************* *
! A TALE OF TWO I
* CONVENTIONS *
* W WILLIAM JENNINGS BRYAN •
11 I llil
LIBRARY
THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA
SANTA BARBARA
PRESENTED BY
HILTON P. GOSS
A TALE OF
TWO CONVENTIONS
(c) Harris 4 Ewine
Theodore Roos
Hiram W. Johnson
CANDIDATES FOR PRESIDENT
AND VICE-PRESIDENT
A TALE OF
BEING AN ACCOUNT OF THE REPUBLICAN AND
DEMOCRATIC NATIONAL CONVENTIONS OF
JUNE, 1912, WITH AN OUTLINE OF THE
PROGRESSIVE NATIONAL CONVENTION
OF AUGUST IN THE SAME YEAR
BY
WILLIAM JENNINGS BRYAN
WITH SELECTIONS OF NOTABLE SPEECHES, INCLUDING THOSE OF
THEODORE ROOSEVELT, MR. BRYAN, ELIHU ROOT
AND ALTON B. PARKER, EDITED BY
VIRGIL V. McNITT
ILLUSTRATED FROM CONTEMPORARY CARTOONS
FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY
NEW YORK AND LONDON
1912
COPYRIGHT, 1912, BY
FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY
(Printed in the United States of America)
Published September, xgia
EDITOR'S FOREWORD
MR. BRYAN AS A NEWSPAPER CORRESPONDENT
Some of the most interesting contributions to
the daily press on political subjects during the
campaign of 1912 were made by Mr. Bryan, who
at Chicago and Baltimore represented a number of
important newspapers as a special correspondent.
His daily reports were published in the following
papers :
The New York World,
Chicago Tribune,
Philadelphia Bulletin,
Boston Globe,
St. Louis Post-Dispatch,
Cleveland Leader,
Baltimore American,
Baltimore Star,
Pittsburgh Post,
Pittsburgh Sun,
Washington Times,
Cincinnati Enquirer,
Toledo Blade,
Detroit News,
Chicago Journal,
Indianapolis Star,
Denver Times,
Youngstown Telegram,
Dayton News,
Memphis Commercial-
Appeal,
Louisville Herald,
Dallas News,
San Jose Times,
Kansas City Star,
Minneapolis Tribune,
Richmond News-Leader,
Lincoln Journal,
Jacksonville (111.)
Journal,
Jacksonville Courier^
Buffalo Times,
vi EDITOR'S FOEEWOED
Los Angeles Tribune, Springfield (111.)
Spokane Spokesman- State Register,
Review, Columbia State,
Seattle Times, Raleigh News and
San Francisco Observer,
Chronicle, New Haven Union.
Omaha News,
After the conventions, Mr. Bryan was urged to
collect these letters and thus give his friends an
opportunity to preserve them in book form. He
concluded to follow the suggestion, and to include
in the book important speeches, party platforms,
and a selection of contemporary cartoons. It was
my privilege to work with Mr. Bryan at Chicago
and Baltimore, my task being to distribute his
articles among the newspapers. When Mr. Bryan
concluded to bring out the book, he assigned to me
the work of collecting and arranging the material
as here presented.
It is a matter for regret that only a few can
ever witness a national convention. Mr. Bryan's
friends all over the country would have been grati-
fied, had they been present at Chicago, and seen
the evidences of personal affection which came
naturally from men and women of every rank as he
took his place unostentatiously among reporters for
the press at the Republican convention, or when he
walked about the streets, or rode in street cars. Of
the reception accorded him in the unfamiliar en-
EDITOS'S FOBEWOBD vii
vironment of a Republican National Convention a
writer in the Chicago Journal has given an ex-
cellent account :
Hailed by his friends as the most popular man at the
Republican Convention in Chicago, and greeted by the
delegates themselves as the next Democratic nominee for
the Presidency, William J. Bryan moved among the
crowds. In search of news for articles which he will
write, Mr. Bryan met and shook hands with probably
more delegates than did any leader of the Republican
party. Leaders and delegates alike halted in a wild
scramble to shake the hand of the Commoner and whis-
per a few words in his ear. Scores of them renewed
old acquaintanceship. Many an anxious delegate took
him aside for a friendly word on the outcome of the
struggle between the Taft and Roosevelt camps, but to
all such inquiries Mr. Bryan had one answer: He was
in Chicago seeking information from those who make up
the convention, and not imparting it to them.
Mr. Bryan went about his task of gathering news like
any other reporter. He visited the principal headquar-
ters of the candidates, and took in the headquarters of
various State delegations. Here and there in the lobbies
and rooms he met big leaders, with whom he held whis-
pered conversations, asking questions and making mental
memoranda.
At the Roosevelt headquarters he was greeted by Sen-
ator Dixon, nominal director of the Roosevelt campaign.
William B. McKinley welcomed Mr. Bryan at the Taft
headquarters, and Senator Kenyon made him feel at
home in the Cummins headquarters. A dozen of the
Iowa delegates and their friends surrounded him at
the Cummins headquarters and joined in a cheer for him,
while Senator Kenyon introduced them. He and the
Senator sat on a lounge in a corner of the Cummins
headquarters and conversed in low tones for several
minutes.
"I'm 'covering' the convention, and I want you to
remember me when you have any big news to give out,"
said Mr. Bryan on parting. "I'm staying at the Uni-
versity Club, and I want you to call me up any time of
the night or day." It was just the kind of talk with
which the everyday convention reporter admonishes his
friends many times daily.
Mr. Bryan called on Walter Houser, manager of the
La Follette boom, at the Grand Pacific Hotel, and later
went to the Presidential suite in the Congress Hotel,
where he sent in his name to Theodore Roosevelt. He
was promptly admitted to the Roosevelt rooms, the ex-
President meeting him at the door.
The door was closed on the two while they talked.
Mr. Bryan did not reveal the subject discust at the
interview, but it may be taken for granted that he told
the Colonel to call him up at the University Club if he
had any news to give out.
"Do you remember attending the Republican Conven-
tion at St. Louis in 1896, Col. Bryan?" asked a news-
paper man later. "You wrote your stuff in the office of
the St. Louis Chronicle, at a desk right next to mine. The
Democratic Convention was to be held in Chicago the
next week, and I can remember very well how Col.
McMurray walked up and asked you who would be
nominated by the Democrats. You answered very
quickly: 'I haven't the slightest idea.' And the next
week you were nominated yourself."
"Well," broke in Mr. Bryan, with a broad smile, "we
must distinguish between ideas and hopes."
Mr. Bryan said good-by to the group after joking
with them about the way he was delayed a half hour
by interviewers and photographers after his arrival in
the city.
"They just cornered me and I couldn't do a thing," he
said: "I don't think it was right, because we fellows
ought to do all we can to help one another."
EDITOR'S FOREWORD ix.
He rode in an elevator to the ground floor of the
Congress.
"There's Col. Bryan," said a Texas delegate to a com-
panion. "He's writing the convention for the Chicago
Journal. Col. Bryan, I want to shake hands with you.
This is my neighbor from Texas. We are Roosevelt
delegates here, and are glad to see you. This is my
wife, too, Col. Bryan. She always has wanted to meet
you."
At every step he was stopped by men who knew him,
mostly men wearing badges of delegates. They shook his
hand, inquired about his health, and that of his family,
and asked his opinion of the outcome.
"Just on the quiet," was the general plea, but Mr.
Bryan shook his head and answered kindly, "Wait until
about next Friday, and then I'll give a prognostication
as to who the next Republican candidate for President
will be."
"There's Bill Bryan," or "There goes Bryan," were
the words of nearly every man or woman who passed
Mr. Bryan on his walk from the door of the Congress to
the door of the Auditorium across the street. Arrived
at the latter hotel, he went to the rooms of the Associated
Press and asked for old friends, among them Melville E.
Stone. Mr. Stone was out, but Mr. Bryan was careful
to have his secretary make a note to the effect that
W. J. Bryan had called and wished to be remembered
to him.
He then sought out the headquarters of the California
delegation. The room was filled with Roosevelt men, and
a dozen of them made a dash for Mr. Bryan as soon as
he was recognized.
"Isn't this Col. Bryan?" shouted one of the delegates,
excitedly. "Why, bless me, boy, let me introduce' you all.
Col. Bryan, we're going to nominate Roosevelt at this
Republican Convention, and we hope he won't have to
run against you. I'm not afraid of a single other
Democrat."
ac EDITOR'S FOBEWOED
"Very nice of you to say so," said Mr. Bryan. "But
I'm not a candidate to-day. I'm a reporter. I'd like to
see Governor Johnson if I may."
The secretary said that Mr. Johnson was in a very
important conference, but he felt that the Governor
would adjourn the conference to be interviewed by such
a distinguished reporter. While the secretary was gone
to notify the Governor, Mr. Bryan shook hands with
Benjamin Ide Wheeler, president of the University of
California, with whom he discust a number of sub-
jects. From the corridor a crowd swept into the head-
quarters and gathered around the two, and soon Mr.
Bryan was talking loud enough to be heard by a dozen
or more of those around him. He ended the talk with,
"Well, I've learned the great lesson of patience."
Mr. Bryan was thanking the two graciously when Gov-
ernor Johnson arrived from his conference. He greeted
Mr. Bryan warmly, and, with President Wheeler and
others, the two looked over the hotel balcony out onto
Lake Michigan and discussed generalities. Mr. Bryan
related how he had used a California flag which Presi-
dent Wheeler had sent him to decorate his daughter's
rooms at his Lincoln, Neb., home.
Finally he put his arm around Governor Johnson's
shoulder and whispered that he wanted a word with
him. The two retired to chairs in the corner of the
rooms and discust the convention situation earnestly for
more than twenty minutes. Evidently they were old
friends.
While they were talking the group of delegates en-
larged.
"What do you know about the Governor being inter-
viewed by Bryan?" said one of them.
"He's the best of the lot," said another. "I'd rather
see him run than the whole bunch/' not elucidating
whether he included his idol, Teddy, in the "bunch."
"Well, there's one thing certain," said a Colorado man
who had come in. "Roosevelt can carry Colorado if he
EDITOR'S FOEEWOED xi
runs on a baggage ticket. Next to him, Bryan is the
most popular man in Colorado."
From the California rooms Mr. Bryan hastened to the
New York headquarters.
"I want to see Fred Tanner/' he told the doortender.
Mr. Tanner was found. He evidently appreciated the
honor of a call. They greeted one another warmly. It
turned out that Mr. Tanner is Frederick C.} the son of
Edward A. Tanner, former president of the Illinois
College at Jacksonville, 111., who married Mr. and Mrs.
Bryan. The Tanners and the Bryans were next-door
neighbors. Mr. Bryan had read that the younger Tan-
ner was a delegate from New York and so looked him up.
"Fred," he said, "I'm writing some things about this
convention, and I want you to remember me if you get
any news that you want printed. Call me up at the
University Club, and see that I don't get scooped on the
New York news."
Mr. Tanner introduced the Colonel to a dozen or more
Taft delegates who were in the room.
"Colonel," said one of the men, "is it possible that we
shall have the pleasure of voting for you in the fall if
Mr. Taft is not nominated?"
"I'll tell you," responded Mr. Bryan. "I'm in the
position of the man who was met in the street by a
friend who asked him if he could change a $10 bill.
'No,' replied the man, 'but I appreciate the compliment
just the same.' "
"If Roosevelt is nominated and you run in the fall,"
said another Taft delegate, "I have heard many Repub-
licans say that you will carry New York State by a big
vote."
"I was told that twice before," Mr. Bryan answered,
with his broadest smile and a pat on the back.
At Baltimore the circumstances were different.
Here Mr. Bryan was in the house of political
friends and a cordial reception was inevitable. Here
xii EDITOR'S FOREWORD
as at Chicago Mr. Bryan acted as a newspaper re-
porter. He was also a delegate, and not only that,
but he became the most active and potent personal
force in the convention. Many experienced political
observers have declared that the fortunes of the
day were determined by him. Friends of Mr. Bryan
would have been thrilled by his eloquence in Balti-
more. It was put forth in the midst of his news-
paper activities and in the face of seemingly des-
perate odds on the floor of the convention. These
battles day after day were often fought against the
advice of timid friends. These friends hung their
heads in trepidation as storms of anger and abuse
raged about him. It was a wonderful struggle, and
particularly so because Mr. Bryan won it so de-
cisively, in spite of the utmost efforts of a hostile
majority, bent upon defeating a man whose high
purposes they could not understand.
The printed page cannot supply the color, the
action or the din of the encounter ; it merely offers
so much as can be preserved. While it may lack
some of the gripping qualities of the actual scenes,
it at any rate will afford means for a more careful
analysis of measures and motives than could have
been made at the time of the convention itself.
VIRGIL V. McNiTT.
AUGUST 12, 1912.
CONTENTS
PAGE
Editor's Foreword — Mr. Bryan as a News-
paper Correspondent v
Introduction xxi
By Mr. Bryan.
PART I.
THE EEPUBLICAN NATIONAL CONVENTION
Chicago, June 18-22, 1912
I. The Preliminary Skirmishing 3
Mr. Bryan's first letter, in morn-
ing newspapers of Monday, June
17.
II. The Opposing Leaders — A Study of
Types 10
Mr. Bryan's letter in afternoon
newspapers of Monday, June 17.
III. Just Before the Battle 15
Mr. Bryan's letter in morning
newspapers of Tuesday, June 18.
IV. The Roosevelt Mass Meeting at the
Auditorium 22
Mr. Bryan's letter in afternoon
newspapers of Tuesday, June 18.
xiii
xiv CONTENTS
PAGE
V. How Elihu Boot Was Chosen Tempo-
rary Chairman 29
Mr. Bryan's letter in morning
newspapers of Wednesday, June
19.
VI. An Analysis of the Chairmanship
Contest 37
Mr. Bryan's letter in afternoon
newspapers of Wednesday, June
19.
VII. The Roosevelt-Hadley Demonstration 44
Mr. Bryan's letter in morning
newspapers of Thursday, June
20.
VIII. The Futility of the Demonstration. 53
Mr. Bryan's letter in afternoon
newspapers of Thursday, June
20.
IX. On the Eve of the Crisis 61
Mr. Bryan's letter in morning
newspapers of Friday, June 21.
X. The Convention as a Photograph of
the Nation 66
Mr. Bryan's letter in afternoon
newspapers of Friday, June 21.
XI. California's Day 72
Mr. Bryan's letter in morning
newspapers of Saturday, June
22.
CONTENTS xv
PAGE
XII. The Day Before the Last 77
Mr. Bryan's letter in afternoon
newspapers of Saturday, June
22.
XIII. The End of the Convention 82
Mr. Bryan's letter in morning
newspapers of Sunday, June 23.
Withdrawal of the Roosevelt Dele-
gates 85
Speech of Henry J. Allen and
Statement of Mr. Roosevelt 85
XIV. The Republican Platform 90
XV. A Criticism of Mr. Taft's Speech of
Acceptance 99
Mr. Bryan's article in morning
newspapers of August 3.
PART II
THE DEMOCRATIC NATIONAL
CONVENTION
Baltimore, June 25-July 2, 1912
I. The Two Contending Factions 109
Mr. Bryan's letter in morning
newspapers of Monday, June 24.
II. The Fight for a Progressive Chair-
man 116
xvi CONTENTS
PAGE
Mr. Bryan's letter in afternoon
newspapers of Monday, June 24.
III. The Steam Roller at Work 121
Mr. Bryan's letter in morning
newspapers of Tuesday, June 25.
IV. Financial Interests at Work 126
V. Alton B. Parker Made Temporary
Chairman 127
Mr. Bryan's letter in morning
newspapers of Wednesday, June
26.
Speech of Mr. Bryan Opposing the
Election of Alton B. Parker . . 134
Speech of Senator Kern; a Plea
for Harmony 142
VI. An Amazing Spectacle in the Con-
vention 146
Mr. Bryan's letter in afternoon
newspapers of Wednesday, June
26.
VII. The Tide Turns 152
Mr. Bryan's letter in morning
newspapers of Thursday, June
27.
VIII. Bossism Becomes the Issue 158
Mr. Bryan's letter in afternoon
newspapers of Thursday, June
27:
CONTENTS xvii
PAGE
IX. The Anti - Morgan - Ryan - Belmont
Resolution 162
Mr. Bryan's letter in morning
newspapers of Friday, June 28.
X. The Adoption of the Resolution 167
Mr. Bryan's letter in afternoon
newspapers of Friday, June 28.
Mr. Bryan's Speech on the Reso-
lution 172
The Candidates Discussed 175
XI. Awaiting the Nomination 180
Mr. Bryan's letter in morning
newspapers of Saturday, June
29.
XII. The Money Trust's Activities 184
Mr. Bryan's letter in afternoon
newspapers of Saturday, June
29.
XIII. How Votes Were Changed 187
Mr. Bryan's letter in morning
newspapers of Monday, July 1.
Mr. Bryan's Speech Explaining
His Vote 193
XIV. The Close of the Convention 198
Mr. Bryan's letter in morning
newspapers of Wednesday, July 3.
Mr. Bryan's Valedictory 203
An Interview with Mr. Bryan... 206
XV. The Democratic Platform . 208
xviii CONTENTS
PAGE
XVI. Governor Wilson's Speech of Ac-
ceptance 228
Mr. Bryan's comments as pub-
lished on August 9 228
XVII. The Influence of Mr. Bryan in the
Convention 236
Some of the comments on it by
leading newspapers 238
PART III
THE PROGRESSIVE NATIONAL
CONVENTION
Chicago, August 5-7, 1912
I. A Summary of Events 247
II. Mr. Roosevelt's Speech in the Con-
vention 250
III. The Platform 279
IV. Comments on the Progressive Party. 296
Mr. Bryan's Article published in
newspapers of Saturday, August
10
LIST OF CARTOONS
PAGE
1. The Education of Willie Bryan 4
(As a newspaper correspondent at the
Republican Convention.)
2. At the Republican Convention — Mr.
Bryan Enjoying the Discussion .... 30
3. Mr. Bryan's Departure from the Re-
publican Convention 86
4. Atlas Ill
5. Trying to Square it With the Peerless
Leader 123
6. Convention Studies 130
7. William Jennings Bryan Draws a Car-
toon 149
8. Mr. Bryan's Cartoon — Another Repre-
sentation 150
9. Mr. Bryan's Second Cartoon 151
10. The Baltimore Transformation 155
11. The Sacrifice Hit 190
12. The Candidate We All Support 305
INTRODUCTION
TWO EPOCH-MAKING CONVENTIONS
Criticism of men is only useful when it leads
to reforms, and criticism of conventions is only
worth uttering or reading when attention is called
to errors that can be corrected.
The Chicago Convention gave in an exaggerated
form an object-lesson that seemed necessary to
awaken the public to evils that have existed for
years. The two evils that stood out prominently
at Chicago were, first, the organization of a new
convention by an old, outgrown committee; and,
second, the employment, for the purpose of over-
riding a majority of committeemen, of delega-
tions representing mythical constituencies in the
South.
It has been customary in all parties for the com-
mittee which conducts a campaign to retain its
authority until the next convention is permanently
organized. In ordinary times the power thus con-
ferred upon an old committee is not misused, but
in times of upheaval and change the power is sub-
ject to abuse. It was abused in the Democratic
convention at Chicago in 1896 when an old com-
mittee, friendly to the administration, undertook
xxii INTRODUCTION
to control a new convention antagonistic to the
administration.
Likewise at the Republican convention, held at
Chicago this year, a considerable number of the
committeemen had been repudiated in their own
States and acted contrary to the known wishes of
their successors on the committee and the delega-
tions from those States. As the new committee-
men do not begin to serve until the permanent or-
ganization is perfected, the old committee is able
to determine the character of the new conven-
tion.
Something over two hundred and fifty delegates
were contested before the national committee and
the Taft men were seated in nearly every case.
More than two-thirds of these contests were dropt
and only about seventy-five taken before the con-
vention, but the seventy-five were enough to de-
termine the complexion of the convention. If the
seventy-five Eoosevelt delegates were seated it
would make it a Eoosevelt convention; if the
seventy-five Taft delegates were seated it would
put the Taft forces in control. The old national
committee, holding over from four years ago, had
the right according to custom to make up the tem-
porary roll-call and it gave the seventy-five Taft
men seats in the convention. These Taft delegates
voted on the contests that came before the con-
vention. Of course, each delegate was prohibited
INTRODUCTION xriii
from voting in his own case, but the contests were
decided in small groups, and while a delegate could
not vote in his own case, he could vote in all the
other cases, and, as the contested delegates under-
stood that they must stand or fall together, the
effect was just the same as if each man had voted
to seat himself.
The old committee was able to, and in fact did,
decide the issue between the two contending fac-
tions. It is not for me to say that the Taft com-
mittee ignored justice and equity in those deci-
sions— that is a question which I am glad to leave
the Republicans to decide. Neither is it for me to
say that a Roosevelt committee would not have
acted on the same principle adopted by the Taft
men if Mr. Roosevelt's faction had controlled the
committee. I would not even say that a Demo-
cratic committee would have acted differently — I
have known Democratic committeemen to be just
as willing to use their power to advance their own
side of a contest. My contention is that frail
human beings ought not to be subjected to the
temptations presented at Chicago and in other con-
ventions. When a presidential nomination is at
stake and the course of a four years' administra-
tion is involved in a decision, a great many men
who are thoroughly honest and, when disinterested,
very just, yield to the temptation to put the end
above the means to the extent of employing means
xxiv INTSODUCTION
that they cannot defend to secure an end which
they regard as of great importance. The members
of the Tilden-Hayes electoral commission — all noted
men — did this in 1877. The question is not
whether the Taft men were worse than Roosevelt
men or what Democrats would have been under
similar circumstances, but whether the system can
be so reformed as to remove such powerful tempta-
tions.
The Baltimore platform suggests the selection of
national eommitteemen by popular vote ; this is an
improvement over the old method of selection by
the national delegates. But what is more impor-
tant, the Baltimore platform advocates a revolu-
tionary change when it suggests that the new eom-
mitteemen begin to serve as soon as elected. This
creates a new committee in sympathy with the new
convention and puts an end to the evils that arise
from the action of a hold-over committee, made
up in part of eommitteemen already repudiated in
their own States. If this rule had been in force in
the Chicago convention the Roosevelt faction would
have been much stronger in the national committee.
This change, however, could not have been made at
the convention, because the delegates would have
considered the immediate effects of the change
rather than the merits of the change itself, but
now that the matter can be passed upon deliber-
ately and dispassionately it is quite certain that the
INTRODUCTION xxv
Baltimore proposal will commend itself to fair-
minded men of all parties.
The second difficulty, namely, the imaginary con-
stituency, is one that is peculiar to the Republican
situation and has no counterpart in a Democratic?
convention. While a number of the States are
generally Republican, still the Democratic party in
these States is a real force and there is no reason
why the Democrats of the Eepublican States should
not enjoy full participation in the writing of plat-
forms and in the making of nominations.
In the case of the Republican party, however, it
is different. In a number of the southern States
the Republican party is a fiction. It exerts no
approachable influence in local affairs and is held
together by prospect of federal patronage. Take
the State of Mississippi, for instance. It had
twenty delegates in the Republican convention in
Chicago and these twenty delegates voted quite con-
sistently to carry out the Taft program. There
were at the last presidential election only 4,505
votes — Republican votes — in Mississippi, while in
my district in Nebraska, the first district, there
were 18,642 votes. The first district of Nebraska
had two delegates in the Chicago convention, and,
as one of the six districts of Nebraska, it joined in
the selection of four at large, its proportionate
strength being a little less than three delegates, or
less than one-sixth as many as Mississippi had, and
xxvi INTRODUCTION
yet it cast more than four times as many votes as
the Republican party cast in the State of Missis-
sippi. In other words, the average Mississippi Re-
publican had twenty-four times as much influence
in the Chicago convention as the average Repub-
lican in the first district of Nebraska. I only take
Mississippi as an illustration. The same thing is
true in Louisiana, in South Carolina, in Alabama,
and to a less degree in a number of other southern
States.
This disproportionate representation has existed
for some time and has more than once scandalized
the proceedings of Republican conventions. Now
that public attention has been turned upon the
situation. I have so much faith in the intelligence
and patriotism of the rank and file of the Republi-
can party that I feel sure some remedy will be
found to the end that the Republican conventions
hereafter may represent the voters of the Repub-
lican party. Republicans can decide for themselves
whether their party's interests would have been
advanced better by the nomination of Mr. Taft
or by the nomination of Mr. Roosevelt, but
when the interests of candidates are put aside
and the question is viewed upon its merits no con-
siderable portion of the Republican party will se-
riously advocate the continuance of a system by
which a minority' either in the organization or in
the convention can stifle the voice of a majority of
the party.
INTRODUCTION xxvii
The unit rule was the main cause of difficulty
at Baltimore. It ought to be abolished and all
delegates, except the four at large, ought to be
selected by districts, as Republican delegates are
selected.
Looking upon convention proceedings from the
standpoint of one desiring improvement along
every line I feel that the two great conventions of
1912, the Republican national convention at Chi-
cago and the Democratic national convention at
Baltimore, will prove epoch-making because of the
reforms that will result from them.
The chief lesson taught by the Baltimore con-
vention was quite a different lesson from that
taught at Chicago. It shows as no former conven-
tion has done the power of public opinion. The
pressure brought to bear upon the Baltimore con-
vention by "the Democrats at home" is a signal il-
lustration of the fact that representative govern-
ment is a fact in the United States. No plan of
misrepresentation, whether intentional or uninten-
tional, is likely to succeed when it becomes known.
Governments throughout the world are becoming
more and more responsive to the will of the peo-
ple, and our own government is becoming increas-
ingly sensitive to the wishes of the voters. The se-
lection of Judge Parker for temporary chairman
was a challenge to the progressive element of the
party and the manner in which the challenge was
accepted shows how sound the party is at heart.
xxviii INTRODUCTION
The anti-Morgan-Byan-Belmont resolution would
have been voted down by a considerable majority
but for the fact that the delegates feared the wrath
that a negative vote would have aroused at home.
And so, in the concluding hours of the convention,
an alliance with Mr. Murphy and with the inter-
ests which he represented in the convention became
more and more a thing to be feared as the tele-
grams poured in from forty-eight States.
This ' ' Tale of Two Conventions ' ' is given in the
hope that the facts set forth will be helpful to the
American people in the understanding of public
questions. Both conventions were turbulent, but
truth emerges triumphant from every contest.
There is no real contradiction between the two
propositions : first, that truth is the cause of revolu-
tions; and, second, that truth is a peacemaker.
Truth combats error and does not retire from the
contest until error is overthrown, but truth is a
peacemaker in the end, because nothing can be
permanent that does not rest upon truth.
The casual observer may be carried away by
the exciting incidents of a convention, but the
sober citizen will see in a national convention a
great human agency for the accomplishment of an
important end. Our conventions will cease to be
interesting only when nothing remains to be ac-
complished.
WILLIAM JENNINGS BRYAN.
Part One
THE REPUBLICAN NATIONAL CONVENTION
CHICAGO, JUNE 18-22, 1912
I
THE PRELIMINARY SKIRMISHING
Mr. Bryan's first letter, published in morning news-
papers of Monday, June 17th.
Chicago, June 16. — There is a liberal education
in a national convention, but much that one learns
is not useful to him afterwards. Nowhere else
does one see in full bloom this special phase of
convention life that politics develops in a free coun-
try. The headquarters of the various candidates
are in charge of skilful politicians enlisted under
the respective banners, and these have their assist-
ants and understudies who are in training.
The delegates as they come in are badged, tagged
and buttonholed. The prophets are revising their
lists as they learn of additions or defections and the
corridors of the hotels resound with the cheers of
partisans. These things are to be found in every
convention, but they are here in unusual abun-
dance.
The Republican party contains a larger number
of prominent and experienced politicians than are
3
THE EDUCATION OF WILLIE BRYAN.
(As a Newspaper Correspondent at the Republican
Convention.)
Bart, in the Minneapolis "Journal."
THE REPUBLICAN CONVENTION 5
to be found in the Democratic party, for promi-
nence usually goes hand in hand with official posi-
tions. For the last half century, the Republican
party has been in almost uninterrupted control of
the nation and has been supreme in a major-
ity of the States. It has had an opportunity,
therefore to lift its members into conspicuous po-
sitions.
As one passes through the increasing throng he
hears men addressed as "governor," "senator,"
and "secretary," until he becomes bewildered at
the array of officials now holding offices or with the
prefix "ex" before their titles — a prefix which
courtesy drops in salutation.
I am enjoying my first day renewing acquaint-
ance with the adherents of the various candidates
and with the numerous representatives of the press.
I called upon Representative McKinley * at the
Taft headquarters, upon Senator Dixont at the
Roosevelt headquarters, upon Senator Kenyon at
the Cummins headquarters, and upon Mr. Houser
at Senator La Follette's headquarters. I am now
trying to reconcile the predictions that they
make.
At the Taft headquarters the President is as
good as renominated. He has the necessary votes
and can read his title clear. There may be a varia-
* Manager of the Taft forces in the convention.
f Manager of the Eoosevelt forces.
6 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
tion of a few votes, but the margin is sufficient so
that a few desertions — not anticipated, of course,
but allowed for out of an abundance of caution —
would not change the result.
This would seem to settle the question in favor
of Mr. Taft, but for the fact that a different story
is told at the Roosevelt headquarters. Here it is all
over but the shouting, and even that has been
entered upon.
With the ex-President 's followers the exact num-
ber of votes is not so important, because they feel
that they have on their side a sentiment that will
compel additions. They are banking on the fact
that Mr. Eoosevelt has a majority of the votes from
the northern States, where the Republican vote is
located, and they are using this argument for all it
is worth. They will not admit there is any doubt
as to the final outcome.
After one has visited these two headquarters he
feels that while the issue is in doubt between the
President and the ex-President, the choice must lie
between the two, but Senator Kenyon and Mr.
Houser have carefully prepared tables which show
that neither of the principal candidates can be
nominated, and that in a long drawn out contest,
such as they expect, the party must turn to some
third person, and each thinks his candidate the
logical man for 'the place.
I am not prepared to venture a prediction; in
TEE REPUBLICAN CONVENTION 7
fact, no one who views the subject impartially
would care to risk a guess. The predictions that
are being made by interested parties illustrate the
old truth that man 's opinion of what is to be is half
wish and half environment.
Senator Kenyon wants it distinctly understood
that Senator Cummins will not consider the vice
presidency in connection with either President
Taft, ex-President Roosevelt, or anybody else.
Those in charge of Mr. La Toilette's candidacy are
equally emphatic in denying that they have any
intention of taking sides with either Mr. Roosevelt
or Mr. Taft.
I called on Mr. Roosevelt and found him cheerful
and as buoyant as I have ever seen him. Opinion
differs as to the effect of his presence here.* His
opponents think that his personal participation in
the convention is so unusual a manifestation of in-
terest as to offset any good that he can do. His
friends, on the other hand, are cheered by the au-
dacity of his course. They are counting on his
strengthening any wavering friends, as well as upon
his winning over any opponents who are not riveted
to the Taft candidacy.
The X, or unknown quantity, in the Republican
situation is the colored vote from the South. It is
the weakness of the Taft cause. It is a weakness
* An avowed leading candidate is believed never before
to have attended a presidential convention.
8 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
not only because it does not represent a voting
strength proportionate to its influence in the con-
vention but a weakness also because it cannot be de-
pended upon to stand tied.
There is a break in the Mississippi delegation and
another in the Georgia delegation. One of the Mis-
sissippi delegates has returned some money which
was given to him for traveling expenses for the
delegates, but there are Taft supporters who are
uncharitable enough to charge that this money
would not have been returned had not a larger sum
been received from "sources unknown."
In fact, it looks now as if this convention might
turn on the size of the "honorarium," as the maga-
zines describe the complimentary compensation
paid to those who write for them.
A Western senator used to tell at "Washington a
story that does not seem as absurd now as it did
then. He used it to show the honesty of some of
the Western legislators. One of them arose in the
State legislature during a senatorial contest and
thus addressed the speaker :
"I have received $1,000 from Mr. (we
will call him Mr. Smith), and I intended to vote
for him for senator, but since receiving the money
and promising him my support I have received
$1,500 from Mr. — - (we will call him Mr.
Brown), and, being an honest man, I desire to re-
turn Mr. Smith's money."
THE REPUBLICAN CONVENTION 9
It is -unfortunate that the forces are so evenly
divided as to make it possible for the scale to be
turned by influences which would deprive the victor
of the right to claim a real triumph for the prin-
ciples for which he stands.
II
THE OPPOSING LEADERS— A STUDY OF
TYPES
Mr. Bryan's letter in afternoon newspapers of
Monday, June 17th.
Chicago, June 17. — One notes a difference in the
manner and bearing of delegates as they come
pouring into the city and report at their respective
headquarters. The Taft men, excepting the South-
ern delegates, are as a rule of the conservative type.
They speak more deliberately and show less anima-
tion. Many of them are politicians of long experi-
ence who have been accustomed to the methods of
the inner circle. They speak cautiously, act delib-
erately, and are more inclined to ' ' view with alarm ' '
than to enthuse. They feel that things have been
going along fairly well, and are anxious that such
changes as are necessary may be made "slowly and
only after careful investigation." The Roosevelt
men, on the contrary, are largely of the aggressive
type. They have already decided matters and have
no doubts to settle. They are not waiting for in-
vestigation and are not weighing reforms in apoth-
ecary scales.
10
TEE EEPUBLICAN CONVENTION 11
A great many young men have come into promi-
nence as Roosevelt champions. Some of them ap-
pear younger than they really are. Gov. Johnson,
of California, is the most interesting figure from
the west. His state, so long a victim of railroad
rule and servitude to favor-seeking corporations,
has leapt at one bound into the front rank of re-
form States. With the zeal of a new convert Cali-
fornia points with pride to an army of militant
progressives, and only awaits the signals to fight
Standpatism on any field. Stubbs, of Kansas ; Had-
ley, of Missouri, and Aldrich, of Nebraska, are un-
tiring workers and they don't talk in whispers.
While the personality of Mr. Roosevelt is a con-
siderable factor in the contest, it is evident from
what one hears that the progressive Republicans
are using Mr. Roosevelt not because they approve
of all that he stands for, but because they regard
him as the best means of overthrowing the Taft
regime. They regard the President as the personi-
fication of reactionary sentiment in the nation and
would support almost any one in preference to him.
Some of them admit that the anti-third term argu-
ment is a handicap, but feel that it is not a suffi-
cient objection to deter them from casting in their
lot with the ex-President. I cannot agree with
them in putting this objection aside so lightly. It
has not yet been considered by the public.
President Taft is not in a position to urge the
12 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
strongest objections to a third term, and the sharp
line drawn between the administration and its op-
ponents precludes a fair discussion of the third-
term issue. If Mr. Eoosevelt should be pitted
against a progressive Democrat there would be bet-
ter opportunity to give weight to the objections
which are honestly and earnestly advanced.
The unfortunate phase of the controversy is that
discussion of an issue so fundamental would turn
attention from the economic questions upon which
the people seem ready to act. That this would be
the result of Mr. Roosevelt's nomination is certain.
Had he espoused the cause of any other progres-
sive and given to it the time and energy that he
has devoted to his own candidacy he could have
controlled the convention and made himself master
of the organization of his party. The bitterness
aroused by his candidacy would have been avoided
and his party would have been committed to the
reforms for which the progressives stand. The
Democratic party then would have had a rival that
would have spurred it on to even greater activity
in support of remedial measures.
But there is time enough to philosophize on what
might have been. The question just now is, how
many Taft delegates can the Roosevelt leaders,
aided by the ex-President himself, draw from the
President's fold?
The desertions 'claimed at the Roosevelt head-
THE REPUBLICAN CONVENTION 13
quarters are discredited by Mr. McKinley. It is
conceded that a Mississippi delegate, heretofore
counted for Mr. Taft, has joined the Roosevelt
forces, and that one of the Georgia delegates has
followed his example, but the standpatters expect
that the effect of these desertions will be reduced
to a minimum by a discussion of considerations
which are supposed to have brought about the
changes.
While the charges made in former Republican
conventions against some of the colored delegates
have prepared the public mind to accept without
much evidence the charge that money is being used
it must be remembered that the patronage argu-
ment has a powerful influence on whites as well as
blacks. The most powerful weapon in the Roose-
velt armory is the argument that Mr. Taft cannot
possibly be elected and cannot therefore reward
his delegates in the Southern States. Mr. Roose-
velt's friends take it for granted that he can win,
and their confidence in his success enables them to
play upon the ambitions of delegates, especially in
the Democratic states where the Republicans can-
not hope for local offices.
While a goodly sum in the hand is worth two
offices in the bush, both inducements must be taken
into calculation in a contest like that now being
waged for supremacy in the party.
The fight over the temporary chairmanship seems
14 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
likely to give the first reliable indication of the
line-up and it may be left to the followers of La
Follette and Cummins to decide the question, pro-
vided they are willing to take the responsibility,
but they may prefer to withhold their votes rather
than be counted with either side.
Neutrality is their strong card and they would
find it difficult to support the candidate of either
side without subjecting themselves to misrepresen-
tation.
The Roosevelt meeting to-night will give oppor-
tunity for an outburst of enthusiasm, and as the
ex-President is going to speak it is safe to predict
that he will studiously refrain from praising the
Republican national committee. In fact, he may
brush up on the criminal law and make some addi-
tions to the list of adjectives which he has already
employed in describing the various forms of lar-
ceny which he has charged against his opponent.
The war goes merrily on, and I feel even more
than a journalistic interest in watching it.
Ill
JUST BEFORE THE BATTLE
Mr. Bryan's letter in morning newspapers of Tues-
day, June 18th.
Chicago, June 17. — It is "just before the battle,
mother." The writer is able to survey the scene
more calmly than those who "may be numbered
with the slain. ' ' The feeling, as one meets with it
in the corridors of hotels, is not as bitter as some
of the expressions of some of the delegates would
indicate. The lines are closely drawn and each
side is putting forth its best efforts, but there is,
withal, a good deal of cheerfulness, and I am try-
ing to cultivate it wherever I can.
I am urging both sides not to take the matter too
seriously, assuring them that we can correct at Bal-
timore any mistakes they may be unfortunate
enough to make — four years from now, if not now.
I find that none of them is disposed to question a
Democratic victory four years ahead, and many of
them are willing to admit confidentially that the
Eepublican party is in such a muddle that the
Democrats now have the chance of a lifetime.
15
16 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
The day closed with the Roosevelt meeting at the
Auditorium, Senator Borah presiding. Both the
Chairman and the ex-President were greeted with
great enthusiasm, the applause lasting some min-
utes when Mr. Roosevelt was upon the platform.
The Arabs are said to have seven hundred words
which mean ' ' camel ' ' ; Mr. Roosevelt has nearly as
many synonyms for theft, and he used them all to-
night. His denunciation of the National Commit-
tee was scathing, and he included the President and
Senator Root in his denunciation.
The most spontaneous approval of the evening
greeted his statement that the action of the conven-
tion would not be binding upon any Republican in
the convention, or outside of it, if it depended upon
the votes of the seventy-six delegates whose seats
are to be contested before the Credentials Com-
mittee. He demands that the contested delegates
shall stand aside — that is, both contested and con-
testing delegates — and leave the thousand uncon-
tested delegates to decide the contest. This
will evidently be the line of battle in the conven-
tion.
The latter part of the speech was an eloquent in-
dorsement of progressive ideas and sounded so
much like Senator La Follette's speeches during
the last eight years and like Democratic speeches
during the last sixteen years that one could hardly
believe it was being applauded by a Republican
THE EEPUBLICAN CONVENTION 17
audience. Only one thing was lacking to complete
it; namely, a quotation from the ninth verse of the
twentieth chapter of Matthew.*
The fight opens to-morrow with the election of
Temporary Chairman, and an expectant audience
will fill the Coliseum before noon, the opening hour.
Senator Boot is the choice of the Taft forces, while
Senator Borah will receive the Roosevelt vote. If
any one attempts to give in advance of the roll call
the actual number of votes to be cast for each he
will be walking "by faith rather than by sight."
It is likely that the La Follette and Cummins dele-
gates will withhold their votes rather than cast
them for either candidate.
As both Cummins and La Follette must receive
votes from both sides in order to win the Presi-
dential prize their friends are disposed to avoid
an alliance actual, or even seeming, with either
group. As Taft and Roosevelt have nearly equal
strength and together control more than nine-
tenths of the convention, the other candidates can
afford to let them fight out their differences and
await the result.
As soon as the temporary organization is com-
pleted the Committee on Credentials will be an-
nounced, and the struggle which was begun before
the National Committee will be renewed. The
•See Mr. Bryan's letter, dated June 18, for this quota-
tion.
18 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
Roosevelt forces will have a larger representation
on the Credentials Committee than they had on the
National Committee, and about eighty contests will
be submitted to this committee. The remaining
contests will be abandoned, and the Taft delegates
will be, permitted to occupy seats without further
controversy. This is regarded by the President's
followers as a vindication of the fairness of the
committee, but the ex-President's friends reply
that these delegates were seated by a unanimous
vote in the committee and that acquiescence on
the part of the Roosevelt members of the National
Committee is proof of their desire to see justice
done.
The eighty contests, however, are sufficient in
number to decide the Presidential nomination; so
that interest in the results of committee delibera-
tions is acute. The California contest, while it in-
volves only two delegates, has aroused more heat
than some of the others of greater numerical impor-
tance. I have taken pains to consult the leaders of
both parties in order to present the issue accurately.
The Taft side relies upon the wording of the call
of the National Committee, which is in conformity
with the rules which have governed Republican
National Conventions for thirty years. According
to this call the several States are permitted to in-
troduce certain variations in the rules to conform
to State law, but this permission concludes with
THE REPUBLICAN CONVENTION 19
the words "but, provided, further, that in no State
shall an election be so held to prevent the dele-
gates from any Congressional district and their al-
ternates being selected by the Republican electors
of that district."
This provision, taken in connection with the cus-
tom that has prevailed and the practice of other
States, would give the Taft side a prima facie case,
and they would also have the moral support of
those who oppose the unit rule as unfair. It was
the injustice made possible under the unit rule that
led the Republican party to adopt, in 1880, the sys-
tem of electing all the delegates by districts, except
the four from the State at large.
As this same question is likely to come before
the Baltimore Convention an illustration of what
is possible under the unit rule may not be out of
place. Let us use the present contest as an illustra-
tion. There are something over a thousand dele-
gates in the Republican Convention. Let us, for
convenience, fix the number at a thousand. Sup-
pose, further, that Mr. Taft carried a majority of
the districts in States electing 500 delegates, and
that Mr. Roosevelt carried a majority of the dis-
tricts electing a remainder of 500 delegates. If,
where Mr. Taft had a majority, his friends invoked
the unit rule and gave him the entire 500 votes,
while Mr. Roosevelt's friends did not resort to this
rule, Mr. Taft would have 500 votes plus nearly
20 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
250, while Mr. Roosevelt would have only a few
more than 250.
In the case supposed the use of the unit rule
would give the one who employed it an unfair ad-
vantage over the one who did not employ it. The
unit rule, to be fair, ought to be used in all the
States, and even then injustice is possible under it.
