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BY   PROFESSOR    NICHOl.. 

The  Death  of  Themistocles  :   a  Dramatic  Fragment,  and  other 
Poems.     Extra  fcap.  8vo.     7s.  6d. 

'*  Dignified,  careful,  conscientious  work  throughout." — Saturday  Rtn'iew, 

"  A  hymn  more  solemnly  beautiful  than  '  Donna  Vera '  was  never  chanted  to 
Pallas  herself  by  the  most  inspired  of  her  ancient  votaries." — Gtas^mv  Herald. 

"  Professor  Nichol  is  a  master  of  the  English  Epic  metre  ;  in  his  hands  it  is  full  of 
nervous  strength  and  stately  music.  With  this  instrument  he  has  chiselled  out 
a  portraiture  of  the  great  Athenian  statesman,  which  has  the  true  classic  purity, 
simplicity  and  grace.  ' — Scotsttian. 

"  With  the  exception  of  the  Laureate  probably  no  living  poet  could  have  written 
the  concluding  '  Donna  Vera  '." — Diindee  Advertiser. 

Hannibal  :  an  Historical  Drama.     Extra  fcap.  8vo. 

\Otit  of  Print.  ^ 

Tables  of  Ancient  Literature  and  History  from  n.c.  1500  to 
A.D.  200.     4to  Cloth.     4s.  6d. 

"  They  constitute  a  most  successful  attempt  to  give  interest  to  the  chronology  of 
literature,  by  setting  before  the  eye  the  relation  between  the  literature  and  the 
life  of  mankind." — Obsejver. 

Essays  on  English  Literature.     One  vohime,  Demy  8vo. 

[/«  preparation .  ] 

Contents:  Thomas  Carlyle,  Three  Quarters  of  a  Century,  Thackeray,  Macaulay, 
War  Songs,  Dickens,  Sydney  Dobell,  Swinburne's  Bothwell,  Tennyson,  History 
and  Literature,  etc. 

American    Literature:    an    Historical    Sketch,    1620-1880. 
Demy  8vo.     15s.    (A.  &  C.  Black.) 

Byron  :  one  of  the  volumes  of  "English  Men  of  Letters."     2s.  6d. 
(Macmillan  &  Co.) 

English   Composition  :    one  of  the  Series  of  Literature   Primers. 
Edited  by  J.  R.  Green.     Price  Is.     (Macmillan  &  Co.) 

Bacon  :  one  of  the  volumes  of  "Philosophical  Classics"  for  English 
Readers.     (Blackwood.)  [In  preparation. '\ 

JAMES   MACLEHOSE   cS:   .SONS. 


PUBLISHED    BY 

JAMES    MACLEHOSE   AND    SONS,    GLASGOW, 
^ublishrrs  to  iht  anibrrsit!). 

MACMILLAN    ANU  CO.,    LONDON    AND   NEW  YOKK. 

London^        .     .  .     Haft'iHon,  Adams  and  Co. 

Cambridge, .     .  .     Macmillan  and  Bmves. 

Ediuhi4r£hy .     .  .     Douglas  and  Fonlis. 

MDCCCI.XXXVIM. 


^>;6->&i' 


TABLES 


OF 


lEuvopean  HDistot^.  Xitevatute,  Science, 

anb  Hvt, 

FROM   A.D.    200  TO    1888; 

AND  OF 

American  History y  Literature,  and  Art. 


BY 


JOHN    NICHOL,   M.A.  Oxen.,   LL.D., 

PROFESSOR  OF  ENGLISH  LANGUAGE  AND  LITERATURE.  UNIVERSITY  OF  GLASGOW 


ifonrlh  Cftition,  rttisrt  anti  ijrnitlB  tnlarjtft. 


GLASGOW: 

JAMES  MACLEHOSE  &  SONS,  ST.  VINCENT  STREET, 

JJttblishcrs  to  the  SlniberBitj). 

1888, 


GLASGOW  : 
^cintei)  at  tht  HnibersitB  JJresB,  kj 

ROBERT   MACLEHOSE.    WEST  NILE   STREET. 


Z' 


PREFATORY    NOTE. 


The  following  Tables  were  compiled,  about  fifteen  years  ago,  mainly  with  a  view  to 
assist  students  in  associating  the  leading  events  and  literary  works  of  modem 
Europe  with  each  other.  The  want  of  a  sufficiently  clear  tabular  representation  of 
the  relations  of  History  and  Literature  appears  to  be  among  the  causes  of  the  confu- 
sion so  often  exhibited  regarding  the  most  elementary  dates.  One  of  the  greatest, 
among  several,  difficulties,  in  the  arrangement  of  these  Tables  has  been  the  necessity 
of  selection  and  variation  of  scale.  It  being  obviously  impossible  to  keep  the  same 
proportion  of  space  in  ages  when  comparatively  few  events  or  works  in  a  generation 
remain  on  record,  and  in  others,  such  as  our  own,  the  scale  varies,  from  centuries  in 
the  earlier  to  periods  of  five  years  in  the  later  sheets. 

The  further  principles  of  the  system  of  tabulation  may  be  shortly  stated  : — 

I.  English  Literature  and  History  are  placed  together  to  be  illustrated  by  the 
columns  on  either  side. 

IL  The  names  of  statesmen  or  authors  are  on  the  line,  as  far  as  the  exigencies  of 
printing  have  permitted,  of  the  date  at  which  they  exerted  their  greatest  influence. 

in.  In  the  Historical  columns  the  dates  indicate — 

A.  The  year  in  which  events  occurred. 

B.  The  accessions  and  deaths  or  abdications  ofmonarchs. 
c.  The  periods  of  power  of  statesmen. 

(Except  where  enclosed  in  brackets  (  )  which  indicate  the  dates  of  birth 
and  death.) 
IV.  In  the  columns  of  Literature,  Science,  and  Art,  the  dates  without  brackets 
indicate  the  birth  and  death. 

Occasionally  one  of  these  being  uncertain,  the  birth  is  marked  b — ,  or  the  death 
D — .  Both  being  uncertain  or  unimportant,  a  single  date  is  given  as  a  "floruit," 
generally  that  of  the  chief  work  of  the  author.  Several  American  writers,  whose  pre- 
cise dates  have  not  been  discovered,  have  been  ranged  together  at  the  end  of 
Table  XX. 


vi  PREFATORY  NOTE. 

V.  An  attempt  has  been  made  to  indicate  the  importance  of  the  author,  potentate, 
or  event  by  the  size  of  the  type.  The  accuracy  of  the  judgment  in  this  case  must 
remain  matter  of  opinion.  I  am  responsible  in  the  columns  of  History  and  Litera- 
ture ;  my  better  informed  coadjutors  in  those  of  Science  and  Art.  In  the  last  two 
European  Tables,  largely  concerned  with  contemporaries,  a  distinction  which  might 
be  invidious  has  been  abandoned,  and  all  living  writers  or  artists  are  printed  in  the 
same  ordinary  type.  A  rule  has  been  made  to  include  only  those  whose  reputation 
has  been  established  for  at  least  ten  years.  In  crowded  departments  of  literature,  as 
Romance,  only  representative  names  have  been  selected.  A  few  are  inserted  rather 
in  deference  to  popular  judgment  than  in  accordance  with  my  own  estimate. 

VI.  Several  names  being  repeated,  sometimes  at  no  great  intervals,  it  has  been 
considered  essential  to  the  pictorial  representation  aimed  at,  to  distinguish  by  different 
colours,  those  associated  with  different  nations.  Practical  obstacles  have  restricted 
the  application  of  this  rule;  but  it  is  hoped  that  the  result  will,  even  by  the  appear- 
ance of  the  pages,  convey  some  indication  of  the  historic  issues  at  stake. 

VII.  When  a  writer  has  been  very  prominent  in  two  departments,  as  of  Science 
and  Philosophy,  or  Literature  and  Art,  as  in  the  case  of  Leonardo  da  Vinci, 
Leibnitz,  Descartes,  and  Pascal,  his  name  appears  in  two  columns.  When  his 
eminence  in  one  eclipses  that  of  his  reputation  in  another,  he  appears,  as  in  the 
case  of  Bacon  and  Galileo,  only  in  that  where  he  was  pre-eminent.  In  rare  instances 
a  great  name  has  been  inserted,  slightly  out  of  its  exact  place,  at  the  head  of  the 
period  which  the  author's  influence  seems  to  have  dominated. 

The  reception  of  the  earlier  editions  has  made  me  sensible  at  once  of  the  utility  ol 
an  undertaking,  involving  an  amount  of  labour  only  inferior  to  that  of  compiling  a 
dictionary,  and  of  the  hazards  to  which  it  is  exposed.  To  many  of  my  critics  I  am 
indebted  for  corrections  of  mistakes  almost  inevitable,  and  for  supplying  sometimes 
serious  omissions.  Others  have  made  of  an  obviously  rapid  survey  occasion  to  air 
crotchets,  as  that  which  regards  it  as  a  crime  to  speak  of  "  Ancient  History,"  or  of 
"Charlemagne."  It  seems  needful  to  state  that  the  phrase  "English  Literature" 
here  signifies  Literature  originating  in  England,  and  that  "  in  power"  indicates  the 
period  of  a  politician's  greatest  influence,  in  or  out  of  office.  To  avoid  cavil  I  now 
append  the  dates  of  the  chief  Prime  Ministers,  with  the  protest  that  I  can  only  record 
the  chief.  For  details  which,  as  expressly  stated,  are  excluded  from  the  design  of  the 
work,  I  refer  my  readers  to  the  "Annual  Register." 

This  Edition,  as  the  last,  has  undergone  extensive  revision.  Four  Tables  of  Ameri- 
can History  and  Literature  have  been  added,  and  two  new  columns  have  been 
inserted.      One   of  these  (the  distinctive  feature  of  this  edition)  aims  at  being  an 


PREFATORY  NOTE.  vii 

epitome,  as  far  as  that  can  be  accomplished  by  names  and  dates,  of  the  history  of 
Modern  Science  and  Invention  :  while  the  other,  that  of  the  Fine  Arts,  designs  to 
present  a  condensed  view  of  the  progress  of  Architecture,  Painting,  Engraving,  etc. 

My  obligations  in  pursuance  of  a  task,  more  properly  belonging  to  an  Academy 
or  an  Institute,  are  too  extensive  to  be  detailed.  I  have  more  especially  to  acknow- 
ledge those  to  Dr.  Charles  Grindrod  of  Malvern,  to  whose  special  cap.icity  I  am 
indebted  for  the  column  of  the  Fine  Arts,  to  Mr.  Craibe  Angus  for  lists  of  recent 
French  and  Dutch  painters,  and  to  Mr.  William  Sharp  for  important  additions.  I  owe 
the  proximate  adequacy  of  the  chemical  catalogue  to  Prof.  John  Ferguson,  who  has 
supplied  me  with  special  lists,  besides  his  numerous  recondite  pamphlets.  Dr. 
M'Kendrick  has  generously  allowed  me  the  free  use  of  his  Tables  of  the  History  of 
Physiology.  I  have  to  thank  Mr.  \V.  R.  Jack  and  Dr.  George  Dickson  for  a  careful 
catalogue  of  medical  and  surgical  names.  I  have  to  repeat  the  expression  of  my  old 
obligation  to  Prof.  W.  A.  Ward  of  Victoria  University  for  invaluable  assistance  in  the 
histoncal  columns,  and  to  Prof.  MacCallum  of  Sydney  University  for  numerous 
suggestions  in  reference  to  old  English  and  French  Literature. 

In  this  Edition  every  date  has  been,  as  far  as  possible,  verified  by  the  comparison 
of  various  and  often  conflicting  authorities — e.g.,  a  single  author  has  in  some  cases 
assigned  to  him  half-a-dozen  different  dates ;  and  some  names — as  those  of  Jacob 
Boehmen  and  Christian  Huyghaens — are  spelt  in  almost  as  many  different  ways.  In 
this  part  of  the  compilation  now,  I  trust,  fairly  accurate,  I  have  been  assisted  by  the 
careful  research  of  Mr.  Robert,  and  Miss,  MacLehose,  whose  zealous  co-operation 
makes  this  edition,  in  great  measure,  our  joint  work.  They  or  I  have  with  regard 
to  every  important  event,  name,  or  work,  consulted  the  books  -in  the  annexed 
list,  assigning  on  points  of  dispute,  a  generally  preponderatijjg  authority  to  the  tkree 
first  named. 

J.  N. 

January  T,ist,  1888. 


I 


EXPLANATION  OF  COLOURS,  ETC. 


1.  Roman,  German,  and  Austrian  Emperors  and 

Kings,        .         .         • 

2.  Prussian  Kings  and  Ministers, 

3.  French  Kings  and  Ministers, 

4.  Secular  Rulers  in  Italy,     . 

5.  Spanish  Kings  and  Rulers,  . 

6.  Popes, 

7.  Portuguese  Kings  and  Rulers, 

8.  Russian  Monarchs, 

9.  Scandinavian  Monarchs,     . 

10.  Rulers  in  the  Netherlands, 

11.  Swiss  Leaders,  ETC., 

12.  English  Kings,    . 

13.  Scotch  Kings,       .     -  . 

14.  Irish  Leaders,  ltc, 


Red  Lines. 

Red  Bars. 

Blue  Lines. 

Blue  Bars. 

Yellow  Lines. 

Yellow  Bars. 

Yellow  Diamond  Lines. 

Green  Lines. 

Green  Bars. 

Black  Bars. 

Black  Diamond  Lines. 

Red  Diamond  Lines. 

Blue  Diamond  Lines. 

Green  Diamond  Lines. 


In  several  cases  other  leading  men  and  great  events  are  underlined  with  the 
colours  belonging  to. the  nations  most  directly  affected  by  them,  or  to  which  they 
have  been  most  attached.  The  Presidents  of  the  United  States  are  marked  in 
capitals  according  to  their  eminence,  the  States  have  a  special  type,  and  the  thirteen 
original  States  are  underlined.  The  artists  have  appended  to  their  names  {p)  for 
painter,  {a)  for  architect,  {e?igr)  for  engraver,  {et)  for  etcher,  {sc)  for  sculptor,  (;;/) 
for  musician,  {voc)  for  vocalist,  {via)  for  violinist,  and  (ac)  for  actor.  In  the  Science 
column  great  mathematicians  or  physicists  have  no  special  mark ;  but  {geo)  indicates 
geologist,  {bot)  botanist,  {chem)  chemist,  {wed)  physician  or  surgeon,  and  {eng)  engi- 
neer. A  few  names  of  authors  or  artists  born  in  Europe,  but  who  have  done  their 
main  work  in  America,  are  inserted  in  the  American  tables. 


CONTENTS. 

(Suropcan  ^iatorj),  Uiterature,  Science,  anb  ^rt. 

I.— FROM  A.D.  200  TO  THE  END  OF  THE  6th  CENTURY. 
II.— FROM  A.D.  600  TO  THE  NORMAN  CONQUEST. 
III.— FROM  THE  CONQUEST  TO  THE  END  OF  THE  i2TH  CENTURY. 
IV.— FROM  A.D.   1200  TO  THE  MIDDLE  OF  THE  14TH  CENTURY, 
v.— FROM  THE  MIDDLE  OF  THE  14TH  CENTURY  TO  A.D.   1425. 
VI.— FROM  A.D.  1425  TO  THE  END  OF  THE  isth  CENTURY. 
VII.— THE  SIXTEENTH  CENTURY.     FIRST  HALF. 
VIII.— THE  SIXTEENTH  CENTURY.     SECOND  HALF. 
IX.— THE  SEVENTEENTH  CENTURY.     FIRST  HALF. 
X.— THE  SEVENTEENTH  CENTURY.     SECOND  HALF. 
XL— THE  EIGHTEENTH  CENTURY.     FIRST  HALF. 
XII.— FROM  A.D.  1750  TO  THE  FRENCH  REVOLUTION. 
XIIL— FROM  THE  FRENCH  REVOLUTION  TO  A.D.   1815. 
XIV.— THE  NINETEENTH  CENTURY.     FROM  A.D.   1815  TO  1840. 
XV.— THE  NINETEENTH  CENTURY.     FROM  A.D.   1840  TO  1865. 
XVI.— THE  NINETEENTH  CENTURY.     FROM  A.D.  1865  TO  1888. 

American  ^tetorB,  |Citeratnre,  anb  ^rt. 

XVII.— FROM  THE  DISCOVERY  TO  A.D.   1700. 
XVIIL— THE  EIGHTEENTH  CENTURY. 
XIX.— THE  NINETEENTH  CENTURY.     FIRST  HALF. 
XX.— THE  NINETEENTH  CENTURY.     FROM  A.D.   1850  TO  1888. 


LIST  OF  THE  PRIXCIPAL  AUTHORITIES  CONSULTED  EON   7 HE  PRESENT 

EDITION. 


Biographie   Gen(5rale  (nouvclle)  publiee  sous   la 

direction  tie  Dr.  Hoefer. 
Encyclopaedia  Britannica,  gth  edition. 
Dictionary   of    National    Biography,    edited   by 

Leslie  Stephen. 
AUibone's  Dictionary  of  English  Literature  and 

British  and  American  Authors. 
Dictionnaire  des  Litteratures  par  Vapeveau. 
Dictionnaire  des  Contemporains  par  Vapereau. 
Lowndes'  Bibliographer's  Manual. 
Finlay's  History  of  Greece. 
Gibbon's  Roman  Empire. 
.Smith's  Ancient  History. 
Freeman's  Historical  Geography  of  Europe. 
Freeman's  Norman  Conquest. 
Freeman's  William  Rufus. 
Hallam's  Middle  Ages. 
Green's  History  of  the  Englii,h  People. 
Froude's  History  of  England. 
F'roude's  History  of  Ireland. 
Lecky's  England  in  the  Eighteenth  Century. 
Knight's  History  of  England. 
Walpole's  England  from  the  Great  War. 
Molesworth's  History  of  England. 
Skene's  Celtic  Scotland. 
Henry  Morley's  English  Writers. 
Burton's  History  of  Scotland. 
Tytler's  History  of  Scotland. 
Lord  Macaulay's  Works. 
Motley's  Works. 
Dyer's  Modern  Europe. 
Kitchin's  History  of  France. 
Crowe's  History  of  France. 
Gardiner's  Puritan  Revolution. 
Cox's  History  of  the  Crusades. 
Stubb's  Early  Plantagenets. 
Creighton's  Age  of  Elizabeth. 
Carlyle's  French  Revolution. 
.Seeley's  Life  and  Times  of  Stein. 
Milman's  Histories. 
Guizot's  History  of  Civilization. 
Stubbs'  Constitutional  History. 
Rambaud's  Russia. 
May's  Democracy. 


Lanfrey's  H  istory  of  Napoleon  I . 

Hallam's  Literary  History  of  Europe. 

Gosse's  Studies  in  the  Literature  of  Northern  Europe. 

Saintsbury's  History  of  French  Literature. 

T.  H.  Ward's  English  Poets. 

A.  W.  Ward's  Histoiy  of  the  English  Drama. 

Chambers's  EncycIopa;dia. 

Irving's  Annals  of  our  Time. 

Men  of  the  Time,  ed.  1886. 

Haydn's  Dictionary  of  Dates. 

Gates'  Dictionary  of  Biography. 

Hole's  Brief  Biographical  Dictionary. 

Acland  and  Ransome's  Handbook  of  I'olitical 
History. 

L.  C.  Burt's  Synoptical  History  of  England. 

Burke's  Peerage  and  Baronetage. 

iiancroft's  Histories. 

Prescott's  Works. 

Calhoun's  Papers  and  Speeches. 

Johnson's  Garrison  and  Anti-Slavery. 

Coit  Tyler's  History  of  American  Literature. 

Griswold's  Prose  Writers  of  America. 

Duyckinck's  Cyclopa:dia  of  American  Literature. 

The  "Dial." 

Daniel  Webster's  Life  and  Speeches. 

Ten  Van  Brink's  Old  English  Literature. 

Publications  of  the  Early  English  Text  Society. 

Arnold's  Manual  of  English  Literature. 

Marie's  Histoire  de  Sciences  Mathemati(jues  et 
Physiques,  Paris,  1887. 

Dr.  M'Kendrick's  Tables  to  illustrate  Lectures 
on  Physiological  Discovery. 

Prof.  John  Ferguson's  Eleven  Centuries  of  Chem- 
istry, and  other  Treatises. 

Beckmann's  History  of  Inventions. 

Lyell's  Principles  of  Geology. 

Jackson's  Guide  to  the  Literature  of  Botany. 

La  Opere  di  Giorgio  Vasari,  ed.  G.  Milanesi. 
Firenze.     1860-85. 

Old  Magazines  and  Newspapers  for  Contemporary 
Dates;  and  many  Works  (such  as  Ashley's  Life 
of  Palmerston,  Spedding's  Bacon,  Lockhart's 
Life  of  Scott)  in  which  the  author  has  made  a 
special  study  of  a  particular  epoch  or  character. 


TABLE  I. 

FROM    A.D.    200    TO   6oo. 


■ 
I 


TABLES    OF    EUROPEAN    HISTORY 


I.— FROM    A.D.    200    TO    THE    END    ( 


I 


200 


soo 


400 


500 

>^  6 

H 
U 

u  O 


Jforcign  ^istorg. 


Septimus  Severus,    .     .      .     202-21 1 
Caracalla, 211-217 

Roman  Citizenship  extended  to  the 

whole  Empire. 
Christians  persecuted  by  Decius  and 

Valerian 250-260 

Gallienus  and  the  Tyrants,     260-268 

Peace  of  the  Church,    .     .     260-300 
Aurelian, 270-275 

Diocletian. 284-305 

Last  Christian  Persecutions. 


CONSTANTINE, .   (274-337) 
^——^-^^^——       306-337 

Edict  of  Milan 313 

liattle  of  Adrianople,      .     .     .     323 
JULIAN, 361-363 

Paganism  restored,  .  .  .  361 
Great  popular  migrations  begin,  375 
Valens  defeated  at  Hadrianople,  378 
Theodosius, 379-395 


(gngliah  &  ^coich  gjistorg. 


Dalriada  (.\ntrim)  ? 
Car.ausius  revolts. 


286 


Paganism  proscribed,  , 
Byzantine  Empire,     . 


■     •     390 
395-1453 


ALARIC  at  Rome,  .  .  .  408-410 
Franks  in  Gaul  (Pharamond).     418 

Attila  defeated  at  Chalons.       .   "451 

Origin  of  Venice. 452 

Genseric  at  Rome,  ....  455 
Childeric  at  Paris,  ....  464 
Western  Emperors  end,       .     .     476 

CLOVIS  (Merovingian), 


Becomes  Christian, 
Theodoric,  at  Ravenna, . 


JUSTINIAN, 
Belisarius,   . 


4S1-511 

•    496 
493-5^6 


530-564 

535-560 

•     558 


Alboin  (Lombards),  .     .     .      d.  573 
Chilferic  L     Brunehault,     .     580 

Gregory  L     Pope 590 


Britain  resubdued. 
Early  Christian  Martyrs. 
Incursions  of  Picts  and  Scots. 
Irish  Settlement  in  Argyll  ? 

Cumbrians  in  Strathclyde. 


Romans  leave  Britain, 


409-420 


Irish  Kings  crowned  at  Tara  ? 
♦♦♦*♦♦♦♦»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦•♦♦♦♦♦♦♦•• 


Ilengist  and  Ilorsa  (?)    449  A'l'ii/. 
Ella.     Saxons,         .        477  Sussex. 
Cerdic.      ,,  .        495  IVessex. 


Loarn    More,    Fergus    More,   and 

503-574 

King  Arthur?     Badon  Hill,    .     520 


Saxons, 

Angles, 

Ida,  the  Angle, . 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 

Angles, 

Angles,      .     .     . 


527  Essex. 

527  East  Anglia. 

547  Bernicia. 

559  Deira. 
586  Mercia. 


Ethelbert  (Kent)  Christianity,  .     597 


©nglisk  gittrature. 


Papinian  at  York, 


Alleged  period  of  earliest  Gaelic 
(about  Fionn,  Fingal,   and  C 
200-300?),    some    of    which 
have  contriljuted  to  Macpher 
"  Ossian." 


St.  Ninian. 


Pelagius.     (Morgan),    .     .     37; 


St.  Patrick d. 

,,  to  Ireland, .     .     . 

St.  Palladius  to  Scotland, 


Merlin, 475- 

Taliesin  ( Bard  of  Urien),  500- 

Aneurin, 50c 

Traveller's  Song  (Widsith  at  C 
of  Alboin). 

St.  David fl.  c, 

St.  Mungo  or  Kentigern, .  .    fl, 

History  of  Gildas, .     .     .  . 

St.  Columua,      .     .     .  521 

,,  at  lon.i,  . 

St.  Austin  in  England.     .  597 


~""^~  Roman. 
'^^~"  French. 
'^""  Italian. 
,  Papal. 


»♦♦♦♦♦♦«  English. 
**•*«**>  Scotch. 
♦♦♦»♦♦♦♦    Irish. 


LITERATURE,    SCIENCE,    AND    ART. 


FHE    SIXTH    CENTURY,     by  CENTURIES. 


foreign  literature. 


Lucian  died,     . 
Ulpian  died,     . 
Dion  Cassius  died 
Origen,  .     .     . 
Plotinus,  .     . 
Porphyrias, 
Longiiius,    . 
Lactantius,  . 
Zenobia  at  Palmyra, 
Eusebius,     . 


.     200 
.     228 

c.  230 
186-253 
205-270 

233- 

d.  273 

d-  330 

.     270 

264  ?-340 


Council  of  Nic.«a,     .     .     .     325 
Arius  and  Athanasius,  .     fl.  330 

Ulphilas.     Moeso-Gothic  Gospels, 

370 
Gregory  Nazianzen,  ....     379 

Ambrose  of  Milan 391 

St.  Martin  of  Tours,       .     .   316-397 

St.  Jerome, 340-420 

St.  Chrysostom,     .     .     .  347-407 


ST.  AUGUSTINE,  ....  354-430 
Macrobius. 

Orosius, fl.  415 

Proclus, 412-485 

Sidonius  ApoUinaris,      .     .  431-482 

BOETIIIUS 470-526 


iSctenre,  Enbeiitione,  &£. 


Galen,  (med.  and(-/4.)  .     .     d.  200 
Hadrian's  Wall  restored  by  Severus. 
Democritus  (Greek  Alchemist)  ? 
Synesius  (Greek  Alchemist)  ? 

Final  Decline  of  Greek  [Etrusc.in] 
Pottery. 

Great  Roman  Roads,  "  High  Street " 
and  "Watling  Street,"  in  Britain. 


Glass  used  in  Cathedral  Windows. 
Theon  of  Alexandria,   .     .     .  c.  320 

Oribasius, 326-403 

Zosimus  (Alchemist)  ? 

Diophantus 325-409 

Pappus, b.  340 

Cielius  Aurelianus  (nied. ) 

Infirmary  of  Fabiola  at  Rome,  c.  400 

Hypatia, d.  415 

First  use  of  Bells  in  Europe. 


Proclus. 


Water  Clock  of  Boethius. 


Monastic  System  begins. 

St.  Benedict 480-543 

Trilmnian, 534 

Institutes  and  Pandects  of  Justinian, 

529-533 

Dares Phrygius  (Pseudo).    Troy  Tale. 

Gregory  of  Tours,      .     .     .   544-595 

i  Cassiodorus,     ....    468-568  (?) 


%\\.t  gxwt  ^rta. 


Baths  of  Caracalla, 


215 


Arts   of  Enamelling   and    Ivory 
Carving, circ.  240 

Underground  Churches  for  Christian 
Worship, 250-260 

Baths  of  Diocletian. 

Roman  Vaulting  and  Domes. 


Basilicse  of  Sta.  Croce  di  Gerusalemme, 
S.  Giovanni  Lalerano,  S.  Paolo,  S. 
Pietro,  S.  Sebastiano,  and  S.  Lor- 
enzo Fuor  le  Mura,  at  Rome, 
founded  by  Constantine. 

Metrodorus  of  Persia  (n).  First 
known  Christian  Architect. 

Alypius  of  Antioch  (a),  lays  founda- 
tion of  New  Temple,  Jerusalem,  327 

St.  Lorenzo  at  Milan,     .     .     .     390 


Aloisius  (a),  assists  in  the  erection  of 
Mausoleum  at  Ravenna. 

Cyriades  [Consul]  of  Rome  (n). 

Sennamar  of  Arabia  (fl).     Palaces  of 
Sedir  and  Khaovarnack. 

Theodoric  fixes  an  annual  charge  for 
the  cultivation  of  the  Arts. 

School  of  Art  at  Ravenna,      430-550 

Church  of  St.  Vitalis  at  Ravenna. 


Aryabhata, 475-55° 

Embankments  in  Persia.    (Chryses  of 
Alexandria.) 

Silkworms     reared     in     Con- 
stantinople,       551 

Diodes, b.  550 

Alexander  of  Tralles,    .     .     525-605 

(med.)  Physician. 
(ch.)  Chemist 


Greek  or  Byzantine  School  of 

Painting. 

[Anthemius  of  Tralles  (a),  and  Isi- 
dorus  of  Miletus  (a)]. 

St.  Sophia,  Constantinople,   .     532 

Saracenic  Influence  on  Archi- 
tecture in  Eastern  Empire. 

Gregorian  Chant. 

.(Etherius  of  Constantinople  (o). 


200 


300 


400 


500 


(a)  Architect. 


I 


TABLE  II. 

FROM    A.D.    600   TO    I066. 


II.— FROM    A.D.    600    TO    1 


600 

— , 

s 

2  w 

vo;^ 

CO 

si- 

o-'>£^ 

St 

Bi 

0 

700 


X 
o 

-<    . 

