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TABLES 


OF 


HISTORY,  LITERATURE,  SCIENCE 
AND   ART 

FROM    A.D.    200   TO    I909 


PUBLISHED    BY 

JAMES  MACLEHOSE   AND   SONS,   GLASGOW, 
publishers  to  the  Slnibersiij]. 


MACMILLAN   AND    CO.,    LTD.,    LONDON. 


Netv  Vo>k, 
Toronto^  - 
London^  - 
Cambridge, 
Edinburgh, 
Sydney,    - 


The  Macniillan  Co. 

Tht  Mac  mil  Ian  Co.  o/  Canada. 

Simpkin,  L'amilion  and  Co. 

Bowes  and  Bowes. 

Douglas  and  Foulis. 

Angus  and  Robertson. 


MCMIX. 


>-' 


TABLES 


OF 


lEuropean  Ibistori^,  ^Literature,  Science, 

anb  Hrt, 

FROM   A.D.    200   TO    1909; 

AND    OF 

American  History,  Literature,  and  Art 


BY    THE    LATE 


JOHN    NICHOL,  M.A.  Oxon.,    LL.D. 

PROFESSOR    OF   KNGLISH   LANGUAGE   AND   LITERATURE,    UNIVERSITY   OF   GLASGOW. 


REVISED  AND  BROUGHT  DOWN   TO   DATE  BY 

WILLIAM    R.    JACK,    M.D. 


FIFTH  EDITION. 


GLASGOW  : 

JAMES     MACLEHOSE     AND     SONS, 

ittbltshcrs  t0  the  Enibcvaitg, 

1909 


Glasgow:   printed  at  the  university  press 
robert  macr-ehose  and  co.  ltd. 


PREFATORY    NOTE. 


The  following  Tables  were  compiled  mainly  with  a  view  to  assist  students  in 
associating  the  leading  events  and  literary  works  of  modern  Europe  with  each 
other.  The  want  of  a  sufficiently  clear  tabular  representation  of  the  relations  of 
History  and  Literature  appears  to  be  among  the  causes  of  the  confusion  so  often 
exhibited  regarding  the  most  elementary  dates.  One  of  the  greatest,  among 
several,  difficulties  in  the  arrangement  of  these  Tables  has  been  the  necessity 
of  selection  and  variation  of  scale.  It  being  obviously  impossible  to  keep  the  same 
proportion  of  space  in  ages  when  comparatively  few  events  or  works  in  a  genera- 
tion remain  on  record,  and  in  others,  such  as  our  own,  the  scale  varies  from 
centuries  in  the  earlier,  to  periods  of  five  years  in  the  later,  sheets. 

The  further  principles  of  the  system  of  tabulation  may  be  shortly  stated : — 

I.  English  Literature  and  History  are  placed  together  to  be  illustrated  by  the 
columns  on  either  side. 

n.  The  names  of  statesmen  or  authors  are  on  the  line,  as  far  as  the  exigencies 
of  printing  have  permitted,  of  the  date  at  which  they  exerted  their  greatest 
influence. 

HI.    In  the  Historical  columns  the  dates  indicate — 

A.  The  year  in  which  events  occurred. 

B.  The  accessions  and  deaths  or  abdications  of  monarchs. 
c.    The  periods  of  power  of  statesmen. 

(Except   where   enclosed   in    brackets  ( )  which  indicate  the  dates    of 
birth  and  death.) 

IV.  In  the  columns  of  Literature,  Science,  and  Art,  the  dates  without  brackets 
indicate  the  birth  and  death. 

Occasionally  one  of  these  being  uncertain,  the  birth  is  marked  b — ,  or  the 
death  d — .  Both  being  uncertain  or  unimportant,  a  single  date  is  given  as  a 
'floruit,'  generally  that  of  the  chief  work  of  the  author. 


vi  PREFATORY  NOTE 

V.  An  attempt  has  been  made  to  indicate  the  importance  of  the  author, 
potentate,  or  event  by  the  size  of  the  type.  The  accuracy  of  the  judgment  in 
this  case  must  remain  matter  of  opinion.  I  am  responsible  in  the  columns  of 
History  and  Literature;  my  better  informed  coadjutors  in  those  of  Science  and 
Art.  A  rule  has  been  made  to  include  only  those  whose  reputation  has  been 
established  for  at  least  ten  years.  In  crowded  departments  of  literature,  as 
Romance,  only  representative  names  have  been  selected.  A  few  are  inserted 
rather  in  deference  to  popular  judgment  than  in  accordance  with  my  own 
estimate. 

VI.  Several  names  being  repeated,  sometimes  at  no  great  intervals,  it  has 
been  considered  essential  to  the  pictorial  representation  aimed  at,  to  distinguish 
by  different  colours,  those  associated  with  different  nations.  Practical  obstacles 
have  restricted  the  application  of  this  rule;  but  it  is  hoped  that  the  result  will, 
even  by  the  appearance  of  the  pages,  convey  some  indication  of  the  historic 
issues  at  stake. 

VII.  When  a  writer  has  been  very  prominent  in  two  departments,  as  of  Science 
and  Philosophy,  or  Literature  and  Art,  as  in  the  case  of  Leonardo  da  Vinci, 
Leibnitz,  Descartes,  and  Pascal,  his  name  appears  in  two  columns.  When  his 
eminence  in  one  eclipses  that  of  his  reputation  in  another,  he  appears,  as  in 
the  case  of  Bacon  and  Galileo,  only  in  that  where  he  was  pre-eminent.  In  rare 
instances  a  great  name  has  been  inserted,  slightly  out  of  its  exact  place,  at  the 
head  of  the  period  which  the  author's  influence  seems  to  have  dominated. 

The  reception  of  the  earlier  editions  has  made  me  sensible  at  once  of  the 
utility  of  an  undertaking,  involving  an  amount  of  labour  only  inferior  to  that  of 
compiling  a  dictionary,  and  of  the  hazards  to  which  it  is  exposed.  To  many  of 
my  critics  I  am  indebted  for  corrections  of  mistakes  almost  inevitable,  and  for 
supplying  sometimes  serious  omissions.  Others  have  made  of  an  obviously  rapid 
survey  occasion  to  air  crotchets,  as  that  which  regards  it  as  a  crime  to  speak  of 
'Ancient  History,'  or  of  'Charlemagne.'  It  seems  needful  to  state  that  the 
phrase  'English  Literature'  here  signifies  Literature  originating  in  England,  and 
that  'in  power'  indicates  the  period  of  a  politician's  greatest  influence,  in  or  out 
of  office. 

The  University, 

Glasgow,  1888. 


PREFACE  TO  THE   FIFTH   EDITION. 


The  pleasant  task  of  revising  for  a  Fifth  Edition  my  uncle's  'Tables'  has  been 
unexpectedly  lightened  for  me  by  the  discovery  of  his  manuscript  notes,  embodying 
the  additions  and  alterations  which  he  had  desired  to  make.  Most  of  the  Tables 
have  been  reprinted,  with  these  additions,  substantially  as  they  stood;  but  the 
few  errors  that  were  detected  have  been  rectified,  and  some  obvious  omissions, 
chiefly  in  the  column  devoted  to  the  Fine  Arts,  have  been  filled  in.  The  probable 
times  of  writing  of  the  Icelandic  Sagas,  and  of  the  literature  known  as  Anglo- 
Saxon,  are  now  more  definitely  ascertained  than  when  the  last  edition  was  pub- 
lished. For  the  Anglo-Saxon  dates  I  have  to  express  my  indebtedness  to  Mr. 
Ritchie  Girvan,  Lecturer  in  Early  and  Middle  English,  Glasgow  University.  I 
have  also  added  the  names  of  a  number  of  the  more  important  early  Italian  poets. 

For  the  Tables  completing  the  work,  and  bringing  it  down  to  date,  I  am 
responsible;  but  it  would  not  have  been  possible  for  me,  of  my  own  knowledge, 
to  have  obtained  what  I  trust  is  a  fairly  representative  collection  of  names  in  so 
many  branches  of  the  Arts  and  Sciences.  To  mention  all  whom  I  have  consulted 
would  be  tedious,  but  I  must  especially  acknowledge  the  help  of  Professor  W.  P. 
Ker,  of  Dr.  Fernando  Agnoletti  in  Italian  Literature,  of  Professors  Sir  T.  E. 
Thorpe,  James  Geikie,  and  Ludwig  Becker  in  their  respective  sciences,  and  of 
Mr.  Percy  Bate  in  the  Pictorial  Arts.  I  am  particularly  indebted  to  Mr.  W.  H. 
Hudson,  late  Professor  of  English  Literature,  Stanford  University,  California,  for 
his  collaboration  in  the  final  American  Table.  The  dates  have  in  every  case 
been  verified  by  me. 

It  remains  to  mention  that  in  the  Tables  from  1840  onwards  it  has  been 
thought  advisable  to  use  only  two  varieties  of  type,  small  capitals  and  Roman 
letters,  thus  differentiating  the  names  into  those  of  the  less  important  and  more 
important  writers  and  artists,  without  attempting  to  anticipate,  for  a  period  still 
so  near  us,  the  final  verdict  as  to  which  may  be  the  most  important  of  them  all. 
In  accordance  with  my  uncle's  practice,  the  names  of  the  living  are  in  every  case 
in  Roman  type. 

W.    R.   J. 

Glasgow,  September,   1909. 


EXPLANATION  OF  COLOURS,   ETC. 


1.  Roman,  German,  and  Austrian  Emperors  and 

Kings, 

2.  Prussian  Kings  and  Ministers, 

3.  French  Kings  and  Ministers, 

4.  Secular  Rulers  in  Italy, 

5.  Spanish  Kings  and  Rulers, 

6.  Popes, 

7.  Portuguese  Kings  and  Rulers, 

8.  Russian  Monarchs,    . 

9.  Scandinavian  Monarchs,  . 

10.  Rulers  in  the  Netherlands, 

11.  Swiss  Leaders,  etc.,  . 

12.  English  Kings,  . 

13.  Scotch  Kings,    . 

14.  Irish  Leaders,  etc.,  . 


Red  Lines. 

Rp:d  Bars. 

Blue  Lines. 

Blue  Bars. 

Yellow  Lines. 

Yellow  Bars. 

Yellow  Diamond  Lines. 

Green  Lines. 

Green  Bars. 

Black  Bars. 

Black  Diamond  Lines. 

Red  Diamond  Lines. 

Blue  Diamond  Lines. 

Green  Diamond  Lines. 


In  several  cases  other  leading  men  and  great  events  are  underlined  with  the 
colours  belonging  to  the  nations  most  directly  affected  by  them,  or  to  which 
they  have  been  most  attached.  The  artists  have  appended  to  their  names  (/) 
for  painter,  {a)  for  architect,  (engr.)  for  engraver,  {et)  for  etcher,  {sc)  for  sculptor, 
{m)  for  musician,  {voc.)  for  vocalist,  {vio.)  for  violinist,  and  (ac)  for  actor.  In 
the  Science  column  great  mathematicians  or  physicists  have  no  special  mark ; 
but  {geo.)  indicates  geologist,  {bot.)  botanist,  {chem.)  chemist,  {med.)  physician  or 
surgeon,  and  {eng.)  engineer. 


CONTENTS. 

I.— FROM  A.D.  200  TO  THE  END  OF  THE  6th  CENTURY. 
11. —FROM  A.D.  600  TO  THE  NORMAN  CONQUEST. 
HI.— FROM  THE  CONQUEST  TO  THE  END  OF  THE  I2TH  CENTURY. 
IV.— FROM  A.D.   1200  TO  THE  MIDDLE  OF  THE  14TH  CENTURY, 
v.— FROM  THE  MIDDLE  OF  THE  14TH  CENTURY  TO  A.D.   1425. 
VI. -FROM  A.D.   1425  TO  THE  END  OF  THE  15TH  CENTURY. 
VIL— THE  SIXTEENTH  CENTURY.     F//?ST  HALF. 
VIII.— THE  SIXTEENTH  CENTURY.     SECOND  HALF, 
IX.— THE  SEVENTEENTH  CENTURY.     FLRSL  HALF. 
X.— THE  SEVENTEENTH  CENTURY.     SECOND  HALF. 
XL— THE  EIGHTEENTH  CENTURY.     FIRST  HALF. 
XII.— FROM  A.D.   1750  TO  THE  FRENCH  REVOLUTION. 
XIIL— FROM  THE  FRENCH  REVOLUTION  TO  A.D.   1815. 
XIV.— THE  NINETEENTH  CENTURY.     FROM  A.D.   18 15  TO  1840. 
XV.— THE  NINETEENTH  CENTURY.     FROM  A.D.   1840  TO  1865. 
XVI. -THE  NINETEENTH  CENTURY.     FROM  A.D.   1865  TO  1890. 
XVII.— TO  THE  TWENTIETH  CENTURY.     FROM  A.D.   1890  TO  1909. 

XVIIL— FROM  THE  DISCOVERY  TO  A.D.   1700. 
XIX.— THE  EIGHTEENTH  CENTURY. 
XX.— THE  NINETEENTH  CENTURY.     FIRST  HALF. 
XXL— THE  NINETEENTH  CENTURY.     FROM  A.D.   1850  TO  1890. 
XXIL— TO  THE  TWENTIETH  CENTURY.     FROM  A.D.   1890  TO  1909. 


US7'  OF  THE   PRINCIPAL  AUTHORITIES   CONSULTED  FOR    THE  PRESENT 

EDITION. 


Biographic   Generale    (nouvelle)   publiee   sous  la 

direction  de  Dr.  Hoefer. 
Encyclopoedia  Britannica. 
Dictionary  of  National  Biography. 
Allibone's  Dictionary  of  English  Literature. 
Dictionnaire  des  Litteratures  par  Vapereau. 
Dictionnaire  des  Contemporains  par  Vapereau. 
Larousse's  Dictionnaire  Universel. 
La  Grande  Encyclopedic. 

Brockhaus's  and  Meyer's  Konversations-Lexikons. 
Poggendorff's   Biographisch-Litterarisches   liand- 

worterbuch. 
Gubernatis'  Dictiimnaire  des  Ecrivains  du  Jour. 
Lowndes'  Bibliographer's  Manual. 
Finlay's  History  of  Greece. 
Gibbon's  Roman  Empire. 
Smith's  Ancient  History. 
Freeman's  Historical  Geography  of  Europe. 
Freeman's  Norman  Conquest. 
Freeman's  William  Rufus. 
Hallam's  Middle  Ages. 
Green's  History  of  the  English  People. 
Froude's  History  of  England. 
Froude's  History  of  Ireland. 
Lecky's  England  in  the  Eighteenth  Century. 
Knight's  History  of  England. 
Walpole's  England  from  the  Great  War. 
Molesworth's  History  of  England. 
Skene's  Celtic  Scotland. 
Burton's  History  of  Scotland. 
Tytlet's  Plistory  of  Scotland. 
Lord  Macaulay's  Works. 
Motley's  Works. 
Dyer's  Modern  Europe. 
Kitchin's  History  of  France. 
Crowe's  History  of  France. 
Gardiner's  Puritan  Revolution. 
Cox's  History  of  the  Crusades. 
Stubbs'  Early  Plantagenets. 
Creighton's  Age  of  Elizabeth. 
Carlyle's  French  Revolution. 
Seeley's  Life  and  Times  of  Stein. 
Milman's  Histories. 
Guizot's  History  of  Civilization. 
Stubbs'  Constitutional  History. 
Rambaud's  Russia. 
May's  Democracy. 
Lanfrey's  History  of  Napoleon  L 
Hallam's  Literary  History  of  Europe. 


Gosse's  Studies  in  the  Literature  of  Northern  Europe. 

Saintsbury's  History  of  French  Literature. 

T.  H.  Ward's  English  Poets. 

A.  W.  Ward's  History  of  the  English  Drama. 

Chambers's  Encyclopaedia. 

living's  Annals  of  our  Time. 

Index   Catalogue   of    the    Library   of    the   Surgeon- 
General's  Office,  U.S.A. 

Pagel's  Biographisches  Lexikon  hervorragender  Artzte 
des  XIX"'"  Jahrhunderls. 

Grove's  Dictionary  of  Music  and  Musicians. 

Muther's  History  of  Modern  Painting. 

Bryan's  Dictionary  of  Painters  and  Engravers. 

MacCoU's  Nineteenth  Century  Art. 

Chambers's  Cyclopaedia  of  English  Literature. 

D.  G.  Rossetti's  Dante  and  his  Circle. 

J.  H.  Millar's  Literary  History  of  Scotland. 

Waliszewski's  Russian  Literature. 

Dowden's  French  Literature. 

Lanson's  Histoire  de  la  Litterature  Fran9aise. 

Fitzmaurice  Kelly's  Spanish  Literature. 

Robertson's  History  of  German  Literature. 

Gates'  Dictionary  of  Biography. 

Hole's  Brief  Biographical  Dictionary. 

Acland  and  Ransome's  Political  History. 

L.  C.  Burt's  Synoptical  History  of  England. 

Burke's  Peerage  and  Baronetage. 

Bancroft's  Histories. 

Prescott's  Works. 

Calhoun's  Papers  and  Speeches. 

Johnson's  Garrison  and  Anti-Slavery. 

Coit  Tyler's  History  of  American  Literature. 

Griswold's  Prose  Writers  of  America. 

Duyckinck's  Cyclopaedia  of  American  Literature. 

Appleton's  Cyclopaedia  of  American  Biography. 

The  "Dial." 

Daniel  Webster's  Life  and  Speeches. 

Ten  Van  Brink's  Old  English  Literature. 

Publications  of  the  Early  English  Text  Society. 

Marie's  Histoire  de  Sciences  Mathematiques  et 
Physiques,  Paris,  1887. 

Jackson's  Guide  to  the  Literature  of  Botany. 

Le  Opere  di  Giorgio  Vasari,  ed.  G.  Milanesi. 
Firenze.     1860-85. 

Old  Magazines  and  Newspapers  for  Contemporary 
Dates;  and  many  Works  (such  as  Ashley's  Life 
of  Palmerston,  Spedding's  Bacon,  Lockhart's 
Life  of  Scott)  in  which  the  author  has  made  a 
special  study  of  a  particular  epoch  or  character. 


TABLE    I. 

FROM    A.D.    200   TO    6oO. 


TABLES   OF   EUROPEAN    HISTORY, 


I._FROM    A.D.    200   TO    THE    END    OP 


Joveign  iiistoxg. 

Septimus  Severus,  .  .  •  202-211 
Caracalla, 211-217 

Roman  Citizenship  extended  to  the 

whole  Empire. 
Christians  persecuted  by  Decius  and 

Valerian, 250-260 

Gallienus  and  the  Tyrants,      260-268 

Peace  of  the  Church,  .  .  260-300 
Aurelian, 270-275 

Diocletian, 284-305 

Last  Christian  Persecutions. 

CONSTANTINE,     (274-337) 

306-337 

Edict  of  Milan, 313 

Battle  of  Adrianople,  .  .  .  323 
JULIAN,     ......     361-363 

Paganism  restored,  .  .  .  361 
Great  popular  migrations  begin,  375 
Valens  defeated  at  Hadrianople,  378 
Theodosius,      ....     379-395 

Paganism  proscribed,  .  .  390 
Byzantine  Empire,    .     .     .   395-1453 

ALARIC  at  Rome,  .  .  .  408-410 
Franks  in  Gaul(Pharamond),     418 

Attila  defeated  at  Chalons.  .     .     451 

Origin  of  Venice, 452 

Genseric  at  Rome,  .  .  .  .  455 
Childeric  at  Paris,  ....  464 
Western  Emperors  end,  .     .     .     476 

CLOVIS  (Merovingian),  .     .  481-51 1 

Becomes  Christian,  .  .  .  496 
Theodoric,  at  Ravenna,  .     .  493-526 

JUSTINIAN, 530-564 

BeHsarius, 535-56o 

Clotaire  I..        558 

Alboin  (Lombards),  .  .  .  d.  573 
Chilpertc  I.     Brunehault,      .     580 

Gregory  L     Pope,     ....     590 


©ttQlish  ^  §coich  Instort). 


Dalriada  (Antrim)  ? 
Carausius  revolts. 


.     286 


Sngltslt  Sit^ratttix 


Papinian  at  York, 


Alleged  period  of  earliest  Gaelic  lay 
(about  Fionn,  Fingal,  and  Oisin 
200-300?),  some  of  which  ma; 
have  contributed  to  Macpherson^ 
"  Ossian." 


Britain  resubdued. 
Early  Christian  Martyrs. 
Incursions  of  Picts  and  Scots. 
Irish  Settlement  in  Argyll  ? 

Cumbrians  in  Strathclyde. 


St.  Ninian. 


Pelagius.    (Morgan),     .     .     375-425 


Romans  leave  Britain,  .     .     409-420 


Irish  Kings  crowned  at  Tara  ? 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦^♦♦♦^  ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 


Hengist  and  Horsa  (?)      449  /CenL 
Ella.     Saxons,         .         477  Sttssex. 
Cedric.       ,,  .         495  IVessex. 


Loarn    More,    Fergus    More,    and 
Aidan,  Kings  of  Scotch  Dalriads. 


503-574 
King  Arthur?     Badon  Hill,     .     520 


Saxons,     .     . 

Angles,      .     . 

Ida,  the  Angle, 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦^ 

Angles,     .     . 
Angles,     .     . 


527  Essex. 

527  £as^  Anglia. 

547  Bei'nicia. 

559  Deira. 
586  Mercia. 


Ethelbert  (Kent)  Christianity,  .     597 


St.  Patrick, d.  46^ 

,,  to  Ireland, .     .     .     432 

St.  Palladius  to  Scotland,    .     .43? 

Merlin, 475-575 

Taliesin  (Bard  of  Urien),      500-560 

Aneurin, 500-57 

St.  David, fl.  c.  541 

St.  Mungo  or  Kentigern,     .     fl.  56< 
History  of  Gildas,       ...        564 
St.  Columba,      ....  521-597 
,,  at  lona,  ...     563 

St.  Austin  in  England,  .     .    597-607 


■  Roman. 

""— ^  French. 

""""■""  Italian. 

—  —  —  PanaL 


English. 

Scotch. 

Irish. 


ITERATURE,   SCIENCE,  AND  ART 


HE    SIXTH    CENTURY,     by  centuries. 


Jiov^iQU  yiteratiir^. 

(Snena,  inbentixrn©,  ^i. 

^h^  Jine  ^rts. 

A.D. 

ucian  died, 200 

Ipian  died, 228 

ion  Cassius  died,      .     .     .      c.  230 

ertullian, i6o?-240 

ligen, 186-253 

LOTINUS, 205-270 

orphyrius, 233-305  ? 

onginus, d.  273 

actantius, d.  330 

enobia  at  Palmyra 270 

usebius 264?- 340 

Galen  {tned.  and  ch.),    .     .     d.  200 

Hadrian's  Wall  restored  by  Severus. 

Democritus  (Greek  Alchemist)  ? 

Synesius  (Greek  Alchemist)  ? 

Final  Decline  of  Greek  [Etruscan] 
Pottery. 

Great  Roman  Roads,  "High  Street" 
and  "Watling  Street,"  in  Britain. 

Baths  OF  Caracalla,.     .     .     215 

Arts   of  Enamelling   and    Ivory 
Carving, circ.  240 

Underground  Churches  for  Christian 
Worship, 250-260 

Baths  of  Diocletian. 

Roman  Vaulting  and  Domes. 

200 

OUNCIL   OF   NiC/EA,      ...       325 
RIUS  AND  AtHANASIUS,  .        fl.   33O 

.mblicus, d.  330? 

LPHILAS.   Moeso-Gothic  Gospels, 

370 
regory  Nazianzen,    ....     379 
mbrose  of  Milan,     .     .     .     .     391 
-.  Martin  of  Tours,  .     .     .   316-397 

;.  Jerome, 340420 

r.  Chrysostom,     .     .     .  347-407 

Glass  used  in  Cathedral  Windows. 
Theon  of  Alexandria,  .     .     .    c.  320 

Oribasius, 326-403 

Zosimus  (Alchemist)  ? 

Diophantus, 325-409 

Pappus, b.  340 

Caelius  Aurelianus  {7?ied.). 

Infirmary  of  Fabiola  at  Rome,  c.  400 

BasilicKof  Sta.  Crocedi  Gerusalemme, 
S.  Giovanni  Laterano,  S.  Paolo,  S. 
Pietro,  S.  Sebastiano,  and  S.  Lor- 
enzo   Fuor    le    Mura,    at    Rome, 
founded  by  Constantine. 

Metrodorus    of    Persia    {a).        First 
known  Christian  Architect. 

Alypius  of  Antioch  (a),  lays  founda- 
tion of  New  Temple,  Jerusalem,  327 

St.  Lorenzo  at  Milan,     .     .     .     390 

300 

r.  AUGUSTINE,       .     .     .  354-430 

'acrobius  (Grammarian). 

rosius  (Geographer),    .     .      fl.  415 

ROCLUS, 412-485 

donius  ApoUinaris, .     .     .  431-482 
oETHius, 470-526 

Hypatia, d.  415 

First  use  of  Bells  in  Europe. 

Proclus. 

Water  Clock  of  Boethius. 

Aloisius  {a),  assists  in  the  erection  of 
Mausoleum  at  Ravenna. 

Cyriades  [Consul]  of  Rome  (a). 

Sennamar  of  Arabia  [a).     Palaces  of 
Sedir  and  Khaovarnack. 

Theodoric  fixes  an  annual  charge  for 
the  cultivation  of  the  Arts. 

School  of  Art  at  Ravenna,      430-550 
Church  of  St.  Vitalis  at  Ravenna. 

400 

onastic  System  begins. 

.  Benedict, 480-543 

•ibonian, 534 

stitutes  and  Pandects  of  Justinian, 
ires  Phrygius  (Pseudo).    Troy  Tale, 
regory  of  Tours,       .     .     .   544-595 
issiodorus,      ....      468-568  ? 

Aryabhata, 475-550 

Embankments  in  Persia.    (Chryses  of 
Alexandria. ) 

Silkworms    reared   in   Con- 
stantinople,   551 

Diodes, b.  550 

Alexander  of  Tralles,    .     .     525-605 

Greek  or  Byzantine  School  of 
Painting. 

[Anthemius  of  Tralles   (a),   and  Isi- 
dorus  of  Miletus  (a)]. 

St.  Sophia,  Constantinople,  ,     532 

Saracenic  Influence  on  Archi- 
tecture in  Eastern  Empire. 

Gregorian  Chant. 

iF^therius  of  Constantinople  {a). 

500 

{med.)  Physician. 
kch.)  Chemist. 


{a)   Architect. 


TABLE    II. 

FROM    A.D.    600   TO    I066. 


II.— FROM    A.D.    600   TO    THE    I 


VO 

CO 

li 

r^ 

0 

H 
-< 

0 

w 

nrt 

32 

•< 

H 

0 

Joreign  SJisitoii). 


Lombards  at  Pavia,    .     .     .  568-774 

Dagobert, 628 

Heraclius, 610-641 

Pepin  of  Heristal  in  Gaul,  .     .     687 

Count  Julian  invites  Moors. 

MOORS  in  Spain,  .     .     .      711-1492 


Edwin  (Deira),  Rex  Angloruni, 
♦♦♦♦♦♦^♦♦♦♦V  *=        617-633 

Baptized, 627 

Defeated  by  Penda  of  Mercia,  633 

UiU^[il4''^ 637 

Cornwall  subdued,      ....     650 

Deira  and    Bernicia   united   in 
Northumbrian 670 

Eigfrid  invades  Ireland, .     .     .     684 

Ine  of  Wessex 688-726 


(KngltsK  ^itsmtur^. 


C/EDMON, c.  6 

Paulinus  at  York, 6 

Aidan  at  Lindisfarne,      .     .     d.  6 
St.  Cuthbert,    ....    d.  6: 

Adamnan, 625-7« 

Alt)helm, 655-7( 


Death  of  Roderick,    .     .     .     .     711 

Separation  of  Greek  and  Latin 

Churches, 729 

rh.rlP.  Mnrtp]  Rt  Tours.      .      .      732 

Carlovingians  in  France,      .  752-986 
Pepin  the  Short,    ....   752-768 

Roland  at  Roncesvalles,       .     .     778 
Irene  (Constantinople),  .     .  780-803 

CHARLEMAGNE,  (742-814) 

==^^I==    771-814 


Devon  subdued,    .     . 
1st  Landing  of  Danes, 


Offa  of  Mercia,      .     . 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 

Danes  invade  Ireland. 


754-786 
.     787 

757-794 


Beowulf, c.  7( 

Lament  of  Deor, c.  7{ 

Fight  at  Finnsburh,  .     .     .     .  c.  7( 
Laws  of  Ine. 

Beda, 673  ?-7^ 

Christ,  Part  I.,    Daniel,^ 

Exodus,    Guthlac  A,  h  .     .  c  7« 

Widsith,  ....     J  ] 

Canons  of  Irish  Council,  in  Cambri ' 

Codex, 763-7C 

Cynev\'ulf,     .     .     .     .    c.  725-8C 
Walthea.  j 

Alcuin 735-81 


Leo  IIL,  Pope,  ....  795-816 
Louis  I.  (Le  Debonnaire).  .  814-840 
Lothaire  I., 840-843 

Saracens  in  Sicily,  .  .  .  827-965 
Harnld  Hflarfagr.        .      .     c.   860-933 

Treaty  of  Verdun  (division  of 
Empire).  Lewis,  Germany; 
Charles,  France,     ....     843 

Rolf  Ganger  in  Neustria.     .     .     876 

NORMANS  in  France,  .  .  (860-932) 
Magyar  Invasions,      ....     889 


Egbert  (Wessex), 


802-836 
.       827 


Overlord  of  England,  .     , 
Ke^^^thII.     Picts  and  Scots 

united, 843 

2nd  Danes.     Ragnar  Lodbrog,     866 

ALFRED, 871-901 

♦♦♦♦♦♦♦» 


Genesis  A,  Guthlac  B,  .     .     .  c.  84 

Nennius  ' '  Plistoria  Britonum  "  (sonn 
times  assigned  to  7th  century),  82* 
Joannes  Scotus  Erigena, 

c.  820-c.  88 
Rune  Songs. 
Christ,  Part  III. 
Brehon  Law  in  Ireland. 
Alfred's  Translations,  . 
Anglo-Saxon  Chronicle, 
"  Pictish  Chronicle"  ends 


I 

.  875-iii 

5,     .      991 


Rolf  takes  Rouen,       ....911 

,,     Duke  of  Normandy,     .     .     913 

Henry  I.     (The  Fowler),  .  919-936 

Louis  IV.  (d'Outremer),      .  936-954 

Hakon  the,Qoo^ .     .     .    c.  930-961 

Otto  the  Great,  King,  .     .     936 

,,                 Emperor,  962-973 
Hugh  Capet, 987 

Vladimir  nf  "RiT^sia  subdues  Cherson, 

DANES  in  England.  ^^^ 


Edward  the  Elder,     .     .     .  902-925 
Athelstane, 925-940 


Battle  of  Brunanburgh,  .     .  .     937 

Edmund, 940-946 

Edred, 946-955 

Edwy, 955-959 

♦♦♦♦♦♦- 

^4LgQl-MJ^     Strathclyde,    942-954 

Edgar, 959-975 

;^d  Danes.     Sweyn  and  Anlaf,     994 

EthelredlL,     ....      979-1016 


Genesis  B  and  Judith,     . 
Asser's  Life  of  Alfred,     . 
Salomon  and  Saturnus. 
War  Poems ;  Brunanburh, 

,,  Maldon,    . 

St.  Dunstan,     .... 
Byrhtnoth's  Death,     .     . 
^Ifric's  Homilies,      .     .     , 
Welsh  Laws  of  Howel  Dda 


c.  90: 
.     91: 

•  93; 

•  991 

925-9* 
.  991 
c.  9511 


Hungary  a  Kingdom, 
Henry  I..     .     ,     . 


1000 
1031 


Henry  III..  ....      1039- 1056 


Secures  right  of  Emperors  to  nomin- 
ate Popes  and  conquers  Bohemia. 

Philip  I., 1060 

The  Cid  (Ruy  Diaz),     .    (1040-1099) 


CAimi^i, 1016-1035 

Pm^i^^vv^^s^^i^a^/' •  •  •  '°'4 

iliVS^*^^^-'      •     •     •     ^°°3-io33 
Duncan  I.,       ....     1033- 1040 

Macbeth, 1040- 1057 

Edward^  the  Con fessor,     .    1042 

Malcolm  III.     Canmore,  and 

St.  Margaret,    .     .     .     1057-1093 
HAROLD,' 1066 


♦♦♦♦♦♦♦4 

Battle  of  Stamford  Bridge, 


Annals  of  Innisfallen,     .     .       1005 

Wulfstan, 1002-102 

The  Culdees  ? 

Early  fragments  of  the  '*  Four  Ma 
ters"  (published  1631)? 

The  Grave  ? 


1066 


Roman  and  German. 
French. 

Spanish. 


•—   Papal. 
■"■  Russian. 

~-   Scandinavian. 


English. 
Scotch. 
♦♦♦«♦♦«    Irish. 


IMAN    CONQUEST. 

BY  CENTURIES. 

Jfrrmgu  $iterat«r^. 

(Sdcna,  Indentions,  S:c. 

%\\t  gmz  ^x\Q. 

a.d. 

;.aws  of  Rotharis  ? 

The  Koran  published, .     .     .     634 

j^arliest  mention  of  Romance  tongue, 

659 

5t.  Adelbert  of  Utrecht,      .      d.  720 

Paulus /Egineta  {77/<?^.),    .     .     c.  630 
Greek  Fire  (Callinicus),       .     .     673 

Lombard  Influence  on  Italian 
Architecture. 

Stone  Churches  at  Wearmouth  and 
Jarrow  circ.  680 — starting  point  in 
English  Architecture. 

Isidorus  of  Bysantium  (a). 
Joannes  of  Miletus  [a). 

600 

Traditions  of  "Arabian  Nights." 

5t.  Boniface, d.  755 

knedict  d'Aniane,     .     .     .   750-821 

)ld  German  Alliterative  Poetry. 

Libraries  in  Spain. 
Schools  at  Fulda  and  St.  Gall. 
Windmills  in  Hungary,  .     .     .     71S 
Geber  (Alchemist),  .     .     .      d.  777 
The  Organ  first  used  in  Church,    757 
Khalif  Jaafar  al  Mansur,       .     754-75 
Clock  sent  to  Charlemagne. 
Foundling  Hospital  at  Milan,    .    787 

Influence  of  the  Popes  on  Art  (John 
II.  and  Gregory  III.). 

Great  Mosque[Saracenic]at  Damascus, 
circ.  705 

Byzantine  Style  of  Architec- 
ture ON  THE  Continent.     An- 
glo-Saxon IN  England. 

Monasteries  at  Malmesbury,  Bradford, 
and  Frome. 

Abderrahman     I.      of     Spain     (a). 
Mosque  at  Cordova. 

700 

Turpin  ?  ? 

^he  Heliand, 830 

Cginhard,  "Annals  of  Charlemagne," 

771-840 

)ath  at  Strassburg,    ....     842 

)tfried's  "  Krist,"     .     .     .      c.  860 

"k-rchbishop  Hincmar,     .     .     .     882 

iasis,  Arab  Hist,  of  Spain,  870-960  ? 

Horologium  of  Pacificus. 

Khalif  al  Mamun,     .     .     fl.  813-833 

"The  Almagest,"  trans.,     .     .     827 

Reputed  Origin  of  Oxford,  .     .     879 

Albategni, 850-929 

Rhazes  (w^(/.,  (t/z.),     .     .      860-940? 

Medical   School   of  Salerno,  9th  to 
13th  Century. 

Commencement     of     St.      Mark, 

Venice,  in  Byzantine  style. 
Stone  Churches  built   by  Alfred   in 

England. 
Eginhard  [a).     Prefect  of  buildings 

to  Charlemagne. 
Tioda  [a).     Palace  at  Oviedo. 
Romualdus  (a).  Cathedral  of  Rheims. 
Enamelled  Gold  Altar  of  St.  Ambrose 

at  Milan. 

Luca  Santo  (/•). 

800 

)ivisiON   OF   Langue    d'Oc   and 

Langue  d'Oil. 
Valter  of  Acquitaine,  by  Ekkehard, 

974 
;t.  Adalbert  of  Prague,  .     .   939-997 

long  of  St.  Eulalie. 

iroswitha  (ist  Medioeval  Drama), 

c.  980 

Ferdusi, 940-1020] 

'Mdic  Lays,      .     .     .     .  c.  900-1050 

Alfarabi, d.  c.  950 

Gerbert.     Silvester  H.,     940-1003 
Observatory  at  Seville. 
Schools  of  Cordova  and  Seville. 

Haly,  Abbas, d.  994 

Omar  El  Aalem  on  "the  Sea." 
Avicenna  (Ibn  Sina),     .     978-1037 

Abbot   Eberhard    [a).      Commenced 
Church  and  Monastery  at  Einsiedlen, 
Switzerland. 

Abdallah   Ben   Said   {a).        Eastern 
Aisles  of  Mosque,  Cordova. 

Worms  Cathedral,  commenced  996. 

Byzantine  Cloisonne  Enamel. 

900 

'oem  on  Boethius. 

'ranslation  of  Psalms  at  St.  Gall  ? 

',arly  Chansons  de  Gestes  and  Fab- 
liaux. 

<ambert  of  Herzfeld,      .     .     .   1060 

Observatory  at  Cairo. 

Surgical  School  of  Montpellier 
founded, 1025 

Bridge  over  the  Saone.     (Humbert 
of  Lyons. ) 

Mechanical    Clock.       (William   of 
Hirshau. ) 

Majority  of  Anglo-Saxon  Churches 
built. 

Edward     the     Confessor    completes 
Westminster  Abbey  in  the  Nor- 
man style,  which  prevails  in  North- 
western France,      circ.  1000- iioo 

Aparicio  of  Castile  {sc),       circ.  1033 

Buschetto  [a),  Duomo,    Pisa,   Lom- 
bard style. 

Pala    D'Oro    [Byzantine   Enamelled 
Gold]  of  St.  Mark,  Venice. 

1000 

[med.)  Physician. 
{ch.)  Chemist. 


{a)  Architect. 
{sc)  Sculptor. 
(/)  Painter. 


TABLE    III. 

FROM   A.D.     1066   TO    1 2O0. 


III._FROM    THE    CONQUEST    TO    THE    END    ( 


1066 


Jfomgn  Sktorg. 


HILDEBRAND,  or  Gregory  VII., 

1073- 1085 

Norman  Conquest  of  Sicily,  1060- 1093 

Comneniat  Constantinople,  1057- 1 204 

Henry  IV.,    ....     1056-1106 

Submission  to  Pope  at  Canossa,  1076 
Henry  IV.  at  Rome,  .  .  .  1083 
Urban  II., 1088 

Taking  of  Malta  by  Normans,     1091 

Peter  the  Hermit,  .  .  1071-1115 
THE  CRUSADES,  .  .  1095-1270 
First  Crusade,  .  .  .  1 095 -1 099 
Siege  of  Jerusalem,  ....  1099 
Godfrey  of  Bouillon.  Battle  of 
Ascalon, 1 099 


^ujjliBh  &  <Scxjtrh  ^istorj). 


WILLIAM  I.,  The  Conqueror 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦  1066- 1087 

Battle  of  Hastings,     ....    1066 

Feudal  System  in  England. 
Edgar  Atheling  to  Scotland,    .    1068 
Hereward  in  the  Isle  of  Ely,    .    107 1 
Conquest  of  England  completed,  1073 
Domesday  Book, 1086 


Donald  Bane,  .     . 


1093- 1098 


William  II.     Rufus,    .     1087- iioo 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 

Edgar, 1098- 1107 

♦♦♦♦♦♦ 

Henry  I., 1100-1135 

Marries  Maud  of  Scotland,       1109 


(SuQlieh  gJiUrature. 


"  Annals  of  Tigernach  "  (O'Braoin; 
c.  10; 

Lanfranc,  Archbishop,     1070-10! 

Gerland, fl.  lol 

Anselm,  Archbishop,    .     1093-iu 

Eadmer,      .....     1066- ill 

Laurence  of  Worcester,  .     .   d.  ii : 


1100 


Louis  VI. ,  ....  1108-1137 
Kingdom  of  Two  Sicilies,  .  .  11 30 
Louis  VII. ,     ....       1137-1180 

Orders  of  Knights — 

Of  St.  John,  or  Rhodes,  .  1048 
The  Templars,  .  .  .  .  1118 
Teutonic  Order,    ....      1191 

Persecution  of  Jews. 