In the California case, however, the Roosevelt men
are not compelled to rely entirely on the general
arguments advanced in behalf of the unit rule.
They insist, first, that the primary law of Califor-
nia substitutes a system of election by the State at
large for the district system when certain for-
malities were complied with, and they contend that
the formalities were complied with in this case.
The law supersedes the language employed in the
committee's call. In the second place, they declare
that the Taft delegates, who now claim election in
the district, were candidates before the State at
large and became so with the indorsement of Presi-
dent Taft, thus being stopped from questioning the
validity of the election of their opponents.
In addition to these contentions the Roosevelt
men argue that there is no possible way of deter-
mining the exact vote in the Fourth District, the
district in controversy, because fourteen precincts
are partly in that district and partly in the Fifth
District. The vote between Roosevelt and Taft in
the Fourth District was so close that the votes of
TEE REPUBLICAN CONVENTION 21
these fourteen precincts would change the result,
but no one is able to say how many of those living
on the Fourth District side of the line running
through the fourteen precincts voted for Taft and
how many for Koosevelt.
THE EOOSEVELT MASS MEETING AT THE
AUDITORIUM
Mr. Bryan's letter in afternoon newspapers of
Tuesday, June 18th.
Chicago, June 18. — As this letter must necessa-
rily be put upon the wires before the convention
convenes at noon I shall devote it to the most in-
teresting and only significant event of yesterday,
namely, the Koosevelt mass meeting at the Audi-
torium in the evening.
The hall was filled with ticket holders, and a
large crowd outside mourned their lack of influ-
ence with those who were distributing the pass-
ports to the meeting. It was a boomers' meeting,
and none of the accessories usual on such occasions
was omitted. Flags were distributed to the audi-
ence, patriotic hymns were sung, and a glee club
assured the audience that they wanted "Teddy."
Senator Borah presided and opened the meeting
with a well-delivered arraignment of the National
Committee and of standpat Republicanism in gen-
eral. His splendid voice rang out through the
large hall, and what he said pleased the audience.
22
THE REPUBLICAN CONVENTION 23
He is another representative of the younger genera-
tion and has fairly won the distinction that has
been accorded him of representing the progressives
in the fight over the temporary chairmanship.
He will be remembered as the chairman of the
committee which succeeded in forcing through the
Senate the amendment providing for the popular
election of Senators, an amendment which the Sen-
ate had six times refused to consider during the
past twenty years. He is a conspicuous member of
the group of young men referred to yesterday,
which includes, besides those heretofore mentioned,
Gov. Bass, of New Hampshire ; Senator Dixon, ex-
Secretary Garfield, Gifford Pinchot, Judge Lind-
sey, ex-Senator Beveridge, the junior Washburn of
Minnesota, and men like Hale and Hill of Massa-
chusetts.
It would be interesting to know just how many
of these progressive Republicans are attending their
first National Convention. Only one of the Cali-
fornia delegates has attended a convention before
and only one of the New Jersey delegates.
Mr. Roosevelt's speech might be described as a
characteristic speech, in that he expressed himself
in emphatic language and accompanied his words
with gestures equally emphatic. His manner indi-
cated that he was enjoying the fight, and the more
vehement his denunciation the more vigorous the
applause.
24 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
He condemned the members of the National Com-
mittee jointly and severally, individually and in
groups. He described them by naming character-
istics, discussed them biographically, and singled
them out by name. He analyzed them in their
representative character and in their lack of char-
acter. The words " theft," "crime," "stolen,"
"shame," "treason" and other severities of the
kind were interwoven with the names of Senators,
ex-Senators, bosses, ex-bosses leaders, ex-leaders
and ' ' sure-thing ' ' men.
The response most frequently made by the audi-
ence when he asked their opinion of the action of
the National Committee was the word "rotten."
His main charge against the committee was that it
had, as the representative of the special interests,
deliberately defrauded the rank and file of the
party of the fruits of victory in nearly forty dis-
tricts. He divided the committee of fifty into three
groups. From fifteen to twenty were included hi a
group to which he ascribed varying degrees of hon-
esty.
Fourteen of the remainder he put into the dis-
carded class — men repudiated by their States at the
recent primaries or conventions. About fifteen
were grouped in the third class as representatives
of States that could not be expected to give Repub-
lican majorities in the coming election. He men-
tioned by name and held up to contempt and scorn
THE REPUBLICAN CONVENTION 25
Mr. Barnes of New York, Mr. Crane of Massachu-
setts, Mr. Penrose of Pennsylvania, Mr. Murphy of
New Jersey, Mr. Stevenson of Colorado and Mr.
Guggenheim of the same State. He also referred
by words of description to Mr. Calhoun of Cali-
fornia and Mr. Lorimer of Chicago.
He compared political crimes, such as he charged
against his opponents, with the crimes for which
men are imprisoned, to the advantage of the latter,
and declared that some of the governors among the
reactionaries have refused pardons to criminals
whose deeds were infinitely less wicked than the
political misdemeanors of the governors themselves.
After arraigning the whole crowd of reaction-
aries as members of a conspiracy formed for wreck-
ing the party, a conspiracy which the members
were bent on carrying out without conscience or
scruple, he announced his plan of campaign for the
control of the convention. He demanded that the
seventy-six delegates, whose seats are to be con-
tested before the Credentials Committee, stand
aside and allow their cases to be decided by the
1,000 uncontested delegates. He declared that it
would be a fraud upon the party to allow them to
take part in the convention, and that their partici-
pation would so vitiate any action of the conven-
tion which depended upon their votes that it would
not be binding upon any Republican inside the
Convention or outside.
26 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
This statement called forth the most spontaneous
demonstration of the evening. It was apparently
the statement for which they were waiting. It is
evident that the Roosevelt leaders will object to
contested delegates voting in the temporary chair-
manship fight. What this may lead to no one can
gay, but only one construction can be placed upon
Mr. Eoosevelt's language, namely, that the progres-
sives will not regard themselves as under any obli-
gation to support the ticket if seventy-six contested
delegates are seated and, as a result of their par-
ticipation in the convention, Mr. Taft is nominated.
The prospect is bright for a lively convention.
After disposing of the President, Senator Root
and the National Committee, Mr. Roosevelt pro-
ceeded to make a plea for progressive Republican-
ism. He did not refer to any issue, but dealt with
the broad distinction between the people and those
who exploit them. He quoted Lincoln and inter-
preted his definition and distinction in the lan-
guage of to-day. He described his opponents in
the present contest as men of restricted vision and
contracted sympathy; men who lack intensity of
conviction and care only for the pleasure of the
day; men who distrust the people, who are filled
with an angry terror whenever there is an appeal
to popular conscience and popular intelligence.
They live on a low plane, and in an atmosphere in
which impostors flourish.
TEE REPUBLICAN CONVENTION 27
His own associates, on the other hand, are men
of faith and vision ; men in whom love of righteous-
ness burns like a naming fire ; men who spurn lives
of selfishness, of slothful indulgence, etc.
It is a strong contrast that he draws. He car-
ried me back to the day when I first learned of this
world-wide, never-ending contest between the bene-
ficiaries of privilege and the unorganized masses,
and I can appreciate the amazement which he must
feel that so many honest and well-meaning people
seem blind or indifferent to what is going on.
I passed through the same period of amazement
when I first began to run for President. My only
regret is that we have not had the benefit of his
powerful assistance during the campaigns in which
we have protested against the domination of poli-
tics by predatory corporations. He probably feels
more strongly stirred to action to-day because he
was so long unconscious of the forces at work
thwarting the popular will. The fact, too, that he
has won prestige and position for himself and
friends through the support of the very influences
which he now so righteously denounces must still
further increase the sense of responsibility which
he feels this time.
He errs, however, and a very natural error it is,
in assuming that the defeat of the progressive Re-
publicans in this convention would be fatal to the
country. He forgets that the Democrats stand
28 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
ready to rescue the nation, even if the progressive
Republicans fail, and then there are future cam-
paigns if the reactionaries win this one.
He ought to find encouragement in my experi-
ence. I have seen several campaigns end in a most
provoking way, and yet I have lived to see a Re-
publican ex-president cheered by a Eepublican au-
dience for denouncing men who, only a few years
ago, were thought to be the custodians of the na-
tion's honor.
This contest is an important one, and veteran
reformers rejoice at the advanced ground taken by
progressive Republicans, but this country is not
going to ruin. A convention may delay reforms
for a short time, but it cannot stay the onward
march of the people. Democracy is militant the
world around, and nowhere more so than in our
own beloved land.
HOW, ELIHU ROOT WAS CHOSEN TEM-
PORARY CHAIRMAN
Mr. Bryan's letter in morning newspapers of Wed-
nesday, June 19th.
Chicago, June 18. — I am enjoying my position
among the newspaper boys, but being a little new
at this kind of work I have to confess to the com-
mission of two blunders so far. First, I overesti-
mated the acquaintance of the reading public here
with the Bible. In my letter of this morning I
referred to the ninth verse of the twentieth chapter
of Matthew, supposing the Republicans attending
the convention were as familiar with the text as are
the Democrats, but I find they laid the reference
away until they had time to look it up. Possibly
it will make a deeper impression upon them when
they find the verse referred to is as follows: "And
when they came that were hired about the eleventh
hour, they received every man a penny."
If the reader could have noted the similarity be-
tween Mr. Roosevelt's presentation of the issues
between plutocracy and democracy and the speeches
which have been made for nearly two decades by
29
30 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
progressive Democrats and the speeches which have
been made more recently by Senator La Follette
and other pioneers among the progressive Repub-
licans, he would have seen the aptness of the Bible
quotation.
My second mistake was in not associating with
AT THE EEPUBLICAN CONVENTION — MR. BRYAN ENJOYING
THE DISCUSSION.
(McCutcJieon in "Collier's Weekly" — Reproduced "by Per-
mission.)
me a sporting editor, who could give me the tech-
nical phrases of the prize ring; my vocabulary is
hardly adequate for a description of the first round
of the great contest which is being fought out at
the Coliseum.
A little after the appointed hour of noon Victor
Rosewater, of Nebraska, acting chairman of the
Republican National Committee, called the conven-
tion to order and directed the secretary to read the
TEE REPUBLICAN CONVENTION 31
call. As soon as the reading was completed, and
before Mr. Rosewater could announce the commit-
tee's choice for temporary chairman, Gov. Hadley,
of Missouri, obtained recognition and moved to
substitute the names of about eighty Eoosevelt
contesting delegates for the Taft delegates whose
names had been put upon the temporary roll-call
by the committee.
This move on the part of the Progressives was
evidently anticipated, for former Congressman
Watson, of Indiana, was on his feet in an instant
with a point of order. Chairman Eosewater said
he would hold the point of order well taken, but
would give both sides an opportunity to present
the matter to the convention.
Mr. Hadley made the principal argument, citing
three precedents — the convention of 1864, when the
temporary roll-call was amended; 1880, when the
temporary roll-call was again amended; and 1884,
when the convention adopted the policy of consid-
ering the committee's recommendation for tempor-
ary chairman as merely suggestive and not con-
clusive upon the convention.
Mr. Watson replied there was no national com-
mittee in 1864 to prepare the temporary roll-call,
that in 1880 the temporary chairman had already
been elected before the motion to amend the tem-
porary roll was entertained, and that in 1884 the
amendment of the recommendation made by the
32
committee as to temporary chairman was not a
precedent for the case now before this convention,
because in the selection of a chairman the matter
was submitted to the delegates on the temporary
roll, while in the present case there is no body au-
thorized to vote on the temporary chairmanship
until the temporary roll-call has been made up.
A number of speeches were made on both sides,
most of them discussing the merits of the case
rather than the precedents, and some of them re-
vealing the tension under which the leaders are
acting. The question was settled by the refusal of
Chairman Rosewater to entertain an appeal, which
left the Taft forces in control of enough votes to
secure for them the temporary chairmanship.
The fight, however, was interesting enough to
make the spectators feel that they were getting
their money 's worth. A national convention is well
worth attending, especially when one can look on
without being so deeply concerned in the result as
to make him blind to the amusing side of the pic-
ture.
A convention is made up of partisans, who are
there to help each his side, and onlookers who ap-
plaud things cleverly done, as the occupants of the
grand stand cheer a baseball player when he makes
a good hit. Then there is the witty man, who says
something that catches the audience. They were
all in evidence to-day.
TEE REPUBLICAN CONVENTION 33
The partisans were giving enthusiastic support to
their representatives, and cheering the points
made. Groans were not infrequent, the most spon-
taneous and widespread greeting Mr. Root's open-
ing sentence when he thanked the convention for
the confidence expressed in him. This interrup-
tion lasted some time and plainly embarrassed the
speaker.
Another timely suggestion from the audience
started a cheer when Congressman Payne was ar-
guing "for an orderly method of procedure,"
meaning that the work of the steam roller should
not be interfered with. Some one called out, ' ' Tell
us about the Payne- Aldrich bill." The suggestion
wakened the echoes in memory's hall and those
well informed recalled a number of prominent Re-
publicans who were dragged into involuntary re-
tirement by that same Payne- Aldrich bill, and they
also remembered that it has made Mr. Taft round-
shouldered to carry his part of the burden which
that bill imposed upon the country.
Senator Bradley, of Kentucky, also was hectored
by the audience. He had not proceeded far with
his argument when some one in the audience re-
ferred to his vote in the Lorimer case. He prob-
ably was the most extreme representative of the re-
actionary type who appeared before the convention,
and he did not shrink from defending Lorimer.
He seemed ready for a fight on any phase of the
34 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
contest between the progressives and the reaction-
aries. Mr. Heney, of California, was the most
militant of the progressive speakers, and he, like
Senator Bradley, spent a part of his time pausing
for order to be restored.
It is interesting to compare the reasons given by
the various speakers with the reasons which actu-
ally controlled them. Upon the surface of the dis-
cussion it would seem the progressives were bent
on securing a fair hearing on the contested cases
before either side was allowed to profit by the
presence of the delegates. The reactionaries, on the
other hand, seemed specially concerned in averting
chaos. They could see nothing but confusion
if any departure was made from the regular
procedure. This was the issue presented in the
speeches.
A great deal of time could have been saved if
each side had explained, as each side could have
explained in a word, that the eighty contested dele-
gates held the balance of power and might decide
all the important questions to come before the con-
vention. It is not certain that the opposite side
would not have exchanged arguments had the po-
sitions been changed.
All of which goes to show that a national con-
vention is not the best place in the world to decide
questions of abstract justice. The temptation to
gain an unfair advantage is so great that it is not
THE REPUBLICAN CONVENTION 35
always resisted. The most effective restraint is the
fear that palpable injustice may react upon the
successful party at the polls, and this fear is re-
duced to a minimum when the fight reaches a point
where neither side expects the other to win at the
polls and is not sure about its own success.
The fight over the chairmanship revealed a little
piece of strategy which came as a surprise to most
of the audience. Mr. Root had for some weeks
been known to be the choice of the Taft forces for
temporary chairman, but it was generally under-
stood that Senator Borah would be the Roosevelt
candidate. Some time in the night, however, ar-
rangements were made with the Roosevelt leaders
for the presentation of the name of Gov. McGovern,
of Wisconsin, by a minority of the Wisconsin dele-
gation. This was done over the protest of Mr. La
Follette and his representatives. As late as 11
o 'clock in the morning the Wisconsin delegation, by
a vote of 14 to 11, decided not to present a candi-
date for temporary chairman.
The governor's name was presented, however,
by Delegate Cochems, and Wisconsin's executive
received thirteen of the Wisconsin vote (just one
half) and nine of the North Dakota La Follette
delegates, besides the Roosevelt strength. Mr.
Houser, Senator La Follette 's spokesman, stated
the facts in order that the senator might not be ac-
cused of tying up with either side. Mr. Houser
36 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
and several other members of the Wisconsin dele-
gates voted for Mr. Lander, of North Dakota.
Senator Root received 558 votes, eighteen more
than half the convention, but as a number of Mr.
Root's votes came from men who are instructed
for Mr. Roosevelt, the presidential situation is still
in doubt.
I would want to make three guesses if I were
compelled to guess at all. First, that Mr. Taft
may be nominated as the result of the putting of
the names of the Taft contestants on the temporary
roll. This gives the Taft men control of the com-
mittee on credentials, and the Taft contestants can
be seated if they are allowed to vote for them-
selves. Second, Mr. Roosevelt may be nominated
if he can get some of his contestants seated, or can
make inroads upon the southern delegates. Third,
Mr. La Follette and Mr. Cummins may hold the
balance of power and compel the nomination of a
third candidate, name unknown. Thus endeth the
first day of the convention.
VI
AN ANALYSIS OF THE CHAIRMANSHIP
CONTEST
Mr. Bryan's letter in afternoon newspapers of
Wednesday, June 19th.
Chicago, June 19. — The first day's round of the
wrestling match in which the Republican leaders
are engaging resulted in a dogfall. Mr. Root re-
ceived 558 votes for temporary chairman — only
eighteen more than half of the convention — which
indicates that the vote between Mr. Taft and Mr.
Roosevelt will be so close that no one can count
with any certainty on the result.
On the face of the returns it would look like a
victory for Taft. It is a great advantage to him to
have a supporter in the chair, especially as able a
man as Mr. Root. He is probably the most skilful
corporation lawyer in the country. One of his
prominent clients has been quoted as saying that
former attorneys employed by him told him what
he could not do, but that Root told him how he
could do things. The New York senator will be
37
38 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
in a position where he can do things, and from now
on the Roosevelt forces can expect no parliamen-
tary advantage. It will keep them busy to avoid
the traps and pitfalls that will be set for them. In
fact, it would not be surprising if our old friend,
Res Adjudicata, appeared on the scene every now
and then when least expected.
But while Mr. Taft has won the temporary chair-
manship, his victory belongs to that class of vic-
tories of which it can be said that a few more such
would destroy the victor. In order to win the cov-
eted prize Mr. Root had to secure seven of Mr.
Roosevelt 's instructed delegates in Maryland, three
in Oregon and four in Pennsylvania. These men
are under instructions given at primaries and will
have to vote for Roosevelt on roll-call. These
twenty-two reduce the Taft strength below the 540
necessary for his nomination, and there are a num-
ber of other Roosevelt delegates pledged, but not
instructed, who voted for Mr. Root. It will be
seen, therefore, that Mr. Taft is still some distance
from the nomination, even if all of his contested
delegates are seated. It is barely possible, though
not probable, that some of Mr. Taft's uninstructed
delegates may revolt against the seating of some of
the contested delegates, and then allowance must
be made for inroads on the susceptible portion of
Mr. Taft's following.
Mr. Taft's managers, however, are presenting a
THE REPUBLICAN CONVENTION 39
bold front and are claiming 100 Roosevelt delegates
on the second ballot. The ex-President doubtless
feels some chagrin at the result of the fight on the
temporary chairmanship, but Senator Dixon uses
the vote cast for Mr. Root as proof that Mr. Taft
is whipped. This does not, however, mean that Mr.
Roosevelt will be nominated. It is easier to pre-
vent Mr. Taft 's nomination than to secure his own.
Senator La Pollette's thirty-six votes and Senator
Cummins 's ten votes will contribute to the defeat
of Mr. Taft, but they will not be of much service
to Mr. Roosevelt; at least they have, not been
counted in the Roosevelt column. The alliance
formed yesterday between the Roosevelt following
and a minority of the Wisconsin delegation may
indicate a willingness of some of the La Follette
men to switch to Roosevelt if La Follette retires
from the race.
Nine of the ten North Dakota delegates joined
the Roosevelt delegates in supporting McG-overn,
and the ten Cummins men from Iowa also voted
for McGovern. While this does not commit them
to Roosevelt it indicates a willingness to side with
the followers of the ex-President rather than with
the followers of the President when they are com-
pelled to choose.
The pot has been boiling furiously since the first
session adjourned, and one hears all sorts of ru-
mors. While it is not safe to venture a prediction,
40 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
still it is only reflecting what one hears in the
corridors to say that there is more talk of a dark
horse than heretofore. The two principal contes-
tants have measured strength and neither feels as
sure as he did before the roll-call.
The office-seeker is not idle, and the paramount
question with him is not who would make an ideal
candidate, or an ideal president, but 'who can win.
Mr. Taft and Mr. Roosevelt will find some consola-
tion in killing each other off, and both may prefer
to support a third man rather than risk the sup-
port of one by the other.
Cummins and Borah are the persons talked of
most as compromise candidates. It ought to be
easy for the Roosevelt men to support Borah, and
the Taft men would probably find it easier to sup-
port Cummins than any other progressive.
The reader may think the above review of the
situation somewhat indefinite — if so, he is in the at-
titude of mind that best befits one who has sur-
veyed the field as it appears to-day. It is any
man's race at this time.
The convention yesterday was full of interesting
incidents, and no one has complained that the per-
formance was not up to the promises made in ad-
vance. Even a Democrat must admit that the dele-
gates are a fine looking body of men ; they are the
pick of the Republican party of the nation. There
are a number of prominent Republicans who did
TEE REPUBLICAN CONVENTION 41
not secure commissions as delegates, but most of
them are here in an advisory capacity. It is inter-
esting to note how the sifting process eliminates
the relatively inferior and brings before the foot-
lights the men who are intellectually prepared for
the contest.
Gov. Hadley, of Missouri, led the fight against
the temporary roll of delegates, and he made a
splendid impression. His argument was clear and
well presented. His manner was pleasing and he
held the attention of the audience.
Watson, of Indiana, justified the confidence re-
posed in him by the Taft leaders. His speech was
well put together, and his argumentative manner
was suited to the work he had in hand. Job
Hedges, of New York, acquitted himself most cred-
itably. His special task was to inform the audi-
ence of Mr. Eoosevelt's high opinion of Mr. Root,
and he performed it with dramatic art.
Then there were speakers who did not catch the
spirit of the occasion; at least r.ot in time to save
themselves from the hasty judgment which a con-
vention audience stands ready to pronounce. This
judgment is not always accurate, but it is not usu-
ally subject to reversal. When a convention crowd
turns against a speaker the sooner he brings his re-
marks to a close the better. A great deal depends
on getting off on the right foot. An explanation
or an apology is sometimes fatal. The tone of voice
42 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
or an awkward gesture may call down the derision
of the audience, and then it is all over.
One of the most humorous incidents in conven-
tion history occurred at Chicago sixteen years ago.
A Louisiana delegate paused in the course of his
speech to take a swallow of water. Some inter-
ruption prevented his resumption at once, and he
picked up the glass a second and a third time.
Then some one in the audience suggested that he
take another drink, and from that time on he was
on the water wagon. Pages brought him buckets
of water, and the audience was convulsed for a
quarter of an hour. One man in yesterday's con-
vention began in a manner that aroused the relig-
ious fervor of one delegate to the extent of calling
forth an amen, while another speaker put his arms
in a position that made some of the delegates dis-
cuss aviation.
The people who gather at a convention, however,
are good humored, and while they are sometimes
unmanageable, they are not malicious. The only
way one can get even is to enjoy the turn of for-
tune that brings others, for the time being, into the
position of making fun for the audience.
A convention is a splendid place to study human
nature; man in a crowd is quite a different crea-
ture from man acting alone. Enthusiasm is con-
tagious, although in this convention the friends of
the two leading candidates have thus far been able
THE BEPUBLICAN CONVENTION 43
to restrain themselves from joining in each others'
demonstrations, except when a wave of laughter
sweeps the hall. We are having a great time.
VII
THE ROOSEVELT-HADLEY DEMONSTRA-
TION
Mr. Bryan's letter in morning newspapers of
Thursday, June 20th.
Chicago, June 19. — Wednesday's session of the
convention surpassed Tuesday's in interest, and I
shall deal with the most spectacular feature of it
first, viz., the demonstration. We had nothing
Tuesday that rose to the dignity of a demonstra-
tion, at least nothing that compared with the out-
burst of yesterday, and it may be worth while to
devote a few sentences to this peculiar and fas-
cinating phase of convention activities. A demon-
stration is a hard thing to manufacture, but an
easy thing to enlarge. There must be spontaneity
about it to make it a genuine success, but given the
element of unpreparedness as a basis any amount
of prepared material can be profitably used.
The day's session was interrupted for about
forty-five minutes, more or less, and during that
time the usual number of eccentric persons and
unique features appeared for the entertainment of
44
TEE BEPUBLICAN CONVENTION 45
the convention's guests. Powder is a harmless
thing so long as its serenity is not disturbed by
some obtrusive spark, but when the spark comes
into contact with the powder the powder, as a mat-
ter of self-respect, must resent the insult and re-
sent it instantly. There was powder in abundance,
and the spark, much to its own surprise, got too
near the powder, and then all was off for a while.
Ex-Congressman Watson, of Indiana, was pre-
senting the Taf t cause and was doing it acceptably
to his side of the house. In fact, he was making a
plausible argument. To clinch it he said that even
Gov. Hadley had expressed a willingness to refer
the contests to the credentials committee under cer-
tain conditions and with certain qualifications.
This statement at once raised in the minds of
those who listened a question as to what the con-
ditions and qualifications were. The interest at
once became intense, for any surrender or com-
promise on Gov. Hadley 's part would have been a
victory for Mr. Taft's followers, while any mis-
representation on the part of Mr. Watson would
demand immediate contradiction.
Gov. Hadley was quick to size up the situation,
and when Mr. Watson turned to him for some sign
of confirmation he arose and stepped to the speak-
ers' stand. The audience rose at once in anticipa-
tion of a conflict in statement and the suppressed
feeling burst forth. It was a Roosevelt demonstra-
46 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
tion and was the most significant expression that
the audience has thus far given of sympathy with
the ex-President, or at least opposition to the Presi-
dent.
After there had been enough cheering to get the
Roosevelt delegates well warmed up the delegations
began to move about the hall. Some of the stand-
ards were carried in a parade through the aisles,
with delegates young and old marching with lock
step. The audience was on its feet, a considerable
portion joining in the shouting as best it could.
The Roosevelt leaders were all in evidence. Gov.
Stubbs, occupying a position to one side of the
delegate space, stood upon a chair and waved his
handkerchief with an enthusiasm that a younger
man could hardly have exhibited.
While the tumult was at its height attention was
attracted to a woman in white, who stood in the
front row of the gallery and waved a picture of
Mr. Roosevelt. She was soon the center of attrac-
tion, and the more enthusiastic of the Roosevelt
delegates flocked to that side of the hall. Soon a
California bear, a golden figure that indicates the
California section of the hall, was seen swaying
back and forth near the lady with the picture.
After a few minutes of gesticulation she was es-
corted down from the gallery and up to the speak-
ers' stand, where. she led the applause for a while.
Finally the shouting and the tumult ceased and the
THE KEPUBLICAN CONVENTION 47
audience, exhausted by its efforts, subsided and
quiet was restored. It is only fair to the Taft
delegates to say that they preserved a proper de-
corum during the entire performance, their faces
wearing an expression suited to the occasion.
While the demonstration lasted there was a good
deal of discussion as to the meaning of it, and peo-
ple asked each other, "Is this a Roosevelt stam-
pede?" "Is this a boom for Hadley, as a com-
promise candidate?" etc. And what did it mean?
The result of the vote which followed showed that
there was no break in the Taft battle line — on the
contrary, he went out of the convention stronger
than on Tuesday. It helped Hadley. There is no
doubt that Gov. Hadley has made friends every
time he has appeared. His personality pleases and
his manner is conciliating. It is only fair to add
him to the list of compromise candidates now under
consideration, although the second victory for Mr.
Taft naturally decreases the talk of a compromise.
The demonstration was not so important an hour
after it was over as it seemed when at its height.
It illustrates how much noise can be turned loose
in a convention without materially affecting the
result. Stampedes are about as much exaggerated
in effect as what is known as personal popularity is
in quantity. Nothing is more likely to be overesti-
mated in politics than that peculiar quality known
as personal popularity.
48 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
While every one who lives as he should can
count upon personal friends who will be attached
to him regardless of his political views, still the
substantial strength of a public man is due to the
things he stands for. In politics men are meas-
ured by the service they can render — a fact which
can be verified by even a casual reading of his-
tory.
Popular idols fall when they turn from a prin-
ciple or policy to which their friends are wedded.
And-, so, people magnify the influence exerted upon
a convention by a demonstration. Many stampedes
are attempted, but few succeed, and those that do
succeed owe their success to some material fact
upon which the demonstration merely turns the
light.
The delegates who attend a national convention
are generally there for a purpose, and they are not
easily swerved from it. A convention feels about
demonstrations, such as occurred yesterday, some-
what like the big man felt who had a small wife
who was in the habit of whipping him. When
asked why he permitted it, he replied that it
seemed to please her and did not hurt him.
But a word in regard to the merits of the discus-
sion. As on Tuesday the speeches were able and
gave an opportunity for the audience to take the
measure of a number of men. Allen, of Kansas,
made a favorable impression, as did Morrison, of
THE SEPUBLICAN CONVENTION 49
Arizona ; Hemenway, of Indiana ; Devine, of Colo-
rado, and Littleton, of Texas. Gov. Deneen, of
Illinois, received an ovation when he appeared
with his amendment to Gov. Hadley's motion.
And, speaking of favorable impressions, John M.
Harlan, Jr., won the audience with his voice. If
there is anything that a convention loves it is a
voice that can be heard. Harlan is richly endowed
in this respect, so richly that a megaphone dimin-
ishes rather than increases the effectiveness of his
voice.
Probably no man has made more capital out of
his appearance than George L. Record, of New
Jersey, did. He approached the subject in a judi-
cial way, and presented his argument with such an
appearance of fairness that he captivated the audi-
ence, or would have done so if it had been open to
captivation.
But convention audiences are not like juries,
made up of those who are unprejudiced, nor like
popular audiences, made up of people who act only
for themselves and therefore are free to follow
their inclinations.
And this brings me to the point in the case.
Those unfamiliar with conventions doubtless won-
dered why the arguments advanced made no change
in the vote. That is easily explained. The dele-
gates are sent there largely under instructions, ex-
pressed or implied, and they are there to do any-
50 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
thing within reason — and reason's limitations are
somewhat elastic — to accomplish their purpose.
Every delegate knew what the speakers seemed to
overlook — namely: that the seating of the seventy-
odd contesting delegates would in all probability
decide the convention's actions. The Taft men had
charge of the national committee. By seating the
Taft delegates they were able to give Mr. Taft's
friends a majority on the temporary roll-call. This
majority could organize the convention and give
Mr. Taft's friends the temporary chairman.
As the credentials committee is made up from
the delegates appearing on the temporary roll-call,
this would give the Tafi; men a majority of the cre-
dentials committee, and secure them a majority
report. The delegates on the temporary roll-call
would then approve the report and seat the Taft
contestants. Everything, therefore, depended on
not allowing any break in the program.
The Roosevelt men, on the other hand, knew that
if they could seat their own contesting delegates
before proceeding with the election of temporary
chairman or even compel Mr. Taft's contesting
delegates to refrain from voting they could secure
the temporary organization, a majority of the cre-
dentials committee, a favorable report from the
committee, and the approval of the report by the
convention.
The arguments made by the Taft men had in
THE BEPUBLICAN CONVENTION 51
view the securing of a Taft convention; the argu-
ments made by the Roosevelt men had in view the
securing of a Roosevelt convention, and each side
knew what the other side was after.
If the Roosevelt men had had control of the na-
tional committee there is no doubt that they would
have seated their men, and it is quite probable that
they would not have been looking for precedents to
sustain the position which they are taking.
But, the reader will ask, is there no standard of
right and wrong that a convention is bound to re-
spect? Is all this talk about justice, honesty, and
a square deal buncombe? No. People want to be
honest, but they are apt to be unconsciously biased.
It is fear of this unconscious bias that leads us to
enact laws forbidding a judge to try his own case
or a juror to serve in a case in which he has any
interest. We recognize that no man is good enough
to decide an important disputed matter in which
he has a substantial personal interest. And it is no
reflection on the high character of our citizens.
Neither is it a reflection upon the bench of our
country to say that our judges are apt to be in-
fluenced by political bias in deciding political ques-
tions. It is not strange, therefore, that the dele-
gates in this Republican convention should have
divided upon this vital question according to their
choice for president.
I lay no claim to freedom from bias, but I be-
52 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
lieve that the position taken by the Roosevelt men
makes a nearer approach to justice than the posi-
tion taken by the Taft men. First, because the
delegates to the convention have been chosen since
the national committee was chosen. The national
committee was selected four years ago, while the
delegates are fresh from the people; the delegates,
therefore, are more likely to represent the voters
than the old committee. In the second place, the
delegates are more numerous, and it would be more
difficult to lead the same proportion of them to do
an act of injustice; and, third, the delegates go
back to their people, like a discharged jury, and
are therefore more amenable to public sentiment.
But whatever change is made in the rules must
usually be made for conventions in advance; im-
partiality cannot be expected where great feeling
exists. The prayer, "Lead us not into tempta-
tion," is full of meaning.
VIII
THE FUTILITY OF THE DEMONSTRATION
Mr. Bryan's letter in afternoon newspapers of
Thursday, June 20th.
Chicago, June 20. — "Button, button, who has
the button ? ' ' The question is suggested by the un-
certainty that prevails here. There are three un-
certainties to be considered in this report. First,
what did the demonstration mean? Why did the
convention leap to its feet in an instant, shout itself
hoarse, work itself into weariness, and then subside
exhausted? In describing the convention as hav-
ing held a demonstration, reference is made, of
course, only to those who participated, and not all
participated. The Taft delegates looked upon it
with ill-disguised disfavor. It was interesting to
note the difference in the expression upon their
faces and the smiling countenances of the Roose-
velt men.
A few of the Taft men manifested an interest in
the beginning, when some took advantage of the
enthusiasm to work up a Hadley boom. Some of
the New York delegation wickedly harbored the
53
54 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
thought that they could excite rivalry between the
governor of Missouri* and the ex-president. They
seemed to think that a little jealousy would not be
out of harmony with "the orderly proceedings"
which they so staunchly contend for. Gov. Had-
ley started it, or rather Watson started it, by call-
ing Hadley to the front. It was the psychological
moment. What happened could not have been ar-
ranged for by any national committee, and the tu-
mult could not have been smoothed out by a steam
roller until the pent-up feeling had a chance to es-
cape.
When in a controversy one man makes a positive
statement, and the other replies that the gentleman
has told what he knows to be untrue, the bystand-
ers generally prick up their ears in expectation.
So it was at the convention. Mr. Watson, of In-
diana, in the course of a persuasive speech, sought
to add weight to his appeal by saying that Gov.
Hadley had expressed himself as willing to leave
the whole matter to the credentials committee, with
certain qualifications and conditions. As Gov.
Hadley had made the motion to remove the con-
tested Taft delegates from the temporary roll, this
was virtually a charge that the governor had
agreed to a compromise.
The Roosevelt men were not in a compromising
mood, and they at once questioned the correctness
* Hadley.
THE REPUBLICAN CONVENTION 55
of Mr. "Watson's statement. Mr. "Watson turned
to Gov. Hadley for confirmation, and Gov. Hadley,
who immediately rose to reply, came forward in a
way that announced in advance a contradiction of
Mr. "Watson's statement. At least that was what
the audience saw in his manner, and the demon-
stration began. It lasted about forty-five minutes,
during which time old and young, men and women,
participated to the limit of their strength.
It is interesting to watch a crowd when people
are swept along by a wave of enthusiasm. There
are certain things to be expected in a convention
demonstration. People stand on chairs when they
cannot find anything higher ; they wave their hand-
kerchiefs and shout. They march around the hall
in procession, carrying flags and banners. Any-
thing that will add to the noise is likely to be called
into use.
When the delegates begin to carry standards
heroes begin to develop. The first man to grab the
standard becomes the leader, and he tells his grand-
children how he took it away from a man bigger
than himself. Then there is the fellow who will
not let the delegation have the standard. The Illi-
nois standard was guarded against all comers by
a man whose friends will doubtless present his
name for a Carnegie medal.
Some of the women will be tired and worn to-day
as the result of their part in the great spectacle.
56
One lady occupied the center of the stage for ten
or fifteen minutes, first in the gallery, where she
appeared dressed in white, vigorously waving a
picture of Mr. Roosevelt and shouting words of
praise. It was not long before some of the dele-
gates made their way to the gallery and escorted
her to the speakers ' stand, where she led the cheer-
ing. Then a procession was formed, which she
conducted through the aisles. At last she found
her way back to the place whence she started, and
was about to renew her efforts when the police in-
terfered.
It was interesting to note that one of the con-
spicuous sections of the gallery reserved for a
striking array of women supporters of President
Taft attracted attention at this time. The ladies
had been quite demonstrative when the Taft speak-
ers made a hit, but they refrained from applause
when the audience was in eruption over the Wat-
son-Hadley incident. They cheered vigorously,
however, when the police quelled the lady in
white.
Now that the demonstration is over — and what
would a convention be without a demonstration? —
the convention can proceed with its work. The
Roosevelt enthusiasm has had its vent, Gov. Had-
ley has had his ovation, and the Taft delegates
have had their chance to laugh over the futility of
the attempt at a stampede. All are happy and
THE REPUBLICAN CONVENTION 57
the spectators have seen the sight that, more than
anything else, makes a convention worth attending
to the average spectator.
But what of the issue that has brought forth so
much discussion? What of the "larceny of dele-
gates, ' ' the ' ' theft of States, ' ' and ' ' the outrageous
injustice" on the one side, and the demand for
"fair play," "even-handed equity" and a "square
deal ' ' on the other ? Must ' ' right be forever on the
scaffold and wrong forever on the throne?". You
would think so to see the machine at work in spite
of all that is said in protest. It is all an interest-
ing study, especially to one who can watch it with-
out feeling that any of his near relatives are in
jeopardy.
One amusing thing about it all is the lack of
frankness in the speeches. Each side gives reasons
that do not influence the men who give them. Mr.
Taft has control of the national committee, and the
national committee seated the Taft delegates. Did
not the national committee act in the same way
four years ago when the friends of Mr. Fairbanks,
Mr. Cannon and Mr. Hughes were complaining of
the Roosevelt steam roller? And does any one
doubt that the committee would have put on the
Eoosevelt delegates and kept them there if Mr.
Roosevelt's friends had had control? If the Roose-
velt men were in control of the committee and
needed the contested delegates to make up a ma-
58 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
jority would they not have felt that the end justi-
fied the means, especially if that was the only way
that "the bosses could be dethroned" and the rank
and file of the Republican party put in a position
to dictate the nomination ? I would not attempt to
answer the question, but the old story that we learn
in the blue-backed speller about the ownership of
the ox that was bored comes quite naturally to
one's mind on such an occasion.
One cannot be but impressed with the intention
of the delegates in both of these contending groups.
There are not many men in the convention who are
actually bent on ruining the country. The men on
both sides think they are serving their party and
their country both. It is a matter of bias; they
look at questions from a different standpoint. The
Taft men think the, progressives are dangerously
radical and the Roosevelt men think the stand-pat-
ters are dangerously conservative.
Both of these forces are needed in every country.
If it were not for the conservatives the radicals
would go too fast; if it were not for the radicals
the conservatives would not go at all. Progress
lies between the two extremes, and good will come
out of this convention, no matter how it ter-
minates.
National conventions are great educational in-
stitutions, whether those who get them up intend
it or not. I began" attending national conventions
THE REPUBLICAN CONVENTION 59
when I was sixteen years old. I have attended six
Democratic national conventions and am on my
way to the seventh. I have in fact attended every
Democratic national convention except the conven-
tion of 1880, since 1876 (omitting, of course, the
conventions of 1900 and 1908, when I was a candi-
date). This is my second Republican convention,
the first being the convention of 1896, when a part
of the Republican convention walked out as a pro-
test against the platform.
There is not likely to be any serious controversy
over the platform this year, at least one hears no
talk of platforms among the delegates. The ele-
ment that controls the convention will control the
platform. If the Taft men control the convention
they will try to make a platform that will please
as many progressives as possible; if, on the other
hand, the progressives get control of the conven-
tion they will be interested in writing a platform
which will hold as many conservatives as pos-
sible.
When the emphasis is placed upon the candidate,
as here, the platform is likely to be used to aid the
candidates, as far as it can be done without the
absolute surrender of principle. And who is the
candidate to-day? Echo answers: Who?
The Taft men feel more confident than they did
yesterday morning, and yet there is persistent talk
of a compromise ticket. Hughes and Hadleyform
fiO A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
one combination; it is alliterative and it would
surely be all-comprehending. Justice Hughes
ought to suit the reactionaries, and Gov. Hadley is
popular with the progressives, but can they get to-
gether on such a ticket, or on any ticket ?
IX
ON THE EVE OF THE CRISIS IN THE CON-
VENTION
Mr. Bryan's letter in the morning newspapers of
Friday, June 21st.
Chicago, June 20. — Dickens, in his Mudfog pa-
pers, has a correspondent sending a bulletin to his
paper to announce that nothing had happened since
his last bulletin, dispatched fifteen minutes earlier.
This letter will be somewhat of the same character.
The third session of the convention was called to
order at 11 o'clock to-day, and an immediate recess
was taken until 4. At 4 the convention was called
to order and adjourned until 11 Friday. This left
Thursday without convention incidents — a lull be-
tween the demonstration of the day before and the
storm which seems brewing for to-morrow.
The credentials committee is engaged in consid-
ering the contests, and from the progress that is
being made it seems likely that it will take a good
while to get through. The first meeting of the com-
mittee was marked by outbursts of passion which
threatened the disruption of the party. In fact,
61
62 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
the Eoosevelt portion of the committee withdrew
twice, declaring that they would organize a sep-
arate convention.
The majority of the members are Taft men and
they started in to make short work of the contests.
They proposed to allow five minutes each to dis-
trict contestants and ten minutes where the con-
testant was a delegate at large, the cases to be
submitted without argument. This was so objec-
tionable to the minority that the Eoosevelt members
refused to go any further. After consultation with
the Roosevelt leaders the minority returned to the
committee room, but were soon rebellious and quit
a second time.
Various rumors were afloat in the morning as to
what the Roosevelt men intended to do. Various
estimates were placed upon the number of those
who were willing to burn the bridges behind them
and embark upon a new party movement, or per-
haps it should not be called a new party, for the
proposed bolt is intended as a means of obtaining
control of the Republican party.
These conflicting statements continued until late
in the afternoon, when the ex-president gave out a
statement that set all doubts at rest. He declared
that he is willing to accept a nomination either as
the candidate of the "honestly elected majority,"
meaning a convention made up of the Roosevelt
delegates now on the temporary roll-call with the
TEE REPUBLICAN CONVENTION 63
i
Koosevelt contestants substituted for the Taft dele-
gates whose title is contested, or, to cover all pos-
sible contingencies, he is willing to accept a nomi-
nation from any part of the progressive element
that is willing to bolt.
To use his own language, he says, "if some
among them fear to take such a stand, and the re-
mainder choose to inaugurate a movement to nomi-
nate me for the presidency as a progressive on a
progressive platform, and if in such an event the
general feeling among the progressives favors my
being nominated, I shall accept." He adds: "In
either case I shall make an appeal to every honest
citizen in the nation; and I shall fight the cam-
paign through, win or lose, even if I do not get a
single electoral vote."