O 

1: 
W 


800 


Woo 
03  t^ 


900 
I 

>  . 

■<'"' 
S 


1000 


Lombards  at  Pavia,    .     .     .  568-774 
Dagobert, 628 

Ileraclius, 610-641 

Pepin  of  Heristal  in  Gaul,  .     .     687 

Count  Julian  invites  Moors. 

MOORS  in  Spain,  ....    — 1492 

Death  of  Roderick,    .     .     .     .     711 

Separation  of  Greek  and  Latin 

Churches, 729 

Charles  Martel  at  Tours,     .     .     732 

Carlovingians  in  France,     .    752-986 
Pepin  the  Short,   ....   752-768 

Roland  at  Roncesvalles,       .     .     77^ 
Irene  (Constantinople),  .     .   780-803 

CHARLEMAGNE,  (742-814) 
,'  771-814 
Leo  IIL,  Pope,  ....  795-816 
Louis  L  (Le  Debonnaire),  .  814-840 
Lothaire  1 840843 

Saracens  in  Sicily,      .     .     .  S27-965 
Harold  Haarfagr,      .     .     c.  860-933 

Treaty  of  Verdun  (division  of 
Empire).  Lewis,  Germany ; 
Charles,  France,     ....     843 

Rolf  Ganger  in  Neustria,     .     .     876 

NORMANS  in  France,     .     .  (860-932) 
Magyar  Invasions 889 

Rolf  takes  Rouen,      ....     911 

,,    Duke  of  Normandy,      .     .     913 

Henry  I.     (The  Fowler),  .  919-936 

Louis  IV.  (d'Outremer),      .  936-954 

Hakon  the  Good,  .     .     .    c.  930-961 

Otto  the  Great,  King,   .     .     936 

,,                Emperor,  962-973 
Hugh  Capet, 987 

Vladimir  of  Russia  subdues  Cherson, 

DANES  in  England.  ^^^ 

Hungary  a  Kingdom,   .     .     .     1000 
Henry  1 1031 

Henry  III.,      .     .     .      1039-1056 

Secures  right  of  Emperors  to  nomin- 
ate Popes  and  conquers  Bohemia. 

Philip  I., 1060 

The  Cid  (Ruy  Diaz),     .   (1040-1099) 

^•^~     Roman  and  German. 
>—     French.  — — 

Spanish.  •— ^. 


Snglisk  &  §cotdt  Disiarg. 

Edwin  (Deira),  Rex  Anglorum, 
****•«**««*»*  617-633 

Baptized, 627 

Defeated  by  Penda  of  Mercia,  633 

Battle  of  Moyra, 637 

Cornwall  subdued,     ....     650 

Deira   and    Bernicia  united  in 
Norihumbria 670 

Eigfrid  invades  Ireland,       .     .     684 

Ine  of  Wessex,      ....  688-726 
♦»»♦♦♦*♦»»♦♦ 


Devon  subdued 754-786 

1st  Landing  of  Danes,    .     .  .     787 

Ofifa  of  Mercia 757-794 

Danes  invade  Ireland. 


Egbert  (Wessex),     .     .     .  802-836 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 

Overlord  of  England,       .     .     827 

Kenneth  II.     Picts  and  Scots 
united, 043 

2nd  Danes.     Ragnar  Lodbrog,     866 
ALFRED, 871-900 

Edward  the  Elder,     .     .     .  900-925 
Athelstane,      ....  925-940 

Battle  "of'firunanburgh,   .     .     .     937 

Edmund, 940-946 

Edred, 946-955 

Edwy, 955-959 

Malcolm  I.     Strathclyde,    942-954 

Edgar, 959-975 

3rd  Danes.     Sweyn  and  Anlaf,    994 

Ethelred  II.,    ....      979-1016 

CANUTE, 1016-1035 

Brian  Boru.     Clontarf,  .      .     .   1014 
•♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦•♦♦♦♦♦♦♦• 

Malcolm  II.,     .     .     .      1003-1033 

Duncan  I.,       ....      1033-1040 

Macbeth 1040-1057 

Edward  the  Confessor,     .    1042 

Malcolm  III.  Canmore,  and 

*t?t.  T^rgaret'    .     .     .     1057-1093 

HAROLD, 1066 

******** 

Battle  of  Stamford  Bridge,       .   1066 

Papal.  ********    English. 

-    Russian.  *^*****    Scotch. 

■     Scandinavian.    *»*»♦«♦♦     Irish. 


©ivgltgh  pti 


Beowulf? 
C.BDMON 

Fragment  of  Judith. 
Fight  at  Finn^burg,  . 
Paulinus  at  York, 
Aidan  at  Lindisfarne, 
St.  Cuthbert,  .  . 
Adamnan,  .... 
Aldhelm,  .... 

Lament  of  Deor  ? 

Laws  of  Ine. 

Bede 

Canons  ol  Irish  Counc 
Codex,     .... 

Cynewulf,    .     .     . 

Alcuin, 


Nennius  "  Historia  Bri 
times  assigned  to  7th 
Joannes  Scotus  Erige 
Rune  Songs. 
Brehon  Law  in  Irelani 

Alfred's  Translations. 
Anglo-Saxon  Chronicl 
' '  Pictish  Chronicle  "  e 


Genesis  and  Daniel. 
Asser's  Life  of  Alfred, 
Salomon  and  Saturnus 
War  Poems  ;  Brunanb 
,,  Maldon, 

St.  Dunstan,    .     . 
Byrhtnoth's  Death,    . 
.i^ilfric's  Homilies, 
Welsh  Laws  of  Howel 


Annals  of  Innisfallen, 

Wulfstan,    .... 

The  Culdees  ? 

Early  fragments  of  the 
ters"  (published  16; 

The  Grave  ? 


IRMAN    CONQUEST.     BY  centuries. 


Jlorcign  li'iterature. 

^citna,  Inbjntiott0,  &t. 

^he  Jfine  ^rts. 

A.D. 

5-675? 

625? 
622 
a.651 
I.  686 
15705 
55-709 

Laws  of  Rotharis  ? 

The  Koran  published,      .     .     634 

Earliest  mention  of  Romance  tongue, 

659 

St.  Adelbert  of  Utrecht,    .     .  d.  720 

Paulus  .-Egineta  (»W.),  .     .     c.  630 
Greek  Fire  (Callinicus), .     .     .     673 

Lombard  Influence  on  Italian 
Akchiteciure. 

Stone  Churches  at  Wearmouth  and 
Jarrow  circ.  680 — starling  point  in 
English  Architecture. 

Isidorus  of  Bysantium  (a). 

Joannes  of  Miletus  («). 

600 
700 

• 

5?-735 

nbray 
'3-79° 

25-800 
55-804 

Traditions  of  "Arabian  Nights." 

St.  Boniface d.  755 

Benedict  d'Aniane,    .     .     .   750-821 

Old  German  Alliterative  Poetry. 

Libraries  in  Spain. 
Schools  at  Fulda  and  St.  Gall. 
Windmills  in  Hungary,  .     .     .     718 
Gebf.r  (AIchelni^t),    .     .     .   d.   777 
The  Organ  first  used  in  Church,   757 
Khalif  Jaafar  al  Mansur,      .     754-75 
Clock  sent  to  Charlemagne. 
Foundling  Hospital  at  Milan,  .     787 

Influence  of  the  Popes  on  Art  (John 
II.  and  Gregory  HI.) 

Great  Mosque[Saracenic]at  Damascus, 
circ.  705 

Byzantine  Style  ok  Architec- 
ture ON  THE  Continent.     An- 
glo-Sa.xon  in  England. 

Monasteries  at  Malmesbury,  Bradford, 
and  Frome. 

Abderrahman     I.     of     Spain      (a). 
Mosque  at  Cordova. 

some- 
,825? 

S75 

• 

;-ii54 
995 

Turpin  ?  ? 

TheHeliand 830 

Eginhard,  "  Annals  of  Churltniagne," 
771-840 
Oath  at  Strassburg,    ....     842 

Otfried's"Krist,"      ...      c.  860 

Archbishop  Hincmar,     .     .     .     882 

Rasis,  Arab  Hist,  of  Spain,   870960? 

Horolcgium  of  Pacificus. 

Khalif  al  Mamun,      .     .    (1.  813-833 

"  The  Almagest,"  trans.,     .     .     827 

Reputed  Origin  of  Oxford,  .     .     879 

Albategni, S50-929 

Rhazes  (/«»■(/.,(-/;. ),    .     .      860-940? 

Medical   School   of   Salerno,    9th   to 
13th  centuiy. 

Commencement     of     St.      Mark, 
Venice,  in  Byzantine  style. 

Stone  Churches   built   by  Alfred  in 
England. 

Eginhard   (a).     Prefect  of  buildings 
to  Charlemagne. 

Tioda  [a).     Palace  at  Oviedo. 

Romualdus  (a).   Cathedral  of  Rheims. 

Enamelled  Gold  Altar  of  St.  Ambrose 
at  Milan. 

SCO 

910 

937 
994 
;5-988 
991 
995 

Division  of  Langue    d'Oc  and 
Langue  d'Oil. 

Walter  of  Acquitaine,  by  Ekkehard, 

974 
St,  Adalbert  of  Prague,  .     .  939-997 

Song  of  St.  Eulalie. 

Hroswitha  (ist  Medieval  Drama), 

c.  980 
[Ferdusi 940-1020] 

Gerbert.     Silvester  IL,  .  940-1003 
Observatory  at  Seville. 
Schools  of  Cordova  and  Seville. 

Ilaly,  Abbas, d.  994 

Omar  El  Aalem  on  "the  Sea." 
AvicENNA  (Ibn  Sina),   .      978-1037 

Abbot    Eberhard    (n).     Commenced 
Church  and  MonasteryatEinsiedlen, 
Switzerland. 

Abdallah    Ben    Said    (a).       Eastern 
Aisles  of  Mosque,  Cordova. 

Worms  Cathedral,  commenced  996. 

Byzantine  Cloisonne  Enamel. 

900 

1009? 
M023 

Mas- 

Poem  on  Boethius. 

Translation  of  Psalms  at  St.  Gall  ? 

Early  Chansons  de  Gestes  and  Fab- 
liaux. 

Icelandic  Sagas. 

Lambert  of  Herzfeld,     .     .     .   1060 

Observatory  at  Cairo. 

Surgical  School  of  Montpellier 
founded 1025 

Bridge  over  the  Saone.      (Humbert 
of  Lyons.) 

Mechanical    Clock.        (William    of 
Hirshau.) 

Majority  of  Anglo-Saxon  Churches 
built. 

Edward    the     Confessor     completes 
Westminster  Abbey  in  the  Nor- 
man style,  which  prevails  in  North- 
western France,      circ.  looo-iioo 

Aparicio  of  Castile  (sc),       circ.  1033 

Buschetto  (a).     Duomo,  Pisa,  Lom- 
bard style. 

Pala   D'Oro   [Byzantine    Enamelled 
Gold]  of  St.  Mark,  Venice. 

1000 

(med.)  Physician. 
(c/>.)  Chemi.st. 

(a)  Architect. 
(sc)  Sculptor. 

TABLE   III. 
FROM    A.D.     1066   TO    I200. 


III.— FROM    THE    CONQUEST    TO    THE    E 


1066 


llOO 


nso 


Jorcign  ^istorp. 


HILDEBRAND,  or  Gregory  VII., 

1073- 1085 

Norman  Conquestof  .Sicily,  10601093 

Comneniat  Constantinople,  1057- 1 204 

IIk.nry  IV.,     ....   1056-1106 

Submission  to  Pope  at  Canossa,  1076 
Henry  IV.  at  Rome,  .  .  .  1083 
Urban  II., 1088 

Taking  of  Malta  by  Normans,     1091 

Peter  the  Hermit,  .  .  1071-1115 
1095-1270 
1095-1099 

•     •    1099 
Battle  of 
■     •    1099 


THE  CRUSADES, 

Tursi  Crtisadej  . 

.Siege  of  Jerusalem, 

Godfrey   of  Bouillon 
Ascalon,  .      .     . 


Louis  VI 1108-1137 

Kingdom  of  Two  Sicilies,   .     .    1 130 
Louis  VII.,      ....     1137-1180 

Orders  of  Knights — 

Of  St.  John,  or  Rhodes, .     .    1048 

The  Templars, 11 18 

Teutonic  Order,     ....    1191 

Persecution  of  Jews. 

Alphonso  I.     Aragon,   .     1 104- 1 1 34 

Conrad  III.  (First  Hohenstaufen), 

1138-1152 
Leopold  of  Austria  in  Bavaria,     1138 

Kingdom  of  Portugal  founded,     1 139 

Guelfs  and  Ghibellines,  .     1 140-1495 

Second  Crusade,     .     .     .     1147-1149 
Vehmgerichte. 


FREDERICK  I.  (Barbarossa), 

1152- 

Adrian  IV.  (Breakspear),     . 

Arnold  of  Brescia,     .     .     1140- 

Barbarossa  at  Milan, 

The  Waldenses, 

Battle  of  Legnano,    .... 

H.  Dandolo  at  Venice,  (1115-1 
fl. 

Wars  between  Genoa  and  Pisa, 
1119- 
Philip  II.,  Augustus,   .     .     . 

Saracens  take  Jerusalem,    .     . 
Third  Crusade^     ...      1 190- 
Henry  VI.,    ....     1190- 


Siege  of  Acre, 
Innocent  III., 


1190 
I '54 

"55 
1 162 
1 170 
1176 
:20s) 
1192 

1284 
1 180 

1187 
1192 

1 197 

1 191 

1 198 


(Suglish  &  .Scotch  ^iatoru. 

WILLIAM  I.|  The  Conqueror, 
***********'*  ^    ,066-1087 

Battle  of  Hastings 1066 

Feudal  System  in  England. 
Edgar  Atheling  to  Scotland,   .    1068 
Hereward  in  the  Isle  of  Ely,  .    107 1 
Conquest  of  England  completed,  1073 
Domesday  Book, 1086 

Donald  Bane,  ....      1093- 1098 
•♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦« 

William  II.     Rufus,  .     1087- 1 100 

Edgar, 109S-1107 

Henry  I.,     ....     1100-1131; 
**********  ■'■' 

Marries  Maud  of  Scotland,        1 109 

Conquest  of  Normandy,      1105-1106 

Alexander  I.,  ....     1107-1124 
************ 

Council  at  Salisbury,      .  .1116 

.Shipwreck  of  Prince  William,     1120 

David  I., 1124-1153 

********* 

Stephen  (Blois),     .     .     1135-1154 

Battle  of  the  Standard,      .     .     1138 

Civil  War.     Matilda  (daughter  of 
««»»«♦♦ 

Henry  I.  and  Maud)  Queen  for 
a  year, 1139-1142 

Henry  II.  (Plantagenet),  11 54-1189 
«♦♦*♦♦»♦♦ 

Malcolm  IV 1153-1165 

************ 

Constitutions  of  Clarendon,     .    1164 
William  the  Lion,  .     1165-1214 

Strongbow  in  Ireland,    .     .    1169-70 
****************** 

Murder  of  Becket,     .     .     .     .1170 

Henry  acknowledged  in  Ireland,  1 177 
Eleanor  and  Rosamund. 

Scotch  Invasion.    William  captured 
at  Alnwick, 11 73 

Treaty  of  Falaise,      .  .     .1174 

Assizes   of  Clarendon   and    North- 
ampton,   1 166- 1 176 

Glanvill,  Chief  Justice,  .     .     .    1 1  So 

Richard  I.,  .     .     .     .     1189-1199 

♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 

Scotch  King  released  from  homage, 

1 189 

Massacre  of  Jews. 

John, 1199-1216 

***** 

Spanish.  ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦     English 

Papal.  ********    Scotch. 

I    Scandinavian.        ********    Irish. 


English  |pite 


"  Annals  of  Tigernach' 

Lanfranc,  Archbisho 
Gerland,     .... 
Anselm,  Archbishop, 

Eadmer 

Laurence  of  Worcester 


Ordericus  Vitalis, 

Book  of  "Dun  Cow," 
William  of  Malme: 

Play  of  St.  Catherine  : 
Hilarius  (3  Latin  Drar 
GeoffreyofMonmoi 
Bishoprics  in  Scotland 
Geoffrey  Gaimar,  . 
Henry  of  Huntingdon, 
Wace's  "  Brut' d'AngU 
John  of  Salisbury,  . 
Exeter  Book,  .     .     . 


Roman  de  Rou,    . 
Thomas  Becket,   . 
Arthurian  Legend 
Book  of  Leinster, 
Book  of  Carmarthen. 
Giraldus  Cambrensis, 
Luc  de  Gast,   . 
Walter  Mapes, 
Jocelin  of  Brakelond, 
Josephus  Iscanus, 
Anglo-Norman  Ballad 
"  Bevis  of  Hampton." 
"  Guy  of  Warwick." 
Alexander  Hales, 


Roman  and  German. 
French. 


_____    Italian. 


OF    THE    TWELFTH    CENTURY.     BY  HALF  CENTURIES. 


Jforeigit  literature. 

Science,  lubcntions,  Ac. 

^he  Jine  ^rts. 

A.D. 

Chanson  de  Roland. 

Anglo-Norman   Style  of  Archi- 

1066 

oin). 

tecture  prevails,  circ.  11  century  to 

1088 

Mystery  of  Ten  Virgins. 

Striking   Clocks,  with   wheels  and 
weights,  in  Monasteries. 

circ.  middle  of  12  century. 

Bruno  founds  Carthusians,       .    10S4 

St.  ETiENNE(Caen),  commenced  by 

)-io89 

Old  French  Lyrics? 

Alhazen,  Astronomer  and  Optician. 

William  the  Conqueror,      .     1066 

.1082 

Scholasticism, 
roscelin. 

Chapel  in  the  White  Tower  (London), 

1081 

J-1109 

Verse  Edda  compiled. 

Gundulphus,  Bishop  of  Rochester  («), 
circ.  1077.  Built  parts  of  Rochester 
Cathedral  and  Castle. 

)-II22 

Finnish  Epic  of  Kalevala  ? 

! 

Carilepho,   Bishop   of  Durham   (i?). 

William  of  Guienne.  1st  Troubadour. 

circ.  1093.     Commenced  Durham 

1118 

Cathedral. 

Trouveres  and  Jongleurs. 

"Laid'Avelok." 

Westminster  Hall  and  London  Bridge 
buih. 

;-"43 

Study  of  Civil  Law. 

Late  Norman  Style  of  Archi- 
tecture IN  England. 

1100 

1 106 

Chansons  d'Alixandre,  . 

1050- 1 1 50 

Reputed  origin  of  Cambridfje,      1 109 

5-1142 
able. 

Raoul  de  Houdenac. 
Abelard 

1079- 1142 

University  of  Bologna,       .     .      11 16 

Lincoln    Cathedral    rebuilt    by 
Bishop  Alexander,      .      11 23-1 147 

1119 

Pandects  at  Amalfi 1135 

.  1125 

Anna  Comnena,   .     .     . 

1 083- 1 148 

0-1154 

NiBELUNGEN  LlED, 
Peter  Lombard,    .     .     . 

.    c.  1 140 
.     d.  1 164 

Wool  manufactured  in  England. 

Buono  (a).  Built  Tower  of  St.  Mark, 
Venice, 1 148- 1 154 

71151 

St.  Bernard,     .     .     . 

1091-I153 

5-"SS 

Conventual   Churches   of  St.    Cross 

"Amis  et  Amiles." 

Gerard  of  Cremona, .     .     1114-1187 

and  Rumsey,  Hants  [Transitional], 

"55 

Minnesingers. 

1129-1169 

>ii8o 

Epic  of  "Gudrun." 

Study  of  Canon  Law. 

D-1073 

1 160 

AVERROES,       .... 

1120-1198 

Averroes  (Ibn  Roschid). 

Semi-Norman    or    Transitional 

1150 

.  1 162 

Joachim  of  Fiore,      .     . 
Robert  de  Borron. 

1 1 30- 1 202 

Adhelard,  Euclid  trans.  ? 

Style    of    Architecture    in 
England. 

Benoist  de  Sainte  More. 

(Roman 

Silk  cultivated  in  Sicily,     .     .     1 146 

Odo,   Prior  of  Croyland  (rr).     Built 

1160 

de  Troie),     .... 
Vidal. 

1154-1189 

Maimonides 1 135-1204 

Abbey. 
Wilhelmus  of  Germany   {a).     Cam- 

7-1216 

Bertrand  de  Beirn. 

panile  at  Pisa. 

Reinaert 

.    1 1 70 

Leonard  of  Pisa,  .     .     b.  1175 

Leaning    Tower    of    Pisa   com- 

t-1189 

Poem  of  The  Cid. 

.            .         »   »  y  Vrf 

J-I200 

menced  1 1 74.  [Bonanoof  Pisa  («. )] 

Maurice  de  Sully,      .     . 

II60-II95 

Insurance  introduced  to  Europe  by 

.  1200 

Chrestien  de  Troyes, 

H40-I227 

Jews, I182 

William  of  Sens  (a).    Choir  of  Canter- 

.  1190 

Geoffroi  de  Villehardouin 

,  II60-I2I3 

bury  Cathedral,      .     .      1175-1178 

Geoffroi   de   Vinsauf,    " 
Poetria,"      .... 

Nova 

1 170-1205? 

Reference  to  Compass  by  Guyot 

William   the   Englishman    [a],    con- 

of Provence, 1190 

tinued  the  Choir,  .     .     1 1 79- II 84 

Gottfried  of  Slras.sburg  (' 

'Tristan"). 

Hartmann  von  der  Aue. 

Luca  Santo.     (/)? 

.  1245 

St.  Dominic,      .     .     . 

1170-1221 

University  of  Paris  Charier,  1200 

(a)  Architect. 
(p)  Painter. 


TABLE    IV. 

FROM    A.D.     I200   TO     I350. 


TABLE  V. 

FROM    A.D.     1350   TO     1 425. 


v.— FROM    MIDDLE    OF    FOURTEENTH    CEl 


1350 


1375 


O  O 


z 

N  [J 


Jforeign  Distors- 

Swiss  Confederation,    .     .     .     1351 

]ii_iiNZi^ 1 343- 1 354 

Marino  Faliero,  Doge, .       I354-I3S5 

John  II.. 1350-1364 

Aurea  Bulla, 1356 

The  Jacquerie  in  Fiance,  ■     .     1358 
Struggle  of  Venice  and  Genoa, 

^1350-1.181 
(  Visconti,  Milan. 
Tyrants  in  Italy,     <  Scala,  Verona. 

(  Este,  Ferrara. 
Charles  V.,      .     .     .      1364-1380 

The_S^hism^    .     .     .      1378-1439 


Charles  VI., 


13S0-1422 


1400 


Joan  of  Naples  executed,  .     .     1382 

Decline  of  Genoa. 

Venice  powerful. 

Philip  Van  Artevelde,  .     .     1382 

Austro-Swiss  War,  .     .  1385-1468 

Winkelried  at  Sempach,  .     .     1386 

Ma_RGARET  of  NORW'AY,  I387-I397 

Union  of  Calmar  (Sweden,  Norway, 
and  Denmark),     ....      1397 

Florence  powerful. 


English  &  Scotch  ^tetorg. 


Council  of  Pisa 1409 

I  Kinp,   .     .     .      1410 
SiGISMUND,   .; 
I   E 


Emperor,  . 


1433 


Council  of  Constance,  .       1414-1418 
Pope  John  XXIII^  deposed,     1415 

Execution  of  Huss, .     .     .     .     1415 

,,  Jerome,    .     .     .     1416 

Frederick  of  Hohenzollern  Elector 
of  Brandenburg,   ....      1415 

Hussite  War,  Ziska,      .       1419  1436 

Battle  of  Prague,      ....     1420 
Charles  VII.,  .     .     .      1422-1461 


War     with     Spain,     Scotland,    and 
France. 


The  Black  Death,    1349,  1361,  1369 


Battle  of  Poitiers,     ....     1356 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 


Peace  of  Bretigny,    ....     1360 
Law  Pleadings  in  English,     .      1362 


Robert  II.  (Stewart),      '  1370-1390 


Death  of  the  Black  Prince,    .  1376 

Richard  II I377-I399 

************ 

Wat  Tyler's  Insurrection,       .  1 38 1 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 

John  of  Gaunt  in  Spain,    .     .  1386 

Raid  of  Otterbume,      .     .     .  1388 
(Percy  and  Douglas). 


Robert  III., 


Prremunire,  Statute, 


1390- 1406 


1393 


(Englieh  ILittrature. 

Wyclyffe,  ....  1324-13 
Alliterative  Poetry  revived,  .  13 
"William  of  Paleme"  in  Eng.,  13 
Barbour,    .    .    1316  or  1330-13 

Wm.  Langland,    .     .      i332-i4( 

Piers  Plowman. 

1st  Edition, 131 

2nd     ,,  13 

3rd      „  13 

"  Sir  Gawayne  and  Green  Knight, 
c.  13 

GOWER 1325-14 

"Piers  Plowman's  Crede." 


Henry  IV.  (Lancaster),    13^9-141 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 


Battle  of  Homildon  Hill,  .  .  1402 
Murder  of  Duke  of  Rothesay,  1402 
Percy  Rebellion.  Shrewsbury,  1403 
Prince  James  of  Scotland  captured 

1405 

Albany,  Regent,      .     .       1406-1419 
•♦♦♦♦♦♦ 
Battle  of  Harlaw,     ....     141 1 

HENRY  v.,  .  .  .  .  1413-1422 
********** 

Persecution  of  the  Lollards. 

Battle  of  Agincourt,  .  .  .  1415 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 

Sir  John  Oldcastle  burnt,  .     .     1418 

Murdoch  Albany,  Regent,  1419-1423 

Treaty  of  Troyes,     ....      1420 

Henry  VI..  ....      1422-1461 

**********i  ^       ^ 

JAMES  I.,      ....      1423-1437 


German. 

Papal. 

»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦  English 

Prussian. 

"^^■^   Scandinavian. 

««»»»»»»  Scotch. 

French. 

—  —  — .  Netherlands. 

Italian. 

♦  ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦  Swiss. 

CHAUCER,  born  1328  or  13 
died  14' 

Wyclyffe's  Bible,     .     .     .      c.  13 

Hereford's  Version  of  Psalms,     1 3 

"Legend  of  Good  Women,"  aftei 

13 

John  of  Trevisa, .     .     .     .      fl.  1 3 

Chaucer's  "  Astrolabe,"    .     .     13 

"  The  Canterbury  Tales," 

1384-13 

"  Confessio  Amantis,"       .     .     13 
Wakefield  and  Towneley  Mysterie 


Andrew  Wyntoun,  .       c.  1350-14 


"  Romance  of  Generydes,"     c.  14 


James  I i395-i<1 


Occleve, 1 370- 14 


JRY     TO     A.D.      1425.       BY  PERIODS    OF  23    YEARS. 


foreign  ^itcratuu. 

§cicn«,  inbentiotts,  &f. 

^h£  Jint  ^rt0. 

A.D. 

OCCACCIO,   ....      i3i3->375 

Clock  and  Bell  at  Bologna,    .     1356 

Jean  Ravi  (a).     Finished  Notre 
Dame,  Paris 1351 

1S50 

onzales  de  Bercio. 

nlielmo  Pastrengo  (ist  biographi- 

Cannon at  Siege  of  Calais,  1346, 

cal  dictionary),      .     .     .     d.  1370 

and  with  Gunpowder   at   Siege 

EoLOGNESE  Spanish,  German  and 

of  Chioggia, 1366 

Flemish  Schools  of  Painting. 

,  Malespini. 

Guy  Chauliac  (wfi/.),   .     .      p.  1363 

Justus  of  Padua  (;>),       .     .     c.  1367 

^AFiz, d.   13S8] 

rethren  of  Common  Lot,  at  Deventer. 

Finest  period  of  Media;val  Ivory 

Clock  of  Strasburg,      .     .     .      1378 

Carving  closes,      .     .     .     c.  1350 

edro  Lopez  Ayala,      .       1332- 1407 

1375 

ROISSART,   ....       1337-1410 

Milan  Cathedral  commenced, 

Rosenkreutz. 

c.  1387 
Bartoli  Taddeo  (/),   .     ,     1362- 1422 

Amadis  de  Gaul,"     .     .     .     1390 

Como  Cathedral  commenced,      1396 

l-  ' 

Embassy  of  Ruy  Gonzales  to  Tamer- 

ean Gerson 1363-1429 

lane. 

Spinello  Aretino  (/),      c.  1330-1410 

1400 

The    Perpendicular  Style  of 

Inguerrand  de  Monstrelet, 

Architecture  in  England.  Towards 

fl.  1400- 1444 

Close     of    Century    passes    into 

Pedro  de  Alliaco,     .     .     .      fl.  1410 

Tudor  or  Florid. 

harles  d'Orleans,  .     .      1391-1465 

"  Imago  Mundi  "  suggestion  from 

The  Flamboyant  Style  prevails 
in  France. 

R.  Bacon  of  finding  Indies  by 

oggio, 1380-1459 

the  west. 

Veronese,  Ferkarese,  Lombard 
[Parmese,  Cremonese,  .Milan- 

llain Chartier,    .     .     .      1390- 1458 

University  of  St.  Andrews, 

ese],  Neapolitan,  Dutch,  and 

1411 

French  Schools  of  Paintingcom- 
menced  or  established  in  15  c. 

Intoine  de  la  Salic,      .      1398-1461 

London  Streets  paved,       .     .     1417 

Hubert  van  Eyck  (/),    .      1366-1426 

.jurentius  Valla,     .     .      1407-1457 

F.  Brunelleschi  (a), .     .      1379-1446 
Lippo  Dalmasio  (/),      0.1376-1410 

(meii.)  Physician. 


