
lit
a'^.Hg.
144 30
98 25|
146 4i
H*
139 10
116 6
119
2«
142 30
9n 68
149 21
-i**.Hg
128 7
116 21
lis
^*
153 2
91 12
137 48
-*;
126 1
116 4
Ul
P
162 64
90 46
139 13
Ht
ITO 16
140 18
80
y
148 50
97 28
151 51
-f*
144 6
114 56
U<8
162 23
BO 10
133 19
-t-
163 36
144 45
54
4*
152 29
88 57
144 29
-4'
141 41
128 7
99
4»
141 61
98 40
155 S9
-*•
158 19
UT 13
64
The kmg K, ftboTo, ia edge Y (£ 662); Bhori E,, edge X; mid. K, edge Z,
AXQtLEB OP PTBAMISe
PyraWL
BasaL
Pyram.
»-fi
H
161*21'
69*20'
8*3
128 5%'
nrm
V-a
139 44
87 1
H
135 301
mm"
H
186 6H
97 26i
4-8
111 89
14188
AimYDBOITB OABBONATES. 675
Fyram. BasaL Fyram. BasaL
V-2 121** 69' 151' 60' 6-2 12^ 18' 167' 64'
V-2 121 80i 149 22 8-2 120 42 163 0
ins : (1) Composition-face basal (or parallel to o), as f. 566 in the form
f. 567 in that of f. 553b, f. 568 in one similar to f. 552a. (2) C-
?, f. 570, the vertical axes of the two forms nearly at right angles
6'), since o A i?=135° 23' ; producing complex fonns when hi^ly
ed. (3) C.-face -2^, as f. 569, in the scalenohedron 1*, f. 552a.
-face -^R (f. 571), the vertical axes of the two forms inclined to one
IT 127° 34' ; composition often repeated, producing an alternation of
imellfiB ; and often occurring as lamelte intersecting different forms,
ivage rhombohedrons ; common in the grains of granular limestone
otz, ZS. G., vii. 5). (5) C.-face prismatic plane i-2. (6) C.-face
i {t\ 572).
0 hbrous, both coarse and fine ; sometimes lamellar ; often granular ;
coarse to impalpable, and compact to earthy. Also stalactitic, tube-
lodular, and other imitative forms.
=2-5— 3-5 ; some earthy kinds (chalk, etc.') 1. G.= 2*508 -2-778 ;
crystals, 2*7213— 2*7234, Beud. ; fibrous, lamellar, and stalactitic,
•2*72, but when pulverized, 2*729—2*7233. Lustre vitreous — sulv
lis — earthy. Color white or colorless ; also various pale shades of
red, green, blue, violet, yellow ; also brown and black when impure.
: white or grayish. Transparent — opaque. Fracture usually con-
il, but obtainea with difficulty when the specimen is crystallized.
& refraction strong.
°g|yi||[yg
Dllowing are some of the iiregiilar forms or conditions in the crystallization of caldte :
1 curved surfaces. The rhombohedron ^R, top part of f. 574, and the hexagonal prism
and prism of f. 576. (2) Spirally
673, in which the spires consist of 578
ystals of the form in t 552o. (3)
in cunring columns: one case is
ed by Kenugott in which the column
.6 of rhombohedrons (form in f. 553b)
gle series, the breadth iV in* (4)
of a succession of unlike forms : in
prism is surmounted by the form in
the crystal, after formmg as a hexa- Phenixrille.
ism with a rounded summit through
!t scalenohedral planes, having b«en completed by a form wholly different ; in t 676 a
ith a rhombohedral termination contains inside a scalenohedron (1'), showing that it
nearly its actual height as a scalenohedron, and, moreover, before the new form com-
the scalenohedron was tipped by a cube of fluorite ; f. 579, in which the sunken plane o
en from additions to the other faces, in the process of completion of the crystal, with
o, the conditions producing that modification having ceased. (5) Irregular changes in the
lefU of Ihe same form : in t 574, the form called nail-head spar has the unusual aocompani-
the shank of the nail, made up of very small but similar rhombohedrons; kUeral develop-
iving been prevented for a while (perhaps by an accompanying deposition of sedimentX
I form consequently elongating upward by successive additions of small crystals, but
when the obstruction is no longer acting, a single crystal taking a broad expansion and
the column. (6) Symmetrical arrangement of impurities: in £ 577, 578^ showing the tops
im, like f. 5520, the impurities being crystals of pyrite.
danes in the tables above, with the calculated angles, when not otherwise aocredited* are
ppe, I^iyst rhomb. Kalkhabides, Denkschr. Ak. Wien, ill 1864. For the others, Hg.
for Hfissenberg, Hin. Not, liL, iv., ▼., viL; Wr., Wimmer, Jahiesb. 1854^ 866; Bh., t
676
OXTGKN OOMPOUSM,
Eatb, Fpgg., cxxxiL 38T; Sw, QuintiiLo Sella, Studti MIil Sai^ and Qoadro oriiL .
del Quarzo, e del Qalcare ; Da., Daaa, a, frora a Boede aystal {t &60, o), ^ fr^om t1
CU
Przibram.
5T5
/^
rvs.
FbeoizFiIte,
5Tf
574a
578
T
V<
PbeDiivUle.
Flunizvlla
the §ormB
SellA aleo eoumerAtei in his table (bat not &om Ma own «peda! <
1^/, r, i6i!i, -ijAii, -ii, -jf, -fV, -IS, H». HV, 4".
8ee also on the cryatallogrtiph j of oaldte, F. Hockstotteiv Denkw^. Ak. Wka, fi I
Figures 6t3, 575, 577, 578 are firom a ptftper by X H Smith, in Am. J. Sd, xs. 2IL4ifl
druwa by the author ; aod f. 574 la firoia Przibram crjstala in the cabtaai of Pttt mmf
5 ft I is from Hesscnberg. To the enumerated s^^lenohedtooji add {fr^ t, Baiii, L e4 i^Vf ^
7=157" 23', X=rl40^ 40', Z=124' 46',
Oomp., Var.->Galdte ia carbonate orUme, OaC^Oarbomo ndd 44^ time 54=lfQk
protoxjd of iron^ or protoxjni of mnpoMl 1
579 and atrontia^ baiytea* axwd of sbc^ or vsj4 «CI
8ionA]|y, replaoe pert of tne Uma
The Yarif'tieA are T^rj ntmaraoi* and 4lfWM l^
aiioe. They depend mainly on tiba Ibllo^ltaf ]
difTereDoea in crrataUiaatiOQ; {t) fn tUnti
the extremes being perfed eryttala aod i
forma; (5) in oolor, diapfaanoitT« odor on I
impuritiea ; (4) in modea of ongvi.
Tbe fallo wring am the moat eommoo fmpidin
effbctB :
Eed oxyd of Iron (P9) prodooaa dlltent ill
Bowiew ttom floan*rod or paitr to ofMqti* litiwd»fi at
red, - - to Iha fifopomai piawat} tel
^^ I namea ffamaioc(mii€ (from itfta, bho^i t^mdtt, Hw^ I9IK lUTi oilatl*"
nMM tf«4*co of Italy. The hydmted oxyil ^. - - janaet jp«tioiHiii to Ofiaqiao mkn^^
j^llowiah^brtjwii; the deeper, ^idrnve^niie of Uaasmann (&, 1306). Prol0iyd of !«*<
chrome, ailioute of Iron, oauae ahadM of g^reen.
ANHTDBOUB 0ABB0NATE8. 677
as matters, or oarbon, give a dear yellowish tint to some crystalliced oalcite, and
olors, fh>m pale drab and buff throagh gray and bluish-gray to deep black, to com-
■ limestone ; the carbonaceous matters having been derived fh>m the animals of the
eta, out of which the limestones were originally made, or from the plants of the
}t as soils and mud are now colored from the same cause ; and when these carbo-
3r8 are allied to petroleum or bitumen, the rock has a fetid or bituminous odor when
hammer. The fact that the dark colors mentioned are due to carbonaceous sub-
ot to metallic oxyds is proved by the rocks affording, when burnt, whtie quicklime,
rbles thus colored are named ATUhracanite (from d^Bpa^^ coal) by v. Moll (Ephemer.,
, iMcuBan by John (Gh. Unters., 219), and LuculUte by Jameson (Min., ii. 180,
nclude the Marmor LuctUleum Plin. (xzzvi. 6). The Nero Antico of the Italians
The bituminous or feiid limestones are also called anthraoonite when blade ; and
odor, Swinestone (syn. StiiiksUme; Stinkstein^ Sausieitif SHnkkaOc^ Qerm.), some bcdng
H)lor.
r carbonate of lime and magnesia, often constitutes the veins and shells of a compact
shown by Hunt; and the magnesia found by analysts in such rocks may be gen-
as a mixture of dolomite with calcite, rather than as a chemical substitution of
lime. (See under Dolomite)
ite, and other minerals are sometimes taken up mechanically by crystallizing caldte.
:hlorite, serpentine are often disseminated in crystalline limestones, having been
n at the time of their crystallization, and are among the materials which produce
or variegated colors of such limestones.
is that have been named are as follows :
A. Well crystallized.
f. Crystals and crjrstallized masses afford easily deavage rhombohedrons ; and when
ley are what is called Iceland Spar^ and also Doubly- refracting Spar (Doppel-spath
I vary in proportions from broad tabular to moderately slender adcular, and take a
r of forms. But the extreme kinds so pass into one another through those that
tte that no satisfactory classiflcation is possible. Many are stout or &ort in shape
illy so. But other forms that are long tapering in their full development oocur short
;ausc abbreviated by an abrupt termination in a broad o, or an obtuse rhombohe-
R\ or a low scalenohedron (as ^'), or a combination of these forms ; and thus the
g essentially the same combinations of planes vary g^reatly in shape. The follow-
lay answer some purpose in the arrangement of the crystals in a cabinet They
icterized by staling the form or forms that are dominant, or most largely developed ;
abbreviated is used as above explained. Intermediate forms may be assigned to the
hich they have the most in common, {b) o group, or flat tabular (f 553a) ; the
tables may be made of prismatic planes, or of rhombohedral, eta (c) Low rbom-
lail-head, -^72; -^/J, eta (d) R group, the fundamental rhombohedron dominant
72, or cuboid group. (/) 2R group, (g) 2R abbreviated, {h) 4B group. (») 4/?
(j) Long rhombohedron group, induding the longer rhombohedrons, of which 11,
rather common (f. 551). (A) Long rhombohedron abbreviated, producing some-
hat look much like 3- or 6-sided prisms (f. 558D). (/) Low scalenohedron group,
(m) Ordinary scalenohedron or dog-tooth group, that of 1*, one of the most com-
I (f. 652a, 555-559). (n) Same abbreviated (f. 564, 565). (o) Long scalenohedron
; of 1\ !•, eta (p) Same abbreviated, {q) Prism-scalenohedron group, the scalenohe-
ing combined with an oblong prism t (f. 554). (r) Prismatic groups tiie prism i being
dominant ; and variously terminated.
Esmark, firom amygdaloid in Faroe, is calcite in cuboid crystals and massive, smatt-
in color, brownish-yellow by transmitted light, subtransparent to translucent, and
1 aspect.
stals. Groups a-/ corresponding to the different kinds described on p. 675.
with internal impurities^ etc (a) Having interior planes or other evidence of dianges
>S8 of their formation (f. 675, 576, 679). (6) CJontaining impurities synunetriciaiy
r curved aggregations of crystals, (a) Spirally arranged crystals. (6) Bent or
Jlizations.
orphans calcite. Natrocaicite indudes pseudomorphs of caldte after edestHe firom
^ named under the mistaken idea that the material contained soda.
(Breith., B. H. Ztg., xxiv. 311) is a pure caldte tnm Alston-Moor in Camb«rlaiid,
, vrUh an angle of 105" 20', according to Breithaupt's meamirementfl, and a.=i2*666—
1i% Brefth-f 6.=M08-l'tIl
bnrgf N. J^ and ooutams
b9 n&fne caMmany^ for the mineral fh>[n Sterling (iiai
18. 6Vw;inn<?caiate Genth (Proe Ac. Set PLiIad,, ri. 114, 1862); £
occurring in globules which have & eurfaoe oouaistiiig of the Ceiroinationi
QDd 11=3*5. GontAtus some strootlay and benoe gives a decidinl re4
pipe.
14. Jbnlaine6foftw Umesic^ne (Lassonne, Mem. Ac Pwter ltT5, Chaux ^
1801) ; crjfltals of the torm In fig. 550c, from Fontainebleau and Nemoun
large amount of sand, ftome 50 to 68 p, c. according to Deleave, with I
from one containing 57 p. c of Band,
15. ffidopik Eaughton (PhiL Mag, lY. xyiL 16^ 1859) U a gnss-grel
Central India, containing about 14 p. c. of a sllioeoua material like giand
color te owing.
0, Varieiks based <mfibnma or kniMZfor ilmctol
10. Satin Spar; fine fibrous, with a allky Inatre. B^flembkn flhrotii
called aatiQ spar, but is much harder and eiFerva«^'a with adda.
17. ArgtffUine Kirwan (Man., L 104, I7tf4 ; .^ '♦ Hofbana, Boi
Spar). A pearij lamellar calcite, the lauteUoe m -hs
lowiah, or reddish.
18. Aphrite, in ita harder and more spany Yirlcty {SchamnfpaOi
pearly caleite, near argentine; in its softer kioda (8chaiwmrd€ W,,
«fe Jbire H,) H approaches chalky though Ughtor, pearly in luatra^ j
color, soft and greasy to the toudi, and moro or ma aaJy in al
D, Cfrwmtaf mamive h cryptterftlaIMm ; X^nacCo*
19. Gmnuiar iimeikme (StKiehfMifidal limethne^ 90 named becouae
The texture varies Crom iiuite ootrse to very fine granular, and the laU
shades into compact Umeslocie. Thi^ colors aro various, as white, ;
uaually they are clouded and give a handsame ^tSbei when the
limestones are fit for polish iuir, or for architectural or
(a) Statuary marbU is pure whiUs fine grained, and firm in tartori^ j
island of Paros (the Lychtiites of the ancieuto), Fetii^linsn from
marbles of the coast of Tuscany . and the Oarmra, of ilodvua, It
aty marbles. ArMMuiral mublo jndodea both white and \
white, with pale greaniah shadings ttom green talc ; it does not »ti
a«lK» of Italy ia ochro-yellow to crearo-yeUow, with some whlti
Brocai^ de Sknna, is yellow, veined or clouded with Wuish-red. I
pie* («) Tho Mundelaia ia a light red with yellowiah^ white an
ANHTDBOnS CASBONATES.
ere
Man J kiodfl
uslj veined. The colors dull, exoepting ochre-jellow and odire-rod Tanetida.
:e beautiful marble when polished
Black, {h) yelhw, (c) red^ and {d} feiid \dadB have been mentioned (pp. 676» 677),
> iVior (rf), called sometimes EgypUau marble^ is of black color, handaomelj veined wi\h '
w dolomite, and cornea from Porto-Vent^ re. near Speda; tbe rock is of the tower Lias, {e}
li'Morie (Deatb^B Robe) of Italy Is black, with some white fossil sholls. (/) MarbU qf
is flne deep red or brownish-red. with some wliite and gmj due to fotisilB, and ia fh)iD
iitm^ in Franoe. (g) QrioUti, fi*om the Dept. of Herault, Franooj lias a reddish-brown baaer
imewhat regularly arranged spota of dear red, and aome whitish round apota due to gonia-
ih) SarctiCoUn niarblCf from the PjTeneea, is doep rod mixed with gray aod yellow, (i)
marble is gray, with whitish crystalline points, and ta from central New York ,
^marble iDcludes kinds consisting largely of fo8»il shells j (0 Madrcporic marble, tho
liiiug corals ] (m) Eticrinal^ those containuig encrinal (cnDoidal) remains. (») Luviachdk ia I
brown shelt-morble, with brilliant fire-Hke or chatoyant tnteruol reflections proceeding Ironi
ahells^ and trom Blelberg in Carlnthia i and anothe? kind^ with the shells yellnw, oomea (turn
nctmn,
(o) Jhiin^m&rhle ia a kind of compact calcareoua marl, showing, when polished, pictureB of
rtifloations, temples, etc., in ruins, due to inflltration of oxyd of iron.
(/») Lithographic stone is a very even-grained compact limestone, usually of buff or drab color;
thiit of Solenhofen,
(g) Breccia viafbU is made of ftagmenta of limestone cemented together, and is oHen yer;
MotlAil when the ^agments are of diflferent colors, or are imbedded in a base that <
rell. Tlie colors are very various,
(r) Fuddin^^atone marble consists of pebbles or rounded atones cemented. It ia often caBcd
b^yroperly breccia marble.
{$) Hydraulic liinef(one is an impure limestone. The French varieties contain 2 or 3 p. a of
nagne^bi. and 10 to 20 of silica and alumina (or day). The vurioties in the United States conlalaj
to to 4t» ft. c. nf luagnesiaf and l!i to 30 p, c. of silica and alumina, A variety worked extensivelyl
It Eondout, N. Y., afforded Professor Beck (Min. N. Y., 18) Carbouic add 34"i0, hme 2&*5C^
DAgnesia 12'35, silica 1537, alumina 9'13, sesciuiQixydof iron 'i'2b. Oxyd of Irou ia rather prejudicial
(0 it than otherwise. VIcat observes that in the best Frendi there are 20 to 30 p. c of day^ and
|i that only raoderately good 10 to 12 p. c. Au impure limeatone of France^ which needs no i
tor making the cement, it ooutaining caldte 54 p. c , cJuy 81, oxyd of iron 1 5= lOU, is colled j '
iiivici»l|Dufr. MIn., li).
21* toft cmnpact limestone, (a) Chalk is white, grayish-white^ or yellowish, and so ft enough to
wve a t race on a board. The conaoUdation into a rock of such softness may be owing to the
fcct thiit the material is hirgoly the liollow shells of rhizopods.
The cr^ia of the Romans (usually tran^hited chalk) was mostly a white clay, true chalk being
Ittle known to the nndonts. The kind described by Pliny as the most inferior kind of cretaoeoua j
^h, sod as used for marking the feet of slaves, was probably true chalk,
{h) Calcarmus marl (Mcrg^lkalk Oerm,) is a 80^ earthy deposit^ oflen hardly at all consolidated,
lllh or without distinct fragments of sheUs ; it generaDy oontaius mudi day, and graduates into
ig^Oftreous clay.
HBL Qmcretionary massive, (a) Oolite (Eogenstein Oerm.) Is a granular limestone, but its grains
Hv aiinute rounded concretious, lookitig somewhat like the roe of fish, the name coumig from
iw, egg. It occurs among all the geological formations, from the Lower Silurian lo the most
It, and it is now farming about the coral reefs of Florida, {b) Pisolite (Erbfenstein IF.) con-
of concretions as large often as a small pea, or even larger, the concretions having usually ft
istinct concentric structure. It is formed in large masses in the vicinity of the Hot Springs at
tairiabad in Bohemia.
S3. Deposikd from, cakaireaus wrings, streams^ or in eat*ems, etc
(o) Sialactites are the calcareous cylinders or cones that han^ from the roofs of limestone
^Terns, and which arc formed from the waters tliat drip through the roof j the^le waters hold
mm bicarbonate of lime in solution, and leave carbonate of Ume to form the stalactite whet)
naporation takes place, stalactites vary from transparent to nearly opaque; from a granular
r^Btalline structure to a radiating fibrous ; from a white color and colorless to yelbwish-groy
id brown.
(b) Stalagmite h the same material covering the floors of caverns, it being made from th0rj
Iters ihat drop from tbe roofn, or from sources over the bottom or sides ; cones of it sometuneft
le from the floor to meet the etalactites above. It consists of layers; but these are very irreg-
laiir curved, or bent, owing to the knobs and oonelets that are mftde orer the floor; and
oKflbed specimens genernlly owe much of thoir beauty tc the ngate-lik© or onyx-like bondlngB-i
Stalagmite is the Alaboftrik^ (alabaster-stone) in pert (if not wholly) of TboophraBtus, Fliiif,^
id other andent writers; that is, the stone of which ointment vasea, of a certain form calml
^b&itigrs, were made, (See GYPtJUM, p, 640.) A locality near Thebes, now well known, wiuij
680
OZTGEN CX)MPOUHI16.
lafgely explored bj the andents, and the material has often been henoe ctlM 1 _ ,
It was also formerlj called myz and onychites; Horace, in the 3d book of hk OA«* ^aika ^1
ohitment Tase of onjx, Pliny mcrutioo^ oolimms of ^'oajx,'^ or ^alabaslrile^^* that wualtl
in heij^ht, and mentions Damaacus as ajflfording a kind whiter than that of TheWa, la f
it is often now called OrienkU Alabaskr; and aometlmes also gitfxritar tteae, ftoa tikt i
of the material in a casern at Gibraltar.
(c) Cak-nutiT, Travtriiiyi^ Oak Tufa, TraTertine {Qmftlta M l^iob) is of y
orijgii] with stalagmite, but la disticctiveljr a deposit from springa or riTera, <
large depoaita, as along the riyer Anio, at TtToli, near Borne, where the depocit 'ia
In tbidcneaiL It has a rery caTemone and irregolarlT bonded atructure, o«1ii^ to ita \
formation. It ia the Ldipit Tihurtima of VitroTiua^ il c T» and Pliny, zzztL 4K» afee, ; f
ttatxriine being a corruption of tibwUne, It indadea alao^ afpedaUy imder tlie iiaHW oi erir I
oeUular depoaitiona from the waters of small eprtnga or aoinnsei^ w&db oflcii rnniatn S
twiga, moaa, nuts or aeed, etc. The OtkooeSka (Beinwdle, Bctnbnicii) Gcsnr (fL SI, \
OBSa fracta intra oorptts aumptaa," as waa thou^t at the tnoe (oateoeoBft of 1mm Mil
long tince shown, a cellular oalc tufa, oooaisting of incnxstingB of fragments of rae4t it {
maish plaota. It means hoikt-glaa, Inoitie^ Gallitain, ia also caloaintej^
(d} Agaric mmeral- Bock*miIk (Btrffmikh^ JfaamiOQl, Genn.) is a vefy solW ^
bi«aking tjaaHj in the fingers, deposited aoinetiinei in caTema^ or about aoareaa Mdts^ 1
aolution.
(«) BodMneal iBgrf^mM Gorm^ Anao fossHU Bmckm^ eta) ia whlta atod
becoming a powdar on the slightest preaaure. It ia an elBoraaoevkoa, and is eoi
especially at the qnuries of Nanteire.
Analyses: 1, % 8trocneyer (Gilb. Ann., xIt. S2S, Untera^ SS); 3^ Bduuibel (BaoB. 9df
62); 4, Ahrend (HaasoL IfuL, 1324); 6, StromeTvr (L c); fi, Jeoxaeh (F^xgg^ nrri t4l)f]
Bichter (Bamm. Mia. Ch., 309); 8, Tyler (Am. X Sd, II. zxadx. ITl); », Glbbe (Bi "
SoppL, 6i); 10, II. Monheim (tb.); 12, T, a Hmit (this MiiL, ISH 4aa); IS, Jo&aaiai
K. X 80L, Ti ni; 14, Ddes&e (Ber. Sd et Ind., xTl 1 1%); 15. r, Hanw cBer. Ak. W«,]
1% Ksappd (J. pr. Gh , IriL 3S4):
L loelaod^ trp,
%, Andreasbefg
i. " ■
CI
B starling. K. J^ ^ a =1^1S
aZia&aikorOIkiic^
liL » AlMl»«t
IL
fe Hn 2a % Ob
0*15 66'lS-li¥PS«roca
0 »6 5fl-d§v fi « ltl=l«tl
0^13 SS-xa, a 1^=:1«
110 o-sa — oie 63*79=^ 100-68 ;
S-TO &Ai>0=99*l«J
0-33 e-83 0-38 O-SS 4ST3, U OS3=3
7*13 1*11 41 •fl^liarld r
— i3i[t — — a^sdraMs*
Odi 41>T a-^ G<H6^l««GllibL
ft-tS ]<0e — M-10=l(M)-i3lteML
sii iKi (res — siHiK, &ihu^=jfniB
6aC faCMfCfbC
•3*90 4iM 1-iS =100-13 Hont. 6.:£l^||w
[93^] T'd:=rlO# JciiuMtem.
•Iiil ru=mm Mkmm.
t»« 1^4^100^11 BMiar. G.-l^X
it^«& — 9^fo — ^, & oim, f^ Ua^lU woa, „
PaiidkMia«00s:100]
^^M^A l*IO"~*n&^^a fc^Hl^ ^^A Imma A^^^^ ^b «hw4«m fi^^iil^^Haw^ Ktm^^^^m^m ^m m* I^^fl
M3aii< (J, 4 fftngm, m, A. liO». ^
h^«»^ito oakK. BlL ImCMM^ bit hemmm rMitic, ilo>«a» and eutai tba li
^ ai irai toe^ brt hOer tbe aoda u akiUiMiI brtlia ooal, 1
I ia a doar i
rin«b»B«iiiflMcf liB
ANHnXBOUB OABBOKATES. 681
)r localities In the Tyrol, Styria^ Carinthia, Hungary, Sazonj, Hesae Dannatadt (at
esse Gassel, Norway,- France, and in EDgland in Derbyshire, Oumberland, Cornwall,
[oeland. In Iceland a single rhombohedron (J?) over 6 yds. long and 3 high has been
ates, in K Tork^ in St Lawrence and Jefferson Ck>s., especially at the Bossie lead mine ;
y modified (f. 660, 561), and oflen transparent even when large ; one nearly trans-
) cabinet of Yale College, weighing 165 pounds ; often covered in part by crjrstalfl
t the Natural Dam, 2 m. from Qouvemeur, in the same vicinity, good crystals ; also at
)in in Gouvemeur, and the Jepson vein in Rossie ; at the ParSh ore bed in (Jouver-
Kies, in specular iron ; in Jefferson Co., near Oxbow, od the land of Mr. Benton, from
2: limestone, largo crystals sometimes as clear as Iceland spar; rose and purple
beautiful; some large crystals of a hundred lbs. and upward; 4. m. S. of OxboW|
I vein of caldte and lead, which affords beautiful cleavstge masses of white, purple,
shades ; also interesting crystals ; in Essex Co., town of Moriah, on ^011 Brook, near
Tjstals of calcite in white limestone ; dog-tooth spar (f 552a, 1' and also 1', -2), in
lear Lockport, \\ith pearl spar, celestite, selenite, and anhydrite ; in Onondaga Co.,
, along the railroad ; good crystals in Herkimer Co., 1 m. S. of Little Falls, in the
1 stream ; in Lewis Co., at Leyden and Lowville, and at the Martinsburg lead mine ;
rn bank of Dry Sugar River, near Boonville, Oneida Co. (f. 652o) ; at Anthony's
Hudson, formerly groups of large tabular crystals (f. 653a); at Watertown, Agaric
ring the sides of a cave ; at Schoharie, fine skUaciites in many caverns, of which
I the most famous ; at Camillus aud Schoharie (near the barite locality), fbroua. In
ibundance, and at De Long's Mill, St Lawrence Co., of a fine satin lustre. In Maine,
, lenticular and prismatic crystals, common. In N", Hamp,^ at the iron mines, Fran-
ce. In ifoM., at Williamsburg and Southampton, argeniine. In Conn,^ at the lead
X)wn, in crystals (t-2, -^, /, short or long, and I*, /?). In N. Jeraey, at Bergen, fine
s of yellow calcite, with datolite, eta, in trap (f 552b) ; at Fnmklin, a pink variety,
vage specimens. In Penn., in York Co., Iceland spar. In Vtrginm, at the celebrated
ftalactUes of great beauty; also in the large caves of Kentucky. At the Lake Supe-
ines. splendid crystals often containing sodes of native copper.
', Illinois, in great variety of form, lining geodes and implanted on quartz crystals ;
otia, at Partridge I., a wine-colored calcite, and other interesting varieties,
nrhich large reefs are formed in tropical regions, consist mainly of carbonate of lime,
r., obtained for a recent species of Madrepora (Dana's Report on Zoophytes, and
ji., II. L 189) Carbonate of lime 94*807, phosphates, fluorids, eta, 0*745, organic mat-
id the deposit of phosphates and fluorids afforded the percentage— ^i 12*6, Oa 7*6,
' 26*62, Ca F 26*34, Mg P 8*00, ^1 and l^e 1484 Other analyses gave similar renultB.
al of the common marbles is either granular or compact Umestone. These rooks
)rm quicklime.*
ite occurs under the forms of dolomite, calamine, spathic iron, malachite, anirite,
iisonite, barite, fluorite, limouite, gOthite, red iron ore, minium, meerschaum, chlo-
chaJcedony, garnet, feldspar, mica, pyrolusite, hausmannite, manganite, marcasite,
ie, native copper. The change to dolomite^ as Bischof explains, may take plaoe
bonate of magnesia in solution ; to spaihic iron (^e C) through sulphate of iron in
ing sulphate of lime and carbonate of iron ; or by carbonated waters containing
»f iron, which slowly dissolve calcite, while the carbonate of iron takes its place,
udomorph by substitution ; to smiihuonite {ZuC) through sulphate of zinc in solu-
nine{ZD.*^i-\-l^ ti) probably by a change first to 2nO and then to the silicate,
ine silicates in solution ; to malachite through a solution of sulphate of copper, which
ite of copper and sulphate of Ume ; to gypsum or anhydrite through the action of
I, which acid is produced by the oxydatiou of sulphuretted hydrogen or otherwiae,
sulphate of lime ; to quartz by waters containing alkaline silicates, which afford ftee
yrite^ limonite, and other species, by the removal of the Oa C by waters which hold
3r alkaline silicates, and at the same time contain the ingredients forming the replacing
wnite or red iron ore might result from the decomposition of p3rrite in the vicinity,
lenohedrons from the province of Arnsberg were found by Noggerath (Verb, nat
63, 137) to consist of an exterior coating of azurite, and an interior layer of malachite.
Mrm. Pierres calcaires tr^s-peu effervesoentes aveo les addea D. Dolomieu, J. de
X. 1, 1791. Dolomie Saussure, Toy. Alpes, § 1929, 1796. Dolomite Kirwan, Ifin.,
08 analyses of limestones, see Rammelsbeig's Handw. der Min., and SapplenMOtai
dbers. for 1844-1862 ; the Jahresbericht of Berzolius, and its oontinaation.
682
OXTGEN COMPOUNDS*
i ni« 1194. Bittergpath, Eliomboidalspath, Kohlensauerter KaOoecde^
aniU,), Klapr^ Schrift. Nat. Fr. BerL, v. 61, 1784, BmU^ I 300. n»5; ateo B«ifcr,, il
204, 236, T. 103, vi. 323. Sputb mngne»ien DelametK, Sciagr., L 201, IT9X MieiBl
Beitr,, ill, 29^, 1802 (discov. at Mbmo bj D. Tliomsoo in 1191, uid seat by him to Xl
Magnesian spar). Rautengpath pt. Wem.^ 1800. Ludwig'a Wemer^ L 5U 154, 1 803.
carbonate magneaifi&re pt., C, c, alumimf^r© (fr. Saussure's atuiL), U^ Tr*, 1801. fiHn
Hawm., Handb., 960, IB! 3; Perl^path pt, Bauhkalk, Eilktalkspath, Germ. I'tet i
Brown Spar pt., Biiomb Spar pU, Magnesian limestoae, Spaih perl^ Fr,
Coaites^ FUotkalk^ Retsiua^ Miu*, 17 U5. Coaite Schunwcher, TeneicLiiifls^ eta,
Konit (76rm. Gurhofian KarttL^ Hug. Nat. Fr. BerL, I 4, 257» 180t, and TabalL I
Tharaodit iWiesfeien, Qeogn. Arbeit, v. 212, 1820. Brosait Btnd, ZS. t PhafsiL« 1
Ehombohedral.
580
m
-y.
R A ^^lOe*' 15\ O A iJ^lSe"* 8i', a=0*832a
served planes ; O, i-2, 7?, 4, -2, -J, 1*, 1* (hemih
0 A ^2=90^ 0 A 4=104° 35', 0 A 2=117° 21>;
=154° 20; i A ^=135*^ 57\ 2 A 2=79*^ 3G'.
varies between 106° 10' and 106° 20'. An inert
100° C. diminkhea the angle 4'. Cleavage : R^
Faces R often cnrved, and secoDdary planes
with horizontal striEB. Twins : gimilar to f. 573^
673. AUo in imitative shapes ; also amorphous, granidar, coarse o
and grains often elightly coliercnt,
1J. = 3'5— 4. G.=2*8'-2^9, true dolomite. Lustre vitreous, inclin
pearly in some varieties. Color white, reddish, or greeuish-white
rose-red, green, brown, gray, and black. Subtraneparent to traosl
Brittle.
Comp^ Var*— Norroal or true dolomite liaa the formula Ca C -)- &g C ::= Carbonate of Eii
carbcDaU3 or mftgnesia 45'<}5. Some kinds included under the name have tbo two
other proportions ; but this may arise from their being mixtures of dolomiie with ctldtil
tiesiie. Frotoxjd of iron replaces part of the magnedia in some dolomite ; so alao
maDgoneBe ; aod more rarely oxyd of cobalt or zinc.
The varieties are the following:
(1) CrystaUaed. Fcarl itpar indudea rhombohedral orTataUizationB with currad
(2) Coiumtiar or fibrous.
MiewUte^ from Miemo, TuacaDj, is either in crystala, oolumDar^ or granuhir, and pilii
greeu in color.
(H) Grantdar^ or sotcharoid, conatitutea many of the kinds of white atattmry tnazlj^
and colored architectural marbles^ oames of some of which have been meotioaod itftdcc
(4) Cmnpaci ma9sivt^ like ordinary limestone. Many of the limeatooa strata of the |
here included, and much hyflrauUc i4mestoney noticed under caldteu
(5) Compact pore^Uanous, Gurhojian; snow-white snd subtranalnogp^ with a
ture^ sometimes a little opol-Iike; fVom Qurbof^ in lower Anntria.
(6) Ft-ni/erous; liromn spar, m part. Contiiins carbonate of iron, and aa tba propocthoa II
it graduates into ankento (q. ¥.). The color \a white to brown, and becomea browniflh
sure through the oxydaiiou of the irou. A oolumaar kind, cuotaining 10 pw c. of cut
ixon, has boon called Brtmiie (aual 10); G.==2 915. Tharandii6j &om Thaiand^ uear M
crystallized, and contains 4 p. c, of te,
(7) ManganifcrowL Colorless to flesh-red. R A i?=106'' 2S' (anal ^ hj Ettfing); 1
(anal 21, by Ott).
m CobcUH/erowt. Colored reddish (anal, 23); G.=2-92l, Gibba.
(9) The varieties based on variations jti the proportions of the carhatiatf^t on* tin- fiJ
(a) Normal dohmik^ ratio of Ca 0 to Mg C=l : 1 (anal 1- *!
25-30) J (c) ratio=3 ; 1 (nnal. 31-33), includes gurhofian or gii< \
ip) ratio=5 ; 1 (anaL 3S); {/) ratio 1 : 3 (anal 36, S7), €kt cotiik, i i ^
magnesite ; and the others, from if to «, dolomitic caicite, or caldtt^ %
which dolomite is often miiod with caMte^ forming its f eioa and ita lossu sneua \
that this ia not improbable.
AiraTDBOUS 0ABB0NATE8.
683
AnalTses: Batio 1:1. 1, Sadcow (J. pr. Ch., yiil 408); 2, LaviBzari (Jahrb. Min. 1845, 802,
A% 680) ; 3, Abioh (G. Beob., p. !▼.); ^ J- Both (J. pr. Ch., IviiL 82) ; 5, Walterahansen (Pogg.,
ir. 116); 6, Hirael (ZS. Pharm., I860, 24); 7, BammelBberg (2d SuppL, 26); 8, Gobel (Fogg.,
L 636); 9, Scheerer (Pogg., Ixv. 283); 10, Laugier (Mem. Mua. d^Hist Nat, xix. 142); 11.
unmelsberg (MixL Oh., 218) ; 12, Alsop (Ann. Lye N. Y., viiL 124). Coniaining over 3 p. c of
rbtmaieo/iron. 13, Mdtzendorff (ib., 213); 14, Kuhn (Ann. Ch. Fharm., liz. 363); 16, Pelle-
flr (Aon. Ch. Phys., xiy. 192); 16, T. a Hunt (this Min., 1864, 442); 17, Grimm (Jahrb. G.
richs., Yl 98); 18, Iledler (ib.); 19, Both (J. pr. Ch., Iviii 82); 20, Hirzel (L a). Ckmkming
, zinc, or cobaU, 21, Ettling (Ann. Ch. Fharm., xcix. 204); 22, Ott (Haid. Ber., iL 403);
i, Mfenheim (Verb, nat Ver. Bonn, v. 41) ; 24, W. Glbba (Fogg., Ixxi 564).
Batio 3 : 2, 2 : 1, 3 : 1, 6 : 1, 1 : 3. 25, Beck (Min. N. Y., 254); 26, Bammelaberg (Handw.,
96); 27, Klaproth (Beitr., i. 800, and ui 297); 28, Wackenroder (Schw. J., Izv. 41); 29, Abich
a); 80, Kiihn (L a); 81-38, Klaproth (Beitr., It., ▼., yi.); 34, 86, Kiihu (L &); 86, John
ohw. J., V. (YL?) 13) ; 37, Hirzel (L c.) :
1. Jena, erysi, uneoL
2. St Gothard, crysL, gyK'W,
3. y. di Sambuoo, gran.
4. Monte Somma
6. Binnen, gran,
6. Tins, near Gera
7. Bfeld, Bauhkalk
8. Scheidama, gran,
9. Gnlbrandsdal, "
la Speesia, "
11. lliemo, MemUt
\% WestcheBter Co., N. Y.
13. ZiOerthal, crysi,
14. Tharand, Tnarandite
15. Traversella
16. Boxbury, Yt, nuutive
17. Wermadorf
18. Lettonits
19. La Yalendana, Mex.
2a TraTersollA, Bronte
Batio 1
. : 1.
OaC
MgC
i'eC
An (5
55*2
44-7
=99-9 Suckow.
55-77
43-59
—
— =99-36 LaviizarL
56-57
43-43
— -100 Abich.
57-26
42-75
=100 Both. G.=2-72.
55-06
44-55
— =99-61 Walterah. G.=2-846.
6402
46-28
0-79
=100-09 HirzeL
55-62
42-40
0-56
— =98-58 Bammelflberg.
5501
42-67
1-54
=99-22 G6beL
55-88
40-47
2-81
— =9916 Sdieerer.
55-36
41-30
200
=98-66 Laug^r.
57-91
38-97
1-74
0*67=99*19 Bammelsberg.
64-91
43-68
1-28
— , inaoL 1*80=100-07 Alaqp.
56*66
88-60
8-30
1-70=100^6 Moitzendorfll
54-76
42-10
4-19
— =10105 Kuhn.
51-00
44-82
4-68
=100 Pelletier. G.=2-629.
63-90
44-04
3-05
=100-99 Hunt G.=2-866.
53-25
38-84
5-33
, fl 1-01 =98*43 GWmm.
64-21
89-55
6-18
— =99-89 Kedler.
6318
84-35
10-46 £[ 1-22, j^e 0-22-99*48 Both.
52-71
33-46
1113
2-84=100-14 HinseL
Batio 1 : 1, containing mangane$e^ mne^ or eobaU,
SI. Freiberg, >Z6«ft-n0(2
22. Kiq^Hiik, unooL
28. Altonberg, sineif.
24. Pnibram, cdbaitif.
53-20 4016 214 6-23=100-71 Ettling. G.=2-830.
62-46 41-16 1-09 6-41=10012 Ott G.=2-89.
64*31 43-26 0*99 0*56, 2n C 1*38=100*50 Monheim.
66*77 36-70 2-03 , Co C 7*42=2-08 Gibbs.
Batio 3 : 2=0aC 641, AgC 36-9.
26. Lockport, Pear{«par 69-00 89-60 1*60
26. KdoBonik, orysi. 6100 86-53 2-73
2T. Glocksbnum, /&. 6000 86 60 4*00
28. Liebenatein 63*88 83*24 0*91
29. Sorrento, Italj 6521 84-79 —
SO. Bc^mia 61*30 32 20 627
=100 Bedc
— =100-26 Bammelabeig.
— =100-50 Klaproth.
0-07=98-10 Wackenroder.
=100 Abich.
=99*77 Kuhn.
31. Onrliof; Ovrhofian
32. Hall, crysL
Sa. TUbng, ''
•i^Bdiemia
M. XdloMnili^ cfy$L
Batio 2 : l=Ca C 70-4, iig C 29*6.
70-50 29-50 =100 Klaproth.
68-0
78*0
29-50
26*6
25*0
1-0 — , fl 2-0, day 2*0=98*60 Kltproth.
— , Fe 2*26=100-26 Klaproth.
BatioS : lto6 : 1.
77-68 18*77 8*67 =100H>7 Kfihn.
86*84 10-39 6-63 =101*76 Kihn.
684
36. lieifiBner, Cbnite
37. ** "
OXYGEN COMPOUNDS,
BatiQ 1 : 3.
OaC AgC teO
28-0 67'4 S'S^SS-a John,
27*53 6t*97 fi^OS- 100 55 HirieL
The followftig are aDaljsea of some imcryBrtalline stratifldd limestonefl. Ip Illtoii,
ICagDMi&Q limestone, Calcirc«roas age (Swallow^B 6. Rep. Mifisotin, 1865;; 2-4, J. J>, '
of TreotOQ* Galeciai and Niagara Umestones (E&p* Q, Iowa, 1858):
1. Wanaw, Mo., L, Magn. 4701 «8'86
2. Kew Oalet^a, " G2'47 4213
8. Clayton Co., Iowa, Tr^nL L, 44*90 S4-23
4. " " G<ilL. 52'i)l 42*25
5* Jookson Co., Iowa, Niag. Zr. 52 • 1 8 42 't>4
faC
— , XI, Ve 0-52, t^i X3-2T =99-86 lActon.
1-78, inaol. 2 76, jffa, K, eta 0*87 = 100 Whilncf,
1-69, iuaoL 18*36=99 18 Wliitnefy,
0 93, inaol 4-43, Na, i\ C 0'38 = 100 Whitney.
tr,, iiisoL 3-88, a^ Fo 0'63, Na, Iw, C a-35^99-S?l
Very many of the limestone strata of the gbbe oro thus partly or whoUy ddomlti
iiBimlly not ns puro aa in tho above analyses. T. S. Hunt aaya that dolonntea make up t ,
part of the Caldferoua, Clinton, Trenton^ Guelph, NiBgaro, and Onondaga liineatonea of ^
(Logon's Rep^ ISGli, 456). In 1857 (Logan^s Rep., 1857, 200) he announced that ihe
sheila of some ordinary limestones were magnesian. In the Portor marhle (p. 679) the bo4f I
the roek contains only 1^0 p. c, of carbonate of oaagnesia, and the ireins 35*5 p, c A f
from Dudswell, Canada, contains OaC 92% MgC 1*8, sand 6*2; and the foaaila are of i
composition; but a yellowish miitedal enveloping the fo«ails nnd filling veiiifl oocksbta of i
56-60, MgC 11*76, Fe C 3-23, with 2n 72 insoluble =98 'ft I, This being a oaixtme of <" '
and calcite, the latter was removed by acetic acid, and the residue, 62 p. a, thdii
61-75, %0 35-73, ^eC l2'52=U>o, lo the Trenton limestone of Ottawa, th«
ehells, and crustaceans are chongied to wlutisk dolomite; and a fragment of an Ot
Ca 0 66'00, Mg C 37 80, ^'e 0 5'tf6 = 9S»'75-
^nr.f #to.— E.B. acts like caldte, but docs not give a clear mass when fits€4 with toltl
platinum foil Praitmienta thrown into cold acid nrt) very slowly acted upon, while ini
warm iicid the mineral is readily dissolved with efiervescence. The ferriferous dolomiteal
brown on expopure,
Obs. — Massive dolomite oonatitnt^s extensive strata, called limestone strata* in raric
Crystalline and L'ompact varieties are often associated with eterpe&tine and other magne
and with ordinary limestones. Some of the prominent !o<*alitie9 are at Solzbiug;
Scbemnir^ in Hungary, Kopnik in Transylvania, Freiberg in Saj^ony^ tho load Qsinea at j
Derbyshire, etc.
In the 0. Staten, in Vermont, at Roxbury, large, yellow, transparent oryttala of th/a i
variety, in talo. la Ehode Island, at SmitMeld, a coarse dfiavable variety^ oocadooaUy |
perfect ctjstals, with white talc in calcite. In xV: Jersef^ at Hoboken, whJte hexagonal i
(f 580), and in rhombohedrona. In iV. Tark, at Loekport, Niagara FaOa, and ~
Cflldte, celcstite^ and gyp^'tum ; also at Glenu^s Falls ; in Richmond Co., at the Quan
talllzed dolomite, in rhorabohedrons, and at the Parish ore bed. St Lawrence Oo, ; oo J
farm in PhillipFtown, a variety resembling Gurhq/Ue^ with a semi-opaline appearanoe and a
nearly like poroelam.
Dolomite is gienerally supposed to be injurious as a manure for iioila» on aoooimt of Ha
but this is not so, unless used after calcination, before it is fully air-elaked. The lima it
when burnt makes a more durable cement thon common Hmestone.
Named atler Dolomleu, who announced some of the marked characteristics of the rock ia It"
— its not efTerveacing with acids, while burning like limestoDe, and soluble after heating tai^
He observes in hia paper that, as early as 1786, he had found the white marble of manyeC
andent statues aud monuments of Italy to consist of this peculiar rock ; and e^hteeo
before the date of his paper ho discovered *^ immense quantities of simiiar Umcatooea' fi
Tyrol.
Woulfe, In the Phil Trans, for 1779 (at p. 29^ deacrlhes a ferfifenyns doloiDlte or
some analytical determinations^ which was in pearly rbo<iabohedroii% reimnhMng
of spalMc iron, and came from Joaehimatbal '' In its natural ttata ^ iieflerrMoed ilraqgjl^^
** rectified ^' muriatlo acid, which would indicate the presence of more iroD than h# oteiAN 0
6 p. a of Fe 0, COg). It may have been ankerite.
Alt. — Dolomite occurs altered to spathic iron, calamine, steatite, limonite, rvd in>ii 91%
pyroiusite, and quartz^ and by processes ainuhu* to those explained under cakata
m
ANHTDBOUB 0ABB0NATE8.
685
ANKSRITB. Dolomite pt Brown Spar and Pearl Spar pt Paratomes Ealk-Haloid
\s, Grondr., I 686, 1822, ii 116, 1824 Rohwand, Wandstein, Styrian Minen. Ankerit
dL, MohB'B l£in^ L 100, 1826. Tantoklin Breith^ Ohar., 70, 1832, Uib., 20, 1880.
B A ^=106*^ 12', St^pia, Mohs; 106*^ 6', Belnliauseii
Also crystalline massive, coarse or fine granular, and
lomboliedraL
L 6), Ettling.
^act.
;=3-5— 4. G.=2-95— 3-1. Lustre vitreous to pearly. Color white,
, reddish. Translucent to subtranslucent.
np.— Ca C + (iStg, ^e, &n) C, or a dolomite in which the magnesia is more or leas completely
ed bj protozyd of iron, or of iron and manganese. By the increase in the proportion of the
»ian carbonate to the iron and manganesian, the mineral graduates into true dolomite. The
with 10 p. c. or less of carbonate of iron are placed under dolomite, and those with more,
g G. above 2'95, under ankerite.
\ ratios of lilg C to ($*e, iin) C in the analyses below are as follows:
1.
1 :2
6.
1-7:1
11.
2-7:1
2.
l:2i
7.
1-6:1
12.
3:1
3.
1:11
8.
2:1
13.
2-8:1
4L
1-8:1
9.
2:1
14.
31:1
6.
1:1
10.
21: 1
16.
4:1
wloeiin Breith., is a grayish-white variety, containing about 16 p. a of carbonate of iron, and
g G.=2-961, Ettling; from Beschertgliick, near Freiberg in Saxony (anal 11).
aljBea : 1, Fridau (Haid. Ber., y. 1) ; 2, Schrotter (Baumg. ZS., viil 1); 8, Luboldt (Pogg.,
i6) ; 4^ T. Hauer (Jahrb. G. Beichs., iv. 827) ; 5, Schmidt (Ramm. Ifin. Gh., 217) ; 6, Ettling
. (3h. Phann, xdx. 204); 7, Berthier (Ann. d. M., vii 316, XL iii); 8, v. Hauer (L &) ; 9,
Jackson (Proc. Soc. N. R, Bost, y. 246); 10, Berthier (L c.); 11, Schmidt (Bamm. Min.
tl7) ; 12, Sohnabel (ib.) ; 13, 14, Berthier (L c) ; 15, Kiihn (Ann. Oh. Phorm., lix. 363) ; 16,
• r(J.pr. CJh., xxiiL281):
Ca(5
%c
teO
&nC
1. Admont) Styria
47-69
13-73
34-74
2-18, insoL 0*16=98-34 Fridau.
2. Styria
60-11
11-86
36*81
3-08= 100-85 Schrotter.
3. Lobenstdn
61-61
18-94
27-11
2-24=99-90 Luboldt G.=3-01.
4. Pinzgau
49-40
24-31
26-29
—100 Hauer.
6. Freiberg
66-45
18-89
16-94
10-09-101-37 Schmidt
e. Behihausen
61-24
27-32
21-76
=100-81 Ettling. G.=3-008.
7. Golrath, Styria
611
25-7
20-0
8*0=99-8 Berthier.
a " "
49-2
30-0
20-8
9. Kova Scotia
49-2
30-2
20-8 -99-70 Jackson.
10. Oomifi^on
60-9
29-0
18-7
0-6=99-1 Berthier.
11. TBUitodin
49-07
88-28
14-89
2*09=99-33 Ettling.
12. Si^^
60-00
8408
18-26
2-67, IS 0*16=10001 SohnabeL
13. Schams, Orisons
61-6
31-2
14-8
0*4=98 0 Berthier.
14. Kiihlen, "
62-8
32-2
14-0
0*4=99-4 Berthier.
16. Schneeberg
62*64
86-86
12-40
0-34=101-73 Kuhn.
16. Tinsen, Gnsoos
4640
26-96
26-40
, iusoL 0*76-99-60 Sdiweiier.
fb» last analysis the ratio of (^e, An, lilg) C to OaC is 1 to less than 1 ; but the spedmea
have been a mixture.
pTi, •tOir— B3. like dolomite, but darkens in color, and on diarooal becomes black and mag-
; with the fluxes reacts for iron and manganese. Soluble with efferyescenoe in the adds.
!■<— Occurs with spathic iron at the Styrian mines, and at the localities above mentioned.
med aftar Prod Anker of Styria.
1IA01IB8ITB. Kohlensaurer Talkerde MUehell A Lan^padSM (first anal) SammL pr. Oh.
ih., UL 241. Berne Talkerde, Talcum carbonatum, WenL, Ladwic^ ii. 154, 1808. Kagneaite
BnmgfiL, Ifin., L 489, 1807. Magnesit KanL, TabdL, 48, 92, 1808. Oarb<Hiate of MagOMia.
oxTOEN coMPomros.
Magn^ie carbonnt^ ^. KoUeofianrar Talk, TaUcspatli, Ottm. BandiaMfllo
Mio^ U. 1S12. Giobertite Bmd., Tr.^ 410^ 1824. BreuiiDerito Baid^ Mohs't Kill. tKL,i^
1825. Walmstedtito Ltmh^ Hundb., 297| 1826w Brown Bpar pt
Also massiye; graniilar to vesyi
Khombohedi^l. jB A R=10T
Cleavage: rbomboliedralj perfect
pact
E.=3-5— 4-5. G.=3— 808, ciTst ; 28, earthy ; 3—3-2, when fei
Lustre vitreous ; fibrous varieties eoraetioies eilky. Color white, yell
or grayish-white, brown. Transparent — opaque. Fracture flat coQcboid
Var. — 1. Ordinary, (a) Oirstallized. In distinct rhombohedral crfstsls; J?Ai?=lW*
ft, Snamm, Breitb.; 101^ 16', fr. Tragosathal (anal 4X FoBtterle. (6) Lamdlar; dcAVibk
Compact^ fine, granular ; (d) Compact, and like nngla«ed porceUin in fracture. (<) lort&y ; b
mixed with bydrated aUtcate of magnes1& or sepioUte (meerechauni) ; including th^
fktm Baudissero, near Tiuiat which has some resemblance to chalk, and adberes to ihft ^
Even the purer Tarietioa of compact magneaite nsuallj contain more or less of the ailiatlli
2, Fernferous^ Breuneriiti] containing Beveral p. c. of protoiyd of iron; G.=3— J"!;
yellowish, brownish, rarely black and bituminoua ; often b^raing brown on oxposnicv iod
called Brown Spar, J^AR'm mineral &. Salzburg (anaL 16) 107' 82', Dufr.: fr. Pfltsch (fli
107^ 22i\ Mitscherlich; fr, Tyrol (anal 19) 107' 25\ Brooke, 107^* 26f Brelth. T^
Brmmeriie was origin ally given by Haidinger (after M. Breuner) to the runexf mind,
Stromeyer containing 5 to 1€ p. a of protoiyd of iron (or 8 to It p. a of oarbonat*!; m Wl
9kdiik to au included kind from the Uarz, analyzed by Walmstedt (anal 18), dlfllkrinf «■(
containing a little more protoxyd of manganoFe than usual (3 p. c).
Oomp. — Carbonate of magnesia^ Mg C^Carbonio acid A2'4; magnesia 4T '6=100; hil|
oxyd of iron often replacing some magnesia. Tho ferriferous part may bo prtoent w§ mm
mixed with true msgneslte.
Analyses : 1^ 2, Marchand ft Scheerer (X pr. C^h., I 395); 3, Minister (Pogg., Ixr. Stll; 4
Haaer(Jahrb* G. Beichs., 1865, 68); &, Sommer aabrb. Min. 1800, 4M); 6, IjimpadiiMi (.i
7, 8, Stromeyer (Kastn. Arch., iv. 433, Unt); 9, Rammeleberg (Haadw*, 3^7); 10, MarttaT^
Scheerer (L a); U, ComwaE (Ann. Lye N. Y., viiL 123); 12, 18, W. Bedc (VeilLlliii.iL I
1862, 89) :
0-47 - 100 Seheefw; U.s
=100 Sche«rer.
0*28, ;atlI-l2=99-Tt3raa
=9ai>2Han«r: a=
, insoi O-Msmta
1-6=9(^6 TiOTntiadhii.
=100 Strom.
]'39=100-18 9tioCD.
= 1 OO Eamm^
= 100 Sdxeerer.
0 30, Si 0'23=S>t'«0 Oom^
o*6.\ ^i 0*i2=ioa-2» BKfc
0-&0, Si o*2a=iooi»4 B>ek.
0. Ferriferous Magnate ; Bmm^riio, Wabruieitik^
14, T. Hauer (Jahrb* G. Beichs., iil 154, 1852) ; 15, Stromeyer {Schw. J^ li.); 1^ DuiWbjfl
iJ-); IT,. Stromeyer (l c); 18, Walmstedt (Schw. J., xxiv, 398, 1832>; 19, Brool»(ln. fH
V, 38'i); 2i\ Stromeyer (L a); 21, Magoiiui (Pogg^ x. 146); S2, StnMii«yer(l t^i «»» Jof (»■
BthSuppL, 161):
A
. On/stattixecL
c
t«
iSn iig
Oa
1, 8Baram,yw.
61-45
o-*r9
47-29
2. *' w.
51^67
1-41
47 03
3 it u
60^79
2-26
4536
4 Tragossttial, w.
62-24
0-48
47*25
5. Salzburg
4907 Fe 8-63
0-28 44-63
ti*m
B. C&nipaei
6. Hnibachlitz
51-0
470
7. Sdem, India
61"83
47-89
0-28
8. Frankenstein
6022
0-21 48-3e
9, .1
52-10
47-90
la «
53^34
47-66
IL Hoboken, N. X, white
50'00
0-66
46-71
<f.
12, Orenberg,
"(f
) 51-80
1 62 90
0-41
46-13
1-20
18. H Urgun, Russia,
"«
0-04
46-25
1-15
ANHTDBOTTB 0ABB0NATB8. 687
0 *e
ilin
Ag
Ca
fi
ring, wkUe
50-46 319
42-49
2-18
, 0 l-29=99-60 Hauer.
black
50-92 500
1-61
42-71
, 0 0-11 =100-25 Strom.
& •*
50-60 5-20
4310
, 0 f«iufct=98-90 Due
hard, ffellow
50-82 6-64
0-66
41-80
=99-22 Strom.
49-22 6-22
1-98
40-15
0-61, C 1-62, 810-80=100 Walm.
fw. erysL
6007 8\16
40-98
=99-21 Brooke.
&\yw.
49-92 8-68
0-42
40-38
=99-30 Strom.
Jial, rbdn.
60-07 9-63
0-78
89-48
yto.-btK
60-16 10-63
0-48
84-47
=100-64 Strom.
^cryst.
49-17 1609
81-60
1-97
1-17=100 Joy.
AgCtoJeCin
the preceding analyses:
14.
25:
: 1 ]
18.
9 :1
21. 7:1
16.
12 :
:1 ]
19.
9 : 1
22. 6:1
16.
12:
: 1 J
iO.
8:1
23. 4:1
17.
11 ;
:1
Qt (Logan^s Bep., 1863, 467, 611) found the magnesite rock of Canada to contain 8 to
of carbonate of iron, with 8 to 40 p. c. of insoluble matters, mostly mixed quarts.
iUm afforded MgC 83-36, ^e C 902, mixed silica 8*08=100*40.
e portions of the verd-antlque of Roxbury, Mass., aro magnesite with about 4 p. a of
>f iron, as shown by Jackson, Hayes, and Hunt.
MKidisserite, Berthier found 041*80, Mg 8900, meerschaum 19-20=100 (Ann. d. IL,
A variety of the same was early analyzed by Giobert (J. d. M., xx. 291, 401, 1808),
r, from Gastollamonte, by Ouyton (Ann. d. Ch., xlvii 86, 1803).
site from Sasbach. Eaiserstuhl, contains hydromagnesite. P. Meyer found (Ann. Oh.
f. 129), after separating the impurities, C 46-27, Mg 47 69, Oa 2-47, fl 4*67, equivalent to
,0a 0 4-41, Mg 8-14, fi 4-57.
D. — ^B.B. rosembles calcite and dolomite, and like the latter is but slightly acted upon
Is ; in powder is readily dissolved i^th effervescence in warm muriatic acid,
ound in talcose schist, serpentine, and other magnesian rocks ; as veins in serpentine,
ith it so as to form a variety of verd-antique marble (magnenlie ophioHte of Hunt) ;
lada, as a rock, more or less pure, associated witb steatite, serpenthie, and ddondte.
irite variety has been found in a meteorite fh>m Orgueil (DescL).
t Hrubschiitz in Moravia, where it was first discovered by Mitchell ; at Kraubat and
1, Styria; at Frankenstein in Silesia; Snarum, Norway; Baudisseroand Castellamonte
t ; at other localities above mentioned. In America, at Bolton, Mass., in indistinctly
i8€»i, traversing white limestone ; at Ljmnfield, Cavendish, and Boxbury, Mass., mixed
ining serpentine; at Barehills, near Baltimore, Md.: in Penn., in crystals at West
tester Co. ; near Texas, Lancaster Co. ; as a rock, in Sutton and Bolton, Oanada East ;
Upata, Venezuela, near Mission Pastora, looking like porcelain In the fracture, as
f N. S. Manross : in Tulare, Alameda, Mariposa, and Tuolumne Cos., California.
i4rie, in his Theorie de la Terre, ii. 93, 1795, uses the name magnesite for the carbonate
I, sulphate, nitrate, and muriate, and the carbonate is placed flrat in the series. Brong^
8 Mineralogy, ii 489, 1807, applies the name to a group, including (l)the carbonate
helPs magneaiie, (2) meerschaum, (3) the Piedmont magnesite, and (4) other siUceons
As both Brongniut and Delametherie gave the first place to the carbonate, the name
ironld rightly ndl to it in case of the division of the group. Karsten, in his Tabellen,
nixed this division of the species, and formally gave to tiie carbonate the name mo^
) Gterman mineralogists have followed Karsten, as should have been done by alL But
Beudant, in 1824, gave the name giahertite to the ccurboncUCf leaving magnesUe for the
I most of the French mineralogists have followed Beudant Qiobert analyzed only the
iriety from Bandissero, the true composition of the mineral having been ascertained by
somewhat earlier, from specimens brought by Mitchell from Moravia.
SmTB. Mesitbspath pt Breith,, Pogg., xL 170, 1827. Mesitin BreWLj Pogg-f Izx.
148, 1847.
i)diedral. B A ^=107'' 14'. Cleavage rhombohedral, perfect.
—4*5. G.=3-33— 3-36. Lustre vitreous, or a little pearly. Oolor
species as tirat desoribed mcladed piaiomesite.
720.
PISTOBOISrrB« Mesltin pt Breilh,, Pogg^ s. 170, 182T. Bfl
Ixi. U6, 1B4T.
Ehombohedral. H A 12=107'' 18'. Cleav^e rhomb
granular,
H.=3'5-4. G.r=3'412-3 417, Thurnberg, Breitli,;
Lustre vitreous, or somewhat pearly. Color yellowish-wh
gray. Streak nncolorei
Comp.— SpfgO + f'ef^^OarboQAte of magnesia 42, cstr^jooate oT mm &S
Stromoyer (Breith, Pogg^ xi 170); 2, Fritxache (Pogg-, bet. 146); 3, Ett«
xdx, 204J :
1* TraTeraella
2. Tbimibergy
3-
C
43S3
44-57
36-58
33*9'i
38-16
20 34
21-72
22'29
— ^dO-OfV Stron
— =98 26 :
= 100-01 KttJ
Pyr,, etc* — Closelv resembling mestlite,
Obs. — Occurs ot Thomberg, near Ftachmi in Salsburg; also al Tmn
Named by' Broiiluiupt from iriar^ Aod ^^irir^ after ho had al
becBUBo pistomeaite is nearer the middle between dulytttte and idi
721. SIDBRim ? Tena ferri jeoorii color© optima, Germ, Stahe^ieh J
1565. SpAtformig Jemmolm, Ifmefa ferri altm apathifonnia, Wali^
Kolkjord fbreDadt, Germ, Stahlalein, Orx^mt,, 29, 1768. Femim
tea acido aereo mmeraliaatam Bergm.^ Opuec, ii 1S4, ITSO.
Gtr?iK Per spathique de Litle, ill. 281, IT 83. CUiQU^^oiia or £
Iron, ^ those Iron. Brown 8par pL Ste^ Om. Cartxmato i
d'ader, Fr. Kohlensaureii EiBcn, Eiaeakalk^ Owtn. EioenspaUi
1813. Spherosident Bmtsm^ lb., 1070, lSld| IMT, 1S5d.
Jimck^rite Z>r(/r., Aim. Ch. PhjB., ItI 198, 1«S4. Sderit UM, \
GtocL, Sjn, 241» 184t.
OHgoQBpttth BreiUk^ Bm^^ m 23&» lMl=01ig»ill Hmm^ Billtft^ J
ANHTDB0U8 0ABB0NATB8. 689
O A 2=117*^ 53' i A i=136*^ 34' 4 A 4=66*^ 18'
O A f 2=132 30 i A ^=133 23 t-2 A r=155 45
v^age : rhombohedral, perfect. Twins : plane of compoBition -J. Also
otryoidal and globular forms, subfibroos within, occasionally siUrjr
us. Often cleavable massive, with cleavage planes undolating.
8c or fine grannlar.
581 682
;,=3-6— 4-5. G. =3*7— 3*9. Lustre vitreous, more or less pearly,
tak white. Color ash-gray, yellowish-gray, greenish-gray, also brown
brownish-red, rarely green; and sometimes white. Translucent —
lanslucent. Fracture uneven. Brittle.
mm Var. — Carbonate of iron, ^e C= Carbonic add 37*9, protozjd of iron 62i. But part
ft protozyd of iron (^e) nsnoUy replaced bj manganese, and often bj magnesia or lime.
M principal varieties are the following:
I Ordimairy, (o) OrysiaXUzed, (&) C(mcreiionary=Sp7iero8iderUe; in globular concretions,
r wcM or concentric scaly, with usuallj a fibrous structure, (c) Gramdar to compad mM-
(<{) OoUUCf like oolitic limestone in structure, {e) EarOiy^ or stonj, impure from mixture
d^ or sand, constituting a large part of the daj iron-stone of the Coal formation and other
ifled deposits; EL =3 to 7, the last from the silica present; G.=30— SS, or mostlj 3*16—
Ihroogh diflbrences in the bases repladng part of the iron, there are the following klndi:
Contahiing little or no manganese (MnX magnesia (Ag), or lime (Oa). G.=
Contdniiig 6 to 12 p.aof An^ with UtUe Idg or Oa=7 FeCn-Mn C to 4J^eC+ftnC.
ConUdning 17 to 18 p. a of Mn=2i *'eC-f-Mtf C.
Oontaining 25 p. a of Mn=H ^e C+liln C ; the oligonapair of Breithanpi, or oUgcmii^ hsv-
tAJKslO?" 4'; G.=:3'7 14— 8*745; color yellowish to between flesh- and iron-ied; streak
Vtt^wltite ; remarkably phosphorescent when heated.
CoBtamhig little manganese and much magnesia, 4 ^e C+ttg C
INMov 2 FeC+MgC, the sideropUsiie, Breith., from Pdhl, haTing J? A J?=:107* 6', Breitfa.;
1^16^8*660. Also from other localities. Yon ZepharoTidi obtained from a cleavage
MwdroQ from Salzbnrg (anaL 21) R A /?=107° 5' 16 , and G.=8-699.
^^Iwitrinlng 20 p. a of carbonate of Kme, and lookfaig like some calamine, the color graco;
-AUsnbsrg; formula 8 *eC-f-2 MnC-h8CaC.
I* Other miscellaneous kinds.
Mi tUtnisi of Breithanpt is a cakiferons spathic iron from Badstadt in Salsborg^ having G.
ii^FM: DMaion A. 1, 2, Karsten (Karat Archir^ ix. 220); 8, Thomson (lOn., i 446); 4^
yrBrQTnlers.); 5, Bischof (Bammelsb. Min. Chemie, 222) ; 6,Berthier(Ann.d.lL,viiL 887);
■lln(Aim.aLFharm.,lxil 89). B. 8-11. Karsten (La); 12, Siromeyer (L a) ; 13,8diB»-
MB. MiB. Ch., 223). C. 14, Schnabel (Bamm. 3d SoppL, 112). D. 16^ M^pras (POgg., x.
^1. 16, Smen (Bamm. ITm. Ch., 224). F. 17, Fritndie (K H. Ztg., zviL 64); 16-10^
^(Abh. d. IL, viiL 887); 21, Sommer (Jahrb. Ifln. 1866, 465). G. 22, Moobeim (J. pr.
*iK.n6). H. 23, FMsdiel (Bamm. IstSuppL 180); 24, SMider (Bamm. Min. 0^^217). L
E.aCtaMOo(Am.J.8d.,xxiv.l70): «^ ^' "• ~»
690
OXYGEN COUrODSSS.
c
n
Uu
%
Ca
JL--!. Bftbkovskf, biaek
36-61
51 -n
1*61
tr.
0 59, gragva OilOs
2. Eraberg, Styrln
3835
66*64
2*80
1-77
0-92— 99*4a« KmnA
3. Durhtun, Engl
36 90
64 67
1*16
3*18, fl 2*68=:»7*|
4> Hanao, Spkcrtmd.
38*04
60*68
1-89
0 20;=99-9l SUOOI
6. L. Irfiach»
3816
60-00
—
-—
1*84=100 Bi^QboC
6. Pierre Eouaae, Is^re
»8-0
63*8
1*7
3*7
1*0=98*3 BecthMr.
7. Bieber, white
38*41
5306
4-20
2*26
11 2, ipugito 0 483
B. — 8. Hackenburg, wJiHe
38'^
50*41
7*51
2-35
1 gvigiia 0'3S=
9. Siegen, ywK
38-90
60-12
7-64
1-48
0*40, '' O^gd
10. '*
38*85
47-20
8-34
3-78
068, " 0«^
11. MliseI^ ti^ftfte
Sfl'l9
4?-9(J
9*60
3*12
-99*t7 ITiirrtl
12, etolbeig
88-22
48-20
7-07
1*84
0-67, a 0-25 =d«^
13, Stoblberg
88*50
47 16 10*61
8*23
0*60— 100 SdnaU
1—14, Siegen, Spherosid,
38*22
43-69 17*87
024
0*06=100 Sdiaiite
B.— 16. Bhreiifriede»dor«;t%. 38*36 86*8126*31 slOO'il :
R— 16, Mittorberg, TjTol 39-51 51*15 1*62 '7*72 — ^slOOQ
P.— 17. Pohl, VoigUand (1)41*98
18. AUevard. Is^ 41-8
19. Autun 4<)*4
20. Vizeile, Mf« 42-6
21. Salzburg 40*31
O.— 22. Altenberg 64*04
a— 48. Neudorf 79*34
24. Ersberg, Stjria 79 87
I.— 26. Plymouth, Vt.
16*66
9'69
0*16
- nia — =99*15:
-16*4 — ^=100B#rtJUit^
12 3 ^98-4 ]
12-8 -lOOl
I 10-46 0^40, Fe 4-07==lM-ttl
%C CaC
»0*1«, Si 110 ]
74*28 6'&6
7*60
10-88
16*40
5 43=101-06 ]
1 1*91 = 100-82 f
— f Fe 0*30, baoL 1
Bdmabel hM ana^yied manf ores from diUbf^aat mliiM in 8ieg«^ nhultib t9 i
,0.).
Fyr., etc. — Id tbe ck^sed tube decrepitates, evolvea carbonio oczjd and i
p.uid becooiefl magnetic B.B. bladcena and tvLUo^ at 4 6. With the floxM n
soda and nitre on platinum foil generally giTOA a manganeae reactioiL Onltj i
bj Gf^ add, but diaaolvea with l^k eflj^rreaoence in hot muiiatio add.
Bphoro darkens f ta color^ rendering it often of a bbcMah-brown or bfownklwvd j
Oba. — Siderite oocura in many of the rock atrata, in gndai, mioa tlalek iMj l'
Btone In connection with the Coal forma tioa aad many other itratifled depodi
T with metallic ores. At Freiberg it occnrs in silver miuea* In Cornvnift 1s|
r It ia alao found accompanying copper and iron pyri(e«, golenito, ritreooa <
York, acoording to fieck, it ta almoai always aaeodated with spflpoolar irwL
be met with in trap rocka aa sphmimderitt.
In the regioQ in and about Styria and Garinthia this ore fofim cxfeenslTe In
1 along the chain of the Alpa, on one aide Into Auxtria, asd on tbe 9tb»r I
Hangerode in the llarz, It occurs In fine crystaJa in gtvy-wackt ; alio la T
mdi De^rotiahire.
The Sphtroaiderite occurs in greenalone at Haoau, SieUihaUD, ilid Xhuabtq
places, ClAy iron -stone, which ia a ailiceoua or argillaoeoua oartKHMta of Iroiv <
near Glasgow; also at MouiUar, ICageaoote, etc., in Franoa^ ata
In the United States, in Vsrrwmt, at Plymouth. In Mom^ al 8lwttllt. la <
an extensire reiu in quarts, traTereing gnetai ; at Moaroe, Laiw'k BiiBi^ teiW ^
^. Yorkf At the Sterling ore bed in Antwerpt, Jeflbrflon Oo,, la rhoBbobwM MjMi;
'> iron minett, fit Lawrence Co. In ^. Corv^na, at Fentraaa nd Hattan "to*
'.eeoua carbonate, in nodules and beds (day iroo-ston^X ** abusdaat ta th« <obI i^
Ohio, and many parts of the country. Ia a cligr*bed tinder the Twtiaiy 9km$ tt* ^
Oieaapoake Bmj for 60 m.
ANHTDEOU8 OARBONATES,
691
Named S^ph^rmderite by Ilauamaim in 1818, fipom the conrretiouaiy raHety, and retained by
llini for the whole, Haidin^r redaodd the nam^ to Sid^iU, the prefix apJiero being applicable
only U> an unimportaitt variety* Eeudant^s name Biderose has an unailowable termination.
Chaiybiti^ Qiocker, ahould yield to Haidingier'a earlier name siderite, aa reooguiaed by v. Kobeli
«od Kenugott
AXU — Spathic iron becomes brown or browDiah-black on exposnre, owing to a peroxydation
of the iron and its passing to liTiioniU. (Fe^ll*) ; and by a subsequent loss of water^ it may
M8 to red iron ore or spficular inm (Fe), or to magnetite {Po Fe), the laat at timea a result of
deoxydation of Fe by organic enbatauoea* It olao changes by substitution, or through the action
of alkahne silica les^ to quarU.
722* RHODOCHROBnXI. Magnesium addo al^reo micerallsatum Bergvi.^ Sciagr., 1782 (with-
out descr, or loc*). Rother Braunsteinera [=Bed Manganese Ore], Rothapath, Magueaium
ochraceum nibrum, Oxide de mangan^o oouleur de rose^ pi., of laMrparl of IBth caU. (it being
confounded with the silicate analjTK^ by Rupreebt in 1782, and Bergmann^a announcement
being doubted), Luflsaures Braunsteiuera (or Carbonate, after Bergm.) pt. Len«, Ein,, il 1794
(with mentioD of druses of small crystals in " Rhomben,'* others in '* Py ram idea, '^ but with dt
of RuprtHjht'a anal). Manganese oxyd6 carbonate (after Bergm.) K^ TabL oomp.^ HI, 180(>.
Dichter Eothstetn pt Bausnu^ Uandb., 302, 1S13. Rhodochrosit, ?Kohlonsaurea Magnesium
oxydul (fr. Lampadius*8 aoaL of a Kapnik sp'n, in hia Pr, Ch. Abh^ liL 239, 1800), Haiism.,
ib^ 1081, 1813. Carbooate of Manganese. Mangaaspath WtnL Dialogite Jctsthe^ Germar,
Schw* J*, nri 119=Blattrige Kothmanganera Jascf\e^ Kl. Min. SchrifL, 4, ISH. IHaUogite
Orthogr.). Rosenspath, Himbeerepath, Brcith,^ Handb,, 228, 229, 1841 (Char,, 61, 68,
ml
Rhombohedral. i?Ai?=106° 61', 0 A J? = 136° 31i'; »=0'8211.
Observed planes: 0\ rhombohedroTie, H^ -J, -2; BcalenohedroTiBj 1\ J-*;
prism, iV2. Cleavage : li^ perfect. Also globular aud botrj^oidal, haying
a columnar striictiire, sometimes indistinct. Also granular naasfiive ; ocea-
fiionally impalpable ; iiieriisting.
H.=3*5— 4'5, G,=3'4— 3'7; 3'592, Kapnik. Lustre vitreous inclin-
ing to pearly. Color shades of rose-red ; yeUowish-gray, fawn-colored,
dark red, brown. Streak white. Translucent — subtransiucent* Fracture
uneven. Brittle.
Oofiap.^ — ^Mn C^Carbonic add 3S'6, protoxyd of manganese 61 -4 \ but part of the Mn hbubUj
mlaoed by lime (Oa), and often, also, by magnesia (IJIg), or iron (^e) ; and Bomcttmes by oobfUt
(&>, when the color is of a deeper red^ and G. =3*6608, Bergemann (anuL 11). Anatyseat 1,
Oriiner (Ann. d. M,, III. xviiu 61) j 2, Berthier (Ann. d. M., vl 5^5); 3-5, Stromeyer (G, Ana.
Gtitt,, 1081, 1843); 6, Keraten (X pr. Ch., xxxriL 163); •?, 8, R Kane (PhiL Mag., Jan., 1848);
% Hildebrand (Verb, nat Nassau, liv. 434) j iO, Birnbadier (Aon. Ch, Phann., zciiii 144); 11,
Berg^mano (Verb. naL Y^t, Bonn, 111^ 1857) j
10.
971
89'2
73-70
89-91
86-64
81-42
74*55
79^4
ObemeiBen, cryst 89*55
** 01*31
Rheiubreitbach 90 88
Freiberg
Eapnik
Kagyag
Toigtaherg
Ireland
OT
73
675
8*10
IS-Ol
11^
099
CaC MgC
ro O'S, Un 0-1=99*7 Griiner.
8 9 18 = 100 Berth iep,
13 08 7-26^ H 0-05=99 84 Stromeyer.
606 3-80, fir 0-44^99-70 Stromeyer.
10-68 2-43, fl 0 31=99-9« Stromeyer.
10*31 4-28, H 0-83 = 99'44 Keraten. G. = S*&63.
iir. — ^ clay 0*33, org. matters k losa 10- 11 Kane.
2-43 — , day 0-37, org. mattera 3l loss 6- 22 Kace.
6*18 4 28-100 Hildebrand.
6*71 =99*79 Bimbacher.
£07 I'Od, Co 3'71, Si 1-86^9911 Bergemann.
Fyr., etc.— B.B. changea to gray, brown, and bleick, and decrepitates stroogly, but is inAisible.
Vnth salt of phosphorus and borax in O.P. gives an amethyatine-oolored bead, in E.F. becomes
692
OXYGEN CX>MrOUKDfi*
oolorleaa. WiUi soda on pMinam foO a blmsh-green maogmiuitA. DisaolTee with «fierr«
in wttHD niiriatie add. On exposure to tbe air chaDges to brow&| mnd aomft bdji^l i
TarietiM beoome ptler.
Obi^ — Oocun oommoolj in ^eins along with ores of Bilrer^ tead, and capper, ud w^ (
ores of manganese.
Found at Sdiemnitz and Kaptdk in Hungary; Hagyag in TranajlTania; near Elbisiferodt J
tlie Han; at Freiberg in Saxonj^; at Glendree in the Gountj of Clare, Ireland, wliere it Co
lajer 2 iu. thick below a bog, and has a jeBowiah-giay color (anal 7, S); botrToidal il I
hm in WarwickBhirew
It haa been obaerred in a putrerulent fonn^ ooatiDg triplite, al Washington, GotoL, oa I
of Joel Gamp ; in New Jersey, with frankUnite at Mine HjU^ Franklin Foniaoe. Ab
atlrer mines of Austin, Nerada ; at Plaoentia Bay, Newfoundland, in alateii £ii
browD, oontaimng 84*6 Sin C, with 14 4 silica.
Named rhodochro^te frotii />^», a ro^ and x^'^t oohr; and iHahg&ef from 4i«A#y^ dMt
latter name is attributed to Jaache bj Qermar iX c%
JLlt — Quarta paeudomorpha ocfcor near Klein- Yoigtsberg*
7d3. SAQTHSONITEI. C4damiDe pt. Qalmei pt ^ncum addo aero minezaJisatna j
Soiagr^ 144, US2, Opuac, iL iOd, 1780 (ftom his ovm anal.). Snkspath, Kohlen
Carbonate of Zinc Smithaonite BeucL, Tr^ iL SM, 1632. Zinkspath, Eapnit (or i
Handb., 241, 23S, 1841. Herrente Dd Bio ia Smithaonite K X Gtnih^ Proa Ac Soli
Til 2S:L Drj^bone Jfiaers:
Ehombohedral. H A Ji=10r 40' O A J2=137° r ; a=0'806a,
served planes : 0 ; rhombohedrone^ ir, 4, -|^, -2, -}, -5 ; scaleno
1'; prism %-% 1 A i=137^ 7\ 2 A 2=S0^ 33', J A J=68=^ 14', 5 A 5=fi
17\ C^ A 1=155'^ 2'. i? generally cun^ed and rou^li. Cleava^: ^i
feet. Also reQiform, botryoidal, or stalactitic, and in crystamne
tations ; also granular, and sometimes impalpable^ occaaionally eartb^ i
fiiable.
H.=5. G.=4— 4-45; 445, Levy; 442, Haidinger. Lustre
inclining to pearly. Streak white. Color white, often grayidii ^
browaish-white, sonaetinies green and brown, Subtrausparent — Uuodii
B'racture uneven — imperfectly conchoidal* Brittle,
Oon^S Varw—Xa C=C3arbouic acid 35% oxyd of line W'8=100; bnt part of the ;
of line often replaced by that of iron or manganeae, and by tiaoes of lime, magnesia ;
by oxyd of oadminm (anaL 9).
randm,^ii Ordrntwy^ (a) Cryikdlmd; (i) UHryoidal and tUMtoditte, e^mmmi (4|
to compad ntooMie; {dj mlhif, impure, in nodular and caTemons masses, varying wm\
white to dark gray, brown, brDwniBh-red« browniah-black, and often with druay i
cavities ; " dry-bone " of Ameflosn miners.
Xmsl d^>efkding pa Qm^oaiiiim, (1) Containing lesa than 5 p^ c of any oUier i
without ot^per; anal 1*10.
(2) J^hrri/ifxm» (Zaukeiaenspath), containing OTer 20 p. c of carbonate of iron; e
haTiug E A J?=10t' 7 , Breith. ; anaL 11-20,
(3) Maiit(fmiiftrmu^ containing orer 5 p. a of carbonate of roanganeiHs : G.=^^'$k6«4^|* i
Sl*a4
(4) <\prife§pm^ Merrerik of Del Rio, apple^green, with rhombohedral dearagv; anaL t&
are no linee of strong demarcation between theae varietiea baaed on oompoaitioa.
Ana^ses: 1, 2, Smithson (Nicholaoo'd J^ vi. 76); 3, HeidingsTHd (R&mm. 5th 8iq|l
Schmidt (J. pr. Ch^ VL 257); &, Elderhorat (G. Bep. Arkansas, 153, 185^ • Raw (1
aal Ter, Bonn, 86, 186$); 8, r. KobsU (J. pr. Gh., zxriiL 400); 9, Long i. liM, T
10, Marig^y (Ann. d. M., V. xl 672); 11-15, Monheim (Bamm, 8d 8upp^ n^i, *j pr. CIl, :
382); lft-20, U. Riase (L c); 21, Karslen {%»t. d. HetalL, W. 42S}; 22^24^ Unohaim (l t);
Qeuth (Am J. S(±, II. xx. US):
C
&
fe
^b
A. — h Somersetshire
362
^8
— ==toosiaidi8oiL ats4^aiL
a. Der^rahiro
34*8
642
— =100 dnithaosi.
ANHTOBOUB 0ASB0NATE8.
698
C 2n
te
Ph
Altenberg
86-13 64-66
..._
016,
Si 015= 100 Heidingsfeld.
Moresnet; Belgium
33-^8 68*06
0-34
t
Si 1-58, fl 1*28=100-04 Schmidt
ICarion Ca, Ark.
[81-46] 66-97
<r.
Ca 1-07, quartz 1*61=100 Elderhorat
2nC ^eC AnC iigO
CaC
Altenberg, w, erysL
98*24 0-62
0*15
0*23
0-20, inaoL 0-07=99-41 Biam.
" bnh, *»
97*92 2-26
010
<r.= 100-28 Biaae.
Nertschinsk
96-00 203
.i—
— , i»bC 1*12=99-16 KobelL
Wiealoch, ywh.
8997 0-67
0*32
2-43, OaC 3-36, 2n£[ 1*94, ZnS 0*47,
aand 0-46 Long.
Algiers
90-10
1-74
2*80, ^b C 0-44^ ^ 8*30, 9e 1*60, aand
0-80=99*68 llarigny.
Altenberg, yn.
60*36 32*21
4-02
0-14
l*90,calamine 2*49=101-11 11. Q.=416.
It
55*89 36*46
8*47
2-27, calamine 0*41 =98 60 IL G.=4-04.
a
68*52 36*41
3*24
3*67, calamine 0*48= 101-82 Monheim.
it
71-08 23-98
2*68
2*54=100-18 Monheim.
t(
40-43 68*24
2*18
5*09=100*94 Monheim.
" w.erysL
88-72 10*30
ir.
0*10
1*02, inaoL 018=100*32 Biaae.
" leehiTi.
84-92 18*46
0*43
0*37
1*08. inaol. <r.-100*21 Biaae.
" ywh.^gn.
78*82 16-66
6-28
tr.