This statement breathes the spirit of a fighter
and arouses the enthusiasm of the more radical of
the followers of Mr. Roosevelt. The only loophole
in the statement is the phrase, "and if, in such
event, the general feeling among progressives fa-
vors my being nominated." That would indicate
an intention to take a little time after the conven-
tion to ascertain the "general feeling." And the
"general feeling among progressives" may depend
largely upon the action of the regular convention
after the bolters leave.
Mr. Eoosevelt generously releases such progres-
sives as do not choose to follow him. His state-
64 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
merit recalls a dramatic act in the career of Pizarro
when his followers mutinied after a series of re-
verses. The Spanish conqueror made a speech to
them, recounting the hardships through which they
had passed, and pointed out the dangers which
were before them. Then, drawing a line on the
sand with his sword, he invited those to follow him
who were not afraid to die.
The story need not be carried farther. The crisis
of the convention is at hand. The stand-patters re-
gard his statement as a bluff and many of them
would be glad to see him carry out the course he has
outlined. They want him to bolt. They have con-
fidence in their ability to drive him into retirement.
They have certainly given him every provocation;
there has not been a suggestion of compromise
since the fight began. They have carried out their
program to the letter, and the steam roller, as their
machine is called, moves on with regularity and
precision. They even have chains on the wheels
to prevent skidding.
It is no pleasant situation in which the ex-presi-
dent finds himself, nor is it an ordinary situation.
Twice chief executive of the nation, the second
time elected by the largest majority that a presi-
dent ever received; the recipient of honors in for-
eign lands and supreme dictator in his own party,
he now finds the man whom he nominated and
elected pitted against him in the most bitter con-
THE REPUBLICAN CONVENTION 65
test that our country has ever seen, and he sees
that opponent operating with the skill of a past
master the very machinery which the tutor con-
structed and taught him to use. And then the ex-
president after failing — as he seems to have failed
— to control the convention announces his willing-
ness to bolt and lead a forlorn hope, the only prob-
able effect of which will be the defeat of both and
the election of a Democratic president! Surely
the ways of Providence are mysterious !
There is still a way of escape, however, for the
present and past occupants of the White House.
They can withdraw and allow a third man to be
chosen. This would seem to be the thing most
likely at present. Mr. Roosevelt has apparently
lost out, but he has the power to make the victory
of his opponent a barren one. Mr. Taft has re-
ceived a "vindication," the value of which will
depend upon the opinion people have of the char-
acter of his supporters and of the methods em-
ployed by them. Does Mr. Taft want to convert
his convention vindication into a defeat at the
polls? Or will he content himself with the consol-
ing thought that by retiring he sacrifices his own
ambition to his party's welfare. I do not like to
conclude this report with a series of questions, but
question marks loom large in Chicago at this time.
X
THE CONVENTION AS A PHOTOGRAPH OF
THE NATION
Mr. Bryan's letter in afternoon newspapers of
Friday, June 21st.
Chicago, June 21. — While we are waiting for the
situation to clear up let us consider a phase of this
convention which should not escape notice, namely,
the evidence that it gives of the capacity of the
American people for self-government.
Individuals differ in the amount of self-restraint
they exercise, and self-restraint is quite an accurate
measure of capacity for self-government. The in-
dividual who permits his body to have free rein
soon destroys himself. The mind must subjugate
the body and keep it under control before a human
being is worthy to be called a man. But mental
control is not sufficient. The mind may control the
body, but the mind itself may run wild. Without
a moral balance wheel a brilliant mind may use
both itself and the body for great harm.
Solomon tells us "that he that ruleth his own
spirit is greater' than he that taketh a city."
66
TEE REPUBLICAN CONVENTION 67
Where there is the highest average of intellectual
and moral power, with the moral in control, there
is the highest average of citizenship. Our nation
is making progress because it has a high average
of citizenship — a larger percentage of its people
than in any other country have the intelligence to
estimate the problems with which they have to deal
and the moral strength to grapple with those prob-
lems.
This convention is, in a way, a photograph of the
nation. All the great forces that exert a potential
influence in our country are here in person or by
proxy. Democracy has its champions, aristocracy
has its representatives, and plutocracy its agents.
The poor are not without spokesmen ; neither is ac-
cumulated wealth without its advocates.
The convention hall is like an arena in which a
gladiatorial contest is being waged. Strong men
and fair women look down from the galleries while
the participants in the great conflict battle over
policies and principles. It is remarkable that so
much intensity of speech, so much tenacity of pur-
pose, so much depth of conviction can be brought
together on opposite sides with so little display of
anger and such an absence of rudeness.
The convention is nearly equally divided, the
Roosevelt men believing that Mr. Taft represents
organized greed, legislative pillage and political
corruption carried to the seventh power, and some
68 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
have expressed themselves on the subject in no un-
certain terms. The Taft men, on the other hand,
think that the Roosevelt crowd is largely made up
of self-seeking politicians who are willing to resort
to demagogic appeals to secure their ends, men
who stir up the passions of the multitudes against
law, order and property. This opinion has also
been expressed quite freely for some months.
Now the most distinguished leaders of these two
elements in the Eepublican party are brought face
to face in one room and are permitted to speak
their feelings freely to each other. States are di-
vided by narrow aisles and these antagonists see
each other at close range.
Mr. Barnes, who is not able to produce a certifi-
cate of character from Mr. Roosevelt less than a
year old, rubs against Mr. Flinn, whom President
Taft cannot regard with any degree of allowance,
and yet there is no physical combat. The Massa-
chusetts delegation is divided half and half; eight-
een "demagogues" and a group of eighteen more,
made of "bosses," "corrupt politicians" and "rep-
resentatives of predatory wealth," and yet there
has not been a fight. Several of the delegations
are divided, some in the middle and some on the
edges, but the best of decorum prevails.
Even Senator Bradley, of Kentucky, and Mr.
Heney, of California, can appear upon the same
platform without disturbing the peace. They have
THE REPUBLICAN CONVENTION 69
their differences and they are fighting them out, but
they are doing it in a most creditable way. I am
not now passing on the merits of the decisions ren-
dered. Neither am I endorsing the parliamentary
methods employed, but I congratulate the Republi-
can party on the splendid proof it has given of the
ability of a large number of people, intensely in
earnest, to discuss their differences calmly, and
settle the questions involved without recourse to
violence. It not only indicates self-restraint, but
faith in the incorruptibility of the people, the
court of last resort in a republic.
This report must be put on the wires before the
convention opens at 11 a. m., and it is impossible
at this time to forecast the action that the conven-
tion will take. Mr. Roosevelt's statement has not
changed the attitude of the Taft forces in the least.
The credentials committee is entirely in the hands
of the administration and the Taft delegates are
being seated as rapidly as the cases can be dis-
posed of. The contest over the length of time to be
given to each case was really "much ado about
nothing," because the action of the committee is
sure to be the same, whether much time or little
is given in each case. The facts are thoroughly
understood by both sides and the hearings are
merely a matter of form.
Unless something unexpected happens the Taft
delegates will be seated, and it looks now as if the
70 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
regular convention would renominate the Presi-
dent.
Some of his delegates, it is said, would pre-
fer a compromise candidate, but the amiable gentle-
man in the White House is showing that he can
"sit tight" when necessary. His fighting blood is
aroused, and if anybody says "enough" the word
is not likely to come from any one living east of
the Alleghanies. At present Mr. Taft has the best
of the situation and it looks as if he had made up
his mind to run the ex-president out of the Repub-
lican party, or make him swallow his words.
Mr. Roosevelt is apparently facing the crisis in
his political career. Bolting is easy where one is
not a candidate, but it is a more difficult thing
where followers are necessary. If Mr. Roosevelt
could take his delegates with him he could organize
a convention that would represent a majority of
the Republican vote of the country, but he cannot
do so.
A considerable number of his delegates will not
bolt and his convention, therefore, would not carry
with it the moral force that goes with the majority.
He cannot tell, until the split comes, exactly how
many will walk out, for some are unwilling to de-
cide the question until the time arrives for action.
If the President's followers bolt and nominate him
he cannot tell whether to accept or not until after
the regular convention acts, and even then he
THE REPUBLICAN CONTENTION 71
would likely be influenced by the action of the
Democratic national convention.
He may be put in the attitude, therefore, of re-
fusing to lead a bolt after he has encouraged it.
If the Democrats are guilty of the criminal folly of
nominating a reactionary, they will supply Mr.
Roosevelt with the one thing needful in case he
becomes an independent candidate, namely, an is-
sue, and with two reactionaries running for presi-
dent he might win and thus entrench himself in
power. This convention, therefore, may exert a
powerful influence on the Baltimore convention.
XI
CALIFORNIA'S DAY
Mr. Bryan's letter in morning newspapers of
Saturday, June 22d.
Chicago, June 21. — Friday was California's day.
That State occupied the center of the stage and
came nearer breaking through the Taft line than
any other State has done. Gov. Hadley had charge
of the case for California, but he yielded to Mr.
Heney to open and to Gov. Johnson to close.
Mr. Heney 's speech was a strong, clear, argu-
mentative appeal and he raised the Eoosevelt fol-
lowers to their feet when, after describing the Pres-
ident's participation in the selection of the dele-
gates in accordance with the letter of the primary
law, he charged him with treason to popular gov-
ernment when he attempted to repudiate the law
for the sake of two delegates.
Gov. Johnson, however, was the hero of the day.
His speech was, all things considered, the gem of
the convention so far. He is a young man, pre-
possessing in appearance, full of earnestness, and
his speech has the ring of sincerity. He made a
72
THE REPUBLICAN CONVENTION 73
plea for the progressive cause that surpassed in ef-
fectiveness anything heretofore presented to the
delegates. His prophecy of victory for progres-
siveness this fall thrilled his hearers. He dealt
with all phases of the subject, condensing what he
had to say on each point into a sentence.
He told how the predatory interests had con-
trolled his State for a generation; how at last the
tide of reform had swept them out of office and
given the progressives control; how the progres-
sives, instead of using the party machinery to se-
cure a delegation to the national convention, passed
a primary law that vested control in the voters;
how the reactionaries, to escape from the influence
of the State organization then in the hands of the
progressives, unitedly supported the primary law;
how both sides selected a list of delegates in ac-
cordance with the law; how President Taft him-
self gave to his list of delegates the written ap-
proval required by law; how all these steps had
been taken without objection and without protest;
and then how these two delegates, after having
been defeated by 77,000 in the State, sought to re-
pudiate their own act and the action of the Presi-
dent and claim election in a district in spite of the
fact that it was impossible to ascertain the exact
number of votes cast in their district because four-
teen precincts were partly in one district and
partly in another.
74 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS'
He convinced the audience that he had justice on
his side, but the audience was not in position to
follow its convictions. A number of delegates told
me that they had to vote for the two Taft delegates
in order to save the Taft forces from the mortifica-
tion of defeat, but that the contest ought never to
have been made.
Gov. Johnson had the satisfaction of seeing the
Taft majority whittled down to thirteen, and the
administration will find thirteen an unlucky num-
ber out in California this fall.
It is surprising that men as intelligent as the
leaders of the Taft forces would make the tactical
mistake that they have in this case. In some of
the contests they have made such a strong showing
that even the Roosevelt members of the committee
have voted with them, but one case like the Cali-
fornia case imparts its weakness to all the others.
If it had been purely a question of principle
there would have been standing ground on both
sides of the issue. Gov. Johnson emphasized the
right of a State to regulate its own affairs and in-
sisted that the State law should take precedence
over a rule of the national convention.
Mr. Watson, of Indiana, representing the Taft
forces, laid great stress on the rules adopted by the
national convention, recognizing the congressional
district as the unit. , There is strength in both argu-
ments.
THE REPUBLICAN CONVENTION 75
If I were deciding the case I would say that the
State law ought to be respected but that the State
made a mistake in substituting a statewide delega-
tion for the district system.
The California case really established a unit rule
by law, whereas the Republican party has come
near to the people in giving each district a chance
to name and instruct its delegates. It is no argu-
ment against the primary system to say that a pri-
mary law ought to recognize the district system
rather than a State wide system in the selection of
delegates.
While the Taft men were strong in asserting op-
position to the unit rule they were weak in at-
tempting to overthrow the primary law after they
had acquiesced in it and secured the President's
approval of it, and they were weak also because of
their inability to show with exactness the number
of votes cast in the district which they claimed to
have carried by an extremely small majority.
The convention was in a good humor. The roll-
call was demanded only in the case of a few States,
and the delegates who were being defeated seemed
to enjoy themselves about as much as those who
were winning. Sometimes all the delegates would
join in shouting "aye" on a viva voce vote, and
then all would join in shouting "no" when the
negative was put. It was impossible for Chairman
Root to tell on which side the majority was, but he
76 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
knew what it would be on roll-call and so declared
"the ayes have it," and then the audience would
break out into laughter.
The machine has worked beautifully all day; it
has not slipped a cog. "When it was running at full
speed "Toot," "Toot," would occasionally come
from the audience. Sometimes sounds arose that
resembled escaping steam, but I am satisfied that
no steam escaped ; it was all being used, and at high
pressure, too.
The platform is said to be ready, but there is
little discussion of the platform. The fight has
centered in men rather than in measures. Rumors
have it that the Taft men, having won out on
everything else, are inclined to make some conces-
sions to progressives in the wording of the plat-
form.
From present indications Mr. Taft will be nomi-
nated on the first ballot, or upon the second if not
upon the first. The President discountenances
compromise and seems prepared to stake his all
upon the result. It is probable, therefore, that the
platform will be to his liking and that he will
have the privilege of trying the realities of an elec-
tion. Nearly half of the convention will feel like
concluding his nomination as a judge concludes the
death sentence of a prisoner:
"And may the Lord have mercy on your soul."
XII
THE DAY BEFORE THE LAST
Mr. Bryan's letter in afternoon newspapers of
Saturday, June 22d.
Chicago, 111., June 22. — This convention seems
likely to make up in quantity what it lacks as a
producer of harmony. Here it is Saturday, and
the committee on credentials is still at work trying
to determine who are rightfully entitled to sit in a
convention that assembled last Tuesday. Those
who were honored by a place on the temporary roll-
call are still there, and those who failed to secure
recognition at the hands of the national commit-
tee are still in outer darkness, but the machine
moves on.
The Taft forces lack a little more than fifty of the
number of the "Light Brigade," but they seem as
little dismayed as the heroic band of which we read
in our school days: "Cannon to the right of them,
cannon to the left of them, cannon in front of
them, volleyed and thundered. Stormed at with
shot and shell, boldly they rode and well, into the
jaws of death, into the mouth of hell" — but I shall
77
78 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
stop here, as I do not care to express an opinion
as to the character of the combatants.
It looks, however, at this time as if the 550 were
going to make their escape from the jaws of death,
so far as the convention is concerned, but we shall
not know until the election what fate awaits Mr.
Taft's brigade.
If we can judge by what happened yesterday
there has been an inexcusable waste of time. The
deliberations of the committee on credentials have
not resulted in throwing any new light on the sub-
ject. The reports have been stereotyped, and the
convention has dealt with them without much ref-
erence to the merits of the case. I spoke of a waste
of time, but the time was not really wasted. The
audience had a chance to enjoy itself, several new
men appeared in the moving picture that crossed
the stage, and the convention entered upon an era
of good feeling.
Man has been described as the animal that laughs,
and but few of the delegates, if any, have failed to
manifest this trait. Men who glared at each other
a few days ago now chat together and joke over the
situation. Man is a queer creature, and nowhere
more queer than in a convention. He is like pow-
der— more dangerous when confined than when
free.
When the credentials committee attempted to
rush the contests through, giving but a few min-
TEE REPUBLICAN CONVENTION 79
utes to each, there were angry protests and threats
of a bolt. Finally the committee conceded time, as
much time as the minority wanted, and as a result
an explosion was averted. Men had a chance to
testify to the " outrage" that had been perpetrated
on them, speakers had an opportunity to shout
their anathema at the committee and to warn those
responsible of the wrath to come. Some had a
chance to demand a roll-call, and a few availed
themselves of the privilege of saying, "Mr. Chair-
man, Mr. Chairman, I demand to poll the delega-
tion, ' ' and then the engine gave two toots, the con-
ductor waved his lantern, and the well-oiled
machine lunged forward.
There is nothing like debate to smooth out the
troubles of a convention. The man who invented
gag law did not understand the pacifying influence
of sound as it passes out of the throat. Some sci-
entist has announced the startling theory that an-
ger is a poison that is relieved by swearing. I am
not willing to accept the theory without more proof
than has yet been presented, but I am firmly con-
vinced, by long attendance at conventions, that
there are few sorrows of a political nature that free
discussion cannot heal. Even where satisfaction
is not guaranteed a long contest, like a spirited
campaign, makes the contestants willing to accept
almost anything if they can only get through.
It looks now as if the Taft forces were in a po-
80 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
sition to dictate the terms of surrender, and there
seems little likelihood of the President's withdraw-
ing in favor of a compromise candidate. I am
prepared to offer a certain amount of consolation
to whichever candidate is defeated, but my cau-
tious and conservative nature makes me hesitate to
pronounce a eulogy until the corpse is identified.
Looking back upon the struggle from the stand-
point of an outsider I have been able to watch the
contest with impartiality. Having felt the force of
the united influence of the two principals, I have
been able to bear with greater fortitude the falling
out that has converted two bosom friends into bit-
ter enemies. Not being attached to them as closely
as they have been to each other, I do not feel as
keenly as they do what each calls ingratitude in
the other. I have weighed their public acts, or
tried to, with fairness, anxious to give each one
credit for any good that he has accomplished. I
have tried to be charitable to their faults, recogniz-
ing that we all have shortcomings and need to have
charity extended to us.
"Nothing succeeds like success"; the change of
a vote may convert a defeat into a victory, and then
those fawn and flatter who would have turned
away in the hour of darkness.
If Mr. Taft wins in this convention there will be
plenty to bring him bouquets, and he will not no-
tice it if none of them bears my card. Mr. Roose-
THE EEPUBLICAN CONVENTION 81
velt will, in that case, be the one who will be in
need of kind words, and I shall take pleasure in
calling attention to some of the substantial benefits
he has conferred upon the country. He has yet the
possibility of leadership in a new party, if the
Democratic party should disappoint the hopes of
the progressives of the country and surrender it-
self to the service of Wall Street.
If, on the other hand, the boiler blows up, or the
machine breaks down, and Mr. Taft is defeated,
there are compliments which I can pay him, and
pay him with pleasure. In that case it would be
much easier for me to get to him, and he would
appreciate it more, than it would be to get within
speaking distance of the ex-president surrounded
by a "We want Teddy" crowd. My last article
on this convention will deal, therefore, with the
platform adopted and with the virtues of the de-
ceased.
XIII
THE END OF THE CONVENTION
Mr. Bryan's letter in morning newspapers of Sun-
day, June 23d.
On the Train from Chicago to Baltimore, June
22. — The break has come, and the progressives
were happy in their selection of the time. They
waited until the credentials committee had made
its last report, until the committee-made majority
had voted itself the convention, until it was dem-
onstrated that no amount of fact or argument
availed to reverse the decisions based upon the
exigencies of the case rather than upon the merits
of the contest, and then Delegate Allen, of Kansas,
read Mr. Roosevelt's statement and enforced its
pungent paragraphs with pointed remarks of his
own.
As Mr. Roosevelt's statement is published on a
later page I need make no reference to it here. It
will prove a historic document. Never before in
American politics has a convention witnessed such
a scene — a man, one of the most forceful figures of
his time, twice a president, once by the accident of
82
THE REPUBLICAN CONVENTION 83
death and once by the largest majority ever given
to a president, contending against an administra-
tion that he created for the honor of a Republican
nomination.
In spite of patronage, in spite of the powerful
organization of a dominant party and in spite of
great commercial influences, he actually secures an
undisputed majority of the Republican vote. Con-
trary to all precedents he goes to the convention
city and conducts his own fight. He finds himself
hedged about by forces with which he cannot cope.
If he may be likened to a caged lion confined in a
cage constructed of regularity, formality and or-
derly procedure, it must be admitted that he was
unable, with all his Samson-like strength, to bend
a single bar.
But here the simile ends. Man is more than an
animal. He laughs at the limitations of the flesh.
He can appeal to a power greater than the poli-
tician, and Mr. Roosevelt has made his appeal. He
brings against the convention such an indictment
as no party has ever had to meet before. He ap-
peals from leaders inebriated by prolonged power,
to the voters who can dispassionately weigh poli-
cies and measure methods from Philip drunk to
Philip sober.
The platform is such a platform as might be ex-
pected for Mr. Taft. It points with pride to what
he has done and views with alarm all that Mr.
84 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
Roosevelt stands for and threatens to do. The
curious may read it, but it will play a very small
part in the campaign. In the Republican mind
Mr. Taft has come to stand for stand-patism and
Mr. Roosevelt for progressivism, and the voters
will not make any nice calculations in deciding be-
tween them.
The Republican party is passing through the
same convulsions which the Democratic party
passed through sixteen years ago, when progressive
Democracy was born. In the case of our party,
the mother lived. At present both a physician and
a surgeon are in attendance, and it will be some
months before the fate of the patient will be known.
I was compelled to leave just before former
Vice-President Fairbanks concluded reading the
platform, but, from what had taken place, the re-
nomination of the President seemed a foregone con-
clusion.
As was to be expected, the Chicago convention
will exert a marked influence upon the Democratic
convention about to begin at Baltimore. The fact
that more than half of the Republican party has
been shown to be militant in its progressiveness
would seem to make it even more imperatively
necessary than before that the Democratic conven-
tion should, in its platform and with its nomina-
tions, respond to the demands of the progressives
of the nation and thus make a third party unneces-
THE REPUBLICAN CONVENTION 85
sary. This is the way it looks from a distance. I
can make a better forecast after reaching Balti-
more.
THE WITHDRAWAL OF THE ROOSEVELT
DELEGATES
It was Henry J. Allen, of Kansas, who in a speech
announced the intention of the Eoosevelt delegates to
take no further active part in the convention. He said
the first thing he desired permission for was to read a
statement which had just been placed in his hands from
Theodore Roosevelt. Mr. Allen then read the following
statement :
" 'A clear majority of the delegates honestly elected to
this convention were chosen by the people to nominate
me. Under the direction, and with the encouragement
of Mr. Taft, the majority of the national committee, by
the so-called "steam-roller" methods, and with scandalous
disregard of every principle of elementary honesty and
decency, stole eighty or ninety delegates, putting on the
temporary roll-call a sufficient number of fraudulent
delegates to defeat the legally expressed will of the peo-
ple, and to substitute a dishonest for an honest majority.
" 'The convention has now declined to purge the roll
of the fraudulent delegates placed thereon by the defunct
national committee, and the majority which thus in-
dorsed fraud was made a majority only because it in-
cluded the fraudulent delegates themselves, who all sat
as judges on one another's cases. If these fraudulent
votes had not thus been cast and counted the convention
would have been purged of their presence. This action
makes the convention in no proper sense any longer a
Republican convention representing the real Republican
party. Therefore I hope the men elected as Roosevelt
delegates will now decline to vote on any matter before
the convention. I do not release any delegate from his
MR. BEYAN'S DEPARTURE FROM THE EEPUBLICAN CONVEN-
TION TO Go TO BALTIMORE.
(McCutcheon in
'Collier's Weekly."
Permission.)
Eeproduced by
The standing figure is Former Vice-President Fairbanks,
who is reading the platform. The Chicago ' ' Tribune, ' ' in
describing the scene, says that when Mr. Fairbanks had got
about half through Mr. Bryan got up from his seat in the
press stand and started for the door. Instantly the galleries
began to cheer him. The applause was so insistent that Mr.
Fairbanks finally was compelled to stop. Even Chairman
Root's gavel could not stop the din, and it continued until
the Democratic leader had passed out of sight through one
of the exits.
86
THE EEPUBLICAN CONVENTION 87
honorable obligation to vote for me if he votes at all, but
under the actual conditions I hope that he will not vote
at all.
" 'The convention as now composed has no claim to rep-
resent the voters of the Republican party. It represents
nothing but successful fraud in overriding the will of the
rank and file of the party. Any man nominated by the
convention as now constituted would be merely the bene-
ficiary of this successful fraud; it would be deeply dis-
creditable to any man to accept the convention's nomi-
nation under these circumstances; and any man thus
accepting it would have no claim to the support of any
Republican on party grounds, and would have forfeited
the right to ask the support of any honest man of any
party on moral grounds.
" THEODORE ROOSEVELT.' "
Mr. Allen then proceeded to say:
"We have reached a point where a majority of the
Roosevelt delegates feel that they can no longer share
in the responsibility for the acts of this convention. We
have contended with you until we have exhausted every
parliamentary privilege in an effort to have placed upon
the roll the names of men legally elected.
"When by using the votes of the delegates whose rights
to sit in this convention are challenged, you took a posi-
tion which places the power of a political committee
above the authority of 77,000 majority, elected in a legal
primary in California, we decided that your steam roller
had exceeded the speed limit. Since then we have asked
for no roll-call. You have now completed the seating of
all contested delegates, using the votes of the contested
delegates to accomplish your purpose. * * *
"We will not put ourselves in a position to be bound
by any act in which you say to the majority who rejected
Mr. Taft in New Jersey, to the majority who rejected
him in Wisconsin, to the majority who rejected him in
Minnesota, to the majority who rejected him in Maine,
88 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
to the majority who rejected him in Maryland, to the
majority in South Dakota, to the majority in North Da-
kota, which gave him only 1,500 votes out of 59,000; to
the majorities which rejected him in Nebraska, in Ore-
gon, Minnesota, Kansas, Oklahoma, West Virginia and
North Carolina, that all these majorities added together
went down under the mere rulings of a political com-
mittee.
"We will not join you in saying to the home State of
Abraham Lincoln that the 150,000 majority with which
you defeated Mr. Taft and his managers in Illinois was
overruled by those very managers with the consent of
those who have arrogated powers never intended to be
theirs.
"When Theodore Roosevelt left the White House four
years ago he left you an overwhelming majority in both
branches of Congress; he left you an overwhelming ma-
jority in all the great Republican States; he left you a
record upon which you could elect Mr. Taft ; he left you
a progressive program to carry forward. That program
was buried beneath an avalanche of words at Winona,
and eighteen Republican governors were buried beneath
an avalanche of votes which rebuked recreancy to party
pledges.
"We will not participate with you in completing the
scuttling of the ship. We will not say to the young men
of the nation, who, reading political history with their
patriotism, and longing to catch step with the party
of their fathers, that we have nothing better to offer them
at this hour than this new declaration of human rights —
that a discarded political committee, as its last act, holds
greater power than a majority of over 2,000,000 voters.
"We do not bolt. We merely insist that you, not we,
are making the record. And we refuse to be bound by it.
We have pleaded with you for ten days. We have fought
with you five days for a 'square deal.' We fight no
more. We plead no' longer. We shall sit in protest and
the people who sent us here shall judge us.
THE BEPUBLICAN CONVENTION 89
"You accuse us of being radical. Gentlemen, let me
tell you that no radical in the ranks of radicalism ever
did so radical a thing as to come to a national convention
of the great Republican party and secure through fraud
the nomination of a man that they know could not be
elected."
XIV
THE EEPUBLICAN PLATFORM
The Republican party, assembled by its repre-
sentatives in national convention, declares its un-
changing faith in government of the people, by the
people, for the people. "We renew our allegiance
to the principles of the Republican party and our
devotion to the cause of Republican institutions
established by the fathers.
It is appropriate that we should now recall with
a sense of veneration and gratitude the name of
our first great leader who was nominated in this
city, and whose lofty principles and superb devo-
tion to his country are an inspiration to the party
he honored — Abraham Lincoln. In the present
state of public affairs we should be inspired by his
broad statesmanship and by his tolerant spirit to-
ward men.
* # *
The Republican party is opposed to special privi-
lege and to monopoly. It placed upon the statute
book the interstate commerce act of 1887, and the
important amendments thereto, and the antitrust
act of 1890, and it has consistently and successfully
90
THE REPUBLICAN CONVENTION 91
enforced the provisions of these laws. It will take
no backward step to permit the reestablishment in
any degree of conditions which were intolerable.
Experience makes it plain that the business of
the country may be carried on without fear or
without disturbance, and at the same time without
resort to practices which are abhorrent to the com-
mon sense of justice.
The Republican party favors the enactment of
legislation supplementary to the existing antitrust
act which will define as criminal oifenses those spe-
cific acts that uniformly mark attempts to restrain
and to monopolize trade to the end that those who
honestly intend to obey the law may have a guide
for their action, and that those who aim to violate
the law may the more surely be punished.
The same certainty should be given to the law
prohibiting combinations and monopolies that char-
acterizes other provisions of commercial law, in
order that no part of the field of business oppor-
tunity may be restricted by monopoly or combina-
tion, that business success honorably achieved may
not be converted into crime, and that the right of
every man to acquire commodities, and particularly
the necessaries of life, in an open market unin-
fluenced by the manipulation of trust or combina-
tion may be preserved.
* *
We reaffirm our belief in a protective tariff. The
92 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
Republican tariff policy has been of the greatest
benefit to the country, developing our resources, di-
versifying our industries, and protecting our work-
men against competition with cheaper labor abroad,
thus establishing for our wage earners the Ameri-
can standard of living.
The protective tariff is so woven into the fabric
of our industrial and agricultural life that to sub-
stitute for it a tariff for revenue only would de-
stroy many industries and throw millions of our
people out of employment. The products of the
farm and of the mine should receive the same
measure of protection as other products of Ameri-
can labor.
We hold that the import duties should be high
enough while yielding a sufficient revenue to pro-
tect adequately American industries and wages.
Some of the existing import duties are too high,
and should be reduced. Readjustment should be
made from time to time to conform to changed con-
ditions and to reduce excessive rates, but without
injury to any American industry.
To accomplish this correct information is indis-
pensable. This information can best be obtained by
an expert commission, as the large volume of use-
ful facts contained in the recent reports of the tariff
board has demonstrated.
The pronounced - feature of modern industrial
life is its enormous diversification. To apply tariff
THE REPUBLICAN CONVENTION 93
rates justly to these changing conditions requires
closer study and more scientific methods than ever
before. The Republican party has shown by its
creation of a tariff board its recognition of this sit-
uation and its determination to be equal to it.
We condemn the Democratic party for its failure
to either provide funds for the continuance of this
board or to make some other provision for secur-
ing the information requisite for intelligent tariff
legislation. We protest against the Democratic
method of legislating on these important subjects
without careful investigation.
We condemn the Democratic tariff bills passed
by the house of representatives of the Sixty-second
congress as sectional, as injurious to the pub-
lic credit, and as destructive of business enter-
prise.
The steadily increasing cost of living has be-
come a matter not only of national but of world-
wide concern. The fact that it is not due to the
protective tariff system is evidenced by the exist-
ence of similar conditions in countries which have
a tariff policy different from our own, as well as by
the fact that the cost of living has increased while
rates of duty have remained stationary or been
reduced.
The Republican party will support a prompt
scientific inquiry into the causes which are opera-
tive, both in the United States and elsewhere, to
94 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
increase the cost of living. When the exact facts
are known it will take the necessary steps to re-
move any abuses that may be found to exist, in
order that the cost of the food, clothing, and shelter
of the people may in no way be unduly or arti-
ficially increased.
* *
It is of great importance to the social and econ-
omic welfare of this country that its farmers have
facilities for borrowing easily and cheaply the
money they need to increase the productivity of
their land.
It is as important that financial machinery be
provided to supply the demand of farmers for
credit as it is that the banking and currency sys-
tems be reformed in the interest of general busi-
ness.
Therefore, we recommend and urge an authorita-
tive investigation of agricultural credit societies
and corporations in other countries, and the pass-
age of state and federal laws for the establishment
and capable supervision of organizations having
for their purpose the loaning of funds to farmers.
We favor such additional legislation as may be
necessary more effectively to prohibit corporations
from contributing funds, directly or indirectly, to
campaigns for the nomination or election of the
TEE REPUBLICAN CONVENTION 95
president, the vice president, senators, and repre-
sentatives in congress.
We heartily approve the recent act of congress
requiring the fullest publicity in regard to all cam-
paign contributions, whether made in connection
with primaries, conventions, or elections.
"We rejoice in the success of the distinctive Re-
publican policy of the conservation of our national
resources for their use by the people without waste
and without monopoly. We pledge ourselves to
a continuance of such a policy.
We favor such fair and reasonable rules and reg-
ulations as will not discourage or interfere with
actual bona fide homeseekers, prospectors, and
miners in the acquisition of public lands under ex-
isting laws.
In the interest of the general public, and par-
ticularly of the agricultural or rural communities,
we favor legislation looking to the establishment,
under proper regulations, of a parcels post, the
postal rates to be graduated under a zone similar
in proportion to the length of carriage.
We approve the action taken by the president
and the congress to secure with Russia, as with
other countries, a treaty that will recognize the ab-
solute right of expatriation and that will prevent
all discrimination of whatever kind between Ameri-
can citizens, whether native born or alien and re-
gardless of race, religion, or previous political al-
96 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
legiance. The right of asylum is a precious
possession of the people of the United States, and
it is to be neither surrendered nor restricted.
The Mississippi river is the nation's drainage
ditch. Its flood waters gathered from thirty-one
states and the Dominion of Canada, constitute an
overpowering force which breaks the levees and
pours its torrents over many million acres of the
richest land in the union, stopping mails, imped-
ing commerce, and causing great loss of life and
property.
These floods are national in scope and the dis-
asters they produce seriously affect the general wel-
fare. The state unaided cannot cope with this
giant problem, hence we believe the federal govern-
ment should assume a fair proportion of the bur-
den of its control so as to prevent the disasters
from recurring floods.
"We favor the continuance of the policy of the
government with regard to the reclamation of arid
lands; and for the encouragement of the speedy
settlement and improvement of such lands we favor
an amendment to the law that will reasonably
extend the time within which the cost of any re-
clamation project may be repaid by the land own-
ers under it.
We pledge the Republican party to the enact-
THE REPUBLICAN CONVENTION 97
ment of appropriate laws to give relief from the
constantly growing evil of induced or undesirable
immigration which is inimical to the progress and
welfare of the people of the United States.
We favor the speedy enactment of laws to pro-
vide that seamen shall not be compelled to endure
involuntary servitude, and that life and property
at sea shall be safeguarded by the ample equip-
ment of vessels with life saving appliances and with
full complements of skilled, able bodied seamen to
operate them.
The approaching completion of the Panama
canal, the establishment of a bureau of mines, the
institution of postal savings banks, the increased
provision made in 1912 for the aged and infirm
soldiers and sailors of the republic and for their
widows, and the vigorous administration of the
laws relating to pure food and drugs all mark the
successful progress of Republican administration,
and are additional evidence of its effectiveness.
We challenge successful criticism of the sixteen
years of Republican administration under Presi-
dents McKinley, Roosevelt, and Taft. We heartily
reaffirm the indorsement of President McKinley
contained in the platform of 1900 and of 1904, and
that of President Roosevelt contained in the plat-
form of 1904 and 1908.
98 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
We invite the intelligent judgment of the Ameri-
can people upon the administration of William H.
Taft. The country has prospered and been at
peace under his presidency. During the years
in which he had the cooperation of a Republican
congress an unexampled amount of constructive
legislation was framed and passed in the interest
of the people, and in obedience to their wish. That
legislation is a record on which any administration
might appeal with confidence to the favorable judg-
ment of history.
We appeal to the American electorate upon the
record of the Republican party and upon this de-
claration of its principles and purposes. We are
confident that under the leadership of the candi-
dates here to be nominated our appeal will not
be in vain; that the Republican party will meet
every just expectation of the people whose servant
it is ; that under its administration and its laws our
nation will continue to advance; that peace and
prosperity will abide with the people, and that
new glory will be added to the great republic.
XV
A CRITICISM OF ME. TAFT'S SPEECH OF
ACCEPTANCE
(Mr. Bryan's Article in Morning Newspapers of
August 3.)
President Taft's speech of acceptance will for
several reasons stand out in Presidential history as
a very remarkable public utterance. To begin
with, he accepts Senator Root's guarantee of regu-
larity without a smile, and even adds his indorse-
ment of the proceedings which resulted in his nomi-
nation. This occasion he says is appropriate for the
expression of profound gratitude at the victory for
the right which was won at Chicago.
By that victory the Republican party was saved
for future usefulness. What an astounding indif-
ference to the intelligence of the public! How
completely has his conscience been seared not to be
sensitive in regard to the methods employed at
Chicago. Both he and Senator Root know that he
was not the choice of a majority of the Republican
voters ; they know that the President 's Administra-
tion was repudiated by those who elected him.
99
100 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
They know that a holdover committee deliberately
and contemptuously disregarded the voters of the
party and changed the character of the conven-
tion by the seating of Taft delegates.
Holdover committeemen who had been repudi-
ated in their States knowingly, even exultingly,
thwarted the expressed will of the Republican vot-
ers of their respective States in order to give an
apparent indorsement to the Administration, and
President Taft is willing to accept this shadow as
if it were substantial.
The President knows that the Republican com-
mitteemen from a number of Southern States repre-
sent mythical constituencies, and he accepts with
expressions of gratitude a nomination that was
only possible because Southern Republicans had
many times as much influence in the convention in
proportion to their number as Northern Republi-
cans had. And he accepts the nomination without
any suggestions as to improvement in method. He
neither indorses the Baltimore plan of having com-
mitteemen begin to serve as soon as elected, thus
having a new committee organize a convention, nor
does he outline any plan for protecting the Repub-
lican party from the scandal brought upon its
conventions by its patronage-controlled delegates
from the Southern States.
The next thing in the President's speech that at-
tracts attention is the marked contrast between his
THE BEPUBLICAN CONVENTION 101
point of view to-day and his point of view four
years ago. In 1908 he was condemning the male-
factors of great wealth and crying out against
dishonest methods in business. He held himself
out as a reformer, and appealed to the progressive
sentiment of the country.
Now he is horrified at the demagogue, the muck-
raker and the political disturber. He says that in
the work of rousing the people to the danger that
threatened our civilization, from the abuses of
concentrated wealth and the power it was likely
to exercise, the public imagination was wrought
upon and a reign of sensational journalism and
unjust and unprincipled muckraking has followed
in which much injustice has been done to honest
men.
Demagogues have seized the opportunity to fur-
ther inflame the public mind, and have sought to
turn the peculiar conditions to their advantage.
He contends that it is far better to await the
diminution of this evil by natural causes than to
attempt what would soon take on the aspect of
confiscation or to abolish the principle or institu-
tion of private property and to change to socialism.
What a difference in the tone of the two
speeches ! Four years ago he was alarmed for fear
the country was going to suffer at the hands of the
predatory interests ; now every exploiter is pleasing
and only the reformer is vile. His speech of four
102 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
years ago must have been delivered during a mental
aberration. Surgeons tell us that a man's eccen-
tricities are sometimes due to a pressure on the
brain at some point. It is possible that Doctors
Root, Penrose and Barnes have restored his mind
to normal action by removing the Roosevelt pres-
sure.
Mr. Taft is so solicitous about the people who
have failed to devote as much time as is necessary
to political duties that he is afraid to burden them
with responsibilities three times greater than the
people have been willing to assume. He is afraid
that to concede the reforms demanded will result
in new duties that will tire them (the people) into
such an indifference as still further to demand
control of public affairs by a mere minority. To
find an argument as absurd as the above one must
go back several centuries and consult the reasons
that kings gave for not admitting the people to
participation in government, and then, to add in-
sult to injury, he has the audacity to present the
aristocratic argument that it is bread, not votes,
that the people need; work, not constitutional
amendments ; money to pay house rent, not referen-
dums; clothing, not recalls; employment, not
initiatives.
Modern literature presents no parallel to this ig-
norance of or indifference to the growth of popular
government. In referring to reforms that come
TEE REPUBLICAN CONVENTION 103
under his Administration he confines himself to a
few, and these are not the most important.
Why does he ignore the popular election of
United States Senators? It is the greatest reform
in methods of government that has come since the
adoption of our Constitution. Why does he over-
look it ? Is it because it came without his aid ?
Why does he fail to mention the income tax
amendment to the Constitution? He urged it in a
message, but he did it in order to defeat a statutory
income tax, and he has never said a word since then
to encourage its ratification by the States.
He even appointed Gov. Hughes to the Supreme
Court bench after the latter had sent a message to
the New York Legislature opposing the ratification
of the income tax amendment.
Why is he silent on the publicity law passed in
the interest of pure politics? Was it because the
publicity before the election provided for in the
law which he was compelled to sign rebuked his
utterances of 1908, when he insisted that contribu-
tions should not be made public until after
election ?
Here are three great reforms that have come
during his administration, and yet he cannot claim
credit for any of them, although, but for his reason
for recommending it, he might claim some credit
for the income tax amendment. He defends the
Payne- Aldrich bill; says it has vindicated itself.
104 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
He praises the Supreme Court decision writing the
word "unreasonable" into the anti-trust law — a de-
cision which made every trust magnate rejoice.
He eulogizes the dissolution, falsely so-called, of the
Oil and Tobacco Trusts — a dissolution that leaves
the trusts undisturbed and has already increased
the value of their stocks — and he advocates Federal
incorporation of big business, the one thing that
the trusts still need to complete their control of the
industries of the country.
"What a program at a time like this when three-
fourths of the voters of the country are up in arms
against the plunderbund ! Not content with an in-
dorsement of everything reactionary that Wall
Street has had the courage to suggest he threatens
panic if anything is done to disturb those who
fatten on Governmental favoritism and legislative
privilege.
He even appeals to Democrats to join him in an
earnest effort to avert the political and economic
revolution and business paralysis which Republican
defeat will bring about.
The President's defense of his refusal to inter-
vene in Mexico is the best thing in his speech, but
his reference to China gives weight to the rumor
that recognition of the Republic of China is be-
ing withheld as a means of forcing upon China the
acceptance of an -American loan. He says on this
subject:
THE SEPUBLICAN CONVENTION 105
' ( We have lent our good offices in the negotiation
of a loan essential to the continuance of the Re-
public and which China will accept." If this is
an admission that his Administration is attempting
to compel China to borrow from our financiers as a
condition precedent of the recognition of the Re-
public he confesses to an inexcusable degradation
of the Department of State.
Democrats will resent the President's action in
associating them with the progressive Republicans.
In replying to the former Republicans, as he calls
them in one place, and to those who have left the
Republican party, as he calls them in another
place in his speech, he replies to Democrats also and
accuses both groups of going in a direction they do
not definitely know; toward an end they cannot
definitely describe, with but one chief and clear ob-
ject— and that is acquiring power for their parties
by popular support through a promise of a change
for the better.
This is a very unfair statement of the Dem-
ocratic position in view of the fact that the
Democratic platform is the only one that is specific
in pointing out abuses and in proposing remedies,
and in view of the further fact that the Democratic
party has shown its fidelity to the people by its
willingness to suffer defeat in its advocacy of the
reforms which are now being accepted by the en-
tire country.
106 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
The President pays himself a high compliment
when he offers himself to the voters as the only
exponent of constitutional government. He, as
well as the Koosevelt party, aver that the Dem-
ocratic party is not to be trusted to. preserve the
Constitution, and he declares that this is to him the
supreme issue.