Alphonso  I.     Aragon,  .       1104-1134 

Conrad  HI.  (First  Hohenstaufen), 


Conquest  of  Normandy,  1 105-11C6 

Alexander  JL,^  .     .     .     .  1107-1124 

Council  at  Salisbury,      .  .     .    11 16 
Shipwreck  of  Prince  William,      1120 

DavidI., 1124-1153 

•  1135-1154 

Battle  of  the  Standard,  .  .     .1138 


Ordericus  Vitalis, 


1075-11. 
.      .    IK 


Stephen  (Blois) 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦« 


1138-1152 
Leopold  of  Austria  in  Bavaria,     1138 


Kingdom  of  Portugal  founded,     1 139 

Guelfs  and  Ghibellines, .     1140-1495 

Second  Crusade,    .     .     .      1 147- 1 149 
Vehmgerichte. 


Civil  War.     Matilda  (daughter  of 
«♦♦♦♦♦  ^ 

Henry  I.  and  Maud)  Queen  for 
a  year, 1 139-1142 

Henry  II.  (Plantagenet),  1154-1189 
♦♦♦♦♦♦*♦« 


Book  of*  Dun  Cow,"    . 

William  of  Malmesbury, 

1095- 1 1.. 

Play  of  St.  Catherine  at  Dunstable, 

11:  < 

Hilarius  (3  Latin  Dramas),      fl.  ii:: 

Geoffrey  OF  Monmouth,  i  i  io-i  i  ; 

Bishoprics  in  Scotland.  ^^ 

Geoffrey  Gaimar,  .  .  fl.  1147-11  ; 
Henry  of  Huntingdon,  fl.  1135-111; 
Wace's  "Brut' d'Angleterre,"     liji 

John  of  Salisbury,      .     .      iiio-ii8( 

Exeter  Book,  ....      1040-107, 


FREDERICK  I,  (Barbarossa), 


1152- 
Adrian  IV.  (Breakspear),     . 

Arnold  of  Brescia,      .     .      1140- 
Barbarossa  at  Milan,       .     .     . 

The  Waldenses, 

Battle  of  Legnano,     .... 
H.  JDandolo  at  Venice,    (11x5- 

Wars  between  Genoa  and  Pisa, 
1119- 
Philip  II.,  Augustus,    .     .     . 


Saracens  take  Jerusalem,     .     . 
Third  Crusade,     .     .     .      11 90- 
Henry  VI.,    ....     1190- 


Siege  of  Acre, 

Innocent  III.  (1161-1216), 


1190 
1154 

1155 
1162 
1 170 
1176 

1205) 
1192 

1284 
1 180 

1187 
1192 
1197 

1191 

1198 


Malcolm  IV.,  ....  1153-1165 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 

Constitutions  of  Clarendon,      .    1 164 

William  THE  Lion,     .     1165-1214 

♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 

Strongbow  in  Ireland,   .     .     1169-70 

♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 

Murder  of  Becket,     .     .     .     .1170 

Henry  acknowledged  in  Ireland,  ii 77 
Eleanor  and  Rosamund. 

Scotch  Invasion.     William  captured 

at  Alnwick, 1173 

Treaty  of  Falaise,       .     .     ,     .1174 
Assizes  of  Clarendon  and   North- 
ampton,         1166-1176 

Glanvill,  Chief  Justice,  .  .  .1180 
Richard  I.,  .  .  .  .  1189-1199 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 

Scotch  King  released  from  homage, 

1189 
Massacre  of  Jews. 
John, 1199-1216 


.     ii6( 
fl.  116: 


i6( 


Roman  de  Rou,  .     .     . 

Thomas  Becket,  .     .     . 

Arthurian  Legends. 

Book  of  Leinster, 

Book  of  Carmarthen. 

Giraldus  Cambrensis,    .       Ii47-I2)( 

Luc  de  Cast,  ....       1154-1181 

Walter  Mapes,     .     .      1143-12CX 

Jocelin  of  Brakelond,    .     .      d.  I20( 

Josephus  Iscanus,     .     .     .      c.  iiQc; 

Anglo-Norman  Ballads. 

"  Bevis  of  Hampton.' 

"  Guy  of  Warwick." 

Alexander  Hales,     .     .     .      d.  12 


Roman  and  German. 

French. 

Italian. 


Spanish. 
__         Papal. 
>—  _  Scandinavian. 


•♦♦♦♦♦♦     English. 
♦♦♦»♦♦»    Scotch. 
•♦♦♦♦♦♦     Irish. 


)  THE    TWELFTH    CENTURY,     by  half  centuries. 

Jfamgn  literature. 

§dena   iubentions,  ^r. 

^he  Jine  Jlrts. 

a.d. 

"hanson  de  Roland. 

Anglo-Norman   Style    of  Archi- 
tecture prevails,  circ.  1 1  century  to 

106( 

>8  Mystery  of  Ten  Virgins. 

Striking    Clocks,    with   wheels   and 
weights,  in  Monasteries. 

circ.  middle  of  12  century. 

Bruno  founds  Carthusians,      .     1084 

St.  Etienne  (Caen),  commenced  by 

9 

William  the  Conqueror,      .       1066 

Did  French  Lyrics  ? 

Alhazen,  Astronomer  and  Optician, 

2  Scholasticism. 

965-1039 

Chapel  in  the  White  Tower  (London), 

1081 

^VI  Ghazah,      ....      1058-1111 

)0 

ROSCELIN, d.  1106? 

Gundulphus,  Bishop  of  Rochester  (a), 
circ.  1077.    Built  parts  of  Rochester 

t^innish  Epic  of  Kalevala  ? 

Cathedral  and  Castle. 

vVilliam of Guienne.  istTROUBADOUR. 

Carilepho,    Bishop   of    Durham    (a), 
circ.  1093.      Commenced  Durham 

8  Trouveres  and  Jongleurs. 

Cathedral. 

•'Lai  d'Avelok." 

Westminster  Hall  and  London  Bridge 

Hugo  de  St.  Victor,  .     .     1097- 1 141 

built. 

3  Chansons  d'Alixandre,   .      1 050-1 150 

Study  of  Civil  Law. 

Late  Norman  Style  of  Archi- 

HOC 

.  Landnama  Boc,     .     .     .     .    c.  mo 

tecture  in  England. 

Raoul  de  Houdenac. 

Reputed  Origin  of  Cambridge,     1 109 

2  ^ri, 1067- 1 148 

A.BELARD, 1079- 1 142 

University  of  Bologna,       .     .      11 16 

Lincoln    Cathedral    rebuilt    by 
Bishop  Alexander,      .     11 23-1 147 

Q 

'^  A.nna  Comnena,    .     .     .     1083- 1 148 

Pandects  at  Amalfi,       .     .     .      1135 

Wool  manufactured  in  England. 

lVibelungen  Lieu,      .     .    c.  1140 

Buono  {a).  Built  Tower  of  St.  Mark, 

Venice, 1148-1154 

Peter  Lombard,     .     .     .     .    d.  1164 

St.  Bernard,     .     .     .     1091-1153 

"Amis  et  Amiles." 
Minnesingers. 

Conventual   Churches   of    St.    Cross 

Gerard  of  Cremona,  .     .      1114-1187 

and  Rumsey,  Hants  [Transitional], 

1129-1169 

Epic  of  "  Gudrun." 

Eddie  Lays  collected  in\ 
writing, /      c.  1150 

Study  of  Canon  Law. 

AvERRoiis,      ....     1120-1198 

Averroes  (Ibn  Roschid). 

Semi-Norman    or    Transitional 

1150 

[oachim  of  Fiore,       .     .      11 30- 1 202 

Style    of    Architecture     in 

Robert  de  Borron. 

Adhelard,  Euclid  trans.  ? 

England. 

Benoist  de  Sainte  More.     (Roman 
de  Troie),     ....      1154-1189 

Silk  cultivated  in  Sicily,     .     .     1146 

Odo,   Prior  of  Croyland   {a).     Built 

Vidal. 

Maimonides,  ....       ii 35- 1204 

Abbey. 

Icelandic  Sagas  written,  c.  1140-1220 

Bertrand  de  Born. 

Wilhelmus   of  Germany  {a).     Cam- 

Reinaert,  1170 

Leonard  of  Pisa,       .       b.  11 75 

panile  at  Pisa. 

Poem  of  The  Cid. 

Leaning    Tower    of    Pisa    com- 

Maurice de  Sully,      .     .      11 60- 11 95 
Chrestien  de  Troyes,      .     1140-1227 

Insurance  introduced  to  Europe  by 

menced  II 74.  [Bonano  of  Pisa  (a).] 

Jews, 1182 

Geoffroi  de  Villehardouin,  11 60-121 3 
Geoffroi   de   Vinsauf,    "Nova 

Reference  to  Compass  by  Guyot 

William  of  Sens  {a).   Choir  of  Canter- 
bury Cathedral,      .     .      1175-1178 

Poetria,"     ....      11 70- 1 205? 

of  Provence, 11 90 

Gottfried  of  Strassburg  ("  Tristan  "). 

William   the    Englishman    {a),    con- 

Hartmann von  der  Aue. 

tinued  the  Choir,    .     .      1179-1184 

St.  Dominic,      .     .     .     1170-1221 

University  OF  Paris  Charter,  1200 

{a)  Architect, 


TABLE    IV. 

FROM   A.D.     I200   TO    I35O. 


IV.  — FROM    A.D.    I200   TO    THE    MIDDLE    OF   1 


Jfomgu  ^istors. 


Stephen  Langton,  Archbishop, 

1207-1228 

Papal  Interdict,    .     .     .     1208-1213 

King  John  invades  Ireland,  .  1210 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦» 

Magna  Charta,  ....  1215 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 

,,     Confirmed  and  renewed  thirty 
times, 1216-1608 

Alexander  II..     .     .     .     1214-1249 

w ▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼ 

Henry  III..   ....     1216-1272 

♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦« 

Fall  of  Hubert  de  Burgh,  .  .  1232 
Unsuccessful  Wars  in  France. 
The  Mad  Parliament,  .  .  .1258 
Provisions  of  Oxford,  .  .  .  1259 
Alexander  III.,  .  .  1249-1285 
Haco  defeated  at  Largs,     .     .    1263 

Barons' War,     .     .     .     1262-1266 

Battle  of  Lewes, 1264 

De  Montfort's  Parliament, .  .  1265 
Battle  of  Evesham,  ....  1265 
EDWARD  I,.  .  .  .  .  1272-1307 
«♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦'♦ 

Statute  of  Mortmain,  .  .  .  1279 
Wales  subdued.  Death  of  Llewellyn, 

1282 
Margaret  (Maid  ot  Norway), 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦  1 285- 1 290 

Interregnum,  ....  1290- 1292 
Expulsion  of  Jews,  ....  1290 
John  Baliol,  ....  1292- 1296 
Parliament  of  Three  Estates  and 

Irish  Parliament,  ....  1 295 
William  Wallace,  fl.  1296-1298 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 

Executed, 1305 

Battle  of  Falkirk,     .     .     .     .1298 

Battle  of  Roslin, 1302 

Edward  II..  ....     1307-1327 

Isabella  and  Mortimer. 

The  Lords  Ordainers,     .  .     .1310 

ROBERT  I.  (BRUCE),    .  1306-1329 

♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 

Battle  of  Bannockburn, .  .     .    1314 

♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦  ^ , 

Randolph  and  Douglas.  Edward 

Bruce  invades  Ireland,  1315-1318 

EDWARD  III..  .  .  .  1327-1377 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦V  "^  '     -^'^ 

Peace  of  Northampton.     Scotland 

recognized, 1328 

War  renewed,       .     .     .      1332-1363 

8^^i^«' 1329-1370 

Edward  Baliol  reigns  a  year,    .  1332 

Battle  of  Halidon  Hill,  .     .     .  1333 

David  II.  returns  from  France,  1341 

Battle  of  Crecy,       ....  1346 

Battle  of  Neville's  Cross,  .  .  1346 
David  prisoner ;  released  on  ransom. 
Calais  taken, 1347 

Scandinavian.  ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦    English. 

Papal.  ♦♦♦^♦^     Scotch. 

Swiss.  ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦     Irish. 


(English  Siteraturc. 


Fourf/i  Crusade,  .  .  .  1 200- 1 204 
Attack  on  Constantinople,  .  .  1204 
Venetians  acquire  Crete,  .  .  1205 
Latin  Empire,  .  .  .  1204- 1 261 
Albigensian  Crusade,  .  1208-1229 
FREDERICK  11,(1194-1250),      1212 


Battle  of  Bovines, 


.     .    1214 
1216-1220 


Fifth  Crusade,      .     . 

Gregory  IX., 1227 

Frederick  King  of  Jerusalem,  .  1229 

Louis  VIII., 1233 

Ferdinand  III.  (Leon  and  Castile), 
1230-1252 

Dominican  Inquisition  estab.,  1233 
Innocent  IV.,  .  .  .  .  1 243- 1 254 
Retreat  of  Moors  to  Granada,  1238 
Hanseatic  League,  .  .  1 241 -1669 
Sixth  Crusade,      .  .     1248- 1250 


Robert  Grostete,  .     .     ,     11 75- 12   3 

Gervase  of  Tilbury,   .     .     .     fl.  12   2 

Old  English  Homilies. 

Layamon's  Brut. 

S.  Langton  divides  books  of  the  Bit  : 
into  chapters. 

The  Ormulum? 

"  Ancren  Riwle,"    ....     12: 

Matthew  Paris,    .     .     .       1195-12; 

"  Dame  Siriz." 

Love  Song  of  Thomas  de  Hales. 

Story  of  Genesis  and  Exodus. 

The  Bestiary. 

Vincent  of  Beauvais  (Speculun 
Majus),     .     .     .     .     c.  ii9o-i2(  ; 

Annals  of  Connaught,        (pub.  166 


LOUIS  IX.  (St.  Louis),.     1226-1270 

Alphonso  the  Wise  (Castile), 

(1221-1284) 
Charles  of  Anjou  at  Naples,  .  1254 
Richard    of    Cornwall,   King    of 

Romans, 1 256- 1 27 1 

Clement  IV.,    ....     1265- 1268 
Death  of  Conradin,  the  last  Ho- 

henstaufen, 1268 

Seventh  Crusade, 1270 

Philip  III.,       ....     1270-1285 

Nicholas  III,, .     .     .     .     1277-1280 
Rudolph  of  Habsburg,   .     1273- 1292 

Genoa  powerful  under  Doria, 

"""""""^ '"""'""'""  ""1270-1284 
Fra  Dolcino,    ....      1275- 1304 

Sicilian  Vespers, 1282 

Count  Ugolino, 1288 

League  of  the  Forest  Cantons,   1291 

BOlfl  F*ACE*  Yuf.***V*  V**  294- 1 303 

Colonnas  and  Orsinis  at  Rome. 


Thomas  of  Erceldoune,  the  Rhyme) , 
1210-129C  J 
Nicholas  of  Guildford. 

"  Owl  and  Nightingale." 

Alexander  Romances  in  England. 

English  "  Romance  of  Havelok." 

Henry  Bracton,     .     .     .     .    c.  I2tc 

Mabinogion,     ....     1 250- 1 25  c 

Surtees'  Psalter. 

Tristan  Saga  in  England. 

Peter  Langtoft. 

Cuckoo  Song. 

Romance  of  "  King  Horn." 

Robert  of  Gloucester,     .     .     c.  128: 

Duns  Scotus,     .     .     .     1265-130: 

' '  Land  of  Cockayne. " 

Hendyng's  Proverbs,      .     1272-130; 

Northumbrian  Psalter. 


Charles  of  Valois  in  Italy,  .     .    1300 
Philip  IV.     The  Fair,       1285-1314 


Parliament  of  Paris,  .     . 
Clement  V.  at  Avignon, 

Rutli  (William  Tell?),    . 


302-1771 

•  1305 

•  1307 


Robert  (Manning)  of  Brunne, 

1260-134: 
"  Cursor  Mundi, "    ....     1321: 


William  of  Shoreham, 


132c 


Fall  of  the  Templars,      .      1307-1310 
Henry  VII.  Luxemburg,  1308-1313 


Louis  X.  (Navarre  and  France),  1314 


Morgarten, 1315 

Election  to  Empire  declared  inde- 
pendent of  Papacy,     .     .     .    1338 
The  Free  Companies,     .     .     .    1342 
Louis  the  Bavarian,  .     .      1314-1347 


.     .    1346 

1328-1350 

(1314-1380) 


Battle  of  Zara,       .     . 
Philip  VI.  (Valois), 


Duguesclin, 


Dan    Michel    of    Northgate, 

"  Ayenbite  of  Inwyt,"   .     .     I34(] 

Richard    Rolle    of    Hampole, 
"Prick  of  Conscience,"  .     d.  1349 

French  replaced  by  English  in  Schools 

William  Occam,    .     .     1300-1347 

Laurence  Minot,  .     .     .     1300- 1352 

Chester  Plays. 

R.  Higden,  •'Polychromcon,"d.  1367 

Fordun's  ♦*  Scotichronicon,"      1385  ? 


German. 

French. 

Italian. 


Spanish. 


m 


I    FOURTEENTH    CENTURY,     bv  i/alf  centuries. 

Jfomgu  yitcratuu. 

Sriencc,  inbentioit!?,  S:c 

^h^  gxnt  Jlrts. 

A.D. 

vValther  von  der  Vogelweide, 

c.  1170-1235 
Laxdsela  Saga,     c.  910-1026^  ^  £  o^ 
Kyrbyggia  Saga,  c.  890-1031  ^1.^  2 
N^ial's  Saga,           c.  970-1014 J  ^  ^  j 
Raymond  in  Languedoc. 
yr.  Francis  of  Assisi,     i  182-1226 
5t.  Elizabeth  of  Hungary,   1207-1231 
Mendicant  Orders. 
kVolfram  von  Eschenbach,"Parzival." 
Snorri  Sturlason,  .     .     .      1178-1241 
\lbert  of  Stade's  Troilus. 
rhibault  of  Champagne,     1 201 -1 253 
Ruteboeut. 

Prose  Edda, 1 230 

vYilliam  of  Lorris. 
Roman  de  la  Rose. 
'  Floire  et  Blancheflor  "  ? 

5turla, 1214-1284 

St.  Bonaventura,  .     .     .     1221-1274 

University  of  Oxford,  Charter 
given  by  King  John,    .     .    c.  1200 

University  of  Siena,   ....    1203 
University  of  Naples,      .     .     .    1224 

University  of  Padua,  .     .     .     .    1228 

University  of  Cambridge,  c.  1231 

Clock  and  Orrery  sent  to  Frederick 
II.  by  Saladin  of  Egypt,  .     .    1232 

Albertus  Magnus,     .     11 93- 1280 

University  of  Salamanca,     .     .   1240 

Gunpowder  supposed  to  be  referred 
to  in  Arab  MS.,      ....   1249 

First  Public  Clock  at  Padua? 
Michael  the  Scot,    .   1200?— 1270-80 

Early   English  or  ist   Pointed 
Style  of  Architecture. 

Early  French  Style  in  France. 

Limoges   Enamel  Pyxes    introduced 
into  England. 

Helyas  de  Berham,  Canon  of  Salis- 
bury (a). 

R.     de    Luzarches    {a).      Designed 
Amiens  Cathedral,     .     .  1220 

Niccola  Pisano  {a,  sc),     .     .    d.  1278 

Baptistery  of  Pisa. 

Ed.  Fitz-Odo  {a),  Master  of  Works 
at  Westminster  Abbey. 

Chartres  Cathedral  completed,    1240 

COLOGNE  CATHEDRAL  commenced 
by  Archbishop  Conrad,    .     .    1249 

Guido  da  Siena  (/). 

1200 

^oinville,      ....     1224-1319 

'  Dies  Irse  "  ? 

earliest  Spanish  Plays  and  Lyrics. 

jordello, fl.  1260 

^abliaux  and  Lais  of  Marie  of  France. 
Romance  of  Reynard  the  Fox  ? 
Thomas  Aquinas,  .     .     1227-1274 

3RUNETTO  LaTINI,  .       .       I23O-I294 

jESTA  Romanorum.  p.  Berchorius. 
'  Aucassin  et  Nicolette." 

Vbulfeda, 1 273- 1 33 1 

juido  Guinicelli, .     .     .     .    d.  1276 
juido  della  Colonna,      .     .     .    1 287 
juido  Cavalcanti,      .      c.  1 250- 130 1 
s^icholas  IV.,  Pope,.     .     .     .1288 
Vdam  de  la  Halle,     .     .     .    d.  1288 
kurlunga  Saga,     .     .     .     .     c.  1275 
Larly  French  Drama. 
Volsunga  Saga  (prose  para-| 
phrase  ofoldVolsung  lays,  j^-  ^^^ 

Euclid  translated  (Campanus). 

Alphonsine  Tables 1250 

The  Sorbonne,       .     .    founded  1252 
Bills  of  Exchange,      ....   1254 
ROGER  BACONj   .     .     .1214-1292? 
Mohammed  Kazvini,       .     1 220- 1 283 
Venetian  Glass  made,      .     .   c.  1268 

Gunpowder  and  Use  of  Lens  (Opus 

Majus)  referred  to  by  Roger  Bacon, 

1269 

Raymond  Lully,   .     .     1235- 1315 

Marco  Polo,     ....     1256- 1323 

Arnold  of  Villanova {med.),i 235-1314 

Public  Clock  at  Westminster,      1288 

University  of  Lisbon,      .     .     .   1290 

Removed  to  Coimbra,    .     .   1305 

Lanfranchi  of  Milan,  "  Chirurgia," 

d.  1300 

Tuscan,  Umbrian,  Venetian,  and 
Paduan  Schools  of  Painting. 

Margaritone  d' A rezzo(/),  c.  1 236- 1 3 1 3 

Cimabue(/),  .     .     .     .     1240-130D 

Cathedral  of  Amiens. 

Giovanni  Pisani  {sc),        1 250  ?- 1 329  ? 

Arnolpho  di  Lapo  {a),    .     1232- 1300 
San  Croce,  Venice,  foundation  of 
Florence  Cathedral,  etc. 

Arnolpho  del  Cambio(/),  1240-1311? 

E.  Von  Steinbach  [a),    .     1277-1318 

Strasburg  Cathedral. 

Ferrante  Maglione  (a).    Cathedral  of 

San  Lorenzo,  Naples. 
Duomo,  Florence,     founded  1298 
Decorated  Style  in  English  and 

French  Architecture. 
Palazzo  PubHco  Siena,   .     1295- 1327 

1250 

Vartburg  Tournament  of  Song, 
^udefroy  le  Bastard. 

DANTE,    ....    1265-1321 

leister  Eckhard,       .     .     .    d.  1329 
loral  Games  at  Toulouse,  .     .    1323 
ean  de  Meung,    .     .      c.  1250- 1305 
iuillaume  de  Machault,      1 284- 1377 
.  Tauler,     ....     1290-1361 
^"  'heologia  Germanica. 
lino  da  Pistoia,    .     .     .  1270- 1336-7 
>a  Guittoni.     Early  Italian  Prose, 
azio  degli  uberti,     .     fl.   1326- 1360 
mdrea  Dandolo,  Doge,     .     .      1343 
)ino  Campagni.     Hist,  of  Florence. 

ETRARCH,     ....     1304-1374 
.,  M.,  &  P.  Villani, 

d.  1348,  1363,  1404 

First  Rag  Paper,  .     .     .     .    c.  1300 

University  of  Orleans,     .     .     .   1305 

Mariner's  Compass  on  pivot,  Flavio 
Gioia. 

Bernard  Gordon,  "  Lilium  Medicinse," 

1307 
Berthold  Schwartz  (Gunpowder), 

1320 
Richard  Wallingford's  Clock,      1326 
University  of  Pisa,      ....   1338 
Sir  John  Mandeville,    1300-1372 
First  Apothecaries  in  England,    1345 
Glass  Windows  in  general  use,    1345 
Public  Clock  at  Dover,  .     .     .   1345 
Chimneys  in  Venice, ....   1347 
University  of  Prague,      .     .     .   1348 

Thomas    of    Canterbury    {a).       St. 

Stephen's  Chapel,  Westminster. 
W.  Boyden  {a).     St.  Alban's  Abbey. 
William  of  Wykeham  (a),    1324-1414 
Winchester  Cathedral,  and  New 
College,   Oxford.     (Early  Perpen- 
dicular.) 
Alan  de  Walsingham  {a).      Lantern 
Tower    and    Lady    Chapel,    Ely 
Cathedral. 
Lippo  Memmi  (/),    .     .       d.  1357? 
Simone  Memmi  (/),  .     .     1283-1344 
GIOTTO  (/),    ....     1266-1337 
Duccio    di    Buoninsegna   (p), 

c.   1278-1339 
Taddeo  Gaddi  (p),    .     .     1300- 1366 
Buonaventura  (/),      .     fl.   1305- I3I9 
Orcagna  (p,  a,  sc),  .     .   1 308?- 1 368 
William  of  Cologne  (/),      .    d.   1378 

1300 

■ 

{med.)  Physician. 

{a)  Architect. 
ip)  Painter. 
{sc)  Sculptor. 

i 


TABLE    V. 

FROM   A.D.     1350   TO    1 425, 


v.— FROM     MIDDLE     OF     FOURTEENTH     CE! . 


Swiss  Confederation,    .  .     .     1351 

RiENZi, 1 343- 1 354 

Marino  Faliero^Doge, .  1354"  1355 

John  II., 1350-1364 

Aurea  Bulla, 135^ 

The  Jacquerie  in  France,  .     .     1358 

Struggle  of  Venice  and  Genoa, 

1350-1381 
/Visconti,  Milan. 

Tyrants  in  Italy,     i  Scala,  Verona. 

I^Este,  Ferrara. 
Charles  V.,      .     .     .      1364-1380 

Gregory  XL  at  Rome,   .     .     1370 

The  Schism,     .     .     .      1378-1439 


©itgHsk  ^  <Sratrh  ^ist^rp. 


€njjii0h  '^iizxninxz. 


War    with     Spain,     Scotland,    and 
France. 


The  Black  Death,    1349,  1361,  1369 
Battle  of  Poitiers,     ....     1356 


Peace  of  Bretigny,    ....     1360 


Law  Pleadings  in  English,      .     1362 


Robert  II.  (Stewart),  .     1370-1390 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 


Wycliffe,     ....      1324-13  i 
Alliterative  Poetry  revived,     .      13  = 
"  William  of  Palerne"  in  Eng.,  13 
Barbour,     .     .     1316  or  1330-131 

Wm.  Langland,    .     .      1332- 14( 

Piers  Plowman. 

1st  Edition, 131 

2nd     „  13^ 

3rd      »  13J 

"Sir  Gawayne  and  Green  Knight,"  1 
c.  I3(  i 

GowER,     .     .     .     .     .    ?  i322-i4( : 
"  Piers  Plowman's  Crede." 


Charles  VI.,     .     .     .  1380-1422 

Joan  of  Naples  executed,  .     .     1382 
Decline  of  Genoa. 
Venice  powerful. 

Philip  Van  Artevelde,  .  .     .     1382 

Austro-Swiss  War,  .     .  1385- 1468 

Winkelried  at  Sempach,  .     .      1386 

Margaret  of  Norway^  i  387 -  i  397 

Union  of  Calmar  (Sweden,  Norway, 
and  Denmark),     ....     1397 

Florence^  powerful. 


Death  of  the  Black  Prince, 


1376 


Richard  IL,     .     ,     .      1377-1399 
»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»»♦♦ 

Wat  Tyler's  Insurrection,  .     .     1381 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 


John  of  Gaunt  in  Spain, 


[386 


Raid  of  Otterburne,       .     .     .     1388 
(Percy  and  Douglas). 

Robert  III.,  ....     1390-1406 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 

Prsemunire,  Statute,      .     .     .     1393 
Henry  IV.  (Lancaster),     1399-1413 


CHAUCER,  born  1328  or  134: 
died  14c ; 

WycHffe's  Bible,  .     .     .     .     c.  13S: 

Hereford's  Version  of  Psalms,     13S: 

"Legend  of  Good  Women,"  after 

1382 

John  of  Trevisa,  .     .     .     .     fl.  13S/ 

Chaucer's  "  Astrolabe,"     .     .      1391 

"The  Canterbury  Tales," 

1384-139^ 

"  Confessio  Amantis,"  .     .     .     139;; 
Wakefield  and  Towneley  Mysteries. 


Council  of  Pisa, 1409 


Sigismund, 


/-King,     .     . 
I  Emperor,    . 


1410 
1433 
Council  of  Constance,   .       1414-1418 

Pope  John  XXIII.  deposed,     1415 

Execution  of  Huss,  ....     1415 

,,  Jerome,    .     .     .     1416 

Frederick  of  Hohenzollern  Elector 
of  Brandenburg,   .     .     .     .     141 5 

Hussite  War,  Ziska,  .  1419-1436 
Battle  of  Prague,  ....  1420 
Charles  VII. ,   .     .     .      1422-1461 


Battle  of  Homildon  Hill,  .  .  1402 
Murder  of  Duke  of  Rothesay,  1402 
Percy  Rebellion.  Shrewsbury,  1403 
Prince  James  of  Scotland  captured, 

1405 

Albany,  Regent,  .     .     .       1406- 14 19 

Battle  of  Harlaw,     .     .     .     .     1411 

HENRY  v.,  .  .  .  .  1413-1422 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 

Persecution  of  the  Lollards. 

Battle  of  Agincourt,  .  .  .  1415 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦  ♦*♦ 

Sir  John  Oldcastle  burnt,  .     .     1418 

Murdoch  Albany,  Regent,  1419-1423 

Treaty  of  Troyes,      ....      1420 

Henry  VI.,  ....  1422-1461 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 

James  i.,    ... 


Andrew  Wyntoun,   .     .  c.  1350-142; 


"  Romance  of  Generydes,"      c.  14 


James  I. 


1395-14 


Occleve, 1370-14 


1423-1437 


German. 
Prussian. 
French. 
Italian. 


Papal. 

—  _  _    Scandinavian . 
^  i_  _  .  Netherlands. 


English. 
♦♦♦♦•♦»    Scotch. 


»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 


Swiss. 


JRY     TO    A.D.   1425. 

BY    PERIODS    OF    25 

YEARS. 

^oxzxQn  ^xizx^tnxz. 

§dma,  into^ntions,  ^c. 

%)xz  Sxnz  ^xiQ. 

A.D. 

30CCACCI0,     ....      1313-1375 

Clock  and  Bell  at  Bologna,     .     1356 

Jean   Ravi  (a).     Finished   Notre 

13SC 

P'ranco  Sacchetti,     .     .  1335-c.  1400 

Dame,  Paris, 1351 

jonzales  de  Bercio. 

Cannon  at  Siege  of  Calais,   1346, 

julielmo  Pastrengo  (ist  biographi- 
cal dictionary),      .     .     .     d.  1370 

and  with  Gunpowder   at    Siege 
of  Chioggia, 1366 

BoLOGNESE  Spanish,  German  and 
Flemish  Schools  of  Painting. 

\..  Malespini. 

jerhard  Groot,    .     .     .       1340- 1384 

Guy  Chauliac  (W(?fl'.),    .     .     d.  1363 

Justus  of  Padua  [p),  .     .     .     c.  1367 

Hafiz, d.  1388] 

Brethren  of  Common  Lot,  at  Deventer. 

Clock  of  Strasburg,       .     .     .     1378 

Finest  period  of  Mediaeval  Ivory 
Carving  closes,      .     .     .     c.  1350 

.^edro  Lopez  Ayala,      .       1332-1407 

1375 

*>vOissART,    ....       1337-1410 

Milan  Cathedral  commenced. 

Custace  Deschamps,      .       1345- 1405 

Rosenkreutz. 

c.  1387 

'hristine  de  Pisan,  .     .       1363- 1420 

Bartoli  Taddeo  (/),   .     .      1362-1422 

'  Amadis  de  Gaul," 

As  Spanish   legend,    c.    1360; 

Como  Cathedral  commenced,      1396 

Portuguese  by  Lobeira  (d.  1403)  ; 

Embassy  of  Ruy  Gonzales  to  Tamer- 

French by  Aubert  de  Poitiers  and 

lane. 

others,  1540- 1566. 

Spinello  Aretino  (/),  .    c.  1 330-1410 

ean  Gerson,  ....       1363-1429 

^ 

The    Perpendicular    Style    of 

140C 

i^nguerrand  de  Monstrelet, 

Architecture  in  England.    Towards 

fl.  1400- 1444 

Pedro  de  AUiaco,     .     .     .      fl.  1410 

Close     of     Century     passes     into 
Tudor  or  Florid. 

Jharles  d'Orleans,    .     .       1 391 -1465 

"Imago  Mundi"  suggestion  from 

R,    Bacon  of  finding  Indies  by 

The  Flamboyant  Style  prevails 
in  France. 

^ggio, 1 380- 1 459 

the  west. 

Veronese,  Ferrarese,  Lombard 

Uain  Chartier,    .     ,     .       1390- 1458 

University  of  St.  Andrews, 

[Parmese,  Cremonese,  Milan- 
ese], Neapolitan,  Dutch,  and 

1411 

French  Schools  of  Painting  com- 

Vntoine de  la  Salle,      .       1398-1461 

London  Streets  paved,  .     .     .      141 7 

menced  or  established  in  15  c. 
Hubert  van  Eyck  (/),    .     1366- 1426 

^aurentius  Valla       .      .      1407-1457 

Nicholas  Cusanus,    .     .       1401-1454 

{pAz7o/og7s^). 

{heliocentric  theory). 

F.  Brunelleschi  (a),  .     .      1379- 1446 

Lippo  Dalmasio  (/),       c.    1 376-1410 

{med.)  Physician.                                         [a)  Architect. 

ip)  Painter. 

i 

I 


TABLE    VI. 

FROM    A.D.     1425    TO    I5OO. 


VI.— FROM    A.D.    1425    TO    END    OF    FIF' ^ 


A.D. 


Jomgn  ^tstorj). 


(£n9U0h  ^  §coUh  ^ist^r]). 


(English  literature. 


1425 


Joan  of  Arc,     .     .     . 

1429-1431 

Battle  of  Orleans,     .     . 
French  recover  Paris,    . 
Council  of  Basle.      .     . 

,,         Florence, 
Pragmatic  Sanction, 
Frederick  III.,   .     .     . 

Anti-Pope  Felix,      .     . 
Habsburg  Emperors,    . 

.  .  1429 
.     .     1436 

143 I -1449 
.  .  1439 
.     .     1439 

1442- 1490 

1439-1449 
1438- 1806 

The  Medici  at  Elpren££,  1429,  eise^. 

Cosimo  de  Medici,  .     .  1389-1464 
Lorenzo        ,,           (the 

Magnificent),   .     .     .  1449- 1492 

Nicholas  v.,  Pope,    .  .     .     1447 

,,      Single  Pope,    .       1449- 1455 
Alphonso  V.  of  Aragon  and  Naples, 

(1416-1458),  fl.  1450 
The  Sforzas  at  Milan,  .  .  .  1450 
Francisco  Foscari,  Doge,    1423- 1457 


War  between  Scotland  and  England, 
1434- 1436 

Tames  II.,     ...     .      1437-1460 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 

Douglas  Wars,    .     .     .      1443- 1452 
Duke  of  Gloucester  murdered,    1447 


Tack  Cade's  Insurrection,  .     .      1450 


Humphrey,  Duke  of  Gloucester,  14  ( 
John  Lydgate,     .     .  c.  1370-c.  14  ; 
Thomas  of  Walsingham,    .     .     14 
Reginald  Pecock,     .     .       1390-14  1 
Mysteries  and  Moralities. 
Pecock's  "Repressor,"      .     .     14  ' 


Constantinople  taken,  .     .     .     1453 
Belgrade  resists  the  Turks. 
Hungary  powerful. 
Prince  Henry  of  Portugal,   1394-1460 
Pius  II.  (/Eneas  Sylvius),      .     1458 

LOUIS  XL,     ....      1461-1483 


English  expelled  from  France,    1453 


Civil  Wars  of  the  Roses,  1455-1^ 
♦♦♦♦♦  »♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦>♦<>♦♦♦« 


Battle  of  St.  Albans, 


1455 


"  Chevy  Chase,"  and 
Early  English  Ballads. 


Wars  with  Charles  the  Bold. 
Venetians  take  Athens,  1466,  and 

Cyprus, 1475 

Poland  powerful. 

Peace  of  Waldshut, ....     1468 

Duchy  of  Burgundy  merged  in  France. 

Matthias  Corvinus,  King  of 

Hungary,     ....       1 464- 1 490 
Batiles  of  Granson  and  Morat,    1476 

Death  of  Charles  the  Bold,     .      1477 
Maximilian's  Marriage  with  Mary 
of  Burgundy, 1477 


James  III.,    ....      1460-1488 
»♦♦♦♦♦«♦♦ 


Edward  IV.  (York),  .      1461-1483 


Warwick,  King-maker,      .     .      147 1 
Battle  of  Tewkesbury,  .     .     .     147 1 


Sir  John  Fortescue,       ,       I395-I4'> 
Sir  Thomas  Malory,      .       1433-14" 
The  Morte  d'Arthur. 
The  Coventry  Mysteries,   .     .     14(3 


End 
of 

Middle 
Ages. 


FERDINAND  AND  ISABELLA 

fl.  1479-1512 
Isabella  d.  1504.     Ferdinand,   15 16 
Charles  VIII.,      .     .      1483- 1498 

Provence  joined  to  France,     .     1483 

Charles  marries  Anne  of  Brittany,  1 49 1 

,,      invades  Italy,    .      ,     .     1494 

Spaniards  enter  Grenada,  .     .      1492 


Queen    Margaret   at   the   Court    of 
Rene  of  Provence. 

Duke  of  Clarence  murdered,  .     1478 

Edward  V., 1483 

♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦  "^ 


RICHARD  III 


.     .      1483- 1485 
Battle  of  Bosworth  Field, .     .     1485 


The  Paston  Letters,      .       1422- 15(] 

Littleton, 14!^ 

Blind  Harry  (Wallace),  fl.  1460-14'^ 

Revival  of  Letters,  Classical  Studies 
and  Theology,  Grocyn,  Cole 
Warham,  More,  &c. 


COLUMBUS,  ....  (1435-1506) 
Alexander  VI.,  .  .  .  1492- 1503 
Maximilian  I.,  ....  1493 
Vasco  de  Gama,  .  .  1469-1524 
Swiss  Confederacy  independent,  1499 
Louis  XII..  ....      1498-1515 


HENRY  YII,  (Tudor),  .       1485-1509 

Tames  IV.,    ....      1488-1513 

Poynings'  Act  in  Ireland,  .     .      1491; 
♦♦♦♦♦♦?♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 

John  and  Sebastian  Cabot,     fl.    1497 
Perkin  Warbeck  executed,      .      1499 


Erasmus  in  England, 
Hector  Boece,  .  . 
Henryson,  .  .  • 
DUNBAR, .  .  .  . 
Douglas,      .     .     . 


•     .     149 

1470-153 

fl.  1490-150 

.  fl.  150 
1474-15:2 


German. 

French. 

Italian. 


♦♦♦♦♦e^     English 

PapaL 

♦♦♦♦♦♦«     Scotch. 

*♦♦♦*««     Portuguese. 

«♦♦«♦♦«    Irish. 

♦♦♦♦♦♦♦  Swiss. 

T^NTH    CENTURY. 

BY  PERIODS   OF  25    YEARS. 

Jfamgu  Jiterate^. 

^tuwzi,  Inbentions,  ^r. 

"mtt  Sxnt  ^rts. 

A.D. 

Thomas  A  Kempis,    .      1380-1471 

Leone  Battista  degli  Alberti, 
51                                              1404- 1472 

I0  Culture  in  Aragon  and  the  Sicilies. 
Guil.  Coquillart,       .     .       1421-1510 

30 

[ohn  Wessel,  ....       1420- 1489 

- 

■  Platonic  Academy  founded  by 

Cosimo  de  Medici,    .     .      c.  1445 

University  of  Florence,      .     .     1438 

Della  Robbia  Majolica  Pottery. 

INVENTION  of  PRINT- 
ING (L.   Costar  and  J.  Gutten- 
berg), 1438- 1445 

Nicholas  Close  {a),  King's  College, 
Cambridge. 

William  Orchyearde   (a),    Magdalen 
College,  Oxford. 