1*20, inaol. <r.-100-41 Biaae.
" ywK
77-31 16*48
116
404
1*66, inB<^ 107=100*67 Biaaa
M
67-89 29*88
1*30
tr.
1-17, inaoL lr.=100-24 Biaae.
NertadiinBk
89*14
10-71
— =99-86 Karaten.
Henenberg, gn.
86*78 2*24
7*62
4*44
0-98,SiO*09,£[er.=101-16M. O.=4-08.
pakfffL
74-42 3-20 14*98
3-88
1*68, Si 0*20, fl 0*66=98*92 II. G.=8*98.
Altenberg, ywK'W.
84-92 1-58
6-80
2*84
1*58, calamine 1-86=99-67 11. O.=4*20.
Albarradon, Mex.
93-74
1-60
029
1*48, CuC 3 42=100*43 Oenth.
part of the 24 analjaee of Altenberg amithaonite bj H. Biaae are given abore. He
le fonnula nZa C+m(^e, liin, Idg, Ca) C. The ratio of the lat to the 2d member in anaL
e) ia 7 : 1; in 17, 5 : 1 ; in 19, 8 : 1 ; in 20, 2 : 1.
•to. — ^In the doaed tnbe losea carbonic add, and, if pore, ia jeEow while hot and color-
xx>Hng. B.B. infuaible ; moistened with cobalt eolation and heated in OJP. giyea a green
cooling. With aoda on charcoal givea zinc vapors, and ooata the coal yellow irfuie hot,
S white on cooling; thia coating, moistened with cobalt eolation, givee a green color
iting in OJF. Cadmiferoaa Tarieties, when treated with aoda, give at first a deep jeDow
1 coating before the zinc coating appears. With the flnxea eome Tarietiea react for iron,
ind manganeae. Sohible m muriatic add with eflerreeoenoe.
-Smitheonite is found both in Teina and beda, espedallj in companj with galenite and
aleo with copper and iron ores. It usnallj oocars m calcareooa rodca, and ia generaDj
)d with calamine, and eometimea with limonitei It ia ollen prodnoed bj the actioo of
of line npon carbonate of lime or magnesia.
I at Nertachinsk in Siberia, one variety of a dark brown color, ooataining frtminm,
of a beantifol bright green; at Dognatzka in Hnngarj; Bleiberg and Baibel in Oarinthia;
1 in Baden, in Triaasic limestone ; Moreanet in Be^am ; Altenberg, near Aiz la GbapeDe
X in concentric botiyoidal gronpe. In the province of Santander, Spain, between the
Biscay and the oontinoatioa of the Pyreneea range, at Paente Tieago, the moantainfl
if (bar leagnea from the coast ; the smithsonite here occora in mountain limeatooe ; in
aoea it ia fooad in dolomite, probably muschelkalk ; it ia in vertical kxles, found fre-
in acalenohedrons as a psendomorph after caldte. At CIguenza, 5 miles E. of Santan-
lode varies m width from 1 to 2 metera to 1 inch; the mineral ia druay, cavemoos;
I abundant, and changea into pure white smithsonite; the latter alao oocura like clialee-
raniform md botryoidal maaaea ; it aometimee containa galena and oeniaait& In Eng-
Boufiphten Gill, Alaton Moor, near ICatlodE, in the Mendip HHla, and Owewhrn; m
I, aft LeadhtDa; in Ireland, at Donegal
» U. Statea, in CkmtL, at Brookfieki in very email ({uantitiea. In Ni Jene^ aft Mine HQl,
* Fkankfin ftimace, only polverolent from decompoaitk» of iiDcite. In i\ii,, aft Lances-
idan^ and often in fine drueea of cryetala. also aomeCimea paeodoBftorphooa after dok>-
\ the PBridomen lead mine ; at the Ueberroth mine, near Beihleheoi, In acaleaobednm,
earttiy variety abundant aa an ore. In Wmcomm, aift Minenl Poinft, SlnillelND]^el&,
iiagpMiidoBarpha after blende and oakste. In Jffwiiiinia, at gwiag% ^gmfft H«W. of
694
OrrOKN OOMPOUHDe.
Dubuque, eta Id Mssouri and Arkaraas^ along with tba lead ores in Lowvr EElumi ia»
Btone.
Alt« — Smitliaonite chaoges through the actioD of alkaline alHcalea to oalainio# iZa^ m^M^
or beoomeB incmsted with silica and forms quartz pseudomorpha It ia also
hy limonite or gothite. The concretionary Tarietj from Spain haa a mideaa of i
724. ARAGONITM. Spath calcaire criat en priames hesagooea dont let deoxbofoti ucn aa
du oentre 4 la circoDferenoe, id dont les deiix bouta aont lisaea (fr. Spain), Ikmiim,^ QgL <
62, 1167. Arragpniflcher Apatit Wem., B«rgm, J,, I 95, 17S8 ; Klapr^ ibi, L )>09, Cn»* ^i^
i 887, 1788 (making it carbonate of Ume). Arragonischer Xalkapath Werm^ Bef^DL J^tli
1790 (after Klapr. aooL). Arragon Spar (var. of Calc Spur) Swwam, Miiu, i 81, ITM. iar
gonit Wem,, E^tner^s Mm,, il 1039, 17£>6, Kxcentnschf^r Kalkatoin Xan^M^ Tibcftt H K
1800, Arragonite (first made distinct from Calc Spar Ihr^m^ crjvL} SoBf, Tr^ iL \»^ ffi
Brodi. Min., L 6T6, 1800. Iglit {tr, Igb, Tranajrlvama) Ermark, Bergnu J,, uL 9H, 1794^ tfiA
NadelBtein Lma, Erbeenatein pt,, Faserkalk pt, Scballenkalk pt, Spnidalatm, tern Om
borasite E. D, Clarke^ Ana. Fhll^ n. ii. 67, 147, 1821. TarnoTiait BrtOIL, Biod^ »%
TamoYldt Raid,, Handb., 1845. Mossottite Z^aoo, Glmento, tiL 4$I, 1858. Oaenkil
B. H. Ztg., x?ii. 64, 1868,
Stalactites Flos Ferri, Marmoreua ramulosuB, Lmn^ 6jil, 163, 1769. Stalagmiiaa onl
Wail, IL 368, 1778. Oorolloidal Aragonite. Cbaox carbonate corallokte* it, St^ &
EiBenbliitbe pt Wem.
Orthorhonibic, /A 7=116° 10', 0 A 14=130'=^ BO'; atbzc^l
1 ; 1*6055, Observed planes : O ; vertical^ /, i-t, i-l ; damea, ^4^ i-i, i>
2-1, 34, 6-1, 64, 94; 1-i ; octahedral, 1, 0, 9, l-S, 2-i, 6-i,
0 A 14=130'^ 50'
O A 1=126 15
O A 1-1=137 15
$88
t? A 2-5=118^25'
0 A 44=160 11
0 A 14=144 13
9B4
S4 A 2'%, top, =(5:
14 A 14.
/^^^
it
\L^
Tn^
SS41.
n ./
y/
Crystals usually having O striated pwnUel to the shorter df" - --^^ CV«^
age: /irnpertbct; i4. distinct; 14 imperfect. Twins: cc^? fj-v*
(1) Cmimsting of two indhnfftmU ; (a) the two paru wit
largely and normally developed, f. 584 and 5S4a, the lalUvr
matic angles 110^^ 10' (=/ A /) and 121^ 55' (=/a i-i) willi Um s^^m^
aagle, and also the opposite aalient, 116'' 10^ (ft) f4 trnderelit^ ^^
fKQQ^^ the form consequently a six-eided prifiin, f. 5S5 an*?
t o88a, and having three angles of 110"=^ 10' (uamdly, /A/,
AKHTDBOUB 0ABB0NATE8.
695
i* A aOj twoof 121° 55' (7a t-^, and one of 127° 40' (/A I') ; the simple
Ibarm of f. 585 is shown in f. 583 ; (c) similar to f. 584, but penetration
twins, the two parts penetrating and crossing one another at middle, as in
£ 686, a transverse section of which is shown in £ 587 (it may also be
regarded as consisting of 4 individuals, arranged as represented by the 4
imoleal rhombs at the centre off. 587, but two by intersection may produce
the same result). (2) Consisting of more them two mdividiuils ; (a) com-
bined about the acute angle, as the form consisting of three individuals, in
£ 588b, a view of base, or section, the dotted lines showing the relations
of the constituent parts ; by extension of the combined crystals the form
may be a hexagonal prism, either of simple juxtaposition or of penetra-
tion ; also consisting of more than three individuals, 588o ; (J) combined
about the obtuse angle, as in £ 588d, which, by the extension of the
parts, may become a hexagonal prism with or witnout reentering angles ;
ako in £ 588e, in which the three individuals extend across the mid-
dle, making a penetration twin, as illustrated bv the numbering of the
parts. The penetration or crossing twins often have the difterent parts
very unequally developed (one or two of the three individuals extending
•cross and not the otner) and also of very uneousd dimensions. Figures
588b to e are views of base of prism, showing the usual striae parallel to
the shorter diagonal ; angle w=r=116^ 10', n=127^ 40', «=168^ 30'. (8)
Twinning oft»n many times repeated in the same crystal, producing sno-
eessive reversed layers, the alternate of wluch may be exceedingly thin, a
stencture illustrated in £ 588f ; often so delicate as to produce by the suc-
oession a fine striation of the faces of a prism or of a cleava^ plane.
Also fflobular, reniform, and coralloidal shapes ; sometimes columnar,
composed of straight or divergent fibres ; also stalactitic ; incrusting.
H.=3-5-4. G.=2-931, Haidinger; 2927, Biot; 2-945-2'947, small
oarrstals, and others when pulverized, Bendant; 2*932, fir. Eammsdor£
Sobmid. Lustre vitreous, sometimes inclining to resinous on surfaces of
696
OXYGEN C0HP0UKD6.
fracture. Color white ; also gray, yellow, green, and violet ; streak '
ored. Transparent — translucent. Fracture eubconchoidal. Brittle,
Var«->1. Ordinary, (a) CrjBtatlized in temple or compoatid eiTstali^ the lalter nmdi tbfti
oommoD ; often in nuHaiitig groupfl of aclcular ciystalB. (d) OoliunDar ; a fiaa flf
with flilky lustre is called Saiin ^par, (c) Maaaiye.
a. Scalu ftiamve; anow- white (Schaumkalk) \ G.=2*984; from Wlederetadi; a ;
after gypsum.
B. StaladHic or sUdagmiiic (either compact or fibrous iu fltnicture); u wiUi cftLctid;
tfterin ifl staUctltio Irom Carlsbad.
4. Coralioidal; in groupings of delicate interlacmg and ooaleflcdog stemsL of m saow-wliili (
and looking a little like coroL
5. IbmwviciU; a kind oonteining carbonate of lead, &om Taniowitt in SOma ; ii haa /A J
lie" 13; and £? A 1-1 = 144' 15', Webeky.
Mossottik \b a light green, columnar, radiated T&rletjrf from the Lias of Gerf^lco, la
containing nearly t p. c of carbonate of atrontinn and a trace of oopper ; G,=2'8S4. Oimtttl
only columnar aragooite from NertBchioftk, Sileaia ; G.=:2'8M— 3'855.
Sender crystals from Gross-Kammadorf, near Saalfeld^ owe their tapering form to tb« ]
9-i, 6j and 9 (Schmid, Pogg,, cxxvi, 147). Figa. 5S3, 585, 688 are from Naumann.
Comp. — CaC, like calcite, = Carbonic acid 44^ lime 6tir=100. Analyses : I— 4^ SUomeyorJ
Arag. ; al&o Schw J., xiii. 86i, 490, GUb, Ann., jcliil xlv. xlvil ilix. II lir. Ixiii) ; 6, «, Nai "'
(Yeraamml ung. Naturf. Kouaohl, 1646) ; 7, Bottger (Fogg., zlYii4d7); 8, Stieren (An^l
IL Ixa SI) ; y, Winkler (B. H. Ztg., xxiv. 319) ;
1. Briagan
2. NertacMnsk
3. Eachwege
4 AuBsig
5. Herrengmnd
6. Eet^banya
7> Tamowvbtitt
8. Papentwg
9. AlstOQ-Moor
CftC
97 0963
97-9834
96'1841
98-00
98-62
99*81
95-940
97 '89
97*85
ftrC l»bO
2*4609
1*0933
2*2;i90
1.0145
0-99
O'Ofl
3*859
2-22
H
Pe*tP
0-4102
0-25'iS
03077
0-2139
0-17
-t= 99 9674 Stromeyer*
^=99^3S45 Btromey^r.
0-2207=98*9615 Slromeyef.
0-l449=99*:*733 Siromeyer.
Fe 0*11=99-89 Nendtwioh.
0-33 CuCo-i 9=99-89 Nendtwioh.
0-157 =99^956 r
=flo:i9 n,
, Mg C 2- 4 J, ..^ . ., . ^9ru W-
DelcBBe finds in the aragonfto of Herrengrond, near Neusohl, Hungary^ no a+t-nntia «d^ p
p. c. of water. A Thumberg variety afforded E. Eiegel (Jahrb. pr, Plianiu, xt .' jji
of carbonate of atroutiao. A fibrous rariety from Dullon in Cumberland aiSlt p c
MnCX
Keraten detected 2'19 p, c of carbonate of lead in one apedmeD. The SpmdMewtt of QtfM
contaiuB 0*69 p. a of fiuorid of calcium and 0*27 of araenic Jenzacb reoorta most anuoMlIM
cODtaiuing fluorine, and finds in oue of unknoM^'n locaJity Ca F 3*27, Ca*P 1 24 p» ct ; 0.^:l€i
Luoa giTCB for the MoisoUtk (L a) C 41*43, Oa 50-08, ^r 4 69, Cu 0'96, F© 0-82, F tr,^ ft l«i
99*33, Plattner found only carbonate of lime in the oscrakite.
Aragooite and culdte were the first case of dimorphism obaerred. Kjrwan auggwled Ifl 17
that the pnsmatic form was due to the preaence of atrontia, which Btrotaoyer diflfvowd ii lili
Pyr^ etc. — B.6. whitens and falia topieoea, and Aometlmea, when containing vtraoliay liqpl
a more Intensely red color to the flame than lime ; otherwiae roaota likd caldte.
Oba.— The most common n^poeiitones of aragonrte are beda of gypaum, beds of Iron Oft («^
it occurs in coraHoidai forma, and is denominated >lo*-/jrri; ^* flower ofiron^*)^ bftsaJt^ and
oocasioDally it oocors in laraa. It is oflen assodaied with oopper and iron p/rilaa^ _
malachite. It is forming at an oM mine in Monte Taaa, Italy, at a temperature below
point of water. It constitutes the pearly layer of sheUa. Minute pointed cryttals OGcar In ^
earitiea in the sinter of the thermal aprings of Baden.
First discovered in Aragon, Spj^in (when 00 ita name, the word in Spain baTing but out A
MoUna and Valencln, near Migranllla, in aii-aided prismSj with gypauoL Imbedded in a '
clay. Since found at Bilin iu Bohemia^ in a vein traversmg basalt in fine priami ; at ung
Baden; at Baumgarten and Tarnowitz in Silesia; at Lcogaog in Salsbnig, Auauia; in ^
Bohemia, and many other places. The flos-ferri variety ia found iu graai perfeetkxi in
rian mines, ooating cavities and even cavea of oonaiderable extent, and naaociated wilb
iron. At Dufton, a ailky, fibrooa variety, called saiin spar, occurs traveraiiig ahale in T "
generally associated with pyrit/?. In Buckinghamshire, Devonablm, etCL, U ooctira ia
forma in caverns, and of suowy whiteness at Leadliills in lAoarkahira.
AinrTDSODS (UKBONATE8.
697
[ iftngotdto m fibrous crusts and other forms ooours in serpontiQe at Hoboken^ N. J. (it lu].a
1 called moguesite). Coralloidal aragODite oociirg sparmglj at Lock port, N, Y , coating gTpsimi
lea J at EdenTiUe, N. T., lioing cavities of araeaopynte and cub« ore; at th« FuriBh ore
, Bessie, N. Y. ; at Haddam, Oodd^^ in tliin seums between layers of gneiss ; at New Gurden,
lb-Chester Go^ Fenn. ; at Wood's WmQ^ Lancastor Co^ Fenn.; at Warsaw, IlL, lining geodes; ou
boundary of tho Oroek oation, 16 m. from ihe crosaing of the Arkansas, in hexagonal
\ nearly | in, throug;b.
-Aragooite moy uodergo similar changes witli ealoite. It also passes to calcit<?, through
Drphism. Fseudomorphe of copper after aragonite are reported from Bolivia, and also
oro, Peru.
726* MANGANOOALOITE. Manganocolcit Breifh.^ Fogg., Ixix 429, 1846. Faarig^r
Brauuspath Wfm,
In rhombic prisms like aragonite, and closely related to tliat species,
leavage lateral, also lirachydi agonal. Radiated fibrou& or columnar*
H.=4'-5. G.=:3-037. 'Lustre vitreous. Flesh-red to dull reddish-
ite. Streak colorlesa. Translucent.
f^oinp.— ^2 lin C-f (Oa, Mg) C, with a little of the manganese replaced by iron ; or of the general
aula h C. Analyses: 1, Rammetsbei^ (Pogg.^ Ixviil. fill); 2, MissoudjUds (Jahrb. Min. 184^,
1. iin C 6t-48 te 0 3'3a % C 997 Ca C 18*81 = 99'48 Ramm.
2. n-98 8'8l 18*71=100 Missoudttkia*
Pyr^ ^tc.^ — Sftme as for rhododirodte.
Obi^From Bcheoinitz in 11 angary, with quartz, blende, galenitOi etc
Thomaot Mayer (Jahrb. Miti. 1845, 2O0V A carbonate of iron, occairiiig in pyramidal crys-
Uiaations which are s^id to be orthorhombic ; alao massive. G. = 8'10. Lusire pearly. An
dypia by Meyer afforded 0 3339, Fe 53'72, Mn 0*66, lig 0'43, Oa 1'52, Xl 4-26, Si 6 04 = 100.
I Bleis-Bacfa, in Siebengebirge. Named after Prof. Thoma of Wiesbaden.
I Jmekerile of Dufrenoy was described aa having the same characters, but proved to be ooly
on spathic iron ; atid the same Me may befall thomaite.
^a0. WITHERITB. Terra pondcrosa aerata Wiihtnng, TrL Bergm. Sciagr., 29, 1783, PhiL
TniDA., 298, 1784. Withorit Wcm., Bergm, J., I79t>, il 225. Aerated Barytes WaU, Mem.
JfaDcheeter Soc, iii. 599, 1790. Barolite Kvrwan^ Mia^ i 134, 1794. Kohlensaurer Baiyt
Q^rm, Baryte carbonatee Fr.
Orthorhombic. /A 7=118** 30', 0 A 14=128*=^ 45' ; a : 6 : J^l-2i6 :
680 690 fi94
695
691
/6-
/-TfO^
\
/^
] \\\
kjr
X \
^
r
J
I
-7
'T
1*6808. Observed planes, 7, |, J, 1, f , 2. O A 1=124" 35i', 7a 1=
145" 24^'. ^-^ 2=160" 58f , /A |=155"' 18J', /A J=125° 57f, lA^=
698
OXYOEaiT CX)HPOnKDe,
109^ 55i', 1 A 1, mac.,=130'' 13', brach., 89'' 57\ has., 110*" 49', '
all the annexed figures, cooiposition parallel to /; reeDtering ungh
times observed. Cleavage: / distinct; also in globular, tn'
botryoidal forms; structure either columnar or granular; ako^
phous,
H,=3— 3'75. G,=4r 29— 4'35, Lustre vitreous, inclimng to
on surfaces of fracture. Color wliite, often yellowish, or grayish.
white. Subtransparent — translucent. Fracture uneven. Brittle
Oomp.-~Ba C=CBrbonic add 22-3, biuyta 7tT = I00. Aimlysea of tb© Anjlenle
KkproLli (Beilr., L 260, iL 84) obtaiaed C 2% Ba 78; Withering (I c\ C 21-4, B« 7g^
Thomaon'a StdphaUhcarbofUile of Baryta (Rec, Gen. ScL^ L 8T5^ 1835, and Uln., i 106)1
ite mcmsted by barite, as shown by Heddle (PhiL Mug., IV. xiil &Z1\ who analjaed i
from Uaxhani in Northumberland, and Duflon Fella in Weatrooreland.
Pyr., etc.—B.B. fuses at 2 to a bead, coloring the flame yeUowiah greoD ; after fo^ioBi
alkaline. B.B. on chiirc{>&l with Boda fuses easily, and i» absorbed by the coaL Soluhlt te i
muriaiic acid; this solution, even when ?ery much diluted, givea with sulphuiic m^ ai
precipitate which is inaoluble in adds.
OImi. — Occura at Alaton-Moor in Gnmberland, associated with galenite, in ▼etna traf^
ooal formation ; at Folio wfleld near Hexham in Northumberland, in splendid crystalSi i
tmnaparcDt, and occasionally 6 in. long; at Anglezarke in Lancadhire, a fibrotiB t^na^; \
dale in Yorkshire; near St Asaph in Fhntehire; Tamowits in Sileaia; Sselana, Hv
gting in Sokburg; Peggau in S^iia; Zm^Q* in the Altai; soine plaoea in Sadly;
Arqueros^ near Cbquimbo, Chill ; L. Etang Isbiid ; near Lexington, Ky., with barite.
Witherite in extcnsiroly mined at FaUo wfleld, and is used in <!hemicsal works in thm I
ture of plate-glasa, and in France in amkingjt>eet^augar,
Alt— Witherite is altered to barite (Ba S) through the action of aulphate of lime in !
at the ordinary temperature, or by the aciion of other eulphatei in eolutioo, or of water «
iug sulphuric acid.
727. MROMMTB. Baiytocakile J. F. W. JohntUm, PhiL Mag,, HL tL 1, 1835, x.
Bicalcareo-carbonate of Barytes {ftrom a wrong anal) Thomson^ Eea Gen. Sot, I
Bromhte Thoms., PhiL Mag., xL 45^ 48» 1887. AlBtonite Brath^ Handb., ti 2&5, IM.
Orthorhombic. /A 7^118° 50', DescL, {? A 1^=128** 39'; a:Jt
1*2504 : 1 : 1^6920. Observed planer: O ; prism, /; octahetlr- *
domes, 14, 24. 0 A 14=143° 32^', 14 A 14, baa.,=72^ 55\ 2A
^Uy 50', 1 A 1, mac.,= 130'=' 27', 1 A 1, brach.,=89° 40'. Twi:
six-sided pyramids^ with angles 122"^ 30', and 142"^; reentering .^ ^
51'. Cleavage; /and t> rather indistinct.
H.=4--4 5. G.=3'71S, Thomson; 3'706, JohnstoD. Lustre vi
Colorless, snow-white, grayish, pale cream-color, pink- TranslucwU Fi
ture granular and uneven.
Oonip.--Ba C + Ca C» like barytocalcite=Carb. baryta 6e-8» carb. lime 33-7= ICKI.
Analynes: t, Johnston (1. c); 2, Thomson (PhiL Mag., xl 4^); S, Beleate (AmL Ql
III xiiL 425); 4, v. Hauer (Bcr. Ak. Wien, it. 83:i, 1863) :
BaC
OaO
SrC
AnC
1. Bromley
62*16
30-29
664
— 99 -9 Johnatott.
2, FaUowfield
eo'tis
30-10
9*18=^100 ThomaoD.
3. *^
66-31
32-^
1*10
, gi 0-20, Mn 0*1€=99^1
4. "
66*71
34 39
, Si &^.=100 Hauef.
Pyr., etc. — Same a» in barytocailcite.
Oht. — Found at the lead miDo of Fallowficld, near Hexham In Korthunibeilrad, wiili i
and at Bromley Mill near Alston in Cumberland, in veins with galenite, wheooe Il»e ]
Uk^ given by Thomson* Most Engliah mineralogical aulbori haTQ set tiidB ^
ANHTBBODS 0ABB0NXTE8.
699
gh the e&rliost aad of British origin, Cbr Breithjmpt'i,
ilbrthk.
There appears to be no BuSdent
28. STRONTLANITB. Strontianit Suher, Licbtenber^a Hag., va a, 6S, Bergro. J., It9t, I
6, 433. Strontiaa Wem, Btroatmait Kohlenaaure StrontiaDerde, Kiapr,^ Creira AmL^ l79Sfj
it 189; 1794, L 99; Beitr, i 2Ga Mineral from Strontian, StrontiMi Spar {mt Stroatite8=
StroDtia), Hopt, Edinb. Trans., iv. 3, 1798 (Art. read Nov., 1793). Carbonate of Btrontian.
Strontiane carbonatetS Fr.
Einmonite, Oalcareo-carbonat© of Strontian, ThomsoHy Ree. Gen. Sol, iii. 41&, 1836. Baiy*
•tnmtLamte, Stromnite, S. Traill, Ed PML X, L 380, 1819.
Orthorhombia /A /=117^ 19', 0 A 14=130° 5'; a:h: <?=11883 : 1 :
,"^6421. Observed planes : octahedrons, J, -J^, 1, |, 2, 3, 4, 8 ; domes, i-i,
H, f-i, 34, 44, 6-i, 84, 12-L
Ai4=14dM7'
A 4=145 11
A 1=^125 43
O A 14=144° 6'
14 A 14, bas.,^71 48
24 A 24, bas.,=110 44
1 A 1, mac.,=130° 1'
1 A 1, brach,,= 92 11
1 Al, ba8.,=108 35
596
21
Jleavage : / nearly perfect, i4 in traces. Crystab ot'ten aeicular and
divergent groups. Twins : like those of artigonite. O u&uallj striated
" 'lel to the shorter diagonal. Also in coluni-
globular forms ; libroua and granular.
H,=3^5-4. G.=3;605-3'713. Lustre vit-
>U8 ; incHning to resinous on uneven faces of
ture. Color pale asparagus-green, apple-
also white, gray, yellow, and yellowish-
Streak white. Transparent — tranelu-
Lt. Fracture uneven. Brittle.
Oomp.^ — Carbonate of Strontia, Sr 0= Carbonic add 39*8, atrotitia 702 ; bat a amoll part of the
alia often replaced by iirae.
Analyses : 1^ Klaprotti (Beitr.^ l 2T0, ii 84) ; 2, Stromejer (0nters., i. 193); 3, Thomson (Miil,
;i08>; 4, Stfomeyer (1 c); ft, Jordan (Schvr. J,, Ivii, 344); ft, Redicker (Pogg., L 191) j 7,
el (Ramm, 5th SuppL); 8, Vou der Mark (Verb, nat Ver. Bonn, vL^ Jahrg.^ 272):
C ^r Oa P© Uu H
0-6 = 100 Klapr.
0-07 0*07=99*62 Strom,
0*01 =99-72 Thomson.
0-09 0-07 = 98-U0 Strom.
— 0'35 =99-62 Jordan.
^^ O'OS = 1 90 Bedioker.
=99-60 Schnabet.
=99-21 Mark.
^^^pnison ol^tamed in hia ffmmomUe (I a) 6rO 82*69, CaO 12*50, Ve I'OO, seolite 8'79"99-98.I
^*» slTomnite afforded him Sr C 68 6, Ba 3 (barite) 27'5, CaC 2'6, oiyd of iron 0*1; colgrl
i-whito; G. = 3'7t»;i. It is prononnoed a mixture by Greg and Lettsom. It ia from near'
nness, on Pomona, one of the Orkneys.
Pjfr*, etc. — B3. Bwella op, throws out minute sprouts, fuses only on the thin edges, and colors
) flame strontia-red ; the aBsay reacts alkaline after ignition. Moistened with muriatic acid an4
1 either B.B, or in the naked hirap gives an intense red color. With soda on charcoal X\m\
^mineral Aises to a clear glas^, and is entirely aba orbed by the coal ; if lime or iron be present
I separated and remain on the surface of the coal Soluble in muriatie add; the dilute
i when treated with eulphurio acid giyes a white preci|Mtate.
\ «t Strontum in Argyleshire, In Yeina traversing gneiss, along with galenite
^ ia aciciikr diverging and fibrous groups, rarely in perfect crystals; in Yorkshire^ England 2^
I Causeway, Ireland; Clauathal in the Hxus; Braunsdorf^ Saxony; Leogang in Bal^burg.
1.
Strontkn.
30-0
m-b
2,
t«
30^31
65-60
3^47
8.
a
30*66
6&*53
8*52
4.
Braunsdorf, Sax.
29-94
67-52
1'28
h.
Olausthdl wkik
30*59
6514
8-64
6.
Bamna, Westph.
80'80
65*30
3-82
7.
80-86
64*32
4*42
8,
11 u
8084
63*&7
4*80
mt
OXTOEN 00MPOUKI>&«
In the TT. Bt&tqa It oocun at Schohiine, N. Y., in gruialiir and cc>}am]iftr
ciyat^ forming nests or geodes, often large, in the hydrau! -o
pyrite, &nd caldt©. At Mtiacalonge Lake a massive and fibre i of m\
white csolor, 18 Bometiroea the matrii of fluorite. Ohaumont iSiij uwi Tbanm^ [
N. Y., arc other localities,
Alt.— StroDtianito ia altered to celeBttte in the same waj as withenle to bsrtlQ^
729. CHRUSSmS* ^t^«0iar Thwphr^ eta^ GerusEa i'/vi., etcL, Agrit:.^ but onlf t
Ceruasa nativa ex agro Vicentino G^meTf Fo?ia., 85^ 15GB. Biy«p«th (— E
Minora Humbi apathac^a, WaU,, Min.* 2&&, 1747. Plomb apathique /V, TH, WtH I
IT53, Bly-Spat, Spatum Humhi (the hard); Bly-Ochra, Ceniaaa nalifm (t^
CrontfLf MLn.f 1758, Plmnbuin addo aereo mineniiiBatum Bffrgm^t Opiuo, ii 42^ 178
blelers Wim. ; Plombe blanche Fr, ; White Lead Ore. Eofalenaanres Bkt Qti
TLead; Flonib carbonate Ft. C^rose Setui, Tr.« it »&a, 1833. Oerufii&t BaM^ 1
f 1845. Igl^siasite (Zinc-Bleispath K^sten) ffuot, Min., CIS, 1841.
Orthorliombie. /A 7=117'^ 13', O A 14=:^130* 9f ' j a : J : e=l-I«
1 : 1-6388. Observed planes : O; vertical, /, t-t, t-t, t-i, 1-f ; daim^
H> 1 -^ 2-i ; ^3 ^l, l\ 24, 34, 4-1 ; octahedral, i» i, 1 ; 2-1, 8-1, J '^
69t
5d8
ii
U/.
O A 1=125^ 46'
OAi-l=149 21
0 A 14=144 8
0 A M=124 40
/A a=121 24
t'4 A 24=145 20
i4Ai-t=lU9 53
24 A 24, bag,,=n<
14 A 14, ba8-,=n
^•A A t-S, i>v. f4,=1
1 A 1, mac.,=130
1 A 1, brich.,=W
lAl, biBw,=108
I
-' Cleavage : Zoften imperfect ; 2-1 hardlj lesi i
tals usually thin, broad, and brittle : iioc
Tvrfns : very common ; •
usually cruciform or etellate forms* 1. Coti _
Bimilar to f. 584 under aragonite, p. r»94, or Ui t titM* ii tliu Ivlt uf I
rays were wanting; (J) cruciform, similar in nicHle iThvU^i^fn-tu
587^ p. 695. 2. Consisting of more than two ii:
f- 600, a view of a section, showing at centre tliti |rr
bined crystals; (J) six-rayed, t 599, which mar C'
three combined crj^stals, iV the crystals cro«» at •■
etration-twin ; tlie forms sometimes tliin, as in i.
AKHTDR0U8 OABBONATES. 701
it crystalB similar in form to f. 697, the planes I in this form having
me position as 7^ /in f. 599.
•ely fibrous, often granular massive and compact. Sometimes stalac-
=3— 3-6. G.=6-466— 6-480; some earthy varieties as low as 6'4:.
> adamantine, inclining to vitreous or resinous ; sometimes pearly ;
imes submetallic, if the colors are dark, or from a superficial change,
white, gray, grayish-black, sometimes tinged blue or green bv some
s salts of copper; streak uncolored. Transparent — subtranslucent.
ire conchoidal. Very brittle.
[w— l*b C=Carbonic acid 165, oxyd of lead 88-5=100. Analyses: 1, Westrumb fl. a);
roth (Beltr^ iil 167); 3, J. A. PhiUips (Q. J. Oh. 8oa, Iv. 176); 4, Bergemann (Chein.
Bleib., 167, 175); 6, J. L. Smith (Am. J. So., IL xx. 246) :
C
l»b
1. Zellerfeld
1600
81-20, S'e 0-60, Oa 0-90=98-60 Westrumb.
2. Leadhilln
16
82=98 Klaproth.
8. Durham
16-05
88-56=99-61 PhilUps.
4. Eifel
16*49
88*51—100 Bergemazm.
5. Phenizville,
Pa.
16-88
83-76= 100* 14 Smith.
Jtites from Brigham's diggmgs. Wis., aflforded J. D. Whitney (Upp. Miss. Rep., 291, 1862)
ite of lead 93*84, of lime 01 8, of magnesia ^., sesquioxyd of iron, eta, 1*42, day and sand
9*27. Kersten obtained for the iglesiasite (Schw. J., Izy. 365) I»bC 9210, ZaC 7*02=
6l»bC + 2nC.
, etc. — In the closed tube decrepitates, loses carbonic add, turns first yellow, and at a
«mperatnre dark red, but becomes again yellow on cooling. B.B. on charcoal ftisea very
ind in R.F. yields metallic lead. Soluble in dilute nitric add with effervescence.
-Occurs in connection with other lead minerals, and is formed from galenite (sulphid of
hich, as it passes to a sulphate, may be changed to carbonate by means of solutions of
late of lime. It is found at Johanngeorgenstadt in beautiM crystals; at Nertschinsk and
in Siberia ; near Bonn on the Rhine ; at Glausthal in the Harz ; atBleiberg in Carinthia;
and Przibram in Bohemia ; at Retzbanya, Hungary ; in England, in Cornwall, in the mine
inyers ; delicate crystals 10 in. long were formerly found near St Austell and elsewhere;
amar mine, Devonshire ; near Matlock and Wirksworth, Derbyshire ; in Cardiganshire,
at Leadhills and Wanlockhead, Scotland, formerly in fine orystaUi ; in Wicklow, Ireland,
»nt, sometimes in heart-shaped mades. In pseudomorphs, Imitating anglesite and lead-
,t Leadhills.
1 in ifa89., sparingly at the Southampton lead mine. In Penn,^ at Phenizville, in fine crys-
en large ; tSso good at Perkiomen. In N. Tork^ at ^e Rossie lead mine, but rare. In
I, good crystals at Austin's mines, Wythe Co. In N, Carolina^ at King's mine, Davidson
d. At Yalle's diggings. Mo., but seldom crystallized ; in Wisconsin and other lead mines
orthwestem States, rarely in crystals ; near the Blue Mounds, Wis., at Brighom's diggings,
titea.
-Cenisaite occurs altered to pyromorphite, or phosphate of lead ; probably through the
r waters holding phosphate of lime in solution ; also to galenite (PbS) through the action
uretted hydrogen, and minium by oxydation ; also to breunerite, malachite, and ohryso-
73a BARTTOOALOXTB. JBh>oJbe, Ann. PhiL, H. vUL 114, 1824.
lodinic. C=73° 52^ I A 7=106° 54', 0 A 14=149° ; a:i:o=
5:1^ 1-29583. 0 A 1^=147° 34', 0 A w=106° 8', i4 A 1^=188°
i A i.i=124°, 2-i A 2-i, over 64, =95° 8', 6-6 A 64, adj.,=146° 6',
ige : ly perfect ; Oy less perfect ; also massive.
703
OXTGEN OOMPOtJKDS,
608
604
4«
£3
sr
6r
H.=4. Q. =3-6363 -3*66. I
reous, iDclining to resiuous. Color
grayish, greenkh, or jelluwish.
white. Transparent — translaceDt.
ture uneven.
Oomp^fia C-hCaC=(i Bji-hiCa) C=:Oaf^
barjtti 66'3, carbonate of Ume 33 -t ^100. Ax4
Children (Ann. Phil, TiiL 115); a, Dele8a» (i
Pharov, IIL xiii 425) :
BaC
ClC
gi
!
L
659
83-6
:
= 9& 6 ChfldwiW'i
2.
e6-20
81-89
a-27-
:^»8 36 DeiiMft^
Pyr., etc*— B.6. colore the flame jtXkmi
and at a high temperatare fiises on the thin odg^s and assumes a pale green oolor (iniK
baijta, Plattser) ; the assaj reacts alkaline after ignitton. With the duxea reacts Ibr mi
With soda on chorcoal the lime is ^panited as an tnTxisible maas^ while the retnaiiider Is
bjr the coaL Soluble in dilute muriatic add,
Oba^— Occurs at Alston*Moor in Cumberland, in attached crystals and maaiiTiw ui tlw
baniforoas or mountain limeatone. Fig. 604 is from Brooke and Miller. QrTstak 3 in. l0
been obtained
731. PJlBISITE,
Musite Medici^Spada, 1635. Parialt MsdioiSfHidat BttaatB,
Fharm., Mil 147, 1846.
Hexagonal, In elongated double eix-sided pyramids, with tnU
apex; basal angle lei*" 68', pyramidal 120^ 34''. Cleavage; bsfldj
perfect.
H.=4*5. G.=4 35, Bonsen; 4*317, Dufr. Vitreous; cleavij
pearly or resinonB, Color brownish-yellow ; gtreak yellowiah-wLite.
Comp^Ce, 1a t)\) C+i(Ca, 0&)T; whence, making Ce : La ; I>i=4 : 1 1 1, ai toft
Deville'a anaL, the percentage ia, carbonic add 24*5, protoxyd of cerium 40*3^ prtAta^'^
nma 10*2, protoxyd of didjmium 10% fluorid of caldum U-6=10a Theae cbeaaiiti
the water found by Bnnaen la aoddeiitaL Analyses: 1, 2, Bunaen (t c); .% Damoort
(a R, lix. 271) :
C Oe La tH Ca ^ CaF
, , f
1, 28'61 6944 81t 2*38 11*61
3, 2364 60-26 3 15 342 10'53
3. 23 48 42*52 8'26 9 58 2 85 10*10, C3«F J'lS^ Miilr.=9a95 11
P3^,, eio»— In the closed tube yields no water, hut gives off oarbonio add and beoc
in color. B.B, glows and is infuBibla With IViaed salt of phosphonia In the open tubegil
the reaction for fluorine. With borax and salt of phosphorus In the platimim Ioo|» gim^
yellow while hot and colorless on cooling. DissolTes slowly in muriatic add with iff
Ob». — From the emerald mines of the Mu»> ralley, New Grjumda, where tl was dli
J. J. Pnriai the proprietor of the mine, and Stom which place it waa aent in 183^ to Mi
of Roma, byOoL Aooata.
Named alter J. J. Paris. The earlier name MusiU (sometimea written Jftiai^ the M
Talley being written both Muso and Musso, as well aa Muxo) i« dje^iaoable, baanaa af
of the naoM JfassOe for a varietj of amphibda*
AimYDBOUB 0ABB0NATE8.
703
SIBOEETKMITB. Eiaohtim.PttriBit T, Kwrtmeff, BulL Ac St Pet, W. 401, 1861, J. pr.
cat, taooT. 442, 1862. Xischtimite O. J, Bnuik, Am. J. Sd, IL zzxv. 427, 1863.
Amorphous.
G.= 4*784. Lustre between ffreasy and vitreous. Color dark brownish-
j^mUow. Streak much lighter than color. In small pieces translucent.
Cloiig^-^LaC+Ce'0'H-Ce*F*+2fi, or 3 LaC + 0e*(F,O)»+fi, Korovacfi;= Carbonic add
■ 17*6^ lanthaDa 37 7, cerium 26*2, fluorine 7*6, oxygen 9*6, water 2*4=100. The water is probably
niessential, as in pariaite. Analysis : Korovaeff (I a) :
C La
(i) 17*19 36-66
Oe
27*81
P
6*86
0
[9-89]
2*20
Pyr^ etc* — B.B. at a moderate temperature beoomes duU, opaque, and opaline yeUow ; at a
beat glows, and on cooling has a high lustre and is brick-red. With borax in the outer flame
jtllow glass, la the inner faint yellow, which beoomes colorless on cooling. The powder mots-
* wi& sulphuric acid gives off fluohydric acid. Dissolves in muriatic acid, eyolving carbonic
and chlorine.
OImi.— rProm the gold washings of the Borsovka riyer, in the district of Kischtim, Urals.
fVaS. FHOSQBNTTZI. Homblei Kant,, Tab., 78, 1800. Salzsaures Bleierze Klapr,, Beitr., iil
141, 1802. Corneous Lead. Bleihomerz, Chlorbleispath, Otrm, Plomb carbonate muriati-
fire, Plomb chloro-carbonat^, Plomb com^ Fr. Phosgen-spath AnetX^, Char., 61, 1882. Eera-
■ine Brad, Tr., ii. 602, 1832. Phosgenit Breith,, Handb., ii 183, 1841. Oalenoceratite, Blei-
k«nit, CfkKher, Syn., 248, 1847. Cromfordite Greg A LeUaom, Min., 421, 1868.
Tetragonal. 6>Al-i=132° 37'; a=l-0871.
•erved planes, as in the annexed figure.
Ob-
606
O A 1=123^ 2'
O A 2-2=112 21
O A 7=90
O A 2-i=lU 42
/Al=U6^58'
1 A 1, pyr.,=107 17
7 A i-i=135
42
^
t£
it f.;
Z37
-^and iri bright ; also basal.
H.=^2-75— 3. G.=6— 6-31. Lustre adamantine.
?:Oolor white, gray, and yellow. Streak white. Trans-
jparent — ^tranwueent. Kather sectile.
Oomp.^^b C+Pb a=Carbonate of lead 49, chlorid of lead 61=100, or oxyd of lead 81-9,
eMbonic add 81, chlorine 130=102*9.
Analyses: 1, Klaproth (Beitr., iii. 141, modernised); 2, Rammelsberg (Pogg., Ixzxt. 141); 8,
S. iu Smith (FhiL Mag., lY. il 121); 4, Krug v. Nidda (Za G., iL 126) :
Sardinia.
thC
PbCl
1. Oromford
2.
8. "
4. TamowitB
48-4
48-45
48-22
49-44
63-6=101-9Klaproth.
50-93=99-38 Ramm. G.=6-306.
51-78=100 Smith.
50-46=99-89 K. ▼. Nidda.
•Pyr-i etc*— B3. melts readily to a yellow globule, which on oooling becomes white and cm-
.WBmi On charcoal in R.F. gives metallic lead, with a white coating of chlorid of lead. With a
[ Iril of phoaphoms bead preyiously saturated with ozyd of copper gives the chlorine reaction.
DiMotfM with effenresoence in nitric add.
704
OXTOEK OOMPOUlfDS.
Obs.— At Crawrord near HaUock m Derbjsbb«i, wliere eotne of tlie ayvtelA mwn S «
Icmg; very r&re m Oaniwalt; ia minuiG crjFUlB at & lead iii1d& ii«Ar Bl^ i& 3i»tladj
ciystala reoentlj obtaioed at Cmwfonl sold for 15 to 2i> poutidg sbefling' e»eh ; u^ l«ii«
at Gibtias (H 605) and Mont«pom ia Sarditiia ; near Bobwk ia Upper SHeaia,
Reoent paper on cryst., Eokaciiarof; Bull Aa SU FeL, ix. 231, IgeS, from wfdd^ tfa*
flgare aiid anglea ore taken.
n, HYDEOUS CARBONATES.
AAEANGEMEKT OF THE SPBOlBa
L C«&taiBlug ammot^ia or aoda.
e #10,1(1 Ain» + fHj
786. Katbox
iSTaC + lOfi
€e|ea|Na« + 10aq ■
T3T. THERHONATaJTB
SaC + ft
€eie4.Kii»^«i ■
73S. Tboka
(l^a+lt)+fl
©e|e.|(iKa,^»H,)^
139. OATt^trssn-B
(i«f«+40a)C-Killt
eejetHtHi,+i6aKi4n
H, Contain mg lima or
magtiesiiL
^
%C+i%fl4^fi
eoi©4Mg+#aifH,ei^
ril. Htdiooouomit®
(Oa,%>0 + ifi
eeie,r(e%Mg)+w
OaC + i%ft
€e|e4ea+iMgH,e,
743. Pkncatitb
744. HoviTB
(iOa-fifi)C-+-aq
eoie^iaea-HjH,)^!^
III. Containiug oxyd of cserium, lanthanum, or yttrium.
745. Lanthanttb
LaC+3A
ee|e,|fca4-3aq
746. Tenoeritb
C,Y,nfi
IV. Containing zinc, cobalt, nickel, copper.
747. Zaratttb
]S^iC4-2Ni]tt + 3^
€0|e4Ni+2NiH,e,+3*
748. REMDfOTOXITE
Co,C,fl
749. HYDBOZINt'lTK
2nC-f-2 2nli
ee|e,|Zn+2ZnH,e,
750. AURICHALCITE
2nC + |(Cu,3n)lt
ee|e,|zn-i-|(eu.zn)H,e,
751. Malachite
CuC + CuA
ee|e.|eu+euH,e,
752. AZtTRITE
CuC + iCuli
ee|e,|eu+ieuH.e,
V. Containing bismuth
or uranium.
768. BlSMUTITE
Bi*,C«,ti*
754. LnsBiGiTK
?BC + CaC + 20fl
765. VOGLTTK
t,Ca,OuC,fi
HTDBOUS 0ABBONATE8. 705
QSOHBICAOBBRXTZI. Bicarbonate of Ammonia E. F. Tsachemacher, FhiL ICag.,
zxyilL 648, 1846. Teschemacherite Dana.
rystals having two brilliant cleavages meeting at 112®. G.=1'45.
•5. Yellowisn to white.
>.— (iNH*OH-i HO) C= Ammonia 329, carbonic add 65*7, water 11*4=100. Analy-
pson (J. Oh. 8oc, IL l 74) :
(5 NH4O fi Ca
Islands 51-68 2976 ll'OO 6*02, P 060, fig, S, 01 <r., alk. anduricadd 1-09=100 Phips.
laterial analyzed by Phipson was white, compact, crystalline, and fragile, and had a strong
immonia, from which he infers the presence either of A-ee ammonia or of sesquicarbonate.
etc. — In the closed tube for the most part volatilized, giving the odor of ammonia, a
iblimate of carbonate of ammonia, while an abundance of water condenses on the tabe.
In water, and heated with a fixed alkali gives a strong odor of ammonia. Effervesoes
is. Reacts alkaline to test paper.
-From guano deposits on the coast of Africa and Patagonia, and the Chincha Islands.
I bed several inches thick in the lowest parts of the guano deposits of Patagonia, as
ed by Teschemacher ; and similarly at the Chincha Islands, according to Phipson.
donate of potash has been announced by Pisani (C. R, Iz. 918, 1865) as found under a dead
}hypis in Valais, as a result of recent decompositioo, and has been called by him Ealidne ;
ding it as a mineral as much as struvite. (Struvite has better daims, however, as it ooours
) deposits, some of which date fh)m the Post-terciary at least) He obtained for its oom-
Carbonic add 442*20, potash 42*60, water 7*76, Ca C 2*50, Mg C 1 H ^^^ e^ 8*60=100.
NATRON. Ntrpor^Kitnxm^oflheAncienia. Carbonate of Soda. Sonde carbonate
loclinic : C^=68° 52' I A 7=76° 28^ 0 A 1-J=140° 9^'. Cleavage :
;inet ; lA, imperfect ; I in traces.
=1—1*5. G.=1'423. Vitreous to earthy. White, sometimeB gray
low, owing to impurities. Taste alkaline.
;>.~]^aC + 10 fi=: Carbonic acid 26*7, soda 18*8, vrater 54*5. Effervesces strongly with
id.
-Occurs in nature only in solution, or mixed with the other carbonates of soda. See
'rona and J'Jiermonairik,
SBRMONATRITB. Nirpop and Nitrum pt. VeL Natron, Alkali orientale impanun
tre, Jordblandadt Alkaliskt-salt, Wall, Min., 174, 1747. Naturlidies mineralisohes
. Werru ; Thermonatrit ITatd, Handb., 487, 1845. Thermonitrit BaMsnL^ Handb., 1411i
Sonde carbonate prismatique.
iiorhombic. Observed planes: /, i-5, t-i, 1-i, J. /Ai-t=138** 6',
5, front,=68° 14', lat.,=121° 46', l-l A 1-*, top,=107^ 50', i^ A 1-i
' 6', a A J=109° 6', /A i=116° 6', / A 7=96* 10'. In rectangular
flattened parallel to i-i, with sides bevelled by / and l-». Usual as
orescence.
=1— 1-5. G.=l-6— 1*6. Lustre vitreous. White, grayish, yellow-
p.— JTa C+^=Carbonio add 35*6, soda 60*0, water 14*6=100. Analyses: 1, 2, Bear
*., IL 310); 8, Pfeiffer (Ann. Oh. Fharm., Ixxxix. 219):
46
706
1. Debrecsln
2. Egypt
3. £, Indies
GXYaias ooMFOUHsa*
14 1 V^ Zl 13-5, earthy matter 4*1=1
52*89 11*44 0-77 28 25, ^ C 6'65=100 Pfef
Obi, — Ojfltalfl may b« obtained fVom a eoltition at a temperature between 2&* wot
occurs in ruriouB bikes, and as an effloreBoeoce over the aoil in many dry regiona ol
also about some mines and Tolcanoefl. '
There appears to be also an cmhydrous carbonate of soda in nature, KnyiQir o\A
spedmen f^om the Koue Margarethe mine, near Clantthal, ^aC 92^07, lil^f C S*S^
Fe C 0'19^ ft P86. And Wackenroder gives for the oompoaition of a flubataDce from
Hungary, ]^a C 92*80, iffa 5 167, ^ S D-D3, Na P 1-47, Na a 4'4«=9d'93 ; but It is ai
latter may be from an artiticial pTodoct
Crystals of the mmple carbonate of soda (natron) become thermonatrite in
▼on THpci
738. TRONA. Trona Bagge, Aa H. Stockh., xxkt. 1171 Natrum tob
Katrum, Klaprolh^ Beitr., liL 83, ia02, Seaqulcarbonate of SodA. Tina
If., xiL 21 B.
Monoclinic. <? A t-i^l03° 15'. Cleavage: i-i perfect
or columnar massive,
H,=2 5— 3. G.=2'll. Lufitre vitreousj glistening. Colo?
jellowish-white. Translucent. Taste alkaline. Not altered by {
to a dry atmosphere.
Oomp.— l^a* C'-f 4 fi-(f Sra-hjfi) C-h^=Oarbonic add 402, soda B7%
jalfl by Klappoth of the AMcan (Beitr., iH 83): Carbonic add 38, aoda :iT, water tli
4>f Boda 3-5 = 100; by Boiiasingttult of the ura4> (L a): C 89*00, ^a 41^22, fl 18"§0=«
JLfHcan is often mixed with the simpte carbonate of soda^ thermooatrite, and comma
ipedmen of trona ttom an extenaJye bed In Ohnrchill County, Nevada, gave on analji
Eodman (priv. contrib.), C 38-70, ^a 39-97, fi[ 11I-42, NaCl l-88» SaS 0-39, Si O'UrsI
Fyr., etc — fu the dosed lube yields water and carbonic add. B.-B. impaiti
yellow color to the Same. Soluble in water, and eflervesoea with adda, Beacls
moiatened tost paper.
Obs.— Tlie specimen analysed by Klaproth came from the pnMnco of BnckoDat,:
Journey from Feszan, Africa. 1 1 is found at the foot of a mountain, forming a en
from the thickness of an inch to that of the bade of a knife^biade. To this tpede^ b
urno found at the bottom of a lake in Maracaibo, S. A., a day's journey from Maiida.
oenoes of trona occur near the Sweetwater riYer) Rocky MountainSy mixed witli fotp^
and common salt
739. GAT-LUSSmip Bm^aki^a^ Ann, CK Phya^ zxzL 370!, 11
Monoclinic. C=^78° 27', /A 7=68° 50' and 111*^ 10', OaI]
IS' I a:b: c?^ 0*96945 : 1 : 0-6713 1 Observed planes : O; Tcartic
i-i; domoj 14j 14 ; hemioctahedral, i. Angles from PhiUipa*
606
'1/:/
Haraoaibo.
€07
It
i^
607a
l^
NevadA*
O A U^l
OAi-t=101 _
O A 7=96 80
7a 1-1=1S7 «
l-l A 14, ov. d,=
l4Al4,idj\,=lfl
iAi=110 80
7A«=lS4a
Crystals often lengthened, and prismatio in the direetioQ of
HTDBOUB 0ABS0NATE8.
707
' ^ ; also ffr. Nevada) not elongate, but thin in the direction of the
agonal, 0 being Yery narrow or wanting; surfaces nsuallj uneven,
brmed of minute subordinate planes. Cleavage : / perfect ; O less
giving a reflected image in a strong light.
:2— 3. G.=l-92— 1*99. Lustre vitreous. Color white, yellowish-
Streak uncolored to grayish. Translucent. Fracture conchoidal.
lely brittle. Not phosphorescent by fiiction or heat.
<— ]$raC+0aC + 5]d[=(i^a+|Ca)C+2id=Carbonate of Boda 85*9, carbonate of
f water 30*8= 100. Analjaia bj J. B. Boussingault (Ann. Cbu Phja., IIL TiL 488, 1848):
fTa C 34-6
CaC83-6
1180-4
Olaj 1*6=100.
etc. — Heated in a matrass the crystals decrepitate and become opaqne. B3. fbsea
a ^p^te enamel, and colors the flame intenselj yellow. With the fluxes it behaYes like
) of lime. Dissolyes in adds with a brisk effervescence; partly soluble in water, and
turmeric.
-Abundant at LaguniUa, near Merida^ in Maracaibo, where its crystals are disseminated
ttom of a small lake, in a bed of clay, covering ur€U>; the natives oall it eUivoB or nailSf
n to its crystalline form.
bundant on a small island in Little Salt Lake, near Ragtown, Nevada, about li m. 8. of
emigrant road to Humboldt The lake is in a crater-shaped basin, and its waters are
1 strongly saline.
evada crystals gave J. M. Blake (Am. J. Sci., IL xliL 221), firom whom f. 607, 607a, are
le following approximate angles, the planes, owing to Hie unevenness. not aflbrding
earer than a degree: /A 7=110" 86' to 112" 30', 69° 6'; 1-i A l-i=110* 30', 110* 10';
126" 10', 126" 30'; OAt-t=79"; 0 A 7=96" 10'; /Ai=127° 10', 127° 66'.
. after Gkiy Lussaa
-J. Fritzsche has produced artificial gay-lussite by mixing eight parts by volume of a
. solution of carbonate of soda with one of a solution of chlorid of calcium of 1*180 —
idflc gravity (J. pr. Ch., xdiL 339).
U
rDROBSAGNSSITE. 7. Wachtmeisier, Ak. H. Stockh., 1827, 18. Hydromagnesit
Uf J. pr. OL, iv. 80, 1835. Hydrocarbonate of Magnesia. Lanoasterite pt SiOmum, Jr.,
Sol, IL ix. 226, 1850. Magnesia alba Fharm,
oclinic. C^=82^-83% /A 7=87** 62' to 88^
=137° ; a: b: c=(nearly) 0-455 : 1 : 1-0973.
ed planes as in the annexed figure. 2-i A -2-i,
I43i° to 145% i-i A 2-^=113^° to 112°, U A -2-i
. Culminant angle between edges y, y (or 24 A
4°, edge t on edge y (or i-l A 2-1) =133°. Crystals
isually acieular or bladed, and tufted. Also amor-
as chalky or mealy crusts.
f crystals 3*5. G.=2-145-2-18, Smith & Brush,
vitreous to silky or subpearly ; also earthy. Color
eak white. Brittle.
.—3 (% C+^+ Ag tt=Magnesia 43*9, carbonic add 36*3, water 19*8=100. Analyses :
aneister (L a); 2, y. Kobell (J. pr. Ch., iv. 80); 3, 4, Smith k Brush, of GrjsteUine
(Am.J.Sci.,ILx7. 214):
C Ag ]a[ Si
[cn 36-82 42*41 18*63 0*67, 9e 0*27, eartl^ matter 1-89=99*99 W.
36-00 48*96 19*68 0-36=100 KobeH
36*69 43-20 1943 — ^ I^ and Mn «r. =99*72 Smith ft Bmsh.
86-74 42-80 20*10 — . Fto and Mn «r. =99*14 Smith I; Bhiih.
ponte
, Fh^ Wood's Mine
'• Low's Mine
708
OXYGEN OOMPOUHPS-
Pyr., etc. — Id the dosed tube ^vqb off water and oarbooic add B.B. Infusible, btti
and the itsaoy reacts alkaline to turmeric paper. Soluble in adds ; the crjrBtalline eooipfll
tiea are but fdowly acted upoa by cold add, but dissolve with effbrvesoenoe in hoi mckL
Oba. — Occurs at HrubBchitz^ in Momyia, in serpentine \ in Negropootei near Knaii;,-
serstubl, in Baden, impure. Iq the U. States, crystallized, with scrpendne And brad
Texas, Lancaster Go.f Feno., at Wood's and Low's mines ; also in a similar wi^ «t H
N- J., in adcular oryfltals like natroUte ; at the latter place in earthy crusta, Tbe bci
Hoboken sometlmea changes on exposure to an earthy hydromagnesite.
The aboTe angles and figure were taken by the author from a Hoboken crystal A U
in which the summit planes were smooth and bnillant, the prismatic striated. The rhovill
in one crystal gaye the angles 95^ 20' and B4^ 50'; but other crystals gmre dtflbr
and no oonatant ralue was obtained. The spedes is isomorphous with woUastoniti (|i 1
The Laacasteriie of SiUiman (I c) la shown by Smith and Brush to be a mifttm of
and hydromagoeaitQ.
Found pdeudoroorphous of bmcit© at Wood's mine.
741. Hll>RODOIiOMmi. Hydromagnesit v. Kcbe^ J. pr* Gh*, ntrri 304, IStf<
magnesit IlausDi.^ Handb., 1404^ 1^7. Hydromangiaooaldt Martmrnin, Kachr^ t9§*
mag^ocalclt pt liydrodolomit Ramtn, liydronickelmagnesite Sh^^ Am. X Sd^ IL
1848. Feonite BemL^ J. pr. Ch-, xlviL 13, 1849.
Massive. In gtalaetitic and Btalagmitic forms^ and globular oaDCfl
and crusts.
G.r- 2*495, Kainm, Color yellowish-white, grayish^ greenish,
Var, — (1) Hydrodolomite of Vesurius is 8talootitic or smtar-Uke; G,==2*4»5, (i)
Hercnann, l^om Texas, Fsu^ is in apple-green to whitiab cnisto, hATiag a iuHm ii
gpherulea; the color is due to nickel; G.=r2 86. ,
Oomp. — (Ca, Mg) C + ^ ^, Ramm-^ from his ansL of spedmeo reoei?ed from SoBCobii of i
Hermann's analysis affords (J Can-f ]ilg)C+i &; Ton Kobell*s, ^C'iH. Aat^jm
Kobell (I a); 2, Rammelaberg (Mia. Ch., 234); 3, Hermann (I c):
1. Vesuvius
2. **
3. Pennite
C
83-10
43-40
4464 20 10
Ca fig ^i pQ iin a
S5-22 24 28 11*40 KobeH
26-90 23*23 ^*41 Bammelsbivf.
- ._ .^. ... ^^^ il 0-16=^1001
27*02 1*26 0^0 0-40
Pyr^ etc. — ^Like dolomite^ but yields water in the closed tube.
Obs.— The Yesurian mineral is found on Mt 3omm& Petmite ocean tm 9Vpni
chromic iroii^ with saratlte, at Texas, Pa., and seems to graduate into santlte; also It
ueaa and Earoldswick, in Unst, Shetlands.
742. PRBDAZZTTE. Petihoidt pt» Beifa-. Qeogn. Tyrol, IW, 1843,
Maaeive, granular, as a fine^graiEod dolomite-like rock.
H*=3*5, G,=2"634. Lustre vitreous. White to grayish- white.
Oomp,— 2CaO + Mgll— Oarbotilc Add 34*1, lime i3'4» msgnesU 16*5, water t'0=llMl
ywfl by KothCJ. pr. CL, HI 346):
C Mg Ca IS
1, FredaCTo 38-61 14*61 44*89 6*99=100.
2. " S4-25 14*16 42-97 706=98*44.
In the analyses some ^i and Si were obtained.
Fyr^ •tc. — Like hydrodolomite.
Obs.^From Canzacoli, near Predaazo, in the aouthem Tyrol, where it occora iS i wt^
rock. The rook in some places con tarns brucite. May it he a mlztnro f
749. FBHCATITB. Bath, Z3. G. Qm, iiL 14(1^ 143.
Similar to the predazzite, and from the same region j 6.=2'61S, I
0
%
Oa
1.
Ftedazzo
26-00
24-82
85-42
2.
(t
26-40
24-64
35-47
3.
(i
29*23
24-78
86-70
4.
M
28-10
24-47
86-97
6.
Vesuvius
29-66
23-68
36-45
HTDBOUS GABB0NATE8. 709
, Damonr. Also as a bluish-gray limestone, somewhat yellowish, from
ivius ; H.=3 ; G.=2-524, Roth; 2*534, in powder.
mp*— OaCH-Mfflfl[=Oapbonic add 27-9, lime 35*4, magnesia 26-3, water 11-4=100. Anal
1, 3, Damour (BulL Soa G. Fr., XL iy. 1052, 1847) ; 3-6, Both (J. pr. Oh., hi 350, ZS. G.,
0): ..... ^
10-89, 3Pe 0-45, Si 0*60=96-68 Damour.
10-60, *• 0*50, " 0-56=98-06 Damour.
10-92=100*63 Roth.
10*97=97*61 Roth.
36*45 [10-59], 3tl, 3Pe 0*62=100 Roth.
two determinations Roth obtained for the last ll*75lt, 10*78A The Yesuvian mineral is
ame that Elaproth analyzed (Beitr., v. 91) without finding the magnesia. Roth observes
as the water is retained even to 3G0° and 400° 0., the mineral must be regarded as a chem-
ampound. Damour observed pure hydromagnesite in clefts in the Predazso rock.
Dsed after Marzari Pencati, of the Tyrol
m HOVITB. Hovite, Native Carbonate of Alumina and Lime, J, R dk 0. Oladtione^ Phil
Mag., IV. xxiil 46-2, 1862.
>ft, white, and friable ; earthy in fracture.
►lap-— (i^aH-i^)^+a<j=Cftrbonic acid 44-4, carbonate of lime 28*8, water 27*8=100.
e compound ordinarily cEilled bicarbonate of lime.
e mineral is known only as a mixture in collyriie^ a hydrous silicate of alumina.
H. & G. Gladstone state (I a) that there is carbonic acid enough in the oollyrite to form a
^Hmaie with the lime present ; but this view of the composition is set aside because of the
llity of the so-called bicarbonate, and its being unknown in the solid state ; and hence they
98t that the excess of carbonic acid may be combined in the mineral with alumina, making a
m» carboncUe of cUumina and limt^ or perhaps replaces part of the silica in the alumina-
te.
t although the bicarbonate referred to is known only in solution, the most likely condition
tiding it in the mineral kingdom is in one of the hydrous 'silicates of alumina, like collyrite,
lich there is present much water, loosely hold ; the mineral, therefore, is^ most probably a
oate of the formi^ above given ; especially since a carbonate in which ^ or Fe enters is,
e authors admit, )ret unknown to chemistry.
afyses of the collyrite containing the carbonate, by J. H. ft G. Gladstone (I c.):
gi
C
21
Oa
ft
1.
6-22
10-91
41-04
7-37
33-16=98-70.
2.
6-87
14-77
89-68
1122
[28-56
8.
5-41
18-16
36-82
11-62
29-16
4.
5-30
1414
40-51
9-18
30-87
) excess of C over that neutralizing the lime is in 1, 6-12 p. a ; in 2, 6-96 ; 8, 9*02 ; 4, 6-94
i. — From Hove, near Brighton, in an old quarry in the upper chalk, in fissures that cut
gh layers of fiint, along with collyrite.
IiANTBANmi. Kohlensaures Cereroxydul Berz^ ZS. f. Min., il 209, 1825; Kohl Cer-
rdul Binnger, Afh. Min. Geog. Schwed., 144, 1826. Carbonate of Cerium. Carboc^rine
{d, Tr., 11 864, 1832. Lanthanit EaieLf Handb., 600, 1846. Hydrolanthanit Glocker, Synops.,
I, 1847.
rthorhombic. I A 7=93° 30^-94:°, Blake, 92° 46', v. Lang : I A 1=
• 36' ; a:b:c = 099898 : 1 : 1-0496, v. Lang. In thin fonr-sided
38 or minute tables, with bevelled edges, as m the annexed figures,
.vage micaceous. Also fine granular or earthy.
no
OXYGEN COMPOtJXOe.
H.=2-5-3. G,:=3-666,(0 Blake; 2605, Genth, Inetie
dull. Color grayish-white, delicate pink^ or yellowish*
009
eio
=7^
SauooQ Vfl31©7, Pa.
Smioou TaZfejTf Pi.
Oomp*— La C+3 fi^Laiithana 62'6, carbonic add %l% water S6a = loa AM^Sid
L Smith (Aid. J, ScL, IL xvl 250, xviiL 378) ; 3, F. A, G^tith (llx, EdiL 435):
0 Lt tl
L SauooETaUaj^ 22 68 54^0 24 Od Smith.
2. '' '' ai-^S S50S 24 21 Bokith.
3, '* " mod 64 S5 [23-9t] Gentk
There ia some oxyd of didymimn with the lanthaoa, aooordlng to Sodth,
Blake obtained La 64 27, Sl'DS, 64-64, C 19*13, C+fi (bjr ign.) 46*07, 45'3«L
Hiflinger found in a Swedlah apedmen, probably impure, La 7 5 '7, C lO^d^ 0 11*1^ i
formula La'C!l-f3fi.
Pyr^ eto. — In the ctosed tube yields water. fi.B. Inf^ble; but whitens aod I
eilvery, and browTiish; with borax, a glfl-^" .1:^1,-1^ ki „^Jj^ peddiah, or AiB0ll^[j«dD% m t
with salt of phosphorus a glass, bluijih tn bo^ rod cold. tlMbtM \
when but slightly heated, and retaining a ;^ i ili^mMOM (n m acida
Oba. — Found coating oerite at Bastnie, Sweden ; also in SQorian linMstoaa wllli I
of the Sauoon valley^ Lehigh Co., Pa.^ in maaaea conaialing of aginvgiitwl ml
Sandford iron*ore bed, Moriah^ Etiser Co,, N, Y., in deUcste BC!al«a| anil m
fiaaurets in the ore, and on crystalH of nllamte. Reported bv Shcpard as oocofliinili
mine, Ga., jd pink-colored cryatala. lining cavities of botryoldal white pyrite.
Go cjyRt., W. R BlAke, Am. J. Sd., 11. ivi, 228, 1858, and tlus MiiL, t8H f
T. Lang, Phil Mag., IV, zzr. 43, 1B63 i both on Pennaylvauia crysUla.
746. TENaHBrrS, Kolayrad Tttorjord A. /*. Somkbs^ and a Ikifir, Ag^ sfAl
Ytterapath Germ, ^eogerite Zkma,
Pulveinlent. In thin coatings. Sometimes an appeamnco of i
erystallization.
Lustre dull, or like that of chalk. Color whita
Oompb— A carbonate of yttria^ according to Svaaberg tad tVa^r, Imt no nal^
published.
Pyr., ate* — la the doeed tube jields a oonaiderable tmount of wwMm (BrailiV
with adda.
Oba,^ — Ootmra ae a thla coating oa gadoUnite at Ytterby* and k wh^kmUf m 1
ation.
747. ZARATITB. Hydrate of Nickel (fr, Texas, P».> Smnm, J^^ A& J. SdL. IL El
1S47; Emerald Nickel id., ib,, vi. 248, 1848. Kloke) doiangd Gtrm.; T^jb
1865. CMrltonato hidratado de Nlquol (fr, Spain) A* Ctmirm^ A. It Aic£bar la Ilia. J
Of UadHd, 304, 1650; Zaratita Quart*, ik, ItO^ March, IS&L ZttUlil iffw^ ««A
Incra&ting; often Bmall stalactttic or ininiite mammiUary ;
appearing prismatic i;^4th rounded 8ummit& Aka xnaisive, oomf
HTDSOTJS OABBONATES. 711
H.=3— 8-25. G.=2'57 — 2-693. Lustre vitreous. Color emerald-green.
Streak paler. Transparent— translucent. Brittle.
Oomp.— :5^iC+2 Sifl+4 fi=Carbonic add ll'?, oxyd of nickel 694^ water 28-9=100. Ka^-
aeeia seems to replace at times part of the oxyd of nickel, and, correspondingly, the color becomes
paler; the mineral at Texas thus graduates toward pennite, which has the same concretionary
Mpect as much of the zaratite.
Analyses : 1, B. Silliman, Jr. (I a) ; 2, Smith and Brush (ib., xvL 02) :
C Si fi
1. Texas, Pa. 11-69 68-81 29-60=100 SilUman.
2. '' 11-63 66 82 29 87, Mg 1*68=100 S A B.
Pyr., etc — In the closed tube yields water and carbonic acid, and leaves a grayish-black mag-
nelio residue, B.B. Infusible. With borax in O.F. gives a bead violet while hot and reddish-brown
on coding ; in B.P. the bead becomes gray and opaque from reduced nickeL Dissolves eadly
irith effervescence in heated dilute muriatic acid.
Obs. — Occurs on chromic iron at Texas, Lancaster Co., Pa., associated with serpentine; also at
Swineness in Unst, Shetland.
Also in Spain, near Cape Hortegal in Grallcia, where it occurs as an incrustation on a magnetite
in which there is some sulphid of nickel ; it is in clear emerald-green, vitreous crusts, some-
times transparent, and also in stalactites. It proved to be a hydrated carbonate of nickel with a
Btlle carbonate of magnesia.
Named after Sen. Zarate of Spain. Gasares's name antedates that of Kenngott
748. BEBaNOTONrrB. J, C. Booth, Am. J. Sd, IL xiv. 48, 1862.
A rose-colored incrustation, softy and earthy ; opaque. Streak pale rose-
eolored.
Oomp. — ^A hydrous carbonate of cobalt, but precise composition not ascertained. Dissolves in
BUrifttic add with a slight effervescence, making a green solution, the color due to iron. Oobalt
f— ctiQP i^th borax.
Obfl. — Occurs as a ooating on thin veins of serpentine, which traverse hornblende and epidote,
$X m oopper mine near Finksburg, Carroll Co., Maryland.
f49. B7DROZINOITE. Calamine Srriiihaon, Phil Trans., 12, 1803. Zinkbliithe KarsL, Tab^lL,
70, 99, 1808. Hydro-carbonate of Zina Earthy Calamine. Zinoonise BeutL, Tr., ii. 367, 1832.
Zino-Bloom. Hydrozinkit Kenng^ Min., 1853. Marionite Elderhontf G. Rep. Arkansas, 168,
1858.
Massive, earthy or compact. As incrustations, the crusts sometimes
concentric and agate-like. At times renifonn, pisolitic, stalactitic.
H.=2— 2-5. Gr.=3-58— 3-8. Lustre dull. Color pure white, grayish
or yellowish. Streak shining. Usually earthy or chalk-like.
Oomp. — ^In part 2nC-h2 2nlt=Carbonic acid 18-6, oxyd of sine 76-8, water 1M=100.
BnUthson's analysis gives 1 tL additional For anal 9, 10, 11, the 0. ratio for 2n, C, ^=13 : 6 : 9 ;
whence 6 2nC-h 8 2nfll -hit, Goebel= Carbonic acid 16*3, oxyd of zinc 73*4, water 11'3=100.
•Ihe analyses of Sullivan (Nos. 11, 12, 13) give the formula 3 2nC+6 2nlt=Carbonicacid 16'2,
CByd of sine 74*6, water 10*3=100, which agrees very well with several of the other analyses.
Analyses : 1, Smithson (1- c.} the specimen a white chalky incrustation); 2, 3, Karsten (Syst d.
Met, iv. 429); 4,Reichert (Ramm. Min. Ch., 239); 6, Schnabel (Pogg., cv. 144); 6-8, Bnum,
Bstmen, and Voit (Aim. Ch. PharnL, cviii. 48) ; 0, Koch (Ramm. Min. Ch., 239) ; 10, Terrell (C.
B., zliz. 668) ; 11-13, Sullivan (Dublin Q. J. ScL, iL 136); 14, Bonnet (B. H. Ztg., zxiL 164); 16,
A. Ooebel (BulL Ac. St. Pet, v. 407) ; 16, Elderhorst (L a):
c
2n
fi
1. Bleiberg
18-6
71-4
16*1=100 Smithson.
2. "
14-79
72-76
12*26=99*79 Karsten.
712
OXTOEN 00UP0UND8.
2n a
8, Raibel
U'H
T284
4. HoUanthol
1625
11-69
5. Kumsbeck
12-30
64 04
6. SazLt&tider
14-32
73 83
1 '*
IC'l
73-]
a "
13-82
74 73
9. **
13-60
74'46
10.
14*05
72T2
11. "
1507
74-76
1% »
15-(»2
7487
13.
1513
74 34
14. Guipuzooa
16-01
73-68
16. Taft, Persia
(1) 16'1T
73-35
16. Arkansas
1501
73-26
12-30=99^8 Karetea
11-90=99-74 Beichert.
15-61, Ca 0-52, Cu 0 G2, ikl, 9q, aad totoi f ti=
11-87 = 100 02 Braun; Q,=3-262.
11*8- lOu F,k\\
11-46=1O0P. 4 V.
12-04— 100 Kooh*
13*23=100 Terrell
10-17 = 100 SuUivim.
11 U = 100 SuUivan*
10 53 = 100 SuUivM.
llll==lOOBotmet
11-13=99-65 Goobol
11-81 = 100-08 £ld6riior8t
The compact mineral loeefl 2-04 p. c. of water and carbonic add on heating to 130* (X, and
p. 0. more on heating for 6 h. to IGO* to ISO"" C. (Sullivan).
SchoDichen describes (B. H. Ztg., xxii. 164) a enow-whjt«» masstvo, Bubtmnalucesot m
from' near La Nestoea in Guipuzcoa, Spain^ whicli contained §i 3160, il 26-43 — JO'iT, 2t
— -28'46, fi[ I8"82 — 19-66. It la probably a mixture of hydrozmdte and kaoUnite.
l^yt^ etc. — In the closed tube yields water; in other respects resembles emithsonite.
Oba.— Occurs at most mines of sine, and is a result of the alteratioii of the other ores 4
metal
Found in great quantities at the Dolores mine, TJdias valley, proTince of Santasdef, ift
along with calamine, stnitbaonite, and blende^ covering the floor of an extensive cavemtoi
of a yard and a half, and banging in dazztiiig white branching stalactitea ttom the foof ; I
concretionary, plsolltic, nodular; it is intimately mixed with silicate of nac, and is IMM
phous after it ; and opal^ike masses of silicate and hydrous carbonate ife 0
the falling of drops of water holding the silicate in solution.
Also occurs in the neighboring province of GQipuzcoa^ Spain^ near I^ NeH*»f»f», «t th^ ntk
1^9 Nieves and La AuguBtina; at Bleiberg and Raibel in Cariuthia: near T
phalia ; in Hollenthal, on tlie Zugspitze in Bavaria ; at Tafl in the province 4
In the U States, at FricdenavtUCj Pa.; at Linden, in Wisconsin^ as a e^.m ^
white crust on smithsouite ; in Marion Co., Arkansas {nMTU/mk\ in oonoectfi i
laminsB and botryoidal crusta. ^
Boudant's name ^neonistj from xino and ffdyif^ powder, has prion^» but is too badly i<
be retained.
Artl£ — Deposited when hot solutions of tine salts in water are deoocapoied by
the alkalies. The white substanoe formed on sine, when moistened and expoaed to Ifta
related compound, containing, according to Bonsdor^ 0 14-19, 2n 11-26, A 14 66s1(MV
with Smithson's analysis above.
760. AtJRlOH A TiOITB. Calamine verdSlre (oontainhig ^une boniid quantity da i
Mine de Lai ton (= Brass-ore], Fairiny Aper^u d. Mines en Siberie, in J. de Fhya^
1788. Mine de Loiton de Pise en Toscane, Aurichakum of the andents ?, &9*^, ,1 4p1
XXXV Lit 165, 1191* Messingbluthe Gervu Aurichalcit BdU^ftr^ Pdgg., x!-
Burutito JDeksse, Ann. Oh. Phys., IIL iviii 478, 1846. Orichaldt Ohdber, Byu.
J
In acicular crystals forming dmsy incruBtations ; also colmuni
gent; phiinose; granular; also laminated*
H.— 2. Lustre pearly. Culur pale gi^^B, verdigris-green;
sky-blue. Streak pale greenish or bluish. TranBlucent.
Comp., Var. — A cuprous hydrosrfnoite. For the original auriebaldto^ 0, ratio for Ca> i
'k-2 ; 3 : 4: 3, 2 On 0 + 3 2n li, Buttger; or 2 2u C + 3 (L^i, ^) fl=Owbonic acid !«%
of copper 29-2, oxyd of sdno 44-7, water 9-9=100.
For buraUtty oi' the so-called lime-auriehalcite, according to Belesae, ft C+ft ^, In .
Cu, ^n, Ott, in tlie ratio 10 : H : I in the Chesey mineral, and 7:8:3 In the Altai
lime is probably from mixed calcite, as suggested by Berzeliua ; and, this retooTWt ^
is that above given, as shown by RLise.
A Santander variety, analysed by Eisse, contaiiiii^ much leas ooppor [mml 0^ f\
HTDS0U8 GABB0KATE8. 713
aula (On, 2n) C+2 2o. d, with Cu to Zn in the first member be 8 : 1, the 0. ratio for On,
C, ti being 3:9:8:8.
Lnaljees: 1, 2, Bottger (L a); 8, Connel (Ed. K. PhiL J., xlv. 36); i, 6, Delefise (L c.); 6, 1,
Bisse (Yerh. nat. Yer. Bonn, 95, 1865):
C fl
Ou
2n
Oa
1. Altai, Auriehalc
1606 9-95
2819
45-84
— =100-06 Bottger.
2. ** "
1608 9-93
28-86
45-62
=99-99 Bottger.
8. Matlock, "
27-5
325
42-6
fr-.=102-5 ConneL
4. Altai, BuraiUe
21-45
29-46
82*02
8-62=100 Delesse.
6. Chessy, "
19-88
29-00
41-19
2-16=99-85 Delesse.
6. Santander
1408 10-80
18-41
55-29
— , gangae 1-86=100-44 Risse.
1.
24 69
16-03
56-82
— , gangae 1*69=99-23 Risse.
^3fr., etc — ^In the closed tube blackens, and yields water. B.B. invisible; colors the flame
p green. With soda on charcoal gives a coating of ozyd of zinc, yellow while hot and white
cooling; moistened with cobalt solution and heated in O.F. the coating becomes green ; the
sd mass removed from the coal and triturated in a mortar affords minute globules of copper.
th the fluxes reacts for copper. Soluble in adds with effervescence.
>ba^ — ^Aurichaldte occurs at Loktefskoi, at a copper mine of the Altai, where it is associated
h oaldte and limonite, sometimes forming a drusy covering upon these minerals ; at Matlock,
^rbyshire, of a pale green color, laminated structure, and pearly lustre ; at Roughten-GUl, in
nberland ; Leadhills, Scotland ; zinc mines of the province of Santander, Spain. In the U.
tea, at Lancaster, Pa. (Taylor, Adl J. Sci., II. zx. 412).
lie buratite comes fh>m Loktefskoi; Chessy, near Lyons; Framont, Tjrrol; Retzbanya, in
Dgary, in microscopic rhombic or rhombohedral tables, and also oblong rectangular forms (a
leral lately proved to be caldferous) ; Campiglia in Tuscany.
!he mineral aurichalcite was first described as a greenish variety of calamine by Patrin, In
8 (L a), and called Brass ore (Mine de Laiton), "because," as he says, ''the compound of
per and zinc is here made by nature." Among the brass or copper ores of the andents,
iehakum was reputed the best (Pliny, zzxiii. 2) ; and Sage was thence led to suggest (I a,
1) that the cupriferous calamine (which afforded, as he &owed by experiment, the best of
88, without the addition of either copper or zinc) might be the andent aurichalcum. As the
U a scarce one, this is not at aU probable. But the idea explains the use of the word for the
des. In addition, it is to be said that brass (or an alloy related to it) was called aurichakum
Yirgil and Horace, and also in the middle ages.
lie Latin word aurichalcujn is regarded by some good authorities as derived flrom ^opitx^^'of
mounictin brass); and, in fact, the Latin poets just mentioned wrote it oricfialcum. But others
■id it as a hybrid word (from the Latin aururn, goldj and x^^^'^^t brass or bronze^ and the o of
poets as an example of the admissible change in Latin of au to o. Glocker, in view of the
t of these derivations, changes aurichaldte to orichalcUe; but, whatever the derivation, as the
I of aurichalcum dates from before Pliny's time, we modems may as well let it stand without
recUon.
60A. ZiNKAZUBiTB BieOh,, B. H. Ztg., 1852, 101. A blue m'meral in small crystals, having
=3*49, from the Sierra Almagrera in Spain. Heated, it affords a little water, with the reactions
)qpper and zinc. According to Plattner, it consists of sulphate of zinc, carbonate of oopper,
I tome water.
I. BCAIiAOHmi. XpwroK6\\a pt Theophr.^ Dioscor., etc. '^tvSin Lfi&paySos [False Emerald
if Copper Mines] pt, Theophr, C5hrysooolla, Molochites, pt, Flm,, Agric. Berggriin, Germ.
Colodiit, Agric.^ Interpr., 1546. JSrugo native, Viride montanum pt, Eoppargron, BArggrdnt
It, Malaohit, Wall, Min., 2*78, 279, 174*7. Cuivre carbonate yert TAbbS Ibniana, J. de Phys., il
09, 1778, proving the existence of a green carbonate. Green Carbonate of Copper; Green
falachite ; Mountain Green pt Berggrun pt Germ. Atlaserz [fib. var.] Germ,
Monoclinic. 67=88^ 32' ; /A 7=104:° 28', i-i A -l-i=118*^ 15', Zepharo-
*h;a:h: c=0-51155 : 1 : 1-2903. Observed planes : 0 ; vertical, Z ^i, t-i ;
midomes, -1-i, -J-i, i-i, 4-i, ^ ; hemioctahedral, i, i-2, f-3. 0 A'i4=
^ 28', /A i^=142° 14' ; /A ^=107^ J A fi=168^ f 2 A f 2=167° SV—
6"" 88' (obs, by Lang.), -l-i A -l-i, reentering angle m twin, f. 6I1,=123°
714
OXTOEIf oaMFonHDa.
23', Zept obs. ; ft A J-i, reent in twin, 163*" 20' -^36', Lang obi
mon form, f. Gil ; also same with other terminal planets ; also
wanting ; ajso with i-i^ iA very large^ making a rectangular
with the vertical prism very short, as in t t>13. Crystak rarely (
Twins : composition-face 14, f, 611 ; the reentering angle varying ^ '
terminating planes ; often penetration twins, as in t 612, in which T
and lower halves in front are continued respt " ^werJ
halves behind^ as illustrated in f. 612a, a cli^ _ icalf
612 ; also under the terminal planes of 611 in 613. Cleavage :
611
612
613a
v-U
feet ; clinodiagonal less distinct. Usually maasive or inc
surface tuberose, ootrj^oidal, or stalactitic, and 6tru<'
delicately compact fibrous, and banded in color ; i . ^ I j j
earthy.
H.=3-5'-4. G.=3"7— 4'01. Lustre of crfstala adamantine?, in
to vitreous ; of fibrous varieties more or less silky ; often dull and |
Color bright green. Streak paler green. Translucent — enl
opaque. Fracture subcunchoidal, uneven.