(rt)  Architect. 
(/)  Painter. 


TABLE  VI. 

FROM   A.D.    1425    TO    I5OO. 


i 


VI.— FROM    A.D.     1425    TO    END    OF 


142S 


I 


1450 


1476 


Jforcigtt  ^istorg. 

Joan  of  Arc,    .    .     .      1429-1431 

Battle  of  Orleans 1429 

French  recover  Paris,  .  .  .  1436 
Council  of  Basle,  .  .  1431-1449 
,,  Florence,  .  .  .  1439 
Pragmatic  Sanction,  .  .  .  1439 
Frederick  III.,    .     .      .       1442-1490 

Anti-Pope  Felix,      .     .      1439-1449 
Habsburg  Emperors,    .       1438- 1 806 

The  Meuici  at  Florence,  1429,  e/set/. 

Nicholas  V.,  Pope,    .    .     .     1447 

Single  Pope,    .     .     .      1449- HSS 
Alphonso  V.  of  Aragon  and  Naples, 

(1416-1458),  fl.  1450 
The  Sforzas  at  Milan,  .  .  .  1450 
Francisco  Foscari,  Doge,    1423-1457 

Constantinople  taken,   .     .     .      I4S3 
Belgrade  resists  the  Turks. 
Hungary  powerful. 
Prince  Henry  of  Portugal,  1394-1460 
Pius  II.  (/Eneas  Sylvius),      .      1458 

LOUIS  XI.,     ....      1461-1483 

Wars  with  Charles  the  Bold. 
Venetians  take  Athens,  1466,  and 

Cyprus, 1475 

Poland  powerful. 

Peace  of  Waldshut,       .     .     .      1468 

Uuchy  of  Burgundy  merged  in  France. 

Matthias   Corvinus,  King  of 

Hungary,    ....      1464- 1490 
Battles  of  Granson  and  Moral,    1476 

Death  of  Charles  the  Bold,    .      1477 
Maximilian's  Marriage  with  Mary 
of  Burgundy, 1477 


Ciiglish  &  .Scotch  ^iatocg. 


FERDINAND  AND  ISABELLA 

fl.  1479-15x2 
Isabella  d.  1504.     Ferdinand,   1516 

Charles  VIII.,  .  .  1483- 1498 
Provence  joined  to  France,  .  1483 
Charles  marriesAnneofBrittany,  1491 
„  invades  Italy,  .  .  .  1494 
Spaniards  enter  Grenada,  .     .     1492 

COLUMBUS,  ....  (1435-1506) 
Alexander  VI.,    .     .     .       1492-1503 

Maximilian  1 1493 

Vasco  de  Gama,  .  .  1469-1524 
Swiss  Confederacy  independent,  1499 
Louis  XII.,  ....      1498-1515 


War  between  Scotland  and  England, 
1434- 1436 

James  II.,     ....      1437- 1460 
Douglas  Wars,     .     .     .      1443-1452 

Duke  of  Gloucester  murdered,     1447 

Jack  Cade's  Insurrection,  .     .     1450 
********* ************ 


(English  |Ciicra 


English  expelled  from  France,    1453 

Civil  Wars  of  the  Roses,  1455-1486 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 

Battle  of  St.  Albans,     .     .     .     1455 


James  III 1460-1488 

********* 

Edward  IV.  (York),   .      1461-1483 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 


Warwick,  Kingmaker,      .     .     147 1 
Battle  of  Tewkesbury,  .     .     .     1471 


Queen   Margaret   at   the   Court   of 
Rene  of  Provence. 

Duke  of  Clarence  murdered,  .     1478 

Edward  V 1483 

♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 

.      1483-1485 
Battle  of  Bosworth  Field, .     .     1485 


RICHARD  IIL, 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 


HENRY  VII.  (Tudor),  .      1485-1509 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 

James  IV 1488-1513 

********** 


Poyninjrs'  Act  in  Ireland, 
**i**(n************** 


I49S 


John  and  Sebastian  Cabot,      fl.  1497 
Perkin  Warbeck  executed,      .     1499 


Humphrey,  DukeofGloui 

Lydgate 

Thomas  of  Walsingham, 

Reginald  Pecock,      .     . 
Mysteries  and  Morali 

Pecock's  "  Repressor," 


"  Chevy  Chase,"  and 
Early  English  Ballads. 


Sir  John  Fortcscue, 
Sir  Thomas  Malory, 
The  Morte  d'Arthur. 
The  Coventry  Mysteries, 


The  Paston  Letters, 

Littleton 

Blind  Harry  (Wallace),  11 

Revival  of  Letters,  Class] 
and  Theology.  Gro 
Warhani,  More,  &c. 

Erasmus  in  England, 

Hector  Boece,      .     .     . 

DUNBAR, 

Douglas,       .     .     .     . 
Henryson,  .     .     .     .      f 


German. 

'  French. 

Italian. 


Spanish. 


-  —  -  -  Papal. 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦•  Portuguese. 
********  Swiss. 


********  English. 

■  Scotch. 
♦♦♦  Irish. 


TEENTH    CENTURY,    by  periods  of  25  years. 


Jfortign  literature. 


Thomas  A  Kem  PIS,     .     1380-1471 

Culture  in  Aragon  and  the  Sicilies. 
Guil.  Coquillart,        .     .      1421-1510 

John  Wessel,  ....     1420- 1489 


JohnofGoch, 1451 

Francois  Villon,  .  .  143 1  — 
"De  Lmitatione  Christi,"     1471 

Boiardo, 1434- 1494 

Philippe  de  Comines,  1445-1511 
Pico  della  Mirandola,  .  1463-1494 
LORENZO  DE'  MEDICI,  fl.  1470-1492 
A.  Contarini,       .     .     .     .     fl.  1473 

Master  Singers. 

Pulci, fl.  1480 

ficinus, 1433-1499 

Politian, 1454- 1494 

Sebastian  Brandt,  "  Narrenschiff," 

'494 

Chamber  of  tlie  Eglantine  in  Holland 

1496 

Savonarola,  .  .  .  1452- 1498 
Murner, 1475- '537 


^nence,  Inbcntions,  &c. 


University  of  Florence,        .     .    1438 


Delia  Robbia  Majolica  Pottery. 


INVENTION  of  PRINT- 
ING (L.  Costar  and  J.  Gutten- 
berg), 1438-1445 


University  of  Glasgow,  .     1451 

The  "  Mazarin  Bible,"  .     .     .    1453 

University  of  Barcelona,     ,     .    1430 

Geo.  Purbach,      .     .     .      1423-1461 

Geo.  Ripley  (f/icw.),      .  14 15?.  1490 

Caxton's  Press  in  England,      1474 
or  1476 

G.  Valla, 1430- 1 500 

J.  Muller(Regiomontanus),  1436-1476 

'■  Speculum  Majus  "  of  Vincent  de 
Beauvais,  printed   ....    1473 


University  of  Upsala, 
First  Watches? 


1476 


Bartholomew  Glanville,  "  Properties 
of  Things,"      .     .     .     .     fl.   1478 

B.  Diaz  rounds  C.  of  Good  Hope,  i486 

Basil  Valentine  (chem.)'i 

Columbus  at  St.  Salvador,       .    I492 

Hermolaus  Barbaras,     .     1454- 1493 

University  of  Aberdeen,      1494 

Vasco  de  Gama  by  Cape  to  India, 

1497 
Cabot    discovers    Coast    of    North 
America, 1497 

LEONARDO  DA  VINCI,  .     1452-1519 


^ke  giwt  Jlrt«. 


Nicholas  Close  (a).  King's  College, 
Cambridge. 

William    Orchyearde  (a),   Magdalen 
College,  Oxford. 

Lorenzo  Ghiberti  {sc),   1378-1455 

Donatello  (sc),      .    .     1 386- 1 466 

Fra  Angelico  (/),      .     1387-1455 

Jan  van  Eyck  (p),       c.  1390-1440 

Meister  Stephan  [Lochner]  (/) — 1451 

LucA  Della  Robbia  (sc),  1400-1482 

Masaccio  (p),        .     .     .     1401-1428 


St.  Peter's  (Rome),     .  begun  1450 

L.  B.  Alberti,  (/,  a,  sc),     1404-1472 

Fra  Filippo  Lippi  (;*),  c.  1406- 1469 

C.  Rosselli  (/),     .     .     .     1416-1484 

Picro  della  Francesca  (/),  c.  1420-1494 

Benozzo  Gozzoli  (p),      .     1420-1498 

Memling  (/),      .     .     .     1425-1495 

Mino  da  Fiesole  (sc),      .     1431-1484 

Ghirlandaio  (/),   .     .     1449-1494 

G.  Giamberti  [San  Gallo]  (a),  1443- 
1517.     Palace  at  Poygio  a  Cajano. 

Sir  R.  Bray  {«), — 1503.  St.  George's 
Chapel,  Windsor,and  Henry  Vlith's 
Chapel,  Westminster. 


P.  Pollajuolo  (/,  sc),      .     1428- 1498 

Pietro  Lombardo  («), — 1529.    Tomb 

of  Dante  and  Chapel  in  Church  of 

San  Francisco. 

Filippino  Lippi  (/),  .     .     1457-1504 

G.  Bellini  (/),  .     .     .     1427-1516 

Andrea  Mantegna  (p),   .     1431-1506 

Benvenuto  da  Siena  (/),  1436-1517 
PERUGINO  (/),  .  .  .  1446-1523 
Sandro  Botticelli  (p),  1447-1510 

Bonsignori  (/),  .  .  .  1455-1519 
Crivelli  (/),  .  .  .  c.  1468- 1493 
Fra  Carnovale  (p),    .     .  c.  1488 

luca  signorelli  (/),  .    i439-i52i 

Francisco  Francia  (/),  1450-1518 
B.  Pinturicchio  (/),  .  .  1454-1513 
DECLiNEofGoTHic  Architecture. 


(chem.)  Chemist, 


(a)  Architect. 
(sc)  Sculptor. 
(/)  Painter. 


TABLE  VII. 

FROM    A.D.    1500   TO    I55O. 


VII.— THE     SIXTEENTH     CE^ 


A.D. 


1500 


1510 


> 


UJ 

o 

< 


1520 


to 

z 


H 
H 

O 


1630 


Jorcign  ijistori]. 


auuusii., 1503 

League  of  Cambray.     Pope,  France, 
aiid  Empire  against  Venice. 

Ladislaus  VI.,  King  of  Hungary  and 
Bohemia,      ....     1471-1516 

Portugal  powerful  in  East. 
f,t*t*******  ^*f^ ******* 
Spain  conquers  Cuba. 

Don  Manuel  of  Portugal,  (1469- 1 52 1 ) 
LEO  X 1513 


1540 


V.  Nunez  de  Balboa  at  Darien,    1513 

Bayard, —  1524 

Francis  I., 1515 


REFORMATION  in  Germany,  1517-32 

Cortez  in  Mexico,    .     .      1519-1521 

CHARLES  V.  (  1516  .'^p.iin. 
__^.^_^^^,^___  'S  1519  Empire. 
(1500-1558)  (1530  Italy. 


Diet  of  Worms, 1521 

Sweden  apart  from  Denmark,  1521 

Adrian  VI., 1522 

Clement  VII., 1523 

^stavus  Vasa, 1523 

Peasants'  War,    .     .     .     .     .  1525 

Battle  of  Pavia, 1525 

Ferdinand  of  Austria  &  John  Zapolya, 

rival  kings  of  Hungary,      .  1527 

Constable  Bourbon  at  Rome,  .  1527 

Turks  before  Vienna,    .     .     .  1 529 

Diet  of  Spires, 1529 


Confession  of  Augsburg,  .  .  1530 
Pizarro  in  Peru 1 53 1 

Brittany  annexed  to  France,  .  1 532 
Ivan  IV.,  Russian  Czar,      15331584 

Paul  III., 1534 

Anabaptists  at  Munster,  .  .  1534 
Calvin  at  Paris,  .  .  .  1 532- 1 534 
Foundation  of  JESUIT  Order,     1534 


Calvin  at  Geneva,  .  .  1541-1564 
Council  of  Trent,  .  .  '545- 1 563 
Charles  V.  prohibits  Indian  Slavery, 

Smalcaldic  War,  .  , 
Persecution  of  Witches. 
Henry  II., 1547 


1542 
1 546- 1 547 


€nglish  ani  .Scotch  ^istors- 


Arthur,    Prince    of    Wales,    marries 
Catherine  of  Aragon,      .     .     1501 

James  IV.  of  Scotland  marries  Mar- 
garet, daughter  of  Henry  VII.,  1502 

Arthur  dies, 1 502 

He.N'ry  VIH.,    .     .     .      1509-1547 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 

,,         marries  Catherine,  1509 


(giiglish  ^iteratnrt. 


Battle  of  Flodden,   .     .     .     .     1513 

arl  of  Angus,  Regent. 
War  with  France,    .     .       1512-1514 

Battle  of  Spurs 1513 

Margaret,  Regent  of  Scotland. 
WoLSEY, (1471-1530) 

,,          Cardinal  and  Lord  Chan- 
cellor  1515 

Field  of  Cloth  of  Gold,      .     .     1520 


Scotch  invasion  of  England,   .     1522 

King's  marriage  referred  toPope,  1527 

Fall  of  Wolsey, 1529 

Sir  Thomas  More,    .   (1480-1535) 

,,         Chancellor,    .     .     .      1529 

Universities  consulted  on  Divorce, 

«53o 
James  V.  reigns,      .     .       1 528- 1 542 

,,       marries  Mary  of  Guise,  1538 

REFORMATION  in  England. 


Court  of  Session  founded, .  .  1532 
Archbishop  Cranmer  pronounces 

divorce, 1533 

Act  of  Supremacy,  ....  1534 
First  Poor  Law '535 

Cromwell,  Vicar  General,  .     1535 

Suppression  of  Monasteries,  1 535- 1 536 
Execution  of  More, .  .  .  .  1535 
Pilgrimage  of  Grace,  .  1536-1537 
The  Six  Articles,  ....  1539 
Execution  of  Cromwell,     .     .     1540 


Henry  VIIL,  King  of  Ireland,    1541 

Solway  Moss, '542 

Earl  of  Arran,  Regent,        1542- 1 554 

Mary  Stuart  crowned  (a't.  i  year),  1543 
Burning  of  Wishart,  .  .  .  1546 
Murder  of  Beaton,      .     .     .      1546 

EdwardVL,  .  .  .  .  I547-I'5S1 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦  ^        ■'-" 

.Somerset,  Protector,  .  1547- 1549 
Economic  distress. 

Battle  of  Pinkie 1547 

Mary  Stuart  sent  to  France,  .      1548 


Stephen  Ilawes,       .     .       1483-1; 
"  Pastime  of  Pleasure, "  .     .      15 

"  Nut  Browne  Maid." 

"  Romance  of  Partenay,"     .  c.  If 

Skelton,      ....      1460-I! 

Renaissance  in  English  Scholarshi 

Ballads. 

Moralities. 


More's  "Richard  IH." 

First  English  Prose  History. 

.,     Utopia, i; 

First  Original  Romance. 


Linacre  teaches  Greek,  .     .  (d.  15 


Barclay  (Ship  of  Fools,   Satire,  : 
Eclogues),  ....       1476-1; 


Lord  Berners'  Froissart,     .     .     1 ; 
Wm.  Tyndale's  New  Testamej 

Wyatt 1 503- 1, 

Surrey,    .     .     .     .     .      15161 

First   English   Sonnets   and    Blai 
Verse. 


Sir  David  Lyn USA Y,.      1490-1 

Elyot's  "  Governor,"  ...  1 
.Smith  at  Cambridge,  .  .  .  1 
Leonard  Cox  (.•\rt  of  Rhetoryke). 
Coverdale's  Bihle    .     .     .     1 

Latimer,      ....      1472-1 

John  Leland, d.   1 

Cheke  at  Cambridge,    ...      i 


John  Heywood  (Interludes), 

d.  I, 

Hall's  Chronicles,     ....      1 

AscHAM,  "Toxophilus,"  .     .      i 

,,         "Schoolmaster,"    .     I 

Cranmer.     Anglican  Liturgy, 

1548-1, 

R.  Crowley, d.   1 

George  Gascoigne,  .  c.  1536-1 
Thomas  Churchyard,  .  1520?  -I( 
George  Turberville,        c.   1536-1 


German.  Papal.  ********  English. 

French.  *******  Portuguese.  ********  Scotch. 

Spanish.  — —  Russian.  ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦  Irish. 

—  ^—    Scandinavian. 


rRY. 


FIRST   HALF.      IN  DECADES. 


foreign  literature. 


IRASMUS,     .    . 
Serni,   .     .     .     . 
'.  Bembo, 
.  Reuchlin,   . 
^RIOSTO,  . 
x>uis  Cornaro,    . 
i.  Rucellai,    . 
i.  Rucellai,   . 
'ierre  Gringoire, 
r.  Trissino,    . 


1467-1536 
1 490- 1 536 
1470- 1 547 

1455-1522 

■474-1533 
1467- 1 566 
1449-1514 
1475- 1 526 

1478-1544 
1478-1550 


tiACHIAVELLI,    .      .      .        I469-1527 

i.  Mantuano, 151 3 

Jlrich  von  Hutten       1488- 1 523 
'  Epistolae  Obscurorum  Virorum," 

1515-1519 

.UTHER, 1483- 1 546 

iUICCIARDINl,    .      .      .        1482- 1 540 

?.  Molza, 1489-1544 

>annazaro 1458- 1530 

Polydore  Vergil,       .     .  c.  1470-1555 


RABELAIS  .  .  . 
Lllric  Zwingli, 
P.  Melanchthon, 
yi.  Bandello,  .  . 
Pietro  Aretino,  .  . 
[Ilement  Marot,  . 
[uan  Boscan,  .  .  . 
Hans  Sachs,  .  . 
Bernardo  Tasso, . 


'495-IS53 
1484-1531 
1497- 1 560 
1480- 1 562 
1492. 1 557 
1497- 1 544 
1500? -1544 
1494-1578 
1493- 1 569 


.Scinuc,  Eiibeutione,  etc 


VlTTORIA  COLONNA,    .        I490-1547 
Marguerite  of  Navarre, .       1 492- 1 549 

;ALVIN 1509-1564 

"Institutes,"  published.     .     1536 

Joannes  Secundus  ( Everts),  1 5 1 1  - 1 536 

Decio  della  Horte. 

(.  C.  SCAI.IGER,      .     .       1484-1558 


Ignatius  Loyola, 
Francis  Xavier,   .     . 
St.  C.  Borromeo, 
Cardinal  Contarini, . 


1491.1556 
1 506- 1 552 
1 538- 1 584 
1 483- 1 542 


Robert  Duval  (Vallensis)   .     fl.  1500 

Thomas  Linacre  (meJ.),       1460-1524 

Achellini  {meJ.),       .     .       1461-1512 

Watches  with  mainsprings. 

Voyages  of  Amerigo  Vespucci, 

1499- 1 501 -3 

Cornelius  Agrippa,  .     .       1486-1535 

O.  Brunfels(fo/.),    .     .       1488-1534 

Diving  Bells. 


N.  COPERNICUS,  .  .  1473-1543 
The  Moluccas  discovered,.  .  151 ' 
H.  Fracastorius  (w/fr/.),  1483-1553 
F.  Magalhaens  (Magellan),  1470-1521 
Sebastian  Munster,  .  .  1489-1552 
J.  B.  Montanus, .  .  .  1488-1551 
P.  A.  Paracelsus,  .  1493-1541 
Fire  Engines  and  Gunlocks,  .  1518 
George  Agricola  (c/iem.)  1494-1555 
H.  Bock  (Tragus)  (bot.),     1498-1554 


'SEhe  Jfiiu  ^rte. 


LEONARDO  DA  VINCI, 

.(/). 1452-1519 

Simone  Cronaca  («),  .  1457-1508 
Lorenzo  di  Credi  (/),  .  1459-1537 
Quintin  Matsys  (/),  .  1466- 1530 
Jan  de  Mabuse  (/),  .  .  1470- 1532 
ALBERTDURER(/,<'«or),  1471-1528 
Fra  Bartolonico  (p),  .  1475-1517 
Bernardino  Luini  (/),  .  1470-1530 
GIORGIONE  (/),  .  .  .  1478-151 1 
Marziale  (/),  .     .     .     .  c.  1492-1507 

Rustici  (sc-) 1474-1554 

ST.  PETER'S(Bramante),(«.),  1444- 
1512),  resumed,    .     .     .     .      1506 


Olaus  Magnus,  .  .  1500? -1568 
Mendoza(Hist.  of  .VIoors),  1503-1575 
Giraldi  Cinthio,  .     .     .       1504-1573 

Montemayor,  "Diana,"  1520-1562 

A.  F.  (irazzini,   .     .     .  1503- 1583 

A.  di  Constanzo,  .  1507-1591 

J.  Sleidan 1 506- 1 556 

Nostradamus,      .  1 503- 1 566 


.Silk  made  in  France,  .  .  .  1521 
Magellan  Straits  discovered,  .  1520 
Globe  circumnavigated,  Sept.,  1522 
P.  Nonnius,  ....  1492-1577 
F.  Maurolycus.  .  .  .  1494-1575 
H.  Tartaglia,  .  .  .  1500-1557 
Nicola   da    Urbino   (potter)  [Urbino 

Maiolica], c.  1520 

F.  Chrysogonus  (Tides),  .  fl.  1527 
Fernelius(m«/.), .  .  c.  1500-1558 
P.  A.  Mattioli  (iot.  and  geo.), 

1 500- 1 577 
Conrad  Gesner,  .     .     .  fl.  15 16- 1565 


J.  Cardano,       .     .     .       1501-1576 

Medical  School  at  Padua,  and  Chair 
of  Botany. 

Don  Allessio  Ruscelli,  .     .     fl.  1536 

Giorgio    Andreoli    (potter)    (Gubbio 
Maiolica),    .     .     .     .  c.  1500- 1 550 


Leonard  Fuchs  (med. ) 
Revives  Galenism. 

J.  Rondelet  (bot.),    . 


1501-1566 
1506  1566 


A.  Vesalios  (first   scientific  anato- 
mist),     15 14- 1 564 

G.  Mercator,  ....       1 5 12- 1594 
Garcia  da  Orta  (med.  and  bot. ), 

fl.  1540 
Luca  Ghini  (1500-1556)  founds  first 

Botanic  Garden  at  Pisa,  .  1544 
William  Turner  (bot.),  1515  ?  -1568 
Dalechamps  ((So/.),  .  .  1513-1588 
Francesco   Xanto   and   the  Fontana 

VamWy  (potters),  .  c.  1510  1600 
Ambrose  Par^  (med.),  .       1517-1590 

( Ligature  for  arteries. ) 


RAPHAEL  (/)  .  1483-1520 
Lorenzo  Lotto  (/),  .  .  1489-1541 
Palma  Vecchio  (/),  .  1480-1528 
Piero  Torrigiano  (se),    .       1472-1522 

(Tombof  Henry  VII.) 
Beccafumi  (Duomo  of  Siena)  (/), 

1486-1551 
Marc  Anto.mo  Raimo.mdi  (engr.), 

c.  1475-1534 
SoDOMA  (G.  Bazzi)  (p.),  1477-1549 
Andreas  Verrochio  (sc),  1435-1488 
Roman  School  of  Painting  established . 


MICHAEL   ANGELO    (/, 

",  J^). 1475-1564 

Tatti  [Sansovino]  (jf ),  .  1477-1570 
Bandinelli  (sc),  .  .  .  1492- 1 560 
Prosperzia  Rossi  (j<-),  .  c.  1490-1530 
S.  DEL  PioMBo  (/),  .  1485-1547 
Andrea  del  Sarto  (p),  1487-1531 
CORREGGIO  (/),  .  .  1494-1534 
LoSpagna(/),    .     .     .  c.  1503-1530 


TITIAN  (/),      . 
Dosso  Dossi  (/>), 
B.  Garofalo  (/>), 
Giulio  Romano  (/), 

HANS  HOLBEIN  (/), 
Parmigiano  (/),  . 


1477-1576 
1479-1542 
1481-1559 
1492-1546 

1498-1559 
1 504- 1 540 


1500 


BENVENUTO  CELLINI  (j4  1500  1571 

I'enicaud,   Courtois,    Leonard    Ray- 
mond (Limoges  enamel  artists), 

c.  1 500- 1 580 

Paris  Bordone  (/),  .  .  1500-1570 
Bronzino  (/),  .  .  .  .  1502-1572 
Daniel  de  Volterra  (/  and  se), 

1 509- 1 566 

Bautista  de  Toledo,   (a).     Designed 

the  EscuRlAL,  Spain,    .     .      1567 


1510 


1520 


I530 


1540 


(med.)  Physician. 
(bot.)  Botanist. 
(geo.)  Geologist. 


(a)  Architect. 
(sc)  Sculptor. 
(p)  Painter. 
(engr.)  Engraver. 


TABLE  VIII. 

FROM    A.D.    1550   TO    160O. 


I 


VIII— THE    SIXTEENTH 


A.D. 

Jorcigii  ijistoru. 

English  nnti  §cotrh  ^istorg. 

ffinglish  |Cit{ 

1550 

Metz  taken  by  France,       .     .     1552 
Servelus  burnt  by  Calvin,       .      1553 
Religious  Peace  of  Augsburg,      1555 
Paul  IV.  (Caraffa),  .     .     .     .      1555 

Ferdinand  1 15156-1564 

Philip  II 1556 

Calais  taken  by  Duke  of  Guise,    1558 
Francis  II., 1559 

Mary  Tudor,    .     .     .      1553-1558 

************* 

Lady  Jane  Grey  beheaded,     .     1554 

Mary  of  Guise  in  Scotland,      1554 

KeconciUation  with  Rome,     .      1554 
Latimer,  Ridley,  and  Hooper  burnt, 

1555 

Cranmcr  burnt, 1556 

Gardiner  and  Pole  in  power. 
Marriage  of  Mary  Stuart  to  Dauphin, 

1558 
ELIZABETH,.     .     .     .      1558-1603 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 
William  Cecil,  Secretary,  .     1558 

Udall.     Earliest  Comt 
Doyster "), .     .     . 

Wilson's  "Artof  Rhet 

Sackville,  .     .     . 
"  Mirror  for  Magistr 

Tottel's  Miscellan 

Catherine  de  Medici,  Regent, 

Tusser's  Bucolics,     . 

1550-1570 
Charles  IX 1560-1574 

The  Book  of  Common 

1560 

Civil  Wars  in  France,  .       1562-1598 
Maximilian  II.,  Emperor  (also  King 

of  Hungary  and  Bohemia),  1564-76 
Soliman  II.  in  Hungary.   .     .     1566 
Pius  v.,     ...:...      1566 

Alva  in  the  Netherlands,  1567-1573 

Montmorency  killed  at  St.Denis,  1567 
Cosmo  de  Medici,  Duke  of  Tuscany. 

Egmont  and  Horn  executed, .     1568 

REFORMATION  in  Scotland. 

MARY  STUART  reigns,       1561-1567 

Hawkins iKglns  Slave  Trade,      1562 
Murder  of  Rizzio,     ....      1566 
Murder  of  Darnley.     Mary  marries 
Bothwell, 1567 

Battle  of  Langside.     Mary  to  Eng- 
land  1568 

Northern  Rebellion,      .     .     .     1569 
Murray,  Regent,       .     .       1567-1670 

JOHN  KNOX,  .     .     . 
The  Geneva  Bible,  . 
George  Buchanan, 
Foxe's  "  Martys,"    . 
"  Ferrex  and  Porrex,' 

lish  Tragedy,  .     . 
Bishops'  Bible, 
Golding's  Ovid,  .     . 

Silvester's  Translation 

"Gammer  Gurton's  > 
Still,  1543  1608). 

Assassination  of  C<>nd^,     .     .      1569 
Don  John  of  Austria,    .       1570- 1578 

1570 

Battle  of  Lepan to 1571 

Rudolph  II.,  Emperor  and  King  of 

Hungary,    ....       1572-1612 
Poland  an  Elective  Monarchy,    1572 
Massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew,     1572 

Lennox,  Regent,      .     .       1570-157 1 

Mar,  Regent,       .      .      .       1571-1572 
Morton,  Regent,       .     .       1572-1578 

Burleigh,  Lord  Treasurer,      .     1572 
Walsingham,  Secretary,     .     .      1573 
Elizabeth  declines  the  Netherlands, 

1575 
Dr.ake  sails  round  the  World,      1577 
Frobisher  and  Cavendish. 

James  VI 157S-1625 

Sir  Philip  Sidney, 
XXXIX.  Articles,   . 
Thomas  Watson, 

"  Century  of  Sonnet 
Robert  Southwell,    . 

Revolt  of  Netherlands,       .     .      1572 
Henry  III.  (last  Valois),    .     .      1574 

Siege  of  Leyden,      ....     1574 
The  Catholic  League,  .       1576-1593 
Union  of  Utrecht,     ....      1579 
WILLIAM  THE  SILENT  (Orange), 
(1533-1584) 

Jasper  Heywood, 
"  Paradise  of  Dainty  1 
Chronicles  of  Holinshe 
Richard  Knolles, 
George  Puttenham,  fl. 