Lorenzo  Ghiberti  {sc),   1378-1455 

Pisanello  {/  and  medallist), 

c.  1 380- 1456 

Donatello  {sc),     .     .      1 386- 1466 
Fra  Angelico  (/),     .      1387-1455 
Jan  van  Eyck  (/),        c.  1390-1440 
Meister  Stephan  [Lochner],(/) — 145 1 
LucA  Della  Robbia  (j-^),  1400- 1482 
Masaccio  (/),       .     .     .       1401-1428 

142, 

Pontanus, 1426- 1503 

[ohnofGoch, 1451 

Francois  Villon,      .     .     143 1  — 
"  De  Imitatione  Christi,"     1471 

Boiardo 1434-1494 

Philippe  de  Comines,     1445-1511 
Hermolaus  Barbarus,    .       1454- 1493 
Pico  della  Mirandola,   .       1463-1494 
LORENZO  DE'  MEDICI,  fl.  1470-1492 
A.  Contarini, fl.  1473 

University  of  Glasgow,   .     1451 

The  "Mazarin  Bible,"       .     .      1453 

University  of  Barcelona,    .     .     1430 

Geo.  Purbach,     .     .     .       1423-1461 

Geo.  Ripley  {chetn.),     .     141 5?- 1490 

Caxton's  Press  in  England,     1474 
or  1476 

G.  Valla, 1430- 1 500 

J.  Muller(Regiomontanus),  1436- 1476 

"Speculum   Majus"   of  Vincent  de 
Beauvais,  printed       .     .     .     1473 

St.  Peter's  (Rome),    .    begun  1450 

L.  B.  Alberti  (/,  a,  sc),       1404- 1472 

FraFilippoLippi  (/),  c.  1406-1469 

C.  Rosselli  (/),     .     .     .     1416-1484 

Piero  della  Francesca  (/),c.  1420- 1494 

Benozzo  Gozzoli  (/),       .      1420- 1498 

Memling  (/),      .     .     .     1425-1495 

Mino  da  Fiesole  {sc),      .      143 1- 1484 

Ghirlandaio  {p),   .     .     1449- 1494 

G.  Giamberti  [San  Gallo]  {a),  1443- 
15 17.     Palace  at  Poggio  a  Cajano. 

Sir  R.  Bray  (a:),  — 1503.   St.  George's 
Chapel,Windsor,  and  Henry  Vllth's 
Chapel,  Westminster. 

145( 

Master  Singers. 

Pulci, 1432- 1484 

"  Cent  Nouvelles  Nouvelles,"     i486 
Ficinus  Marsilius,      .     .     1433- 1499 
Politian, 1454- 1494 

University  of  Upsala,    .     .     .     1476 

First  Watches? 

Bartholomew  Glanville,  "  Properties 
of  Things,"      .     .     .     .     fl.  1478 

B.  Diaz  roundsC.  of  Good  Hope,  i486 
Basil  Valentine  {chem.)} 
Columbus  at  St.  Salvador,      .     1492 

P.  Pollajuolo  (/,  sc),      .     1428- 1498 

Pietro  Lombardo  {a) — 1529.     Tomb 
of  Dante  and  Chapel  in  Church  of 
San  Francisco. 

Filippino  Lippi  (/),  .      c.  1457- 1504 

G.  Bellini  {/),  .     .     .     1427-1516 

Andrea  Mantegna  (/),    .     143 1- 1506 

Benvenuto  da  Siena  (/),      1436-1517 

PERUGINO  {p),    .     .     .     1446-1523 

147g 

Sebastian  Brandt,  *'  Narrenschiff," 

1494 
Chamber  of  the  Eglantine  in  Holland, 

1496 
Savonarola,      .     .     .     1452-1498 
Pietro  Pomponazzi,    .     .      1462- 1525 

Murner, I475-I537 

Bud?eus, 1467- 1 540 

University  of  Aberdeen,     1494 

Vasco  de  Gama  by  Cape  to  India, 

1497 
Cabot    discovers    Coast    of    North 
America, 1497 

LEONARDO  DA  VINCI,      1452-1519 

Sandro  Botticelli  (/),  1447-1510 
Bonsignori  (/),     .     .     .     1455- 15 19 
Crivelli  {p),      .     .     .      c.  1468- 1493 
Fra  Carnovale  (/),..       —  -1484 
LucA  Signorelli  (/),      1439-1521 
Francisco  Francia  (/),  1450-1518 
B.  Pinturicchio  {p),  .     .     1454-1513 
Decline  of  Gothic  Architecture. 

[chem.)  Chemist. 

{a)  Architect, 
{sc)  Sculptor. 
(/)   Painter. 

TABLE   VII. 

FROM   A.D.    1500   TO    I55O. 


VII.— THE    SIXTEENTH    CE^ 


Jfomcjn  ^istorj). 


JULIUS  II., 1503 

League  of  Cambray.     Pope,  France, 
and  Empire  against  Venice. 

Ladislaus  VI. ,  King  of  Hungary  and 
Bohemia,     .     .     .     .       147 1 -15 16 

Portugal  powerful  in  East. 

Spain  conquers  Cuba. 

Don  Manuel  of  Portugal,  (1469-1521) 

LEO  X., 1513 


©iigltsh  S:  §cotch  ^istorj). 


Arthur,    Prince    of    Wales,    marries 
Catherine  of  Aragon,      .     .      1501 

James  IV.  of  Scotland  marries  Mar- 
garet, daughte'r  of  Henry  VII.,  1502 

Arthur  dies,    ......     1502 

•     •       1 509- 1 547 


Henry  VIII., 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 


marries  Catherine,  1509 


(English  ^iUraturij. 


Stephen  Hawes,  .     .     .       1483-151 
"Pastime  of  Pleasure,".     .      15c 

"Nut  Browne  Maid." 

"  Romance  of  Partenay,"  .      c.  151 

Skelton,       ....      1460-152 

Renaissance  in  English  Scholarship. 

Ballads. 

Moralities. 


V.  Nunez  de  Balboa  at  Darien,   1513 

Bayard, (1476- 1 524) 

Francis  I., 1515 

REFORMATION  in  Germany,  1517-32 
Cortez  in  Mexico,     .     .       1519-1521 


CHARLES  V.  ri5i6  Spain. 

__.»__«_.»__«_  ^  1519  Empire. 

(1500-1558)  I  1530  Italy. 


Battle  of  Flodden,    .     .     .     .     151 3 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 

Margaret,  Regent  of  Scotland. 

War  with  France,     .     .       15 12- 15 14 

Battle  of  Spurs, 1513 

Duke  of  Albany,  Regent,  .     .      151 5 

♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦v»»»»y»»' 

WOLSEY, (147I-1530) 

,,         Cardinal  and  Lord  Chan- 
cellor,      1 515 

Field  of  Cloth  of  Gold,      .     .     1520 


More's  "Richard  III."  \ 

First  English  Prose  History. 

,,       Utopia,     ....     151 
First  Original  Romance. 

John  Major,    ....       1469-155 

Linacre  teaches  Greek,       .  (d.  152/ 

Barclay  (Ship  of  Fools,   Satire,  an 
Eclogues),  ....       1476-155 


Diet  of  Worms, 1521 

Sweden  apart  from  Denmark,  1521 

Adrian  VI., 1 522 

Clement  VII., 1523 

Gustavus  Vasa, 1523 

Peasants'  War^ 1525 

Battle  of  Pavia, 1525 

Ferdinand  of  Austria  &  John  Zapolya, 

rival  kings  of  Hungary,        .  1527 

Constable  Bourbon  at  Rome, .  1527 

Turks  before  Vienna,     .     .     .  1529 

Diet  of  Spires, 1529 


Scotch  invasion  of  England,  .     1522 
Earl  of  Angus,  Regent,      .     .     1^25 

King's  marriage  referred  to  Pope,  1527 

Fall  of  Wolsey, 1529 

Sir  Thomas  More,     .    (1480-1535) 
,,  Chancellor,   .     .     .      1529 

Universities  consulted  on  Divorce, 

1530 
James  V.  reigns,  .  .  1528- 1542 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 

,,       marries  Mary  of  Guise,  1538 

REFORMATION  in  England. 


Lord  Berners'  Froissart, 


[52; 


Wm.  Tyndale's  New  Testament, 

152: 

Wyatt, 1503-1542 

Surrey, 1516-154? 

First    English    Sonnets    and    Blan  < 
Verse. 


Confession  of  Augsburg,  .  .  1530 
Pizarro  in  Peru, 1531 

Brittany  annexed  to  France,  .     1532 

Ivan  IV.,  Russian  Czar.      1533-1584 

Paul  HI., 1534 

Anabaptists  at  Munster,  .  .  1534 
Calvin  at  Paris,  .  .  .  1532-1534 
Foundation  of  JESUIT  Order,  1534 
Jesuit    Order    established    by 

Paul  III., 1540 


Court  of  Session  founded, .  .  1532 
Archbishop  Cranmer  pronounces 

divorce, 1533 

Act  of  Supremacy,    ....      1534 

First  Poor  Law, 1535 

Thomas   Cromwell,    Vicar 

General, ^535 

Suppression  of  Monasteries,  1 535- 1 536 
Execution  of  More,  .  .  .  .  1535 
Pilgrimage  of  Grace,  .  1536- 1537 
The  Six  Articles,  ....  1539 
Execution  of  Cromwell,      .     .      1540 


Sir  David  Lyndsay,  .  1490-1556 
' '  Satyre  of  the  Thrie  Estaittis, "  ?  1 54c 
Elyot's  "  Governor,"  .  .  .  1531 
Smith  at  Cambridge,  .  .  .  1533 
Leonard  Cox  (Art  of  Rhetoryke). 

Coverdale's  Bible,  .  .  .  1535 
Matthew's  ,,  .  .  .  1537 
Latimer,       ....      1472-1555 

John  Leland, d.  1552 

Sir  John  Cheke  at  Cambridge,     154^ 


Calvin  at  Geneva,  .  .  1 541 -1564 
Council  of  Trent,  ,  .  1545- 1563 
Charles  V.  prohibits  Indian  Slavery, 

1542 
Schmalcaldic  War,  .     .       1546- 1547 

Persecution  of  Witches. 

Henry  II., 1547 


Henry  VIII..  King  of  Ireland,  1541 
^♦♦^^♦♦♦♦♦♦♦^  ♦♦^  ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦       "^ 

Sol  way  Moss,      .     .     .'    .     .      1542 

^•••••^•aI^S'  I^^gs'^t'  1 542- 1 554 
Mary  Stuart  crowned  (eet,  lyear),  1543 
Burning  of  Wishart,  .  .  .  1546 
Murder  of  Beaton,  •  .  .  1546 
Edward  VI.,  .     ,     .     .       I547-I553 

Somerset,  Protector,  .  1547- 1 549 
Economic  distress. 

Battle  of  Pinkie, 1547 

Mary  Stuart  sent  to  France,   .      1548 


John  Heywood  (Interludes),  1 

Hall's  Chronicles,     ....      154' 
AscHAM,  "  Toxophilus,"  .     .      1545 
,,  "Schoolmaster,"    .      157c 

Cranmer.     Anglican  Liturgy, 

1548-155: 

R.  Crowley, d.  158^ 

George  Gascoigne,  .  .  c.  1536-157; 
Thomas  Churchyard,  .  1520? -160^ 
George  Turberville,  .  c.  1536-159^ 
"  Complaynt  of  Scotland,"     ,      154c 


German. 
P>ench. 
Spanish. 


Papal. 

♦♦♦♦♦'.*  Portuguese. 

■—"—■"  Russian. 

^"■""  Scandinavian. 


English. 

Scotch. 

Irish. 


FIRST  HALF.     IN  DECADES. 


Jfcr^tgu  %xXtx-cd\xxt. 


RASMUS,     .     .     .     . 

?erni, 

'.  Bembo,      .     .     .     . 
.  Reuchlin  {Platonist), 

VRIOSTO,  .     .     . 

.ouis  Cornaro,    . 

5.  Rucellai,    .     .  .  . 

T.  Rucellai,    .     .  .  . 

'ierre  Gringoire,  .  . 

".  Trissino,     .     .  .  . 
^udovicus  Vives, 


1467- 1 536 

I 490- I 536 
1470-1547 
1455-1522 

1474-1533 
1467-1566 
1449-1514 
1475-1526 
1478- 1 544 
1478-1550 
1492- 1 540 


(Sti^nriJ,  Inbmtions,  ^c. 


Robert  Duval  (Vallensis), .  fl.  1500 
Thomas  Linacre  [?)ied.),  1460- 1524 
Achellini  (w^^.),       .     .       1461-1512 

Watches  with  mainsprings. 

Voyages  of  Amerigo  Vespucci, 

1499-1501-3 

Cornelius  Agrippa,   .     .       1486-1535 

O.  Brunfels  {bot.),     .     .       1488- 1534 

Diving  Bells. 


^hc  Jfiite  <^rt0. 


LEONARDO  DA  VINCI, 
(/), 1452-1519 

Simone  Cronaca  {a),  .  1457-1508 
Lorenzo  di  Credi  (/),  .  I459-I537 
Quintin  Matsys  [p),  .  1466- 1530 
Jan  de  Mabuse  {/),  .  .  1470- 1532 
ALBERT  DtJRER(/,^w^?-),i47i-i528 
Fra  Bartolommeo  (/),  .  1475" 1 5^7 
Bernardino  Luini  (p),  .  1470- 1 530 
GIORGIONE  (/),  .  .  .  14781511 
Marziale  (/),  .  .  .  .  c.  1492- 1 507 
Rustici  [sc),  ....  1474-1554 
ST,  PETER'S  (Bramante)  [a),  (1444- 
1512),  resumed,    .     .     .     .      150^ 


-Iachiavelli,    .     .     .      1469-1527 

?.  Mantuano, 15 1 3 

Jlrich  von  Hutten        1488-1523 
'  Epistolse  Obscurorum  Virorum," 

1515-1519 


UTHER,  .     . 

7UICCIARDINI, 
^  Molza,  .     . 
iannazaro, 
^olydore  Vergil, 
Ecolampadius, 


1483- 1 546 

1482- 1 540 
1489-1544 
1458-1530 

1470-1555 
1482-1531 


N,  COPERNICUS,  .  .  1473-1543 
The  Moluccas  discovered, .  .  151 1 
H.  Fracastorius  {med.),  1483- 1553 
F.  Magalhoens  (Magellan),  1470-1521 
Sebastian  Munster,  .  .  1489- 1552 
J.  B.  Montanus,  .  .  .  1488-1551 
P.  A.  Paracelsus,  .  1493-1541 
Fire  Engines  and  Gunlocks,  .  15 18 
George  Agricola  {chef?i.),  1494- 1555 
H.  Bock  (Tragus)  {boi.),      1498- 1 554 


RAPHAEL  (/),  .  1483-1520 
Lorenzo  Lotto  (/),  .  .  1489- 1541 
Palma  Vecchio  (/),  .  .  1480- 1 528 
Piero  Torrigiano  {sc),    .       1472- 1 522 

(Tombof  Henry  VII.) 
Beccafumi  (Duomo  of  Siena)  (/), 

1486-1551 
Marc  Antonio  Raimondi  {engr.), 
c.  1475-1534 
SoDOMA  (G.  Bazzi)  (/),  1477- 1549 
Andrea  del  Verrocchio  {sc),  1435-1488 
Roman  School  of  Painting  established. 


lABELAIS,    .     . 
Jlric  Zwingli, 
\  Melanchthon, 
.1.  Bandello,  .     . 
'ietro  Aretino,    . 
Element  Marot,  . 
uan  Boscan,  . 
iANS  Sachs, 
Bernardo  Tasso,  . 


1495-1553 
1484-1531 
1497-1560 
1480- 1 562 

1492-1557 
1497- 1 544 
1500? -1544 
1494- 1 578 
1493-1569 


Silk  made  in  France,  .  .  .  1521 
Magellan  Straits  discovered,  .  1520 
Globe  circumnavigated,  Sept.,  1522 
P.  Nonnius,  ....  1492- 1577 
F.  Maurolycus,  .  .  .  1494- 1575 
II.  Tartaglia  {niath.),  .  1500- 15 57 
Nicola  da    Urbino    {potter)   [Urbino 

Maiolica], c.  1520 

F.  Chrysogonus  (Tides),  .  fl.  1527 
Fernelius  (w<?(^. ), .  .  .  c.  1500-15SS 
P.  A.  Mattioli  [bot.  and^^^.), 

1500- 1 577 
Conrad  Gesner,   .     .     .  fl.  1516-1565 


MICHAEL    ANGELO    {p, 
1475-1564 

1477-1570 

1492-1560 

1490- 1 530 

1485- 1 547 

1487-1531 
1494- I 534 


«,  sc), 

Tatti  [Sansovino]  {sc),  . 
Bandinelli  {sc),    .     .     . 
Prosperzia  Rossi  {sc),     .  c 
S.  del  Piombo  (/),      . 
Andrea  del  Sarto  (/), 
CORREGGIO  {p),      .     . 


Lo  Spagna  {p), 


.  c.  1503-1530 


/ittoria  Colonna,    .      1490- 1 547 
\Iarguerite  of  Navarre, .       1492- 1549 

ALVIN, 1509-1564 

"  Institutes,"  pubHshed.  .  1536 
Stephen's  Greek  Thesaurus,  .  1535 
oannes  Secundus  (Everaerts), 

1511-1536 
.  C.  Scaliger,  .  .  1484-1558 
gnatius  Loyola,  .  1491-1556 
"rancis  Xavier,  .  .  .  1506- 1 552 
t.  C.  Borromeo,  .  .  1538- 1584 
ardinal  Contarini,  .     .       1483- 1 542 


J.  Cardano  {jnath.),    . 

Medical  School  at  Padua, 
of  Botany. 

Don  Allessio  Ruscelli,  . 

Giorgio    Andreoli    {potter 

Maiolica),     .     .     .      c. 

Leonard  Fuchs  {med.  and 

Revives  Galenism. 
J.  Rondelet  {bot.),    .     . 


1501-1576 
and  Chair 

.  fl.  1536 
•)    (Gubbio 

1 500- 1 5 50 
bot.), 

1 501 -1 566 

I 506- I 566 


TITIAN   {p),      . 
Dosso  Dossi  (/), 
B.  Garofalo  {p),  .     . 
Giulio  Romano  {p), 
HANS  HOLBEIN  {p), 
Parmigiano  (/),  .     . 


1477-1576 
1479-1542 
1481-1559 
1492-1546 
1498-1559 
1 504- 1 540 


31aus  Magnus,  .  .  .  1500? -1568 
viendoza  (Hist,  of  Moors),  1503-1575 

raldi  Cinthio,  .  .  .  1 504- 1573 
Montemayor,  "Diana,"  1520-1562 
\.  F.  Grazzini,  .  .  .  1503- 1583 
\.  di  Constanzo,       .     .       1 507- 1 59 1 

Sleidan,  ....  1506- 1556 
N^ostradamus,  .  .  .  1 503- 1 566 
ramerarius,     .     .     .     ,     .      fl.  1550 


A.   Vesalius  (first  scientific  anato- 
mist),       1 5 14- 1 564 

G.  Mercator,  ....       1512-1594 

Garcia  da  Orta  {//led.  and  bot.), 

fl.  1540 

Luca  Ghini  (1500-1556)  founds  first 
Botanic  Garden  at  Pisa,       .      1544 


William  Turner  {bot.), 
Dalechamps  {bot.),    . 
Francesco    Xanto  and 

Family  {potters),   . 
Ambrose  Pare  {med.), 


(Ligature  for  arteries.) 


I5i5?-i568 

1513-1588 

the   Fontana 

c.  1510-1600 

1517-1590 


BENVENUTO  CELLINI(jr),  1500-1571 

Penicaud,   Courtois,     Leonard    Ray- 
mond {Limoges  enamet  artists), 

c.  1 500- 1 580 
Paris  Bordone  (/),  .  .  1500- 1570 
Bronzino  (/),  .     .     .     .       1502-1572 

Daniel  de  Volterra  (/  and  sc), 

1 509- 1 566 

Bautista   de  Toledo,  {a).     Designed 
the  Escurial,  Spain,    .     .      1567 


{med.)     Physician. 
{bot. )       Botanist. 
{geo. )      Geologist. 
{math.)  Mathematician. 


(a)         Architect. 
{sc)         Sculptor. 
{p)         Painter. 
{engr.)  Engraver. 


TABLE    VIII. 

FROM    A.D.     1550   TO    160O. 


VIII.— THE    SIXTEENTH    CENT 


Joreign  ^i0t0r2. 

Metz  taken  by  France, .  .  .  1552 
Servetus  burnt  by  Calvin,  .  .  1553 
Religious  Peace  of  Augsburg,  1555 
Paul  IV.  (Caraffa),  ....  1555 
Ferdinand  I.,       .     .     .       1556-1564 

Philip  II., 1556 

Calais  taken  by  Duke  of  Guise,   1558 

Francis  II., 1559 

CATHERINE  DE  Medici,  Regent, 
—— — ^— — — —    1 560- 1 570 
Charles  IX.,  .     .     .     .       1560- 1574 

Civil  Wars  in  France,  .  1562- 1598 
Maximilian  II.,  Emperor  (also  King 

of  Hungary  and  Bohemia),  1564-76 
Soliman  II.  in  Hungary,   .     .     1566 

Pius  v., 1566 

Alva  in  the  Netherlands,  1567- 1573 

Montmorency  killed  at  St.  Denis,  1567 
Cosmo  de  Medici,  Duke  of  Tuscany. 

EgmonFancl  Horn  executed,  .      1568 

Assassination  of  Conde,  .  .  1569 
Don  John  of  Austria,    .       1570- 1578 

Battle  of  Lepanto,    .     .     .     ,     1571 

Rudolph  II.,  Emperor  and  King  of 

Hungary,  ....  1572-1612 
Poland  an  Elective  Monarchy,  1572 
Massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew,     1572 

Revolt  of  Netherlands,  .  .  1572 
Henry  HI.  (Last  Valois),  .     .     1574 

biege  ot  i^eyden,      ,     .     .     .     1574 
The  Catholic  League,   .       1576- 1593 
Union  of  Utrecht,     ....      1579 
WILLIAM  THE  SILENT  (Orange), 
(1533-1584) 

Independence    of    Netherlands    de- 
clared,     1581 

William  of  Orange  assassinated,  1584 
Sixtus  v., 1585 

Battle  of  Coutras,  ....  1587 
The  Duke  of  Guise  assassinated, 

1588 
Alexander  of  Parma,     .      1571-1592 

HENRY  IV.  (Bourbon), 

— ^— — — —  1589-1610 

Battle  of  Arques,      ....     1589 

Battle  of  Ivry, 1590 

Christian  IV.  in  Denmark,  15 88- 1648 
Henry  IV.,  Catholic,    .     .     .     1593 
Duke  of  Sully,  Minister. 
Sigismund  of  Poland  in  Sweden, 

1593- 1604 
The  Edict  of  Nantes,    .     .     .     1598 


(SttQlisk  ^  §£oUh  gjistori). 

Mary  Tudor,     .     .     .     1553-1558 

Lady  Jane  Grey  beheaded,  .  1554 
Mary  of  Guise  in  Scotland,      1554 

Keconciliation  with  Rome,  .  1554 
Latimer,  Ridley,  and  Hooper  burnt, 

^555 

Cranmer  burnt, 1 556 

Gardiner  and  Pole  in  power. 
Marriage  of  Mary  Stuart  to  Dauphin, 

1558 
ELIZABETH,  ....      1558-1603 
♦♦♦♦»»»♦»»» 
William  Cecil,  Secretary,  .     1558 

REFORMATION  in  Scotland. 

MARY  STUART  reigns,  1561-1567 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»♦♦»» 

Battle  of  Corrichie  Moor,  .     .     1562 

Hawkins  begins  Slave  Trade,  1562 
Murder  of  Rizzio,  ....  1566 
Murder  of  Darnley.     Mary  marries 

Bothwell, 1567 

Battle  of  Langside.     Mary  to  Eng- 
land,  1568 

Northern  Rebellion,  .  .  .  1569 
Moray,  Regent,  .  .  .  1 567- 1670 
♦♦♦♦♦♦- 

Lennox,  Regent,  .  .  1 570-1 571 
Mar,  Regent,  ....  1 571-1572 
Morton,  Regent,       .     .      1572-1578 

Burleigh,  Lord  Treasurer,  .  1572 
Walsingham,  Secretary,  .  -  1573 
Elizabeth  declines  the  Netherlands, 

1575 
Drake  sails  round  the  World,  1577 
Frobisher  and  Cavendish. 

James  VL,  ....  1578-1625 
»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 

Risings  in  Ireland,  .  1579  and  1580 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 

Raleigh  in  Virginia,    .     .     1584 

Leicester  in  the  Netherlands,  1585 

Battle  of  Zutphen,    ....  1586 

Babington's  Plot,      ....  1586 

Execution  of  Mary, .      .     .     .  1587 

Drake  at  Cadiz, 1587 

THE  ARMADA 1588 


€u9li0lt  IJiteratttU. 


Udall.     Earliest  Comedy  ("Royst 
Doyster"), 15 1 

Wilson's  "Art  of  Rhetoric,"  .  I5f 
Alexander  Scott,  .  .1525?- 1 584 
Sackville,  ....  1527-16C 
"  Mirror  for  Magistrates,"  .  I5f 
Tottel's  Miscellany,  .  .  i5t 
Tusser's  Bucolics,  .  .  .  .  151 
The  Book  of  Common  Prayer,     151 


JOHN  KNOX,  .  .  .  1505-15; 
The  Geneva  Bible,  .  .  .  .  15^ 
George  Buchanan,  .  1506-15S 
Foxe's  "  Martyrs,"  .  .  .  .  15C 
"Ferrex  and  Porrex,"  Earliest  Enj 

lish  Tragedy, 156 

Bishop's  Bible,      ....     156 

Golding's  Ovid, 156 

Wedderburn's  "Gude  and  Godlie 

Ballatis," 156 

Silvester's  Translation  of  Du  Bartas 
"Gammer  Gurton's  Needle"    (Joh 

Still,  1543-1608). 


Sir  Philip  Sidney,  .  1554-158: 
XXXIX.  Articles,  .  .  .  .  1571 
Thomas  Watson,       .     .  c.  1 557- 1 59] 

"  Century  of  Sonnets." 
Robert  Southwell,  .  .  1560-159? 
Jasper  Hey  wood,  .  .  1535-159^ 
"Paradise  of  Dainty  Devices,"  157^ 
Chronicles  of  Hollinshed  and  Stowe. 
Richard  Knolles,  .  .  1545-161: 
George  Puttenham,  fl.  .  .  c.  158: 
Andrew  Melville,     .     .       1545-162  2 


SPENSER,  .  .  1553-1599 
Sir  H.  Savile,  .  .  .  1549-1621-2 
Richard  Hooker,      .     '1553-160C 

SIR  WALTER  RALEIGH,  1552-161S 
Fulk  Greville  (Lord  Brooke), 

1552-1625 


William  Warner, 

.     .       1558-160C 

George  Peele, 

c.  1552M595 

Thomas  Nash,     . 

.     i565?-i6o2 

Robert  Greene,    . 

c.  i56o?-i592 

Thomas  Kyd, 

.     .     .     fl.  158S 

Reginald  Scot,     . 

.      1545-1594 

War  with  Spain  and  Portugal, 

1 589- 1 600 

Tyrone's  Rebellion  in  Ireland, 

♦  ♦♦♦♦♦»♦♦♦♦»♦♦♦♦♦  1 598- 1 600 

Capture  of  Cadiz  by  Essex,     .      1596 

Death  of  Burleigh 1598 

Gowrie  Conspiracy,       .     .     .     1600 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 

Patent  to  East  India  Company,  1600 


Christopher  Marlowe,  1564-1593 

Thomas  Lodge,  .     .     c.  i555?-i625 

Richard  Hakluyt,     .     .       1553-1616 

Edward  Coke,  .     .     .      1550-1634 

William  Camden,     .     .       1551-1623 

Lyly  (Euphues  and  Comedies), 

1554-160^ 

Bacon's  Essays,  ist  Edition,  .      159^ 

Bodleian  Library  founded,      .      1595 


Roman. 
French. 
Italian. 
German. 


Spanish. 
Papal. 

Scandinavian. 
Netherlands. 


English. 

Scotch. 

Irish. 


SECOND  HALF.       IN  DECADES. 


Jtovcicjn  Siteratur^. 


'he  Stephens'  Press  in  Paris, 


Bernardo  Telesio, 
"  Natura  Rerum," 
jesner's  "  Mithridates 
:'eter  Ramus,  . 
2.  Jodelle, 
>t.  Teresa,      .     . 
'  The  Pleiade,"  . 
vl.  A.  Muretus,  . 


AMOENS,      .     . 
jocinus, 

acqnes  Amyot,   . 
rheodore  Beza,  . 
vONSARD,        .      . 
>lio  Magno, 
^.  Gamier,     . 
vochanowski, 
Claude  Fauchet, . 
'".  Patricius  (Nov£ 


I 490- I 590 

1509-1588 

.      1565 

•      1555 

1515-1572 

1532-1573 

1515-1582 

.      1560 

1526-1585 


Lipsius, 


1525-1579 
1539-1604 

1513-1594 
11519-1605 

1524-1585 
1536-1612 

1534-1590 
1532-15^4 
1530- 1601 

Philosophia), 

1 529- 1 597 

.     .       1547- 1606 


cSdence,  Enbentixrne,  ^z. 


Andreas  Cesalpinus  {med.  and 
geo.  2iXidibot.),  .     .     .      1 5 19- 1 603 

G.  Fallopius  {med.),  .  1523-1562 
Oiron  [Henri-Deux  Ware],  c.  1550 
Bernard Palissy {potter)^  1 5 10- 1 589 
German  enamelled  Glass  first  known, 

1553 

J.  J.  Contio, fl.  1558 

B.  Eustachius  (w^fl'.)?  •  1520- 1574 
N.  Aldrovandi  (/W.  )>     •       1522-1605 


Venetian  Glass  madein  England,  1560 
Clusius  [bot.  prof,  at  Leyden), 

1526- 1609 
C.  Acosta  {med.  and  bot.)^  .  d.  1580 
Levinus  Lemmius,   "  De  Miraculis 

Naturae,"  .  .  .  pub.  1559-1564 
J.  B.  Benedetti,  .  .  .  1530-1590 
C.  Clavius,  ....  1537-1612 
G.  Fabricius  (Aquapendente),  {vied.), 

1537-1619 
Varolius  {nied.),  .     .     .       1543-1575 


^h^  Jine  ^.rts. 


Renaissance  Style  in    English 
Architecture,  .       c.  1550- 1650 

Salviati  (/),    ....       15 10- 1563 

Georgio  Vasari  (/),  ,     .       1511-1574 

G.  Mantuano  (/>),     .       c.  1520- 1577 

Jean  de  Boulogne  [sc),  .       1524- 1608 

Jean  Goujon  (sc),      .   c.  1515-c.  1566 


TINTORETTO  (/),  .  .  1512-1594 
Palladio  (a),  ....  1 5 18- 1580 
Giovanni  da  Ponte  (a),        1512-1597 

(Bridges  of  Rialto  and  of  Sighs). 
Ambrose  Morales  {m),  .       15 13-1590 

Palestrina  [Aloisio]  {m), 

c.  1524-1594 

Zucchero  Taddeo  (/),  .  1529- 1566 
Bassano  (/>),   ....       15 10- 1592 


A.  Schiavone  (/), 


1522-1582 


/lONTAlGNE,  . 
.  J.  SCALIGER, 
saac  Casaubon, 
ohann  Fischart, 
ean  Bodin,.  . 
^.  van  Marnix  (St. 

uan  Mariana, 
Brantome,    .     . 
Vrminius,  .     .     . 
oseph  d'Acosta, 


1533-1592 
1 540- 1 609 
1559-1614 
1545-1589 
1530-1596 
Aldegonde), 

I '538-1598 
.  .  1536-1623 
.  .  1540-1614 
.  .  1 560- 1 609 
.     .       1 540- 1 599 


L'Obel  (^^/.), .     .     .     .      1538-1616 

University  of  Leyden,  .  1575 
Francis  Vieta  {math.).,  .  1540- 1603 
William  Gilbert,  .  1540-1603 
J.  Bauhin  {hot.),  .  .  .  1541-1613 
Petrus  Severinus  {med.),  1542- 1602 
Field  Glasses  used,  ....  1570 
R.  Snellius,    ....       1547-1613 


Elizabethan  Domestic  Archi- 
tecture. 

Thomas  Tallis  (;;0,  •     •       1529-1585 


J.  Shute  {a).     First  English  Work 
on  Architecture. 


Paul  Veronese  (/),  .      1528- 1588 


^ORQUATO  TASSO,  .  1544-1595 
^.  Charron,  ....  1541-1603 
\cademy  of  Florence,  .  1580 
Ubericus  Gentilis  at  Oxford,       1582 


juarini's  Pastor  Fido, 

^.  Sarpi  (Fra  Paolo), 

J.  Chiabrera, 

3.  Baldi,    .... 

Giordano  Bruno, 


.     .     1585 
1552-1623 

1552-1637 

1553-1617 

1550?- 1600 


TYCHO  BRAHE,  .  .  1546-1601 
University  of  Edinburgh,  1582 
Florence  Potteries,  ....  1580 
Gregorian  Calendar,  .  .  .  1582 
Libavius   and    Beguinus   (Chemical 

Text-Books), 
Donatus  (w^^/.),  .     .     .     .      fl.  1588 
John  Napier,    .     .     .      1550-1617 
Giambattista  Porta,  "Magia  Natur- 

alis,"      ....       c.  1538-1615 
Michael  Moestlin  {ast.),      1 550-1 631 


Orlando  di  Lasso  {m),  .  1530- 1593 
William  Byrd  (;;/),  .  .  1540?- 1623 
F.  Baroccio  (/),  .     .     .       1528-1612 

Tommaseo  Manzuoli  {p),    1 536-1 571 


:ERYANTES,      .     .     .  1547-1616 

5ATYRE    MeNIPPEE,      .  .       .       1 594 

Mathurin  Regnier,   .     .  1573- 16 13 

-V.  Tassoni,     ....  1 565-1635 

Bracciolini,      ....  1566- 1645 

Lope  de  Vega,     .     .     .  1562-1635 

Marguerite  de  Valois,    .  1553-1615 

[.  A.  de  Thou,     .     .     .  1553-1617 

,'acob  Bcehmen,      .     .  1575-1624 

Due  de  Sully,      .     .     .  1560-1641 

5t.  Francis  de  Sales,     .  1567-1622 

Fr.  Sanchez, d.  1632 

,,  *'Nihil  Scitur,"  .      1576 


First  Microscope,     ....     1590 

S.  Majoli  {geo.),.       .     .     .     fl.  1590 

G.  Bauhin  {bot.)^  .  .  1560- 1624 
Otto  Casmann,  "Tides,"  fl.  1596 
T.  Harriot,  ....  1 560-1 621 
Von  Hilden  {7?ied.),  .  1560- 1634 
Marino  Ghetaldi,  .  .  1 566- 1627 
Robert  Fludd,  .  .  .  1 574- 1637 
Jans  and  Lapprey's  Telescopes, 

c.  1590-1610 
Van  der  Spiegel  {?ned.),       1578- 1625 


L.  Caracci  (/),    .     .     .       1555-1619 


Globe  Theatre  opened,      .      c.  1594 


Agostino  Caracci  {p),    .       1 558-1601 


Annibale  Caracci  (/),    .       1560- 1609 


{vied.)  Physician. 

{geo. )  Geologist. 

{bot. )  Botanist. 

{ast. )  Astronomer. 

{viath.)  Mathematician. 


{a)  Architect. 
(/)  Painter. 
{sc)  Sculptor. 
{vi)  Musician. 


I 


TABLE    IX. 
FROM    A.D.     1600   TO    1650. 


IX.— SEVENTEENTH    CENT 


1600 


1610 


Jorcign  'gjwiox^. 


BARNEYELDT,   .     .     .       1586-1618 

PhiupTiL,  ....      1 598- 162 1 

Biron's  Conspiracy,  ....  1602 
Dutch  powerful  in  the  Indies,      1607 

Maurice,  1564-1625.     Spinola, 
""                                           1604-1625 
Truce   between   Spain   and   Nether- 
lands,      1609 

Moors  expelled  from  Spain,  .  1609 
Henry  IV.  assassinated,  .  .  16 10 
Paul  v., 1605- 1621 

LOUIS  XIII.,.     .     .     .      1610-1643 

Mary  de  Medici,  Regent. 

Matthias, 1612-1619 

Romanofifs  in  Russia,     .     .     .     16 13 

Synod  of  Dort,  .  .  .  1618-1619 
Execution  of  Barneveldt,  .  .  16 19 
Frederick,  King  of  Bohemia, .  16 19 
Ferdinand  II.,      .     .      1619-1637 

Battle  of  Prague,  ....  1620 
THIRTY  YEARS'  WAR,    1618-1648 


©ngligh  <Sc  §cotch  '^wiorQ. 


Robert  Cecil,  Minister, .  .  1598 
Execution  of  Essex,  .  .  .  1601 
James  I., 1603-1625 

Main   and   Bye  Plots.     Raleigh  im- 
prisoned,      1603 

Hampton  Court  Conference,  .  1604 

Gunpowder  Plot,      ....  1605 

Pilgrim  Fathers  to  Delft,  .     .  1609 

Ulster  Settlements,  ....  1610 


Earl  of  Salisbury  (Cecil),     dies  1612 
Robert  Carr  (Somerset),  favourite, 

1612-1615 
Death  of  Prince  Henry,  .  .  1612 
Marriage  of  Princess  Elizabeth  to 

Frederic,  Elector  Palatine,  161 3 
Sir  T.  Overbury  poisoned,  .  161 3 
George  Villiers  (Duke  of  Bucking- 
ham), favourite,  .  .  .  .  161 5 
Coke  suspended,  .  .  .  .  1616 
Bacon,  Lord  Keeper,  .  .  .  16 17 
,,  Viscount  St.  Albans,  .  1620 
Execution  of  Raleigh,   .     .     .     16 18 


©ngltsh  ICiterattxr^. 


SHAKESPEARE,    1564-16 

Hall  and  Marston's  Satires. 
Thomas  Dekker,  .  .  ?  1570-?  16. 
George  Chapman,  .  1557-16; 
Cyril  Tourneur,  .  .  ,  1575-16: 
S.  Daniel,  ....  1562-16] 
Michael  Drayton,  .  .  1563-16; 
Sir  John  Davies,  .  .  1570-161 
John  Donne,  ....  1573-16; 
Sir  H.  Wotton,  .     .     .       1568-16; 

BACON,  ....     1561-161 


Authorized  Version  of 


Francis  Beaumont, 
John  Fletcher,  . 
John  Ford,  .  .  . 
John  Webster, 
Philip  Massinger, 
Bishop  Corbet,  .  . 
Thomas  Heywood,  . 
BEN  JONSON,  .  . 
Giles  and  Ph.  Fletcher, 


Bible,!  1 

i6i 
1586-161  ) 
1576-162  ; 
1586-163) 
580-?  162  5 
1584-164  5 
1582-163 5 
575-?  165  5 
1574-163^ 
1583-165) 


1620 


GUSTAYUS  ADOLPHUS, 

Wallenstein,  .     . 

Henry  de  Rohan,     . 
Massacre  of  Amboyna, 


Huguenot  Rising, 
Rochelle  taken,  . 
Philip  IV.,   .     . 


Edict  of  Restitution, 
RICHELIEU,  .     .     . 

,,  supreme. 


1611-1632 

(1 583- 1634) 

(1579-1638) 

.     .     1623 

.  .  1625 
.  .  1628 
1621-1665 

.     .     1629 
(1585-1642) 

I 624- I 642 


Bacon's  overthrow,  .     .     .     .  1621 

Selden  and  Pym  imprisoned,  .  1622 

Spanish  Marriage  broken,       .  1623 

War  with  Spain  declared, .     .  1624 

Charles  I.,  .     .     .     .      1625-1648 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦« 

Buckingham  assassinated,  .     .  1628 

PETITION  OF  RIGHT,      .     .  1628 


First  English  Newspaper,  . 
First  Edition  of  Shakespeare, 


Robert  Burton, 
Wm.  Chillingworth, 
William  Browne, 
George  Herbert, 
R.  Herrick, 
F.  Quarles,     .     . 
Richard  Crashaw, 
Sir  Robert  Ayton, 
J.  Florio,   .     .     . 
Thomas  Middleton, 
James  Ussher, 
John  Shirley,  . 


1576 
1602 
1590 
1593 
1591 
1592 
1613 
1570- 
1545- 
1570 
1580- 
1594- 


162  J 
1625 
164) 
164  ^ 
1645 

1635 
1674 
1644 
1650 
1630 
162  , 
162,' 
1650 
i66(. 