Oomp.— Ou^C-ffi^^Ou C-f Cu fi=:=Oiirbooicadd 19% protiOXTdof oopperTt'S^ ^
Analyses: 1, Klaproth (Beitr., ii. 287, 1797); J, Tauqoelm (Ana. da ICufl^ xz. I): 1 1
Bojal Iiiet, It. 276) ; 4, J. L. Smith (Am. J. ScL, U. zx. 2AQ) ;
1, TurjiuBk, Ural
2. OIieaBy
3. "•
4, Fheaixyillo
C Oa
18^ 70-6
21*26 7010
IS-fi 73-2
19^9 71-46
1^
11-6=100 ra^prnth.
9*3=1
9-02, Ft) 0 iu-5#l>i» SbU
FoDtana, the first aiuljet of the 9pede«^ obUioed (1 r ^ -^ "^ * ^'^ '^ < tetvlgif 1
cx>pper. Other analfiee *. ores from the UfbIb mid Ftiikti' '"n^fcigM (
Foiui,, iv. 607); Ural, by StruTe (Terh. Gen. Si Polerib., ^
P^r.! etc. — In the dosod tube blackens m^d jields wnUtr, B.B. fine* at 1^ aolmt^i
ementld-greeD ; ott charcoal ia reduced to metAUic copper ; with th* ftiix«« tvaeta Mini iq
Solable in adds with efferreacenoe.
Obt. — Green malachite accompantea othOT ores of copper. FeHipGl crjiCite iM i
Occurs abundaatlj m the UralB ; at Cheaay to Fmnce^ m the old mino ai f - ^- • •
At Schwats in the Tyrol; in Cornwall and in Cumltertand, Eiiglwid;
So^tland ; limerick, Waterford, and eleewliora, IrtOaod ; at QHi^Myi, ^imt
A\|Mr copper minefl of Niachne Tagilak, helong:tQg lo IL DomidoJ^ a Wd of i
which yielded many tona of malachite; one mBm me«aiired «t 10^ 9 tif 19 it :
vncoTored oontalDed at leaat half a mOlioa pounda of pure maJMiflit Alao bi ]
At Bembo^ on the west ooast of AiHoft ; with the copper oct» of OUte; GUU|
HTDBOUB 0ABB0KATE8. 716
in C&nn^ at Cheshire. In Ni Jetyey^ at Schuyler's mines, and still better at New Bnmi-
Pennsylvanui, in the Blue Ridge, near Kicholson's Gkip ; near Morgantown, Berks
It Cornwall, Lebanon Co., in good specimens ; at the Perklomen and Phenixrille lead
i MafTfland, between Taneytown and Newmarket, E. of the Monocaoy; in the Catootin
Visconsin^ at the copper mines of Mineral Point, and elsewhere. In Oo/iybrnta, at Hughes's
/alavcras Oo.
malachite admits of a high polish, and when in large masses is cut into tables, snuff-
seSjCtc
from itaXaxfii mallows^ in allusion to the green color.
papers on crjst, v. Lang, PhiL Mag., IV. zzy. 432, zzviiL 602 ; v. Zepharoridh, Ber.
, 11 112 ; Hessenberg Min. Not, Nos. iiL yi vii.
Mybobin. Massive. G.=2'62. Soft Color blackish-brown, when nure ; usuaSlj green
>m mixture with malachite and red ozyd of iron. Fracture conchoidaL
-According to Thomson (Min., L 601, 1836X Carbonic add 16*70, oxyd of copper 60*7 5,
d of iron (mechanicallj mixed) 19*50, silica 2*10, loss 0*96. Oives no water in a glass tube.
Mjsore, in Ilindostan. Although stated to be anhydrous, it may be an impure mala-
Ldib-Malachite (Ealk-malachit Zineken, B. H. Ztg., I 1842). Massive, reniform, botry-
ucture fibrous and foliated. H.=2-5. Lustre silky. Color verdigris-green.
iiDcken's trials it is a hydrous carbonate of copper, with some carbonate and sulphate
id iron. Prom Lauterberg in the Harz.
URrm. Ceeruleum, Lapis armenius pt, PUtkf xxziiL 57. Ceruleum, Cferm. Lasur,
ur pt, Agric., 217, etc. Koppar-Lazur, Cuprum lazureum, Cerulenm montanum, WoS.,
30, 1747. Bleu de montagne, Cuivre azur^ Dr. Trl Wall, L 506, 1753. Kupferlasur
Bergblau Germ. Abbi IbntanOj J. de Phys., il 1778 (with anaL making it a carbon-
Blue Carbonate of Copper, Blue malachite. Chessy Copper. Asure Copper Ore. Cuivre
it^ bleu Dr. Azunte Bcud., Tr., 417, 1824. Lasur HaicL, Handb., 508, 1845. Chessy^
(k Jf, Min., 594, 1852. Lasurit v. KobeU, Tafehi, 32, 1858.
Kjlinic. 67=87^ 39' ; I^ 7=99° 32', O A U=138^ 41' ; a\ h : c=
1 : 1-181. Observed planes : 0; vertical, /, i^', i-i, i-2^ ^ > ♦-^ ;
Dies, |4, ^, f4, i-i, |4, 14, |4, 2-J, 34 ; hemidomes, l-^, 2-*, -H,
U ; hemioetahedral, |, 1, 2, -1, -2 ; 2-2, 4-4 ; |-i, f i. f i, 4-i, -2-i,
-d. O usually striated parallel with the clinodiagonal.
=91° 48' i4 A i-i=115° 35' «i*
=92 21 l-l A H ba8.,=82 38
i*=:132 43 24 A 24, " =120 46
= 125 8 i.2Ai-2=134 8
=108 35 iHjAi-|=121 10
=127 28 i-iAi-i=118 50
front,=116 7 i-i ^ 2-i=153 51
. " =118 16 i4 A 1=139 46
'=134 56
^e : 2-i rather perfect ; i-i less distinct ; / in traces. Also massive.
renting imitative shapes, having a columnar composition ; also dull
thy.
3*5— 4*25. G.=3-5— 3*831. Lustre vitreous, almost adamantine.
arious shades of azure-blue, passing into berlin-blue. Streak blue,
than the color. Transparent — subtranslucent. Fracture conchoidaL
—2 Ou C+Cu fi[=0arbonic add 25*6, ozyd of oopper 69'2, water 6*2=100. Ana^jBes :
th (Beitr., iv. 81, 1807); 2, Phillips (J. Boy. InstitutioD, iv. 276); 8, Yanqoelin (Ann. du
1); 4» J. L. Smith (Am. J. ScL, IL zx. 260) :
716
OXTQEK OOMFOUNDG,
1, Tmjlndt
2. Cbeissf
3, "
4. PbenizYilla
6=100 KiaproUk
6 4«=100Phmjp8.
6'& Tauquelio,
6-84 = 100 33 anitlL
CftMJ
Abb^ Fontana obtained (L c) C 81-42, 0« fi8*B73, with only I'OO: af Wili^
Pyr., etc. — 8ame as in maUcWte.
ObB.— Occurs in splendid crygtalUsatlons at Ohesay^ ne^ur Ljodb, vtMooe U
[ Cheesy Copper. Also in fine cryatala in Siberia ; at Molda wa in the Bannal ; lA
Eiear Badroih in Cornwall ; also in Devonshire and Derbjahlro, England * in nnai
on-Uoor and Wanlockhead, ©tc ; at Porto Cabcllo, S. A-
Occurs in Psrm.^ at the Perkiomen lead minej in indi(&c«nt ipedineiii^ ftflaodi
nite, blende, and cerusaite; at Phenixrillat in ciyatala; el Oofninll, in ciTalila
nuar NicholsoD'a Gap, in the Blue Eldge. In JV. York, nenr Sin^ Sini?. In J^ Jtr
Bnmawick. In Wi^consin^ at the old copper diggings q good
at the Bracken mine^ in small but fine cr78tal& In t v <>., at fii
in crystals.
When abundant, asurlte la a valuable ore of copper. When grouDd to «a tn
it forms a bine paint of a bright tint; but it ta of little value aa a pigmeoty on
bility to turn green.
Alt. — Azurite oocurs altered to malachite through the additloti of oarboiiic ftoit
75aA. Atla£ITB Breiih,, B. R Ztg,, zxiv, 3)0, 18$6. A oarbonate of copper HhNa C
Ohili, ooQtaining chlorine. It tnudi reaembles atncamite. It ia coarse or flina od
H.=3— 4; G.^8'8!i9 — 3'8G9; lustre viireoufl to silky; color between celaodlne •
, neater the firat; streak verdigria-greeo. T. Erhard obtained for it (1 c):
C 16-48 On T018 fi S-SO Ca 4 14 gangue OTO— 100 80,
whenoe he derives the formula t(Cu'C-f d)+OuCl4'3£r, eqoivakui tot of
hjdroQS chlorid of copper.
Aooordicg to this Ibrmula the mineral consiata of uOu, 10 Jt 1 CuCL If i
'from uiijced atacamite, it is combined with S Ou XL Tlie nufiaiikderi M(^,
[ exoeptitig an axoesa of water, very nearly to the oonqxiaitJou of aaunie ; 1 1
' be predaely azurite. Atlaaite may, thefe£m^ be • mixtura of about 8| ymjyo «.>
part of atacamite.
763. BISMUTITE. Bismutit BreiOi.^ Poggv liii 637, \M\, Kolileitttiiivi
Wiamuthapath, (Term. Biamuthlte. Carbonate of Biamittli.
In implanted aeicular crystallizations (pgeudomorphouB) j ako
or amorphous ; pulverulent*
H.=4 — 45; 3*5j epeciuiens that have loet their lustre; eartif
G.=6^86— 6-yO&, Breith. ; 7*67, from South Carolina, RammtJWheq?,
Ltre vitreous wheu pure; Bometimes dull. Onlor white, ^m*
rand dirty siskin -green ; occasionally straw-yellow an* I
Streak greenish-gray to colorless. Subtranslucent — apaqaeT liriltla.
Oomp.— According to Flattner^a examinationa (Ptogg« Hit ttl). It la a atftai^t of I
loontaining aouie iron and <
I fiammelabei^ examined
l«be formula 3 (5i C+£0 • _ _
S'5=100, Analyaea: 1, Bammelaberg (Fogg., Lcxvi. 564, 1849); S. 8, Q«Btli(AA.X
xziiL427):
c Bi rt
1. Oboatcrfleld Diat 6-66 90-00
2. " " 7-04 fit-Oft <J«iitiL
3. '' " 7-30 87-ei ^ilJisiOOG^atk.
Pjr.| ate. — In the closed tube docrepitatM and givea off wal«r. RB, ^mtm \
charooal ii nkiuoed to biamoth, mud ooals the ooal with jreilov o^tl of liivuth.
HTDB0T7B 0ASB0KATE8. 717
idd, with slight efferTeBoenoe. DiflBolvea in moriatio add, affording a deep yellow sola*
. — Bismutite oocnre at Schneeberg and Johanngeorgenstadt, withnatiye bismnth, and near
berg in Bussian Voigtland, with brown iron ore, native bismuth, and bismuthinite ; at
ssthal ; near Baden ; also in the gold district of Chesterfield, S. C^ at Brewer's mine, in
yellowish masses, sometimes reddish Arom ozyd of iron ; surface of fracture white and
LA, resembling somewhat calamine ; in Gkiston Ck>., N. G^ in yellowish-white concretions.
L. With the bismutite of Joachimsthal occurs another bismuth carbonate, in thin longish
8, vitreous, siskin-green to clove-brown, translucent It contains, according to Diulacker
I Min. Joach., 168X oxyd of bismuth, carbonic add, water, silica; effervesces with acids,
E gives bismuth reactions.
UEBIGrrE. J, L. Smith, Am. J. Set, II. v. 336, 1848, and xL 259. Uran-Kalk-Car-
bonat Vogl, Jahrb. G. Beichs., iv. 221, 1853.
mammiUary concretions, or thin coatings ; cleavage apparent in one
tion.
=2— 2'5. Lustre of fracture vitreous. Color beautiful apple-green.
3parent.
ip.— CC+0aC+20fl=Carbonic acid IM, oxyd of uranium 36*2, lime 71, water 456;
»C + B»C + 36fl, Ramm.,=C 902, B 3912, Ca 7-67, H 4419=100. AnalysiB by J. L.
(La):
ClO'2 9 880 0a8-9 ]^ 452
., etc. — In a matrass yields much water and becomes yeUowish-gray. At redness it
IS, without fusing, and on cooling returns to an orange-red color. At a higher heat it
18, and remains so on cooling. With borax it gives a yellow glass in the outer flame, and
Q glass in the inner. Dissolves readily in dilute adds with effervescence, and affords a
solution, with the reaction of uranium and lime
^—Occurs with roedjidite on pitchblende, near Adrianople, Turkey ; also at Johanngeorgen-
nd Joachimsthal. Dr. Smith states that both the lime and uranium of this salt aie derived
le pitchblende.
lated mineral from Elias mine, near Joachimsthal, has been examined by Yofl^ and J. Lin-
(Jahrb. G. Beichs., iv. 221, 1858). It occurs in scaly aggregations on pitchblende, baa a
^reen color, and a pearly lustre on a deavage-face ; subtransparent to tranaluoent; H.=
B.B. on charcoal infUsible ; with borax and salt of phosphorus the reaction of luanium.
res with effervescence in sulphuric acid, a white deposit being thrown down ; solution in
no and muriatic acids green, in nitric acid yellow.
position, according to J. Lindacker (L o.\ tJ C+Ca C-f5 fl=C 2418, 1 87'03, Ca 1555, fi
: 100. Mean of three analyses :
0 23-86 tJ8711 Ca 15*66 ]^ 23 -34=99-87.
(e carbonates are produced by the action of carbonated waters on the sulphates.
rOOIJTB. Uran-Kalk-Kupfer-Carbonat Voglf Jahrb. G. BeichB., iv. 222, 1858. Yoglit
SaicLj ib., 228.
aggre^tionB of crystalline scales. Scales rhomboidal somewhat like
im, with angles of 100*" and 80'', Haid.
Btre pearly. Color emerald-green to bright grass-green. Dichroic
ip.— 2 tJC-h2 CaC + Cu'C*+14d, Lindacker, from his analyaU (Jahrb. G. Beichs., iy.
0 26-41 tl370O Oa 14-09 Ca 840 fi 13*90= lOa
;, •to.— In the dosed tube blackens and yields water. B.B. in the platinum fbiceps infti^
718
OXYGEN (XfMPOVmm.
dble, colors the flame deep green ; if moistened with muiiattc edd the flame it momeataitlj V
With Boda on charooal jielda metallic copper, With borax in O.F. the bead ia jellow mm
and reddiah-browu on cooling; in R.R green while hot and clouded when ct^ SolaMe iaa
with eflfenreaceDoe.
Oba-^From the Elias mine, near Joachlmsthal, implanted on pitchblendew
8. OXALATES.
766. WBBWmJLITB. Oxalate of Lime ff. T, Brooke, PluL Mag.^ HL xri 44% IMK^.
ctMto Shapard, Min., Ill, 1844 Whewellite R dt IC, Wm^ 623, lg51
615
U
MonocUmc. £7=72° 41', /A 7=100° 36', OaU
127° 25^ ; aii: 0=1-5745 : 1 : 1*1499. Obeerved pita
as in the annexed figure. 0 A 7=103'* 14', OaU
109° 28', O A -1=141° 6', 7Aa=129° 42'. Clenn
parallel with 0 ; less perfect parallel with 7, and the loaf
diagonal. All the planes bright except 7 and -J, wh
are vertically etriated Twins : oompoeition-face 1-*.
H.=2*5— 275. Lustre like that of sulphate of h
Very brittle. Fracture conchoidaL
This apedes, an oxalate of Ume^ waa obterved bj Brooke in tfj^
from a tenth to a fourth of an inch broad on oalc spar; the localitj^^
apar la not known.
The name oxae^die propoaed bj Shepard is badl^' formed, and ahonld yield to Bnoki
MiUer'a, after Prof. Whewel of Cambridge.
767. Tantimamra Li^^ Ann. Ch. Pharm., Ixxxvi. IIB, 1853. An oxalate of lifli% MOBI
WM a grajiah, warty, and aomewbat opaline incruatation, about a line thidc, on the maHila d
Parthenotif Athene, A complete analjela has not jet been made. Ita origin ia altribntsd lo
action of aome kind of Testation on the marble. It ia probably identical with wb0wri
Named alter F. v. Hiiersch, the dlacoverer.
768. HUMBOLDTHTE. Faser Eeain (Honigateindanrer Eiaen ?) BrtWL, Char^ 76, 1821 Bi
boM^e, Oxalaaurea Eiaen^ AC de Rivero^ Ann. CIl Fhya,, xrilL 207, 1821. Elaea-BeiiD M
Oilb. Ajul, Ixx. 426| 1823. Oxallt BrdUu, Char., 1823. Homboldtit lamk^ Hiaftt ^
1826.
In capillary fonns ; also botryoidal and in plates, or earthy ; stmeti
fibrous or compact.
II. -2. G.=213-2-489. Dull or slightly rerinoua, Cfclor jO^
Fracture unevenj earthy. Acquires negative electricity by fiicUoii* «fc
insulated.
Coup.— 2 <"eS+ 3 fl=Oraljo add 411, protoxyd of iron 42'1, water 16*8=100. Aailj*
Baanmelaberg (Pogg*. xlvt 283):
te 41 13 Oxalic add 4240 (looa) 1«-87=100.
Mariano de Birero obtained (I c) OziOic add 46*14, and protoiTd of troo 68*8e» iHsK m wi
oxAULin. 719
BauMlflberg (Pogg^ UU. 681, 1841) has oonflnned hla fonan anal^n^ ^'^ shown that the iron
h iU protozyd.
Px£, na— In the dosed tnbe yields water, tarns Uaclc, and becomes magnetia B.B. on ohar^
eoal is colored at first black, bnt later red, and with the fluxes reacts for oxyd of iron.
QB& — Ooeors in brown coal at Slolosemk, near Bilin, Bohemia; at Gross- Afanerode, in Hessia;
'~'\ according to T. S. Hnnt, at Kettle Point, in Bosanquet, Canada, as an inomstation on lHask
I soft) earthj, snlphnr-jellow (Logan's Report, 1860, 1863).
720 HTDBOOABBON GOICFOUNDB.
VI. HYDROCARBON COMPOUNDS.
ARRANGEMENT OF THE SPECIES.
L SIMPLB HYDROCARBONS.
1. Mabsh-Gas Sebieb.— Oeneral formvkL BuE%n 4. t.
1. NAPHTHA GROUP.— laquida
761. Tetbtlto Htdbid €4Hxo 764. Hkpttlio Htdbid eyHii
762. Penttlio Htdbid Bk^i% 766. OoiTUG Htdbid €iHii
763. Heztuo Htdbid ^aH^ 766. Noimia Htdbid 61 Hm
There are also in nature the gaseona members of the series, 6 H41 or Mabsh-gas (MctiQli
Hydrld) ; €, He, or Ethtlio Htdbid; €f Hb, or Tbittlio Htdbid.
2. BETA-NAPHTHA GROUP.— Probably poljmeres of the species of the Naphtiia groaptr*
oommon multiple ; boiling point 7''-8^ higher than for corresponding spedes of the lif^
tha group.
767. n64nio 769. ne.Hi* 771. n€,H,i
7G8. ne.Hxa 770. neiHia
8. SCHEERERITE GROUP.— Solid, or butter-like, and tasteless.
772. SCHEEREBITE u OUi 773. Chhismatitb n€|B«
2. Ethtle>'e SERrea or Olefdtbs. — General formula BuHn.
4. PITTOLIUM GROUP.— Liquids.
774. Decatylenb €-ion,o 776. Dodecattlenb 6iiHu
776. Ent)ecatylents CnHja 777. Decatrittlesb €iiHw
6. PARAFFINE GROUP.— Solids, wax-like ; tasteless.
778. Urpethitb 780. Ozocerite
779. HATCHEmTE 781. ZlElRiaiKlTE
Appendix,— 1S2. Elateritb 783. Settlino Stones Resci
3. Campiiene Sebjes.— General formula BnRirk^t.
6. FICHTELITE GROUP.— SoUd; without taste or smell ; casUy crystalliEabla
784. Fichtelttb n€,on,a 786. DmiTB
785. Habtitb n6iaH,o 787. IZOLTTI
OXraSETATED HTDBOOAKBOK OOICPOUNDB. 7S1
>ROUP.— Liquids.
•LS
OeHe
791. CUHOLB
0»Hit
.LB
e,Ha
792. Cymolb
"©10 Hi*
JB
CfsHio
JROUP.— SoUd.
TB
neaHe
6. Naphthalin SjinTEa,^Oenerai farmida B^Rtg^^it.
rHAUN OioHe
;.— 795. iDRiALrrB.
IL OXYGENATED HTDRCXIARBONS.
S GROUP.— Batio of 6, H=l : 2. Wax-like.
EBITB OasHMOa 797. GbOXTBICITE 6a4H«tOt
GROUP.— Ratio of 6, H=6 : 8 to 6 : &^. Insoluble in aloohd and ether.
r, the ratio of 6| H, O is given for the species, and for better oompariBon the car*
ade 40, without writing out a formula.]
ITB
40:
64:
: 1
802. AlfBSITB
40:
66: 6
snTB
40:
64:
:4
803. Bathyilliti
40:
I 68 : 4
40:
:64:
:3i?
804. TOBBANITB
?40:
68:2
IBAICANGITB
40:
66
:2i
GROUP.— Ratio of 6, H=5 : 8 to 6 : 8^. Largely soluble in ether, and
1 alcohol
IBTINITB 40 : 64 : 4 806. LauooPimiri 40 : 67^ : S|
807. EUOSMITB 40 : 68 : 4
riTE GROUP.— Ratio of 0, H=5 : 7. Insoluble in alcohol and ether.
BTixiTB 40 : 56 : 4
!nTE GROUP.— Ratio of 6, H=5 : 7 to 6 : 6^. Sohible in alcohol or ethor.
NGm(p.800) 40?:60:4i 811. BocHLiraBni 40:66:6
iBTiNiTS 40 : 56 : 4 812. SoHLAHin 40 : 62 : H
rasDrm 40 : 66 : 3 813. GUTAQUHJiii 40 : 62 : 6
[=5 to 6| or less. Insoluble in alcohol or ether.
jnoHiTi 40: a: 2 816. SrAiriKni ?40:44:6
816. ABTHBAOOninii 40 : 38 : 7i
46
722
HTPBOCJkBSON OOMFQITmia.
1 DTSOBHiE GKOUP.— Oonlaiidiig sulphur in pkoe of pent of tho <
617. TAStLAsm 40 : 64 : 3 818^ DTSOasiIJi
^jyMiidi^ — 819. HiBGiTB. 820. BiinacBisfiTi:.
m, ACJm OXYGENATED HTDEOCAJtBOSa
831. BCTTHELLTTB
822, Gbdcebkllite (Qeocenc add)
82a» BBUOETEUBLLm (Oeorotinic acid)
824. SuocPTBLLcrs (Sucdoio odd)
826. Retdtsllitb
836, DOFPLKBtTE
887. Mblajtellith
64 ii« e«
Oil H^i ©i
828, Mellttb
829. PiGorm
839 A, Organic salta of iroD
IV, SALTS OF ORGANIC AOIML
Si IP-h 18 fi e« 0t|6,|#^-|4lf I
Un
V. NITROGENOUS HYDBOCAEBONa
Spociea undetemiined,
JkFPEXDll TO HTimOCAftBOirS*
830, AfiPHALTirK 831. MnriEAL Coal
The fonnulas aboye are all written on the new syBtem. If the oi
lialYod in eadi csnef and the barred capitals are replaoed hf oominon oipttili^ thiy vS|
form to the old STStem.
The naiive hydrocarbons are very imperfectly known, lioft of th# ktailf 1
In mmer&Iogj are more analod^us to rocka than mioecaJs. Amber, for mgrnat^
a species^ is a mixture of four or more apeciee^ as Beraeliofl long dtioo poiacM
of the number haTO thna fkr been inrestigat^d. The proaenco of 9moim€ meH m^^i
la Bpoken of as an esaential oonatHuent and distlnguishlnfff^atarB of anilMir; and
only m the way that feldapar la a couatltueot of graalte. Petroleuiii, Ajphaltnuyi
kindi of mineral resins and wax are similar mixtures, in the U||^9 of siiaailgiq
shown bj many mTOStigafeora. But still the true line of iniresticalioa fs so litlli i
DOW resins or asphalts are trom time to time brought Torwani as speciaa In 1
characters tliat only proFO them to be mixtures. And chemistry, wMle worida^ '
state of this department of mineralogy^ often fails in its researobaa to dlrtipgais
ingredients) fh>m products.
The facts in the case, and the true idea of the adefusef anatdn Ilia «QOfM of ilia 1
removing amber ftom minoralogiGsl apodea, and callings nol ambaXt b«t te tiitniahi
constitutes four-fllths of its mass, stuxinae; and m eodaaTodBf lo
tbroQghoot the hydrocarbon aaotioa. Mnch more InvatHgaaiOtt b 4aa
reaults can in all cases be attained. But by pursuing Iba tQ^aot b 111* wwf bana 1
the section will iiltimately become an exhibition of tua aoioal wpmm of f ~
^and tbuB be elerated to the same lerel with other paita of Uto adenOB
8I1CPLS HTDBOOASBOKB. 723
I. SIMPLE HTDROCAKBONS.
NAPHTHA AND BETA-NAPHTHA GROUPS.
Naphtha akd Petbolium. Na^9j Sirdbo^ xyL L {$ 16, IHoscor^ I 101. Ni^tha,
liquidum candidum, Flin^ ii. 109, zxxy. 61. Naphtha fios bituminia Agric Ort Caiia.
1544. Liquidum bitumen, nunc vocatur Petroleam, Affrie^ Nat Fou., 222, 164^.
■gol, Steinol, Oerm, Mineral OiL Kerosene. Bitome liquide /V*.
liqaids or oils of the Naphtha and Beta-naphtha groupB occur as
ents of the lighter kinds of petroleum. The other native constitu-
d the most abundant, are the oils of the Ethylene series and tlie
s ; and the proportion of ethylenes increases with the increase of
or viscidity. (See Pittolium Gboup, and Paraffin.)
general formula is On Han+s, or that of the Marsh-gaa series. The
gravities, boiling points, and vapor densities increase with tlie
\ m the atomic number, or the value of n in the above formula, as
n the following table, which contains also the percentage composi-
Naphtha Oboup.
0 H Boiling T. G. Vapor Density found.
tugHtdbid e4Hi«=82'80 17-20 O'^O? 0'600 2*110
tuoHtdbid eftHi,=83'88 16-67 30*2 0'640 2-638
ruoHTDBD) e«Hi4=83-72 16*28 61*8 0*676 8*068
mioHTDBiD eTH,e=84*0 160 90*4 0*718 8*»47
UOHtdbid e«H|«=84-21 16*79 119*6 0*787 8*992
nJOHTDBGD e»Hs«=84*88 15-62 160*8 0*756 4*460
Bra-Nafhtha Oboup.
Boiling T. G. Vapor Denaity.
767. e,H,a 8-9* 0*611
768.
"Gft His
87*0
0*645
2*614
769.
€.Hm
68*6
0*689
8*038
770.
•0T Hie
98*1
0*730
3*661
771.
"©iHjo
127*6
0*762
3*990
MS AmyUe Hf/drid^ Caproylic^ (EnanUhyUc^ Oapryiie, FehrffonyUe^ are often naed for
14% to 766. Those in the table are derived fW>m the Greek for 4^ 6, 6, 7, 8, 9, and
oard by Gerhardt
latitation of petroleum has been inyeetiffated bj Tariona ohemiatSi among whom the
oinent are Pelooae and Oahoora (0. R., Ut. ]24y ItL 606, l?iL 62X and 0. M. Warren
. Ac. Boston, XL iz. z., Am. J. Soi., XL zl. zItt. zItI). Pelonie and Gahonra oontinne
la series to ^u Hsti and state evidence of the ezistenoe of still higher members. But
riTed at the oondusion that the naphtha or marsh-«s series terminates with 6» Ha«,
le ofls of higher density and atomic numbers belong to we ethylene series (6. UaaX More-
en brought out the fact that there was a second naphtha group, diflbring from the other in
boiling points— the Beta'naphtha group above. Thia diemist also determined with
the boiling pohits of the two groups, and found that in both there was the
A considerable Boarce of oil I'Sx)m these oleiferous sbfile« and limej
and appears iloatitig on the fttreaniB or hkm of the region, or nsos
ooUecbed in subterranean caTittea in nertaio rockB« whence it issa*
au ontlet is niad© by boring. Tbeso cavitlea are Bittmted m^
antidtnala in tlie rodca of tSe region ; ond it is therefore prol
thej originated for the most part in the digplacements of the
The oil which AIIb the cavities has ordinarilj been derived &i>td tiiel
strata, m which th© carities exist, are frequently b«irren saiidstooM.
thi ' *ii of such gubterranean aecumulations would l>e tberefaro
a i oU-beariogt or ^lae oil-prod ueing, strutuni st 8 (jrrwiU?r i»r
to iruviv*? iiit^ oil; au overlying stratum of dose-grain^ ehaio or li)
easy escape of the naphtha vapors.
If the oil exists ready fonned in the rockg, only a slight heat ftb<m
would be needed to expel the oil slowly from below. And, without
might be expelled through the proasure of superincumbent watera
days, and would riae and occupy the cavities because so Hght as
But if the oiUproducing bed contained not the oil ready mm
mattem that may afford it on destructive distillation^ the oil w<
heat for ita productioo.
In the Caspian and Bangoon naphtha n-^^nun tiu. ni. ;tV>mn?* ola
superfidal, and the oil, a viscid kind, ex
In the United States liquid oU occurs >
Bivt^re A la Bos© (Montmorenci), Oomida, ai^ it
in the Trenton limestone at Fakcnham, Uauau O
several ounces (T. S. Hunt, Am* J. Sci., II. xxx^ i ' hj
spring affording it arises fTom the Utica shale^ the
Guilderland^ near Albnuy, fhwn the Hudson River iti-u^^. «d o-, .. ,^tl
freely in limestone and shale Dear Obica^o; far more aa in K.entuck(
region, the wells, *' 0x)m which tens of thousanda of barrels of o^ '
descend 200 fl. into the Blue Limestone, in which there are biti
sheets of thin-bedded compact limestone ; these features prevail
through Adair and Russell, Cumberland and Clinton Cos., Ky., and '
In the Upper Silurian traces have been obeerved in ihe Niagara
shales ; at Oasp^ Canada, in s Ijower Ht^lderberg limestonef ou StlTsr
so abundant in a limestone as to ooKe out, and the rock mty bd
presence.
In the Lower Devonian^ the Comiferoos limestooe is regaiiled by
of Enniskillenf Canada, where there are large areas oovered by
Hunt states (L c») that at Rainhara, Canada, on I* Erie, shells of
^led with petroleum ; and tliat in other pkoea in tbd
" havev to certain of the iayei
SIHPLB HYDB00ABB0N8. 726
Lern Califoniia proceeds ftt>m Tertiary shales. On Trinidad a thick oil, with asphalt,
D connection wil^ lignite and other vegetable remains in the shales constituting the upper
the Tertiary ; and specimens of the vegetable material, partly changed to oU and pene-
y it, and having its cells looking as if they had been corroded, as a result of the change,
Tibed by Wall (Q. J. a. Soc., xvi 46(0.
I foreign localities are 3 m. ftrom Ye-nan-gyoung {FBtid^water-rwulet), Burmah (and exported
ngoon), where there are about 100 wells, from 180 to 306 feet deep, eadi lined with hori-
imber, but not all now worked (Oldham); the peninsula of Apcheron on the western
r the Caspian, at Bakee, where naphtha exudes fh>m argillaceous and calcareoos beds,
[y the former, of the Middle Tertiary (Abich), and where it has long been used for bum-
imps and for cooking; near the centre of the region the light and pure naphtha oil is
I, while along its borders the oil is a thicker petroleum, or passes into an asphalt, and
Ases of this asphalt are often seen floating in ^e Caspian ; on the island of Tsdieleken,
> eastern coast of the Caspian, in Balkan Bay; on the banks of the Kuban, promontory
n, east side of isthmus between the Azof and Black Sea ; near the river Betchora, in the
lent of Archangel, Russia ; near the village of Amiano, in Parma, Italy, whence enough
nerly obtained to light the streets of Genoa; at Zante, one of the Ionian islands (ancient
us), which has Aimished oil for more than 2,000 years, its petroleum spring having been
ed by Herodotus. Pliny mentions the oil of a spring at Agrigentum, SicUy, and states
naa ooUected and used for burning in lamps, as a substitute for oil He distinguishes this
naphtha, which he says was too light and inflammable for such a use. Of naphtha,
ions a locality in "Parthia" (about the sources of the Indus). OU is found also near the
Cexieo, and on the river Lagun.
il spring of Cuba, Alleghany Co., N. Y., called the Seneca Oil Spring, bug known, was
d by Prof. Silliman hi 1888 (Am. J. Sd., xxilL 97) as a dirty pool, about 18 ft across,
wi^ a film of oil, which was skimmed oflf fh>m time to time for medicinal purposes. The
I " Seneca oil,^* sold at the time in the shopd (and from which he often distilled naphtha
srving potassium), he observes was not from Uiis spring (around which the Seneca Indians
1 a reserve of a square mileX but, as he was told, from Oil Creek, Yenango Co., Pa., about
W>m Pittsburg. Seneca Lake has oil on its surface in some parts, and it is said to have
e name to the oil ; but whether this is the true source, or whether it came from its being
I and sold by the Seneca Indians, is not clear. Hildreth in 1838 (ib., xxiv. 68), and later
(ib., zxix. 86, 121, 12»), gave an account of the salt wells of the Little Kcnawha valley,
tien afibrded, he says, 50 to 100 gallons a year. He also speaks, in 1883, of a well 475
80 m. N. of Marietta, Ohio, which, when first opened, discharged at intervals of 2 to 4
r 3 to 6 hours each time, throwing out 8o to 60 gallons of oil at each "eruption,** but was
Iding only a barrel a week. In 1840 a spouting well of oil, at Biutsville, Kentucky, was
d (ib., xzxix. 196); the well was bored for salt, and 200 ft down a ** fountain of pure oil
uck, which was thrown up more than 12 ft above the surface of the earth," emitting,
ig to the estimate, 75 gallons a minute; it "continued to fiow for several days suoces-
but then failed ; and effbrts to bring it into action again, or find another, were not suc-
The petroleum of Enniskillen, Canada, was mentioned in 1844 by Mr. Murray, in the
G^logical Report for 1846 ; and in 1867 wells were sunk for the collection of it In 1869.
>reek, Yenango Co., Pa., a boring for salt, but 75 feet deep, let out the first finmtain of oil
low famous oil-region. For many weeks it discharged 1,000 gallons per day.
iriffin of petroleum, including the lighter as well as heavier kinds, nas been attributed
) to the decomposition of vegetable substances alone (Bischof, etc.) ; but it is now gene-
mitted that it has come from animal as well as vegetable, as urged by Dufrenoy (Min., iv.
S9), J. & Newberry (Ohio Agria Bep., 1859), and T. a Hunt ^Can. Nat, vL 241, 1861,
3cL, IL xxxv., Ch. News, 1863).
!onditions favorable to the formation of naphtha, as shown by the characteristics of the
I in which it is found native, are the following: (1) the difflision of organic material
a fine mud or day; (2) the material in a very finely divided state; and(3X as a consc-
of the preceding, the atmosphere excluded as far as possible fVom the material undergoing
Mition. There is reason to believe that no more heat was required than what was afforded
latoral dimate or temperature of the region and the process of fbnnentation.
B, the most common oil-bearing rocks, were originally the fine mud of deep or shallow
Qd the limestones were the same, only the mud was calcareous in nature, like the coral
many a coral lagoon, as the author has elsewhere described after personal examination.
Iiales ordinarily contain few fossils of any kind, and very rarely distinct vegetable remains.
ye questioned whether tough f\icoids (sea-weods). or the branches and leaves of ordinary
nbedded in such days, would ever become so subdindcd or disorganised as to make the
3 emulsion with the mud tree firom any vegetable forms ; and it is more probable that the
le material present was either delicate water-planta, or wan derived tnm abundant
il or microscopic vegetable life. The limestones, on the contrary, are sometimeii fbll of
726
Hl'DROCABBON COMPOUKDfl.
foesiU, but these Are anlraal ; and, as the solid partA whkh miikd the ibttOfl an to m 1
ground Dp to muke the mud that becomes the limestOQe, the ocgatnio matefiii f
contain, as well as thut of the fleshy parta and oUa» would be diSVwed througlh the i
the very condition demxkuded.
The light oatire oila do not oocur in coal bedfl| which were made fh>in thick beda of \
debri*.
lu tbe above-mentioned drcuniBUnooat with the deposits under pi^mmn
hedSf the atinospheric air almost totally excluded, the oiyanic mateml mi^it midcfi^ i
Bition through the reaotiona of ita own elemeata alone. (See on tbia subject, and the i
mentioned below, Biadiot; Chem, G., il 1863, T. S. Hunt, Can. NaL and Clw Kewi» L j
average compoaltiou of dry wood ^the ash and nitrogen excluded) ia repreaented by 0f '
Carbon 49'66, hydrogen 6'21, oxygen 44 13:=:lOU. Taking two paHa, we hAVe €»iHa
now the oxygen combines with carbon to fbrm carbonic add, i 60t ^HU tbua beren^v«4il
€p 11, ^ whldi is the oompoaition of one of the apeciea of the napibthA jcroupv the flftb^ en]
But t)fcH,i^ or 6i, Hrif its multiple by 4, com?«ponda also to 3(6«HiJ-h6tH». + 4tf
the first two members light naphtha oila^ and the last an ethylene, a oompo^ition mn<^ j
of Pennsylvania petroleum. The deoompoaitioQ might not be aa ^mtde at here takei^ t
p. c, of nitrogen ia oIbo preeent, and there would also be acme anima! matorkL But iT
tion is still satisfactory. That no water (Ha O) would be formed from the elemeiitaof t
material ia apparently indicated by the fact that this would make an ^toeas of carbon i
ciency of hydrogen. From Chevundier^a nnmeroua analyaee (Ann. Ch. Pbya,, lit i
average composition of dry wood ia carbon 61*21^ hydrogen 6-24^ oxygen 41*45,
oorrospondiug, il' the nitrogen ia not counled, to ^iiHiT.6^r**; from which the]
might be nearly the same as above.
Were there less coofinuroent by superincumbent beds or earthy matcnBl, part of tlial
might be lost by combining with the carlx>D and escape as marsh gaa (.tr B.V, aad thua Ml
the tbrmation of ttie thicker oils; or else of the solid inaoluble hydrocarbona, movief iMI
nated, which make many ahalea a rich source of oil on distillation.
With the air not well excluded, an in tho case of all thick beds of vegetable i
have formed peat and the various kinds or coal, the decompositiona would be more <
side oxygen carrying off^ it may be, part of tho hydrogen (aa water), and of the carbon (aaa
acid). Thus 6n Hi» O^ (oompopition of wood) mi^ change to ^i, Hi«.» O,. the j
sition of^>a2(; or to 6ii H,o Hia^^Oarbon (i7'92) hydrogen &'6e, oxygen 26'42=lU0, • 1
brown coal (or lignite); or 6it Hi.?* Ot.tT^CSaibon «6"68, hydrogen 582, oxygen ""
Wigan canuel coal, etc.
MiifBh-gas (t^ II4) is a common gas of marshy places and of Artesian wells, and io al
less abiinduntly, carbonic acid (Bi^chot >. Tlie diiitillation of wood wiU aflbrd the solM
bons of the porutlin group; Eciehenbacli, in hia discovery of paraJS^, obtainhig it &0A|
of tlie Fitgua tykaiiea. Dr. J. & Newt>erry states (prlv. contrib,) thiit off the $1
Superior, at Marquette, he observed hubblea of gas coming from the bottom to the t
proved to be earburetted hydrogen; and alao, now and then, drops of oil alowly riab^l
spreading over the surface, which oil proved on examination to be a kind of peCrotanusiL
the vegetabk origin of the oil was not certain, it seemed to be altogether probable. On thai
of Trinidad the oil-producing beds are ciayey beds In the Tertiary, containing remaiDi <
and Wall states (Q. J. Q. ik}c^ rvi« 4ti0> that tliere is full evidence that tlie liquid and i
men was produced at the ordinary temperature and condition of climate in the ooi»fnsfi*^
numerous Bpecimens of the vegetable matter in prooeaa of transformation, which liave, ii I r"^
sequence, the organic structure more or less obliterated.
In the change of animal matlera to oil, there is more nitrogen present to give oompi
mutual reactions. But when the material is animal oiU, there are only carbon, by
oxygen, as in the case of vegetation. In such oils there are nearly the proporiiona i
In the caae of such a compound (oleic acid^ the forming of carbonic acul O'^-i ri.. <,i
separate ^Ot, and leave irn H>«, of the ethylene ratio; in that oft uargsoc I
the same would leave 6it Hi*, or a combination of marsh-gaa oihs^ N- i i^tornr I
obt^ed (Mem. Am. Ac. Boston, ix. 177, Am. J. Bci., II. xliL 250) fh>m the (k#tfucttv« <
of a Ofih-oil, after its saponif cation by lime, all the compounds above emimeniaid ol ihv \
group, boBidea others of the ethylene and benzole series.
Dr. Newberry has observed that cannel cotd sometimea ahowa by ita aahaaal i
of its oily products may be of animal origin (Am. J. ikl, 11. xxiil 21 X, 1861)^ loatiMiBf M^^
in Ohio in which the coal contained fos&il fishes. lie alao remarka 00 the i11in^Ti<wb)s tam^
some limestone oil, and attributes it to ita animal origin. l>u£nenoy, in hia Mssmtwioff ^T13
l^fi»X gives prominence to the fact that remaina of fisbea are commou io oJl-pfodaBtofJ^r
and to the view that they are the source of the oil, mentioning an •nwplet tbt bladt yWj
the Coal formation at Saarbruck in Prussia, and Tgomay near Autim in Finuice; Hie ^^
(Zechatein) at Manafeld; grayish limestone, in the Uaa, at Douba; and grajiflli ahtk, hi
BDCPLE HYDBOOABBONB. 727
lliddle Tertiarj, at Kenat^ SO m. fVorn Olermotot^ France; all of which abound in the remaina of
lliNB. The Bhalea ac^oining the Albertlte of Nova Scotia have been mentioned as another ezam-
yb of thia kind. The Uadc aemibituminoua or coaly shales of the Triaaaio of the Gonneotknt
Wtikf eontahi nnmerous fossil fishes, and these are the onlj fossils.
'^^' lajgoerenx deriyes petrolenm (Trans. Are. PhiL Soa Philad^ zIIl 313) mainly fh>m the decom-
' ~ a of fticoida and other marine plants, arguing for it on the gronnd of its occorrence so
in rooks of marine origin. S. F. Peckham, in a recent communication to the aothor,
m the idea that the light naphtha oils are solely of animal origin. .
;. IIIb to be noted that wherever marsh or water plants have grown in past time there most
Iteve been also a profusion of minute animal life to afford nitrogen and sulphur to the aooomnla-
IMy debris; and, oonveraely, vegetable h'fe of microscopic, if not also of larger kinds, is present
lyheivfer there is animal life.
^ Tba word naphtha is flrom the Persian nafatOy signifying to exude ; and petrolenm fttMn viifu
^Mk^ and ofevm, oil (the latter from the Greek lAaioy, oiV^ dating only from the middle agea (see
^ JUL— Petrolenm undergoes alteration of condition In two ways :
i*- I. The evaporaUon of its lighter ails. When exposed to the air the petrdeum ia free tram pres-
StoB^ except the ordinary atmospheric^ and open to the heat and winds of the region. As a oon-
Wfc^uuutie the lighter naphtha oils pass off, leaving only the heavier, and the substance becomes
llMneUj viscid, or even a solid consisting largely of solid hydrocarbons ; and the so-called
fJt^fktUU, which may thus result, will be ordinary bituminous of one kind or another, or largely
[pUiilBii, according as paraffin is present or not in the native oiL
^ Xb moet oil regions, when the oil occurs at the surface open to the air, more or less of solid
lltomeii is to be found. Hunt speaks of the large ** gum-beds *' of half-dried bitumen hi the oil
jlglon of Enniskillen ; and Winchell says that in the neighboring but less productive district in
l^diigan, masses of inspissated oil are common, and some are as Imrd as asphalt. At the na^tha
Iriand of Tschelekan there are large quantities of KeJUgil, as it is there called, which ia nei^
pnm panffln. The hot climate of the Caspian is favorable for such a result.
B. j!he (ueydation of aome or all of (he ingredienis oonstUuHng Ihe petroleum. In the process of ozvda-
lOB there is first a loss of some of the hydrogen by its union with oxygen to form water, whkdi
IBOepea. Thus the oils of the Marsh-gas series (6. Ha.+«) may pass to the less stable ethylenes
^■Haa); or, by further loss of hydrogen, to species of the Benzie series (6.Ht._«X or of the
toqphthklin series (6. Hi_i«). The last two appear to occur sparingly in nature. Sedmdiyj there
■ caiifgenalion ; that is an absorption of, and union with, oxygon. These oxygenated subatanoes
Ittva been yet but little investigated (see Asphaltum;. They are probably all solid at the ordi-
Mrj temperature.
Herd tntumen or asphalt may hence consist either (1) of uno:i^genated, or (2) partly of unoxy-
lenaled and partly oxygenated, the usual fact ; or (S) solely of oxygenated hydrocarbons (very
HN^, if ever, true in nature). The state of solidity is not proof that any part of the bitumen is
fiVjgenated.
SCHEERERITE GROUP.
Wax-like, or butter-like. General formula that of the Marsh-gas series,
or Gn Han+«. The two species here included are, according to the analyses
(wbich need verification), polymeres of the first two species of the Msirsh-
gas series, O H„ and O, H,.
The Paraffins belong here if members of the Marsh-gas series. See p.
780.
nSi 80HBBRBRITB. Scheererit Stromeyer, Kastn. Areh., x. 113, 1827; Naphthaline
iMneuse prismatique JTdnMa, BibL Univ., zxzvL 316, 1827 ; Macaire-Prinaep, BibL Univ., id.
68, 1829, Ann. Phys. Gh., xv. 294.
Monoclinic. Crystals mostly thin tabular, rhomboidal or six-sided, often
flattened parallel to i-}, with also the planes /,-l, 1-i ; edge ///on -1/-1
=128J^, edge -1/-1 on l-i=135°, edge /// on l-i=101^% Kenngott
Also acicnlar. Also in loosely aggregated crystalline grains and folia.
Soft G.==l— 1*2. Lustre pearly or resinous; feebly shining. Color
whitish, gray, yellow, green, pale reddish. More or less tran^ucent to
tmnsparent. Easily frangible. Tasteless. Inodorous. Feel not mif.
Soluble easily in alcoliol, and also in ether. MeltB at 44** C, and tbii
resembles a fatty oil, and like it penetrates paper ; these spots, however, 9if
be removed by heat. On cooling, the mineral crvstalliies in aeictilir fSTi-
tala. May be distilled without decomposition ; boiling point near IWQ^
(92°, Prinsep).
Oomp^ •to.— Acxx)Fdmg to en Imperfeot unalysis bj Frlnnep (Pogg., zr. 394\
*lZj hydrogen 34=97, whidi onrrefipoadfl nearly to the ratio for 6, H=:l ; 4, or the
of mar3h-gaa=Oarboii 75| bydfogen 26=100 ; whence^ If the results tDAy be cniatod, ll il
polymero of marsh-gas.
Soluble in sulphuric or mtiic acid, snd not in alkalies. Takes are eaaUj and biirss
residue, giving out much smoke and a feeble aromatic odor.
Found by Gapt. Scheeror, in the y^ar 1 82 2, in the coal of a bed of brown ooal in the
at Uznach, near^t GaileD^ in Switzerland. The bed of coal is two to three fe«t thick
pine stems in it are almost unchanged. Among the species of pioe Uiere is the jP. t§hmt
the birches and firs are those of modem species. The age is tlie same with tlut ^ I
beds of Eedwits. Sesides scheererite it atfords also fichtetite and kotilite, Ob cryet,
Ber. Ak, Wien, xir. 272, and Min. der Scbweis, 418, Leipsig, 1866.
773. OHRISBlATm]. Chriflmatin (fr. Wattin) Garmar, Za &., i 40^ 184$.
Breidau, Karst u. Deck Arch., xiiii. 740, 1860. Hatdiettin (fr. ib.) Wofmr^ Jihrt.
lB64f 637 ; JJ. Fieck^ Stelnkohlen Deutschi, i 37, 4to, Miindien, 186$.
Butter-like, or of semifluid consistence. Soft at 55° to eO"* 0. G. Wfli
1, Lustre greasy to silky. Color greenish to wax-yellow. Slightly
lucent. Tasteless, Melts at a very low temperature to an oil, wltkki
dark red by transmitted light^ and apple-green by reflected.
Oomp«— R Fleck obtained (L cX 34 p. c of ash being removed :
Carbon 78-612
Hydrogen 19'10l
Oxygen S'297^ia0.
£xG]uding the oxygen as water, as done by Fleck, it leaves 0 80-6 1» K 19-49^100, i
Ing to 6sHi=Garbon SO, H 20 ; making it thus a polymere of 6, Il«, or the seoo&d i
the Marsh-gas series. Fleck adopts the formula ^u Hn. If the oxygen is an esseu
tuent, either view of the constitution is wholly at tkulL Bums with a flame, witboot i
ObSt — Occurs in cavities of calcito and quartz crystals in an argilhioeotis sandstone off
bouiferous formatioa at Wettin, Saxony.
Kamed Uram X9*^i^ oifkimmU
PITTOLIUM GROUP.
8Tir. OF PnTASPHALT. H^rratr^aArot IHoscor,^ I 100, Fissasphsltos Fim.^ zziv. A :
Maltha Plin,, il 108. Bergtheer G^rm. Bitume vlsqueux^ Bitaise g^ntliMnix, Mft ]
Mineral graisse, JV. Petroleum pt Mineral Tar.
The species of this group are Hquids like the naphtha oils, but
higher specific erravity and attvmic weight. They enter into the <
tion of all free-flowing petroleum, but are especially characteriBtic
denser kinds, and \i8cid bitumens, and erist largely also in roanr n^j
They belong to the Ethylene series, and therefor© have the g'
e^H,„=(aUke lor all) Carbon 85-71, hydrogen 14-20. G.=u ,,.
The species aaoertained to be native by C. M. Warren (Mem. Am. .
SDCFLX HYDB00ABS0N8. 789
m, ix., Am. J. Sci., II. xlX and occurring in the Pennsylvania petro-
^ Kangoon tar, etc., and tne boiling temperatures, as ascertained by
•en, are the following :
774. DsoATYLKNB (Butylone)
775. ENDBCATfiiBNB (Margarylene)
776. DODEOATTLENX (LauryleDe)
777. DiCATBiTTLENS (Godnylene)
le average increase in the boiling point for the successive members in
eries (or the addition of O H,), as follows from Warren's results, is 20*^
• only iAJOo-ihirda of the average in the Naphtha group. Other higher
)e species of the above series have not yet been clearly deiBned.
Be oompounds are made members of the Marsh-gas or Naphtha series by Pelouze and Oahours,
nite the formulas as follows, and give the annexed spedflc gravities, vapor densities, uid
f points:
IbrmiiUL
Boiling T.
■©u H»o
174-9'
«..H,.
195-8
©It H»4
216-2
©11 Hff
235
G.
Vapor Density.
BoiUng Temp.
©i«H»»
0-767
5040
160'— 162*
■611 Hj4
0-766
5-468
180 —184
vij Htt
0-776
6-972
196 —200
©11 H»e
0-792
6-669
216—218
Y also add the oompounds OmHio, 61 • His. Warren, by his superior methods, proves
le species obtained by them were not pure (L c.).
ti of the four ethylene oompounds above mentioned have been obtained fh>m Rangoon tar,
B some spedos of the Naphtha group (at least 67 Hit and 6e HisX traoes of some of the
ie series, and also naphthalin.
namoi^i^mm is from virra, pitch, and oleum, oil, analogous to pdroleum; taid pUtasphal'
■om the Greek for pitch and asphalt
word maiiha is from the Greek ftakBn, aofl wax ; it was also used sometimes for a mixture
I and pitch, employed for making the surface of writing-tablets, and for some kinds of
ts. But Pliny (iL 108) describes under this name an inflammable mud flowing flrom a pool
losata in North Syria on the Euphrates, which he says (it 109) was similar in nature to
la ; and this use of the word has led to its later application to viscid bitumens.
deum in cavities in crystals. Davy, in his examinations of the fluids in crystals (PhiL Trans.,
367, and postscriptX found only water, except in the case of quarts from Dauphiny. The
in this case was about as viscid as linseed oil ; brownish in color ; became solid and opaque
0. (5^" F.) ; had a smell resembling naphtha ; acted like a flxed oil when heated, the tem-
re of ebullition being high ; and burned with flame, producing a white smoke. The cavity
in. across, but only a sixth of it was occupied by the fluid. Davy made his investigations
fluids in crystals by having the crystals bored through to the cavity by a lapidary, uid was
It to use tl^ method.
BOLENB. Boussingault obtained from the viscid bitumen and asphalt of Bechelbronn an oil*
he called Fetrolene, and annoimced it as the liquid ingredient of all asphalt, the 9olid one
named by him AspluUtene (see Asphaltum). It was separated by heating in an oQ bath to
lerature of 300° 0. None of it passed over at a temperature below 100 0. He obtained
composition (Ann. Ch. Phys., IxL 141, IxxiiL 442) :
Carbon 87-36 86*78 87*45 86*98 (1)88-4.
Hydrogen 11-90 12*20 1280 12-70 12*6.
ilea for it the formula 610 Hie, making it of the camphene series, 6. H«.-4. It boiled at
L The vapor density is stated at 9 416, or *' double that of oQ of turpentine.'*
re can be no doubt that the petrdene was a mixture of oils. Warren states (priv. oontrib.)
om Boussingault's data, as given in his artide, the yvpoir density should have been 8*49
1 of 9-415 ; and slso that his own researches on various hydrocarbon oils, indiidinff the
lis from the destructive distillation of albertite, lead him to believe that petrolene pfobaUfj
730
HYDBOCABBON GOMFOUSBfi
eoo?i''*° "^n>-i^ r-'C r,;}^rSfh., f^J'*.i^»fl^ene9i that 0|cH», would hive for Its MKt
ADu b8 liquid is made up of oils of both leta «■' f
'11 - : lilftT from Lobaana (both in theDept. of Bi»-i
OiUleU ttli^o Miners GtaassA and Graiase de S^rtulourp^
Tolckel Ims subjected a vifidd bitumen from Travers^ near Neufchatel, tc i
<7liader» (Ann. Gh. FtumoL, IxxxriL 14a, lBBt\ and obtained tbe foUowiii^ m Ua i
reaultfl :
H
12*r*4- 99-90
! II- 99-89
l-Vj— 99-99
12 til) = 1 00-03
12 GO = 10008
1240= 99*80
Temp, of Taporu&taoD.
90"— 120' a
120 —160
150 —180
180 — 20O
200 —23a
220 — 2&0
©*«02
(^11
Tbe analTaen aflibrd for &U of the compounds the ratio fur 6, H, d : 10. and Y6
aa poAymates of 6i, H^*^ and heuoe of tho campbcne aeiiea and slinilar ta |
Warpen obeerres) with such a mode of diitUlitUoii ort^hiai prodocta ver* lik^jll .
obtained, and among them benzole or naphthalin; and tbe prMea«9 of eltlMr <lf lliMi
would account for die dtvergeDoe from the ethjriene ie^ea.
The composition is compared bj Volckel U> that of otZ ofamJber (an admitted ]
tion, and not native to amber). Doppiug obtained for the oil of amber paaeia
C 87-48, 87-32, H 12*06, ll'a8=:99-&i. 99*30. The ratio for e, U, is 5 : 8, whlA U i
amber itself; and the formula la 6|« Hi«« or that arrired at by Boasaingaiilt Ibr hm ]
Solid Petbolkne. The aaphalt of Perklenicsa (Hnrak6e), Austria, aflbrda a stM
ble in ether and hardlj at all so in alcohol (in thia reapect like the Biaphai(#CM of 1
which, aocordingto Nendtvich (Uald. Ber., ilL 2T1, Jahrb. G. Eeich&, viL US^ hti\
COtf^aaHkm vfiih petroieue.
The obeenratiocia Lhus far made item to point to a Campheno aerfoa of HvdrooBftei j
acteristic of manj riscid biiamena, and of some^ if not manjr. lu^phaltA. But Cha I
have not been snffleieotly eiaet to auetaixi satisDkctori^ the conclnaioti.
PARAFFIN GROUP.
Wax -like in oonsUtence; white and translucent. Sparui|^ljr
alcohol, rather easilj in ether, and oryatalliJEing mare or loss perl
the solotions. Q, about 0*85— 0-98. Melting point for tho
apeciaa, 33^-90^
General fonntda 0^ H^^^, or that of the ethylene p^o^
maiiy authors^ =Gv ' n Il„.».
to others. The pei . T^i^ard te.
oombizhation ia uxg^d by \V att8 a i in^ the l^
Whicbover the aeriees tliey are r.>. ^ .. if hi^ at<v«
n not bein^ lees than 28. * The different species^ varring in the
vary also in boiliiijf point, and otlic- ^ ^., Thoic here
have not bt^n stndiea with thai ran ^nanded for AiU
in their stated coftr rdesMeiea.
Pkrafl^ns oocnr i *T^mitg mimi
eing the lempermlfir^ bei^ su tiryttdk
the naphtha of the d^iAn. In ,A^r ]ic
mtM. It k a rwalt of
wbich it waa fim obtMaed by Bdc^wdMcb), uid ntmy olbw
8IMPLS HYDB0GABB0N8. 781
The name is firom the Latin jTon^m, UUte. and affi/nia, alluding to the
fteble affinity for other substances, or, in otner words, its chemical indif-
ftrence.
978. URPBTHITB. Part of Ozooerite (ft. IJrpeth Colliery) J, F. W, JcikntiUm^ Fhfl. Mag., IIL
zii 389, 18S8. Urpethite Dama.
Consistence of soft tallow. G. =0*885, Johnston. Color yellowish-
brown to brown. Adheres to the finders, and stains paper. Melting
point 39° C. Soluble readily in cold ether.
Oomp« — ^Analjsls: Johnston (L c.):
Carbon 85-83 Hydrogen 14-17=100.
^ Bthereal solution brown by transmitted light, but with a greenish opalesoence by reflected;
dts the wax in brown flocks. Melts at 39'' C. to a yellow-brown liquid.
■•—Constitutes about fowr-fiflhs of the Urpeth Colliery ozocerite, and is separated from the
through its solubility in cold ether. The crude wax, as found, was soft enough to be
led in ue Angers ; had a greasy feel, and gave a greasy stain to paper; was subtransparent;
Of « brownish-yeUow color by transmitted light, but yellowish-green and opalescent by reflected;
tad had an odor slightly fatty, which was stronger when melted. It occurred in cavities near a
fiudt in the coal measures, and part in the solid sandstone.
Iimrent obtained a variety of paraffin by the dry distillation of the bituminous shale of Autun,
Wblbh metLed erf 33" C, was very soluble in ether and hisoluble in alcohol, and which consisted of
Oubon 86*745, hydrogen 14*200 =99 945. It may be identical with the aboye. It is quite
Ipvobable that the urpethite obtained by Johnston was not free fh>m mixture with the second
iTiiffln separated by him from the Urpeth mineral by means of boiling ether, which is here
teferred to ozocerite (p. 732) ; and such a mixture might account for the diyergence of the melting
Boint fh)m that of Laurent's paraffin. Taking 83" 0. as the true melting point, the seyeral paraffins
Bare described, urpethite, hatchettite, ozocerite, Johnston's third from the Urpeth wax, and detri-
Aito, have nearly a common difference in melting points of IS"*— 17^ the temperatures being
— pectiyely 33**, 46^ 60% 73*" 90°. The mean difference is about 14^ ; this would make the
BBMlting points 83% 47% 61% 75% 89\
W19. MATOBEnrmL Hatchetine (fr. Merthyr-Tydyil) Oanybeare, Ann. PhiL, L 136, 1822.
lOnaral Adipodre, Mountain Tallow (fr. Loch FyneX Brande, Ed. PhiL J., xi. 1824. W4^Migtiiift
(fr. Glamorganshire) J. F. W, Johnston, PhiL Mag., IIL xiL 888.
In thin plates, or massive. Keported as sometimes occurring as large
carvBtalfl in fresh specimens.
jH. like that of soft wax. G.=0'916, Johnston ; 0-983, fr. Loch Fyne,
lifter melting and exclnding air bubbles, Braude ; 0*608, same before melt-
id. Lustre slightly glistening and pearly. Color yellowish- white, wax-
ow, greenish-yellow ; blackens on exposure. Subtransparent to trans-
Inoent ; but opaoue on exposure. Feel greasy. Without odor. Melting
joint 46^ C., fr. Merthyr-Tydvil, Johnston ; 47"* C, fr. Loch Fyne, Brande.
I'olarizes light in patches, Brewster.
CkMnm 9ic — Ratio of 0, H=nearly 1:1, from Johnston's aDaly8ia,=Carhon 86*55, hydrogen
14^3=100. Analysis : Johnston (L c) :
Glamorganshire Oarhon 85*91 E[ydrogen 14*62=100*68.
Verj sparingly soluble in boiling alcohol, and precipitated from the solution on oooUng. Also
iobible iparingiy in cold ether, and more largely in boiling ; and flrom the latter deposSed in a
muM of minute flbree or prisms. After repeated boiling with etiier there ramalDi coij a mfamte
733
HTDBOCABBON OOMPOUNBe.
portion uDdisaolyed, mbced with partides of chiircoal derived from the btidceoed
gpedmen. Charred and decomposed by conoentnited nod boiling sulphuric fidd* Ko i
cbaBge in boiling nitric acid, Oon^beare (I c^ 1B22) stated that Uie MerUiyr-tyd'vtl I
^* melts in wsnn water under Hu' F.^ whereas true bitumen doe« not in >>oiUng w»ter ; '
loose remark is the only ground Tor the Btat^ment that TOe"" Ot is tbem«Uing point of oi
of the mineral.
Obfl. — From the creTices of iron-stone septaria, and often In geodes fffntainfaf
crystals, In tlie cooI-meaHures ueiir Merthyr-Tydyil in GlamorgiinBhire (and, Joliseloa i
ftotne of the midlaad countiea of Englaud) ; also In a bog on the boraea of Locii
Argxleshire, Scotland. The ktter haa not yet been analyied. A]^ rmrted from T
Morn^ia (Jahrb. G, Heicha., 1854^ 898), in the Segen Oottea minfi| with spoeTwderite^ a i !
coating on caldte^ having H.=:I| G,— 0 892, Patera.
This apedea (or at least the bog variety from Loch Fyne) is probabbr identical witli tht 1
of paraMn that fiiBea at 45^ — 47" C. ; and which haa been obtained b^ me dectnacll'rv i
of Boghead coal and peat^ nnd from other sources, Andorsoo obtained in Ills analjiea oC 1
paraffln:
G H Me^^fig T»
1. From Boghead coal, ayst 85*1 16- 1— 10-3 4&%*
% * grunuiar 860^85-8 16-4 U
a. From poat (|) 6509 16^0 4e*T
The Boghead coal (from Boghead and Torbane Hill, near Bathgate in LinHthgt»wihlr9)
on degtructive digitiUatioa a very large amount ofdiflerent oils and paraffin^ TO pL a of f
maes beiug volatile. See Batavilutb beyond (p, 742).
Named alter 0. Hatohett.
780. OZOOEIRITB. Part of Native Paraffin. Ozokerit (brooght by t. Meyw flr.
Moldavia) Giocker, Schw. J., Ixix. 31&, 1833; Moffnug, Ann. Ch* Phy«», It, tU, 18)4.
IbaaUe Fr, Erdwacha Chrm.
Like wax or spermaceti in appearance and consistency,
G.= 0*85— 0*90. Colorless to white when pure; otY«n leek-gr
lowish, brownish-yellow, brown ; and when brown sometimes jgreei]
transmitted light. Often Iiavinjr a greenish opalescence. Tt^
Greasy to the toneh. Fusing pomt 56^^ to 63^ C.
Oomp.,eto. — ^Tho original osooerite, from Slantk in Moldavia, as doacrfb^ bfQlocJEff AJ
and Arflb., 18^4, 208), was wholly soluble in ether, and gave a jeHow solution ; ali6 toluysti J
of turpentine and naphtha; and a little soluble in boiling aloohoL G, of the Diaaa 0*096, 0k
0'&WS» Schrotter. Melting point 62' C, Schrotter.
The mhieral wax of Urpoth Colliery, after the separation of what was aoluble in cold i
HfiPBTHTrE, p* 73 1 If aSbrded Johnston (I c) another portion through its solnbility in 1
and this is apparently identical with true ozocerite. Wtah soluble in boiling ether it is i
60 in boiUng alcohol As obtained from the ether solution it was yellow, and had the i
of soft wax.
A kind from Boryslaw In Galicia, examined by Hofatidter (Ann. Ch. Pharna^ xcL JlW,
resembled the precediog in its appearance, but was darker color " Mackiah>bf<
pieces reddish-broHTTi lo leek-green by transmitted light; G- i citing poir
n^etional cryBtallixation it w&s separated into parts varying lu xurs;«,'ui^y JhNn 00' lu <
That from Truscawitz, Galicia, examined by Walter (J. pr. CTh., xxiL 181) appe«rB to be al
Analyses: 1, Schrotter (Baumg. ZS,, iv. 2, isae, BibL Univ. de Genfive. liL 184. 18
Johnston (L c) ; 3, Walter (la); 4^ 5, Hofstfidfeer (I a) :
1. Slanik
2. TurpethO.
8. Truscawitz, crude
4. Boryslaw, A.
6. ** a
0
84-43
86-80
84-62
84*04
85-78
H
1,'J*69=98-12
14-06=100 86
14'29— 9891
U'87t=99-81
14-29=100-07
Boiling T. G.
210' Oi»53 Schf«itiBr.
or. 300 WiHer.
0-^44 Bo4btidlR
The A of Hofstfidter was the portion separated by fradjonal oTstalfiaatioQ y
the melting point, and the B that which had for this point 6&•5^
,iwici*ei
81MPLE HYBBOOAfiBONfi.
733
» tboTO reanlta a^ree doael/, and probably the ofiooetite in the epedmenfi examined was but
ImptiTG from mixture with atber ponfflnB.
Harmann had described a ^'az-Uke mixture fh>m neams in a rock in the vicinity af Lake Baikal
tik^ he oalla BaikeriU (J. pr, Ck, IrxiiL 230). About 60"18 p. c of it vms Bolable in boiling
phol 100 parts dissolving I ; and this portioii appears to be ozocerite. It waa tasteless and
melting point 69° C. ; G.=^u-9u. The rest (2y*82 p. c) of the baikerii© oonsisted
7*02 wax-like Eubstanoe insoluble in alcohol ; 82*41 viadd restn ; 0*39 earthy impuri-
Mme compound bus been obtained from mineral coal, peat, and petroleam, mineral tor,
destruotiTe distiLlatioQ. The following are examples : 1, Anderson (Rep. Brit Assoc,
J, pr, Ol, IxxiL 3T0)i 2, Hofstadter (I c.):
1. Rangoon Tar
2, From Bit\im. shftle^ Bonn.
0 H Melting Point
8515 15*29=100-44 61' AndorsoiL
B61d U-36=100'B2 61' Hofstadter.
OBoeerite occurs at each of the localities meationed, in beds of coal, or asaodated bituminous
tits- that of Slonik, Moldavia, beneath a l>ed of bituminous daj shale; in masses of some-
I BQ to {•.:0 lbs., at the foot of the Carpathians, not far from beds of ooal and salt: that of
lOiTBlaw in a bituminous clay associated with caltjiferoua bods in the formation of the CBrpatbiaQ%
Reported alno from sear Gaming in Anatria ; in Transylvania, near Moldavia, ia the
I sandstone ; at Uphall in Llnlithgowahire,
[ from ^bi, Ismeii^ and cup^v, ti^ax^ in aUuaion to the odor.
rSl. ZIBTRlBJKmi. Giro fossile de Moldavie Magmts^ Ann. Ch. Phya., Iv. Sit, IStS.
Oaockerite (fr, Zietriaika) Molaguls C R., Iv. 410, 1837, Ann. Cb. Fhys., bdu. 390, Pogg^ adlE.
147. Zietrisikite Dasko,
Like ozocerite in nearly all physical cliaractera.
Hardness like tliut of beeswax, ur harder. G.=0'9; 0*946, Mdagnti,
[)olor brown. Melting ijoint 90" 0. ; 82°— 84^ in the crude or impure
nineral. Insoluble in ether.
Oomp., Var^ dtc. — The almost complete insolubility of this fossil wax in ether distinguiahea
deoislrcly from ozocerite,
1. Magnus, who made the first examination of the fossil wax brought by v. Meyer from Slanik.
ioldavia, appears to have had a different substance in hand from that examined by Gloekcr (by
osoeerik was named) and by Schrotter, as he stales that only a very little of it was dissolved
' or ether, and the rest, afler the action of these solvents, was eroded with holes, show*
IHMeiioe of iuBoluble and soluble constitueDts. The inc^oluble was soluble In oil of tur*
J and of tlus part the melting point was 82^, and the oompoaition as given below,
X The wax fh>m Zietrisika, Moldavia, examined by Malagnii, is regarded by him aa idenilosl
ith that of Magnus, It waa foliated, conchoidal in fVacture, pearly in lustre^ deep red^brown fn
" r with a greenish reflection, but in very thin pieces brown, and a little harder than beeswax.
very jriighUy soluble in alcohol or boiliug ether, and very soluble in oii of turpenthie and
with no action from alkalies or cold sulphurlo actd. It melts at 84^ C, and boils at
3tOO°. On subjecting it to boiling alcohol, a sraall portion waa dissolved, whoso melting
was 75* J by a second treatmeut another portion was obtained, having for ttie melting point
and at the fourth, the portion dissolved was found to have the same melting point as that
B undissolved maas^ whicb wus W\ This then, which he calla broym ozocerite, appears to
pomt of fusion of the true zietrisikite, and this alone was analyzed ; as the rest, ma ffdbw
Ic, he says, "est un melange, j'ai juge inutile d'en faire Tanalyae."
lyaea: I, Magnus (1. c); 2, S, Makguti (L c):
Tbit wax from Zfetrlsika, in Moldavia, occurs In large i
NpttlithatofSknik.
1. Moldavia
% Zictrisika, Mold.
H
15-30 = 99'9l
14-22=;98-T6
14-37 =99-15
Melting T.
90
90
Boiling T.
Above 300" a
Magnus.
MalttgutL
MahigutL
, and nnder ahnilar droumstano
VBIA. Johnston, in bis examination of the Urpeth Colliery wax (see Usfbt
ftor separating by ether (first cold, and then boiling) about fivie-«ixthi of the i
t and OzooEBmX
L obtained for the
78*
STDROGAKBON COMFOWSmB.
TenuiBiDg ftixih a third portion, almost iDsoluble in ether, liaTffifr 0«r=^0*9W| e6tor 4«kl
comiiteiicse like that of wax; melting point 73* O, tad boii c abot* SiO'C III
Idantleii with the above, but Hs melting point would implj <« rlitttart Ik i
for ila oonipoeition C 83'8I, H 13^65 -97 *4t».
T81B, Neft-gil (Naphtdflchil, Nephatil, Jahrk Ifin. IU% **'
Hv, 254. Ncfldcgil rienrL, J. pr. Ch., Ixiiii 220. KcfV^ I
material in the naphtha region on Tscheleken L, in tbe Caapj.i . . ^.
m resin, bat appears to be moat nearly related to detrieiklte. G.=0-i^56 ; ooLor i
melting point 75" C Hermann found 66 p, c of a wax like tubitoDoe inaolnbia in i
IB pu a of another soluble in alooholt besides 1S'$3 p. c of a resm. In ether m krfe |
insbluble ; and thld portion may be identical with the sietTisikitef or the iniKihiM* ]
the Urpeth wax (p. 731),
7810. Ptbopisbitb Ke^ng., Ueb. 18&0-*51, US, Kenngott haa thos ttamad aa mmnsj,!
coaly aubstanoe, of grayish-brown color, and without lustrei and having G.=-(H;Si — IKfl^i
forma a layer 6 to 9 in. thick in brown coal at Weissenfelfl, near Hallew It ia a mtiluie tti
instead of a mineral, and haa not yet been properly investigated. A small pan tf i
alcohol, eepecially in boiling, and this, prodpitated by adding water, la a wasJOEt i
paraffin-like in aspect But whether true paraffin, or wbetlier «n oxygenmled wax. i
geocerite (a specica derived from a similar earthy brown coal trom Geraterwita^ oear We
has not been ascertained. It melts easily to a pitch-tike mass, and henoe the omm, trsm *
and ir(9««, pUch, It affords 62 p. cl of paraflin on dry distillation. On the oonpoeicioo of ^a
QersterwitE earthy ooal, see pp. 757, 758; also. C. Kartien, Z8. 6^ 0. 71. itmd Ibr odMr ]
on a similar material from Helbra, between Ifanafeld and Elaleben, aee Fo^t Br^aianir 1
1^. Helbra, Vers. Gesoh. Steinkohle, etc^ 188, 1802, J. d M., xr, 77, 1604; 0. HeiMk ^ *"
Miu. 1846, 149. Such coals are sometimes called Pan^ coal, and m Gerana
Kenngott refers here also an earthy brown substazioe ftwD lladtoheiiii, whidi laeila i
an asphalt-like substance ; no other evidence of identity la stated. It CKcora twrnri
Umestone.
782. £LATERITB* Subterranean Fungus (fr. Derbyshire) LiH^, FliQ. TnmL, IfiTi
Bitumen. Mineral Caoutchoua Bitume ^lastique DelamHk,, J. da f^tjt^ xzxL
Elastic Bitumen HoJlth^ Linn, Trans., iv, lift, 1797. EtaiticbM Krdpedi Kfapr^ ML*
180^ Ekstisdies £rdharc Gtrm, ElateHt, FoasOea Erdhars, ^awm^ Hs&dk, i IT
Masaive, amorpkoag,
Q. =0^905-1*233, fr. Derbvahire. Soft, elastic, flometlmw a.^^
the fingers (a) ; also moderately soft and elagtic ; mtich I"
and occasionally hard and brittle (e), iinliedded iu the fei^u^^ ^^iv^^^
brown^ usually dark brown. Subtranalncent ; sometimes dark
by transmitted light.
Oomp^ etc« — Johnston analysed the three kinds, a. &, e, eeparately. lie roecttou uwi
of ether only on the &^ from which it aeparated but 18 pu gl oi the masa ; tad the tvs (
given are those of the nndlssolTed mslertat .inalyaea ;
1(a)
aw
6(c)
0
86'47i
84*386
82^71
85-9118
86-177
U-38t=r98-7AT.
1 2-676 =r9«tei.
n686=9e*tM.
li*84tc^dSK)il
)2 4U^8r«<ML
He states that the loss in a and c may be partly or wholly ozyieiii «ui tint la tte «■» dl\m
the insoluble residiie, 8—3-8 p. a is oxygen. He thus leaves Ihs musiitmioft of slMiis^
doubt It appears to be partly a carbohydrogen near osooerltsy sod fsnls «tt SdmnsMlei ttf#*
ble material. Mr. Henry, Jr, found 86 to 40 p. c. of oiygea (J. dia CSl Il4dl6sl% i If); MB
results, as Johnston observes, are evidently untrustworuiy.
It is found at CasOeton in Derbyshire, in the lead mine of OdSa, sto^vilh Isal sm sii «iA
in compact lem'form or fbngoid masses, and la abondanl Also rsperlsd ftoo Sft. B«Mfd1i VA
8I1CPLS HYDB00ABB0K8. 785
wmt Bdinborgfa; Ohapel qnarries inFifeshire ; a cool mine at Montrelaia, at the depth of 230 fSset ;
wmd, aooofdinff to HanimumTi (Handbuoh, iiL 273^ at Neufcliatel, and on the ialaad of Zante. A
ifadlar mateiul in external characters has been met with at Woodbury, Ot
V8S. SnTLDTG Stoveb Resin (Kew Mmeral Besin (fir. Settling Stones) /. F, W. Johnslon, Edhib.
X BoL, n. iy. 122, 1831, Fhfl. Mag., III. xiy. 88, 1839. Elaterite?) In the form of drops, more or
Jhs VDonded, or flsttened, as if onoe fluid or soft, and found incrusting the Todkj walls of a vein at
[m dd lead mine in Northumberland, known bj the name of Settling Stones, resting on and oooa-
'^■mQj cofered bj caldte and peari spar ; the rook is the Mountain limestone (Subcarboniferoos).
■ Hit hard, brittle under the hammer, but difficult to reduce to powder; G =1'16— 1*54; color
'ftSM pale yellow to deep red; a pale green opalescence ; does not meU at 206* 0. Bums in the
; iMW of a oandle. Very slightly acted upon by alcohol
OOMP., xxa— O. ratio for ^, H=nearly 2 : 3 (?) ; an analysis affording Johnston (L a) :
Carbon 86*133 Hydrogen 10*853 Ash 8*256=99*242.
But Johnston adds: " It is therefore doubtful whether (hia resinoid wibatanee coiUaitu oxygtn or
- |ll H may be only an impure carbo-hydrdgen." It is yery slightly acted upon by alcohoL
'^~ \ empyreumatic products when fUsed in a closed tube. It has dose relations to elaterite.
FICHTELITE GROUP.
The Fichtelite ^up, according to the analyses, belongs to the Camphene
of hydrocarbons, the general formula for which is On Hs i
Petrdene, or more correctly the petroleoe group of oUb, has been referred to the Camphene
Ibb; and should constitute a group preceding the Fichtelito group^ if the analyses were made
pme spedee, and are to be credited. See p. 729.
Tekoretin Ibrchh^ Yid. Selsk. Afh. Copenh., 1840, J. pr. Ch., 459, 1840
BlohteUt BfomeiB^ Ann. Gh. Pharm., zxxvii 304, 1841 ; T. R darkf Ann. Gh. Pharm., diL 238,
1SS7, Am. J. ScL, II. zxr. 164.
MonocHnic. C^=53% / A 7=83^ and Or ; /A ui 6i6
=18r 30', (?At-i=127% OaU:=105% iri M4
sslSS^, Clark. Crystals lengthened in the direction
^ the orthodiagonal.
BL=1. Lnstre somewhat greasy. Color white. ^ ^^
TraoBlncent. Brittle. Wimout taste or smelL
Distils over without decomposition. Solidifying
temperature 86^ C. Easily soluble in ether ; less so
in alcohol.
J2T?5
mp. Var., etc.— Ratio of 6, H=5 : 8=Oarbon 88*35, hydrogen 11*66. Analyses : 1, Bro-
(L a) ; 2, Qark (L a) ; 8, FOrchhammer (L c.) :
0 H MelthigT. Boiling T.
1. Bedwits 87*95 10-70=98*65 46* Bromeis.
2. " (1)8718 12*86=99*99 46 above 320' Clark.
8. Tscoretin 85*89 12*81=98*70 45 360 Fordih.
Deoompoeed by anhydrous snlphnric add ; also by heated Aiming nitrio add ; soluble tii cold
Oaric, after a revision of the investigations on fichtelite and the related resins, oondudes that
is no doubt of the identity of the substance analyaed by him witti Bn>meis*s fidUHik. and
the empirical formula e*H*.
736
HYDROCABBON GOMKI0HM.
The mloeral oocara in the form of ahlniug acslea, fiat ciTitalB, and thin b^va between I
rings of ffrowth And throupboat the texture of piaa wood {identical in epedea with the mo*
Pinua sylvejitria) from peat beda in the vici-nitj of Bed wits, in the Fichtelgehifge, North B»»
The ciystala described by Clark (f. 616) were obtained artificially by meand of eiber and i '
An 4^iiy snbstonce was extnictod by Bcbriitter by means of ether from wood of ttm
bed which affbrded tiie fichtelite ; and thia solutioa yielded two Bubstanoea^ o«M of i
an oQ, rogerded by him as identical with flchteljte in ratio; it gare on amiljnna, GtrboQ i
hydrogen 11*34=99-4?. The other subetanoe wan crystallized and oontained o^g«n*
Tecordin was obtained from pine trees of the same sp<?cie8 in marshes near Uoltegifd In 1
mark, Tlie resin from the wood, first observed by Steenstnip, was found by Forcfahamioef, i
dissolving it in boiling alcohol to contain two stibatanoes crystaUising firoo tfae aolvtioa air
ent temperatures. The t^oreiin was the least soluble oi' the two, or that wfaidl Cij
first (the other was his phyUoreiin, see p. 737) ; its crystal Uiation waa monoeHmtc, m
point 45°. From the analysis Clark writes the empirical formula 6H*; but statoa thai
mineral resorables flchtelite in every other respect.
7S6. UARTVTB. Hartit ffaid,, Fogg., lir. 261, 1841. Bimdiite Swi, Cimento, i. 842, Jil
Min. 1842, 459.
Monocliiiic. Resembling flchtelite in cm.talline fonn, Instre,
tranBlucency, and the reaetioiis with alcohol, etlier, and the arids.
melU at 74-75° 0. Boiling temperature very high,
Oomp^ etc.— Ratio of 6, H==12 ; 20= Carbon 87 '8, hydrogen 12 2. AnaljMi; 1, 1
(Pogg., lii- 37); 2, Piria (Cimento, L 348, Jahresb. 1856^ 984) i
1. ffariite
2. Bratichiie
0
87'47
87 '0
1204 = ?>9'6l SdiTotter.
13*4=100-4 Piria.
Firia's analysis correaponda nearly with the ratio 9:16,
Oba- — Ha^Ue is found in a kind of pine, like fichtelite, but of a different spedeiL H
ocarosa Doger, belonging to au earlier geological epoch. It is from the brown coal beds i
hart, near Gloggnitz, not far from Yieona. Reported also from Rosenthal near Xofiadi iB
and PraTali in Carinthia. It occurs among the layer* ot tiaanea of the wood, and ala^ tn (
In the ooal or lignite,
Branchik Is colorless and translucent, with G. = 1*0442, and comes from the brown ootid of \
Yaso in Tuscany. It ia soluble in uloohol^ like hartite.
7d6. DINITE MeMghmi (Gas. Med. Itallana, Fironae, Toscana, July, 1852), Ooeam
aggregation or druse of crystals; cleavage none ; with the appearance' of ice, but with a]
tinge (lu€? to a foreign substaoce. Inodorous; tasteless; fragile^ and easily reduced to j
Insoluble in water; little soluble in alcohol, very soluble in ether and in anlphnrai of 4
Tlie ethereal solution on standing deposits large crystals of the dinite. Fusee with tl|« \
of the hand ; heated in a close vessel dtstHs oyer without undergoing any sensible da
When melted ic looks like a yellowish oil ; crystallizes in large transparent ciystak cm \
Prom a liguite deposit at Luuigiaua^ Tuscany^ where it waa found by Prot lAsL
cjiaidar \m f&a il
t87. IXOLYTE (Ixoljrt Raid., Fogg., Ivl 346, 1842)* iimorpboua.
Lnstre greasy. Color hyacinth -red. Pulverised in the flngerai it beoomfli
lo wish-brown* Tliin fragments suhtrauBluoent. Fracture imperfect cone
varietioR.
Son^ns at T6° C, but is atOl tenacious at 100'* C, whonoe the name, from if^ $iMy^ IftsMnB
and Uui^ to disaoim.
Thia species ia said to resemble hartite, though dlflbring in the temparatofe of ftision asid ol
characters. It occurs In a coal bed at Oberhart, near Gloggnits \ pwoes Mmetimea haSim \
thick, associated with hartlte.
8DCPLB HYDB00ABB0N8. 737
BENZOLE GROUP.
fluids at the ordinary temperature. General formula On Hjl
e in alcohol and ether. The species observed in nature, which
de all those known of the Benzole series, are the following :
Jc
0
H
Or.