1580 

vrj 

O 
vo 

VO 

in 

ce 

■< 

CO 

fed 
■< 

Independence   of   Netherlands   de- 
clared,     1581 

William  of  Orange  assassinated,  1 584 
Sixtus  V 1585 

Battle  of  Coutras 1587 

The  Duke  of  Guise  assassinated, 

1588 
Alexander  of  Parma,     .       1571-1592 
HENRY  IV.  (Bourbon), 

1589-1610 
Battle  of  Arques 15S9 

Risings  in  Ireland,  .     1579  and  l";8o 
•****i^********* 

Raleigh  in  Virginia,    .     .     1584 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 

Leicester  in  the  Netherlands,       1585 

Battle  of  Zutphen,    ....     1586 

Babington's  Plot 1586 

Execution  of  Mary,       .     .     .     1587 

Drake  at  Cadiz, 1587 

THE  ARMADAj 1588 

♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 

SPENSER,      . 
Richard  Hooker, 
SIR  WALTER  RALEK 
Fulk  Greville  (Lord  B 

William  Warner,      . 
George  Peele, 
Thomas  Nash,     .     . 
Robert  Greene,   .     . 
Thomas  Kyd,      .     . 

1590 

Battle  of  Ivry, 1590 

Christian  IV.  in  Denmark,  15S8-1648 

Henry  IV.,  Catholic,    .     .     .     1 593 
Duke  of  Sully,  Minister. 
Sigismund  of  Poland  in  Sweden, 

1593-1604 
The  Edict  of  Nantes,    .     .     .      1598 

War  with  Spain  and  Portugal, 

15S9-1600 

Tyrone's  Rebellion  in  Ireland, 
*4****^**********                „    , 

1598-1600 

Capture  of  Cadiz  by  Essex,    .     1596 

Death  of  Burleigh 1598 

Gowrie  Conspiracy,       .     .     .      l6oo 
Patent  to  Last  India  Company,   1600 

Christopher  Marlo 
Thomas  Lodge,   . 
Richard  Hakluyt,     . 
Edward  C»ike,  .     . 
William  Camden,     . 
Lyly  (Euphues  and  Co 

Bacon's  Essays,  1st  E( 
Bodleian  founded,     . 

Roman. 
I  French. 
•  Italian. 

German. 


Spanish. 
Papal. 

Scandinavian. 
Netherlands. 


********  English. 
********  Scotch. 
►♦♦♦•♦♦♦  Irish. 


l^TURY.         SECOND    HALF.      IN   DECADES. 


Jforcign  Ipittraturc. 


The  Stephens'  Press  in  Paris, 

c.  1490-1590 


Bernardo  Telesi 

0,    .       1509 

IS88 

"  Natura  Rerum, 

) 

1565 

Gesner's  "  Mithrida 

tes,"    .     . 

•555 

Peter  Ramus,  . 

•     •      1515- 

1572 

E.  Jodelle,      .     . 
St.   Teresa,     .     . 

■  •      1532- 

■  ■      i5'5- 

1573 
1582 

"The  Pleiade,"  . 

1560 

CAMOENS,      .     . 

•      152s- 

1579 

Socinus,     .     .     . 
Jacques  Amyot,   . 
Theodore  lieza,   . 

■      1539- 

•  1513- 

•  1519- 

1604 

1594 
1605 

RONSARD,        .       . 

Celio  Magno, 
R.  Gamier,    .     . 
Kochanowski, 
Claude  Fauchet, . 

•  1524- 

•  153^- 

•  1534- 

•  1532- 

•  1530- 

158s 
1612 
1590 
1584 
iboi 

F.  Patricius  (Nova  Philosophia) 
1529- 


1597 


MONTAIGNE,      . 
J.  i.  SCALIGER, 
Isaac  Casaubon, 
Johann  F'ischart, 
Jean  Bodin,    . 
P.  van  Marnix  (St. 


Mariana,    .     . 
Brantome,    .     . 
Amiinius,  .     . 
Joseph  d'Acosta, 


1533-1592 
1 540- 1 609 
1559-1614 
1545-1589 
1530-1596 
Aldegonde), 

1538-1598 
.  .  1 536- 1 623 
.  .  1540-1614 
.  .  1560-1609 
•     •       1540-1599 


j-1599    TORQUATO  TASSO,      .      1544-1595 

5-1600  j  P.  Charron 154I-1603 

!-i6iS  Academy  of  Florence,  .  .  1580 
Albericus  Gentilis  at  Oxford,  .  1582 
Guarini's  Pastor  Fido,  .  .  .  1585 
P.  Sarpi  (Fra  Paolo),  .  1552-1623 
G.  Chiabrera,      .     .     .       1552-1637 

1553-1617 
1550?- 1600 


B.  Baldi, 
Giordano  Bruno,  . 


CERVANTES,      .     . 

Satyre  Menippee, 

I  Mathurin  Regnier,  . 
i  A.  Tassoni,  .  .  . 
I  Bracciolini, 

Lope  de  Vega,    . 

Margarite  de  Valois, 

J.  A.  de  Thou,    .     . 

Jacob  Bcehmen,     . 

Due  de  Sully,      .     . 

St.  Francis  de  Sales, 


1547-1616 

•  •  1594 

1573-1613 
'565  1635 
1 566- 1 645 
1562-1635 
1553-1615 
1553-1617 
1575-1624 
1560-1641 
1567-1522 


Science)  Enbeuttons,  ftc 


Andreas   Cesalpinus  {,mcd.    and 
geo.  and  hot.),  .     .     .       15 19- 1603 

G.  Fallopius  (med.),  .  1523-1562 
Oiron  [Henri-Deux  Ware],  c.  1550 
Bernard  PALissY(/t>/'/«-),  1510- 1589 
German  enamelled  Glass  first  known, 

1553 

J.  J.  Contio fi.   1558 

B.  Eustachius  (mcii.),  .  1520-1574 
N.  Aldrovandi  (bol.),     .       1522-1O05 


Venetian  Glass  made  in  England,  1560 
Clusius  (bot.  prof,  at  Leyden), 

1526-1609 
C.  Acosta  (med.  and  liot.),       d.  1580 

Levinus   I.emmius,   "  De  Miraculis 

Naturae." 
J.  B.  Benedetti,  .     .     .       1530-1590 

C.  Clavius 1537-1612 

G.  Fabricius(Aquapendente|,  {med.), 
1537-1619 
Varolius  (med.),  .     .     .       1543    — 


L'Obel  (bot.),       .     .     .  1538-1616 

University  OF  Leyden,     .     1575 

Francis  Vieta,     .     .     .  1540- 1603 

William  Gilbert,     .  1540- 1603 

J.  Bauhin  (but.),  .     .     .  1541-1613 

Petrus  Severinus  (med,),  1542-1602 

Field  Glasses  used , .     .  .     .      1 570 

R.  Snellius,    ....  1547-1613 


TYCHOBRAHE, .     .     .      1546-1601 

University  of  Edinburgh,    1582 

Simon  S.  Steven,  .  .  15481620 
Florence  Potteries,  ....  1580 
Gregorian  Calendar,  .  .  .  1582 
Libavius   and   Beguinus   (Chemical 

Text-Books). 
Donatus  (med.),  .     .      .      .     fl.    1588 
John  Napier,    .     .     .      1550-1617 
Giambattista  Porta,  "Magia  Natiir- 

alis,"      ....       c.   1538-1615 


First  Microscope 1590 

S.  M3.]o\\  (geo.), .  .  .  .  fl.  1590 
G.  Bauhin  (bot.),  .  .  1560-1624 
Otto  Casmann,  "Tides,"  fl.  1596 
T.  Harriot,  ....  1 560-1 621 
Von  Hilden  (med.),  .  1560-1634 
M.  Ghetaldus,  .  .  .  1566-1627 
Robert  Fludd,  .  .  .  1 574- 1637 
Jans  and  Lapprey's  Telescojies, 

c.  1590-1610 
Van  der  Spiegel  (med.),       1578-1625 


(med.)  Physician. 
(geo.)  Geologist. 
(bol. )  Botanist. 


'^ht  Jinc  Jlrte. 


Renaissance  Style  in  English 
Architecture,  .      c.  1550-1650 

Salviati  (/),    ....       1510-1563 

Georgio  Vasari  (/), .     .       1511-1574 

G.  Mantuano  (/),    .        c.  1520-1577 

Jean  de  Boulogne  (sc),  .       1524- 1608 

Jean  Goujon  (jf),      .     .     .     — 1572 


TINTORETTO  (/),  .  .  1512-1594 
Palladiu  (a),  ....  1518-1580 
Giovanni  da  Ponte  (a),        1512-1597 

(Bridges  of  Rialto  and  Sighs). 
Ambrose  Morales  (m),  .       1513-1590 

Palestrina  [Aloisio]  (m), 

c.  1524-J594 

Zucchero  Taddeo  (/),  .  1529-1566 
Bassano  (/),   ....       1510-1592 


A.  Schiavone  (/), 


1522-1582 


Elizabethan   DomiiStic  Archi- 
tecture. 

Thomas  Tallis  (m),  .     .       1529-1585 

J.  Shute  (n).     First  English  Work 
on  Architecture. 

Paul  Veronese  (/),  .      1528-158S 


Orlando  di  Lasso  (m),  .       1530-1593 


F.  Baroccio  (/), 


1528-1612 


Tommaseo  Manzuoli  (/),    1536-1571 


L.  Caracci  (/),    .     .     .  1555-1619 

Globe  Theatre  opened,  .      c.  1594 

Agostino  Caracci  (/),   .  1558-1601 

Annibale  Caracci  (/),   .  1560-1609 


(a)  Architect. 
(/)  Painter. 
(se)  Sculptor. 
(/H).Musician. 


TABLE   IX. 

FROM    A.D.     1600   TO     1650. 


IX.— SEVENTEENTH    ( 


1600 


1610 


1620 


^ 


1630 


1640 


Jorftgn  ^istorg. 


BARNEVELDT,  .  .  .  15861618 
Philip  III.,.     .     .     .      1598-1621 

Biron's  Conspiracy, ....  1602 
Dutch  powerful  in  the  Indies,     1607 

Maurice,  1584-1625.     Spinola, 

1604-1625 
Truce  between  Spani  and  Nether- 
lands,      1609 

Moors  expelled  from  .Spain,  .  1609 
Henry  IV.  assassinated,    .     .     1610 

LOUIS  XIII.,  ....      1610-1643 

Mary  de  Medici,  Regent. 

Matthias, 1612-1619 

Romanoff's  in  Russia,    .     .     .     1613 

Synod  of  Dort,  .  .  .  1618-1619 
Execution  of  Barneveldt  .  .  1619 
Frederick,  King  of  Bohemia,  1619 
Ferdinand  II. .     .     .      1619-1637 

Battle  of  Prague,  ....  1620 
THIRTY  YEARS' WAR,     1618-1648 


GUST_AVUS_  ADOLPHUS, 
Wallenstein,  .     . 
Henry  de  Rohan.     . 
Massacre  of  Amboyna, 

Huguenot  Rising,     . 
Rochelle  talien,  . 
Philip  IV.,  .    .     . 


Edict  of  Restitution, 
RICHELIEU,  .     .     . 

,,  supreme. 


1611-1632 

(1583-1634) 

(■579-1638) 
■     .     1623 

•  ■  1625 
.  .  1628 
1621-1665 

.     .     1629 

(1585-1642) 

I 624 -I 642 


Fall  of  Magdeburg, 
Battle  of  Lutzen, 


1631 
1632 


Christina 1632  1654 

Oxenstierna,  ....  (1583- 1654) 
Assassination  of  Wallenstein, .  1634 
Peace  of  Prague,  ....  1635 
France  and  Spain  at  War,  1635-1659 
Independence  of  Portugal,  .  1640 
War  between  Portugal  and  Holland. 


Cinq  Mars  and  De  Thou,  .     .  1642 

Louis  XIV.  accedes,      .      .      .  1643 

Anne  of  Austria,  Regent,  .     .  1643 

Turenne  on  the  Rhine,      .     .  1643 

Conde  at  Rocroy,     ....  1643 

Masaniello  at  Naples,  .     .     .  1647 

Peace  ok  WrsTPHALiA,  .     .     1648 

Frederick     William,      the      Gre.it 

"Elector,""  ....       1640- 1688 

Mazarin,  Minister,      .       1643-1661 

Lettres  de  Cachet. 


©nglish  &  <Srotclt  ^ietorg. 


Robert  Cecil,  Minister, .  .  1598 
Execution  of  Essex,      .     .     .      1601 

James  I., 1603-1625 

■'♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦  •'        ' 
Main  and  Bye  Plots.     Raleigh  im- 
prisoned,      1603 

Hampton  Court  Conference,  .  1604 
(ninpowder  Plot,  ....  1605 
Pilgrim  Fathers  to  Delft,  .  .  1609 
Ulster  Settlements 1610 


Earl  of  Salisbury  (Cecil),     dies  1612 
Robert  Carr  (Somerset),  favourite, 

1612-161S 
Death  of  Prince  Henry,  .  .  1612 
Marriage  of  Princess  Elizabeth  to 

Frederic,  Elector  Palatine,       1613 
Sir  T.  Ovcrbury  poisoned,      .     1613 
George  Villiers  (Duke  of  Bucking- 
ham), favourite 1615 

Coke  suspended,      ....      1616 

Bacon,  Lord  Keeper,    .     .     .      1617 

,,       Viscount  St.  Albans,       1620 

Execution  of  Raleiijli.  .     .     .      1618 


Bacon's  overthrow,  .     .     .     .  162 1 

.Selden  and  Pyni  imprisoned,  .  1622 

Spanish  Marriage  broken,      .  1623 

War  with  Spain  declared,  .     .  1624 

Charles  1 1625-1648 

♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 

Buckingham  assassinated,      .  1628 

PETITION  OF  RIGHT,      .     .  1628 


Sir  John  Eliot  sent  to  the  Tower, 

1629 ;  dies, 1632 

Ship  Money  levied,       .     .     .     1634 
Laud  and  Wentworth  in  power. 
Trial  of  Hampden,  .     .       1637-1638 

Prynne  fined  by  Star  Chamber,  1637, 
{which  is  abolished,  1641). 

Covenant  in  Scotland,  .     .     .     1638 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 

L»a'i§ji^^wm5j'jv.-  '640-1653 


Pym    Leader, 


1640-1643 


Execution  of  Strafford,      .     .     1641 

Mass.-icre  of  Enclish  in  Ireland,  1641 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 

Grand  Remonstrance,  .     .     .     1641 

Arrest  of  Five  Members,  .     .      1642 

CIVIL  WAR,  1642-51,  Edgehill,  1642 

1st  Battle  of  Newbury.     Falkland 

killed, 1643 

Marston  Moor,  1644.     Naseby,  1645 

Execution  of  Laud,  .     .     .     .     1645 

Westminster  Assembly,       1643-1649 

Pride's  Purge, 1648 

Execution  of  the  King,       .     .     1649 


(Euglisk  |Citer; 


SHAKESPEARE, 

Hall  and  Marston's  Satii 
Thomas  Dekker, 
George  Chap.\ian, 
Cyril  Tourneur,  . 
S.  Daniel,       .     . 
Michael  Drayton,    . 
Sir  John  Davies, 
John  Donne,  .     . 
Sir  H.  Wotton,   .     . 

BACON,  .    . 

Authorized  Version  ( 

Francis  Beau.mont,  . 
John  Fletcher,  .  . 
John  Ford,  .... 
John  Webster,  .  . 
Philip  Massinger,  . 
Bishop  Corbet,  . 
Thomas  Heywood  ? 

BEN  JONSON 

Giles  and  Ph.  Fletcher, 


First  English  Newspaper 
First  Edition  of  Shakesp^ 
Robert  Burton,  .  . 
Wm.  Chiilingworth, 
William  Browne, 
George  Herbert, 
R.  Herrick,  .  . 
F.  Quarles,  .  .  . 
Richard  Crashaw,  . 
Alexander,  E.  of  .Stirling 
J.  Florio,  .... 
Thomas  Middleton, 
James  Ussher,  .  . 
John  Shirley,  .     . 


The  Cavalier  Poets — 
Wm.  Drummond, 
T.  Carew,   .     .     . 
T.  Randolph,  . 
Sir  John  Suckling, 
Wm.  Davenant,    . 
Wm.  Cartwright, 
R.  Lovelace,    .     . 
Sir  J.  Denham,     . 
J.  Cleveland,  . 
Montrose,   .     .     • 
Wm.  Habington,  . 
A.  Cowley,    .     . 
Edmund  Waller,  . 


MILTON,  .  . 
"British  Mercur)'," 
Bishop  Leighton,  . 
George  Wither,  .  . 
Andrew  Marvell, 
John  Owen,  .  .  . 
George  Fox.  Quakerisn 
Confession  of  Faith, 
"  Eikon  Basilike,"  .     . 


■  German. 

■  Prussian. 
•  French. 

Spanish. 


Portuguese. 
Russian. 
Scandinavian. 
Netherlands. 


English. 
.««»«»*•  Scotch. 
•  *•**••   Irish. 


TURY.        FIRST  HALF.      IN  DECADES. 


1616 

1639 

1634 
1607 
1019 
163 1 
1626 
1631 

'639 
1626 


Jforcign  |£it«atttre. 


Anders  Arrebo  (Lofoden  Islands), 

1587-1637 
"Don  Quixote,"      ....     1605 

F.  de  Malherbe,       .     .       1555-1628 
R.  Vis>;cher,  H.  Spieghel,  and  Bre- 

derco  in  Holland. 

Quevedo, 1580-1645 

P.  C.  HooFT,      .     .     .       1 583- 1 647 
C.  Jansen,       ....       1585-1638 

Dou,iy  bible, i6og 

Honore  dUrfe  (Astree),      1568-1625 

G.  C.  Avila,   ....       1577-1658 


B,       !  L.  Vanini, 


t  T.  Campanclla,  . 


1 584-1619 
1568-1639 


161 

g.,       Tesselschade  Visscher, .       1594-1649 
;639     M.  Opitz, 1597-1637 


1652     Paul  Flemming,  . 
'640     Andreini, 
635  ^       and 
i  Marini, 

637      Father  Cats, 
650     D.  Heinsiu<s, 


1609-1640 

1568-1652 

(Sacred  Plays) 

.       1569-1625 

1577-1660 
■       1580-1655 


:622 
623 
640 
644 
645 

633 
674 
644 
650 
640 
625 
627 
656 
666 


H.  C.  Davila,  .     .     . 
German  Literary  Unions. 
First  Sile-sian  School. 
Hugo  Gkotius. 
F.  de  Bassompierre, 
Jean  Rotrou,  .     .     . 
Vincent  de  Paul, 
The  Elzevirs, .     .     . 
C.  de  Vaugelas,  . 

J.  Balzac 

VlNCE.NT  VoiTLRE, 
J.  Racan,  .... 


1576-1631 


1583-1645 
1579-1646 
1609-1650 
1576-1660 
1583-1652 
1585-1650 
1594-1654 
1598-1648 
1589-1670 


649 

639 
634 
641 
668 

643 
65S 
688 
659 
650 

64s 
667 
687 


DESCARTES,    .      1596 
"  Uiscours  de  la  Methode," 

Hotel  Ranilxjuillet. 

French  Academy,     .     .     . 

Corneille's  "Cid,"  .... 

F.  Pallavicino,    .     . 

Andreas  Gryphius,  . 

Clajus  (Sacred  Plays), 


1650 
1637 


1635 
1637 
1644 
1670 
657 
JOOST  VAN  DEN  VONDEL,  I587-1679 


1616- 

161 6-c. 
1616- 


674  PIERRE  CORNEILLE, .      1606-1684 

54  Jesuits  and  jANsENisrs. 
684  i 

,,  Second  Silesian  Scho 
667 

678  J-  Bollandus, .     .     . 

683  "Acta  Sanctorum," 

647  C.  Salmasius,       .     . 

648  St.  Evremnnd,     . 
648  Madame  de  Sevignu, 


1640 

•      "596- 

1665 

'643 

.      1588- 

1653 

1610- 

1703 

1626- 

1696 

^ncnrr,  fnbentiotts,  ^c 


Ihe  Jine  Jlvts. 


GALILEO,  ■    •    .     15641642 

Hydrometer  and  Theimometer. 
Australia  discovered,     .     .     .      1601 
J.  KEPLER,   ....       1571-1630 
Kepler's  1st  and  2nd  Laws,     1609 
Van  Helmoni'  (med.  and  chem), 

.       ^    ,  1577-1644 

(Rise  of  Clinical  Medicine.) 

J.  B.  Morin 1583-1656 


William  HARVEYf/w^f/.),  1578- 
Discovery  of  Circulation   of 
Blood, 


L.  G.  Hoffman  (meii.), 
Napier's  Logarithms,  . 
Marin  Mersenne, 
Cape  Horn  discovered, 
W.  .Snellius,  .  .  .  . 
G.  de  St.  Vincent,  .  . 
Kepler's  3RD  Law,  . 
Fabio  Colonna  i^eo.). 


1572 


1591- 
1584- 


1657 

the 

1619 

1648 

1614 

1648 

1615 

1626 

1647 

1618 


P.  Gassendi,  .  . 
Aselli  (iiied.),  .  . 
G.  Desargues, 
DESCARTES, .  .  . 
T.  Desmarets  (i'w. ), 
V.  Glisson  {met/.),  . 
B.  Cavalieri,  . 
Pierre  de  P'ermat,  . 
G.  P.  de  Roberval, . 


1592-1655 
.  fl.  1622 
1593-1662 

1598-1650 
1595-1676 

1597-1677 
1 598- 1 647 
1601-1665 
1602-1675 


O.    von   Guericke,  Inventor  of  Air 

Pump, 1602- 16S6 

SirKenclm  Digby  (<-//<■»/.),  1603-1665 
G.  A.  Borelli  {math.,  meil.), 

(latro-Physic),      .     .       160S-1675 

Stevenus fl.  1633 

Jardin  des  Plantes,  Paris,  1635 
University  of  Utrecht,  .  1636 
J.  R.  Glauber  ((■*?/«.),     1604-1668 

Delaboe  (Sylvius),  {med.),  1614-1672 
C.  V.  Schneider,      .     .       1610-1680 


J.  Horrocks,    .    .     .      1619-1641 
E.  Aslimole  (<-M«.),     .       1617-1692 
latro-Chemical  School. 
John  Wallis,    .     .     .      1616-1703 
Peter  Borel  (/Wi/.),  .     .       16201689 

J-  Picard,  1620-1682 

William  How  {hot.),  .  1619-1656 
Thomas  Willis  (;««/.),  .  1621-1675 
R.  Morison  {io/.),  .  .  1620- 1683 
Olaus  Borrichius  {med.  and  chem.), 

1626-1690 
Torricelli's  Barometer, .  .  .  1643 
Christopher  Glaser  ((-^("OT.),     <\.  1679 


C.  Mademo  {a),  1556-1629.  Altered 
Michael  Angela's  design  of  St. 
Peter's,  Rome,  from  a  Greek  to  a 
Latin  Cross. 

B.  Carduccio  (/.),    .     .  15601610 

J.  Rottenhammer  (/),  .  1564-1623 

M.  A.  Caravaggio  (/),  1569-1609 

Edward  Alleyn  {ac),     .  1566-1624 

William  Blaeu  {eitg.),  .       1571-1638 


Jacobeian  English  Domestic  Arch. 
R.  BURBAGE  (<;<r),    .      .    1567?-l6l9 
GuiDO  Reni  (/),     .     .      1575-1642 
Cristoforo  Allori  (/),     .       1577-1621 

P.  P.  RUBENS  (/),  .     .      1577-1640 


Inigo  Jones  (n),     .     .      1572-1652 
G.  Ai.i.EGRi  (///),      .     .     1580-1652 

D.  Z.  DOMENICIIINO  (/),  1581-1641 


Dr.  Bull  (;«),  circ.  1628.     (Composed 
National  Anthem.) 


Joh.  Blaeu,     .... 

.     d.  1680 

Poelenburg  {p),  .     .     . 

1586-1666 

Spagnoletto,  (G.   Ribera) 

(A). 
1588-1656 

Guercino  (/),    .     .     . 

1 592-1666 

N.  PoussiN  (/),       .     . 

1594-1665 

Pietro  da  Cortona,   .     . 

1596-1669 

Francis  du   Quesnoy  {sc  and  carver 
in  Ivor}),      ....      1592-1646 

J.  L.  Bernini  {sc),  .     . 

1589-1680 

A.  Algardi  {sc),    .     .     . 

1 598- 1 654 

Gonnelli  {sc),  .... 

? 

Zurbaran  (/),      .     .     . 

1598-1662 

VANDYCK  (/),    .     .     . 

1 599- 1 641 

VELASQUEZ  (/),    1599-1660 


{chem.)  Chemist,  {ma/h.)  Mathematician.      (/)  Painter. 
{med.)  Physician.  {„)  Architect. 

{iof.)  Bulanht  (^/.)  Etcher, 

(^co.)  Geologist.  (^«i'/-.)  Engraver. 


{sc)  Sculptor. 
(/«)  Musician. 
{ac)  Actor. 


TABLE  X. 

FROM   A.D.     1650    TO    I7OO. 


X.— SEVENTEENTH     CENT 


Jforcigtt  ijistorg. 


Cnglish  &  §coich  ^istorp. 


(English  ^itcratxire. 


1650 


1660 


1670 


Cardinal  de  Retz,     .     .    (1614-1679) 

War  of  the  Fronde,       .       1648-1653 

DuchessedeMontpensier,(l627-l693) 

Van  Tromnin  the  Thames. 

East   Prussia  free   from  Poland  by 

Treaty 1657 

LOUIS  XIV.  reigns,       .       1653-1715 

Peace  of  the  Pyrenees, .  .     .     1659 

Colbert,  Minister,    .     .  1661-16S3 

Louvois,  Minister,  .     .  (1641-1691) 

Leopold  L,  Austria,  .  1658-1705 


Execution  of  Montrose,     .     .     1650 

Battle  of  Dunbar,     ....     1650 

Battle  of  Worcester,      .     .     .      1651 

Navigation  Act 1651 

CROMWELL,  Protector,      1653-1658 

Dutcb  defeated  by  Blake  and  Monk, 

1653 
Jamaica  conquered,       .     .     .     1655 

Death  of  Blake 1657 

Richard  Cromwell,  .     .       1658-1659 
**************** 


THOMAS  HOBBES,  .     .      1588- 

"  Leviathan," 

Thomas  Fuller,  .  .  .  1608- 
JoHN  Selden,  .  .  .  1584- 
Harrington's  "Oceana,"  .  . 
Jeremy  Taylor,  .  .  1613- 
Isaac  Walton,  .  .  .  1593- 
SiR  T.  Browne,  .  .  1605- 
Sir  M.  Hale,  ....       1609- 


Versailles  built 1661 

French  India  Companies, .     .      1664 

Charles  II.  of  Spain,       1665-1700 

Spanish  Netherlands  invaded,     1666 

Peace  of  Breda, 1667 

The    Triple     Alliance  —  England, 

Holland,  and  Sweden,  .  .  1668 
Treaty  of  Aix-Ia-Chapelle,  .  1668 
Peace  of  Lisbon,  ....  1668 
Secret  Treaty  of  Dover,     .     .     1670 


Turenne  and  Cond£  invade  Hol- 
land,       ....     .     .     .     1672 

The  De  Witts  assassinated,    .     1672 

William  Henry  (Prince  of  Orange), 

(1650-1702) 

„         Stadtholder,        1672-1702 

Battle  of  Fehrbellin,  .  .  .  1675 
Marie  Brinvilliers  executed,  .  1676 
Peace  of  Nimeguen,  .  1678-1679 
"  Reunions  "  in  Elsass,       1680-1681 


Charles  II.     Restoration, 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 

1660-1685 
Corporation  Act,      ....     1661 
First  Standing  Army. 
Act  of  Uniformity  and  Secession  of 

Puritans 1662 

Sale  of  Dunkirk  to  France,  .  1662 
Great  Plague  of  London,  .  .  1665 
2nd    Dutch  War.     Van   Ruyter  in 

the  Thames, i665 

Great  Fire  of  London, .  .  .  1666 
The  Cabal, 1668 

Lauderdale  in  Scotland,    .     .  1 671 

Declaration  of  Indulgence,     .  1672 

The  Test  Act, 1673 

Charles  pensioned  by  Louis,  .  1674 
T.  Oates  Plot.     Godfrey  killed,  1678 

Habeas  Corpus  Act,      .     .  1679 

Sharp   murdered.      Drumclog  and 

Bothwell,    .     .     .•■*^*V*!     1679 

Exclusion   Bill.       Origin   of  Whig 

and  Tory, 1680 

Stafford  executed 1680 

Shaftesbury  acquitted,  .     .     .     168 1 
Rye-House  Plot.     Russell  and  Sid- 
ney executed, 1683 

James  II.,  ....  1685-1688 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 

Argyle  executed 1685 

Monmouth  Rebellion.     Sedgemoor. 
Monmouth   executed.       Declara- 
tion of  Indulgence  renewed,     1685 
Trial  of  Seven  Bishops,     .     .     1688 
WILLIAM  III.  and  Mary,  1689-1694 

mrrtnmnr***: .  .  ,689 

Torture  abolished  in  Scotland,    1690 


Samuel  Butler,  .     .  1612- 

Restoration  Drama,  1662- 

Clarendon,      .     .     .  1608- 

"  London  Gazette,"      ... 

Richard  Baxter,  .  .  .  1615- 
JOHN  BUNYAN,  .  .  .  162S- 
isAAC  Barrow,       .     .       1630- 

"  Paradise  Lost,"     .  .     . 

J.  Tillotson 1630-: 

Robert  South,  .  .  .  1633- 
Algernon  Sidney,    .     .       1617- 


R.  Cudworth,      .     .     . 
Henry  More, .... 
John  Evelyn,       .     . 
Samuel  Pepys,     . 
Thomas  Otway,    .     . 
Stair  (J.  Daliymple),  . 