1630 


Fall  of  Magdeburg, 
Battle  of  Lutzen, 
Christina,  .     . 
Oxenstierna,  .     . 


.     .     1631 

.     .     1632 

1632-1654 

(1583-1654) 


Assassination  of  Wallenstein, .  1634 
Peace  of  Prague,  ....  1635 
France  and  Spain  at  War,  1635-1659 
Independence  of  Portugal,  .  1640 
War  between  Portugal  and  Holland. 


Sir  John  Eliot  sent  to  the  Tower, 

1629 ;  dies, 1632 

Ship  money  levied,  ....     1634 
Laud  and  Wentworth  in  power. 
Trial  of  Hampden,  .     .       1637-1638 
Prynne  fined  by  Star  Chamber,  1637, 

(which  is  abolished,  1641.) 
Covenant  in  Scotland,  .     .     .     1638 

LONG  PARLIAMENT,  .      1640-1653 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦  ♦♦♦♦♦« 

Pym,  Leader,       .     .     .       1640-1643 


The  Cavalier  Poets— 
Wm.  Drummond, 
T.  Carew,  .  .  . 
T.  Randolph,  .  . 
Sir  John  Suckling, 
Wm.  Davenant,  . 
Wm.  Cartwright, . 
R.  Lovelace,  . 
Sir  J.  Denham,  . 
J.  Cleveland,  . 
Montrose,  .  .  . 
Wm.  Habington, . 
A.  Cowley,  .  . 
Edmund  Waller,  . 


1585- 
1589- 
1605- 
1609- 
1605- 
1611- 
1618- 
1615- 
1613- 
1612- 
1605- 
1618- 
1605- 


i64<) 
1630 

1634 
164] 
1668 
164'-; 
165^: 
168J; 
1659 
1650 
1645 
1667 
1687 


1640 


Cinq  Mars  and  De  Thou,  .  .  1642 

Louis  XIV.  accedes,     .     .  .  1643 

Anne  of  Austria,  Regent,  .  .  1643 

Turenne  on  the  Rhine,       .  .  1643 

Conde  at  Rocroy,     ....  1643 

Masaniello  at  Naples,    .     .  .  1647 

Peace  of  Westphalia,  .  .  1648 

Frederick__  WiHiam,      the  Great 

Elector,       ....       1640- 1688 
Mazarin,  Minister,      .      1643- 1661 

Lettres  de  Cachet. 


Execution  of  Strafford,  .  .  1641 
Massacre  of  English  in  Ireland,  1641 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦#♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 

Grand  Remonstrance,  .  .  .  1641 
Arrest  of  Five  Members,  .  .  1642 
CIVIL  WAR,  1642-51,  Edgehill,  1642 
1st  Battle  of  Newbury.     Falkland 

killed, 1643 

Marston  Moor,  1644.  Naseby,  1645 
Execution  of  Laud,  ....  1645 
Westminster  Assembly,       1643- 1649 

Pride's  Purge, 1648 

Execution  of  the  King,      .     .      1649 


MILTON,     .     . 
"  British  Mercury," 
Bishop  Leighton, 
George  Wither,    .     . 
Thomas  Traherne,    . 
Andrew  Marvell, 
John  Owen,    .     .     . 
George  Fox.     Quakerism 
Confession  of  Faith, 
"Eikon  Basilike,"   .     . 


1608- 1674 

1642-1654 

1611-1684 

1588-1667 

1636?- 1674 

1620-1678 

1616-1683 

,      .     1647 

.     .     1648 

.     .      16^ 


German. 
Prussian. 
French. 
Spanish. 


Portuguese. 
Russian. 


—  —     Scandinavian. 
■^—     Netherlands. 


English. 
Scotch. 
Irish. 
Papal. 


lY.      FIRST  HALF.      IN  DECADES. 


Jfxjmgu  yiteratur^. 


(Sriena,  Sutoeittixrns,  S^z. 


^he  gmz  ^rts. 


Vnders  Arrebo  (Lofoden  Islands), 

1587-1637 
'  Don  Quixote,"      ....     1605 
\  de  Malherbe,  .     .     .       1555-1628 
i.  Visscher,  H.  Spieghel,  and  Bre- 
derco  in  Holland. 

^uevedo, 1580- 1645 

C.  HooFT,     .     .     .       1583-1647 
Jansen,       ....       i5«5-i638 

)ouay  Bible, 1609 

lonore  d'Urfe  (Astree),      1568- 1625 
G.  Avila,  ....       1577-1658 


GALILEO,   .    •    .     1564-1642 

Hydrometer  and  Thermometer. 
Australia  discovered,     .     .     .      1 60 1 
J.  KEPLER,    ....       1571-1630 

Kepler's  ist  and  2nd  Laws,      1609 
J.    B.    Van   Helmont  {med.   and 

chem.), 1577- 1644 

(Rise  of  Clinical  Medicine.) 
J.  B,  Morin,   ....       1583-1656 
B.  Castelli  {math.),  .     .       1577-1644 


C.  Maderno  [a),  1556-1629.  Altered 
Michael  Angelo's  design  of  St. 
Peter's,  Rome,  from  a  Greek  to  a 
Latin  Cross. 


B.  Carduccio  (/>), 
J.  Rottenhammer  (/), 
M.  A.  Caravaggio  (/), 
Edward  Alleyn  {ac), 
Willem  Blaeu  [eng.), 


1560-1610 
1 564- 1 623 
1 569- 1609 
1566-1624 
1571-1638 


^.  Vanini,       .     .     . 
r.  Campanella,   .     . 
Tesselschade  Visscher, 
I.  Opitz,  .... 
'aul  Flemming,  .     . 

indreini,  j  ,  .  . 

and         J- 

Tarini,      J  .  .  . 

''ather  Cats,  .  .  . 

).  Heinsius,  .  .  . 


1584-1619 
1568-1639 
1 594- 1649 
1597-1637 
1 609- 1 640 

1568-1652 
(Sacred  Plays) 
1569-1625 
1577-1660 
1 580- 1655 


..  C.  Davila,    .     .     . 
erman  Literary  Unions, 
irst  Silesian  School. 
lUGO  Grotius, 

de  Bassompierre, 
ean  Rotrou,  .     . 
t.  Vincent  de  Paul, 
he  Elzevirs, . 
.  de  Vaugelas,  , 

Balzac,  .     . 

'INCENT  VOITURE, 

Racan,   .     .     . 


1576-1631 


1583-1645 
1579-1646 
1 609- 1 650 
1576-1660 
1583-1652 
1585-1650 
1 594- 1654 
I 598- I 648 
1 589- 1670 


William  Harvey  (m^<f. ),  1578- 1657 
Discovery  of  Circulation   of  the 

Blood, 1619 

L.  G.  Hoffman  [rned.),  1572- 1648 
Napier's  Logarithms,  .  .  .  1614 
Marin  Marsenne,  .  .  1588- 1648 
Cape  Horn  discovered,  .  .  16 15 
W.  Snellius,  ....  1591-1626 
G.  de  St.  Vincent,  .  .  1584- 1647 
Kepler's  3RD  Law,  .  .  .  1618 
Fabio  Colonna  (^^c*.),  .  i576?-i650 
Simon  Stevinus,  .     .     .       1548- 1620 


P.  Gassendi,  .  . 
Aselli  {med.), .  .  . 
G.  Desargues,  .  . 
DESCARTES,  .  .  . 
T.  Desmarets  {geo.), 

F.  Glisson  {med.),    . 
B,  Cavalieri,  . 
Pierre  de  Fermat,     . 

G.  P.  de  Roberval,  . 


1592-1655 
fl.  1622 
1593-1662 
1 596- 1650 
1595-1676 
1597-1677 
1 598- 1647 
1601-1665 
1602-1675 


Jacobean  English  Domestic  Arch. 
R.  Burbage  (a^),    .     .    i567?-i6i9 
GuiDO  Reni  {p),     .     .      1575-1642 
Cristoforo  AUori  (/),     .       1577-1621 


P.  P.  RUBENS  (/),  . 


[577-1640 


1610 


Inigo  Jones  (a),  .  .  1572-1652 
G.  Allegri  {m),  .  .  1580- 1652 
D.  Z.  Domenichino  (/),  1581-1641 


Dr.  Bull  (w),  circ.  1628.    (Composed 
National  Anthem. ) 


1620 


DESCARTES,    .      1596-1650 
'  Discours  de  la  Methode,"     1637 

[otel  Rambouillet. 
rench  Academy,  .  .  .  1635 
orneille's  "  Cid,"  ....  1637 
Pallavicino,  .  .  .  1616-1644 
ndreas  Gryphius,  .  .  l6i6-c.  1670 
lajus  (Sacred  Plays),  .  1616-1657 
)OST  van  den  Vondel,  1587-1679 


O.  von  Guericke,   Inventor  of  Air 
Pump, 1602- 1 686 

Sir  Kenelm  Digby  (c/^^/?z.),  1603-1665 
G.  A.  Borelli  {math.,  vied.), 

(latro-Physic),  .  .  1608-1675 
Jardin  des  Plantes,  Paris,  1635 
University  of  Utrecht,  .  1636 
J.  R.  Glauber  {chetfi.),  1604- 1668 
Delaboe  (Sylvius)  {med.),  16 14- 1672 
C.  V.  Schneider,      .     .       1610-1680 


Jan  Blaeu  {cartographer),  .      d.  1673 

Poelenburg  (/),  .     .     .       1 586- 1666 

Spagnoletto  (G.  Ribera)  (/), 

1588-1656 

GuERCiNO  (/),    .     .     .      1592-1666 

N.  Poussin  (/), .     .     .      1594-1665 

Pietro  da  Cortona,    .     .       1596- 1669 

Francis  du  Quesnoy  {sc  and  cai'ver 
in  ivory),     ....       1 592- 1646 


1630 


[ERRE  CORNEILLE, ,      1606-1684 

2SUITS  AND  JaNSENISTS. 


2cond  Silesian  School 

,     .     .     1640 

Bollandus,  .     .     . 

I 596- I 665 

Acta  Sanctorum," 

•     .      1643 

Salmasius, 

15S8-1653 

.  Evremond,     .     . 

1610-1703 

adame  de  Sevigne, 

1626-1696 

J.   HORROCKS,       .       .       .         1619-164I 

E.  Ashmole  {chem.),     .       1617-1692 
latro-Chemical  School. 
John  Wallis,    .     .     .      1616-1703 
Peter  Borel  (w^a'.),  .     .       1620-1689 

J.  Picard, 1620- 1682 

William  How  {bot.),  .  1619-1656 
Thomas  Willis  {med.),  .  1621-1675 
R.  Morison  (/^6;/'.),  .  .  1620-1683 
Glaus  Borrichius  {med.  and  chem.), 

1 626- 1 690 
Torricelli's  Barometer,  .  .  .  1643 
Christopher  Glaser  {chem.),     d.  1679 


J.  L.  Bernini  {sc), 
A.  Algardi  {sc),   . 
G.  Gonelli  {sc),   . 
Zurbaran  (/), 
YANDYCK(^),    . 


1 589- 1 680 
1598-1654 
1610-C.  1675 
1598-1662 
I 599- I 64 I 


1640 


VELASQUEZ  (/),    1599-1660 


{chem.)  Chemist,     {math.)  Mathematician. 
{med.)    Physician, 
{bot. )      Botanist. 
{geo.)     Geologist. 


(/)    Painter.  {sc.)  Sculptor. 

{a)    Architect.       {m)    Musician. 
{et.)  Etcher.  {ac)  Actor. 

{engr.)  Engraver. 


TABLE    X. 

FROM   A.D.     1650   TO    I70O. 


X.— SEVENTEENTH    CENT 


J 


1 


Jfom^n  ^i0torg. 


©uQlisk  'Sc  §)Coich  ^istorp. 


®njjlt0h  literature. 


1650 


Cardinal  de  Retz,  .  .  (1614-1679) 
War  of  the  Fronde, .  .  1648-1653 
DuchessedeMontpensier,(  1627- 1693) 
Van  Tromp  in  the  Thames. 

East  Prussia  free  from  Poland  by 

Treaty, 1657 

LOUIS  XIY.  reigns, 


Peace  of  the  Pyrenees, 
Colbert,  Minister,    , 
Louvois,  Minister,   . 
Leopold  I.,  Austria, 


Execution  of  Montrose, 

Battle  of  Dunbar,     .     . 

Battle  of  Worcester, 

Navigation  Act,.  .     .     . 

CROMWELL,  Protector, 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 


1643-1715 

.  .  1659 

1661-1683 

(1641-1691) 

1658-1705 


•  1650 

•  1650 

•  1651 

•  1651 
[653-1658 

Dutch  defeated  by  Blake  and  Monk, 

1653 
Jamaica  conquered,  .     .     .     .     1655 

Death  of  Blake, 1657 

Richard  Cromwell,  .     .       1658-1659 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 


THOMAS  HOBBES,  .     .      1588-16; 

*'  Leviathan," i6f 

Francis  Sempill  of  Beltrees, 


Thomas  Fuller,    .  . 

John  Selden,  .  . 
Harrington's  "Oceana 

Jeremy  Taylor,  . 

Isaac  Walton,      .  . 
Sir  T.  Browne, 

Sir  M.  Hale,  .     .  . 


?i6i6-i6J 
1608- 16( 
i584-i6f 

.  .  i6f 
i6i3-i6f 
1593-16J 
1605-16J 
1609-16/ 


1660 


Versailles  built, 1661 

French  India  Companies,  .     .      1664 
Charles  II.  of  Spain,        1665-1700 

Spanish  Netherlands  invaded,      1666 

Peace  of  Breda, 1667 

The    Triple    Alliance — England, 

Holland,  and  Sw^eden,  .  .  1668 
Treaty  of  Aix-la-Chapelle,  .  1668 
Peace  of  Lisbon,  ....  1668 
Secret  Treaty  of  Dover,     .     .     1670 


Charles  II.     Restoration, 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦  1660-1685 

Corporation  Act,       .     .     .      .      166 1 
First  Standing  Army. 
Act  of  Uniformity  and  Secession  of 

Puritans, 1662 

Sale  of  Dunkirk  to  France,  .  1662 
Great  Plague  of  London,  .  .  1665 
2nd  Dutch  War.     Van  Ruyter  in 

the  Thames, 1666 

Great  Fire  of  London,  .  .  .  1666 
The  Cabal, 1668 

Lauderdale  in  Scotland,     .     .  167 1 

Declaration  of  Indulgence,      .  1672 

The  Test  Act, 1673 

Charles  pensioned  by  Louis,  .  1674 

T.  Gates  Plot.    Godfrey  killed,  1678 

Habeas  Corpus  Act,  .  .  1679 
Sharp  murdered.     Drumclog  and 

__         ,  ▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼  - 

Both  well, 1679 

♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 

Exclusion  Bill.      Origin  of  Whig 

and  Tory, 1680 

Stafford  executed,     ....     1680 

Shaftesbury  acquitted,  .     .     .      1681 
Rye- House  Plot.     Russell  and  Sid- 
ney executed, 1683 

James  XL,  ....  1685- 1688 
»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦  -^ 

Argyll  executed,       ....     1685 
Monmouth  Rebellion.     Sedgemoor. 
Monmouth   executed.       Declara- 
tion of  Indulgence  renewed,     16S5 
Trial  of  Seven  Bishops,      .     .     1688 

WILLIAM  in.  and  Mary,  1689-1694 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦*♦♦♦   '        ^      ^^ 

BILL  OF  RIGHTS,  ....     1689 

Torture  abolished  in  Scotland,     1690 

Siege  of  Londonderry,  .     .     .     1689 

Killiecrankie, 1689 

The  Boyne, 1690 

Glencoe  Massacre,  ....  1692 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 

National  Debt  begun,   .     .     .     1693 

Bank  of  England,     ....     1694 

Death  of  Queen  Mary,  .     .     .     1694 

William  reigns  alone,    .       1694- 1702 

Abolition  of  Censorship  of  Press,  1695 
Darien  Expedition,  .  .  1 698- 1700 
Second  East  India  Company,  1698 
Partition  Treaties,    .     .       1698- 170c 

Russian.  »♦»»»»»    English. 

Netherlands.  ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦  Scotch. 


Samuel  Butler,  . 
Restoration  Drama 
Clarendon,  .  . 
"  London  Gazette," 
Richard  Baxter,  . 
JOHN  BUNYAN,  . 
Isaac  Barrow,  .  . 
"  Paradise  Lost," 
J.  Tillotson,  .  .  . 
Robert  South,  .  . 
Algernon  Sidney, 


1612-16^  ; 
1662- 1 7c  ; 
1608-167  1 
,  .  166  ] 
1615-16C1 
1628-16^ 

1630-167 7 
,  .  166 ; 
1630-165 } 

1633-1715 
1617-16S] 


1670 


Turenne  and  Conde  invade  Hol- 
land,   1672 

The  De  Witts  assassinated,     .     1672 

William  Henry  (Prince  of  Orange), 
"  ""■ '  (1650-1702) 

,,  Stadtholder,         1672-1702 

Battle  of  Fehrbellin,  .  .  .  1675 
Marie  Brinvilliers  executed,  .  1676 
Peace  of  Nimeguen,  .  1678-1679 
"  Reunions  "  in  Elsass,        1 680-1 681 


R.  Cudworth,  .  . 
Henry  More,  .  .  . 
John  Evelyn,  .  .  . 
Samuel  Pepys,  .  . 
Thomas  Otway,  . 
Stair  (J.  Dalrymple), 
JOHN  DRYDEN,  . 
Aphra  Behn,  .  .  . 
Buckingham  (G,  Villiers), 
Joseph  Glanvil,  .  . 
William  Penn,     .     . 


16171683 
1614-1687 
1620-1705 
1632-17C3 
1651-1685 
1619-1655 
1631-17CC 
1642- 168 5 
i627-i6£S 
1636-168C 
1644- 1 71 8 


1680 


Strasburg  seized  in  time  of  peace,  1681 

Sobieski  repels  the  Turks  at  Vienna, 

1683 
Revocation  of  Edict  of  Nantes,   1685 


00 


First  Russo-Turkish  War, 


1687 


Exodus  of  Huguenot  families. 
French  in  the  Palatinate,  . 


PETER  THE  GREAT 


Court  of  St.  Germains, . 
»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 


1688 

^  .       1689-1725 

1689- 1750 


J.  Sheffield,  .  .  . 
Rochester  (J.  Wilmot) 
G.  Etheredge,  .  .  c, 
C.  S.  Dorset, .  .  . 
Charles  Sedley,  .  . 
Roscommon  (Dillon) 
JOHN  LOCKE,  .  . 
Matthew  Henry,.  . 
Sir  W.  Temple,  .  . 
Jeremy  Collier,    .     . 


1649- 1 72 1 
1647-16SC 
[636. c.  1690 
1 637- 1 706 
1639- I 70 I 
1633-1684 
1632-1704 
1662-1714 
1628-169S 
1650- 1 726 


1690 

Z 

0 
cc 
0 
< 


Europe  against  France,        1689- 1697 

French  Fleet  beaten  at  La  Hogue,  1692 
Battle  of  Steinkirk,  ....      1692 


Battle  of  Landen,     .     .     . 
Luxembourg  at  Nerwinde, 

Namur  taken,      .     .     .  . 

Treaty  of  Ryswick,  .     .  . 

The  Czar  in  England,  .  . 
Treaty  of  Carlowitz, 


1692 
1695 

1695 
1697 
1697 
1699 


End  of  House  of  Austria  in  Spain 

1700 


W.  Wycherley, 
Gilbert  Burnet, 
Stamp  Tax,  . 
W.  Congreve, 
R.  Bentley, 
J.  Vanbrugh, . 
G.  Farquhar,  . 


1640- 1715 
1643-171= 
,  .  169;; 
1670-172C 
1662-1742 
i666-i72( 
1678-170; 


German. 

French. 

Spanish. 


I!  .        SECOND  HALF.      IN  DECADES. 


Jf omgn  $it^ratttu 


<§d^ia,  inbeiiti0n0,  ^r. 


^h^  giwt  3.rt0. 


ilLAlSE  PASCAL,  .  .  1623-1662 
];alderon,  ....  1 600- 1 68 1 
^A  Fontaine,  .  .  .  1621-1695 
\  Scarron,  ....  16 10- 1660 
\,  Arnauld,  .  1610-1690^  Port 
Nicole,  .  1625- 1695  j  Royal. 
3elphin  Editions,  .  .  1674-1691 
ladame  de  Scudery,  .  1607- 1 701 
.A  Rochefoucauld,  1613-1680 
aul  Gerhardt,  .  .  .  1 606- 1676 
Tiimmelshausen,      .     .       161 5- 1 676 


PASCAL, 1623-1662 

George  Joyliffe  [med.),  .  1621-1658 
Johann  J.  Bqc\\qx  {chem.),  1625-1685 
T.  Sydenham  [vied.), .  1624- 1689 
Christian  Huyghaens,  1629-1695 
Robert  Boyle,  .  .  1627- 1691 
John  '^a.y  {med.2inAbot.),  1628-1705 
M.  Malpighi  [med.  and/^^/.) 

1628-1694 
N.  Grew  [bof.),  .  .  .  1628- 17 11 
N.  Mercator,  ...  c.  1640- 1687 
Johann  Kunckel  [chem.),     1630- 1703 


CLAUDE  LORRAINE  (/),  1608- 1682 

Sassoferrato  {/),  .     .     .  1605- 1685 

A.  Cuyp  [p),  ....  1605-1691 

REMBRANDT  (/  and  et),  1607-1669 

Gerald  Terburg  (/),      .  1 608- 1 68 1 

A.  van  Ostade  [p  and  et),  1610-1685 

D.  Teniers  (/),       .     .  1610-1694 

Gerard  Dou  [p),  .     .     .  1613-1675 

G.  Poussin  (/),    .     .     .  1613-1675 

Salvator  Rosa  (/),    .  1615-1673 

Paul  Potter  (/),  .     .     .  1625- 1654 
Emmanuel   the    Priest   (/)    [Greek 

School], c.  1660 


MOLIERE, 

1622-1673 

rhomas  Corneille, 

.       1625-1709 

:^0SSUET,    .       .       . 

1627- 1 704 

3ourdaloue,    .     . 

.       1632- I 704 

isprit  Flechier,  . 

1632-1710 

iuet  (d'Avranches), 

1630-1721 

'  Journal  des  Savan 

ts,"     .     .     1665 

^.  Boileau, 

1636-1711 

5.  von  Puffendorf, 

1632- 1694 

SPINOZA,   . 

^a  Btuyere     .     . 
UCINE,    .     .     . 
".  Quinault,    .     .     . 
^"ilicaia,  .     .     . 
\  Spener,       .     . 
Vladame  de  la  Fayet 

1632-1677 

1644- 1696 

.       1639- 1699 

.      1635-1688 

1642- 1 707 

.      1635-1705 

te,        1634- 1693 

Royal  Society  founded,      .     .     1660 

Marquis  OF  Worcester,  1601-1667 

"  Century  of  Inventions,"  .     1663 

J.  D.  Cassini,       .     .     .       1625- 17 12 

Cassinis,  Astronomers  at  Royal 
Observatory  at  Paris,  c.  1670- 1793 

Isaac  Barrow,      .     .     .  1630-1677 

J.  Bapt.  Duhamel  [med.),  1624- 1706 

Casper  Schott,    .     .       fl.  1667- 1677 

Steno  [med.  and^^^.),  .  1638-1687 


Gobelin  Tapestry  Manuf.  estab.  1666 
Old  St,  Paul's  Cathedral  burnt,  1666 
Carlo  Dolce  (/), .  .  .  16 16- 1686 
Murillo  (/),  .  .  .  1618-1682 
Johannes  Vermeer  of  Delft  (/), 

1632-1675 
Sir  P.  Lely  (/),  .  .  .  1618-1680 
P.  Wouwermans  (/),  .  1620- 1668 
P.  de  Hooch  (/),  .  .  c.  1632- 1 681 
G.  B.  Tubi  [sc),  .  .  .  1635-1700 
S.  Vauban  [a),  .  .  .  1633- 1707 
W.  Hollar  [engr.),   .     .       16 17- 1677 


(Earliest  Modern  Novels.) 
V.  Malebranche,  .  1638-1715 
\bbe  Fleury, .  .  .  .  1640-1723 
'enelon,       ....      1651-1715 


Robert  IIooke  [med.  and  bot. ), 

1635-1702 

Scilla  [geo.), fl.  1670 

Staffordshire  Potteries  estab.,  1670 
Ruysch  [med.),  .  .  .  1638-1731 
Quirini  [geo.),  ,  .  .  .  fl.  1676 
Swammerdam,  .  .  .  1637 -1680 
Malebranche,  .  .  .  1638-17 15 
James  Gregory,    .     .      1638-1675 

Reflecting  Telescope. 
A.  van  Leuwenhoek,    .       1632- 1723 
Olaus  Roemer,    .     .     .       1744- 17 10 


Paris  Academv  of  Music, 


1672 


N.  Berghem  (/), 
J.  Wijnants  [p), 
Carlo  Maratti  (/),  . 
Jacob  Ruysdael  (/), 
Jan  Steen  {/),  .  . 
F.  van  Mieris  [p),  . 
Peter  Puget  [sc),  .  . 
J.  B.  Lulli  [m),   .     . 


1624- 1683 
c.  1615-  c.  1680 
1625-1713 
1625-1681 
1626-1679 
1635-1681 
1622- 1694 
1634-1687 


LEIBNITZ,  .  .  1646-1716 
vladame  Dacier,  .  .  1654- 1720 
Vladame  Guyon  and  the  Quietists 

persecuted, 1687 

.  Perrault,    ....       1628- 1703 

.  Hamilton,       .     .     .       1646- 1720 

"  Memoirs  of  Grammont." 

I^omtesse  D'Aulnoy,     .  c.  1650- 1705 

Bossuet's  "Variations,"     .     .     1688 

F.  Regnard,    .     .     .       1655- 1709 


NEWTON.  .    .    .  1642-1727 

The  Principia,       ....     1687 

J.  Mayhov^t  (w^a'.),      .  1645-1679 

J.  Radcliffe  [med.)y  .     .  1650- 17 14 

J.  Beaulieu  [med.),  .     .  165 1 -1720 

LEIBNITZ,     ....  1646-1716 

J.  Flamsteed,  .     .     .  1646-1719 

Thomas  Burnet  [geo.),  .  1635-1715 

G.  Bartholen  [med.),     .  1655- 1738 

J.  P.  de  Tournefort  [boL),  1656- 1708 


T.  Betterton  [ac),     . 
F.  Girardon  [sc), 
W.  Vandevelde  (/), 
Hobbema  (/),      .     . 
W.  Child  [m),     .     . 
SIR  C.  WREN  [a),   . 
Present  St.  Paul's, 
Sir  G.  Kneller  (/),   . 


1635- 1 700 
1628-1715 

I 633- I 707 
1638- 1 709 
1606- 1697 
1632-1723 
1675-1710 
1646-1723 


Vlassillon, 1663- 1742 

Sentivoglio,  ....  1668- 1732 
D'Aguesseau,  .  .  .  1668-1751 
^ene  Le  Sage,  .  .  1668- 1747 
Dictionary  of  French  AcadExMY, 

1694 

Bayle's  Dictionary,  .  .  .  1697 
Pontenelle,     ....       1657- 1757 

Z.  Rollin, 1661-1741 

P.  Rapin, 1661-1725 

H.  de  Lamotte  (Inez  de  Castro), 
1672-1731 


E.  Halley,  ....  1656- 1742 
David  Gregory  [med.),  .  1661-1708 
Richard  Mead  [med.),  .  1673-1754 
University  of  Halle,  .  .  1694 
Lancisi  [med.),    .     .     .  1654- 1720 

F.  Hoffman  [med.),  .  1660-1742 
Valsalva  (w^flf.),  .  .  .  1666-1723 
J.  Woodward  [geo.),  .  1665- 1728 
James  Bernouilli,  .  .  1654- 1705 
A.  Vallisnieri  [geo.),  .  1661-1730 
First  Fire  Insurance  OflEice,  .  1696 
Stephen  Hales,  .  .  1677-1761 
St.  Cloud  Potteries,      .  1695- 1773 


C.  Huysman  [p),      .     . 

J.  Huysman  (/),       .     . 

Grinling  Gibbons  [sc 
carver), 

Gaetano  Zumbo  [sc),  . 

P.  le  Gros  [sc),    .     .  . 

Camillo  Rusconi  [sc),  . 

A.  Corelli  [m),      .  . 

A.  Scarlatti  [m), .     .  . 

H.  Purcell  [m),    .  . 
Wm.  Gow  Ferguson  [p). 


1648-1727 
I 656- I 696 
and  wood 
1650-1721 
1656-1701 
1666-1719 
1660- 1 723 

1653- 1713 
1658-1728 
1658-1695 
—  c.  1695 


[med.)  Physician. 
( bo^. )     Botanist. 
[geo. )     Geologist. 
[chem.)  Chemist. 


[a)         Architect. 
[sc)        Sculptor. 
(/)         Painter. 
[engr.)  Engraver. 


[et)   Etcher. 
[m)  Musician. 
[ac)  Actor. 


TABLE   XI. 

FROM   A.D.    1700   TO    I750. 


XL -THE    EIGHTEENTH    CE > 


A.D. 


CHARLES^m,  .     .     .      1697- 1 718 

Battle  of  Narva, 1700 

Jesuits  in  China, 1700 

War  of  Spanish  Succession, 

1701-1713 
The  Grand  Alliance,  .  .  .  1701 
Frederick  I.  of  Prussia,       .     1701 

St.  Petersburg  founded,     .     .     1703 
Joseph  I.,     ^,     .     .     .      1705-1711 

Defeat  of  Allies  at  Almanza,  .     1707 
Battle  of  Pultowa,    ....     1709 


Halifax  and  Somers  impeached,  1 70 1 
Act  of  Settlement,  .  .  .  .  1701 
Death  of  James  II.,  .  .  .  1701 
AN^E 1702-1714 

Irish  Parliament  J>etitions^  for^  Il^iop > 

1703 
MARLBOROUGH,      .     .       1702-1712 

Ml^^U^JlJtli^i-  •  •  •  ^704 

Sir  G.  Rooke  takes  Gibraltar,      1704 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 

Battle  of  Ramilies,   ....     1706 

THE  UNION  with  Scotland,  .  1707 
♦  ♦♦ »♦ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ ♦♦♦^  ^   ^ 

Battle  of  Malplaquet,  .  .  .  1709 
Harley     and     Bolingbroke,     Tory 

Ministers, 17 10 

Sacheverell  Riots  and  Trial,  1709-10 
♦^♦♦♦♦♦♦♦'  (G^elph),  .  1 7 14- 1 727 
Oxford,   Ormond  and  Bolingbroke 

impeached.     Riot  Act,  .     .      1715 

Rebellion  of  i  st  Pretender,  1 7 1 C- 1 7 1 6 
♦♦♦»♦♦♦»♦♦»♦♦♦< ♦♦♦♦♦♦^      '    -^    ' 

Sheriffmuir, 1715 

Septennial  Bill, 1716 

Convocation  ceases,       .     .     .      1 7 16 

Sir  Robert  Walpole,  1721 -1742 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ ♦♦♦♦♦♦«  ^ 

South  Sea  Company,     .       1710-1721 

,,         Bubble  bursts,  .     .      1720 

Atterbury  banished,       .     .     .      1723 

Wood's  Halfpence,  ....     1723 

Period  of  Peace  and  Prosperity,  and 
Rise  of  Great  Towns. 

War  with  Spain,       .     .       1726- 1729 

George  II.,  ....  1727-1760 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 

Wesley, (1703-1791) 

Whitfield, (1714-1770) 

Methodism  begins,     .  .     .     1730 

Queen  Caroline,  .     .     .  1727- 1737 

Porteous  Mob,  .  .  -  .  .  1736 
«♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ '  "^ 

Publication  of  Debates  prohibited, 

1738 


English  "giizxninxt. 


1700 


DANIEL  DEFOE,  . 
John  Pomfret,  .  . 
Bernard  Mandeville, 
Matthew  Prior,  .  . 
Shaftesbury  (Anthony 

Edward  Philips,  .  . 
JONATHAN   S 

JOSEPH  ADDISON,  . 
RICHARD  STEELE, 
"TheTatler,"  .  . 
"  The  Spectator,"    . 


.       1661- 

.      1667- 

1670- 

1664- 

Ashley), 

1671- 

1676- 

WIFT, 

1667- 

1672- 

1671- 

•       1709- 

.       1711- 


17 
17 

17    ': 
17    ! 

17 
I? 

i; 

i; 


17JO 


1720 


I730 


Archduke  Charles  (VI.),  Emperor, 


1711 
Peace  of  Utrecht,  .  .  .  .  17 13 
Inederick  William  1.  of  Prussia,  1713 

Louis  XV.  succeeds,      .     .     .      171 5 
Duke  of  Orleans.  Regent.  1718 


Cardinal  Dubois,  French  Minister. 
Quadruple  Alliance  against  Spain, 

1718 
Law's  Mississippi  Scheme,  17 17-1720 


John  Arbuthnot,  .  .  1675 
Andrew  Fletcher  of  Saltoun, 

1653- 
Colley  Cibber,     .     .     .       167 1 

John  Gay, i688- 

Thomas  Parnell,  .  .  1679- 
ALEXANDER  POPE,  .  i688- 
Bolingbroke  (Henry  St.  John 

1678 
John  Toland, ....  1669- 
Anthony  Collins,  .  .  1676- 
Lady  M.  W.  Montague,  1690- 
Allan  Ramsay,  .  .  1685- 
Bishop  Ploadly,  .     .     .       1676- 


Peter,  Emperor  of  all  the  Russias,  1722 


Louis  XV.  rei 


^;ns, 


1723-1774 
Madame  de  Pompadour,  (1722- 1764) 
Cardinal  Fleury,  Minister,  .  1726 
Catherine  I.,  Czarina,  .       1725-1727 


17:  i 

17]  5 
I7f  7 
17:- 2 

17H 

I7M 
I, 

171 1 
1722 
172.^ 
176  2 

i7f^ 
17c  I 


Peace  of  Seville, 1729 

Victor  Amadeus  of  Savoy  resigns  to 
his  son,  Charles  of  Sardinia. 


Matthew  Tindal, 
Samuel  Clarke,   . 
William  Somerville, 
Edward  Young,    . 
Modern  History  at  Oxford, 

"Gulliver," 

Matthew  Green, .     .     . 
George  Berkeley,    . 
Francis  Hutcheson,  . 
"Dunciad," 


1657-1733 
1675-1729 
1 692-1742 
1 684- 1 76 5 

•      1721. 

.      1723 

1696-173 7 

1684-175 5 

1694-174 7 

.     172^ 


War  of  Polish  Succession,  1733- 1735 
Peace  of  Vienna,  ....  1735 
Pragmatic  Sanction  guaranteed  by 

England. 
Struensee,  Minister  of  Denmark, 

(1735-1772) 
Peace  of  Belgrade,  .  .  .  .  1739 
Charles  VI.,  last  male  Hapsburg, 


FREDERICKJI^ 


dies  1740 
(1712-1786) 

1 740- 1 786 


Gentleman's  Magazine, 
Robert  Crawford,     . 
Richard  Savage,  .     . 
Alexander  Ross,  .     . 

C.  Middleton,  .  . 
Robert  Blair,  .  .  . 
David  Hartley,  . 
Bishop  Butler,  . 
William  Warburton, 
James  Thomson,  . 
John  Dyer,      .     .     . 

D.  Mallet,  .  .  . 
Samuel  Richardson, 


.  .  1731 
•  d.  1733 

1698- I 74 3 
I 699- I 784 
1683- 1750 
1699- 1747 

1705-1757 
1692-175:2 
I 698- I 779 
1 700- 1 748 
1 700- 1 758 
1 700- 1 76,5 
1 689- 1 76c 


1740 


X 


Maria  Theresa,  Queen  of  Hungary, 

1 740- 1 780 

Charles  VII.  of  Bavaria.    .     .     1742 


War  of  A  ustrian  succession,  1 74 1  - 1 745 
Battle  of  Mollwitz,  ....  1741 
Treaty   of  Breslau.      Silesia   ceded 

to  Prussia, 1742 

Francis  I.  (of  Lorraine).      1745-1765 


1744 
1745 
1748 
1748 


Louis  XV.  invades  Holland, 
Treaty  of  Dresden,  .     .     . 
Peace  of  Aix-la-Chapelle,  . 
Dupleix  at  Pondicherry,     . 


Pulteney  and  Carteret  (Earl  Gran- 
ville) succeed  Walpole  in  power. 
Battle  of  Dettingen,      .     .     .     1743 
Henry  Pelham,  Prime  Minister, 

1744-1754 
Anson's  Voyages,  .  .  1740- 1745 
Battle  of  Fontenoy  (De  Saxe),     1745 

Rebellion  of  Charles  Edward, 
»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦  »♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 

1 745- 1 746 
fUmm)U  ^745-     C^ljoden,   1746 


Madras  to  England, 


1748 


HENRY  FIELDING, 

Laurence  Sterne, 
George  Lyttelton,     . 
John  Armstrong, 
Richard  Glover,  .     . 
Lord  Monboddo, 
William  Shenstone, 
Mark  Akenside,  .     . 
Earl  of  Chesterfield, 
"  Monthly  Review," 
John  Howard,     .     • 


I 707- I 754 
1 713- 1 768 
1 709- 1 773 
1709- 1 779 
1712-1785 

17141799 
1714-1762 
1721-1770 
1694-1773 
.  1749 
1726-1790 


German. 
Prussian. 
French. 
Italian. 


English. 
Scotch. 
—      Scandinavian.  ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦      Irish. 


Spanish. 
Russian. 


d 


URY.       FIRST  HALF. 

IJV  DECADES. 

Jfomgn  ^xizxsdvixt. 

§dt\\tz,  Into^nttons,  ^z. 

^he  Jinc  ^rtg. 

a.d. 

\.  B.  Rousseau,  .     . 

1670-1741 

Berlin  Academy,       ....     1700 
G.  E.  Stahl  {chem.),  .       1660-1734 

Domestic  Architecture  under  Anne 
and  the  Georges. 

1700 

P.  Crebillon,   .     . 

1674-1762 

H.  Boerhaave,      .     .       1668-1738 
Newcomen's  Steam  Engine,   .     1705 

W.  van  Mieris  (/),  .     .       1662- 1744 

N.  Fortiguerra,    .     . 

•       1674-1735 

John  Bernouilli,  .     .     .       1667- 1748 

[.  F.  Buddseus,    .     . 

1667-1729 

A.  De  Moivre,     .     .     .       1667- 1754 
J.  Hadley  (Sextant),     .       1670-1744 

Sir  J.    Vanbrugh    {a),      Blenheim, 
Castle  Howard,   Part   of  Green- 

r. B.  Vico,     .     .     . 

1 668- 1 744 

Olaus  Celsus  (/5c/.),  .     .       1670-1756 

wich  Hospital,      .     .       1666-1726 

F.  S.  MafiFei,  .     .     . 

•      1675-1755 

P.  A.  Micheli,     .     .     .       1679-1737 
Dresden  Potteries  established,     1709 

Angelo  Rossi  {sc),     .     .       1671  —  ? 

Due  DE  St.  Simon, 

16751755 

Parfour  du  Petit  (med.),       1674-1750 

Discovery  OF  Herculaneum,  1708 

Pierre  de  Marivaux, 

1688-1763 

Rene  de  Reaumur,  .     .       1683-1757 
J.  Bapt,  Morgagni  {vied.),    1682-1771 

Colley  Gibber  (a^),   .     .       1671-1757 

1710 

:.e  Sage's  "Gil  Bias," 

•     •     1715 

Brook  Taylor,      .     .     .       1685-1731 

Barton  Booth  {ac),    .     .       1681-1733 

^.  N.  Destouches,    . 

1680-1754 

Berlin  School  of  Surgery,  .     .     1714 
Vienna  Potteries  established, .      17 18 

Geminiani  {pi),       .     .       1666-1762 

:..   DE  HOLBERG,       . 

1 684- 1 7 54 

Fahrenheit,      ....       1686-1736 

D.  Scarlatti  (w),      .      1683-1757 

■.  C.  Wolf,     .     .     . 

1679-1754 

Nicholas  Bernouilli,       .       1687-1759 

'^.  A.  Muratori,  .     . 