BoflingT.
e. H. =92-31
7-69=100
0-86 at
16-6'
C. 82* a
789. TOLUOLl
e, H, =91-30
8-70=100
0-88 at
6
111
790. Xtlolb
e. H,o=90-57
9-43=100
0-86 at
19
189
791. CUMOLB
e. H,a=90-00
10-00=100
0-87
148
792. CriiOLB
eioH,4=89-65
10-46=100
0-86 at
14
176
3e la Rue and H. MuUer detected in 1856, in Rangoon tar, the first three of the above
1, with another designated pseudocumole (isocumole). In 1860 Bnssenius and Eisenstuok
Ch. Pharm., cxilL 151) announced xylole as present in the petroleum of Sehnde in Hanover;
e same year (ib., czv. 19) Pebal and Freund detected all the above five species of the series
naphtha of Boroalaw in Galicia. Warren and Storer also (Mem. Am. Aa Boston, iz. 216)
tetected zjlole and '* isocumole ** in the Rangoon tar. None of the series were detected l^
le and Cahours in the Pennsylvania petroleum.
■e oils are produced in the destructive distillation, at high temperatures, of bituminoui
Gitty substances, eta
KONLrm. (Fr. Uznach) Kraus, Pogg., xliii. 141, 1838. Ednlit (fir. ib.) Schrotier, ib., liz.
1843; (fr. Redwitz) v. Trommsdorfi; Ann. d. Pharm., xzl 126. Konleinit ffausm.^ Handb.,
7, 1847 ; KenngoUf Ber. Ak. Wien, ziv. 272, Min. d. Schweis, 419, Leipsig^ 1866.
folia and grains ; amorphous ; stalaetitic.
>ft. G.=0*88, TrommsdorflF. Color reddish-brown to yellow. Melt-
K)int 114° C, Kraus ; 1071-°, Trommsdortt'. Distils at 200°, underffoing
mposition at the same time, and leaving a brown residue. Very
tly soluble in cold and hot alcohol ; much more soluble in ether ; the
r solution affording wax-like folia.
up. — ^Ratio of 6, H=l : 1 ; n(6tH«) or a poljmere of benzole. Fritisohe makes the
la e,8H,s=8(e«H«). (Bull Aa St Pet., iii 88, 1860.) Analyses: 1, Kraus (L a); 2,
«Dmsdorff(L c.):
0 H
1. Uznach, Switz. 92*429 7 -57 1 = 1 00 Kraus.
2. Redwitz, Bavaria 90*90 7*68=98*48 Trommsdorfll
Redwitz mineral may be a different species. Kdnlite, unlike scheererito, is changed bj
ition, yielding a substance which melts by the warmth of the hand. For this product
s proposed the name pyroacheererUe.
yrown ooal at Uznach, at the same locality with scheererite ; near Redwitz, Bavaria, in the
Igebirge, with flchtelite ; reported by Konngott Arom the brown ooal of Fossa in the Bger
(Ueb., 1860-'5I, 147).
oed after Kdnlein, formerly superintendent of the coal works at Uinach.
njiOBETiN of Forchhammer (J. pr. Ch., xz. 459, 1840) is near the above, and is made identi-
th it by Fritzsche. It was obtained from an alcoholic solution of a resin Arom the marshes
[oltegard in Denmark ; the more soluble of the two resins obtained (see p. 736) being the
'eUn, Fusing point Se'^-ST*'. Dissolves easily in alcohol Forchhammer obtained Cvbon
90-12, hydrogen 9*22, 9*26 ; and deduces for the ratio of €, H, 8 : 10.
47
733
HITXBOOABBOH COKSOVWmB.
794. NAPBTBA2JK.
Orthorhombic. Commonly, as artificially prepared, in liiombitl
12'2° and 78° with tlie acute angles truncated, or hexagonal fnh}&L
Lustre brilliant Color white. G. = 1153 at 18^ C, ;
Kopp. ; at which temperature it melU, Boiling point -*. -. -
reaoily in alcohol, ether, oil of turpentine, fatty ous, etc.
Oomp^ etc.— Oio Hf^Carbon 93-75, hydrogen 6*25=100. The fltst of Hit .
tlie goner&l fbrmala for which is 6n Hq«^uk Buma with a deoae Bm^kmg fkstm>.
ObB.— Found BDArini^y in Rangoon tar, by De la Bu« and MuUer, aad faj Warn
Artif. — Fofmea eaitilj trom pecroleunif ooaJ-oflphthAf essential oila, oo pMsiqg
red-bot tubes.
796. n^RIAXiITB. QueckBilberbranderx pt Idrialme (fr. Idria) Dmnaa^ Am.
360, ldS3. Idnalite Schroiier, Bamng, m^ ill S46, tr. ft.
In the ^ure state crystalline in structure. Color white.
found only impure, being mixed with cinnabar, claj, and eom^
gypsum in a browTiish-bmck earthy material^ called, from its eomk
and the presence of mercury, inflammable cMHioiar {(^ ^ 'n-^
Oomp^ cto. — Dumait separated the idrialite by trMtment with oQ of 1
1, Dumaa (la); 2, 3, Schrotter (l c):
Carbon
Hydrogeii
94-9 94*50 84-80
61 D. ^19 Schr. fi-49 Scbr.
Correaponding tQ the ratio for €, H about 3 ; 2t^OArboQ H-li^ bydrogm ii
^le in wator, and little bo in alcohol or ether. Fuaea at ZOd" 0. 6olu\3cter fooad (ftl
of the crude aiiaeral 7*7*32 idrialite^ 17*85 oiiinAbiiri and 2*76 of otber ImfRtritic^
Bodecker (Ann, Ch. Pharm^ UL lOO^ 1644) obtained for the oonoposttiott of a <
derived from the crude (uaterial, (f) Carbon 9r8a, hydrogea 6'30, Qzyras 8 $ts^lM, t
ing to C*^ W* O (or an oxydizod idrialite). He dorived it twn thm ore bj mMmaiiM
sphere of carbonic acid. Bodecker itatcs that a black maierial obiWDea tn$m At I
chambers at Idria alTorded a eubstanoe which has the oosiDoaitioa of Dunii^ I
he gbUs JUrffl, supposing it to be the radiool of his own idmlitsu
n. OXYGENATED HYDROCARBONS.
196. GBOOBaXTB. Geooenun L Aridbwr, J. yr- <A^ tfi. ll» i8l8~
Wax-like. Color white. Not observed to crystJillijBC from
in alcohol. Melting point near 80*^ C, ; after Yoaion eolidffie _
lowish wax, hard but not very brittle. Solubl«$ in alooliol otSt^f^i
acted upon by a hot solntion of potash,
Oom|>^6tiH»*e„ Brndcnef=Carbon Td*24, hydrogen I3'«t, osygm T-MsKNi
^BrOckner (La):
OHO
79-06 !313 n'81]=l00.
t9!e 1801 pB8j-l00.
Obs.^-From the same darh-hrovm brown coal of Qest^nrlli tliat ■JbfJtl li
0X70ENATED HYDBOOABBQlfB. 789
, and from the same solution. The solution, after yiolding the geomjridte, and next^ on
ng m liot solution of acetate of lead, a precipitate of a salt of lead and " geocerins&ure,'*
Ij- alR»ded, on filtering the hot solution, the geoocriie in the state of a jelfy, imxh on drying
in» m white foliated mass.
be distillation product obtained from the same dark-brown brown coal, tallow-like in oonsist-
» (Imt in pearly orystals from a subsequent alcoholic solution) afforded Oeurbon 83*82, hydro-
lA'Ol, oxygen [2-17], corresponding to the formula Btt Hi, o O, as if derived, as follows, a9
cfciMr states, from the abore: 2 (6,8 H.* O,) -(B e, + H, e)=e»» Hu» O. It is identioi
I the distillation product from the yeUowish^irown brown coal of the same locally.
racBuad from ynt earth, and Knpof, imubl
797. aaOMTBIOITB. Geomyridn L, Bruckner, J. pr. Gh., IviL 10, 1862.
Wax-like. Obtained in a pulverulent form from a solution, the grains
muBtin^ (as apparent under a microscope) of acicular crystals. Color
lite. Melting point 80°— 83° C. After nision has the aspect of a yel-
nieh brittle wax. No action in a solution of potash. Soluble easily in
* abeolate alcohol and ether, but slightly in alcohol of 80 p. c.
flto.— Ot4 H«i Ot, BraGkner,=Garbon 80-69, hydrogen 13*42, 0 6*99=100. Analyses :
0
H
1.
a.=83'»
80-83
13-60
8.
G.=83
79*97
12*86
8.
a.=80
80-21
13-24
I with a bright flame.
Brtckner obeerves that the composition is very near that of the Chinese wax, Palm wax (from
i & A. palm, OaroaoyUm andicola), Gamauba wax (from the S. A. palm, Oorypha cerifsra^ for
ridh Lewy obtamed de K^ Ot=0arbon 80*69, hydrogen 18*42, oxygen 6*99=: 100.
PIm, Occurs at the Gesterwitz brown coal deposit tii a dark brawn layer, similar in most
MmCs to the yeOowigk-brwon which afforded the leucopetrite. Its yery sUght insoluMlity in
Miol of 80 p. c. enabled Briickner to separate resins and other soluble ingredients present in
ft'BMB. L. Lesquereux states (priy. contrib.) that the brown coal beds of the basin in which
litotliUi lies has afforded the palms FlabeUaria latania and Phomicites Cfiebeliamu, and per-
pv ottMfs, though none has yet been reported from the particular bed at OesterwitB.
*
M. OOPAUTB. Fossil Oopal, Highgate Besin, Aikm, ^^ 64, 1816. Betinite pt CRoA^
lOn., 872, 1831, Bdid,, Handb., 674, 1846. Fossil Copal J. F, W. Johnston, PhiL ICag., m.
Sdr. 87, 1839. Copaline Hausnk, Handb., 1600, 1847.
Like the resin copal in hardness, color, lustre, transparency, and difficult
Mobility in alcohol. Color clear pale yellow to dirty gray and dirty
ROWD. Emits a resinous aromatic odor wnen broken.
6.=:1-010, Johnston; 105, Bastock ; 1053, fir. E. Indies, Kenngott
atio for -8, H, 6=40 : 64 : l=Carbon 86*7, hydrogen 11*4, oxygen S'dsioa Anal-
Nt: i; 3, Johnston 0. c.); 8, Dufios (Min. Unters., ii. 183):
C
H
0
Ash
1.
2.
8.
TeUawtrp,
Gray
Kindles
• 86-677
86-408
86-78
11-476
11-787
11-60
a-847
2-669
2-77
0-136=100 Johnston.
slOODuflos.
^olitiHies in the air by a gentle heat Bums easfly with a yellow flame and mooh smoke^ and
t^^y waof perceptible ash. Slightly acted upon by alcohoL
KMUMntA mineral dosely resembles the Highgate copalite in its honey-yeUow color, and its
ioiiintih heat and alcohoL
^flbti Rom the bhie day (London clar) of Highoate BSD, near Londoo, from whence It \m
h^ Big^ifrts iMin. It occurs in irregular pieces of a pale honeyyeOow color.
740
HYDROCABBON OOMFOUKDS.
799. SUCCINmi. •HXi^Tpfli' Horner^ etcs. ? Anyti*^*** Tluopkr^, Deffiontr. A*y^^i*M
etc. Sucdnuin, Klactnun, Lyncuriura, PUiu^ xzxrii. 11» 12, 13. AmtH?r. Su<x^ij
Berostem Chmu Suocmit© pt janetiA.. Char*, 15, 1820, liO, 1823.
In irregular masBes, witlioiit cleavage.
H, = 2— 2 5. G,=1065 — 11)81. Lustre resinoujs. Color yenow,]
times reddish, brownish, and whitish, often clouded. Streak wliite.
parent — translucent. Tasteless. Electric on friction. Fusee at 287* (
but without heeomiug a flowing liquid.
Comp.— Hatio for €, H, 6=40 : 64 : 4= Carbon 76-94^ hjdrogttii lO'^lS^ ozygea ia*6l^l<
Aaolysis : Schrotter (Pogg.f Itz. 64) :
0 78-824
H 10-228
0 lot =100.
M^goUM
But amber is DOt a simple resin. According to BerzeKus (Lelirb., rvL 43 L Pogg^ li. 131]
consists mainly (85 to 90 p. a) of a resin which resists all solveots (propeHj As 9pmi
along with two other reains soluble in alcohol and ether, an oil, and 3^ to 0 p. a of I
Bohrotter and Forchhammcr gtate that after remoTing the«« soliibte ingredletttaf t
hMA the ratio 40 : 32 -, 4, wbich is the ratio deduced fhim the aoiljiM of the md
which indicates that the mixed resins are poljmeroua with sucdnito^ Thflir aahiftft hat wA\
investigated. Amber is hardly acted on by aloohoL
Burns readily with a yellow flame, emittlDg an agreeable odor, and leaves a black, shiaiq^l
bonaceoua residue.
Oba, — Amber oceura abundantly on the Frassian coast of the Baltic \ occurring froa ]
to Memel, espedally between Pillau and Dorfe Groas-Hubnidcen. It oocors also on f
Denmark and Sweden,' in Galicia. near Lemberg, and at Miazan; in Poland; !a
Boskowit«, etc. ; in the Urals, Russia ; near Ohnstiania^ Norway ; in Switsarland, oi
Pranoe, near Paris, in day, in the department of the Lower Alps, with bituminout ooal, sinftl
department of I'Aisne, de la Loire, dn Gard^ du Bas-Rhin. In En^nd, near Irfmdon, a
coast of liTorfolk, Essex, and Suffolk. It also occurs in rartous paria of Am. Alao nei
on the Sidiian coast, sometimes of a peculiar blue tinge.
It has been found in various parts of the Green sand formation of the United Stately I
loosely imbedded in the soil, or engaged in marl or lignite, as at Gay Head c^ Ifartba^l
yard^ near Trenton and also at Oamden id New Jersey, and at Cape Sable,
Maryland,
In ilie royal museum at Berlin there is a mass weighing 18 lbs. Another in the 1
AvSt India, is nearly as large as a ohOd's head, and weighs 2| lbs. ; H is intenmaled by \
carbonate of lime, from the thickness of paper to one-twentieth of an inch-
It is now fully ascertamed that amber is a vegetable resin altered by fbasillSAlioa.
inferred both from tts native situation with coal, or foesU wood, and from the
insects incased in it Of these insects, some appear evidently to have atroggted
entangled in the then viscous fluid; and occasionally a leg or ^ing ia foand aooie dl
the body, which had been detached in tlie effort to escape. Goppcrt baa ahown <9«r. .
ie6S, 450, Q, J. a Soc, X., Am. J. Sd., IL xviii. 28T) that at least 8 species of pliuifei 1
Pinitea sucdni/er have afforded this fossilized resin, and he enumerates 163 i "
by remains in amber. Besides pines, species of the f^unfly Abieitnem and Oitpftmim^ Ittivf
ably contributed to it.
Amber was early known to the andents, and called «X«rTf«i', tkettum, wtNOio^ <«i i
its electriail suseeptibilitieB, we have derived the word dedrieitff. It was named bj •
rium, though tliis oame was applied by Theophrastus also to a stone, probebllj te iro
maliue, both mlDerals of remarkable electrieal properties.
Pliny mentions, as one proposed derivation of fiectruiJij the fable,«at he fegnda^lt, fti*^
sisters of Phaethon, changed into popIars» abed their tears on the banks of the
Padus), and that these tears wbtq called ^^ctrunk from the fact that the sun was i
elector; as another^ that it CJomes from Khciridr^^ the name of certain islaoda tn tb# -
another ekdrides^ the name of certain stones in Britannia, from which it ezndea Be |
his opinion thiit '^ amber is an erudatlon trom trees of the pine family, lilce gum I
and reaia from the ordinary pine ; " and, as proof that it was onoe liquid, eUndM to ihi j
etc, in it Ue observes that it had been long called mccinum. beotlUB of Clifia oriii^
arboris succum prisd nostri credidere/' He says that in his time it wma ** ba
women only.'* But ''it had been so highly valued as an object of lujcnry thai a y
I QSnaQf s
OXTQEBTATED HTDB00ABB0H8. 741
Mtti efflffj, made of amber, had been known to sell at a higher price than living men, even in
Hi and logoroos health.**
(BOA. KEAXTzm (Foaailes Han (ft, Nienborg), Krantsit, O. Bergmfuum^ J. pr. Ql, IzxtL 65).
Mitially ancdnita Occnra in amall grains and maaaes of a Ught yellow or greeniah-yeUow
abut reddiah or brownish externally. G. =0*968. Bather tender. SeotOa and somewhat
L The exterior has O.=l*002.
9Ni9.^Axu4ysis by Landolt (L c.) afforded :
Oarbon 79*26 Hydrogen 10*41 Oxygen 10*84=100.
rfesponding nearly to the formula 6«o Hc4 Oi.
'Mij 4 pi c. soluble in alcohol, and 6 p. a in ether ; and only softens In turpentine. In sul-
■Id aeid gives a brown solution. Fuses at 226'' 0., and becomes perfectly fluid at 288** ; and
• biriier temperature yields gas and products of distillation. The ether solution affords a
nrniui amorphous substance, which is elastic like caoutchouc at 12°, and fUsea at 160°.
Ql WAZiOHOWITB. Bergpech pt. (fir. Walchow) Ateer, Min., iii., Ite Abth., 114» 1800.
antiiil Ton Walchow Schrmar, lix. 37, 1843. Walchowit Haid^ Ueb., 1843, 99, Handb^ 574,
LM.
In yellow translucent massed, often striped with brown. Lustre resin-
■i Fracture conchoidal. Translucent to opaque.
R=l-5— 2. G.=l-0— 1-069 ; an opaque vanety 1-035.
-Batio for 6, H, 0=40 : 64 : 8^, Schrotter (Pogg., lix. 61)=80'41 0, 10*66 H, 8*98 0.
I to a yellow dl at 260° 0., and bums readily ; becomes transparent and elastic at 140*^ C
Ik Is a mixture, aa alcohol takea up 1*5 p. c., and ether 7*6 p. a ; the tMohMe part may be
<totl with the preceding. Forms a dark brown soluUon in sulphuric add.
^ba^ Occurs in brown coal at Walchow, in Moravia, and formerly called ReUfdte,
MNaD0r also mentiona a honey-yellow resin fVom Uttigshof in Moravia (called BemBimn in the
U bfiim. (Jea., ill 8), and another of a similar color, but a little greenish, firom Litesko in
01. BocsAXAMAHGin. Boslne de Bucaramanga BouasinganiU^ Ann. Gh. Phys., m. vi. 607, 1842.
ItMniUee amber in ita pale yeUow color. G. above 1.
3IHMIL— Batio for e, H, e=42 : 66 : 2irT0arbon 82*7, hydrogen 10*8, oxygen 6*6=100.
muluUo in alcohol In ether softens and becomes opaque. Fuses eaaOy, and bnma with a
b ■Doky flame, leaving no residue. Yields no succinic add.
Ambrit (fr. N. Zealand) BoehaUU&r, v. Hornet, Yerh. O. Adcha., Wien,
• 1861, 4.
"ijnorphous. In large masses.
H.=2. G.= 1*034. Lustre greasy. Color yellowish-ffray. Subtrans-
krant Strong electric on friction. Fracture conchoidal.
_ J atcw— Batio deduced for e, H, 0=40 : 66 : 6=Garbon 76*88, hydrogen 10*64, oxy-
i lS'f7. Yon Hauer makes the ratio 32 : 26 : 4, which ia not nearer the analysis than the
wn. Analysis: RMaly (La):
0 H 0 Ash
(1)76*63 10*68 12-70 019
intaollty insoluble in akx>hol, ether, oil of turpentine, benzole, chloroform, and dilute add.
MB with yellow smoking flame. The ash contuns iron, lime, and soda.
Ota^— Occurs in masses as large aa the head in the province of Auddand. N. Zealand. It
■h wssmMes the resin of the Ikunmara AutitaUs, which abounds on the idand, and is often
pQrtid with It.
742
HYDBOCABBOir CX>l(FOUlffDB.
803. BATHVnXITB. fi&thTillite €. Gr, Williams, Ch. Newa, tiL 13% U
Amorphous, Dull, and of a fawn-brown <5olor, looking
rood in the last stage of decay. Opaque*
f G,, after removing air of pores by air-pump, about li)l, Y^d
bat this characteristic may not be essential to the speeiee*
benzole, Torbanite has H. = 2 25 ; G.=l IS, Heddle ; coUiri
powder yellowish ; tough,
OovLlK^Eatio for €, H, 0, from the anfiljaes, 40 : 68 : 4, or nett* Uimt of i
9a*4a, hjilrog>«ii 11' II, ozjgen 10*46=10iX Tbe ratio 40 : 66 : 4 is less natf, RNafi
ftge 0 78-T, H la-fi, 0 10-8=100. AnaljBeB ; \, WHliiuns (L a); 14^ um* villi I ~
Miller ^ SA, somd with •ah excluded :
1, Baghnmu
S. IMonfe
0
&8*89
7a-86
esio
Ask
25^2 =ioa.
=l<Kt
= lCit.
Wmiains refers
oxygen. The on
iJVUi'i^OU l\JO^
il "bj ICmer. Other •naljwm of I
^reo ftnd solphur. WiUiuuft mala
Ht«0>= Carbon ^c
u the »boTe.
Does iKit loell when bested. In e pUtinum crodble afforda a Ikity oiof^ j
dense smoky flame. No notkm with moderatelj dilute mtiic ftdd ^ ootDpletdjc
oentnted sutphiiric add.
Oba, — BathTiIlite occurs hi the torbanite or Boghead eoal IM" the rSirtinmr^raif I
tdjoining tbe laods oriorhaiieMU, in tbe groanda of BathTllto, SooUimC It fonitf T
fill caTities in the to<rbanite. Other cartliea sn ooeopied bj oakile, pVf^ He ll^
altered lunip of leahi; or elae material which has fiUmod into the oav% frm ttel
torbanite.
The anatysks of MOler shows that some of the torbanite has tl»# mmB i
ef the abeolate puritj of the snbetanoee analjnwd could not be had, Uie
doubit as WOliams obserres. Yet the mode of oocnrrenoe of the balhrittlliv <
oomposhkm of this insoluble sobetsnoe to the equally inBolable snenJiiiti^ llvvi
IS ewentistly a good species, sad that its oomposicioo is not 6r ftnoi tint sbof« fim^ \
804. ToikBAJTin. Torbaiule» shtioiigh related to oaanel cxmI, lias * iresy iMvtri
position, aococdinff to all analyses thiis ftr mflde^ ezoepUnf^ thai of IGIlex, «ad tlit «.
like that of bathTUlite, exoepttnf teas oasfg/BXL it oorreeponds Tesy neeffy viik ihi 1
E«iOri»=Carboii 82*19, l^ydragSB 11*A^ osyfm 6*11 Tbm sean of tM \ " "
ia^Oarboo SI 15, hydrogen 11 '4A,widiQ(iyfaii abottt 8<l,nltto«m 1-8? sIM;
m, G 83 28* H ll-54« 0 ffD3=100. Taking the oxygen aft 6*40 Inaieed of 6i» «s«i
the fbrmula would become 6«» Hit 0». Tbe nitrogen is without doiobt in oooi^itsaUa
Hona of tbe other ingredients. But, allowing for this, the dOit v»lstfo0 to U^ «aib«|
bolds^ both as regards eompositioD and hisohibllity. Less Ihaii l^ p, a, oi torbaaile I
asphtha (Fylb). Althati|^ the aboTS formula Gtmnot be talsaii «m tbe Itannis ef C
the basis torbanite, St is probably not tor tt(m it Torbaa&ls ma^ t
806. Xn«OR£TXNmL Xyloretin JbrdMlflSMnfr, J. pr* €h^ sx i6i» 16%0. BsHs'
Fogg., Ut. 45, 184a FteiltyiH GMbtr, qy1^ i^ 164T.
MaaaiTey but cryatallizes from a naphtha ftotalion iti nwdlos oi i
riiombic system.
6. =1*1 15^ hartine. Color white. Pulverisea in the fingen,
taste or amell. Solnbla in ether,
Oomp^ etc^BaSio for 0, H, O-40 : 64 : 4=Giffboe YTIl. hfdfo«tQ SiU,
OZreENATED HTBB00ABB0N8. 743
G^H" 0*, deduoed by Sohrdtter, oorresponds better with the aDalyses. Analyses : 1-8, Sdudtter
QL &) ; 4^ 6, Forohhammer (I a) :
0
H
0
ToaiDgT.
1. Eartine
78-26
10-92
10-82=100.
210* a
2.
78-46
1100
10-64=100.
8. "
78-38
10-86
10'82=10a
4. XylontMa
79-09
10-93
0-98=100.
166" a
6. '*
78-67
10-81
10-62= loa
The harime is a white resin separated by ether from a reatn obtained fW>m the brown coal
of Oberhart Ko. 1 is hariine as separated in an amorphous condition by means of naphtha ; and
IL 8y crystallized from an ether solution. (Besides the hartine, two amorphous brown resins were
■bo obtained from the solution.) XvhretinUe was derived by Forchhammer through the actioii
of t^edhcH on fossil pine-wood fitnn the marshes of Holtegaard in Denmark.
806. LBUOOPSTRITB. Leucopetrin L. BnkkneTf J. pr. Oh., IviL 1, 1862, in art entitled
Ueber einige eigenthiimliche waohshaltige Braunkohlen.
Between a resin and wax in characters. Crystallizable in needles fix)m
■olntion.
Ck>lor of crystals white. Melting point above 100° 0. ; and after fusion
bown and partly decomposed, and hence the exact melting point not easily
determinable. Soluble m ether; also 1 part in 268 of ooiling absolute
•loohol ; but not at allin alcohol of 80 p. c.
1^ Ooaqpr— ^to Hs4 Os, Briickner, = Carbon 81 97, hydrogen 1 1 *47, oxygen 6 -66= 100 ; yeiy neariy
iBM H«i Or 4. Not at all acted upon by a hot solution of potash, of cold nitric acid.
i OlMk — ^From a layer i-2 ft thick, in an earthy yelhwish-brawn brown coal, at Qesterwits, near
UTeiisenfels. The material of the layer is of loam-like aspect, but gives a shining wax-like streak,
jbt G.= 1*297, Wackenroder, and loses 22 p. c. of water at 100*" G. The dried mass is nearly
Jalf land and other earthy materials. The leucopetrite is associated in the coaly layer, according
-"to BrOokner, with other organic compounds, soluble in alcohol of 80 p. c., including two reahis,
rtvo wax-like substances (p. 738), and an acid which Bruckner calls Cfeoreiime add (p. 748). By a
^4MI]ation of the mass of the brown coal, 28 p. a of the whole passes over as a butter-like maaa,
;vUdi is related to the paraffins, but, according to Briidmer, contains 2 p. a of oxygen. It
Mfccded (f) Carbon 84*04, hydrogen 14*10, oxygen [1'86], and he writes the formula 6»»HiicO.
aJt ia soluble easily in hot absolute alcohol and ether, and very sparingly in alcohol of 80 p. a ;
.«ftal8 in pearly hexagonal plates from the alcoholic solution ; melts at 60"* C
4 Jltmed after the localify, Weissenfels (= white rockX from Xcwtff, whUef and nrpec, rock.
8OT. BUOSMirB. ErdhanS) Kampferharz, Euosmit, O. W. OunM, Jahrb. Min. 1864, 10.
Amorphous, in masses of a brownish-yellow color, or like that of cherry
^um, ana looking like common pitch.
H.=1'6. G.=l-2— 1-5. Brittle. In thin pieces transparent. Fracture
Qcmchoidal. Strongly electric on friction. Has an odor between that of
^oein and camphor. Dissolves easily in cold alcohol or ether, and hot oil
Of turpentine.
Ooa&p.,eto.~Batio of 6, H, 0=84 : 29 : 2=40 : 68 : 2^=60 : 86 : 2H = Carbon 81*89, hydro-
tl«i 11*78, oxygen 6*88=100. Afforded 0*84 of ash. The ratio is ahnost identical with that of
ftoeopetrite. Melts at 77' C, and bums with a bright flame and very aromatic odor. Botnttons
IC tfM alkalies dissolve only a little of it, after long action.
01m« — ^From defts in brown coal, at Baiershof^ near Thumsenreuth, in the Rohtelgebirga, and
l«riTed probably trom a kind of Conifer, and one resembling the Oupnatinoxylon miaqwilt
arappert.
nu
OGMMHTBlJIL
808. BCI^RJUTINITU. J. W, MaOet, PUH Utg^ IT. \ Ml, 1S61
In small drops or tears, from the size of a pea to that of a haxel-nfl
H,=3. G.=1'136. Translucent in thin splinters. Color bli '
transinitted light reddish-brown ; streak cinnamon-browiL Ln
vitreous and resinous, rather brilliant. Brittle ; fracturQ
soluble in alcohol, ether, alkalies, and dilute acids.
Comp.— ijulyees bj J, W. MaZlet (L cl):
0
n
0
AA
L
U'U
8-86
10-73
^-m
2*
ni5
9'0&
1013
8-88
Affords the mUo for 6, H, 6=40 : 56 : 4=rGarboii tt^OS, hyiln^ea S^ o^igm 1
8*68.
Heited on i^tinum foO it swells up, burns like pilch, with a dkagreeMble 4
atid e smoky flame, lenvrng a oosl niher dilBcult to huro, and fliiftlly a litUe givri^ J
tube jie&da a jelk^wisMirown oaij product of a lutuaeoui empTraomayo odior. Svcaita
aoid acts dow^ upon It
Wnm the coal loeasttree ol Wlgan, Bnglttiid.
809* FTROBSmnTB. I^irl of Frroretm ef A £ JeaiHa, Ber, Ak WIm^ l& 01,
p?, Ch^ bdiL 165; J. &aii«lv ibi P>ror0&xtit« l%ifidu
Kesin-Kka Deposited in powder from a hot alcoholic aolutiao isi
retia as it coola.
Ooonp.-'BatJo of ^, H, 0=40 : 56
Ai»a^7via: 8taDek(La):
G 80-OS H 9 43
t 4=Garbon 80*00^ hydfogea 9*3^, oxr^cu i^
0 [10 60]=rlua,
Appvoadbea, aa Stanek states, the beta-resIn of the resfa of PimtM abkf (Johii8toft >^6|4
aiMl also coftM^ acid (ft-. eopaibA balsam) €«• Hit 0«, and othar related oanip0fnd4
that il is probablj from coaiferous trees.
Obs^-PfToretm of Beuaa, the resf d which aifords the aborcv ocxruni En ibo tiraini essl^
8aleel and Proboeoht, neer Aaesig in Bohemia. It occurs io rr"*»<^« (^r^rn tha ^Hm of
that of a mao^s head, and also m plalee an inch tluck. It ip *
f^reasj-reeiiioas lustre ; wood*browii powder; H.=2-5; 0.==!
brown ooaL It boms with a redduih-xellow flasie, and a atrottg odcir Uke tliat of
and lesTea a black ooaL It melts eastlj, deoomposiiig aod gifinff oCf wldUi ~
asphali^Hke maaa. Reusa statee erideaee showing that it has prJbMif hmt^
of the heat of a basaltio dike on a bed of browii coaL
8ia RxuBSiNTrE. Fart of Pjroretin of A. K iSncss. Beabi^a. Color Am
Soluble in boUing alcohol and in ether, and not deposited from the alcoholic aoloittoi
Stanek (L c) found for the oompoeition of the resin thus obtained, C 61*09, H r4T.'l
corresponding to 64a H»t 6«.* ; and he regards the subatsAoe as a siixtttra of tli*!
Mmk^ e«« Hm O4, with another reoin (here dasSgnatad reast^Mi) of tht fttinnla 6|»1
811. ROOHUEIDBRITB. Pari a/Subaiana Bittuniiicfle BtMtitr, Bar. Ak Wian^ ti j
^Melanchjmi JJaid., Lotoe, L 85, 316, tL 881 Tiii, Heft 3; Mmm$^ Ueli. IKftOl 14^ l|
EochlodeHte i)»icL
Eesin-Hka Color reddish-brown,
point 100° C. Soluble in alcohol
Transparenl or tomnilocefit.
>hoL
Oompw— fiatio of e, H, Oir40 ; 58 : 8, Aaa^jflli: BoohMir (L g\i
OZTOKNATED HTDBOOABBOHS. 745
0 76-79 H9-06 0 U'lSslOO.
BoniB with a yellow smoking flame, something like amber.
OIm. — ^The part soluble in aloohol of a bituminous substanoe called melanchyme by Haidinger,
lad Ibond in masses as large as the head in the brown coal of Zweifelsreuth, near Neukirchen in
.;;%Hr, Bohemia. A similar substance, of somewhat lighter oolw, occurs at Oehnitz, near Strakonitz,
•llBoliemia.
Ihe rest of the substance insoluble in aloohol is the species mekmeUite, p. 760.
812. SOHXiANITB. Part of Anthraoozen of Beiua (see p. 746). Schlanite Dana,
A dark or light brown powder, obtained through solution by ether from
aathracoxene.
Oomp.— Batio for 6, H, 0=40 : 62 : 3}=Carbon 81*63, hydrogen 8*86, oxygen 9*52=100.
AatHjtliB : Laurens (L a, p. 746) :
(I) 0 81*47 H 8-71 0 9-82=10a
lUf resin ozydizes slowly when wet and exposed to the air.
Ofab — ^For locally and description of the material afibrdhig the schlanite, see p. 746.
813. aXTTAQUZLIJTB. JohnsUm, PhiL Kag., xiiL 829, 1838.
Amorphous. In large masses or layers.
Yields easily'^to the knife, and may be rubbed to powder. G.=l*093.
Dolor pale yellow. Lustre not resinous, or imperfectly so. Slightly soluble
In water, and largely in alcohol, forming a yellow solution, which is in-
tensely bitter.
m^ ttto.— Batio for 6, H, 0=40 : 62 : 6=Carbon 76*666, hydrogen 8*174, oxygen 16*161
Johnston. Begins to melt at 69^" C, but does not flow easily till near lOO"" Q As it
eoomes viscid, and may be drawn into fine tenacious threads. Soluble in cold sulphnric
fbnning a dark reddish-brown solution. A few drops of anmionia put into the alcoholic
loQ darken the color, and finally change it to a dark brownish-red.
II Is said to form an extensive deposit near Guyaqull in South America. Evidently a mix-
81^ BSZDDLBTONITE. J. F. W. JohnsUm, PhiL ICag., HI xii 261, 1838.
In rounded masses, seldom larger than a pea, or in layers a sixteenth of
in inch or less in thickness, between layers of coal.
/ Brittle. G.=l*6. Lustre resinous. Color reddish-brown by reflected
Hl^t. and deep red by transmitted ; powder light brown. Transparent in
imall firagments. No taste or smell. Blackens on exposure. Onty a trace
diflBolved by boiling alcohol, ether, or oil of turpentine. Not altered at
Oomm eta— Batio for 6, H, 0=40 : 44 : 2, Johnston, =Oarbon 86*83, hydrogen 1'9% oxygen
l^ftsioa Johnston obtained (}) Carbon 86*21, hydrogen 8*08, oxygen 6*76=100.
Oft a red dnder bums like resin. Softens and melts in boiling nitric acid, with the emission
of led ftimes; a brown flocky precipitate &lls on cooling. Soluble in cold concentrated sul-
Ijhnieacid.
Obi. Oooors between layers of ooal abont the middle of the Main coal or Haigh Moor seam,
tt^Hkb Hlddleton collieries, near Leeds, in thin layers and masses, rarely thicker than i^ in., and
Btfle rooDded masses seldom larger than a pea ; also at Newcastle.
tiftb 8TANBKXTB. Part of Pyroretin of A. R JSsum, Ber. Ak. Wlen, ziL 661, 1864, J. pr.
Oh., Ixiii 166; J. SUmek, ib. StaneUte Jkma.
Beein-like. Kot soluble in any fluid without decomposition, and not at
746
HTDBOOARBOIf OGMPOUlTDfi*
all in a solution of potash. SepaFated from the pyroretia of Benn ly
hoiliiig alcohol, which leaves it behind,
Oomp^Batio of 6, H, e=39 : 44 ; 6, 8timek,=Qnboti 76*97, hjdrog«n T^4, Qn^sen t^
= 100, Porhapa 6, H, 0=40 ; 44 : 6=Carbcm 77-43, hydrogen 7D9, 0x71^0 15<4S=loa. Aw^
ysia : Stonek (L c ) :
(I) 0 76-71 H 7 80 0 I6*99=10a
When heated gives off the odor of aucdnic add,
Oba. — For locality and charBctera of the pyTX>rettn of BetiM^ a£brdmg the aboim. 8m pi 7U
816. ANTHRAOOXBNrrB. Fort of Anthmeoxeii (fi-. BrandeisI) Eeit$9, T. Lsmwm, BtL ML
Wicn, xxl 271, 1856, J. pr. GIl, Ixix, 428, 1S&6. AuthraoozBnitQ Dma^
Obtained as a black powdor from a resin, bj separating the remiiiidGr
by means of ether, the anthracoxenite being insoluble in etner.
Gomp.— Batio of 6, H, 0=40 : 38 : 7|. Analyaia : Laiireos (L o.}:
(1) C 75-274
H 6*187
O 18 5S9.
11 p. a of aah were Beparatod. Not Boluble in meiastnui without decompofiitioii,
Oba, — From a reeia-like material, constituting layers 2^ in. thick between byerB of coal, b&
coal beds of BrandeisI, uear Schhui in Bohemia; the mass ia amorphoua^ and h^ H. =ti;
0,=^1'191 ; lustre eitemallj weak adomantine; color brown iah-blaok, lij-ac^ tJ»i
Bplintera by tranfiraitted light; streak dull, yellowish-brown ; fracture sais3l«ci : us^
rubbed to a fine powder ; ftisea easily ; burns with a yellow amoking flame^ aaa ati onar
dtaagTeeable. This substance was named anihrtuoaxne by Keuss. The name i& hei
to the part insolubb in ether. The sotuble part is n&oied schknite (p. 745)u
817. TASMANTTB* HeBlziiforous &hato (Ar. Tasmania), CataL Intemat fixhilx, 18€S.
manite A, M Cfhurch^ FhH. Mag., IT. zxtiiL 465, 1864.
In diekd or goalee thickly dieseminated through a laminated ahale; i^
rage diameter of scales about '03 in.
H.=2» G-=l*18. Lustre resinous. Color reddiah-brovni. Trans!'
cent. Fracture conchoidal. Not dissolved at all by alcohol, ether, benxcJe,
tnrpentine, or bisulphid of carbon, even when heated.
Oomp^ «to.^ — No action with muriatic acid. Slowly oxydlied by nitrie. Beadily^ <
by sulphurk add, with eyolution of suJpbureited hydrogen. Alkaliea in aolutioa wHlaooii
Bums readily with a smoky lame and ofleosive odor; Aisee paxtloD^, yielding oiily and mA
ducts, Imvliig a disagreeable smolL Ratio of e, H, 0, S=40 : 63 : 8 : l=OarboG tS^l^ltjiNiB
10*23, sulphur 5*28, oxygen 6*28=100, coireaponding nearly to auednite^ i^ which jiui dt'
QxygQQ is replaoed by sulphur. Analysis: Chnrdi (I eX at^r rejecting 8*14 p. c. of aih;
0 79 84
H 10 41
S6-3a
0 4^t
Oba< — From the river Mersey^ north side of Tasmama^ The rock is oaHod 1
A. caking bitumlnoos coal from New Zealand^ analyaed by 0. Tookey in the UhoaHarf I
Tercj (see anaL 18, p, 757), contained 2*^7 p. c of sulphtir and no iron, the ish \
white; and Percy remarks (Met, 101, 102) that the sulphur may hare booD peiMaltiiAl
similar to that in Hbrine, The existence of a sulphur-bearing resin like the tihcfm ftDm Tmm ^
rendera it probable that the New Zealand coal is impregnated with a similar inaolabb tmai, Ti^
p. c of sulphur would correspond to the presenoe of about 44 p. e, of snch a ra«ia.
818, DTSODILB. (fr. MelEi, Sidly) Faulo Bocame, Eeoherdiea et Oba. Koqt., tWi, j
1G7C Dysodae (hrdur, J. d. M^ xxiiL 375, 1808. Merda di mamkt ML Sliakkd
Houillo papyrao^, Tourbe papynio^ Jh
AOm HTDBO0AS8O2fa. 747
•In very thin leaves or folia, flexible, slightly elastic.
G,=1'14— 1-25. Color yellow or greenish-gray. Streak shining.
Oomp., etc. — Yerj ioflaxnmable, burning with a bright flame and an odor like that of aaafoetida,
leaTing an ash in the form of laminni oonsiating largelji aa shown bj Ehrenberg, of the silioeoua
■hella of inftiaoria, espedally of KavicalsB. Delesae found (Th^e anal. ChiuL, 1, 1843) a variety
from Olimbach, near Oiesaen, to afford water and yolatile matters 49*1, carbon 6'6| ash 46*4 ; of
the last, 17*4 were soluble silica, 11*0 sesquioxjd of iron, and 10*0 day. Very probably near
teamanite, as Church suggests.
OlMk — Originally firom MeliU, Sicily, forming a coaly deposit, made up of yeiy thin papeHike
leftTes, which had evidently been derived from the joint decomposition and alteration of vegetable
and animal matter. Reported also from the lignite deposits of Westerwald near Bolt; of Sieg-
berg to the north of Sept Montagues; of Saint Armand in Auvergue ; Olimbadi near Oiessen ;
Imt the real nature of none of these substances has been investigated.
819. HIROITB. Hirdne PiddingUm, Arch. Pharm., hcxiv. 818, Kenng. Ueb., 1863, 184.
Amorphous.
G.=l-10. Color exteriorly brown, within yellowish-brown. Subtrans-
lueent to opaane. Fractore conchoidal. Softens in boiling water, and
then has the oaor of a resin. In cold alcohol a little soluble ; in boiling
about one-half, and the solution, which is gold-yellow, affords white flocks
on cooling.
Pyr., eto^— In the flame of a candle Aises and bums with a yellowish flame, like a bituminous
eotJ, and leaves a tough coaly globule of a peculiarly strong animal odor (whence the name, from
kJnmSf a ffoat^ After complete combustion, leaves an ash. In sulphuric add soluble, and color
of solution blood-red.
S20. Baikkbinitb. Part of Baikerit, Dickflussiges Hara, Hermann (see p. 783> A thick tar-
Bke fluid at 16** 0., and a crystalline granular deposit in a visdd honey-like mass at 10" 0. Color
brown. Translucent Odor balsamic. Taste like that of wood-tar. Easily and perfectly soluUe
fai alcohol and ether. The alcoholic solution becomes milky when diluted with water.
Constitutes 32*61 p. c. of the baikerite. No analysis yet made.
S20A. DOPPLEBITE of J. C, Ikickey B. H. Ztg., xviL SS3. (Not Dopplerite according to Kmng^
Uabu 1S68, 141.) Grayish, earthy, plastic in the fingers wnen firesh ; becoming dark reddiah-
brown to blade on drying.
Yields after drying, combustible substance 83*26, water 12*5, ash 4*26. Bums with a bright
flame and intense heat, and differs from dopplerite in this respect, and also in <My"W"'»g much
leaa water.
From a peat bed at Ilnkenbach in the Canton of St GkOl, Switierland.
in. ACID HTDEOCARBONS.
•fll. BUT7RBZXITE. Bog Butter WUUamaan^ Ann. Gh. Pharm., liv. 126, 1846. Bn^t
Cfioeher, ^yn., 9, 184t. Butyro-limnodic Add Bnuuer, Cham. Gaa^ 1862, 876. BotyTeDite
Cr^tallizable in needles. Butter-like in consistence. Color white.
Helting point of impure native material 47^, Brazier ; but of material after
solution in alcohol 61^, Luck; 62°— 52*7^, Brazier. Easily soluble in
alcohol or ether.
Oompr-^ti H«« Bi, Brasier=Carfooa 76*0, hydrogen 12*6, ozygan 12*6=100^ and like pabnitio
748
HTDBOCABBON COMFOTJKSfi.
add in ratio. WiHiamBon mes (he kse proliable fonouLi €%t H«« 0.. Tt» f
liamson's analyses (1 c); Nos. 1^ S, were the unoysUHIsed toulynte; 3, Hat i
biniition with potafia (with which it forrn^ a kind of etrnp} ind a Bepantaos aftn
L Uhory$1aGmi
3. Ftom potash solatfoii
0
78-^8
78-89
15-06
Obi* — FroTD the peat-bogs of Irehind.
The name hutTrite being used in chemiBtiy for another
form abore.
O
13^2=100,
13-39 :=IOO.
fifikm
822. QEOCHHBIXrrR
Geocerina&iue Bnkknm'^ J. pr. CtL, IvH lOi, IBfil; Gaoeskiil
GeooereHibe Dana.
Color white. Brittle, and easily pulverized. No ayslallizatioii *
Soluble freely in hot alcohol, and afpOBited firom the solotion as a ^
coohng, with nothing crystalline under the microscope, Kelting poinlf
Oomp^— eaBHi«e«, Briickner;— Ckrbon TSIU^ hjdrogeo 13^1, oxgpg^ f^slil,
Biiickner (L a) :
(}) Carbon 78*61 Hydrogen 13*70 Oiygem 13"6»=rlO<W
The add wia aeparated by oomUnation with lead by actioa with a hot aoliillOQ of i
lead.
Oba. — Separated from the dark brwtm brown ooal of 6«aterwiti. See Qbocbsiz^ jl tl& I
823. BR0CElfBR£IJLITB. Georetinaiure Brikimer, J, pr, CSh., linuL I, liSC
Acid. BrUcknereUite Dmul
Crystallizable in white needles from an alcoholic solutioii.
easily in boiling alcohol ; and, if the solution is a conceotraied ooc, i
lizes out more or leas completely on cooling.
Oon&p,^B,4 Hm Oe, BrQckner,==Carbon 62^1, hydrogen d-Sfj^ mmm fT-fSslOCL ll#|
salt afforded Carbon 43'3G, hydrogen <i*59, oryd of lead 34*5S, 0Z7gBDTli^47l=lML
Oba. — Separated tmm the yellowiah-browo brown coal of Gaalmm. ma T
743.
824. BUCTOZKISIXITR [Suocinmn] Tertitur [by dfstiDAtion] p
parUm denique in cnndidum quiddam cl t^nue quod siamlitudinaoi quatniaia farili
BoUs, ^^m., Nut Foss., 233;, 1546, Flos Suocini LOmv^ Akhem. T!rac^ Sdt, IftSt*
Add BuodneUite />ai»a.
Orthoriiomhia /A 7=120^ 18', (? A l^iad** W;ath: c^U>i^ J
1-7425, Eamm. 1 : 1, ba8.,=^100° 30', macr., 1^% brach., !>«** n\
H.r^l. Q.=1'55. Lujstre vitreous, Colorleift or white Aii i
q<Jor. Soluble in water,
Oo(iiip^-e« H, e4=0arbon 40 7^ hydw^gwi 61, oxygen 64*3-100.
peratttre, and on cooling ooodenftes In cryatalB.
Oba^—Exi&te in ambJr, conBtitnting 2| to 6 p^ c of the tnaai, ao^ ^
distiUution. Its preaenoe ready formed in thU reain ifl shown by tha OmI tlial U i
either by water, ether, or eDtaliea, the amber boii]^ toft aJler tiifi ttertBM
S33. RBTINEUJTD. J\ui of Bright YeDow Loam (fr, Bovaj) pa mI
that it barns Uko aealing-wax, J. JftUes, Phil Trana.. E 68«^ ItOO; Itoa
aaphalttun, Hakhctt, ib., 1804^ 403; Eetmit^. Eaain of Bathi liphall,
JohtaUm, Pha llag^ HL zii 600^ 1838. Bet^tuaDila ItaM,
ACm HYDBOOABBONS. 749
SeBin-like. Light brown. B^ns to melt at 121^ C, is perfectly fluid at
160'', and gives off a resin-like odor at 100^ 0. Soluble in alcohol, still
more ireely in ether.
Ooiiii>i>— 0. ratio for €, H, 0=21 : 28 : 3. Analysis: Johnston (L a):
0 76-86 H 8-76 0 14-39=100.
Johnston describes salts of retinic acid with silver, lead, and lime.
Olih— The retinasphalt of Hatchett, from the Tertiary coal of Borey in Devonshire, from
-^pbich alcohol separates the above species, occurs in roundish masses, having H.=l— 2*6 ; 0.=
1*186, Hatchett ; lustre slightly resinous in the fracture, often earthy externally ; color light yel-
lowish-brown, sometimes green, yellow, reddish, or striped ; and is snbtransparent to opaque ;
cftsa flexible and elastic when first dug up, though brittle on drying. Johnston, after drying the
jetfmHihMlt at 300° 0., obtained (L c.) 63*92 p. c. of resin soluble in alcohol, 27*46 of insoluble
omnio matter, and 18*23 of a8h=100. The insoluble portion has not been investigated.
Bfttdhett found (L c) vegetable resin 66, bitumen 41 (the insoluble part, which he regarded
M asphalt^ and alludes to in Uie name retinasphaltX and earthy matter 8=99.
A reunite from HaUe afforded Bucholz (Schweig. J., L 290, 1811) 91 parts soluble hi absolute
iloiriiol, and 9 parts insoluble. The former gives a yeUowiBh-brown deposit on dilution, and is
mote soluble in boiling dilute alcohol than in cold ; and it is insoluble in pure ether and turpen-
tiiie. The laUer is also insoluble in ether. Both are soluble in alkalies, which would seem to
Indioaie that they are add in their relations.
The resin fUses with more difficulty than most resins, blackens in the heat, and gives out a
■troog aromatic odor. By distillation yields a brown thick oil, some water containing a littia
acetic acid, besides carbonic add and carburetted hydrogen.
826. DOPPLBRXTB. Dopplerit Edid., Ber. Ak. Wien, iL 287, 1849, lil 281.
Amorphous. In elastic or partly jelly-like masses. When fresh, brown-
. ifih-black, with a dull brown streak and greasy subvitreous lustre; and
when in thin plates reddish-brown by transmitted light.
H.=0-5. G.=l-089, FoBtterle. After drying, H.=2-2-5, G.=1'466,
and lustre somewhat adamantine. Becomes elastic on drying from exposure
to the air. Tasteless. Insoluble in alcohol or ether.
Oonp., etc.— Batio for -8, H, O, nearly 10 : 12 : 6, fhmi analyses 2, 8. An add substanoe, or
- miztare of different adds, related to humic add. Analyses : 1, Schrotter (Ber. Ak. Wien, iL 287,
1940); 2, 8, P. Miihlberg (Jahrb. O. Reichs., xv. 283, 1866):
0
H
0 N
1. Aussee 61-09
2. " 65*94
3. Obburg (|) 66-68
6*29
6-20
6*68
42-69 1*03=100 Sdir6tter.
88-86 =100Muhlbeig.
37-79 =lOOMahlberg.
From No. 1, 6*86 of ash are exduded ; from Na 2, 6*18 ; from 8, 6 to 14*2 p. a All were dried.
8dir5tter found the loss of water 78-6 p. c. ; and Miihlberg, at 110° 0, for Ko. 2, 20*04 p. c. for
•a eh^dried specimen; for 8, 81*8 p. & for a Jelly-like spedmen, and 19*7 for an air-dried. In
eraotio potash soluble, with a residue of earthy matters.
Obs. — Found in peat-beds, near Aussee in Styria ; and in Gontin in AppenxeU, and Obburg,
oetr Stansstad in Unterwalden, Switzerland.
Named after Bergrath Doppler, who was the first to bring the substanoe to notice.
OL W. Giimbel has referred here (Jahrb. Min. 1868, 278) a substance from a peat-bed near
Btmhtesgaden. It is soft, plastic, elastic black, of waxy lustre, tasteless ; on drying in the air it
iMaiDbles compact coal, is brittle and velvet-black, and has H.=2-6, G.= 1-489, lustre vitreous,
ivtOi powder brownish-black. The air-dried material loses, at 80° C, 12 p. a of water. Unlike
dopplsrite, it bums with a bright yellow flame, is partially soluble hi aloohd, and the alooholio
soiooon affords a resm (Eenng. Ueb., 1868, 142).
A pitdi-blaek coal-like substance from the peat-beds at Eolbenmoor, near Berohtesgaden, the
MBe that are described by Gilmbel, related to dopplerite In composition, and in not hmning with
a flame when inserted in fragments in the flame of a candle, has been analyied by 0. QObert
WhaaisT (priv. oontrib., dated Nuremberg, Jan. 28, 1866). It afforded him :
wo
HTDEOCABBON CX)MFOUimE.
0 50-98
H6-a$ H3*74 0 36*14 ash $-78=100.
It appears to be Uie same substafioe that it here partiallf described bj Gumbel
Mr. Wheeler observes that it Is found imbedded in, and entirely surrounded by, the pest;
epecimens show well the transition from peat to the co«I-Uke substance.
827* MSZJLNEIiIJTE. Part of Melanchym Qtffaid. (see p. 744> Melan^lile Dmt.
Black and gelatinous, as obtained by RocUeder. Separated from
lederite, or the resinons ingredient of melanchyme, by diasolving Ihe li
out by means of alcohol,
Oomp.1 «to,— The jeUy-like mass gave on analyiia, Garboa 67 'H hydrggon 4-79^
28i>7=lOO, oorreaponding to the ratio 48 :40 : 16 =r Carbon 07 -3, hydrogen 4-T, ozTgtmJ
JOiX The ratio 48 : 40 : 16=12 ; 10 i 4 affords the percentage 0 66 1, H 4^6, 0 J9"3— 10
Bubetanoe is regarded by Bochleder aa an acid related to ulmic add« But, aa it wis tt
with a base be^re analysis, there is no proof of its purity^
On tbb looali^ and material affording this acid, see EocHTJBigErn^ p. T44.
IT< SALTS OF ORGANIC ACIDS.
828* MEIiUTS. Houigatein (fr. Thuriogia) WanL, Bergm. J.^ 1789, I 980^ 196v
Karat.^ Mus. Losk., ii. P, 1, S3&, 1789. Sucdn transparent en cristanx oc^ai^ilfca,
miel, V. Born, Cat. de Eaab, il 90, 1790. Mellilea Ofndin, Linn. Syst, iil 282, 1703,
Kirufanj Um.^ ii. 68, 171*6. Mellite IT, iiL 1801. HonigAtdo, Melilithus, ::£Bottlg9ll
(Addum meliliihicitm)4-AlauDerde-^Wafl3^rf Klapr.^ Ak. Berlin, 1799, fieitr.* ifi. 114, ]
Tetragonal, <9 A 1=:33^ 29' ; a=0-745445, Kokgcharof. Ooc«
octahedrons, with often the planes i-i tnincating the basal angle
Bometimee the terminal angle and basal edges trwncated, the
planes bein^ O, /, i-i^ h 1 A 1, pyr,,=:118° 16', ba£ial,=93^ 1|'; 1 Ai
121^ 52', Cleavage : octahedral, very indistinct Also in ma^dive nods
granular in strnctnre,
IL = 2-2*5. G. = l-55--l-65; l-636-^1642,Kenngott. Lnitrei
inclining to vitreous. Color honey-yellow, often reddish or bron
rarely white. Streak white. Transparent — translucent, Fniclun>
clioidal. Sectile.
Oomp.— %1 M'+ 18 tt=Mellitic acid 40-5», slumina 14*32, w»ter 451 5. AndUyvee 5
(Beitr., iii 114); 2, Wohler (Pogg., viL 826) ; a, J, ?. njenkof (Kokach., iii SIT):
Melliticacid 46 41*4 42'36
Alumina 16 14'6 14-/0
Water «8=100K 441=100 W, 44 16 1.
Fyr»f etc« — Whitens \n the flame of a cmidie, but does cot take firew DiatolTeft !& i
decomposed by boihng water. Iti a matrass yields water.
Oba,--0ocurs in brown cool at Arten m Thuriogia ; at Luschitz near Bain in ]
Walchow in Moravia; io the Govt, of Tula, RuBsia in Europe ; Nertschinaky beyoul I^e J
B20. PKKxnTE Johmion (PhiL Mag., III. xrii 382). A salt of alumina aad a» orgMik aoil c
roudeecous add by Johnston. GompositioQ 4 ^+6«HioO« (the add) -I- 37 & ^inD«d co pL
in Com wail, (torn the actioo of wot vegetation. Iteported also ftom Wicklow (GUl O^ lt6% I
B29A. Oeoanio Sjlltb of luoK, Native oompounds of iron and m^aikic aeids Imiv I
by Berzelius and other chemists as oomnioQ in marshes. But none ik Ihem b^ j«i 1
inyestigated, the kinds of acida, as well as the pioportions of add to baaoSi bail
AfiFHALTUM*
TBI
APPENDIX TO HYDROCARBONS.
a30. ASPHAIiTUM. ^AtrfaXrof AriataL, Strabo^ IHosc^ etc. Bitumen PUn,, nxv. 61, Asphalt,
Mineral Pitdu Asphalt, Bergpedi, Erdpech, Gtnru Aepbalte, Bitume, Fr, [For tyiL ot
Httasphalt or Mineral Tar (Bergibeer Ofrm.\ see pw 728.]
As]>!ialtiim, or mineral pitch, i& a raixtnre of different hydrocarbons, part
of which are oxygenated. It^ ordinary characters are as follows :
Ainiorphous. G.— 1—1*8; sometimes higher from impurities, Lngtre
|Kke that of black pitch. Color broumish-Uack and black* Odor biturai-
1 tiotL^ Melts ordinarily at 90"^ to 100° C, and bums with a bright flame.
Soluble mostly or wholly in oil of turpentiiiej and partly or wiioHy in
I ether ; commonly partly in alcohol.
The more solid kinds graduate into the pittaBphalts or mineral tar (p,
72S), and through these there is a gradation to petrolenra. The fluid kinds
I change into the solid by tlie loss of a vaporizable portion on exposure, and
algo by a process of oxydation, which coneiets first in a loss ot hydrogen,
and finally in the oxygenation of a portion of the mass.
Oomp.— Tbe action of heat, alcoholj ether, naphtha, and oil of turpentine* as woU aa direct
■oaljseB, Bhow that the so-called asphnltum from diCTerent looaiitiea is very variouB m composlp
I ttoc-' Yet the true eompoaltioa is not knowTi of any oae of them. It han heen HhowE only that
I thd following are the clas&ca of ingredients present :
A- Oils vaporizable at about l\W C,^ or below ; sparinglj present, if at aU.
B. Eisav\i Qiis, probablj of the Fittoiium or Petrolene groups (pp. 128, 729); Taporizable between
lOO^ and 250^ C; conf^tftnting aometimea 85 p. e. of the maas.
C. Retina aoluble in aleohol
D^ Solid osphaM^like subskmce or mMances scdubU in ether and nai in akokal; black, pitch-likei
loetrous in fracture; 15 to 85 a a
£L Binc^ or browni^i'hlaek aulmtaiic* or miMtnees nai BolvMe eiih^ in akohol or ether ; limilar to
D hk color and appearance, Kersten ; brown nnd nlmfn-like, Volekel ; 1 to 75 p. o.
F, Nitrogenous aubstances; often as much as corresponds to 1 or 2 p. a of nitrogen.
BouBSingaiilt attempted an investigation of tho composition in 1837 (Ann. Ch. Phys., Izziv.
141 X and arrived at the conclusion that there were two principles present; one petrolme^ an oH,
I tbe other a^phaU^ne^ a solid, and concluded that all aephiiltB were mixturea of theae two in
I SSn^nt proportiona. But his petrolenty m already obserred, is beyond question a mixture
I of oUa; and his a$phaltme needs much more itiTeatigatlou. Hia special examinations on this
point were made only on the aapbalt of Becholbronn. He found in it (1) no light oil (or A), as
nothing was gi^enoff at IDO^ 0. ; (2) 85-4 p, c. of beaTier oil, orM&peiroJeney vaporised between 100*
tout 236" C. (B); and (8) 14'6 p, c of a bhck, lustrous, asphalt-like solid, hia asphaUene, soluble
ia fther, oil of turpentine, and fatty oils, but not in alcohol (D). Aaphaliene was the aolid aub*
I Btaoce after Bubjocting the asphaltum to a temperature of 250" 0. in a hot oU-bath.
(Bousiingault has been quoted by Berzelius, Kersten, RaminelRberg, and othera, as making the
wph^tene noi soluble in ether, but be expressly mentions its solubitity. He also states earlier
that the moBs of the asphalt was wholly soluble in ether; and, also, that ho used ether to separate
It from the impurities present, after which kind of purification it burnt without reaidue.)
Booasingault'B Dnalysis of asphaitene afforded ;
Carbon 76^
Hydrogeu 0*9
Oxygen 14'8=99'7j
giving the ratio for 0, H, 0—40 : 64 : 6.
(the mass) from Caxi tambo^ as foUowa :
0 760
He dosea the paper with hia ana^is of an asphalt
H95
015*6=100;
and rtmarka oo the near approach of thia alphalt in compoeition to oaphaUene. But in 1840
(L a, UxiiL 444) he gives two new analyses of the Oaxitambo asphalt, in which he obtained only
1*65 of oxygen and nitj'ogeu (see anal 7, below); and adds that "hiB earlier anatysia was owde
HYDBOCABBON OOMPOUKDS,
hy the mettiod ordloimlf follovred at that time, by which method be waa wfwtr able *
more than 76 p. c of carbon." Tho remark virtuaUy ooneedes the innocuracT of Um i
of asphfiltene, or at least givea Buffident oocasion lor a verj lmrg<e doubt. No wgtd
made Id this aecotid paper of the asphalt of BechelbronD, but auidyaea are giTen of j
the locality.
KendtTich, in an inyesti^tion of an aaphalt froni Peklenicsa, Auatria. fband it
almost solely ot asphaitene^ &at la, it waa soluble tn ether and not in aloohoi; aod io Ifl
G. Revchi.^ vii, 1^%) obtained for It nearly the compositioo of aaphaltene (or C Ti*4l^ 1
0 10*48); but in 1847 (Haid. Ber, HI. 271) he rejecta hia earlier reaulta* mst
mineral contained no oxygen^ and was easentiallj identical in compoaltioD with petrolena, I
on p. 730.
Othi>r analysta have not afiTorded more satisfactory results. Part ba^e bee
analyses of the undiTidud mass ; while others hare ascertained the portiona aeltihle la i
menatrua, without ascertaining the eonstituonts of the substances obtained.
The following table coistaina the proportione of the inip'edientfl A, B, C^ D» E, abot^, ti « i
asphalta. The letters £ and A, In oonnection with the statement of the sr mil
ether and akohoL 1, Bousaingault (I. c); 2, Keraten (J. pr. Ch., zjcxt. 271) ; : 1 (i
Ok Pharm^ Ixxxril 189); 5, Klaproth (Beitr^ iiL 315); 6^ Meyrac (J, d. Phra.. xeix. ill)^
Hermann (J. pr. Ch,, Ixadil 232) j 8, Nendtvich (Haid. Ber., L c):
A.ljgbt
oiK
1. Bechelbronn 0
2. Branui, Dnlmatia 5
3. Dqx
4. TraverSf near Neufchatcl
5. Albania 0
^. Bastennei
7. Tschetschoai Oancasua
8. PeklenicEa
B.
Heavier
oils.
8&-4
very UUk
l-O
D, Sol. in E,
InsoLtnA.
14*6
abmahai/
all
two thirds
0
K InaoL
\nEkA.
0 r=:100l
74-0—100]
aboui hai/ TMuL
0 EaapiQik.
a third
0 ir«
Elaproth found the asphalt of Avlona, Albonia, to give nothing to alcohol, aad to
completely in ether^ like that of Peklenieak
It is probable that the material insoluble in both alcohol and ether (columfi S, abov») If I
always of the same kind. That from the Braasa asphalt {aoaL 2) waa black a&d
aaphalt-like ; while that of Dai (soaL 8) was brown^ and ulminUke,
Ultimate analyses of diflerenl asphtiltB have afforded the following resnlta; l-H,
(Ana d M., xv, 528); 4, 5^ Begnault (Ann. d. M,, III, xtL 161); 6, WetbafiQ (Tma. ,'
Soc PMlad, 1882, 358); 7, Bouasingault (I a, bcjoriil 444):
Aah
8*45=100 EbelmeiL
1 80=10aBtpeim>a.
5'l3r-iaaBbelsietL
— =100 RegnaotL
— = IOoBaiQaiilt
0-40=100 WetiMcQL
=lfta J
The moat of these analyses need reviaion.
Obi — Asphaltura belongs to rocks of no particular age. The moat aim
Buperlldal. But these are geuorally^ If not alwaya, ooniiaoted with rodk
some kind of bituminous material or vegetable romaina (aae p. 725).
Some of the acted localities of asphaltum are the region of the Dead Saa^ or ImHk^ .
wfaenoe the most of the asphaltum of ancient writers; a lake on Trinidacl, ii m. to <
which is hot at the centre, but is solid and cold toward the ahorea, and hata its b
breadth of f m. covered with the hardened pitch with trees flouriahinK over it; amd aboot MM
La Br aye, the maascs of pitch look like black rocks among the foliage: at T«fi0Q9 ylxww fii &
America, similar liikos, as at Caxitambo (not Coxitambo)^ Para, which la need it V^f^ e* ^
oo&at (under the equator), for pitching boats, etc.; at Berengela, PerUf doI fhr fhn AfkaiE^
where it is put to the same use ; in California, near the coast of St Barbara, as area <ff 4
aores; in a hirge bed, near Avlona in Albania (0.= 1*205). Also in an '
ofaaeminated through shale and sandstone rocka, and oocaalonan^r -
oavitiea or Beams in thea© rocks; near Matlock, BerbyBhire, in attlidlfiio
C
H
0 N
L
Bastennea
78-60
880
[2-60] 1*66
2.
Pont du Ohatean
7613
9*41
(10-84 S-3^
8.
Auvergne
77-64
7-86
(8-35 1-02
4.
Abruzsi^ Italy
67-43
t*2U
[-^8-98] 1-37
5,
Cuba
81*46
t'67
(8-97]
6.
a
82-34
d'lo
7.
Caxitambo
(1)86-66
9-09
MINERAL GOAL. 753
b Oomwall; Haughmond Hill in Sbropahire; at Bastennes aud Dax, Dept of Landes, oonatitu-
Hflg A p. c. of a aandj deposit; Val de Travera, Neuchatel, impregnating a bed in the Cretaceous
temation, and serring as a cement to the rock, which is ur^ for buildings: impregnating
tfomite on the island of Brazza in Dalmatia ; in the Caucasus ; in gneiss and mica schiitt in
8WBd0IL
Iba following substances are closely related to asphaltum, and, like it, are mixtures of undeter-
' carbohydrogens.
8S0A. Qrahaiotb Wurtz (Coal or Asphalt Lesley, Proa Am. Phil Soa Philad^ iz. 183, 1863 ;
Onbamite Wurtz, Rep. Min. Format in W. Virginia, 1865, Ajn. J. Sci., IL xlii. 420, 1866.)
Jtoawnbles the preceding in its pitch-black, lustrous appearance; H.=2: 6. =1-145. Soluble
■Ot^y in oil of turpentine ; partly in ether, naphtha, or benzole ; not at all in alcohol ; wholly in
dllorofbrm and sulphid of carbon. No action with alkalies or hot nitric or muriatic acid. Melts
mt^F imperfectly, and with a decomposition of the surface ; but in this state the interior may be
imwn into long threads.
Oocors in W. Virginia, about 20 m. in an air line S. of Parkersburg, filling a fissure (shrinkage
0) in a sandstone of the Carboniferous formation ; and supposed to be, like the albertite, an
sated and oxygenated petroleum. There is yet no reliable analysis of it, not even an
ate analysis. The material is partly columnar from a fracturing as a result of contraction in
Om material, the structure being vertical to the sides of the vein.
880B Albebttte BM. (Melan- Asphalt WetherOl, Trans. Am. PhiL Soc Philad., 1852, 353.)
Siflfen firom orduiary asphaltum in being only partially soluble in oil of turpentine, and in its very
bnperfect fusion when heated. It has H.=l— 2; 6. =1*097; lustre brilliant, pitch-like; color
MMlack. Softens a little in boiling water; in the flame of a candle shows incipient Aision.
Sfloording to imperfect determinations, only a trace soluble in alcohol ; 4 p. a in ether ; 30 in oil
oftivpentine.
Wetberill obtained in an ultimate analysis (L a) Carbon 86*04, hydrogen 8*96, oxygen 1*97,
^ ogen 2*98, S tr., ash 0-10=100. By destructiye distillation, oils of the Naphtha, Betani^-
, and Ethylene series have been obtained by Warren.
I filling an irregular fissure in rocks of the Subcarboniferous age (or Lower Carboniferous)
ill Nora Scotia, and is renrded as an inspissated and oxygenated petroleum. For an article on its
" » of occurrence, see Hitchcock, Am. J. ScL, IL xxxix. 267.
^ 880C PunziTB (Retinit von Piauze, Piauzit, ffaieL, Pogg., IxiL 275, 1844). An asphalt-like
Ijlhatanrn, remarkable for its high melting-point, 315'' C. It occurs slaty massive ; color brownish-
air greenish-black; thin splinters colophonite-brown by transmitted light; streak light brown,
gjiitirr \\TUim ; H.=l-5; G. = l-220; 1-186, Kenngott
' -* 'After melting, it bums with an aromatic odor and much smoke, leaving 5*96 per oent of ash.
Mnble in ether and caustic potash, also largely in absolute alcohol Heated in a glass tube a
jeBowlnh oily fluid is distilled, having an acid reaction.
It oomes from a bed of brown coal at Piauze, near Neustadt in Camiola ; on Mt Chum, near
Mfer in Styria, where thousands of pounds have been obtained. It mudi resembles a black
' " : coal (Kenngott, Jahrb. G. Reichs., 91, 1856).
- 830D. BiBiNOBUTB Johnskmj PhiL Mag., III. xiii. 329, 1888. Asphaltum -like. Odor dark
'tafim, with a tinge of green. Powder yellow. Lustre of surface of fracture resinous.
;' AnalysiB: Johnston (L c.) : C 72-47, H 9*20, 0 18*33=100, corresponding to the ratio for6, H,
!^ 40 : 62 : 8. Forms a solution with cold alcohol, which is bitter to the taste. On evaporation
Wi leain obtained has a dear red color, and remains soft and viscid at the ordinary tempsrature.
jKiili inaoluble in caustic potash. Odor resinous, disagreeable ; but after Aision for some tfane
te 160* C, this odor is succeeded by an agreeable one ; on cooling it regains the original odor.
Hli Mdd to form a lake like that of Trinidad, in the province of SL Juan de Berengela, about 100
j^ ftom Arica, Peru, aud is used at Arica for paying boats and vessels.
Ppl. mMZSRAZa OOAZi. *A»epaK€vrh fSva t<o9 roio^roiv yff vXfoy ixti 1| mvm^ [=Coal-like tub-
; -flmoeB which have in them more of earth than of smoke or fire] AristoLf McrcMpoXoy., It; 9.
r itr «S (river Pontns in Thrace) n^as Xieovt •! KaUimi [=Certain stonee which bom] ArisioLf TUfl
1-. 0nf» ^AMncp^ a 115. Oik H KoXoiotv ivOis HkBpanf nuy Bfwwfiihwv (f if«rr«filvci>») 6th riiw XP*^^^
r ifg yttOtttf etc. [=Thoae (of minerals) dug for use, which are called sfanply coals, are earthy,-.
^ 1111111 kindle and bum like charco^] (fir. ligoriaX Theophr^ xvL (in Schneider*! edit), 315
\J0, *Cvi«i il rc3y OpavcriHv dpBfwtoivrat rij Kovoti koI iiofit^vn vXitu xf^*^ [=Some brittle 8tonea>
. Jtoome by burning like crowing coals, and remain so a long tune] ((^. Bona in Tbnda, and the
I 48
i
T64
HTDBOCARBON OOUPOVTXDB.
\
promouiofy of Brinefta) Theophr^ ziL B^Us X{9if Aritloi, T^yrfrvc IH^ JSOl^'cIo r«;
;iiOtrf, 9f>«<(d( Xc0af, Z>t<]«e., T. 145, 146. Thradtu lapte, Gemmft Saamiotiinda, Pirn., zzsS. I^|
ixxvit 61 QagatoB Pfifi., xicxTi 34. SleinkohlQ GervL Hooille, ChuliOB lb«aK i^*
Mineral coal is made tip of different kinds of hydrocarbons, with
in some cases tree carbon ; but the species have not yet l>eea in
The distingdshing characters of mineral coal are as follows
Compact massive, without crystalline structar© or clearagc ; sorai
breaMng with a degree of regularity, but from a join ted ratbrr
cleavage structure. Sometimes laminated ; often taintly and ddi
banded, successive layers differing slightly in lustre.
H.=0-5— 2*5. G.=l — I'^O. Lustre dull to brilliant, and eitber eftrth]^
resinous, or submetalHc Color black, grayish -black, brownish-blacky Mai
occasionally iridescent ; also sometimes dark brown, Opaone. Fmeooi
conchoidal — imeven* Brittle ; rarely somewhat sectile. Without U
except from impurities present Insoluble in alcohol, ether, r -^ ^^ -,.
benzole, excepting at the most 2 or 3 p. c. (rarely 10?); usm t
1 p. c. Insoluble in a solution of ix^tash. Infusible to «nl : .- . ;
often becoming a mtt, pliant, or paste- like mnss when heuTi/.I. i n\ ♦iiifi
lation most kinds afford more or lees of oily and tarry sabstanca^^ which
mixtures of hydrocarbons and paraffin,
Var.— The variations depend partly (1) on th« amomit of the Toktile lagmdiiQfei tlltoi^
'detftnictiye dktlilatioti ; or |[2) on the natiire of tlieae YolaUltt oocnpotiodi, te iiigridSemi of n
ooropoAitioD may di0er vridely in volotliity, eUx ; (3) oo ttnicton^ loiliei, mtd mhm ^
cbamctera.
1. AyTHBAcrra (Anthracit JTarjt, Tab., 58, 96, 1808, GlaMkohl© Gemi.}, H.=52— 1^, <
1*82—1*7, Peonflylvaom ; 1-81, Rhode Igland; 1*2(1 — 1'86^ SouU) Waks. Liiftti^ bfigH<
eubcnetalHc, iroQ-blockf and f^quoDtly lride8««Qt Fractura conchoidal Tolatito siatfttr i
drjmg 3 to 6 p, c Buma with a feeble flsme of ft pale ooSor.
The anthrocitea ot Pennsylrama contra ordisarflj 8S to 93 per cent oC oavten ; iSMitf^
South Walea, 88 to 95 ; of Francse, BO to 83 ; of Saxony, 81 ; of aouthem Biuaitt, Mmi^
per 43ent.
Aothracite graduates into bitummoua ooal, becoming leas hard and ooalaiiiUig msam
matter ; and an intermediate yoriety is called free-^mming anthrBiit&
2. KaMve CbAre. More compact than arti^dal coke, and some yarietiea afford coooaiitil
men. From the Kdgehill mines, near Riclunond, Ya^, aooqrdmg to G^Qtli, wht^ mUg^kmlm
gin to the action of a tmp ertiptfon on bitumixiatui ooai
BrruMi>rous Coki& (Schwarzkohle Fottam^ Handb., 13, IBIS. Steinkohle pi. Gwrn.).
the bead of Bitumkioas Coala, a number of kinda are Included which differ atrOctni^ in tl
•of beat, and which therefore are of unlike oonatituiimL They have the ootnnuM
burning in the f!rt» with a yellow, smoky flame, ancl giring out on distfUalkiQ
or tar, and henoe the name bUuminow. The ordinary bituminuuA cxmla oonl
p, 0. (rarely 16 or 17) of oxygen (ash excluded); while the so-oalled hrotim eaol or
tains from 20 to 36 p. c, after the expulaioD^ at lOO" 0., of 16 to a$ p, e. of wasae. Tba
of hydrogen in each is fVom 4 to 7 p. a Both have vaually a bright, pilofiky; j|,nay !■■
(whence often (^Ued Fechkohk in German), a firm compact texture, «r» ramr H^BiM ttmf^
with anthradte, and ha?e 0, = 1*14—1 40. The bmiim ooalu hava often m Itt&wnMkWklii^
whence the name, and more oxygen, but in these reapecta aad olhara iImj aliailB Ma aiM|
bitumlnoua ooala.
The ordinary bituminous coal of Pennsylvama hait Q.^ 1*26 — ^1 *37 : of H^woutf*, liflaaA I'^l
of Scotland, lil— 1 32; of France, 12— 1-33; of Belgium, 1-2T— 1 S» Thn mrnf iiniiiiiiriil tH^
are the following:
3. Cijoifa Coal. A bltumiDous coal which softena and beoomes pait^ or in— I flirfrt li ttt^
Thla aodeaiDg takea plaoe at the temperature of inojpient 6i6O0m^oMiim^ end ii tUtrndtA w9^^
eaoape of bubblea of gas. Oo increasing the heat the volatile pradiiolB mhkh twmtk km $M
ultimate deoomposition of the aoftened mass are driven olE; and a coherent, gnyiab^alMk*
<ir fritted maaa {ooke) xa left Amount of coke left (or part not volatile) varies 'from Stf «9 il p^
A caking coal will lose its caking quality if kept heated for 2 or S boura ti 500* 01, and
<m mere exposure for a time to the air.
MmEBAL GOAL. 755
4. Kok-Caxing Coal. Like the preceding in all external charactera, and often in ultimate
composition ; but burning freely without softening or anj appearance of incipient ftision. Per-
centage of volatile matter same as for caking coal, but the coke is not a proper coke, being In pow-
der, or of the form of the original coal
There are all gradations between caking and non-caking bituminous coals. In external diar-
aeters the two kinds are alike. Thej often break into layers : and there is besides a horizontal
binding arising firom a succession of yery thin non-aepcurable layers, slightly differing in lustre or
■hade of color. Cherry coal or soft coal (of England) is a non-caking coal ignithig well and bum-
faig rapidly, while splint or hard coal ignites less readily, bums less rapidly, owing to the smaller
amount of yolatile matter. Ck>al8 which do not cake on burning are Ohilled free^mmg coals,
while the caking are called binding coals.
ft. Cannxl Coal (Parrot Ck>al). A yariety of bituminous coal, and often caking; but difTering
fkom the preceding in texture, and to some extent in composition, as shown by Its products on
dLitillation. It is compact, with little or no lustre, and without any appearance of a buided
fltmoture ; and it breaks with a conchoidal fVacture and smooth surfaces ; color dull black or
gnjiah-black. On distillation it affords, after drying, 40 to 66 of yolatile matter, and the material
vototQixed includes a large proportion of burning and lubricating oDs, much larger than the above
Uoda of bitummous coal ; whence it is extensively used for the manufacture of such oils. It
ftadiiates into oil-producing coaly shales, the more compact of whidh it much resembles. The
original Parrot coal is a cannel fh>m near Edinburgh, which bums with a crackling noise, whence
tha name (Percy); and Horn cocd^ a kind from South Wales, which emits when burning something
of the odor of burning horn.
g. ToBBANrra. A variety of cannel coal of a dark brown color, yellowish streak, without lustre,
hsving a subconohoidal fhKiture ; H.=2*25 ; G.= 1*17— 1*2. Yields over 60 p. c of volatile mat-
lar, and is used for the production of burning and lubricating oils, paraflOn, illuminating gas.
Hamed fh>m the locaUty at Torbane Hill, near Bathgate in Linlithgowshire, Scotland. Also called
Bfffkead Camel (see p. 742).
T. Bbowh Ooal (Braunkohle Germ., Pechkohle pt. Germ., Lignite). The prominent character-
Ittioa of brown coal have already been mentioned. They are non-caking, but aiford a large
woportion of yolatile matter. They are sometimes pitch-black (whence Pechkohle pt Germ.%
oat often rather dull and brownish-black. G. = 1*16 ~ 1*3 ; sometimes higher fh>m impurities. It
to occasionally somewhat lamellar in structure.
^nown coal is often called lignite. But this term is sometimes restricted to masses of ooal
wbidi still retain the form of the original wood. Jet is a black variety of brown coal, compact hi
taxture, and taking a good polish, whence its use in jewelry.
8. Eabtht Brown Ooal {Erdige BraunkoJile) is a brown friable material, sometimes forming
lajera in beds of brown coaL But it is in general not a trae coal a considerable part of it behig
•Mible In ether and benzole, and often even in alcohol ; besides affording largely of oils and
paraffin on distillation. For a notice of " coal " of this kind see under Leuoopetiutb, p. 748.
Bndi a ooal is sometimes called wax coal and paraffin coal (WachflkohJe, Paraffinkohle, Genn.),
8aa also Bathvillitb, p. 742.
9. MiHBRAL Oharooal. Fibrous charcoal-like substance often found covering the surfaces
between layers of coal, and observed in coal of all ages. It is soft, and soils the fingers like
chaitXML One variety of it is a diy powder.
Oomp^ — Most mineral coal consists mianly, as the best chemists now hold, oi oxygenated hydrO'
aarftoasL On page 742 it is shown that the kind of cannel ooal called tclrbaniiie and the sub-
atanoe bathmlliie are closely related in composition, as well as insolubility, to the species of the
floodnite group ; and it is probable that other cannel coals contain this or some related compound ;
■Dd thai oil-producing (not oil-bearing) shales include a similar kind of hydrocarbon. The ordinary
mmninous coals often have 10 to 15 p. c. of oxygen, and may be of analogous composition, though
4Mfrf'*»g much in the precise constitution uf these hydrocarbons, some containing such as produce
a paaty flision or incipient decomposition when heated (caking), and others such as undergo no
ani-fiitiaQ (non-caking). The brown coals, in which there are 20 to 85 p. a of oxygen, must
fDdnde <^er kinds of oxygenated hydrocarbons, of the insoluble kinds. But microscopic exam-
faatfimn appear to show that woody fibre is present in it in various stages of alteration.
Besides oxygenated hydrocarbons, there may also be present simple hydrocarbons (that is, con-
trinhug no oxygen). This would seem to follow fhnn the small percentage of oxygen (2 — 8 p. c.) in
tiba lyneside cannel, while the hydrogen is as large in amount as in any cannel or bituminous coals.
And tiiere are various bituminous coals, low in oxygen, that suggest the same condusion. At pres-
iBt^ lu>weyer, chemistry knows of no simple hydrocarbons that are insoluble in naphtha and benzole.
Tba presence of free carbon is naturally inferred fh>m the compositbn of coals like the anthra-
Cllaa, which afford very little yolatile matter. But even these ooals contain ordinarily 1*5 to 2*5
pi & of each oxygen and hydrogen ; and Berthelot holds that they are hydrocarbon compounds
me odier coals. It is remarkable that in one of the analyses of anthracite from Piesberg^ Han-
Of«r (anaL 4^ °o oxygen whatever was found, while there were 2*S3 p. c. of hydrogen.
758
HYDEOCAHBON COMPOUNDS.
The portion of coal f oluble in naphtha or benzoK although small in amount^ indicatM ih« pre-
sence of other hydrooarbons — simple or oiygeuat4jd— oila or reslnav Their Daiure reomiiie t» bt
asocrt&inod, Fy(^ obtained by means of naphtha, from the Torbane miner&L Vt and 1^ p.e.;
from canael coai, 2 — 4 p. c, j and from Newcastle oaking, in three experiments^ 4% 6-S, ^-S jt t
ot oolublo materiiiL These results do not acxx^rd with the ordinary etatemeota with regsid ioti»
iiisolnbihty of coal, and the aubject needs far more extended study.
Under microBCopio examination^ when in thin slicea, many bituminous coals (tndtidiQg QiOil
oannel ooals, the gas coaJs of Nova Sootiaj Peltoa, etc,) are seen to constst of ilirte kind$ of nu
$» arst observed by Hutton (Geol. Soc. London, r332-33), and further more pArtioalarlff
AitkeD of Glsagow (Ronalds k Eiehurdson, Chem. TeohD.| L 778).