The Eepublican party, he declares, is the nucleus
of that public opinion which favors consistent
progress and development along safe and sane lines
and under the Constitution, as we have had it for
more than one hundred years, &c.
Here, then, is the paramount issue: Shall the
Constitution be preserved by President Taft with
such aid as he can secure from Root, Penrose,
Barnes, Lorimer, and the other self-appointed
custodians of constitutional government? Shall
our organic law be given over into the hands of
those who favor the election of Senators by the
people, the income tax amendment, a single term
for the President, and other changes of this char-
acter which have for their object the divorcing of
government from the favor-seeking, privilege-hunt-
ing classes?
If this is to be the supreme issue, the Democrats
are ready to call the battle on.
Part Two
THE DEMOCRATIC NATIONAL CONVENTION
BALTIMORE, JUNE 25~JuLY 2, 1912
THE TWO CONTENDING FACTIONS
Mr. Bryan's letter in morning newspapers of Mon-
day, June 24th.
Baltimore, June 23. — The convention opens here
with a situation somewhat like that in Chicago —
like it in the fact that there are two elements in
the party, each represented by its leaders. The
progressive is here in force, but the reactionary is
here also.
There has been no test vote in the national com-
mittee since the vote in the Guffey case. At that
time the national committee stood thirty for Guffey
and eighteen for Palmer. The reactionaries claim
that fairly represents the lineup between the two
elements. Since the Guffey case was decided sev-
eral changes have been made in the national com-
mittee. Guffey himself has gone out and Congress-
man Palmer has taken his place. Mr. Johnson
of Texas has gone out and Caleb Sells has taken
his place.
There are other changes, but the new members
do not begin to act until the permanent organiza-
109
110 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
tion is completed, and it is not certain that a reac-
tionary committeeman would give expression to the
changed sentiment in his state.
The subcommittee decided by a vote of eight to
eight to recommend Alton B. Parker for tempor-
ary chairman. The eight against Judge Parker
were divided as follows: Three for James, three
for Henry, one for Kern, and one for O 'Gorman.
This gave Parker a plurality, but not a majority.
The recommendation will be taken up to-morrow
by the full committee, and the committee's recom-
mendation will be approved or disapproved. The
action of the full committee will then come before
the convention for acceptance or rejection.
The Clark men supported James and the Wilson
men for the most part supported Henry. If the
eight could have agreed upon a progressive it would
have been a tie vote, but the friends of the different
candidates were anxious, of course, to secure what-
ever advantage they could for their candidate, and
hence the muddle. An effort is being made by
the progressives to secure an agreement upon some
candidate. I am not prepared to predict what the
full committee will do, but I think a poll should be
taken.
In fighting for a principle it ought not to make
any difference whether many or few rally around
the standard. It is better to make a fight for the
right and lose than to concede a thing that is
ATLAS.
(C. S. Macauley in the New York "World.")
Ill
112 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
wrong. A beginning has to be made some time, and
the sooner it is made the better.
Then, too, no one can tell until the vote is
counted what the result will be. There are many
who will promise to vote one way in order to pre-
vent a vote, who will vote the opposite way if they
have to vote. It is in recognition of this that our
constitutions require a roll-call and every one ac-
quainted with parliamentary practice knows that
motions often carry by a viva voce vote that are
lost on roll-call.
If a majority of the national committee votes in
favor of Judge Parker, the opposition will be car-
ried to the floor of the convention and the delegates
will have a chance to go on record and that record
will mean a great deal both to the delegates and to
the party.
The objection to Judge Parker is not personal.
No one, so far as I know, has any ill-feeling against
him. The objection made to him is based upon
the fact that he stands as the most conspicuous rep-
resentative of the reactionary element of the party.
He was the man chosen by the so-called conserva-
tive element of the party to lead the fight in 1904,
when the party receded from the advanced position
it had taken in 1896 and 1900.
The "Wall street influence dominated our organi-
zation that year and put its brand upon our cam-
paign. Belmont and Ryan were the financial spon-
THE DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION 113
sors of the party. When the compaign was over
and the vote counted it was found Judge Parker
had polled about a million and a quarter less votes
than the party polled in 1896 and 1900, and I may
add, a million and a quarter votes less than the
party polled four years afterward.
It is only fair to Judge Parker to say that his
failure to poll the party vote was not due to lack of
personal popularity, but to the influences that dom-
inated his campaign. It would be impossible to
separate him at this time from the influences that
gave character to his campaign then. He is the
choice now of the men who then spoke for him. He
is urged upon the committee by Mr. Murphy and
he is supported by those who are responsive to the
influence which speak through Mr. Murphy. His
selection as temporary chairman would be an an-
nouncement to the public that the convention is a
reactionary convention. It might make all the pro-
fessions it liked; it might talk as it would about
progressiveness, but what it said would not atone
for what it did. Actions often speak louder than
words.
This convention is progressive ; at least it is sup-
posed to be. The two leading candidates are pro-
gressive. The chief contention of the friends of
either has been that he has more progressiveness
than the other. It has been a race to see which
could progress the more rapidly, but .neither candi-
114 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
date could have any substantial following on any
other platform.
These two candidates together have instructed
delegates to the extent of nearly two-thirds of the
convention. To put up the chief of reactionaries to
open a progressive convention with a stand-pat key-
note is an insult that is not likely to go unre-
buked unless we are mistaken in the character of
the members of this convention, and if we are mis-
taken, the sooner we find it out the better.
If our convention had been held before the Chi-
cago convention it would have been necessary to
adopt a progressive platform and nominate a pro-
gressive ticket in response to an overwhelming sen-
timent in the party. But now that the Republican
party has acted, it has become a matter of expedi-
ency as well as a matter of principle to leave no
doubt in the public mind as to our party's attitude
on the great issues that now divide the country.
Circumstances have brought victory to our very
doors ; it would be madness to invite repudiation at
the polls by compromise with predatory interests.
I cannot believe that such a result is possible.
What a pity that harmony should be disturbed at
the very beginning of this convention by an impu-
dent attempt upon the part of the special interests
to get control of the convention and represent the
party ! What a pity that the lesson recently taught
at Chicago should have had so little effect on those
THE DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION 115
who are seeking to paralyze the party's efforts as a
reform party!
When the Republican party adjourned yesterday
it had by its actions changed the first and second
lines of "Auld Lang Syne" to read:
Let old acquaintance be forgot
And never brought to mind.
It looks as if the same influences that dominated
the Chicago convention are attempting to open this
convention with the familiar lines: "Hail! Hail!
The gang's all here."
II
Mr. Bryan's article in afternoon papers of Monday,
June 24th.
Baltimore, June 24. — The morning's develop-
ments have been few. The delegates are arriving
and opening headquarters. The most prominent
arrival this morning was Governor Burke, of North
Dakota. He has the support of his state for the
presidency, and at once aligned himself with the
progressive fight against Judge Parker for tempor-
ary chairman.
He brought his answer to my telegram and de-
livered it in person. Governor Burke has been
elected for a third term in his state, and his popu-
larity is due to his strength as an executive and to
the satisfaction which his administrations have
given. He is one of the strong men in our party,
and is not only favorably considered for the office
of president, but will doubtless have a still larger
support for the vice presidency, if geographical
conditions do not weigh against him.
116
THE DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION 117
The national committee is in session, having
under consideration the question of temporary
chairman. The progressives are still engaged in
an endeavor to get together on some candidate with
some prospect of success. The Wall street influence
is on hand, stiffening the back of Judge Parker's
supporters, but the tide seems to be turning more
strongly against Parker as the delegates arrive.
I do not like to discuss my part in the conven-
tion, and yet I am compelled to do so or deny this
information to those who read these reports. I will
therefore say that I am not attending the meeting
of the full committee, preferring to leave them to
agree upon a progressive without suggestion from
me, if they can do so.
If they fail to do so and Judge Parker is recom-
mended by the full committee, I shall from the floor
of the convention oppose his selection and propose
the name of some progressive as a substitute for his.
I do not know who that progressive will be and I
shall not decide until the last moment, my sole de-
sire being to bring about harmonious cooperation
between the friends of the progressive candidate
and any one upon whom they can agree will have
my hearty support.
If they cannot agree I will then take the respon-
sibility of finding a progressive to present as a
candidate — the best one whose consent is obtain-
able. If I fail in my effort to find a candidate, I
118 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
shall myself be a candidate, in order that those who
are attending the convention may have an oppor-
tunity to vote for a temporary chairman whose
speech will indorse the party's progressive record,
and urge an advance along progressive lines.
The discussion of candidates is for the time being
suspended. Until we find out what kind of a con-
vention this is no forecast can be made. If it is
shown to be a reactionary convention the interest
in the presidential nomination will probably de-
cline, for it will not make much difference who
carries the standard if the party centers into com-
petition with the Taft party for the support of
predatory interests.
(Report of an Interview with Mr. Bryan on Sun-
day Night, June 23, as Printed in "The Chicago
Tribune" of June 24.}
Mr. Bryan, in an interview given nearly 100 news-
paper men, made it clear that he regarded the fight for
the temporary chairmanship one where progressivism
and conservatism were the issues.
He would not throw any light on what plans he had
made to oppose the selection of A. B. Parker, \frhom he
charged with being a reactionary. He flatly asserted
that to begin a progressive convention with a reaction-
ary speech would be an offense to the Democratic party.
Mr. Bryan was asked if he had any particular candi-
date for temporary chairman of the convention in place
of Mr. Parker.
"I do not care to discuss the matter," he said, "except
THE DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION 119
to say that any progressive will be satisfactory to me.
In the first place, I urged the committee to consult with
the two leading candidates and allow them to determine
upon a satisfactory temporary chairman."
"Do you regard Wilson and Clark as the two leading
candidates'?"
"Do you know of anybody else?" he answered.
"Yes, I meant Wilson and Clark and if they had
agreed upon a temporary chairman there would have
been no objection whatsoever.
"I want to emphasize one fact right here," Mr. Bryan
continued, "and that is, that I am the original harmony
man in this whole crowd. I did not ask anything for
myself ; I did not ask anything for any particular candi-
date. I do not know of any better way of beginning the
convention harmoniously than to have the two leading
candidates agree upon a temporary chairman.
"If there is any lack of harmony I do not see why
there should be any excitement about the matter. Eight
members of the committee have seen fit to ignore the
opinions of the other eight and to make the recommenda-
tion.
"It takes the full committee to decide whether to ap-
prove or disapprove the recommendation of the subcom-
mittee and it is for the convention to decide whether it
will accept or reject the recommendation. It is not an
unprecedented thing for a committee's recommendation
to be rejected. It was rejected in the Chicago conven-
tion in 1896."
"Would not such an action here precipitate a fight
which would be detrimental to the party?"
"It precipitated a fight then," he answered. "And let
me add that our party is better for the fight. It saved
the party from disgrace. When I say 'disgrace/ I mean
that to begin a progressive convention with a reaction-
ary speech would be an offense to the party of the na-
tion."
"How are you going to conduct a fight for a pro-
120 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
gressive unless you have some particular candidate in
view ?"
"It has been stated that you cannot have a contest be-
tween two men until you have the men, but I had no
disposition to select the man at all. I simply urged the
committee to ascertain, if possible, the man upon whom
the two leading candidates could agree."
"Will there be any split in the Democratic party?"
"I have no knowledge on that subject."
"Well, can you imagine a progressive program being
repudiated here as in Chicago?"
"No," he replied, "for I cannot imagine so large a
Wall street element in our party as they had in Chicago."
"They say you are going to bolt if you are defeated
in this matter, as Roosevelt did in Chicago."
"I am not responsible for what they are saying. My
friends are not saying that.
"I think the outcome of the Chicago convention," con-
tinued Mr. Bryan, "makes it even more imperative that
we should in this convention write a progressive plat-
form and nominate a progressive ticket."
"Mr. Hall of your State said you would not bolt.
Could there be any circumstances under which you
would feel justified in doing so?"
"My dear sir," answered Mr. Bryan, "I have always
avoided hypothetical questions since 1896. At that time
an opponent put a hypothetical question to an expert on
insanity, describing me as he saw me, and then asked
whether such a man was insane, and the expert answered
that he undoubtedly was."
"There were four names considered by the committee
for the temporary chairmanship. Would any of the
others be acceptable to you?"
"Yes, any progressive would be perfectly acceptable,"
answered Mr. Bryan.
Ill
THE STEAM ROLLER AT WORK
Mr. Bryan's letter in morning newspapers of Tues-
day, June 25th.
Baltimore, June 24. — Baltimore is to be a little
Chicago. We have the same steam roller here, only
of a smaller pattern, but the employees are skilled
laborers and they have the machine in perfect
running order. The "toot, toot" will be heard as
soon as the chairman calls the convention to order
and it will continue until the convention adjourns
sine die, unless the delegates rise in their might and
throw it in the scrap heap.
I have attended conventions since my youth, but
I have never known a more brazen attempt upon
the part of an insignificant few to thwart the will
of the rank and file of the party than may be seen
here. It is not burglary, but plain open daylight
robbery, where the leaders do not even take the
trouble to wear masks.
If the plain every day citizen, who earns his
bread in the sweat of his brow, could understand
the influences that operate at a convention like
121
122 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
this; if he could see the misrepresentatives of the
people slipping around to the rooms of those who
manipulate the schemes through which the public
is plundered; if he could number the whispered
conversations that take place in dark corners ; if he
could hear the specious arguments made in behalf
of regularity; if he could be made aware of the
tremendous pressure that is brought to bear on
the weak, and of the deceptions practiced upon
the unsuspecting, he would realize how important
it is that men should be selected as delegates whose
hearts are right, whose sympathies are with the peo-
ple, and who have the moral courage to stand for
the silent masses.
It is safe to say that four fifths of the Demo-
cratic party is progressive. Every Democrat who
announced himself as a candidate for the presi-
dency claimed to be a progressive. There is not
one single piece of literature circulated among
Democrats that represented as reactionary the can-
didate in whose interest it was issued. And yet
all at once we find that quite a number of delegates
elected as progressives and instructed for pro-
gressives are reactionary in their sympathies.
What candidate could have secured the instruc-
tions of a single state west of New York or south
of the Potomac if he had announced that Judge
Parker represented his idea of Democracy and that
he would ask Judge Parker to open the campaign
Copyright, 1912, by John T. McCutchcon.
TRYING TO SQUARE IT WITH THE PEERLESS LEADER.
(McCutcheon in the Chicago "Tribune.")
123
124 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
with a keynote speech? It is not complimentary
to the intelligence of a constituency for a delegate
to suppose that the Democrats who have borne the
burden in the sixteen year struggle are unacquaint-
ed with Judge Parker and the kind of Democracy
he stands for.
They know how he was nominated at St. Louis.
They know how he repudiated the party platform
after the nomination ; they know the collapse of his
campaign; they know how Wall street at the last
moment turned against him after having by its
support of him driven the masses from him; they
know of the widespread overthrow of Democratic
strongholds; they know the indignation that was
felt among Democrats when they fully realized the
cause of their discomfiture; they know how local
offices were turned over to the Republicans in a
multitude of districts; they know what an effort
it required to wash from the party's banner the
stain that his candidacy put upon it, and they
understand the significance of the return of his
friends to control in the party.
It is little less than a tragedy to shatter the hopes
that millions of Democrats have been encouraged
to cherish. The principles for which progressive
Democracy has been contending have grown aston-
ishingly within the last few years.
Ex-President Roosevelt has been able to marshal
considerably more than half of the Republican
THE DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION 125
voters around his standard because he has scath-
ingly denounced the plunderbund, the subsidized
press, the corrupt boss, and the conscienceless mis-
representation of the voters by those who assumed
to speak for them. He only waits the capture of
this convention by the same influences to justify
the organization of a third party and lead to de-
feat both divisions of plutocracy's army, if as the
result of this convention he can show that the
Democratic party is identical with the Republican
party in the forces in control.
The national committee, by the vote of 32 for
Parker, 20 for James, and 2 for 0 'Gorman, in-
dorsed the action of the subcommittee, several of
the Parker votes coming from committeemen whose
delegations asked them to vote against Parker, or
whose delegations are known to be against Parker.
Will the convention ratify the action of the com-
mittee and invite the protest of the voters of the
party? "We shall know a little after noon to-
morrow.
IV
FINANCIAL INTERESTS AT WORK
(Mr. Bryan's Article in Afternoon Papers of
Tuesday, June 25th.)
Baltimore, June 25. — The forenoon is being oc-
cupied with caucuses and canvasses. The lines are
being drawn.
Now that the delegates are learning that Murphy
is but the heavy hand of Ryan, they are thinking
of what their constituents will say if this conven-
tion is delivered to the same financial interests that
controlled the Chicago convention, through Root
and his machine.
It is a spectacle never before witnessed in Ameri-
can politics. Two conventions of opposing parties
meeting within two weeks, and the same financial
jugglers of Wall Street attempting to use the con-
vention like the wooden figures in a Punch and
Judy show.
If they can succeed in deceiving the delegates
who have come here under the impression that the
Democratic party is expected to make an honest
fight against the Republican party, it will be the
miracle of modern times.
126
ALTON B. PARKER MADE TEMPORARY
CHAIRMAN
Mr. Bryan's letter in morning newspapers of Wed-
nesday, June 26th.
Baltimore, June 25. — When the subcommittee
acted on the temporary chairmanship, we were all
anxious to know how the full committee would
stand on the question, and when the full commit-
tee presented Judge Parker we awaited the action
of the convention.
Our curiosity is now satisfied. We know what
kind of a convention we have and henceforth we
can watch its developments with the assurance that
nothing will be done that has not the 0. K. of Tam-
many 's boss, and that he will not give his approval
to anything until it has been submitted to Thomas
Fortune Ryan for his consent.
Unless these delegates hear from home and are
frightened out of the plans which they now have
in mind the platform will be disappointing and
its nominee will be a reactionary or a conservative
who is satisfactory to the reactionaries.
127
128 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
There could be no mistake about the vote this
afternoon. While the majority for Judge Parker
was not as large as the polls brought in to me in
the forenoon indicated it would be, it was large
enough for all practical purposes — the vote for
Judge Parker was 579 to 510 for me. It is safe
to say that I did not have the vote of a single re-
actionary, and, unless I have some better evidence
than has been expressed, I shall not believe that I
lost the vote of a single progressive.
Of course there were progressives whose votes
were cast for Judge Parker under the unit rule,
and these should not be classed with the reaction-
aries, but I do not know of any ground upon
which a progressive could have voted against me,
unless it were a personal ground, and it would be
an unfair reflection upon the patriotism of any
man to say that he would allow hostility to an in-
dividual to influence his vote on a question where
a principle was involved.
Possibly account should be taken of another in-
fluence, viz. : the interest or the supposed interest
of candidates. Mr. Underwood asked the Alabama
delegation to vote for Parker. I do not know whe-
ther similar requests were sent to Mississippi, Geor-
gia and Florida or not, but Mississippi and Geor-
gia voted solidly for Parker, and he also received
all but one of Florida's vote.
Mr. Harmon's Ohio vote was east solidly for
THE DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION 129
Parker, presumably in his interest, if not at his re-
quest. Twelve of the fourteen votes of Connecticut
went to Parker, and it is fair to assume that this
was agreeable to Gov. Baldwin. North Dakota's
ten votes were cast for me, with the approval of
Gov. Burke, who announced in advance his oppo-
sition to Parker.
Gov. Wilson came out strong against Parker and
so far as I know I received all the votes of the Wil-
son delegates. There may have been exceptions,
but if so they have not been brought to my atten-
tion.
The Clark vote was divided. A number of the
western states instructed for Clark cast their votes
for me. Washington, Idaho, Wyoming, Kansas,
half of Colorado, and half of Iowa were some of the
Clark delegations that voted against Parker. In
the Oklahoma delegation the Wilson half voted for
me and the Clark half for Parker. Missouri gave
the largest share of her votes to Parker.
It was understood that Mr. Clark himself was
not taking sides, but his managers worked man-
fully for Parker. Mr. Bell of California, one of
the leaders in the Clark campaign, took the floor
in favor of Judge Parker. Senator Stone and ex-
Senator Du Bois were among the most enthusiastic
of the Parker supporters.
Kentucky, a Clark state, went so far as to in-
struct its committeemen to vote for Parker as
Bryan with His Fan.
Hon. Brad. Swivett.
Boss Murphy
of New York.
Ollie James of Kentucky
Too busy talking to eat.
CONVENTION STUDIES.
'(Rollins Kirby in "Collier's Weekly." Eeproduced by
. Permission.)
130
THE DEMOCBATIC CONVENTION 131
against James, who was first put forward as Mr.
Clark's choice, and who received twenty votes in
the full committee.
As Mr. Clark expressed his willingness to allow
each of his supporters to follow his own judgment
in this contest, it is evident that there are quite a
number of men instructed for Clark who have no
sympathy with progressive ideas — men who if they
are ever released from the support of Mr. Clark
may be expected to take up with a reactionary.
This is an element that must be taken into account
in making calculations upon the ticket that is to be
nominated. The lineup to-day is therefore import-
ant. It is also important in that it enables the
folks at home to know what their representatives
are doing at Baltimore.
A word as to the fight over temporary chairman.
I several weeks ago advised the committee to insure
harmony by selecting a chairman acceptable to
Clark and Wilson, they together having more than
half of the convention, if not two-thirds. As both
have been running as progressives and the chief
effort on the part of the friends of each being to
prove him a better progressive than the other, I
thought there would be no difficulty in securing an
agreement in regard to a chairman, and this agree-
ment would have insured the chairman's accept-
ance without a contest.
The committee, however, brought out Parker and
132 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
pitted him against Congressman Henry, the choice
of Mr. Wilson, and Congressman James, the choice
of Mr. Clark. "When the matter went before the
full committee the Wilson men, on Gov. Wilson's
advice, threw their strength to James, but James
could not hold all of the Clark men. I tried to per-
suade Mr. James to allow the use of his name in the
convention contest against Parker, but as Mr.
Clark's managers were supporting Judge Parker,
even to the extent of having Kentucky's national
committeeman vote for Parker — the Kentucky dele-
gation was also largely for Parker — Mr. James did
not feel at liberty to enter the contest. I then
asked Senator 0 'Gorman to allow the use of his
name, but he felt it his duty to decline.
I then presented the matter to Senator Kern,
who was loath to undertake the contest, owing to
conditions in his state. However, he agreed last
evening to take the matter under consideration. I
did not see him any more until after the chairman-
ship fight was over, but I heard late last night that
he had devised a scheme in the interest of harmony
which I was glad to approve.
I think the reader, when he has fully digested
this scheme, will admit that it is about as good an
illustration as has been seen in many a day of the
manner in which tact and patriotism can be com-
bined. After I had put Senator Kern in nomina-
tion against Parker, he took the platform and made
THE DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION 133
a most forcible and eloquent plea for harmony in
the convention.
He called attention to the great issues involved
and to the importance of presenting a united front.
He then presented a list of names, including Sena-
tors 0 'Gorman, Culberson, Shively and Lea, ex-
Gov. Campbell of Ohio, ex-Gov. Folk of Missouri
and Eepresentative Clayton of Alabama. He called
upon Parker, who sat just in front of him, to join
him in withdrawing in favor of any one of these
men in order that the convention might open with-
out discord.
It was a dramatic moment. Such an opportunity
seldom comes to a man. If Parker had accepted it,
it would have made him the hero of the convention.
There was a stir in his neighborhood in a moment.
The bosses flocked around him, and the convention
looked on in breathless anxiety, but he did not
withdraw. The opportunity passed unimproved.
Senator Kern then appealed to Mr. Murphy to
induce Judge Parker to withdraw, but Mr. Murphy
was not in a compromising mood. This was the
only thing that Senator Kern did, the good faith
of which could be questioned. I am afraid that he
had no great expectation of melting the stony heart
of the Tammany boss.
At any rate, nothing came of the generous offer
made by Mr. Kern, except that it shifted to the
shoulders of Judge Parker and his supporters en-
134 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
tire responsibility for any discord that might grow
out of the contest.
Judge Parker was escorted to the platform after
his nomination had been made unanimous and
began to deliver his address, but it had such a mov-
ing effect upon the audience that the reading was
suspended and the convention adjourned until 8
o'clock this evening.
Various explanations might be given of the ac-
tions of the crowd. Probably the most reasonable
is that it was half past 3 and many were hungry.
There is another explanation, however, that is
worth expressing for consideration.
People will not remain in a large hall unless
they know what is being said, and Judge Parker's
speech was written in the language of Wall street.
Only 200 or 300 of the delegates could understand
it, and the committee was so busy oiling the ma-
chine that it had neglected to provide an interpre-
ter to translate the speech into the every day lan-
guage of Democrats.
SPEECH OF MR. BRYAN OPPOSING THE
ELECTION OF ALTON B. PARKER AS
TEMPORARY CHAIRMAN.
Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen of the Convention: I
rise to place in nomination for the office of temporary
chairman of this convention Hon. John W. Kern of In-
diana. In thus dissenting from the judgment of our na-
TEE DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION 135
tional committee, as expressed in its recommendation, I
recognize that the burden of proof is upon me to over-
throw the presumption that the committee is representing
the wishes of this convention and of the party of the
nation.
I call your attention to the fact that our rules declare
that the recommendation of the committee is not final.
The very fact that this convention has the right to accept
or reject that recommendation is conclusive proof that
the presumption in favor of this convention is a higher
presumption than that in favor of the wisdom of the
committee.
If any of you ask me for my credentials ; if any of you
inquire why I, a mere delegate to this convention from
one of the smaller States, should presume to present a
name, and ask you to accept it in place of the name it
presented, I beg to tell you, if it needs be told, that in
three campaigns I have been the champion of the Demo-
cratic party's principles, and that in three campaigns I
have received the votes of six millions and a half of
Democrats. If that is not proof that I have the confi-
dence of the party of this nation I shall not attempt to
furnish proof.
I remind you, also, that confidence reposed in a human
being carries with it certain responsibilities, and I would
not be worthy of the confidence and the affection that
have been showered upon me by the Democrats of this
nation if I were not willing to risk humiliation in their
defense.
I recognize that a man can not carry on a political
warfare in defense of the mass of the people for sixteen
years without making enemies; I knew full well that
there has been no day since the day I was nominated in
Chicago when these enemies have not been industrious in
their efforts to attack me from every standpoint.
The fact that I have lived is proof that I have not de-
serted the people. If for a moment I had forgotten them
they would not have remembered me.
136 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
I take for my text the quotation that someone has been
kind enough to place upon the walls for my use, "He
never sold the truth to serve the hour." That is the lan-
guage of the hero of New Orleans, and I would not de-
serve the report I have received if I were willing to sell
the truth to serve the present hour.
We are told by those who support the committee's rec-
ommendation that it is disturbing harmony to oppose
their conclusions. Let me free myself from any criticism
that any one may have made heretofore or may attempt
hereafter. Is there any delegate in this body of more
than ten hundred who tried earlier than I to secure har-
mony in this convention?
I began several weeks ago. I announced to the sub-
committee that I would not be a candidate for temporary
chairman.
I might have asked, without presumption, that at the
end of sixteen years of battle when I find the things I
have fought for not only triumphant in my own party
but even in the Republican party — under these conditions
I might have asked, I repeat, the modest honor of stand-
ing before this convention and voicing the rejoicing of
my party. But I was more interested in harmony than 1
was in speaking to the convention. Not only that, but I
advised this committee to consult the two leading candi-
dates, the men who together have nearly two-thirds of
this convention instructed for them — I asked the com-
mittee to consult these two men and get their approval
of a man for chairman that there might be no contest
in this convention.
What suggestion could I have then made more in the
interest of harmony than to ask this committee to allow
two-thirds of this convention a voice in the selection of
its temporary chairman?
In the discussion before the subcommittee, the friends
of Mr. Clark and Mr. Wilson were not able to agree;
one supported Mr. James and the other supported Mr.
Henry, but in the full committee last night the friends
THE DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION 137
of Mr. Wilson joined with the friends of Mr. Clark in
the support of Mr. James, Mr. Clark's choice, and yet
the committee turned down the joint request thus made.
I submit to you that the plan that I presented — the
plan that I followed — was a plan for securing harmony;
and that the plan which the committee followed was not
designed to secure harmony.
Let me for a moment present the qualifications of one
fitted for this position. This is no ordinary occasion.
This is an epoch-making convention. We have had such
a struggle as was never seen in politics before. I have
been in the center of this fight and I know something
of the courage that it has brought forth, and some-
thing of the sacrifice that has been required.
I know men working upon the railroad for small wages
with but little laid up for their declining years who have
disobeyed the railroad managers and helped us in this
progressive fight at the risk of having their bread and
butter taken from them.
I know men engaged in business and carrying loans
at banks who have been threatened with bankruptcy if
they did not sell their citizenship, and yet I have seen
these men defy those who threatened them and walk up
and vote on the side of the struggling masses against
predatory wealth.
I have seen lawyers risking their future, by alienating
men of large business, in order to be the champions of
the poor. I have seen men who had never made a speech
before go out and devote weeks of time to public speak-
ing because their hearts were stirred.
It is only fair that now, when the hour of triumph
has come, the song of victory should be sung by one
whose heart has been in the fight. John W. Kern has
been faithful every day in these sixteen years. It has
cost him time, it has cost him money, and it has cost him
the wear of body and of mind. He has been giving
freely of all that he had. Four years ago, when the
foundation was laid for the present victory, it was John
138 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
W. Kern who stood with me and helped to bring into the
campaign the idea of publicity before the election that
has now swept the country until even the Republican
party was compelled by public opinion to give it unani-
mous indorsement only a few weeks ago.
It was John W. Kern who stood with me on that Den-
ver platform that demanded the election of senators by
direct vote of the people, when a Republican National
convention had turned it down by a vote of seven to
one, and now he is in the United States Senate, where
he is measuring up to the high expectations of a great
party.
He helped in the fight for the amendment authorizing
an income tax, and he has lived to see a president who
was opposed to us take that plank out of our platform
and put it through the Senate and House and to see
thirty-four states of the union ratify it. And now he is
leading the fight in the United States Senate to purge
that body of Senator Lorimer, who typifies the suprem-
acy of corruption in politics.
What better man could we have to open a convention ?
What better man could we have to represent the spirit
of progressive democracy?
Contrast the candidate presented by the committee
with the candidate whom I present, and it can be done
without impeaching his character or his good intent.
Not every one of high character and good intent is a fit
man to sound the keynote of a progressive campaign.
There are seven millions of Republicans in this coun-
try, or were at the last election, and I have never doubted
that a large majority of them were men of high charac-
ter and good intent, but we would not invite one of
them to be temporary chairman of our convention. We
have a great many Democrats who vote the ticket after
it is nominated, who are not in full sympathy with the
purposes of the party.
They emphasize the -fact that Judge Parker supported
me in 1908, but, I assume that no friend of Judge Parker
THE DEMOCEATIC CONVENTION 139
will contend that he was entirely satisfied with either the
candidate or the plans and purposes of our party at
that time.
I not only voted the ticket in 1904, but I made speeches
for the candidate when I was not at all satisfied with
either the candidate or the influences that nominated him
and directed the campaign, but the reactionaries did not
ask me to act as temporary chairman of the St. Louis
convention, altho I had then been twice a candidate for
president.
This is not a time when personal ambitions or personal
compliments should be considered. We are writing his-
tory to-day, and this convention is to announce to the
country whether it will take up the challenge thrown
down at Chicago by a convention controlled by preda-
tory wealth, or put ourselves under the same control and
give the people no party to represent them.
We need not deceive ourselves with the thought that
that which is done in a national convention is done in
secret.
If every member of this convention entered into an
agreement of secrecy we would still act under the eyes
of these representatives of the press, who know not only
what we do, but why we do it.
The delegates of this convention must not presume
upon the ignorance of those who did not come, either
because they had not influence enough to be elected dele-
gates or money enough to pay the expenses of the trip,
but who have as much interest in the party's welfare as
we who speak for them to-day.
These people will know that the influences that domi-
nated the convention at Chicago and made its conclu-
sions a farce are here and more brazenly at work than
they were at Chicago.
I appeal to you; let the commencement of this con-
vention be such that the Democrats of this country may
raise their heads among their fellows and say: The
Democratic party is true to the people. You can not
140 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
frighten it with your Ryans, nor buy it with your Bel-
monts.
If the candidate proposed by the committee were an
unknown man we would judge him by the forces that
are back of him, and not by you, gentlemen, who may
try to convince yourselves that you owe it to the com-
mittee to sustain its action even tho you believe it made
a mistake.
But that is not the question. We know who the can-
didate is, as well as the men behind him. We know
that he is the man who was selected as the party can-
didate eight years ago when the Democratic party, beaten
in two campaigns, decided that it was worth while to
try to win a campaign under the leadership of those
who had defeated us in the campaigns before.
The Democrats of the country have not forgotten that
that convention was influenced by the promise of large
campaign funds from Wall street, and they have not
forgotten the fact that after corporation management
had alienated the rank and file of the party, Wall street
threw the party down and elected the Republican candi-
date.
They have not forgotten that when the vote was
counted we had a million and a quarter less votes than
we had in the two campaigns before, and a million and
a quarter less than we had four years afterward. They
have not forgotten that it is the same man, backed by
the same influence, who is to be forced on this conven-
tion to open a progressive campaign with a paralyzing
speech that will dishearten the fighting force of the
party.
You ask me how I know, without reading it, that that
speech would not be satisfactory. A speech is not so
many words; it is the man and not the words that make
a speech.
We have been passing through a great educational
age; around the world the Democratic movement has
been sweeping all obstacles before it. In Russia eman-
THE DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION 141
cipated serfs have secured the right to a voice in their
government. In Persia the people have secured a con-
stitution. In Turkey the man who was in danger every
hour of being cast into prison without an indictment, or
beheaded without a charge against him, now has some
influence in the molding of the laws. China, the sleeping
giant of the Orient, has risen from a slumber of two
thousand years and to-day is a republic waiting for
recognition. And in Great Britain the people have as-
serted their independence of the House of Lords.
And while the outside world has been marching at
double-quick in the direction of more complete freedom
our nation has kept step; on no other part of God's
footstool has popular government grown more rapidly
than here. In every state the fight has been waged. The
man whom I present has been the leader of the pro-
gressive cause in his state, and once joint leader in the
nation.
I challenge you to find in sixteen years where the can-
didate presented by the committee has, before a nomina-
tion was made, gone out and rendered effective service
in behalf of any man who was championing the people's
cause against plutocracy.
Judge Parker has not been with us; he is not the one
to speak to-day.
The Democratic party has led this fight until it has
stimulated a host of Republicans to action. I will not
say they have acted as they have because we acted first;
I will say that at a later hour than we, they caught the
spirit of the time and are now willing to trust the people
with the control of their own government.
We have been travelling in the wilderness; we now
come in sight of the promised land. During all the
weary hours of darkness progressive democracy has been
the people's pillar of fire by night ; I pray you, delegates,
now that the dawn has come, do not rob it of its well-
earned right to be the people's pillar of cloud by day.
142 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
SPEECH OF SENATOR KERN ON THE TEM-
PORARY CHAIRMANSHIP— A PLEA FOR
HARMONY. *
Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen of the Convention — I
desire a hearing in order that I may state my reason for
not desiring to enter the contest for Temporary Chair-
man of this convention. I believe that by forty years
of service to my party I have earned the right to such a
hearing at the hands of a Democratic convention. I hail
from the State of Indiana, which will shortly present to
this convention for its consideration the name of one of
the best, truest, and most gallant Democrats on this earth,
in the person of the Hon. Thomas R. Marshall, the Gov-
ernor of that State.
I desire to take no part in this convention that will in
any wise militate against him or against his interests,
which all true Indiana Democrats this day loyally sup-
port. I have been for many years a personal friend of
the gentleman who has been named by the National Com-
mittee. Many years ago, when Judge Parker and I were
much younger than we are now, we met in a hotel in Eu-
rope and became warm personal friends. That was long
before his elevation to the Chief Justiceship of the Court
of Appeals of his State. Since that time I have enjoyed
his friendship. He has had mine. I have accepted the
hospitality of his home, and in 1904, when he was a
candidate for the Presidential nomination, moved largely
by that personal friendship, I enlisted under his standard
for the nomination long before the convention, and went
through that great battle in St. Louis in his behalf. In
that campaign, in response to a request of Judge Parker
personally made to me, I, on account of my friendship
for him, took the standard of a losing cause as candi-
* After Mr. Bryan had placed Senator Kern in nomination
for the temporary chairmanship, Mr. Kern secured recog-
nition and made the speech here printed.
TEE DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION 143
date for Governor of Indiana, and carried it on to defeat,
but I hope not an inglorious defeat. In 1908 Judge
Parker canvassed in my State for the national ticket, on
which I was a candidate for Vice-President. Last year,
when I was a candidate for the Senate, in the midst of
a heated contest, Judge Parker traveled from New York
to Indianapolis to make a speech in my behalf.
We have been during all these years, and are now,
personal friends. The greatest desire of my heart is the
hope of a Democratic victory. I attended a national
convention in Baltimore in 1872, before I had cast a
vote, and my young heart was filled with no more enthu-
siasm for success that year than my old heart is now.
I believe Judge Parker is as earnestly in favor, as earn-
estly desirous of Democratic success this year as I am.
There are only a little over a thousand delegates in this
convention; there are seven million Democrats between
the oceans. There are millions of Democrats scattered
from one end of this Republic to the other who this hour
are all looking with aching hearts upon the signs of dis-
cord that prevail here when there ought to be forerunners
of victory in the shouts of this convention. Is there a
man here who does not earnestly desire harmony to the
end that there may be victory ?
I am going to appeal now and here for that kind of
harmony which alone will bring victory. I am going to
appeal here and now for that kind of harmony which
will change the sadness that this hour exists in millions
of Democratic homes into shouts of joy and gladness.
My friend Judge Parker sits before me in this conven-
tion, he representing the National Committee, I repre-
senting, not another faction, thank God, but representing
perhaps another section, and we two men have it in
our power to send these words of gladness flashing
throughout the Republic. If my friend will join with me
now and here in the selection of a man satisfactory to us
both ; if he will stand in this presence with me and agree
that* that distinguished New Yorker who has brought
144 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
more honor to the Empire State in the United States
Senate than it has had since the days of Frederick Ker-
nan — James A. O'Gorman — this discord will cease in a
moment and the great Democratic party will present a
united front. Or if he will agree that that splendid rep-
resentative from the State of Texas in that same body,
Charles A. Culberson, shall preside, or if he will agree
upon that splendid parliamentarian, Henry D. Clayton
of Alabama, or if he will agree upon that young Ten-
nessean, whose name is known in every home where chiv-
alry abides — Luke Lea — this matter can be settled in a
moment. Or if he will agree on the blue-eyed statesman
from Ohio, Governor James E. Campbell; or if he will
agree on the reform Governor of Missouri, ex-Governor
Folk; or if he will agree on my own colleague, the stal-
wart Democrat from Indiana, Hon. Benjamin F. Shively,
all this discord will cease.
Will someone for Judge Parker, will Judge Parker
himself, meet me on this ground and aid in the solution
of this problem, a solution of which means victory to
the party and relief to the taxpayers of the country?
My fellow-Democrats, you will not promote harmony,
you will not point the way to victory, by jeering or derid-
ing the name of the man who led your fortunes in 1908.
You may put him to the wheel, you may humiliate him
here, but in so doing you will bring pain to the hearts of
six million men in America who would gladly die for
him. You may kill him, but you do not commit homicide
when you kill him; you commit suicide.
My friends, I have submitted a proposition to Judge
Parker; I submit it to the man, the leader of the New
York Democracy, who holds that Democracy in the hol-
low of his hand. What response have I? [A pause.]
If there is to be no response, then let the responsibility
rest where it belongs. If Alton B. Parker will come
here now and join me in this request for harmony, his
will be the most honored of all the names amongst Amer-
ican Democrats.
THE DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION 145
If there is to be no response, if the responsibility is to
rest there, if this is to be a contest between the people
and the powers, if it is to be a contest such as has been
described, a contest which I pray God may be averted,
then the cause to which I belong is so great a cause that
I am not fit to be its leader. If my proposition for har-
mony is to be ignored, and this deplorable battle is to
go on, there is only one man fit to lead the hosts of
progress, and that is the man who has been at the fore-
front for sixteen years, the great American tribune,
William Jennings Bryan. If you will have nothing else,
if that must be the issue, then the leader must be worthy
of the cause, and that leader must be William Jennings
Bryan.
VI
AN AMAZING SPECTACLE IN THE CON-
VENTION
Mr. Bryan's letter in afternoon newspapers of
Wednesday, June 26th.
Baltimore, June 26. — The smoke of battle has
cleared away, and the country is now able to look
upon the amazing spectacle of a national conven-
tion controlled by a national committee, that com-
mittee controlled by a subcommittee of 16, the sub-
committee controlled by a group of eight men, these
men controlled by Boss Murphy and Boss Murphy
controlled by Thomas Fortune Ryan. Probably
never before in the history of the country have we
seen two men attending a national convention and
pulling the strings in the open view of the public.
Mr. Ryan, Mr. Belmont and Mr. Morgan have
municipal work in New York and Brooklyn that
will involve the letting of contracts amounting to
more than $250,000,000. This group of financiers
also have large financial interests in many of the
great cities, and wherever they work they need a
political boss.
146
THE DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION 147
Some of their bosses work under the name of
Democrats and some bear the Republican label, but
they all work for their masters. These big finan-
ciers have been using the organization of the two
leading parties to do their service. They were ex-
posed last week at Chicago, and because of the ex-
posure Mr. Taft's election was made impossible
unless they could control the Democratic party
and prevent the nomination of a progressive
around whom both Democrats and progressive Ee-
publicans could rally. I did not believe until I
reached Baltimore that it was possible for them to
control this convention, but I find that the dele-
gates who know what the interests want and,
knowing it, are willing to help the interests, are
more numerous than I had supposed.
Many of them came masquerading as progres-
sives and as supporters of progressive candidates.
Besides these, who know what they want and know
how to get it, there are those who can be deceived
with the argument that harmony is more important
than principle — an argument always used when the
gang gets control of the organization, but never
heard when the gang loses control. Then there are
some who regard everything from the standpoint of
its influence upon the candidate whom they favor.
Adding these groups together, they constitute a
majority of this Convention, and they have put the
party in a false light before the country. The
148 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
Democratic party is progressive. Three-fourths,
if not nine-tenths of the rank and file have no sym-
pathy whatever with the effort to use the party or-
ganization in the interests of a few exploiters, but
the masses are temporarily helpless when they are
misrepresented by those whom they have elected
delegates. The action of the Convention yesterday
will open the eyes of the voters at home, and pres-
sure from home may be brought to bear upon the
Convention to shake it loose from its alliance with
the plunderbund.
If I were a cartoonist, I would represent Eyan as
the dominant power in the Convention, having in
his hand a cat-o '-nine-tails, the nine tails represent-
ing Murphy, Taggart, Sullivan & Co., the dominat-
ing members of the national committee, and I
would represent the Democratic party as receiving
the lashes upon its back. After the people had had
a chance to study the cartoon for a while I would
draw another representing the party in rebellion
against Ryan, snatching the cat-o '-nine-tails from
his hand and driving him from power.