JOHN  DRYDEN,  .     .     . 
Aphra  Belin,  .... 
Buckingham  (G.  Villiers), 
Joseph  Glanvil,  . 
William  Penn,    . 


1617- 
1614- 
1620-: 
1632- 
1651- 
1619- 

1631- 
1642- 
1627- 
1636- 
1644- 


1680 


m 
a 
w 

N 
1690 

D 
K 
D 

<; 


Strasburgseized  in  time  of  peace,  1681 

Sobieski  repels  the  Turks  at  Vienna, 

1683 
Revocation  of  Edict  of  Nantes,  1685 
First  Russo-Turkish  War,      .     1687 

Exodus  of  Huguenot  families. 
French  in  the  Palatinate,  .     .      1688 

PETER  THE  GREAT,  .      1689-1725 

Court  of  St.  Germains,        1689-1750 
******************** 


Europe  against  France,       1 689- 1 697 
French  fleet  beaten  at  La  Hogue,  1692 


Battle  of  Steinkirk,  . 
Battle  of  Landen, 
Luxembourg  at  Nerwinde, 

Namur  taken. 


Treaty  of  Ryswick,  .     . 

The  Czar  in  England,   . 

Treaty  of  Carlowitz, 

End  of  House  of  Austria  in  Spain, 


692 
1692 
1695 

1695 
1697 
1697 
1699 


1700 


J.  Sheffield,    .     .     . 
Rochester  (J.  Wilmol), 
G.  Etheredge, 
C.  S.  Dorset,       .      . 
Charles  Sedley,  . 

Roscommon  (Dillon) 

JOHN  LOCKE,      .     . 

Matthew  Henry, 

Sir  W.  Temple,  . 

Jeremy  Collier,    . 


1 649-: 
1647- 
1636-C. 

1637- 
1639- 

1633- 
1632- 
1662- 
1628- 
1650- 


.Siege  of  Londonderry, 

Killiecrankie, 

The  Boyne,     . 

Glencoe  Massacre,   . 
**************** 

National  Debt  begun, 
Bank  of  England,     . 
Death  of  Queen  Mary, 
William  reigns  alone. 

Abolition  of  Censorship  of  Press, 
Darien  Expedition,  .      .       1698 
Second  East  India  Company, 
Partition  Treaties,   .     .       1 '   ~ 


1694- 


1689 
1689 
1690 
1692 

1693 

1694 

694 

702 

695 

700 

1698 

-1700 


W.  Wycherley, 
Gilbert  Burnet, 
Stamp  Tax,  . 
W.  CONGREVE, 

R.  Bentley, 
J.  Vanbrugh, . 
G.  Farquhar, 


1640-: 
1643- 

1670- 
1662- 

1666- 

1678- 


German. 
.  French. 
Spanish. 


Russian. 
Netherlands. 


English. 
Scotch. 


SECOND   HALF.       IN  DECADES- 


Jforcign  literature. 

LAISE  PASCAL,     . 

1623-1662 

ALDERON',     .       .       . 

1600-1681 

A  Fontaine,   .     . 

1621-1695 

.  Scarron,     .     .      . 

1610-1660 

.  Arnaukl,    .     1610-1 

690  \     Port 
695  /  Royal. 

Nicole,  .     .      1625-1 

elpbin  Editions,    . 

1674-1691 

adame  de  Scud^ry, 

1607-1701 

OCHEFOUCAULD,   . 

1613-1680 

aul  Gerhardt,    .      . 

1606-1676 

rimmelshausen, 

1615  1676 

lOLIERE,     . 

1622-1673 

[lonias  Corneille,   . 

1625-1709 

OSSUET,  .... 

1627-1704 

ourdaloue,    .     .     . 

1 632- 1 704 

sprit  Flechier,  .     . 

1632-1710 

uet,  (d'Avranches), 

1630-1721 

Journal  des  Savants,' 

'     .     .      1665 

.  BoiLEAU,      .     . 

1636-1711 

.  von  Puffendorf,   . 

1632-1694 

.PINOZA,  .     . 

.       1632-1677 

a  Bruyere,    .     .     . 

1644- 1696 

ACINE 

1639-1699 

.  Quinault,  .     .     . 

1635-1688 

ILICAIA 

1642-1707 

.  Spener,      .     .     . 

1635-1705 

[adame  de  la  Fayelte, 

1 634- 1 693 

(Earliest  Modern  No 

vels. ) 

r.  Mai.ebranche, 

.       1638-1715 

bM  Fleury, .     .     . 

1640-1723 

£n£lon,      .     .     . 

1651-1715 

.EIBNITZ,     . 

1646-1716 

[me.  Uacier,      .     . 

1654-1720 

ladame  Guyon  and  th 

e  QUIETISTS 

.    .    .    1687 

.  Perrault,    .     .     . 

1628-1703 

I.  Hamilton,       .      . 

1646-1720 

"  Memoirs  of  Grammont." 
lomtesse  D'Aulnoy,  .  c.  1650-1705 
lossuet's  "  Variations,"  .  .  1688 
.  F.  Kegnard,    .     .     .       1655-1709 


lassillon, 1663-1742 

[entivoglio 1668-1732 

)'Agi;esseau,  .  .  .  1668-1751 
C£ne  Le  Sage,  .  .  1668-1747 
jictionarv  of  french  academy, 

1694 

Jayle'.s  Dictionary,  .  .  .  1697 
■■ontenelle,     ....       1657-1757 

;.  Rollin, 1661-1741 

'.  Rapin, 1661-1725 

V.  H.  de  Lamotte  (Inez  de  Castro), 
1672-1731 


^cieuee,  lubentions,  &e. 


PASCAL 1623-1662 

Jollyfe  (wrt/. ),  .  .  .  1622  — 
JohannJ.  Becher  ((-,4<'ot.),  1625-1685 
T.  Sydenham  {med.),.  1624-1689 
Christian  Huyghaens,  1629-1695 
RoiiERT  Boyle,  .  .  1627-1691 
John  Ray  {mal.  andi^V.),  1628-1705 
M.  Malpighi  (med.  and  A)/.), 

1628- 1694 
N.  Grew  {hot.),  .  .  .  1628-1711 
N.  Mercator,  .  .  .  .  c.  1640-1687 
Johann  Kunckel  (c/ic-m.),     1630-1703 


Royal  Society  founded,      .     .     1660 

Marquisof  Worcester,  —  d.  1667 

'*  Century  of  Inventions,"  .     1663 

J.  D.  Cassini,      .     .     .       1625-1712 

Cassinis,    Astronomers    at    Royal 
Observatory  at  Paris,  c.  1670-1800 

Isaac  Barrow,      .     .     .       1630-1677 

J.  Bapt.  Duhaniel  (med.),    1624-1706 

Casper  Schott,     .     .     .  fl.  1667-1677 

Steno  (/«(■(/.  and  ^£'C. ),  .       1638-1687 


Robert  Hooke  (med,  and  hut. ), 

1635-1702 

Scilla  (geo.), fl.  1670 

Staffordshire  Potteries  estab.,  1670 
Ruysch  (med.),  .  .  .  1638-1731 
Quirini  (geo.),  .  .  .  .  fl.  1676 
.Swammerdam,  .  .  .  1637-1680 
Malebranche,  .  .  .  1638-1715 
James  CJrecory,    .     .      1638-1675 

Reflecting  Telescope, 
A.  van  Leuwenhoek,    .       1632-1723 
Olaus  Roemer,    .     .     .       1744-1710 


NEWTON,  .    .    .     1642-1727 

The  Principia,  ....  16S7 
J.  Mayow  (med.),  .  .  1645-1679 
J.  Radclifle  (ot?^.  ),  .  .  1650-1714 
J.  Beaulieu  (med.),  .  .  1651-1720 
LEIBNITZ 1646-1716 

J.  Fl.AMSTEED,    .      .      .  1646-1719 

Thomas  Burnet  (geo.),  .  1635-1715 

G.  Bartholen  (/«»•</. ),     .  1655-1738 

J.  P.  de  Tournefort  (iol.),  1636-1708 


i:hc  Jiue  Jlrts. 


E.  Halley,  ....  1656- 

David  Gregory  (med.), .  1661- 

Kichard  Mead  (med.),  .  1673- 

Universitvof  Hai.le,  .     . 

Lancisi  (med.),    .     .     .  1654- 

¥.  Hoffman  (med.),       .  1660- 

Valsalva  (med.),  .     .     .  1666- 

J.  Woodward  (geo.),      .  1665- 

James  Bernouilli,     .     .  1654- 

A.  Vallisnieri  (geo.),     .  1661- 
First  Fire  Insurance  Office,    . 

Stephen  Hales,    .     .  1677 

St.  Cloud  Potteries,      .  1695- 


1742 
1708 

1754 
1694 
1720 
1742 

1723 
1728 
1705 
1730 
1696 
1761 
1773 


CLAUDE  LORHAINE  (/),  1608- 

Sassofcrrato  (/), .     .     .  1605- 

A.  Cuyp  (/), .     .     .     .  1605- 

REMBRANDT  (/ando),  1607 

Gerald  Terliurg  (/),      .  l5o8 

A.  van  Ostade  (/ and  rf),  l5io- 

D.  Teniers  (P),      .     .  1610 

Gerard  Dou  (/),       .     .  1613 

G.  Poussin  (p),   .     .     .  1613- 

Salvator  Rosa  (/),   .  1615- 

Paul  Potter  (/),  .     .     .  1625- 
Emmanuel   the    Priest  (/)    [Gr 

School], c. 


682 

1685 
691 

1669 
681 

1685 

1694 

1675 
1675 

1673 
1654 
eek 
660 


Gobelin  Tapestry  Manuf.  estab.  1666 
Old  St.  Paul's  Cathedral  burnt,   1666 


Carlo  Dolce  (/),       . 
MURILLO  (p),       .      . 

Sir  P.  Lely  (/),  .  . 
P.  Wouwcrmans  (/), 
P.  de  Hooge  (/),  . 
Tubi  (se),  .... 
S.  Vauban  (n),  . 
W.  Hollar  (en^r),    . 


1616-1686 
1618-1682 

1618-1680 
1620-1668 
.  c.  1665 
1630  —  ? 
1633-1707 
1617-1677 


Paris  Academy  of  Music,  .     1672 


N.  Berghem  (/), 
J.  Wynar.ls  (/),  . 
Carlo  Maratti  (/), 
Jacob  Ruysdael  (/), 
Jan  Steen  (/),  . 
F.  van  Mieris  (/), 
Peter  Puget  (se), 
J.  B.  Lulli  (m),  . 


1624-16S3 
c.  1674 
1625-1713 
1625-1681 
1626-1679 
1635-1681 
1622-1694 
1634-1687 


T.  Eetterton  (ae),    .     .  1635-1700 

F.  Girardon  (se),      .     .  1628-1715 

W.  Vandevelde  (P),  1633-1707 

Hobbema  (p),     .     .     .  1638-1709 

W.  Child  (m),     .     .     .  1606-1697 

SIR  C.  WREN(«),  .     .  1632-1723 

Present  St.  Paul's,  .  1675-1710 

Sir  G.  Kneller  (/),  .     .  1646-1723 


C.  Huysman  (/), 
J.  Huysman  (/), 
Grinling  Gibbons 
engr.),    ... 

Gaetano  Zumbo  (se) 
P.  le  Gros  (se), 
Rusconi  (/),  .     . 
A.  CoRELi.l  (m), 
A.  Scarlatti  (m), 
H.  PURCELL  (/«), 


1648-1727 
1656-1696 

se   and  wood 
1650-1721 

1656-1701 
1666-1719 
1658  -? 

1653-1713 
1658-1728 
1658-1695 


1650 


1660 


1670 


1680 


1690 


(med.)  Physician. 
(/loL)  Botanist. 
(geo.)  Geologist. 
(e^em.)  Chemist. 


(a)  Architect. 
(se)  Sculptor. 
(p)  Painter. 
(eii^gr.)  Engraver. 


(ei)  Etcher. 
(m)  Musician. 
(«(■)  Actor. 


TABLE  XI. 

FROM    A.D.     1700   TO    I750. 


XI.— THE    EIGHTEENTH    CE 


1700 


1710 


t720 


17SO 


X 

< 

X 


1740 

Q 

<: 


4[o«ien  ^wtorij. 


CHARLESJCn.,.     .     .      1697. 1718 

Rattle  of  Narva 1700 

Jesuits  in  China, 1700 

War  of  Spanisli  Succession, 

1701-1713 
The  Grand  Alliance,  .  .  .  1701 
Frederick  I.  of  Prussia,      .     1701 

St.  Petersburg  founded,     .     .      1703 
Joseph  I.,     ....      1705  1711 

Defeat  of  Allies  at  Alm.anza, .      1707 
Battle  of  Pultowa 1709 


Archduke  Charles  (VI. ),  Emperor, 

171 1 
Peace  of  Utrecht,  ....  1713 
Frederick  William  I.  of  Prussia,  1713 

Louis  XV.  succeeds,     .     .     .     1715 
Duke  of  Orleans,  Regent,      .      1718 
Cardinal  Dubois,  French  Minister. 
Quadruple  Alliance  against  Spain, 

1718 
Law's  Mississippi  Scheme,  1 7 17- 1 720 


Peter,  Emperorof  all  theRussias,  1722 
Louis  XV.  reigns,  .  .  1723- 1774 
Madame  de  Pompadour,  (1722- 1 764) 

Cardinal  Fleiiry,  Minister,  .  1726 
Catherine  L,  Czarina  .       1725-1727 

Peace  of  Seville,       ....     1729 
Victor  Amadeus  of  Savoy  resigns  to 
his  son,  Charles  of  Sardinia. 


War  of  Polish  Succession,  1733-1735 

Peace  of  Vienna 1735 

Pragmatic  Sanction  guaranteed  by 

England. 
Struensee,  Minister  of  Denmark, 

(1735-1772) 
Peace  of  Belgrade,  ....     1739 
Charles  VL,  last  male  Hapsburg. 
^^^^^^——^-^—~~     (lies  1740 

FREDERICK  II.,     .     .   (1712-1786) 

1740-1786 


Maria  Theresa,  Queenof  Hungary, 

1 740- 1 780 

Charles  VII.  of  Bavaria,  .     .     1742 

War  of  Austrian  succession,  1 74 1  •  1 745 

Battle  of  Mollwitz 1741 

Treaty  of   Hreslau.      Silesia  ceded 

to  Prussia 1742 

Fr.incis  I.  (of  Lorraine),     1745-1765 

Louis  XV.  invades  Holland, .  1744 

Treaty  of  Dresden,  .     .     .     .  1745 

Peace  of  Aix-la-Chapelle, .     .  1748 

Dupleix  at  I'ondicherry,    .     .  1748 


(Engliek  &  §coich  3)tstori!. 


Halifax  and  Somers  impeached,  1701 

.Act  of  Settlement 1701 

Death  of  James  H 1701 

ANNE, 1702-1714 

♦♦♦♦♦♦ 

Irish  Parliament  petitions  for  Union, 
«******•*«***«•**»*******♦****« 

1703 
MARLBOROUGH,  .  .  1702-1712 
Battle  of  Blenheim,       .     .     .      1704 

Sir  (j.  'Rooke  takes  Gibraltar,     1704 

Battle  of  Ramilies 1706 

THE  UNION  with  Scotland,   .     1707 


Battle  of  Malplaquet,    .     .     .      1709 
Harley     and     Bolingbroke,     Tory 

Ministers, 1710 

.Sacheverell  Riots  and  Trial,  1709-10 

George  I.  (Guelph),   .      1714-1727 

♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 

Oxford,  Ormond  and   Bolingbroke 

impeached.     Riot  Act,  .     .     17^5 
Rebellion  of  1st  Pretender,  1715-1716 

5 
6 
6 


*♦♦*♦>♦♦.♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 

bhermmuir, 171 

.Septennial  Bill, 171 

Convocation  censes,       .     .     .  171 


Sir  Robert  Walpole, 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦» 


1721-1742 


South  Sea  Company,    .       1710-1721 
,,         Bubble  bursts,  .     .     1720 

Atterbury  banished,      .     .     .     1723 
Wood's  Halfpence,  ....     1723 

Period  of  Peace  and  Prosperity,  and 
Rise  of  Great  Towns. 

War  with  Spain,       .     .       1726-1729 

George  II.,  ....      1727-1760 
*********** 

Wesley (1703-1791) 

Whitfield, (1714-1770) 

Methodism  begins,     .     .     .     1730 

Queen  Caroline, .     .     .       1727-1737 

PorteousMob, 1736 

Publication  of  Debates  prohibited, 

1738 


Pulteney  and  Carteret  (Earl  Gran- 
ville) succeed  Walpole  in  power. 
Battle  of  Dettingen,      .     .     .     1743 
Henry  Pelham,  Prime  Minister, 

1744-1754 
Anson's  Voyages,      .     .     1 740- 174  5 
Battle  of  Fontenoy  (De  Saxe),     1745 
Rebellion  of  Charles  Edward, 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦•♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 

1745-1746 

Prestonpans,  1745.      CuUoden,  1746 
•**•**«**••  ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 


Madras  to  England, 


1748 


©nglislt  literature. 


DANIEL  DEFOE,      . 
John  Pomfret, 
Bernard  Mandeville, 
Matthew  Prior,   .     . 
Shaftesbury  (Anthony 

Edward  Philips, 
JONATHAN 


166 1 - 
1667- 
1670- 
1664- 

.\shley), 
1671- 

.       1676- 
SWIFT, 
1667- 
JOSEPH  ADDISON,  .     .      1672- 


RICHARD  STEELE, 
"  The  Tatler,"    . 
"The  Spectator," 


1671- 
1709- 
1711-1 


John  Arbuthnot, 

Andrew  Fletcher  of  Saltou 

Col  ley  Gibber,     .     .     . 
John  Gay,       .... 
Thomas  I'arnell. 
ALEXANDER  POPE,     . 
Bolingbroke  (Henry  St. 

John  Toland, 
Anthony  Collins, 
Lady  M.  W.  Montague, 
Allan  Ramsay,     .     . 
Bishop  Hoadly   .     .     . 


1675-1 

n, 

1653- 

1671- 

1688- 

1679- 

1688- 

lohn) 

"1678- 

1669-1 

1676- 

1690- 

1685- 

1676- 


Malthew  Tindal,  .  .  1657- 
Samuel  Clarke,  .  .  1675- 
William  .Somerville,  .  1692- 
Edward  Young,  .  .  1684- 
Modern  History  at  Oxford,     . 

"Gulliver," 

Matthew  Green, .  .  .  1696- 
George  Berkeley,  .  1684- 
Francis  Hutcheson,  .  1694- 
"Dunciad," 


Gentleman's  Magazine, 
Richard  Savage, . 

C.  Middletnn,     . 
Robert  Blair, 
David  Hartley, 
Bishop  Butler, 
William  Warburton 
James  Tho.mson, 
John  Dyer,     . 

D.  Mallet,       .      . 
Samuel  Richardson, 


i6g8- 

■1683- 
1699- 

1705- 
1602- 
1698- 
1700- 
1700- 
1700- 
1689- 


HENRY  FIELDING, 
Laurence  Sterne, 
George  Lyttelton,    . 
John  Armstrong, 
Richard  Glover, . 
Lord  Monboddo, 
William  Shcnstone, 
Mark  Akenside,  . 
Earl  of  Chesterfield, 
"  Monthly  Review," 
John  Howard,     .     . 


1707- 

•713- 
1709- 
1709-; 
1712- 
1714- 
1714- 
1721- 
1694- 

1726- 


German. 
Prussian. 
French. 


Spanish. 
Russian. 


—  —  —    Scandinavian. 


English. 

Scotch. 

Irish. 


JRY.       FIRST  HALF.       IN  DECADES. 


<^or£igu  glitcratitre. 


B.  Rousseau,  . 

,  Crkbili.on,  . 

.  Fortiyuerra,  . 

F.  Budcla;us,  . 

B.  Vico,    .  . 

S.  Maffei, .  . 
uc  DE  St.  Simon, 


1670-1741 
1674- 1 762 

1674-1735 
1667- 1729 
1 668- 1 744 
1675-1755 
1675-1755 


erre  de  ilarivaux, 
B  Sage's  "  Gil  Bias," 
,  N.  Destouches,   . 

,  DE  HOLBERG,      . 

C.  Wolf,     .      .      . 
,  A.  Muratori, 

TSl  MONTESQUIEU, 


1688-1763 

•     ■     171S 
1 680- 1 7 54 

1 684- 1 7 54 

1679-1754 

1672- 1 750 

1689-1755 


OLTAIRE     (F, 

bW  Prevost,  .  . 
L.  Mosheim,  .  . 
'adame  du  Deffand, 
lexis  Rron, .  .  . 
rancis  Quesnay, 
asper  Gozzi, 
arlo  Gozzi,   .     . 


Marie  Arouet), 
1694-1778 

1697-1763 
1694-1755 
1697-1780 
1 689- 1 773 
1694- 1774 
1713-1780 
1722-1806 


MANUEL  SWEDENliORG,   1689-1772 
Lettres  Philosophiques  "  burnt  by 
the  hangman, '734 

G.  Gottsched,  .  .  1700- 1766 
J.  Bodmer  (Zurich), .       1698-17S3 

Metaslasio,  .  .  .  1698- 1782 
.  P.  J.  Crebillon,  .     .       1 707- 1777 

Bapt.  Cresset,  .  .  1 709- 1777 
,  P.  Duclos,  .  .  .  1704-1772 
.  T.  F.  Raynal,     .     .      17H-1796 


J.  Barthelemi  (Anacharsis),  1716-95 
tirislian  Gellert,  .  .  1715-1769 
,  B.  de  CoNDlLLAC,  .  1715-17S0 
.  A.  Helvetius,  .  .  1715-1771 
.  C.  DE  Vauvenargues,  1715-1747 
lopstock's  "  Messiah,"  .  .  1748 
.  W.  de  Malesherbes,  1721-1794 
.  V.  LoMoNOZOF,  .  1711-1765 
J.  ROUSSEAU,     .     .      1712-1778 

ittro  Verri 1728-1797 

.  Turchi,     ....      1724- 1803 


^rience,  Snbentions,  &c. 


Berlin  Academy 1700 

G.  E.  Stahi.  (chem.),  .  1660-1734 
H.  Boerhaave,  .  .  1668-1738 
Newcomen's  Steam  Engine,  .  1705 
John  Bernouilli,  .  .  .  1667- 1748 
A.  He  Moivre,  .  .  .  1667-1754 
J.  Iladley  (Sextant),  .  1670-1744 
blaus  Celsus  (fo/.), .     .       1670-1756 

P.  A.  Micheli,  .  .  .  1 679- 1737 
Dresden  Potteries  established,  1709 
Parfour  du  Petit  [iiied.),       1674-1750 


R^n<5  de  Reaumur,  .  .  1683-1757 
J.  Bapt.  Morgagni  (/«(•(/. ),  1682-1771 
Brook  Taylor,  .  .  .  1685-1731 
Berlin  School  of  Surgery,  .     .     1714 

Vienna  Potteries  established,  17 18 
Fahrenheit,  ....  1686-1736 
Nicholas  Bernouilli,  .  1687-1759 
William  Cheselden  (mat),  1688-1752 
Edinburgh  School  of  Surgery,  1719 
Robert  Simson,  .     .     .       16S7-176S 


James  Bradley,    .     .      1692-1762 

John  Harrison,    .     .     .       1693- 1776 

Academy  of  Science,  St.  Petersburg, 

1724 

John  Huxham  (nud.),  .  1694-1768 

Maupertius,     .     .     .  1698-1759 

Colin  Maclaurin,      .     .  1698-1746 

Van  Swieten  (med.),      .  1700-1772 

Daniel  Bernouilli,  1700-1782 


C.  VON  LINNAEUS  (bot.),  1707-1778 
Paris  School  of  Surgery,  .  .  1731 
J.  DoUond  (<?/;.),  .  .  1706-1761 
Leonard  Euler,  .  .  1707-1783 
P.  Lyonnet,  ....  1707-17S9 
Thomas  Simpson,  .  .  1710-1761 
Capo  di  Monto  Potteries,  1736-1821 
Hull's  Steam  Tug  Boat,  .  .  1736 
First  Gas  made  from  Coal,  .  1739 
A.  von  Haller  (bol.),  .  1708-1777 
H.  L.  Uuhamel  (bot.), .      1700-1782 


BUFFON  (G.  L,  Le  Clerc),  1707-17S8 
.Stockholm  Academy  of  Science,  1741 
William  Cullen  (i:ied.),  1712-1790 
Percival  Pott  (med.),  .  1713-1788 
K.  BoscoviCH,  .  .  .  1711-1787 
A.  S.  Margraf  (i-/(^»(. ),  1 709- 1782 
V.  Donati  (gfo.),  .  .  1713-1763 
John  Smeaton,  .  .  1714-1792 
Abb(5  de  La  Caille,  .  .  1713-1762 
A.  C.  Ci.ATRAUT,  .  .  1713-1765 
P.  J.  Laurent  (^ii'.).  .  i7i5-«773 
Chelsea  and  Sevres  Potteries. 


"The  Jiue  J^rt0. 


Domestic  Architecture  under  Anne 
and  the  Georges. 


W.  van  Mieris  (/),  . 


1662- 1744 


Sir  J.  Vanbrugh  (n).  Blenheim, 
Castle  Hovvaid,  Part  of  Green- 
wich Hospital,      .     .       1666- 1 726 

Angelo  Rossi  (sc),    .     .       1671  —  ? 

Discovery  ofHerculaneum,  1708 


Colley  Gibber  (nir),  .  .  1671-1757 

Barton  Booth  («(),  .  .  1681-1733 

Geminiani  (m),  .  .  1666-1762 

D.  Scarlatti  (m),  .  .  1683-1757 

L.  B.  le  Blond  (a).     Employed  by 
Peter  the  Great  in  Russia,  1 679- 1 7 1 9 


J.  A.  Watteau  (/), 


1C84-1721 


Van  Huysum  (/),     .     .       1682-1749 
J.  SEBASTIAN  BACH  (/«),   1685-1754 


HANDEL  (m),      . 

■       1685-1759 

James  Quin  (ac), 

.       1 693- 1 766 

Leonardo  Leo  (/«), 

■       1694-1745 

Pergolesi  (/«), 

1710-1736 

J.  B.  Lancret  (/), 

.       1 690- 1 743 

Pannini  (/),    .     . 

1691-1764 

HOGARTH  (/),    . 

.       1697-1764 

Handel's  "  Messiah 

'  first  performed, 

1741 

Canaletto  (/),      . 

1697-176S 

N.  V.  Tessin  (a). 

.       1694-1770 

E.  Bourchardon  {sc'. 

,     .       1698-1762 

Hasse  (m),      .     . 

.       1699-17S3 

Graun  (m),      .     . 

•       1701-1759 

Copenhagen  Theatre  opened,      1748 


1700 


1710 


1720 


1730 


1740 


(med.)  Physician. 
(chem.)  Chemist. 
(bot.)  Botanist. 


(geo.)  Geologist. 
(eng.)  Engineer. 


(/)  Painter. 
(a)  Architect. 
(sc)  Sculptor. 


(m)  Musician. 


(nfYf    I   Oiitif- 


TABLE  XII. 

FROM    A.D.    1750   TO    I79O. 


XII.— FROM    A.D.    1750    TO    THE 


1750 


1760 


1770 


O, 


1780 


•a 


foreign  ^istorg. 


Paoli's  Corsican  Revolt,  .  .  1755 
Earthquake  at  Lisbon,  .  .  1755 
Seven  Years'  War,  .  1756-1763 
England  allied  with  Prussia,  1756 
Battle  of  Prague,      ....     1757 

Damiens  executed 1757 

Battles  of  Rosbaeh  and  Leuthen,  1757 
Battle  of  Zorndorf,  ....  1758 
French  defeated  at  Minden,  .  1759 
Charles  III.  (Naples)  King  of  Spain, 

1759 


Catherine  II.,  Czarina,  1762- 1796 

Battle  of  Toplitz,  ....  1762 
The  Philippines  to  England,  1763 
Wars  between  Spain  and  Portugal, 

1762-78 
Treaty   of  Hubertsburg.     (End   of 

Seven  Years'  War),   .     .     .      1763 
Treaty  of  Paris.     Canada  to  En<;- 

land, 1763 

Jesuits  expelled  from  France,      1764 

»  .,         ,,      Spain,  .     1767 

Corsica  to  France,    ....     1769 


Napoleon  and  Wellington  born.  1760 
Clement  XIV 1769-1774 


Marie  Antoinette  (1755-1793)  marries 

the  Dauphin, 1770 

Parliament  of  Paris  abolished,      1771 

,,  revived,  1774-1789 

First  Partition  of  Poland,  .     .     1772 

LOUIS  XVI :~    1 774- 1 793 

Turgot,  Minister 1774 

Jesuits  suppressed  by  Pope,    .     1773 

(restored  1814). 
Neckar,  Minister,    .     .       1776-1781 
Alliance  of  France  and  America,  1778 
Joseph  II.  succeeds  1765  ;  reigns 

1780-1790 


Russia  takes  Crimea,    .     .     . 

Peace  of  Versailles,  .     .     .     . 
_Frederick  William  II.,       .     . 

Russo-Turkish  Wars,   .       1787- 
Assembly  of  Not.ibles,       .     . 

Ch.arles  IV 1788- 

Assembly  of  States  General,  . 
MIRABEAU(i7dO-Qil.  fl.  1789- 
National  Assembly.  .  .  . 
Bastille  stormed,  .... 
Suwarrow  takes  Ismail,  .  . 
Leopold  II.,  ....  1790. 
FRENCH  REVOLUTION.  .     . 