(1) An opaque biaok subBtance, w}iich is Insolabie in acads ihb well as other mm^tnta,
soggeated, may be free carbon (7). It is stated to be the oaain oonstitnent of aaihracite,
i%) A yellow or reddish reslo-like substance, which is transluoent or tniii8{iai«iit« TOlatflt |f
heat, and io soluble in Dsphtha, muriatic and nitric adds.
(3) Earthy matter, which is more or leas soluble in water, and is earthy impurity.
The resin like materisJ, No. % jsmj well be a species of the Succinite group (see abore). 2»
many pitchy bituminous coals It Is impossible to make out the structure here deociibe^ ^
account of their opacity. Some Nova Scotia coal contains yellow matter, which is aotobb ii
ether, and slightly so in turpentioe and mtdc acid ; and tlie same is true of that of th* lyfeoi
ooiil. Many broum coals, as the Bovey, show the structure above described.
Goala oflea oontain reshia disseminitted in visible points through the masSf which may or wxf
not be of soluble kinds.
Sulphur is present in nearly all coals. It is supposed to be usually combined with in^
and whcD the coal affords a red ash on bumiug, there is reason for believing this true. Eal
Percy meDtions a coal from New Zealand (anal 1^) which gave a peculiarly white ash, aJtboQil
cxmtaining 3 to 3 p. a of sulphur, a fact showing that It is present not as a sulphid of in/Ot tel
as a consiitueut of an organic compound. The discoTCry by Church of a re- sin ooatainiitg fot^
phur (see Tasmanfte, p. 746), gives reason for inferring that it may exist In this coal in Ibat
state, although its presence as a constituent of other organic compounds is quite possible.
The presence of nilrogen, sometimes 2 p< c, proves the preseooe of nitrogenous hydrocaifaaDi;
but of what nature irt unknown.
The above rt-viow of the composition of coal shows that as yet very little is known as to &i
actual coDstituents ; and that no analyses to determine them can be 8atisfactc»ry which an adt
curried forward by the aid of the microeoope, and by the preparatory separation of the mllrti
parts, as far as poBsibla, by dlQercut menstrua, and the separate analyses of these parts.
Tiie impurities present wliidi constitute the ash of the oo<il, ooosist of silica or quarta, osjdflf
iron, cluy, and other aluminous Dilieiites, or such ingredients aA make up the mud and da^ w^
soil or alluvium ; also some silica, potash, and soda, derived from the original vegeiatioQ*
ash in the purest mioeral coal amounts to but 0'2d to 1 p. c. ; but in that which panpaa I
best there are ordinarily 5 to 8 p. c. ; and in most that is used for fuel there an? $ to lA p^ e
Analyses : Anlliraciie, 1, Regnault (Ann. d. M^ III. lil): 2-4. Hilkenkamp Jt Kempast {r
Deutachl, ii 284, 1865) ; o, Regnault (La); 6, 7, J. Percy(ProcO.Soa,i 202, Motai'gy, lOr
CakiJig cf}aL 8-10, Stein ^Bteiuk, t^acha., 1857); 11, Regnault (I c); 12^ 13, Didk
Met., 9y); 14, C. Tookoy (ib.) ; 15-17, Noad (ib.); 18, G. Tookoy (ib,); 19-il, Begaaiilt
22, 23, Marailly (C. R , ilvi. 851 )»
Kon-asking. 24, Reguaulfc [I c); 25, Nendtvich (Ber, Ak. Wien, 1851); tt^ «, A. *i^
(Percy's Met., 102^; 28, 2U, Rowney (Edinb. N. Phil. J,, ii I4l, 1865); 30, StdD (Lc^); Sl«4^
Marsilly (L c); 35, K. Riley (Percy^s Met., 102).
Whtiher caking or fwt, not stated. S«-39, Fleck tSteink. Deutschl, il 272^ ISesi
Cannd c&aL 40, Regnault (I c); 41, Vaux (J. Oh. Soc, I 820); 43, Taylor (EdioK K. m
J., L 145, 1861).
Ihrhanite, 43, Anderson (Greg ^ Lettsom, Mtn., 17); 44, Hofinaim (ib.); 4^, Stenboasi (^k
46, Fife (ib.); 47, Metier (X pr, Ch., Ixivii 38).
Brown coaL 48-51, Regnault (I c.); 62, R Vaux (J, Ch. Soo, v, I, 318. I84d); M, JfiilllH*
<Lc.): S4, Gragor (Jahre«b. 1848, 261); 65, Schrotter (JaJiresb. 1841^, TOS); U, Bber(liM^
1852, 7;i8); 57, F, Bischof (B. H. Ztg. 185«>, 69); 68, Wagner (Polyt OeotralbL l»4T, ll»«>; A
W. Blschof tL c); 60, Liebig (Kenugott, 1862, 257); 61, Woskresseiiaky (ib.)L
Jtintfrai diarcooL 62-65, Dr. Rowney ^L a).
1. a Walet, Anihr,
2. Piesberg, Hanover
AtUhraeiiA.
C n 0 N Ash
02^66 3*33 2-63 1*58
fiO 40 1'90 1 73 6*04
Pp c, ash exdiiiled
OHO
£)4i)5 3 38 r^l EegniAlL
06 24 2'Oi l-d4>H.lE.
lONEBAL GOAL.
757
CHONSAsh OHO
Piesberg, Hanover 87-96 1-97 0-61 — : 9-31 97-16 217 0-65»
" " 91 U 2-08 6 81 97-77 2-23
Pennsylvania 90-46 2-43 2*46 4-67 94-89 2-65 2-66
" 92*69 2-63 1-61 0*92 2*26 94-72 2-69 2-68»
" 84-98 2-46 1-16 122 10-20 9464 273 264
Caking Coals,
Swickau
u
?lanitz
Spinac
i^orthumberland
Bliuna, a W.
)l. Zealand
iive-de-Gier
Uaia
raleudennes
i*a8-de-Calai8
76-59 412
72-27 4-16
81-23 4-43
81-12 6-10
78-66 4 65
82-42 4-82
78-69 6-00
82-66 6-36
83-44 6-71
83-00 6-18
79-00 6-36
82-04 6-27
87*45 6-14
89-27 4-86
84*84 6*68
86-78 4*98
12*87
10-73
9*86
11-26
14*21
11-97
10-07
8*22
6-93
4-68
7-71
912
3*98
4-47
6-83
5*84
0-83 0-81
0*34 0*88
0-21 0-56
0-56
0-86
2-87 1*51
1-65 0-75
1-66 0-81
1-49 0-75
0*89 2*50
1*70
6-00
12-50
425
2*63
2-49
0-79
1-86
1-46
2-46
400
8-50
3-67
1-78
1-41
2-80
2*40
81*47 4*38
82-69 4-76
84*84 4-63
83*22 6-23
80-64 4-76
83-73 4*90
81*01 6-17
84-42 6-48
86*26 6*90
87-14 6-49
84-90 6-75
85*08 6*46
89*04 5*23
90-65 4*92
87-28 6*69
88-91 5-10
18-71
12-26
10*74
11-55
14-70"
11*37»
10-38
8-40
618
4*81
8-29
9-46»
5-73»
4-53»
7-03»
5-99"
0-36 54-64 8t
0-39 77-29 St
0-23 63-89 St
63-6 Rt
Dk.
Dk.
2-44 T.
170 Nd.
1-72 Nd.
1-66 Nd.
0-96 64-32 T.
72*0 Rt
68-0 Rt
78-0 Rt
67*76 M.
77*05 M.
Kon' Caking Coals.
)ianz7, France
lungary
I Staffordahire
II
lootland
u
Zwickau
Ions, France
'aa-de-Oalala
/"alenciennea
>owlais, & Wales
Zwickau
Jogan
ittitK, Bohemia
76-48 5-23
76-40 4*62
72-18 4-32
76*08 5*31
80-98 6-21
80-26 401
82-95 6*42
82-91 5-22
82-68 4*18
90-54 3-66
89-38 4-43
16*01
0-74
n-43n 0-55
1711- 0-54
l.S*:i3 2-09 1*23
10-91 1-57 0*63
10-98 0-49 2 99
10-98
10-18
464
2-70
3*25 1-24 0*66
2-28
165
1-55
6*44
1*96
6*75
1-57
0-70
1-74
8-60
310
1-20
80-47 6*54 12*56 1*44
75-59 2-90 14-44 7*06
76-75 4-86 13*48 4*92
76*69 4*89 1683 3*08
78-26 6-35
78-37 3-92
77*68 4-69
77*82 4-67
78-59 5-49
82-06 5-29
88*82 4-19
88-53 5*46
84-38 6*31
90*46 4-57
98*44 3-78
90-93 4-51
16-89"
17-70*
17*62»
17*99
18-77
11*06
11-47
11-01
10*81
4-97
2-78
3-30
2-15
1-69
0-61
1-26
81*66 6*62 12-78*
81*84 3*18 15-48
80*72 510 14-72
78-09 6-06 16-86
67-0 R.
70-60 Nh.
Dk.
Dk.
Ry.
Ry.
69-59 St
68*68 M.
66-96 M.
87-62 M.
93-17 M.
R.
-Fk.
-Fk.
-Fk.
•Fk.
Camd Coal
WTigan
It
Dyneside
rorbAneHm
84-07 6-71 7*82 2*40
80-07 6*68 8-10 2-12 1*50 270
78*06 5-80 312 1*85 2*22 8*94
Thrbamie.
64-02 8-90 6-66 0-55 0-50 20*32
66*66 8-90 6*34 19-10
66-6 9-0 60 19-6
60*25 8-80 8 60 1*50 0-18 26*6
86*81 6*85 8-34 69*0 Rt
82-29 6-68 831 Vx.
87-86 6*68 2*68 2-09 Tr.
80*39 11-17 7*12 1-32 And.
81-17 11*01 7-82 Hn.
81*86 1118 7-46 St
8112 11-85 4*84 2*19 Fife
80*66 12*17 5-82 1*46 M.
)az, France
Jouohes-dn-Rhone
70*49 5*69
68-88 4*68
Brown Coal
18*98 4-99
1811 13«48
74-19 6*88 20-18« 49-1
78-79 5-29 20*9f 41*1
Bt
T58
HTDBOOAEBON OOMPOIUrDS.
H
N S JUk
SO. HeaseCftfiBol
5L BiiBsea Alpea
52, Bovey
63, Oedenbnfg, Hung.
64, Meiasou, Sox.
55, Glo^gnitt, Aastr.
66, WitUmberg
6T, Touditz, Pniaaia
68. *'
69. Ixxlerburg,
tl-71 4*85 21-67
70-02 6-20 il'tT
66-8 1 S-eS 22*m 0-6T 2-86
58-90 5-36 2l'«3 6*61
67-71 4-49 22'U 312
64-07 &-03 27 -Sa
64-03 6-28 27-90
49-91 6-20 32^1
65-30 4*90 31-^6 - —
eo. Laubach,llDairmat.57"23 60a 36 10 —
6L Irkuiak 47-46 4-6d 33*02
]TM
C H O
TI-00 l-ta 4A-tT' 4461
tf -It 6"Sft «iHV 4t« 1
C7-84 5 76 25 3» SCTl
7*t-*4 4^! fill"
61-^5 C'lW tl-ti^
<SD*ul 6'5l 54-08
&?-62 6*07 seSt
5&-8I &-se Sd*«3
J/inerof CAofCOol
61 6kieow,>l&rmis 82*97 $-34 6*84 075
ei etcmelAwa, ^rotwlsr 72*74 2-»4 6-SS
64. AyrAhtt%J&troui 73 42 2-94 8'25
66. Kfesliire, *♦ 74 71 2 74 7'67
BBSa %m 7*28, K I
• ^ 8-47 1^5* ]
8 S'21 9^11*
Sp. i;i. gravity of No. 8, 1'298; No. 9, 1275; No. !0. 1'280 ; Na 13, 12-
No. ::3 I r: ; No. 24, 1-362; No. 25, 1-366; No, 80, 1 30O; No. 40, I'SIT ; N
42, i 316; No. 52, 1-129; No. 53, 1*280; No. 55, l"364; No. 57, l-2«8: Ko. 5'/, i ^i
The brown coals ocmtain & Um |>eroeiitAge of wster ; No. 52 gure 34-66 p. a : N^ J
No. 56. 25-15; Na 56, 1726; Na 67, 48-60; No. 69. 4950.
14uch the krger part of th^ above anAljaea are di«<l from Percy's eircalleiit d3«|4er <
his MeUUiirgj (IS6]). The index ** eiguididfl that the nitrogeci ia inctiuSed villi tltii i
Fkxif6saor W. B. Johoaon obtaioed the foUowiug reaolta m hia exMiiiiiiationa of toi
ttftto {Bap. on Ooala to CkMigre8a» 1344) ;
Vol Combust. Wiitd
a
Matter.
C^Hm.
I. PmmwhmJb, liftirjniN
1*690— IfilO
8*84
81-45
1 U^hod^m4mmk0kmmk(ioti
1*3 -1-414
1680
tJvl
nnaylmiiia " **
13 —1^4417
n^i
t8-tl
irjcmia " **
1-29 —1 46
S6*«3
K^M
6. fitiabofic, Nlniiiu
1^62
36'7t£
64^
«L GtoaaHon, Ind., '^
l*27f
38-^
ft* '44
t. PfeM, Kofi 8ctt<ii
1-318
tftT-sa
6t->H
a '
ItSft
2697
60^4
CM M0m la liedi^ fatanlntiaed With ahalei^ I
Hwiirtiafaiia, Ibnnii^diBtittrttoyefg, wtedi vaiy from a fraction of «b iach to SOCMldrttfipai
SMB. I& the Uallid 8tafee«» the aotbndtes occur east of the Allagtiaay r«&«E9| In rodBitk
mdttSOiia graaft ODHiortioDa and ftscturings, while the faituroltioQa are fouod fkftbor viMi A
Ite ha^e b^ea Itaa dteirbed ; and this Cut and other obaarratlocia lim M km
Fbri
M rbw that the aatfaiMilM hare Igsl tliar b&ttimeQ bj the icttlonarh««L
wfioki^kak T<irtinM of ooal beds, rel^niioa omj be iaad9 to giak«|ail tn
if *^!^ ^ 8Mi is mainly vt^gvCabk^ ttKragh animal life bw cpnttiM
•oUiapMtbadaon
mainly ve|i«Cabl«v thoagh
» bids of Tqgrtatin% assiofoiii^ Inxnoatiii^
iBBt^ yet ia moda of torial ofliaa dm i^fy
«^w«»oclstttti pi«i«i Mft co^lMTtbi Momiviios of Um lMf«%
tt^^ ooal bat aiao bj th^fiiMBeo teooffaoot ita tesna^ in iMUij <
oiWaalfibM. atool^thadlMotobaamAioA that peat ia a tnciiili«
oT tba
vmahia dabHi ttd bniini Qoal, beteg t
JM^mINms iriM coal te pmU of
ttoal
oOii^MMl
rftbii
ullMCtKat
ribfoofb dba I
b8d lb a fOMO^
I tf bftfirm ooaL
MOTBRAL GOAL. 759
wiB long steeped in water, and bnried under fine mud bo aa to exclude akooat entirely atmospherio
air, the decomposition in progress may have carried off most of the oxygen by its combination
with the carbon of the plants, to form carbonic add. Thus it happened probably with the cannel
eoalfl, as explained by Newberry, and also, though in general less perfectly, with most of the best
bitoininous coals. But when the bed had as free access to the air as occurs in the case of peat
beda, there would have been a loss of carbon and hydrogen as marsh-gas, and also, probably,
through combination with external oxygen, fonning carbonic acid and water, while a large part of
the oxygen would remain. Between these extremes, of excluded air and very imperfectly exduded,
And of pressure from heavy superincumbent earthy beds and little or no pressure, lie the condi-
tkms which attended the origin of the various kinds of coal, and determined, in connection with
the nature of the vegetation itself, the transformations in progress.
JSxtensive beds of mineral coal occur in Groat Britain, covering about -jV the whole area, or
] ly859 square miles; in France about rivi or 1719 sq. m. ; in Spain about ^, or 3408 sq. m. ;
fai Belgium ^, or 618 sq. m. ; in Netherlands, Prussia, Bavaria, Austria, northern Italy, SUeaia,
Spain, Bussia on the south near the Azof, and also in (iie Altai. It is found in Asia, abundantly
in China, in Persia in the Oabul territory, and in the Khorassan or northern Persia, in Hmdoe-
tan, north of the Gulf of Cutch, in the province of Bengal (the Burdwan coal field) and Upper
Aaaam, in Borneo, Labuan, Sumatra, several of the Philippines, Formosa, Japan, New South
Wales and other parts of Australia, New Zealand, Kerguelen's Land ; in America, besides the
United States, in Chili, at the Straits of Magellan, northwest America on Vancouver's Island
naar the harbor of Oamosack, at Belliugham Bay in Puget's Sound, at Melville Island in the
Arctic seas, and in the British Provinces of Nova Scotia, New Bruuswick, and Newfoond-
land.
In the United States there are four separate coal areas. One of these areas, the Appalachian
goal field, commences on the north, in Pennsylvania and southeastern Ohio, and sweeping south
over western Virginia and eastern Kentucky and Tennessee to the west of the Appalachiana, or
nartly involved in their ridges, it continues to Alabama near Tuscaloosa, where a bed of coal has
been opened. It has been estimated to cover 60,000 sq. m. It embraces several isolated patches
ia the eastern half of Pennsylvania. The whole surface in Pennsylvania has been estimated at
15,487 sq. m., or i the whole area of the State. A second coal area (the Illinois) lies adjoining
the Mississippi, and covers the larger part of Illinois, though much broken into patches, and a
■mall northwest part of Kentucky ; it is continued westward over a portion of Iowa, Missouri,
yrmnaiM Arksusas, and northern Texas west of the Mississippi. The latter area is divided along
. the Mississippi by a narrow belt of Silurian rock ; the whole area is about the same with that of
Ihe Appuilachian coal field. A third covers the central portion of Michigan, not tar from 6000 aq.
n. in area. Besides these, there is a smaller ooal region (a fourth) in Rhode Island, which crops
out across the north end of the island of Bhode Island, and appears to the northward aa ur
as Mansfield, Massachusetts. The total area of coal measures in the United States is about
126,0(H> sq. m.
Out of the borders of the United States, on the northeast, conunences a fifth coal area, that
of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, which covers, in connection with that of Newfoundland,
18,000 sq. m., or } the whole area of these provinces.
The mines of western Pennsylvania commencing with those of the Blossburg basin, Tioga Oa,
Ihoae of the States west, and ihose of Cumberland or Frostburg, Maryland, Richmond or Ohes-
terfield, Va., and other mines south, are bUuminaus. Those of eastern Pennsylvania constituting
aeraral detached areas — one, the iSchuylkiU coal field, on the south, worked principally at Mauch
Cbnnk on the Lehigh, and at Pottsville on the Schuylkill— another, the Wyoming coal field,
worked at Carbondale, in the Lackawanna region, and near Wyoming, besides others interme-
dtote — those of Rhode Island and Massachusetts, and some patches in Virginia, are aruhraciies,
Oannel coal is found near Greensburg, Beaver Co., Pa^, in Kenawha Ca, va., at Peytona, etc ;
alao in Kentiicky, Ohio, Illinois, Missouri, and Indiana ; but part of the so-called cannel is a coaly
In England, the principal coal fields are the Manchester of Lancashire and Cheshire; the
Great Central of South Yorkshire, Nottingham, and Derby ; that of South Wales, Glamorgan-
■hlre, etc.; the Newcastle field of northern England. In Scotland, a range of beds extends
aorosa from the Firth of Forth to the Firth of Clyde ; whole area 1G50 sq. m. In Irolsjid, the
three are the Limerick fields about the mouth of the Shannon, the Kilkenny fields to the east-
ward, and that of Ulster on the north. Cannel coal occurs in Great Britain at Lesmahago in
Lanarkshire, about 20 m. fh>m Glasgow ; also near Wigan in Lancashire, and West Wemyss in
MOLneral coal occurs in France, in small basins, 88 in number, and covering in all, according to
Taylor, tIt of the whole surface. The most important are the basin of the Loire, between the
Loire and the Rhone, and that of Valenciennes on the north, adjoining Belgium. In Belgium, it
oooQpies a western and eastern division, the western in the provinces of Namur and l£lnault,
and the eastern extending over Liege.
760
HYDBOCARBON CX>MPOCrKDS.
Brown <x)al comes from oool beds more recent than thofle of the Oiirb<milS?rous afg;^
of this more recent oo«d is not difitin^ishaVile from other bituminoua coals. The cotl <
mond. Virginia, is 8\ippo»ed to be of the Liftssie or Triusgic era; the coal of Brora, ia 1
and of Bovey, Yorkahire, b Oolitic in agr©. Tertiary coal occurs oq the OwUli in On
(atiiiL 14), and in many places over the eastern slopes of the tt^cky Mountata% where a '
nitic formation ^' ia very widely distributed ; but it in rarely in beds of ecouonuGBl imp
The coal known to the Greeks and Romans waa probably brown ootL The flwt f
the synonymy, from A.ristotle evidently alludes to mineral coal of some kind ; tmd tho 1
two cited from Theop^hraatus (a favorite pupil of Aristotle) refi-rs to & similar aubstanoev AO^]
haps the same spedmena. The locality of the latter, Ltguria (or northwesteni Italy i '
Mediterranean)^ where, he adds, there also is amber, may bo taken with some freedom, i
brought by vessels trading with Ligurian porta, even though eoming fhim French portal
might b© referred to laguria. Elia, on the way to Olympiaa, \s givea as another I ""
flentenoe etida with the Btatemect that '* these coals are usod by the amith^'' showiog^f
Tidue of the substance as fu el wos well und erstood atihe tune (4th oentury B. c). Theoph
fltrtber, that it will continue to burn as long as any one blows it^ but on stopping- it d«ad(
may be made to burn again ; ^nd that it burns with a strong disagreeable odor. The aeco
don fVom each, Aristotlo and Theophmatus, relates to a similar ooaL The locality, in
identities it with the Thracian stone of DioAoorides and PHny, the locality of which, accx>rdi]^|
the former (from Aristotle), ^stis at Sintia, on the river Pontus (on thi Hacedoiu«n hordnf
Thracia. to the west of the present Constantinople). According to DioAooridea and PKiiy tj
ing further in part firom Aristotle's " Wonderful Things heard of**), water would make T
clan stone to burn, and oil extinguish it ; which is either altogether a fable* Of a i
based on somebody's observation that masses or piles of impure pyritiferoiis coal wiH 1
hot^ and sometimes ignited, in consequence of being wet Aristotle mentions ita bil
odor when burning.
The Gagatea (whence our word jei) occurred, according to Dioscoridea and Pliny, at (
Gages, a place in Lycia (Asia Minor). Tho former describes it as blacky smooth, and c
to which Pliny adds, that it was hght, and looked much like wood, and that it emitted a <
able odor when rubbed, and buroed with the sttiell of sulphur. It was, in part at !«*««£, (
uite. Lignite is oommoD in Syria, in the rocks of Mt. Lebanon, as near Beirut; and I
have been recently opened in Asia Minor.
Some of the works or memoirs on coal economically oon«idered are the foUowin^:
Congress on Coahi, by W. R. Johnson, 1844; Statistics of Coal, by It a Taylor, 8fa,j
Fhiladelpbia, 1855; Report to the British Govemment on Coals, by De la Beche 4
1861 ; Ronalds A Richardson's Chemical Technology, Vol h on Fuel and its ApplSaaCloiiSk
18&6; Percy's Metallurgy, London, IBGl ; Chem. Unters. d. Stcinkohlen SacftaeiiX by W,
Leipaig, 1867; Die Stoinkohlen Deutsehland's und anderer liizider EuropftX ®^» ^^
Hack i Hartig, S vols., 4to^ Miinchen, 1865.
UNOLABHIFUU) BPEdES. 761
SPECIES OF UNCERTAIN PLACE IN THE SYSTEM.
AZOBITB. New mineral from the Azores /. R Thsehemacher^ Am. J. Set, IL iii. 32, 1847.
Azorite Ikma^ this Min., 896, 681, 1860.
^ Tetragonal. In minute octahedrons, with the basal edges replaced;
ttngle of pyramid (by reflective goniometer) 123° .15', M A e=133** 40'.
CSeavage none.
H.=4— 4'5. Translucent to opaque. White, with a faint greenish-yel-
low tinge, or colorless. Vitreous in fracture.
> — According to A. A. Hajes, oolumbate of lime. B.R inAisible ; smaller crystals become
;4Mqiie white ; larger in outer flame reddish, and light yellow in inner. With borax, on platinmn
■■l$fn, dissolyes with extreme slowness and difficultj to a transparent globule^ sometimes fkint
^jweniah ; with more borax opaque on flaming. With salt of phosphorus slowly dissolved, pro-
JmtiDg a fiunt green ccdor.
~ Cfbm* — From the Azores, in an albitic rock, along with black tourmaline and pyrrhite. First
tfaitlDgaished and described by J. E. Teschemacher. The largest crystal seen was but H lines in
jPfameker. There is some resemblance in form to cryptolite (p. 529X but a re-examination of the
jfjpicieB by Mr. Hayes corroborates his first announcement that the mineral contains neither cerium
: BOrpbosphoric acid.
The angle 123'' 15' is near that of zircon, and it is possible that it is that species. But Tesche-
isadier says of its hardness, that "it just scratches fluor spar.'*
'^M* BRBWBTBRZiZNITB. A new fluid in the oaTities of minerals D. Brewster^ Ed. FhiL
' J^ iz. 1828 ; Trans. R. Soa Edinb., x. 1, 407, 1826 ; Am. J. Sd, yii 186, 1824, xil 214 (with a
1^), 1827 ; Pha Mag., IT. xxy. 174, 1863. Brewsterline Dana, Min., 569, 1850; Brewsto-
Biie, ib., 471, 1854.
In a vacuum tor as it occurs in the cavities of crystals) a colorless trans-
parent fluid, adnerin^ but slightly to the enclosing mineral, and hence
-very voluble ; expanding about one-fourth with an increase of 162° C. (30®
F.), or between 10'' and 27"" C. (50° and 80° FX 21 times more expansible
tiian water ; index of refraction 1*2106, for the nuid from an amethyst from
Siberia ; I'lSll for a kind from a topaz ; boiling point in a vacuum from
88^ to 29° C. (74° to 84° F.), the fluid filling the cavities with the warmth
of the hand or mouth.
On exposure to the air undergoes rapid movements, spreading over the
surface and contracting again, and then dries to separate particles or grains,
which are lustrous and appear to be opaque, but are transparent by trans-
. mitted light ; by the approach of moisture, even the moisture of the hand,
even after being dry for some days, becomes liquid again, and renews its
npid movements. Soluble without effervescence in sulphuric, nitric, and
muriatic acids. Volatilized by heat.
' Oemp, — ^Unknown. The effect of moistore on the dry graini ahows that the sdbstanee is not
CM of tito hydrocarbon oils, or a resin.
- Obk— Occurs in cavities of topaz crystals flrom Bnudl, Scotland and AiutraliA, of chrysobeiyl,
cf q;iiarfeB erystalB from Quebec, amethyst from Siberia, and first dMcribed by Sir Dayid Brewster.
762
UKOLAfieiFIED 8P£0ISB»
The cavities are montly microacopic, but occaaionally J in. BcroiB, or erwi truiger. Jhi^ i
eraUy arranged in layers, and are Bomotiineii counted bjr thouaanda in a single crjitaL
couatied SO^uOO in a chryaoberyl | in. square. The strata run irregularly with rtfbra
synimetry of the crystal, oftcm intersect one aoother, and are aometisiea' cttrrtcid; ii i
3 or 4 strata are parallel The very low pefiracting power, leBS than that of water, is • i
ble character of the fluid (the refraction index of water being 1*33G ; of aloobol i*3«l j
1'358K The fluid from a quartz crystal from Quebec, which exploded with taaeh
heated, had a disagreeable taste.
In hiii original memoir Brewater states that the fluid was 32 times more expanaSile (
but in the later reference to it in 18tJ8 (Phil Mag., I c) makes it 31 timea.
The lower iudc-x of refraction, 113 11, obtained for the fluid of a lopaa, is ao nrach I
other, 1'21(>6, that it may indicate a distinct species.
834* ORTPTOIiINTTB.
A new fluid, eta, Brtwgter (see for ref^
line Dana^ l£in., 559, 1S50.
BsBwszKUJKmV
A colorless transparent fluid, as observed in the eavitiee of pnrae*Ii, 111
brewsterlinitej but more dense ; adlieriBg like water to the - _: n
faces; expansibility about that of water ; index of refraction i %
soluble in, or a solvent of, brewsterlinite, the two, when occurring Uig^tbci;
not beiug miscible.
On exposure to the air hardens speedily to a resindike substance ; bri
liant in lustre ; yellowish ; transparent ; absorbent of moisture, but niQch \
60 than brew&terbnite ; insoluble in water and alcohol; rapidly dig^l
with efiervescenee by sulphuric acid, and soluble abo in nitric" and nnfli
atic acids ; not volatilized by beat,
Oomp*— Nothing is known.
Obs. — Occnrs in the same crystals, and generally the same cavities^ with brewsterUniti
denser of the two fluids, according to Brewster, occupies the angles of the caritle^ lh
or narrow passages which unite two or more krjce cavities^ whiie the other rarer tiui4
and Alls the rest of the cavity, excepting a circular vacuity, occupied only by tliii llnM Ii
gaseous state, if at all
835. HSiSBNBBROlTE* Heesenbergit Kmntj., Ber Kk, Muncben, 1841^ fi SSOi
Henmb., Hin. Not, Na t. 1866.
Monoclinic. C=S9° 6Z'-0 A m ; /A 7=69° 27', O A i4=15r Sftl'j
a:i: (j=:0'59843 : 1 : 0-570967. Observed planesj O ;^ Tertical,i;>JLH
i-S, t'9 ; ciinodonie, J-t ; hemidomes, l-i, |-i, 3-i, -l-i ; homioc^iiheOK
1-3.
0 A 7^90^ 3i'
0 A U=U^
1-3 A 1-3=119^ 27'
i-iAS-i—lbO 51
0 A -l-t=149 8
i-i A f-^; calc.,=126'' I*'
i-i A i-4, otis,,=l5r7 33
/Awr=150 16i
/A/=lBr
Simple crystals unknown. Twins: composition -face -l-» ;
89iJ t4 A ;-i,=118° 2\ O A 0^^%V U\
1I.=7— 7*5. Lustre adamantine. Colorless, bluish. Transparent
Comp. — A silicate of nndeterniined constitiienta.
Fyr,, etc. — In a closed tube yields no water, and is unchanged. In the plattoam ii:'vnr
but does not fuse. In borax melts without intumdMeooa. Heated witb cobsli BoSnti
gray. No action from lunriatic acitt
Obs — Occurs implanted on crystals of hematite {Emnro9e)nX Hi Flbias wtakoiMmWe^md
8t Gothard. The iiabit a lilUe aAe? that of euclaae.
USrOLABSIFISD 8PB0IB8. 768
Kamed after F. HeBsenberg, the crystaUographer, of Fraokfort on the Main.
iSM. PARATHORXTB. Thorite Shep., Proc. Am. Asaoo^ iL 821, 1860. Parathorita Shep.,
Min., 287, 1857 ; Dana, Brush, Am. J. SoL, xxiy. 124, 1867.
Orthorhombic. In minute rectangular and rhombic prisms, with the
planes /, i^, a ; I A 7=128°, /A ^-5=116^
H. = 5 — 6 -5. Lustre subresinous. Color garnet-red to pitch-black • thin
edges of black crystals with a ruby translucence, a little like rutile. Trans-
lucent to opaque.
Oomp^ PSTTf ator—ln the matrasa decrepitatea alightlj, but does Dot appear to oontain water.
B3. in the platinum forceps glows, fuses with difficult on the edges, and becomes paler. In borax
dtaadvea to a bead, which is yellow, fh>m iron, while hot, and b^mea odorless on cooling. With
•alt of phosphorus gives in the outer flame a bead, jellow while hot and ocdorless on cooling. In
jSbB inner flame the bead assumes a delicate violet color (due to titanic acid?X Brush.
Oba« — Occurs imbedded in danburite and orthodase, and only in very minute crystals, at Dan-
tanr, Gt
Gbepard made the crjstallization erroneously tetragonal There are also other discrepancies in
kk description, which might lead to the supposition that the mineral here described is a difilsrenr
jBfneral &om ^epard's ; but the evidence to the contrary is complete.
837. PYRRHTTB. O. Rose, Pogg., zlviii 662, 1840.
Isometric ; in octahedrons. Cleavage not observed.
H.=6. Lustre vitreous. Color orange-yellow. Subtranslucent.
Fyr., etc. — B.B. infusible, but blackens, and colors the flame deep yellow. In flragments diffi-
NUdtly soluble in salt of phosphorus, but in fine powder it is readily taken up by this salt, as well
<'im hj borax, forming a dear glass when cold if only a small portion is used, while if saturated it
>li yeQowish-green, becoming somewhat more intense in R.F. Fused with soda on charcoal, it
ureada out and is absorbed by the ooal, giving a slight white coating, somewhat resembling o^^
as lino ; it yields no metallic spangles when the surface of the coal is removed and rubbed in the
nortar. Insoluble in muriatic add (G. Rose).
Oba. — Pyrrhite was found by von Perovski of St Petersburg at Alabasdika, near Mursinsk in
iBbe Ural, where it occurs in drusy feldspar cavities, containing also lepidolite, albite, and topa&
She largest crystal was but three lines long.
Named firom irvf)/^tf(, yeUowish-red oxfire^ike.
With this spedes J. E. Teschemacher identifies small orange-red, monometrio octahedrons,
fond with albite at the Azores (J. Nat H. Boat, iv. 499, 1844 ; Proc. id., il 108, 1846). along
%llh tetragonal octahedrons of azorUe (p. 761). The crystala are a half to two lines long, and
liioae of minute size are transparent
Aooording to chemical and blowpipe trials by A. A. Hayes (Am. J. Sci., IL ix. 423) on sped-
I ftimished him by Mr. Teschemacher, these crystala consist of oolumbate of zirconia, colored
mtly by oxyds of iron, uranium, and manganese.
. in the forceps, on the first impulse of the heat, becomes darker, and the fine orange oolor
retunia on cooling, even if the heat has been high; at the melting-point of cast iron, in the
Dsdiiction flame, the flame becomes permanently darker and brown, with borax (6 parts to 1 of
wmKf) it dissolves, and affords a clear colorless glass, which becomes instantly opaline or
OMqiie on flaming ; transferred to the oxydating flame becomes opaque. With salt of nhos-
pooras (hi the same proportion) in the inner flame gives a dear g^ass, and when reduced the
l^htaa is green ; but in the outer becomes yellow. With a little more of assay the gUaa
samains dear. With soda (12 parta to 1 of assay) dissolves; some dear portions are seen in
flie globule while hot, but on cooling opacity precedes the crystallization of the globule; finally
• gimy-brown slag remains, which, cooled (h>m the outer fiame, has a green color, indioathig
ajd of manganese. Decomposed by much soda, and the resulting maaa, heated with nitric add,
maa a heavy, white, insoluble powder, which with boiling water takes a white fiooculent form ;
file powder exhibited all the oharactera of columbic add (?). The add sdution, when mixed with
(■fbonate of ammonia, remaina dear ; heated, aome oxyd of iron fidls, and the fioid ia light
764 I7NOLAB6IFIED BFBCIS8.
yellow; with oxalic add, a white earth separates, which, heated with solpluiric add to destra]
the oxalic add, dissolves, and the fluid forms with potash, before complete neatralizatkm, i
white doable salt, which has the characters of that from sirooaia, but may aLso contain ozrt
of cerium. The oxalate, when first formed, did not afford, when heated, the dnnamoo-bfoip
color characteristic of deutoxyd of cerium. The extremely small amount of the mineral unde
examination forbids the expression of certainty respecting the base. Although indining to thi
opinion of the existence of cerium in the mineral, fh>m the red color of the crystals, Mr. Hajs
obserres that he obtained no positire proof on this point
834. ALUBGITE. Alurgit BrtUh., B. H. Ztg., zxit. 336.
Massive, consisting of scales, rarely having an hexagonal outline. Qeavage : basal emiaci^
as in mica.
^=2*26— 3. G.=2'984— 3. Lustre pearly to vitreous. Color purple to ooduzieal-ied; ii
thinnest plates rose-red ; streak rose-red. Transparent to translnoeot. Optioally \ '
Contains much manganese.
Occurs with manganese ores at St Marcel in Piedmont
Named from dXa^^s^ purple.
AKBRIOAN LOOAUniiS. 765
CATALOGUE OF AMERICAN LOCALITIES OF
MINERALS.
The following catalogue maj aid the mineralog^cal tourist in selecting his routes and arranging
the plan of his journeys. Only important localities, affording cahinet specimens, are in general
iDOraded ; and the names of those mirierals which are obtainable in good specimens we disti^fuished
tgjldties. When a name is not italicized the mineral occurs only sparingly or of poor quality.
when the specimens to be procured are remarkably good, an exclamation mark (!) Is added, or two
ef these marks (1.1) when the specimens are quite unique. The more exact position of localities
iBieT in most instances be ascertained by reference to die descriptions of the species in the pre-
cemng part of the Treatise.
For tiie facts included the country is especially indebted to the various Geological Reports of
flie several States, the American Journal of Sdeoce, and the Journals or Transaokons of the dif-
Ibrant Scientific Societies or Academies. The author is under special obligations, in the prepara-
ikm of the Catalogue for this edition of the Mineralogy, to W. W. Jetferis, Esq., of Westchester,
PiL, Prof, a U. Shkpard, Prof. A. E. Verbill, Dr. J. a Nbwbehet, Prof. Wk. P, Blakb, Prof.
▼m. a Brewbb, Dr. F. A. Gbnth, Prof. B. Sillqian, Prof 0. 0. Mabsh, Prof. A. Winohxll» Dr.
Obobgi Smith, of Upper Darby, Pa., Dr. T. R. BAin>, of Philadelphia.
MAINK
Albany. — Beryl ! green and black tottrmaiine^ fddspair^ rose qwuiZy rutile.
Aboostook.— Bed hematite.
Bath. — Idocrase, garnet^ magnetite, graphite.
BiTHKL. — Cinnamon ga/met^ calcite, sphene, beryl, pyroxene, hornblende, epidote, graphite, talc^
fgnrite, mispidcel, niagnetite, wad.
Bdvoham. — Massive pyrite, galenite, blende, andalusite.
Bun Hill Bat. — Arsenical iron^ molybdenite t galeniie, apatite t fluoriiel black tourmaline (Long
Oove)| black oxyd of manganese (Osgood's farm), rhodonite, bog manganese, wolframite.
BowBom.—Bose Quartz.
BowDOiNHAM.— .&ry/, molybdenite.
Bbuhbwiok. — Oreen mica, garnet! black tourmaline/ molybdenite, epidote, calciie^ musooviie^
JMspair, beryl
BnOKFiELD. — Oamet (estates of Waterman and Lowe), iron ore, muscovitet magnetite.
Camdage Farm. — (Near the tide mills), molybdenite, wolframite.
Gamdex. — Made, galenite, epidote, black tourmaline, pyrite, talc^ magnetite.
Oabmsl (Penobscot Co.).--8tibnite, pyrite, mada
COBIVNA. — Pyrite, arsenical pyrites.
Dbbb Isle. — Serpentine^ verd-antique, asbestus, diallage, magnetite.
Dbztbb. — Galenite, pyrite, blende, dialoopyrite, green talc.
BizniLD. — Native copperas, g^phite.
FABMiKaTOir.— {Norton's ledge), pyrite, graphite, bog ore, garnet, staorolite.
Fbbepobt. — Bcie quartz, garnet, feldspar, scapolite, graphite, musoovite,
Fbtkbubg. — Garnet, beryl
Gboboetown.— (Parker's island), beryl/ black tourmaline.
Gkbketwood. — Graphite, black manganese, beryll mispickel, cassitorite, mica, rose quartM, garnet,
•omndum, albite, adrcon, molybdenite, magnetite, copperas.
HiBBOir. — Cassiteriie, mispickel, idocrase, Iqpidoliis, ambfygoniie, ruhdlite ! indiodUto, green i
MoImm^ mica, beryl, apcUite, albite, childrenite, cookeite,
Jbwill'b Island.— Pyrite.
Katahdin Ibon Wobkb —Bog iron ore, pyrite, magnetite, quartaL
Lkreb E, Oxford Co. — Staurolite, made, copperas.
LiNy.sra — Hematite, limonite, pyr*^ bog-iron ore.
looHnsLD. — SodalUe, cancrinite, elaaolite, zircon, spodumene, muscovite, pyrrhottta
1/ tufmffaneHanffamet^idocrtttt^
ElfeiP^ ttB ct© of opiiutjiT
Poxjum. — IdocmAe, smokr qiuiFta^ dsnomon inrnet
PosTLAinx. — PnhHtf " - '^ I
Ratkoitd.— -V^'— ' .^...„.,., ^..y.. ......... ..,,-,_.,.., iAUe^
yellow gunctt pv ise.
ROCKLJ.ND, — ii remoUto, ^luir^ wadf loia
KmcFQRD. — }'diW< gofneif tdocrase, pffr&xene, Bpailtef ecfipoltCe,
RmaJOK — A Dan it©.
8AJa>T Rins. — AuHforoajs sand.
&ium>RD, York Co.^Idocrase / albite» cakate, molybdeoite^
SuLBBlfONT. — Andttlusikf tounztaline.
South Bnwicc^M&ole.
SnULLKKD ^oirsTXOX.^Benflf Uack kturTnalin^ rnlau uttrntL
Thomabtox. — CakiU^ iremoiite^ horn' il iron (01
TopsHAM. — Qmr^ galeoile, Mende, tuagiiUlo 7 IxrjJ, npatite^ m(4S
UxiOK.— Magnetite, bo^iroa ore,
Wauw. — Aiinite in boi]lder« aion, copppr- -
WiTiBTlLLK^CVyitetfiiai pyHte,
Wdidhaji (near the brtdg©).— ^!tottrt?/ifc, ^ „. , ffamei, }Haj\
Hue.
Wnrrssop.— SbiHroMs^ prrite^ hornblende gamet, ccppwia.
Wooosiocc. — On^Jtfy ipecidar inm, prehnite, epidoDe^ ctMi
Yowc — ^Jieryl!^ Yivianite, ozyd of nrnngnneee.
NEW HAHPSHIREL
AiexwAXK—Jfimf I o/Mt, hiadt iomrmaiim,
BAinjeTT.^MafQelile^ ijwciitor i^ hroim inm ov» la
(ks mountain ^\ fvorte cry'i*
BATa-^GalenitQ^ c^Mkopjfile^
BKUiOWS Falia— Qrmilib
CAMWOX.--ifcrfl/
CAJtAAjr.^-G<ild in mHi^^H
AMERICAN LOOALmES. 767
Graftoh.— ifikxi/ (extensively qaarried at Glass Hill, 2 m. & of Orange SummitX aJbitef blue,
green, and yellow beryUI (I m. S. of 0. SummitX UmrmcUine^ gameta.
Gkaittham. — Gray stauroUte !
Hanoyeb. — Gameif a boulder of quartz containing nUilet black tourmaUne^ quarts.
Haysrhill. — Garnet/ arsenical pyriiea, naUve araenic^ galenite, blende, Iron and copper pyrites,
magnetic and white iron pyrites.
HiLLflBORO* (Campbell^s mountain). — Graphite,
PTTT.TiinAT.B, — Rhodoniie^ black ozyd of manganese.
Jaokbon. — Drusy quartz, tin ore, anfenopyrUc^ native arsenic, fluorite, apatite, magnetite^ molyJh
dmnUet woUhim, chaJcopyrite, arsenate of iron.
JfAmsT (Monadnodc ML). — OyanUe,
KssNE. — GraphitCy aoapstone^ milky quartz.
Landaff. — Molybdenite^ lead and iron ores.
Ibbaxok. — Bog'iran ore,
Lisbon. — Staurolite, black and red garnets, granular magnetUe, hornblende^ epidxM, zoiaite, specular
Ltxe.— Ojranite (N.W. part), black tourmaline, rutile, pyrite, chalcopyrite (E. of E. vlllageX
^tSbmite.
Mebbtmack. — Ruiile ! (in gneiss nodules in granite rein).
MouLTONBOBOUOH (Red Hill). — Hornblende, bog ore, pyrite, tourmaline.
2Sr»WP0BT.— Molybdenite.
teANGB. — Blue beryls I Orange Summit, chrysoberyl, mica {W, sid6 of mountain).
Obfobd. — Brown tourmaline (now obtained with difficulty), steatite, rutile, cyanite, brown iron
ore, natiye copper, malachite, galenite.
PSLH AM. — Steatite,
PiBBMONT. — Micaceous iron, barite, green, white, and brown mioft, apatite.
Plymouth.— Columbite, beryl
Richmond. — lolite t rutile, steatite, pyrite.
Btb. — Made.
Baddlbback Mt. — Black tourmaline, garnet, spinel
Shblbubnb. — Galenite, black blende, chalcopyrite, pyrite, manganese.
Sfbingfield. — ^Beryls (very large, eight inches diameter), manganesian ga/mels t in mica slate,
c/M<0^ mica.
SULLIYAN. — Tourmalinee (black), in quartz, beryl ?
duiBBY. — ^Amethyst, calcite.
Swanbbt (near Keene). — Magnetic iron (in masses in granite)^
Tamwobth (near White Pond). — Galenite.
nviTT (estate of James Neal). — Copper and iron pyrites, chlorophyUite, green mica, radiakd
mttimolite, garnet, tiianiferous iron ore, magnetite,
Walpolb (near Bellows Falls). — Made.
Wasbbn. — Chakopyrite, blende, epidote, quartz, pyrite, tremolite, galenite, rutile, talc, molybde-
lle^ cinnamon stonel pyroxene,
WasTMOBBLAND (souUi part). — Molybdenite/ apatite! bltte fddspar, bog manganese (north Yil-
lageX quartz, Jluoriie, chalcopyrite, ozyd of molybdenum and uraniunL
^^HTTB Mts. (notch behind " old Crawford's house "). — Green octahedral flnor, quartz crystals,
lilBcdc tourmaline, chiastolite.
VfliMOT,— Beryl
WiHGHESTBB. — Pyrolusite, rhodochrosite, psilomelane, magnetite, granular quarti.
VERMONT.
ASDIBON. — Iron sand, pyrite.
AISUBGH. — Quartz crystals on caldte, pyrite.
Athbisb. — Steatite, rhomb spar, actinolite, garnet
Baiaimobb. — Serpentine, pyrites I
Bahnbt.— Graphite.
BaLVUJtBBB.— Steatite, chlorite.
Bmnninoton.— /y^/K^Ye, brown iron ore, pipe day, yellow odire.
BlBKBHiBB. — Eptdote, hematite, magnetite.
BtnotL.— .Aeft'fio/ite/ tab, chlorite, octahedral iron, ruiSk, brown tpar in sleaMiA
BsANDOK.^Braunite, pyrolusite, psilomelane, Ihnonite, Ugnita, white day, itatoary mnUe;
tasil fruits in the lignite, graphite, dudoopyrite.
r. — Mica in coacentric haHL^ caMte^ mtSkt.
^.-HMica (adamaUe),
DuMifSBSTOX.— Eutiletr roofini^ nLite.
FAtBHAVfii — Roofing 9laitt pyrite.
Flktchkb. — Fyrite, octahednl iron, adcukr tounnafine.
GnArroN.— The i^eotii^ quarry referred to Grifton is properly In AtlMDt;
GuiLFOSD, — Scapolitc, rutiSe, roofing eUite.
Hartfobd, — Caldte, piri^ / cyanj^ in micA aktef i{iiutZr tovumAliiie.
IiuaBUBOH. — Ehodonite, psilomflane.
JaT. — CArvmtie mm, aefpentiiM; amiaatliiiH, doilamite.
LowEX^L.— Plcrosmiiie^ aadanttiiiBy Berpentliiei oerotite^ t*lc; dikirft&
Marlboro'.— iSft^mft ^Nir, JtezfOle, ^anK ina9«e<<^ dikiRle.
Mexdon, --Octahedral iron ore.
l£n>Dun«niY. — Zircon.
Mn>DLESxx-— Rutilel (exhausted).
UoinKTOS. —F^froim&iiet brown iron ofe, pipe day» feldapar
MoKETowx.-— SMky ^marUt skaUte^ tak^ wad, nitik^ i
MoftRISTOWy*—
Moist Holly. ^J
Sew F ASK. — OUus^x
kxsalityX chaJcedotty, dmsy qnart^ ponM^ tknmc and Mtam^ irom^ \
KoEWioa.— Jcuriiofitfv fiidipar^ ^ram i^«f in tik^ qnoila, miiSXm, <
FmafOKD.^ — Bromt W9m &rw, maogaDeae ores.
Fltxoutil — Spaihio Iroo, magneiio and epecukr iroa, bo4h ia
galexiite.
PLYMPToai.— Maarive honhkaOei
PimTET. — Fluorite^ ymim mm on, nMU, and asiitle; in hooldcfi^ i
RfiABora^ Giaoff arrtiidlUff in tide.
RtADSBORQ\—Giu9if oeHmMt, MiotUi, bwitlte
BiPTOX. — Bnmn inm 9t% angite in bonldev^ octahedral pyrile.
BocDEsnou — RatOe, specular iron cryat^ ma^m^te in chlorite aiats.
BocKGtQnjuc (Bellows fUl^j.—qyaiute, IndicolitB^ lSdil^p«; mwnayini
Btauralite.
Hvruiisxh—Ma^itenie, mkHemarhk^ bamatileh terpentuie^ p^ day.
SALisniirRr. — ^Brown iron ora.
BaAmasL^QmmU eryuiajt, qrasitei
L—Pi/Hte, yack marble, cakitew
AMBBIOAlf LOOALITIES. 769
Wabdsbobo'.— 2<nn^e, tourmaline, tremolUej hematite.
Wabben. — Actinolitef magnetite, wad, serpentine.
Watebbury. — ^Mispidcel, chaloopyrite, rutUe^ quariZf serpentine.
Watebtillb. — SCeaHte, actinolite, tala
Wbatbebsfibld. — Steatite, specular iron, pyriie, tremolite.
yfvLLB' Rivbr. — Graphite.
Wbstfield. — Steatite^ chromic iron, serpentine.
WKTinNSTER.— Zoisite in boulders.
'WnrDHAM. — Glassy actinolite, steatite, garnet, serpentine.
Woodbuby. — Massive pyrite.
TV'OODSTOCK. — Quartz crystals, garnet, zoisite.
MASSACHUSETTa
Altobd. — Galenite, pyrite.
AXBOU'-Allanite, fibrolite, (?) epidotel babingtonite ?
AUBUBN. — Masonite.
Babrb. — RuiHe I mica, pyrite, beryl, feldspar, gameL
Gbbat BABxatono^.—Tremolite.
Bediobd. — Oamet.
Bklchebtown.— Allanite.
Bbbnabdston.— Magnetite.
BaTEBLT.— Oolumbite, green feldspar, cassiterite.
B&AHVOBD. — SerpenHne, anthophyllite, actinolite I ehromite, cyanite, rose quartE in bonldera.
Bolton. — SeapolOel petaliie, spfiene, pyroxene, nuttalite, diopside, boltonite, apatite, magneslte^
bomb spar, allanite, yttroceritet cerium ochre ? (on the scapolite), spinel
BoxBOBOUGH. — ScapolUe, spinel, garnet, augite, actinolite, apatite.
Bbxohtok. — Asbestus.
Bbimfield (road leading to Warren). — lolite, adularia, molybdenite, mica, garnet
Oabuslb. — Towrmaline, gameil scapolite, actinolite.
Ohablbstown. — Prehnite, laumonUte, stilbite, chabazite, quarts crystals, melanolite.
OamjiBroBJ>.'^ Scapolite (chelmsfordite), chondrodUe, blue spinel, amioHthus ! rose quarte.
Ghkteb. — Hornblende, scapolite, zoisite, spodumene, indicokte, apatite, magnetite, chromite,
J heulandite, analcite and chabazite: at the Emery Mine, Chester Factories. — Corundum,
rite, diaspore, epidote, oorundophilite, chloritoid, tourmaline, menaccanite I rutile, biotite,
lite? andesite? cyanite.
Chebtbbfield.— B^ue, green, and red tourmaline, deavelandite (albiteX lithia mica, smoky quartz,
^Menlite, spodwmsne, cyanite, apatite, rose beryl, garnet, quartz crystals, stavrolite, cassiterite, a^umr-
^Ul$, loisite, uranite, brookite (eumanite), scheeUte, anthophyUite, bornite.
f* GovwAY.— Pyrolusite, fluorite, zoisite, rutile 1 1 native alum, galenite.
t CmomiaTOM. — Rhodonite! cunmiingtonite (hornblende), marcasite, garnet,
Dbdham. — ^Asbestus, galenite.
? . Biebfield. — Chabazite, heulandite, stilbite, amethyst, camelian, chalcedony, agat«,
\ lEtOHBUBO (Pearl Uill).— Sery/, staurolUef garnets, molybdenite.
^ ItoBOBOUGH. — Pyrite, anthracite,
J-' Ieabxlik.— Amethyst
^ QoesESt. — Mica, aUnte, spodumene I blue ajid green tourmaline, beryl, zoisite, smoky quarts, ocdnm*
we, tXD. ore, galenite, beryl (goshenite), pihlite (cymatolite).
;, Gbeenfield (in sandstone quarry, half mile east of village). — Allophane, white and gre«niah.
* Baxfieid. — Barite, yellow quartz crystals, galenite, blende, chaloopyrite.
Hawley. — Micaceous iron, massive pyrite, magnetite, zoisite.
f Bbath. — Pyrite, zoisite,
I HnrSDALE.— Brown iron ore, apatite, zoisite.
1 HUBBABDSTON. — Mossive pyrite,
I IiIlEOAOTEB. — Cyanite, chiastolite! apatite, staurolite, pinite, andalusite.
JmL — Tremolite ! sphene I (east part).
Lnroz. — ^Brown hematite, gibbsite (?).
IflTBORT. — ^Barite, galenite, blende^ chalcopyrite.
Imnma^^Zoiaite, rutile,
- IntUROV. — Spinel, scapolite, apatite.
XnofrUDUD. — Magnesite on serpentina
Mabtha's Vinbyabd.— Brown iron ore, amber, selenite, radiated pyrite.
IfnDOV.— JUtca/ chlorite.
48
ElCHilOirD. — Brown iron tfrt^ gibi^k I aUophane,
ROCKPORT. — Danaiiie^ erycphyUite, amiie^ cyrtoUte (altered iirooo)» j
Howe — Kpidote, uilc
SoiTTB RoYJLLSTOK. — Bcryl f / (isow obtBiDed with great dlfflculty)^
Four miles beyond old Icxi, on fiarra of Solomon Heywood, mi<a/ beryl ! ^
Ru88£L. — ^bUterspar (diall&gG?^ mica, serp^Qtioe, beryl^ galettite^ < "
Saxxil — ^In a boulder, cancriDite, sodalite, dnolita.
S^UOua — Forpbyry, Jasper.
SeKmzLix — Aeocikus, pynt«v native alam, pyroluaate.
BHBLBCRirX.^ — Rutild.
8HTJTE8BtTRY (eo»i of Locke*a Pond). — Molybdenite^
Southampton.— Cai<wtYe, ceraasite, aogleBite, wa^ik, flooritt^ biiHte, <
blende, ooroeous lead, pyrooiorphtte^ stolseiie, chryiooolkt
&TERLtx6. — Spodumate, ehiasidUis, apathw irm^ mi^pkket^ hieiukf gtkmti^ (
SrONRHAif,— ^ep^nUe^
SruRBRmos. — Orapkiic^ garnet^ apatite^ bog ore^
8WAMP»00T.— OrfAtV^, feldspar.
TAtTNTOK (one mile eouth),-'Paracolumblie (titanic iron)^
Tubnbb's Fali^ (Cohd. River). — CbftloopyHte» prehaite^ chlorite, chhrc^
cliite, magrnetic iron eand, anthracite.
TYRDfOHAM-— Pyroxene, acapolise.
UxB&EDOK. — Galeaite.
Waswigk. — Mamvt ffomet, radiaied black ftmrmaliiM^ magfidik^ beryl, 1
WAaHUiaTOK, — GraphiUk
WissTTVELD.^SchiUeT spar (diaUafeX 9erjpm6hA^ t^toMk^ cymito, ecapolite, {
Westford.*— ^n'iti/t^fe /
West IIampton. — Galeotte, ar^mJtimt^ p»mtd09Mrphoui quartz.
Wist SpRtNOftKLD. — Prthnit^^ ankerite, satin spar, oelestite, bitaminooa <
West Stocebridgb. — BemoMte^ fibrous pyroluaite, apalhic iron,
Whatklt. — Native copper^ galenite.
Williamsburg. — Z&inte^ pwadomorphous quartZ| apAtite, roae and nnolc^ j
lusite, chalcopyrite.
WiLLiAMSTciwN. — Or^sL quatM.
Windsor. — Zoisitc, actinolite^ n*ltfe/
'WoucESTSB^—Mispickel, idocraae, pyroxene, garnet, unianthuB, badiolx
fiite.
WORTHTNGTOK. — Oyanite,
ZoAR. — Bitter spar, tak.
RHODE ISLAITB.
Bewol. — A mtihysL
C5ltAWST0K*^Actinolite in talc
AMEBIOAK LooALrnns. 771
Shxthfield. — Dolomiie, cdhite, hitter apar, naerite^ Berpentine (boweniteX tremolite, asbestos,
murtZf magnetic iron in chlorite slate, tcUe I anatase.
Wabwiok (Natio yillage). — Maaonite, garnet, graphite.
Webtehlt.— //m«n»te.
CONNECTICUT.
Bbblin. — ^Barite, datolite, blende, quartz crystals.
Boi/roK.— Staurolite, chalcopjrite. *
Bhadletvillb (Litchfield). — Laumontite.
BBI8T0L. — Chakocitel chakopyriU, barite, homUe^ talc, aUophaney pyromorphite, eofeiftf, mala-
diite, gaJenite, qnartz.
Bbookfikld. — Galenite, calamine, hlendt, spodumene, pjrrhotite.
Gakaax. — TrtmolUe and white augUe ! in dolomite, canaanite (massive pyroxene).
':. Qbatham. — Mispickel, smaltite, chloanthite (chathamite), scorodite, nicoolite, heryl^ erythrite.
Qbbbibb. — Bariie^ chcUcocite, borrUte crysi.^ malachite^ kaolin, natrolite, prehnite, chabazite,
*:. dttolite.
Gbjester. — Sillimaniie / zircon, epidote.
•OoBNWALL. — Graphite^ pyroxene, actinolite, sphene, scapolite.
^. Baitburt. — DariburUej oUgodase^ moonstone, brown tourmaline, orthodase, pyroxene, para-
^ Iborifie.
^ "SkBMXSQ^KiS.— Prehnite, chabazite, agate, native copper.
S- Gbanbt. — Green malachite.
% QiWKKSinxm.— Black tourmaline.
f Haddajl — Chryaoberylt beryl! epidote t tourmaline! feldapar, garnet ! uAite! oligodaae, cJUo-
% nphyllite ! automolitt, magnetite, adtUaria, apatite, columbite ! zircon (calyptolite), mica, pyrite.
[ ' naraudte, molybdenite, allanlte, bismuth, bismuth ochre, bismutite.
\- Hadltmb.— Chabazite and stilbitc in gneiss, with epidote and garnet
IHabttobd. — DaioliU (Rocky Hill quarry).
'. KxMT. — Brown iron ore, pyrolusite, ochrey iron ore.
InoHTiKLD. — Cyanite with corundum, apatite, and andalusite, menaccanite (washingtonite), chal-
; oopyrite, diaspore, niocoliferous pyrrhotite, margarodite.
Ltms. — (xamet, suns tone.
I' KsBiDEN.— Datolite.
\ IfmDLEFiELD FALLS. — Datolltc, chlorite, etc., in amygdaloid.
i MmDLETOWN. — Mica, lepidolite with green and red tourmaline, albite, feldspar, columbite ! prek-
9 %Ue, garnet (sometimes octahedral), beiyl, topaz, uranite, apatite, pitchblende; at lead mine,
* ^aUniUe, ehalcopyrite, blende, quartz, calcite, fluorite, pyrite, sometimes capillary.
1 HiLFOBD.— Sahlite, pyroxene, aabesius, zoisice, verd-antique marble, pyrite.
' ' Niw Ha YEN. — Serpentine, asbestus, chromic iron, sahlite, stilbite, prehnite.
1- NOBWIGH. — Sillimanite, monazite! zircon, iolite, corundum, feldspar.
t Oxford, near Hurophreysvilla— Cyanite, ehalcopyrite.
V. Pltmouth. — Oalenite, KeiUandite, fluorite, chlorophyllite ! garnet
t BoARnro Bbook (Cheshire). — Datolite ! calcite, prehnite, saponite.
t Beading (near the line of Danbury). — Pyroxene, garnet,
!•.. . BOXBUBT. — Spathic iron, blende, pyrite ! ! galenite, quartz, ehalcopyrite.
^ - Salisbobt. — Brown iron ore, ochrey iron, pyrolusite, triplite, turgite.
' BATBBOOK.'^Molybdenile, stilbite, plumbago.
SmSBUBT. — Copper glance, green malachite.
SouTHBUBT. — Bose quartz, laumontite, prehnite, oalc spar, heavy spar.
SouTEiNOTON. — Heavy spar, datolite, asteriated quartz crystals.
Staftobd. — Massive pyrites, alum, copperas.
I BlOffDroTON. — Stilbite and chabasiie on gneiss.
^ Thatohbbstillb (near Bridgeport).— Stilbite on gneiss, babbingtoniteT
^ . Tolland.— Staurolite, massive pyrites.
y^ Tbumbull and Monroe. — Chlorophane, topaz, beryl, diaspore, pyrrhotite, pyrite, scheelite, wo^-
t ramiie (pseudomorph of scheeliteX rutile, native bismuth, tungstic add, spathic iron, mispickel,
i aigenti^us galenite, blende, scapolite, tourmaline, garnet, albite, augite, graphic tellurium, (?)9iuir-
garodite.
( WAfiEnNOTON.— TripUte, menaccanite ! (washingtonite of Shepard), rhodochrosite, natrolite^ anda-
I ftwOs (New Preston), cyanitei
Watbbtown, near the Naugatuck — ^White sahlite, monazite.
; TiR FABMa— Asbestus.
ALLEGHANY CO.— GuBi.— Cattaireoaa luTa, petroldani, ^ mfl«a from Ui«|
CATTARAUGUS CO.— Freedom.— i
CAYUGA CO.— Auburn.— CelMtite^ Cftldte, fluor spar, epeomite.
Cayuoa Laxjl — Sulphur,
LuDLO w viLUL^Epsomile.
Ukion Speonos.— 6Wc/h^, gypamn.
Spbingport.- At Tbtompeou's plaater beds, suiphurl $deiiitt.
Spring viLLR. — Nkrogen sprioga.
CLINTON CO.— AEKOL0 iB/tyn Mike. — Magndikf epidote, maljbdaoiti
FvictL Orb BEMk^Oakite, grem and purple fluor.
OHATAUQUE CO.-^TESDomA.-^Petnikim, c(vbmiUd
Laona. — Peiroleum,
8H2&IDAK. — Alum.
COLUMBIA CO. — AusTERLiTZ. — Earthy majnganete, wtiUemte, diaUxtdte ; ',
Titreoua silver?
CiiATiLUL — Quarter pyrit© in cubic cryatala m slate (HillBdjdeV
Canaak, — Ohalcocite, dudoopjrite.
HiTDSDH.— Kpidote, 9elenitct
Nkw LEBAXUN.—Nitrogea qningai graphite, anthracite ; at the Ancnun leBdj
biende^ wul/entte (rare), clialoopjrrtte, calcareous tu(a ; near tbe dCjr of Hu '
epar, ti'cut
DUTCHESS CO.— Amrkia,— Dolomite, Unumiu, turffik,
Beckmah. — Dolmniie,
Doves. — Dolomite, tremolite, garnet (Fom ore bed% Btaorolite, kmmUla^
FissKiVL. — Dolomite; near FeckYilJe, talc, aabeatua, gmpHiU,
hydrous authophjllite, limonUe,
North East. — Cbaloocite, cbaJcopyrite, gateoite^ bleodo.
Pawunq. — Dolomite.
Ehinebbgk, — Calcite, gree& feldspar, epidote, tourmaliiie^
Uniok Vauc — At the Clove miii% ^t&Mb, ImffH^
ESSEX CO. — Alszakdria.— Kirby'fl graphite tnine, graphiUf ] ^
Grown POIKT. — ApaMte (eupyrchroite of Emmonsy, broion hmrmaHnti
quaita GfystalB, piuk aod blue calcite, pyrite ; a abort distance south of J.
ffor^ 9&jipolitey chaloopyhte^ mmtarinc/eUUJparf zircoD, aiaffletk jip&4i:'
AMESIOAN LOOAUmS. 773
KswoOHB. — Ldbradoritef feldspar, magnetic iron, hyperethene.
PoKT BxsuY.—Broum UmrTnaUne^ mica^ rose quartz^ serpenHne, green and Uack pyroxene^ horn-
blende, oryst pyrite, graphite, tabular spar, pyrrbotine, adiUaria; phtogopikl at Cbeever Ore Bed,
wUh magnetite and serpentine.
Boobb's Rock. — OraphUe^ tabular spar, garnet, colophonUe, feidspar, adolaria, pyroxene, aphene,
ooooolita
SoHBOON. — Calciiet pyroxene, chondrodUe.
TIOONDBBOGA. — Graphite / pyrooxne, sahlUe, aphene, black tourmaline, cacoxene T (Mt. Defiance).
Wbbtpobt. — Labradorite, prehnite, magnetite.
WiLLSBOBO'. — Tabular spar, colophanite, garnet, green ooocoHte, hornblende.
ERIE CO.— Ellioott's Mill& — Cakareoua iufaa,
FRANKLIN CO. — Chateauoat.— Nitrogen springs, calcareous tofiui
liALONS. — Massive pyrite, magnetic iron ore.
GENESEE CO.— Acid springs containing sulphuric acid.
GREENE CO.— Catskill.— Co/cite.
Diamond Hill. — Quartz crystals.
HERKIMER CO.— Fairfield.— ^uorfe crystals, fetid barite.
IjITTLE Fall& — Quartz crystals/ barite, caldte, anthracite, pearl spar, amoky quartz ) one mile
flouth of Little Falls, calcite, brown spar, feldspar.
Middleyillb. — Quartz crystals I calcite, brown and pearl spar, anthradtei
HSWPOBT. — Quartz crystals,
Bausbury,-^ Quartz crystals! blende, galenite, iron and copper pyrites.
SCABK.— Fibrous oelestite, gypsum.
HAMILTON CO.— Long Lake.— Blue calcite.
JEFFERSON CO.— Adams.- Fluor, calc tufa, barite.
Alkzandbia. — On the 8.E. banic of Musoolonge Lake, fluorite, phlogopite, chalcopyrite; on High
tsUmd, in the St. Lawrence River, feldspar, tourmaline, hornblende, orihockise, oelestite.
Amtwebp. — Stirling iron mine, specular iron, chalcodite, spathic iron, miUerite, red hematite, crys-
feiOixed quartz, yellow aragonite, nicooliferous iron pyrites, quartz crystals, pyrite ; at Oxbow, calcite !
taorcHis coralloidal heavy spar; near Yrooman's lake, calcite I idocrase, phhgopite! pyroxene, sphme,
Boorite, pyrite, chalcopyrite; aiao feldspar, bog-iron ore, scapolite ((arm of David EgglesonX serpen^
tftee^ tourmaline (yellow, rare).
Bbownsville. — Oelestite in slender crystals, calcite (four miles from Watertown).
Hatubal Bbidge. — Feldspar, gieseckUel steatite, pseudomorphaua after pyroxene.
Kbw CoHNEoncuT. — Sphine, broum phlogopite,
Omab.— jBeryZ, feldspar, specular iron,
Philadelphia. — Garnets on Indian river, in the village.
Pamxua. — Agaric mineral, calc tufjEu
PiLLAB Point. — Massive heavy spar (exhausted).
Thebbsa. — ^uor, caldte, specular iron ore, hornblende, quartis cryatala, serpentine (associated
with the specular iron), oelestite, strontianite ; the Musoolonge Lake locality of fluor is exhausted.
"Watbbtown. — Tremolite, agaric mineral, calc tufi^ oelestite.
WiUffA. — One mile north of Natural Bridge, calcite,
LEWIS CO. — DiAVA (localities mostly near junction of crystalline and sedimentary rocks, and
within two miles of Natural Bridge). — Scapolite f tabular apar, green ooccohte, feldapar, trernoHte,
pyroxene I aphene / / mica, quartz crystals, drusy quartz, cryst p3rrite, pyniiotite^ hhke calcite, ser-
pentine, rensselaerite, zircon, graphite, chlorite, specular iron, bog-iron ore, iron sand, apcUite.
Gbxio. — Magnetite, pyrite.
LowviLLE. — Calcite, fluorite, pyrite, galenite, blende, calc tu&.
HABTDreBUBGH. — Wad, galenite, etc., but mine not now opened, eakite,
Watson, Bbbmen. — ^Bog-iron ore.
MONROE CO.— R00HE8TEB.— Pear; apar, calc spar, snowy gypsom, floor, oelestite^ galenite,
Uende^ barite, hornstone.
KiAeAKA ¥jlma> — OahUe, fiuorite^ blende, dolomiie,
ONEIDA CO.— BoorvTi^iA — Cakik, tabular ^pctr, coccolite.
Clinton* — Bknde^ i&iticuiar a/rgitlaceoui irm ore; in rocka of th© Cllnti
(^lestite, the former ooTering the latter,
ONONDAGA CO.— CAinLLUB,— fifelewite Andjtbrow svp^twm
CoLt> Sprujo. — Ajriiiite.
ManuL'S. — Gifpsum aod flaor,
Syeacusk.^ — Si^rptTiiHtie^ celeaiite, seleoite, barit^.
ORANGE 00, — COENWALU— Ztroot*, chcwlrtniUe^ horjd>tmde^
epidota^ hud&oait^, menaooauito, serpentine^ ouccolite.
Deer Park, — OryH.pyrikt galeoite.
MoNROSL — Mkat epkme/ garnet, colopboDite, Richie, dt^mdroditfy
ETpar^ spiTtcl, bornbleude, talc^ menaocanite, pyrrhoHte, pjrite, chroDok
moronolite.
At W1LK8 and O'Neh* Mine in Monroe — Awgonite, magnetiie^ dimiigoeUl
aabestus^ serpen tioe, mka.
At Two Ponds in Monroe. — Fyroxmi^t chimdrodite, ftombkndi^ ae^toHtel
At Gheienwood Ft^RXACE lo MooToe. — Ckondrodit^ p^/rogaeml miea,hL
lik, UoUh 1 tDenaooaaite.
At FOKBOT 07 Dean. — Pyroxm^ spinel^ zircon, flcapolite^ licrobleDdeL
Town of Warwick, Warwick Village. — Spir^ell ziram^ 9^pmHne! I
hombleTtdef psmdamorphowt steatite^ /ddsparf (Rock Hilt), menaccaiut%
H,), ruHle^ aphen^ molybdenite^ mispickel, niarca»ite, pyrite, yellow iron ainl
CHXscolite.
Amity, — Spinel f gamely ecapoiiU^ lurrnbimtU, idocrose^ tpidoU I dintonUef
warwickite, apatite^ chondrodite^ iak! pyroxetiel rutilo, menaocsanitei
aphene, calc spar, eerpoutino, scbiller Fpar(7), silvery mica«
Edkkyille.— ^jjofifej c^mfR?£/tte / hair-bKmm homblendt f tremolila^
ite, pfjrozem^ 9phakc^ mica^ /ddspoTj miapickel^ orpimen^ nUik^
pyritea.
West Fomr,- FeWgrpor, micOf scapoUte, sphena^ hon^>lei>dey allatiitii.
PUTNAM CO.— Cabmsl (Brown's quarry).— An thophyllite, acbiBer apar (1
epidote.
Gold Spring. — Ohabazite^ mica^ Bpbene, epidote*
Pattebson. — Wfdte pyroxcTii / cak itpar^ asbestw^ tr^fimlitt^ dolomite^
pHiLUPSTOWX. — Tretnolite^ amiaiUhus, serpenHne^ aphene^ dicpMe;, mm.
scapolite, Btilbite, mica^ taomoQLiie, gnrboSte^ cale apar, magnetic iron, eoraiol
FiULLiFS Qca^Bgd,s-HyalJtet acHnoHk^ mmuiitm «m^.
iLMEBIOAN LOOALTIIBS. 775
ROCKLAND CO.— Caldwell.— Cofcifo
GiUfiST PouiT. — Serpentine, actinolite.
Hayebstbaw. — Hornblende^ barite.
Ladentown. — Zircon, malacliite, cuprite.
PiSRMOKT. — Datolite, stilbite, apopbjllite, stellite, prebnite, tbomsonite, caldte^ chabazlteL
BiONT Point. — Cerolite, lamellar bomblende, asbestus.
ST. LAWRENCE CO. — Canton. — Massive pyrite^ cakite, brown toonnaline, sphene, serpentine^
telc^ rensselaeritef pyroxene, specular iron, cbalcopyrite.
Dekalb. — Hornblende^ barite, Jluarite, tremolitej tourmdUne, blende, graphite, pyroxene, quarts
(qpongyX serpentine.
Edwabds. — Brown and silvery mica! scapolite, apatite, quartz crystcUs, actinolite, tremolite,
tpecular iron, serpentine, magnetite.
Fine. — Black mica, hornblende.
FowLEB. — Barite^ qua/rtz crystals I specular iron^ blende^ galenite, tremolite, chalcedony, bog ore,
Mtin spar (assoc. with serpentine), iron and copper pyrites, actinolite, rensseilaerUe (near Bomer-
¥iUe>.
GOUYEBNEUB. — Colcite! serpentine/ hornblende/ scapolite/ orthoclase, tourmaline/ idocrase (one
mile south of 6.), pyroxene, apatite, rensselaerite, serpentine, sphene^ fluorite, barite (farm of Judge
Dodge), black mica, phlogopite, tremolite / asbestus, specukur irony gpraphite, idocrase ; (near Somer-
Tille in serpentine) spinel^ boughite, scapolite, phlogopite^ dolomite ; three-quarters of a mile west
of Somerville, chondrodite^ spinel ; two miles north of Somerville, apaHte^ pyrite, brown tour^
maHne! /
Hammond. — Apatite/ zircofi/ (farm of Mr. HardyX orihockise (loxolase), pargdsitey barite, pyrite^
purple flnonte, dolomite.
Hebmon. — Quartz crystals^ specular iron, spathic iron^ pargasite, pyroxene, serpentine, tourm*-
Hue, bog-iron ore.
Macomb. — Blende, mica, galenite (on laud of James AYeril), sphene.
ICunBBAL Point, Morristown.— Fluorite, blende, galenite, jf^Mogopite (Pope's Mills), barite.
Ogdensbubo. — Labradorite.
PrrOAiBN. — Satin spar, associated with serpentine.
PoTBDAM. — Hornblende / — eight miles from Potsdam on road to Pierrepont, feldspar, tourmaUne,
Hack mica, hornblende.
R088IE (Iron Mines^. — Barite, specular iron, ooralloidal aragonite in mines near Somenrille,
Hmonite, quartz (sometimes stalactitic at Parish iron mine), pyrite, pearl spar.
BossiE Lead Mine. — Calcite/ galenite/ pyrite, celestite, cbalcopyrite, spathic iron/ oerussite, an-
l^esite, octahedral fluor, black phlogopite.
JSlse where in Rossie. — CkUcite, barite, quartz crystals, chondrodite (near Yellow Lake), feldspar /
pofrgasite / apatite, pyroxene, hornblende, sphene, zircon, mica, fluorite, serpentine, automolite^
^ pearl spar, graphite.
BcssEL. — Fargasite, specular iroTi, quarts (dode&X calcite, serpentine, rensselaerite, magnetite.
SAItATOOA CO.— Gbeeniteld.— C^ao&ery^/ garnet/ tourmaUne/ miica, feldspar, apatite^
graphite, aragonite (in iron mines).
SCHOHARIE CO.— Ball's Caye, and others.— Calcite, sUlactites.
Cabuslb.- ^'6r(M« sulphate of baryta, cryst and fib, carbonate ofUm$.
Middlebubt. — Anthracite, calcite.
Shabon. — Calcareous tufa.
80HOHABIE. — Fibrous celestite, strontianite / cryst, pyrites /
SENECA GO.— OA]S[oa±.—2fitrogen springs.
SOLLTVAN CO.— WuBTZBOBO'.— 6Ka20nt(e, blmde, pyrite, ehakopyrite.
TOMPKINS CO.— ITHAOA.— Calcareous tufa.
ULSTER CO.— ELLENYiLLE.—(7a26nt^, blende, ehakopyrito/ quarts, broohUe.
Mabbletown.— Pyrite.
WARREN OO.—Oaldwvll.— Massive feldspar.
7T6
LOGAUTIEfi^
Ohbsteb, — Pyrite, tourmaline, roiile, chftlcopyrilo.
BUMOKD IiiLE (Lake George). — Ciddttf quarU crystait,
Qlenh's Falls. — Rhomb spar,
JomfeBUB.Q.^Fluorite I zircon / / graphite serpeaUn^ pyrik.
WASHINGTON OO.^Fobt K:m,^Gr(tph\k^ Berpentine,
GRiuXvrLLE,^ — LtxindJar pifroxene^ m^BSii^e leldspar, epidote.
WAYNE CO.— WoLCOTT.— Barit©.
WESTCHESTER CO.— ANTH0>rT*8 Noiffi.—.ii)o/ac, pyrite, eofciie / in very large tabultfc
grouped, and sometimes iucruBied with drusy quartz.
Davihfort's Njsck:.^ — Se/penhnf, ffaroet, apbeiie.
Eastchmtbb,— Blende, copper end iron pyritea, dolomite,
Hastixos.' — 7Vef7u>li(e, white py^rojr^ne.
Nrw EoCHiiiLLE. — Serpevitiney bnjcUe^ quartz, mtco, tremclite, e:flrtn>t, ma^rnealte.
Fkekssjll, — -Mica, feldspar, borobleode, eiilbiuv sphene.
Bye. — Stsrpentine^ chk/rUt, llack tourmaltnn^ tremolite.
S1NO8IXG. — P^-oxfw-^ treirwUt^^ PW*f^r beryl, azurite, pn^ea loalachitej white lead ore,]
phitc, ftnglesite, vauquoliniie, gakmiie^ native silver, chalcopyrite.
W£ST Farms. — Apatite, tremolitc. garnet, stilbite, heulaiiditev efa&bazite, ep)dot«, ^beott.
ToiTEEBS. — TremoUk, apatite, calcite, analcite, j)yrite, tourmaline.
TORKTQWK.— 5itft>naf*^«^ ??kWflUife, magaetite.
HEW JERSEY.
AiTDOVKE Iros Mine (Sussex Co,). — Willemite, brown garoet
AXLBKTOWN (Monmoutb Co,),'— Fitiantte;, du/rentte.
Belville. — Copper mines.
Bergen. — Colette! dahlitef pedoUte {cfdled stellite)! anakite, opapkYUittf |3ine^iy(4, spbcoa 4
hik, natrohie^ heulandlte, laumootite, chabazikf pyrite^ paeudomoi^boua steatite itnitatWe or ^
pbyUite.
BBuyswiCK. — Copper mines* naiive copper^ malafhiie^ mountain kaihsr,
Bbtam. — CboQdroditei, spirud^ at RoseTilJe, tpidole,
CAKT^ELL'i) Briboei (Nowcaatle Co.X three miles weat, — ^YiTianitOL
Daxville (Jemmy Jump B,idgQ).'^Oraphik, chondrodit©, augit8> mioa.
Flemtsoton, — Gnpper mines.
YRAiXKro&'V.^Serpcntim.
FEAincuK and Sterling, — Spinel! garaet! rJwdemite! tpQkm&ef frMtSdimUtl ftd wbit i
dyihdtit! hornblende^ tremolite^ chondrodit^ Ufhite scapoUh^ black kfurmatime^ epiih^ pmk
m^ aotinolito^ Au^te, sahlite, coocolita, aabeatufl) jej^crsanik (aogitaX csdbmiiiei graphitv, i
beiyt galenite, aerpentme, honey-colored spbene, quartz, chaloedony, ametlijvt, sireoia^ 1
TiTiaoite, tephroite^ rhodoclirositei, aragonite. Alao algcrOe in graa. limceloiie.
Feakkldt and Warwick Mts. — J^ie.
Qreskbrook. — Copper mines.
Griggsto WN,— Clipper mines.
HAifBcmoa. — On© mile nortli, spinel! UmrmaJine^ pUo*}opitt^ hombtende^ timonti^ upecaii
HoBOEEK. — Serpen tiDQ (marmoUteX bruciie, nemuliU (or fibrous bructteX »nigooiiies <
HuRDSTOWi?. — ApaHie, magoetic pyrites, maguelite.
Iklettown* — yimoitei.
LocKwooD.— (^ra/i/i^ chondrodiiB^ kUc, mtgiiB^ gvarh, grem «pindL
MoNTViLLE (Monig Co.).— Serpentine, chryktUt,
MuLLtCA Hill (QloucMter Co.). — Vivionik lining belemnitea and oCher 1
Newtok. — Spinel^ blue, pink, and white oorundum, m«08, idocFom^ '
Uie^ nitde, pyrite, talc, calcite, barite, psiudomorphtmM i
PjLTTKBaoN^^Daiolite.
PENNSYLVANIA.
BERKS CO.— Mdegantow»,— At Jones's mines^ on© mite east of Moe^^ksOown, fntoi
^^
AHEBICAK LOOAUTIES.
777
ysocaUot magneHie, pyrito, cbalcopjrite^ aragouite, talc; two miles N.K from Joneses mitie,
ftpbit«, Bpbene; at Steeie^s mine, one mile N.W, trom St. Mary's, Chester Co.^ mu^AcfV^ uiica-
OQS iron, cocooUte^ brown garnet.
BMAtiiSQ.— Smoky quarts crystaJa, zirctm, atilblte, iron ore; ot Kckhardt^a Furnaoe, edkmiU with
BUCKS CO.— BucoxGHAH TowDsbip.— CryHtalllzed quflrta.
Southampton, — Near the village of Fcasterville, in the quarry of Geo* Van Arsdalei ^apMte^
CDO, sahlitef coccolite, sph^^ greeu mica, calcUe, wolUiJitwnk^ glassy feldspar aometimes
[It;, phlogopite, blue quartz^ garnet, molybdenite, zircon, pyrite, muroxite.
CAEBON CO.— Summit HilL| in ooal mines. — KutolmU^,
CHESTER CO, — BiftM inch. \M Township.— Amethy at, *Tm»A:^ gtwrt^ serpentine; in Ab'm Dajr-
ou's lime quarry, calciti?.
£a.st Bbai>foep. — ^Kpar iJuCQngton^H bridge on the Braiidywirie, green, blue, and gray cyanite^
\ gray cyauite is found kxjse in the soil in crysuiU; oti the farms of Dr. Elwyo, Mrs. Foulke, Wm.
dbbouSj and SamL Eutnkio, amcthijal At Strodo^a CQill, asbesLaa, rnagnemte^ aDlbophyllite, oligo-
drusy quartz, collyritef on Qgbomea llill, wad, vrmnQUiu^^ian tjarjiti (maaaive), sphenft^ schorl;
K Caleb Cope's lime quarry, fdtd dohmik, oocrouite, gameia, blue cyanite, yeOow actirwUk in iatc ;
tbe Black Horse Ion, indurated Uilc^ ruLile; on Araor Davis' larm, orthikl massive, from a
lo lumps of one pound weight ; near the paper-miM oq the Brandy wine, zircon^ associated
'itb titanijcrtms irmi in blue quartz.
West BtLAurouD.— Near the village of Marabalton, green cyanitt^ ratile, scapolitei, pyrite, stauro-
at the Chester County Poor- ho use limestone qunriy, chest^HU! in crystals implanted on dolo-
j ruUlel ID brilliant aclculur crystals, which arc* Jioely terminated, calciie in scalenohedrous,
■lie, damourik ? ia radiau^d groups of crystals on dolomite, quarit crystals.