That is the situation as I see it. The first thing
for the Democratic party to do is to get rid of those
members of the national committee who hold the
people in contempt and to whom the will of the
Money Trust is law. A campaign at such a time as
this will be a faree if such men direct it. If the
Democratic party has not virtue enough to re-
A CARTOON DRAWN FROM MR. BRYAN'S SUGGESTION.
(Johnson in the Baltimore "American.")
"If I were a cartoonist I would represent Eyan as the
dominant power in the convention, having in his hand a cat-
o'-nine tails, the nine tails representing Murphy, Taggart,
Sullivan & Co., the dominating members of the National
Committee, and I would represent the Democratic party as
receiving the lashes upon its back." — William Jennings
Bryan in his newspaper letter of June 26.
149
150
A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
pudiate this band of buccaneers, now that it has
been exposed, it cannot hope to appeal to the con-
fidence of the people. Any candidate for president
who enters into collusion with them will find them a
millstone about his neck.
I do not believe that they can succeed in nomi-
ANOTHEK CAKTOON DRAWN FROM THE SUGGESTION MADE BY
MR. BRYAN.
(From the Washington "Times.")
nating anybody whom they favor, but the nomina-
tion will be a mere formality if they do succeed.
This is no time for protestations of party loyalty or
for the paying of empty compliments. The Ameri-
can people are demanding relief from the despotic
THE DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION
151
power of organized greed. Unless the Demo-
cratic party is ready to give them this relief, the
Convention might as well adjourn and let the dele-
gates go home by trains that arrive near the middle
CARTOON DRAWN FROM MR. BRYAN'S SUGGESTION FOR A
SECOND ONE.
(From the Washington "Times.")
' ' After the people had had a chance to study that cartoon
for awhile (the reference is to the cartoon shown on the
preceding page), I would draw another representing the
party in rebellion against Ryan, snatching the cat-o'-nine-
tails from his hand and driving him from power." —
William Jennings Bryan.
of the night — late enough to avoid the reception
committees that will be ready for some of them if
they reach home in the daytime.
VII
THE TIDE TURNS
Mr. Bryan's letter in morning newspapers of
Thursday, June 27th.
Baltimore, Md., June 26. — To-day has been a
day of triumph for the progressives. The men
who voted for Judge Parker for chairman have
been trying to square themselves. They have been
hearing from home. The telegraph companies have
been reaping a rich harvest.* No one has sug-
gested that Judge Parker was put up by the tele-
graph companies for the purpose of increasing their
revenues through the protests his nomination would
invite, but the money has poured in here just the
same.
The effect of these telegrams already is being
seen. The resolutions eommittee wanted a pro-
gressive for chairman. I declined the position —
although I appreciated the compliment involved
* These telegrams were so numerous that an effort was
made to ascertain just how many there were. About 110,000
messages are known to have been received by delegates. Some
were signed by many persons. Mr. Bryan himself received
1,128 telegrams from 31,331 persons in forty-six States.
152
THE DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION 153
in the offer — because I did not want to be ham-
pered by any feeling of obligation to the committee
in case I desired to present a minority report.
And then, too, I felt that those who owned the
ship ought to select the officers to command it.
The committee on permanent organization se-
lected Congressman James, of Kentucky, for per-
manent chairman. This, however, was not a vol-
untary offering. A portion of the committee — less
than half — attempted to rush the matter through
last night and make the temporary organization
permanent, but former Gov. Campbell, of Texas,
got in just in time to demand an adjournment
until morning in order to give all the members a
chance to be present.
When the full committee assembled the progres-
sives were out in such force that the effort to con-
tinue Parker was abandoned and the honor was
given to Mr. James. They then attempted to elect
Temporary Secretary Woodson permanent secre-
tary, but this was objected to by the progressives,
and Mr. Grattan, of North Carolina, was substi-
tuted for him. Thus the progressives had a series
of victories.
Before passing from the subject of officers I may
add that my refusal of the permanent chairman-
ship was based partly on the fact that I did not
regard it as a compliment to have the position ten-
dered me by those who had defeated me for tern-
154 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
porary chairman, and partly because I did not feel
disposed to accept any responsibility for the con-
duct of the convention until it had done something
to purge itself of its reactionary character.
As soon as the resolutions committee was or-
ganized I introduced a resolution declaring it to
be the sense of the committee that the candidates
for president should be nominated before the plat-
form was adopted, giving as my reasons that this
convention was of unusual importance and that
our hope of victory depended upon our measuring
up to the requirements of the occasion; that the
platform would not amount to much unless our
candidate stood squarely upon it and was able to
defend it; that a joint debate between our plat-
form and our candidate would be fatal to the pros-
pects of our party, and that by changing the order
we would be able so to shape our platform utter-
ances as to give force to his candidacy.
To the argument that it was unprecedented I
replied that extraordinary conditions required ex-
traordinary remedies. To the suggestion that any
candidate who might be nominated would be willing
to stand upon a platform prepared by the conven-
tion I replied that our candidate eight years ago
amended !our platform by telegraph, and that
method of amending a platform did not take well
with the public. There was considerable discus-
sion, but the sentiment soon turned so strongly to
THE BALTIMORE TRANSFORMATION.
(Bart in the Minneapolis "Journal.")
155
156 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
the proposition that it was adopted on roll-call by
a vote of 41 to 11.
Senator Vardaman, who was one of the active
supporters of the resolution, moved that a commit-
tee of three be appointed to notify the committee
on rules. The committee on rules, after a short
discussion, indorsed the proposition by a vote of
22 to 16, and if it is indorsed by the convention —
the convention has not taken action at this hour —
the nominations will proceed while the platform is
being prepared, and we shall have the benefit of
the suggestions of our nominee before putting the
finishing touches on the platform.
The air is full of rumors in regard to combina-
tions in behalf of different candidates. One thing
is certain — that Gov. Harmon is no longer a pos-
sibility. With only nine instructed votes outside
of his own State and nineteen delegates from his
own State opposing the unit rule, he cannot be con-
sidered a factor. The vote yesterday afternoon
shows that he cannot secure one-third of the con-
vention under any circumstances.
Mr. Underwood might do a little better than Gov.
Harmon, but the triumph of the reactionaries yes-
terday has so aroused the country that the conven-
tion is much less likely to nominate either of these
men than it would have been had the machine
been willing to allow the convention to begin har-
moniously.
THE DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION 157
However, neither Gov. Harmon nor Mr. Under-
wood had any chance of nomination before, and
they probably thought they had nothing to lose by
making the fight that they did for Judge Parker.
Gov. Baldwin 's vote is purely complimentary and
will not stay with him more than a ballot or two.
Gov. Burke 's vote is complimentary also and will
go to Gov. Wilson as soon as the former's name is
withdrawn.
Gov. Foss' name is not to be presented except in
case of a deadlock. Massachusetts' strength, there-
fore, will be thrown to Clark on the first ballot.
I do not feel free to discuss the situation as it re-
lates to Clark and Wilson because I have not ex-
pressed a preference between them.
VIII
BOSSISM BECOMES AN ISSUE
Mr. Bryan's letter in afternoon newspapers of
Thursday, June 27th.
Baltimore, June 27. — Down with the bosses!
That is the supreme duty of this convention. A
nomination secured by the aid of these notorious
agents of the predatory interests would not be
worth having unless it was accepted for the pur-
pose of preventing the Democratic party from de-
feating Mr. Taft. The object of the Ryan-Murphy-
Sullivan-Taggart crowd is not to nominate a Demo-
crat who can win, but to carry out the schemes of
the exploiters who work along non-partisan lines
and control all parties for their own advantage.
The only way in which they can succeed is to pit
big business with its trained corps of attorneys and
its disciplined crowd of bosses against an unorgan-
ized multitude. It is the fight of the wolf against
the lamb, but such a fight can only be successful
when the people are uninformed. There is a
mighty, latent power in the masses which needs
158
THE DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION 159
only to be brought into action to thwart the wicked
schemes of the privileged few.
The masses are now awake. It is doubtful
whether we have ever had in this country a better
illustration of the moral power of the people than
we have had since Tuesday. In the Chicago con-
vention of last week the delegates were outspoken
in their support of Taft or in their opposition to
him. They were elected on that platform. There
were but few changes announced after the delega-
tions reached Chicago, and those who changed
were objects of suspicion. When a man deserted
his side at Chicago the question was, "What was
the price?" For a while it looked as if market
quotations might play a part if in the lineup there
was a difference of but a few votes. Here it is dif-
ferent. Three-fourths of the delegates to this con-
vention came as progressives; yes, more than
three-fourths. There were probably not 150 dele-
gates in the convention who would state in writing
that they were not in harmony with the progres-
sive movement.
But since reaching here it has become apparent
that many of these men deliberately deceived their
constituents. Some protested that they were sus-
taining the committee in its recommendations out
of a desire to promote harmony, although the com-
mittee itself was doing everything possible to pre-
vent harmony; others explained their votes by say-
160 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
ing that the interests of their candidates demanded
it, but the telegraph wires have been busy, and
some of the messages are interesting reading. It
is noticeable, however, that all the explaining is
being done by the followers of Ryan and Murphy.
The progressives are being urged to stand firm and
make no concessions to the political pirates who
are trying to capture the good ship Democracy.
Some of the delegates who wandered from the fold
and supported the reactionaries are reading tele-
grams that make their ears burn. One telegram
from the West signed by a large number of citi-
zens inquired the name of a delegate who voted for
Parker for temporary chairman and suggested that
he prepare himself for a lynching on his arrival
home. So the war goes merrily on, with the party's
hope dependent on the convention's ability to put
itself before the country as a true representative
of Democracy.
There is one way in which the foul blot can be
removed, namely, by a resolution adopted by the
convention denouncing any alliance between the
money magnates of the country and the party lead-
ers and authorizing the nominee of the party to
remove from the national committee any member
who has the brand of Wall Street upon him. If the
convention will pass such a resolution and then de-
mand of each candidate before voting for him that
he will put this resolution in force and reorganize
THE DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION 161
the national committee on a basis of honesty and
Democracy, we can win this fight. The country is
waiting for a party that dares to defend popular
government and the right of each citizen to equal
treatment before the law. Mr. Taft can be de-
feated by 2,000,000 votes if this convention will do
its duty. If it fails to do its duty it will not only
disappoint millions of Democrats, but it will lose
such an opportunity as seldom comes to a party.
IX
THE ANTI-MORGAN-EYAN-BELMONT RESO-
LUTION
Mr. Bryan's letter in morning newspapers of Fri-
day, June 28th.
Baltimore, Md., June 27. — The day has not been
a dull one, notwithstanding the fact that there was
little business to do. The afternoon session was
devoted to the argument of the South Dakota case.
The argument was so complicated that men voted
more according to their opinions of its effect than
upon the merits of the case.
The Wilson delegates had a plurality at the pri-
maries; this was not denied, but the Clark dele-
gates claimed the right to represent the State on
the ground that there were two Clark tickets and
that the combined vote for these tickets exceeded
the vote for the Wilson ticket.
The trouble was that one of the Clark tickets
was headed "Bryan, Wilson, Clark," and it was
impossible, therefore, to determine how many of
the votes cast were really cast for Clark and how
162
TEE DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION 163
many were influenced by the fact that Wilson's
name was combined with Clark's. At least this
was the argument of the Wilson men to the claim
presented by the Clark men. When the roll was
called the Wilson delegation had a considerable
majority in its favor.
During the progress of the debate there were
demonstrations first for Clark and then for Wilson.
At the evening session I introduced the following
resolution :
"Resolved, That in this crisis in our party's
career and in our country's history this conven-
tion sends greeting to the people of the United
States and assures them that the party of Jefferson
and of Jackson is still the champion of popular
government and equality before the law. As proof
of our fidelity to the people we hereby declare our-
selves opposed to the nomination of any candidate
for president who is the representative of or under
any obligation to J. Pierpont Morgan, Thomas F.
Ryan, August Belmont, or any other member
of the privilege-hunting and favor-seeking
class. ' '
As introduced, the resolution contained another
paragraph, or rather a second resolution, as fol-
lows:
"Be it further Resolved, that we demand the
withdrawal from this convention of any delegate or
164 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
delegates constituting or representing the above-
named interests. ' ' *
The second resolution was attacked more fiercely
than the first on the ground that each State had a
right to send as its delegates whom it pleased and
that to demand the withdrawal of a delegate would
be an infringement upon the right of the State.
Seeing that this second resolution would be made
an excuse by those who did not want to vote for
the first resolution I withdrew it before the vote
was taken. Then, too, the objection was urged by
some with perfect sincerity, and I did not care to
put them in a position where their reason for vot-
ing "no" would become a matter of discussion.
In a short speech supporting the first or main
resolution I called attention to the extraordinary
situation and the menace of these influences to our
party's success, insisting that we must convince
the country that our candidate was free from alli-
ance with the predatory interests.
To the suggestion that such a resolution dis-
turbed the harmony of the party and endangered
our candidate I replied with a Bible quotation, "If
thy right hand offend thee, cut it off," and con-
* Just as the manuscript of this work was going to the
printer the editor ascertained that the introduction of this
resolution was first suggested to Mr. Bryan by his brother,
Charles W. Bryan, who has been associated with him for
several years both in politics and in the publication of ' ' The
Commoner. ' '
THE DEMOCBATIC CONVENTION 165
tended that the same principle that would lead one
to cut off his hand to save his body should lead us
to free the Democratic party from the influences
of these men and those associated with them in
schemes of exploitation.
I first asked unanimous consent for the immedi-
ate consideration of the resolution. When objec-
tion was made I moved to suspend the rules and
proceed to the consideration of the motion.
The motion to suspend the rules requires a two-
thirds vote for its adoption, and I was afraid that
I could not secure a two-thirds vote, but as a ma-
jority vote would answer the same purpose — that
is, it would become the sense of the convention — I
thought it would make no difference whether it re-
ceived two-thirds or not, and even if it failed to
receive a majority it gave a chance to put the dele-
gates on record on the proposition.
The adoption of the resolution by a vote of 889
to 196 eliminates all the reactionaries and narrows
the contest down to those about whose progressive-
ness there can be no doubt.
If the convention puts up a progressive platform
and our candidate secures such a reorganization of
the national committee as to make that organiza-
tion worthy of the confidence of the country we can
enter upon a winning campaign.
The nominations are now being made to a
crowded house and the names of those presented
166 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
are being cheered by their partisans. It is impos-
sible to make any forecast as to the result. It seems
unlikely that a nomination can be made on the
first ballot, and as no one can tell how long in-
structed delegates will regard their instructions as
binding or what they will do when they are free to
vote as they please, a guess upon the situation is
hazardous.
One thing is certain — the convention is more
entertaining than was expected. The feeling is not
as tense as it was at Chicago and the delegates and
visitors seem to be enjoying themselves. I cannot
say so much for the dominant element in the na-
tional committee.
X
THE ADOPTION OF THE RESOLUTION
Mr. Bryan's letter in afternoon newspapers of Fri-
day, June 2Sth.
Baltimore, June 28. — It was a surgical opera-
tion, and it was possibly a mistake not to have ad-
ministered chloroform, but I did not expect quite
so much tumult. Strange what a consternation
can be brought into a political convention by the
introduction of a moral issue. If I had offered a
resolution declaring that all Republicans are ras-
cals and all Democrats angels, and pledging the
Democratic party to give the people a perfect gov-
ernment, Boss Murphy would have seconded the
motion. Ryan and Belmont would have shouted
themselves hoarse and Flood would have declared
that I was as good as a Virginia Democrat. But
when I called the country's attention to the fact
that we had in the convention two men who are
politically sexless, who have no god but money,
and who do not hesitate to use political power for
their own enrichment, I at once became "a dis-
167
168 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
turber of peace" and an "enemy of the Demo-
cratic party."
If my conduct was so reprehensible, if my reso-
lution was so offensive, if I was injuring the
chances of the Democratic party by introducing it,
why did Virginia cast 231/2 votes for it and only
a half vote against it? If ex-Governor McCorkle
represented West Virginia in the speech that he
made, why did he not get more than three votes
against it in his delegation? If I was jeopardiz-
ing the interests of our party why did Florida give
three-fourths of her votes to the resolution ? "Why
did poor Alabama have to get out of the trap by
changing her vote ? She came first on the roll, and,
supposing by the speeches made that the resolu-
tion was going to be opposed, she started out boldly
against it — and after that it snowed. Why did not
the New York men who hissed and hooted at the
resolution have the courage to vote against it?
Shakespeare explains it — "It is conscience that
makes cowards of us all."
Belmont and Ryan have been plowing with our
heifer ; they have been employing the methods usu-
ally resorted to by the predatory interests, and the
men whom they were leading astray were protest-
ing that they were just as progressive as anybody.
They were insisting that their objection to Mr.
Bryan was a personal objection. They were "tired
of him, opposed to his dictation," etc. If things
THE DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION 169
had run along smoothly these men would have
helped to nominate a, gold-plated servant of Wall
Street and then gone home to help elect Taft.
But things did not run along smoothly, and hence a
scene that it would be difficult to describe.
Looking down from the stage I saw a confusion
that I never witnessed before in a convention.
The delegate section was like a great, boiling
spring. Men were shaking their fists at each other,
some shouting anathemas at any one who would
dare to uncover them, and others clamoring to be
counted in favor of the resolution. There is noth-
ing more timid than a politician, except two poli-
ticians. The ratio of moral courage in the plain,
everyday voter as compared with the courage of
the average delegate to a national convention is
about 16 to 1. If a national convention could as-
semble and do its work and then take a recess for
a month and allow the final action to be taken after
the delegates had returned from a visit home, our
conventions would come much nearer representing
the people. I would not advise that, however, in
the present case, for fear some of the delegates
might not be able to get back.
But the convention has done one thing, if noth-
ing else. It has committed a great party more
openly to opposition to the Plunderbund than any
great party was ever committed before by a na-
tional convention.
170 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
Political life has both its trials and its rewards.
The greatest trial, aside from absence from home
and physical strain, is the alienation of friends —
not personal, but political. Every new issue brings
a new alignment, and men who have associated
with others politically find that they must separate.
Such separations, however, ought not to affect per-
sonal relations. Men should recognize in each
other the right to follow conscience and judgment.
The more unpleasant separations are those that
do not follow a difference of conviction upon some
new issue, but are due to a changed environment.
There are several illustrations of it in this con-
vention. Take the case of Bell, of California, for
instance. He was my enthusiastic political sup-
porter from 1896 until after 1908 — just when the
change took place I do not know. I had such con-
fidence in him that I secured his appointment as
temporary chairman of the last Democratic na-
tional convention. Now I find him so influenced
by another environment that he prefers a keynote
from Judge Parker, rather than the kind of a
speech I am in the habit of making. Has my
brand of Democracy changed, or has his? Then
there is Urey "Woodson. I became acquainted with
him 17 years ago, and for many years I had no
more loyal supporter. He is now secretary of the
national committee, or was until day before yes-
terday, because I permitted him to be. There
THE DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION 171
were protests against his reappointment four years
ago, and I had some misgivings myself, but I gave
him the benefit of the doubt. I soon learned of my
mistake, but did not think the position important
enough to justify a change during the campaign.
The gulf has widened between our political views
until now my kind of Democracy is quite repulsive
to him. Taggart and Sullivan do not owe me any-
thing, unless it be a grudge. I tried to unseat Mr.
Sullivan's delegation eight years ago at St. Louis
and objected to his reelection as national commit-
teeman four years ago. I was not surprised, there-
fore, to find him lined up with Wall Street. Tag-
gart is an organization Democrat. It would be
hard to get him to bolt a ticket. His loyalty to
the party was probably never more severely tested
than when I was nominated four years ago. It
would not be necessary to recall the fact that he
was not reelected chairman of the committee four
years ago. The difference in viewpoint would ac-
count for his opposition, without recourse to any
special grievance.
There are others, but the above illustrate what I
mean when I say that politics has its sad side, but
there are compensations, and no one knows this
better than the writer. The loyalty of friends who
fight iny battles for me without suggestion from
me and without hope or thought of reward; these
are like the morning sun ; they dispel the darkness.
172 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
And what a joy it is to meet these congenial spirits,
assembled here from every part of this country!
One never appreciates that man is made in the
image of his Creator until he comes into contact
with a heaven-born soul — a man who is not afraid
to die. An ancient proverb says that "no one
need be a slave who has learned how to die." The
trouble with so many men is that they do not be-
lieve in a resurrection. They do not seem to know
that Truth cannot die; that no grave can confine
it. I saw a lot of brave men at Chicago, fighting
for the people. We have a lot of brave men here
fighting on the same side. May their tribe in-
crease ! *
MR. BRYAN'S SPEECH ON THE RESO-
LUTION.
Mr. Chairman : I have here a resolution which should,
in my judgment, be acted upon before a candidate for
president is nominated, and I ask unanimous consent for
its immediate consideration.
"Resolved, That in this crisis in our party's
career and in our country's history this conven-
tion sends greetings to the people and assures
them that the party of Jefferson and Jackson
is still the champion of popular government
* The above letter has by some been thought to be the
best of those written by Mr. Bryan at Chicago and Balti-
more. The closing paragraph, written under the stress of
stirring events, reveals Mr. Bryan's faith and philosophy in
his individual as in his political life.
THE DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION 173
and equality before the law. As proof of our
fidelity to the people we hereby declare our-
selves opposed to the nomination of any candi-
date for President who is a representative of, or
under any obligation to J. Pierpont Morgan,
Thomas F. Ryan, August Belmont, or any
other member of the privilege-hunting and
favor-seeking class.
"Be it further resolved, That we demand the
withdrawal from this convention of any dele-
gate or delegates constituting or representing
the above-named interests."
This is an extraordinary resolution, but extraordinary
conditions require extraordinary remedies. We are now
engaged in the conduct of a convention that will place
before this country the Democratic nominee, and I as-
sume that every delegate in this convention is here be-
cause he wants that nominee elected.
It is that we may advance the cause of our candidate
that I present this resolution. There are questions of
which a court takes judicial notice, and there are sub-
jects upon which we can assume that the American peo-
ple are informed. There is not a delegate in this con-
vention who does not know that an effort is being made
right now to sell the Democratic party into bondage to
the predatory interests of this country. It is the most
brazen, the most insolent, the most impudent attempt
that has been made in the history of American politics
to dominate a convention, stifle the honest sentiment of a
party and make the nominee the bond-slave of the men
who exploit the country.
I need not tell you that J. Pierpont Morgan, Thomas
F. Ryan and August Belmont are three of the men who
are connected with the great money trust now under in-
vestigation, and are despotic in their rule of the business
of the country and merciless in their command of their
slaves.
Some one has said that we have no right to demand
174 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
the withdrawal of delegates who come here from a sov-
ereign State.
I reply that if these men are willing to insult six and
a half million of Democrats by coming here we ought
to be willing to speak out against them and let them
know we resent the insult.
I, for one, am not willing that Thomas F. Ryan and
August Belmont shall come here with their paid attor-
neys and seek secret counsel with the managers of our
party. No sense of politeness or courtesy to such men
will keep me from protecting my party from the dis-
grace that they bring upon it.
I can not speak for you. You have your own respon-
sibility, but if this is to be a convention run by these
men; if our nominee is to be their representative and
tool, I pray you to give us, who represent constituencies
that do not want this, a chance to go on record with our
protest against it. If any of you are willing to nomi-
nate a candidate who represents these men or who is
under obligation to these men, do it and take the respon-
sibility. I refuse to take that responsibility.
Some have said that we have no right to demand the
withdrawal of delegates from this convention. I will
make you a proposition. One of these men sits with
New York and the other with Virginia. If the State of
New York will take a poll of its delegates and a ma-
jority of them — not Mr. Murphy, but a majority of the
delegates — I repeat, if New York will on roll-call where
her delegates can have their names recorded and printed,
ask for the withdrawal of the name of Mr. Belmont ; and
if Virginia will on roll-call ask the withdrawal of the
name of Mr. Ryan, I will then withdraw the latter part
of the resolution, which demands the withdrawal of these
men from the convention. I will withdraw the last part
at the request of the States in which these gentlemen
sit, but I will not withdraw the first part that demands
that our candidate- shall be free from alliance with them.
It is not necessary for the gentleman from Virginia
TEE DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION 175
to deliver a eulogy upon his State. My father was born
in Virginia and no one has greater reverence for that
great commonwealth than I. I know, too, the sentiment
of the people of Virginia. They have not only sup-
ported me in three campaigns, but in the last campaign
they refused to allow their leading men to go to the con-
vention except under instructions to vote for my nomi-
nation. Neither is it necessary for me to defend my
reputation as a Democrat. My reputation would not be
worth defending if it were necessary to defend it against
a charge made against me by any friend of Thomas F.
Ryan.
The resolution is not only sober and serious, but it is
necessary. Ws plant ourselves upon the Bible doctrine,
"If thy right hand offend thee, cut it off." The party
needs to cut off those corrupting influences to save it-
self.*
THE CANDIDATES DISCUSSED
(A Statement to the Press on Sunday Evening,
June 30, by Mr. Bryan, and Given Here as It
Appeared in The Chicago "Tribune.")
"I see no reason why we should not conclude the
convention with the nomination of both a President and
* Before the vote was taken Mr. Bryan withdrew the latter
part of his resolution in order that honest friends might
not be embarrassed by the argument that the demand for
withdrawal of the offending delegates invaded the rights of
the State, and in order that the second part of the resolu-
tion might not be used as an excuse by those who desired to
vote against the main resolution.
When the latter part was withdrawn, the first resolution,
pledging the party not to nominate a candidate who was a
representative of, or under obligation to, Morgan, Eyan,
Belmont, or any other member of the privilege-hunting and
favor-seeking class, was adopted by a vote of 889 to 196.
176 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
a Vice-president. The friends of the various candidates
have fought out their differences, and in their loyalty
to the men of their choice have consumed more time
than is usually devoted to balloting. There is every
reason why the progressives should get together and
select a ticket."
Mr. Bryan said he took it for granted there was no
chance for the nomination of either Harmon of Ohio, or
Underwood of Alabama, whom he designated as the
choice of a reactionary element in the party.
He suggested that if the convention could not agree
upon either Gov. Wilson of New Jersey or Speaker
Clark of Missouri, an available man to head the ticket
might be found in a list which he furnished, comprising
the names of Senator Kern of Indiana, Senator Elect
Ollie James of Kentucky, Senator O'Gorman of New
York, Senator Culberson of Texas, and Senator Rayner
of Maryland. Continuing, Mr. Bryan said:
"The antagonisms which have been aroused during the
preliminary campaign — antagonisms which ought not to
have been aroused — should not prevent the coming to-
gether of delegates upon some common ground.
"New York is not necessary to a nomination, and
under the circumstances should not be permitted to dic-
tate the nomination. I do not mean to say that the vote
of New York would vitiate the nomination if the candi-
date had enough votes to nominate him without New
York, for in that case the party would not be under
obligation to Mr. Murphy for his nomination ; but if Mr.
Murphy furnishes the votes necessary to carry the can-
didate across the line, the candidate who accepts the
nomination under those circumstances puts himself under
obligations to Mr. Murphy and to the influences which
speak through and control him.
"I contend that a candidate so obligated would not ap-
peal to the confidence of the public and would not, if
successful at the election, be free to serve the public with
singleness of purpose.
THE DEMOCBATIC CONVENTION 177
"There is not an aspirant for the nomination who
would have dared to go out before the people of any
State and say: 'I have the promise of Charles F. Mur-
phy that he will deliver to me ninety votes which, under
the unit rule, are in his control as soon as I have enough
more to give me the necessary two-thirds.'
"I believe, therefore, that all progressives are justified
in refusing support to any candidate who desires the
New York support and justified in withdrawing support
if, after giving it, New York should seek to add enough
votes to give the candidate the nomination.
"We have any number of available men from whom
to make the selection; a number of them are participat-
ing in this convention, and some are candidates be-
fore it.
"If either Mr. Clark or Mr. Wilson will announce his
'willingness to rely entirely upon the progressive vote
and his determination not to accept the nomination, if
given under conditions which would obligate him to Mr.
Murphy, there is no reason why the convention should
not agree on one of these.
"If the feeling that has been aroused between the two
leading candidates is such that the progressive forces
cannot agree upon either, it ought to be easy to agree
upon some third person who, not having been a candi-
date, is not handicapped by animosities engendered or
by an adverse verdict at the Democratic conventions and
primaries.
"I will not discuss the relative merits of the candi-
dates now before the convention who can be counted as
progressive, and I take it for granted that there is now
no possibility of the nomination of the two candidates,
Gov. Harmon and Mr. Underwood, who were the choice
of the reactionaries.
"I do not mean to be understood as saying that all
who favor them are reactionaries, but where the two
candidates had strength outside of their own localities
178 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
the support is to be explained, as a rule, by the reac-
tionary tendencies of the supporters.
"We have several persons taking part in this conven-
tion, who have not been placed in nomination, who are
entirely worthy of consideration.
"Senator Kern of Indiana already has received the
support of nearly six millions and a half of Democrats
for the vice presidency, and since that time he not only
has been elected to the United States senate, but has dis-
tinguished himself among his associates by the prominent
part he has taken. He is the leader in the fight against
Senator Lorimer.
"If there can be no agreement upon one of those now
being balloted for it ought to be easy to compromise on
a man like Senator Kern.
"Congressman James, our permanent chairman, is a
national character, one of the leaders of the house of
representatives, and a progressive who has been in the
forefront of the fight since 1896.
"Senator O'Gorman, New York's member of the com-
mittee on resolutions, is a progressive who has given to
his state a distinction of which it has been sadly in
need — he has combined a high order of intelligence and
courage with a sympathetic devotion to the rights and
interests of the common people.
"In addition to those we have Senator Culberson of
Texas, a man whose public record would commend him
to the progressives of all parties ; and I would add Sena-
tor Raynor of Maryland, after hearing his strong plea
before the resolution in favor of a progressive platform.
These are only a few of the names that might be sug-
gested. Surely, with such a wealth of presidential tim-
ber we should have no difficulty in nominating a winning
ticket.
"Just a word in regard to the vice-presidency. This
office should not be regarded lightly nor should the selec-
tion be made carelessly. No man is fit to be the vice-
THE DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION 179
presidential nominee who is not equally worthy to be
the nominee for president.
"The vice-president should be selected from those
available for the presidency, and he should be in har-
mony with the presidential candidate on all public ques-
tions on the fundamental principles which determine the
bias and tendencies of men.
"In submitting these views I recognize that I speak
merely as an individual, but I am not less interested
than the candidates themselves in the nomination of a
winning ticket and in the prosecution of a successful
campaign, and we shall disappoint those who sent us
here if we fail to measure up to the occasion."
XI
AWAITING THE NOMINATION
Mr. Bryan's letter in morning newspapers of Sat-
urday, June 29th.
Baltimore, June 28. — I am writing this report
before a nomination is made and cannot, there-
fore, discuss the candidate. The ballots have not
resulted in as many changes as were expected.
Eumors have been rife as to what this delegation
or that delegation was going to do.
Most attention, of course, is given to New York,
because of its large vote, controlled under the unit
rule by Murphy. It was reported that New York
would vote on the first ballot for Harmon, and on
the following ballots for different candidates, but
so far Harmon has been the only one to receive the
vote. This in itself would ruin Harmon's chances
if he were otherwise available. The old doctrine
that a man is known by the company he keeps ap-
plies in politics as well as elsewhere.
Murphy is in absolute control of the delegation,
he is the keeper of New York's conscience — God
180
TEE DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION 181
save the mark! Now the line has been drawn be-
tween the sheep and the goats, and New York, in
spite of its effort to disguise itself, is among the
goats.
When I offered to withdraw the second resolu-
tion— the one demanding that Belmont and Ryan
leave the convention — New York not only refused
to make the request, but demanded a vote on that
resolution. I saw that Murphy and his cohorts
were looking for an excuse to vote against the reso-
lution and it was partly to deprive them of any
excuse that I withdrew the resolution, even with-
out their request.
In connection with this matter I may add that
the "sovereign State" argument is sometimes over-
done. At Denver four years ago Col. Guffey, of
Pennsylvania, marched down the aisle and inquired
whether the convention would disregard the action
of a sovereign State and throw him out, and the
convention said "Yes!" with an emphasis that
shook the rafters.
He went back to Pennsylvania and in stentorian
tones repeated the question. This time about 400,-
000 Pennsylvania Democrats trampled on him and
stamped around until they nearly caved in the
mines. I have not had a chance to consult Col.
Guffey, but I am satisfied if he had been a delegate
he would have been opposed to interfering with
any "sovereign State" provided it would let Wall
182 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
Street use it to work its representatives into the
convention.
It will be remembered that some of Mr. Lori-
mer's friends became touchy on the "sovereign
State" idea, but the Senate is going to send him
back home in spite of the fact that his credentials
are regular.
If a national convention has no right to purge
itself of such men as Ryan and Belmont, it had
better change its rules and secure the right. How-
ever, the chastisement which it gave to these two
notorious representatives of the interests will prob-
ably protect future conventions from a repetition
of what has occurred here.
In calculating on the nominee, New York should
be counted as a liability rather than as an asset.
No Democrat can afford to accept a nomination if
New York's vote is necessary to give him two-
thirds.
There is no disguising the seriousness of the
situation which confronts the Democratic party. It
is on trial before the country. It took a long step
in advance last night when it had the courage to
mention by name three of the most prominent fin-
anciers of the country and pledge the nation that
its nominee will be free from entangling alliances
with them. This resolution is only the beginning.
It fixes the standard, but the candidate must
measure up to it. The New York delegation is so
THE DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION 183
closely connected with the predatory interests, con-
taining, as it does, trust agents, attorneys and offi-
cials, that it would cost a candidate hundreds of
thousands of votes to owe his nomination to the
delegation.
XII
THE MONEY TEUST'S ACTIVITIES
Mr. Bryan's letter in afternoon newspapers of Sat-
urday, June 29th.
Baltimore, June 29. — We are approaching the
climax of this convention. The question that the
convention has to decide is whether or not it will
live up to the declaration made in the anti-Morgan-
Eyan-Belmont resolution. The convention is now
pledged by that resolution against the nomination
of any man who is a representative of, or under
obligation to, Morgan, Eyan, Belmont or any other
person representing the favor-seeking and priv-
ilege-hunting class.
This is a solemn pledge made to the country. If
it is broken it will be broken in the eyes of the
public. Before that pledge was made it might
have been possible to explain that the candidate
was reasonably progressive, because we had no
definition of progressiveness to apply to a candi-
date, but now we have, and if the candidate does
not measure up to it the eyes of the public will be
fixed upon the space between the candidate's head
184
TEE DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION 185
and the mark that we have drawn on the wall.
How can we tell whether a proposed candidate
is the representative of, or obligated to, Morgan,
Ryan and Belmont, and the interests which they
represent? There is just one way, namely, to in-
quire whether he is willing to accept the nomina-
tion at their hands.
It is a principle of law that an election is vitiated
by corrupt votes whenever the candidate could not
have been elected without these votes, and so a
nomination is vitiated when it depends upon votes
which are not acceptable under the rules and upon
the conditions laid down by this convention in the
anti-Morgan-Eyan-Belmont resolution. Mr. Lori-
mer is about to be expelled from the United States
Senate because he accepted a senatorship which
depended upon corrupt votes, and the public uni-
versally approved the Senate's proposed action.
Would the Democratic party approve a nomina-
tion made by influences as corrupt as those that
secured the Lorimer election?
It is now a matter of public knowledge that the
money trust, after controlling the Chicago con-
vention and dictating the Chicago nominee, moved
its show to this city, set up its tent and organized
a two-ring circus, with all its accessories, from
ringmasters down to the red lemonade man. This
circus had its acrobats, several of them expert at
somersaulting and contortion; it has held sessions
186 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
in the daytime and at night. Mr. Murphy is gen-
eral director and resident agent of the concern.
He controls the New York delegation under the
unit rule as completely as his hand controls his
fingers. A candidate who would accept his sup-
port would be an ingrate not to repay the obliga-
tion in the only coin which is legal tender in the
office of the plunderbund, namely, government
favors.
Will the Democratic party be democratic? The
question is even more fundamental ; will it be hon-
est? Will it keep the promise it has made to six
million and a half of Democrats and to millions of
Republicans? More than 10,000,000 voters are
watching the bulletins that come from this conven-
tion. Will this convention give these patriotic
citizens a leader who will lead?
XIII
HOW VOTES WERE CHANGED
Mr. Bryan's letter in morning newspapers of Mon-
day, July 1st.
Baltimore, June 30. — If I may be permitted
to speak of my own part I shall devote a few sen-
tences to the explanation which I gave of the
change of twelve of the Nebraska delegates from
Clark to Wilson. I was not in the hall Friday
night when New York cast its ninety votes for
Clark, but went in later during the demonstration.
After having a night to reflect over the matter
I decided upon a course of action in case an at-
tempt was made to use the New York vote to elect
Mr. Clark. In acting one must always consider
the conditions to be met, for conditions are usually
the measure of exertion.
At the Chicago convention I saw how unfairly a
holdover political machine had made up the tem-
porary roll of the convention and then used the
votes of those put upon the roll to seat each other,
thus giving to the committee control of the new
convention.
187
188 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
I was in a good position to watch the roller as
it moved noisily along, overcoming every obstruc-
tion, and when its work was completed thwarting
the will of a large majority of the Eepublican
party. To add aggravation to the wrong the com-
mittee was made up of representatives from the
southern States where there is practically no Re-
publican vote.
These committeemen, representing a paper or-
ganization and held to the Republican party largely
by the power of patronage, were used to outvote
the representatives from States that cast a large
Republican vote. And to add further cause for
indignation this unfairly proportioned committee
seated delegates upon the same congressional pro-
portion as in the north.
About the time this outrage on popular govern-
men had had time to soak in I came to Baltimore
and here I found the Democratic national commit-
tee acting upon the same plan, using holdover com-
mitteemen to misrepresent the delegations, and
intending to open a progressive convention with a
reactionary keynote.
I soon learned that the same influences which at
Chicago defied popular sentiment in the Republi-
can party were here in force. I found that, having
defeated the progressive program at Chicago, they
were bent upon defeating it here. Here cunning
was substituted for boldness, and the progressive
TEE DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION 189
brand was being used to mask the real character
of the work outlined.
I have already described the first contest in
which I was defeated for temporary chairman, a
position which I did not desire, and for which I
was a candidate only because I felt that some one
ought to represent the progressive cause. I have
also chronicled the second contest, which resulted
in the passage of the Morgan-Eyan-Belmont resolu-
tion.
It was the passage of that resolution and the
pledge that it gave the public that made it impera-
tive, according to my judgment, that I refuse to
enter into partnership with Mr. Murphy in nomi-
nating a Democratic candidate.
I felt sure from telegrams received and news re-
ports read that the people were aroused as they
had seldom been before to the importance of pre-
senting a candidate upon whose nomination there
could be no suspicion of connection with the inter-
ests which we had denounced.
It distrest me to have to do anything that
might result in injury to the political fortunes of
Mr. Clark. I have known him for eighteen years,
rejoiced in his selection as minority leader, and
a year and a half ago regarded him as more likely
than any one else to fit into the conditions in so
far as I could then estimate them.
If he had made good use of the opportunity he
tfu-: ^:^^wijttfl!|%«j
£* ^
THE SACRIFICE HIT.
The Pitcher who has been hit by Mr. Bryan's ball is
Charles F. Murphy, of Tammany Hall.
(Bart in the Minneapolis "Journal.")
190
THE DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION 191
had he would have been nominated by acclamation,
but instead of leading the progressive element of
the party — the element with which he had always
been identified — he became imprest with the idea
that his special duty was to harmonize the two
elements of the party and prevent any break in
the ranks.
The leader and the harmonizer are two entirely
different persons, and Mr. Clark chose to be the
latter. There are times when the harmonizer is
the most available candidate, but the situation is
different just now.
The country is alive with progressive ideas and
progressivism has not been defeated at Chicago.
Two or three million Republicans are following the
proceedings of this convention and waiting to see
whether they can use the Democratic party for the
rebuking of stand-pat Republicanism or be forced
to organize a new party.
Mr. Clark's first mistake was in attempting to
overlook the radical difference which exists in the
Democratic party between the progressives and the
reactionaries. His second was in selecting man-
agers who sought to advance his cause by manipula-
tion rather than by that candid appeal which befits
the present hour.
After permitting a considerable number of reac-
tionaries to come into the convention under instruc-
tions, these managers endeavored to win votes by
192 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
tying up with the reactionary element of the con-
vention.
While Mr. Clark himself remained neutral in the
fight between Judge Parker and myself for tem-
porary chairman, his managers were working like
beavers for Judge Parker. They were not even
willing for me to take Mr. James, their own candi-
date, for temporary chairmanship before the sub-
committee, and pit him against Parker.
Mr. Clark aroused much hostile criticism when
he refused to take sides, and this criticism became
more emphatic when New York's vote was wel-
comed with a great demonstration.
There is too much at stake to risk defeat, as we
would risk defeat if we had to spend the campaign
in explaining how a candidate could owe his nomi-
nation to predatory interests without danger to his
administration.
Mr. Clark's friends spurn the thought of his
being influenced by such support, but they forget
that the mass of the people cannot know Mr. Clark
personally, as his intimate friends do.
I know him well enough to have confidence in his
high purpose and in his good intent, as I have in
the purpose and intent of other candidates. I be-
lieve that he would try to carry out the people's
will, but few, if indeed any, can entirely fortify
themselves against the unscrupulous influence ex-
erted by favors received. We do not allow judges
THE DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION 193
to accept favors from litigants and the President
continually acts as an arbiter between the organ-
ized and the unorganized masses.
But even if we could feel certain that the secur-
ing of a presidential nomination by the aid of
those directly connected with the exploiting class
would have no influence whatever upon Mr. Clark 's
official conduct, we could not possibly hope to im-
part this confidence to millions of voters who, not
enjoying the personal acquaintance of Mr. Clark,
would have to rely upon newspaper reports, and it
must be remembered that in the contested States
the Republicans have five to one, if not ten to one,
the advantage of us.
I announced that we would withhold our vote
from Mr. Clark so long as New York supported
him, and that we would apply the same rule to
other candidates; that is, that we would not enter
into partnership with Wall Street.
ME. BRYAN'S SPEECH EXPLAINING
HIS VOTE*
Nebraska is a progressive state. Only twice has she
given her vote for a Democratic candidate for President
— in 1896 and 1908 — and on both occasions her vote was
cast for a progressive ticket running upon a progres-
sive platform. Between these two elections, in the elec-
When Nebraska was called on the fourteenth ballot a
poll was demanded, and Mr. Bryan in changing his vote
made this speech. It marked the turning point in the con-
vention.
194 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
tion of 1904, she gave a Republican plurality of 85,000
against a Democratic reactionary. In the recent primary
the total vote cast for Clark and Wilson was over 34,000
and the vote cast for Harmon something over 12,000,
showing that the party is now nearly three-fourths pro-
gressive.
The Republican party of Nebraska is progressive in
about the same proportion, and the situation in Nebraska
is not materially different from the situation throughout
the country west of the Alleghanies. In the recent Re-
publican primaries, fully two-thirds of the Republican
vote was cast for candidates representing progressive
policies.