1672-1750 

William  Cheselden  {med.),  1688-1752 
Edinburgh  School  of  Surgery,      17 19 

L.  B.  le  Blond  {a).     Employed  by 
Peter  the  Great  in  Russia,  1679- 17 19 

:.  DE  MONTESQUIEU, 

1689-1755 

Robert  Simson,   .     .     .       1687-1768 

J.  A.  Watteau  {p),     .      1684-1721 

v^OLTAIRE  (F.  I 

Vlarie  Arouet), 
1 694- 1 7 78 

James  Bradley,     .     .      1692-1762 
John  Harrison,    .     .     .       1693-1776 

1720 

^bbe  Prevost, 

1697-1763 

Academy  of  Science,  St.  Petersburg, 

.  L.  Mosheim,   .     . 

1694-1755 

1724 

Van  Huysum  (/),     .     .       1682- 1749 

Madame  du  Deffand, 

1697-1780 

John  Huxham  {med.),   .       1694-1768 

Alexis  Piron,  .... 

1689-1773 

Maupertius,     .     .     .       1698-1759 

J.  SEBASTIAN  BACH  (/;/),  1685-1754 

'"rancis  Quesnay,      .     . 

1694- 1 774 

Colin  Maclaurin,      .     .       1698-1746 

jasparo  Gozzi,    . 

1713-1786 

Van  Swieten  (/w^fl^.),      .       1700-1772 

;;arlo  Gozzi,    .... 

1722-1806 

Daniel  Bernouilli,,       1700-1782 

':manuel  Swedenbof 

G,   1689- 1 772 

C.  VON  LINNAEUS  {bot.),    1707-1778 

HANDEL  (;//),      .     .     .      1685-1759 

1730 

'  Lettres  Philosophique 

s "  burnt  by 

Paris  School  of  Surgery,    .     .      1731 

the  hangman,  . 

ITXA 

J.  Dollond  (c//. ),      .     .       1706-1761 

J.  M.  Nattier  (/),     .     .       1685-1766 

^/j'+ 

.  G.  Gottsched,       . 

1 700- 1 766 

Leonard  Euler,   .     .      1707-1783 

James  Quin  {ac),       .     .       1693- 1766 

.  J.  Bodmer  (Zurich),  . 

1698-1783 

P.  Lyonnet,    ....       1707-1789 

'.  Metastasio,      .     .     . 

1698-1782 

Thomas  Simpson,     .     .       1710-1761 

Leonardo  Leo  {m),  .     .       1694 -1745 

:.  P.  J.  Crebillon,   .     . 

1707-1777 

Capo  di  Monte  Potteries,    1736- 1821 
Hull's  Steam  Tug  Boat,     .     .      1736 

Pergolesi  (w),      .     .     .       17 10- 1736 

.  Bapt.  Gresset,       .     . 

1 709- 1 77 7 

First  Gas  made  from  Coal,      .      1739 

J.  B.  Lancret  (/),     .     .       1690-1743 

:.  P.  Duclos,       .     .     . 

1704-1772 

A.  von  Haller  {bot.\     .       1708-1777 

i.  T.  F.  Raynal,     .     . 

1711-1796 

H.  L.  Duhamel(^^/.),  .       1700-1782 

Pannini  (/),    .     .     .     .       1691-1764 

.  J.  Barthelemi  ( Anacha 

rsis),  1716-95 

BUFFON  (G.  L.  Le  Clerc),  1707-1788 

HOGARTH  (/),    .     .     .       1697-1764 

1740 

'hristian  Gellert,      .     . 

1715-1769 

Stockholm  Academy  of  Science,  1741 

J.  B.  S.  Chardin  (/),    .       1699- 1779 

.   B.  de  CONDILLAC,    . 

1715-1780 

William  Cullen  {med. ) , .       1 7 1 2- 1 790 
Percival  Pott  (w^fl?.),     .       1713-1788 

Handel's  "  Messiah  "  first  performed, 

].  A.  Helvetius, .     .     . 

1715-1771 

R.  BoscoviCH,   .     .     .      1711-1787 

1741 

..  C.  DE  Vauvenargu 

ES,  I715-I747 

A.  S.  Margraf  (^/^^w.),.       1709-1782 

Canaletto  (/),      .     .     .       1697-1768 

Hops  lock's  "  Messiah,' 

'     .       .       1748 

V.  T)on2X\{geo.),       .     .       17 13-1763 

N.  V.  Tessin  {a),      .     .       1694- 1770 

;.  W.  de  Malesherbes, 

I72I-I794 

John  Smeaton,      .     .      1714-1792 

E.  Bourchardon  {sc),     .       1698-1762 

1.  V.   LOMONOZOF, 

I7II-I765 

Abbe  de  La  Caille,  .     .       17 13- 1762 

Hasse  {m),      ....       1699-1783 

.  J.  ROUSSEAU,     .     . 

1712-1778 

A.  C.  Clairaut,     .     .       1713-1765 

ietro  Verri,   .... 

1728-1797 

P.  J.  Laurent  (^«^.),     .       171 5-1773 

Graun  {m),      -     -     -     .       1701-1759 

r.  Turchi,       .... 

1 724- 1 803 

Chelsea  and  Sevres  Potteries. 

Copenhagen  Theatre  opened,       1748 

{med.)  Physician. 

{chem.)  Chemist. 

{bot. )  Botanist. 

inM.^  Ontician. 


{geo.)  Geologist. 
{eng.)  Engineer. 


(/)   Painter, 
(a)   Architect. 
{sc)  Sculptor. 
{ac\  Actor. 


(w)  Musician. 


TABLE    XII. 

FROM    A.D.     1750    TO    I79O. 


XII.— FROM    A.D.    1750   TO   THE    1 


A.D. 


1750 


J{0reigu  ^)iQiotv. 


Paq^s  Qorsican  Revolt,  .  .  1755 
Earthquake  at  Lisbon, .  .  .  1755 
Seven_Years'_War,  .  1 756- 1 763 
England  Allied  with  Prussia,  1756 
Battle  of  Pra^e_j_     ....     1757 

Damiens  executed,  ....  1757 
Battles  of  Rosbach_andLeu^en,  1757 

Battle  of  Zorndorf,  .     .     .     .      1758 

French  defeated  at  Minden,   .     1759 


English  S:  §coich  ^n^iovv. 


Charles  III.  (Naples)  King  of  Spain, 
1759 


Clive  in  India,  .  .       i7';o-i76o 

♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦^ 

2nd  Period,  .  .  .  1764- 1767 
[JVezv  Style  of  Dates  in  Gj'eat  Britain.  ] 
Duke  of  Newcastle's  Ministries, 

1755-56  and  1758-62 
War  with  France  in  North  America. 


Black  Hole  of  Calcutta,     . 
PiTT(Chatham),(i7o8-i778), 

Admiral  Byng  shot,       .     . 
Battle  of  Plassey,      .     .     . 

English  Naval  Victories,     1758- 1759 
Wolfe's  Victory  and    Death  at 
Quebec, 1759 


1756 
1756-68 

1757 
1757 


^nQixQh 


DAVID  HUME 
C.  Churchill,  .  .  . 
Tobias  Smollet,  . 
SAMUEL  JOHNSON, 
Home's  "  Douglas," 


it^rattire.   _ 

711-17: 
731-17^ 


1721-17; 

1 709- 1 7^ 
i7i 


Dodsley's  "Annual  Register,"    17 


Horace  Walpole, 
Michael  Bruce,  .  , 
William  Collins, 
Thomas  Gray,  .  . 
James  Macpherson, . 
"  Ossian's  Poems,"  . 


1717-17S 
1746-17^ 
1720-175 
1716-177 

1 738- 17s 
.     .     176 


Catherine  II..  Czarina.  1762-1796 

Battle  of  Toplitz,      ....     1762 

The  Philippines  to  England,  .     1763 

Wars  between  Spain  and  Portugal, 

1762-78 

Treaty  of  Hubertsburg.     (End  of 
Seven  Years'  War),  .     .     .      1763 

Treaty  of  l*aris.     Canada  to  Eng- 
land,        1763 

Jesuits  expelled  from  France,       1764 
,,     Spain,  .     1767 

Corsica  to  P>ance,    ....     1769 

Napoleon  and  Wellington  born,  1769 

■"^"^^    ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 

Clement  XIV.,    .     .     .       1769-1774 


George  III.,     .     ,     .      1760-1820 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 

Lord  Bute, 1762 

G.  Grenville,  ....       1763- 1765 

Wilkes'  Agitations,  .     .       1763- 1774 

Lord  Rockingham,  ....      1766 

Duke  of  Grafton,      .     .       1767- 1770 

American  Stamp  Act,   .       1765-1766 

Townshend's  Taxing  Act,       .      1767 

Letters  of  Junius,      .     .       1769- 1772 

Lord  North's  Ministry,        1770- 1782 

Bruce's  Travels, 1768 


ADAM  SMITH,  .  .  . 
William  Falconer,  .  . 
Thomas  Reid,  .  ,  . 
Wm.  Robertson,  .  . 
Samuel  Foote,  .  .  . 
EDW.  GIBBON, 
John  Logan,  .... 
Bishop  Percy's  "  Reliques, 
Wm.  Mason,  .... 
James  Beattie,  .  .  . 
Oliver  Goldsmith,  . 
Robert  Fergusson,  .  . 
Sir  Wm.  Blackstone,  . 
Thomas  Chatterton, 


1723-179 

1730-176, 

1710-179; 

1721-179J 

1721-177- 

1737-179  I 
1748-178^ 
"  .  176; 
1725-179 7 
1735-180 5 
172S-177; 
1750-177 1 
1723-1783 
1752-177D 


Marie  Antoinette  (1755- 1793)  marries 

the  Dauphin, 1770 

Parliament  of  Paris  abolished,     1771 
,,  ,,  revived,  1774-1789 

First  Partition  of  Poland,  .  .  1772 
LOUIS  XVI..  ■  .  .  .  1774-1793 
Turgot,  Minister,  ....  1774 
Jesuits  suppressed  by  Pope,    .     1773 

(restored  1814). 
Neckar,  Minister,     .     .       1776- 1781 
Alliance  of  France  and  America,  1 778 
Joseph  II.  succeeds  1765  ;  reigns 
-—-——^  1780  1790 


English  Debates  reported,  .  1771 
Mansfield  decides  that  English  soil 

makes  free, 1772 

Warren  Hastings  (India),  1772-81; 

Suicide  of  Lord  Clive,  .  .  .  1774 
Cook's  Voyages,  .  .  .  1768-1779 
AMERICAN  WAR,  .  .  1775-1783 
Death  of  Chatham,  ....  1778 
C.J.  Fox  (1749- 1806),   fl.  1770-1806 

Rodney's  Victories,  .  .  1779-1782 
Elliot  at  Gibraltar,   .      1780- 1782 

Lord  George  Gordon  Riots,    .      1780 
Wars  with  Hyder  Ali  and  Tippoo 
Saib, 1 780- 1 782 


WILLIAM  COWPER, 
Thomas  Warton, 
Joseph  Warton,  .     . 
"Wealth  of  Nations, 


1731-180) 
1728-179) 
1722-180 ) 
Decline 


and  Fall," 177 

Dr.  H.  Blair,  .  .  .  1718-1803 
ROBERT  BURNS,  1759-95 
"Encyclopaedia  Britannica, "  .  177S 
Adam  Ferguson,  .  .  1724- 181 5 
H.  Mackenzie,  .  .  .  1 745-1831 
Joseph  Ritson,  .  .  .  1752- 1803 
White  of  Selborne,  .  .  1720-1793 
Sir  Wm.  Jones,  .     .     .       1 746-1 79 :^ 


Russia  takes  Crimea 


Peace  of  Versailles,  . 
Frederick  William  II. 


.      1783 

•      1783 
.      1786 

1787-1792 
1787 


Russo-Turkish  Wars,  . 
Assembly  of  Notables,  . 
Charles  IV.,  .     .     .     .       1788- 1 808 

Assembly  of  States  General,  .      1789 
MIRABEAU  (1749-91),  fl.  1789-1791 

National  Assembly.  ....     1789 

.     1789 

•  1790 
1 790- 1 792 

•  1790 


EDMUND  BURKE  (1729-1797), 
^^♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦*  fl.1770-1795 

Lord  Rockingham's  2nd  Ministry,  1 782 

Lord  Shelburne, 1782 

Grattan's  Irish  Constitution.  .     1782 


Bastille  stormed,       .     . 
Suwarrow  takes  Ismail. 

Leopold  II.,  .     .     .     . 


FRENCH  REVOLUTION. 


Coalition  Ministry,  ....      1783 

Thurlow,  Lord  Chancellor,  1783- 1792 

Wm.    Pitt    (171:9-1806),     Prime 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦  ^  '  ^^ 

Minister,     ....       1784- 1806 

W.  Wilberforce,\Anti-       1759- 1833 

T.  Clarkson,        /Slavery,  1760-1846 

Trial  of  Warren  Hastings,  1 788- 1 795 

Thomas  Erskine,      .     .    (1750- 1823) 


Richard  B.  Sheridan,    i75i- 
James  Boswell,    .     .     .       1740 

"  Life  of  Johnson,"  .  .  . 
Charles  Dibdin,  .  .  .  1745- 
John  Wolcot  (P.  Pindar),  1738- 
W.  Paley,  ....  1743- 
DuGALD  Stewart,  .  1753- 
W.  Hayley,  ....  1745- 
Horne  Tooke,  .  .  .  1736- 
"  Times"  Newspaper,  .  . 
Hannah  More,  .  .  .  1745" 
Wm.  Beckford,  .  .  .  1760- 
Burke's  "French  Revolution," 

"  Regicide  Peace,"   .     .     . 


I8r3| 

179: 
1790 

1814 
iSl; 
1805 
1828 
1820 
1812 
1788 
1833 
1844 
1790 
1796 


German. 
Prussian. 
French. 
Italian. 


Spanish. 

Papal. 

Russian. 


English. 


♦♦♦♦♦♦♦  Irish. 


LNCH    REVOLUTION.      IN  decades. 


Jfoveign  ^itn'ature. 


§dence, 


inbeiittong,  ^r. 


%\it  gxxit  S^rts. 


.  WiNCKELMANN,  . 

'asseroni  and  Parini, 
.  Tiraboschi,       .     . 
.  M.  C.  Denina, 
5.  de  St.  Pierre, 
ean  de  Lennep, 

Goldoni,     .     .     . 
)enis  Diderot,     . 

HE    "  EnCYCLOPEDIE 

.ladame  d'Epinay,  . 

(lUe.  L'Espinasse,  . 
-I.  Mendelssohn, 

E.  LESSING,  .  . 

iinaldo  Carli,      .  . 


1717-1768 
,      fl.  1750 

1731-1794 
1731-1813 
1737-1814 
1724-1771 
1707-1793 
1713-1784 
1751-1780 
1725-1783 
1732-1776 
1729-1786 
1729-1781 
1 720- 1 795 


J.  L.  D'ALEMBERT,     .       1717-1783 

Potteries:  Worcester,  Derby,  and 
Berlin,  1751  ;  Orleans,  1753; 
Leeds,  1760. 

University  of  Moscow,  .  .  .  1753 
Matthew  Stewart,  .  .  17 17- 1785 
P.J.  Macquer  (<r//^w.),  1718-1784 
Benjamin  Franklin,  1706-1790 
First  Lightning  Conductor,  .  1757 
William  Hunter  [med.),  17 18- 1783 
(SchoolofSurgeryin  London),  1750 
Charles  Bonnet,  .  .  .  1 720- 1793 
Baron  Holbach,  .  .  .  1723-1789 
John  Gregory  {med.),  .  1724- 1773 
J.  E.  Montucla,  .     .     .       1725- 1799 


Discovery  of  Pompeii, 


1750 


T.  A.  Arne  {m),  .     .     .       1704- 1778 
(Comp.  "Rule  Britannia.") 

Francois  Boucher  (/),  1704- 1770 
C.  W.  E.  Dietrich  (/),  17 12- 1774 
Rene  Slodtz  (j-^),      .     .       1705-1764 

J.  B.  PiRANESi  {a  and  engr.), 

circ.  1711-1778 

Maria  A.  Cibber,  [ac),  .  1714-1766 
British  Museum  Opened,  .     1759 


acques  Casanova,    .     .  1725- 1803 

xiambattista  Casti,  .     .  1721-1803 

.  C.  A.  Musoeus,     .     .  1735- 17^7 

:ondorcet,  ....  1 743- 1 794 

ibbe  Galiani,      .     .     .  1728- 1786 

'.  A.  C.  de  Beaumarchais,  1732- 1799 

.  Delille, 1738-1813 

;.  Lebrun,      ....  1729-1807 

I.  Cesarotti,  ....  1730- 1 808 

'.estif  de  la  Bretonne,   .  1734- 1806 

.uigi  Lanzi,    ....  1732-1810 

G.  Lavater,       .     .  1741-1801 

,  C.  Lichtenberg,  .     .  1742- 1799 

R.  N.  Chamfort,       .  1741-1794 


James  Hutton  {geo.),  1726- 1797 
J.  H.  Lambert,  .  .  .  ifz^t-i'j'jy 
John  Hunter  {med.),  1728- 1793 
Joseph  Black  [chem.),  i'j22-i'jgg 
L.  Spallanzani  {med.),  .  1 729- 1799 
William  Hudson  {doL),  ^ 7 30-1793 
Hargreave's  "Spinning  Jenny,"  1767 
Arkwright's  "Spinning  Jenny,"  1769 
Josiah  Wedgwood  {poL),  1730- 1795 
Henry  Cavendish  {chem.),  1731-1810 
N.  Maskelyne,  .  .  .  1732- 181 1 
F.  A.  Mesmer,  .  .  .  1733-1815 
Erasmus  Darwin  (///^^,),  1731-1802 
Joseph  Priestley(<:>^^z7z,),  1733- 1804 
JAMES  WATT,  .     .     .       1736-1819 


David  Garrick  {ac),  .  1716-1779 

S.  Barry  (ac),       .     .     .  I7I9-I777 

S.  FooTE(ar),     .     .     .  1721-1777 

Francesco  Guardi  (/),  .  1712-1793 

R.  Wilson  (/),     .     .     .  1713-1782 

Claude  J.  Vernet  (/),    .  17141789 

N.  Jomelli  (w),   .     .     .  1714-1774 

C.  W.  von  Gluck  {m),  1714-1787 

Royal  Academy  of  Arts,  .     1768 


Ewald  (Dane), 

Alfieri,  .     . 

Turcot,   .     . 
F.  Marmontel, 

B.  Beccaria,    . 

F.  Laharpe,     . 
.  Stilling,       .     . 

G.  VON  Herder 
G.  Heyne, 

s^delung  ("Mithridates 

MMANUEL  KANT, 
'aul  H.  Mallet,  . 

:.   M.   WiELAND, 

.  G.  Jacobi, 
A.  Burger, 


1743-1781 
I 749- I 803 
1727-1781 
1723-1799 
1738-1794 
1 739- 1 803 
1740-1817 
1744- 1803 
1729-1812 
1732-1806 

1 724- 1 804 
1 730- 1 807 
1733-1813 
1740-1814 
1 748- 1 794 


Richard  Watson  {chem.), 
T.  O.  Bergman  {chej?i.), 
L.  de  Lalande,    .      .     . 
J.  Brown  {vied.),       .     . 

(Brunonian  School). 
Jean  Sylvain  Bailly, 
C.  A.  de  Coulomb,  .     . 
Jacques  Bernouilli,  .     . 
L.  Avenbrugger  {med.), 
T.  A.  Beckmann, 

(Hist,  of  Inventions. ) 
Karl  F.  Wenzel  {chem.^. 
D'Auxiron's  and  Perier's 

J.  Ramsden  {optician), . 
J.  A.  Deluc  {geo.),   .     . 


1737-1816 

1735-1784 
1732-1807 
1735-1788 

1736-1793 
1 7 36- 1 806 
1759-1789 
1732-1809 
1739-1811 

1 740- 1 793 
Steamboats, 

1774-1775 
1 735- 1800 
1727-1817 


Sir  W.  Chambers  (a),    .       1726-1796 
commenced  Somerset  House,  1770 

SIR  JOSHUA  REYNOLDS  (/), 

1723-1792 

J.  B.  Greuze  (/),  .  .  1725-1805 
GAINSBOROUGH  (/),  .  1727-1788 
J.  Wright  (/),  .  .  .  1 734- 1 797 
George  Romney  (/), .  1734-1802 
Antonio  LoUi  {violinist)^  1728- 1794 
Dr.  S.  Arnold  (w),  •  •  1739"  1802 
T.  King(ar),  .  .  .  .  1730- 1805 
W.  Woollett  (^w^r.),  1735-1785 
J.  FI.  Fragonard  {p),       1 732- 1 806 


^.  L.  Gilbert,  .  . 
'^incenzo  Monti, . 
.  P.  C.  de  Florian, 
:.  F.  C.  de  Volney, 
I.  D.  Parny,  .  .  . 
".  H.  Pindemonti,  . 
\  M.  Klinger,  .  , 
mdre  M.  de  Chenier, 

A.  Wolf,  .  .  . 
.  Joubert,  .  . 
Vm.  Bilderdyk,  .  . 
i.  de  Rivarol,  .  . 
ildme.  de  Krudener, 
'herese  Huber,  .  . 
The  Moniteur."     . 


1751-1780 
1754-1828 

1755-1794 
1757-1820 

1753-1814 
1753-1838 
1753-1831 
1 762- 1 794 
1759-1824 
1754-1824 
1756-1831 
1757-1801 
1764-1824 
1764-1829 
.      1789 


J.  L.  Lagrange,    .     .      1736-1813 
Sir  William  Herschel,  1738-1822 

Invented  Telescope, .  .  .  1779 
First  Balloon  (Montgolfier),  .  1783 
Steam    Navigation   developed    by 

Miller,  Taylor,  and  Symington. 

1 788- 1 802 
Galvani  (Galvanism,  1791),  1737-^798 
H.  B.  de  Saussure  {geo.),  1740-1799 
C.  W.  Scheele  (if/^^;//.),  1742-1786 
A.  L.  Lavoisier  {chem.),  1743- 1794 
Sir  J.  Banks  (waA),  .  .  1743-1820 
Abbe  Haiiy  {mmeralogy),  1743-1822 
Linneaii  Society,  ....  1788 
J.  B.  de  Lamarck,  .  1744-1829 
A.  Volta  (Voltaic  Battery),  1745-1826 


W.  A.  MOZART  {m),    .      1756-179^ 

J.   PIOPPNER  (/),        .       .         I758-1S1O 

F.  Bartolozzi  (^«^r.),  circ.  1730-1818 
F.  DE  Goya  {p),  .  .  1746-1828 
JOSEPH  HAYDN  {m),  .  1732-1809 
L.  Boccherini  (w),  .  .  1740- 1805 
Angelica  Kauftmann  (/),  1741-1807 
Jan  Van  Os  (/),  .  .  .  1744- 1808 
Theatre  Francais  opened,      1782 


{med.)    Physician. 
{chem. )  Chemist. 
{geo.)     Geologist. 
{pot.)      Potter. 


{nat.)  Naturalist. 


(///)  Musician. 
{p)  Painter. 
{sc)  Sculptor 
{a)  Architect 


{engr.)  Engraver. 
{ac)       Actor. 


TABLE    XIII. 

FROM    A.D.     1790    TO    1815. 


XIIL— FROM    THE    FRENCH    REVOLUTION    A  I 


A.D. 


Legislative  Assembly,  .  1791-1792 
Flight  and  Arrest  of  King,  .  1791 
The  Gironde,  .  .  .  1792-1793 
Battles  of  Jemappes  and  Valmy,  1792 
The  Convention,      .     .     .     1792 

1st  Coalition  against  France,  1792-7 
September  Massacres,  .  .  .  1792  • 
Execution  of  King  and  Queen.  Fall 
of  Gironde.  La  Vendee,  .  1793 
Reign  of  Terror  ;  Marat  killed,  1793 

Siege  of  Toulon, 1793 

2nd  Partition  of  Poland,  .  .  1793 
Danton  exc''  Fall  of  Robespierre,  1794 

The  Directorate,     .     .     .     1795 

Kosciusko,  ....  (1 756-181 7) 
3rd  Partition  of  Poland,  .  .  1795 
Paul  I., 1796-1801 

Buonaparte  in  Italy.  Lodi,  .  1796 
Peace  of  Campo  Formio,  .  .  1797 
End  of  Republic  of  Venice,  .  1797 
Buonaparte  in  Egypt,  .  1 798- 1799 
Parthenopean  Republic,  .  .  1799 
2nd  Coalition,  .  .  .  1799-1802 
Battle  of  Marengo,  ....      1800 

NAPOLEON,      .    (1769-1821) 

The  Consulate,  .  .  1799- 1804 
Battle  of  Hohenlinden(Moreau),  1800 

Peace  of  Luneville 1801 

Alexander  L     Russia,     1801-1825 

Treaty  of  Amiens,  ....  1802 
First  French  Empire,  1804-1815 
Due  D'Enghien  executed,  .  1804 
Francis  IL  (I.  of  Austria),  1804-1835 

The  Code  Napoleon,  .  .  .  1804 
Armament  at  Boulogne,     .     .      1804 

3rd  Coalition, 1805 

French  Kingdom  of  Italy,  1805-1814 
Capitulation  of  Ulm,  .  .  .  1805 
Battle  of  Austerlitz, ....      1805 

Berlin  Decrees, 1806 

L.  Buonaparte  in  Holland,  1806- 1 810 
4th  Coalition,     Battle  of  Jena,    1806 

German  Empire  dissolved,    1806 

Confederation  of  Rhine,  1806- 181 3 
Eylau,  Friedland.  P.  of  Tilsit,  1807 
Murat  at  Naples,  .  .  1808-1815 
Joseph  Buonaparte  in  Spain,  .  1808 
Finland  taken  from  Sweden, .  1809 
Wagram.  Saragossa,  .  .  .  1809 
Josephine  divorced,  ....  1809 
Pius  VII.  imprisoned,  .     .     .     1809 

Tyrol  subdued,  1 809.  Hofer  shot,  1810 
Annexation  of  Holland,  .  .  1810 
Bernadotte,  CroM^n  P.  of  Sweden  ,1810 
MehemetAli  and  the  Mamelukes,  181 1 
Soult  and  Massena  in  Spain,  .     1811 

Stein, (1757-1831) 

Russia  invaded.  Moscow  burnt,  1812 
Battle  of  Leipsic,      ....     1813 

United  Netherlands,  .  .  .  181 3 
First  Peace  of  Paris,  .  .  .  1814 
Abdication  at  Fontainebleau,  18 14 
Ferdinand  VII.,        .     .       1814-1833 

Louis  XVIII., 1814 


Quarrel  of  Fox  and  Burke,      .      1791 

Birmingham  riots 1 791 

T.  Paine  and  "  People's  Friends," 

1791-2 
United  Irishmen,      ....     1792 

♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦4;« 

War  declared  by  France,  Feb.  i  ; 

by  England,  Feb.  ii,  .  .  1793 
Expedition  to  Dunkirk,  .  .  1793 
Habeas  Corpus  suspended,  1794- 1802 
Lord  Howe's  Naval  Victory,  .  1794 
Corsica  conquered,  ....  1794 
Disaster  of  Quiberon,    .     .     .     1795 

Cape  of  Good  Hope  taken,  .  1795 

Spice  Islrnds  taken,      .  .  1796 

Hoche  fails  in  Ireland,       .  .  1797 

Battle  of  St.  Vincent,    .     .  ,  1797 

Sea  fight  of  Camperdown,  .  1797 

Battle  of  the  Nile,  .     .     .     .     1798 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 

Great  Irish  Rebellion,  .     .     1798 

♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦^♦♦♦*  ♦.♦♦♦♦♦♦ 

Sidney  Smith  at  Acre,  .     .     .     1799 

Malta  taken, 1800 

Armed     Neutrality    of    Northern 

Powers, 1800 

NELSON, (1758-1805) 

♦♦♦»♦♦♦♦ 

Union  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland, 
♦  «♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦«    <>♦♦<?♦♦ 

1801 
Abercrombie  at  Alexandria,  .  1801 
Battle  of  Copenhagen,  .  .  .  1801 
Peace  of  Amiens,  ....  1802 
MahrattaWar.  Battle  of  Assaye,  1803 
^  ,    _.       ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦  „ 

Emmett's  Riot, 1803 

«♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 

Camp  at  Boulogne.  Volunteers,  1803 

Battle  of  Trafalgar,  .     .     .     1805 

WELLINGTON,  .     .     .    {1769-1852) 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦' ^  '   ^      ^  ' 

Coalition.     Grenville  and  Fox,  1806 

Deaths  of  Pitt  and  Fox,     .     .  1806 

Orders  in  Council,    ....  1807 

Danish  Fleet  captured,       .     .  1 807 

Abolition  of  Slave  Trade,  .     .  1807 

Madeira  taken, 1807 

Peninsular  War,      .      1808-1814 

Convention  of  Cintra,   .     .     .  1808 

Sir  John  Moore  at  Corunna,  .  1809 

Disaster  of  Walcheren,  .     .     .  1809 

Ionian  Islands.     CoUingwood,  1809 

Battles  of  Oporto  and  Talavera,  1809 

Wellington  at  Torres  Vedras,  1810 

Mauritius  taken, 18 10 


(English  $iteratttre. 


1790 


Jeremy  Bentham, 
Richard  Porson,  . 
Samuel  Parr,  .     . 
William  Gifford, . 
Robert  Bloomfield, 
William  Sotheby, 
Mary  Wollstonecraft,    . 
Mme.  D'Arblay  (Fanny 

William  Godwin,  .  . 
Mrs.  Inchbald,  .  .  . 
George  Crabbe,    .     . 


1748-18 
1759-18 
1747-18 
1756-18 
1766-18 
1757-18 
1759-17 
Burney), 
1752-18 
1756-18 
1753 
1754-1 


3 


1795 


W.  Blake, 1757-18 

Robert  Hall,  ....  1764-18 
R.  Tannahill,  .  .  .  1774-18 
Ireland  Forgeries,  .  .  .  .  i7< 
The  "Anti-Jacobin,"  ...  17. 
Malthus  on  Population, .  .  17' 
Dr.  T.  Brown,.  .  .  1778-18: 
Wm.  L.  Bowles,  .  .  1762-18 
Rev.  A.  Alison,  .  .  .  1757-18, 
S.  T.  COLERIDGE,  .     .      1772-18 


1800 


SIR   WALTER    SCOTT 

1771-18;: 

"Edinburgh  Review,"      .     .      180; 
WORDS  WORTH, i77o-i8.;c 


Robert  Southey, 
W.  SAVAGE  LANDOR, 
Samukl  Rogers,  . 
Isaac  Disraeli,      .     . 
Charles  Lamb,     . 


1774-18..; 
1785-180. 
1763-18M 
1766-18. ! 
1775-18.. 


1805 


William  Cobbett,      . 
Wm.  Hazlitt,   .     . 
Miss  Austen,    .     . 
Miss  Edgeworth, 
Wm.  Mitford,      .     . 
T.  Campbell,    .     . 
"Quarterly  Review," 
Sir  J.  Mackintosh, 
James  Mill,      .     . 
BYRON,.     .     . 


1762-18;; 

i778-i8;i( 
1775-18;'; 
1767-184. 
1744-18:!; 
1777-184. 
.  180. 
1765-18;;: 
i773-i8;;( 
1788-18:;. 


1810 


The  Regency, 

♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦4 

Sir  S.  Romilly,  .  .  (1757 
Rodrigo  and  Badajos  stormed, 
Perceval  assassinated,  .  .  . 
Castlereagh,  F.  Secretary 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦#♦♦♦ 
1  -ord  Eldon,  Chancellor, 
Lord  Liverpool,  Premier, 
Battle  of  Salamanca, 
St.  Sebastian  taken. 
Battle  of  Toulouse,  .  . 
War  with  United  States, 
Treaty  of  Ghent, 


l8l2. 

1807- 

l8l2- 


I8I2 


I»II 

1818) 
181I 
1812 

-1822 

1827 

i8?7 
1812 
1813 
1814 
1814 
1814 


SHELLEY,     . 

William  Roscoe, 
J.  KEATS,  .  .  . 
T.  Moore,  .  .  . 
Lord  Jeffrey,  .  .  . 
J.  Montgomery,  .  . 
R.  Heber,  .  .  . 
Sydney  Smith, 
Leigh  Hunt,  ... 
"  Waverley"  published 


1792-182: 
1753-183 
1795-182 
1789-185, 
i773-i85( 
1771-185, 
i783-i82( 
1771-184 
1 784- 1 8  S' 
.     i8l 


i 


German. 

French. 

Spanish. 


Papal. 
Russian. 


♦♦♦♦♦♦♦      English. 
Scotch. 
Irish. 


'90 


TO    A.D      1 815.      BY  PERIODS   OF  FIVE    YEARS. 


Jomgn  ^itcratur^. 

^ricncf,  Siibentions,  kz. 

^he  Jjjiu  ^rts.               a.d. 

GOETHE,   .    .    . 

SCHILLER,          ... 
G.  L.  Bauer,  .... 
Jean  Paul  Richter,  . 
A.  von  Kotzebue,     .     . 
Joseph  de  Maistre,  . 
Benjamin  Constant, 
Kavier  de  Maistre,   . 
Wm.  Humboldt,      .     . 

1749-1832 
1759-1805 
1 7 55- 1 806 
1763-1825 
1761-1819 
1754-1821 
1767-1830 
1763-1852 
1767-1835 

LAPLACE,      .     .      1749-1827 
G.  Monge,      ....       1746- 1818 
J.  E.  Bode,     ....       1747-1827 
Claude  Berthollet,    .     .       1748-1822 
Laurent  de  Jussieu  {hot\     1748-1836 
J.  Playfair  {geo.),       .       1749-1819 
J.  B.  Delambre,     .     .       1749-1822 
Edward  Jenner,  .     .      1749-1823 
(Vaccination,  1796). 

F.  Huber, 1750-1830 

A.  G.  Werner  {geo.)^.      1750-1817 
Vienna  School  of  Surgery. 

J.  L.  David  (/),     .     .      1748-1825 
T.  'Y^F.ViiCK  {ivood  engr.),    1753-1828 
Sir  Henry  Raeburn(/),  1756-1823 
Rowlandson  {et),      .     .       1756- 1827 
James  Gillray  {el),    .      1757-1815 
W.  Blake  (/),  .     .     .      1757-1827 
Flaxman  {sc),    .     .     .      1755-1826 

Canova  (jf) 1757-1822 

Mrs.  Siddons  {ac),     .      1755-1831 
J.  P.  Kemble  {ac),  .     .      1757-1823 

1790 

J.  PL  Voss,     .... 
Derzhavin,       .... 
Karamzin,       .... 
Schleiermacher,. 
F.  L.  Z.  Werner,     .     . 
Em.  Baggesen,    . 
C.  L.  Reinhold, .     ,     . 
Hardenburg  (Novalis), 

E.  T.  Hoffmann,      . 
A.  W.  Schlegel,  .     . 

F.  Schlegel,    _.     .     • 
Madame  Cottin,  . 

1751-1826 
1743-1816 
1765-1826 
1768-1834 
1768-1823 
1764-1826 
1758-1823 
1772-1801 
1776-1822 
1767-1845 
1772-1829 
1773- 1807 

G.  W.  Legendre,  .     .      1752-1833 
Count  Rumford,  .     .     .       1752-1814 
Hahnemann,     .     .     .      1755-1843 

(Homoeopathy,  1796). 
D.  de  Dolomieu  {geo.),        1750-1801 
Antonio  Scarpa  {med.),        1 748- 1 826 
M.  F.  X.  BiCHAT,  .     .       1771-1802 
L.  N,  Carnot(wz7.  ^«^.),  1753-1823 
A.  F.  Fourcroy  [chem.],      1 755- 1809 
James  Gregory,   .     .     .       1753-1821 
Tames  Sowerby  ((5^/.),   .       1757-1822 
H.  W.  Olbers,     .     .     .       1758- 1840 
Sir  J.  E.  Smith  {bot.),  .       1759-1828 

Sir  J.   Soane  {a),    1752-1837  ;    built 

Bank  of  England;  founded  Lincoln's 

Inn  Field?  Museum. 

William  Sharp  (^;?^r.),    1749-1824 

J.  Nash  (a),  1752-1835;  Buckingham 

Palace,  Brighton  Pavilion,  &c. 
Pierre  Prud'hon  (/),      .       1758-1823 
R.  Smirke  (/),    .     .     .       1752-1845 
Thomas  Stothard  (/),   .       1755-1834 
John  Opie  (/),     .     .     .       1761-1807 
G.  Morland  (/),    .     .       1763- 1804 
A.  C.  Vernet  (/),     .     .       1758-1836 

1795 

Madame  de  Stael, 
J.  B.  Say,  .... 
P.  E.  Muller.      .     . 
J.  G.  FiCHTE,      .      . 
Pestalozzi,.      .     .     . 
Ivan  KrMoff,   .     .     . 
Chateaubriand,  . 
Ludwig  Tieck,     .     . 
Geoffroy  St.  Hilaire, 
La  Motte  Fouque,   . 
St.  Simon,      .     .     . 
Charles  Fourier,  .     . 

1766-1817 
1767-1832 
1776-1834 
1762-1814 
1 746- 1 827 

1 768- 1844 
1 768- 1 848 

•       1773-1^53 
1 772- 1 844 

1777-1843 
1760-1825 
1772-1837 

Jacquard's  Loom,     .     .     .     .      1801 
Trevithick's  Locomotive,  .     .     1802 
J.  B.  Richter  (r/^^w.),   .       1762-1807 
M.  L.  Vauguelin  [chem.)     1763-1829 
John  Bell  {ined.),      .     .       1763-1820 
John  Abernethy  {med.)^       1 764- 1 831 
John  Brinkley,     .     .     .       1763- 1835 
W.  H.  Wollaston(^/5^7/^),  1766-1828 
G.  B.  Brocchi  [geo.^  nat.),  1772- 1 826 
Sir  John  Leslie,  .     .     .       1766-1832 
John  Dalton  {chem.)^       1766-1844 
J.  B.  Fourier,      .     .     .       1768-1830 
Sir  Astley  Cooper  {med.),     1 768- 1 841 

BEETHOVEN  (w), 

1770-1827 
Dr.  Callcott  {m),      .     .       1766-1821 
T.  Attwood  {vi),       .     .       1767-1838 
Sir  T.  Lawrence  (/),      1769- 1830 
T.  Barker  (/),     .     .     .       1769-1827 
J.  Phillips  (/),     .     .     .       1770-1845 
Talma  {ac),   ....       1763-1826 
J.  Crome  (/),     .     .     .       1769-1821 
Joseph  Longhi  {engr.),        1766-1831 
Raphael  Morghen  {e^tgr.),  1758- 1833 
Cherubini  (w),      .     .       1760-1842 
J.  L.  Dussek  {m),    .     .       1762-1812 

1800 

HEGEL,.     .     . 
A.  von  Chamisso,     . 
R.  C.  Rask,    .     .     . 
E.  M.  Arndt,       .     . 
Theodore  Korner,     . 
].  G.  Hermann,  .     . 
L.  A.  von  Arnim,     . 

C.   S.  DE  SlSMONDI, 

Clemens  Brentano,  . 
Bettina  von  Arnim, 
Varnhagen  von  Ense, 
P.  P.  Royer  Collard, 

1770-18^1 
.       1781-1838 
.       1787-1832 

1 769- 1 860 
.       1791-1813 

1772-1848 

1781-1831 
.       1773-1842 
.       1777-1842 
.       1788-1859 
.       1785-1858 
•       1763-1845 

Baron  Cuvier,      .     .      1769-1832 
A.  Humboldt,  .     .     .       1769-1859 
Geological  Society  of  London,     1807 
Bretonneau  {med.),  .     .       1771-1862 
F.  de  Reichenbach,       .       1772- 1826 
Thomas  Young  [med.),        1773- 1829 
Robert  Brown  {/>ot.),       1773- 1858 
Thomas  Thomson  {che?n.),  177-^-1852 
S.  P.  Rigaud,      .     .     .       1775-1839 
J.  B.  BiOT,     ....       1774-1862 
Sir  Charles  Bell,       .     .       1774-1842 
E.  L.  Malus (Polarization),  1775-1812 
Make  Brun,    ....       1775-1826 

F.  Gerard  (/),     .     .     .       1770- 1 837 
Thorwaldsen  {sc),     .      1770- 1844 
John  Braham  (2w),  •     •       1774-1856 
J.  Grimaldi  (a^),       .     .       1779-1856 

English   Opera    House   [Lyceum] 
opened 1816 

James  Ward  (/),       .     .       1769- 1859 

John  Constable  (/),        1776-1837 

J.  Thomson  of  Duddingston  (/), 

1778-1840 

1805 

NIEBUHR,      .     .     . 
J.  B.  Niccolini,    .     . 
C.  H.  Millevoye,      . 
C.  W.  Rotteck,  .     . 