^QHAKTiieBTOWN. — FyTommphik^ cerue^tite^ gaienite^ quartz*
SouTQ Coventry.— Tu Cbrismuti^a limestone quarry^ near Coventry village, augite, spbeoe^
aphite, ztram m iron ore (libout half a mile from the village).
East Fallow field. — Soapatone.
East Gosben. — Serpen tine» ojibestus.
West Go8H£N.^-On the Barrens, one mite north of West Chester, amtauthus, serpentitie, cellular
jrti^ jasper, cbalcedotiy, dnisy quartz, chlorite, marmotite, iuduratcd talc, magmaiit in radiated
on serpeutiiie, bematitOT aahestas ; near R, Taylor's mill, chromite in octahedral crystals,
radiated ma^tesik, aragooite, staurolite, garaet, asbestus, epidote; £om^ on bornbiuude
I Cheater water- wo rkfi (not accessible at preeent).
[ If BW Garden. — At Nivin's limcstoDe quarry, brown tmrmalif^^ nacronik^ scapolite, apatite, brown
I g;reen mica, rutile, amganik^ Jihrolitj^ kmUinitc.
KEWN^TT.^Actinolite, brown tourmidiuo, brown micOf fpidote^ tremolite. scapolite, aragonite • on
ftSL Cloud's farm, ^ansUfm ! t spheue. At Pearco's old mill, soisite, epxdctte^ sunatim^ ; sunstono
i in good spfciroena at various places in the range of hornblende rocks runniDg through thia
i»WDShip from N.K to 8.W,
LowiiR Oxford.— Garnets, pyrite in cubic cryslala.
London Givjve, — Rutile, jasper, chalcedony (botryoidal) ; in Wdj. Jackson's limestone quarry,
tottnnnlin*'^ ttfirivUit^ ; at Pusey's quarry, rutile, ^t-^mvlit^.
East Marlborough. — On the furm of Baily A Brothers, one mile south of Unionville, bright
and nearly wlute tourmttJiTu^ chesterkte, albiU ; near Marlborough meeting-house, epidote,
entine, acicular black tourmaline in white quartz; sircoii in small perfect crystals loose in the
i>il at Pusey'a saw*mill» two miles S. W. of Unionville.
West MAttLBOROUGH.'— Near Logao s qnarry, staurolite, cyauite, yellow tourmaline, rutUe, gar-
''tiet^ ; near Doe Run village, henuxHys scapolite, ^emoiik ; in R. Baily's limeatooe quarry, two and
ft half miles S.W. of Umouville, /frr«w«r trmwlik^ qftmiUj scapolite.
Newlik. — On the serpenline barrens, ooe and a half miles N.E. of Unionvillo, earundam/ mas-
five and crystallized, also in crystals in albitA, often in loose crystals covered with a thin coating
of steatite, talc, picroUte, bruciie, green tourmalinr^ with flat pyramidal terminations in albite,
nite (rareX euphyliik^ mica in hexagonal crystals, /eZtisprtr, beryU in hexagonal crystals, one of
"i weighs 61 lbs,, chromic iron, drusy quarts, green quartz, actinolite* t^/*r/*y(tte, chlorolrijd, dial-
MtH^fociaae ; on Joimson PattersOD's farm, massive coruiuium, titan iferous iron, cMnfM^hlorfs pm«-
iBometimes colored green by chrome, ftlbite, or^toc&ure, balloysite, margarite, garnets, b«ryl;
iLesley's farm, corundurriy cryei4illi7'A>d and In maaeive lumps, one of which weighed 6200 lbs.,
st t crwrylitei euphyltik cryftkilUied ! green towrmaHf^, transparent dystals in ihe euphyllik^
two miiea N, of Union ville, magry^Hte in ootahedml cryatalaf one mile E. of UniooviUe,
in Edwards's old limestouo quanr, purple fLuor^ ratUo.
m
AHKRICAK LOCAUTTES*
East Nottikgham. — Sand chrcrmey aj<b«»tus^ diromk iron in octabedrai crjsUk.
West Nottingham. — At Scott'a chrome iiiine» chrf/Tnu: iron, /oli<jt<d taic, mAfTDoLite, i
chalcedony, rhodocJirume ; at tbe aiagoesia quBrrj^ deweyliic^ manDoUte^ magtidttte, teetiie, t
BiiDd chrome.
East Pikeland.— Iroa ore.
Wkst Pikelani»,— 1p th© iron mineenear Chester Springs, tfibbsik, xirt^m^ t
tite (etalactitiCftl and io gieodes).
Penn\ — Garnets, agalmatolite.
pEJWSBunY. — On John Craig's farm, brown garnets, mica ; on J, Dilworth't fimB» aetr
intLscrmitt ia hexagonal prisms from one quarter to «eveii incbea in diiuaet^; in the^
FairviUe, suMtofie; near Biinton^s ford on the Bmndjwine, ehirndtodite^ ^>hm$^ r
oocoallte; at Mendeoball's old limestone qunrry, fetid quarts sunstone.
Pocop80X.--Od the farms of John EntrikLn and Joa. B. DMrlington, nmHhysL
Sadsbcey. — HvHk ! ! splendid geniculated crystals are found loose in the aoil jbf
along the valley, and particularly near the village of Parkesburg, where Ibej <
ing one pound, doubly geniculated and of a deep red color ; near Sadabufx
tourmaliDe^ epidot**, milk quartz.
Schuylkill. — In the railroad tunnel at Phcinixvtlle, dohmite! aoroetiroes eottcd w&Jk \
quartz crjatala^ yellow blende, brookite, calcite in hexagonal crystals eadoeioff p^hl^l M
WiiEATLEY, Beiookj>.vlk, and Cebbter CoCTSfTY LEA1> MiKES^ oue and a half mOes S. vi P
pyromorphiie f ceru^situ f galmxie^ anglesUe J / quartz cryetuls, cAalcopyrite, baiite, JtmmUbj
$toUiU^ wulfef^iiel eetlamme^ vanadimtc^ blende f mhruimel native copper, malacbile, i
nit^ calciU;, sulphur, mtlto, indigo copper, black oxide of oopper^ phoepbochalcite, geti.
TnoBXBL'RY.— On Jos. H. Brjnton'a fami^ mtisc^fvite containing acicular crjvyiU of 1
rutik, litaniferoua iron.
TBEDYfriUN.— Pynfc! in cubic crystals loose in the aoil,
UWCHLA5. — Massive him quarts, graphiU.
Warren.— J/c/anVte, feldspar.
WiLLtsTOvi-K.^J/r*/^ertY<', chromite, actinolite, asbestus.
West-Towx.— On tbe serpentine rocks S miles S. of West Cheater, cUmxhhr^t J^wQlitti
ashes tus, actinollte, magnesite, taky titaniferous Iron.
East WHiTELAxa — Pi/rue^ in very perfect cubic cryataJa, ia foand oo fieerljr eTery ioiB li i
township, quartz crystals found loose in the soil
West Whitel^xd. — At Qen. Trimble's iron mine, ataiaciiHcQl hemaiSkt wamtBikl f in i
Btalactites.
Warwick. — At the Elizabeth mine, and Keim^s old iron mine anQoinlng^ one mile y.ef||
town, aplmna garnet f in brilliant dodecaliedrons^ Jlosferri, pf^roxent, micaotOHt i
octahedral crystals in calcite, cbalcopyrite massive and in single tetrahedral crystakt \
fascicular hornhkndu! brnmite^ malaehiie, brown jjamtt^ calcite, hjff^itef nrrpetitine ; oaaf fl|Ll
lage of tat Mary'Sf magnetite in dodecahedml crystals, rnetamte^ garttet^ tsctimoiUs m flma
nodules; at the Hopewell iron mine, one mile N,W. of St Mary's, magmttite la
crysCala.
COLUMBIA CO. — At Webb's mine, yellow blende in calcite; near Bloorabarg; crySL i
tite.
DAUPHIN CO.— Nkae HuMMEBsroifK.-^reea gameta^ ctjbL nnoky fwtr^, CekispaL
DELAWARE CO.— Aoton Township, — Amethyst^ conmdttm^ emerjlile. adsiimlilCi ^
black tourmaline, pearl mica, suvjutow:^ asbesUis, anthophylHtei ateatite; near TyBon** adl^:^
etaurolite ; at Peter's miU-dam in the creek, pyn^ garrutL
BiRMiKGHAM.~/V&ro/»te» ko/flin (abiindaDt), crystals of ratile^ amMyst; at BoQoek^ oM^
sirooUf buchohite^ nacrlte, yellow crystaUixed quartz, /eldapar.
Blub Hill. — Green quarts cryaudsw
CiiEgTKR,-^Amethyst^ htacJc Umrmalint^ htrylf cry^tak of feldspar, gamei, ajwL pfnttk '
deniie, wuUybdic ochre, cbalcopyrite, kaolin.
CHtcH£8T£&,— Near Trainer's mill-dam, berylt totmnaline, cfjalaJa of /aU^por, km ,
Eyre's Cami, tsmrmaiint,
CoNCOai). — Orystalt of mica, cryifkUg of f^dtpar^ ha&lin abundant, dnmif qmwh i£ m UH <
green color, meerscbanm, stelhited ^cmoliie, some of tbe rays 6^ in. diMn^tcr, mmikopk$
acicular crystals of ruAde, pyrope in quarts, amethyst, aotioolile, miM^aMeufi fm4 i^lit I
Green'a creek, pyrope ffarnet
Dabjjy.— BJue and ffray cyanUe^ ganiet» ilaufolite, xoisite, quartj, beryl, dilofffM, m
BijOKMOKT.— ^»kj%«<, oxide of mangaoeefi, cryfftolB of fetdapari one otilB m0k of
Hall, rutik m quarts.
AMERIOAK LOOAIJTDBB. 779
Obxin's Cbeek. — 0<»met (so-called pyrope).
Mabplb.— Tbunno^mtf, andaiusitef amethyst, aciinolite^ anGwphyUUef talc, radiakd (tcUnoUte in talc,
iliroinite, druay qttariZj berjl, cfyst. pyrite, titanic iron in quartz, chlorite.
MiDDLETOWN. — Amethyst^ beryl, black mica, mica with reticulated magnetite between the plates,
wumganencm garnets! large trapezohedral crystals, some 8 in. in diameter, indurated talc, hexagonal
caryvtals otrutiUj crystals of mica, green quartz/ anthophyllik, radiated tourmaline, staurolite, titanic
Iron, fibrolite, serpeotiue; at Lenui, chlorite, green and bronze vermiculite/ green feldapar ; at Min-
cnl Hill, fine crystals of corundum, one of which weighs If lbs., acHnoUte in great variety, bronzite^
green fddspar, moonstone, sunstone, graphic granite^ magnesite, octahedral crystals ofchromite in great
^pantity, beryl, chalcedony, asbestus, fibrous hornblende^ rutile, staurolite.
]$rswTOWN.---Serpentine, hematite.
Upper Proyidenob. — AnthophylHte^ tremoUte, radiated asbestus, radiated actinolite, tourmaline,
h&rylf green feldspar, amethyst (one found on Morgan Hunter's farm weighing 07er 7 lbs.), andalusitel
(one terminated crystal found on the farm of Jas. Worrall weighs 7^ lbs.); at Blue Hill, very fine
OyBtala of blue quartz in chlorite, amianthus in serpentine.
JLowEB Pboyidenck — Amethyst, green mica, garnet, large crystals of fetdspar I (some over 100
Iba. in weight).
Badnob. — Garnet, marmolite, deweylite, chromite, asbestus, magnedte, talc, blue quarts, picro-
Mte, Umonite, magnetite.
Spbikgfield. — Andalu&ite, tourmaline, beryl, titanic iron, garnet ; on Fell's Laurel Hill, beryl,
garnet ; near Beattie's mill, staurolite, apatite ; near Lewis's paper-inill, tourmaline, mica.
Tborsbury.^ Amethyst,
HUNTINGDON CO.— Neab Franbstown.— In the bed of a stream and on the dde of a hill,
fibrous cekstite (abundant), quartz crystais,
LANCASTER CO.— Drumorb Township.— Quartz crystals.
Fulton. — ^At Wood's chrome mine, near the village of Texas, brvcite! 1 saratite (emerald
nkdEel), pennite I ripidolite ! kammererite I baltimorite, Siromic iron, williamsite, chrysolite ! marmo-
Ule, picrolite, hydromag^esite, dolomite, magnesite, ara^onite, calcite, serpentine, hematite, menaooa-
Biie, gentbite, chrome-garnet, bronsite ; at Low's mine, hydromagnesite, brucite (lancasterite), picro*
tUSf magnesite, williamsite, chromic iron, talc, zaratite, baltimorite, serpentine, hematite ; on M.
B(rioe*8 fium, one mile N.W. of the village, pyrite, in cubes and various modifications, anUwphyUite ;
near Rock Springs, chalcedony, camelian, moss agate^ green tourmaline in talo, titanic iron, octaJiedrcU
Wkognetite in chlorite; at Reynold's old mine, calcite, taic, picrolite, chromite.
Gap Mine& — Chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite (Diccoliferous), miUerite in botryoidal radiations, vivianite t
(rare), actinolite, pyroxene crystals, siderite,
Pbquba Vallbt. — Eight miles south of Lancaster, argentiferous galenite (said to contain 250 to
800 oz. of silver to the ton ?), vauquelinite at Pequea mine ; four miles N.W. of Lancaster, on the
Lancaster and Harrisburg Railroad, calamine, galenite, blende ; pyrite in cubic crystals is found in
great abundance near the city of Lancaster ; at the Lancaster zinc mines, cakmine^ blende, tennant-
tteT wiithsonite (pseud, of dolomiteX aurichalcite,
LEBANON CO. — (jORSW all.— Magnetite, pyrite (cobalUferous), chalcopyrite, native copper,
amsrite, malachite, chrysocoUa, cuprite, allophane, brochaniite, serpentine, quartz pseudomorpba ; goto-
mUs (with octahedral cleavage), fluorite.
LEHIGH CX). — Friedbnsville. — At the zinc mines, caiamins, smithaonite, hydrozincite, massive
Uende, sulphid of cadmium, quartz, allophane, zinciferous clay ; near Allentown, magnetite, pipe-
iron ore ; near Bethlehem, on S. Mountain, aUanite, with zircon and altered sphene in syenite,
aoagnetite, black spinel, tourmaline.
MONROE CO.— In Cherrt Vallbt.— CUfcOe, chalcedony, quartz; in Pooonao Yalley, near
Judge Mervioe's, cryst quartz.
MONTGOMERY CO.— Conshohocken. — Fibrous tourmaline, titanic iron, aventurine quartz,
phvllite; in the quarry of G^. Bullock, calcite in hexagonal prisms, aragonite.
LowEB Pbovidenob.— At the Perkiomen lead and copper mines, near the village of Shannonville,
aiurite, blende, galenite, pyromorphlte, cerussite, wulfenite, angleaite, barite, calamine, chalcopyrite,
malachite, chrysocolla, brown spar.
White Mabsh. — At D. 0. Hitner's iron mine, five and a half miles fit>m Spring Mills, limonite
in geodes and stalactites, gothite, pyrolusite, wad, lepidocrodte ; at Edge Hill Street, North Penn-
qrlTBoia Railroad, titank: iron ; one mile S. W. of Hitner's iron mine, Umonite, velvety, stalactitic, and
780 AMEBIOAJSf JJOCAUTOS.
fibrooii, fibres three incibes long, gSthitt, pyrolosite, vticti moMgaiett, wad; near MarUe HaD.ii
HitDer'8 marble qoany, white marble, granular barite, reaembUng oiarble ; at Sfving MiDi, £■»
ite; at Flat Bock Toime], oppoaite ManaTunk, stiOrile^ hadaaditt^ ehabanie, befrt iaUqar, noL
NORTHUMBERLAND CO.^Oppoeite Selim's Grots.— Calamine.
NORTHAMPTON CO.— Near Eastok.— Zircoa / (ezhansted), nephrite, ooceolite, tnBolii^
PTToxene, sahlite, timonite, magnetite, purple caldte.
PHILADELPHIA CO.— Fraxeford.— On the Philadelphli, Trenton and Comifcfing Bal-
road, baainite; at the quarries on Frankford Creek, stilbite, molybdenite, bornUeode; on the Got-
necting Railroad, wad, earthj cobalt.
Fairmouxt Water Work& — In the quarries opposite Fairmoont, lime yntmiie 1 oopfO' wwHi^
crystals of feldspar^ beryl, peeudomorphs after beryl, tourmaline, albite, wad, menaocanits;
GoROAS* and Crease's lAue. — Tourmaline, cyanite, staurolite^ homsiooe.
Hestokvillk — Alunogen, iron alum.
Heft's Mill. — Alunogen, tourmaline, qyanite, titanic iron.
Maxayuxk. — At the soapstone quarries abo?e Manayunk, talc^ tteatUe^ chlorite, Tenmeolti^
anthophyllite^ staurolite, dolomite, apatite, asbestus, brown spar, epaomite.
Magargb's Paper-milL — Staurolite, titanic iron, hyalite, apatite^ green mica, iron garneii a
great abundance.
McKixxet's Quarry, on Rittenhouse Lane. — ^Feldspar, apatUe, stUbite, natrolite, htmiamUki cp-
dote, hornblende, erubeedte, malarhito.
SCHUYLKILL CO.— Tamaqua, near Pottsyillb, in coal minea.— Zooftatfe,
DELAWARE.
NEWCASTLE CO.— Bravdtwixe SmsQB.—Budiokae, fSbroUtt abundant, aablite, pjrazai;
Brandywine Hundred, muscovite, enclosing reticulated magnetite.
Dixon's Feldspar Quarries, six miles N.W. of Wilmington (these quarries have been woiM
for the manufacture of porcelain). — Adularicu, aJhit^^ oligodase^ b*^l> apatit^^ cinnamon-^ionf ! ! (brti
pranular like thai from Cejlou. and crrstallized, rare), mapnesite, 8erj»entine, asbesius. biack i.-»'-
mo:iht '. (rarel indio'H-^! (rare), spheiie in pyroxene, cyanite.
Dii't^.'NT's Fowi»KR MiLi>. — '• Ilypersihene/'
EASTBUity's LiiiESTON'E QuARRiES, near the Pennsvlvania X\Tie.— TremoUU\ bronzitz,
QrAKKYViLLE. — <jamet, Fpoduoiene. tibrolite. sillimanite.
Near Newark, on the railroad. — Spharosiderite on drusy quartz, jasper uerrugiEOUS o^aHy errs.
spathic iron in the cavities of cellular quartz.
Way's QrAEiiY, two niiles south of Cenireville. — Ftld-^j^ar in fine cleavage masses. rym^V, "iirt*
deif'tyli*^, gniirj'njr quartz.
Wilmington. — In Christiana quarries. nt^inHoidol diallage,
Kennett Turnpike, near Centreville. — Cyanite and garnet
HARFORD CO.— Ccrolite.
KENT CO. — Near Mii>dletown. in Wra. Polk's marl pits.— Viviar.iU!
On Chesapeake anu Delaware Canal. — Retinasphalt, pyrite. amber.
SUSSEX CO. — Near Cape Hentopen. — Vivianit^.
MARYLAND.
Baltimore (Jones's Falls. If miles from B.). — Chabazite (haydenite), heulandite (beanmocui* ^
T-ovv). pyrite, lenticular carbonate of iron, inlrn, fti.'bU^,
Sixteen miles from Baltimore, on the Gunpowder. — Graphite.
Twenty-three miles from B.. on the Gunpowder. — 7«iZr.
Twenty-live miles from B., on the Gunpowder. — Ma^jnctiU^ sphcjt^^ pycnile.
Thirty miles from B., m Montgomery Co., on farm of S. Eliot. — Gold in qiiartz.
AMEBIOAK LOOALITIEB. 781
Eight to twenty miles north of B., in limestone. — Tremolitt, augitey pyrite, brown and yellow
loormaline.
Fifteen miles north of B. — Sky-blue chalcedony in g^nular limestone.
Bighteen miles north of B., at Scott's mills. — MagneHte, cyanite.
Bake Hills. — Chromite^ <isbeatus, tremolite^ talc, hornblende, serpentine, chalcedony, meerschaum,
baltimorite, chalcopyrite^ magnetite.
Cape Sable, near Magothy R. — ^Amber, pyrite, alum slate.
Oabboll Co. — Near Sykesville, Liberty Mines, gold, magnetite, pyrite {octahedrons^ chakopyrite,
linnsite (carrollite) ; at Patapsco Mines, near Finksburg, bomite, malachite^ siegenite, linnmte, rem-
imffkmite, magnetite, chakopyrite ; at Mineral Hill mine, bomite^ chalcopyrite, ore of nickel (see
aboreX gold, magnetite.
Gbcil Co., north part. — Chromite in serpentine.
CSOOPTOWN, Harford Co. — Olive-colored tourmaline, diaOage, talc of green, blue, and rose colors,
Ugniform ashesius^ chromite, serpentine.
Dhkb Creek. — Magnetite ! in chlorite slate.
Frederick Co. — Old Liberty mine, near Liberty Town, black copper, malachite, chaloodte^ spe-
eolar iron ; at Dollyhyde mine, bornite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, argentiferous galenite in dolomite.
ICoirrooMEBY Co. — Oxyd of manganese.
Somerset and Worcester Coa, north part. — Bog^iron ore, vivianite,
St. Mary's River. — Gypsum/ in clay.
VIRGINIA AND DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA.
Albemarle Co., a little west of the Green Mts. — Steatite, graphite, galena.
Amherst Co., along the west base of Buffalo ridge,— Copper ores, etc.
Augusta Co. — At Weyer's (or Weir's) cave, sixteen miles northeast of Staunton, and eighty-one
inUes northwest of Richmond, calcite, stalactites.
Buckingham Co. — Gold at Gamett and Moseley mines, also pyrite, pyrrhotite, calcite, garnet;
•ft ffldridge mine (now London and Virginia mines) near by, and the Buckingham mines near
ICaysvUle, gold, auriferous pyrite, chalcopyrite, tennantite, barite ; cyanite, tourmaline, acUnolite,
Chesterfield Co. — Near this and Richmond Co., bituminous coal, native coke.
Culpepper Co., on Rapidan river. — Gold, pyrite.
Franklin Co. — Grayish steatite.
Fauquier Co., Bamet's mills. — Asbestus ; gold mines, barOe, calcite,
FWvANNA Co. — Gk>ld at Stockton's mine ; also tetradymite at " Tellurium muie."
Fhsitix Copper mines. — Ghakopyrite, etc.
Gborgbtown, D. C. — Rutile.
Goochland Co. — Gold mines (Moes and Busby's).
Harper's Ferrt, on both sides of the Potomac. — Thuringite (owenite) with quartz.
Jefferson Co., at Shepherdstown.— Fluor.
Kknawha Co. — At Kenawha, petroleum, brine springs, cannel coaL
Loudon Co. — Tabular quartz, prase, pyrite, talc, chlorite, soapstone, asbestus, cftromite, acUnoUte,
qtiariz crystals ; micaceous iron, bomite, malachite, epidote, near Leesburg (Potomac mme).
Louisa Co. — Walton gold mine, gold, pyrite, chalcopyrite, argentiferous galenite, siderite^ blende,
•Dglesite ; boulangerite, blende (nt Tinder's mine).
Kelson Co. — Galenite, chalcopyrite, malachite.
Orange Co. — Western part, Blue Ridge, specular iron ; gold at the Orange Grove and Yauduse
gold mines, worked by the *• Freehold" and *' Liberty " Mining Companies.
ROOKBRIDQB Co., three miles southwest of Lexington. — ^Barite.
Bhxnandoah Co., near Woodstock. — Fluorite.
1£t. Alto, Blue Ridge. — Argillaceous iron ore.
Spotsylvanla. Co., two miles northeast of Chancellorville. — Cyanite; gold mines at the Junction
of the Rappahannock and Rapidan ; on the Rappahannock (Marehall mine) ; Whitehall mine,
aflEbrding slso tetradymite.
Stafford Co., eight or ten miles from Falmouth.— Micaceous iron, gold, tetradymite, silver,
galenite, vivianite.
Washington Co., eighteen miles from Abingdon. — Rock sail with gypsum,
Wtthe Co. (Austin's mines). — Cerussite, minium, plumbic ochre, blende, calamine, galenite.
On the Potomac, twenty-five miles north of Washington city. — Native sulphwr in gray oompact
Hmeatone.
NORTH OAROLnSTA.
Co.— Malachite, chalcopyrite.
782
AHERICAJV LOQAUnSB.
BuKCOMBB Co*— Ooniodmn (from » boulder), mestffwrUt, coruodopbiliie;, 0<orM^ cibmauM
U4?ritt, TUi\\e, iron ores, oxyd of maDganeeer zircon.
BuEKB Co. — Gold. tnoDAziie, eitcoii^ beryU corundufOf Qwrnety spbeoef TrojAilf, iroo ortc
Cabarrcs Co.— Plietiii Mine, gold, barite, chaSajpyrite^ nurtferoua pyriti^ i|tiiins
lifter biirite, tetradymite; Pioneer roioee, gold^ Umoniie, pyroltiaiia, liamAonle^
tungstate of copper, tungstite, diamond^ chrysocolla, chalcociie, molybdeoitiii^ el
White mm% needle ore, chalcopyrile, barite; l*oiig and Mule's mine, arg^otifimii gaienlte, if^
cbrilcopyntQ, llmonito; Boger miue, tetradymite ; Fink miue, vnluable copper OTtt ; Ml Kikiai^
tetraliednt«, magnetite, talc, blende, pyKtes, prouatiCe, gtUeDite ; Bangk W&M, ioheeilte!,
Caldwell Co« — Chromite.
CflATHjUf Co-^Mincral coal, pyrite.
CnSROKmE Co. — Iron ores, gold, galenite, corundum, mtUe.
BAVtDfiO!! Co. — ^King'a, now Wa^iinngtoti miiie, native gilver, ccniflsitet angieBfasv
roorpbite, galenite, blende, nialacbiie, black copper, waieiiite^ garnet, aulbile; flro
Wasbington mine, on Fauai's farm, gold, t^tradymite^ oxyd of biaRjaib and teHtirium, d
Kmoniie, apaihic iron, epidote ; near 8quire Ward's, gold la cryatala, ekctriun.
Franklin Co. — At Panls mine, diamonds.
Gaston Co. — Iron ores, corundum, margarite; near Crowder'a MoanUin (In whiit w*si i^*^''^
Lincoln Co.), lasulUe, eyanUe^ garrtet, graphite; also twenty miiea nortbea^ isettr aottlb ^ flf
Uubb^i Mtn., laKuIite, cyanite, talc, niiile, topaz, pyrvphylUk,
Guilford Co. — McCulloch copper and gold mine, twelve miles from Greensboro^, fnK ff^
efiolcopyriU (worked [or copper), quoirtz^ ppatluc iron. Tbe North Carolina Copper Co. ar« irwkiiif ill
copper ore at the old Fentnass mine ; at Deep River, compact py'^^V'^ (worked Uxt^Mffm^
H£ND£R50N Co, — Zircon^ epbene (zanthttane).
Jackson Co.— Alunogen f at Smoky Mt. ; at Webster, serpeiitiDe^ diromllep gealhiu^ tkfpti^
talc.
LcKOOLN Co. — Diamond; at Randleoiau's, amethyst f rose qaartfi.
Macok Co.— Chromite.
MoBowKU. Co. — Brookite, monaxite, corundum In small crystals red «nd whiter witoomt^ V^
bwyJ, spfaeoB, xenotime, ruiile, elnetic sandstone, iron ores, pyromelane.
MxcKLKiTBtnto Co.— Near Charlotte (Rhea and Cathay uiines) and elsewbene^ thakep^itt^fM,
cbalootrichite at McGmn^s mine; hamhardtite near Charlotte; pyropbyltite ia CoCton Su»a MB-
tain, diamond ; Flo we mine^ scbeelite^ wolframite ; Todd'a Brand), monanSc
Montgomery Co, — Steele's mine, npidoliLe, albite,
IdooRE Co, — Carbonton, compact pyropbylhte.
Rowan Co. — Gold Hill minoa, thirty-eight miles northeast of Charlotte, and foartden from 9t^
bury, gold, auriferous pjrite; ten miles from Salisbury, ftiii^par in crystals, histttmikim^
HUTIISRFORD Co.^ Goldj graphiU^ bismuthic gold* diamond, euclase, p8e%tdmnarphtimB fvaF^^i^
cedony, coniodum in small crystals, tpiduU^^ I'if^^^ brookite^ zircon, moiuuEttcv rwllMfM^
samarsklte, qxiarts cry«tais, itacolumite; on the road to Cooper's Gap, cyaaite*
Stokes and Surrey Coa — ^Iron ores, graphite*
Umoir Co.— Lemmond gold mine, eighteen miles (torn Concord (at Stewarts aad Uooft^ wb^
gold, quartK, blende, argentiferous galenite (oontaining 29*4 oz, of gold asd M^6 ol of slvic ta il»
ton, Genth), pyrite, some chaloopyrite.
Yanoey Ci). — Iron oreSf amiaothus, chromiti.
SOUTH CAROLINA.
Abbetille DfflFT, — Oakland Grove, gold (Dom roineX galenita^ pjromorpbite^ MmeQij^ pn0L
Anderson Bist.— At Pendleton, aetinoiiie^ galeotte, kaoUn, iov^rmaUne,
Oea&lxston. — S^eniie.
Gesowxb Yallkt Qtlenite, tourmaline, gold.
CwtSTEUFtBUi Dim*.— Gold (Brewer's mine), Ulc, chlorite, pyrophfUite^ VP^ Mtlft Iiim^I
carbonate of bismutb, red and yellow ochre, whetstone, eoai^gite.
Darlington. — Kaolin,
Edgefield Dist. — Psilomelane.
Greenvillk Di8t. — Galenite, phosphate of lead, knolha, chalcedony in buhrsiotie, hcrj]^ pl9^
bago, epidote, tt?urmaUn&,
Kershaw Dist, — RuHk.
Lancaster Dij^t.— Gold (Halo's mlnel talc, chlorite, cyanite, elastic auadaloiM^ VP^\ P^ '^
at Blackman's minBj Masaey's mine, Ezell^s mine,
Newberry Dist,— Leadhillite (?)i
Piomrs biST.— Gold, manganese ores, kaolbi.
EiOHi^AirD Hist. — Chiastolite, uovaculite.
i
AMEBIOAN LOOALinBB. 788
Spabtanbubo Dist. — MagneUte, chalcedonj, hemaiik ; at the Gowpens, limonite^ graphiie^ lime-
stone, copperas ; Morgan mine, leadhillite, pyromorphite, cenusite.
Sumter Dist.— Agate.
UinoN Dist. — Fairforest gold mines, pyrite, chalcopyrite.
TOBX Dist. — Limestonesi whetstones, witherite, barite.
GEORGIA-
BrBXX AOT) SoRiVBN CJos.— Hyalite.
Chxbokbb Go. — At Cauton Mine, chalcopyrite, galenite, dausthalite, plumbogammite, hifcoh-
ooddte, mispickdf lanthanite, Jiaariaite^ cankmite, pyromorpbite, automolite, zinc, staurolite, cyanito ;
al Ball-Groand, spodumene.
Clabk Co., near Clarksville. — Gk>ld, xejiotiTne^ zircon, rutile, cyanite^ specular iron, garnet^
Dade Co. — Halloysite, near Rising Fawn.
Fannin Co. — StaurolUe^ chalcopyrite.
Habersham Co. — Oold, iron and copper pyrites, gaienite^ hornblende, garnet, quartz, kaolinite,
'■oapstone, chlorite, ruHle^ iron ores, tourmaline, staurolite, zircon.
£Lall Co. — Goldf quartz, kaolin, diamond.
Hancock Co. — Agate, chalcedony.
Heard Co. — Molybdiky quartz.
IdNCOLN Co. — LamdUel I rutile 1 1 hematite, cyanite, menaocanite, pyrophyUitey gold, itaoolu-
niterock.
Lumpkin Co. — At Field's gold mine near Dahlonega, gold, tetrodymiie, pyrrboUte, chlorite, me-
aaocAnite, allanite, apatite.
Babun Co. — Gk>ld, chalcopyrite,
Wabhinoton Co., near Saundersville. — WaveOitej fire opal
ALABAMA.
Bibb Go., Centreyille. — Iron ores, marble, barite, coal, cobalt
Tuscaloosa Co. — CkxU, galenite, pyrite, vivianite, limonite, calcite, dolomite, cyanite, steatite,
quartz crystals, manganese ores.
Benton Co.— Antimonial lead ore (boulangerite f ).
FLORIDA.
KxAB Tampa Bat. — ^Limestone, sulphur springs, chalcedony, oameUan, agate^ nlidfled sheUa
and corals.
KENTUCKY.
Anderson Co.— Galenite, barite.
Clinton Co. — Geodes of quartz.
Crittenden Co. — GMenite, fluorite, calcite.
Cumberland Co. — At Mammoth Oive, gypsum rosettes I calcite, stalactites, nitre, epsomite.
Patette Co. — Six miles N.E. of Lexington, galenite^ barite, witherite^ blende.
LiTiNOSTONB Co., near the line of Union Co. — Galenite, chalcopyrite.
MxRCER Co. — At McAfee, fluorite, pyrite, calcite, barite, oelestite.
OwEH Co. — Galenite, barite.
TBNKESSEB.
Bbown*8 Creek.— Galenite, blende, barite, celestite.
Carter's Co., foot of Roan Mt. — SMite, magnetite.
Claiborne Co. — Calamine, galenite, smithsonite, dilorite, steatite, magnetite.
OocKE Co., near Brush Creek. — Cacoxene? kraurite, iron sinter, stilpnoeiderite, brown hematite.
Davidson Co. — Selenite, with granular and snowy gypsum, or alabaster, crystallized and oom-
Mot anhydrite, fluorite in crystals? eakite in crystals. Near Nashville, blue celestite (crystallized,
obfons, and radiatedX with barite in limestone. Haysboro', galenite^ blende^ with barite as the
fMigne of the ore.
iScKBON Co. — Manganite.
784: AMERICAN LOCALITIES.
Jefferson Co. — OaJamine, galenite, fetid barite.
Knox Co. — Magnesian limMtooe, native iron^ variegcUed marbks I
Maury Co. — Wavellite in limestone.
Morgan Co.— Epeom salt, nitrate of lime.
Polk Co., Ducktown mines, southeast corner of State. — Black copper! chakx^yrite^ pjite,
native copper, bomite, mtile, zoisiU, galenite, hanrisiie^ aliaonite, blende, pyroxane^ tretnoHk, jW-
pJuUes of capper and iron in stalactites, allopbane, rabtite, cbaloocite (ducktowniteX d>Akx>tzidBM^
azurite, malachite, pyrrhotite^ limonite.
BOAN Co., eastern declivity of Cumberland Mts. — Wavellite in limestona
Sevier Co., in caverns. — Epsom salt, soda alum, saltpetre, nitrate of lime, hrecda mosrbk.
Smith Co. — Fluorite.
Smoet Mt., on declivity. — ^Hornblende, garnet, staurolite.
"White Co.— ^ttre.
OHIO.
Bainbridob (Copperas Mt, a few miles east of B.). — Galdte, barite, pyrite, coj^wra^ aliai.
Canfield. — Oypsum I
Duck Creek, Monroe Co.— Petroleum.
Lake Erik— Strontian Island, celestite I Put-in Bay Island, edesHie t mipkmr ! caldtei
Liverpool. — Petroleum.
Marietta. — Argillaceous iron ore; iron ore abundant also in Scioto and Lawrence Cos.
Ottawa Co.— Gypsum.
Poland. — Qypsum I
MICHIGAN.
Brest (Monroe Co.). — CaXeiU^ amethystine quartz, apatite, celestite.
Grand Rapids. — SeUnite^ flb. and granular gypeum, calcite, dolomite^ anhydrite.
Lake Superior Mining Reoion. — The four principal regions are Keweenaw Point Isle Boydi.
the Ontonagon, and Portage Lake. The mines of Keweenaw Point are along two ranges of «im>
tion, one known as the Greenstone Range, and the other as the Southern or Bohemian .^
(Whitney). The copper occurs in the trap or amygdaloid, and in the aaaociated congk
Native copper/ native silver! chalcopyrite, horn diver, gray copper, manganeae ores,
prehnite^ Uiumontite, datoHtCy heulandite, orthoclase, anakite, chalMizite, compact datolite. din»
colla. rnK'-fi/pe (Copper Falls mine), honhardik (ib.), anakite (ib.), apophyUih (at Cliff mine^ v^
liiiftouiU (ih.). rak ^par ! quartz (in crystals at Minnesota mine), compact datolite, ortboclase (Superir
mineV ^>nu.-./^, hUu:k oxyd of copper (near Copper Harbor, but exhausted), chrysocolla: onlL:-
colate River, galenite and sulphid of copj^)er; chalcopyrite and native copp)er at Presq' Isle; a
Albion mine, donuykit'-; at i'rince Vein. Uiritt^ oiki'te, orncthi/st : at Mlchipicoten Idbs.. coy-ptf
nickel, siilbiie. analcite; at Albany and Baston mine. Portage Lake, prthiutt, oruildtr', orrhc-riiiy,
cuprite; at Sheldon kxjation, domeykit^;, vhitneyite^ ahjodtmite ; Isle Royale mine. Portage Like,
compact datolite ; Quincy mine, caloite. compact datolite.
MARgiETTt:. — Manganiie. galenite ; twelve miles west at Jackson ML, and other mines, ft^nniitiii.
Uiiunti*^, 'jd:hit>^ ! magnetite, jasper,
MoNKOK. — Aragonite, apatite.
Point alx Peaux (Monroe Co.). — AmeOiytine quartz, apatite^ celestite, calcite,
Saginaw Bay. — At Alabaster, gyps'im.
Stony Toixt (Monroe Co.). — Apatite, amethystine quartz, celestite, caloite.
ILLINOIS.
Gallatin* Co., on a branch of Grand Pierre Creek, sixteen to thirty miles from ShawueetoTi
down the Ohio, and from half to eight miles from this river. — Viokt fluorite ! in carboniferoua liD^
stone, barite, yaU'.itr:, blende, brown iron ore.
Hancock Co. — At Warsaw, qunrtz 'jetxks ! containing calcite! chalcedony, dolcmiitc, l^>'
brown spar, pyrite. aragonite, gypsum, bitumen.
Hakpin Co. — Xear Rosiclare, cakitt, galenite, blende; five miles back from Elizabeihtown, bcf
iron ; one mile north of the river, between Elizabethtown and Rosidare, nitre,
Jo Davies Co. — At Galena, yuknite, calcite, pyrite^ blende; at Marsden's diggings, poiaii* '
blende, ceritsv/fr", pyrite I in stalactitic forms.
JOLUTT. — Murl.le.
QviscY.— Cakiic ! pvrite.
Scales Molxd. — Ba'rite^ pyrite.
AMSBIOAK LOOALinES. 785
OTDIAKA.
NE Caverns ; Ck>r7don Caves, eta — Epaom salt
of the Bouthweet oouDtiefl, pyrite. sulphate of tnm, and fiaihtr ahum; on Sugar Oeek,
stdpfuUe of iron ; in sandstone of Uoyd Co., near the Ohio, gypsum; at the top of the
x>De formation, broum spar^ cakite,
MINNESOTA.
^noRE OF L. SuPERiOB (range of hills running nearly northeast and southwest, extending
du Lac Superieure to the Eiimanistiqueia River in Upper Canada).— iSEcoJeofe^ apophyUite,
Httyite^ laumontite, heuUmdite^ Jiarmotome^ thom8onite,,/2tiori^ hdriie^ imurmaUns, epidote^
>, calcite, quartz crystals, pjrite, magnetite, steatite, blende, black ozjd of copper, mala-
ve copper, chalcopjrite, amethystine quartz, ferruginous quartz, chakedonyj carnelianf
y quartz, hyalite ? fibrous quartz, jasper, prase (in the debris of the lake shore), dogtooth
«, native silver, spodumene? arsenate of oobalt? chlorite; between Pigeon Point and
ac, near Baptism River, saponite (thalite) in amygdaloid.
River Trap Ranob.— Epidote, naU-head caldte, amethystine quartz, oalcite^ undeter-
ites, saponite.
TER. — ^Blende.
F THE St. Croix. — Green carbonate of copper, native copper, epidote^ nail-head spar.
jake.— Actinolite, tremolite, fibrous hornblende, garnet, pyrite^ magnetite^ steatite.
WISCONSIN.
L Falls (near). — ^Bog iron.
3UNDS. — Cerussite.
Flambeau R. — Oamet, cyanite.
AND R. (Dear small tributary). — Malachite^ dialcooite^ native oopper, red copper ore,
acliite, epidote, chlorite 9 quartz crystals.
—GcUenUe, smithsonik^ hydroaincUe,
L Point and vicinity.— -Copper and lead ores, chrysocolla, aanuriie ! cfaaloopyrite, malachite^
russite, anglesite, blende, pyrite, barite^ cakite^ maarcante^ smithsoniU I (so-called dry-bone).
AL River Portage. — Galenite in gneissoid granite.
). — Specular iron I malachite, chalcopvrite.
(URG. — Galenite/ blende, pyrite; at £inett*s diggings, galenite and pyrite.
IOWA.
UE Lead Mikes, and elsewhere. — Galenite t calcite^ blende^ black oxyd of manganese; at
ad Sherard's diggings, smithsonite, calamine; at Des Momes, quartz crystals, selenite;
. R., broum iron ore; near Durango, galenite.
livER, a branch of the Des Moines. — Selenite hi crystals, in the bitundnous shale of the
ores; also elsewhere on the Des Moines, gypsum abundant; argillaceous iron ore^
>D ; copperas in crystals on the Des Moioes, above the mouth of Saap and elaewhero,
ide.
ODGE. — Oelestite,
ETA. — Hematitei
LLENA.— Octahedral galenite^ anglesite.
MISSOURI.
niAM. — Limonite.
ON Co., at Valle's diggiogs.— 6^afeni^ cerussite, anglesite, calamine^ cfaak)opyrite^ mala-
ite, witherite.
Burton. — Galenite, cerussiU, anglesite, barite, calcite.
00IN08. — Carbonate of copper, cerussitein crystals^ and manganese ore.
f Co.— Wolframite.
MoTTE. — Galenite t maladiite^ earthy cdbaU and nickd, bog manganese^ sulphurei of iron
cerussite, caledonite^ plumbogummite, wolframite^ siegenite, smaltite.
sxis RrvER. — Wolframite.
DiGoiNQS, and elsewhera — Gkdenite^ eta
lies west of the Mississippi and ninety south of St Louis, the iron mountains^ speeolar
ite; 10 m. east of Ironton, wolframite^ tungstite.
SO
ABKAKSAa
Batesthxe.— In bed of White R^ iome milea sbore BalMvilki gokL
Grbbm Co. — Near GaineevUie, Ugnito.
BOT Spbdtos Go. — At Hot SprtDgs, thuringite; Magoet Co^re, hnokUet Mk»HpmiiK,
siigDetite, quartz, men ooocoUte, gamet, «patile, pervmkiie, rotOe, ripidoliMy Ukomaooitel
hmsPEKJiZHC* Oo. — LftfTeny Cretk, psilonielaiie.
ItA.WBKXCE Go. — Hoppe, Bathf and Koch minea, 9miGi9omt&, dolomita, j^leoat^ ; nHre.
I£a&ion Go. — Wood's mioe, smithaoiute, hjdroziDcite (manooileX g«leciii»; f^loa \
brmmUtf
Ouachita SPBiNoa — Quarts! whet«tone«L
PuLABia Ga — Kellogg mine, 10 m. north of Little Rock, tOtahe^rite^ ftmmtmfilf^ nacfili^ (
blende, quartz.
CALIFORNIA.
The piiDcipal gold mines of CaHforaia are in Tulare, Frceno, Haripoaar TuolmanciY (
Borado, Placer, Nevada, Yuba, Sierra, Butte, Flumaa, Sbaata, SiskijoUf an4 Del Nona <
although gold is fouod in almoet every county of the State, The gold ooctira in quartz, i
with Bulphida of iron, oopper, zinc, and lead ; in Calavems and Tuolomne oountiee^ at th^ \
Stanlalauii, Goldeu Rule, and Rawhide niinee, Bssociated with teUundjs of gold mad atlv
also largely obtained fbom placer diggings, and further it ia found in beach waahings id
aod Klamath oountiet.
The copper miru^s are principally at or near Oopperopolia, in CalATeraa oounly ; near Gmmi
Valley, in Plumaa county; near Low Divide, in Del Isorte county; on the uonll tofk U$mA^
Hiver ; at Holedad, in Loe Angeles county.
The meratry mines are at or oear New Alinaden and North Almaden, tn Santa Clara
New Idha and fiau Garloa, Monterey county; in San Luis Obispo county; ai Pioneer ■dm ail
other loc^tiea in Lake county ; in Santa Barbara county.
AjLPVifE Co. — Morning Star mine, ejiargite^ stepboniie, polybaaite, borite, qoarlz, pyHfea
Amadoe Co.^At Volcano, chaloedotiyf hyoiite,
ALAiiiDA Go. — Dtabolo Range, magneaite.
Butte Co. — Cherokee Flat, di(pmmd.
CaL4V£RAS Co.— Copperopolia, chtdcopyritif mala^iie, ovyrt^ mrpenimet pier9lii\ Mtiv«
near Murphy's, Jasper, opal ; albite, with gold and pyrite; MeUonm iimi% <ttltt*«ri«% pttik
Cokt&a-Oasta Co. — San Antonio, chaloedony,
Del Norte Co. — Crescent City, agate, caraelian; Low Divide, chalcopyritej boraiM^
on the coost^ iridoemine, platinum.
El Dorado Co.— Pilot Hill, chaloopy rite ; near Georgetown, henite, from plaea
Roger's Claim, Hope YaUey, gromdar gart^ in copper ore i Coloina, ckfotnite ; Spauli^
giDg«,y<?^.
FBMSHO Co.— Chowchillaa, andakuik,
Ikoo Co. — ^Ingo district, gaitniie^ ceruB^itr, dolomite, heKrUe, atacamilfli, caldlfl^ gnamiar
Lakk Co.^-Borax Lake, borax f boric acid, giauberite ; Pioneer mine, cmisAb<ar, naim
selenid of mercury; near the (ieyaers, aulphiir, hyalite*
Los Anoelrs Co. — ^Near Sauta Anna River, anhydrite; 'William's Pan, cKakiedooy;
mines, chalcopyrile, garnet^ gypsum ; MounUin Meadows, garnet, in copper otCL
Mariposa Co.— Chalcopyrite ; Centreville. cinnabar; Pine Tree mine, teti«hednl»; 8w
limomte; Geyer Culch, pyrophylllte; La Victoria mine, axwiic! near CoaJterriUo^ ri«iad
Mono Co.— Partzite.
MoKTEREY Co. — Allsal Mine, arsenic; near Panecbes, chalcedony; New IdiiA iiiiii% «
near New Idria, chromite, mraiite, chrome garnet ; near Pachecoe VosB, rtlboHVk
Nevada Co.— Grass Valley, gold! in quartz veins, with pyHte, diAkopyHM^ bl*oii«v ■
galenlte, quartz, biocite; near lYuckee Pass, gypeum; Excelaior Mine^ moljbd«Biu, witliQ
and gold ; Sweei Land, pyroluaite.
Placer Co.— Miners' Ravine, cpidotet with quarts^ gM
PLtTMAB Co.— Genesee Valley, chalcopyrite; Hope mines, bomUf^ sulphur.
SAjfTA Barbara CO.'—San A medio C^Qon, stibnite, asphnltuoi, bitumen, maltha^ petreli
nabar, iodid of mercuiy; Santa Cbra River, sulphun
Bam Disgo Co.— Cariaso Creek, gypDum ; Son Isabel, touraoaliiM^ oHhodotc^ P"^
Sam Frakoisco Co. — Red Island, pyroluaite and manganese ore^
Sakta Clara Co.— New Almadeu, cirmabar^ cakite^ OFQigomk^ mrfWk^a^ dojHihk,
^orth Ahnaden, chromite; Mtw Diabolo Range, magneoiUi,
AMEEICAN L0CALITIE8. 787
San Luis Obispo Ck).— Asphaltam, cinoabar.
SiiN Bernardino Co.— Colorado River, agate, trooa; Temescal, caasiterite; Buas District, ga]e-
nite, cenissite ; Francis mine, cerargyrite.
Shasta Co.— Near Shasta City, hematite, in large masses.
Siskiyou Co. — Surprise Valley, selenite, m large slabs.
Sonoma Co.— Actinolite, garnets.
TuLARB Co. — Near Visalia, magnesite, asphaltum.
Tuolumne Co. — ^Tourmaline, tremolite; Sonora, graphite; York Tent, chromite; Golden Rule
mine, petzUe^ ccdaoerite^ altaite, hessite, magnesite, tetrahedrite, gold; Whiskey Hill, gold I
Trinity Co. — Cassiterite, a single specimen found.
LOWER CALIFORNIA.
La Paz. — Cuproacheelite. Lorbtto. — Natrolite, siderite, aelenite.
NEVADA.
Carson Vallet.— Chrysolite.
Ohurohill Co. — ^Near Ragtown, gay-lussite^ trona, common salt
Oqmstook Lode.— Gold, noHve sU/ver, argentite, stephanite, polybaaitey pyrargyrite, proustite, te>
trahedrite, cerargyrite, pyrite, chaloopyrite, galenite, blende, pyromorphite, arsenical antimony,
anenolite, quartz, calcite, gypsum, cerussite, cuprite, wulfenite, amethyst, kustelite.
Esmeralda Co. — Alum, 12 m. north of Silver Creek; at Aurora, fluorite, stibnite; near Mono
Lake, native copper and cuprite, obsidian ; Columbus district, borate of lime ; Walker Lake, gyp-
Bum, hematite ; Silver Peak, salt, saltpetre, sulphur, silver orea
Humboldt District.— Sheba mine, native silver^ jamesomte^ stibnite, tetrahedrite, proustite^
blende, cerussite, calcite, bournonite, pyrite, galenite, malachite, xanthocone (?).
Mammoth District. — Orthoclase, turquois, hubnerite, scheelite.
Reese River District. — Native silver, proustite, pyrargyrite, stephanite, blende, polybasite,
rhodochrosite, embolite, tetrahedrite/ cerargyrite, embolite.
San Antonia. — Belmont mine, stetefeldtite.
Six Mile CaSou —Seienite.
Ormsby Co.— W. of Carson, epidote.
Storey Co.—Alum, natrolite, scolezite.
ARIZONA.
On and near the Colorado, gold, silver, and copper mines; at Bill Williams's Fork, chrysoooUa,
malachite, atacamite, brochantite ; Dayton Lode, gold, fluorite, cerargyrite ; Skinner Lode, octahe-
dral fluorite ; at various places in the southern part of the territory, silver and copper mines ;
Heuitzelmann mine, stroTneyerite, chalcocite, tetrahedrite, atacamite.
OREGON.
Gold is obtained fh)m beach washings on the southern ooast ; quartz mines and placer mines in
the Josephine district ; also on the Powder, Burnt, and John Day's rivers, and other places in
eaatem Oregon ; platinum, iridosmine, on the Rogue River, at Port Orford, and Cape Blanco.
IDAHO.
In the Owyhee, Boise, and Flint districts, gold,a]tiO extensive silver mines; Poorman Lode, eerar*
gyrite/ proustite, pyrargyrite f native silver, gold, pyromorphite, quartz, malachite; polybasite; ou
Jordan Creek, stream tin ; Rising Siar mine, stepJuinite, argentite, pyrargyrite.
COLORADO.
The principal gold mines of Colorado are in Bonlder, Gilpin, Clear Creek, and Jefferson Cos., on
a line of country a few miles W. of Denver, extending from Long's Peak to Pike's Peak. A large
itphime^ meDaocsnite^ pbjUiUsv soda
BOLTOJf.— £
BOUOHEEV
Brome. — Mdi
chloritoid
OHAirei.Y. — Aufllcime^ chabazite a«d caJdte iu tradxyte, mmaceamie.
Chateau Riches, — Laf/rait^jrtte, hyptftsOwtif^ andesite.
Daillebout.^ — Blue epinel with cliuiouite.
Grbnvillb — ToJbxtUif hjHir, spfitfis, idocraee, calcite, pyroiene, steatite (r
(diiD anion -Btone), «irwn, graphite, scajMte.
HAij.'-Chromite iti serpentine, dlaJiage, anUmtm^ f senarmontik t kermeaiht 1
iNYEBXESS. — Variegated coppet\
Lakr St. i'RANOia — Andaiusiie in mica skte.
LAKDgDOWNE. — BatUt.
LEKDa— Dolomite, chQloopyrite, gold, chlorUmd.
MiLLE l^^m—Labradorikf menaccanite, hyperstlieno, andeaSte, nirtm,
MoxTBBAL.— Co/crile, augUe^ spbene iu trap, cbrysoHte, natrolita
MORIX, — Spherte^ apatUe^ labradorite,
Orfosd. — VVhito garnet, chrome garnet^ milifrUe^ eerpeutiiie,
ChTAVk' A.— Pyroxene,
Poi.TON\— Cliromite, fteatite, serpontinc, amianOtn^.
TlogoEMOKT Mt8,— Auprite in trap,
SttERBKOOKE.— At Sutlield niine, aibiU f native nih^er, argenUte, ohalcopjiili
St. Aiucand, — ^Micuceoiia iron oro with qnartai, cpidote.
St. FRAXt;otb BEAtroe. — Qold^ plntinum, iridostniiie, ilmtoite, iiuign«tite^
soapEtone, barite,
St. JtiROMm,—Sphenej apatite^ £Jimdf\)diky phhffcpsU, kmrm^me, \ '
p^ritea.
St, Norbert — Amethjst in gr^nstouo.
SiCKELEY. — Serpentine, v^rd-antique i schillcT spar.
Sutton.— i*Ai{/7jc/itei in fine crystala^ upcmdar iroti, ruiik^ doloinite, i
biltc^r spur, steatite.
Uffon,— Chaloopyrite, malachite^ calcite.
Va uimivmu.^ — Limon tie, vi^anite.
Yam ASK A. — Spliene iit imp.
CANADA WEST.
Baj^am LAKF..—Mofyhdmite^ acapolitei, quartz, pyroien<^, pjrite,
BaANTnmD,^ — Sulpliuric add apriog (4-2 parts of pur© sulphuTi<! add in IG
Bathurst. — Barite, Uack tourfrmtint, pffrt/nte (orthodase), peruteritc <alhite\ \
B ROME. — Mftgn etite,
Bruce Mines,— c'a/eiite, dolomite, qiiartjE, chalcopyrite.
AUEBJOAN LOCALITIEe.
789
G<BTiKSAtJ River, Blasdeirs Milla. — Cfllcite, apatite, tourmaline, homblende, pjroxeDe.
O&AiTD Calitmet IsLAiTD, — Apatite^ phU>)opiU! ptjros^m^ I apheoe, idocrasell aerp^&uoti, tremo-
J scapohk, browD and black tourmaiitie f pjritc, loganito,
Hi&H Fai^ls of the MjLDkWABK^—Fijrox&iAl borD blende,
HtTLU- — MafftteUte^ garnet, graphite.
HiTXTEHSTowif,— i^^jwiift^ aphene^ idocrase, garnet^ brown Umrmalinef
Huntingdon.^ Cbici'fe /
Inn 16K IL LEN . — Petroleum.
KiKasTOif .— Cekj^tite.
Lac DBS CnATa, Island Portaj?©. — Brown Umrmdline J pyrite, calcite, quartz.
T.AWAity — Eaphilile (hornblende), serpentine, ajebeatua.
Lahdsdown. — Barite / vein 27 b. wide, and fin© crystals.
MABoa — Magnefcite.
Marvora.— Magnetite^ ohaloolite, garnet^ epsomibe, specular iroou
UAJMkH&z.^Pitchbtemie (ooradte).
McNAa — Specular iron, barite.
MiomprcaTEif Island, Lake Superior. — Domeykite^ niccolitef ffm0iik.
NBWSOEOtTGH. — ChondrijdiU^ grap h i te .
South Crosby.— Cboudrodite in liraestone, magnetite.
8t. Adklb. — Choodrodite in litneatoae*
t5rr. Igna€e IsLAifi>. — CakUa, native copper.
BnwjrHAV.— Geleatite.
TxsRACB Ck>Ti, Lake Superior.— Molybdenite.
Wallaojc Mine, Lake Hutod. — Sp€cuiar irtm^ nkkel ore, nickel vitriol,
NBW BRUNSWICK.*
Albbbt Co.— Hopewell, gypsum; Albert mines, coal (Blbertlte); Sbepody Mountain, alunlte ia
lajt calcite, iron pyrites, ma-ngamie^ psilomelane, pyrolusite,
Caelston Co. — Woodatoek, clialeopyrite, hematite, limonite, wad,
Charlotts Co, — Cumpobello, at Welchpool, blende, cbuloopyrite^ bornite, galeaite, pyrite j ftt
ad of Harbor de Late, galeoite ; Deer ikland, on west side, calcite, magnetite, quarts cryatala j
_ ^igdignaab River, on west eide ofeDtrance, ailciu ! (In conglomerate), elialcedony ; at RoUiBg Dam»
grapbite^ Graodmanan, between Nortbem Head and I)ark Harbor, agate, amethyst, apophylUte^
caicit^ hematite, heulaodite, jasper, magnetite, natrolile, sii&nie ; at Whale Cove, cakite ! heuland*
ite, biunionlite, stiJbite, semi^opai! Wagaguadavic River, at entrance, azurite, cbalcopyrite in veins,
malachite.
Glol'C ESTER Co. — Tcte-a-Gouch© River, eight miles from Balhurst, cbalcopyrite (mined), ozyd cf
ac / / formerly mined,
I Go. — Sussex, near Cloat's mills, on road to Belleiale, argentiferouii galenite; on© mile north
f Baxter's Inn, specular iron in crjetals, limonite ; on CapL McGready'a farm, selmiU t f
lt£BTi60i;aa£ Co.— Bolledune Point, coJciit! serpetitiney verd'oniiqtte ; Dalbousie, agate, camelian.
[Baikt JoHir Co.— Black River, on coast, calcito, chlorite, cbalcopyrite. hevmtikf Brandy Brook,
ote^ hombi^ide^ quartz crjsUls ; Carleion, near Falls, calcite ; Chance Harbor, cakite In qoartz
B, chlorite in argillaceous and talcoee slate ; Little Dipper Harbor, on weat idde, in greenstone,
amethyst, barite. quartz crystals; MooBepath, feldspar^ bomhlende, muacovite, black tourmaline;
Musquash, on east side harbor, oopperaa, graphite, pyrite j at Shannon^s, chrysolite, serpentine;
6ft8t side of Musquash, quartz cry»tal8f; Portland, at the Falls, graphite; at Fort Howe Bill,
mkiie^ graphite; Crow's Nest, aabeelus, chrysoliie, roagnetite, serptatine^ steatite; Lily Lake,
white augitef chrysolite, graphite, serpentine, steatite, talc; How'S Boad^ two miltts out, epidote
(in syeniteX steatite in litneetone, tremolite; Drury'a Cove, graphite, pyrite, pyrallolite 7 indurated
talc; QuRCO, at Dght house Point, large bed oxyd of mangauese; ^heldon^s Pointy aotinolrte^
8sbeetU8, calcite, epidote, malachite, specular Iron ; Cape Spencer, asbestus, calcite, chlorite, specfUar
iron (in crystals) ; Westbeach, at eaat end, on Evana^ fann, chlorite, talc, quartz crysials ; half a
mile west, chlorite, cbalcopyrite, raagnesite (vein), magnetite; Point Wolf and Salmon RiTcr,
asbeatus, chlorite, chrysocoUa, cbalcopyrite, bomite, pyrite,
YiCTQRXA Co. — ^Tabique River, agate^ camdian, jasper ; at mouth, douth side, galenite ; at mouth
of Wapftkanegan, gypsum, salt spring; three miles above, stalactitee (abundant); Quiaabis River,
'due phosphate of iron, In ciay.
* For a more oomplete list of localitiea in New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Newfonndland, see
) by 0. C, Manb, Am. J. dcL, n. xxxv. 210, 1863.
790
i^EKBicujr unoiixsmaL
WEsmoaELAND Co.— BcUevue, pyrite; Doroester, on Tiylor*© farm, cnttil
sione; on AyieB*!! fcnn, acphaltum, petroleuin spriug; Grandlaiice, apatite, toleal
tals) ; Memnunoook, coal (albertite) ; Sbediaa four miles up Bcadoue Ulrer, ootL
Tors Co. — Nc&r Fredencton, atiboit^, junetonite, benbterite; Pokiodt BIvm;
py^rik t in gramte (mre).
NOVA SCOTIA.
Annapoli!! Co.— Chute's Cove, apophyUiU, natrolite; G«tc^ Movntsiii^ rnrnUti
mtsolite! ftatroliUi, stilbile; MartiaVH Cove, anaicihf cfaabft^ttt, kmhrnUtt: Meow
EnagoeCite; NicUu River, ai the Fallal bed of bematite; Puradisd River, i
qmrtxf f; Port George, fiiPoelite. lauoKwitite, meeolitA, alilbiie; eait of Pr; *jii <
pbfllite 000 taming gyroliie ; Peter's Point, west side of Stonock's Broolc, mjMTjmytH*^ f
landite, limnumtite ! (abundantX native copper, «tUbit©; St Croix Cove, ' '
C0UTHX8TXR Co, — Five labiDdB, East River, barite ! caldte, dolomite (aakenteX '
pyrite; Indian Point, malachite, mogoetiie, red copper, teirahedrite ; Pinnacle laUndi^
cnldte^ chabcaiief natroiite. siliceoud sinter; Londonderry, on branch of Great Vilkg« Rivtf, I
ankerite, hematitei» limonite, loagnetite ; (Dook's Brook, aDkerite, hematite ; Martin ^a Brodc* \
tite, limonite ; at Folly River, beiow Falls, ankeriie, pyriie ; on high land, Mai of rivtr, i
b«matit6, limonite; on Archibald^a land, ankeriie, barUe^ hematite; Salcnoxi Riv«>; aouUi 1
obalcopynte, hematite ; Shubenucadie River, anhydrite, caldte^ barite^ bieiiuiUlep osjd 1
itefle ; at the Canal, pyrite ; Stewiacke River, bartte (in lim«atODe)L
Cumberland Co, — Cape Chiegnecto, barite; (jipe D'Or, ^makHe^ ^tpophuMtif
faroeliie, lanmoDtite, mesotite^ malachite, natrotite, native copper, obddbii, red ooppcv (mm!
ite (rart»); Horee-ahoe Cove, east aide of Oftp« D'Or, analcite. oaldte, atilbite; late Ha
aide, analcite, apophyUiU f ! calctte, hetdcmdik I f natroht«, mesohte^ utitbite ! Joggms^
tite, li[nonite; malachite and tetrabedrite at Seauian^a Brtx)k; Partridge Island, \
lite! (rare), am^hyst! n$(4ite, apatite (rareX cakiUJ f chabaute (acadiolite), chiloedooy, 1
(rare), gypsum, hemn* ■ • - ' ' ^nrftTc / ma^etite, aHWite I f ; Swan't Creek, 1 * "
caldte, gypsuni, h* rit^; cast aide, at Wasson^s Bluff" and vicinity, €m9k^n 1
ate! (rarei caicite, ■ ! {acadiolite), gypBuro, heuhndite! ! natroUtef atli^eotta 1
Ifllandii, moea agate^ analdte, caldte, cb&baziia, heaiandiki McKay^ Btmd, maak
beulandite, filiceoua sifU^f
DiaBT Co. — Brier Island, native copper, In trap ; Dtgby Nedr, 8andy Cbr» mod fidni^.
amethy§t^ cakitt^ chahazite^ hemtttiU! kvumontiie (abundant), magneiite, ""*'
Gulliver*a HoJe, magneHU^ aHlbitel; Mink Cove, amethyst, ckoSamiiBt
MoujjtaiD, south side, aamihystt magnetite i; William's Brook, IMV loixnaey 1
landite, stilblte, quartz crystakk
GuTEBOEO^ Co. — Cape Canaeau, andalttsiU,
Halifax Co. — Gay's river, galenlte in Umestoine ; aoothwesf of Halifiix, gmntail, 1
maUne; Tanker, ffoid! m quartz veins tn clay sl&te, aafiodaced with auriiSmiM pyftBM^ I
hematite, mispickel, and magnetite f gold baa also been found in the saino formatte, ill
Harbor, Fort Claronoe, Isaac a Harbor, Indian Harbor, Iiflidlow*s farm, lAWPenoetown, S"^^
SalmoD River, Wine Cove, and other places.
Ha9TS Co. — Cheverie, oxyd of manganese (in limestone) ; Petite Rivet, gypsum, 1
ganese; Windsor, caldte, cryptomorphite (boronatrocaldte), bowtite, glanber salt.'
three minerals are found in beds of gypaunt
Kings Co. — ^Black Rock, oentrallassite, oerioite, cysiiollte ; a few miles east of Bbek i
prebuite ? etiibite ! ; Cape Blomidou, on the coast between the cape and Cape Splits 1^ I
jxiincrols occur in maoy places (some of the best localities are nearly oppotite Qapa i"
diet ! agate, amdhyst! apophylUiGt caldto, chalcedony , chubadte, gmeliiuta (Mai
tite, JieuiamiikI laumontite, magnetite, malaobite, in««o/iiCr DAtive copper (rare), nair9iUtt%^ , ,
huie, aiitbiie f tbomsonite, far6elite, qwirU ; North Konataina, amethyst, blooda^ooa (iar»\ f^^
ffinoue qttarit, mesolUe (in soil) ] Long Point, Ave miles west of Black Eo(^, hfulmuHir, faniiwai**^ <
tiUbite / /; Morden, apophyUiU'^ m&rdenUe ; Scot's Bay, mjaky amethyst, ckaindDiu^^ intacfili, ^
lite; Woodworth's Cove, a few miles west of Scot's Bay, agate I chaleedemf f jagjper,
LuirsNBUEO Go — Chester, Gold River, gold In quartz, pyrite, mispickel ; Cape la Htta, |
The '* Ovens," goid^ pyrite, mispkk^t ! Petite River, gold in slate.
PrcTOTJ Co — Pictou^ jet, oxyd of manganese, limonite; at Roder's ^0^ six oaOtawailAf 1
barite ; on Ccirribou River, gray copper and makchite in liguite ; at Albion miiie% \
East River, limonite.
Qimws Oo. — Westfield, gold to quartz, pyrite, mispidcel \ Five Biren^ war B^ lA fB^t I
quATta, pjrite, mispickol, limonite.
, osydl
AMERIOAN LOOALinES. 791
BiOHMOND Ck). — ^West of Flaiflter CJo^e, barite and oaldte in sandstone ; nearer the CJove, cakate,
,/hfortfe (blueX siderite.
SHBLBUBifB Go. — Shelbome, near mouth of harbor, garnets (in gneiss); near the town, rose
qoartz; at Jordan and Sable Biver, stoMvUU (abundaDt), schiller spar.
Stdkbt Ck).— Hills east of Lochaber Lake, pyrite, chaloopyrite, siderite^ hematite ; Morristown,
epidote in trap, gypemn.
Yabmouth Ca— Cream Pot, above Cranberry Hill, gold in qnarte, pyrite ; Oat Book, Foudhu
Point, asbestus, caldte.
NEWFOUNDLAND.
Astont's Islahd. — Fyriie.
Ojltaldxjl Habbor. — On the shore, pyrUe t
Gealkt BjUu-^Itidapar,
OOFPiB ISLAHB, one of the Wadham gronp.— CAa2copyrtte.
COKOVFTION Bat. — On the shore south of Brigus, bomite and gray oopper in trap.
Bat of IsLA2m& — Southern shore, pyriie in slate.
Lawk. — OalmUef eerargyrUe^ pnmsiitey argeaMe.
Plaokntia Bat. — ^At La Manche, two miles eastward of Little Southern Harbor, gaUmUl ; on
fhe opposite side of the isthmus ttom Plaoentia Bay, barite, in a large vein, occasional^ accom-
panied by chak»pyrite.
Shoal Bat. — South of St John's, cfaalcopyrite.
Tbikitt Bat. — Western extremity, barite.
Habbob Qsiat St. Lawbehob.— West side, fluorite^ galenite.
FOREIGN LOCALITIBa
With reference to foreign localities, consult for
EUBOPB generally, Leonhard*s Topogr. Min.
Obbat Bbtfaih, Greg ft Lettsom's Min. ; Brooke ft lOller's ICin.
Fbajtob, Duflr^Doy's l£in. ; Desdoiceauz's Min.
SwRZBBLAND, Kenngott's Ifin. der Schweis.
Gbbmant, Hausmann's Min. ; QuenstedVs Mn.
AusTBiA, Zepharoyich*s Bfin. Lex.
SwBDEN, Hisinger's lOn. Schwed.
FkNLANB. A. E. Nordenskiold's FinL Ifin.
Russia, Eokscharof 's Min. RussL
For the fUll titles of the works here referred to, see ppi zzzix-zly.
ewPLBMan. 798
SUPPLEMENT.
This Biipplement oontains descriptions of some species imperfectly known, and notices of new
or described species which came to hand too late to be inserted in the preceding part of this
work. The numbers affixed to the species indicate their places in the system.
iBsOHTNTTB (480, p. 622). Mean of four dosely agreeing analyses by ICarignac (Bib. Uniy.
Gendye, Aug. 25, 1867, p. 286):
Gb,H Sn
Ifh
Ce U,t>i f
to
C* Ign.
61'46 0-18
WIS
18-49 8-60 112
817
2-76' l-07=99-68.
G.=6*23. The amount of metallic acids yaried between 61*15 and 61*76. Analyses of the
metaUic add gaye the relation, Gb 29*31, fi 2214, differing materially from Hermann's results.
Ifarignac, hayhig preyiously examined the adds of euxenito (see p. 522X condudes that the rela-
tion between the metallic adds is the same as in Kschynite, and that tiiese two minerals ^er
mainly in the character of the bases they contain ; and that both may be represented by the
general formula 5 ft ti+2 &'Cb.
Aoxmn. Carbonate of Bismuth W, Maegregor^ Sowerby*s English Min., Bnid, Tr., iL 875,
1832; Agnesite B, dt K Min., 591, 1852. An earthy steatite-like mineral from St Agnes in Corn-
wall, haying a. =4*31, made by Kacgregor to consist of C 51*3, Bi 28-8, te 2*1, Si 7*5, Si 6*7, fi[
3*6=100; which result is pronounced by Beudant as probably '^quelque grande erreur," and so
prpyed by Thomson (Min., IL 694), who states, after personal trials, that it md " noi efferyesce with
adds, and contained only a trace of bismuth " ; and also by Greg and Lettsom, who examined a
specimen in the late Mr. Allan's collection, ftx>m Mr. Maogregor, with -the same result as to effer-
yesoence, and say that it may be an impure bismuth odire. Allan i^ypears to haye thought it
unworthy of a place in his edUtion of PhilUps* Mineralogy (1887X and does not eyen allude to it
under bismuth ochre.
Altaitb (48, p. 44). This rare species has been identified at the Stanislaus mine, OaL, and
V. A. Genth has also obseryed it in minute quantities assodated with petsito at the Golden Rule
mine, CaL (Am. J. Sd., IL xly. 311). The mineral from the former kxsality is tin-white, with a yel-
lowish tinge, tarnishing to bronze-yellow,* streak gray; with H.=3, and has a distinctly cubic
deayage. Composition, after deducting in 1, 1*03 p. c, and in 2, 1*96 of quarta :
1. Te 37*31 Pb 60*71 Ag 1-17 Au 0*26=99*45.
2. [37*00] 47*84 11*80 8*86=100*00.
Na 1 is the first complete analysis of this spedes, and confirms the assumption of Bose that
it is a compound analogous to hessite. Dr. Genth calculates Na 1 to contain 99*26 p. a of altaito
and 2*20 of hessite ; and No. 2, 77*42 altaite, and 23*11 p. a hessite. An earlier result on another
specimen obtained by Genth, aifter separating carbonates and exduding 8 p. a f^ gold, and 3-45
quartz, gaye Te (3714X Ag 44*49, Pb 18*37=10000. This may represent 70*85 hessite, and 29*26
altaito. The material appeared to be pure, but Gtonth states that farther inyestigation is needed
to ascertain whether there is a toUurid of silyer, or tellurid of silyer and lead, irSsh has a iriiito
color and cubic deayage.
AiCPHiDOLi (247, p. 282). Compact asbestus from Bolton, Mass., afbfded T. PMersen (Jahresb.
Ibr 1866, 924, 1868):
Si 58*80 21 <r. J*6 3*05 ttg 22*23 Ca 16*47 fi <r.=100 55. Q.=8*007.
T94
From (EblAro. Styro
/A /=IU* 10' 38'
Freiberg, Shx.
111 2T
BreiteDbruim, Rax.
** 111 19
Keiaheustein, Siloaia
** 111 80
KiaeDerz, Stjrift
*• 111 40
JoacbtnuthAl
*• 111 10
The formuliis on the new sjgtem for dunimoiis pjTozoiie and ampbibole. pp. lOt, SIM^ 1
if the Greek-lettered sjmbol be used also for tbe wlica, (ySi„ ^Mt) 0|64 ^
AKBALDStTC (322, p. 371)w The chiastolite of Imcftaler, MftiA., iflbrdod T. Pclgian (J
1866, 921):
8i 41-95 %1 48-60 Fe 9 aO 0« 0*41=100-3«. 0.=S*9ti.
Akohthitb (310, p. BS7}* TbnJti^ is referred to anorthite on p. 33 7, on tbe aatbori^ of J
seaiuc, who has found them to have the same forms of crystals and mngl^a (M^m. Soa 1
Pet I JL il 1867)» Desoloizeauji also pubHahes (I c) the foUowiug analTsw of SankitebT* 1
Si 42^40, 3tl 34'7a FeO:74, Ug 030, Ca 16*82, ^ik, U 1-60, & 0-63, fi,F 4-80=101-08; \
the oxygen ratio, B, B, ^i, 1 : 3 : 4. The mineral is &om the iron minea of Arendal, Xd
where it was originally obtained by Mr, Tank.
Anorthite CTyutala from the Juvenas meteorite haye been meaatired b^ r, I^ng^ (^"^oSt <
188).
Abskhoptbite (94, p. 78). Vozl ZepbaroTich has meaflured crystils of thifl npwi^ wh^ tin I
following reatilta (Ber. Ak. Wien, Ivi i. 21, 18ti7) : '
14 A l-l, topk,=80* 14' W
Ataoahtti (153, p* 121). Tbe following are additional observations oa this ^pedaa;
Arti£— Field hoa shown (Phil Mag., IV, xxiv. 123) that when an atkaliite hypocUofllt i
to a boOLog solution of the Bulphate, nitrate, or chlorid of copper, the latter hoitig in 40
precipitate produced has the fonnula 3 Ou ll+Cn Clfi. The same is formed wbea
added to en excess of chlorid of cxipper. If, in the tot case given above, tbe time ofl'
too abort, the precipitato has the composition 3 Cu J^ + Cu CI fi -i^ :i aq. Field^a analyak gnvXI
49 85, Cu CI 2H 02, ll 2-i'13« ngreoing very closely, as be observed, with that of BerthieT ^anal II I
tnm Oobija, Bolivift. The formuJa requires Cu 4»'fi6, CuCl 2801, fi 22^43 = 100, Thii m aks |
the oompoBitlon of botaUackite. Field states also that atacamite is formed in ChiB at a
looaUty by the action of salt in the soil on chalcopyrite, .
Debray Md& that crystals may be obtained by heating to 200 "* C, Cu* S with a ooocentlliid ]
solution of oouimon salt ; or to 100" C, amjnoniacal sulphate of copper with the i
BABDfGTONrrs (242, p. 22 T). The small, black, brOUant ciystaU fh)iD Athol referred to\
tonite by Shepard (p, 228), do not aflbrd very nearly the angles of that speciea. They afe <
implanted on green epidote, and, although black, thej
en under a glass, to pass so gradually into the underlyiii^ i
!!!:>>^ ^^^ ^^ ^^^ imprassioa is naturally that they are oi^y a I
~0 ] ^^^ variety of epidote. Yet they diiOer also ffom thM
ungle. The author has attempted to mako nev i
J ^ but the crystals for tbe purpose were to minute (Vir of i
jt.,^"^^ length) that the/ reqmre further studj for eatta&ctQiyi
^ The author's figure and ** approximate tneasuretnenta ** i^
last edittoQ of this work are consequently here iiSdsd i
modification, or even the change in the lettering tliat U i
to bring the figure into paralleUsm with the figures of babmgtonite, O A /=1K)*— •!% C*Ai -_
86% OAf ^163" 20', J/\I =zur 30' and 69° 30, /Ai.3;^12d°, /' A<4=ltO' SO; ©A-Iic]
186* 40\ 0 A 1 = 186" 30', 0 A #4=86"' 30', /A |=96* SO'-
Barnharditr (7&, p. 67 V ^ apocjmen of this mmeral from Bill Williams Fork, .
with metallic copper, cuprite* chaloocite, pjrite, chrysoooUa, malachite, and brodantiti^ ipiwl-
S Higgins, according to Genth (Am- J. ScL, U, xlv. 319), S 2li'96, Qu 60*41, P^ 20^^»il.-
showing a slight adnuxture with chaloodte.
Bebyl (254, p, 246). The green beryl of Royalston, Mass., yielded o«n aaalyBt
(Jnhresb. 1866, 926) i^i 67'62, M 17'42, Be 14 36, Fe, th Ir.=99i3. a.=ii».
aaalyBts by T. Fittrtie
SUPPLEMENT.
795
BxEZBLiAinTX (60, p. 46). Aocording to A. K Kordenskldld ((EfV. Ak. Stockholm, 1866, 861,
J. pr. Gh., cii. 456) beraeliaiiite oocara ai Skrikerum as a black to blackish-Uae powder, disseinmated
through a coarse crystalline caldte, showing no traces of crTstalllne stnioture, but sometimes
forming dendritic crusts. When in suffideut masses to be observed, it has a metallic lustre and
silver- white flracture, the surface of which soon tarnishes. G.=6'71.
Se
Cn
Ag
FC
Tl
1. S9-85
63-14
4-73
0-64
0'38=98-64.
2. 88-74
6216
8-60
0-64
<r. =99-74.
Nordenskiold remarks that the varying percentage of the diver is possibly due to an admixtnre
of eucairite, and that the amount of thallium in the analyses is probably too low.
BiSMUTHAUBin or BiBMUTHio Gold SJi^t.^ Min., 804, 1867.
xxiv. 112, 1867).
A furnace product (Am. J. Sd, IL
BoBiEESiTE. Phosphate de Magn^sie tribasique et hydrate Bobierrey Les Mondes, April 1868,
691 ; Bobierrite Dana (523 A). — Monodinic; in six-sided prismatic forms. Crystals minute, and
forming crystalline ag^merations, imbedded in guano^ looking like white spots in the guano.
Chrystals colorless. CompositioD, according to Bobierre (L a), Mg*? with water. It is insoluble
in water, but easily soluble in adds without effervescence. Contains not a trace of lime.
From the guano of MexlUones, on the Peruvian Coast
BouLANGESiTE (122, p. 99). Found, according to v. Zepharovich, at Przibram in Bohemia, with
jamesonite (Ber. Ak. Wien, IvL 1867). He gives the following analyses :
S 8b Pb F»
18-77 26-81 54-42 <r.=100 E. Boricky.
19*77 24-46 5482 ^.=98*55 E. Boricky.
18-89 21-87 67-69 0*84, Ag 025, Zn 0*47=100*01 Hehnhadcer.
18-64 24-81 55-06 1*46=99-47 Boricky.
18-47 24-17 55-96 Fe, Mn 0*08, Cn 0-22, Ag 0*84=99*74 HeUnh.
17-60 22*81 5813 0 67=99 11 Boricky.
17*95 22 91 67*28 1*35, Ag 006, Zn 0*34=99'89 Hehnhacker.
17-74 2611 57*42 ^.=10027 Boricky.
20-49 27*72 4838 8*47=100*06 Boricky.
1. Eusebi vein, fib.
a. " " camp.
8. Adelberti" "
^ U it <t
6. " " fib.
6.
7. **
8.
9.
capil
neecUea
1, fine fibrous, G.=6*76 ; 2, subfibrous, G.=5 91 ; 3, compact, with subconchoidal fVacture, G.
=5*877, associated with sinc^ende ; 4, assodated with a coarse granular to fibrous galenite, G.
=6 809; 5, found in nests in galenite, G.=5 69: 6, G.=608; 7, in short, felt-like, capillary
carystals, with quartz and calcite ; 9, associated with quarts, G.=5'52.
F. A. Genth obtained for boulangerite fh>m Echo District, Union Co., Nevada (Am. J. Sd., IL
zbr. 320, 1868X S 17-91, Sb 26*86, Pb 64*82, Ag 0*42=100. Oooois in indistinct adoolar striated
crystals, in white quarts.
Bboohamtitb (701, p. 664). F. A. Genth has found this mineral in minute cmtals, showing
the planes ij i-f, and 1-f, with the copper ores at Bill Williams Fork, Arizona. For aualyaos of
spedmen, mixed with atacamite, chrysocolla, eta, see Am. J. ISd., IL zlv. 821, 1868.
Caulykbitb F. A. OmUh, Am. J. Sd- IL zlv. 314, 186& (98 A.) A new tellurid of gold,
from the Stanislaus mine, Calaveras Co., CaL It occurs massive, witnout crystalline structure;
color bronze-yellow; streak yellowish-gray ; brittle ; fracture uneven, indimng to subcondioidaL
G97nponti(m.— Au Te«=Te 55-53, An 44*47. Analyses 1, 2, from 2 1*46 p. a quartz deducted:
Te 66*89
[66-00]
An 40-70
40-92
Ag 3-52=100*lL
3*08= 100.
Dia-
B.B. on duurcoal bums with a bluish-green flame, yielding globules of very yellow gold,
solves in nitro-muriatio add, with separation of ohlorid of diver.
Calaverite is frequently associated with petzite, to which a portion of the silver in the analyses
is attributed. In a comparison of the results (of analyses of sylvanite from Xrans;^vania, Dr.
Genth makes the suggestion that the so-called "^ej&ers" (see anaL 8, 9, p. 82) is nothing else
than impure calaverite.
Caloiti (716, p. 670). Tom Bath, in his elaborate papers on caldte (Pogg., czzxiLX menti<»ui.
besides the pluses given from him on pp. 0T3, 074, 676^ the acalenciliedraai -1|\ vlidb liM I
the angle over its loDger edgfe, 155" 43\ Bhorter edge 101* Jt5', miadte edg«^ 114' M'l ■ttl 1
rhombohedroo -I, having i? A ^=142° Be\ and 0 A iir=158° 28'.
Gassitkbitb (192, p 167). T. Petersen (JahieBh. 1866, 920, 1868} fotmd Ui the
Zinnwold, (|) So SSnk^ Fe 4*49, Mn 2-18, Ca 0 4 80=99 61.
Catunite. C. T, Jackson (Am. J. Sd, xxxv. 3 83) thus named the red clay from th« 1
de Prairies, in the Upper Missouri region, where it fonns a bed of ootmiderfttde
by llayden to the Creiaoeous formation. Aiudjsea ;
gi il Fe Mn lUg Oa JTa £: fiC
«6'U 17*31 6-96 0*20 216 12 48 4'61> Tbo
48-2 2d'2 &*0 0*6 60 2'6 84
It ia a rock and not a de^ite mineral spedee*
CsNTRALLASSITE IToitf, Ed. N. PMl J., z. 84, 1 859. (341 IL) Radiated masalT^ tiM ibMWO
lamellar and separable ; H.=i8-5; G.=2"45— '2'46; lustre pearlj ; color white or ^
thin laminm transparent ; graduating into an opaque white variety, •utarealnoas in 1
The miueral was found in a nodule &om amygdaloid, near Blac^ ^^'^^ ^J of Fuady, wtd t
tuted the portion between a thin outer layer (named by How cerinile) and an ianer | '
called by him cyanolik. How obtained, as a mean of two analyses (I c) :
Si 68-86 3tll-14 %016 Ca 27-92 ^0 69 fill'4S.