In this convention the progressive sentiment is over-
whelming. Every candidate has proclaimed himself
a progressive — no candidate would have any considerable
following in this convention if he admitted himself out
of harmony with progressive ideas. By your resolution,
adopted night before last, you, by a vote of more than
four to one, pledged the country that you would nomi-
nate for the presidency no man who represented, or was
obligated to Morgan, Ryan, Belmont, or any other mem-
ber of the privilege-seeking, favor-hunting class. This
pledge, if kept, will have more influence on the result
of the election than the platform or the name of the
candidate. How can that pledge be made effective?
There is but one way, namely, to nominate a candidate
who is under no obligation to those whom these influ-
ences directly or indirectly control. The vote of the
State of New York in this convention, as cast under the
unit rule, does not represent the intelligence, the virtue,
the democracy or the patriotism of the ninety men who
are here. It represents the will of one man — Charles F.
Murphy — and he represents the influences that domi-
nated the Republican convention at Chicago and are
trying to, dominate .this convention. If we nominate a
candidate under conditions that enable these influences
to say to our candidate, "Remember, now, thy creator,"
THE DEMOCBATIC CONVENTION 195
we can not hope to appeal to the confidence of the pro-
gressive Democrats and Republicans of the nation.
Nebraska, or that portion of the delegation for which
I am authorized to speak, is not willing to participate
in the nomination of any man who is willing to violate
the resolution adopted by this convention and accept the
high honor of the presidential nomination at the hands
of Mr. Murphy. When we were instructed for Mr.
Clark, the Democratic voters who instructed us did so
with the distinct understanding that Mr. Clark stood for
progressive democracy. Mr. Clark's representatives ap-
pealed for support on no other ground. They contended
that Mr. Clark was more progressive than Mr. Wilson,
and indignantly denied that there was any cooperation
between Mr. Clark and the reactionary element of the
party. Upon no other condition could Mr. Clark have
received a plurality of the Democratic vote of Nebraska.
The delegates for whom I speak stand ready to carry
out the instructions given, in the spirit in which they
were given and upon the conditions under which they
were given; but these delegates will not participate in
the nomination of any man whose nomination depends
upon the vote of the New York delegation. Speaking for
myself and those who join me, we, therefore, withhold
our vote from Mr. Clark as long as New York's vote is
recorded for him, and I hereby notify the chairman and
this convention that I desire recognition to withdraw
these votes from any candidates to whom New York's
votes are thrown. The position that we take in regard
to Mr. Clark we will take in regard to any other candi-
date whose name is now or may be before the conven-
tion. We shall not be parties to the nomination of any
man, no matter who he may be or from what section of
the country he comes, who will not, when elected, be
absolutely free to carry out the anti-Morgan-Ryan-Bel-
mont resolution and make his administration reflect the
wishes and hopes of those who believe in a government
of the people, by the people, and for the people.
196 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
If we nominate a candidate who is under no obliga-
tion to these interests, which speak through Mr. Murphy,
I shall offer a resolution authorizing and directing the
presidential candidate to select a campaign committee to
manage the campaign, in order that he may not be com-
pelled to suffer the humiliation or act under the embar-
rassment that I have in having men participate in the
management of his campaign who have no sympathy
with the party's aims and in whose democracy the gen-
eral public has no confidence. At the conclusion of Mr.
Bryan's statement ex-Governor McCorkle, of West Vir-
ginia, obtained recognition, and, with Mr. Bryan's con-
sent, submitted the following question:
"Are we to understand from what you have said that
you will not support the nominee of this convention if
he is named by a majority made up in part of the vote
of New York?" Mr. Bryan: I shall be pleased to an-
swer the gentleman's question and before answering, will
add that if any other gentleman in the convention has a
question to ask I shall remain here and give him a chance
to ask it. This is a Democratic convention; we have a
right to ask questions and we should be frank with each
other.
Answering the gentleman from West Virginia, I would
reply that nothing that I have said this morning and
nothing that I have ever said heretofore justifies the con-
struction which the gentleman would place upon my lan-
guage. I distinguish between refusing to participate in
the nomination of a candidate and refusing to support
a candidate nominated over my protest. I distinguish
between these two propositions just as the law distin-
guishes between the act of a lawyer who defends a pris-
oner after a crime has been committed and the act of a
lawyer who conspires with the prisoner to commit a
crime. Governor Brewer of Mississippi then obtained
recognition, and, with Mr. Bryan's consent, submitted
the following queston:
"If Mr. Clark, Mr. Underwood, Mr. Wilson, Mr. Mar-
THE DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION 197
shall, Mr. Harmon, Mr. Kern, or Mr. Foss is nominated
by this convention by a two-thirds majority, with New
York voting for the man who is nominated, will you sup-
port the Democratic nominee?" Mr. Bryan: I deny the
right of any man to put a hypothetical question to me
unless he is prepared to include in that question every
essential element that enters into it so that the question
can be fully understood and intelligently answered.
Having denied the right of the gentleman to ask the
question and having called his attention to the fact that
he is taking advantage of a political assembly to ask a
question which he would not dare to ask in any court of
justice I now answer him :
I expect to support the nominee of this convention. I
expect the nominee of this convention to be worthy of
the support of every delegate. I have no reason to be-
lieve that any man will be nominated who would accept
a nomination at the hands of Mr. Murphy and the in-
fluences back of him. I will not give bond to make
further answer to the hypothetical question put by the
gentleman from Mississippi until we are in a position
to supply the necessary facts which his question omits —
facts necessary to an understanding of the situation upon
which we will be called to act.
Now, I am prepared to announce my vote, with the
understanding that I stand ready to withdraw my vote
from the candidate for whom I now cast it if Mr. Mur-
phy casts the ninety votes of New York for him. I cast my
vote for Nebraska's second choice — Governor Wilson.*
* On July 30, the Nebraska Democratic State Convention
endorsed Mr. Bryan's course at Baltimore by a vote of
636 to 246.
XIV
THE CLOSE OF THE CONVENTION
Mr. Bryan's letter in morning newspapers of
Wednesday, July 3d.
Baltimore, July 2. — Although the nomination for
vice-president has not yet been made, enough has
been done to enable the public to judge the far-
reaching effect of this remarkable convention.
Mr. Wilson's nomination is evidently very ac-
ceptable to the country. His campaign was a na-
tional one from the start. In fact, he was the only
candidate who ran everywhere. This had both its
advantages and its disadvantages. It was an ad-
vantage in that it gave him a chance to secure a
larger number of delegates, but it was a disadvan-
tage in that it naturally arrayed against him the
friends of the other candidates. He entered the
convention, however, with more than 200 votes less
than half.
His greatest asset was the fact that he came out
strongly against Parker for temporary chairman.
This was the first line drawn in the convention,
and it was probably fortunate for "Wilson that his
198
THE DEMOCBATIC CONVENTION 199
side was defeated. If I had been selected for tem-
porary chairman it would have been looked upon
as a thing to be expected, and a victory at that
time would not have made any great impression on
the country. But my defeat startled the Demo-
crats throughout the land and made them aware
of the strength of the reactionaries.
Hearing from home has been one of the promi-
nent features of this convention. Probably no
other convention ever brought forth such a flood
of telegrams, and these telegrams had a great deal
to do with the final action of the convention. Wil-
son's name was in nearly all of them.
The weak point in "Wilson's campaign for the
nomination was the fact that some of his former
utterances were used against him by his opponents,
but these arguments will not avail when addressed
to the progressive Republicans. I think Wilson
will poll more of the progressive Republican vote
than any other man we could have named.
The platform is progressive, the most progres-
sive platform that any great party has offered to
the public. With a vice-president in harmony
with the platform and the presidential candidate,
we ought to make a great fight and a successful
fight. Our party has given the progressives of the
nation a rallying and a battle line. Never before
has the issue been so clearly drawn between the
people on the one side and the predatory interests
200 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
on the other. The resolution naming the leaders
of the financial world who have stood behind the
great favor-seeking combination was a stroke of
policy as well as a triumph of principle.
The one sad feature is the failure of the defeated
candidates to realize their ambitions. This fail-
ure, of course, did not bring any great disappoint-
ment to the candidates who had a small following ;
their only hope was in the turning up of something
unexpected. In the case of Mr. Clark, however,
there was reasonable ground for hope, and there-
fore great disappointment.
There is no boasting of victory among those of
his opponents who knew him personally. He is
universally beloved and his defeat was not a re-
flection upon his official record or upon his general
merits.
The action of the Republican convention made
it necessary that the party should be even more
distinctly and outspokenly progressive than it need
to have been if Mr. Roosevelt had been nominated
— although it could not have retreated from its
advanced position in any case.
This convention, too, laid unexpected emphasis
upon progressive ideas — a sort of reaction from its
first mistake in having the keynote sounded by a
reactionary. The resolution against Morgan, Ryan
and Belmont raised the expectations of the country
and nothing would have satisfied the party but a
THE DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION 201
clear-cut declaration in favor of all needed reme-
dial legislation and a candidate who would be ac-
cepted as a fulfilment of the pledge given.
Mr. Clark's managers did not seem to catch the
spirit of the occasion, and were guilty of one mis-
take after another, until their candidate was put
in a position where the convention felt that he did
not fit into the requirements of the occasion as
nearly as Gov. Wilson.
It is too early for me to measure the influence
of my own part in the convention, as in every
great contest there has been a realignment, and I
find some friends alienated and some opponents
converted into friends. What a pity that one can-
not have the same set of friends and enemies
through life. It is so hard to part with those who
go from you, and it takes time to get acquainted
with those who come to you.
When I left Nebraska I expected to play a minor
part in the convention. I had urged the commit-
tee to consult Mr. Wilson and Mr. Clark in regard
to the chairman, and supposed the convention
would be opened without friction.
Knowing the managers for the various candi-
dates would be in charge of the program, I thought
it might not be necessary for me to appear upon the
floor until after the candidate was nominated.
But my plans were overturned and I was forced
into a fight at the very outset, in an effort to pre-
202 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
vent the opening of the convention on a reactionary
key.
The presence of a great collection of representa-
tives of special interests suggested the anti-Mor-
gan-Ryan-Belmont resolution, and then the de-
mand for a poll in my delegation compelled me to
make an explanation of my vote earlier than I had
expected. There was no program, each act on my
part being the result of an unexpected exigency.
I did the best I could, following the line of duty
as I saw it, and cannot shrink from the conse-
quences. While I have received a great deal of
commendation through telegrams, I have received
some criticism, but I expect the criticism to soften
when the facts are fully understood.
One encouraging thing is the denunciation I
have received at the hands of Mr. Hearst. His at-
tacks are so much like the attacks which he made
upon me in 1908, when he lent his assistance to Mr.
Taft, that I feel that he raises a presumption in
my favor, for the platform in 1908 laid the foun-
dation for the victory which has been won in this
convention and which I believe will be completed
at the polls in November.
THE DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION 203
ME. BRYAN'S "VALEDICTORY" *
Mr. Chairman and members of the convention: You
have been so generous with me in the allowance of time
that I had not expected to trespass upon your patience
again, but the compliment that has been paid me by the
gentleman from the District of Columbia justifies, I
hope, a word in the form of a valedictory.
For sixteen years I have been a fighting man. Per-
forming what I regarded as a public duty I have not
* The Pittsburgh "Press," describing this incident of the
convention, said:
"The voluntary passing of Bryan was the one great dra-
matic incident of the night. The convention had stopt in
the middle of the roll-call to spend a couple of hours dis-
posing of the platform, and the usual resolutions. It was
long past midnight when it resumed its labors. The roll
was proceeding slowly. The vast auditorium was still jammed
with people. The galleries had been listening in amusement
to the efforts of orators to pay eloquent tributes to the men
they were placing in nomination for the vice-presidency.
The heat and the lateness of the hour had had their effect,
and 50 per cent, of the crowd was lazily lolling back in
chairs, hoping for something to enliven the monotony.
"The reading clerk finally reached the District of Colum-
bia, which was next to the last on the list. He had to call
twice. Finally the figure of a fat man climbed on a chair
wet with perspiration. His collar was a -rag and his general
appearance one of complete physical exhaustion. There had
been a general laugh from the gallery when this representa-
tive of the District, in a voice that penetrated to every part
of the big armory, rose to nominate Mr. Bryan for vice-
president. The pause which ensued seemed to last ten
minutes. It actually lasted ten seconds, and then came the
wildest, most hysterical outburst of cheering that had marked
the convention. From the delegates themselves, from the
galleries, and from the dim recesses of the great dust-filled
building there went up a roar that seemed like the whistle
of a thousand locomotives merged into one.
"Down in the very front in the seat set apart for him
204 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
feared to speak out on every public question before the
people of the nation for settlement, and I have not hesi-
tated to arouse the hostility of individuals where I felt it
my duty to do so in behalf of my country.
I have never advocated a man except with gladness
and I have never opposed a man except in sadness. If
I have any enemies in this country, those who are my
enemies have a monopoly of hatred. There is not one
single human being for whom I feel ill-will. Nor is there
one American citizen in my own party or in any other
whom I would oppose for anything unless I believed
that in not opposing him I was surrendering the inter-
ests of my country, which I hold above any person.
I recognize that a man who fights must carry scars
and I decided long before this campaign commenced that
I had been in so many battles and had alienated so many
persons that my party ought to have the leadership of
by the Nebraska delegation was sitting Bryan. Motionless
he remained, his palm-leaf fan clenched in his hand; his
hair disheveled; his face ashen white. But as the cheering
continued and increased in volume a red blush mantled the
Commoner's face and head. 'Bryan! We want Bryan!'
echoed and re-echoed from one section of the hall to the
other and reverberated back from the ceilings until it was
deafening. At last Bryan climbed on his chair. 'Platform!
Platform ! ' the refrain went up, and in obedience to the cry,
Bryan slowly mounted to the same spot where, a few days
ago, he had denounced to their faces Murphy, .Eyan and
Belmont.
"Bryan did not speak long, but every word he uttered
will ever be remembered by those who heard it. He spoke,
in a voice that at times trembled with emotion, of regret
that the personal enmities he had engendered during the six-
teen years he had been leading democracy, made it necessary
for him to relinquish the leadership into their hands.
"The presentation of Mr. Bryan's name was made by a
District of Columbia delegate whose identity Mr. Bryan has
not yet learned. Thus brought before the convention dur-
ing its closing hours, Mr. Bryan delivered, extemporaneously,
his speech which he called Ms valedictory."
THE DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION 205
someone who had not thus offended and who might, there-
fore, lead with greater hope of victory.
To-night I come with joy to surrender into the hands
of the one chosen by this convention a standard which
I have carried in three campaigns, and I challenge my
enemies to say that it has ever been lowered in the face
of the foe. The same belief that led me to prefer an-
other for the presidency rather than to be a candidate
myself, leads me to prefer another for the vice presi-
dency.
It is not because the vice presidency is lower in im-
portance than the presidency that I decline. There is
no office in this nation so low that I would not accept
it if I could serve my country by so doing. But I be-
lieve that I can render more service when I have not the
embarrassment of a nomination and the suspicion of a
selfish interest — more service than I could as a candi-
date, but-your candidate will not be more active in this
campaign that I shall be. My services are at the com-
mand of the party. I feel relieved that the burden of
leadership is transferred to other shoulders.
All I ask is that, having given us a platform, the
most progressive that any party has ever adopted in this
nation, and, having given us a candidate, who, I believe,
will appeal not only to the Democratic vote but to some
three or four million of Republicans who have been
alienated by the policies of their party, there is but one
thing left, and that is to give us a vice president who
is also progressive, so that there will be no joint debate
between our candidates.
In conclusion, I second the nomination, not of one
man, but of two : Governor Burke, of North Dakota, and
Senator Chamberlain, of Oregon.
206 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
AN INTERVIEW WITH MR. BRYAN
Following the nomination of Governor Wilson for
the presidency, Mr. Bryan gave out the follow-
ing statement to the newspapers, which was pub-
lished Wednesday morning, July 3d:
"I feel sure that the action of the convention thus
far will appeal to the country. I had no choice among
the progressive candidates, but from the first included
Governor Wilson in every list I had occasion to make.
His action in coming out strongly against Mr. Parker
for temporary chairman was the turning point in his
campaign. The country is progressive; nearly all of
the Democratic party and more than half of the Repub-
lican party are progressives.
"The paramount question before this convention was
whether we would take sides with the reactionaries, thus
encouraging the organization of a third party and giv-
ing to this third party the hope of defeating the reac-
tionaries divided. This on the one side and the nomina-
tion of a ticket that would so appeal to the people as
to make a third party impossible were the issues.
"I am satisfied that with Mr. Wilson running for
the presidency on such a platform (and I know what
this is) there will be very few progressive Republicans
who will not feel justified in supporting the Democratic
ticket. If I were to make an estimate, I should say that
not less than 2,000,000 majority of the popular vote and
enough of the electoral college to constitute an over-
whelming majority will be found in the Democratic col-
umn in November.
"The action of the convention in adopting the anti-
Morgan-Ryan-Belmont resolution has demonstrated that
the Democratic party is not only progressive, but bold
enough to throw down the gauntlet to the predatory in-
terests.
THE DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION 207
"It is fortunate that Mr. Wilson's nomination was
made without the aid of Mr. Murphy. It is no reflec-
tion on the many good Democrats in the delegation to
say this. From every standpoint the outlook is hopeful.
"When the Republican convention adjourned it be-
came even more evident that circumstances required
some emphatic action on the part of our convention to
insure a progressive vote under our banner.
"The incidents of the convention have in a strange
way emphasized the progressivism of our party far
more than I thought, and the convention has decided
with rare unanimity that Governor Wilson fits into the
conditions which the Republican convention has helped
in creating.
"Knowing the contents of the platform, for I helped
in framing it, and feeling sure that the nominee for
vice-president will strengthen the ticket, it is needless to
say that I am gratified to see our party raising the
banner of progressive Democracy and calling to the
progressive portions of the nation to join in restoring
the government to the hands of the people, that it may
in truth be a 'government of the people, for the people,
and by the people.' It has been a long convention, but
the results are well worth the time."
XV
THE DEMOCRATIC PLATFOEM
We, the representatives of the Democratic party
of the United States, in national convention as-
sembled, reaffirm our devotion to the principles of
Democratic government formulated by Thomas
Jefferson and enforced by a long and illustrious
line of Democratic presidents.
We declare it to be a fundamental principle of
the Democratic party that the federal government,
under the constitution, has no right or power to
impose or collect tariff duties, except for the pur-
pose of revenue, and we demand that the collec-
tion of such taxes shall be limited to the necessi-
ties of government, honestly and economically
administered.
The high Republican tariff is the principal cause
of the unequal distribution of wealth, it is a sys-
tem of taxation which makes the rich richer and
the poor poorer; under its operations the Ameri-
can farmer and laboring man are the chief suffer-
ers; it raises the cost of the necessaries of life to
them, but does not protect their product or wages.
The farmer sells largely in free markets and
buys almost entirely in the protected markets.
208
THE DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION 209
In the most highly protected industries, such as
cotton and wool, steel and iron, the wages of the
laborers are the lowest paid in any of our indus-
tries.
We denounce the Republican pretense on that
subject and assert that American wages are estab-
lished by competitive conditions and not by the
tariff.
We favor the immediate downward revision of
the existing high and, in many cases, prohibitive
tariff duties, insisting that material reductions be
speedily made upon the necessaries of life. Articles
entering into competition with trust controlled
products and articles of American manufacture
which are sold abroad more cheaply than at home
should be put upon the free list.
We recognize that our system of tariff taxation
is intimately connected with the business of the
country and we favor the ultimate attainment of
the principles we advocate by legislation that will
not injure or destroy legitimate industry.
We denounce the action of President Taft in
vetoing the bills to reduce the tariff in the cotton,
woolen, metals, the chemicals schedules and the
farmers' free list bill, all of which were designed
to give immediate relief to the masses from the ex-
actions of the trusts.
The Republican party, while promising tariff
revision, has shown by its tariff legislation that
210 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
such revision is not to be in the people's interest
and having been faithless to its pledges of 1908
it should no longer enjoy the confidence of the na-
tion. We appeal to the American people to sup-
port us in our demand for a tariff for revenue
only.
The high cost of living is a serious problem in
every American home. The Republican party, in
its platform, attempts to escape from responsibility
for present conditions by denying that they are
due to a protective tariff. "We take issue with
them on this subject and charge that excessive
prices result in a large measure from the high
tariff laws enacted and maintained by the Repub-
lican party and from trusts and commercial con-
spiracies fostered and encouraged by such laws,
and we assert that no substantial relief can be se-
cured for the people until import duties on the
necessaries of life are materially reduced and these
criminal conspiracies broken up.
A private monopoly is indefensible and intoler-
able. We therefore favor the vigorous enforce-
ment of the criminal as well as the civil law against
trust and trust officials, and demand the enactment
of such additional legislation as may be necessary
to make it impossible for a private monopoly to
exist in the United States.
We favor the .declaration by law of the condi-
tions upon which corporations shall be permitted
TEE DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION 211
to engage in interstate trade, including, among
others, the prevention of holding companies, of
interlocking directors, of stock watering, of dis-
crimination in price, and the control by any one
corporation of so large a proportion of any in-
dustry as to make it a menace to competitive con-
ditions.
We condemn the action of the Republican ad-
ministration in compromising with the Standard
Oil Company and the Tobacco Trust and its fail-
ure to invoke the criminal provisions of the anti-
trust law against the officers of those corporations
after the court had declared that from the undis-
puted facts in the record they had violated the
criminal provisions of the law.
We regret that the Sherman antitrust law has
received a judicial construction depriving it of
much of its efficacy and we favor the enactment of
legislation which will restore the statute the
strength of which it has been deprived by such
interpretation.
We believe in the preservation and maintenance
in their full strength and integrity of the three
coordinate branches of the federal government —
the executive, the legislative and the judicial —
each keeping within its own bounds and not en-
croaching upon the just powers of either of the
others.
Believing that the most efficient results under
212 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
our system of government are to be attained by the
full exercise by the States of their reserved sov-
reign powers, we denounce as usurpation the efforts
of our opponents to deprive the States of any of
the rights reserved to them, and to enlarge and
magnify by indirection the powers of the federal
government.
We insist upon the full exercise of all the powers
of the government, both State and national, to pro-
tect the people from injustice at the hands of
those who seek to make the government a private
asset in business. There is no twilight zone be-
tween the nation and the State in which exploiting
interests can take refuge from both. It is as neces-
sary that the federal government shall exercise the
powers reserved to it, but we insist that federal
remedies for the regulation of interstate commerce
and for the prevention of private monopoly shall
be added to and not substituted for State remedies.
We congratulate the country upon the triumph
of two important reforms demanded in the last
national platform — namely : the amendment of the
federal constitution authorizing an income tax and
the amendment providing for the popular election
of senators, and we call upon the people of all the
States to rally to the support of the pending prop-
ositions and secure their ratification.
We note with gratification the unanimous senti-
ment in favor of publicity before the election of
THE DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION 213
campaign contributions — a measure demanded in
our national platform of 1908 and at that time op-
posed by the Republican party — and we commend
the Democratic house of representatives for ex-
tending the doctrine of publicity to recommenda-
tions, verbal and written, upon which presidential
appointments are made, to the ownership and con-
trol of newspapers, and to the expenditures made
by and in behalf of those who aspire to presiden-
tial nominations, and we point for additional justi-
fication for this legislation to the enormous expen-
ditures of money in behalf of the President and his
predecessor in the recent presidential contest for
the Republican nomination for President.
The movement toward more popular government
should be promoted through legislation in each
State which will permit the expression of the pref-
erence of the electors for national candidates at
presidential primaries.
We direct that the national committee incorpo-
rate in the call for the next nominating convention
a requirement that all expressions of preference
for presidential candidates shall be given and the
selection of delegates and alternates made through
a primary election conducted by the party organi-
zation in each State where such expression and
election are not provided for by State law.
Committeemen who are hereafter to constitute
the membership of the Democratic national com-
214 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
mittee and whose election is not provided for by
law, shall be chosen in each State at such primary
elections and the service and authority of com-
mitteemen, however chosen, shall begin immedi-
ately upon the receipt of their credentials.
"We pledge the Democratic party to the enact-
ment of a law prohibiting any corporation from
contributing to a campaign fund and any indi-
vidual from contributing any amount above a rea-
sonable maximum.
We favor a single presidential term and to that
end urge the adoption of an amendment to the
constitution making the President of the United
States ineligible for reelection, and we pledge the
candidate of this convention to this principle.
At this time, when the Eepublican party, after
a generation of unlimited power in its control of
the federal government, is rent into factions, it is
opportune to point to the record of accomplish-
ments of the Democratic house of representatives
in the sixty-second congress. We indorse its ac-
tion and we challenge comparison of its record with
that of any congress which has been controlled by
our opponents.
We call the attention of the patriotic citizens of
our country to its record of efficiency, economy
and constructive legislation:
It has, among other achievements, revised the
rules of the house of representatives so as to give
THE DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION 215
to the representatives of the American people free-
dom of speech and of action in advocating, propos-
ing and perfecting remedial legislation.
It has passed bills for the relief of the people
and the development of our country; it has en-
deavored to revise the tariff taxes downward in the
interest of the consuming masses and thus to re-
duce the high cost of living.
It has proposed an amendment to the federal
constitution providing for the election of United
States senators by the direct vote of the people.
It has secured the admission of Arizona and New
Mexico as two sovereign States.
It has required the publicity of campaign ex-
penses both before and after election and fixed a
limit upon the election expenses of United States
senators and representatives.
It has also passed a bill to prevent the abuse of
the writ of injunction.
It has passed a law establishing an eight-hour
day for workmen on all national public work.
It has passed a resolution which forced the Presi-
dent to take immediate steps to abrogate the Rus-
sian treaty. And it has passed the great supply
bills which lessen waste and extravagance and
which reduce the annual expenses of the govern-
ment by many millions of dollars.
"We approve the measure reported by the Dem-
ocratic leaders in the house of representatives for
216
the creation of a council of national defense which
will determine a definite naval program with a
view to increased efficiency and economy. The
party that proclaimed and has always enforced the
Monroe doctrine and was sponsor for the new navy,
will continue faithfully to observe the constitu-
tional requirements to provide and maintain an
adequate and well-proportioned navy sufficient to
defend American policies, protect our citizens, and
uphold the honor and dignity of the nation.
We denounce the profligate waste of the money
wrung from the people by oppressive taxation
through the lavish appropriations of recent Repub-
lican congresses, which have kept taxes high, and
reduced the purchasing power of the people's toil.
We demand a return to that simplicity and econ-
omy which befits a Democratic government, and a
reduction in the number of useless offices, the sal-
aries of which drain the substance of the people.
We favor the efficient supervision and rate regu-
lation of railroads, express companies, telegraph
and telephone lines engaged in interstate com-
merce. To this end we recommend the valuation
of railroads, express companies, and telegraph and
telephone lines by the interstate commerce com-
mission, such valuation to take into consideration
the physical value of the property, the original
cost, the cost of reproduction, and any element of
value that will render the valuation fair and just.
THE DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION 217
We favor such legislation as will effectually pro-
hibit the railroads, express, telegraph, and tele-
phone companies from engaging in. business which
brings them into competition with their shippers;
also legislation preventing the overissue of stocks
and bonds by interstate railroads, express com-
panies, telegraph and telephone lines and legisla-
tion which will assure such reduction in transpor-
tation rates as conditions will permit, care being
taken to avoid reduction that would compel a re-
duction of wages, prevent adequate service, or do
injustice to legitimate investments.
We oppose the so-called Aldrich monetary bill
or the establishment of a central bank, and we be-
lieve the people of this country will be largely
freed from panics and consequent unemployment
and business depression by such a systematic re-
vision of our banking laws as will render tempo-
rary relief in localities where such relief is needed,
with protection from control or domination by
what is known as the "money trust."
Banks exist for the accommodation of the public
and not for the control of business. All legisla-
tion on the subject of banking and currency should
have for its purpose the securing of these accom-
modations on terms of absolute security to the
public and of complete protection from the misuse
of the power that wealth gives to those who pos-
sess it.
218 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
We condemn the present methods of depositing
government funds in a few favored banks, largely
situated in or controlled by Wall Street, in return
for political favors, and we pledge our party to
provide by law for their deposit by competitive
bidding by the banking institutions of the coun-
try, national and State, without discrimination as
to locality, upon approved securities and subject
to call by the government.
Of equal importance with the question of cur-
rency reform is the question of rural credits or
agricultural finance. Therefore we recommend
that an investigation of agricultural credit soci-
eties in foreign countries be made, so that it may
be ascertained whether a system of rural credits
may be devised suitable to conditions in the United
States; and we also favor legislation permitting
national banks to loan a reasonable proportion of
their funds on real estate security.
We recognize the value of vocational education
and urge federal appropriations for such training
and extension teaching in agriculture in coopera-
tion with the several States.
We renew the declaration in our last platform
relating to the conservation of our natural re-
sources and the development of our waterways.
The present devastation of the lower Mississippi
Valley accentuates the movement for the regulation
of river flow by additional bank and levee protec-
THE DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION 219
tion below, and the diversion, storage and control
of the flood waters above and their utilization for
beneficial purposes in the reclamation of arid and
swamp lands and the development of water-power,
instead of permitting the floods to continue, as
heretofore, agents of destruction
We hold that the control of the Mississippi Eiver
is a national problem. The preservation of the
depth of its water for the purpose of navigation,
the building of levees to maintain the integrity of
its channel and the prevention of the overflow of
the land and its consequent destruction, resulting
in interruption of interstate commerce, the disor-
ganization of mail service, and the enormous loss
of life and property impose an obligation which
alone can be discharged by the general govern-
ment.
"We favor the cooperation of the United States
and the respective States in plans for the compre-
hensive treatment of all waterways with a view
of coordinating plans for channel improvement
with plans for drainage of swamp and overflowed
lands, and to this end we favor the appropriation
by the federal government of sufficient funds to
make surveys of such lands, to develop plans for
draining such lands, and to supervise the work of
construction.
"We favor the adoption of a liberal and compre-
hensive plan for the development and improve-
220 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
ment of our inland waterways with economy and
efficiency, so as to permit their navigation by ves-
sels of standard draft.
We favor national aid to State and local au-
thorities in the construction and maintenance of
post-roads.
"We repeat our declarations of the platform of
1908 as follows :
"The courts of justice are the bulwark of our
liberties and we yield to none in our purpose to
maintain their dignity. Our party has given to
the bench a long line of distinguished justices, who
have added to the respect and confidence in which
this department must be jealously maintained. We
resent the attempt of the Republican party to
raise a false issue respecting the judiciary. It is
an unjust reflection upon a great body of our citi-
zens to assume that they lack respect for the
courts.
"It is the function of the court to interpret the
laws which the people enact, and if the laws ap-
pear to work economic, social, or political injustice
it is our duty to change them. The only basis
upon which the integrity of our courts can stand
is 'that of unswerving justice and protection of
life, personal liberty, and property. If judicial
processes may be abused, we should guard them
against abuse.
"Experience has proved the necessity of a modi-
THE DEMOCSATIC CONVENTION 221
fication of the present law relating to injunc-
tion and we reiterate the pledges of our plat-
forms of 1896 and 1904 in favor of a measure
which passed the United States Senate in 1896,
relating to contempt in federal courts and
providing for trial by jury in cases of indirect
contempt.
' ' Questions of judicial practice have arisen, espe-
cially in connection with industrial disputes. "We
believe that the parties to all judicial proceedings
should be treated with rigid impartiality and that
injunctions should not be issued in any case in
which an injunction would not issue if no indus-
trial dispute were involved.
"The expanding organization of industry makes
it essential that there should be no abridgment of
the right of the wage earners and producers to or-
ganize for the protection of wages and the im-
provement of labor conditions, to the end that such
labor organizations and their members should not
be regarded as illegal combinations in restraint of
trade.
"We pledge the Democratic party to the enact-
ment of a law creating a department of labor
represented separately in the President's cabinet,
in which department shall be included the subject
of mines and mining."
We pledge the Democratic party, so far as the
federal jurisdiction extends, to an employees' com-
222 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
pensation law providing adequate indemnity for
injury to body or loss of life.
We believe in encouraging the development of a
modern system of agriculture and a systematic
effort to improve the conditions of trade in farm
products so as to benefit both the consumers and
producers. And as an efficient means to this end
we favor the enactment by congress of legislation
that will suppress the pernicious practice of gam-
bling in agricultural products by organized ex-
changes or others.
We believe in the conservation and the develop-
ment for the use of all the people, of the natural
resources of the country. Our forests, our sources
of water-supply, our arable and our mineral lands,
our navigable streams, and all other material re-
sources with which our country has been so lav-
ishly endowed, constitute the foundation of our
national wealth. Such additional legislation as
may be necessary to prevent their being wasted or
absorbed by special or privileged interests should
be enacted and the policy of their conservation
should be rigidly adhered to.
The public domain should be administered and
disposed of with due regard to the general wel-
fare. Reservations should be limited to the pur-
poses which they purport to serve and not extended
to include land- wholly unsuited therefor. The
unnecessary withdrawal from sale and settlement
THE DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION 223
of enormous • tracts of public land, upon which
tree growth never existed and cannot be promoted,
tends only to retard development, create discon-
tent, and bring reproach upon the policy of con-
servation.
The public land laws should be administered in
a spirit of the broadest liberality, towards the set-
tler exhibiting a bona fide purpose to comply there-
with, to the end that the invitation of this govern-
ment to the landless should be as attractive as
possible, and the plain provisions of the forest re-
serve act permitting homestead entries to be made
within the national forests should not be nullified
by administrative regulations which amount to a
withdrawal of great areas of the same from settle-
ment.
We favor legislation so extending or readjusting
the payments of water users on the irrigation
projects in the arid region as to make the burden
of such payments as reasonable as will be con-
sistent with justice and sound policy.
Immediate action should be taken by congress
to make available the vast and valuable coal de-
posits of Alaska under conditions that will be a
perfect guaranty against their falling into the
hands of monopolizing corporations, associations,
or interests.
We believe in fostering by constitutional regula-
tion of commerce the growth of a merchant marine
224 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
which shall develop and strengthen the commercial
ties which bind us to our sister republics of the
south, but without imposing additional burdens
upon the people and without bounties or subsidies
from the public treasury. We urge upon congress
the speedy enactment of laws for the greater se-
curity of life and property at sea and we favor
the repeal of all laws and the abrogation of so
much of our treaties with other nations as provide
for the arrest and imprisonment of seamen charged
with desertion or with violation of their contract
of service. Such laws and treaties are un-Ameri-
can and violate the spirit if not the letter of the
constitution of the United States.
We favor the exemption from tolls of American
ships engaged in coastwise trade passing through
the Panama Canal.
We also favor legislation forbidding the use of
the Panama Canal by ships owned or controlled
by railroad carriers engaged in transportation
competitive with the canal.
We reaffirm our previous declarations advocat-
ing the union and strengthening of the various
governmental agencies relating to pure foods,
quarantine, vital statistics, and human health.
Thus united and administered without partiality
to, or discrimination against, any school of medi-
cine or system of healing, they would constitute
a single health service, not subordinated to any
THE DEMOCBATIC CONVENTION 225
commercial or financial interests, but devoted ex-
clusively to the conservation of human life and
efficiency. Moreover, this health service should
cooperate with the health agencies of our various
States and cities without interference with their
prerogatives or with the freedom of individuals to
employ such medical or hygienic aid as they may
see fit.
* *
We reaffirm the position thrice announced by
the Democracy in national convention assembled
against a policy of imperialism and colonial ex-
ploitation in the Philippines or elsewhere. We
condemn the experiment in imperialism as an in-
excusable blunder which has involved us in enor-
mous expense, brought us weakness instead of
strength, and laid our nation open to the charge
of abandonment of the fundamental doctrine of
self-government. We favor an immediate declara-
tion of the nation's purpose to recognize the inde-
pendence of the Philippine Islands as soon as a
stable government can be established, such indepen-
dence to be guaranteed by us until the neutraliza-
tion of the islands can be secured by treaty with
other powers. In recognizing the independence of
the Philippines our government should retain such
land as may be necessary for coaling stations and
naval bases.
We welcome Arizona and New Mexico to the
226 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
sisterhood of States and heartily congratulate them
upon their auspicious beginning of great and glori-
ous careers.
* *
We commend the patriotism of the Democratic
members of the senate and house of representatives
which compelled the termination of the Russian
treaty of 1832, and we pledge ourselves anew to
preserve the sacred rights of American citizenship
at home and abroad. No treaty should receive the
sanction of our government which does not recog-
nize the equality of all our citizens, irrespective
of race or creed, and which does not expressly
guarantee the fundamental right of expatriation.
The constitutional rights of American citizens
should protect them on our borders and go with
them throughout the world, and every American
citizen residing or having property in any foreign
country is entitled to and must be given the full
protection of the United States government, both
for himself and his property.
We favor the establishment of a parcels-post or
postal express and also the extension of the rural
delivery system as rapidly as practicable.
We call attention to the fact that the Democratic
party's demand for a return to the rule of the
people expressed in the national platform four
years ago has now become the accepted doctrine of
a large majority of the electors. We again remind
THE DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION 227
the country that only by a larger exercise of the
reserved power of the people can they protect
themselves from the misuse of delegated power and
the usurpation of governmental instrumentality by
special interest. For this reason the national con-
vention insisted on the overthrow of Cannonism
and the inauguration of a system by which United
State senators could be elected by direct vote.
The Democratic party offers itself to the country as
an agency through which the complete overthrow
and extirpation of corruption, fraud and machine
rule in American politics can be effected.
Our platform is one of principles which we be-
lieve to be essential to our national welfare. Our
pledges are made to be kept when in office as well
as relied upon during the campaign, and we invite
the cooperation of all citizens, regardless of party,
who believe in maintaining unimpaired the insti-
tutions and traditions of our country.
XVI
GOVERNOR WILSON'S SPEECH OF ACCEP-
TANCE
Mr. Bryan's comments as published on August 9th.
Governor "Wilson's speech accepting the Demo-
cratic nomination is original in its method of deal-
ing with the issues of the campaign. Instead of
taking up the platform plank by plank, he takes
the central idea of the Denver platform — an idea
repeated and emphasized in the Baltimore plat-
form— and elaborates it, using the various ques-
tions under consideration to illustrate the applica-
tion of the principle. Taking the doctrine that a
government is an organization formed for the peo-
ple themselves and to be perfected by them as an
instrument for the accomplishment of such co-
operative work as is necessary, he shows how all
the evils complained of at the present time grow
out of the appropriation by a few of the instru-
mentalities of government. His speech gives strik-
ing evidence of the force of cumulative testimony
and also illustrates the power of intelligent analy-
sis. In taking his position so strongly he pre-
228
TEE DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION 229
empts the ground that Mr. Boosevelt's new party
seeks to occupy.
In the course of his argument he indorses the
Democratic demand for the popular election of
senators, presidential primaries, and "Publicity
as to everything that concerns government, from
the sources of campaign funds to the intimate de-
bate of the highest affairs of the State." Instead
of using epithets and employing denunciation
against those who have abused existing systems he
seeks reform along rational lines and would cure
those defects in governmental forms which have
been discovered by experience.
The election of senators by the pople will bring
that body within the reach of the voters and con-
vert it from a bulwark of predatory wealth, in
which seats have been secured by corrupt means
and by the aid of favor-seeking corporations, into
a popular body responsive to the people's will.
This reform has been described in a former Demo-
cratic platform as "the gateway to other reforms"
and it would be difficult to overestimate the bene-
ficial effects of this constitutional change.
The presidential primaries which the Baltimore
platform indorses, and which Governor Wilson
defends, will correct another long-standing and
grievous abuse, namely, the selection of presidential
candidates in conventions where trading and swap-
ping can defeat the wishes of the people. Ingrati-
230 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
tude has been described as a greater sin than re-
venge, because the former is the repayment of good
with ill while the latter is the repayment of ill
with ill. We must, therefore, consider at all times
the effect of the obligations incurred when so great
an honor as the presidency is bestowed upon a pub-
lic man, however well meaning, by those who may
be in control of the convention. It is impossible
for a man so nominated and so obligated to give
to the public the sort of service that the public has
a right to demand. When the presidential pri-
mary is adopted in all of the States, as it is quite
sure to be within the next four years, the people
will be in position to confer the office of chief
executive upon the man of their choice and the
nominee, being obligated to the people and to the
people alone, will rise to the requirements of his
high position.
Governor Wilson properly estimates the value
of publicity as shown by his sweeping indorse-
ment of the party's position on that subject. The
demand for publicity is now so universal that one
finds it hard to understand how secrecy could
have been tolerated so long; how an intelligent
people could have been so slow to recognize that
elections and all official service are public affairs.
These three reforms, the popular election of
senators, the presidential primaries, and publicity
will, in themselves, revolutionize American poli-
THE DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION 231
tics and put the people in control of the federal
government.
Governor Wilson devotes considerable time to
the tariff question. After announcing that "There
should be an immediate revision" and that "it
should be downward, unhesitatingly and steadily
downward," he proceeds to point out the lines
along which reduction should proceed. He says
that it should begin with the schedules which have
been most obviously used to kill competition and
to raise prices in the United States, arbitrarily
with regard to the prices pertaining elsewhere in
the markets of the world, and that ' ' before it is fin-
ished or intermitted it should extend to every item
in every schedule which affords any opportunity
for monopoly, for special advantage to limited
groups of beneficiaries or for subsidized control of
any kind in the markets of the country — until spe-
cial favor of every source shall have been abso-
lutely withdrawn and every part of our laws of
taxation shall have been transformed from a sys-
tem of governmental patronage into a system of
just and reasonable charges which shall fall where
they will create the least burden." When we shall
have done this, he continues, we can fix questions
of revenue and business adjustment in a new spirit
and with clear minds.
This is a very strong statement of the Demo-
cratic position and will commend itself to those
232 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
who seek the overthrow of the doctrine that pro-
tection should be given for protection's sake and
the establishment of the doctrine that tariff laws
should be framed for the purpose of raising rev-
enues and for that purpose only. He recognizes,
and in his speech declares, that there has been
no more demoralizing influence in our politics than
the idea that "the government is the grand dis-
penser of favors, the maker and unmaker of for-
tunes," and he tersely presents the axiomatic truth
that favors are never conceived in the general in-
terest, but always for the benefit of the few.
While planting himself firmly upon the prin-
ciple that tariff laws should be framed for the pur-
pose of collecting revenue, be so framed as to
collect revenue with the least hardship and be
carried no further than the necessity of the gov-
ernment requires, he approves of the platform
declaration that reductions should be made gradu-
ally rather than at one stroke.
Governor Wilson deals at some length with the
trust question also. He states the conclusions
which can now be drawn from experience and as-
serts an economic truth, namely, that while up to a
certain point combinations effect economies in ad-
ministration and increase efficiency by simplify-
ing and perfecting organization, still that this is
true only within limits. It is fortunate for the
discussion of the subject that he points out that
THE DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION 233
combination and concentration are not economi-
cally beneficial when carried too far. The trust
magnates assume that a billion-dollar corporation
can produce more economically than a fifty-million-
dollar corporation, merely because a fifty-million-
dollar corporation may be able to produce more
economically than a fifty-thousand-dollar corpora-
tion. The socialist makes the same mistake. Both
overlook the fact that there is a leak at each step
in the descent of authority from the official head of
the concern down to the hand of the workman and
that, in time, the total leakage overcomes what-
ever economic advantage there would otherwise be
in consolidation.