GEhLENSCHL/EGER, 

Karl  Ritter,    .     .     . 
L.  de  Girardin,   .     . 

F.  W.   SCHELLING,  . 

Ugo  Foscolo,       .     . 

F.  VON  Savigny,    . 

G.  Ottfried  Muller,  . 

.       1776-1831 
.       1785-1861 
.       1782-1816 
.       1775-1840 
.       1779-1850 
.       1779-1859 
1762-1827 

•       1775-1854 

.       1778-1827 

1779-1861 

.       1797-1840 

University  of  Berlin,       .     1810 
A.  M.  Ampere,   .     .     .       1775- 1836 
R.  J.  H.  Dutrochet,      .       1776- 1847 
H.  C.  Oersted,    .     .     .       1777-1851 
Bell's  Steamer  on  the  Clyde,        1812 
Thenard  {chem.),       .     .       1777-1857 
Laburraque  (r/z,?;;/,),       .       1777-1850 

Courtois, 1 7  77- 1 838 

C.  F.  Gauss,      .     .     .      1777-1855 

Dupuytren  {med.),    .     .       1777- 1835 

George  Stephenson,       1781-1848 

1         Locomotive, 1814 

Sir  A.  W.  Calcott  (/), 
Moritz  Retzsch  {design) 
J.  Varley  (/),      .     . 
Bonnington  (/),  .     . 
Wilkie  (/),  .     .     . 
Weber  {m),  .     .     . 
Paolo  Toschi  {engr.), 
P.  Nasmyth  {p),  .     . 
T.  Rickman  {a), 
J.  Britton  {a),      .     . 
C.  Rauch  {sc),     .     . 

1 779- 1 844 

,      1779-1854 
1778-1842 
1801-1828 
1785-1841 
1786-1826 
1788-1856 
1786-1831 
i766-i?<4i 
1771-1857 

.  c.  1777-1857 

1810 

{bot.) 

Botanist. 

{chem.)  Chemist. 

(/)         Painter. 

{ac)  Actor. 

{geo.) 

Geologist. 

{nat.)     Naturalist. 

{et)       Etcher. 

(a)  Architect. 

{med.) 

Physician. 

{engr.)  Engraver. 

{m)  Musician. 

i,,,:i  ^, 

rr    \    ATIIUo,.,,     T^T^^i 

IcA            Q^nlntnr 

TABLE    XIV. 

FROM   A.D.     1815   TO    1840, 


XIV.— THE    NINETEENTH    CENTURY.      FROM    . 


Jomgn  ^ietorg. 


1815 


1820 


1825 


1880 


Talleyrand,     .     .     .    (1754-1838) 

Congress  of  Vienna,  .  .  .  1814 
Norway  united  with  Sweden,       18 14 

Return  from  Elba  and  100  Days,  1815 
Holy  Alliance  (Rus.,Aus.,Prus.),  181 5 
Second  Peace  of  Paris, .  .  .  181 5 
Execution  of  Ney,  ....  1815 
Lombardo-Venetian^  Kingdom, 

1815-59 
William  I.,  Netherlands,    .      1815-40 

CwieTjohlTxTvMBerradotte),  18 18 

Revolution  in  Spain,     .       1820- 1 823 

Spanish  Inquisition  abolished,  1820 
Death  of  Napoleon  at  St.  Plelena,  1 821 

M  EXTERN  I CH,  fl.    182I,     (1773-1859) 

DucdeReichstadt(Nap.IL),(i8ii-32) 
Massacre  at  Scio,  ....  1822 
Greek  War  of  Freedom,  1822-1829 
Byron  in  Greece,  .  .  1823-1824 
Charles  X.,      .     .     .      1824-1830 

Massacre  of  Janissaries  at  Constan- 
tinople  1826 

NICHOLAS  I.,      .     .     .       1825-1855 

Battle  of  Navarino,  ...  -  1827 
Russo-Turkish  War,  .  .  .  1828 
Russians  take  Varna,     .     .     .      1828 

Peace  of  Adrianople,  .  .  .  1829 
July  Revolution  in  France,  1830 

Contest   between    Don    Pedro    and 

Prince  Miguel  in  Portugal,  1826-34 

Charles  X.   abdicates   in   favour  of 
Duke    of    Bordeaux    (Comte    de 
Chambord  or  Henry  V.),    .      1830 
Insurrection  in  Poland,      .     .     1830 
Battle  of  Wilna, 1831 

Louis  Philippe,     .     .      1830- 1848 

Leopold,  King  of  Belgians.     .      1831 

Dutch  thrown  back  on  Holland,  1832 
Russia  takes  Warsaw  and  Remains 

of  Poland, 1832 

Otho  of  Bavaria,  King  of  Greece,  1832 
The  Zollverein, 1834 

Don  Carlos  in  Spain,    .       1833-1839 

Quadruple  Alliance,      .     .     .     1834 


English  ^  §coic\x  ^)t6tori). 


Battle  of  Waterloo, 


1815 


♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦«♦♦♦« 

Agricultural  and  Weaving  Riots, 

1816-1818 
Bombardment  of  Algiers,  .  .  1816 
Hone's  Trial  and  Acquittal,  .  181 7 
Death  of  Princess  Charlotte,  .  181 7 
Peel's  Currency  Act,  .  1819-1823 
Manchester  Mass  Meeting  dispersed, 

1819 
"  Radical"  Reformers,  .  .  1819 
Parry's  Voyages,  .  .  .  ,  18 19 
George  IV.,  .  .  .  1820-1830 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 


Cato  Street  Conspiracy,  .  .  1820 
Trial  of  Queen  Caroline,  .  .  1820 
Suicide  of  Castlereagh,  .  .  1822 
Canning,  Foreign  Secretary,  1822-27 

,,      recognizes  South  American 
Republics. 
First  Mechanics'  Institute,      .      1823 
Huskisson  at  Board  of  Trade,      1823 
Agitation  about  Test  and  Corpora- 
tion Acts, 1823 

Ashantee  War, 1824 

Burmese  War,  .  .  .  1 824- 1826 
Amelioration  of  Penal  Code. 


Canning,  Premier,    .     .       1827- 1828 

Palmerston,  Secretary  at  War, 

1827-1828 

Duke  of  Wellington,  Premier, 

1828- 1 830 

O'Connell's  Agitations,      .     .     1828 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦?♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 

Test  Acts  repealed,  ....     1828 

Settlements  in  Australia. 

Catholic  Emancipation,      .     .     1829 
»♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦«♦«««« 


William  IV., 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 


Earl  Grey,  Premier, 
The  Reform  Bill 


1830-1837 
1830- 1834 

^^^^^4     •      1830-1832 

Negro  Slavery  abolished,  1833-1834 
Lord  Melbourne's  ist  Ministry,  1834 
Lord  John  Russell,  Whig  Leader. 
Lord  Brougham,  Whig  Orator. 


(English  ^xUxnixxxz. 


David  Ricardo,     . 

1772-18 

John  Foster,    .     .     . 

1770-18 

Kirke  White, .     .      . 

1785-18 

George  Croly,      .      . 

1780-18 

Charles  Wolfe,     .     . 

1791-18 

James  Hogg,  .     .     . 

1772-18 

Lord  (H.  F  )  Cockburn 

,      1779-18 

Professor  Wilson,     . 

1785-18 

Joanna  Baillie,     .     . 

1762-18 

William  Motherwell, 

1797-18 

Ebenezer  Elliott, 

1781-1I 

Allan  Cunningham, . 

1785-1 

Thomas  Hood,  .     . 

1799-1 

John  Gibson  Lockhart, 

1794-18 

John  Gait,       .     .     . 

1779-18. 

Mrs.  Hemans, 

1793-18 

Robert  Pollok,    .     . 

1709-18: 

R.  H.  Barham  (Ingoldsby),  1788-18. 

John  Lingard,      .     . 

1771-18, 

Sheridan  Knowles,  . 

i784-i8< 

D.  M.  Moir  (Delta), 

1798-18; 

Hartley  Coleridge,   . 

1796-18. 

J.  P.  Collier,  .     .     . 

1789-18J 

Thomas  Chalmers,    . 

1780-18. 

Sir  Wm.  Hamilton,  .  1788- 
Charles  Knight,  .  .  .  1791- 
Waverley  Novels  acknowledged. 
Miss  Mitford,  .  .  .  1787- 
Edward  Irving,  .  .  .  1792- 
B.  W.  Proctor  (Barry  Cornwall) 

1787- 

Thomas  De  Quincey,  1785- 

Henry  Hallam,    .     .  1778- 

John  Austin,   ....  1789- 

T.  Gaisford,    ....  1780- 

Nassau  Senior,     .     .     .  1790- 

Wm.  Carleton,     .     .     .  1798- 

R.  Nicoll i8i4- 


T.  B.  MACAULAT 
Richard  Whately, 
P.  F.  Tytler,  .  . 
Dr.  Arnold,  .  . 
Sir  F.  Palgrave,  . 
Henry,  Lord  Brough 
Charles  Napier,  . 
William  Napier,  . 
L.  E.  Landon,  . 
George  Combe,  . 
Thomas  Aird, 
George  Borrow,  . 


1800- 
1787- 
1791- 

1795- 
1788- 
1772- 
1786- 

1785- 
1802- 
1788- 

l802- 

1803- 


1835 


Maria  Christina^  Regent,     1833-1840 

Ferdinand  I.     Austria,        1835-1848 

Louis  Napoleon  at  Strasburg,      1836 

Ernest  Augustus  of  Hanover,       1837 

The  French  in  Algiers,        1830- 1847 

Guizot, 1832-1848 

Mehemet   Ali   and   Ibrahim    Pacha 
in  Syria,      ....       1832-1848 


Lord  Melbourne,  Premier,  1835-1841 
Russell,  Home  Secretary,  and  Pal- 
merston, Foreign  Secretary. 
Tractarian  Movement,  .       1833-1 841 
Ecclesiastical  Commission,      .     1834 
Sir  Robert  Peel's  ist  Ministry,     1835 

VICTORIA, 1837 

♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦  ^ 

Rajah  Brooke  in  Borneo,  .     .      1837 

Anti-Corn  Law  League,     .     .     1838 

Lord  Durham  in  Canada,  .     .      1838 


Henry  H.  Milman,   .  1791- 

CoNNOP  Thirlwall,  .  1797- 

George  Grote,      .     .  1794- 

Robert  Chambers,    .     .  1S02- 

E.  B.  Pusey,  ....  1800- 
John  Keble,    ....  1792- 

F.  Mahoney  (Father  Prout),  1805- 
Isaac  Tavlor,  ....  1787- 
Douglas  Jerrold,  .  .  .  1803- 
John  M.  Kemble,  .  .  1807- 
Sir  Archibald  Alison,    .  1792- 

G.  L.  Craik,  ....  1798- 
Miss  Strickland, .     .     .  1796- 


German. 
French. 
Italian. 
Spanish. 


Portuguese. 
Russian. 
Scandinavian. 
Netherlands. 


English. 
♦♦♦♦♦««   Irish. 


d 


3.     l8l5    TO    A.D.     1840.       BY  PERIODS   OF  FIVE    YEARS. 


Jfor^ign  ^xitxnimt. 


A.  H.  Heerex,  .  . 
Maine  de  Biran,  .  . 
J.  F.  Michaud,  .  . 
Charles  Nodier,  .  . 
Casimir  Delavigne,  . 

A.  Neander,    . 
Senancour  (Obermann) 
K.  A.  G.  von  Platen, 

JOHANK  L.   UhLAND, 

E.  Tegner,  .  .  , 
Friedrich  Ruckert,  . 
A.  Schopenhauer, 
lean  F.  Champollion, 


1760-1842 
1766-1824 
1767-1839 
1780-1844 
1793-1843 
1789-1850 
1 770-1846 
1796-1837 
1787-1862 
1782-1846 
1 789- 1 866 
1 788- 1 860 
1 790- 1 832 


c^runa,  Eub^ntious,  ^rc. 


SIR  HUMPHRY  DAVY,  1778-1829 

Invents  Safety  Lampj  .     .     1815 

A.  DE  Candolle  (<5^/.),  1778-1841 

Gay-Lussac  [them.),  ..  1778-1850 

J.  J.  Berzelius,      .     .  1779-1848 

L.  Oken, 1779- 1851 

C.  Ritter, 1779-1859 

P.  Barlow,      ....  1776-1862 

Mary  Sonierville,      .     .  1780-1872 

R.  Laennec  [stethoscope),  1 78 1 -1826 

Simeon  D,  Poisson,       .  1781-1840 

Sir  David  Brewster,       .  1 781 -1868 

John  Abercrombie  (W(?^. ),  1781-1844 


^h£  Jiiu  Jlrts. 


TURNER(/,^^,^w^r),i775- 

SCHUBERT  (w),    .       .      .         1797- 

Edmund  Kean  [ac),    .  1790- 
British  Academy  of  Music, 

David  Cox  (/),  .     .     .  1783- 

Samuel  Prout  (/),     .  1783- 

Cornelius  (/),       .     .     .  1783- 

Sir  R.  Smirke  {a),    .     .  1780- 

De  Wint  (/),      .     .     .  1784- 

B.  R.  Maydon  {/),   .      .  1786- 

W.  Mulready  (/),     .     .  1786- 

Etty  (/), 1787- 


851 
828 

833 
824 

859 
852 
867 
867 
849 
846 
863 
849 


P.  DE  BERANGER, 
[.  F.  Herbart,      .     . 
Emmanuel  Bekker,  . 
Ludwig  Borne,     .     . 
mmermann,  ,      .     . 
Z.  Ullmann,    . 
Fheodore  S.  Joufifroy, 
V'iCTOR  Cousin, 

'^.  GUIZOT,      .       .       . 

STENDHAL  (H.  Beyle), 
\lessandro  Manzoni, 
A.  Ivanovitch  Turgenie 
ohn  P.  A.  Remusat 
Silvio  Pellico, 


ff, 


1780-1857 
1776-1841 

1785-1871 
1786-1837 
1 796- 1 840 
1 796- 1 865 
1 796- 1 842 
1 792- 1 867 
1787-1874 
1783-1842 
1784-1873 
1784-1S45 
178S-1832 
1789-1854 


F.  J.  Arago,      .     .     .       1 786- 1 853 
First  Iron  Ship,  ...     .     .     .      182 1 

M.  I.  Brunei,       .     .     .       1769-1849 
Beaumont  [j/ied.],     .     .     .      fl.  1824 
Leo  Nobili,     ....       1784-1835 

Frederick  W.  Bessel,     .       1784- 1 846 
Wm.  Buckland  (^^^.),   .       1784-1856 

First  Railway, 1824 

Francois  Magendie,       .       1783- 1855 
Sir  Benjamin  Brodie(w^^/. ),  1783-1862 

G.  B.  Amici,  ....       1784-1S63 
M.  E.  Chevreul  [chet?!.],  1786-1889 


Chantrey  {sc),  .     .     .  1781- 

Copley  Fielding  (/)),      .  17S7- 

F.  Overbeck  (/),      .     .  1789- 

Horace  Vernet  (p),  .   ^^  1789- 

M.  H.  Caraffa  (w),  •     •  1787- 

D.  Auber  (///),      .     .     .  1784- 

Spohr  (w),    ...     .  1784- 

Sir  H.  Bishop  (w),  .     .  1786- 

DoNiZETTi  (w),  .  ^  .  1798- 

Bellini  {m),      .  ^.     .  1806- 

Paganini  [violinist),  ^.  1784- 

R.  Seymour  [et),       .     .  1800- 

Maria  Taglioni  {«?««(:.),  1804- 

F.  V.  Delacroix  (;>),      .  1799- 


841 

855 
869 
863 
872 
871 
859 
855 
848 
836 
840 
836 
884 
863 


:IEINRICH  HEINE,  .  .  1800-1856 
\dam  Mickiewicz,  .  1798-18S5 
Vlichael  J.  Lermontofif,  181 1- 1841 
\lexander  Poushkin,  1799-1837 
xOrertF.deLamennais,  1782-1857 
EAN  B.  H.  Lacordaire,  1802- 1861 
\i.exisdeTocqueville,  1805-1859 
\ugustin  Thierry,  .  .  1795- 1856 
NJikolaus  Lenau,  .  .  1 802- 1850 
Vlphonse  Lamartine,  1792-1869 
V.  F.  Villemain,       .     .       1790- 1870 


SirW.  J.  Hooker  ((^^/.),  1785-1865 

N.  H.  Abel,  ....  1802-1829 

Joseph  Fraunhofer,  .     .  1787- 1 826 

G.  S.  Ohm,     ....  1787-1845 

Augustine  J.  Fresnel,    .  1788-1827 

Jean  Victor  Poncelet,    .  1788-1867 

Anthony  C.   Becquerel,  1788- 1878 

Louis  J.  M.  Daguerre, .  1789-1851 

R.  Bright  (w^^.),      .     .  1789-1858 

Sir  E.  Sabine,      .     .     .  1788-1883 

Augustine  L.  Cauchy(^.?^.),  1789- 1857 

Gall  and  Spurzheim,       fl.  1820- 1832 


Mai.ibran[Garcia](w^),  1808- 

A.  L.  Barye  [sc),    .     .  1795- 

Schwanthaler  [sc),    .     .  1802- 

Sir  C.  Barry  (a), ,     .     .  1795- 

Geo.  Cruikshank  [et),  1792- 

Macready  (««:),     .     .     .  1793- 

RossiNi  (w),  .     v    .     .  1792- 

Meyerbeer  (w),     .     .  1794- 

C.  Stanfield  [p),  .     .     .  1793- 

Ary  Scheffer  (/>),       .     .  1795- 

J.  Graham  Gilbert  [p), .  1795- 

Catalani  [voc],      .     .     .  1799- 


836 

875 
848 
860 
878 

873 
868 
864 
867 
858 
866 
849 


L  DE  BALZAC,  .     .     .  1799- 1850 

VUGUSTE  COMTE,  .     .  1798- 1857 
^evue  des  Deux  Mondes,  .     .      1830 

i^rangois  A.  Mignet,      .  1 796- 1 804 

!^ouis  Adolphe  Thiers, .  1797-1877 

J.  Leopardi  (Count), t.^  1798-1837 

Giusti, 1 809- 1 850 

/incent  Gioberti,      .  [  .  1801-1852 

''rederika  Bremer,    .     .  1801-1865 

-lans  Christian  Andersen,  1805 -1 875 


Liverpool  and  Manchester  Rail- 
way and  ' '  Rocket "  Engine,  1 830 
Wm.  P.  Alison  [fued.),.  1790- 1859 
John  Fred.  Daniell,  .  1 790- 1845 
A.  F.  Moebius,  .  .  .  1790- 1868 
Marshall  Hall  [vied.),  .  1790-1857 
Morin  H.  Jacobi,  .  .  1 790- 1 874 
Felix  Savart,  .  .  .  .  1791-1841 
Johann  F.  Encke,  .  .  1 791 -1865 
Bischof  (^w.,  r/i^w.),  .  1792-1870 
Wm.  Whewell,  .  .  .  1794- 1866 
Robert  Liston  (w^^.)>   •       1794-1848 


Jean  A.  D.  Ingres  (/),  .  1780- 

Paul  Delaroche  (/),       .  1797- 

J.  Linnell  (/),      .     .     .  1792- 

R.  Westmacott  [sc),       .  1 799- 

J.  B.  C.  CoROT  (/),      .  1796- 
SiR  Edwin  Landseer(/'),i8o2- 

J.  B.  Buckstone  [ac),     .  1802- 

L.  Hector  Berlioz  [m),  .  1803- 

Alex.  J.  Dechamps  {/),  1803- 

Samuel  Phelps  [ac),  .     .  1804- 

Sir  Francis  Grant  (/),  .  1804- 

Wilhelm  Kaulbach  (/),  1805- 

Baron  Marochetti  [sc),  .  1805- 


867 
852 
882 
872 
875 
873 
879 
869 
860 
878 
878 

874 
867 


Carl  R.  Lepsius,      .     .  1813-1884 

jeorg  PI.  A.  von  Ewald,  1803- 1875 

2.  A.  Lobeck,     .     .     .  1781-1860 

i.  F.  Grundtwig,    .     .  1783- 1872 

''.  C.  Diez,     ....  1794-1876 

^uguste  Boeckh,      .     .  1785- 1867 

i.  (i795-i864)&  G.  Rose,  1798-1873 

V.  Dumas  (pere),    .     .  1803- 1870 

akob  van  Lennep,  .     .  1 802- 1 866 

ohann  H.  D.  Zschokke,  177 1 -1848 


Sir  John  Herschel,  .  1792-1871 
Charles  Babbage,  .  .  1 792-1 871 
Sir  Roderick  Murchison,  1792-187 1 
Eilhard  Mitscherlich,  .  1794- 1863 
Friedrich  G.  W.  Struve,      1793- 1864 

Romberg, 1 795"  1873 

J.  V.  Audouin,  .  .  .  1797-1841 
Flourens  [nfcd.),  .  .  .  1794-1867 
Electric  Telegraph,  ....      1S37 

Photography, 1839 

FoisemUe  [med.),  .  .  1799-1869 
Christian  F.  Schonbein,       1799-1868 


Mendelssohn  [m),     .  1809- 

Chopin  [m),  ....  1809- 

David  Scott  [p),  .     .  1806- 

W.  J.  Miiller  [p),     .     .  1812- 

Horatio  M'CulIoch  (/),  1806- 

Sir  Daniel  Macnee  (/),  i8o6- 

William  Dyce  (/),    .     .  i8o6- 

Giuseppe  Mario  [z'oc),  W  i8o8- 

Narcisse  Diaz  (/),    .     .  1808 

Michael  Balfe  [ni),   .     .  i8o8- 

F.  A.  Kemble  [ac),  .     .  1809- 

Robert  Schumann  [m),  i8io- 

P.  F.  Poole  [p\  .     .     .  i8io- 

Constant  Trovon  M),    .  1810- 


847 
849 
849 
845 
867 
882 
864 
883 
876 
870 

893 
856 

879 
863 


( bat. )     Botanist. 
[cheni.)  Chemist. 
[med.)  Physician. 
[geo.)     Geologist, 


(/)        Painter. 
[a)         Architect. 
[et)         Etcher. 
[engr.)  Engraver. 


(sc)  Sculptor. 

[m)  Musician. 

[ac)  Actor. 

[voc)  Vocalist. 


1 


TABLE    XV. 

FROM    A.D.     1840   TO    1 865. 


XV.— THE    NINETEENTH    CENTURY.     FROM 


1840 


Jo  reign  ^jiet^rg. 


184S 


Louis  Napoleon  at  Boulogne,  1840 
Espartero  in  Spain,  .  .  1840- 1 843 
Abd-el-Kader,  .  .  .  1835-1847 
Frederick  Wii.liam_IV\,  .  1840 
Oscar,  King  of  Sweden,  1844-1859 
Isabella  II.  in  Spain,  1843-1868 
Charles  Albert,  Sardinia,     1831-1849 

Pius  IX.,  Pope,       .     .       1846-1878 

Civil  War  in  Switzerland,    1846- 1 847 

Insurrection  at  Vienna,      .     .      1848 
3rd      French      Revolution       and 
2nd  Republic,  Louis  Napoleon, 

President, 1848 

MAZZjNi_atJ<onie,  ....     1849 

Kossuth  in  Hungary,  ,  1848-1849 
Francis  Joseph.    .     .     .       1849- 

Battle  of  Novara,      ....     1849 


(English  ^  ^coUh  iJistor^. 


The  Queen's  Marriage,       .     .     1840 

Sir  Robert  Peel,  Premier,  1841-46 
♦♦♦♦♦«♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 

Disraeli,  Leader  of  Opposition. 
Opium  War  in  China,  .       1839- 1842 
War  with  Dost  Mahomed  in  Af- 
ghanistan,  ....       I 838- I 842 

War  in  Scinde, 1843 

"  Free  Church  "  Secession,     .     1843 

^♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦4« ♦♦♦♦« 

Trial  of  O'Connell,  .     .     .     .     1844 
•♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦•♦♦ 

Sir  John  Franklin's  last  Voyage,  1845 


CoBDEN  and  Bright  flourish. 

Irish  Famine, 1845 

Oregon  Dispute,  .  .  1845- 1846 
Corn  Laws  abolished,  .  .  1846 
Lord  J.  Russell,  Premier,  1846- 1852 
Lord  Palmerston,  Foreign  Secretary, 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦  1846-1851 

Sikh  Wars,  .1845-1846,1848-1849 
Cafifre  Wars,   .     .     .     .       1847- 1848 

Financial  Panic, 1847 

Chartist  Riots, 1848 

Smith  O'Brien  and  Mitchell,  .  1848 
♦«♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ ♦♦♦♦« 


Q:nglish  gitcratiiri. 


Thomas  Carlyle,  .     . 

SiK  Henry  Taylor,  . 

R.  Hengist  Home,  .     . 

Charles  Wells,     .     .     .    1799?- 

Miss  Martineau,  .     . 

H.  Glassford  Bell,    .     [       ,„^^. 

P.  Stanhope  (Ld.  Mahon),  1805- 

Sir  George  C.  Lewis,    .        ^  " 

John  S.  Mill,  .     .     , 

Sir  E.  L.  Bulwer,     . 

Mrs.  Norton,  .... 

E.  Barrett  Browning, 

J.  W.  Donaldson,     .     . 


W.  M.  Thackeray,  . 
Charles  Dickens, 

Benjamin  Disraeli,   .  . 

Charles  Lever,     .     .  . 

James  F.  Ferrier,      .  . 

Mrs.  Gaskell,  .     .  . 

The  Brontes,   .     .  . 

Wm.  Rathbone  Greg,  . 

Thomas  Hughes,      .  . 

John  Forster,  .  .  . 
J.  C.  Shairp,  .... 
Wm.  Edmonstone  Aytoun, 

F.  D.  Maurice,      .  . 

H.  L.  Mansel,     .     .  . 


18SO 


Coup  d'Etat  at  Paris. 


.     .      1851 
(1801-1852) 


Gioberti  in  I taly, 

Manteufifel  in  Prussia,  fl.  1853- 1858 
NAPOLEON  III.  (i8o8-7^K  1852-1870 

Russians  cross  the  Pruth,  .     .      1853 

Turkish  Fleet  at  Sinope,  .  .  1853 
Russians  repulsed  at  Silistria,  1854 
Siege  of  Sevastopol,  .  1854-1855 
Death  of  Nicholas,  ....  1855 
Siege  of  Kars, 1855 


Death  of  Peel, 1850 

Ecclesiastical  Titles  Bill,  .  .  1851 
Australian  Gold,  .  .  .  .  1851 
Death  of  Wellington,    .     .     .     1852 

Burmese  War, 1852 

Lord  Derby's  Ministry,  1852,  thrown 

out  on  failure  of  Disraeli's  Budget. 
Lord  Aberdeen,  Premier,        1852-55 
Lord  Palmerston,  Home  Secretary. 
Convocation  revived,     .     .     .      1854 
Crimean  War,  .     .     .      1853-1856 

Alma,  Balaclava,  Inkermann,      1854 


George  Eliot,  .     . 
Arthur  H.  Clough,  . 
Norman  Macleod,    . 
J.  Hill  Burton,    .     . 
Sir  Arthur  Helps,     . 
Charles  Kingsley, 
Dr.  John  Brown, 
John  Henry  Lewes, 
A,  Lindsay  Gordon, 
John  Wm.  Colenso, 
Mark  Pattison,    .     . 
Arthur  P.  Stanley,   . 
Charles  Reade,    .     . 
Anthony  Trollope,   . 


1855 


I860 


Alexander  II. 


.     .       1855-1881 

Treaty  of  Paris, 1856 

CAyouR_jn_Italy,      .     .    (1810-1861) 

Deak  in  Hungary,  .  .  (1832-1867) 
Franco-Italian- Austrian  War,  1859 
Battles  of  Magenta  and  Solferino,  1859 

Villafranca,    Savoy    and    Nice    to 

France,  Lombardy  to  Sardinia,  1859 
Reichsrath  Reforms  in  Austria,  i860 
Garibaldi  in  Sicily,  ....     i860 


Palmerston,  Premier,     .     1855-58 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦  -^  -^ 

Annexation  of  Oude,     .     .     .     1856 

Persian  War,  ....       1856- 1857 

Indian  Mutiny,    .     .      1857-1858 

Massacre  of  Cawnpore  and  Relief  of 

Lucknow, 1857 

India  transferred  to  Crown,    .      1858 
Second  Chinese  War,    .       1856- 1860 

Conspiracy  Bill, 1858 

Volunteers, 1859 

Palmerston  resigns,  1858,  returns,  '59 


H.  T.  Buckle,  .  .  . 

William  Barnes,  .  .  . 

Sydney  Dobell,    .  .  . 

Alexander  Smith,  .  . 
James  Thomson, 

C.  S.  Calverley,  . 
David  Gray,    .... 

D.  G.  Rossetti,  .  . 

D.  M.  Mulock(Mrs.  Craik) 
Henry  Fawcett,  . 

E.  H.  Palmer,     .  .  . 
T.  H.  Green,       .  .  .  c. 
J.  R.  Green,      .  .  .  c. 
R.  C.  Trench,      .  .  . 


Emancipation  of  Russian  Serfs,  1861 
WiLLiAMj^.,_^in^f_Prjassia,  1861 
Victor^mmanuel,  King  of  Ital^i  1 86 1 
Otho  expelled  from  Greece,  .  1863 
Gkorge,  King  of  Greece,  .  1863 
Insurrection  in  Poland,  .  .  1863 
Russia  advances  in  Asia,      1864-1877 

French  in  Mexico,  ....  1864 
Schleswjg-Holstejn  Wa£,  .     .     1864 


Stanley,  Secretary  for  India,  1859 
Commercial  Treaty  with  France,  i860 
Death  of  Prince  Albert,  .  .  1861 
The  Trent  Affair,  .  .  .  .  1861 
The  "Alabama"  sails,  .  .  1862 
Cotton  Famine,  .  .  .  1862-1863 
Ionian  Islands  surrendered,  .  1864 
Russell,  Premier,      .     .       1865-1866 

Rebellion  in  Jamaica,  .  .  .  1865 
Impeachment  of  Gov.  Eyre,  .      1865 


J.  H.  Newman,      .  . 

James  Martineau,     .  . 

F.  W.  Newman,       .  . 

Charles  Merivale,     .  . 

Mary  Cowden  Clarke,  . 

Alfred  Tennyson,  . 

T.  A.  Trollope,  .     .  . 
A.  W.  E.  O'Shaughnessy, 

A.  W.  Kinglake,      .  . 

Robert  Browning,  . 

Aubrey  de  Vere,       .  . 

James  Spedding,       .  . 

Edward  Fitzgerald, .  . 


German. 
Prussian. 
French. 
Italian. 


Spanish. 
Papal. 
Russian. 
Scandinavian. 


Swiss. 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦   English. 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦   Scotch. 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦    Irish. 


1840    TO    A.D.     1865.      IN  PERIODS   OF  FIVE    YEARS. 


Jfomgii  ^iterahir^. 


(Sdcna,  luljeutixms,  ^r. 


^he  Jiu^  ^rt0. 


'icTOR  Hugo,   .     .     .  1802-1885 

assili  Shukovski,    .     .  1783-1852 

abriele  Rossetti,     .     .  1783- 1854 

L.  and  W.  K.  Grimm,  1785- 1863 

Vmedee  Thierry,       .     .  1787-1873 

s^icolas  Turgenieff,  .     .  1790-1873 

1.  J.  BUNSEN,      .      .       .  I79I-1860 

j^ugene  Scribe,    .     .     .  1 791 -i  861 

.  M.  Lappenberg,  .     .  1794- 1865 

lerle  D'Aubigne,    .     .  1794- 1872 

*aul  de  Kock,     .     .     .  1794- 1 871 

oseph  Mery,  ....  1798-1866 

.  Sand(Mme.  Dudevant),  1804-76 

Vlfred  de  Vigny,       .     .  1799-1863 

lichard  Rothe,    .     .     .  1799- 1867 

\  Tholuck,    ....  1799-1877 

T.  T.  Azeglio,    .     .     .  1800- 1866 

ean  Jacques  Ampere,  .  1800-1864 

Z.  Lassen,      ....  1800-1876 

aulin  Paris,  ....  1 800- 1 88 1 

..  M.  Feuerbach,    .     .  1804- 1872 

vl.  G.  Madvig,^~:     .     .  1804- 1886 

Eugene  Sue,   ....  1804- 1857 

I.  and  M.  de  Guerin,  .  1805-1848 

G.  Gervinus,  .     .     .  1805- 187 1 

imile  Souvestre,      .     .  1806-1854 


Michael  Faraday,    .      1794- 1867 

Penny  Postage, 1840 

C.  Daubeny  ((5^/.),  .  .  1795-1867 
Jacques  A.  L.  Quetelet,  1796- 1874 
Johann  C.  Poggendorff,  1796-1877 
Sir  Charles  Lyell,  .  1797-1875 
Elie  de  Beaumont,  .  .  1798- 1874 
G.  Andral  {med.  and  bot.),  1797-1876 
M.  Melloni,  ....  1801-1853 
F.  C.  Bonders  (/^jj?^/.  and;;^^<^.), 

1818-1889 
Michel  Charles,  .  .  .  1793-1880 
John  Lindley  ((^^A), .     .       1799-1865 


Richard  Wagner,     .  1813-1883 

William  Hunt,     .     .     .  1790-1864 

Sir  G.  Gilbert  Scott  [a),  1811-1878 

Charles  Kean  {act. ) ,      .  1 8 1 1  - 1 868 

A.  W,  Pugin  [a),      .     .  1811-1852 

Theodore  Chasseriau  (/),  18 19- 1856 

T.  Creswick  (/),       .     .  1811-1869 

F.  l^iszT  {m  ^.nd  pianist) y  1811-1887 

Jules  Dupre  (;^),  .     .     .  1811-1889 

P.  E.  T.  Rousseau  (/),  1812-1867 

Birket  Foster,      .     .     .  181 2- 1899 

GiULiA  Grisi  {act.,  voc),  181 2- 1869 

E.  Rachel  {act.),    .     .  1820-1858 

Charles  Jacque  {/),  .     .  1813-1894 


UiNTE  Beuve,  .  . 

idgar  Quinet,      .  . 

'rosper  Merimee,  . 

Vrmand  Carrel,  .  . 

I.  P.  E.  Littre,  . 
"rederic  Bastiat, 

>Jicolo  Tommaseo,  . 
Ludwig  Runeberg, 

3aniel  Manin,     .  . 
ules  Janin,     . 

^Jicolas  Gogol,     .  . 

\  J.  Proudhon,  .  . 

5avid  Fk  Strauss, 

I.  Wergeland,    .  . 


J.  P.  NiCHOL,  .  .  .  1804-1859 
J.  C.  Adams,  .  .  .  1819-1892 
Discovery  of  "  Neptune,"  .  .  1845 
U.  J.  Le  Verrier,  .  1811-1877 
H.  G.  Reichenbach  {dot.),  1793-1879 
Johann  MullcrlTiied.),  .  1801-1858 
Sir  R.  Christison  {med.),  1797-1880 
Jules  Michelet,  .  .  .  1798-1874 
James  Syme  {med.),  .  1799-1870 
J.  L.  Lassaigne  {chem.),  1800-1859 
Schleiden  and  Schwann  (cell  theory), 
fl.  1840 
Von  Grafe  (Ophthal.  Surg. ),  1 787- 1 840 
T.  Addison  &  Marshall  Hall  {med.). 


J.  Francois  Millet,  .  1814-1875 

W.  B.  Scott  (/), .     .     .  181 1 -1890 

J.  L.  E.  Meissonier  (;>),   c.  1812-1891 

Ernst  {violinist),    .     .  1814-1863 

Verdi  {m),     ....  1814-1901 

Baron  J.  A.  H.  Leys  (/),  1814-1869 

E.  Viollet  le  Due  (a),    .  1814-1879 

E.  M.  Ward  {p),    .     .  1816-1879 

Sir  S.  Bennett  {m),  .     .  1816-1875 

J.  Leech, 1817-1864 

C.  F.  Daubigny  {p),      .  1817-1878 

Joannes  Bosboom  (/),  .  1817- 1891 

Peter  Cornelius  (ot),      .  1824-1874 

Chas.  Gounod  (w),     .  1818-1893 


1 804- 1 869 
1803-1875 
1803- 1870 
1 800- 1 836 
1801-1881 
1801-1850 
1 802 -1 874 
1 804- 1877 
1 804- 1 857 
1804-1874 
1808-1852 
1 808- 1 865 
1808-1874 
1808-1845 


Sir  Richard  Owen,  .  1804- 1892 
Jean  Bapt.  Dumas,  .  1806-1884 
W.  F.  B.  Hofmeisteri^/.),  1824- 1877 
Dover  to  Calais  C^:5ie7  .  .  1851 
First  International  Exhibition,  1851 
Arnaud  Trousseau  {med.),  1801 -1866 
J.  B.  Boussingault  {chem.),  1802- 1887 
Richard  Graves  {med.),  1800- 1853 
Hugh  Miller, .  .  .  .  1802- 1856 
J.  A.  F.  Plateau,  .  .  1 801 -1883 
Justus  von  Liebig  {chem.),  1803-1873 
James  Challis,  .  .  .  1803-1882 
Sir  Charles  Wheatstone,  1 802 - 1 87 5 
J.  C.  F.  Sturm,  .     .     .       1803-1855 


Jenny  LiND(a<:A  and  w<;.),  1820-1887 

Chas.  Meryon  {et),  .     .  182 1-1868 

W.  P.  Frith  (/)  .     .     .  1819   — 

Gustave  Courbet  {p),    .  1819-1877 

Edouard  Frere  (/),  .     .  1819-1886 

Jacques  Oftenbach  {m),  18 19- 1880 

Paul  J.  Clays  (/),     .     .  1819-1900 

Helen  Faucit  {act.),       .  1817-1898 

J.  B.  Jongkind  {p),  .     .  181 9-1 891 

J.  C.  Hook  (/),   .     .     .  1819-1901 
Madame  Schumann  {pian.),  1819-96 

J.  B.  Carpeaux  {sc),   .  1827-1875 

F.  R.  Pickersgill  (/),    .  1820-1900 

F.  Fromentin,      .     .     .  1820-1875 


G.  F.  Watts  (/),    .     .  1820-1904 
Sir  Geo.  Grove  {mus.  critic),  1820-1900 

F.  Robson  (ar/. ),  .  .  1821-1864 
Sir  Noel  Paton  (/),  .  .  1821-1901 
Adelaide  Ristori  {act.),  .  1 821 -1906 
Viardot  Garcia  (ret.  1 869)(w<r),  1821  — 
C.  A.  Fechter  (arA),  .  1822-1879 
Rosa  Bonheur  {p),  .  •  1822-1899 
Joachim  Raff  (w),  .  .  1822-1882 
A.  Cabanel  {p),  .  .  .  1823-1889 
Josef  Israels  (/),  .  .  .  1824  — 
Adolphe  Monticelli  (/),  1824-1886 
Marietta  Alboni  {voc), .  1826  1894 

G.  E.  Street  {a), .     .     .  1824-1881 


Pheophile  Gautier 
Vuguste  Barbier, 

mile  de  Girardin,  . 
vime.  de  Girardin,  . 
jerard  de  Nerval,  . 
*aludan  Muller,  .  . 
Z.  F.  de  Montalembert 
Vlfped  de  Musset, 

ritz  Reuter,  .     .     . 

issaiion  G.  Belinski 
v.  Herzen, 
ienri  Conscience,    . 
•«J.  A.  Nekrassoff,     . 
^aboulaye,      .     .     . 


1811-1872 
1 805 -1 882 
1806-1881 
1804-1855 
1808-1855 
1809- 1 876 
1810-1870 
1810-1857 
1816-1874 
1812-1848 
1812-1870 
1812-1883 
1821-1888 
1811-1883 


Sir  Wm.  R.  Hamilton,  1805-1865 

Louis  Agassiz,  .     .     .  1808-1873 
Ant.Jerome  Ballard  (<:/^<?w.),  1802- 1876 

William  Stokes  {med.), .  1804-1878 

Thomas  Graham  {chem.),  1805-1869 

Rokitansky,    ....  1804- 1878 

Czermak  (Laryngoscope),  1828-1873 

H.  von  Mohl  {bot.),       .  1805-1872 

Augustus  de  Morgan,    .  1806-1871 

E.  von  Bibra  (r/^^w. ),    .  1806-1878 

J.  F.  Malgaigne  {med.),  1806- 1 865 

Alphonso  Nelaton  {med.),  1807-1873 

M'Clintock's  Voyages,  .  1848- 1859 


VAN  S.  Turgenieff, 
3tto  Jahn,       ... 
_yOuis  Blanc,   ... 
3.  Auerbach,  .     .     . 
'ran9ois  Ponsard,     .     , 
A^.  A.  Miller,      .     . 