B,B. fuses easily, with spirting, to an opaque glass \ a dear bead with the flaxen
It is near okenite in oomposition. The excess of silica may be owing to (bee aitioL
Chamoisitk (469, p. 511), An oolitic mineral, near chamoisite, deecrtbed by PotiQko BgU
(Mem. Mus., xv,}, has been called BavoliUk It has H. about 4; 0.=^d'99, Deleoae; ocikr|
black, bluish, or grayish; powder greenish-gpny or bhick, to n?ddlah-brQ>wii ; aad ,^
with dilHcuIty to a bkdc magnetic sooria. Analyses: 1, Berthier ^ 2, Dde«M;
61 &
^
Fe
te
1. Qnintin
11*0 13-S
0-3
48-8
234
2.
6-50 7-SO
0-50
66*45
19-26
Ca tL
0
0-46 485 130
3-2=lC<Y]
0 20^100]
Forms beds m old schistose rocks in difierent parts of Brittany, espedalhr la the fo>«il d
Lorges, a locality that supplies Airnaces ai Pas near Quinttn, ia the vidiiitj of dk Brtao^ JkifL
of C6tea-du-Nord; also at the Chapel St. Oudon, near Segr^ Bept of Malni«»-ii^>l40tri ; tmt ^»
wheret Huot and others derive the name baiaiiie flmm Bavilon, a locality of It ; liM D^daiiMK
Bays no such pkice exists in Brittany ; but that a depresfilon In the regtoci where it la expksed li
called the baa vaUan — an absurd origin for a name.
CBKTSOBSiini (191, p. 165)l Prischman on twin crystals of ohiyvobefyt, Bw; Ak.
1867, L 439,
OffBTSOLiTi (259, p. 256). A partially deooiiipo«ed oHviiie, tcm . ,
Bammelsberg (Za 0., xix. 265) ^t 34^7, te 18*66, i^ 86'0I)^ OKhiit &>ta 8 4 1
8*21 =99-92,
Ol^udstitb. Prismatic Arsentous Add K ClawiDi, Proe. di. Soa, 1^8^ Cb.
128, 1868; Claudetite ZfeiTia, (221 A.) Orthorbomhio» and iftomnrphoui wM TiJIl
dimorphous with arsonolite. Observed in Lhin plates, resembling selenlteL H.=tlk 0.?
Lustre strongly pearly.
Composition As 0', as for arsenolite, holfig ewentially pore anvmms mMl
•A^nalysis about 47 p c of this acid with other metallio inbatnioea m bapui^m.
Ctoonrs in eeams in an ore of araeoioal pyrites, at the Sin Baadngo tbbMB^ ^wagA
It heads the Valendnite group, p. 184.
0L4Q»rBALrri(45, p. 42). For analysis of this minenl from €bobe<a«i^ wm
p» 79ot
SUPPLEMENT. 797
CoLUifBiTR (474, p. 515). Hermann, in the' J. pr. Ch., ciii 127, Bustains anew his views on
ilmenic add, aud gives the following results of recent investigations :
<gb ¥a S §n W te Mn Mg
1. Haddam 4117 1077 25*74 0*40 O'liG 14-06 5*63 0-49=98-62.
2. Bodenmais 35-49 28 12 1638 0*36 1411 413 1-27, Cu 0*13=99-99.
3. Greenland 38*27 056 39*73 ir. 16*54 500 0*06=100*16.
llermuin is here copied in making the metallic acids to contain 3 of oxygen. Analysis 1 is a
revision of anaL 4, p. 517.
Hermann makes three varieties of columbite : (1) Tautalum-ooluinbite, with density above
5'90. (2) Columbium-columbite, with G.=6-5«>-6*90. (3)Ilmenium-columbite, with G. below 5*50.
He thus claims that the Greenland mineral is UmeniumrColumbiU (G.=5*40), while, according to
the recent careful researches of Blomstrand (anaL 25, p. 518^ it contains only columbic and tan-
talic acids.
GOSAUTB F. A. Qtnih, Am. J. ScL, XL xlv. 319. (112A.) Indistinctly crystalline, with longitu-
dinal striations, apparently rhombic. Soft and brittle. Lustre metallia Color lead-gray. Frao-
tare uneven.
Composition 2 Pb S+Bi Sa=Sulphur 16*10, Bi 42*25, Pb 41*65=100. Analyses : 1 (afterdeduct-
ing 2*09 p. c. quartz) ; 2 (after deducting 26*83 p. c quartz):
S
As
Pb
Ag
Bi
Co
1.
15*59
3*07
37*72
2-48
3906
2*41=100-83.
2.
15*64
5-37
33*99
2*81
37-48
4*22=99*61.
As oobaltite was assodated with the mineral, Genth regards the Co and As as due to this
species, and deducts them, making in anaL 1, 6*79 p. c cobaltite, and in 2, 11*88 p. c, giving for 1,
S 16-27, Bi 41 76, Pb 40*32, Ag 2 65 ; and for 2, S 15-23, Bi 42*77, Pb 3879, Ag 3*21 ; correspond-
iiig with the formula 2 (Pb, Ag) S+Bi' IS*, making the mineral a jamesonito in which the antimony
is replaced by bismuth. B.B. cosalite reocts for sulphur, lead, and bismuth, and with soda on
diarooal yields a minute globule of silver. Found associated with quartz and oobaltite in a silver
mine at Cosala, Province of Sinaloa, Mexico.
Cbtoutb (164, p. 127). Crystals of cryolite have been described and figured by Websky
(Jahrb. Min. 1867, 810). His measurements make the form triclinia The general form of the
crystals and the planes are as in f. 130. The following are his measured angles, using the letter-
ing m that figure: /A 7=88*' 3' and 9r 57', 0 A 1-r, len;, = 124'' 85', 0 A l-i front, = r25' 54'—'
riS** 57', Oa l-i, back, = l25" 28'--125'' 33', 0 A /, right,=9o' 24', Oa/, left, 90 1-90'= 10',
and 89" 58', /, right, A l-i, ft*ont, = 124*' 30', /, left, A l-i, front, = 124" 14' ; /, right, A l-i, back,=
126" 20'. Two kinds of twins are doscribed; 1, composition-face t-i; and 2, c.-faoe 0.
Websky also describes the optical characters of the crystals.
Ctanoijtb How, Ed. N. PhiL J., x. 84, 1869. (341B.) Amorphous, of a bluish-gray color, little
lustre, and nearly opaque; H.=4*5; G.=2-495; B.B. fuses only on the thin edges; gives dear
beads with the fluxes. Two analyses by Uow aflbrded:
di
%1
Mg
Ca
^
fi
7416
0 84
ir.
17-52
0-53
7*39=100-43.
72*52
1*24
tr.
1819
0-61
6*91=99*47.
Probably the same mineral with centrallassite (p. 796X impure with much more silica ; or it is
chalcedony, impure with oentrallassite. The name alludes to the color.
DOKKTKITK (37, p. 86). Occurs in the mountain of Paracatas, between Cuatzamala and
TIachapa.
Enaroite (132, p. 107). Occurs, according to E. W. Root (Am. J. Scl, IL xlvX at the Morning
Star mine, Alpine Co., CaL, both massive and in small, brilliant, black crystals, associated with
gyrite, quartz, and menaccanite. H.=4; G.=4-34. Mean of two analyses, 8 81*66, As 13 70,
b 6 03, Pe. with trace Ti, 0*72, Cu 45-95, Si 1*08=99 14.
Erlanite. Krlan Brdth, Handb., 606. RnppoHed to be a rock.
EUOAIRITB (42, p. 39). Acoording to A. E. Nordenskiold ((FAy, Ak. Stockholm, 1866, 361, in
798
SUPPLiEMENT.
J. pr, Ch., (^. 456), thia spedes oocurd in upaqne silTer-wlule to lead-fr&y grains in pflit i
Dated in serpeDtuie, nomeUmea with ludicatiODS of calm or octahedral planet Ii=;3'fi;^
1 '48 — 7 -5 ] . Aualy sea :
Se Cu Ag Fe Tl
1. 24-86 42*57 035 tr.
2. 32-01 26-83 44-21 O'Se <r.
flgre€ln«f with the fonnula (6ii, Ag) Se or 6u Se+ Ag Se.
Domoyko has examined tlie selenids from CncheuU in the province of Menikaa, CSbiB {C 1
IxUi. 1<>(^4X and considers them to ooDsist of mirtures or combinations of three aeleikidi : ^)i
oompouud aualogpuji to eucalnte ; (B) a selemd of cobalt and irgii * and |^C) a aeleiiid of I
Aniiyaea :
Se
Agr
,0u
Fe
Co
Pb
^bC Gangue
1.
SOOfi
2100
1-80
2-20
0-70
43'60
— ^992,
s.
2t-40
20 85
1'J'91
310
1-26
6-80
32-68 =100.
3.
30-80
980
10-20
120
2*80
37-10
6-6 =98^.
4.
St3
1380
3*^5
1-97
2130
13-^6 7*40== .
6.
23*60
0'80
57 80
10*90 Z'&Q^m^
No. 1 had a bright blniah-gray color and metallic luatre^ waa somewhat pofvma, and
with aihcaie of copper tind carbonate of lead^ which laet was aeparated before analy'sla. 3.^
6 8. No. 2 Was similar. In 3 and 4 the silver is partly repbced bj oopper. No. 5 la ahaOdtf
aelenid of lead. G. = 7"6,
Gaxomatttb BreiOLj Char., 10fi« 1832, (Gansekothigers G^mi,, Goose-dang Or©, Chen
lite, Dana, Min., Ut ed., 216, 1837.) The material thus named is in pan an impure iroa-ttsli
fxniiaining some oxyd of cobult, eta That of Joachimsthttl is a yellowiah incnistaiion. <
with BQiaUiue. That of Andreaaberg is a mixture of oxyda of antimonj, arsenic, and iron, wil^l
little areenoua acid (Ramm. Slin. Gh., 9i^3),
Gersdorffite (86, p. 73V Analyses of g^rsdorBite, haviug G.=6"49— a-«5, from
mine, Loch Fyne, Scotland, by D. Forbes (Phd. Mag., IV. xxxr. 181, 186^) :
s
As
Ni
Co
Fe
Mn
Cu
Us
InsoL
2001
S4-45
21*59
6-32
1313
033
ir.
om
2-71=99-19,
lD-75
35-84
23-16
6 '64
11^2
033
tr.
066
2 60^100.
GBOMTKicrrK (79 1, p. "(39). The author learna (Hirther from L. Ij<*«qaOTeujc (Mardi 4^ 1S6S)C
ns existing species of the families Populus^ Myrica, and Lam-us are wax-bearing, wax mar^vtli
afforded to the Gresterwitz beds by the species, now fosail in that hoain. CSi%»amj9mtmi
kri Heer^ Gavdicra iignUum Web., Lanrtts primujmia and 7 ' ' ^ i spedM of i
/fOif ; and* as Veratopttalitm myricinum of de la Ilarpe is i 4 alaa m^y ha»t
been one of the wax-yielding species of the era. And altho«-,*. *.-■ . . ;... u- ...»r. yelbi
fron> the basin, Bpedes are common in the Tertiary of other parte of Kurope and of j
plants of the genus probably contributed largely towards tbeee liguttic beda.
GrLBERHTK Thom., Min-» 1, 236. Perhaps an impure kttoUmle Whitish axul aOkyj VL=V\
G. = 2 G5. Lehunt obtained (I cO gi J 51 5, Xl 40-U, H 2*43, Jig 1-^0, C« 4-J7, ft 4*^ "
tlie lode of Stoiiag^vyti^ near St Au3tle» Cornwall
Vom Rath mentlona Franenb^rs, near FaMa, «a a new lootfitf •
' dron, aod ohttdovfi iV
between two planes over a basal angle 6 1 ' M\ 6r' 4\ ^ for the ternunttl ed^^^
118* 56', The crystals are in druses in basalt with pinuip^Mc.
Gt8MOKl>ITB (372, p. 418).
this rare minerol He speaks of the form as a tetra
GLAgcoiWT (9/5, p. 80). Occurs, according to Tschermalc (Bcr. Ak. W!im. xr. IMTM
Kobell (J. pr. Ch.. cii 409), at Hakansha in Sweden. The cnstaU hare I ho n«w plu
Basal cdeavage less perfect than in the Chilian variety, G,=5i*T3, Tsch. : Zi 96. v, K
As
S
Oo Ni
Fe
a
1.
4408
1980
16-06
lJJ-34
^f)9-23 R Lu'.i-vi
2.
44-30
19 86
mm 0'80
190T
0 98=100 V. Kobtil
BI7PFLEMENT. 799
Gold (1, p. 8). Gold ooeors in copper pTiites in the region of Blacik Bay, on the north
shore of Lake Superior^ between Neepigon and Thunder Bay, as obserred by Chapman, andsilyer
in the galenite of the same veins. The rocks, Chapman remarks, are not Lanrentian or Asoic,
althoogh metamorphic, but altered Silurian, or '* identical in general age with the gold-bearing
rocks of eastern Canada and Nova Scotia.*'
D. Forbes has published analyses of Welsh gold (PhiL Mag., lY. zxxiv. 340) :
Au
Ag
Fe
Quarts.
1. Qogan
0016
9-26
*r.
0 82, Ou «r.=99-74.
2. "
89*83
9-24
tr.
0-74=99-81.
8. Mawddach R
84*89
13-99
0-34
0*48, Ou *r.=99^6,
Nos. 1 and 2 were from a quartz rein, associated with totradymite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, galenitCL
chlorite, caldte, dolomite, ankerite 7 siderite, and barite. G. of 1=17*26. No. 3 was stream gold
associated with menaocanite. G. = 1 6'7 9.
Gold from the Stanislaus mine, CaL, gave Genth Au 88-68, Ag 11*37 (Am. J. ScL, IL zlv. 31).
Habxotohe (390, p. 439). Desdoizeaux has suljected crystals of the morvenite variety to a
new examination (L'Institut, 1868, 85), and finds that they are optically monodinic instead of
orthorhombic ; and observes, consequently, that theyarenothemihedralas suggested by Gkidolin,
and as stated on p. 440.
Hemahtv (180, p. 140). New forms of crystals of hematite from Keswick, Cumberland, and
fttym Elba, have been described by Hessenberg (Min. Not, No. 8), adding the new i^anes i, -jftr*
from the former, and Vv and -^ from the latter.
HsssiTB (58. p. 60). Analyses of hessite from the Stanislaus mine by F. A. Genth (Am. J. ScL,
n xlv. 311, 1868):
Te Au Ag Pb Ni
1. 44*45 8*28 46*84 1*65 4-71 = 100*43.
2. [39*64] 3-22 65*60 1-54=100.
In Na 1, 7-21 p. c. of impurity are excluded, of which 4*22 was free gold and the balance
qoartz; and in No. 2, 28*60 p. c, including 6 p. a free gold. Genth concludes that the mineral
to a mixture of hessite with altaite and bis new species melonite (Nii Tea) ; anal 1 giving 78*11
hessite, 2-67 altaite, and 20*03 melonite, while 2 has 92-82 hessite and 6-55 melonite.
HTDBOB0OHOLZITB of Thomsou. Thomsou obtained (Min, L 237) Si 41-85, £l 49*55, fi[ 4-85,
gypsum 3 12= 9887. Probably from Sardinia.
HiTTSSENiTB. EiscustassfUrtit Euysaen, Berggeist, x. 67, 1865, Jahrb. Min. 1865, 829: Stass-
fbrtit Biachofy ib. ; Huysseuite Dana. (597 A) This borate, briefly alluded to on page 596,
appears to b^ a distinct species, and has the following characters :
Massive, and in nodular concretionary forms. G. =2*78 ; but after removal of mixed chlorids,
3-09. Lustre feeble. Color greenish-gray, becoming yellow on exposure, from the iron present
Composition according to Bischof : Mg* B* 40-86, fe* H* 50*05, Mg CI 9*59= 100, corresponding
to the formula (^ Ag + i fe)* B«.
Occurs at the salt mine of Stassfurt, with stassf^irtite, which it much resembles ; its nodules
contain usually a nucleus of common salt, while those of stassfrirtite have one of red carnaUite.
Htalophanb (318, p. 346). An analysis of this mineral from Binnenthal gave T. Petersen
(Jahresb. 1866, 928) Si 51-84, ^ 22-08, tig 0-10, OaO-65, Ba 14-88, &, jSTa [10-03], ti 0*48=100.
HTDROfiiLiorrE V. WafLy Yulk. Geet, 305. (849A.) An amorphous substance or crust from
Palagonia and Ad Castello, Sicily, which aflfbrded v. Waltershausen Si 44-90, lil^ 4-60, Ca 38*82,
Aa 2*11, iS: 1*86, fi[ 13*21=100; and another variety, Si 43*31, £l 8-14» Mg 8*66, Oa 28-70, JitiiL
1*70, tL 14 48= 100. Corresponds neariy to the formula ft di+^
HTDROTALorns (214, p. 179). E. W. Boot has obtahied (priv. contrib.) for houghito from
Somerville, N. Y.
21
%
fi
C
InsoL
1.
2.
Meal
21*90
21*61
i 21-75
31*07
31-52
81*24
80-66
80-55
80*60
6*91
6*88
6*89
8-89=99*42.
9*15=99-71.
9-02=99*60.
800
StJPPLEJCENT.
Tbe iasolublfi in No, 2 consisted of 4*43 Si and4'S6 ondeoooipoood mka, etc
aocord dosely witb tlioee of Johosoo.
HTP0i4NTniTB ^intwy, Ed. N. PhiL X, II. IL 308, 1865; Sienna BartlL A
yeUow fernjginous day or odire, probablj only dAjej yeDow odire* 6.=S^<k
obtained 8i 11 14, ^ 9 41, Fe 65*35, Ca 0-&3, Mg 0*03, E i:t<H)=d«'6S.
Jamesokitb (112, II. 90). Jamesonite from Enaebi ve^ Frsflmoi, Bobemift (r. ,^
Ber. Ak. Wien, Iyl June, 1867), afforded E. Uelmbadcer 8 20121, Sb SO'ai, As Ih^^ Fb 4MI^1
li}5=99-64.
Occurs in fine fibrous plates aud lenticular masdes b granular galenite.
809, JAULINOITB. Pt of Jaulingite v. Zepharmu:h^ Ber. Ak, Wieu. xvi S66v 18&S.
phouB, r€£in-liko. Browiiish-ycllow« Britlle. At SO^'O, soltena, TO'C, liquid, fiasflrf ;
in alcohol and ether. Aroinatic odor when heated, JUtio for 6, H, B=3» ; $a : 4^=:6fi
Bagflky, who obtained (|) G 7797, li 10-14, 0 U 89=100. Not soluble in a carbonated aikd^^
and scarcely at all in a potaah solutioa. The abore was dissolved out of a r«ain (caUad Ja
by T- Z^ because occurring at the Jauling, near St. Tiet, in Lower Austna) by means of i
of carbon. The resin somewhat resembles amber, is hyadntb-red, irausliicejit is tbin ^lixM^
may be rubbed to a yellow powder between the fingers^ and has BL=3-6, G.= Ii>98— I'tll
8 13 A A BttajaxdingiiE was obtained from the resJdnev after the treatment with sulphid^
boa, by the action of ether. Color brownish-yellow. Soltena at 185* OL^ and becomes I
180^. DissolTes easily in alcohol and ether, but not in carbonated alkali or eulphid of i
Batio fore, H, 0=40 : 63J^ : 8|; or 18 : 34 : 4, Ragsky, who obtained (f) 0 70*9o, H T-^a, 0 IMI
= 100. It oontains double the oxygen of the preceding^ with leas, pins^rtionallj, of by
The ratio is nearest to that of guyaquilllte (No, 818).
KmwiNiTB Thanu^ Min., L 378, 1838. A fibrous, green, chlorite-Uke mineral from tltebaa
the N,K eoa^t of Ireland. EL D. Thomson found in it (I c) Si 40-&, & 1 141, P^ 23*^1, Oil
H 4 36 = 99 96.
Li£D8tTX Thorn* A mixture of Ca 5 71-9, ^aS 28*1, fJrom dost Leeds.
LcBLEYiTB I Lea^ Proc A a Fhilad,, 1867, 44. A soft dbrons minenl Ibund near UuMo?
Pa., on corundum, yet undescribed, and not proved to be a new spedes.
Maoketttb (186^ p, 140). A niceoli/erous magnetite occmrs, according to Petersen (Jabrb.
1867, 836), north of Pregratten in the eastern Alps. He obtained for one spedmeo, t —*
Fe 68-93, Fe 29'32, Ni 1-76, Mn, €r, Ti £r.=100.
Mabcastte (90, p. 75). C. M^ne has observed that the pyrites of unaltered i
beds is mostly raaraisiie, while that of metamorphic rocks is pyrite (C R, bdv. 867). ThtB i
ing amilyBea are by him :
8
(|)4fi'4
(1)48-3
(i) 60-7
li)4B'l
(5)48-5
(i) 44-9
AnaL 1 of nodules ; 2, from the oolite ore beds of Yillebots aud Serri^rea ; 8, fham
from Bauregard, Mazenay, and I^verplllldre ; 4, 6^ from tbe ooal-beds ; 6, bitumhioiia ]
Melaktkeitb (664, p, 646), An impure solpbate of iron, apparently a ndzttire of i
aud a sulphate of fhe seequioxyd (as remarked by Kenngott, Ueb. 1865), fh>m BourbOtJi^ Ift 1
Dept. of Puy de Dome. France, has been muned Sourboukk by Lefort (C. IL, 1862, I v. t4% /af
MItu 1863, 588). Derived apparently fihom tlbe alteratiou of maroasit«. Lefort's
obtained :
G.
1.
(Thampagne
41769
2.
Ain
41822
X
Bauregard, eta
4-2066
4.
Creusot
4-1809
6.
St Etienne
4-1803
6.
Olse aud Aisne
4-1770
Ee
Si
^l
fi Organ.
40-9
8-4
1-7
2-1 —=99-6.
42-0
6-8
1-4
14 0 3. Ca 0-^=99^.
44-0
32
0-6
0^ 01, Ca o-a=9rt.
325
69
09
09 0*3=99^
43-3
0-6
10
0-7 0-3=99*4.
38-9
11-3
2-4
1-7 0*3=99-6.
38-04
5-08
I8i>8
4080=100.
87-66
8-71
13-83
39-91=100-
3522
8-25
12^9
48*54=100.
It is a friable greenish substance, partly soluble in watef and partly in
SUPPLEMENT. 801
KlLOKlTE F. A. Oenih, Am. J. 8cu, II. zly. 313, 1868. (100 A, Appendix to Sulphlds, etc.) A
aew tellurium mineral fVom among the ores of the Stanislaus mine. Form hexagonid, with eminent
basal cleavage. Generally in indistinct granular and foliated particles. Lustre metallic ; color
reddish-white, rarely tarnished brown ; streak dark gray.
Composition Ni, Te,=Te 76*49, Ni 23-51 = 100. An analysis afforded Te 73*43, Ag 4-08, Pb
0*72, Ni 20'98=99-Jl; the nickel contained a minute trace of cobalt B.B. in the open tube
gives a sublimate fusing to colorless drops, leaving a gray mass ; on charcoal burns with a bluish
flame, gr^'^^fiT ^ white volatile coating, and a greenish-gray residue ; in R.F. with soda a gray
powder of magnetic metallic nickel Soluble in nitric add, givuig a green color, and on evapora-
tion yielding a white crystalline powder of tellurous acid.
Genth considers the analysis to correspond to 6*60 p. a hessite. 1*17 altaite, 2*29 native tel-
lurium, and 89*25 melonite, which he assumes to have the composition Nis Tej, although he
observes that the hexagonal form would better agree with the formula Ni Te. But the latter
▼lew would require that over one-third of the mixture should be native tellurium, which he
thinks scarcely probable, as the material for analysis, when examined by a strong magnifier,
showed a small quantity of dark colored hessite, but every other particle had a reddish hue,
without the slightest admixture apparently of any grayish-white mineral.
Hkvaooanite (181, p. 143). A variety of this species, from the basalt of Turner's Hill quarry,
Staffordshire, gave D. Forbes (PhiL Mag., IV. xxxiv. 347 X after excluding silicates and insoluble,
1ti34-28il?e 66-72; G.=4-69.
MlOA Gboup. a micaceous mineral has been named Hdvetan by R. T. Simmler (his Petria, 9,
Kenng. Ueb. 1865, 135, 1868), but without a determination of its composition or exact relations to
other species. It forms part of a schist and quartzite in the gneiss formation (Alpinyte) of the Alps.
H.=8— 3*6; G.=2*77— 303; lustre pearly or waxy; color gray to whitish, reddish, greenish,
yiolet) and copper-red ; streak grayish-white to reddish. In the dosed tube yields lit&e or no
water. B.B. fuses with difficulty on the edges ; the borax pearl is colorless when cold. Not
attadced by hot adds. Stated to consist probably of silica, alumina, lime, magnesia, and protoxyd
of iron.
A micaceous mineral from Chester Ck>., Pa., has been named PaUenamte by L Lea (Proa Ac.
Fhilad, 1867, 45), but without the mention of its distinctive characters.
MoNTANrrs (711, p. 668). Dr. Genth has detected this tellurate with the tetradymite of David-
BOn Co., N. G. (Am. J. Sd, IL xlv. 319), two analyses affording:
ti
[3*471
[2-80]
Gknth remarks that it is still doubtfril whether the mineral contains 1 or 2 atoms of water.
MusooYTTB (294, p. 309). New analyses of this spedes, with an extended discussion of the
diemical composition of the different kinds of mica, have been published by Banmielsberg in ZS.
0^ sx. 400 :
Te
Si
1.
25-45
68*78
2.
23*90
71*90
Cu
Pe
104
1-26=100.
1-08
0*32=100.
&i
^
Pe
te
lifn
Ag
STa t
P
fl
1. XJton, Sweden
45*75
85-48
1*86
0-52
0*42
1*58 10-36
1-82
2-60=99*79.
1 Baston, Pa.
46*74
8510
4-00
1*53
0*80
9*63
1-05
3*36=102*21.
8. €k)6hen, Mass.
47 02
36*83
0*51
1*05
0*26
0-30» 9-80
0*52
3-90=10019.
4w Aachaffenburg
47-69
88-07
3-07
202
I'lZ^
9-70
019
3*66=101*18.
8. Bengal
47-89
35*56
279
0*53«
0*96
088 9-58
0*46
4*11 = 102*16.
• With UihU.
^'Wlth
autngfti
lese.
•WithUme.
No. 1, G.=2-836, optio4udal angle 72°— 73**, Senarmont; 2, G.=2*904^ optic-axial angle 64*8^
Qoincke; 3, G.=2 859, optio-axial angle 75**— 76*, DescL; 4, G.=2*91l, optic^udal angle 67*9^,
Qnindce; Bengal, G.= 2-827, optic-axial angle 661'*.
The mineral from Easton is evidently not the silvery mica referred on p. 807 to biotite,
the optica] angle of which, according to both Grailich and Blake, is less than 2**.
Mica from Royalston, Mass., afforded T. Petersen (Jahresb. 1866, 928, 1868) Si 46*03, ^ 3^*10^
9e 6*85, Mn 2-48, Mg 0*28, Ca 0*90, ii 11*20=99-79; G.=2-947.
NiPHBiTB. Kastner has analysed an aluminous jade or nephrite from China {QMem^sJ^ IL
51
802
SCPPLEltEHT,
4A0X differlDg from those of pp. 237, 290, 3d2; and Ueldilor and Uejer (Ber Ak.
475) a kind fh>m Now Zealaod. Both are lofiialble^ or nefrlj to. Thej obUined :
L China
3. N. Zealand
3.
Si
50 &0
6301
6501
^1
1000
10-88
13<d
Fe
6-60
T18
S5i
ai-00
1460
2163
12-40
It n
2 75, ^T <>i>5 ] _
0-97 in^HiO-OOM. * H.
143 5-C^=i0O27 M.4 14
Si
^
fe
«g
c>
Ba JTa
t
6302
18-28
^^
014
.^-.
048 2"41
16'RT
652H
18-26
0'27
Ir.
1-45
HO**
For 2, 0. ratio for ft, S, Si. 9 6 : 7*2 : 27 5 ; for 5, 8-9 : 7'4 : 28*6. Koa. 2 aad 3, aa dtSEiM
by lloehstetter (,1. c), are somewhat slatj^ and are hardest on the tranarerae aurfArti* tiff
In No. 2, H. =6 — 6*6; in another, 36— 5. G»=2'0l, It is called to*iiK««« bj Iht . brv
B.B. thinnest aplintera infusiblei but bccomc*6 white and opaqne. In Na 3^ B. - «a •
polished cross face, 7. Q,=3'a2. B3, fuaes with great dilfioiltj, beoonuea diaoolorui ood ojpaqtia
Thia Viuieij contains much water.
These minerals are probably mere mtztureai aa may well be true of audi i
For non-ahiminoua jade or nephrite, ace p, 237.
OB'niQ€iJia& (31(^ p. 352). The twin crystals of orthodase fSrom Carlsbad, Bohemk. i
Rammelaberg and Bulk (ZS. Q., xriii 393) :
1. WhiU a=2573
3. Eeddi^. 0.=:265
White feldspar from Royalstoru Maas., saTe T. Poteraon (.Tnhrcsb, 1860, 927, lt^li«)Si ©"tl
Xl 17-46, Fe tr^ Mg tr^ Ca 0*69. Na 6 21, K 1 4-2 ti, H 0*37 = 100-98, G.^3*63l.
PALAOOsnnt (426, p. 483)u Von Wartha fmjnd in the p»k^onito of thabaff^^*-- '- '- --•' '^■»TtiBa
in Baranyer Comitat (Hungary) (Verb. a. Reichs. 1867, 210^ sU 36'99, • (V
12'6y, Mg2 29, Sr 1-03, 5*a 0-63. tC I 07, tf 1109. C 770, phosphate oi ii«k
residue 16-81 =99-89, Excluding the residue, j>h08phate of lime and cu' Hi
equivalent oflime, the results l)ecorae Si 41*78, M 1717, Fo 13^05, Ca 4^4T v ^
1-66, Na (Ki7, ll 17 16=100*00, correapondiDg very well with the oompoaitioiA u.
other localities.
Plagioclase. Breithaupt's name for the group of tricHntc feldspars, the t-wo promineiU ^'
age directions in which are oblique to one another, vAaxufs signifying oUi^us.
Plombieritb Daubree, C, B., rlH 1088, 1868. Ann. d M., V. liii. 244. C* ' * \ ^biifien
-•aibalanoe whieJj hardens Ln the* open air, formed from the thermal watt- bui^wrt li
becomes, on h/irdeniiig, opaque snow-white. It ufforded, after drying at It- _., . iO*6^ 11!%
*bi\ 34*1, li 2:>-2^l»9 2, ei3rreaponding to 6a J>i-h2 ft, a hydraled silicate of lime,
Chabazite and apophjlhfce in fine orystola are other results of the action of the watert cf A**
»bldfes on the brick And mortar of an old Roman aqueduct, besides hyalite, angOQile, and pM^F'
aoolecdte and harojotume,
Ptette (75, p. 62). The pyrlte associated with the nicooliferoua pyTrhatH^ of loreraiy, Sa**
land, gave D. Forbea (Phil Ma*f,, IV. xnv, 178) 8 49*32, Fe f" "^ * - ^q 124, C^ H^
iDBohibb (Hm-d'Ja2; G.=4S3, Forbes says that, in the * -«veral hvabtA
specimens of pyrile and pyrrhotite from different locaUtiea, nickel . .^,^,,, . ,...,i in prriSa, wH^
9t\en predentin pyrrhotite; on the contrary, cobalt is rather common in pjritDi, and, oasfVi^
with nickel, in quite nmall quantity in pyrrhotite.
Analyses of pyrite from different French localiUea by C- Miine (0, R, UtiT, 870):
a
S
Fe
^
St
tJ
1. Chessy and St Bel
4'^205
(i)46 5
393
lO'O
8$
(n=n$.
2. Laroulte
4-7712
ii^AS'l
42 9
71^
0^
IM, i\ in^9SrS
3, Ailevard
4-7600
48*5
42-1
66
$0
4. Aude
47428
491
4S-6
€-0
l-o
Olt-nik.
5. Elba
4-8008
62-2
48^6
4-0
01
— -n-K
6, Conflena
4 '8102
624
431
8 5
0^
o-s^at)-?.
7. Allier
4*80»3
62^
44*2
2*5
.-^
0^==99'&
8. Gard
4-7318
(1)486
iO-C
8^7
w
0*9sr9P1.
BUFFLEMENT. 803
M^ne obsexres that the pyrites of unaltered sedimentary rooks is mostly marauUe.
PTBOifELANB C. U, Shepard, Am. J. Sd, 11 xzii 96, 1856, Min., 253, 1857. In angular grains
firom the gold-washings of McDowell Co., N. 0. H.=6-6; G.=3-8'7; lustre resinous; color red-
dish to yellowish-brown and black ; subtranslucent B.B. inftisible, but becomes black and opaque
(whence the name) ; soluble in the fluxes, giving reactions of titanic acid and iron. Stated to be
** essentially a titanate of alumina and iron with traces of lime and glucma," and "may contain
slrconia also " ; but the evidence of such a composition is not given. Perhaps a variety of titan-
ito.
Ptroxenb (288, p. 212). An analysis of malacolite from Oefirees (Flchtelgebirge) afforded K.
Haushofer (J. pr. CSl, dl 35) Si 5400, Xl 062, Je 378, An 0*27, Mg 16*31, Ca 25-46=99-65.
G.=3*285.
For an article on the constitution of aluminous pyroxene and amphibole, by Rammelsberg, see
ZS. G. Ges., ziz. 496 ; and a word on the formula^ by the author, p. 794.
CaruumiU is a whitish pyroxene rocky as stated on page 322. It was called scapolite rock by Hitch-
oock (G. Rep. Mass., 315, 1835, 869, 1841), and later named Ganaamite in Alger's Min., 1844, after
an analysis (see below) by S. L. Dana. It is a whitish and grayish-white rock, subcrystalline in
fracture, with H.=A'5 and G.=8'07, and constitutes ridges & the vicinity of Canaan, Ct. It is
overlaid by a dolomite, abounding in some layers in crystals of whitish pyroxene, and at the junc-
tion is much mixed with the dolomite. Dr. Dana obtained in his analysis (Hitchcock's Bep., 569,
1841):
Si 58-37 Si 10-38 f'e 450 Ag 1*62 Oa 25-80 C 4-00=99-67.
A specimen has been recently analyzed by B. S. Burton (priv. oontrib.X with the following
reeulta, showing that the alumina of the preceding was an error:
Si 61-80 te 1-60 Mg 1647 Oa 25-21 C 6-91 fl 0-89=100-88.
The 5*91 carbonic acid corresponds to 18*41 of carbonate of lime present as impurity. Whether
the carbonate is a result of alteration or not is yet unascertained.
Ptbbhotitb (68, p. 58). Analyses of niccoliferous pyrrhotite from Inverary and from the Oaig-
nrair mme, Scotlan4 by D. Forbes (PhiL Mag., IV. xxxv. 174):
3
Fe
m
Co
Cu
InsoL
1. Inverary
2. Craigmuir
87*50
87-99
4997
50-87
1117
10-01
tr.
102
tr.
tr.
0-24, Mg 0-96=99-84.
0-38, As 0-04=100*31,
G. of 1=4-50; 2=4-602, Forbes suggests that there maybe two definite compounds under
Dicooliferous pyirhotite ; one with the formula 5 (Fe^ S') + Ni 3, with 10-98 of nickel, and one 15
(Fe^ S') + Ni S with 4*10 nickel, corresponding, according to him, with many analyses of pyrrho-
tite from a wide range of localities.
QuABTZ (281, p. 189). See Tridthite and Ybstan beyond.
Betdakskitb Hermann^ J. pr. Ch., cil 405. (41 2 A.) An earthy mineral occurring in masses
which fall to powder under slight pressura Adheres to the tongue. Color dirty grayish-green.
G.=2-77. Analysis :
a 3210 *1 8*25 f'e 1215 ]5ri 18-38 Ag 11*50 fi 9*50 Mn, Bi 6*. Sand 13-00=99*83.
Or, excluding the sand. Si 86-92, Xl 3-78, te 18-97, JTi 21*07, Ag 13-22, fi 10*92=99*88. 0.
ratio for It, Si, H, 8 : 4 : 2, the same as in serpentine, of which this species may be considered a
niccoliferous variety (see p. 464)^
RiCHifOXDiTB. Htpothetical Phosphatel The substance labelled gibbsite from RichmoDcl,
Mass., in which Hermann states he found 37 p. c. of phosphoric acid (see his analysis under Gibb-
site, p. 178) has been named Bichrnonditehj Kenngott (Yierteljahrschr. nat Ges. Zurich, xi. 225)
ScHEEUTE (614, p. 605). Rammelsberg has measured crystals from the Riesengebirge (ZS. G.,
ziz. 493), and deduced the same dimensions as those of Dauber given on p. 605 (Fogg., evil 272).
The crystals are unusually fine, some of them being an inch in length. Tliey are found at Kies-
804
berg between Gro8»-Aupa and tlie Riesenbaude, as deaoribed by Eoemer (ZS. G^ it. eWi
al!*o gives some measurements of the cr78tiil8, besides ft paitSoular aooount of the |
meter of the region.
Selbitb. LufteaureB Silber (from anaL by Seib> Wtdttftimanii, MitL, 681>, ITdi, ^C#ia, ITul, H, ITU; i
Gniusilber ; Carbonate of Silver ; St!h, Tascb. Min., li 394. 1817 ; Selbit BauL, Ua&db., Wi IHI. j
A grayish ore, made a carbonate^ by Selb, its discoverer, in 1 188, at the mine Weoiael iie«r WcT
with the composition (WidL*nmanii^ 1. c^ here cited from Lcnz, 1. a), Oarbonie acid 1% oxydi
ver 7 2 '5, antimony 16'2^ with carbonic acid and oxyd of copper, Aecording to WolchTi«f I
t Phsnn,, xxT. 1 J it is only a mij^nre ; and, according to Sandbeiiger (Jahrb. Mia. 1^64, tilj
of Belb's original epecimena, under the lenn^ proved to contain within earthj aigentiie, 1
dolomitb and ail re r^ and all parts afforded a sulphur reaction-
Del Rio descrlbtjd a carbonate of silver from Real Catorce, Meadco, where it ia eaDed j
tGilb. Ann-i ixxl 11), which alao is regarded as a mixture.
Skrpbntdtb
Mass,, gave T
I (411, p, 464V An analysis of the dark green noble serpentine of Newbnryport,
'. Petersen (Jahresb, 1866, 931, 1S68) 9i 41^70, Xl tr„ fe 4 a«, Mg 41-40, A'li 40
Silicate of Yttkia Damour, Llnatitut, 1953, *iH. H,=5— 6; seratches gla^s. G.^I-SSt
Color brown. Probably a silicate of yttria. B»B. whitens, but infusible. Not soluble in salt of
phosphorus. Sulphuric acid heated to 300^0, decomposes it, leaving a siHceoiifl residnet.
From the diamond sands of Bahia, Brazil.
Tenobits (Melaconite, 178, p. 136). The (enorite^ or oxyd of copper (Cu O) in small delkftt
folia, occurring at YesuTins, possesses, according to Maakelyne (Rep. Brit Ab80<l, ld€S«33t.
double refraction, and moreover is optically biaxial This author also states that there «» l^
equal cleavages inclined to one another 72^, As tlie names teoorite aud melacomte w«re gjfOi
the same year, and tenorite was made uon-isometrio (hexagonal) by its deflcribor, it «ppearit»ta
right that tenorite should be sustained for the above miDeraV and mehioonite be lelt for ib» '
trie kind, if anj- such proves to be a native species. That there ia an isometric t*ynn of
has been announced by Beequerel, as stated on p< 137. Tenorite may have the form mi4
s'lons found by Jenzach in crystals of Cu 0 frorn the hearth of a furnace (I c), or those
mately of brookite; and this would place it near t>ro(fkUe m the sysieoa, under the
mula i^u Ot (analogous to that of brookite> Having this place in the BrraiigeiDeiit it
numliered 19SB.
Mdaconiie crystals from Cornwall, collected by Mr, Tailing, have been deacvilied by
lyne {1. c) as vKmocUnic, with the planes O, i-i, /, 1, -1, 6-i, 6-f^ and Oa*-#=M>* S
measured angles are given, but only the deduced dimensions. They have basal deevaisi
The crystals are oflen twins, and the composition-face in aome of them ie i-t. Q. • tlHie iniiv
4 ; G.= 5*82527. Church has ascertained that tlie crystals are essentiaUy pure On (X
It would appear, aocordhig to these observatious, that this oxyd of copper ia Irimorplioas ; n^
there extata a doubt whether tenorite may not have this oblique form.
TETKABTMrra (31, p. 30). F. A. Genth has analysed ietradymite from Highland, IfeslaailiV*
ritory. and from the Phoenix mine, Cubarraa Co.^ N« C, as follows (Am. J. Sci^ XL zh'. Sll):
To Bi S f e Oil QiMit&
1, Montana 47 '60 50 43 0-90 a-7S=l€<H>L
2, Phoenix mine 86-26 57-70 6-0lFe0'64 0*41 .^—^n^H.
No. 1 grives the ratio of Bi and Te 2 ; 3, like the tetradymlte &om flunma Oou, T|j
Field's raioo. Ga. No. 2 contains a fimaU amount of pyrite, leaving 4-40 pi, c ratalwr i
with the bismuth, and giving the ratio of S, Te, Bii=l ; 2'Oa ; a^Bi'S'-fl Bi'TW*.
TETBAHEDaiTE (125, p. I(i0), The following are new analyses:
1. Mineral from the Goodwin mine near Prescott, Arizona, by F, A- OenUi (AalXScL,IIi^
2. An argentiferous variety (freibergite) fh)m the Foxdale mmev Isle of Itav ^ ^ M*
(Phil Mag, IV^, ixxiv. 35U), who calls it poiyicUU, though not the tme poajlelileara)0<iv(^
104), by whom this name was introduced j G.=4"97. Forbes mentiooa ■ 9iaahiWTWgk$j'tfm^
Tyddynglwadis mine in N. Wales.
^. Frc^ibergite from the De Soto mine. Star City, Nevada, by a a BuzKm (Aa. J. Set, D. ■*»
820JJ G.=5 /,«-,/ V "•
8UPPLE1CENT,
805
1. Arisona
2. laleofMan
8. Neyada
S
26-97
27-48
24-35
Sb As
24-67 ir.
24-86 —
27-36 —
Cu
38-16
22*62
27-40
Fe
1-06
4-80
4-27
Zn
6-28
4*66
2-31
From No. 1, 4-22 p. c. of quartz have been deducted.
Ag Pb
3-21 =100-29 Genth.
13-67 1-43, quarts 0-84=99-74 Forbea
14 69 — f insoL 036= 100 62 BurtOD.
TiEMANNiTB (66, p. 66). Analjsls of this spedea from Charlotte mine, at Clausthal in the
Harz, g&ye T. Petersen (Jahresb. 1866, 919X after excluding oxyd of iron and gangue, Se 24*88,
S 0-20, Hg 76-16, Pb 012=100-36. G.=715.
TiTABiTi (329, p. 383). Hessenberg, in No. 8 of his Min. Not (1868), describes and figures
crystals of sphene from Zillorthal, Greiseralp, St Marcel (greenoviteX Santorin.
In the lettering on the figures, pp. 383, 884, and in the aooompanjing text^ the mmua symbols
should properly (according to the principle on p. zxvii) hephts^ and the reverse.
TmoBiTE, BSLOKITB. The name TrichUe (from epi^^ Tuiir) is applied by Zirkel (ZS. G., xix 744,
1867) to microscopic capillary forms, often curved, bent, or zigzag, sometimes stellately aggregated,
Eae and black or reddish-brown, of undetermined nature, which he detected in some kinds of
y or semi-glassy volcanic rocks ; and Behniie (ib., 738) to microscopk; actctUar crystals (whence
lame, from 0tX6ktij a needle)^ colorless and transparent The trichite, he states, is not pyrox-
ene or hornblende ; ^ bdonite may be a feldspar.
Tbidtiotb Vom JRathy Vorgetr. Ch. Gtes. Bonn, March 7, 1866, pub. in 1868 (copy rec'd from v.
B., May 8, 1868). ^231 A.) Besides the two well-known forms of sihca, quartz and opal, and the
two problematical forms described by Jenzsch (pp. 201, and below), anoUier is announced by v.
Bath under the above name.
Tridymite occurs in small hexagonal tables, colorless and transparent, which are usually com-
pound, and mostly of three individuals. It has G. =2*2—2-8, or the low specific gravity of opal,
iDBtead of that of ordinary quartz. Vom Rath alludes to the possibitity of its being a pseudo-
morph of some unknown mineral, but observes that it has the double refraction of a substance
optically uniaxial It occurs in druses in a volcanic porphyry, from Cerro St Cristoval, near
Pachucha, Mexico, along with crystals of hematite and needles of a gold-lustred hornblende.
Named in allusion to its compound forms of three individuals, or (rifw, from rpUyt^oi,
Ubanophanb WeMcy, Za G., v. 427, 1858, xi 884. (376B?) Orthorhombk?, /A 7=146" from
/Af-<=107''; a macrodome of about 90''. Crystals microscopic adcular six-sided prisms in
dnues, containing also sometimes crystals of torbemite. Ooiot of isolated crystals honey-yellow,
of masses leek-green, sometimes blackish-green from mixture with uraninite. Optically ortho-
rhombia U. below 3. G.=2*6— 2*8; 2*78 of a specimen not wholly pure. Lustre of face iri
pearly, elsewhere vitreous.
Analyses by Grundmann (ZS. G., xi 890) :
Si & ^ Ag Ca £: P a Bi Sb Te Fe Pb Cu Ag
I. 16-81 6-66 49-84 1-35 4 69 1-71 012 14*11 1-78 1*46 0*48 0-67 0-29 0-21 Oil
% ' 11-19 2-80 64-28 1-19 8*58 0-80 0-06 12-19 1-77 1-86 0-22 0-89 0*38 6-24 ?
S
1-66=
99*74.
3*96=
100*34.
Separating the sulphids as impurities from Na 1, Websky deduces the 0. ratio for 1^ S, Si,
£[=1 : 5 : 4 : 6, making it hence, if the water be taken as accessory, a f-subsilicate ; whence the
fiMrmula (i&'+(B)Si+3£[. The specimen for the second analysis contained some uraninite.
Pound in granite, at Kupferberg in Silesia.
Valaitb. Y61ait W. Hdmhacker, Jahrb. G. Reichs, xvil 210, 1867. Crystallized. Partly m
■mall hexagonal tables, but forms not distinct Also massive. H. below 1-5. Lustre shining.
Color pitch-black. Streak black. Odor aromatic when rubbed between the fingers. Fracture
uneven.
Belongs among the resins, but composition undetermined. B.B. swells to more than 10 times
to former bulk, and becomes a light, porous mass, which in a higher heat is reduced to a grayish
•ah.
Occurs in thin crusts on dolomite and caldte, or in druses of small crystals, in the Bossitz-Osla-
waner Coal formation, Moravia. It is associated with hatc^ettlte, and Uie same bed affords some
mineral oH
806
SXTFFhmaSNT.
Tbstjlk Jemxih, Pogg^ ov. 320, 1656. Qtiartz under a tridmic farm, oceordinff to Je
obsenrationB. Tha angles are stated to be only approxuuatiya Two of them. 9&i and lSS\a
very near BAR and i? A -1? in ordinary quartz; G.=^2 65— SGG, aa in t^uaits. The i '
tions need confirmation. The orystalfl here referred ooour mostly in melaphyre, mod tbfi 1
meotioned are malnlj in Saxony acd the Thuringor Wald.
TOLQEBITE (229, p. 188). The name VoifferUs waa given by the author (IGiL, 142, 18H)t
Volgor'8 mmGrol, for whidi Tolger wrote the formula adopted ajs that of the spedea on p. h
The AfHcau minor&l analyzed by Curoenge^ which is referred on the same page to Vol^
althou^ of somewhftt doubtful compoaition, is the Qumengife of Kenngott (Mul, 29, 16$3),
Wasttb J. K Baftr^ Pofg. <?xtJL 572, ISdS. A mineral resembling allanite, of abrownb
oolor^ but yellowiah-brown in thin splinters and powder, with trtioea of deayage in one «
According to a qualitative exiunination by Bahr, it oontains ailicai alumina, yUria, i
iron^ cerium, didyniium, calcium, manganeiia, lime, alkali, a trace of nraniuiii, without ^
togctlier with the oxyd of a new metal ne named tt7afti*nt (after the royal family of Waaa^ 8ii
Id a later paper (Ann. Ch. Phann., cxzxil 127), Bahr makes thia ozyd tborlik KickUa ]
gested previously that it might be impure cerium.
From Bdnaholm, an ialand near Stockholm. The rektionfl of the mineral remaia dcmhtiSil
Wernemtb (299, p, 320). The pink ecapolite of Bolton, Mass., yielded T. PeterEcn {Jahmb i
186fl, 928, 1868) Si 48-34, Xl 29-09, Ca 15 4<3, ^a, with a little K [6^1 H 0-62= lOO. a=
2*719. The analysLa agrees very doeely with that by Wolff (p. 320),
WaHLKRiTE (265, p. 361)w According to new optical InvestigBtions by BesdotzeatUE (LlnflilH^ |
1868, 36), wohlerite crygtals are mouoclinic instead of orthorhombic
ZoESiTE (280, p. 2$)0). Damour (O.R., IxiLL 1 038) found on analysij of an ancieiii stot ,.
from Neucbutel a composition corresponding to that of saussuriiA^ Si 50'69, jQ 2&t^ 9d %'i
fi76. Ca 10 61, Na 4 64, igu. 0-30=l(X)-l^ G. = 3*20-3*43.
A zoisite from Pinzgau has part of the alumina replaced by osyd of chrome, a^cocffdiB^ lo t
Saudberger (Johrb. Min. 18dt| 634). A chrome soisite baa alao been meutkkDed by Bt«ikhfi3|(0 |
occurring In Salaburg.
GENERAL INDEX.
Abichite, 570.
Abraziie, 418.
Acadialite, 434.
AcaDthite, 61.
Aoerdese, 1*71.
Achates, 194.
Achirite, 401.
Achmatite, 281.
Achmit, 224.
Achroite, 865.
Achtaragdite, 478.
Adcular Biamuth, 100.
Adculite, 100.
Acmite, 224.
Aotinolite, Actinote, 282.
Adaman tine spar, 188.
Adamas, 21, 188.
Adamine, Adamite, 566.
Adamsite, 309.
AdelphoUte, 525 ; 275.
Adinole, 849.
Adularia, 852.
^delfcrsite, 212, 400.
iBdeUto, 410.
JBgirine, .^gyrite, 223.
.A^igmatite, 285.
JSroflite, 94.
Aes cyprium, 14.
JSBchjnite, 522, 793.
AftoDite, 104.
Agalmatolite, 480 ; 452, 454, 483.
A^mphite, 580.
Agaric mineral, 680.
Agate, 194.
Agneeite, 793.
Agustite, 530.
Aigae-marine, 245.
Aikinite, 100.
Ainalite, 159.
Akanthit, 51.
AkantiooDe, 281.
Akmit, 224.
Akontit, 78.
Alabandin, Alabandite, 46.
Alabaster, 687.
Alalite, 214.
AJaun, 651.
Alaunstein, 658, 659.
Albertite, 768.
Albin, 415.
Albite,348; 324.
Alexandrite, 155.
Algerite, 328.
Algodonite, 37.
Alipite, 404.
Alisonite, 84.
Alizite, v. Alipite, 404.
Allagite, 227.
Allanite, 285.
AUemontite, 18.
Allochroite, 268.
Allodasite, 81.
Allogonite, 546.
Allomorphite, 616.
Allopalladium, 12.
Allophane, 419.
Alluaudite, 542.
Almandin, Almandite, 267.
Alstonite, 698.
Altaite, 44, 793.
Alum, Native, 651, 653.
Ammonia, 651.
Feather, 654.
Iron, 654.
Magnesia, Manganese, So-
da, 653.
Alumian, 631.
Alumina, 137.
Fluate, 126.
FluosUioate, 876.
Hydrate, 168.
Hydro-Sulphate, 658.
Mellate, 750.
Phosphatea 575, 687.
Sulphate, 681, 649, 658,
662.
Alumina and lime Phosphate,
587.
Carbonate, 709.
Alumine fluat^ aloaline, 126.
phosphat6e, 575, 587.
sulfat^e, 631, 649, 658,
662.
Aluminilite, 658.
Aluminite, 658.
Aluminum, Fluorid, 126.
Alumocalcite, 199.
Alumstone, 658.
Alun, 651.
Alunite, 658.
Alunogen, 649.
Aloigite, 764.
Alvite, 511.
Amalgam, Natiye, 18.
Gold, 14.
Amausite, 851.
Amazonstone, 855.
Amber, 740.
Amblygonite, 545.
Ambrite, 741.
Ametliyst, 193.
Oriental, 138.
Amiant, 234, 465.
Amianthoide, 234.
Amianthoide magnesite, 175.
Amianthus, 234, 465.
Ammiolite, 547.
Ammonalun, 651.
Ammonia alum, 651.
Ammonia, Bicarbonate, 705.
Muriate, 114.
Phosphate, 551.
Sulphate, 635.
Ammonia and Soda, Phosphate
551.
Amoibite, 72.
Amphibole, 232, 798.
AmphiboUte, 285, 348.
Amphigdne, 384.
Amphigenyte, 335.
Amphilogite, 311.
Amphithalite, 587.
Amphodelite, 337.
Anageuite, v. Chrome oohre.
Analcite, Analdme, 432.
Analdme camea, 317.
Analzim, 483.
Anatase, 161.
Anauzite, 458.
Andalusite, 871, 794.
Andesine, Andesite, 844.
Andesyte, 845.
Andradite, 268.
Andreasbergolite, 489.
Andredite, 439.
Anglarite, 556.
Anglesite, 622.
Anglesite, Cupreous, 668.
Anhydrite, 621.
Ankerite, 685.
Annaborgite, 560.
Annite, 808.
Anniyite^ 108.
H ^^P
"^SitaSRAL DOJKX*
^^
^B Anorthite, ^^1, 794.
Aphroselenoti, 640.
A rflf*ni]c>iW'i«niiiK, ff^ ySJMtl
^m Antholite, 2^4; 230, 231*
Aphrosiderite, 502.
Ars. , 183, 554
^H Anthoplivllite, 231 ; ^08.
AphtholoRO, Aphthitnlite, 616.
Are* ;6. iJ
^H Hydrous, 242.
Aphthonite, 104.
ArBcanikrtJraLkTTm^ 104 ^M
^H ADthosideriie, 401.
Apjohuite, 653.
ArsenncfrUiuv 1^ *^H
^H Anthracite, 754.
Aplome, 268.
AFfit i " ?'^3. ^H
^^m AnihraeouLte, 07 7«
Apopb>mu% 41 5.
Ars' -sTS. ^M
^H AnLhracoxen^ 745, 746.
Apjrite, 365.
Arsc^.-... -- :ki*^ 7L ^1
^H AniliracDxemte, 74 6>
Aquamarine. 245: 530.
ArseuikkupAir. S6. ^M
^H Authnix, 1»8. 147.
ArsBOxene, 609.
^H Autiedrite, 417.
Aragomte, G94.
Anenlkiilakfil 60, TO. H
^H Autigorit8r 465.
Aragon»p«th, 694,
ArBeonkM^aat, 72. ■
^H Aiitimoine natU; 18.
Arcanite, 615,
Ajaenikaaures, 5»>4. i
^H oxide, 184.
Arctic tte, B19.
ArsetiikAilher. 33.
^H oxirif 8uirur6, 186.
ArendaOte, 231.
ArseDikstIb«rbleQdQ» 94
^^H sulfttre, '^9.
ArfVodsonite, 243.
Arsenik-siater, 5t4
^^^^^ suit lire nickelifiire, t3.
Argent flmiinouial, 35.
Arsenik&piti^Sk'Ianx. 18L
^^^^h suirure plomboouprlf^re.
antimoni^ sulfiir^ 94 ; 93,
ArseniknN , 191,
^^H
bromiin^, 116,
ATseniosi'. r ■
^^^^H Antiman, Gediegen, 18.
corn^, 115.
Arsenite, l>i>, ^H
^^^^HAntimoo-arseOf 18.
fra^le, 106.
Aj««nocrocite^ 5S4 ^H
^^^^H Aiititnonate of Lead, 59 L
gris aiitimonial, 93.
Arse- ^ 87, 92. ^H
^^^^^K AntlmoobleiHpath, 591.
iodure, 117.
Ars. ^H
^^^^^K Antimon blende^ IdG.
molybdique, 32.
Ar«ti ,, , 78, 394 ^B
^^^^H Antlmonbliithe, 1S4,
muriate, 116.
Arsenosidcnte, 7 a ^H
^^^^H AntimoDfalilerz, 100.
tifttif, 9.
Arsenoii!! nrid, 163. ^H
^^^^^V AtitirDou^LBne, [)0.
noir, 106.
As^-' ^M
^^^^H Autimonite of qiiieksilver, 547.
gelenmre, 89»
Afit 214 ^H
^^^^^ AntimoDial arsenic, Id.
eulfiire, 38.
^^M
^V oopper, 8d.
Bulfar<^ Heiible, 65.
Aabokn, AsboUtev 18t ^B
^^1 copper gkiice, 06.
sulfur^ IVagile, 106,
AepamguB^frtonm &10. ^H
^H nickel, ill.
8ull'ur«^ antitoooif^re et cn-
AspnaioUte, 485 ; SOL ^M
^M ochre, 1S7, 188.
prifere, 93.
AsperoHto, 401 ^M
^H silver, 36.
Argentine, 6T8.
A?j,i i^Uh H
^H Antimonite, 29.
ArgentitOj 38.
ASju: ^^M
^^H Antlmonkupferglanz, 96.
Argcntfjpyrite, 39.
AspiiicLire, ^'nj. ^^M
^^1 Antimonnickel GL
Argillytu, H59.
A^t^ria, 138. ^H
^^^^^ AutimouuJcki.%1au2, 73.
Argyrit, 88.
Aatrakiinitc, &44 _^^H
^^^^^^ Antimouocher, 187.
Argyrot^^ratite, 115.
Aitrophf Uitev 808, ^^^M
^^^^H Anlmionophyllite, 185.
Ar^ryrose, 38.
AtttCMtuite, 121, 79|^^^H
^^^^K An(in]onoxyfl, 184.
ArgyrTthrose, 94
Aielesita, 391 ^^^H
^^^^^1 Antirnoiifinurcs bleioxyd, 591.
Aricite, 418.
Atlaaerx, tl3. ^^H
^^^^^^ ADtimonsilber^ H5.
.irkoDsite, 164.
Atlaaitei 714 ^^H
^^^^H Atitimon^ilberbleDdef 94.
Arksutite, 128.
AtheriAftitcv ^22. ^H
^^^^^ ALtinionyf Native. IS.
Anufeuiao whetstone^ 138.
^^H Arsenical, 18.
Arquerit€, 14,
Atfttmeiitam, €46^ ^^^H
^H Gray, -li); 90.
Arragonite, 694.
Attacollte, 680. ^^^H
^H Ozyd, 184.
Arsenate of limef 554
AQdrbachit«, 275. ^H
^^m PliuDose ore of, 91.
Arseneiseni 1i\ 77,
AugerlJte, 580. ^^^M
^H Hod, im.
Ar&eneiftenaintor, 689.
Augite, 214 ^^^M
^H Bulphid, Sulphuret, 29.
Arsenglatiz, 18.
Auina, 332. ^^^M
^m White, 184.
Arsenic, Antiraooial, 18.
Aundit, 485. ^^H
^^m AntimooT bleBde, 1S4.
Native, 17.
AurScbaJdee, tl2. ^M
^H bloom, 184.
jauoe, 27.
AnrirerotiB pyHteo^ 4 ^H
^H glaaoe, 29.
oxydtS 183.
Auripi^eiittun, t7« ^H
^M ochre, 187. 188.
rou^, 26.
Auroteilnnt^, $1. ^H
^■^ Antosooite, 124.
FUtfure, 27.
AumiD gntphtcain, 8t 1
^H Antrimolite^ 430.
Sulphiid, 26, 21,
paradaxoxii, 19. J
^M Apatclite, 057.
White, 183,
AiitonioUt«. 149. ^M
^B Apatite, 530.
Arsenical antimon/, 18,
Autonite, fid4 ^H
^H AphoQi'se, Aphtmesite^ 57 0,
bismuth, 18,
ATeotitt^ie, qoirti, ISIL^H
^H Aphnojte, 240.
Arsenidte, 664
feldjipar.38£,54C^lH
^H AplRTtise, 563.
Arsenlgesfinpe, 183.
Axiuite, 207. ^M
^H Aphrite, Aphrizito, 365^ fi78.
Araenikalkies, 76.
A2orit*\ 761. 1
^K Aphrodite, 457,
AraenikAQtimon, 18,
Ajsur& wpaj^ or Hooi^ ^TL -^
GBNESAL INDS3L
809
Ajsurite, 716; 5*72.
BablngtODite, 227, 794.
Bagralionite, 285.
Baierine, 516.
Baikalite, 215.
Baikerinite. 747.
Baikerite, 733.
Balas ruby, 147.
Ballesterosite, 68.
Baltimorite, 503 ; 466.
Bamlite, 378.
Bardiglione, 621.
Barilla de oobre, 16.
Bamhardtite, 67, 794.
Baralite, v. Bayidite.
Barite, 616.
BaroUte, 697.
Baroselenice, 616.
Barrandite, 574 ; 684.
Barsowite, 340.
BarjtooolestiD, 616.
BaryBtrontianite, 699.
Baryta, Carbonate, 697.
Oarb. of lime and, 698.
Sulphate, 616.
Sulphato-carb., 698.
Baryt, Barytes, 616.
Spytite, Akrytine, 616,
Baryt-Harmotome, 439.
Ba^rtocalcite, 701 ; 698.
Baiytooelestite, 620 ; 617.
BaiytophyUit, 504.
Basalt, 343.
Basaltine, 216.
Basanite, 195.
Basanomelan, 143.
Basioerine, 126.
Ba8tiie,469; 209.
Bastooite, 308.
BathTillite, 742.
Batradute. 256.
BaudiBserite, 686.
Baulite, 859.
Baozite, 174.
BftTaUte, 796.
Bajldonite, 565.
Beaumontite, 444.
BMLQzite, 174.
Bediilite, 597.
Bec^te, 196.
Beflstein, 288.
Beinbrech, v. TnfiBL
Bell-metal ore, 68.
Bekmit, 100, 805.
Bensole, 737.
Beraunite, 558.
Bereugelite, 753.
Bergbutter, 655.
Berg-orystal, v. Quarts.
Bergholz, 406.
Bergmannite, 426.
Bergmehl, 680.
Bergmileh, 680.
Bergol, 728.
Bergpech, 741, 761.
Berggriin, 713.
Bergsalz, 112.
Bergseii'e, 476.
Bergtheer, 751.
Berliuite, 671.
Bernstein, 740, 741.
Beryl, 245, 794.
Berthierine, 511.
Berthierite, 86.
Bersselianite, 46, 795.
Berzeliite, 544.
Berzeline, 46 ; 862.
Berzelite, 120.
Beudantite, 589.
Beurre de Montague, 655.
Beustite, 281.
Bieberite, 647.
Biharite, 483.
Bildstein, 480.
Bimsatein, v. Pumice, 359.
Bindheimite, 59L
Binnite, 90 ; 87.
Biotine, 337.
Biotite, 304.
Bismite, 186.
Bismuth, 19.
Aoicular, 100.
Carbonate, 7 16.
Cupreous, 86, 98, 100.
Native, 19.
Oxyd, 186.
Silicate, 391.
suUUr^ plombo-argentif^re,
36.
8ulfur6 plombcMsaprif^re,
100.
Sulphuret 30.
Telluric, 30, 31.
Bismuth-glance, 80.
blende, 391.
nickel, 47.
ochre, 185.
silver, 36.
Bismuthaurite, 796.
Bismuthine, 30.
Bismuthinite, 30.
Bismutholamprite^ 80.
Bismutite, 716.
Bitterkalk, 682.
Bitterealz, 644.
Bitter spar, 682.
Bitterapath, 682.
Bitterstein, 290.
Bitume liqulde, 723.
glutineux, 728.
Bitumen, 761.
Elastic, 734.
Bituminoses hols, 755.
Bituminous coal, 764.
Black oopper, 186 ; 181.
hematite, 180.
Manganese, 162.
silver, 106.
lead, 24.
Blackjack, 48.
Blakeite, 652.
Blatterers, 82.
Blatterkies, y, Marcasite.
Blattertellur, 82.
Blatterzeolith, 444.
Blaubleierz, 40.
Blaueiaenerz, 566.
Blaueisenstein, 243.
Blauspath, 672.
Blei-aiuminat, 577.
Blei, Gediegen, 17.
Bleichromat, 629.
Bleifahlerz, v, Boumonite.
Bleigelb, v. Wulfenite.
Bleiglanz, 40.
Bleiglas, 622.
Bleigl&tte, 1S6.
Bleigummi, 577.
Bleilasur, 668.
Bleihomerz, 703.
Bleimolybdat, 607.
Bleinidre, 591.
Bleinierito^ 591.
Bleioxyd, 186.
BleUcheelat, 606.
Bleischimmer, 91.
Bleisulphotricarbonati 624
Bleischweif) 40.
Bleivithol, 622.
Blende, 48.
Blodite, 643.
Bloodstone, 194.
Blue asbestus, 243.
feldspar, 672.
iron earth, 566.
John, 128.
malachite, 715.
spar, 572.
vitriol, 64a
Blumenbachite, 46.
Blumite, 604.
Blutstein, 140.
Bobierrite, 796.
Bodenite, 289.
Bohnerz, 172.
Bog-butter, 747.
Bog-iron ore, 11% 178.
manganese, 181.
Bole, Bolufl, 476.
Bolivianite, 109.
Bolognian spar, 616.
Bolopherit, 215.
Boltonite, 256.
Bonsdorfflte, 485 ; 30L
Boraoic add, 594.
Boradte, 595.
Borax, 597.
Borazit, 696.
Bordite, 898.
Borickite, 588.
Boric add, 594
Bomine, 30.
Bomite, 44.
Bdmsteio, «. Bemitefai.
^^^
OEKERAL DTDEX.
^H
Boroofllcite, 599.
EumieDtte^ 184.
CanniBspoth^ h4&. ^^M
BoroQutrticaleit^ 698.
Buntbleierz, 635.
Qiroallite. 118. ^H
Borosilicttta of liroe, B80.
Bantkupfererz, 44.
Oaraat, 474. ^^1
Bo^jemiiulte. 654«
Buratite, 712,
Cartiolito, 344. ^^1
BotaUackite, 12L
Buslamite, 225.
Gamelian, 194. ^^1
Bulryogttu, tiST.
BuUerriikleh«rE, 115,
CftroUtliiDe, 420, ^^M
Boto'olite. 380,
Butjrellite, 747.
Carpbolite, 410. ^^M
Botrytf 057.
Batynte, 747,
CarphoeT ^1. ^^M
Bouknijcente, 99, tUU,
BjTssoiite, 234.
Carpboi- 1
Hour b4m lite, 800.
Bytownite^ 340.
Carra m 1.: .,..., , ,^ .. a. ^^fl
Bi>uruonitt% 96; 373.
CaiToIIite, 69. ^^M
Bi>unio!iit-nickelglans5, T4.
Cabocle, see Hydr. Phoepbate
Oassiuite, 356. ^^H
Bou^ihiirauUitet ti35.
of Alumina aDd lime, 587.
Casaiterites 157, 796. ■
Boweoittj, 465.
Cabrerite, 561.
Ca89it^Tt>t9QUlite, 514^ M
Bragite, 6'i5; 276.
Cacbolong, 199.
0dm 52a ^H
Brwuchite, ?36,
Citooxenlt<$, Cacoxene, 584.
^H
Branderz, i>. Idrialite.
Cadmia. 407.
CabU.jiir, ^^H
Bnindisilo, 508.
Cadmium, Sulphuret ot^ 69.
CaBtor, 229. ^^M
Brnuubleitrz. 535; 610,
Cadmium-blGRde, 69.
CataDJciite U^^, ^^H
Brauubleioxyd, IGT.
CaimgcMrm etooe, 19S,
(^ /i; 301, ■
BrauneiBeustein, 1*12*
Calaite, 580,
Cat. ■
Brautiile, IG3.
Caiamme, 407 ; 692, 711.
Gat'iity^ 1:^3; 640. ■
Brauokohle, 755.
Electric, '1^)7.
OaroUnite, 327. ■
Brauiispath, 682.
Gfwn, 712.
Oawk. 616. ^^M
BraunateiQ, 162.
Calainite, 23 ».
CeladoDite^ 4£3. ^H
Piemoncischer, 285.
Calareriio, 795,
OeWlite, OeJefltiBCi, eif flMI
Grauer, 165.
Caicareobarite, 617.
Oeleatobante, 61 7« 1
Schwanser, 162.
Calcareous spar, 670,
GentndlaaaLt^^ T9«. M
BraurwteiDkiefl, 4.G.
lufa, 680,
C<»nirj?yriie. 114, M
Braunitt^inkiesel, 268.
Calcedoine, 194.
Oeni^Liie, C^rasite, HO^ 70I.S
Bmlberj^ite, 270.
Calcimang:ite, 678.
OeriQcs 285. ^^M
Brcislakite, 216.
Calciuiiru, 5»3.
Oermiw, 446, 796^ ^^1
Bretthauplite, 61 ; 83.
Calciocelestito, 620,
O^tistem. 413. ^^1
BrtfUDMentet 686.
Calcic iferrile, 578,
Cente,413. ^H
Brevicite, 426.
Calcite, 670, 796.
Cerium, CarboDatd, 709,. ^^|
Brew6t«rite, 445.
Cftlo-aiuter, 680,
Muorid, 126. ^^M
Brewstoline, 761.
Calcourauile, 686.
Rilicat*^, 4ia. ^H
Brewaterlinite, 761.
Calderite, 269.
C-er ^^
Briitl© silver ore^ 106.
Galedonito, 625.
Gtr Knaaon^ 701.1
BrtxatuHo^ 678.
Calk, 616.
Cerii^^iie, * t*ni8©, 700. 1
Broclnintite, W64, 795.
Callainile, 572,
Cervantite, 187. 1
Bmraargyrile, 116,
CalJai«, 580.
Oeybmiie, Ceyloaltii^ 14X,^J
Bmmtc ailFur, 116.
Galorael, 111.
Gbabadte, OhabiHie, O^H
Broroil*', 116,
Caktronbarite, 616.
Cbalcanthite, 64S; 616. ^H
Bromlite, 6i»8,
CalyptoUte, 273,
CbaksjQiliim], 645. ^^M
Bpomsilber, 116,
Gampylito, 537,
Chalcedony, 194. ^^M
BrofuyriUj, 116,
CaTiaanit^, 220. 322, 803.
OhikbifauiU. 21^3. ^H
BrogtiiardtLe, 90.
Cancrifute, 329,
QhAldteA. 645. ^H
Bro^niartin, 627,
Candite, 147.
Chakodte, 51 ^^1
Bruti^arthie, 664,
Crtnehlsiein, 266.
Cbalcodfte^ 44ia ^H
Brtmjsite, 208; 216, 508.
Catiael CoaJ, 765.
ObatenUKs 58$: 57?«. ^H
Brook ite, 164.
CaDtonite, 83, 84
Chaloophadte. ^H
Broaite, BroBsite, 682.
Oaoutcboiie^ Mineral, 34.
Cha3^?opli7llit<^ ^H
Brown coal, 766.
Capillmy pyritea, 66.
ObalcopTntci, 65. ^^H
iit)o ore, 1 60,
Cepilloae, 66.
Ohalcosioci^ 12. ^^B
heiualiie, 169.
CapQite, 692,
COkalooatibiH 66, ^H
ochre, 169.
CaporciaDite, 399.
OhAlcottichiie, ISX ^H
apar, 682 ; 685, 686.
Carboo^riDe, 70?,
GhalUite. 424. ^H
BrijckuemjJite, 748.
Carbonado, 22. ,
Ohalk, 679. ^H
Brocite. 175 j 363,
Carbon diamantajre, 22.
OhalkofiitWU, iSL ^H
BrushJte, 562.
Carbuuculus, 138, 147,265.
CbatkosUv 62. ^^B
Buoarttmiuigitd, 74L
Carchedonius, 265.
Cbalyblte^ 6^ ^H
Bucholzito, 373.
GarinthioOi 235.
Ghamaaite, 11 ^H
BucklaiKiitc, 286.
Carraenite, 52.
ObiiioQisit0^6lt ^H
' Buhratoue, 196.
Garminlte, 546.
Ghflnawilliia, 66L ^^1
GENERAL INDEX.
811
Chathamite, 10.
Ghaux arseniat^ 644.
boratee siliceuse, 380.
carbonate 670, 682.
filiate, 123.
phosphate, 530.
sulfate 621; 63*7.
Chelmsfordite, 319.
Cheneyaite, 688.
Chenocoprolite, 798.
Oherokine, 635.
Chert, 195.
Chesterlite, 852.
Chesay copper, 716.
Gbesaylite, 715.
Chiastolite, 871.
Childrenite, 679.
ChDeite, 612; 169.
Chilenite, 86.
Chiltonite, v. Prehnite.
Chimborazite, 694.
Ghiolite, 128.
Chiviatite, 86.
Chladnite, 208.
Ghloanthite, 70.
Ghlor-apatite, 631.
Ghlorastrolite, 412.
Chlorite, 497.
^ fermginease, 497.
Ghloritoid, 504.
iJUoritspath, 504.
Chlorkalium, 111.
Chlormerkur, 111.
Chloromelan, 603.
Ohloropal, 461.
ChlorophnBite, 610.
Chlorophane, 123.
Chlorophanerit, 462.
Chlorophyllite, 801, 485.
Chlorospinel, 147.
Ghlorquecksilber, 111.
ChlorsUber, 115.
Chlorspath, 120.
Chodnefflte, 128.
Chondrarsenite, 562.
Chondrodite, 863.
Ghonicrite, 494. ^
GhrismatlDe, Chriamatite, 728.
Ghristiaiiite, 387, 438.
Ghristophite, 48.
Ghrombleispath, 629.
Chromchlorit, 496.
Ghromeisensteiii, 168.
Chrome oehre, 510.
Ghromglimmer, 309.
Chromic iron, 166.
Chromite, 163.
Chromoferrite, 158.
Chromphosphorkupferbleispath
631.
Chryolith, 126.
Chryaoberyi, 165, 796.
ChrysocoUa, 402 ; 697, 718.
ChiTSolite, 266; 278, 867, 376,
630, 799.
Chiysolite, TitaniferouB, 266.
White, 255.
Iron, 268.
Iron-manganese, 259.
Chrysophane, 508.
Chrysoprase, 194, 246.
Chrysoprase earth, 610.
Chrysotlle, 465.
Cburchite, 565.
Chusite, 258.
Cimolite, 457.
Cinnabar, 55.
Cinnamon-Btone, 266.
Cipolino, 678.
CirroUte, 579.
Claudetite, 796.
ClauBthalite, 42, 796.
Clay, 473, etc.
Clayite, 108.
Cleavelandite, 348.
Cleiophane, 48.
Clingmanite, 506.
Clinkstone, 869.
Clinoclase, Clinodasite, 670.
Clinochlore, 497; 604.
ClinoSdrit, 101.
Clintonite, 608.
CluthaUte, 483.
Coal, Mineral, 768.
Boghead, 742, 756.
Brown, 755.
Cannel, 755.
Cobalt, Arsenate of, 658.
Arsenical, 68, 70.
Black, 181.
Carbonate, 711.
Earthy, 181.
Glance, 71.
Gray, 70.
gris, 70.
ochre, 568.
oxid^ noir, 181.
Red, 558.
Sulphate, 647.
Sulphuret, 47, 68.
White, 70, 71.
Cobalt bloom, 668.
Cobalt glance, 71.
Cobaltine, Cobaltite, 71.
Cobalt-mica, 658.
Cobalt pyritefly 68.
Cobalt vitriol, 647.
Coodoite, 117.
Cocoolite, 214.
Coke, 754.
Colestin, 619.
CoUyrite, 420 ; 476.
Collyrium, 478.
Colophonite, 268.
Golumbite, 515.
Comptonito, 424.
Gonarite, 406.
Condrodite, 868.
Gondurrite, 86, 797.
Gonfolen8ite» 469.
Coniohalcite, 666.
Conite, 682.
Connellite, 627.
Cookeite, 489.
Copal, Fossi], 789.
Copaline, Copalite, 739.
Copiapite, 655; 656.
Copper, 14.
Antimonial, 85.
Arsenate, 562, 564, 567.
Arsenical, 36, 37.
Black, 136.
Blue, 66, 715.
Carbonate, 718, 716.
Cblorid, 121, 122.
Chromate, 630.
Emerald, 401.
Gray, 101.
Ind^, 83.
Muriatie, 121.
Oxychlorid, 121, 122.
Oxyd, 133, 186.
Phosphate, 663, 668.
Purple^ 44.
Pyriious, 65.
Red, 133.
Selenid, 46.
Silicate, 401, 402.
Sulphate, 648.
Sulphato-ohlorid, 627.
Sulphuret, 52; 44, 66, 88.
Yaaadate, 611.
Variegated, 44.
Vitreous, 62.
Copper and lead, Selenid off 43
Copper ^th, v. Tyrolite.
Copper glaooe, 52.
Copper green, 402.
Copper mioa, 671.
Copper nickel, 60.
Copper ore, 136.
Blue^ 716.
Emerald, 401.
Green, 713.
Octahedral, isa.
Velvet, 666.
Yellow, 66.
Copper pyrites, 65.
Gopper-uranite, 686.
Copper-vitriol, 648.
Gopperaa, 646.
Soda, V. Jarosite.
Potash, «. Jarottta.
White, 650.
YeUow, 666.
Copperaaine^ 660.
Goprolites, 634.
Coquimbite, 660.
Goracite^ 164.
Corallinerz, 66.
Gordierite, 299.
Gorindon, 137.
Oomaline, 194.
Gomeine, 240.
Corneous lead, 703.
OEKEBAL mDSX.
^^
^ Comubiaijite, v. Fel^te.
Cyanochroit©, ©49.
Dibydnte^ 568. ^^M
B ComwaUite, 669.
Cyauoljte, 797.
DUlt^fiburgicei 401 ^^H
B Corftiljte, 235.
Cyauc»atie, Cyanoft©, 648.
DiUDlte» 4^L ^^M
HCoruQdellite, 50A.
Cyonoiricliive, (166.
Duiuigoetite« ISL ^M
H Conindophilite, 004.
Cyclopeile, 216.
DifKorphite, DiiiiiniliM A H
^H CoruDdum, 137,
Cyciopite, ^40.
h. ■
^BCorjDite, 74.
Cyiuatolite, 455.
I'l ■
^r Coealite, 797.
CyuiophuDe^ 155.
I>iu|iL:iw*., .45^ 40 L ■
H CotCaile, 353,
C^rpriue, 276.
Dioryuv 240; S51. ■
™ Cotiiuniie, lit.
(^priie» 52,
Diovvl 1.=. it^lL ^^H
Gouzeninite, 32G.
Cyrtalius, 375,
Di, ^H
Covelliu^ Covelllte, 83.
^H
Craie de Biitn^on, 45.
Dalamite, 78.
Di|>yr^, ;i26. ^^H
Crednehte, 166. i
Dalemiuzite, 51.
Diacmaitev 8S. ^^H
Cricljtouite, 143.
Damourite, 437.
I>ieomoeev ?t. ^^1
Criptoinorphiie, 599.
Daaaite, 78.
DImemtoi 508* ^^H
Crispito, 150*
Danaliie, 265.
DiftthiT.r.^ ^75 ^^^H
Crislianite, 337.
Danburite, 299,
Di ■
Crocalite, 426.
Daunemonte, 284.
r*-^ >P«f,€Ti ^m
K Crocidolite, 243.
Daourite, 366.
Doieryte^ ^ii, ^^H
■ Crocx>ite, Croooidte, 628.
Darwiaite, 37.
Dalofnit<>, ^81 ; US. ^^M
H CrouBU^dtitef 503.
Datholiie, DatoUte, SSO.
J>' oar, :M. ^^I
■ Cros&-.Storie, 371.
Datolitli, 380.
!>* ;6,79t. ^H
^ Crucite, 371.
Da\idsoDit€, 245.
DcW,^.t^ii;,> i lie, ?3, ^^^B
Cryolite, 126, 797.
Davite, 641*.
Dopple8p»th, G77. ■
CryophyUite, 31tt,
l>avjiie, Davtra, 827.
Doppleritp, 74S; UT. ^^B
Ctyptolit€\ 629.
DecheuiW, «0y.
Dv/raiiita, 43e. ^^H
Cryploliue, Cryptolixilto, t62.
Degeroite, 48U.
l>rcwiu>, 626. ^^H
K Co'&udlus, 189.
Dclanuvite^ 459.
Droelite, ea«. ^^1
H CubaUf Cubaatie, C5.
DeJawarite, 856.
Dry-bone, 6»1 ^^H
H Cube oro, 578.
Deleseiie. 407.
DuckiowniUi, Gt, ^^H
H Cube frpttr, C2l»
DelphLDlte, 181.
Dafreuit«)v ^^^ H
■ Cubizit, 432.
DeWauxiteT Bclvauxeiw, 533;
Durr^nni-^k^. »S: 87, la H
■ Cuboite, 432.
588.
D.^ 3. ■
■ Cuivre Arsenuitd, 5e4| 571.
Demidomie, 402,
Li. ^M
H arseiiioal, 36.
Demaiit, 21.
^^^M
■ carbonatd, 713, 715.
Demantapatb, 138.
^^B
^^H grla, lOL
Dendrachaiea, 195*
^^B
^^^H bydroailiceux, 402.
Derby abire spar, Itt.
-•.^,^^B
^^^Hjauoe, 65.
DemlaLin, 471.
~^^B
^^^B muriat^ 121.
Descioistite, 6u9.
^^B
^^H DaiU; 14.
Beeniin, 441, 442.
^H
^ oxid6 roa^, 133.
^L, phoephat^ 563^ 568.
DevUliue, 6(^5.
Dyafiyninbitc, 4f«. ^^H
Devon !l€, 675.
^^^H
^^^v pyrileux, 65.
Dtu A
E&rtliy fadamioi^ Ttl. ^^|
^^^H pyriteux hepatiquG, 44.
Dm :i4S.
oobah, ISL ■
^^■aeleui^ S&, 4$.
DittU.-v xui^.ujry, 843*
^^KipidlbmieL 63.
Diadastte, 210.
EdelfofiSte^ tH ■
^^KmlAiti 648.
Diadochiie, 588.
EfkUith, 4IN)L _■
^^H lulfure, 52.
Biagomte, 446.
Kdenius iSA. ^^B
^^^V Bdiufe argDuiUigj^ 54^
Diallage, Green, SI6, 285.
Edlngtoiiiuv411 ^^B
^^V Yaoada^ 611*
Hvdroua, 221.
Eifwrnnisitoi AM ^^B
^^m weimUi, 6^.
Moianoidni, 208, 209.
K«ef«ti, 270. ^H
^^^ Titreux, 62,
Talkariiger^ 210.
EfOittfk, 66a ^V
V ComeDgite, 806.
DiaUogite. 691,
KhreDUrgito, 4ftaL ■
■ Cumminiftomte, 284 j Sftt.
DiacnaDt, 21.
E^ Q«ai«s««, li. ■
Oupreiue, 53.
CupreoQA angMte, esa
Diaojoudf 21.
Diatiit«, 516.
^ mangaueae, 181.
Diaphorite, t». AllAgita.
ttMkitii. 616,171. ■
m Cuprito, isa.
Din-spore. 163*
£^Ss^^ "
■ Cupfuplumbite, 41
Itiasiatite, 235.
■ OQproMbeeliKfl^ 6M.
Diehroite, 299.