He states the Democratic position without equiv-
ocation or evasion when he declares that he can
arrest and prevent monopoly, and that competi-
tion can, in a large measure, be revived by chang-
ing the laws and forbidding the practises that killed
it. The real issue presented by the trust question is
whether we shall attempt to restore competition as
an effective force or accept the position advanced
by socialists and trust magnates, namely, that all
competition is hurtful and that monopoly must be
accepted as an economic necessity. He takes the
Democratic position that monopolies are the result
of unwise laws rather than a natural development
and that the cure is to be found in the withdrawal
of the support which legislation or lack of govern-
mental administrative efficiency has conferred.
234 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
In discussing the labor question Governor Wil-
son has happily protested against the distinctions
that have been drawn between the laboring classes
and classes described in other ways. He insists
that laws that safeguard the lives of laboring men,
that improve the physical and moral conditions
under which they live and make their hours ra-
tional and tolerable, together with the laws that
give them freedom to act in their own interest and
protect them where they cannot protect themselves
— that such laws cannot be properly regarded as
class legislation or as anything but measures taken
in the interest of the whole people.
Without attempting to outline a plan of cur-
rency reform he declares that no mere banker's
plan will meet the requirements, no matter how
honestly conceived; that it must be a merchants'
and farmers' plan as well. This states in another
form the doctrine of the Baltimore platform,
namely, that banks exist not for the control of
commerce, but for the accommodation of the pub-
lic, and that legislation on this subject should have
for its object the securing of these accommodations
with protection to the public from the abuse of the
power which wealth brings to those who possess it.
Governor Wilson 's treatment of the Philippine
question will be gratifying to those who have in
four campaigns indorsed the Democratic protest
against imperialism. He declares that we are not
THE DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION 235
the owners of the Philippine Islands; that we are
not even their partners, but that we hold them in
trust for the people who live in them.
While the speech of acceptance is not long, it
covers a very wide field. The Democratic candi-
date is in hearty sympathy with the conservation
of the nation's resources, with the development
of water transportation, with the completion of
the canal, with the revival of the merchant marine,
and with the extension of postal facilities. He
recognizes the importance of health as a national
asset and of vocational training for the people.
His work as an educator naturally predisposes him
to large views on all subjects connected with the
separation of the young for the highest usefulness.
He is a champion of economy in government; in
a word, he believes that the government should not
only be conducted by the people but, as would nat-
urally follow, should be conducted in the interest
of all the people. Without assuming to formulate
a detailed plan for dealing with every condition
which may arise, he lifts into a position of su-
preme importance the dominating thought of the
Baltimore platform and appeals to the country for
its cooperation in making popular government a
reality throughout the land.
XVII
THE INFLUENCE OF ME. BRYAN IN THE
CONVENTION
From an article by Joseph L. Bristow, United
States Senator from Kansas, published in the
New York "World" and St. Louis "Post-Dis-
patch.
The nomination of Woodrow Wilson by the
Democratic convention is the greatest triumph that
has come to William J. Bryan in his career, far
greater than his first nomination, which was the
result of his speech to the Chicago convention.
Then the delegates were in condition to be moved
by the spectacular demonstration of his oratorical
powers. His fight for a progressive platform at St.
Louis up to this time probably showed his greatest
strength as a tenacious fighter. His nomination
for the third time was not opposed seriously, be-
cause it was not believed that the Democratic party
had a chance for success.
But with flattering prospects this year that the
nominee would be elected the enemies of Mr. Bry-
an 's theories of government have made every effort
to guard against control of the convention, so that
236
THE DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION 237
no one in accord with his views and purposes could
be nominated. Indeed, it appeared that they had
paved an easy way for the nomination of Speaker
Clark, but they had not reckoned with the power
of Bryan's personality as a delegate in the con-
vention.
For a week I watched closely his masterful hand.
Beaten on the first day for temporary chairman
by a decisive vote, it clearly appeared that he did
not control a majority of the delegates to the con-
vention. His enemies, the reactionaries in the
Democratic party, were elated, but Bryan was calm
in defeat and confident of ultimate success. He
relied on that irresistible influence in American
politics, which he termed the ' ' folks at home, ' ' but
which I shall style public opinion.
No convention or legislative body in this country
can stand a great while against concentrated pub-
lic opinion. And while the reactionary Democrats
gnashed their teeth furiously at Bryan, sent forth
their prize orators to denounce him, and vented
their hatred and anger, insulting remarks and
jeers, yet he, in the midst of all the rancorous tur-
moil, cool and self-possessed, continued with a
masterful hand to wield his tremendous power over
the convention. He relied with supreme confi-
dence on the force of public opinion to bring the
convention to his feet, and he succeeded, in my
judgment, beyond his expectations.
238 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
I
Governor Wilson is under obligations to many
friends who have worked for his nomination with
an ardor that should be exceedingly gratifying to
him, yet there is one man whose support and domi-
nating force gave him the nomination, and to-day,
towering above other party leaders in American
politics, stands the gigantic figure of William J.
Bryan.
FROM AN EDITORIAL ARTICLE IN THE NEW YORK
' 'WORLD."
Mr. Bryan was the hero of the Baltimore con-
vention. There can be no doubt of that.
He might have done more, he might have done
less and he might have done some things differ-
ently, but he is the man who made the fight ; he is
the man who shaped the issues ; he is the man who
controlled events.
Whether in all things wisely, whether in all
things unselfishly, whether in all things loyally
devoted to Governor Wilson, it was his courage, his
clearness of vision, his knowledge of the forces
with which he had to contend and his splendid
mental and physical endurance that gained the
day.
We pay this tribute to Mr. Bryan because it is
deserved, and we find the more pleasure in it be-
cause for many years past there have been occa-
sions almost without number on which we were
THE DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION 239
compelled to disagree with him and to oppose
him.
EDITORIAL ARTICLE IN " COLLIER'S WEEKLY.'*
The service done by Mr. Bryan to his party and
the country will not be forgotten. Nobody has in
recent years illustrated more wonderfully the truth
that the United States is a country in which men
often grow surprisingly after they have reached
middle life.
Mr. Bryan at Baltimore had all the honesty,
courage, and sympathy which have made him leader
of the Democratic liberal masses, and he had a ma-
turity, a strength, a distinguished economy of ef-
fort, a logic, a control, which marked him as a
more formidable and a more complete figure than
he has been before in any of his campaigns. We
liked the "boy orator" of 1896. We admire and
trust the fighting statesman of 1912.
EDITORIAL ARTICLE IN THE WASHINGTON " TIMES/'
Mr. Bryan is being credited with having caused
all the turmoil that has existed, and still is existing
at the Baltimore convention. It is being said that
were it not for Bryan the convention would easily
have finished its work by Thursday or Friday, and
the Democratic party would have entered the cam-
paign united and in perfect harmony.
240 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
All of this is true. Had it not been for Mr.
Bryan the Democratic party would now be con-
tent, but corrupt; harmonious but hypocritical;
united, but with the unity of a boss-driven party
rather than the unity of a free people acting in
promotion of the common good.
When Mr. Bryan appeared on the scene every-
thing was harmonious. The bosses had agreed.
There was nothing left for the delegates to do ex-
cept to serve as a rubber stamp, a phonograph.
The same old program had been arranged. Irrec-
oncilable forces were to be placated, apparently.
A platform that should be written by the radicals
and promising almost anything the people wanted
was to be adopted.
The progressives were to be kept in line by the
platform promises; the reactionaries were to be
kept in line by the secret knowledge that the nom-
inees were perfectly "safe and sane," and could
be relied upon not to compel the party to live up
to the platform ; Mr. Bryan and his ilk were to fur-
nish the oratory and beat the bushes ; Mr. Belmont,
Ryan, and their ilk were to furnish the money,
and ultimately dominate the adminstration. The
people were eventually to hold the sack, as they
have always done.
Into this very satisfactory harmony program to
the bosses and of the bosses, Mr. Bryan threw a
bomb. The pieces are still in the air. All that Mr.
THE DEMOCBATIC CONVENTION 241
Bryan demanded was that cardinal virtue of sin-
cerity. He demanded that if the Democratic party
was to make an appeal to the people upon the
ground that it was progressive and stood for popu-
lar government, that it be a progressive convention
from start to finish. He demanded that it be kept
free from any obligations to the reactionary ele-
ment or to the forces of Special Privilege or to the
bosses. He demanded that a progressive sound the
keynote, a progressive write the platform, and
what was of the greatest consequence, a progres-
sive be nominated who would hold the party to its
promises, in event it won at the polls.
FROM AN ARTICLE IN "THE NATIONAL MONTHLY/'
BY NORMAN E. MACK, CHAIRMAN OP THE
DEMOCRATIC NATIONAL COMMITTEE.
Bryan's greatest strength in the convention
came from the assumption that he was looking for
nothing for himself. For four months prior to the
convention, he had had under consideration the
suggestion that he become temporary chairman of
the convention. He had the assurance of the
chairman of the national committee that the mem-
bers of the committee on arrangements would sup-
port him for the post if he would indicate a
willingness to serve; in fact, there would have
been no opposition to Mr. Bryan for temporary
chairman, either in the national committee or the
242 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
convention itself, if he had desired the place and
made known his desire prior to the meeting of the
arrangement committee in Baltimore who decided
the temporary chairmanship in favor of Judge
Parker. But Mr. Bryan stated long before that
meeting his disinclination to serve. About a
month before the convention he sent a letter to the
chairman of the national committee, of which the
following is a copy:
"Hon. Norman E. Mack, Buffalo, N. Y. :
"My Dear Mack — I wrote you the other day suggesting
that the committee should ask the two leading candi-
dates— I suppose they will be Clark and Wilson — to
agree upon the temporary chairman. I believe it would
be conducive to harmony if we could get a man who
would be agreeable to both of these candidates. I
neglected to add that I do not desire the position myself.
I think that under the circumstances it is better for me
not to take a prominent part in the organization of the
convention. I suppose I will be a member of the com-
mittee on resolutions from this state. I have not con-
ferred with the members of the delegation, but I take it
for granted from the personnel that the members of the
delegation will favor me for that position.
''Very truly yours,
"W. J. BRYAN."
Nothing could be more conclusive of Mr.
Bryan's desire for self-elimination in the bestowal
of convention and party honors at Baltimore.
Although differing with him as to the selection of
the temporary chairman, and the substance of
some of his speeches in the convention, we believe
THE DEMOCBATIC CONVENTION 243
it untrue and unfair to put a personal ambition at
the base of his fight for a progressive chairman to
sound the convention keynote, a progressive can-
didate and a progressive platform. That he was
not plotting for his own nomination is clearly evi-
dent. His friends knew that. If there are some
who do not believe it to be true, the foregoing let-
ter ought to be a convincing argument.
Part Three
THE PROGRESSIVE NATIONAL CONVENTION
CHICAGO, AUGUST 5-7, 1912
(Nora. — It was the original intention of Mr. Bryan to treat in this work
only the regular Republican and Democratic conventions. Subsequently he
decided to include in the volume the speech of Ex-President Roosevelt before
the Progressive convention and the Progressive party platform, with his com-
ments on both, as published in leading daily newspapers immediately following
the close of the convention.
It is interesting to note here, as to Mr. Bryan's letters from the Republican
convention at Chicago, that, hi asking for a ticket for the press gallery, Mr,
Bryan promised the Chairman of the National Committee that he would not
say anything worse about Mr. Taft and Mr. Roosevelt than they had said about
each other; but that understanding would leave him sufficient to say.
Mr. Bryan felt that he was in a position to report the Republican con-
vention with fairness and completeness. He knew both Mr. Taft and Mr.
Roosevelt well enough to know what they had said about each other, and he
was willing to give it the widest publicity. Mr. Bryan occupied seat Number
13 in the press gallery at the Republican convention, and it was not an un-
lucky seat either.)
245
A SUMMARY OF EVENTS AT THE CON-
VENTION
In obedience to the call of the provisional na-
tional committee, the first national convention of
the Progressive party assembled in Chicago on
Monday, August 5, 1912. Albert J. Beveridge,
former United States Senator from Indiana, was
made temporary chairman without opposition, and
O. K. Davis was made secretary. The temporary
organization was afterward made permanent. Mr.
Beveridge 's keynote speech was the only feature of
the first day's session.
On Tuesday, the second day, ex-President Roose-
velt appeared before the convention by invitation
and delivered a speech which was called his "con-
fession of faith." This speech and the platform
later adopted agreed almost identically on all im-
portant points. Mr. Roosevelt's appearance was
the signal for an enthusiastic demonstration which
lasted 55 minutes.
In concluding his speech Mr. Roosevelt departed
from the original text to explain his attitude to-
ward the colored race, with particular reference to
247
248 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
the reasons given for refusing seats as delegates to
colored men from the South. He said the southern
negro politician had brought about the split in the
Republican party, and that the best interests of the
colored race could be served by keeping this type
of politician out of the councils of the new party.
The report of the committee on credentials, sub-
sequently adopted, barred out colored delegates
from southern states.
On "Wednesday permanent organization was ef-
fected, committees' reports were adopted and the
platform accepted without opposition.
Mr. Roosevelt was placed in nomination for the
presidency by Comptroller William A. Prendergast
of New York City, and seconding speeches were
made by a number of persons, including Miss Jane
Addams, the Chicago social worker. The nomina-
tion by acclamation \was made unanimous.
Grov. Hiram Johnson of California was placed
in nomination for the vice-presidency by John M.
Parker of New Orleans. Judge Ben Lindsey of
Denver seconded the nomination and moved that
it be made by acclamation. After other seconding
speeches had been made, Judge Lindsey 's motion
was put and carried unanimously.
Mr. Roosevelt and Mr. Johnson were then sum-
moned before the convention and notified of their
respective nominations. Amid enthusiasm both ac-
cepted in brief but vigorous speeches.
THE PROGRESSIVE CONVENTION 249
The convention, which had been made unusual
by the singing of hymns and patriotic songs, ad-
journed at 7:24 on Wednesday evening with the
singing of the doxology, and a benediction.
II
ME. ROOSEVELT'S SPEECH IN THE CON-
VENTION
To you, men and women who have come here to this
great city of this great State formally to launch a new
party, a party of the people of the whole Union, the
National Progressive Party, I extend my hearty greet-
ing. You are taking a bold and a greatly needed step
for the service of our beloved country. The old parties
are husks, with no real soul within either, divided on ar-
tificial lines, boss-ridden and privilege-controlled, each
a jumble of incongruous elements, and neither daring to
speak out wisely and fearlessly what should be said on
the vital issues of the day. This new movement is a
movement of truth, sincerity, and wisdom, a movement
which proposes to put at the service of all our people
the collective power of the people, through their govern-
mental agencies, alike in the nation and in the several
States. We propose boldly to face the real and great
questions of the day, and not skilfully to evade them as
do the old parties. We propose to raise aloft a stand-
ard to which all honest men can repair, and under which
all can fight, no matter what their past political differ-
ences, if they are content to face the future and no longer
to dwell among the dead issues of the past. We propose
to put forth a platform which will not be a platform of
the ordinary and insincere kind, but shall be a contract
with the people; and, if the people accept this contract
by putting us in power, we shall- hold ourselves under
honorable obligation to fulfil every promise it contains
as loyally as if it were actually enforceable under the
penalties of the law.
. 250
TEE PROGRESSIVE CONVENTION 251
The prime need to-day is to face the fact that we are
now in the midst of a great economic evolution. There
is urgent necessity of applying both common sense and
the highest ethical standard to this movement for bet-
ter economic conditions among the mass of our people
if we are to make it one of healthy evolution and not
one of revolution. It is, from the standpoint of our
country, wicked as well as foolish longer to refuse to
face the real issues of the day. Only by so facing them
can we go forward; and to do this we must break up
the old party organizations and obliterate the old cleav-
age lines on the dead issues inherited from fifty years
ago. Our fight is a fundamental fight against both of
the old corrupt party machines, for both are under the
dominion of the plunder league of the professional poli-
ticians who are controlled and sustained by the great
beneficiaries of privilege and reaction. How close is the
alliance between the two machines is shown by the atti-
tude of that portion of those northeastern newspapers,
including the majority of the great dailies in all the
northeastern cities — Boston, Buffalo, Springfield, Hart-
ford, Philadelphia, and, above all, New York — which are
controlled by or representative of the interests which, in
popular phrase, are conveniently grouped together as
the Wall Street interests.
The large majority of these papers supported Judge
Parker for the presidency in 1904; almost unanimously
they supported Mr. Taft for the Republican nomination
this year; the large majority are now supporting Pro-
fessor Wilson for the election. Some of them still pre-
fer Mr. Taft to Mr. Wilson, but all make either Mr.
Taft or Mr. Wilson their first choice; and one of the
ludicrous features of the campaign is that those papers
supporting Professor Wilson sow the most jealous par-
tizanship for Mr. Taft whenever they think his inter-
ests are jeopardized by the Progressive movement — that,
for instance, any electors will obey the will of the ma-
jority of the Republican voters at the primaries, and vote
252 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
for me instead of obeying the will of the Messrs. Barnes-
Penrose-Guggenheim combination by voting with it for
Mr. Taft.
No better proof can be given than this of the fact
that the fundamental concern of the privileged interests
is to beat the new party. Some of them would rather
beat it with Mr. Wilson; others would rather beat it
with Mr. Taft; but the difference between Mr. Wilson
and Mr. Taft they consider as trivial, as a mere matter
of personal preference. Their real fight is for either
as against the Progressives. They represent the allied
Reactionaries of the country, and they are against the new
party because to their unerring vision it is evident that
the real danger to privilege comes from the new party,
and from the new party alone. The men who presided
over the Baltimore and the Chicago conventions, and the
great bosses who controlled the two conventions, Mr. Root
and Mr. Parker, Mr. Barnes and Mr. Murphy, Mr. Pen-
rose and Mr. Taggart, Mr. Guggenheim and Mr. Sulli-
van, differ from one another of course on certain points.
But these are the differences which one corporation law-
yer has with another corporation lawyer when acting for
different corporations. They come together at once as
against a common enemy when the dominion of both is
threatened by the supremacy of the people of the United
States, now aroused to the need of a national align-
ment on the vital economic issues of this generation.
Neither the Republican nor the Democratic platform
contains the slightest promise of approaching the great
problems of to-day either with understanding or good
faith; and yet never was there greater need in this na-
tion than now of understanding, and of action taken in
good faith, on the part of the men and the organiza-
tions shaping our governmental policy. Moreover, our
needs are such that there should be coherent action among
those responsible for the conduct of State affairs; be-
cause our aim should be the same in both State and na-
tion ; that is, to use the Government as an efficient agency
THE PEOGEESSIVE CONVENTION 253
for the practical betterment of social and economic con-
ditions throughout this land. There are other impor-
tant things to be done, but this is the most important
thing. It is preposterous to leave such a movement in
the hands of men who have broken their promises as have
the present heads of the Republican organizations (not
of the Republican voters, for they in no shape represent
the rank and file of Republican voters). These men by
their deeds give the lie to their words. There is no
health in them, and they cannot be trusted.
But the Democratic party is just as little to be trusted.
The Underwood-Fitzgerald combination in the House of
Representatives has shown that it cannot safely be
trusted to maintain the interests of this country abroad
or to represent the interests of the plain people at home.
The control of the various state bosses in the state or-
ganizations has been strengthened by the action at Balti-
more; and scant indeed would be the use of exchanging
the whips of Messrs. Barnes, Penrose, and Guggenheim
for the scorpions of Messrs. Murphy, Taggart, and Sulli-
van. Finally, the Democratic platform not only shows
an utter failure to understand either present conditions
or the means of making these conditions better, but also
a reckless willingness to try to attract various sections
of the electorate by making mutually incompatible prom-
ises which there is not the slightest intention of redeem-
ing, and which, if redeemed, would result in sheer ruin.
Far-seeing patriots should turn scornfully from men
who seek power on a platform which with exquisite
nicety combines silly inability to understand the national
needs and dishonest insincerity in promising conflicting
and impossible remedies.
It seems to me, therefore, that the time is ripe, and
overripe, for a genuine Progressive movement, nation-
wide and justice-loving, sprung from and responsible to
the people themselves, and sundered by a great gulf from
both of the old party organizations, while representing
all that is best in the hopes, beliefs, and aspirations of
254 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
the plain people who make up the immense majority of
the rank and file of both the old parties.
The first essential in the Progressive program is the
right of the people to rule. But a few months ago our
opponents were assuring us with insincere clamor that
it was absurd for us to talk about desiring that the peo-
ple should rule, because, as a matter of fact, the people
actually do rule. Since that time the actions of the Chi-
cago convention, and to an only less degree of the Bal-
timore convention, have shown in striking fashion how
little the people do rule under our present conditions.
We should provide by national law for Presidential pri-
maries. We should provide for the election of United
States Senators by popular vote. We should provide
for a short ballot; nothing makes it harder for the peo-
ple to control their public servants than to force them
to vote for so many officials that they cannot really keep
track of any one of them, so that each becomes indis-
tinguishable in the crowd around him. There must be
stringent and efficient corrupt practises acts, applying
to the primaries as well as the elections ; and there should
be publicity of campaign contributions during the cam-
paign. We should provide throughout this Union for
giving the people in every State the real right to rule
themselves, and really and not nominally to control their
public servants and their agencies for doing the public
business; an incident of this being giving the people
the right themselves to do this public business if they
find it impossible to get what they desire through the
existing agencies.
I do not attempt to dogmatize as to the machinery by
which this end should be achieved. In each community
it must be shaped so as to correspond not merely with
the needs but with the customs and ways of thought of
that community, and no community has a right to dic-
tate to any other in this matter. But wherever repre-
sentative government has in actual fact become non-
representative, there the people should secure to them-
THE PROGRESSIVE CONVENTION 255
selves the initiative, the referendum, and the recall, do-
ing it in such fashion as to make it evident that they do
not intend to use these instrumentalities wantonly or
frequently, but to hold them ready for use in order to
correct the misdeeds or failures of the public servants
when it has become evident that these misdeeds and
failures cannot be corrected in ordinary and normal
fashion. The administrative officer should be given full
power, for otherwise he cannot do well the people's work ;
and the people should be given full power over him.
I do not mean that we shall abandon representative
government; on the contrary, I mean that we shall de-
vice methods by which our Government shall become
really representative. To use such measures as the ini-
tiative, referendum, and recall indiscriminately and pro-
miscuously on all kinds of occasions would undoubtedly
cause disaster; but events have shown that at present
our institutions are not representative — at any rate in
many States, and sometimes in the nation — and that we
cannot wisely afford to let this condition of things re-
main longer uncorrected. We have permitted the grow-
ing up of a breed of politicians who, sometimes for im-
proper political purposes, sometimes as a means of serv-
ing the great special interests of privilege which stand
behind them, twist so-called representative institutions
into' a means of thwarting instead of expressing the de-
liberate and well-thought-out judgment of the people as
a whole. This cannot be permitted. * * *
In the contest which culminated six weeks ago in this
city I speedily found that my chance was at a minimum
in any State where I could not get an expression of the
people themselves in the primaries. I found that if I
could appeal to the rank and file of the Republican vot-
ers, I could generally win, whereas, if I had to appeal to
the political caste — which includes the most noisy de-
fenders of the old system — I generally lost. Moreover,
I found, as a matter of fact, not as a matter of theory,
that these politicians habitually and unhesitatingly resort
256 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
to every species of mean swindling and cheating in order
to carry their point. It is because of the general recog-
nition of this fact that the words politics and politicians
have grown to have a sinister meaning throughout this
country. The bosses and their agents in the National
Republican convention at Chicago treated political theft
as a legitimate political weapon. * * *
The American people, and not the courts, are to de-
termine their own fundamental policies. The people
should have power to deal with the effect of the acts of
all their governmental agencies. This must be extended
to include the effects of judicial acts as well as the acts
of the executive and legislative representatives of the
people. Where the judge merely does justice as between
man and man, not dealing with constitutional questions,
then the interest of the public is only to see that he is a
wise and upright judge. Means should be devised for
making it easier than at present to get rid of an incom-
petent judge; means should be devised by the bar and
the bench acting in conjunction with the various legisla-
tive bodies to make justice far more expeditious and
more certain than at present. The stick-in-the bark legal-
ism, the legalism that subordinates equity to technicali-
ties, should be recognized as a potent enemy of justice.
But this is not the matter of most concern at the .mo-
ment. Our prime concern is that in dealing with the
fundamental law of the land, in assuming finally to in-
terpret it, and therefore finally to make it, the acts of the
courts should be subject to and not above the final con-
trol of the people as a whole. I deny that the American
people have surrendered to any set of men, no matter
what their position or their character, the final right to
determine those fundamental questions upon which free
self-government ultimately depends. The people them-
selves must be the ultimate makers of their own consti-
tution, and where their agents differ in their interpreta-
tions of the Constitution the people themselves should
be given the chance, after full and deliberate judgment,
TEE PBOGBESSIFE CONVENTION 257
authoritatively to settle what interpretation it is that
their representatives shall therefore adopt as bind-
ing. * * *
We in America have peculiar need thus to make the
acts of the courts subject to the people, because, owing
to causes which I need not now discuss, the courts have
here grown to occupy a position unknown in any other
country, a position of superiority over both the legisla-
ture and the executive. Just at this time, when we have
begun in this country to move toward social and indus-
trial betterment and true industrial democracy, this atti-
tude on the part of the courts is of grave portent, be-
cause privilege has intrenched itself in many courts, just
as it formerly intrenched itself in many legislative bodies
and in many executive offices. * * *
I am well aware that every upholder of privilege,
every hired agent or beneficiary of the special interests,
including many well-meaning parlor reformers, will de-
nounce all this as "Socialism" or "anarchy" — the same
terms they used in the past in denouncing the move-
ments to control the railways and to control public utili-
ties. As a matter of fact, the propositions I make
constitute neither anarchy nor Socialism, but, on the con-
trary, a corrective to Socialism and an antidote to an-
archy. * * *
In the last twenty years an increasing percentage of
our people have come to depend on industry for their
livelihood, so that to-day the wage-workers in industry
rank in importance side by side with the tillers of the
soil. As a people we cannot afford to let any group of
citizens or any individual citizen live or labor under con-
ditions which are injurious to the common welfare. In-
dustry, therefore, must submit to such public regula-
tion as will make it a means of life and health, not of
death or inefficiency. We must protect the crushable
elements at the base of our present industrial structure.
The first charge on the industrial statesmanship of the
day is to prevent human waste. The dead weight of
258 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
orphanage and depleted craftsmanship, of crippled
workers and workers suffering from trade diseases, of
casual labor, of insecure old age, and of household de-
pletion due to industrial conditions are, like our depleted
soils, our gashed mountain-sides and flooded river bot-
toms, so many strains upon the National structure, drain-
ing the reserve strength of all industries and showing
beyond all peradventure the public element and public
concern in industrial healtk.
Ultimately we desire to use the Government to aid, as
far as can safely be done, in helping the industrial tool-
users to become in part tool-owners, just as our farmers
now are. Ultimately the Government may have to join
more efficiently than at present in strengthening the
hands of the workingmen who already stand at a high
level, industrially and socially, and who are able by
joint action to serve themselves. But the most pressing
and immediate need is to deal with the cases of those
who are on the level, and who are not only in need
themselves, but, because of their need, tend to jeopardize
the welfare of those who are better off. We hold that
under no industrial order, in no commonwealth, in no
trade, and in no establishment should industry be car-
ried on under conditions inimical to the social welfare.
The abnormal, ruthless, spendthrift industry of estab-
lishment tends to drag down all to the level of the least
considerate. * * *
To the first end, we hold that the constituted authori-
ties should be empowered to require all employers to file
with them for public purposes such wage scales and
other data as the public element in industry demands.
The movement for honest weights and measures has its
counterpart in industry. All tallies, scales and check
systems should be open to public inspection and inspec-
tion of committees of the workers concerned. All deaths,
injuries, and diseases due to industrial operation should
be reported to public authorities.
To the second end, we hold that minimum wage com-
THE PBOGBESSIVE CONVENTION 259
missions should be established in the nation and in each
State to inquire into wages paid in various industries
and to determine the standard which the public ought to
sanction as a minimum; and we believe that, as a pres-
ent instalment of what we hope for in the future, there
should be at once established in the nation and its several
States minimum standards for the wages of women, tak-
ing the present Massachusetts law as a basis from which
to start and on which to improve. We pledge the Fed-
eral government to an investigation of industries along
the lines pursued by the Bureau of Mines with the view
to establishing standards of sanitation and safety; we
call for the standardization of mine and factory inspec-
tion by inter-State agreement or the establishment of a
Federal standard. We stand for the passage of legis-
lation in the nation and in all States providing stand-
ards of compensation for industrial accidents and death,
and for diseases clearly due to the nature of conditions
of industry, and we stand for the adoption by law of a
fair standard of compensation for casualties resulting
fatally which shall clearly fix the minimum compensation
in all cases.
In the third place, certain industrial conditions fall
clearly below the levels which the public to-day sanction.
We stand for a living wage. Wages are subnormal if
they fail to provide a living for those who devote their
time and energy to industrial occupations. The monetary
equivalent of a living wage varies according to local con-
ditions, but must include enough to secure the elements
of a normal standard of living — a standard high enough
to make morality possible, to provide for education and
recreation, to care for immature members of the family,
to maintain the family during periods of sickness, and to
permit of reasonable saving for old age.
Hours are excessive if they fail to afford the worker
sufficient time to recuperate and return to his work thor-
oughly refreshed. We hold that the night labor of
women and children is abnormal and should be pro-
260 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
hibited; we hold that the employment of women over
forty-eight hours per week is abnormal and should be
prohibited. We hold that the seven-day working week
is abnormal, and we hold that one day of rest in seven
should be provided by law. We hold that the continu-
ous industries, operating twenty-four hours out of twen-
ty-four, are abnormal, and where, because of public
necessity or for technical reasons (such as molten
metal), the twenty-four hours must be divided into two
shifts of twelve hours or three shifts of eight, they
should by law be divided into three of eight.
Safety conditions are abnormal when, through un-
guarded machinery, poisons, electrical voltage, or other-
wise, the workers are subjected to unnecessary hazards
of life and limb; and all such occupations should come
under governmental regulation and control.
Home life is abnormal when tenement manufacture is
carried on in the household. It is a serious menace to
health, education, and childhood, and should therefore be
entirely prohibited. Temporary construction camps are
abnormal homes and should be subjected to governmental
sanitary regulation.
The premature employment of children is abnormal
and should be prohibited; so also the employment of
women in manufacturing, commerce, or other trades
where work compels standing constantly; and also any
employment of women in such trades for a period of at
least eight weeks at time of childbirth. * * *
Workingwomen have the same need to combine for
protection that workingmen have; the ballot is as neces-
sary for one class as for the other ; we do not believe that
with the two sexes there is identity of function; but we
do believe that there should be equality of right; and
therefore we favor woman suffrage. In those conserva-
tive States where there is genuine doubt how the women
stand on this matter I suggest that it be referred to a
vote of the women, so that they may themselves make
the decision. Surely if women could vote, they would
TEE PBOGBESSIVE CONVENTION 261
strengthen the hands of those who are endeavoring to
deal in efficient fashion with evils such as the white slave
traffic; evils which can in part be dealt with nationally,
but which in large part can be reached only by deter-
mined local action; such as insisting on the widespread
publication of the names of- the owners, the landlords, of
houses used for immoral purposes. * * *
There is no body of our people whose interests are
more inextricably interwoven with the interests of all
the people than is the case with the farmers. The Coun-
try Life Commission should be revived with greatly in-
creased powers; its abandonment was a severe blow to
the interests of our people. The welfare of the farmer
is a basic need of this nation. It is the men from the
farm who in the past have taken the lead in every great
movement within this nation, whether in time of war or
in time of peace. It is well to have our cities prosper,
but it is not well if they prosper at the expense of the
country. I am glad to say that in many sections of our
country there has been an extraordinary revival of recent
years in intelligent interest in and work for those who
live in the open country. In this movement the lead must
be taken by the farmers themselves ; but our people as a
whole, through their governmental agencies, should back
the farmers. Everything possible should be done to bet-
ter the economic condition of the farmer, and also to in-
crease the social value of the life of the farmer, the
farmer's wife, and their children. The burdens of labor
and loneliness bear heavily on the women in the country;
their welfare should be the especial concern of all of us.
Everything possible should be done to make life in the
country profitable, so as to be attractive from the eco-
nomic standpoint, and also to give an outlet among farm-
ing people for those forms of activity which now tend to
make life in the cities especially desirable for ambitious
men and women. There should be just the same chance
to live as full, as well-rounded, and as highly useful lives
in the country as in the city.
262 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
The Government must co-operate with the farmer to
make the farm more productive. There must be no skin-
ning of the soil. The farm should be left to the farmer's
son in better, and not worse, condition because of its cul-
tivation. Moreover, every invention and improvement,
every discovery and economy, should be at the service of
the farmer in the work of production; and, in addition,
he should be helped to co-operate in business fashion with
his fellows, so that the money paid by the consumer for
the product of the soil shall to as large a degree as pos-
sible go into the pockets of the man who raised that
product from the soil. * * *
The present conditions of business cannot be accepted
as satisfactory. There are too many who do not prosper
enough, and of the few who prosper greatly there are
certainly some whose prosperity does not mean well for
the country. Rational Progressives, no matter how rad-
ical, are well aware that nothing the Government can do
will make some men prosper, and we heartily approve
the prosperity, no matter how great, of any man, if it
comes as an incident to rendering service to the commu-
nity; but we wish to shape conditions so that a greater
number of the small men who are decent, industrious and
energetic shall be able to succeed, and so that the big
man who is dishonest shall not be allowed to succeed
at all.
Our aim is to control business, not to strangle it — and,
above all, not to continue a policy of make-believe stran-
gle toward big concerns that do evil, and constant menace
toward both big and little concerns that do well. Our
aim is to promote prosperity, and then see to its proper
division. We do not believe that any good comes to any
one by a policy which means destruction of prosperity;
for in such cases it is not possible to divide it because
of the very obvious fact that there is nothing to divide.
We wish to control big business so as to secure among
other things good wages for the wage-workers and rea-
sonable prices for the consumers. Wherever in any busi-
THE PROGBESSIVE CONVENTION 263
ness the prosperity of the business man is obtained by
lowering the wages of his workmen and charging an ex-
cessive price to the consumers we wish to interfere and
stop such practises. We will not submit to that kind of
prosperity any more than we will submit to prosperity
obtained by swindling investors or getting unfair advan-
tages over business rivals. But it is obvious that unless
the business is prosperous the wage-workers employed
therein will be badly paid and the consumers badly
served. Therefore not merely as a matter of justice to
the business man, but from the standpoint of the self-
interest of the wage-worker and the consumer we desire
that business shall prosper; but it should be so super-
vised as to make prosperity also take the shape of good
wages to the wage-worker and reasonable prices to the
consumer, while investors and business rivals are insured
just treatment, and the farmer, the man who tills the
soil, is protected as sedulously as the wage-worker him-
self. * * *
Again and again while I was President, from 1902 to
1908, I pointed out that under the Anti-Trust Law alone
it was neither possible to put a stop to business abuses
nor possible to secure the highest efficiency in the ser-
vice rendered by business to the general public. The
Anti-Trust Law must be kept on our statute-books, and,
as hereafter shown, must be rendered more effective in
the cases where it is applied. But to treat the Anti-
Trust Law as an adequate, or as by itself a wise, measure
of relief and betterment is a sign not of progress, but of
toryism and reaction. It has been of benefit so far as it
has implied the recognition of a real and great evil, and
the at least sporadic application of the principle that
all men alike must obey the law. But as a sole remedy,
universally applicable, it has in actual practise com-
pletely broken down; as now applied it works more mis-
chief than benefit. It represents the waste of effort —
always damaging to a community — which arises from the
attempt to meet new conditions by the application of
264 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
outworn remedies instead of fearlessly and in common-
sense fashion facing the new conditions and devising the
new remedies which alone can work effectively for good.
The Anti-Trust Law, if interpreted as the Baltimore
platform demands it shall be interpreted, would apply to
every agency by which not merely industrial but agri-
cultural business is carried on in this country ; under such
an interpretation it ought in theory to be applied univer-
sally, in which case practically all industries would stop ;
as a matter of fact, it is utterly out of the question to
enforce it universally; and, when enforced sporadically,
it causes continual unrest, puts the country at a disad-
vantage with its trade competitors in international com-
merce, hopelessly puzzles honest business men and honest
farmers as to what their rights are, and yet, as has just
been shown in the cases of the Standard Oil and the To-
bacco Trust, it is no real check on the great trusts at
which it was in theory aimed, and indeed operates to
their benefit. Moreover, if we are to compete with other
nations in the markets of the world as well as to de-
velop our own material civilization at home, we must
utilize those forms of industrial organization that are in-
dispensable to the highest industrial productivity and
efficiency. * * *
The Democratic platform offers nothing in the way of
remedy for present industrial conditions except, first, the
enforcement of the Anti-Trust Law in a fashion which,
if words mean anything, means bringing business to a
standstill; and, second, the insistence upon an archaic
construction of the States' rights doctrine in thus dealing
with interstate commerce — an insistence which, in the
first place, is the most flagrant possible violation of the
Constitution to which the members of the Baltimore con-
vention assert their devotion, and which, in the next
place, nullifies and makes an empty pretense of their
first statement. The proposals of the platform are so
conflicting and so absurd that it is hard to imagine how
any attempt could be made in good faith to carry them
THE PROGRESSIVE CONVENTION 265
out; but, if such attempt were sincerely made, it could
only produce industrial chaos. Were such an attempt
made, every man who acts honestly would have some-
thing to fear, and yet no great adroit criminal able to
command the advice of the best corporation lawyers
would have much to fear.
What is needed is action directly the reverse of that
thus confusedly indicated. We Progressives stand for
the rights of the people. When these rights can best be
secured by insistence upon States' rights, then we are
for States' rights; when they can best be secured by in-
sistence upon national rights, then we are for national
rights. Interstate commerce can be effectively controlled
only by the nation. The States cannot control it under
the Constitution, and to amend the Constitution by giv-
ing them control of it would amount to a dissolution of
the Government. The worst of the big trusts have al-
ways endeavored to keep alive the feeling in favor of
having the States themselves, and not the nation, attempt
to do this work, because they know that in the long run
such effort would be ineffective. There is no surer way
to prevent all successful effort to deal with the trusts
than to insist that they be dealt with by the States rather
than by the nation, or to create a conflict between the
States and the nation on the subject. The well-meaning
ignorant man who advances such a proposition does as
much damage as if he were hired by the trusts them-
selves, for he is playing the game of every big crooked
corporation in the country. The only effective way in
which to regulate the trusts is through the exercise of
the collective power of our people as a whole through
the governmental agencies established by the Constitu-
tion for this very purpose. * * *
It is utterly hopeless to attempt to control the trusts
merely by the Anti-Trust Law, or by any law the same
in principle, no matter what the modifications may be in
detail. In the first place, these great corporations can-
not possibly be controlled merely by a succession of
266 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
lawsuits. The administrative branch of the Government
must exercise such control. The preposterous failure of
the Commerce Court has shown that only damage comes
from the effort to substitute judicial for administrative
control of great corporations. In the next place, a
loosely drawn law which promises to do everything would
reduce business to complete ruin if it were not also so
drawn as to accomplish almost nothing. * * *
What is needed is the application to all industrial
concerns and all co-operating interests engaged in inter-
state commerce in which there is either monopoly or
control of the market of the principles on which we
have gone in regulating transportation concerns engaged
in such commerce. The Anti-Trust Law should be kept
on the statute-books and strengthened so as to make it
genuinely and thoroughly effective against every big con-
cern tending to monopoly or guilty of anti-social prac-
tises. At the same time, a national industrial commission
should be created which should have complete power to
regulate and control all the great industrial concerns en-
gaged in interstate business — which practically means all
of them in this country. This commission should exercise
over these industrial concerns like powers to those exer-
cised over the railways by the Interstate Commerce Com-
mission, and over the national banks by the Comptroller
of the Currency, and additional powers if found neces-
sary. The establishment of such a commission would
enable us to punish the individual rather than merely the
corporation, just as we now do with banks, where the
aim of the Government is, not to close the bank, but to
bring to justice personally any bank official who has
gone wrong. This commission should deal with all the
abuses of the trusts — all the abuses such as those devel-
oped by the Government suit against the Standard Oil
and Tobacco Trusts — as the Interstate Commerce Com-
mission now deals with rebates. It should have complete
power to make the' capitalization absolutely honest and
put a stop to all stock watering. Such supervision over
TEE PROGRESSIVE CONVENTION 267
the issuance of corporate securities would put a stop to
exploitation of the people by dishonest capitalists desir-
ing to declare dividends on watered securities, and would
open this kind of industrial property to ownership by
the people at large. It should have free access to the
books of each corporation and power to find out exactly
how it treats its employees, its rivals, and the general
public. * * *
Any corporation not coming under the commission
should be exposed to prosecution under the Anti-Trust
Law, and any corporation violating the orders of the
commission should also at once become exposed to such
prosecution; and when such a prosecution is successful,
it should be the duty of the commission to see that the
decree of the court is put into effect completely and in
good faith, so that the combination is absolutely broken
up, and is not allowed to come together again, nor the
constituent parts thereof permitted to do business save
under the conditions laid down by the commission. This
last provision would prevent the repetition of such gross
scandals as those attendant upon the present Adminis-
tration's prosecutions of the Standard Oil and the To-
bacco Trusts. The Supreme Court of the United States
in condemning these two trusts to dissolution used lan-
guage of unsparing severity concerning their actions.
But the decree was carried out in such a manner as to
turn into a farce this bitter condemnation of the crim-
inals by the highest court in the country. Not one par-
ticle of benefit to the community at large was gained;
on the contrary, the prices went up to consumers, inde-
pendent competitors were placed in greater jeopardy
than ever before, and the possessions of the wrong-doers
greatly appreciated in value. There never was a more
flagrant travesty of justice, never an instance in which
wealthy wrong-doers benefited more conspicuously by a
law which was supposed to be aimed at them, and which
undoubtedly would have brought about severe punish-
ment of less wealthy wrong-doers.
268 rA TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
The Progressive proposal is definite. It is practicable.
We promise nothing that we cannot carry out. We
promise nothing which will jeopardize honest business.