;.EOP()LD  VON    RANKE 

3runo  Bauer, ... 
vlichael  Chevalier,  . 
'erdinand  Freiliiirath, 
<.arl  Guizkow,  .  . 
*aul  Feval,  .  .  . 
C.  Feydeau,  . 
Charles  Baudelaire,  . 


1818-1883 
1813-1869 
1813-1883 
1812-1882 
1814-1867 
1817-1870 
1795-1886 
1809-1882 
1 806- 1 879 
1810-1876 
1811-1883 
1817-1887 
1821-1873 
1821-1866 


Henri  Regnault(c-4^w.),  1810- 1 878 
Spectrum  Analysis,  ....  i860 
J.  Decaisne  {bot.),  .  .  1807- 1882 
A.  Laurent  {chem.),  .  1807-1853 
Samuel  Brown  {chem.),  1817-1856 
SirWm.  Fergusson(w(?^.),  1808-1877 
Grenier  {bot.),  .  .  .  1808-1877 
P.  Kelland,  ....  1808-1879 
James  D.  Forbes,  .  .  1809- 1868 
Sir  J,  Simpson  (Chloroform),  1811-70 
K.  Koch  {bot.),  .  .  .  1 809- 1 879 
Robert  Bunsen  {chem.),  181 1 -1899 
Edward  Forbes,  .  .  .  181 5- 1854 
Atlantic  Cables,  .     .     .       1858-1866 


J.  L.  Gerome  (/),  .  .  1824- 1904 
D.  G.  Rossetti,  .  .  1828-1882 
Thomas  Woolner  (^^),  .  1826- 1892 
J.,  M.,  and  W.  Maris  {p),  fl.  1865 
Holman  Hunt  (/>),  .  .  1827  — 
Ford  Madox  Brown  (/),  1 821- 1893 
Sir  J.  E.  MiLLAis  (;^),  1829-1896 
A.  Rubinstein {m&piaji.),  1829-1894 
Ernesto  Rossi  {act.),  .  1829-1896 
Tommaso  Salvini  {act.),  1830  — 
J.  L.  Toole  {act.),  .  .  1830-1906 
Lord  Leighton  {p),  .  .  1830-1896 
Theresa  Tietjens  {tjoc),  1831-1877 
Hans  von  Blilow  (w),    .       1830-1894 


{chem.)     Chemist.        {a)       Architect.  (w)        Musician. 

{bot.)         Botanist.        {act.)  Actov.  {pian.)  Pianist, 

{med.)       Physician,      {p)      Painter.  {voc.)     Vocalist. 
( thvsiol.  \  Phvsioloffist. 


{vio.)  Violinist. 

{mus.  critic)  Musical  Critic. 

{sc)  Sculptor. 

(et\  Etcher. 


TABLE    XVI. 
FROM   A.D.    1865   TO    1 888. 


XVI.— THE    NINETEENTH    CENTURY.     FRC 


A.D. 


1865 


goxnqn  ^istarj). 


Seven  Weeks'  War,     Sadowa, 
North'GeTman  TTonreHeraTion, 


1870 


Karl  O.  Von  EisMARCK,(i8r5-i898) 
1866 
1866 
1866 

1867 
1867 
1868 

1870 


Venice  falls  to  Italy,     .     .     . 

Luxemburg  QuesTion,  .     .     . 
Francis  Joseph  crowned  at  Pesth, 
Isabella  11.  deposed,     .     .     • 


f  ritish  ^$tst0ri). 


Vatican  Council,       .     .     . 

The  Cortes.     Prim  and  Serrano. 
Franco-Prussian  War,  T870-187] 


Woerth,  Gravelotte,  Vionville,  1870 
Sedan,  Metz  &  Strasburg  taken,  1870 
3rd  French  Republic,    .     .     .      1870 


William  I.,  Emperor.    Paris  taken, 
Rome  the  capital  of  Italy, 


1871 


Gladstone's  Reform  Bill  fails,      1866 

Lord  Derby,  Premier,  .       1866- 1868 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦  ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 
Fenianism  in  Ireland,    . 
♦♦♦♦♦♦ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 
Disraeli's  Reform  Bill,  . 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦»♦♦♦♦♦♦ 
Disraeli,  Premier,     .     . 

Abyssinian  Expedition, 

Gladstone,  Premier,  . 


.     1867 

.     1867 

.     1868 

1867-1868 

1868-1874 

Lowe,  Chancellor  of  Exchequer. 

Disestablishment  of  Irish  Church,  1869 
♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 


Land  Act  of  Ireland,     . 
English  Education  Act, 


Commune  in  Paris,  .     .  .     .      1871 

Thiers,  President,    .     .  1871-1873 

Black  Sea  Conference, .  .     .      187 1 

King  Amadeo,    .     .     .  1871-1873 

Spanish  Republic,    .     .  1873- 1874 


Home  Gov.  Association,    . 
Peace  Preservation  Act,     . 
University  Tests  abolished. 
Army  Purchase  abolished, 
Scotch  Education  Act, .     . 


Lord  Mayo  assassinated, 
The  Ballot  passed,  .  . 
Home  Rule  League, 

Ashantee  War,     .     .     . 
Disraeli,  Premier, 


1873 
1874- 


1870 
1870 

1870 
1870 
1871 
1871 
1871 

1872 
1872 
1873 

1874 


€nijii0h  'giittninxz. 


Dean  R.  Church,      . 
Geo.  Rawlinson, 
Philip  J.  Bailey,  .     . 
B.  Jowett,       .     ,     . 
Austen  Layard,    .     . 
Alex.  Bain,     .     .     . 
Richard  Congreve,  . 
James  Anthony  Froude 
John  Ruskin,    .     . 
Walter  Bagehot, .     . 
Sir  J.  Skelton  (Shirley) 
Herbert  Spencer, 
John  Caird,     .     .     . 
Sir  Geo.  W.  Dasent, 


J.  S.  Lefanu,  . 
Matthew  Arnold, 
Frances  Power  Cobbe, 
E.  Lynn  Linton, 
Sir  Henry  Maine,     . 
David  Masson,    .     . 
Henry  Morley,    .     . 
Edward  A,  Freeman, 
Coventry  Patmore,   . 
Goldwin  Smith,  .     . 
Charlotte  M.  Yonge, 
Wilkie  Collins,    .     . 
C.    G.   Gumming,  Miss  Bird,   E, 
Whymper,  Lady  Brassey,    fl.  18; 


1815-1; 
i8i5-i( 
i8i6-i( 
1817-iJ 
1817-1J 
1818-1C 
1818-1J 
1818-1S 
1819-19 
1826-18 
1831-18 
1820-19 
1820-18 

1814-18 
1822-18 
1822-19 
1822-18 
1822-18. 

l822-19( 

1822- 18< 

i823-i8« 

i823-i8( 

1823- 

i823-i9{ 

1824- 1 8{ 


1875 


1880 


Alphonso  Xll.,  .     .     . 

MacMahon,  President, 

Bulgarian  Insurrections, 
The  Andrassy  Note, 
Russo-Turkish  War, 


1874-1886 

1873-1879 

1874-1876 

.      1876 

1877-1878 

.      1878 


Humbert_rV^(b.  1844),     . 

Siege  of  Plevna.  (Osman  Pasha),  1878 
Treaty  of  San  Stephano,    .     .      1878 

Berlin  Congress  and  Treaty,  .     1878 

Shere  Ali  stops  English  Envoy,  1878 
Leo  XIII., 1878 


Hartington,  Liberal  Leader,  1875 
«♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 

Ld.  Beaconsfield  (Disraeli),  '76,  d.  '81 
Queen  Empress  of  India,  .  .  1877 
Gladstone's  Bulgarian  Crusade,  1 876-8 
Fleet  to  Constantinople,  and  Indian 

troops  to  Malta,  ....  1878 
Derby  leaves  Ministry.  Russell  d.,  '78 
Lds.  Sal  isby-andBeacons'^at  Berlin, '78 
City  of  Glasgow  Bank  breaks,  1878 
Afghan  War,  1878-81.  Zulu,  1879 
Davitt  forms  Irish  Land  League,  1879 

Gladstone's  Midlo'n  Speeches,     1879 


George  MacDonald,  .  1824 

F.  T.  Palgrave,   .     .  .  1824 

William  Y.  Sellar,   .  .  1825 

William  Stubbs,  .     .  .  1825 

W.  G.  Palgrave,       .  .  1826 

George  Meredith,  .  1828 

Mrs.  Oliphant,    .     .  .  1828 

S.  R.  Gardiner,  .     .  .  1829 

Laurence  Oliphant,  .  .  1829 

W.  M.  Rossetti, .     .  .  1829 

Fitzjames  Stephen,  .  .  1829 

Justin  M'Carthy,      .  .  1830 

Jean  Ingelow,      .     .  .  1830 

Christina  Rossetti,    .  .  1830 


Jules  Grevy,  President,        1879- 1887 


Thessaly  to  Greece, .  .  .  .  1880 
Boers  revolt.  Majuba  Hill,  1880-81 
Gambetta,  Prime  Minister,  1881-1882 


1881 
.  1881 
.  1882 
1883-1885 
.  1884 
.     1884 


Assassination  of  Alexander  II 
Alexander  III.  succeeds,   .     . 
Arabi  Pasha's  Rebellion,    .     . 
War  in  the  Soudan, 
Germans  in  New  Guinea, 
Russians  attack  Pendjeh, 

French  in  China.   Fall  of  Ferry,  1884 
Revolt  in  Bulgaria,  ....      1886 


Gladstone,  Premier,      .       1880- 1885 

Peace  Preservation  Act  expires,  1880 

Withdrawal  from  Candahar,   .      1 881 

Surrender  of  Transvaal,      .     .      1881 

Irish  Outrages,&  Land  Act,  1880-1881 

♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ »♦♦«♦♦♦«« 

Act  for  Irish  Arrests,    .     .     .      1881 

Parnell,  Dillon, &c., imprisoned,  188 1 

Kilmainham.  W.Forster resigns,  1882 

♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ 

Phoenix  Park  Murders,       .     .      1 882 

Coercion  Act, 1882 

County  Franchise  Act, .     .     .      1884 
Betrayal  and  Death  of  Gordon,   1885 


-19c  5 

-i8c7 

-i8cc 
-19c  I 
-186S 
-19C5 

-1857 
-19c  2 

-1888 

-1894 

-1897 
-189^ 
-1891 
-1904 
■1904 
•  1903 
■1896 


Ld.  Lytton  (O.  Meredith),  1831 

Sir  Edwin  Arnold,    .     .  1832 

Sir  Leslie  Stephen,  .     .  1832 

Augustus  J.  C.  Hare,    .  1834 

Wm.  Morris,     .     .     .  1834 

J.  R.  Seeley,  ....  1834- 

Edward  Caird,     .     .     .  1835- 

A.  V.  Dicey,  ....  1835- 

A.  C.  Swinburne,      .  1837- 

Sir  Lewis  Morris,     .     .  1833- 
Miss  Thackeray  (Mrs.  Ritchie). 

A.  W.  Ward,       .     .     .  1837- 

William  Knight,        .      .  1836- 

Walter  Besant,    .     .     .  1 838- 1901 


■1908 

■1909 
■  1907 

'1 


1885 


German  Army  Bill  passed,      .  1887 

Pr.  Ferdinand  in  Bulgaria,      .  1887 

Depretis  dies.  Crispi,  Premier,  1887 

Italo-Austro-German  Alliance,  1887 

Sadi  Carnot,  President,      .     .  1887 


I 888- I 89 I 
.     1888 


Boulangism  in  France, 

Jubilee  of  Leo  XIII.,    .     .     . 
William  I.  and  Frederick  11.  die  - 


William  II. 


1888 


King  Milan  abdicates,   .     .     .     i! 
Suicide  of  Archduke  Rudolf,        i! 


Salisbury,  Premier,  .  1885-1886 
Gladstone,  Premier,  Feb. -Aug.,  1886 
*♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦« 

(J.  Morley,  Irish ;  Rosebery,  For.  Sec. ) 
Home  Rule  Bill  introduced.  .  1886 
(Hartington,  Bright,  Chamberlain, 

Unionists). 
Salisbury,  Premier,  ....      1886 

*dosclien,*t^*anc''*  of  Excheq^  1 887 

A.  J.  Balfour,  Irish  Secretary,  1887 

Prevention  of  Crimes  Act,       .  18S7 

Queen's  Jubilee,      .      June  20,  1887 

Parnell  Commission,  .  .  .  1889 
Bright  dies, 1889 


W.  E.  H.  Lecky,  .  . 

Lord  Morley,       .  .  . 

Henry  Sidgwick,  .  . 

W.  H.  Pater,       .  .  . 
Austin  Dubson,   . 
Juliana  Horatia  Ewing, 
Louise de  la  Ram ee(Ouida), 

J.  A.  Symonds,   .  .  . 

William  Black,    .  .  . 

Sir  R.  C.  Jebb,    .  .  . 

Robert  Buchanan,  .  . 

Prof.  Butcher,      .  .  . 

Andrew  Lang.     .  .  . 

R.  L.  Stevenson,  .  . 


1 838- 1 90 -i 
1838- 
1838- 1900 
1839- 1894 
1840- 
1842  1 885 
1840  1908 
1 840  1 893 
1841-1898 
1841-1905 
1841-1901 
1850- 
1844- 
1850- 1 894 


] 


German. 
Prussian. 
French. 


Spanish. 
Papal. 


♦♦♦♦♦♦*    English. 
Scotch. 
Irish. 


^.^__    TtAlian. 


>.     1 865    TO     1888.      IN  PERIODS    OF  FIVE     YEARS. 


Jfor^igu  ^xizf^iuxz. 


J.  J.  Dollinger,  .  . 
Cesare  Cantu,  .  . 
Barthelemy  St.  Hilaire 
Barbey  d'Aurevilly, 
F.  X.  Michel,  .  . 
W.  Hacklgender, 
Jules  Sandeau,  .  . 
Octave  Feuillet,  .  . 
E.  Curtius,  .  .  . 
Emmanuel  Geibel,  . 
Edmond  Scherer,  . 
y.  E.  Lemoine,  .  . 
GusTAV  Freytag,  . 


1799-1^90 
1805-1895 
1805-1895 
1808- 1889 
1809-1887 
1816-1877 
1811-1883 
1812-1890 
1814-1896 
1815-1884 
1815-1889 
1815-1892 
1816-1895 


§n£ua,  £ni3£ntions,  ^t. 


Charles  R.  Darwin, 
P.  H.  Gosse,  .... 
Carlo  Matteucci,       .     . 
Sir  Wm.  Grove,  .     .     . 
Claude  Bernard  {physiol.), 
William  B.  Carpenter,  . 
A.  T.  Cahours,    .     .     . 
Sir  H.  Bessemer,      .     . 
John  Goodsir  {anat.),    . 
Allen  Thomson  {anat.), 
Fleeming  Jenkin, 
A.  Angstrom, 
E.  Fremy  [cherji.),    .     . 
J.  J.  Sylvester,    .     .     . 


809-1882 
810-1888 
811-1869 
811-1896 
813-1878 
813-1886 
813-1891 
813-1898 
814-1867 
809-1884 
813-1885 
814-1874 
814-1894 
814-1897 


"Olh^  Sinz  ^xt&. 


fVederick  Walker  (/j,  .  1840-1875 

M.  FORTUNY  (/),    .     .  1838- 1874 

A.  Waterhouse  {a),  .     .  1830- 1905 

Flendrik  W.  Mesdag  (/),  1831-1905 

J.  Joachim  {violmist),  1831-1907 

Alfred  Stevens  (j-«r),  .     .  1818-1875 

John  Brett  (/),     .     .     .  1830-1902 

George  Mason  (/),   .     .  1818-1872 

Bastien  Lepage  (p),       .  1850-1884 

Honore  Daumier  (/),    .  1808- 1879 

Hans  Makart  (p),     .     .  1840-1884 

R.  Madrazo  (/),  .     .     .  1841- 

Adolf  von  Menzel  (/),  .  1815-1905 

F.  Sandys  (/>),     .     .     .  1832-1904 


Fedor  Dostoievski,  .     .  1821-1881 

E.  de  Goncourt,  .     .     .  1822-1896 

P.  Jacobsen,    .     .     .  1847-1885 

Theodore  Mommsen,    .  1817-1903 

Karl  Vogt 1817-1895 

H.  von  Sybel,  .  .  .  1817-1895 
DoradTstria(Hel.  Ghika),  1828- 

de  Goncourt,   .     .     .  1830-1870 

jUstave  Flaubert,  .  1821-1880 

^enri  F.  Amiel, .     .     .  1821-1881 

VI.  Hartmann,      .     .  1821-1872 

iienri  Murger,     .     .     .  1822- 1860 

^revost  Paradol,       .     .  1829-1875 

2.  Augier,      ....  1820-1889 


Suez  Canal  completed, . 
Sir  J.  D,  Hooker  {do^.), 
Sir  William  Jenner  [med.), 
Sir  William  Gull  (med.), 
Sir  W.  Bowman  [med.], 
G.  Bentham  [bot.),    . 
August  W.  Hoffmann,  . 
J.  P.  Joule,     .... 
Sir  G.  G.  Stokes,     .     . 
E.  Brown  Sequard  {med.), 
Du  Bois  Reymond,  .     . 
Gen.  Todleben  {mil.  eng.), 
Leon  Foucault  {med.),  . 


.      1869 
817- 

815-1898 
816-1890 
816-1S92 
800-1884 
818-1880 
818-1889 
819-1903 
818-1S94 
818-1896 
818-1884 
819-1868 


Sam  Bough  (/),  .     .     .  1822-1878 

T.  H.  Danby  (/),     .     .  .          -1886 

Edouard  Manet  (/),      .  1832-1883 

Albert  Moore  {p),     .     .  1841-1893 

Cesar  Franck  {th),    .     .  1822- 1890 

Antoine  Vollon  (/),       .  1833-1900 

Sir  E.  Burne  Jones  (/),  1833-1898 

H.  E.  Degas  (/),      .     .  1834- 

Claude  Monet  (/),    .     .  1840- 

JoHANNES  Brahms  {m),  1833-1897 

Sir  J.  E.  Boehm  (i-<r),    .  1834-1890 

Hermann  Vezin  {acL),  1829- 

Cecil  Lawson  (/),    .     .  1 851- 1882 


rheodore  de  Banville, 

,eone  Levi,    .     .     . 
irckmann   \  rj.  , 
:hatrian      j^^^^'    . 
ieinrich  Schliemann, 
id.  de  Laveleye, 

RNEST  Renan, 
Emmanuel  Deutsch, 

lax  Miiller,   .     .     . 
\..  Dumas  (fils),  . 

laurus  J6kai, 
.econte  de  Lisle, 

mile  Montegut, 
Carl  Blind,     .     .     . 


1823-1891 
1821-1888 
1822-1899 
1826-1890 
1822-1890 
1822-1898 
1823-1892 
1829-1873 
1 823- 1 900 
1824-1895 
I 825 -I 904 
1 826- 1 894 
1826-1895 
1826- 1907 


Macquorn  Rankme, 
John  Tyndall,      .     .     . 
Sir  Henry  Thompson,  . 
Alex.  E.  Becquerel, 
A.  Cayley,     ,.     .     .     . 
H.  F.  H'elmholtz,      . 
R.  YiRCHOW  {med.),     . 
Jacob  Moleschott,    .     . 
A.  Russell  Wallace, 
Louis  Pasteur  (c/iem.), 
J.  R.  Hind,    .... 
J.  Clerk  Maxwell,  . 
P.E.M.Berthelot(^/5^w.), 
Lord  Kelvin,   .     .     . 


821-1872 

820-1893 

820-1904 

820-1891 

821-1895 

821-1894 

821-1902 

822-1893 

822- 

822-1895 

823-1895 

831-1879 

828-1907 

824-1907 


H,  J.  Harpignies  (/),    .  1819- 

W.  Q.  Orchard  son  (/),  1835- 

A.  W,  Bouguereau  (/),  1835-1905 
Puvis  de  Chavannes(/),  1826- 1898 

Alma  Tadema  (/),    .     .  1836- 

Sir  E.  J.  Poynter  (/),    .  1836- 

J.  A.  M'N.  Whistler  (/),  1834- 1891 

Erskine  Nicol  (/)),    .     .  1825-1904 

Gustave  Moreau  {p),     .  1826- 1898 

Fantin-Latour  {p),   .     .  1836-1904 

Alphonse  Legros  {p),    .  1837- 

Arnold  Boecklin  {p),     .  1828- 1901 

Henry  Moore  {/),    .     .  1831-1895 

Sir  Henry  Irving  {acL),  1838- 1905 


i.  A.  Taine, .  .  . 
Cdmond  About,  .  . 
Ienrik  Ihsen, 
ules  Verne,  .  .  . 
'olstoi,  .... 
''illiers  de  ITsle-Adam, 
>itz  Spielhagen,  .  , 
'aul  Heyse,  .  .  . 
^ictorien  Sardou,  . 
'.milio  Castelar,  .  . 
'asquale  Villari, 
:.  Zeller,  .... 
chwegler, 
larl  Marx,      .     .     . 


1828-1893 

1828-1885 

1828-1908 

1828-1905 

1828- 

1840-1889 

1829- 

1830- 

1831-1908 

1832-1899 

1827- 

1814-1908 

1819-1857 

1818-1883 


Henry  Smith,  .     .     . 
Gustav  R.  Kirchoff, 

A.  Beer, 

T.  H.  Huxley,    .     .     . 
Sir  Andrew  Clark  {med.), 
Lord  Lister  {med.),  .     . 
Balfour  Stewart, .     .     . 
F.  A.  Kekule  {chem.),  . 
Paul  Bert,       .... 
Sir  Henry  Roscoe  {chem.), 
Ernst  Hseckel,     .     .     . 
Francis  Balfour  {biol.), 
Sir  J.  Norman  Lockyer, 


828-1883 

824-1887 

825-1863 

825-1895 

826-1893 

827- 

828-1887 

829-1896 

833-1887 

833- 

834- 

851-1882 

836- 


J.  Pettie  (/),  ....  1839- 1893 

J.  M'Whirter  {p),     .     .  1839- 

Paul  Dubois  {sc),      .     .  1827- 1905 

F.  Roy  bet  (/),     .     .     .  1840- 

Briton  Riviere  {p),  .     .  1840- 
Mme.  Norman  Neruda(z^zi?),  1 839- 

Sir  A.  Sullivan  (//z),       .  1842-1900 

Christina  Nilsson  {voc),  1843- 

Helena  Modjeska  {act.),  1844- 1909 

Adelina  Patti  {voc),      .  1843- 

W.  B.  Richmond  {p),   .  1843- 

F.  P.  Ter  Meulen  (/),  .  1843- 

A.  Neuhuys  {p),  .     .     .  1844- 

B.  J.  Blommers  {p),      .  1845- 


.assalle,  .... 
ruy  de  Maupassant, 
Stepniak"  (S.  M.  Kravchin'sky), 

1852-1895 
'ictor  von  Scheffel,. 
•jornstjerne  Bjornson, 
'ictor  Cherbuliez, 
vrminius  Vambery, 
elix  Dahn,    .     . 
I.  von  Treitschke, 
-odovic  Halevy, 
teorg  Ebers,  .     . 
Imile  Zola,     .     . 
.Iphonse  Daudet, 
eorg  Brandes,    . 


1825-1864 
1850-1893 


1826-1886 

1832- 

1832-1899 

1832- 

1834- 

1834- I 896 

1834-1908 

1837-1908 

1840-1902 

1840-1897 

1842- 


J.  S.  Stas  {chem.),  .  . 
Wm.  K.  Clifford,  .  . 
Melchior  Neumayr  {geo. ), 
W.  S.  Jevons,  .  .  . 
G.  J.  Romanes  {biol.),  . 
H.  R.  Hertz, .... 
W.  C.  Williamson  {bot.), 

E.  Ray  Lankester,    .     . 
La  Rue  and  Loewy  {ast.). 
Prof.  P.  G.  Tait,      .     . 
Sir  Wyville  Thomson,  . 

F.  von  Richthofen  {geo.). 


Aeroplanes  (gliding  machines), 


813-1891 
845-1881 
845-1890 
835-1882 
845-1894 
857-1894 
816-1895 
847- 

fl.  1880 
831-1901 
830-1882 
833-1905 


Eugene  Carriere  (/),     .       1849- 
Frank  Holl  (/),  .     .     .       1845-1888 
M.  Munkacsy  {p),    .     .       1846-1900 
Louis  Mettling  (/),        .       1847- 
J.  M.  Swan  (/),  .     .     .       1847- 
Charles  Keene,    .     .     .       1823-1891 
Ellen  Terry  (a^/.),    .      .       1848- 
W.  W.  Ouless  (/),   .     .       1848- 
Sir  H.  Herkomer,    .     .       1849- 
J.    Tenniel,    F.    Seymour    Haden, 
Paul  Rajon,  George  Du  Maurier. 


{med.)  Physician. 

{chem.)  Chemist. 

{bot.)  Botanist. 

[mil.  euiT.)  Militarv  Engineer. 


(/)     Painter. 
(w.)  Musician. 
{sc)    Sculptor. 


{act.)  Actor. 
{voc.)  Vocalist. 
{vio.)  Violinist. 


1 


TABLE    XVII. 
FROM   A.D.    1890   TO    I9O9. 


XVII.— FROM    A.D.    1890   TO 


J890 


O  '-' 

C 


u 


Jcirejgn  Wi^siovQ. 


International  Labour  Conference  at 

Berlin, 1890 

Bismarck  retires ;  Caprivi,      .      1890 
King  of  Holland  dies  ;  Wilhelmina, 

Queen, 1890 

Franco-Russian  Agreement,    .      1891 
Triple  Alliance  renewed,   .     .      1891 

Moltke  dies, 1891 

Centenary  of  French  Republic,    1892 


Panama  Canal  scandals,     .     . 
Carnotass^-;  Cas.-Perier,Pres. , 
Trial  of  Dreyfus,       .... 


[894 


Alexander  III,  d.;  Nicholas  II.,  1894 


British  Siistori). 


Anglo-German  Agreement:  Heligo- 
land ceded, 1890 

Anglo- Portuguese  Treaty, .  .  189 1 
Free  Education  Bill  passed,  .  1891 
Sir  H.  Loch  stops  Boer  Trek,  1891 
Duke  of  Clarence  d.  Manning  d.  1892 
Gladstone,  Premier.    Morley,  Irish  ; 

Rosebery,  Foreign,  .  .  .  1892 
Crimes  Act  suspended,  .  .  1892 
Second  Home  Rule  Bill,    .     .      1893 

First  Conference  of  I. L. P.,  ,  1893 
Marriage  of  Duke  of  York,     .      1893 

Matabele  War, 1893 

Gladstone  resigns:    Rosebery,   Pre- 
mier,        1894 

Salisbury,    Premier ;    Chamberlain, 

Colonies, 1895 

Transvaal  closes  Drifts,      .     .      1895 

Jameson  Raid, 1895 

Venezuelan  Boundary  Question,   1890 

Irish  Land  Act, 1896 

Venezuela  Arbitration  Treaty,  1897 
Queen's  Diamond  Jubilee,  .  1897 
South    Africa    Committee :     Cecil 

Rhodes, 1897 

Workmen's  Compensation  Act,  1897 
Atbara,     Omdurman.       Khartoum 

occupied, 1898 

Fashoda  incident,      .     .     .     .      1898 

Gladstone  dies, 1898 

Boer  War  begins,  Oct.  iith,  1899 
"Black  Week,"  Dec.  9-16,    .     1899 

Bloemfontein  and  Pretoria  taken,  1900 
Transvaal  annexed,  ....  1900 
Delagoa  Bay  Arbitration  decided,  1900 
Q.    Victoria    dies:     Edward    VII., 

King, 1901 

Australian    Commonwealth  inaugu- 
rated,       1901 

Peace  concluded,  .  June  1st,  1902 
Conference  of  Colonial  Premiers,  1902 
Salisburyresigns:  Balfour,  Prem.  1902 
Durbar  at  Delhi,  ....  1903 
Tariff  Reform  Agitation,  1903- 
Education  Bill  and  Irish  Land  Bill, 

1903 

Salisbury  dies, 1903 

Anglo-French  Agreement,  .  1904 
North  Sea  incident,  ....      1904 

Anglo-JapaneseAlliancerenew'd,  1905 
Balfour  resigns:    Campbell-Banner- 

man.  Premier,       ....      1905 

(Grey,  Foreign  ;  Haldane,  War  ; 
Asquith,  Exchequer.) 
General  Staff  for  Army  created,    1906 
New  Constitution  for  Transvaal,  1906 
Women's  Suffrage  agitation,  1906- 
Lord  Cromer  resigns,    .     .     .      1907 
Constitution     for     Orange     River 

Colony, 1907 

Anglo- Russian  Agreement,  .  1907 
Campbell- Banner  man  dies :  Asquith, 

Premier, 1908 

(Lloyd -George,  Exchequer.) 
Duke  of  Devonshire  dies,  .     .     1908 


€u9U0h  ^tUxntnxz. 


Sir  Richard  Burton, 
J.  II.  Shorthouse, 
R.  D.  Blackmore, 
Robert  Bridges,  . 
Thomas  Hardy,   . 
W.  H.  Mai  lock,  . 
John  Nichol,  .     . 
Frederic  Harrison, 
Edward  Dowden, 
George  Saintsbury, 
Lord  Acton,   .     .     , 
Lewis  Carroll  (C.  L 


W.  S.  Gilbert, 
W.  H.  White  (' 
furd"),   .     . 


Mark 


1821- 

1834- 
1825- 
1844- 
1840- 
1849- 

1833- 
1841- 

1843- 
1845- 
1834- 
Dodgson), 
1832- 
1836- 
Ruther- 
c.  1830- 


1895 


Faure,  P.  France  in  Madagascar,  1 895 

Cuba  revolts  against  Spain,     .  1895 

Russia  occupies  Port  Arthur,  .  1895 

Adowa ;  riots  in  Italy,  .     .     .  1896 

Armenian  Massacres,    .     .     .  1896 

Greco-Turkish  War,      .     .     .  1897 

Philippines  revolt,    ....  1897 

Germany  seizes  Kiao-Chau,    .  1897 

Russia  in  Manchuria,    .     .     .  1898 

Empress  of  Austria  assassinated,  1898 

Spanish- American  War,     ,     .  1898 

Faure  dies  ;  Loubet,  Pres.,     .  1899 

Second  Dreyfus  Trial,  .     .     .  1899 

First  Peace  Conference,      .     .  1899 


Lewis  Campbell, 
W.  W.  Skeat,      . 
J.  G.  Frazer,  . 
William  Watson, 
A.  E.  Housman, 
Edmund  Gosse,  . 
Arthur  Symons,  . 
Stephen  Phillips, 
Sir  A.  Conan  Doyle, 
A.  W.  Pinero,      . 
H.  Rider  Haggard, 
Oscar  Wilde,  .     . 
George  Gissing,  . 
F.  W.  H.  Myers, 
James  Bryce,  . 
Sir  Frederick  Pollock, 
W.  H.  Hudson  ("Green 
sions,  etc.). 


Man- 


1900 


OS   o 
C  "13 

-^   b/3 
O  a; 


Paris  International  Exhibition,    1900 
King  Humbert  assassinated  :  Victor 


Emmanuel,  King,      .     .     .      1900 

Q.Wilhelminam.G.Duke  Henry,  1901 
Associations  Bill  passed,  .  .  1901 
Loubet  at  Kronstadt.      R.C.  estab- 


lishments closed. 


1902 


Britain   and    Germany   seize   Vene- 
zuelan Fleet, 1902 

Alfonso  XIII.  enthroned,  .     .      1902 
Manchurian  Convention,    .     .      1902 

Leo  XIII.  dies;  Pius  X.,  Pope,   1903 

K.  and  Q.  of  Servia  murdered,    1903 
Russo-Japanese  War,    .       1904- 1905 


Frank  Harris, 
W.  B.  Yeats,  .     .     . 
Stopford  A.  Brooke, 
F.  W.  xMaitland, 
George  Bernard  Shaw, 
J.  M.  Barrie,  .      .      . 
Francis  Thompson,  . 
Anthony  Hope  Hawkins, 
W.  E.  Henley,    .     . 
A.  C.  Bradley,     .     . 
Rudyard  Kipling, 
Mrs.  Humphry  Ward, 
John  Davidson,    .     . 
George  Moore,     .     . 
W.  Paton  Ker,    .     . 
W.  A.  Raleigh,   .     . 
J.  W.  Mackail,    .     . 


1905 


Insurrection  in  Russia,  .     .     .  1905 

Czar  signs  Constitution,      .     .  1905 

Norway  and  Sweden  separate,  1905 

Haakon,  K.  of  Norway. 

Loubet  retires :  Fallieres,  Pres. ,  1906 

Dreyfus  rehabilitated,    .     .     .      1906 

First  Duma  elected,  .  .  .  1906 
Algeciras  Conference,  .  .  .  1906 
Casablanca  incident,  .  .  .  1907 
Oscar   II.  dies:    Gustav  V.,   K.   of 

Sweden, 1907 

Bosnia,  Herzegovina,  to  Austria,  1908 
Bulgaria  independent,  .  .  .  1908 
Abdul  Hamid  gran  \  s  Constitution ,  1 908 
K.  &Cr.  Pr.  of  Portugal  assass^-,  1908 
Revolution  in  Turkey:  Abdul  Hamid 

deposed:  Mahomet  v., .     .     1909 


J.  E.  C.  Bodley,  .  . 

J.  M.  Synge,  .     .  . 
John  Galsworthy, 
Granville  Barker, 

G.  K.  Chesterton,  . 

T.  Hall  Caine,     .  . 

G.  G.  A.  Murray,  . 

Maurice  Hewlett,  . 

H.  J.  Newbolt,    .  . 

Alfred  Noyes,       .  . 

Laurence  Binyon,  . 
Joseph  Conrad,    . 

W.  W.  Jacobs,    .  . 
Thomas  A.  Seccombe, 

H.  G.  Wells, .     .  . 


French. 
Italian. 
Papal. 


— — —  Russian. 
♦♦♦♦♦♦«  Irish. 


D.     1909.      IN  PERIODS   OF  FIVE    YEARS. 


^Qxzx^w  ^jt^rature. 


Ferdinand  Gregorovius, 

E.  de  Pressense,  .     . 
Jose  Zorrilla,  .     .     . 

F.  A.  Dahlgren,  .     . 
Ramon  de  Campoamor 
Juan  Valera,   .     .     . 
Graziadio  Ascoli, 
Francisque  Sarcey,  . 
M.  Tamayo  y  Baus, 
Ferdinand  Fabre, 
Paul  Verlaine,     . 
Felice  Cavallotti, 
Stephane  Mallarme, 

F.  W.  Nietzsche,  .     , 
Nunez  de  Arce,   .     . 
Jose  Maria  de  Pereda 


Frederic  Mistral, 
Andre  Theuriet,  . 
Jose  Echegaray,  .     . 

onas  Lie,  .... 
Domenico  Comparetti, 
Giosup:  Carducci, 
Giovanni  Verga, . 
R.  F.  Sully  Prudhomme 
Fran9ois  Coppee, 
Jose  Maria  de  Heredia 
E.  von  Hartmann, 
Antonio  Fogazzaro 
Prince  Kropotkin, 
Felix  Gras, 
Anatole  Prance,  . 
Detlev  von  Liliencron, 

'erez  Galdos,   .  . 


1821-1891 
I 824- I 89 I 
1817-1893 
1817-1895 
1817- 
1827- 
1829- 
1829- 1 899 
1 829- 1 898 
1 830- 1 898 
I 845- I 896 
1842- 1898 
1842- 1898 
I 844- I 900 
1834- 
1834- 


<Sdena,  indentions,  ki. 


1830- 

1834-1907 

1833- 

1833- 

1835- 

1836- 1 907 

1840- 

1840- 1 907 

I 842- I 908 

1842-1905 

1 842 -1 906 

1842- 

1842- 

1844- 1 901 

1844- 

1844- 

1845- 


Motor  Cars  (Daimler,  Panhard),  1890 

J.  A.  H.  Gylden  {asL),  1841-1896 
FrancisGalton(a;/Mri7/t;/.),  1822- 

K.  T.  W.  Weierstrass, .  1815-1897 

Julius  von  Sachs  {boi.), .  1832- 1897 

J.  M.  Charcot  (wrf'.),    .  1825-1898 

O.  W.  Struve  {as^.),      .  1819- 

Sir  W.  Higgins  («j-/.),  .  1824- 

Sir  W.  T.  Gairdner  (w^fl'.),  1825-1907 

Karl  Gegenbaur  {anaL),  1826- 

Karl  von  Voit  {pkysiol. ),  1 83 1  - 

Guido  Baccelli  {med.),  .  1832- 

Sir  Wm.  Crookes  {cheni.),  1832- 

Sir  Michael  Foster  {bioL),  1 834- 1907 

August  Weismann  ((^z^/.),  1834- 

D,  I.  Mendeleeff  (<:>^^w. ),  1834-1907 

Simon  Newcomb  {ast.),  1835- 1909 


Nansen's  Expedition,    . 
Sir  Arch.  Geikie  {geo.), 
G.  W.  Hill  (ast. ),     .     . 
SirW.  II.  VQrkm  icheni.), 
James  Geikie  [geo.), 
W.  H.  Erb(w^^.),  .     . 
Lord  Rayleigh,    .     .     . 
Sir  James  Dewar  [chem.), 
Luigi  Luciani  {phynol.), 
David  Furrier  \med.),    . 
Robert  Koch  [med.), 
Camillo  Golgi  {med.),    . 
G.  H.  Darwin  {ast.),     . 
Albert  Ileim  {geo.),.     . 
H.  Moissan  {chem.), 
G.  Marconi  (wireless  teleg. 

Submarines  in  French  Nav 


1 893- 1896 

1835- 
1838- 

1838- 

1839- 
1840- 
1842- 
1842- 
1842- 
1843- 
1843- 
1844- 
1845- 
1849- 
1852- 
,  '96), 
1874- 
y,  .      1899 


^ke  Jin^  ^rts. 