BtoamiiAotiL . ^^^|
HCuprotiraiiite, ^s.
Didhmite) 911.
ffilMl>filMMI^ i^m^ ^^^M
■ Cyaoita, 875.
Didyroite. 811.
ttMDor^ tllMi^ in ^1
■kpyaneui^ 33L
Digemtc^ 52.
Qrfim, Wl ^^1
GENERAL INDEX.
813
Eiaenerz, Trappisches, 148.
Eieenerz, Hystatisches, 143.
Eisenglanz, 140.
Eisenglimmer, 140, 556.
Eisengymnite, 470.
Eisenkies, 62.
Rhomblscher, 75.
EisenkieBelf v, Femigmous
Quartz, 193.
Eisenkobalterz, 70.
Eisenmulm, 160.
Elsennatrolith, 426.
Eisennickelkies, 47.
Eisenopal, v. SemiopaL
Eiseuoxyd, 140.
EiseDOxydhydrat, 167, 169, 172.
EiseDozjd, Schwefelsaures, 656,
657, 660.
Eisenpecherz, 54, 543.
Eisenperidot, 258.
Eisenplatin, 11.
Bisenphyllit, 656.
Eisenrahm, 172.
Eisenresin, 718.
Bisenrose, 143.
EisenrutU, 169.
Eisensinter, 689.
Eisenspath, 688.
Eisenstassfurtit, 596.
Bisensteinmark, 474.
Elsen titan, 143.
Eisenvitriol, 657.
EiRspath, 355.
Elsstein, 126.
Ekebergite, 824.
Ekmannite, 490.
Elasolite, 327.
Elasmose, 44, 82.
Elasmosine, 82.
EUtorite, 734.
Electrum, 3, 740.
Elhuyarit, 419.
Ellasite, 175.
Ellagite, 430.
Embolite, 116.
Embrithite, 99.
Emerald, 245.
Emerald nickel, 710.
Emeraude, 245.
Emeril, 139.
Emery, 138.
Emeryllte, 506.
Emmonite, 699.
Emplectite, 86.
Enargite, 107, 797.
Enoeladite, 600.
Endellionite, 96.
Engelhard! te, 273.
Enstatite, 208.
Ephesite, 507.
Epichlorito, 493.
Epidosyte, 284.
Epidote Group, 281; 290.
Epiglaubite, 654.
Epiphoephorite, 535.
Epistflbite, 443.
Epsom salt, Epsomite, 643.
Erbsenstein, 679.
Ercinite, 439.
Erdkobalt, 181.
Erdharz, 784.
Erdmannite, 286, 414.
Erdol, 723.
Erdpech, 751.
Erdwachs, 782.
Eremite, 689.
Erinite, 569; 459.
Brian, ferlanite, 797.
Ersbyite, 361.
Erubescite, 44.
Brusibite, 660.
Brythrine, 558.
Erythrite, 568; 852.
Escherite, 281.
Bsmarkite, 301, 880, 486.
BsBonite, 266.
Etain, natif, 17.
oxyd6, 157.
sulfur^, 68.
Eucairite, 89, 797.
Buchroite, 566.
Buchysiderite, «. Pyroxene.
Buclase, 879.
Bucolite, 248.
Budialyte, Budyalite, 248.
Budnophite, 433.
Eugenesite, v. Selenpalladite.
Bugenglans, 107.
Bukairite, 39.
Bukamptite, 807, 487.
Euklas, 879.
BukoUte, 249.
Bulysyte, 269.
Bulytine, Bulytlte, 391.
Bumanite, 165.
Buosmite, 743.
Buphyllite, 48a
Eupyrchroite, 580.
Busyndiit, 609.
Jiuxenite, 521.
Buzeolith, 443, 444.
Bransite, 685.
Bxanthalose, 687.
Exitdle, Ezitelite, 184.
Fadererz, 91.
Fahlerz, Fahlite, 100.
Fahlunite,484; 301.
Hard, 299.
Fargite, 426.
Faroelite, 424.
Fasciculite, 240.
Faserkiesel, 378.
Faserzeolitb, 426.
Fassaite, 216.
Faiyasite, 483.
Fauserite, 645.
Fayalite, 258.
Feather alum, 654.
Feather ore, 91.
Federalaun, 654.
Federerz, 91.
Feitsui, 293.
Feldspar Group, 336.
Feldspar, Blue, 572.
Common, 3^2.
Labrador, 841.
Potash, 362.
Soda, 848.
lime, 341.
Glassy, 852.
Feldstein, 852.
Felsite, 349, 852.
Felsobanyite, 662.
Feldspath, 852.
ftpyre, 371.
tenace, v. Saussurita.
naor^ 352.
Fer azur4 656.
arseniat^, 578.
arsenical, 76, 77, 78.
carbonat^ 688.
chromat^ 153.
hydro-oxid^ 169.
natif, 15.
otigiste, 140.
oxid^, 140.
oxidulA, 149.
magnetique, 149.
muriate, 118.
phosphate 556.
speculaire, 140.
sulfate, 667 ; 646.
sulAir^ 67, 62.
sulfur^ magnetique, 58.
Ferberite, 604.
Fergusonite, 624.
Ferrocaldte, 678.
Ferrocobaltite, 72.
Ferrotantalite, 514.
Ferrotitanite, 890.
Fettbol,461.
Fettstein, 827.
Feuerblende, 98.
Feuerstein, 196.
Fibroferrite, 656.
FibroUte, 378.
FichteUte, 735.
Fidnite, 590.
Fieldite, 104.
Figure-stone, 480 ; 483, 462.
fiorite, 199.
Fireblende, 93.
Fischaugenstein, 41 S.
Fischerite, 582.
Flexible silver ore, 56.
Fliegenstein, v. Arsenic.
FUnt, 196.
Flintkalk, 682.
Float-stone^ 199.
Flockenerz, «. Mimetlte.
Flos ferri, 694.
Flos suodni, 748.
Flucerine, 126.
FlueUite, 126.
r
814
1
^^
Flu(jcerine, ]26, 1
Geocronite, 106.
Gnii]cii|ifVfiii| fu !CoiiBflBI^|
Fluocerite, 126.
G<^oreiiiiic Add, 746.
Graolile, 644, M
Fluochlore, 512.
Gorsdurfflle, 72, 798.
Graumanguien; 1^ Ud 1
Fluor-aputite, 631.
G^yeerite, 1U9.
Grausilber, v. Selhita 1
Fluor, FluoriteT 123.
Gibbsite, 177.
Grail &pie»9g1aiiierir 3d, I
Fluor Spar, 123.
GibralUr Stone, 680.
Grauspieaaglaiaofi, 28. ■
Flussepath, 123,
Gieseckite, 479; 829.
Graf aDtUDdD j^ 29. 1
Folmtcd telluriamf 82.
GiakieB, 78.
copper, 100. ^^1
Fontaincbleau limeatoDei 678.
GigaDtolite,480; 301,486.
Green dtaUjige. 215, 2ti^H
Forbedte, 560.
Gilbertite, 798.
e«rtb Af^% 468. ^^M
Forsterite, 266.
Gillmgito, 492.
m^v. ^^H
Fournetito, 42.
Gtobertite, 686.
^M
Fowlente, 225.
Giraaol, 198.
m^iiicnne. U5. ^^B
Francolit^ 630.
Gismonditie, GiamoDdSte^ 41 8^
litriojy 646. ■
_. Franklinite, 162.
798.
G TPf' rA 'AU.Vitt. 51 6. ^^^^B
^■1 FrauengluA, i^. Mica^
Glagerite, 476.
Gl ^^1
^B Freib^i^te, 10 U
Glaoce copper, 62,
Of"' ^^1
^H| FreteHlebenite, 98,
Gionzargentkkiefl^ 77, .
Grcriat^ 26^, ^^H
^H FriUscheite, 687.
G Ian zbratiii stein, 16'i.
GreiiAtite, ms^ ^^M
^H FruKardite, 276.
Glaiitkobalt, 71.
Gr- r.oi. ^^B
^H Fuchifite. :ui9.
Glaaerite, 615.
^H
H FiiUc*r'B Earth, 468, 473.
Glaaerz, Glatuiei^ 88.
^H
^m FuUoiiite, V. Uut^gite.
Glaakopf, UO,
Gl 266b ^H
H, FuDkiti?, 216.
Gbiaspat, 123.
^H
H* FuAcite, 319.
Glaubapatite, 535 ; 664.
GrunauiUs 47. B
^B
Glauber salt, 636.
Grimbleienc, 636, 697. B
■ Gabronite, 324.
Glunbente, 627.
Gnmeiaencrd^ 663. B
■| Gadolin, Gadolinite, 393 ; 285.
Gloucodat, 60; 83 ^ 798.
Grnnc'i9enst<>in, 683. B
Hf Uagate», 760.
GlaiicoLite, 319.
Grv "' »t:2, 463. B
■ Gahnite, 149; 147, 278,
Glauoonite, 462.
Gr t. B
■ Galactlte. 4*JG.
Glauoopliaue, 244,
G'll: ■: ■ ^^B
^M Oalapektit, 473, 475.
Glaukasiderit, 656.
Guano, 635. ^^H
^V G&lena, Galenite, 40.
Glimmer, 302, 309,
Gimrisite. 383. ^^B
^M Guk^aoL'erattte, 703^
Gliukite. 2r*fi.
Gnajiicanit«, 107. ^^H
■ QoUidDlte, 647.
Globoaite, 6S4.
Gummierz. 179. ^^H
■ 1 GalliUeaBtem, 647.
Glockorite, 662.
Gur--'^ ^^
Ml Galmey, 407.
GloHS<?collit<?, 476.
Gi> 1
^H Gamsifrrailitc, 336.
Glottalitc, 417.
Gui. . ._.^te,632. 1
^m Gnnomatite, 798.
Gmdiuite, 436; 437,
Gurolite, 'S'M. ■
^I Gansekothig-em, 798.
Gneiss, 359.
Guyaquiim^. 746. M
^^ Garamauticua, 206.
G^kumite, 276.
Gjaiuite. 469. ^^B
^^> Gamt^t^ 266.
Gold, 3, 799.
Gjp^ 637. ^H
^W Bohetuinn, 267.
Gold amalgam, 14.
G/psum, 637. ^^H
H Orient^il, 267.
GoIdtelhiT, 81.
GvToUte, 3^8. ^H
■ , Tetrabodral, 264
Uongjlit*, 480,
^^H
■ While, 334.
Goalienite, 246,
Haarkies,S6; 78i. ^H
■ ' GiLrnBclorfBte, 66L
Goslarite, 647.
Ilaarsalz, i>44. ^^B
■ Gnj-Lussite, 706.
GOtbito, 169,
ILBtnachates, 11»8w ^H
■ Gcarksutite, 130.
Gotthardlte. 93*
HajmHt^x^nite, 67 6^ ^^H
H Gedrite, 231.
Grabaniite, 768,
Ha-, . ^^
H Gchletiite, 370«
Gramenite, 461.
H SAB. 1
^H Geierito, 77,
Grauimfitito, 288.
Hm oot; 86. ,^^J
^K GekrMHHt<.ua^ 621.
GramrDitL^ v, WoUastonito.
I^H
^F Gelbiititimoutint, 187,
Granat, 265,
Hal . v.CakdoolBH
' Gclbblcierz, 607.
Granatite* 388.
Hflibvitriolbici, «2aw B
Gelboiftenerz, 656, 660.
Gniiiit<^, 369.
Halikr lit M
Gelbcngenfitein, 174.
Qranuljrte^ 352,
Biil ^^
Gelbenle, 172.
Graphic pold, 81.
Hu! ^^B
Gelberz, 8L
ttlluriura, 81.
Hi ^H
Cioiferz, V, Clialcopyrita
Grnphit-o, 24,
Ha ^H
GijRthiie, 471.
Grastite, 600.
Hi. ^H
Geooerellite, 748.
GmubriiunBt^^inere, 166| 170,
Hn ^41 ^H
Geowrio Acid, 748.
Grauerz, v GaleiuL
Ba^ ^H
Geocerite, 738,
GraukobaltcriE, 47,
^H
Geonijrridte, 789, 798.
GraugUtigera, 101,
Eai J$. ^H
^^^^^B^^^HH^^^^H
GENERAL INDEX.
815
Harringtonite, 480.
Harrisite, 63.
Hartbraimstein, 163.
Hartiu, 742.
Hartite, 736.
Hartkobalterz, 71.
Hartmanganerz, 180.
Uartmannite, 61.
Hartepat. 371.
Hatchettite, Hatchettine, 731;
728.
Haaerite, 64.
Hausmannite, 162.
Haiiyn^, Haiiyuite, 832 ; 388.
llay^tonitB, ];]4.
Hayesine, 599; 697.
Haytorite, 196; 882.
Hesv^y i*p»r, 6i6*
H^cntoUte, 354.
Hedeiiberjdte, 216.
Hedypliao^, 637
Heliolite, ^55.
Heliotrope, 194*
HeauUiiila, 549, 868. •
Udmiuth, 503.
Helvotan, SOL
Helvin. JielTite, 264.
Hematite, 140 167, 799.
Bl»ck. 180.
Brown, 172.
Heniiehalelt, S6.
Hemimorphtte, 407.
H^atiuer% 133, 402.
Hcpfitite, 616,
Heraolion, 149.
Uercijnilo, 148.
Heraerite, 046.
HennsuDitt^ 228.
Hermesite, lOl,
Ho^^oritt^ eo'i.
HeTBchelite, 437.
Hea#cubergite, 762.
HeiLsite, &i>.
Bett^roclin, 163, 226.
efceroment*, 276.
teromorpiiite, 91.
0Bt<jrc>i!ito, 542,
Hetslziudlte, 444; 443.
Hielmite, 519.
Highgato resb. 739.
Hitnbeerspatb, 691.
HiKfiii^ liirt!ite, 747.
j[|4,;r,f«irih^ 4^9.
Hi" ;. 678.
Hitchcockite, 577.
Hoarnesite, 566.
Hoev^lit, Ilovellit, 111.
TL^K^Jiiite, 4i(i,
Hoia^psiUu :J71.
Kukinjjjiie, t\ a4jybetite*
Ilobsite, ^H.
Hdlz, Bit(iti)ih5?eii, 756.
Hokkiipferera. 564
HtiJ20{HiJ, V* Wood Opal.
Homichlin, 67.
Honey-stODe, Honigstein, 750.
Hopeite, 644.
Hornblei, 703.
HorabloDde, 232.
Hornerz, 114.
Hornfels, 195.
110Mittl4JL];irllEl« 227.
Horn quicksilver, 111.
Horu silver, H4.
HonifitouD, 1{*6,
HorfO-flesh ore, 44.
Uortonite, 2lf2.
HouKl^tit©, 79.
ITouille, 754.
Houille papyrac^ 746.
Hovite, 709.
Howlite, 598.
Huascolite, 42.
Hiibnerite, 603.
Hiid3c:iritte, a IS.
HiimboldUtie, 718.
Humboldtilit©p 2B(K
Humboldtite, 8B0.
Humite^ 863.
Huuteritt*, 457*
Hureauliio, 56L
Humfjite. Ml; 301,486.
Huyaa^Dite, 799.
Htferlera, 478-
Hvemilt, 054,
HyaciJiUi, US, 266, 274» 276.
Hyalite, 199.
Hyalomelnii^ 245.
Hyuiophaiie, 846, 799.
Kyatomdmte, 256,
HybliKu, 4^4.
Hydraiyilliie. 177, 5S0.
Hydraulic Iitnaaloiie, 575, 679.
Hydr&np^ililo, 535,
HydmbonxMlcit, 690,
Hydrrjbueholzjt©, 799.
HydmborMciie, 605.
Hydrocldore, 512.
Hydrodoloraite, 70B*
IlydrotaDthanlt, 709.
HydrobienaatitOp 167.
HydroliKs 4ft6.
Hydrotnftiniefflte, 707.
Hydrumo^nticaJdtj 7n&.
llydruiiickylmajirtieeile^ 707.
Hydmphaue; 199.
Hydmphite^ 470.
Hydmpil, ^2S.
Hydrusilictte, 799.
Hydrouii ontbophyllite* 176.
HydrogteaUta, 453.
llydmtulc' 495-
IJydrotiilcite, 178, 799.
IlydrotephrQito, 260.
HjdroE«ii5itc, Til,
HypaTKynie, SS.
H>pemLt,<^THs2O0; IIS^
Hypochlorite, :i93*
Hyperjtis, 341.
Hypoeclerite, 349.
Hypostilbite, 441. .
Hypoxantbite, 800.
Hystatite, 148.
laspachates. 195.
laspia, 194
Iberite, 481 ; 801.
Joe, 186.
loe spar, 366.
Icekiid spar, 677,
Ichthvc^pbihalmit^, 416.
Idocrase, 276.
Idrialine, Idrialite, 788.
Ighte, Igloiie, 694.
UdtironEite, 515.
Illudtfrite^ tm
llmenite, 143; 525.
llmeoorutile, 159.
Ilvaite, 296.
lodiaDite, 837.
Indioolite, 366.
Indigo copper, 83.
Inolite, 680.
Iodic silver, 1 1 7.
quicksilver, 117.
lodite, 117.
lodquecksilber, 117.
lodsllber, 117.
lodyrite, 117.
lolite, 299.
Hydroua. 801, 484
Iridium, Native, 12.
Iridoamine, 12.
Irite, 154
Iron, 16.
Arsenate, 678.
Antimonial sulphuret, 9
Berthierite.
Arsenical, 76, 77.
Borate, 6u0.
CHrWjiat«^ 6B8,
Carburet cC 314
Chloridof; 118.
Chromic, 153.
Tm. = . ..M,. 516.
Cij|.r, ,1:-, Hf.^ -iKiUs 674
llydious oxysk^ 169.
Miigiicttc> 149.
Meteoric, 16.
Native, 16.
Oligist, 140.
Oxalate, 718.
Oxyd, 140.
Oxydulated, 149.
Phosphates, 583, 684, 656.
Silicates, 258, 511.
Sulphate, 646, etc.
Sulphid, Sulphuret, 67, 58
62.
Tantalate, 514
Titaniferous, 143.
I Tongstate, 601.
^H
OEKEEAL INDEX.
^^
^^H Iron and Manganese Tangstalef
Jollyte, 492.
Senoea, K&mttSt^ n% ^H
^^M f
Jordan it«s 88,
Kerme«om«^ 1$Q, ^^M
^^^P Iron alum, 654.
Joseite, 81.
Kerolith, 470. ^H
^^H IroQ earth. Blue, 556.
Jossaite, 631.
Kersantjte, 348, ^H
^^H IroQ Datrolitt*, 426.
Junckerite, 68S, 697.
Kibdelophan, 143. ^H
^^H Iron ore, Argillnct^oiifi, 141, 112,
Jurinito. 164.
Kieflel, 189, ^H
^^^H ArHenicaled^ 57 d«
N.B.— Many nameft spelt with
Kiedekerii, 413, ^H
^^H Axotomoua, 143.
an iriitiai K In German, begin
Kieselgalmey, 407, ^^|
^^M Bog, 163, 172, 174. 178.
wub C in Engliah.
Kles^lgyp^ 621. ^^1
^^m Brown, 172; 169.
Kiefielknpfer, 402. ^H
^^B Calcareous^ 68B.
Kainit, 642.
Kleoeliiialjicbit, uvi. ^^H
^^M CUt, 141, 172, 688.
Kakochlor, 181.
ir<n«fthnangaii, 2i^. ^H
^^H Grec'u.
Knkoxene, 584.
ESeaelBpath, v, JJbm. ^\
^^^1 Jii.s|>Mr>% 141.
Kalait, 580.
KSmeMsmuth, 391, ■
^^^H LcuticuJar, 141.
Kalnrait, 233.
Xieeelsinkera, 407. ^^M
^^H Mngnetie, 14^.
Kalehsteio, 670.
Kiesent^, &41. ^H
^^^1 Mieaecoas, 140*
Kali a la un, 652,
KilbnckenltA, 105. ^H
^^B Ochreoiis, 140. 160.
Kalifeldspatb, 362,
Killiaite, 48o, ^^M
^H Ck'tahi^ral, 149.
Kalinite. C62.
Kir^anite, SOO. ^H
^H PUchj. 589.
Kaltphite, 172.
Kischtimite, 703, ^H
^^P Red. 140.
Kalisiilpvter. 592.
Klaprothine, 572. ^^H
^^ i'l^^nj, 6S8.
Kalisalz^urea, 111.
Klaprotbite, 573. ^H
^n l<[i- iMilar, 140.
Kaltsnlphit, 615w
KUpsteioito» 51L ^H
W TiiasjireruTj&, 143,
Kalkgranal, 268,
KMiiodas, 670. ^H
Iron pyrit^a, 62.
Kfllk-Hnrmotome, 438.
Klinochlor, 497. ^^M
Magnetic 58; 57.
Kalk-Malacliit, 715.
Knauffite, 611, ^^M
White. tR.
Kalkoligoklaa, 346,
Kjiv\^lile, 2G0. ^H
Iron rutUe, 169.
Kalks&lpeter, 593.
KniiitersaiK. t>, UmliteL ^^M
Iron Hand/ 143, 149.
Kalkspath, GTO.
Kob^^ - :kle«, 78. ^^
Iron aiijt^r, 576.
KaliaiE, 5 BO.
Kol s. 068. 1
Iix>u9tone, Claf, 141^ 169, 688.
Kalloehrom, 629.
KoU:..^...i.z, 43. I
Blue, 556.
Kjtlomel, 111.
KobakbluUie, 558. 1
Brown, 172.
Kalzedon, 194.
Kobalt*cliinj^71; €8, 1
Iserme. Iserite, 144, 145.
Kammererit, 495.
KobaUkies, 68. 1
I sop 1 lane, v, Franklinite.
Kunmikies, 75.
EobaltiDiinriin^fii UL J
Isitpjre, 892.
Kampylite, 5»7.
Kobttltni.! - ^^
Itiibirjle, 141.
KauelsUin^ 266.
EoballnSi i, ^H
Itacolurayte, 22, 195,
Kan cite, 61.
Kobaltaui.M .. 1... ^H
Ittfierite, S83,
Kaolin, 473; S24. 345, 361,
Kobaltiitriol, 647. ^H
Ivnarite, 891.
Kaoliuit*?, 478.
KobeUifce, 99. ^H
Ixiolite, 514.
Kapritkite, 326.
£0botdme, A8. ^^M
Ixolyto, 73a
Kapnicit^ 570,
Sodisal2^ 112. ^H
Kaptiite, 692.
Koelbingit, 284, ^H
Jflcksonite, 410.
Kareliuite, 185,
Kohle, 753. ,^H
Jade, Common, 233; 290, 292.
Kameol, 194.
Kfy),' -■ '- -km% m.^^m
Jade teuaoe. 290.
Karpholite, 419.
Kc'i\ lei«p«c2^ 4^^H
Jadeite, 292,
Karpbnaiderit, 661.
Kok' __;, 314. ^^m
Jiilpaite. 39.
Karplioi^tiibite, 424.
Koksdwromte, 242. ^H
Jamesonite^ 90^ 80a
Kaj'stenite, 621,
KoUyrit, 420. ^H
Jargon, 273.
Kasaiterit, 157.
Kolopbonit, 26^ ^H
Jarosite, 660,
Kagtor, 2:i9,
Koiiarit, 405. ^^H
Jasper. 195.
Katflpleiit, 401.
Konichiilcit, 666. ^M
Jauliflgite, 800.
Kotagpilit, 4J^3.
Jflyet. f\ Jet
Kaizenauge, 193.
EoDigiiie^ 604. ^M
Jefferisite, 494.
Kateen-Silber, 302, 454
K6Dleimie, 737. ^H
Jeflbrsonite, 216,
KauBimkiea, 76.
KonUta, 737. ^M
Jellelite, 268.
KofFekilite, 478
Korito^ 484. ^H
JefreinoflUe. 276.
Keilbauite, 387,
Korjnit, 74. ^H
Jen kins lie, 470. \
KeangotTite, 88.
Kottigite, 561. ^H
Jeiizsehite. 201.
KeraiJiohalite, 649,
Komnd, 1S7. ^^H
Jet, 760.
Keraphyllite, t?, Carinthine.
Koladiabei^ 49T. ^H
m Jewrtiijowite^ 276.
Kerargyrite, 114. '
Koapholitev ^10. ^^M
■ JolmnriltQ, 666.
Kerflsino, 120, 708,
Knbbte, 859, ^H
■ JoliDJie, 680.
Kerasite, 120, 708.
ErantJdt^ 741, ^H
■ Johnsiouitej 40*
Kerau^, 114, i
Kmurit^ 583. ^M
GENERAL INDEZ.
817
Dite, 149.
site, 119.
iristalle, 489.
tein, 439.
•ril, 155.
h, 256.
gite, 664.
•ite, 69.
th, 426.
Dlite, 248.
^ 629.
0, 126.
ith, 529.
, 432.
432.
J, 644.
t, 434.
irite, 670.
Godiegen, 14.
zsaures, 121.
mtimonglanz, 85.
)leiglaiiz, 42.
)loispathL, 663 ; 42.
)lende, 104.
)luthe, 183.
liaspore, 668.
ahlerz, 100.
r]sLnz, Kupferglas, 52.
climmer, 571.
rruD, 402.
lornerz, 121.
ndig, 83.
ties, 65.
asur, 716.
ebererz, 133.
nanganerz, 181.
lickel, 60.
Kjcherz, 402.
)hymt, 571.
lammterz, 666.
ichaum, 570.
ichwarze, 136.
ite, 230.
smaragd, 401.
uraDit, 585.
vitriol, 648.
vasser, 645.
Wsmutherz, 86, 98.
vismuthglaius, 86.
^ 52.
», 9.
, 375.
ae, 234.
te. V. Serpentine.
0, 76.
►rite, 341.
►r feldspar, 841.
>r hornblende, 209.
e, 600.
e, 60a
ite, 181.
phanite, 663.
te, 628.
erite, 707.
Langite, 665.
Lanthanite, 709.
Lanthanocerite, 413.
Lapis-lazuli, 331.
Lapis Ollaris, 451.
Larderellite, 600.
Lardite, v. Pagodite.
Lasionite, 575.
Lasurfeldspath, 353.
Lasurite, 715.
Lasiirstein, 881.
Latialite, 332.
Latrobite, 837.
Laumonite, Lavmontite, 399.
Laurite, 74.
Lavendulan, 660.
Lavroffite, Lawrowit, 216.
LazuUte, 572.
Lazur-Apatit, 530.
Lead, 17.
Aluminate, 577.
Antimonial aulphuret, 96,
99.
Ajitimonate, 591.
AjgentdferouB, 41.
Arsenate, 637.
Black, 24.
Carbonate, 700.
Ohlohd, 117.
Chloro-carbonate, 703.
Chromate, 628, 630.
Corneous, 703.
Cupreous sulphate, 663.
Cupreous sulphato-carbon-
ate, 625.
Hydro-aluminous, 577.
Molybdate, 607.
Murio-<jarbonate, 708.
Native, 17.
Oxychlorid, 119,120.
Oxyds, 186, 168.
Phosphate, 536.
Selenate, 669.
Selenids, 42, 44.
Subsesquichromate, 630.
Sulphate, 622.
Sulphato-carbonate, 626,
628.
Sulphato-chlorid, 627.
Sulphato-tricarbonate, 624,
626.
Supersulphuretted, 41.
Sulphid, Sulphoret, 40.
Tellurid, 44.
Tungstate, 606.
Vanadate, 610.
White, 700.
Lead and Copper.
Chromate, 630.
Chromo-phosphate, 631.
Lead glance, 40.
Lead ochre, 136.
Lead ore. Green, 635, 587.
Red, 628.
White, 700.
52
Lead ore. Yellow, 607.
Lead vitriol 622.
Leadhillite, 624.
Leberblende, 60.
Leberkies, 75 ; 68.
Leberstein, 616.
Lecontite, 636.
Ledererite, 486.
Lederite, 383.
Leedsite, 800.
Leelite, 853.-
Lehmanite, 290.
Lehrbachite, 44.
Lehuntite, 426.
Lenmian Earth, 457.
Lennilite, 356.
Lenzinite, 476.
Leonhardite, 401.
Leopoldite, HI.
Lepidokrokite, 169.
Lepidolite, 814.
Lepidomelane, 307.
Lepolite, 887.
Leslejite, 800.
Lettsomite, 666.
Leucanterite, 660.
Leucaugite, 216.
Leuchtenbergite, 600.
Leucite, 334.
Leudtophyr, 335.
Leucolite, 326, 376.
Leucocydite, 416.
Leucopetrite, 743.
Leucophanite, 260.
Leucopyrite, 76.
Leuzit, 884.
Levyne, Levynite, 431.
Lherzolyte, 147.
Libethenite, 563.
Liebenerite, 479 ; 829, 668.
Liebigite, 717.
Lievrite, 296.
Lignite, 765.
Ligurite, 888.
LilaUte,814.
Lillite, 493.
LimbiUte, 258.
Lime, Arsenate, 554.
Borate, 880, 597.
Borosilicate, 880.
Carbonate, 670.
fluate, 123.
Nitrate, 693.
Oxalate, 718.
Phosphate, 630.
Silicate, 210.
Sulphate, 621, 687.
Tltanate, 146.
Tungstate, 605.
Lime-Malachite, 715.
Limestone, 678.
Hydraulic^ 679.
Magnesian, 681.
Limnite, 178 ; 172.
Limonite, 172.
[ ^^^^1
' GENERAL INDEX,
^^
V linarite, 6e3.
Mftgnetopyrite, 53.
Marmolite, 446^ ^^H
Lmoolnlte, 444.
Magnofernte, 152.
Maitinaite. 112, UU ^H
Liudnckerite, 590.
Malacbite, Blue, 715.
Martite, 141. ^M
Liiicisajrite, 840.
Groeo, 713.
LioniBite^ 68,
Limo^ 715.
Msakelyne, 666. ^M
liui^eite, 340.
MalaoaUtfN 2U.
MaaoDite, 604. ^H
Linsencrz, 667.
Maleom, Malakon, 276.
Massicot, 136, ^^M
Linseukupferj 56 1.
Maltha, 728.
MaUock:c«, no. ^H
Lifwirite, 12a.
Malthiidte, 468.
MauOite, t. liibradonli. 1
Ltrotx>Qite, 6Ct.
MacnuQite, 643.
Me^idit^, 667. J
^^K LitlioosphoruB^ 616.
Mandela to, 678.
MeerecliauiD, 46«. ^H
^^M Lithiougiiizimer, 314.
Megabaaile. 604. ^H
^H LithioQite^ 314.
Mangan, Eohlensaurea, 691.
Megnbromiie, 115. ^^
^H L i t h o^apliio Stone, 679.
Mangaoamphibole, 226.
Melil-Zeohth. 42l>, 4;S0. ]
^m Litlinamrge, 460, 47», 475, 480.
MaDgaubleude, 46.
Meiouite, 318. ^J
^M iu 276.
Manga nepidote, 286.
Melacouites 136, 804. ^M
^H i V aite, 242, 496.
MaDtrauerz, Grauer, 165, 170.
Melanasphiilt, 753l ^^M
^H Ljliugite, 77; 76.
KupferbultlgOB, 166.
Mebiiicldor, 543. ^H
^^J^^ Lomouite, 399.
Prism atoidiscbes, 171,
Melancbrm. 744. tSdl ^M
^^^^BT Lonchldite, 76.
Schwaraer, 162.
MebweUite, 760. ^
^^^^BXcq>tioite, 50 U
MaDganese, Oiyd, 162, 163»
MelaogUmsc. 9. Stepht<e. 1
^^^^■Xotfllite, 216.
165. 166.
Melanhyiini. 4&3. ^^^J
W L^woitij, Loveite, 643.
HTdrous oxyda, 162, ItO,
Mehuiite, 261. ^^^H
1 Lowigite, 659.
'180.
Melanochrotie, IS30,^^^H
W Loxodafie, Hd3.
Areeniuret, 61.
MebmoUte, 490. ^^^1
L LacuUite^ Lxicwlkn, 677.
Black, 163.
Melanteria, 64& ^^^H
^^H^^Lumnch^Ue, 679.
Bog, 181.
Mdaoterite, 646» ^6^^^^
^^^^HLuumt«,
Carbonate, 691,
MeliHU?, MeUiUte^SSO; 7Ml J
^^^^HXupus caetalbrnm, 29.
Chlorid, 122.
Melinite, 477. ^J
^^^H^jctmia, 188, 147.
Cupreous, 181«
MeliDophaDe, 263, ^^M
^^^^^ELjdian stone^ 195w
Earthy, 181.
Meliphaoite, 2es. ^H
^^^^K^jellite, 665.
Gray. 166.
Mellat^ofalumma^lia 1
^^^^^Xyueurium, 272, 740.
Phosphate, 641, 643.
Mellito. 750. J
^ LythrodDi, 479.
Red, 226.
Melinoae, 601. ^H
^^H
Silicates, 225, 260.
Melonlta, SOU ^H
^^^hM^"^^^ ^^1-
Sulphid, 46, 64.
Melopaite, 478, ^H
^^^pMa^^ltimito, 316, 363.
Manganeae^Ore, Brachytypoua,
Meoaccanite, 143. ^^H
^^^^■r iLigtieferrite, 152.
168.
MeD»^*'r7 - >c ^^^^H
^H Magnesia, Pure, 685.
Priatnutic, 165.
^^H
^H Borat4^ 595.
Pyramidal, 162.
^^H
^^K Carbonate, 685.
Manganase alum, 55S.
Meii^ ii5. ^^H
^H Otilorid, IIS, 110, 122.
Manganese spar, 226.
Menu 539. ^H
^^^B Fliiopbo»phate, 53S.
Manganglouz, 46.
Menilite, ^^H
^^m Fluoeilic&tc, :i63.
MeuDige. 163. ^^M
^H Hydrate, 175.
Maagauite, 170,
Mercure argeotftl, 13. ^^|
^^B Hydro-carbonate^ 707.
Mangankit^sel, 225.
aumir4 ^. ^M
^^H Native, 175.
Mangmikupfererz, 166.
ioduri UT. ^H
^V Kitrate, 593.
Mangaukupferoiyd, 166.
Mercujy, Antiicioiuto^ Mi^^|
^y Sulphate, 643.
Mangaaocaldte, 697 ; 678.
AmalgBin, 18, ^^|
MugueBia alum, 653.
Man^ nopal, v. OpaL
GhloHd. at, ^M
Uagneaian Umestooe, 682,
Manganscliauni^ 181.
Horn* 111. ,^H
pbarmaeoIiteL 544.
ilugn^aie hydrate©, 176.
Manganspath, 691.
Iodid,117. ,^^H
MaraamolitG, 43.
Native 18L ^^^1
carboQat4e, 686.
Marble, 670.
S^letiid. 66L ^^^H
uitratee, 593.
Verd- antique, 678.
Sulphid, 65. n
pbOBpbfltiSe, 688.
Marcasite, 75; <>2, 800,
Merda di Piarolo, 746. J
Magn66initre, 593.
Marccline, 163, 22ft.
McH 55. ^m
Magnesioferrite, 162.
Marcylite, 137; 121.
Men. ^M
MaSnoait^, 685 ; 466.
Mare kan lie, v, Peartatoae.
Moroxtue, ;>U4. ^^1
iLignetelaengtem, 149.
Margarite, 606; 489.
MeaiUna. Meaitltcv 487; <^H
Mii|Brttotia, 461.
Margarodite, 487 ; 310.
MaaitmapaUip 687. ^^H
Magnetic iron ore, 149.
MariaUte, 336; 332.
Meaolev 424. ^^H
Mai^uetic pyritoa, 68.
MarioDite, 711.
Meeollo, 431. ^^^1
Mag^Detite, 149, 800.
Marl, 679.
Meaolita 43a. ^H
Magnetkies, 68.
Marmatite, 48.
M«80typ«, 424, 42^ ^^^^H
GENERAL INDSZ.
819
Meflotype epoint^, 415.
KeaBingbluthe, 712.
Metabrushite, 668.
Ketaohlorite, 603.
Hetazite, 466.
Ifetaxoite, 494.
Waaeyie, 328, 369.
Miar^^te, 88.
Mica Groap, 801.
ICica, Hexagonal, 804.
Lithia, 814.
Oblique, 309.
Rhombic, 802.
Ilica des peintres, 24.
Hioapictoria, 24.
Mica schist, 859. •
Micaphait, 371.
MicareUe, 324.
liicbaelite, 199.
ICichaelsoDite, 289.
Miorobromite, 116.
liioroclio, 855.
Hicroooamic salt, 551.
Illcrolite, 513.
Middletonito. 745.
Miemite, 682.
Miesite, 586.
Hikroklio, 856.
HiUerite, 56.
ICiloschiD, MUoschite, 510.
Himetene, Mimetite, 587.
^ Mimetese, Mimeteaite, 537.
Mineral caoutchouc, 734^
coal, 753.
charcoal, 765.
oU, 728, 728, 737.
pitch, 728, 761.
resin, 789-747.
tallow, 781.
tar, 728.
wax, 727, 730.
I Minium, 168; 56.
' Mirabilite, 636.
Miaenite, 615.
Miapickel, 78.
> Misjr, 655 ; 645, 660.
Misaonite, 325.
Mocha Stone, 195.
^ Modumite,71.
I Mohsino, 76, 77.
Mohaite, 143.
MoUit, 672.
Molochites, 713.
Molybdanbleispath, 607.
Moljbd&nglanz, 82.
Moljbd&nochre, 185.
MolybdinsUber, 82.
Moljbdateoflead, 607.
Molybdateofiron, 186.
Moljbdena, sulphid o( 32.
Moljbddne sulfur^ 82.
Molybdenite, 82.
Molybdio ochre, 186.
silTer, 32.
Mdybdine, Molybdite, 185.
Molysite, 118.
Monazite, 689.
Monazitoid, 689.
Mondstein, v. Moonstone.
Monheimite, v. Eapnite.
Monimolite, 546.
Monophan, 443.
Monradite, 221, 406.
Monrolite, 878.
Montanite, 668, 801.
Monticellite, 255.
Montmartite, 687.
Montmorillonite, 469.
Moonstone, 347; 360, 362, 640.
Morasterz, 172, 174, 178.
Mordenite, 446.
Morenoeite, 648.
Moreenetite, 409.
Mornite, 841.
Moronolite, 660.
Moroxite, 630.
Morrenite, 439.
Moeandrite, 295.
Mossottite, 694.
Mountain green, 713.
cork, 234.
leather, 234.
Muldan, 853.
Muller's glass, 199.
MuUerine, Mullerite, 8^
Mullicite, 656.
Mundic, 62.
Murchisonite, 852.
Muriacite. 621.
Muromontite, 289.
Murrhina, 194.
MuscoTite, 309, 801.
Muscovy glass, 809.
Miisenito, v. Siegenite.
Mussite, 214, 702.
Myelin, 378.
Mysorin, 716.
Nacrlte,809; 465,473.
Nadeleiaenen, 169.
Nadelers, 100.
Nadelstein, 694.
Nadelzeolith, 426.
Nagyagererz, 82.
Nagyagite, 82.
Naphtha, 723.
Naphthadll, 734.
Naphthaline, 727, 738.
Nasturan, «. Pitchblende.
Natrocalcite, 677.
NatroUte,426; 824.
NatroUte, Iron, 426.
Natron, 705.
alaun, 653.
salpeter, 692.
Natroborocalcite, 698.
Natronapodomeii, 346b
Nanmannite, 39.
Necronite, 362.
Needle ore, 100.
Needle spar, v. Aragonite.
Needleatone, 426.
Nefelina, 327.
Neft-gQ, 734.
Nemalite, 176.
Neoctese, 674.
NeoUte, 406.
Neoplaae, 657.
Neotokite, 491.
Neotype, 678.
NepheHne, 327.
Nephelite, 327.
Nephrite, 288; 287, 290, 292,
801.
Nephelindoleryte, 828.
Nertschinskite, 476.
NeuroUte, 482.
Newjanskite, 12.
Newkirkite, 171.
Nicoolite, 60.
Nickel, Antimonial, 61.
Anenate, 561 ; 548.
Arsenical, 60, 72.
Bismuth, 47.
Carbonate, 710.
Copper, 60.
Emerald, 710.
Hydrate, 710.
Oxyd, 134.
Silicate, 404, 471, 510.
Sulphate, 648.
Sulphid, Sulphuret, 66.
White, 77.
Nickel glance, 72.
green, 560.
ochre, 560.
Btibine. 78.
vitriol, 64&
Nickel & cobalt, Arsenate oC^
660.
Nickel t iron, Sulphuret or
Sulphid 0^ 47.
Nickelantimonglanz, 73.
Nidcelarsenikglanz, 72.
NUdLekursenikkies, 72.
NiokelblQthe, 560.
Nickel^ans, 72.
Nickel-Gynmite, 471.
Nickeliferous gray antimony, 78.
Nickeline, 60.
Nickelkies, 66.
Nickelooker, 560.
Nickelosvdul, 184.
Nickelflpieaagianaerg, 73.
Nickelwismuthglanc, 47.
Nioopyrite, 47.
Nierenatein, 238.
Nigrine, 169.
Niobite, 616.
NiphoUte, 128.
Nitratine, 692.
Nitre, 692.
Nitrocaldte, 693.
Nitromagneaite, 693.
Nontronite^ 461.
■ 9 - ^ '
"P - *.Z3fc«^ ' - -
1
820
GENERAL VXUS^
J
Noralitc, 236.
OrpinieQt, 27.
Penile. 682. ^H
Pegmatoliie, ^% ^^1
KordeDakioldito, 2S8.
Orthite, 286.
Nofdmarkito, 389,
Ortb^lBBO, 362, 803.
Pck-tclkL. 396. ^^1
Noseao, Nosio, Nosite, 338.
OrLhoBO, 352.
$601 ^H
Notite, 484.
Ofierakite, 004.
^H
NuBsioritep 636.
Osmeltte, 396.
^H
NutUdUte, 318.
OsmiridiniQ, 12.
p ^H
Otieoooik, 680.
P4:^v^^^^ ^iij^ ^^^^
ObBidmn, 359.
08U>otite» 630.
Fifoaioe^ P^nintta^ 431^^1
Ochrau, 477,
OBtnimie, 278.
Ptoniso. 706. ^^H
Odbr^ AxiUmonjj 187, 188,
Ottwlit©, 506.
Bsntaklaait, 318. ^H
Biiimuth, 135.
Onvarovite, 270*
Pcnttlandlte, 41. ^^|
Brown, 172.
Owenite, 607.
P. ^1
Chrome, 610.
Oracalcite, 718.
W 1
IroD, UO,
Ozftlibe, 718.
Pt:^i .viu^-, I izrieMi% li^^l
Mol/bdic, 186.
Oshaverite, 416.
Peridot, 25e, let ^^H
Plumbic, 1S6.
Ourkite, 424; 829.
Peridoto biimoOi 2&& ^^H
B«d, UO, 167.
Ozocerite, Ozokerit, t32j 72%
Periklan, lOL ^H
Tantalic, IBS.
731, 733.
PeiikHn, ^40. ^H
Telluric, 188.
^H
Tungfltic, 186.
Pachnollte, 129.
5(Mw ^H
Uranic 088*
Padte, 81.
PuriiL, ^^^H
Yellow, 172.
Paederoa^ 198.
Perbtein, 869. ^^1
Yitriol, 662.
Pagodit©, 480; 484.
Pertbite^ 366. ^^1
Ochroito, 413.
Ockergelb, 17a.
Pai5b€^t«. 226.
Pakeo-K»trolitb, 426,
P^TO&kite, 146. ^H
Octahedrite, 161.
Palagooite, 483 ; 222,802.
V.r ^M
QdoutoHto. 680.
Paligorektte. 406.
^H
(Ellachente, 489.
Palladium, Native, 12.
Petnneu wocid, 19<l. ^^B
(Eratedite. 275.
PaUfldlyai fgcA^ 4.
Petroiene. 729, 76L 1
Ogooite, 603,
Panabane, 100.
Petroleum, 72^ ^^
Oil, G^neso© or Seneca, 726.
Paraooluiubite, 143.
Petrosilez, 340, 368. ^H
Oisanite, 161, 281,
Paradoacitej 363.
PeilkoiUv 631. ^^1
Okenite, 398.
PanfOii, 730.
PetuDtso, 47 5v ^^H
Oktibehite, 16.
Paragonite, 48T.
Petzite, 5L ^^1
Olnfit, 349.
ParaJogite, 3^6.
Pfaffite. 91. -^H
Oli^at Iron, 140.
P^UTilunimite, 6(?].
Pfeifeustem, t% QUliam^^H
OUgoclflw, 346,
Parauthind, Pafaiitbite> 818;
Pb«X)liie, 4*4. ^^^
OiigokbuiUbit, 849.
319.
PhjiVtlfiQ, 469. 1
Oligon spar, 688,
Parasite, 696.
PhariDaGoUie, 564; (44.^^J
Oljgophyre, 348.
PanstObite, 444.
PharniakochaJdl, 6dl. ^^H
Oliveachalcit, 663.
Parathorite, 763.
Pbartnarnfiideritei ft78. ^^^H
OUveDora, 568, 578.
PargaBite, 285.
Pi ecakit 361 V
OUvenite, 664.
Parieite, 70S,
p^ m
Olivine, 257.
Parophite, 479.
V\ull^Y^lu\ >i.s8» ^^^H
Omphacit, 223.
Partschio, PartAchuiitd, 893.
Phlogcpite, 803. ^H
Onegite, 169.
Partsite, 188.
PhcatuGLie, 630. ^H
Onooain, 480,
Passauite, 824.
Pb<BiiikQdm>tto. eSOi ^H
Onofnte, 66, 802.
Pastreite, 666.
PbcBfltixi^ 309. ^H
Onjx, 196,' 680.
Pateraile, 608.
PhotoHte. 472, 478; 431 ■
Oolite, 679.
Patrinite^ 100.
PbODile^ 827. J
■ OoBite, 480,
PatterBonlte, SOL
Pbooo^^ 869. ^^1
■ 0|»al, 198.
Pauht, 209.
Phoagenito, 708. ^^1
■ Opftl-allophane, 42L
Pa«it SI.
Pho^bid qC ifoft aad 8iflM
■ 2p?^™*^^ 2'^'
Ptearl-mica, 608. ,
PlKM|kbooafft% S39. V
H OphioBte, 466.
Pearl sinter, 199.
■ Ophite, 464 1 468.
Pearl-epar, 682 ; 685.
PboapborbH r. Pj iiillJ
H Opsimos^, 511.
Pearlstone, 859.
H Or natif, 3.
Peastone, v. PInnlite.
PboephorguBimitav 173. 1
■ ^ graphique, 81,
Pechblende, Pechert, 154.
PlK^pbonie, 6^a ■
H Orangite, 413.
PediikobH 76&
Plioapliofkyplbravi, 56\ jttfl
H Oravii^te, 477.
FediopiJ, 198.
PhcaphocmMi^ 66«. ^li^H
H Orleholcit©, 712.
FMshitoin, 869.
Photieita, tn. ^H
■ Omitbite, 568.
Pechuran, 164.
Photlxit, 331. ^^1
W~
PoctoUte, 396.
Pbo«olit«, $96L ^H
GENEBAL INDEX.
821
Phrenitoid, 326.
Phthanyte, 195.
Phyllite, 50B.
Phylloretin, 731 ; 736
Physalite, 376.
Piauzite, 76S.
Pickeringite, 653.
Picotite, 147.
Picranalcime, 433.
Picrofluite, 512.
Picrolite, Pikrolit, 466.
Picromerite, 642.
Picropharmacolite, 654.
Picropliyll, Pikropbyll. 220, 406.
Picrosmine, Pikrosmin, 405.
Picrotanite, 144.
Picrotephro'te, 269.
Picrothoinsonite, 426.
Picryte, 258.
Piclite, 383.
PiddiDgtonite, 23*2.
Piedmontite, 285.
Pierre grasse, 827.
Pigotite, 750.
Pihlite. 455.
PUflenite, 32.
Pimelite, 510.
Pinguite, 461.
Pinite, 479 ; 301.
Pinitoid, 480.
Piotine, 472.
Pipestone, v. Catlinite.
Pirenait, 269.
Pirop, 267.
Pisauite, «46.
Pisolite, 679.
Pissophane, Pissophanite, 661.
Pistadte, Pistazit, 281.
Pistomesite, 688.
Pitch, Mineral, 728, 761.
Pitchblende, 154; 179.
Pitchstone, 3.^9.
Pitchy iron ore, 689.
Pitkarandite, 221. 4i)fl, 452.
Pittasphalt, 751.
Pitticite, Pittizit, 689.
Pittinerz, 175.
Pittinite, 175.
Pittolium, 728.
Plagioclase, 802.
Plagionite, 89.
Planerite, 576.
Plasma, 194.
Plaster of Paria, 637.
Plata azul, 804.
bismutal, 36.
cornea, 116.
verde, 115, 116.
Platinum, Native, 10.
Platiniridium, 11.
Plattnerite, 167.
PlatyophthalmoD, 29.
Pleonaste, 147.
Plessite, 73.
Pleurodase, 538.
Plinian, 80.
Plinthite, 477.
Plomb antimouie sulfure, 96, 99.
arseniate, 5:h7.
carbonat^ 700.
chloro-carbonate, 703.
chlorur^, 117, ll'.>, 120.
chroraat^ 628, 630.
hydro-alumineux, 677.
molybdat^ 607.
natif, 17.
oxychloriodnr^, 120.
oxid^ 136, 163.
seleniur^ 42, 44.
sulfate, 622.
sulflire, 40.
Plombgomme, 577.
Plombierite, 802.
Plumbelne, 42.
Plumbago, 24.
Plumbic ochre, 136.
Plumbocalcite, 678.
Plumbogummite, 67.7.
Plumboresinite, 677.
Plumbostib, 99.
Rumbum candidum, 17.
nigrum, 17.
Plumites, 91.
Plumose ore, 91.
Plumosit, 91.
Poikilit, 44.
Poikilopyrite, 44.
Poiz minerale, 728.
Polianite, 166.
Pollacite, Pollux, 249.
Polyadelphite, 268.
Polyargite, 480 ; 340.
Polybasite, 107.
Polycrase, 628.
Polychroilite, •185.
Polychrom, 635.
PolyhaUte, 641.
Polyhydrite, 493.
Polykras, 623.
Polylite, 216.
Polymignyte, 623.
Polysphffirite. 635.
PolyteUte, 104; 101, 804.
Polyien, lu.
Poonahlite, 428.
Porcelain clay, 473.
Porcelain spar, 324.
Porcellophite, 464.
Porphyry, 359.
Porpezite, 4.
Porricin, v Pyroxene.
Portite, 468.
Porzellauerde, 473.
Porzelanit, 324.
Portor, 679.
Potash alum, 662.
Potash, Muriate, 111; 116.
Nitrate, 692.
Sulphate, 614^ 616.
Potassium, chloiid, 111, 118.
Potstone, 451.
Pounxa, v. Borax.
Prase, 194.
Prasin, 568.
PraseoUte, 486; 801.
Prasilite, 603.
Predazzite, 708.
Pregattit, 487.
Prehnite, 410.
Prehnitoid, 326.
Preunnerite, 677.
Prochlorite, 501.
Prosopite, 130.
Protheite, 216.
Protobastite, 208.
Proustite, 96.
Prussian blue. Natire, 668.
Przibraroite, 169; 48.
Psathyrit, 742.
Psaturose, 106.
Pseudoalbite, 344.
Pseudoapatite, 631.
Pseudogalena, 48.
Pseudomalachit, 668.
Pseudonepheline, 327.
Pseudolibethenit, 663.
Pseudophite, 49a
Pseudo&ommite, 327.
Pseudotriplite, 642.
Psilomelane, 180.
Psimythite, 624.
PteroUte, 808.
Puflerite, 441.
Pumice, 369.
Purple copper, 44.
Puschkinite, 281.
Pycnite, 876.
PyraUolite, 220, 406,461.
Pyrantimonite, 186.
Pyrargillite, 486.
Pyrargyrite, 94.
Pjrrauxite, 454.
Pyreneite, 268.
Pyrgom, 216.
Pyrite, 62, 802.
Pyrites, Arsenical, 78; 76.
Auriferous, 62.
Capillary, 66.
Cellular, 76.
Cockscomb, 75.
Copper, 66.
Erubescent, 44.
Hepatic, 76.
Hydrous, 76.
Iron, 62.
Magnetic, 68; 67.
Prismatic Iron, 76, 76.
Radiated, 76.
Spear, 76.
Tin, 6a
Variegated, 44.
White iron, 76.
Pyraurito, 179.
Pyrochlore,612; 618.
Pjrochroite, 177.
829
0KKZEAL IHPBX^
Fjrofrniinitei 5X&»
PjToBieliitic, md,
1*5 rofiiorme, 6ift.
f yrnphjaidilie, 3t6,
rjroreiiu, 744^ 145.
I'yroreLiuit©, 744,
Pyroeiderite, 16R.
PjT£*«rualite, 414.
PjToslilpDitcv *;*3»
PjTutfJclmitc, CIS.
PyroiEeiijle, 2i40, U^.
Pyrrbnlito, iwO.
Pyrrliot ilk rite, 169.
PyrrLoliue^ iT.
FjrrbotiU^, 59; 6tj S03.
Ferrusrinoui. 103-
Grautilnr, 1^5.
necnqae, 199.
rcsinUe, IDS.
Q ueek sll bcrl iib 1 an, 101.
QLJe«.'ksUU'rbraa«ier^ TAB ; 05.
Q.uecksill>erboriierz, 111,
Qu^cksilberbbererz, &5.
Quick siWef, STa^Fe, 13.
Antimonlte, 547.
Chloriti, 111.
ilorn, HI.
loditi, 117.
Bulpbwret^ 56,
Sek-nsd, he.
Babonglimraer, 314.
Ritdflulte. 341.
Biidelera, 9(i.
HfwHated p^rite*, 73,
Endlotlt©, 426.
Rulitite, 4B.
EaimoddUe, &5G.
Eftmmel»tM*rgnte^ 77; TO.
Efii^diiriEte, 199.
li.'iiaar.jirK HIS.
Ro&fJioiseiiBtciD, 172, 174, ITS,
Pui^tolytta, J fee.
f^iMjnltte, HK6.
liittitkU, 12;i.
Hwulikfdk, eo*i.
htkiuuiit, 4a&,
Bitttsc^lb, 3d, ST,
IU:utoitif)«tii* f is.
EaeoQiDDffkklii, 400.
EeAlgSLTf Sfi.
Bed antimoDr, 18*»
ckalk, 14L
copper ope» 138,
hematite, 140.
iron or©, HO.
iron vitrkl, (jST.
l&ad orc^ 328.
OChF&^ 1 41, 167*
eilver on?^ !)4, 4*0.
ntriol^ 647,
adno orc^ iJio.
Reddle^ 14L
HedrnTbita 52.
Reicliite, 377.
Rd^&fldieriti?, 181,
RtMS*blej. 24.
Refdiiiiskite. S^X
Remiuiftomte, ill.
UemolmWe, 12L
EeiiS8elfljerite» 45 L
Ee^lTAllum, 2fi^ 27.
Reeitii Mtneral, eta, 739-747.
lligligRte, 7;i9,
Bet toil sphait^ 74S.
RctlTjulhe, 4 154
Eetindlfte, 743.
EntiiJie Ad(i, T4fl.
Rc^ilnita, 7:*9 s 7S3,
EcFtabunyiW. !00,
Retxite, r. ^Kd^ylTorilto.
ReiiBsiij, G37.
ReuBsitiit*), 744.
Rlmiiiilfce, 376.
RbcKUdoBOj (347*
MiodiiliE©, 46'),
Rbodiiim gold, 4t»
Rbodizitc, ay*?.
Rbodoehrome, 405.
Ehodochroaitef 60L
HbodolQl, 6dS.
Rhodonite, 225.
Rbodopfaylbte, 495.
Rhomb0tigl]iniiic>r, 302, S04.
Rbomb'trKir, 682.
Rbynccillte, K52.
Ripfimouditc?, 803,
Richterite, 234; 215.
ELi?mttiitiUe, 419.
Ripidolite, 497 j 501.
Riaig^allura, 20.
Rittingi-ritc. 94.
Rook eprk, i'. Homblenda
erv'^tal luS.
meal, OBO.
milk, 1580.
Srtlt. 112.
SOtkp, 478.
RocliIsQdite, t. Serpentine.
RotldL^dority, 144.
Roemtirite, 655*
Rcj&ralerite^ £$$.
Rohwaiidf Sift.
Eogensfeifi, 979.
BooiemfiL Itoo9tt«, S4T.
RijAchg^w*rb«, 1«^
Ri>»e quartK, 19^
Roselite, (mVO.
EoB<>llaii, r. Eoefte-
ao«itfe,^40; »&. 4^iL
B0lhbr!iiiri«tc4& SiSw
Boi biifieeii^rz, I40«
Roiht?r TitriqS^ iH7.
Rc^tbgultig^rm d4. 9C
RoUikuprerf'n^ jl^
Er4,h]iiekQlkkfl. Ikft.
EothoOii. 2«&
Bothipieu^Bsefv, 19flL
Bovhspieagbi^i-n, 1S«.
Rothflnkerx, laS.
RijtLisltp, 471*
Eubellaa, 3(4.
RuheEtte^ aes,
RubtnU-, I:j3.
Eubioelie^ 14*.
Rubin, nil*.
RubiubWade^ 91.
RubliigHnjm^r, 170.
Bubv, Spinel D«k«, Aloattliiii
147.
Qrietitftl. 13&
EiaV-l4eTiib^. D4..
Ruby 6dr.>r, l*t. 9«,
Ruby suipbur, v. Eff>«]gsJ'«
Riitheduin, Sulpliupet, 71.
Rutborfoplite, 526.
Enlile, 159.
Bjiu3oltle, Sb%
8icchantc, 344.
Saffiorite, 70.
SaMite, 215.
8a] aiua(ioBia(% 1 14.
gemme, 1J2.
SalamBtein, i*. Sappbiit
Saldacjte^ fi49.
feibnarcj 112.
Solmiak. 114.
Suit, Comtdori, UlL
Saltpeter, b92.
Salts of Iron, 750,
SalzkupcrerSi 1x1.
SamurEkile, 520.
Samka Berih, 473.
Sammetbknde, 1S9.
Samoite, 47a
3amto(9eiiert» l^%
Sandifaca, 2<l»
Sandbergerites lOC
Sandfitone^ 195.
ganidK H^'^S-
igapotilL^*, 47^; 4^
GEIYEBAL INDBZ.
Sappare, 375.
Sapphire, 188.
d'eau, 299.
Sapphirioe, 891.
Sapphlrus, 331.
SarcoUte, 317, 436.
Sard. 194.
Sard achates, 195.
Sardinian, 622.
Sardonyx, 195.
Sartorite, 87. -
Saspachite, 447.
Sassolite, Sassolin, 594.
Satin spar, 637, 678.
Satersborgite, 76.
Sanalpit, 290.
Saussurite, 290 ; 821, 341.
Saustcin, 677.
Savite, 426.
Saynite, 47.
Scarbroite, 421.
Scapolite Group, 817.
Sehaalstein, 210.
Schabaait, 434.
Schapbachite, 86.
SchatzeUit HI.
Schanmspath, 678.
Scheelblcispath, 606.
Scheelin calcaire, 605.
ferrugine, 601.
Scheelite, 605, 803.
Scheelitine. 606.
Scheelsaure, 186.
S<'heelpaures blei, 606.
ScheelHpath 605.
Schcerorite, 727.
Schofferite, 215, 242.
Schieferspath, 678.
Schilfglaserz, 93.
SchiUer-Bpar. 469; 209, 210,
221.
Schilleretein, 221.
Schlanitc, 745.
^ Schmebsteiu, 326.
Schmirgel, 139.
Sclineiderite, 890.
Schonit, 642.
Schorl, 205, 865.
Schorl rouge, 159.
Schorlartiger beril, 876.
SchorUte, 877.
Schorlomite, 890.
Schoraa, 281.
Schrcibersite, 61.
Schriilerz, Schrift-tellur, 81.
Schnitterito, 421.
Schulzit, 105.
Schuppenstein, 316.
Schiitzit, 619.
Schwarzbraunstein, 162.
Schwartzembergite, 120.
Schwarzerz. 46, 100, 106.
Schwarzgiltigerz, 101, 106.
Schwarzmanganerz, 162.
Sobwarzspieasglaaerz, 96.
Schwatzite, 101.
Schwefel, Natiirlicher, 20.
Schwefelantimonblei, 99.
Schwefelkies, 62.
Schwefelkobalt, 47.
Schwefelnickel, 66.
Schwefelquecksilber, 55.
Schwefelsiure, 614.
Schwefelsilber, 38, 51.
Schwerbleierz, 167.
Schwerspath, 616, 619.
Schwerstein, 605.
Schweruranerz, 154.
Schwimrokieael, 199.
Scleretinite, 744.
Scleroclase, 87, 92.
Soolecite, 428.
Anhydrous, 361.
Scolexerose, 361.
Soorodite, 574.
Soorza, 281.
Scotiolite, 489.
Scoulerite, 424.
Sebesite, 238.
Seeerz, ». Limonita
Seifenstein, 472.
Seladouite, 463.
Selbite, 804.
Selenblei, 42.
Selenbleikupfer, 48.
Selenbleispath, 669.
Selenite, 637.
Selenkobaltblei, 43.
Selenkupfer, 46. '
Selenkupferblei, 48.
Selenkupfersilber, 39.
Seleomercur, 66.
Selenpalladium, 12.
Selenquecksilber, 56.
Selenquecksilberblei, 44.
Belenschwefelqaecksilber, 66.
Selensilber, 39.
Selensulphur, 21.
Selwynite, 509.
S^m^line, 383.
Semi-opal, 199.
Senarmontite, 184.
Seneca oil, 725.
Sepiolite, 456.
Serbian, 510.
Sericite, 487.
Sericolite, v. Satin gpar.
Serpentine, 464, 804.
Severite, 476; 460.
Seybertite. 508.
Sexangulites, 42.
Shepardite, 62.
Siberite, 365.
Sicilian ite, 619.
Sideretine, 589.
Siderite, 688; 193,671
Sideritis, 149.
Sideroborine, 600.
Siderochalcit, 670.
Siderochrome, 153.
Sideroclepte, 258.
Siderocoiiite, 676.
Siderodot, 688.
Sideroferrite, 16.
Sideromelane, 360.
Sideroplesite, 688.
Sideroschisolite, 504.
Siderosllicite, 484.
Siderose, 688.
SiderotanUl, 514.
Sideroxene, 762.
Siegelerde, 458.
Siegelstein, 149.
Siegenite, 68, 69.
Sienite, 240, 359.
Silber, (rediegen, 9.
Silberamalgam, 13.
Silberfahlerz, 101.
Silberglanz, 38,
BiegRamer, 65.
Silberglas. 38.
Silberhomerz, 114.
Silberkupferglanz, 54.
SilberphylliDglanz, 83.
Silberspiessglanz, 86.
Silberwismnthglanz, 36.
Silex, 189.
Silice gelatineuse, v. Hyalite.
Silicified wood, 196.
Siliceous sinter, 195.
Silicite, 841.
Silicoborocalcite, 598.
Sillimanite, 378.
Silvanite, 81 ; 19.
Silver, Antimonial, 85.
Antim. sulphuret, 93, 94^
Arsenical, 85.
Bismuthic, 86.
Black, 106.
Brittle sulphuret, 106.
Bromic, 116.
Carbonate, 804
Chlorid, 114.
Clilorobroroid, 115.
Cupreous sulphuret, 54.
l^lexible sulphuret, 56.
Gray (FreieslebeniteX 93.
Horn, 114.
Iodic, 117.
Muriate, 114.
Native, 9.
Red. or Ruby, 94, 96.
Selenic, 39.
Sulphuret, 38, 51.
Sulphuret of Copper and,
54.
Telluric, 50.
Vitreous, 38.
Silver glance, 38.
Silver ore. Brittle, 106.
Flexible, 56.
Red, or Ruby, 94, 96.
Sinopite. 477.
Sinter, Siliceous, 196, 199.
Sismoodine, 504.
^H ^^^^1
GENERAL INDEX.
^H
^^H SisaerBWito, 12.
Spiauicrlt, 59.
Btinkkoble. 74$. ^^|
^^M Skapolith, 31B.
3piegelglao2, 32.
Stimmi, 1!9. ^^1
^^H 8k!erok1a8, 87, 92.
Spiesglaozsaber, 35.
Stin'-— ^ t^.Tt. ^H
^^H Skogbolit, 514.
Spiessgfauz, Gedreg<;ti, 18.
^H
^^m Skolezit, 428.
SpiessglaoEOcher, 187.
StoL_.:., ^H
^^H SkoIoixsHe, 833.
Spbeglanzweisa, 184,
StrablbfiiTt, 61C ■
^^m Bkorodit, 574.
BpiesBgUasbtei, 9G.
StrablptikTipfbr, 57 O. 1
^^H Skiitterudite, 7L
Bpiesa^Unzblo&de, 180.
Str^ 11. ■
^^H Slate-spar, 678.
Spiesglaa, 18.
Str I
^^B Sloauite, 446.
Spiesflglaserz, 29.
Str. :?l, 581 I
^^H*' Smaltlce, Smallite, 70.
Spfea^flaswlber. 35.
Str::l,I,-^ ■
^^K Smaragdua, 240, 581.
Spflyte, 352.
Str 406, m
^^m Bmaragdite. 215, 2S5.
.Spinel 147.
StT it, ■
^^H Smaragdochalcit, 121, 401.
Sspint^l ruby, 147.
str a
^^H Smectite, 458; 475.
SpineJlan, 33.1.
^m
^^B Smelite, «. Kaolin.
Spinelle zincifere, 149.
^M
fimli^l, 138,
SpiiUhere, 38«.
- -t^H
Bmithsonite, 6&2; 407.
Spodumene. 22 S.
TH
Smjris, 139.
Soda, 346.
Sir ''^^
Soaniraito, 316.
Sp reus tern, -426.
1
Soapstooe, 461, 472.
Spffxl^lajizcn^ 106.
Str J
. BcxJa, Borate of, 597.
Sprodglaserz, If ►6; 107
Str itok 618v M
Carbonate of, 705 ; 706.
Sprudelstem, 696.
Str M
Mimateof, UX
Stafl'elite, 534.
^^M
Nitrate oi; 592.
Stahlkobalt, 72.
^^M
1^ Sulphate, 615; 636.
Stablsteiu, 68S.
^H
■ Soda olum. 053.
Stalactite, 071^.
'j^M
^H Sodfi c^jpperns, v. Jarosfte.
Stalagmite. 07 9.
^H
^m Soda tiitro, 592.
SUnokite, 745.
^M
^K Soda spo<]unieQe, S46.
Stangenachorl Weisaer. 876.
Sii' .4«. ^H
H Sodaitc, 324.
Stangeuapatb, 610.
Su '; 266. ^H
■ Sv^dalile, dm.
Stan^i.*n8teiii^ 376.
8uc 748. ^H
^m Sadhira, Chlorid, 112.
8taDnTu<>, Stautijtei 68.
Suiptiatir'.', r^t4. ^^H
^H Siitiiiontte, p. Corundum.
Stantiite, 159.
Sulphur. KadTCy 20. ■
^B Soirdtante, e4f>, 6^3.
St4in«ait. 371.
S.-i[f-.nio 2L 1
H Sombrcnte, 635.
Stas.'^lbrtit 6»5.
Si^l ' '1,614. 1
■ Bomervilljte, 280, 40'i.
Staurolit*, 888; 439.
Svn i, 174> ITS. M
^ft Sommite, 327.
Staurotide, 388.
SuDdvikit«>, ;^40. ^^H
^K So&QeusteLii. v. Sunstone.
Steargiliite, 459.
SaD^tone .^4 A, 355* ^^H
^A Soudst V. Suda.
Steatite?, 451, 473.
Sus ^H
■ Sordawallto, S44.
Steel oro, 6S8.
8v; 90. ^^M
■ 8or^% U5.
Steinheilite, 299.
^H
■ Soufre, 20.
Steitikohle, 754.
Sj 59. ^H
■ Spndaito, 405.
St^itiniaDQitef 41.
Sve; ^H
^H Spaiilolrto, }{>{,
Steiumnrk, 474, 475.
Sjhednu*. 44*/, W
^m Spar^elsteiu, 530.
Steinril, 723.
Sjrlvt^n. GfHl1ca%a, 19. 1
^M Sparkled, V. Speerkies.
Stoinanlr.. 112. i
Syl liffuev^L I
^B Sparrj or Spathic iron, 683.
Stellite, 396.
^} 19. ■
■ Spartaite, 6T8.
Stephonite, 106.
SviviMf. .-^vjviie^ lU 1
■ Spartalito, 135.
Stcrcorito, 551,
Sjmpleeite, 55a ■
^m SpathcIdenHi^iD, 688.
Stcmbergite, 54.
SynUisruiAliie, 235. ^J
■ Spear Pjriteg, 76.
Stetefeldtlte, 168.
Scaib^te, 594 ^H
■ SpeckstoiD, 451.
Stibi, 29,
^^H
■ Spt?cular Iron, 140.
Sttbiconite, J 88.
^^H
Siiecrkbs, 75.
Slibiae, *29,
TabOTgite, 498, 406v 49t. 1
Speasartite, 26S.
Stibiogaleolte, 59 L
Tabular 8par« 210. ^^M
Spelakobalt, Wplisaer, 70,
Stibium. 29.
Tadihjtlrite, 119. ^^1
Bpbrorite, 587.
Stiblite, Stiblith, 188.
Ta^^ivik'^a •*^^ ^^H
SphusrosideHte, (i&O.
Stibnite, 29.
Ta .275. ^H
Sphwirostilbite, 442,
StUbite, 4*3;444.
^H
Spbicnilite, 359.
Stilbit anamorphiqae, 444
Tn ^^M
SplmleritP, 48.
Bliittriger, 444.
^M
Sphouc, 383.
Stillolite, V. Opal
Taio»4oL ^^
Spheiiudasej 280.
StilpQomolaoe, 460.
TalcHipati6&, 535. I
Sphrsgidit©, Sphragid, 468.
Btilpnosiderite^ Hi.
Ttlc ptmphoriMiw, Nfl. |
OENEBAL INDBZ.
825
Talo Eographiqne, v. Oeladonite.
Talc chlorite, 600.
Talcite, 309.
Talooid, 464.
Talkeisenerz, 160.
Talkerde-Alaun, 658.
Talkspatb, 680.
Talkhydrat, 175.
Talksteinmark, 378.
Taliingite, 122.
TalloWf MiDeral, 731.
Taltalite, 365.
Tamarite, 671.
Tannenite, 86.
Tanlalic ochre, 188.
Tankito, 837.
Tantale oxyd6 yttrifSre, 619.
Tantalite, 514;. 618.
Tapiolite, 518.
Targionitej 40.
Tarnowitzite, 694.
Tasmanite, 746.
Tauriscite, 644.
Tautoklln, 685.
Tautolite, 285.
Tavistockite, 682.
Taylorite, 614.
Tecticite, 644.
Tekoretin, 735.
Telesie, 138.
Tellur, GWdiegen, 19,
Tellurbiamuth, 80.
Tellurblei, 44.
Tellure auro-argentif^re, 81.
auro-plombifi^re, 81.
natif auro-ferrifdre, 19.
Tellurgolclsilber, 61.
Telluric bismuth, 30.
Telluric ochre, 188.
Telluric silver, 60.
Tellurige saure, 188.
Tellurite, 188.
Tellurium, Bismuthic, 30, 31, 32.
Black, 82.
Foliated, 82.
Graphic, 81.
Native, 19.
White, Yellow, 81.
Tellurium glance^ v. Kagjagite.
Tellurous add, 188.
Tellursilber, 60.
TeUursilberblei, v. Sylvanite.
Tellurwismuth, 80, 81, 32.
Tengerite, 710.
Temiautite, lu4.
Tenorite, 136, 804.
Tephroite, 269.
Teratolite, 478.
Terenite, 323.
Ternarbieiens, 624,
Terre verte, 462, 468.
Teschomacherite, 706.
TesseUte, 416.
TesseraUcies, 71.
Tetartine, 348.
Tetradymite, 30 ; 31, 32, 804
Tetrahedrite, 100, 804.
Tetraphyline, 641.
Tezalith, 176.
Tezasite, 710.
ThaUieimit, 78.
Thalite, 472.
ThalUte, 281.
Tharandite, 682.
Thenardite, 616.
Thermonatrite, 706.
Thermophyllite, 466.
Thierschite, 718.
Thiorsauite, 337.
Thomaite, 697.
ThomseDolite. 129.
Thomsonite, 424; 829.
Thoneisenstein, 688.
Thonerde Sdiwefelsaure, 681,
649, 668.
Thooerdephosphat, 576.
Thorite. 418; 763.
Thraulfte, 492.
Thromboiite, 662.
Thulite, 290.
Thumite, Thummerstein, 297.
Thuringite, 607.
Tiemanuite, 66, 806.
Tile ore, 133.
Tikerodite, 43.
Tin, Native, 17.
Oxyd, 167.
8ulphuret, 68.
Tin ore, 157.
Tia pyrites, 68.
Tinder ore, 91.
Tinkal, 697.
Tinkalzit, 698.
Tirolite, 670.
Titaneisen, 148.
Tltane auatase, 161.
oxyd6, 169, 161, 164.
silico-calcaire, 883.
Titanic acid, 169, 161, 164.
iron, 148.
Titanite, 383, 806.
Tiza, V. Ulexite.
Tombasite, 72.
Topaz, 876.
False, 193.
Oriental, 138.
Topazolite, 268.
Topazos^me, 878.
Topfstein, v. Potstone, 461.
Torbanite, 742.
Torbemite, Torberite, 686.
Torrelite, 516.
Touchstone, 196.
Tourbe papyrao^ 746.
TourmaUne, 866.
Towanite, 65.
Trachyte, 369.
Traubenblei, 635.
TraverseUite, 214, 221, 406.
Travertine, 680.
Tromenheerite, 26.
Tremolite, 233.
Trichaldte, 662.
Trichlte, 806.
Trichopyrit, 66.
Triclasite, 484.
Tridymite, 806.
Trinacrite, 484.
Tripestone, 621.
Triphane, 228.
Triphyllte, Triphyline, 641.
Triplite, 643.
Triploklas, 424.
Tripolite, 199.
Tritomite, 412; 272.
Troilite, 67.
Trolloite, 677.
Trombolite, 562.
Trona, 706.
Troostite, 262.
Tscheffkinite, 887.
Tsohermigite, 661.
Tuesite, 474.
Tufa, OalcareouB, 680.
Tungstate of iron, 601.
of lead, 606.
of lime, 606.
Tungsten, 606.
Tungstic acid or ochre, 186*
Tungstite, 186.
Turgite, 167.
Tiirkis, 680.
Turmalin, 866.
Tumerite, 640.
Turquois, 680 ; 672.
Tyrite, 624.
Tyrolite, 670.
Uddevallite, 144.
Uigite, 412.
Ulexite, 598.
Ullmannite, 73.
Ultramarine, 331.
Unghwarite, 461.
Unionite, 290.
Uraoonise, Uraconite 668.
UraUte, 222.
Uralorthite, 286.
Uranatemnite, 164.
Uranbliithe, 667.
Urane oxydul^ 164.
Uraogliminer, 686 ; 686.
Urangreen, 667.
Urangriin, 667.
Urangummi, 179.
Uranin, Uraninite, 164.
Uranisches Pittin-Erz, 176.
Uranischee Ghimmi-En, 1791
Uranite, 685 ; 686.
Uranium, Carbonate, 717.
Ozyd, 154.
Phosphate, 686, 686.
Sulphate, 666, 667, 668.
Urankalk-Oarbonat* 717.
Uranmioa, 686.
^M 826 ^^^H
OESTXKAL INBEX*
^^
^^H Uranochitldte, 667.
YofgHe, S43.
Wi«muth-F' '^■^'-^'^ 86,98.
^^^1 Urantxiire, t»58.
Yulpinite, 621.
Wiamolhi
^^M (jranoniobit, 520; 154
Wismulhc^, us., 716^
^^H Uranophane, S05,
Wad, iSU
Wiamutludiber, dii.
^^H UrauotaDtal, 520.
Wagit, 407.
Winniithsrpath, 716.
^H UraDOxjd, 154
Wagoerite, 688.
^' ' .281,
^H UraDpeebers^ \U, 175, 179.
Walchowiie, 741.
ri9T,
^^" UranphyUit, 586-
Waldheimite, 242.
te WttticMte, 98,
Umnvitriol, 666.
Walkthon, Walkerde, 458.
491.
Urao, 706.
Walleriau, 2S6,
V, 174
Uriite, 5H9.
Walmetcdtite, 686,
Wtxlaokie*, i'. Ger»doriSt«r
Urpethite, ^31.
Wandstein, 685.
WoM^nt?, 261, *06L
Uwarowit, 2t0.
Warriogcomle, 664
Warwiddte, 60a
oite, 509. ^^M
Valaite. 805.
Waehingtouite^ 14S.
\i ijiii^iu-i, 601, ■^^^^H
Valeocianit©, S52.
Wasite, 806.
Wolfi-aioite, Wdlhtmitie^ €01 M
Vttlcntinite, 184.
WasaerbH »«.
186. ^M
YoDudite, 610.
Wasserbleisaber, S3.
WolfTambleten^ iOC ^^M
Vmiftdic ochre, 167.
Wosserktea, 75.
WolfHmochre, 106. ^H
Yanadmbkiera, 610.
Water, 135.
Wolfsbergite, 65; 9U ^^
Yaoadixute, 610.
Wavelltte, 676,
WoUaatonite, 210; S98. ■
Yargasite, 220,
Websterlte, 658.
WobijD, 6ia ^^M
Yariegated copper, 44
WebrHte, a2, 2M
Wood, petrified, 196. ^H
Yariolyte, 344, S59.
Weichbraunutein, 165.
Wood-opal 199. ^^M
YartBcite» 5Bi.
Weichelsenkies^ v. Waeaerkies.
Woodwardite, 666. ^^1
Vanradte, 166, 171. 182.
Weiehmaogan, 165.
WurUute, 373. ^^M
Yauqueline^ Vauquelinite, 630»
Weissbleierz, 700.
Wulfenito, 607. V
TelTet copper or&, 666.
Weisaerkiea, 75.
Wimdererde, v, Teratolite. J
Terd-antique, 465, 678.
WeiBserz, 76.
WiirrelerB, 67a _^M
Yermiculit*}, 493.
Weissgoldert, 81.
Wurfelgjpe, 621. ^H
VernjilioOt 66.
WeisBgultigeTz, 101, 104
WetaBUS, V. Soolecite,
Wurfebpath, 62 K ^H
Verrnoiitite, 78.
Wurfelzeolitb. 432, 434 ^H
Vestan, 806.
WaiBfiigite, 353.
Wnrtste^ 59. ^H
Vesuvianite, 276.
Weisaite, 301^ 485.
^^H
YesuviaD salt, 615.
Wemskupfer, 36.
Xauthitan, i^* *ntamie. ^^M
Yieraonite, 477.
Weisftkupferera, 75,
Xanthite, 274 ^H
Yillarsito, 4<)9.
Woissnickelkies, 70, 77.
XimtboGonitew lOa ^H
' YOleraite^ 262.
Weiaspiesflglaiusen, 184
Xanthokon, I'oa ^H
YUnite, 210.
WeiaaBteifi, 352.
XsntbophjUite, Soa. ^H
Yiolan. 223.
Weiaa-Sylvanera, 81.
XautbopTritea, 61. ^^H
Yitreous copper, 52.
WeissteUur, 81.
Xanthorthit, 285. ■
Sliver, 38-
Wemerite, S19; 318, 324,806.
Xanthoeiderit*?, 174; 655- M
Yitriol, Blue, 648
WLeel-ore, 96.
Xenolile. 373. ^^1
Green, 646.
Tr^liewemte, 718.
Xeaotime, 5'i8. ^^|
Lead, 622.
White aotimouy, 184
Xoualtite, 3tf7. ^^M
Nickel, 648.
amenic, 183.
XjUte, XylotiU, 404 ^M
Red, or Cobalt, 647,
copperas, 647, 650.
Xvliic'lilore, 4l6w ■■
Bed Inm. 657.
iron pyrites, 75,
it^v.aobMnrilif ■
White, or Zanc^ 647.
lead ore, 7oO.
u^74t. ■
Yitnolgelb, 660.
nickel, 77.
■
Yitriol ochre, 662.
tellurium, 81.
Taoolite, 297. ■
Yitriolbleierz, 622.
vitriol 647.
YeUow coppenfli 4155. ■
Yivianite, 656.
Whitoejite, 37.
oopporonv C5w ■
YogHanite, 668.
Wichtine, Wichti«ite, 244
lead ore, 60T. ^M
Yoglite, 717.
Wiesoneix, 172, 174, 178.
teUunuffl, 81. ^^B
Yotgtite, 807, 486.
Wilhekoite, 262.
Tenite, 296. ^^M
Yr>lkiierit©, 178.
Willoinite, 262.
Ypol4iin«v 568, ■
Volbortliite, 611.
Williiunaite, 262, 465.
Ttterfotta» 293. I
Yolcanic glass, 213,
WitsoDite, 480} 328.
Yttererde, Fhoepbu, 5S& ■
Yolcanite, 359,
Wiluite, 266, 276.
Ttt«igraDAt. 2«a. ■
Yolgertte 188, 806.
Wi&erin, 628.
Yttertluaaapslh, Itik ^J
Yoltaite, 662.
Wismuth, Gediegeo, 19.
Ytterspatb, 528, Tla ^H
Yoltzite, Yoltzane, 50.
Wismuthbleade^ 3»1.
Tttria, Filiate, 125. ^H
Yoraulite, 672.
Wismuthblciens^ 36.
Phoepbal^ 626. ^H
Yorbau^erito, 464-
TuitftktCb Sit* ^M
k-
— A^J
GENERAL INDEX.
827
Yttria, SiUcate, 804.
Yttrocalcit, 126.
Yttrocerite, 126.
Yttrooolumbite, v. Yttrotantal-
ito.
Yttroilmenite, 619, 620.
Yttrotantalite, 619.
Yttrotitanite, 387.
Zala, V. Borax.
Zamtite, 710.
Zaratite, 710.
iZeagonite, 418.
Zeaslte, v. Opal.
ZcilaDite, 147.
Zellkies, 76.
Zeolite Section, 421.
Zeolite, Feather, 426.
FoUated, 442, 444.
Efflorescing, 399.
Needle, 426.
Pjramidal, 416.
Cubic, 432, 484.
Zeugite, 663.
Zeuxite, 370.
Zeylanite, 147.
Zianite, v, Kjanite.
Ziegelerz, 138.
ZietriBikite, 783.
Ziguoline, 133.
Zillerthite, 234.
Zinc^ Arsenate, 661.
Oarbonate, 692, 711.
h^cb^t^ cuprifSre, 670.
lodid and Bromid, 122.
Native, 17.
oxid^, 186.
oxid^ silidf^re, 262.
OxTSulphuret, 60.
Phosphate, 644.
Red Oxyd, 136.
Silicate, 262, 406.
Siliceous Oxyd, 407.
Sulphate, 624, 647.
Solphid, Sulphuret, 48.
Zinc blende, 48.
Zino bloom, 711.
Zincfahlerz, 104.
Zinc vitriol, 647.
Zinc ore. Red, 185.
Zindte, 186.
Zinconise, 711.
Zinkarseniat, 661.
Zinkacorite, 718.
ZinkblUthe, 711.
Zinkenite, 88.
Zinkglas, 407.
Zinkit, 136.
Zinkkieselens, 407.
Zinkosite, 624.
Zinkoxyd, 186.
ZinkphyUit, 644.
Zinkspath, 692.
Zinkvitriol, 647.
Zinn, Gediegen, 17.
Oeswefeltes, 68.
Zinnens, 167.
Zinnkies, 68
Zinnober, 66.
Zinnstein, 167.
Zlnnwaldite, 314.
Zippeite, 667.
Zircon, 272.
Ziroonite, 273.
Zoisite, 290, 806.
Zolestein, 619.
Zorgite, 48.
Zunderens, 91.
Zurlite, 280.
Zwieselite, 543.
ZTgadite, 362.
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