1783 

1783 
1786 

1792 
1787 
1S08 

1789 
1791 

1789 

1789 
1790 

1792 

1790 


(gnglish  &  §coUh  IJistorg. 


CLiVEin  India, 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦t^ 
2na  1  eriod. 


1750-1760 

.  1764-1767 
[Mrw  Style  of  Dates  in  Great  /irilain.'] 
Duke  of  Newcastle's  Ministries, 

1755-56  and  1758-62 
War  with  France  in  North  America. 
Black  Hole  of  Calcutta,     .     .     1756 
Pitt  (Chatham), ( 1 708- 1 778),  1 756-68 

Admiral  Byng  shot,  .  .  .  1757 
Battle  of  Plassey,  ....  1757 
*************** 

English  Naval  Victories,  1758-1759 
Wolfe's     Victory    and     Death     at 

Quebec 1759 

♦♦♦♦♦« 


(English  ^itfratnre. 


George  III 1760-1820 

♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 

Lord  Bute, 1762 

(i.  Grenville,  ....  1763  1765 
Wilkes'  Agitations, .     .       1763-1774 

Lord  Rockingham 1766 

Duke  of  Grafton,  .  .  1767-1770 
American  Stamp  Act,  .  1765-1766 
Townshend's  Taxing  Act,  .  1767 
Letters  of  Junius,  .  .  1769-1772 
Lord  North's  Ministry,  1770- 1782 
Bruce's  Travels, 1768 


English  Debates  reported,      .     1771 
Mansfield  decides  th.at  English  soil 

makes  free, 1772 

Warren  Hastings  (India),  1772-85 

****************** 

.Suicide  of  Lord  Clive,  .     .     .     1774 

Cook's  Vovages, .     .     .       1768-1779 

AMERICAN  WAR,  .     .      1775-1783 

Death  of  Chatham 1778 

C.  J.  Fox  (1749-1806),  fl.  1770-1806 

•♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 

Rodney's  Victories, .     .       1779-1782 

Elliot  at  Gibraltar,  .      1780-1782 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦« 

Lord  George  Gordon  Riots,  .      1780 
Wars  with  Hyder-Ali  and  Tippoo 
Saib, 1780-1782 


1711-1 

1731-I 
1721-1 


EDMUND  BURKE  (1729-1797), 
*************** 

fl.  1770-1795 
Lord  Rockingham's2nd  Ministry,  1 782 
Lord  Shelburne, 1782 

Grattan's  Irish  Constitution,  .     1782 
***********************i  ' 

Coalition  Ministiy,  ....     17S3 
Thurlow,  Lord  Chancellor,  1783-1792 

Wm.     Pitt     (1759-1806,     Prime 
**M******     '  '-'' 

Minister,      ....      1784-1806 

W.  Wilberforce,  )  Anti-       17  59- 1833 
T.  Clarkson,       j  Slavery,  1760- 1846 

Trial  of  Warren  Hastings,  17S8-1795 

Thomas  Erskine,     .     .    (1750-1823) 


DAVID  HUME, 

C.  Churchill, .... 

Tobias  Smollex,  .    . 

SAMUEL  JOHNSON,     .      1709-1 

Dodsley's  "Annual  Register,"  i 
1717-1 
1746-1 
1720-1 
1716-1 
1738-1 
.     .      1 


Horace  Walpole, 
M  ichael  Bruce,  .     . 
William  Collins, 
Thomas  Gray,  .    . 

James  Macpherson, 
"  Ossian's  Poems," . 


ADAM  SMITH,   .     .     . 

William  Falconer,    . 
Tho.mas  Reid,  .     .     . 
\Vm.  Robertson,  .     . 
Samuel  Foote, 
EDW.  GIBBON, 
John  Logan,  .... 
Bishop  Percy's  "  Reliques, 
Wm.  Mason,  .... 
James  Beattie, 
Oliver  Goldsmith,  . 
Robert  Fergusson,   . 
.Sir  Wm.  Blackstone,    . 
Thomas  Chatterton, 


1723-1 
1730-1 
1710-1 
1721-1 
1721-1 

1737-1 
1 748- 1 
"  .  1 
1725-1 

I735-" 
1728-1 
1750-1 
1725-r 
1752-1; 


WILLIAM  COWPER,  .  1 
Thomas  Warton,  .  .  1 
Joseph  Warton,  ...  1 
"Wealth   of  Nations,"    " 

and  Fall," 

Dr.  H.  BKiir,  .  .  .  1 
ROBERT  BURNS, 
"  Encyclopedia  Britannica, 
-•Vdam  Ferguson, 
H.  Mackenzie,  .  .  .  1 
Joseph  Ritson,  ...  1 
White  of  Selborne,  .  .  1 
Sir  Wm.  Jones,  .     .     .       1 


731-1I 
728- r 
722-1I 
Decli 
1 
718-1: 

.  1759 

1 

724-1! 

745-1I 
752-1! 
720-1; 
746-1; 


Richard  B.  Sheridan,    1751- 
James  Boswell,    .     .     .       1740- 

"  Life  of  Johnson,"  .  .  . 
Charles  Dibdin,  .  .  .  1745- 
John  Wolcot  (P.  Pindar),  1738- 
W.  Paley,  ....  1743 
Dugald  Stewart,  .  1753 
W.  Hayley 1745 

HORNE  TOOKE,  .       .       .         1736 

**  Times  "  Newspaper,  . 
Hannah  More,    .     .     .       1745 
Wm.  Beckford,   .      .      .       1760- 
Burke's  "  French  Revolution, 
"  Regicide  Peace,"  .     . 


-i! 


German. 
Prussian. 
French. 


Spanish. 

♦♦♦♦♦♦♦  English 

Papal. 

*******  Irish. 

Russian. 

NCH    REVOLUTION,     m  decades. 


foreign  literature. 


WiNCKEI.MANN, 

•       1717 

1768 

sseroni  and  Parini, 

.     .     fl. 

I7SO 

Tiraboschi,      .     . 

•       1731- 

1794 

AT.  C.  Denina, 

•       1731- 

i8n 

de  St.  Pierre, 

•       1737- 

I8I4 

in  de  Lennep, 

•       1724- 

'771 

Goldoni,    .     .     . 

•       1707- 

1-93 

:nis  Diderot,     . 

■       1713- 

1784 

IHE  EnCYCLOPEDIE 

,"    1751- 

1718 

idame  d'Epinay,  . 

•       1725- 

1783 

le.  L'Espinasse,  . 

.       1732- 

1776 

Mendelssohn,     . 

•       1729- 

1786 

E.  LESSING,  .     . 

■      «729- 

1781 

laklo  Carli,     .     . 

1720- 

1795 

:ques  Casanova,  . 

■      1725- 

1803 

imbattista  Casti,  . 

.      1721- 

1803 

C.  A.  Musaeus,    . 

•      1735- 

17S7 

-NDORCET,        .      . 

■      1743- 

1794 

be  Galiani,      .     . 

.      1728- 

1786 

A.  C.  de  Beaumarch 

ais,  1732- 

1794 

Delille 

.       1738- 

1813 

Lebrun,     .     .      . 

■       1729- 

1807 

Cesarotti,       .     . 

•       1730- 

1808 

stif  de  la  Bretonne, 

•       1734- 

1806 

igi  1-anzi,    .     .      . 

•       1732- 

iSio 

G.  Lavatk.r, 

•       >74i- 

1 801 

C.  Lichtenberg, . 

•       1742- 

1799 

R.  N.  Charafort, 

1741- 

«794 

Ewald  (Dane),     . 

■       1743- 

1781 

Alfieri,  .     .     . 

•       1749- 

1803 

Turcot,  .     .     . 

•       1727- 

1781 

\.  Marmontel,     . 

•       1723- 

1799 

B.  Beccaria,  .     . 

■       1738- 

1794 

F.  Laharpe,    .     . 

■       1739- 

1803 

Stilling,      .     .     . 

•       1740- 

1817 

G.  VON  Herder, 

•       1744- 

1803 

G.  Heyne,      .     . 

•       1729- 

1812 

elung  ("Mithridates 

").  1732- 

1806 

MANUEL  KANT, 

•       1724- 

1804 

ul  H.  Mallet,  .     . 

•       1730- 

1807 

M.   \\  I  ELAND,     . 

•       1733- 

18 1 3 

G.    fACOBI,       .      . 

■       1740- 

1814 

A.  Burger,      .     . 

.       1748- 

1794 

L.  Gilbert,     .     . 

•       1751- 

1780 

ncenzo  Monti,  .     . 

•       1754- 

1828 

P.  C.  de  Florian, 

•      "755- 

1794 

F.  ('.  de  Volney, 

•      •757- 

1820 

D.  Parny, .     .     . 

•      1753- 

1814 

\\.  Pindemonti,  . 

•      J753- 

1838 

M.  Klinger,    . 

■      1753- 

1831 

dr^  M,  de  Chenier, 

1762- 

1794 

A.  Wolf,    .     .     . 

•      1759- 

1824 

Joubert, 

•      1754- 

1824 

m.  Bilderdyk, 

•      1756- 

1831 

de  Kivarol,    . 

•      1757- 

1801 

Jme.  de  Krudener, 

•      1764- 

1824 

erese  Huber,  .     . 

•      1764- 

182Q 

rhe  Moniteur,"     . 

1789 

Science,  Eubcutione,  &r. 


J.  L.  D'ALEMBERT,     .      1717-17S3 
Potteries :    Worcester,   Derby,   and 

Berlin,     1751  ;     Orleans,     1753  ; 

Leeds,  1760. 
University  of  Moscow, .  .  .  1753 
Matthew  Stewart,  .  .  1717-1785 
P.  J.  Macquer  (chem.), .  17 18-1784 
Benjamin  Franklin,  1706-1790 
First  Lightning  Conductor,  .  1757 
William  Hunter  (ot^./.  ),  1718-1783 
{School  of  Surgery  in  London),  1750 
Charles  Bonnet,  .  .  .  1720-1793 
Baron  Holbach,  .  .  .  1723-17S9 
John  Clregory  (w/i'^.),  .  1724-1773 
J.  E.  Montucla,  .     .     .       1725-1799 


James  Hutton  (geo.),  1726-1797 
J.  H.  Lambert,  .  .  .  1728-1777 
John  Hunter  (ined.),  1728-1793 
Joseph  Black  (chem.),  1722-1719 
L.  Spallanzani  (w,rf. ),  .  1729-1799 
William  Hudson  (hot.),  1 730-1793 
Hargreave's  "  Spinningjenny,"  1767 
Arkwright's  "  Spinningjenny,"  1769 

JOSIAH  WEDGWOOHl/tf/. ),  I73O-I795 

Henry  Cavendish  (chem.)  1731-1810 
N.  Maskelyne,  .  .  .  1732-1811 
F.  A.  Mesnier,  .  .  .  1733-1815 
Erasmus  Darwin  (mid.).  1731-1802 

IoSEPHPKIESrLEY(l-Av«.),  1733-1804 

JAMES  WATT,  .     .     .      1736-1819 


Richard  Watson  (chem. ), 
T.  O.  Bergman  (chem. ), 
L.  de  Lalande,    .     . 
J.  Brown  (med.), 

(Brunonian  School). 
Jean  Sylvain  Bailly, 
C.  A.  de  Coulomb, . 
Jacques  Bernouilli,  . 
L.  Avenbrugger  (med.), 
T.  A.  Beckmann,    .     . 
(Hist,  of  Inventions.) 
Karl  F.  W'enzel  (chem.), 
D'Auxiron's  and  Perier's 

J.  Ramsden  (optician),  . 
J.  A.  Deluc  (geo.),  .     . 


1737-1S16 

1 735- '784 
1 732- 1 807 
1735-1788 

1736-1793 
1736-1806 
1759-1789 
1732-1809 
1739-1811 

1740    — 
Steamboats, 

1774-1775 
1735-1800 
1727-1817 


T.  L.  Lagrange,     .     .      1736-1813 
Sir  William  Herschel,  1738-1822 

Invented  Telescope, .  .  .  1779 
First  Balloon  (Montgolfier),  .  1783 
Steam     Navigation    developed     by 

Miller,  Taylor,  and  Symington, 
1 788- 1 802 
Galvani(Galvanism,  1791),  1737-1798 
H.  B.  de  Saussure  (geo.),  1740-1799 
C.  W.  SCHEEI.E  (chem.),  1742-1786 
A.  L.  Lavoisier  (chem.),  1743-1794 
Sir  J.  Banks  (;/n/.), .  .  1743-1820 
Abbe  Hatiy  (mineralogy),   1743-1822 

Linnean  Society 1788 

J.  B.  DE  Lamarck,     .      1744-1829 
A.  Volta  (Voltaic  Battery),   1 745- 1826 


^he  Jine  JVrts. 


Discovery  of  Pompeii,  . 


1750 


T.  A.  Arne(w),       .     .      i7p4;/778 
(Comp.  "  Rule  Britannia.") 

P^ancis  Boucher  (/),  .  1704-1770 
C.  W.  E.  Dietrich  (/),  1712-1774 
Rene  Slodtz  (sc),      .     .       1705-1764 

J.  B.  PiRANESl  (a  and  engr.), 

circ.  171 1-1778 

Maria  A.  Gibber  (<:f),  .  1714-1766 
Bkitish  Museum  oPKXEn,  .     1759 


David  Garrick  (ac),  .  1716-1779 

S.  Barry  (ac),      .     .     .  I719-I777 

S.  Foote  (ac),    .     .     .  172 1 -1777 

Francesco  Guardi  ( /),  .  1 7 1 2- 1 793 

R.  W^ilson(/),    .     .     .  i7>3-'782 

Claude  J.  Vernet  (/),  .  1714-1789 

N.  Jomelli  (w),   .     .     .  1714-1774 

C.  W.  von  Gi.ucK  (/«).  1714-1787 
Royal  Academy  of  Akis,  .     1768 


Sir   W.    Chambers  (a),       1726  1796 
commenced  Somerset  House,  177° 

SIR  JOSHUA  REYNOLDS  (/), 

1723-1792 

J.  B.  Greuze(/),  .     .  1725-1805 

GAINSBOROUGH  (/),    .  1727-1788 

J.  Wright  (/),     .     .     .  1 734- 1 797 

George  Ro.mney  (/.),  1734-1802 

Antonio  LoUi  (violinist),  1728-1794 

Dr.  S.  Arnold  (»/),  .     .  1739-1802 

T.  King  (i7c),  .     .     .     .  1730-1805 

W.  Wooli.eit  (("Hi';-.),  1735-17S5 


J.  C.  W.  MOZART  (m),  1756-1791 
F.  Bartolozzi  (engr.),  circ.  1730-1818 
JOSEPH  HAYDN  (m),   .      1732-1809 

L.Boccherini  (;«).  •  .  1740-1S05 
Angelica  Kauffmann  (/),  1741-1807 
Jan  Van  Os  (;*),.  .  .  1744-1S08 
Theatre  Francais  opened,      1782 


1750 


1760 


1770 


17SO 


(med.)  Physician, 
(chem.)  Chemist, 
(geo.)  Geologist. 


(nat.)  Natiirali.st. 


(m)  Musician. 
(/)  Painter. 
(sc)  Sculptor. 


(engr.)  Engraver, 
(ac)  Actor, 


TABLE   XIII. 

FROM    A.D.    1790   TO     1815. 


XIII.— FROM    THE    FRENCH     REVOLUTION 


1790 


1795 


I 


1800 


1805 


1810 


Jfotcign  gjietorg. 


(English  ant  3^°^^'^  Distorji. 


Legislative  Assembly,  .       1791-1792  \ 
Fliglit  and  Arrest  of  King,     .      179'   ' 
The  Gironde,  .     .     .      1792-1793 
Battles  of  Jemappes  and  Valmy,  1792  ; 
The  Convention,      .    .     .     1792 

1st  Coalition  against  France,  1792-7 
Septemlier  Massacres,  .  .  .  179^ 
Execution  of  King  and  Queen.    Fall 

ofGironde.      La  Vendee,    .      1793 
Reign  of  Terror;  Marat  killed,   1793 

Siege  of  Toulon, '793 

2nd  Partition  of  Polanil,  .  .  1793 
Dantonexc''.  Fall  of  Robespierre,  1 794 


The  Directorate, 


•     ■     1795 
(1756-1817) 
1795 


Kosciusko,  .... 
3rd  Partition  of  Poland, 
Paul  I., 1796-1801 

Buonaparte  in  Italy.  Lodi.  .  1796 
Peace  of  Campo  Formio,  .  .  1797 
End  of  Republic  of  Venice,  .  1797 
Buonaparte  in  Egypt,  .  1798-1799 
Parthenopean  Republic,  .  .  1799 
2nd  Coalition,  .  .  .  1799-1802 
Battle  of  Marengo,  ....     1800 

NAPOLEON,     .   (1769-1821) 


1801 


The  Consulate,   .     .      1799- 
Battleof  IIohenlinden(Moreau), 
Peace  of  Luneville,  .     . 
Alexander  L     Russia, 

Treaty  ol  Amiens,    . 
First  French  Empire, 
Due  D'Enghien  executed, 
Francis  II. (I. of  Austria),  1804 

The  Code  Napoleon,    .     .     . 
Armament  at  Boulogne,     . 

3rd  Coalition, 

French  Kingdom  of  Italy,  1805 
Capitulation  of  Ulm,     .     .     . 


1S04 
1800 
1801 

1825 

.  1802 
804-1815 

.  1S04 
183s 
1804 
1804 
1805 
1814 
1805 


Battle  of  Austerlitz,       .     .     .     1805 

Berlin  Decrees 1806 

L.  Buonaparte  in  Holland,  1806-1810 
4th  Coalition,    Battle  of  Jena,    1806 

German  Empire  dissolved,    1806 

Confeder.ition  of  Rhine,  1806-1813 
Eylau,  Friedland.  P.  of  Tilsit,  1807 
Murat  at  Naples,  .  .  1808-1815 
Joseph  Buonaparte  in  Spain,  .  1808 
Finland  taken  from  Sweden,  .  1809 
Wagram.  Saragossa,  .  .  .  1809 
Josephine  divorced,  .  .  .  1809 
Pius  VII.  imprisoned,  .     .     .     1809 


Quarrel  of  Fox  and  Burke,  .  1791 
Birmingham  riots,  ....  1791 
T.  Paine  and  "People's  Friends," 

1791-2 
United  Irishmen 1792 

War  declarecf  by  France,   Feb.   I  ; 

by  England,  Feb.  II,  .  .  1793 
Expedition  to  Dunkirk,  .  .  1793 
Habeas  Corpus  suspended,  1794-1802 
Lord  Howe  s  Naval  Victory,  .  1794 
Corsica  conquered,  ....  1794 
Disaster  of  Quiberon,    .     .     .      1795 


Cape  of  Good  Hope  taken 

Spice  Islands  taken,      .     . 

Hoche  fails  in  Ireland, 

Battle  of  St.  Vincent,   .     . 

Sea  fight  of  Camperdown, 

Battle  of  the  Nile,  .     .     . 
»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦•♦»•♦♦ 

Great  Irish  Reiiellion,  . 

•Sidney  .Smith  at  Acre, .     . 

Malta  taken, 

Armed      Neutrality     of 

Powers, 

NELSON ( 

♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 


1795 
1796 

•     >797 

■  ■     1797 
■     1797 

,     .     1798 

,     .     1798 

■  •     1799 
,     .     1800 
Northern 
.     .      1800 
1758-1805) 


(English  lEitcratnre. 


Jeremy  Bentham 
Richard  Porson, . 
Samuel  Parr, 
William  Gifibrd, 
Robert  Bloomfield, 
William  Sothcby. 
Mary  WoUstonecraff 
Mme.  D'.\rblay  {Fanny 

William  Godwin, 
Mrs.  Inchliald,    .     .     . 
Gedroe  Craiuie,    .     . 


174S 
1759 
1747 
1756 
1766 

1757 
1759 
Burn'") 
1752 
1756 
1753 
1754 


W.  Blake 1757 


Union  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland, 
******  ♦♦♦  ♦♦♦  ♦♦♦  **  » 

Abercrombie  at  Alexandria,  .  1801 
Battle  of  Copenhagen,  .  .  .  1801 
Peace  of  Amiens,  ....  1802 
Mahiatta  War.  Battle  of  Assaye,  1803 
************* 

Emmett's  Riot 1803 

************* 

Camp  at  Boulogne.    Volunteers,  1003 


Battle  of  Trafalgar,  . 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 

WELLINGTON,  .     .     . 


(1769- 


805 
852) 


Tyrol  subdued,  1809.  Hofershot, 
Annexation  of  Holland,     .     . 
Bernadotte,  Crown  P.  of  Sweden, 
MehemetAliand  the  Mamelukes, 
Soultand  Massena  in  Spain,  . 

Stein, (i757-i 

Russia  invaded.  Moscow  burnt 


Battle  of  Leipsic 

United  Netherlands,  .  .  . 
First  Peace  of  Paris,  .  .  . 
Abdication  at  Fontainebleau, 
Ferdinand  VII.,       .     .       1814- 

Louis  XVIII 


1810 
i8io 
1810 
i8ti 
1811 
831) 
1812 

1813 

1813 
1814 
1814 
1833 
1814 


Coalition.     Grenville  and  Fox,  1806 

Deaths  of  Pitt  and  Fox,     .     .  1806 

Orders  in  Council,   ....  1807 

Danish  Fleet  captured,      .     .  1807 

Abolition  of  Slave  Trade, .     .  1S07 

Madeira  taken 1807 

Peninsular  War,      .      180S-1814 

Convention  of  Cintra,   .     .     .  1808 

Sir  John  Moore  at  Corunna,  .  1809 

Disaster  of  Walcheren,      .     .  1809 

Ionian  Islands.   CoUingwood,  1809 

Battles  of  Oporto  and  Talavera,  1809 

Wellington  at  Torres  Vedras,  1810 

Mauritius  taken,       ....  1810 


The  Regency 1811 

************* 

Sir  S.  Romilly,    .     .    (1757-1818) 

Rodrigo  and  Badajos  stormed,    1811 

Percival  assassinated,    .     .     .      1812 

Castlereagli,  F.  Secretary,  1S12-1822 

i*******^i 

Lord  Eldon,  Chancellor,  1807-1827 
Lord  Liverpool,  Premier,  1812-1827 
Battle  of  Salamanca,  .  .  .  1812 
St.  Sebastian  taken,  .  .  .  1813 
Battle  of  Toulouse,  ....  1814 
War  with  United  States,  1812-1814 
Treaty  of  Ghent,      ....     1814 

Papal.  ♦♦♦«♦♦♦  Enghsh, 

Russian.  «♦♦♦•♦♦  Scotch. 

*******  Irish. 


Robert  Hall,  .... 

R.  Tannaliill, 

Ireland  Forgeries,    .     . 

The  "Anti-Jacobin,"   . 

Malthus  on  Population, 

Br.  T.  Brown,      .     . 

Wm.  U  Bowles,      .     . 

Rev.  A.  Alison.  . 

S.  T.  COLERIDGE,  .     . 


1764 
1774 


177S 
1762 

'757 
1772 


SIR  WALTER  SCO! 

1771 

"  Edinburgh  Review," 
WORDSWORTH, 
Rohert  Southev, 
W.  SAVAGE  LANDOR, 
Samuel  Rogers,   . 
Isaac  Disraeli,     . 
Charles  Lamb, 


177c 

1774 
1785 

1763 
1766 

"775 


William  Cobbett,     . 
Wm.  Hazlitt,  .     . 
Miss  Austen,    .     . 
Miss  Edgeworth, 
Wm.  Mitford,      .     . 
T.  Campbell,    .     . 
"Quarterly  Review,  ' 
Sir  J.  Mackintosh, 
James  Mill,      .     . 
BYRON,.     .     . 


1762 

177S 
1775 
1767 

1744 
1777 

1765 

1773 
1788 


SHELLEY, 

William  Roscoe, 

J.  KEATS,      .     . 

T.  Moore,     .     . 

Lord  Jeffrey,  .     . 

J.  Montgomery,  . 

R.  Heber,       .     . 

Sydney  Smith, 

Leigh  Hunt,  .     . 

"  Waverley  "  published, 


1792 
1753 
1795 
1789 
1773 
1771 
1783 
1771 
1784 


•  German. 

'  French. 

Spanish. 


I790     TO     A.D.      1815.        BY  PERIODS   OF  I-IVE    YEARS. 


foreign  S^iifratnre. 

§rienrc,  inbcntions,  &r. 

^hc  Jfine  Jlrts. 

A.D. 

GOETHE.  •    ■    •     1749-1832 

SCHILLER 17591805 

G.  L.  Bauer,.       .     .     .       1755-1806 
Jean  Paul  Richter,        1763-1825 
A.  von  Kotzebue,    .     .       1761-1819 
Joseph  DE  Maistre,  .      1754-1821 
Benjamin  Constant,       .       1767-1830 
Xavier  de  Maistre,  .     .       1763-1852 
\Ym.  Humboldt,      .     .       1767-1835 

LAPLACE,      .     .      17491827 

G.  Monge 1746-1S18 

J.  E.  Bode,    ....       1747-1827 
Claude  Berthollet.    .     .       1748-1822 
Laurent  de  Jussieu  {/«/.),    1748-1836 
|.  I'LAVFAIR  (geo.),      .       1749-1819 
J.  B.  Uela.mbre,    .     .       1749-1822 
Edward  Jennek,  .     .      1749-1823 

(Vaccination,  1796). 
F.  Huber,       ....       1750-1830 
A.  G.  Werner  Uw-),        1750-1817 
Vienna  School  of  Surgery. 

J.  L.  David  (/),     .     .      1748-1825 
T.  Bewick  (wood eiigr.),    1753-1828 
Sir  Henry  Raeburn  (/),  1756-1823 
Rowl.andson  (rf),      .     .       1756-1827 
James  Gillray  (rf),    .      1757-1815 
W.  Blake  (/),   .     .     .       1757-1827 
Flaxman  (sc),    .     .     .      1755-1826 

Canova  (.sr) 1757-1822 

Mrs.  Siddons  (rt£-),     .      1755-1S31 
J.  p.  Kkmble  (ai),      .      1757-1823 

1790 

J.  H.  Voss 1751-1S26 

Derzhavin 1743-1816 

Karamzin,       ....       1765-1826 
SCHLEIERMACHEK,         .        1768-1834 
F.  L.  Z.  Werner,     .     .       1768-1823 
Em.  Baggesen,    .     .     .       1764- 1826 
C.  L.  Reinhold,  .     .     .       1758-1823 
Har.lenburg(Novalis),        1772-1801 

E.  T.  HolTman,  .     .     .       1776-1822 
A.  \V.  Schlegel,       .     .       1767-1^45 

F.  Schlegel,  ....        1772-1829 
Madame  Cottin,       .     .       17731807 

G.  W.  Legendre,  .    .      1752-1833 
Count  Rumford,       .     .       1752-1814 
Hahnemann,    .     .     .      1755-1843 

(Homoeopathy,  1796). 
D.  de  IJolomieu  {.geo.),       1750  1801 
Antonio  Scarpa  (/;W.),        1748-1826 
M.  F.  X.  Bichat,  .     .      1771-1802 
L.  N.  Carnot(»///.  eng.\  1753-1823 
A.  F.  Fourcroy  (ir/^fOT.),      1755-1809 
James  Gregory,  .     .     .       1753  1821 
James  Sonerby  (i^6>/.),   .       1757-1822 
H.  W.  Olbers,    .     .     .       1S58-1840 
Sir  J.  E.  Smith  [bolA,  .       1759-1828 

Sir  J.   Soane  (a),   1752- 1837;   built 

Bank  of  England ;  founded  Lincoln's 

Inn  F'ield's  Museum. 

William  Sharp  (ot^?-.),  1749-1824 

J.  Nash  (a),  1752-1835;   Buckingham 

Palace,  Brighton  Pavilion,  &c. 