Karl  Goldmark  {m),      .  1830- 

J.  A.  J.  P'alguiere  {sc),  .  1832- 

Felicien  Rops  (/),    .     .  1833- 

J.  F.  L.  Bonnat  (/),      .  1833- 

William  MacTaggart  (/>),  1835- 

Camille  Saint-Saens  (w),  1835- 

Jules  Dalou  (j-<r),  .     .     .  1838- 1 902 

Max  Bruch  {in),  .     .     .  1838- 

P.  I.  TSCHAIKOWSKY  (w),  184O-1893 

Sir  George  Reid  (/),     .  1841- 

Charles  Cazin  (/),     .     .  1842-1 901 

B.  C.  Coquelin  {ac),       .  1841-1909 

Edvard  Grieg  (w),    .     .  1843-1897 

Pablo  Sarasate  {vio.),    .  1844- 1908 

Sarah  Bernhardt  {ac),    .  1844- 

Hamo  Thorneycroft  {sc),  1850- 

G.  Segantini  (p),      .     .  1858- 1899 


F.  von  Lenbach  (/>),      .  1 836- 1904 

Carolus  Duran  (/),  .     .  1837- 

Jean  Paul  Laurens  (/),  .  1838- 

Vassili  Verestchagin  {p),  1842-1904 

Antonin  Dvorak  (w),     .  1842- 1904 

J.  E.  F.  Massenet  (;//),  .  1842- 

Benjamin  Constant  (/),  1845-1902 

J.  M.  A.  Mercie  {sc),     .  1845- 

Sir  John  Hare  {ac),  .     .  1845- 

Daniel  Vierge,     .     .      .  1847-1904 

Alfred  Gilbert  {sc),   .     .  1854- 

J.  S.  Sargent  (/),      .      .  1856- 

Sir  James  Guthrie  (/),  .  1859- 

Ignaz  Paderewski  (/?'a«. ),  1859- 

Pietro  Mascagni  {m),     .  1863- 

Phil  May, 1864-1903 

C.  W.  Furse  (/),      .     .  1868- 1904 


iidmondo  de  Amicis, 
.  K.  Huysmans, 
'erdinand  Brunetiere, 
\ugust  Strindberg,  . 
'  Pierre  Loti  "  (L.  Viau 
3ctave  Mirbeau, 
^aul  Bourget,       .     . 
.eopoldo  Alas,    .     . 
jiovanni  Marrodi,    . 
'alacio  Valdes,    .     . 
ules  Lemaitre,    .     , 
jabriel  Hanotaux,  . 
jiovanni  Pascoli, 
^everino  P'errari, 
iermann  Sudermann, 
>douard  Rod,      .     . 
Lmile  Verhaeren,     . 


d), 


1 846- 1 908 

1848-1907 

1 849- 1 906 

1849- 

1850- 

1850- 

1852- 

1852- 

1852 

1853- 

1853- 

1853- 

1855- 

1856- 

1857- 
1857- 
1855- 


P'irst  Zeppelin  Airship,       .     .      1900 
Mendel's  Law  (Mendel,  1822-84),  1900 
Eduard  Strasburger  {bot. ),    1844- 
Mme.  Curie  (radium,  '98),   1867- 
K.  W.  Rontgen  (rays,  '95),  1845- 
C.  L.  A.  Laveran  {med.),    1845- 
Elie  Metchnikoff  {bwt. ),      1845- 
Voysi^Q  of  Dzscoverj/,     .       1902-1904 
First  Motor  Aeroplane  (Wright),  1903 
E.  C.  Pickering  {ast.),  .       1846- 
T.  A.  Edison,      .     .     .       1847- 
Nikola  Tesla,       .      .     .       1857- 
Sir  Wm.  Macewen  (;//^^.),   1848- 
C.  F.  Klein,   ....       1848- 
I.  P.  Favloff  (pkyszW.),       1849- 
Sir  Oliver  Lodge,     .     .       1851- 
Sir  Wm.  Ramsay  {chem.),   1852- 


Auguste  Kodin  (j«r),  .     .  1840- 

Jose  Villegas  {p),      .     .  1848- 

Max  Liebermann  (/),    .  1849- 
L.  A.  Riviere-Theodore  {sc),  1851- 

Christian  Sinding  (w),  .  1856- 

Sir  E.  W.  Elgar  {?n),    .  1857- 

John  Lavery  {p),       .     .  1857- 

Frank  Short  {et),      .     .  1857- 

Gabrielle  Rejane  {ac),   .  1857- 

Eleonora  Duse  {ac),       .  1859- 

P.  Wilson  Steer  {p),      .  1860- 

Joseph  Crawhall  (/),     .  1860- 

J.  J.  Shannon  (/),    .      .  1862- 

E.  A.  Hornel  (/),     .     .  1864- 

Arthur  Melville  (/),      .  1858-1904 

Eugen  d'Albert  {pan.),  1864- 

Giacomo  Puccini  {m),    .  1858- 


'aul  Sabatier,      .     .     .  1858- 

larl  Bleibtreu,    .     .     .  1859- 
•  Maxim  Gorky"  (A.  Pyeshkov), 
1860- 

laurice  Barres,  .     .     .  1862- 

laurice  Maeterlinck,    .  1862- 

lerhard  Hauptmann,    .  1862- 

larcel  Prevost,  .     .     .  1862- 

'aul  Adam,     ....  1862- 

iustav  PVenssen,      .     .  1863- 

Idmond  Rostand,    .     .  1864- 

rabriele  d'Annunzio,    .  1864- 

)tto  Julius  Bierbaum,  .  1865- 

er  liallstrom,    .     .     .  1866- 

lugo  von  Hoffmansthal,  1874- 

.ene  Bazin,    ....  1853- 

rieux, 1858- 

1.  Heijermans,   .     .     . 


Lieut.  Peary's  Expedition, 

1905- 

1906 

J.  H.  vant'Hofif(r/^^w.), 

1852- 

Emil  Fischer  {chem.),    . 

1852- 

W.  A.  Brogger  {geo.),   . 

18SI- 

Pierre  Roux  {med.),  .     . 

i8S3- 

J.  H.  Poincare,    . 

I8S4- 

PaulEhrlich(?//^^.),      . 

1854- 

E.  von  Behring  {med.), 

1854- 

F.  Schaudinn  {med. ),     . 

1872- 

[906 

Sir  J.  J.  Thomson,  . 

1856- 

Joseph  Larmor,   .     .     . 

18S7- 

A.  R.  Forsyth,     .     .     . 

1858- 

S.  Arrhenius  (^/i^/«.),    . 

i8S9- 

C.  S.  Sherrington  {physioL), 

Sven  Hedin  {geog.). 

1865- 

F.  E.  Suess  {geo.),    .     . 

1867- 

E.  T.  Whittaker,      .     . 

1873- 

Shackleton's  Expedition, 

1907- 

909 

Richard  Strauss  {m),     .  1864- 

Robert  Brough  {p),  .     .  1872-1906 

Oscar  Roty  {medallist),  1846- 

F.  P.  Michetti  (/),  .     .  1852- 

William  Strang  (/  and  et),  1859- 

George  J.  Frampton  (^(t),  1860- 

Anders  Zorn  (/),       .     .  1860- 

J.  E.  Blanche  {p),    .     .  1862- 

H.E.A.M.LeSidaner(/),  1862- 

D.  Y.  Cameron  (/  and  et),  1865- 

Max  Schillings  (w),       .  1868- 

Charles  Conder  (/),       .  1868-1909 

Aubrey  Beardsley,    .     .  1874- 1908 

Muirhead  Bone  {et),      .  1876- 

Max  Reger  {m),  .     .     .  1873- 

Claude  Debussy  {m),     .  1862- 
C.  H.  Shannon  (/),      . 


{ast. )      Astronomer. 
{bot. )      Botanist. 
(chem.)  Chemist. 


(geo. )    Geologist. 
(geog.)  Geographer. 


(ac)  Actor. 
(et)  Etcher. 
(m)  Musician. 


(plan.)  Pianist. 
(sc)        Sculptor. 
(vlo. )     Violinist. 


TABLES    XVIII.   AND    XIX. 
AMERICAN    TABLES,      (i.  and  ii.) 

(I.)  FROM  DISCOVERY  TO  A.D.  1 7OO. 
(II.)  FROM  A.D.  1700  TO  180O. 


XVIII.   AND   XIX. -TABLES    OF    AMERI 


I._FROM    DISCOVERY    TO    1700. 


Alleged  Norse  discovery  of  America  (Biarre  Heriselfson), 986 

,,       Vi.sit  of  Bishop  Eric,         ............      noi 

,,       Voyage  of  Icelandic  Priests  to  Vinland  (Massachusetts), 1285 

,,       Voyage  from  Greenland  to  Markland  (Nova  Scotia), 1347 

,,       Voyage  of  Nicolo  Zeno, 1380 

Columbus  at  San  Salvador  (Bahamas),  .         .         .        , Oct.   12,     1492 

John  Cabot  reaches  Newfoundland  (Prima  Vista), 1497 

Sebastian  Cabot  discovers  Florida, 1498 

Flojeda  and  Amerigo  Vespucci  explore  East  Coast, 1498- 1504 

Hayti  conquered  by  Spain, 1495- 1508 

P.  Alvarez  Cabral  in  Brazil.     Vincent  Pinson  on  the  Amazon, 1500 

Las  Casas  in  Hispaniola,       ............     1502- 15 16 

Ponce  de  Leon  in  Florida, 1512 

The  Pacific  first  seen  (Vasco  Nunez  de  Bilbao), Sept.  23,     15 13 

Hernando  Cortez  at  Vera  Cruz,  1 5 19;  conquers  Mexico, 1519-1521 

Francisco  Pizarro  conquers  Peru,  1532-33;  rules,  1533-36.     Almagro  rules,  .         .         .         1536-38 

Brazil  to  Portugal,  1530;  to  Spain, 1580 

Cartier  on  the  St.  Laurence, 1534 

Chili  discovered  by  Almagro,  1535  ;  subdued,  1546.     De  Soto  in  Louisiana, .         .         .     1541-1546 

French  in  Florida.     Slave  trade  begun  in  the  Indies, 1562 

Sir  Humphrey  Gilbert  in  Newfoundland, 1583 


A.D. 


^istors- 


'^iizv^iuxz  anb  ^rt- 


1600 


Virginia  settled.     Jamestown, 

French  at  Quebec  (Champlain), 
Pocahontas  first  native  convert,  .     . 
Dutch  on  the  Hudson.     (Manhattan.) 
Cape  Horn  rounded  by  Schouten,  . 
The  Pilgrim  Fathers  at  Plymouth,  . 
Twenty  negroes  imported  to  Virginia, 
Sir  Wm.  Alexander  in  Nova  Scotia, 

Great  native  rising, 

Boston  founded.     Swedes  in  Delaware 
Mas-sachusetts  settled,  .... 


1607 

1608 
1613 
1614 
1616 
1620 
1620 
1622 
1622 
1627 
1628 

New  Hampshire  settled, 1629 


Emigrants  from  Charleston  to  Boston,  .  1630 
New  England  (generally)  colonized,  1 630- 1640 
Winthrop,  Standish,  and  Endicott  in  Mass. 
Dutch  at  Pernambuco,  ...  -  1 630-1 661 
Paul  le  Jeune  and  Jesuits  in  Canada,  1632-34 
Lord  Baltimore  in  Maryland,  ....     1633 

Connecticut  settled, 1635 

Rhode  Island  settled, 1636 

The  Pequot  War, 1637 

Huron  and  Iroquois  Wars,     ....     1640-42 
First  Unitef  Colonies.     Federation  of 

Massachusetts  and  Connecticut,  .     .     .     1643 
Indian  Massacre  of  Dutch  at  Long  Island,     1643 
Cavalier  immigrants  to  Virginia. 
Eliot  among  the  Indians, 1646 


I.— Colonial  Period. 

Captain   J.    Smith's   "True   Relation   of 

Virginia," 1608 

Wm.  Strachey's  "  Wrack  of  Sir  T.  Gates,"    1610 
(Alleged  source  of  *'  The  Tempest "). 

The  Plymouth  Charter, 161 5 

Bradford's  •'  History  of  Plymouth  Plantation." 
Sandys'    Translation    of  Ovid's    **  Meta- 
morphoses,"     c.  1620 

Vaughan's  "Golden  Fleece." 
"  New  England's  Annoyances,"      .     .     .     1630 
Harvard  University  founded,  .     .     .     1636 
First  Press  in  New  England,      ....     1639 
*'  The  Freeman's  Oath,"  first  printed  matter. 

The  Bay  Psalm  Book, 1640 

Ebenezer  Cook  {satirist), 

Capt.  J.  Mason, c.  1600- 1672 

Edward  Johnson, 1599-1672 

]ohn'^o?.se\yvi  {naturalist),     .     .      fl.  1660- 1674 

Roger  Williams, 1599-1683 

„  „  "BloodyTenetof  Per- 

secution for  cause  of  conscience,"     .     .     1644 
John  Cotton's  '*  Bloody  Tenet  Washed,"  .     1647 
Hooker,  Ward,  Shepard,  and  other  Puritan 
Divines. 


1650      Quakers  and  Baptists  persecuted  in  New 

England, 1651-1661 

Sir  William  Berkeley  in  Virginia,    .     .     .  1660 

Bacon's  Rebellion, 1660 

North  Carolina  settled, 1663 

English  occupy  New  Jersey,  and  take 

New  Amsterdam  from  Dutch,  calling  it 

New  York, 1664 

South  Carolina  settled, 1669 

Mississippi    explored    by    La    Salle    and 

Marquette, 1671-1680 

King  Philip's  War, 1675 

William  Penn  in  America, 1681 

Pennsylvania  settled, 1682 

Delaware  settled, 1682 

A  Royal  College  in  Virginia,      ....  1688 

Massacre  of  Witches  at  Salem,   ....  1692 


Mrs.  Anne  Bradstreet,      ....      1613-1672 

Peter  Folger, fl.  1635-1690 

Benjamin  Thompson,  "New  England's  Crisis." 

"  The  Burwell  Papers," 1676 

Urian  Oakes, 1631-1681 

Increase  Mather, 1639- 1723 

Cotton  Mather, 1663- 1728 

William  Byrd, 1674- 1744 

Michael  Wigglesworth's  "  Day  of  Doom,"     1662 

First  Press  in  Virginia, 1681 

First  Newspaper  in  New  England,  .     .     .     1690 


VN    HISTORY,    LITERATURE,    AND    ART. 


11.— THE    EIGHTEENTH    CENTURY. 

A.D. 

ijistorg. 

5it^ratttr.e  mxb  ^xt 

A.D. 

1700 

The  Darien  Scheme, 1699 

Jesuits  rule  in  Paraguay,   ....       1608-1768 
French  in  Nova  Scotia  (Acadia),     .     .     .     1710 

French  in  Rio  Janeiro, 1710 

Nova  Scotia  reverts  to  England,      .     .     .     17 13 
Right    to    import     Slaves    assumed     by 

England, 1715 

Georgia  colonized, 1732 

Southern  States  make  it  penal  to  teach 

Slaves, 1740 

English  Act  to  encourage  Slave  Trade,     .     1749 

Yale  College,  Connecticut,  founded,    .     .     1700 

"Magnalia  Christi," 1702 

Jonathan  Edwards 1703-1758 

Mather  Byles, 1706- 1788 

J.  and  C.  Wesley  in  America,    .     .      1736-1738 

Whitfield, 1738- 1 740 

Princeton  College,  New  Jersey,  founded,       1 746 

1700 

1750 

Braddock's  War, 1755 

Fort  de  Quesne  becomes  Pittsburg,      .     .     1758 
Wolfe   at   Quebec.     Canada   finally  con- 
quered by  the  English, 1759 

Louisiana  and  Florida  ceded,      ....     1763 

The  Stamp  Act, 1765 

Franklin  sent  to  England.     Act  repealed,      1766 

Townshend's  Taxes, 1767 

The  Boston  Massacre, 1770 

Tea  thrown  into  Boston  Harbour,   .     .     .     1773 

Declaration  of  Rights, 1774 

First  Congress  at  Philadelphia.     George 

Washington,  Commander  in  Chief,  .     .     1774 

II.— The  Revolution  Period. 

BENJAMIN  FRANKLIN,  ....      1706-1790 

Wm.  Livingston, 1723 -1790 

John  Woolman, 1720-1772 

University  of  Pennsylvania 1751 

Columbia  College  (New  York),  .     .     .     .     1754 

Samuel  Adams 1722- 1803 

James  Otis  (orator), 1725- 1783 

Patrick  Henry, i736-i799 

William  Banrsim  {naturalist),    .     .       1739- 1823 

Joel  Barlow, 1755- 1812 

Brown  University  (Rhode  Island),  .     .     .     1764 

1750 

1775 

The  War  of  Independence,     .      1774-1783 
Battles  of  Lexington  and  Bunker  Hill,      .     1775 

Virginia  Convention, 1775 

Second  Congress  in  Philadelphia,    .     .     .     1775 

Howe  evacuates  Boston, 177^ 

Declaration   of   Independence,  4th 
July, 1776 

Mercy  Warren, 1725- 1814 

Hugh  Henry  (Judge)  Brackenridge,      1748- 18 16 
*'  Yankee  Doodle  "  adopted. 

Philip  Freneau, 1752- 1832 

Phillis  Wheatley, c.  1754- 1784 

Timothy  Dwight, 1752-1817 

John  Trumbull, 1756-1843 

Noah  Webster, 1758- 1843 

Noah  Worcester, 1758- 1837 

1775 

Franklin,  Ambassador  to  France,    .     .     .     1776 
Battle  of  Brandywine.    Howe  takes  Phila- 
delphia  1777 

Burgoyne  surrenders  to  Gates  at  Saratoga,     1777 
Rio  de  la  Plata, 1778 

Treason    of   Arnold    and    Execution    of 

Major  Andre, 1780 

1780 

Articles  of  Confederation,     .     .      1777-1781 

Revolt  in  Peru, 1780 

Cornwallis  surrenders  to  Washington  at 

Yorktown, 1781 

Jefferson's  "  Notes  on  Virginia,"     .     .     .     1782 
Charleston  University  (South  Carolina),   .     1786 
J.  S.  Copley  {painter),      ....      1737-1815 

Fisher  Ames, 1758-1808 

Count  Rumford  (Benjamin  Thompson),  1753-1814 
Thomas  Paine  in  America,     .     .     .       1775-1809 
Benjamin  West  {painter),  .     .     .      1738- 1820 

Orators    in    Debates,     1788-1811.         William 
Pinkney      (1764- 1822).         Josiah      Quincey 
(1771-1864).        William    Wirt    (1772-1834). 
John  Randolph  (1773"  1833). 

1780 

Independence  of  States  recognized,    1783 

Hudson's  Bay  Company, 1784 

New  Brunswick, 1785 

Jefferson  at  Paris, 1785- 1789 

Commissioners  of  Maryland  and  Virginia,      1785 
THE  CONSTITUTION  drawn  up,    .      1785-1787 
Threatened   rupture   with   France.      En- 
counter with  Frigates,    ....          .     1789 
Constitution  accepted  by  North  Carohna,  1789  ; 
by  Rhode  Island  and  all  the  States,       .     1790 

1790 

G.  WASHINGTON  (1732-1799), 

President 1 789-1 797 

Q.  Adams,  Vice.     A.  Hamilton,  Sec.     J. 
Marshall,  Chief  Justice]. 

National  Bank  Instituted 1791 

Self-Government  and   Two   Provinces  in 

Canada 1791 

ALEXANDER  HAMILTON,    .     .     .      1757-1804 

Priestley  in  America, 1794-1804 

Lindley  Murray, 1745- 1826 

John  Jay  {lawyer), 1745- 1829 

Chief  Justice  Kent, 1763-1847 

C.  Brockden  Brown,    ....      1771-1810 

Eli  Whitney's  Cotton  Gin, 1793 

William  Ware, 1764-1852 

Alexander  Wilson  (wa/«ra/w/),  .     .       1766- 181 3 

1790 

VERMONT,      1791-         KENTUCKY,      1792. 

TENNESSEE,   1796. 
Washington's  Farewell  Address,      .     .     .     1796 

Trinidad  to  England, 1797 

J.  Adams,  Pres.  (1735-1826),    .     .       1797-1801 
Death  of  Washington, 1799 

TABLES   XX.,    XXL,   XXII. 

AMERICAN    TABLES,      (iii.,  iv.,  v.) 

(III.)   FROM    1800  TO    1850. 

(IV.)    FROM    1850   TO    1880. 

(V.)    FROM    1880   TO    1909. 


XX.  AND  XXI.-TABLES  OF  AM  ERIC. 


III.— NINETEENTH   CENTURY,    first  half,    in  decades. 

A.D. 

iji0tor2. 

Stt.eratttr«  aitl)  ^rt. 

A.D. 

1800 

T.  JEFFERSON,  Pres.  (1743-1826),.       1801-1809 
OHIO 1802 

Bowdoin  University  (Maine),      ....     1800 
Fulton's  Steam  Vessel  on  the  Hudson,      .     1807 
Washington  Allston  {painter),    .     .       1779- 1843 
James  Audubon  {naturalist),  .     .      1780-1851 
Joseph  Story  {Jurist),    ....      1779- 1845 

Timothy  Flint, 1780- 1840 

Rohexi  OwQn  {socialist),    ....       1771-1858 
(Settled  in  America, c.  1823 

1800 

Louisiana  purchased  from  France,  .     .     .     1803 

Expedition  to  Tripoli, 1804 

Miranda  in  Venezuela,      ....       1 806- 18 10 
Discussions  on  Orders  in  Council  and  Right 

of  Search, 1807-1810 

Leopard  and  Chesapeake, 1807 

Slave  TraHe  prohibited  by  Congress,    .     .      1808 

1810 

J.  Madison,  Pres., 1809-1817 

War  with  England, 1812-1814 

LOUISIANA 1812 

H.  Wheaton  {jurist),     ....      1785- 1848 
Washington  Irving,     ....      1783-1859 

Fenimore  Cooper, 1789-1851 

R.  H.  Wilde, 1789- 1847 

G.  C.  Verplanck, 1786- 1870 

F.  Scott  Key,  "Star-Spangled  Banner,".     1814 

Stars  and  Stripes  adopted, 1818 

Mrs.  Brooks  (Maria  del  Occidente),  c.  1795-1845 

B.  Silliman  {chemist), 1 779- 1 864 

Henry  Clay,    .     .     .       1777-1852] 

John  C  Calhoun,     .       1782-1850  \  {orators). 

DANIEL  WEBSTER,    .       1782-1852] 

W.  E.  Channing, 1780-1842 

Andrews  Norton, 1786- 1852 

J.  Gates  Percival, 1795- 1856 

1810 

Decatur's  Victory, 18 1 2 

Hull  surrenders  at  Fort  Detroit,      .     .     .     1812 

Washington  taken, 1 8 14 

Jackson  at  New  Orleans,  .     ,     .     .       1814-1815 
Debates  on  Tariff  and  Bank,       .     .       1815-1816 
Dr.  Francia  in  Paraguay,   .     .     .       1814-1840 

Argentine  Confederation, 18 16 

Chili  independent, 1818 

Seminole  (Indian)  War  in  Florida, .     .     .      181 8 
Monroe,  Pres., 1817-1825 

INDIANA,  1816;    MISSISSIPPI,  1817;    ILLINOIS, 
1818;  ALABAMA,  1819. 

1820 

Spain  cedes  Florida, 1820 

Clay's  Missouri  compromise, 1820 

MAINE,  1820;   MISSOURI 1821 

Mexico  independent  (Santa  Anna),      .     .     182 1 
Brazil  independent  (Dom  Pedro  I.),     .     .      1822 
Mormonism  begins  with  Joseph  Smith,     .     1823 
The  Panama  Commission  and  Greek  Debates. 

Visit  of  La  Fayette, 1824-1825 

Peru  independent.    Bolivia  under  Bolivar,  1825 
J.  QuiNCEY  Adams,  Pres.,  .     .     .      1825-1829 
Deaths  of  J.  Adams  and  T.  Jefferson,  July  4th, 

1826 
Tariff  and  Anti-Slavery  Debates,     .       1826-1828 

J.  Rodman  Drake, 1795- 1820 

Fitzgreene  Halleck, 1790-1867 

J.  K.  Paulding, 1 779- 1860 

J.  Howard  Payne, 1 792- 1 852 

H.  S.  Legaree, 1797 -1844 

W.  C.  Bryant, 1794-1878 

Richard  H.  Dana, 1787- 1879 

George  Ticknor, 1791-1871 

Edward  Everett, 1794- 1865 

Alexander  Everett, 1790- 1847 

Charles  Follen, 1796- 1840 

A.  B.  Alcott, 1 799- 1 882 

Judge  Haliburton  (Sam  Slick), .      1796-1865 
W.  H.  PRESCOTT, 1796-1859 

1820 

1830 

Andrew^  Jackson,  Pres.,     .     .     .      1829-1837 
Speeches  of  Webster  and  Hayne,    .      Jan.,  1830 
Federal  employes  and  judges  dismissed,   .     1832 
S.  Carolina  and  Nullification,     ....     1833 
Santa  Anna.  Mexican  President,     .     .     .     1833 

Clay's  Tariff  compromise, 1834 

W.  L.  (HARRISON  and  Anti-Slavery. 
Texas  separates  from  Mexico,     ....     1836 
M.  Van  Buren,  Pres.,    ....       1837-1841 
ARKANSAS,  1836,  and  MICHIGAN,  .      .      .      1837 

Lovejoy  murdered  at  Alton, 1837 

Papineau  Rebellion, 1837- 1838 

Lord  Durham  in  Canada, 1838 

Currency  Question  ;  State  Bank  bursts,    .      1839 
Union  of  the  Canadas, 1840 

J.  Saunderson, 1785- 1844 

"  The  Liberator  "  begun, 1831 

Horace  Mann, 1796- 1859 

N.  Bowditch, 1793-1838 

Catherine  M.  Sedgwick,   ....       1789- 1867 

H.  R.  Schoolcraft, 1793-1864 

Jared  Sparks 1794- 1866 

J.  P.  Kennedy, 1795-1870 

George  Bush, 1796- 1859 

D.  C.  Hodge, 1797-1878 

Edgar  A.  PoE, 1811-1840 

G.  P.  Marsh, 1801-1882 

G.  Ripley  (deviser  of  Brook  Farm),       1802-1880 

R.  M.  Bird, 1803-1854 

Horatio  Greenough  {sculptor)^    .     .       1805- 1852 

1830 

1840 

W.  H.  Harrison,  Pres., 1841 

J.  Tyler,  Pres., 1841-1845 

Bank  Charter  veto.     Ashburton  Treaty,  .     1842 

Oregon  Question, 1844- 1846 

Joseph  and  Hiram  Smith,  shot  at  Nauvoo, 

are  succeeded  by  Brigham  Young,    .     .     1 844 

T.  K.  Polk,  Pres., 1845-1849 

Mexican  War,  TEXAS  annexed,      .       1846-1848 
Gold  discovered  in  California,    ....     1847 
Salt  Lake  occupied  by  Mormons,    .     .     .     1847 
FLORIDA,  1845;   IOWA,  1846;  WISCONSIN, 

1848;  CALIFORNIA,  1850. 
Z.  Taylor,  Pres., .          1849 

R.  W.  EMERSON, 1803-1882 

N.  HAWTHORNE, 1804-1864 

H.  W.  LON(}FELLOW 1807-1882 

R.  Hildreth, 1807-1865 

L.  G,  R.  Agassiz, 1807-1873 

"The  Dial," 1841-1845 

ll\.x3.m  Vo^itrs  {sculptor),  .     .     .     .       1805-1873 

Jacob  Abbott, 1803- 1879 

Horace  Bushnell, 1802-1876 

C.  F.  Hoffmann, 1806- 1849 

Lucretia  M.  Davidson,      ....       1808-1825 

Margaret  Davidson, 1823- 1838 

G.  S.  Hillard, 1808- 1879 

Margaret  Fuller  Ossoli,     ....       18 10- 1850 

1840 

1 

ni::)ivjKY,   j^i  i  iiKi\i  ukii,  i\i\u  aki 


IV.     FROM   A.D.    1850   TO   A.D.    1880.     /at  decades. 

A.D. 

Sistorg. 

^xtztzimt  mxb  Jlrt. 

A.D. 

1850 

M.  Fillmore,  Pres., 1850-1853 

Clay's  Compromise  of  Free  California  and 
Fugitive   Slave   Law.     Supported   by 

Wel)ster  and  carried, 1851 

Liberia  Scheme  discussed. 

Kossuth's  Orations, 1852 

Bulwer-Clayton  Treaty  (Fisheries),       .     .     1852 

F.  Pierce,  Pres., 1853- 1857 

Missouri  compromise  abrogated,      .     .     .      1854 

Republican  Party  formed, 1854 

Lord  Elgin  in  Canada,      ....       1 846- 1854 
Jaurez,  President  in  Mexico,  .     .      .       1855-1872 
Assault  on  Sumner  in  the  Senate  House,  .      1856 
Fremont  defeated  by  Buchanan,       .     .     .      1856 

Filibustering  in  Cuba, 1856 

Dred  Scott  Case, 1857 

Kansas  and  Nebraska  raids 1857 

MINNESOTA l8^7 

Theodore  Parker, 1810-1860 

Wendell  Phillips, 1811-1884 

Charles  Sumner 1811-1874 

Sylvester  Judd, 1813-1853 

Elihu  Burritt, 1811-1879 

Prof.  C.  Felton, 1807-1862 

J.  L.  MOTLEY, 1814-1877 

T.  B.  Thorpe, 1815-1878 

R.  H,  Dana,  jun., 1815-1882 

C.  S.  Cushman  {actress),  ....       18 16- 1876 

Mrs.  Sigourney, 1791-1865 

Lydia  M.  Child, 1802- 1880 

Henry  D.  Thoreau,      ....      1817-1862 

J.  T.  Fields, 1817-1881 

N.  P.  Willis, 1817-1867 

Charles  Brown  (Artemus  Ward),     .       1 834- 1867 

J.  W.  Draper, 1811-1882 

J.  G.  Holland, 1819-1881 

Theodore  Winthrop, 1828-1861 

Delia  I'acon, 1811-1859 

1880 

J.  Buchanan,  Pres., 1857-1861 

First  Atlantic  Cable, 1858 

John  Brown  at  Harper's  Ferry,  ....      1S59 
OREGON 1859 

I860 

Secession  of  South  Carolina, i860 

,,        and  of  six  other  States,    .      .     .      1861 
A.  LINCOLN  (1809-1865),  Pres.,      .       1861-1865 

KANSAS  a  Free  State, 1861 

CIVIL   WAR.      North:    23   States  and   22 

MilHon.     South  :  11  States  and  9  Million. 
M'Clellan  at  Yorktown.     Morell  Tariff,  .     1861 
Fort  Sumpter  taken.     Bull's  Run,  .     .     .      1861 
Antietam,  Farragut  at  New  Orleans,    .     .      1862 
Vicksburg  taken,      ....     (4th  July),      1863 
Chancellorsville  (Lee  and  Jackson),      .     .      1863 

Gettisburg  (Meade), 1864 

Sheridan    in    the    Shenandoah.       Grant 

before  Pittsburg, 1864 

NEVADA, 1864 

Bayard  Taylor, 1825-1878 

William  M.  Hunt  (/am/^r),  .     .     .       1824- 1879 

R.  G.  White, 1822- 1885 

Horace  Greeley, 1811-1872 

G.  Bancroft, 1800-1891 

T.  D.  Woolsey, 1807- 1889 

J.  G.  Whittier, 1807- 1892 

W.  G.  Simms, 1807- 1870 

Oliver  Wendell  Holmes,  ....       1809-1894 

F.  Bowen, 1811-1890 

E.  Loomis  {p/ijysicist),       .     .     .     .       1811-1889 
Harriet  Beecher  Stowe,     ....       1812-1896 

J.  C.  Fremont, 1813-1890 

J.  Dwight  Dana  {mineralogist),  .     .       1813-1895 

Julia  Ward  Howe, 1819- 

James  R.  Lowell, 1 819- 1 891 

Hermann  Melville, 1819-1891 

W.  W.  Story  {sculptor),     .     .     ."    .       1819-1895 

E.  P.  Whipple, 1819-1886 

Walt  Whitman, 1819-1892 

E.  E.  Hale, 1822- 1909 

G.  W.  Curtis, 1824-1892 

Chas.  G.  Leland  (Hans  Breitmann),      1824- 1903 
R.  H.  Stoddart, 1825- 1903 

F.  E.  Church  [painter),    ....       1826- 1900 

I860 

Sherman  at  Savannah.     Richmond  taken. 

Slavery  abolished, 1865 

Jeff.     Davis     apprehended.            Lincoln 

assassinated, April,     1865 

Reconstruction  of  Southern  States, .       1865- 1870 

A.  Johnson,  Pres., 1865-1869 

Philadelphia  Convention, 1866 

Atlantic  Cable  permanently  laid,     .     .     .      1867 

Maximilian  shot  in  Mexico, 1867 

Purchase  of  Alaska, 1867 

NEBRASKA, 1867 

War  between  Brazil  and  Paraguay,       .     .      1868 

Impeachment  of  President, 1868 

General  Amnesty.     R.  Johnson  in  England 

succeeded  by  J.  L.  Motley,     ....      1869 
Pacific  Railway, 1869 

1870 

U.  Grant,  Pres., 1869-1877 

The  Constitutional  Amendment,      .     .     .      1870 

First  Coloured  Senator, 1870 

Red  River  Rebellion, 187 1 

Fish  and  Lord  Clarendon  on  Alabama  Claims, 

1869.  Referred  by  Treaty  of  Washington, 

1870,  to   Arbitration.      Settled    at   Geneva, 
1872,  against  England. 

Right  of  Blacks  to  hold  office  recognized,       1872 
Commercial  Panic.    Fisk  killed.    Erie  Ring,  1872 
Dom  Pedro  H.  (1825-1891),  Emperor,   1831-1889 
COLORADO, 1876 

Jones  Very, 1813-1880 

C.  D.  Warner, 1829- 1900 

A.  Bierstadt  (/am/^r),       ....       1830- 1902 
Harriet  G.  Hosmer  {sculptor),    .     .       1830 

Mary  A.  Dodge, 1 830- 1896 

Helen  Hunt  Jackson  ("  H.  H."),    .       1831-1885 

E.  C.  Stedman, 1833- 1908 

Samuel  Clemens  (Mark  Twain),      .       1835- 

T.  B.  Aldrich, 1836-1907 

E.  Eggleston, 1837-1902 

W.  D.  Howells, 1837- 

Bret  Harte, 1839- 1902 

Cincinnatus  H.  ("Joaquin")  Miller,     1841- 

Sidney  Lanier, 1842- 188 1 

Henry  James, 1843- 

G.  W.  Cable, 1845- 

Julian  Hawthorne, 1846- 

Mrs.  Burnett  (Frances  Hodgson),  .      1849- 

1870 

Centennial  Exposition,  Philadelphia,   .     .      1876 

R.  B.  Hayes,  Pres., 1877- 1880 

War  between  Chili  and  Peru,      .     .       1878-1883 

Brigham  Young  dies, 1877 

Bland-Allison  Silver  Bill, 1878 

Resumption  of  Specie  Payments,    .     .     .     1879 

XXII.— AMERICAN    HISTORY, 


LITERATURE,    AND    ART 


(V.). 


v.— FROM   A.D.    1880   TO   A.D.    1909.     IN  DECADES. 

A.D. 

%xzUx^. 

iJit^ratttr^  anb  ^rt. 

A.D. 

1880 

Commercial  Frauds  in  New  York.    Panama  Canal 

Controversy.     Indian  and  Mormon  Troubles. 

Census  of  1880  =  50  millions. 
J.  Garfield,  President,  ....      1880- 1881 

Assassinated, Sept.  1,  1881 

John  Taylor,  Mormon  President,     .     .     .     1880 

Parnell  in  America, 1880 

C.  A.  Arthur,  President,    .     .     .       1881-1885 
Attempted  Civil  Service  Reform,    .       1882- 1883 
Chinese  Immigration  suspended  for  10  years,  1882 

Polygamy  prohibited, 1 882 

S.  Cleveland,  President,     .     .     .       1885-1889 
Labour    agitation.        Anarchist    riots    in 

Chicago, 1886 

Lord  Sackville  incident, 1888 

Benjamin  Harrison,  President,  .      1889-1893 

OKLAHOMA  settled, 1889 

NORTH  AND  SOUTH  DAKOTA,  MONTANA, 

WASHINGTON, 1889 

Jefferson  Davis  dies, 1889 

Francis  Parkman, 182^-180^ 

D.  G.  Mitchell, 1822- 

Parke  Godwin 1816-1904 

George  Fuller  (painter),   ....       1822- 1884 
George  Inness  (painter),   ....       1825-1894 
F.J.  Child,    .........       1825-1896 

Charles  E.  Norton, 1827-1908 

Moncure  D.  Conway,  .     .     .     .     .       1832-1907 
H.  H.  Furness, 1833- 

C.  W.  Eliot, 1834- 

F.  R.  Stockton, 1834- 1902 

Moses  Coit  Tyler, 1835-1900 

T,  Thomas  (musician),      ....       1835  1905 
John  Lafarge  (painter),     ....       1835- 
Winslow  Homer  (painter),     .     .     .       1836- 
Henry  George, •     1839-1896 

E.  R.  Sill, 1841-1887 

John  Fiske, 1842- 1901 

Elizabeth  Stuart  Phelps  (Mrs.  Ward),  1844- 

Edgar  Fawcett, 1847-1904 

Edward  Bellamy, 1850-1898 

G.  Parsons  Lathrop, 1851-1898 

1880 

1890 

Census  of  1890  =  62  millions. 

IDAHO,  WYOMING, 1890 

Tariff  legislation, 1890 

Copyright  Bill  passed, 1891 

Strike  at  Pittsburg  ;  severe  fighting,    .     .     1892 
Grover  Cleveland,  President,    .       1893-1897 
Behring  Sea  Arbitration  award, .     .     .     .      1893 
Industrial  Crisis  ;  Martial  Law  in  Chicago,  1 894 
U.S.    claims   right   to   settle   Venezuelan 

boundary, 1895 

UTAH 1896 

S.  Weir  Mitchell, 1830- 

Elihu  Vedder  (painter),    ....       1836- 

John  Burroughs, 1837- 

Louise  Chandler  Moulton,     .     .     .       1838-1908 
J.  K.  Paine  (musician),     ....       1839-1906 
L.  F.  Ward  (sociologist),   .     .     .     .       1841- 
Thomas  Eakins  (painter),      .     .     .       1844- 

John  Banister  Tabb, 1845- 

Edward  Noyes  Westcott, .     .     .     .       1846- 1898 

Joel  Chandler  Harris, 1848-1908 

James  Lane  Allen, 1849- 

Eugene  Field, 1850- 1895 

A.  St.  Gaudens  (sculptor),      .     .     .       1851-1907 
Timothy  Cole  (engraver),       .     .     .       1852- 

Harold  Frederic 1856-1898 

Henry  Harland, 1861-1905 

Bliss  Carman, 1861- 

John  Oliver  Hobbes  (Mrs.  Craigie),      1867-1906 

Stephen  Crane, 1870- 1900 

Frank  Norris, 1870- 1902 

1890 

William  M'Kinley,  President,    .      1897-1900 

Dingley  Tariff  Bill  passed, 1897 

Sandwich  Islands  annexed, 1897 

Anglo-American  Arbitration  Treaty  rejected 
by  Senate, 1897 

Anglo-American       Venezuelan       Boundary 

Treaty, 1897 

Maine  blown  up  in  Havana  harbour,    .     .      1898 
Spanish- American  War  (Peace,  Dec.  10),      1898 

Philippines  to  America, 1898 

Cuba  to  America, 1899 

Fighting  in  Philippines, 1899 

1900 

Census  of  1900  =  76  millions. 
M'Kinley,  President  (2nd  term),  1900; 

assassinated, 1901 

Capture  of  Aguinaldo  and  Staff,      .     ,     .     1901 
Theodorh:  Roosevelt,  President,      1901-1904 
Visit  of  Prince  Henry  of  Prussia,     .     .     .      1902 
Roosevelt  receives  Boer  delegates,  .     .     .      1902 
Cuba  evacuated  ;  becomes  Republic,   .     .      1902 
Anglo-German-Venezuelan   agreement 

signed  in  Washington, 1903 

Award  of  Alaskan  Boundary  Tribunal,     .     1903 
Canal  Treaty  with  Republic  of  Panama,  .     1903 

Cuban  Reciprocity  treaty, 1903 

Theodore  Roosevelt,  President,      1904- 1908 
Senate  annuls  Arbitration  Treaties   with 

Foreign  powers, 1905 

Russo-Japanese  Peace  Conference  at  Ports- 
mouth, U.S.A., 1905 

Prof.  William  James, 1842- 

0.  B.  Boise  (musician),     ....       1844- 
William  Milligan  Sloane,  ....      1850- 

D.  S.  Jordan  (biologist),    .     .     .     .       1851- 

E.  A.  Abbey  (painter),     ....       1852- 
Thomas  Alexander  Harrison  (painter),  1853- 
Thomas  Nelson  Page, 1853- 

F.  Marion  Crawford, 1854-1909 

G.  W.  Chadwick  (musician),      .     .       1854- 
J.  S.  Sargent  (painter),     ....       1856- 
Kate  Douglas  Wiggin  (Mrs.  Riggs),       1856- 

Gertrude  Atherton, 1857- 

Margaret  Deland  (Mrs.  Campbell),        1857- 
Ernest  Seton  Thompson,  ....       1860- 

Elizabeth  Robins, 1862- 

Mary  E.  Wilkins, 1862- 

F.  W.  M'Monnies  (sculptor),      .     .       1863- 
H.  W.  FsLxker  (musician),      .     .     .       1863- . 

AUce  Hegan  Rice, 1870- 

Winston  Churchill, 1871- 

1900 

Second  military  occupation  of  Cuba,    .     .     1906 

Roosevelt's  War  on  Trusts, 1906 

First  Philippine  Assembly, 1907 

Washington  Conference  on  Settlement  of 

Central  American  Republics,  ....     1907 
Cruise  of  American  Pacific  Fleet,    .     .     .      1907 
W.  H.  Taft,  President,  ......      1908 

Japanese  Agreement, 1908 

Anglo-American  Arbitration  treaty,      .     .     1908 

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