We promise adequate control of all big business and the
stern suppression of the evils connected with big busi-
ness, and this promise we can absolutely keep. Our pro-
posal is to help honest business activity, however exten-
sive, and to see that it is rewarded with fair returns, so
that there may be no oppression either of business men
or of the common people. We propose to make it worth
while for our business men to develop the most efficient
business agencies for use in international trade; for it
is to the interest of our whole people that we should do
well in international business. But we propose to make
those business agencies do complete justice to our own
people. * * *
I believe in a protective tariff, but I believe in it as a
principle, approached from the standpoint of the in-
terests of the whole people, and not as a bundle of pref-
erences to be given to favored individuals. In my opin-
ion, the American people favor the principle of a pro-
tective tariff, but they desire such a tariff to be estab-
lished primarily in the interests of the wage-worker and
the consumer. The chief opposition to our tariff at the
present moment comes from the general conviction that
certain interests have been improperly favored by over-
protection. I agree with this view. The commercial and
industrial experience of this country has demonstrated
the wisdom of the protective policy, but it has also dem-
onstrated that in the application of that policy certain
clearly recognized abuses have developed. It is not
merely the tariff that should be revised, but the method
of tariff-making and of tariff administration. Wherever
nowadays an industry is to be protected it should be on
the theory that such protection will serve to keep up the
wages and the standard of living of the wage-worker in
that industry with full regard for the interest of the con-
sumer. To accomplish this the tariff to be levied should
TEE PEOGEESSIVE CONVENTION 269
as nearly as is scientifically possible approximate the
differential between the cost of production at home and
abroad. This differential is chiefly, if not wholly, in labor
cost. No duty should be permitted to stand as regards
any industry unless the workers receive their full share
of the benefits of that duty. In other words, there is no
warrant for protection unless a legitimate share of the
benefits get into the pay envelope of the wage-worker.
The practise of undertaking a general revision of all
the schedules at one time and of securing information as
to conditions in the different industries and as to rates of
duty desired chiefly from those engaged in the industries,
who themselves benefit directly from the rates they pro-
pose, has been demonstrated to be not only iniquitous but
futile. It has afforded opportunity for practically all
of the abuses which have crept into our tariff-making
and our tariff administration. The day of the log-rolling
tariff must end. The progressive thought of the country
has recognized this fact for several years, and the time
has come when all genuine Progressives should insist
upon a thorough and radical change in the method of
tariff-making.
The first step should be the creation -of a permanent
commission of non-partizan experts whose business shall
be to study scientifically all phases of tariff-making and
of tariff effects. This commission should be large
enough to cover all the different and widely varying
branches of American industry. It should have ample
powers to enable it to secure exact and reliable infor-
mation. It should have authority to examine closely all
correlated subjects, such as the effect of any given duty
on the consumers of the article on which the duty is
levied ; that is, it should directly consider the question as
to what any duty costs the people in the price of living.
It should examine into the wages and conditions of labor
and life of the workmen in any industry, so as to insure
our refusing protection to any industry unless the show-
ing as regards the share labor receives therefrom is satis-
270 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
factory. This commission would be wholly different from
the present unsatisfactory Tariff Board, which was
created under a provision of law which failed to give it
the powers indispensable if it was to do the work it
should do. * * *
As a further means of disrupting the old crooked,
log-rolling method of tariff-making, all future revisions
of the tariff should be made schedule by schedule as
changing conditions may require. Thus a great obstacle
will be thrown in the way of the trading of votes which
has marked so scandalously the enactment of every tariff
bill of recent years. The tariff commission should render
reports at the call of Congress or of either branch of
Congress and to the President. Under the Constitution,
Congress is the tariff-making power. It should not be
the purpose in creating a tariff commission to take any-
thing away from this power of Congress, but rather to
afford a wise means of giving to Congress the widest and
most scientific assurance possible, and of furnishing it
and the public with the fullest disinterested information.
Only by this means can the tariff be taken out of politics.
The creation of such a permanent tariff commission, and
the adoption of the policy of schedule by schedule revi-
sion, will do more to accomplish this highly desired object
than any other means yet devised.
The cost of living in this country has risen during the
last few years out of all proportion to the increase in
the rate of most salaries and wages; the same situation
confronts alike the majority of wage-workers, small
business men, small professional men, the clerks, the doc-
tors, clergymen. Now, grave tho the problem is, there
is one way to make it graver, and that is to deal with
it insincerely, to advance false remedies, to promise the
impossible. Our opponents, Republicans and Democrats
alike, propose to deal with it in this way. The Republi-
cans in their platform promise an inquiry into the facts.
Most certainly there should be such inquiry. But the
way the present Administration has failed to keep its
271
promises in the past, and the rank dishonesty of action
on the part of the Penrose-Barnes-Guggenheim National
Convention, makes their every promise worthless.
The Democratic platform affects to find the entire
cause of the high cost of living in the tariff, and prom-
ises to remedy it by free trade, especially free trade in
the necessaries of life. In the first place, this attitude
ignores the patent fact that the problem is world-wide,
that everywhere, in England and France, as in Germany
and Japan, it appears with greater or less severity; that
in England, for instance, it has become a very severe
problem, although neither the tariff nor, save to a small
degree, the trusts can there have any possible effect upon
the situation. In the second place, the Democratic plat-
form, if it is sincere, must mean that all duties will be
taken off the products of the fanner. Yet most certainly
we cannot afford to have the farmer struck down. The
welfare of the tiller of the soil is as important as the
welfare of the wage-worker himself, and we must sedu-
lously guard both. The farmer, the producer of the nec-
essaries of life, can himself live only if he raises these
necessities for a profit. On the other hand, the consumer
who must have that farmer's product in order to live
must be allowed to purchase it at the lowest cost that
can give the farmer his profit, and everything possible
must be done to eliminate any middleman whose function
does not tend to increase the cheapness of distribution of
the product; and, moreover, everything must be done to
stop all speculating, all gambling with the bread-basket
which has even the slightest deleterious effect upon the
producer and consumer. There must be legislation which
will bring about a closer business relationship between
the farmer and the consumer.
The effect of the tariff on the cost of living is slight;
any householder can satisfy himself of this fact by con-
sidering the increase in price of articles, like milk and
eggs, where the influence of both the tariff and the trusts
is negligible. No conditions have been shown which war-
272 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
rant us in believing that the abolition of the protective
tariff as a whole would bring any substantial benefit to
the consumer, while it would certainly cause unheard of
immediate disaster to all wage-workers, all business men,
and all farmers, and in all probability would perma-
nently lower the standard of living here. In order to
show the utter futility of the belief that the abolition of
the tariff and the establishment of free trade would rem-
edy the condition complained of, all that is necessary is
to look at the course of industrial events in England and
in Germany during the last thirty years, the former
under free trade, the latter under a protective system.
During these thirty years it is a matter of common
knowledge that Germany has forged ahead relatively
to England, and this not only as regards the employers,
but as regards the wage-earners — in short, as regards all
members of the industrial classes. Doubtless many causes
have combined to produce this result; it is not to be
ascribed to the tariff alone, but, on the other hand, it is
evident that it could not have come about if a protective ,
tariff were even a chief cause among many other causes
of the high cost of living.
It is also asserted that the trusts are responsible for
the high cost of living. I have no question that, as regards
certain trusts, this is true. I also have no question that
it will continue to be true just as long as the country con-
fines itself to acting as the Baltimore platform demands
that we act. This demand is, in effect, for the States
and National Government to make the futile attempt to
exercise forty-nine sovereign and conflicting authorities
in the effort jointly to suppress the trusts, while at the
same time the National Government refuses to exercise
proper control over them. There will be no diminution
in the cost of trust-made articles so long as our Govern-
ment attempts the impossible task of restoring the flint-
lock conditions of business sixty years ago by trusting
only to a succession of lawsuits under the Anti-Trust
Law — a method which it has been definitely shown
THE PROGRESSIVE CONVENTION 273
usually results to the benefit of any big business con-
cern which really ought to be dissolved, but which cause
disturbance and distress to multitudes of smaller con-
cerns. * * *
By such action we shall certainly be able to remove the
element of contributory causation on the part of the
trusts and the tariff toward the high cost of living. There
will remain many other elements. Wrong taxation, in-
cluding failure to tax swollen inheritances and unused
land and other natural resources held for speculative
purposes, is one of these elements. The modern ten-
dency to leave the country for the town is another ele-
ment; and exhaustion of the soil and poor methods of
raising and marketing the products of the soil make up
another element, as I have already shown. Another ele-
ment is that of waste and extravagance, individual and
national. No laws which the wit of man can devise will
avail to make the community prosperous if the average
individual lives in such fashion that his expenditure
always exceeds his income. * * *
We believe that there exists an imperative need for
prompt legislation for the improvement of our national
currency system. The experience of repeated financial
crises in the last forty years has proved that the present
method of issuing, through private agencies, notes se-
cured by Government bonds is both harmful and unscien-
tific. This method was adopted as a means of financing
the Government during the Civil War through furnish-
ing a domestic market for Government bonds. It was
largely successful in fulfilling that purpose ; but that need
is long past, and the system has outlived this feature of
its usefulness. The issue of currency is fundamentally
a governmental function. The system to be adopted
should have as its basic principles soundness and elas-
ticity. The currency should flow forth readily at the
demand of commercial activity, and retire as promptly
when the demand diminishes. It should be automati-
cally sufficient for all of the legitimate needs of business
274 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
in any section of the country. Only by such means can
the country be freed from the danger of recurring
panics. The control should be lodged with the Govern-
ment, and should be safeguarded against manipulation
by Wall Street or the large interests. It should be made
impossible to use the machinery or perquisites of the cur-
rency system for any speculative purposes. The country
must be safeguarded against the overexpansion or unjust
contraction of either credit or circulating medium.
There can be no greater issue than that of Conserva-
tion in this country. Just as we must conserve our men,
women, and children, so we must conserve the resources
of the land on which they live. We must conserve the
soil so that our children shall have a land that is more
and not less fertile than that our fathers dwelt in. We
must conserve the forests, not by disuse but by use,
making them more valuable at the same time that we use
them. We must conserve the mines. Moreover, we must
insure so far as possible the use of certain types of great
natural resources for the benefit of the people as a whole.
The public should not alienate its fee in the water power
which will be of incalculable consequence as a source of
power in the immediate future. The nation and the
States within their several spheres should by immediate
legislation keep the fee of the water power, leasing its
use only for a reasonable length of time on terms that
will secure the interests of the people. Just as the nation
has gone into the work of irrigation in the West, so it
should go into the work of helping reclaim the swamp
lands of the South. We should undertake the complete
development and control of the Mississippi as a national
work, just as we have undertaken the work of building
the Panama Canal. We can use the plant, and we can
use the human experience, left free by the completion of
the Panama Canal, in so developing the Mississippi as to
make it a mighty highroad of commerce, and a source
of fructification arid not of death to the rich and fertile
lands lying along its lower length.
TEE PEOGEESSIVE CONVENTION 275
In the West, the forests, the grazing lands, the reserves
of every kind, should be so handled as to be in the in-
terests of the actual settler, the actual home-maker. He
should be encouraged to use them at once, but in such a
way as to preserve and not exhaust them. '
In international affairs this country should behave
toward other nations exactly as an honorable private
citizen behaves toward other private citizens. We should
do no wrong to any nation, weak or strong, and we
should submit to no wrong. Above all, we should never
in any treaty make any promise which we do not intend
in good faith to fulfil. I believe it essential that our
small army should be kept at a high pitch of perfection,
and in no way can it be so damaged as by permitting it
to become the plaything of men in Congress who wish to
gratify either spite or favoritism, or to secure to local-
ities advantages to which those localities are not entitled.
The navy should be steadily built up ; and the process of
upbuilding must not be stopped until — and not before —
it proves possible to secure by international agreement
a general reduction of armaments. The Panama Canal
must be fortified. It would have been criminal to build
it if we were not prepared to fortify it and to keep our
navy at such a pitch of strength as to render it unsafe
for any foreign power to attack us and get control of it.
We have a perfect right to permit our coastwise traffic
(with which there can be no competition by the mer-
chant marine of any foreign nation — so that there is no
discrimination against any foreign marine) to pass
through that Canal on any terms we choose, and I per-
sonally think that no toll should be charged on such
traffic. * * *
The question that has arisen over the right of this
nation to charge tolls on the Canal vividly illustrates the
folly and iniquity of making treaties which cannot and
ought not to be kept. As a people there is no lesson
we more need to learn than the lesson not in an outburst
of emotionalism to make a treaty that ought not to be,
276 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
and could not be, kept ; and the further lesson that, when
we do make a treaty, we must soberly live up to it as
long as changed conditions do not warrant the serious
step of denouncing it. If we had been so unwise as to
adopt the general arbitration treaties a few months ago,
we would now be bound to arbitrate the question of our
right to free our own coastwise traffic from Canal tolls;
and at any future time we might have found ourselves
obliged to arbitrate the question whether, in the event of
war, we could keep the Canal open to our own war ves-
sels and closed to those of our foes. There could be no
better illustration of the extreme unwisdom of entering
into international agreements without paying heed to the
question of keeping them. On the other hand, we delib-
erately, and with our eyes open, and after ample consid-
eration and discussion, agreed to treat all merchant ships
on the same basis; it was partly because of this agree-
ment that there was no question raised by foreign nations
as to our digging and fortifying the Canal; and, having
given our word, we must keep it. When the American
people make a promise, that promise must and will be
kept. * * *
By actual experience in office I have found that, as a
rule, I could secure the triumph of the causes in which I
most believed, not from the politicians and the men who
claim an exceptional right to speak in business and gov-
ernment, but by going over their heads and appealing
directly to the people themselves. I am not under the
slightest delusion as to any power that during my politi-
cal career I have at any time possessed. Whatever of
power I at any time had, I obtained from the people.
I could exercise it only so long as, and to the extent
that the people not merely believed in me, but heartily
backed me up. Whatever I did as President I was able
to do only because I had the backing of the people.
When on any point I did not have that backing, when
on any point I differed from the people, it mattered not
whether I was right or whether I was wrong, my power
TEE PROGRESSIVE CONVENTION 277
vanished. I tried my best to lead the people, to advise
them, to tell them what I thought was right ; if necessary,
I never hesitated to tell them what I thought they ought
to hear, even though I thought it would be unpleasant
for them to hear it; but I recognized that my task was
to try to lead them and not to drive them, to take them
into my confidence, to try to show them that I was right,
and then loyally and in good faith to accept their deci-
sion. I will do anything for the people except what my
conscience tells me is wrong, and that I can do for HO
man and no set of men; I hold that a man cannot serve
the people well unless he serves his conscience ; but I hold
also that where his conscience bids him refuse to do what
the people desire, he should not try to continue in office
against their will. Our Government system should be
so shaped that the public servant, when he cannot con-
scientiously carry out the wishes of the people, shall at
their desire leave his office and not misrepresent them in
office ; and I hold that the public servant can by so doing,
better than in any other way, serve both them and his
conscience.
Surely there never was a fight better worth making
than the one in which we are engaged. It little matters
what befalls any one of us who for the time being stand
in the forefront of the battle. I hope we shall win, and
I believe that if we can wake the people to what the
fight really means we shall win. But, win or lose, we
shall not falter. Whatever fate may at the moment over-
take any of us, the movement itself will not stop. Our
cause is based on the eternal principles of righteousness;
and even though we who now lead may for the time fail,
in the end the cause itself shall triumph. Six weeks ago,
here in Chicago, I spoke to the honest representatives of
a convention which was not dominated by honest men; a
convention wherein sat, alas! a majority of men who,
with sneering indifference to every principle of right,
so acted as to bring to a shameful end a party which had
been founded over half a century ago by men in whose
278 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
souls burned the fire of lofty endeavor. Now to you men,
who, in your turn, have come together to spend and be
spent in the endless crusade against wrong, to you who
face the future resolute and confident, to you who strive
in a spirit of brotherhood for the betterment of our na-
tion, to you who gird yourselves for this great fight
in the never-ending warfare for the good of humankind,
I say in closing what in that speech I said in closing:
We stand at Armageddon, and we battle for the Lord.
in
PLATFORM OF THE PROGRESSIVE PARTY
The conscience of the people, in a time of grave
national problems, has called into being a new
party, born of the nation's awakened sense of jus-
tice.
We of the Progressive party here dedicate our-
selves to the fulfilment of the duty laid upon us
by our fathers to maintain that government of the
people, by the people, and for the people whose
foundations they laid.
We hold with Thomas Jefferson and Abraham
Lincoln that the people are the masters of their
Constitution to fulfil its purposes and to safeguard
it from those who, by perversion of its intent,
would convert it into an instrument of injustice.
In accordance with the needs of each generation
the people must use their sovereign powers to es-
tablish and maintain equal opportunity and in-
dustrial justice, to secure which this government
was founded and without which no republic can en-
idure.
This country belongs to the people who inhabit
it. Its resources, its business, its institutions, and
279
280 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
its laws should be utilized, maintained, or altered
in whatever manner will best promote the general
interest. It is time to set the public welfare in
the first place.
* # *
The deliberate betrayal of its trust by the Re-
publican party and the fatal incapacity of the
Democratic party to deal with the new issues of the
new time have compelled the people to forge a new
instrument of government through which to give
effect to their will in laws and institutions. Un-
hampered by tradition, uncorrupted by power, un-
dismayed by the magnitude of the task, the new
party offers itself as the instrument of the people
to sweep away old abuses, to build a new and
nobler commonwealth.
This declaration is our covenant with the people,
and we hereby bind the party and its candidates in
State and nation to the pledges made herein.
The National Progressive party, committed to
the principle of government by a self-controlled
democracy expressing its will through representa-
tives of the people, pledges itself to secure such
alterations in the fundamental law of the several
States and of the United States as shall insure the
representative character of the government.
In particular the party declares for direct pri-
maries for the nomination of State and national
officers, for nation-wide preferential primaries for
THE PEOGEESS1VE CONVENTION 281
candidates for the presidency, for the direct elec-
tion of United States Senators by the people, and
we urge on the States the policy of the short ballot
with responsibility to the people secured by the
initiative, referendum and recall.
The Progressive party, believing that a free peo-
ple should have the power from time to time to
amend their fundamental law so as to adapt it pro-
gressively to the changing needs of the people,
pledges itself to provide a more easy and expedi-
tious method of amending the Federal Constitution.
Up to the limit of the Constitution and later by
amendment of the Constitution if found necessary,
we advocate bringing under effective national ju-
risdiction those problems which have expanded be-
yond reach of the individual States.
It is as grotesque as it is intolerable that the sev-
eral States should by unequal laws in matters of
common concern become competing commercial
agencies, barter the lives of their children, the
health of their women, and the safety and well-be-
ing of their working people for the profit of their
financial interests.
The extreme insistence on State's rights by the
Democratic party in the Baltimore platform dem-
onstrates anew its inability to understand the
world into which it has survived or to administer
the affairs of a union of states which have in all
essential respects become one people.
282 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
The Progressive party, believing that no people
can justly claim to be a true democracy which
denies political rights on account of sex, pledges
itself to the task of securing equal suffrage to men
and women alike.
"We pledge our party to legislation that will com-
pel strict limitation of all campaign contributions
and expenditures, and detailed publicity of both
before as well as after primaries and elections.
We pledge our party to legislation compelling
the registration of lobbyists; publicity of commit-
tee hearings except on foreign affairs and recording
of all votes in committee; and forbidding federal
appointees from holding office in State or national
political organization or taking part as officers or
delegates in political conventions for the nomina-
tion of elective State or national officials.
The Progressive party demands such restriction
of the power of the courts as shall leave to the peo-
ple the ultimate authority to determine funda-
mental questions of social welfare and public
policy. To secure this end it pledges itself to pro-
vide:
(1) That when an act, passed under the police
power of the State, "is held unconstitutional under
the state constitution by the courts the people, after
an ample interval for deliberation, shall have an
opportunity to vote on the question whether they
THE PEOGBESSIVE CONVENTION 283
desire the act to become law notwithstanding such
decision.
(2) That every decision of the highest appellate
court of a State declaring an act of the legislature
unconstitutional on the ground of its violation of
the federal constitution shall be subject to the same
review by the Supreme Court of the United States
as is now accorded to decisions sustaining such leg-
islation.
The Progressive party, in order to secure to the
people a better administration of justice and by
that means to bring about a more general respect
for the law and the courts, pledges itself to work
unceasingly for the reform of legal procedure and
judicial methods.
We believe that the issuance of injunctions in
cases arising out of labor disputes should be prohib-
ited when such injunctions would not apply when
no labor disputes existed.
We also believe that a person cited for contempt
in labor disputes, except when such contempt was
committed in the actual presence of the court or so
near thereto as to interfere with the proper admin-
istration of justice, should have a right to trial by
jury.
The supreme duty of the nation is the conserva-
tion of human resources through an enlarged mea-
sure of social and industrial justice. We pledge
284 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
ourselves to work unceasingly in State and nation
for:
Effective legislation looking to the prevention of
industrial accidents, occupational diseases, over-
work, involuntary unemployment, and other injuri-
ous effects incident to modern industry.
The fixing of minimum safety and health stand-
ards for the various occupations and the exercise
of the public authority of State and nation, includ-
ing the federal control over interstate commerce
and the taxing power, to maintain such standards.
The prohibition of child labor.
Minimum wage standards for working women, to
provide for a ' ' living wage ' ' in all industrial occu-
pations.
The general prohibition of night-work for
women and the establishment of an eight hour day
for women and young persons.
One day's rest in seven for all wage- workers.
The eight hour day in continuous twenty-four
hour industries.
The abolition of the convict contract labor sys-
tem, substituting a system of prison production for
governmental consumption only, and the applica-
tion of prisoners' earnings to the support of their
dependent families.
Publicity as to wages, hours, and conditions of
labor; full reports upon industrial accidents and
diseases and the opening to public inspection of all
THE PSOGBESSIVE CONVENTION 285
tallies, weights, measures, and check systems on
labor products.
Standards of compensation for death by indus-
trial accident and injury and trade disease which
will transfer the burden of lost earnings from the
families of working people to the industry and
thus to the community.
The protection of home life against the hazards
of sickness, irregular employment, and old age
through the adoption of a system of social insur-
ance adapted to American use.
The development of the creative labor power of
America by lifting the last load of illiteracy from
American youth and establishing continuation
schools for industrial education under public con-
trol and encouraging agricultural education and
demonstration in rural schools.
The establishment of industrial research labora-
tories to put the methods and discoveries of science
at the service of American producers.
We favor the organization of the workers, men
and women, as a means of protecting their interests
and of promoting their progress.
We pledge the party to establish a department of
labor with a seat in the cabinet and with wide jur-
isdiction over matters affecting the conditions of
labor and living.
The development and prosperity of country life
286 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
are as important to the people who live in the cities
as they are to the farmers. Increase of prosperity
on the farm will favorably affect the cost of living
and promote the interests of all who dwell in the
country and all who depend upon its products for
clothing, shelter and food.
We pledge our party to foster the development
of agricultural credit and cooperation, the teaching
of agriculture in schools, agricultural college ex-
tension, the use of mechanical power on the farm,
and to reestablish the country life commission, thus
directly promoting the welfare of the farmers and
bringing the benefits of better farming, better busi-
ness, and better living within their reach.
The high cost of living is due partly to world-
wide and partly to local causes; partly to natural
and partly to artificial causes. The measures pro-
posed in this platform on various subjects, such as
the tariff, the trusts, and conservation, will of
themselves remove the artificial causes. There will
remain other elements, such as the tendency to leave
the country for the city, waste, extravagance, bad
system of taxation, poor methods of raising crops,
and bad business methods in marketing crops. To
remedy these conditions requires the fullest infor-
mation and, based on this information, effective
government supervision and control to remove all
the artificial causes. We pledge ourselves to such
full and immediate inquiry and to immediate
THE PBOGEESSIVE CONVENTION 287
action to deal with every need such inquiry dis-
closes.
* *
We believe that true popular government, justice
and prosperity go hand in hand, and, so believing,
it is our purpose to secure that large measure of
general prosperity which is the fruit of legitimate
and honest business, fostered by equal justice and
by sound progressive laws.
We demand that the test of true prosperity shall
be the benefits conferred thereby on all the citizens,
not confined to individuals or classes, and that the
test of corporate efficiency shall be tfre ability bet-
ter to serve the public ; that those who profit by the
control of business affairs shall justify that profit
and that control by sharing with the public the
fruits thereof.
We therefore demand a strong national regula-
tion of interstate corporations. The corporation is
an essential part of modern business. The concen-
tration of modern business in some degree is both
inevitable and necessary for national and interna-
tional business efficiency. But the existing concen-
tration of vast wealth under a corporate system,
unguarded and uncontrolled by the nation, has
placed in the hands of a few men enormous, secret,
irresponsible power over the daily life of the citi-
zen— a power insufferable in a free government
and certain of abuse.
288 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
This power has been abused in monopoly of na-
tional resources, in stock-watering, in unfair com-
petition and unfair privileges, and finally in sin-
ister influences on the public agencies of State and
nation. We do not fear commercial power, but we
insist that it shall be exercised openly, under pub-
licity, supervision, and regulation of the most effi-
cient sort, which will preserve its good while
eradicating and preventing its evils.
To that end we urge the establishment of a
strong federal administrative commission of high
standing, which shall maintain permanent active
supervision over industrial corporations engaged
in interstate commerce, or such of them as are of
public importance, doing for them what the govern-
ment now does for the national banks and 'what is
now done for the railroads by the interstate com-
merce commission. Such a commission must en-
force the complete publicity of those corporate
transactions which are of public interest ; must at-
tack unfair competition, false capitalization, and
special privilege, and by continuous trained watch-
fulness guard and keep open equally to all the
highways of American commerce.
# *
We pledge ourselves to the enactment of a patent
law which will make it impossible for patents to be
suppressed or used against the public welfare in
the interests of injurious monopolies.
TEE PROGRESSIVE CONVENTION 289
The time has come when the federal government
should cooperate with manufacturers and pro-
ducers in extending our foreign commerce. To this
end we demand adequate appropriations by con-
gress and the appointment of diplomatic and con-
sular officers solely with a view to their special
fitness and worth and not in consideration of polit-
ical expediency.
It is imperative to the welfare of our people
that we enlarge and extend our foreign commerce.
"We are preeminently fitted to do this because as a
people we have developed high skill in the art of
manufacturing. Our business men are strong ex-
ecutives, strong organizers. In every way possible
our federal government should cooperate in this
important matter.
The natural resources of the nation must be
promptly developed and generously used to supply
the people 's needs, but we cannot safely allow them
to be wasted, exploited, monopolized, or controlled
against the general good. We heartily favor the
policy of conservation, and we pledge our party to
protect the national forests without hindering their
legitimate use for the benefit of all the people.
Agricultural lands in the national forests are and
should remain open to the genuine settler. Con-
servation will not retard legitimate development.
290 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
The honest settler must receive his patent promptly
without hindrance rules or delays.
"We believe that the remaining forests, coal and
oil lands, water-powers, and other natural resources
still in State or national control (except agricul-
tural lands) are more likely to be wisely conserved
and utilized for the general welfare if held in the
public hands. In order that consumers and pro-
ducers, managers and workmen, now and hereafter,
need not pay toll to private monopolies of power
and raw material, we demand that such resources
shall be retained by the State or nation and opened
to immediate use under laws which will encourage
development and make to the people a moderate
return for benefits conferred.
In particular we pledge our party to require
reasonable compensation to the public for water-
power rights hereafter granted by the public. We
pledge legislation to lease to the public grazing
lands under equitable provisions now pending
which will increase the production of food for the
people and thoroughly safeguard the rights of the
actual homemaker.
Natural resources whose conservation is neces-
sary for the national welfare should be owned or
controlled by the nation.
We recognize the vital importance of good roads,
and we pledge our party to foster their extension
in every proper way, and we favor the early con-
THE PBOGBESSIVE CONVENTION 291
struction of national highways. "We also favor the
extension of the rural free delivery service.
The coal and other natural resources of Alaska
should be opened to development at once. They
are owned by the people of the United States, and
are safe from monopoly, waste, or destruction only
while so owned. We demand that they shall neither
be sold nor given away except under the homestead
law, but while held in government ownership shall
be opened to use promptly upon liberal terms re-
quiring immediate development.
* *
The rivers of the United States are the natural
arteries of this continent. We demand that they
shall be opened to traffic as indispensable parts of
a great nation wide system of transportation, in
which the Panama canal will be the central link,
thus enabling the whole interior of the United
States to share with the Atlantic and Pacific sea-
boards in the benefit derived from the canal. It is
a national obligation to develop our rivers, and
especially the Mississippi and its tributaries, with-
out delay, under a comprehensive general plan
governing each river system from its source to its
mouth, designed to secure its highest usefulness
for navigation, irrigation, domestic supply, water-
power, and the prevention of floods.
292 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
The equipment, organization, and experience ac-
quired in constructing the Panama canal soon will
be available for the lakes to the gulf deep water-
way and other portions of this great work, and
should be utilized by the nation in cooperation with
the various States, at the lowest net cost to the
people.
The Panama canal, built and paid for by the
American people, must be used primarily for their
benefit. We demand that the canal shall be so op-
erated as to break the transportation monopoly now
held and misused by the transcontinental railroads
by maintaining sea competition with them; that
ships directly or indirectly owned or controlled by
American railroad corporations shall not be per-
mitted to use the canal, and that American ships
engaged in coastwise trade shall pay no tolls.
The progressive party will favor legislation hav-
ing for its aim the development of friendship and
commerce between the United States and Latin
American nations.
"We believe in a protective tariff which shall
equalize conditions of competition between the
United States and foreign countries, both for the
farmer and the manufacturer, and which shall
maintain for labor an adequate standard of living.
Primarily the benefit of any tariff should be dis-
closed in the pay envelope of the laborer. We de-
clare that no industry deserves protection which
TEE PEOGEESSIVE CONVENTION 293
is unfair to labor or which is operating in violation
of federal law. We believe that the presumption
is always in favor of the consuming public.
We demand tariff revision because the present
tariff is unjust to the people of the United States.
Fair dealing toward the people requires an imme-
diate downward revision of those schedules where-
in duties are shown to be unjust or excessive.
We pledge ourselves to the establishment of a
non-partisan scientific tariff commission, reporting
both to the President and to either branch of
Congress, which shall report, first, as to the costs of
production, efficiency of labor, capitalization, in-
dustrial organization and efficiency, and the general
competitive position in this country and abroad of
industries seeking protection from Congress; sec-
ond, as to the revenue producing power of the
tariff and its relation to the resources of govern-
ment ; and, thirdly, as to the effect of the tariff on
prices, operations of middlemen, and on the pur-
chasing power of the consumer.
We condemn the Payne-Aldrich bill as unjust
to the people. The Eepublican organization is in
the hands of those who have broken, and cannot
again be trusted to keep, the promise of necessary
downward revision. The Democratic party is com-
mitted to the destruction of the protective system
294 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
through a tariff for revenue only — a policy which
would inevitably produce widespread industrial
and commercial disaster. We demand the imme-
diate repeal of the Canadian reciprocity act.
We believe in a graduated inheritance tax as a
national means of equalizing the obligations of
holders of property to government, and we hereby
pledge our party to enact such a federal law as will
tax large inheritances, returning to the States an
equitable percentage of all amounts collected. We
favor the ratification of the pending amendment
to the constitution giving the government power
to levy an income tax.
We pledge ourselves to a wise and just policy of
pensioning American soldiers and sailors and their
widows and children by the federal government.
And we approve the policy of the southern states
in granting pensions to the ex-confederate soldiers
and sailors and their widows and children.
We pledge our party to the immediate creation
of a parcels-post, with rates proportionate to dis-
tance and service.
We condemn the violations of the civil service
law under the present administration, including the
coercion and assessment of subordinate employees
and the president's refusal to punish such violation
after a finding of guilty by his own commission;
THE PBOGEESSIVE CONVENTION 295
his distribution of patronage among subservient
congressmen, while withholding it from those who
refuse support of administration measures; his
withdrawal of nominations from the Senate until
political support for himself was secured, and hia
open use of the offices to reward those who voted
for his renomination.
On these principles and on the recognized desir-
ability of uniting the progressive forces of the
nation into an organization which shall unequivo-
cally represent the progressive spirit and policy,
we appeal for the support of all American citizens,
without regard to previous political affiliations.
IV!
COMMENTS ON THE PROGRESSIVE PARTY
An article by Mr. Bryan, published in newspapers
of Saturday, August 10th.
In considering the new party organized at Chi-
cago under the leadership of ex-President Roosevelt,
the subject naturally divides itself into three
heads: First, the reason which called the new
party into existence; second, its platform of prin-
ciples; and third, its candidates.
Time alone can tell whether the new organiza-
tion created for and led by Mr. Roosevelt, is to
become a permanent and influential factor in
American politics, or merely a temporary protest
against the Republican party and its present
leadership, and a means of forcing that party to
accept the leadership of the progressives.
It may be assumed at the start that to be per-
manent this must be more than a one-man party.
However influential a leader may be, he is hardly
large enough to form the foundation of a great
party. The mere fact that every man must some
time die, precludes the idea of permanence unless
296
THE PEOGKESS1VE CONVENTION 297
the new party has something more enduring to
build upon than personality.
Several questions arise, and the answers to them
will enable us to form some opinion as to the
importance of the new party.
First, would a new party have been organized
at this time if Mr. Roosevelt were not a candidate
for president? If not, then his ambition to hold
the office for a third term is the controlling fac-
tor, and no man's ambition is important enough to
the public to lead to the formation of a new party.
When a real necessity exists for a new party, that
necessity will of itself bring forth a new party,
and its sponsors will be sufficiently numerous to
insure its existence and growth, no matter what
may happen to any individual factor in its organi-
zation.
Second, would Mr. Roosevelt have favored the
organization of a new party had any one beside
himself suffered the mortification of defeat at Chi-
cago by President Taft ? If he had stayed out of the
race and left the field to Senator LaFollette and
Senator Cummins, would the defeat of either at the
hands of the bosses have furnished him a sufficient
reason for leaving the Republican party?
The fact that he refused to take sides between
Senator LaFollette and President Taft might
justify a negative answer to the above question.
The members of the new party may not accept this
298 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
fact as controlling, but has the character of the
Republican party changed materially within the
last eight months?
Third: In view of Mr. Roosevelt's denunciation
of the Republican party as so boss-ridden as to
destroy its usefulness, it may be asked with pro-
priety whether Mr. Roosevelt would have regarded
the Republican bosses as an insuperable objection
to the party, if he had succeeded in seating enough
of his contesting delegates to give him a majority
in the convention. If he had controlled the na-
tional committee, and it had seated enough of his
southern delegates to dominate the convention,
would he not now regard the Republican party as
a people's party, and the only organization to be
trusted ?
We see how obnoxious those bosses are, how ab-
solutely destructive the party's usefulness under
Mr. Taft's leadership. "Would Mr. Roosevelt have
been able to neutralize entirely their influence and
render them harmless had he succeeded in securing
the nomination? Mr. Root's selection as tempo-
rary chairman was, of course, made in the interest
of the predatory classes, but even after his eleva-
tion to that position Mr. Roosevelt continued his
efforts to obtain control of the convention.
If he had succeeded, would his success have
purged the convention of the evil influence that Mr.
Root carried about with him? And, why, except
THE PEOGEESSIVE CONVENTION 299
for partisan and personal reasons, does Mr. Roose-
velt put the Baltimore convention, which routed
the bosses, in the same class with the Chicago con-
vention, which was controlled by the bosses?
These questions are asked because they are per-
tinent. There is no doubt that the Republican
party had done enough to merit defeat. The peo-
ple have been very lenient with it, but has it for-
feited its right to exist? The Republican party
cannot hope to continue long upon the stage if
a majority of its members rally to the standard
of Mr. Roosevelt, but if a majority of the rank
and file of the Republican party are reformers,
could they not have reorganized and rejuvenated
the Republican party from within ?
Would not a much larger percentage engage in
the work of reorganization than will be willing to
leave the party to cast in their lot with a new
party? Party ties are strong, and the desertions
from Mr. Roosevelt, both in the regular conven-
tion and since, show how much easier it is to lead
a reform movement within a party than without.
The platform adopted by the new party may be
divided into three parts. One part indorses re-
forms for which the Democratic party has been
laboring for years, and, until recently, without
much support from those who now hold themselves
out as the only ones to be trusted with the secur-
ing of remedial legislation.
300 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
The labor bureau, for instance, with a seat in the
cabinet, is a thing for which the Democratic party
has been contending, also the election of senators
by direct vote, and direct primaries.
Our Baltimore platform was the first national
platform to demand presidential primaries, and it
went beyond the platform of the new party in de-
manding the popular election of national com-
mitteemen and a change in the system whereby a
national committeeman will begin to serve as soon
as elected, thus creating a new committee for the
preliminary work of each convention.
A considerable part of the labor plank is taken
from previous Democratic platforms. It is ungrate-
ful in the new party to accuse our party of "total
incapacity, ' ' while using our material.
A part of the platform deals with state issues,
such planks, for instance, as those favoring the in-
itiative, the referendum, the recall, and woman
suffrage. These propositions are before the people
in a number of States, and the indorsement of them
will, of course, strengthen them, but it has not been
customary for national platforms to deal with sub-
jects which were not before congress, or connected
with the work of the national administration.
A part of the new section of the platform is com-
mendable. For instance, the demand for a consti-
tutional amendment making easier and more ex-
peditious the amending of the federal constitution.
TSE PROGRESSIVE CONVENTION 301
We need such an amendment, and the people will
welcome any assistance that the new party may be
able to give this movement.
The planks in regard to the conservation of
human resources will appeal to the public, espe-
cially those prohibiting child labor and excessive
hours, together with those demanding a day of rest
each week, a living minimum wage, legislation for
the prevention of accidents, for the abolition of
convict contract labor and for publicity in regard
to labor conditions.
The inheritance tax plank is also good, and the
plank calling for greater safeguards for the pre-
vention of monopoly of our national resources.
The tariff plank is the same old sham that has
been used for a generation. The protective system
is held up as a sacred institution and support is
given to the tariff commission idea, which is always
brought forward to delay reduction.
The plank on the trust question is a restatement
of Mr. Roosevelt's position which leads directly
to socialism. The doctrine that the trust is a nat-
ural development and must be accepted as per-
manent is the basis of the socialist propaganda.
The socialist, however, recognizes that a private
monopoly cannot be successfully controlled, and
insists that the government shall own and operate
the trusts. The new party, on the other hand,
clings to the idea that the trusts can be left in
302 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
private hands and yet be effectively controlled
through a national bureau.
All history is against this theory. Municipalities
are taking over municipal plants because city coun-
cils are corrupted by municipal corporations. If
it is impossible for a municipal plant to be success-
fully controlled when in private hands, how can we
hope to control billion-dollar trusts through a na-
tional bureau when the trusts will have so large
a pecuniary interest in controlling the adminis-
tration that appoints the members of the bureau ?
The position of the new party on the trust ques-
tion is so absolutely untenable as to prevent its in-
dorsement by any large number of the people.
The most Rooseveltesque plank of the platform,
however, is the one demanding an indefinite exten-
sion of the powers of the federal government and
the abridgment of the rights of the States. This
has for years been the dominant note in Mr.
Roosevelt's political creed. The restraints of the
constitution are irritating to him.
He not only desires to enlarge the authority of
the federal government at the expense of the state,
but he desires to enlarge the powers of the national
executive at the expense of the other departments.
Whatever Democrats may think of Mr. Roosevelt's
attitude on other questions, and however highly
they may regard the national work he has done,
they cannot join him in overturning the constitu-
TEE PROGRESSIVE CONVENTION 303
tional division of authority between state and
nation.
The Democratic party believes in the full use of
federal authority for the protection of the public,
but instead of substituting federal remedies for
state remedies, it would add federal remedies to
state remedies, and thus give the people the benefit
of both. The Roosevelt plan, however honestly ad-
vanced, is not in the interest of popular govern-
ment, but in the interest of a more selfish and sor-
did exploitation of the people.
Every lawyer knows that the big corporations fly
to the federal courts to escape state courts.
And now, as to the candidates:
Governor Johnson, the nominee for vice-presi-
dent, is an excellent man, and has made a splendid
record as a progressive, but the fact that Mr. Roose-
velt was the only one considered in connection with
the presidential nomination, shows how completely
the organization is based upon him and his per-
sonality.
Conceding everything that can be said in behalf
of his great ability, his fighting qualities, and his
educational work, it must not be forgotten that he
has his weaknesses, that he is human.
If it is true, as has been widely circulated, that
some progressive — Hadley or Cummins, for instance
— could have been nominated instead of Mr. Taft,
but for Mr. Roosevelt's refusal to give way, then
304 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
this must in itself weigh strongly in the minds of
many earnest and honest progressives.
If he could have secured the nomination of some
one in harmony with his views upon a platform
reasonably progressive, and thus thrown a united
party behind a Republican progressive and a pro-
gressive platform — if he could have done this —
many Republicans against whose motives he can
bring no just accusation will feel that he did not
exhaust all efforts within the party before starting
out to disrupt the organization to which he is in-
debted for all of his prominence and influence.
Mr. Roosevelt will also have to meet the ques-
tion raised as to his tardiness in espousing the re-
forms which he now advocates. Democrats, at
least, will feel that a party which, like the Demo-
cratic party, has been fighting in behalf of reforms
for many years ought to receive some consideration
from one who has violently opposed, as Mr. Roose-
velt has, many radical reforms when the Demo-
cratic party was making great sacrifices in their
behalf.
"Why, for instance, should a Democrat leave the
Democrat party, which has labored in behalf of
the popular election of senators for 20 years, in be-
half of an income tax for 18 years, for railroad
regulation for 16 years, for antitrust legislation for
12 years, for publicity, before the election, as to
campaign contributions for four years and for
THE CANDIDATE WE ALL SUPPORT.
(J)e Mar in the Philadelphia "Record.")
305
306 A TALE OF TWO CONVENTIONS
tariff reform for a generation ; why should a Demo-
crat leave such a party to march under the leader-
ship of a commander who did not begin advocating
the popular election of senators until two years
ago, the income tax until about six years ago, rail-
road regulation until less than eight years ago, has
remained silent during all these years as to tariff
extortion and has in every campaign since 1892
joined Wall Street, the subsidized press, the plun-
derbund and the bosses in defeating the Demo-
cratic party?
Assuming that his conversion is sincere, why does
he not bring forth works meet for repentance in-
stead of demanding the chief seat at the feast ? He
ought not to slander the party that has furnished
him nearly every reform that he has espoused.
A third objection that he must prepare to meet
is that founded upon his position on the trust
question. He failed for seven years and a half
while President to check or even control the trusts ;
he has not only kept silent for 11 years while the
Steel Trust has exploited the country, but he per-
mitted the Steel Trust to swallow up its largest
rival, and he now accepts a Steel Trust director as
his chief financial backer and advocates federal in-
corporation, the very thing that the trusts have
clamored for for a generation.
A fourth, and the greatest objection, is his de-
sire for a third term, an honor declined by Wash-
THE PBOGEESSIVE CONVENTION 307
ington and Jefferson, and withheld from Grant. A
third term opens the door to any number of terms.
What emergency requires it? The tendency is to-
ward a single term, not toward a third term.
A president wields more power than any king or
emperor or czar, and his power increases each year.
Surely the hatred of the progressive Eepublicans
toward the Democratic party is as implacable as it
is impossible to explain it, if they are willing to
risk the dangers of an unlimited succession of presi-
dential terms rather than use the Democratic party,
with its progressive platform and progressive
ticket, to rebuke the Republican party for failing
to keep step with the progressive spirit of the age.
3X
1113-
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