R.  Smirke  (/),    .     .     .       1752-1845 
Thomas  Siolhard  (/),   .       1755-1S34 
John  Opie  (/>),     .      .      .       1761-1807 
G.  Morland  (/).   .     .       1763-1804 
A.  C.  Vernet  (/),.   .     .       1758-1836 

1705 

Madame  DE  Stael,    .      1766-1817 
I.  B.  Say,      ....      1767-1832 
P.  E.  Muller,      .     .     .       1776-1834 
J.  G.  F'iciite,    .     .     .      1762-1814 

Pestalozzi 1846-1827 

Ivan  Kriloff,  ....       1768-1844 
Chateaubriand,  .     .      1768-1848 
Ludwig  Tieck,    .     .     .       17731853 
Geoffrey  St.  Hilaire,      .       1772-1844 
La  Motte  Fouqu(5,  .     .       1777-1843 
St.  Simon,      ....       1760. 1825 
Charles  Fourier, .     .     .       1772-1837 

Jacquard's  Loom,    ....      i8i)l 
Trevithick's  Locomotive,  .      .      1802 
J.  B.  Richter  (r/ifm. ),  .       1762-1807 
\\.  L.  Vauguelin  (chem.),   1763-1829 
John  Bell  (otc,/.),     .     .       1763-1820 
John  Abernethy  (OT^rt'.),       1764-1831 
John  Brinkley,    .     .     .       1763-1835 
W.  H.  Wollaston(r/«/«.),  1766-1828 
G.  B.  Brocchi  [geo.,  nal.),  1772-1826 
Sir  John  Leslie,  .     .     .       1766-1832 
John  Dalton  (chem.),      1766-1844 
J.  B.  Fourier,      .     .     .       1868-1830 
Sir  Astley  Cooper  (med.),  17681841 

BEETHOVEN  (m), 

1770-1827 
Dr.  Cailcott  (ot),      .     .       1766-1821 
T.  Attwood  (m),       .     .       1767-1838 
Sir  T.  Lawrence  (;-),      1769  1S30 
T.  Barker  (/),     .     .     .       1769-1827 
L  I'liillips  (/),     .     .     .       1770-1845 

Talma  ((T<-) 1763-1836 

J.Crome(/),     .     .     .      17691821 
Joseph  Longhi  («;;'r.),         1766-1831 
Raph.iel  Morghen  (en^r.),  175S-1833 
Cherubini  (/«),      .  '  .      1760-1842 
J.  L.  Dussck  (/«),    .     .       1762-1812 

ISOO 

HP:GEL,  .     .     .     .      17701831 
.\.  von  Chamisso,    .     .       1781-1838 
R.  C.  Rask,   ....       1787-1832 
E.  M.  Arnlt.      .     .     .       1769-1860 
Theodore  Korner,    .     .       1791-1813 
J.  G.  Hermann,       .      .      1772-1848 
L.  A.  von  Arnim,    .     .       1781-1831 

C.   S.  DE  SISMONDI,       .         1773-1842 

Clemens  Brentano,  .     .       1777-1842 
Bettina  von  Arnim. 
Varnhagen  von  Ense,   .       1785-1S58 
P.  p.  Royer  Collard,   .      1763-184S 

Baron  Cuvier,      .     ,      1769-1832 
A.  Humboldt,  .     .     .      1769-1859 
Geological  Society  of  London,    1807 
Bretonneau  (nml.),  .     .       1771-1862 
F.  de  Reichenbach,      .       1772-1826 
Thomas  Young  (nied.),        1773-1829 
Robert  Brown  (l>o!.),       1773-1858 
Thomas  Thomson  (chem.),  1773-1852 
S.  p.  Rigaud,      .     .     .       1775-1839 
J.  B.  BioT,     .          .     .       1774-1862 
Sir  Chnrles  Bell,      .     .       1774-1842 
E.  L.  Malus  (Polarization),  1775- 1812 
Malte  Bruii 1775-1826 

F.  Gerard  (/),     .     .     .       1770-1837 
Thorwaldsen  [sc],     .      1770-1844 
John  Braham  (toc),  .     .       1774-1S56 
J.  Grinialdi  {ac),       .     .       1779-1856 

English    Opera     House    [Lyceum] 
opened, 1816 

James  Ward  (/),      .     .       1769-1859 

John  Constable  (/), .      1776-1837 

1805 

NIEBUHR 1776-1831 

J.  B.  Niccolini,   .     .     .       1 785-1861 
C.  H.  Millevoye,     .     .       1782-1816 
C.  W.  Rotteck,  .     .     .       1775-1840 
a5HI.ENSCHL.«GER,        .        I779-1850 

Karl  Ritter,  ....      1779- 1859 
L.  de  Girardin,  .     .     .       17621827 
F.  W.  SCHELLING,      .      1775-1854 
Ugo  Foscolo,      .     .     .      1778-1827 

F.  VON  Savigny,   .     .      1779-1861 

G.  Ottfried  Muller,       .       1797-1840 

University  of  Berlin,      .     iSio 
A.  M.  Ampere,   .     .     .       1775-1836 
R.  J.  H.  Dutrochet,     .       1776-1847 
H.  C.  Oersted,   .     .     .       1777-1851 
Bell's  Steamer  on  the  Clyde,       1812 
Thenard  (f/5f/«. ),      .     .       l777-i857 
Laburraque  (i-Z/iVH.),      .       1777-1850 

Courtois, 1777-1838 

C.F.Gauss,      .     .     .      i777-i855 

Dupuytren  (»;(■</.),   .     .       l777-i835 

George  Stephenson,      1781-1848 

Locomotive 1814 

Sir  A.  W.  Calcott  (/),.       1779-1844 
Moritz  Retzsch  (design),      1779-1854 
J.  Varley  (/),      .     .     .       1778-1842 
Bonnington  (/),  .     .     .       1801-1828 

Wli.KiE(/) 1785-1841 

Weber  (m) 1786-1826 

Paolo  Toschi  (e'H^-. ),    .       1788-1856 
P.  Nnsmyth  (/), .      .      .       1786- 1831 
T.  Rickman  (a),.     .     .       1766-1841 
J.  Britton  (a),      .     .     .       1771-1857 
C.  Rauch  (sc),     .     .     .  c.  1777-1857 

1810 

(do/.)  Botanist. 

(geo.)  Geologist. 

(»ud.)  Physician. 

(mi7.  eng.)  Military  Engineer. 


(chem.)  Chemist. 
(not.)  Naturalist. 


(p)  Painter.  (tu)  Actor. 

(el)  Etcher.  (a)  Architect. 

(engr.)  Engraver.  (m)  Musician. 
(sc)  Sculptor. 


TABLE  XIV. 

FROM   A.D.     1815    TO    1840. 


k 


TABLE  XV. 

FROM    A.D.     1840   TO    1 865. 


XV.— THE    NINETEENTH    CENTURY.      FROM 


Joreign  ^istorfi. 


1840 


1845 


1850 


1855 


I860 


Louis  Napoleon  at  Boulogne,  1840 
Espartero  in  Spain,  .  1840-1843 
Abd-el-Kader,  .  .  .  1835-1847 
Frederick  William  IV.,  1840 
Oscar,  King  of  Sweden,  1844-1859 
Isabella  II.  in  Spain,  18431868 
Charles  Albert,  Sardinia,    1831-1849 


(gngligh  &  Scotch  ^jistorjj. 


The  Queen's  Marriage, 


1840 


Pius  IX.,  Pope,      .     .      1846-1878 

Civil  War  in  Switzerland,  1846- 1 847 

Insurrection  at  Vienna,      .     .      1848 
3rd      French       Revolution      and 
2nd  Republic,  Louis  Tv'apoleon, 

President, 1848 

Mazzini  at  Rome,  ....     1849 

Kossuth  in  Hungary, .      1848-1849 
Francis  Joseph,  .     .     .       1849- 

Battle  of  Novara 1849 


Coup  d'Elat  at  Paris, 
Gioberti  ni  Ital 


.     .     1851 

11801-1852) 
ssia,    fl.  1853-I658 


Oioberti  ni  Italy^ 

itraiTreuHeTin  Pri 

NAPOLEON  111.,  (1808-73)  1852-1870 

Russians  cross  the  Pruth,  .     -     1853 

Turkish  Fleet  at  Sinope,   .     .     1853 

Russians  repulsed  at  Silistria,      1854 

Siege  of  Sebastopol,     .       1854-1855 

Death  of  Nicholas,  ....     1855 
Siege  of  Kars, 1855 


Alexander  II.,     . 

Treaty  of  Paris,  . 
Cavour  in  Italy, 


1855-1881 

.     .      1856 
861) 


(1810- 

Deak  m"Hung"a7y,  .  .  (1832-1867) 
Franco-Ilalian-Austnan  War,  1859 
Battles  of  .Magenlaand  Solferino,  1 859 

Villafranca,    Savoy    and    Nice   to 
France,  Loinbardy  to  Sardinia,  1859 
Reichsrath  Reforms  in  Austria,    iSbo 
Garibaldi  in  Sicily i860 


Sir  Robert  Peel,  Premier,  1841-46 

^♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦,t**  ,  ^ 
Disraeli,  Leader  of  Opposition. 

Opium  War  in  China,  .       1839-1842 
War  with   Dost  Mahomed  in  Af- 
ghanistan        1838-1842 

W'ar  in  Scinde, 1843 

"Free  Church"  Secession,    .     1843 

Trial  of  O'Connell 1844 

•♦♦•♦♦♦♦*♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 

Sir  John  Franklin's  last  Voyage,  1845 


€ngUsh  |Cttcratnr£. 


CoBDEN  and  Bright  flourish. 

Irish  Famine, 1845 

Oregon  Dispute,       .     .    '  1845-1846 

Corn  Laws  abolished,     .     .     1846 

Lord  J.  Russell,  Premier,   1846-1852 

Lord  Palnierston  Foreign  Secretary, 
♦♦♦»»♦♦♦«♦««♦♦ 

1846- 1851 

Sikh  Wars,    .   1845-1846,  1848-1849 

CaffVe  Wars 1847-1848 

Financial  Panic 1847 

Chartist  Riots, 1848 

Smith  O'Brien  and  Mitchell,  .  184S 
*********************** 

Death  of  Peel, 1S50 

Ecclesiastical  Titles  Bill,  .  .  1851 
Australian  Gold,  ....  1851 
Death  of  Wellington,    .     .     .      1852 

Burmese  War, 1852 

Lord  Derby's  Ministry,  1852,  thrown 
out  on  failure  of  Disraeli's  Budget. 
Lord  Aberdeen,   Premier,       1852-55 
Lord  Pahnerston,  Home  Secretary. 
Convocation  revived,     .     .     .      1854 

Crimean  War.      .     .      1853-1856 

♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦« 

Alma,  Balaclava,  Inkermann,     1854 


THOMAS  CARLYLE,  . 
Sir  Henry  Taylor,  . 
R.  Hengist  Home, .  . 
Charles  Wells,  .  .  . 
Miss  Martineau,  .  . 
H.  Glassford  Bell,  .  . 
P.  Stanhope  (Ld.  Mahon), 
Sir  George  C.  Lewis,  . 
John  S.  Mill,  .  .  . 
Sir  E.  L.  Bulwer,  . 
Mrs.  Norton, .... 
E.  Barrett  Browning, 
J.   W.  Donaldson,   .     . 


1 795- 1 
1800-1 
1801-1 

1802-1 
1804-1 
1805-1 
1806-1 
1806-1 
1806-1 
i8o8-i 
1809-: 
1812-1 


W.  M.  Thackeray,   . 
Charles  Dickens,     . 
Benjamin  Disraeli,  .     . 
Charles  Lever,     . 
Ja.mes  F.  Ferrier,     . 
Mks.  Gaskell,       .     . 
The  Brontes,   .     .     . 
W^m.  Kathbone  Greg,  . 
Herman  Merivale,  . 
John  Forsler,       .      .     . 
J.  C.  Shairp, .... 
\Vm.  Ednionstone  Aytoun, 
Fred.  Denison  Maurice, 
H.  L.  Mansel,     .     . 


Emancipation  of  Russian  Serfs,  1861 
Wll.LlA.M  I.,  King  of  Prussia,  1861 
Victor  Emmanuel,  King  of  Italy,  1861 
Otho  expelled  from  Greece,  .  1863 
George,  King  of  Greece,  .  1863 
Insurrection  in  Poland,  .  .  1863 
Russia  advances  in  Asia,  1 864- 1 87 7 
French  in  Mexico,  ....  1864 
Schleswig-Holstcin  War,  .     .      1864 


Annexation  of  Oude,    .     .     .     1856 

Persian  War 1856-1857 

Indian  Mutiny.  .  .  1857-1858 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦» 

Massacre  of  Cawnpore  and  Relief  of 

Lucknow, 1857 

India  transferred  to  Crown,  .  1858 
Second  Chinese  War,  .  1856-1860 
Conspiracy  Bill 1S58 

Volunteers, 1859 

Palnierston  resigns,  1858,  returns,  '59 


Stanley,  Secretary  for  India,  1S59 
Commercial  Treaty  with  France, i860 
Death  of  Prince  Albert,     .     .     1861 

The  Trent  Affair 186 1 

The  "  Alabama "  sails,  .  .  1862 
Cotton  Famine,  .  .  .  1862-1863 
Ionian  Islands  surrendered,    .     1864 

fm%]i^F,i*^m  .  ■  ■  '865-1866 
Rebellion  in  Jamaica,  .  .  .  I865 
Impeachment  ol  Gov.  Eyre,  .      1865 


George  Eliot, 
Arthur  H.  Clough,  . 
Norman  Macleod,    . 
J.  Hill  Burton,    .     . 
Sir  Arthur  Hh.ps, 
Charles  Ki.ngslev, 
Dr.  John  Brown, 
John  Henry  Lewes, 
W.  llepwonh  Di.xon, 
John  Wm.  Colenso, 
Mark  Pattison,    . 
Arthur  P.  St.anley,  . 
Charles  Reade,    .     . 
Anthony  Trollope,  . 


H.  T.  Buckle,  . 
J.  Tulloch,  .  . 
Sydney  Dobell,  . 
Alexander  Smiih, 
James  Thomson, 
Adelaide  Proctor, 
David  Gray,  . 
D.  G.  Rossetti, 

D.  M.Mulock(Mrs. 
Henry  Fawcett,  . 

E.  H.  Palmer,    . 
T.  H.  Green, 

J.  R.  Green,  .     . 
R.  C.  Trench,      . 


Crai 


John  Henry  Newman,  . 
Jamis  Martineau,     . 
F.  W.  Newman, 
Charles  Merivale,     . 
Mary  Cowden  Clarke, . 
Alfred  Tennyson, 
T.  A.  Trollope,  . 
.Martin  Tupper,   . 
A.  W.  Kinglake,      . 
Robert  Browning,    . 
Aubrey  de  Vere, 
James  Spedding  and  Rjbert  H 
edited  "  Bacon's  Works, "■1857 


1811- 

1812-1 

1804- 

1809- 

1S08 

1811- 

i8i6- 

1809- 

1806- 

1812- 

1813- 
1805- 
1820- 


1819- 
1819- 

l8l2- 

1809- 
1817- 
1819; 
iSio 
1S17- 
1821- 
1S14- 
181 3- 
1815 
1S14- 
1815^ 


1S22- 
1823- 
1824- 
1830- 

1834- 
■835- 
l8j8- 
1828- 
k),  1826- 

1833- 

1840- 
c.  1835- 
c.  i8j7- 

1807- 

1801- 
1805- 
1805- 
i8o8- 
1809- 
1809. 
i8io- 
iSio 
1811 
1812 
1814 


German.  .  Spanish.  .♦♦♦.♦♦4  Swiss. 

Prussian.  Papal.  ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦  English. 

French.  — —  Russian.  ♦♦•♦»♦♦♦  Scotch. 

Italian.  — Scandinavian  ********  Irish. 


O.      1840     TO     A.D.      1865.       IN  PERIODS   OF  FIVE    YEARS. 


Jtotfigtt  ^ittrature. 


VICTOR  HUGO 

Vassal!  Shukovski,  . 
Gabriele  Rossetti,     . 
J.  L.  and  W.  K.  Grim 
Amadeo  'I'hierry, 
Nicolas  Turgenieff,  9^ 

C.  J.   BUNSK.N,      .       . 

Eugene  Scribe,    .     . 
J.  M.  Lappenberg,  . 
Merle  D'Aubigne,    . 
Paul  de  Kock,     . 
Joseph  Mery,       .     . 


G.  Sand  (M.  Dudevan 
Alfred  de  Vigny, 
Richard  Rothe,  .     . 

F.  Tholuck,  .  .  . 
M.  T.  Azeglio,  .  . 
Jean  Jacques  Ampere, 
C.  Lassen,  .  .  . 
Paulin  Paris,  .  .  . 
L.  M.  Fcuerbaih,  . 
M.  G.  Mkdvig,  .  . 
Eugene  Sue,  . 

E.  and  M.  de  Guerin, 

G.  G.  Gervinus,  .     . 
Emile  Souvestre, 


Sainie  liEUVE,  .     . 
Edgar  Quinet,     .     . 
Prosper  Merimee,    , 
Armand  Carrel,  . 
M.  P.  E.  Littr^,       . 
Frederic  Bastiat, 
Nicolo  Tomniaseo,  . 
J.  Eudwig  Runeberg, 
Daniel  Mai. in, 
Jules  Janin,    . 
Nicolas  Gogol,  ^. 
P.  J.  Proudhon, .      . 
Uavid  F.  Strauss,     . 
H.  Wergeland,    .     . 
Theophii.e  Gautif.r 
August  Barbier,  .     . 
Emile  de  Girardin,  . 
Mdme.  de  Girardin, 
Gerald  de  Nerval,    . 
Paludan  Miiller, 
C.  F.  de  Montalemlieri 
Alfred  ije  Musset, 
Fritz  Reulcr,  .     .     . 
\'issarion  G.  Beiin^ki, 
A.  Herzen, 
Henri  Conscience,   . 
Nekrasf-otf,     .     .     . 
Laboulaye,     .     .     . 


Ivan  S.  Turg£nieff, 
Ottojahn,      .     .     . 
Louis  Blanc,  . 
B.  Auerbacli, 
Fran9ois  Ponsard,    . 
W.  A.  iMiller,     .     . 
Leopold  von  Ranke 
Bruno  Bauer, 
Michael  Chevalier,  . 
Ferdinand  Freiligrath 
Karl  CJtitzkow,    . 
Paul  Feval,      .     . 
E,  Feydeau,    . 
Charles  Baudelaire,  . 


802- 
783- 
7«3- 
7S5- 
787- 
790- 
791- 
791- 
794- 
794- 
794- 
798- 


804- 
799- 
799- 
799- 
8oo- 

8co- 
8oo- 
804- 
804- 
804. 
805- 
805. 
8o6- 


804- 
803- 
803- 
8oo- 
8oi- 
801- 
802- 
804- 
804- 
804- 
808- 
808- 
808- 
808- 
811- 
S05- 
806- 
S04- 
808- 
809- 
810- 
810- 
S16- 
812- 
812- 
812- 
?d. 
811- 
8i8- 
813- 
813- 
812- 
814- 
817- 

795- 

809- 

806- 

810- 

811 

S17. 

821- 

821- 


886 
852 
854 
863 

87J 
S73 
860 
861 
865 
S72 
871 
866 


^cinue,  Eubcntions,  tit. 


870 
863 
867 
877 

866 
864 
S76 
88! 
872 
886 

857 
848 
871 
854 


MICHAEL  FARADAY,  . 
Penny  Postage,    . 
C.  Daubeny  ybot.),   .     . 
Jacques  A.  L.  Quetelet, 
Johann  C.  Poggendorfi', 
Sir  Charles  Lyell,  . 
Elie  de  Beaumont,  . 
G.  Andral  (wn/.and  bot. ), 
M.  Melloni,    .... 

G.  B.  Aviz 

Michel  Charles,  . 
John  Lindley  {bot.), 
Claperyron,    .... 


1794-1867 
,  .  1840 
1795-1867 
1796-1874 
1796-1877 
1797-1875 
1 798- 1 874 
1 797- 1876 
1S01-1853 
1801- 
1793- 1 880 
1799-1865 
1799-1864 


J.  P.  NlCHOL,      .      .      .        1804-1859 

J.  C.  Adams,     .     .     .      1819- 
Uiscovery  of  "  Neptune,"       .     1845 
U.  J.  Le  Verrier,      .      1811-1877 
H.  G.  Reichenbach  (bot.),  1793-1879 
Johann  Miiller  (mcd.),  .       1801-1858 
Sir  R.  Chrisiison  (i/ie,t.),     1797-1880 
Jules  Michelet,    .     .     .       1798-1874 
James  Syme  (OTi'rf.),      .       1799-1870 
J.  L.  Lassaigne  (c/icm.),     1800-1859 
Schleiden  (cell  theory),  and  Schwann 
(microscope),  .     .      .      .     fl.   1840 
Von  Grafe  (Ophthalmic  Surgery). 
T.  Addison  &  Marshall  Hall  (nied.). 


869 

875 
870 
836 
a8i 
850 
874 
877 
857 
874 
852 
865 
874 
845 
872 
b82 
881 
855 
855 
876 
870 

857 
874 
848 
870 
883 

879 
883 

883 

869 
883 
882 
867 
S70 
886 
882 
S79 
876 
883 
887 

873 
866 


Sir  Richard  Owen,  .      1804- 
JEAN  Bapt.  Du.mas,   .      18C6-1884 
Chessaignac  («/«/.),       .     .     fl.   1850 
Dover  to  Calais  Cable,      .     .     1S51 
F'irst  International  Exhibition,    1851 
Arnaud  Trousseau,  .     .       1801-1S66 
J.  B.  Boussingault  (c/icm.),  1802- 
Richard  Graves  (/«<■(/. ),        1800-1853 
Hugh  Miller,       .     .     .       1802-1856 
J.  A.  F.  Plateau,     .     .       1801- 
Justus  von  Liebig  (chem.),  1803-1873 
James  Challis,     .     .     .       1803-1882 
Sir  Charles  Wheatstone,     1802-1875 
J.  C.  F.  Sturm,  .      ■      .       1803-1855 

SIR  WM.  R.  HAMILTON,   1805-1865 
Louis  Agassi/,,  .     .     .      1808-1873 
Ant.  Jerome  Bal.ard(£'^i'«.), 1802- 
Wdliam  Stokes  (med.),        1804-1878 
Thomas  Graham  {chem.),    l!''o5-l8b9 
Rokitansky,    ....       1804-1878 
Czermak  (Laryngoscope). 
H.  von  Mohl  (fo/.),       .       1805-1872 
Augustus  de  Morgan,   .       1806-1871 
E.  von  Bibra  {chem.),   .       1806- 
J.  F.  Malgaigne  (/««/. ),       1806-1865 
Alphonse  N^laton  (meet.),   1807-1S73 
M'Clintock's  Voyages, .       1848-1859 


),l8lo- 


IlENRI  ReGNAULT(c,4<'/H, 

Spectrum  Analysis,  .     . 

J.  Ducaisne  (bot.),    .     . 

A.  Laurent  ((■;*('»/. ), 

Samuel  Brown  {chcr/t.), 

.SirWm.  Fergusson  (///^i/. ), 

Grenier  {bot.), 

P.  Kelland,     .     . 

James  D.  Forbes, 

Sir  J.  Simpson  (Chloroform),  18 

K.  Koch  {bo/.),   .     .     .       1809 

Robert  Bunsen  ((-//COT.),       1811 

Edward  Forbes, .     .      .       1815 

Atlantic  Cables,  .      .      .       1858 


1807 

1807 
1817 
1808 
1808 
1808 
1809- 


1878 
860 


■853 
1856 
1877 
-1877 

-1868 
11-70 

1879 

1854 
1866 


"iEhc  Jine  ^rt0. 


RICHARD  WAGNER,  . 
William  Hunt,    .     . 
Sir  G.  Gilbert  Scott  (<?), 
Charles  Kean  {act),  . 
A.  W.  Pugin  {a),     .     . 
C.  W.  Cope  (/),       .     . 
T.  Creswick  (/), 
¥.  Llszr  («r.  and  pianist), 
Jules  Dupre  (/), . 
Pierre  E.  T.  Rousseau  (/), 
Birket  Foster,      .      .      . 
GiULTA  Grisi  {act.,  voc), 
E.  Rachel  {act),    .     . 
Charles  Jacques  (p),     . 
J.  FHAN90IS  Millet,  . 
W.  B.  Scott  (/), .     .     . 
J.  L.  E.  Meissonier  (/), 
Ernst  {violinist),     .     . 
Verdi  (m),      .... 
Baron  J.  A.  H.  Leys  (/), 
E.  Viollet  le  Due  {a),   . 
E.  M.  Ward  (/),    .     . 
Sir  S.  Bennett  (?«)>  •     • 

J.  Leech, 

C.  F.  Daubigny  (/),  . 
Joannes  Bosboom  (/),  . 
Clara  Novello  {voc), 
Chas.  Gounod  (m),  .     . 


JknnyLind  {acta.v,dvoc), 
Chas.  Meryon  (/),  . 
W.  P.  Frith  (/),   .  . 
Gustave  Courbet  (/),  . 
Edouard  Frere  (/), .  . 
Jacques  Offenbach  (?«), 
Paul  J.  Clays  (/),  .  . 
Helen  Faucit  {act),  .     . 
J.  B.  Jongkind  (/), .  . 
T.  C.  Hooke  (/),  .  . 
Madame  Schumann  (pian) 
J.  Sant  (/),  .... 
F".  R.  Pickersgill  (/),  . 
F.  F'romentin,  .  . 


1813- 

1790- 

1811- 

1811- 

1811- 

1811- 

1811- 

1811- 

1811- 

1812- 

1812- 

1812- 

1820- 

2813- 

1814- 

1813- 

1812- 

1814- 

1814- 

1814- 

1814- 

1816- 

1816- 

1817- 

1817- 

1817 

1818 

£818^ 

1820- 

1821- 

1819 

1819- 

1819- 

1819- 

1819 

1819 

1819 

1819 

1819 

1820 

1820 

1820- 


1864 
1878 
1868 
1852 

1869 
1887 

1867 
? 

1869 
1858 


1875 


1863 

1869 
1879 
1879 
1875 
1864 


1887 
1858 

1S77 
1886 
1880 


1875 


G.  F.  Watts  (/),      .     .  1820    — 
SirGeo.  Grove  (/««j.fr///V),  1826    — 

F.  Robson  {act),       .     .  1821-1864 
Sir  Noel  Paton  \p),       .  1821    — 
Adelaide  Ristori  {act),  .  1821    — 
Garcia  Viardot  {voc),     .  1821    — 
C.  A.  Fechter  {act),      .  1822-1879 
Rosa  Bonheur  (/),  .     .  1822    — 
Joseph  Raff  {m),       .     .  1822    — 
A.  Cabanel  {p),  .     .     .  1823    — 
Josef  Israels  (p),      .     .  1824    — 
Adolph  Monticelli  (/),  1824-1886 
Maria  Albani  {voc),  .     .  1824    — 

G.  E.  Street  («),       .     .  1824-1881 


J.  L.  Jerome  (/),     .     .  1824    — 

D.  G.  Rossetti,     .     .  1828-1882 

Thomas  Woolner  {sc),  .  1826- 

J.  M.  and  W.  Maris (/),  fl.  1865- 

Ilolnian  Hunt  (/),  .     .  1827- 

H.  >.  Marks  (/),     .     .  1829- 

J.  E.  Millais  (/),     .     .  1829- 

A.  Rubinstein  [pianist),  1829- 

Ernesto  Rossi  {act),      .  1829- 

Thomasso  Salvini  {act),  1830- 

J.  L.  Toole  {act),      .     .  1830- 
Sir  P'rederick  Leighton  (/),  1830- 

Theresa  Tietjens  {voc)  1831-1877 

Hans  von  Bulow  (/«),    .  1830- 


{chem.)  Chemist. 
{bot.)  Botanist. 
(meci.)  Physician. 


(fl)  Architect. 
(act)  Actor. 
(p)  Painter. 


(m)  Musician. 
(pian)  Pianist. 
(voc)  Vocalist. 


(vio)  Violinist. 

(tiius.  critic)  Musical  Critic. 

(sc)  Sculptor. 


TABLE  XVI. 

FROM    A.D.    1865   TO    1 888. 


XVI.— THE  NINETEENTH  CENTURY.      PR 


A.D. 


1865 


1870 


1875 


1880 


1885 


Jforeign  ^istorg. 


KARL  0.  VON  BISMARCK,    b.  1815 

Seven  Weeks'  War.     Sadowa,    1 866 

North  German  Confederation,     1866 

Venice  falls  to  Italy,     .     .     .      1866 

Luxemburg  Question,  .  .  .  1867 
Francisjoseph  crowned  at  Pesth,  1867 
Isabella  II.  deposed,    .     .     .     1868 

Vatican  Council,      ....     1870 

The  Cortes.     Prim  and  Serrano. 
Fji  anco-J|[russian_War^  i  870-  i  87  i 


Woerlh,  Gravelotte,  Vionville,  1870 
Sedan,  Metz&Strasburg  taken,  1870 
3rd  French  Republic,   .     .     .      1870 

Wiu-IAM  I.,  Emperor.   Paris  taken, 

1871 


Rome  the  capital  of  Italy, 

Commune  iiTT'arisTi "     . 
Thiers,  President,    .     . 

Black  .Sea  Conference, . 
King  Arnadeo,     .     .     . 

Spanish  Republic,    .     . 


r87i- 


1871 
871 
873 
.  1871 
1871-1873 

1873- 1874 


Alphonso  XII.,  .     .     .       18741S86 
AlacMahcn,  President,        1873-1879 

Bulgarian  Insurrections,  1874-1876 

The  Andrassy  Note,      .  .     .      1876 

Russo-Turkish  War.     .  1877-1878 

Humbert  IV.,  (b.  1844),  ,     .      1878 

.Siege  of  Plevna.  (Osman  Pasha),  1 878 
Treaty  of  San  Stephano,   .     .     1878 

Berlin  Congress  and  Treaty,  .     1878 

Share  AH  stops  English  Envoy,  1878 
Leo_XIII., 1878 


Jules  Grevy,  President,  1879-18S7 
Thessaly  to  Greece,.  .  .  .  1880 
Boers  revolt.  Majuba  Hill,  1880-81 
Gambetta,  Prime  Minister,  1881-1882 
Assassination  of  Alexander  II.,  1881 
Alexander  III.  succeeds,  .  .  1881 
Arabi  Pasha's  Rebellion,  .  .  1882 
Bombardment  of  Alexandria,  1882 
Tel-el-Kebir  (Sir  G.  Wolselcy),  1882 
War  in  the  Soudan,  .  1S83-1885 
Germans  in  New  Guinea,  .  .  18S4 
Russians  attack  Pendjeh.  .     .     1884 


French  in  China.  Fall  of  Ferry,  1884 

Revolution  in  Roumelia.  Alexander 
of  Battenberg,  Prince  of  Bulgaria, 
defeats  Prince  Milan  of  Servia,  1885 

Revolt  in  Bulgaria.  Battenberg  de- 
throned by  Russian  intrigue,   1886 

German  Army  Bill  passed,     .     :886 

Prince  Ferdinand  of  Saxe  Coburg  in 

Bulgaria 1887 

Dupretis  dies.   Crespi,  Premier,  1887 

Italo-AustroGerman  Alliance,    1887 
Sadi  Carnot,  President,     .     .     1887 


€nglish  &  §colck  ^i0toru. 


Gladstone's  Reform  Bill  fails,      1S66 

V«4»WmvJi'-^«l'^/»-    '866-1868 
,   .    1867 

.    .    1867 

.   .    1868 

I 867 -I 868 
1868-1874 


Fenianism  in  Ireland,   . 

Disraeli's  Reform  Bill, 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦*♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 

Disraeli,  Premier,    . 

Abyssinian  Expedition, 
Gladstone,  Premier, . 


Lowe,  Chancellor  of  Exchequer. 

Disestahlishmentof  Irish  Church,  1869 
«•♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦••♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦• 


Land  Act  of  Ireland,    .     .     .     1870 

Enclish  Education  Act,     .     .     1870 

Home  Gov.  Association,   .  .  1870 

Peace  Preservation  Act,    .  .  1870 

University  Tests  abolished,  .  1S71 

Army  Purchase  abolished,  .  1871 

Scotch  Education  Act,       .     .  1871 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦« 

Lord  Mayo  assassinated,    .     .  1872 

The  Ballot  passed,  ....  1872 

Home  Rule  League,     .     .     .  1873 

Ashantee  War,    .     .     .       1873-1874 
Disraeli,  Premier,     .      1874-1880 

Hartington,  Liberal  Leader,   1875 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦  '       '  ■' 

Ld.  Beaconsfield  (Disraeli), '76,  d.  '81 

Queen  Empre.ss  of  India,  .     .      1877 

Gladstone's  Bulgarian  Crusade,  1876-8 

Fleet  to  Constantinople,  and  Indian 

troops  to  Malta,    ....      1878 

Derbyleaves  Ministry.  Russell  d.,  '78 

Lds.8alisb)'andBeacons''-at Berlin,  78 

City  of  Glasgow  Bank  breaks,     1878 

Afghan  War,  1878-81.     Zulu,     1879 

Gladstone's  Midlo'n  Speeches,    1879 


Gladstone,  Premier, 


1880- 


Peace  Preservation  Act  expires. 
Withdrawal  from  Candahar,  . 
Surrender  of  Transvaal,     . 

Act  for  Irish  Arrests,    . 

Parnell,  Dillon,  &c. ,  imprisoned, 

Kilmainham.  W.  F'orsterresigns, 
♦♦•♦•♦♦♦♦♦  ^     ' 

Phoenix  Park  Murders,      .     . 

Coercion  Act 

County  Franchise  Act,       .     . 

Betrayal  and  death  of  Gordon, 


1885 

1880 
i88i 
1881 
1881 

1881 
1881 
■882 

1882 
1882 
1S84 


Salisbury,  Premier,  .  1S85-1886 
Gladstone,  Premier,  Feb. -Aug.,  1886 
(J.Morley,Irish;  Rosebery,  For.  Sec.) 
Home  Rule  Bill  introduced,  .  1866 
(Hartington,  Bright,  Chamberlain, 

Unionists). 
Salisbury,  Premier, .... 

Goschen,  Chanc'-  of  Excheq', 
A.  J.  Balfour,  Irish  Secretary, 
Prevention  of  Crimes  Act,      .     1887 

Queen's  Jubilee, .  .  June  20,  1887 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦a  ' 

Michelst'n&TrafalgarSq.  Riots,  1887 

Riots  in  the  Hebrides,  .  .  .  1888 
»♦♦»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»♦♦»♦♦♦♦ 


1886 

1887 
1887 


CngUsk  |Ctterat«re. 


Dean  R.  Church, 
Geo.  Rawlinson, 
Philip  J.  Bailey, . 
B.  Jowett,       .     . 
Austin   Layard,    . 
Alex.  Bain,     .     . 
Richard  Congreve, 
James  Anthony  Froude, 
John  Ruskin, . 
Walter  Bagehot, 
J.  Skelton  (Shirley), 
Herbert  Spencer, 
John  Caird,    .     . 
Geo.  W.  Dasent, 


Westland  Marston, 
Matthew  Arnold, 
Frances  Power  Cobbe, 
E.  Lynn  Linton, 
Sir  Henry  Maine, 
David  Masson,    . 
Henry  Morley,  . 
Edward  A.  Freeman 
Coventry  Patmore 
Goldwin  Smith,  . 
Charlotte  Vonge, 
Wilkie  Collins,   . 
C.    (J.    Gumming,    Miss    Bird, 
Whymper,  Mrs.  Brassey,    fl. 


1815- 
1815- 
1816- 
1817- 
1817- 
1818- 
1818- 
1818- 
1819- 
1826-18 

1820- 
1820- 
1820- 

1820- 
1822- 
1822- 
1822- 
1822- 
1822- 
1822- 
1823- 
1823- 
1823- 
1823- 
1824- 


George  MacDonald, 
F.  T.  Palgrave,  . 
William  Y.  ScUar,   . 
William  Stubbs, 
W.  G.  Palgrave, 
George  Meredith, 
Mrs.  Oliphant,    .     . 
S.  R.  Gardiner,  . 
Laurence  Oliphant, . 
W.  M.  Rossetti, 
Fitzjames  Stephen, 
Justin  M  'Carthy, 
Jean  Ingelow, 
Christina  Rossetti,   . 


Ld.  Lytton  (O.  Meredith),  1831- 

Edwin  Arnold,    .     .     .  1832- 

Leslie  Stephen,   .     .     .  1832- 

Augustus  Hare,  .      .     .  1834- 

Wm.  Morris,  ....  1834- 

J.  R.  Seeley,  ....  1834- 

Edward  Caird,     .     .     .  1835- 

A.  V.  Dicey,  ....  1835- 

A.  C.  Swinburne,    .     .  1837- 
Lewis  Morris.     W.  B.  Scott. 
Miss  Thackeray, 

A-  W.  Ward,      .     .     .  1837- 
William  Knight, 
Walter  Besant,    . 


W.  E.   Lecky,     .     .  .  1838- 
John  Morley,  . 

Henry  Sidgwick,      .  .  1838- 

W.  II.  Pater,      .     .  .  1839- 

Austin  Dobson,        .  .  1840- 

Rhoda  Broughton,   .  .  1840- 
LouisedelaRamee  (Ouida),  1840- 

J.  A.  Symonds,   .     .  .  1840- 

William  Black,    .     .  .  1841- 

R.  C.  Jebb 1841- 

Robert  Buchanan,     .  .  1841- 
Prof.  Butcher, 

Andrew  Lang,     .      .  .  1844- 
R.  L.  Stevenson, 


1824. 
1824- 
1825- 
1825- 
1826- 
1828- 
1828- 
1829- 
1829- 
1829- 
1829- 
1830- 
1830- 
1830- 


German. 

Prussian. 
■  French. 
'  Italian. 


Spanish. 
Papal. 

Russian. 


>*•*****  English. 
'  Scotch. 
»«'  Irish. 


I    A.D.    1865    TO    1888.      IN  PERIODS   OF  FIVE    YEARS. 


Jlorcigu  literature. 


T,  T.  DoUinger, 
Cesare  Cantu, 
Barlhelemy  St.  Hilai 
Alphonse  Karr,  . 
F.  X.  Michel,     . 
F.  W.  HackUender 
Jules  Sandeau,    . 
Octave  F'euillet,  . 
E.   Curtius,     . 
Emmanuel  Geibel, 
Edmund  Schurer, 
E.  Lemoine,    . 
Elie  B.  Berthet,  . 
Gustav  Freytag, . 


Fedor  Dostoievski, 
N.  G.  Ponjalovski, 
J.  P.  Jacobsen,    . 
Theodore  Moinmsen 
Karl  Vogt, 
H.  von  Hybel, 
DoraD'Istria(Hel.Ghi 
L.  Vapereau, 
Gustave  Flavd)ert, 
Henri  F.  Amiel, 
M.  Hartmann, 
Henri  Murger,    . 
Prevost  Paradol, 
E.  Augier, 


Laconsade,      .     . 

Leone  Levi,    . 

Erckmann   I  t  , 
,.,    ,  •  \  I  ale: 

Lhatrian       \ 

Heinrich  Schliemann 

Ed.  de  Laveleye, 

r.  E.  Renan, .     . 

Emmanuel  Ueutsch 

Max  Muller,  .     . 

\.  Dumas  (nls),  . 

Maurus  J6kai, 

Leconte  de  Lisle, 

Emile  Montagut, 

Karl  Blind,     .     . 


H.  A.  Taine, 
Edmund  -About, 
Henrik  Ibsen, 
Jules  Verne,   .     . 
Tolstoi, 

Adolph  Belot,  . 
Fritz  Spielhagen, 
Paul  Heyse,  . 
Victorien  Sardou, 
Emilio  Castelar,  . 
Pasquele  Villari, 

Zcller 

Schwegler, 
Karl  Marx,     . 


Lassalle,     .     .     . 
3.  Uroz,    .     .     . 
Stepniak,  .     .     . 
Victor  von  Schdffel, 
BjOmstein  Bjornson, 
Victor  Cherbuliez, 
Arminius  Vambery, 
Felix  Dahn,    . 
H.  von  Treilschkc, 
Lodovic  Hali5vy, 
Georg  Ebers, 
F^mile  Zola,    . 
Alphonse  Daudet, 
Georg  Brandes,   . 


a). 


799- 
805- 
805- 
80S- 
809- 
810- 
811- 
812- 
814- 
815- 
815- 
815- 
815- 
816- 

821-1881 

834-1863 

8^7-1885 

817- 

817- 

817- 

819- 

819- 

821-1S80 

821-1881 

821-1872 

822-1860 

829-1875 

820- 


820- 
821- 
S22- 
826- 
822- 
822- 
823- 

823. 

824- 

825- 

826- 

826- 

826-_ 

828- 

828- 

828- 

828- 

828- 

829- 

829- 

830- 

831- 

832- 

1814- 


1832- 

1832- 
1832- 
1834- 
1834- 
1834- 
1837- 
1840- 
1840- 
1842- 


,§citnre,  lubeiittou©,  &r. 


CHARLES  R.  DAKWIN,  1809- 

P.  H.  Gosse,  ....  1810 

Carlo  Matteiicci, .     .     .  t8ti 

Sir  \Vm.  Grove,.     .     .  1811- 

Claude  Bernard  («W. ),  1813- 

Wiliiam  B.  Carpenter, .  1813- 

A.  T.  Cahours,    .     .     .  1813- 

Sir  H.  Bessemer,      .     .  1813- 

John  Goodsir  (OTt-f/. ),     .  1814- 

.\llen  Thomson  (wu/. ),  1S09- 

Fleeming  Jenkin,     .     .  1813- 

A.  Angstrom,      .     .     .  1814- 

E.  Fremy  (chc-m.),    .     .  1814- 

J.  J.  Sylvester,    .     ■     .  1814- 


-1869 

[878 
[886 


1867 
1884 
1885 
1S74 


Suez  Canal  completed,       .     .      1S69 
Sir  J.  D.  Hooker  (bot.),       1817- 
Sir  William  Jeiiner  (med.),  1815- 
Sir  William  Gull  (med.),     181O- 
.Sir  W.  Bowman  (med.),      1816- 
J.  Bentham  (iot.),    .     . 
August.  W.  Hoffmann,       1818-1880 
J.  P.  Joule,    ....       1818- 
G.  G.  Stokes,      .     .     .       1819- 
E.  Brown  Sequard  [med.),  1818- 
Du  Bois  Raymond, .     .       1818- 

( Animal  Electricity.) 
Gen.  Todleben (»«7.  enx.),  l8l8- 
Leon  Foucault  (med. ),  1819- 


Macquorn  Rankine, 
John  Tyndall, 
Sir  Henry  Thompson,  . 
Alex.  E.  Becquerel, 

A.  Cayley 

H.  F.  Helmholtz,    .     . 
R.  Virchow  (vied.),. 
Jacob  Moleschott,    . 
A.  Russell  Wallace,     . 
Louis  Pasteur(OT^i/. ,  chem.), 
T.  R.  Hind,  .... 
W.  Dittmar  (chem.), 
Joseph  Kidd  (med.). 
Sir  William  Thomson, . 
Henry  Smith,  .     .     . 
Gustave    R.    Kirchoff 
(spectroscope),  . 

A.  Beer, 

T.  H.  Huxley,    .     .     . 
Sir  Andrew  Clark  (med.). 
Sir  Joseph  Lister  (tiied. ), 
Balfour  Stewart,       .     . 
F.  A.  Kekule  (chem.),  . 

Paul  Bert, 

Sir  Henry  Roscoe  (chem.), 
F'rnest  Ha:ckel,  . 
Sir  John  Lubbock,  .     . 
J.  Norman  Lockyer,     . 


1821- 
1820- 
1820- 
1820- 
1821- 
1821- 
1821. 
1822- 
1822- 
1822- 
1823- 
1823- 

I^82jt- 

1828- 
1824- 

1825. 
1825. 

1826 

.827. 

1828- 
1829. 

1833- 
1833- 
1834. 
1834. 
1836- 


1^868 
r872 


1883 
1887 

1887 
1887 


Wm.  K.  Clifford,    .  1845- 1881 

W.  S.  Jevons,     .     .     .  1835-1882 

R.  B.  Clifton,      .     .     .  1836- 

R.  A.  Proctor,    .     .     .  1837- 

Sir  Morell  Mackenzie,  .  1837- 

E.  Ray  Lank  ester,  .     .       1847- 
La  Rue  and  Loewy  ( Polar  Physics), 

fl.  1880 
Clerk  Maxwell,   .     . 
Prof.  Wm.  Tait,       .      . 
Sir  Wyville  Thompson. 


^he  Jinc  Jlrts. 

Frederick  Walker  (/J71[840-i875 
M.  Fortu-ny  (/),    .     .      1838-1874 
A.  Waterhouse  (a),  .     .       1830- 
Heinrich  W.  Mesdag  (p),  183 


J.  Joachim  (violinist),  . 
B.  Williams  Leader  (/) 
John  Brett  (/),    . 
George  Mason  (/) 
B.  Lepage  (p),    . 
Robert  Fleury  (/), 
Hans  Makart  (/), 
R.  Madrazzo  (/), 
D.  Morelli  (/),  . 
F.  Sandys  (p),    . 


Sam  Bough  (/),  . 
T.  H.  Danby  (/),    . 
De  v\  int  (p),       .     . 
Albert  Moore,     . 
Gustave  Dore,     .     . 
Antoine  Vollon  (/), 
E.  Burne  Jones  (/), 
P.  H.  Cakleron  (/), 
Vicat  Cole  (/»),    .     . 
Johannes  Brahms  (m), 
J.  E.  Boehm  (sc),     . 
Hermann  Vezin  (act), 
G.  D.  Leslie  (/),      . 


W.  F.  Veames  (/), . 
W.  A.  Orchardson  (/>) 
A.  W.  Bougereau  (/>), 
IL  Tissot  (p.  and  et), 
Aln.a  Tadema  (/),  . 
F.  J.  Poynter  (/),    . 
J.  Whistler  (/),  .      . 
Edwin  Long  (/),     . 
Elizabeth  Butler  (Thompsonl 
Latour-Fantin  (p),   . 
Alphonse  Legros  (/), 
D.  A.  C.  Artz  (p),  . 
Val  Prinsep  (/), .     . 
Henry  Irving  (act),  . 


J.  Pettie  {/),        .      . 
J.  M'Whirter(/),    . 
Marcus  Stone  (/),    . 
F.  Roybet  (/),    .     . 
Briton  Riviere  (/),  . 
Mme.  Norman  Neruda(; 
Sir  A.  Sullivan  (m), 
Christina  Nilsson  (voc). 
Helena  Modjeska  (act) 
Adelina  Patti  (voc), . 
W.  B.  Richmond  (/), 
F.  P.  Ter  Meulen  {/), 

A.  Neuhuys  (/), 

B.  J.  Blommers  (/), 


Frank  Dicksee  (/),  .     .       1845- 
Frank  Holl  (/),  .     .     .       1S45- 
M.  Munkacsy  {/),    .     .       1846- 
Louis -\lettling  (/),       .       1847- 
T.  M.  Swan  (/),      .     .       1847- 
E.  Crofts  (/),      .     .     .       1847- 
Ellen  Terry  (act),     .     .       1848- 
W.  W.  Ouless  (/), . 
H.  Heikomer,     .     .     .       1849- 
Etchers,    etc. — J.    Tenniel,     P.    G. 
Hamerton,   F.   .Seymour  Haden, 
C.    P.    and    A.    .Slocombe,    Paul 
Rayon,  Du  Maurier. 


1865 


:83i- 
1831- 


1870 


-1849 

1832-1SS3 

1833- 
1833- 
183.3- 
1833- 
1834- 

183s- 


1835- 
1835- 
1835- 

1836- 
1836- 


1836- 
•837- 
1837- 
1838- 


1875 


1839- 
1839- 
1840- 
1840- 
1840- 
to),i840- 
1842- 
1843- 
1843- 
1843- 
1843- 
1843- 
1844- 
'845- 


1880 


1885 


(med.)  Physician.  (/)  Painter.  (ac)  Actor. 

(chem.)  Chemist.  (m)  Musician.  (voc)  Vocalist 

(bot.)  Botanist.  (sc)  Sculptor.  (vio)  Violinist. 
(mil.  eng.)  Military  Engineer. 


TABLES  XVII.  AND  XVIII. 
AMERICAN  HISTORY,  Etc.    (i.  and  ii.) 

(l.)    FROM    DISCOVERY   TO    A.D.    I700. 
(ir.)    FROM    A.D.     1700    TO    180O. 


XVII.  AND  XVIII.-TABLES  OF  AMERICAN 


I.— FROM    DISCOVERY   TO    1700. 


Alleged  Norse  discovery  of  America  (Biarre  Heriselfson), 986 

,,       Visit  of  Bishop  Eric, iioi 

„       Voyage  of  Icelandic  Priests  to  Vinland  ( Massachusetts) 1285 

,,       Voyage  from  Greenland  to  Markland  (Nova  Scotia),  .         .         .         .         .  1347 

,,       Voyage  of  Nicolo  Zeno,     ............      1380 

Columbus  at  San  Salvador  (Bahamas) Oct.   12,     1492 

John  Cabot  reaches  Newfoundland  (Prima  Vista), 1497 

Sebastian  Cabot  discovers  Florida,  .".........      1498 

Hojeda  and  Amerigo  Vespucci  explore  Kast  Coast, ■  1498-1504 

Hayti  conquered  by  Spain, 1495- 1 508 

P,  Alvarez  Cabral  in  Brazil.     Vincent  Pinson  on  the  Amazon, 1500 

Las  Casas  in  Hispaniola, 1502-1516 

Ponce  de  Leon  in  Florida 1512 

The  Pacific  first  seen  (Vasco  Nuiiez  de  Bilbao), Sept.  23,      1513 

Hernando  Cortez  at  Vera  Cruz,  1519;  conquers  Mexico 1519-1521 

Francisco  Pizarro  conquers  Peru,  1532-33  ;  rules,  1533-36.     Almagro  rules,    .         .         .         1536-38 

Brazil  to  Portugal,  1530;  to  Spain 1580 

Cartier  on  the  St.  Laurence, 1534 

Chili  discovered  by  Almagro,  1535  ;  subdued,  1546.     De  Soto  in  Louisiana,   .         .         .      1541-1546 
French  in  Florida.     Slave  trade  begun  in  the  Indies,      ........      1562 

Sir  Humphrey  Gilbert  in  Newfoundland, 1583 


ijistorj). 


Pterature  anb  Jlrt. 


1600 


1650 


Virginia  settled.    Jamestown,       .     .     .     1607 

French  at  Quebec  (Champlain),  ....  1608 

Pocahontas  first  native  convert,   ....  1613 

Dutch  on  the  Hudson.     (Manhattan.).     .  1614 

Cape  Horn  rounded  by  Schouten,    .     .     .  1616 

The  Pilgrim  Fathers  at  Plymouth,   .     .      .  1620 

Twenty  negroes  imported  to  Virginia,  .     .  1620 

Sir  Wm.  Alexander  in  Nova  Scotia,     .     .  1622 

Great  native  rising, 1622 

Boston  founded.     Swedes  in  Delaware,     .  1627 

Massachusetts  settled 1628 

New  Hampshire  settled 1629 

Emigrants  from  Charleston  to  Boston,  .  .  1630 
New  England  (generally)  colonized,  1630-1640 
Winthrop,  Standish,  and  Endicott  in  Mass. 

Dutch  at  Pernambuco, 1630-1661 

Paul  le  Jeune  and  Jesuits  in  Canada,  1632-34 

Lord  Baltimore  in  Maryland,  ....     1633 

Connecticut  settled 1635 

Rhode  Island  settled 1636 

The  Pequot  War, 1637 

Huron  and  Iroquois  Wars 1640-42 

First  United  Colonies.     Federation  of 

Massachusetts  and  Connecticut,    .     .     .  1643 

Indian  Massacre  of  Dutch  at  Long  Island,  1643 
Cavalier  immigrants  to  Virginia. 

Eliot  among  the  Indians, 1646 

Quakers  and  Baptists  persecuted  in  New 

England 1651-1661 

Sir  William  Berkeley  in  Virginia,     .     .     .     1660 

Bacon's  Rebellion 1660 

North  Carolina  settled, 1663 

English  occupy  New  Jersey,  and   take 

New  Amsterdam  from  Dutch,  calling  it 
New  York, 1664 

South  Carolina  settled,      ....  1669 

Mississippi    explored    by    La    Salle    and 

Marquette, 1671-1680 

King  Philip's  War, 1675 

William  Penn  in  America 1681 

Pennsylvania  settled, 1682 

Delaware  settled 1682 

A  Royal  College  in  Virginia 1688 

Massacre  of  Witches  at  Salem,    ....     1692 


I. — Colonial  Period. 

Captain  J.    Smith's    "  True    Relation  of 

Virginia," 1608 

Wm.  Strachey's  "Wrack  of  Sir  T.  Gates,"    1610 
(Alleged  source  of  "The  Tempest"). 

The  Plymouth  Charter 1615 

Bradford's  "  History  of  Plymouth  Plantation." 
Sandys'    Translation    of   Ovid's    "Meta- 
morphoses,"      c.  1620 

Vaughan's  "Golden  Fleece." 

"New  England's  Annoyances,"       .     .     .      1630 

Harvard  University  founded,     .     .     .     1636 

First  Press  in  New  England, 1639 

"  The  Freeman's  Oath,"  first  printed  matter. 

The  Bay  Psalm  Book, 1640 

Ebenezer  Cook  (satirist), 

Capt.  J.  Mason, c.  16001672 

Edward  Johnson 

John  Josselyn  (naturalist), 

Roger  Williams, 1599-1683 

,,  ,,         "  Bloody  Tenet  of  Per- 

secution for  cause  of  conscience,"      .     .      1644 
John  Cotton's  "Bloody  Tenet  Washed,"  .      1647 
Hooker,  Ward,  Shepard,  and  other  Puritan 
Divines. 


Mrs.  Anne  Bradstreet, 1613-1672 

Peter  Folger, fl.  1635-1690 

Benjamin  Thompson,  "New  England's  Crisis." 

"  The  Burwell  Papers," 1676 

Urian  Cakes, 1631-1681 

Increase  Mather, 1639-1723 

Cotton  Mather, 1663-1728 

William  Byrd, 1674-1744 

First  Press  in  Virginia, 16S1 

First  Newspaper  in  New  England,  .     .     .     1690 
Michael  Wigglesworth's  "  Day  of  Doom,"     1662 


HISTORY,  LITERATURE,  AND  ART.     (i.  and  ii.) 


II.     THE  EIGHTEENTH  CENTURY. 

A.D. 

^istors- 

^itcrattire  aitb  ^rt. 

A.D. 

1700 

The  Darien  Scheme, 1699 

Jesuits  rule  in  Paraguay 1608-1768 

French  in  Nova  Scotia  (Acadia),      .     .     .      17 10 

French  in  Rio  Janeiro, 17 10 

Nova  Scotia  reverts  to  England,       .     .     .     1713 
Right     to     import     Slaves    assumed    by 

England 1715 

Yale  College,  Connecticut,  founded      .     .     1700 

"  Magnalia  Christi," 1702 

Jonathan  Edwards,      ....      1703-1758 

Mather  Byles, 1706- 1788 

J.  and  C.  Wesley  in  America,     .     .      1736-1738 
WTiitfield              ,,           ,,             ■     .       1738-1740 
Princeton  College,  New  Jersey,  fovmded    .      1746 

1700 

Georgia  colonized, 1732 

Southern   States  make  it   penal  to  teach 

Slaves, 1740 

English  Act  to  encourage  Slave  Trade,     .     1 749 

1750 

Braddock's  War, 1755 

Fort  de  Quesne  becomes  Pittsburg, .     .     .     1758 
Wolfe   at   Quebec.      Canada  finally  con- 
quered by  the  English 1759 

Louisiana  and  Florida  ceded,       ....      1763 

The  Stamp  Act, 1765 

Franklin  sent  to  England.     Act  repealed,      1766 

Townshend's  Taxes, 1767 

The  Boston  Massacre, 1770 

Tea  thrown  into  Boston  Harbour,    .     .     .      1773 
Declaration  of  Rights 1774 

Washington,  Commander  in  Chief,  .     .     1774 

II. — The  Revolution  Period. 

BENJAMIN  FRANKLIN 1 706-1790 

Wm.  Livingston 1723- 1790 

John  Woolman, 1720-1772 

University  of  Pennsylvania, 1751 

Columbia  College  (New  York) 1754 

Samuel  Adams, 1722-1803 

James  Otis  (oralor), 1725-1783 

Patrick  Henry 1 7.36-1 799 

William  Bartram  (naturalist),      .     .       1739-1823 

Joel  Barlow, 1755-1812 

Brown  University  (Rhode  Island),   .     .     .     1764 

1750 

1775 

The  War  of  Independence,  .     .      1774-1783 
Battles  of  Lexington  and  Bunker  Hill,       .      1775 
Virginia  Convention 1775 

Howe  evacuates  Boston, 1776 

Declaration  of  Independence,    4th 

Ju'y. 1776 

Franklin,  Ambassador  to  F'rance,    .     .     .      1776 
Battle  of  Brandywine.     Howe  takes  Phila- 

Mercy  Warren, 1725-1814 

Hugh  Henry  (Judge)  Brackenbridge,     1748-1816 
"  Yankee  Doodle  "  adopted. 

Philip  Freneau, 1752-1832 

Phillis  Wheatley c.  1754-1784 

Timothy  Dwight, 1752-1817 

John  Trumbull 1756-1843 

Noah  Webster, 1758-1843 

Noah  Worcester, 1758-1837 

1775 

Burgoyne  surrenders  to  Gates  at  Saratoga,     1777 
Rio  de  la  Plata, 1778 

Treason     of    Arnold    and    Execution    of 

Major  Andr^ 1 780 

1780 

.■\rticles  of  Confederation,      .     .      1777-1781 

Jefferson's  "  Notes  on  Virginia,"     .     .     .      1782 
Charleston  University  (South  Carolina),    .      1786 
J.  S.  Copley  (/a(We-r),      ....       i737-i8i5 

Fisher  Ames 1758-1808 

Count  Rumford  (Benjamin  Thompson),  1753-1814 

Thomas  Paine  in  America,     .     .     .       1775-1809 

Benjamin  West  (/fl2H('<^r),   .     .     .      1738-1820 

Orators     in     Debates,      1788-1811.        William 

Pinkney       (1764-1822).         Josiah       Quincey 

(1771-1864).        William     Wirt     (1772-1834). 

John  Randolph. 

1780 

Cornwallis  surrenders   to   Washington   at 

Yorktown, 1781 

Independenck  of  States  recognized,     1783 
Hudson's  Bay  Company 1784 

Jefferson  at  Paris, 1785- 1789 

Commissioners  of  Maryland  and  Virginia,       1785 
THE  CONSTITUTION  drawn  up,      .      1785-1787 
Threatened   rupture   with   France.       En- 
counter with  Frigates, 1789 

Constitution  accepted  by  North  Carolina,  1789; 
by  Rhode  Island  and  all  the  States,       .     1790 

1790 

G.  WASHINGTON,  (17321799), 

President 1789-1797 

[J.  Adams,  Vice.     A.  Hamilton,   Sec.     J. 
Mar.'ihall,  Chief  Justice]. 

National  Bank  instituted, 1791 

Self-Government   and   Two   Provinces    in 

Canada, .     .      1791 

ALEXANDER  HAMILTON,     .     .     .      1757-1804 

Priestley  in  America, 1794- 1804 

Lindley  Murray, 1745-1826 

John  Jay  (/rtayw), 1745-1829 

Chief  Justice  Kent 1763- 1847 

C.  Brockden  Brown,     ....      1771-1810 

Eli  Whitney's  Cotton  Gin, 1793 

William  Ware 1764- 1 852 

Alexander  Wilson  («a/»ra/«/),   .     .       1766-1813 

1790 

VERMONT,      1791.         KENTUCKY,      1792. 

TENNESSEE.    1796. 
Washington's  Farewell  Address,       .     .     .      1796 

Trinidad  to  England, 1797 

J.  Adams,  Pres.  (1735-1826),     .     .       1797-1801 
Death  of  Washington 1799 

TABLES  XIX.  AND   XX. 

AMERICAN  HISTORY.  Etc.    (iii.  and  iv.) 

(hi.)    from    A.D.    1800   TO    1850, 
(IV.)    FROM    A.D.     1850    TO    1 885 


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