TALKS OF NAPOLEON
AT ST. HELENA
MRS. LATIMER'S WORKS
TALKS OF NAPOLEON
AT ST. HELENA
NINETEENTH CENTURY SERIES
The Last Years of the Nineteenth Century
Spain in the Nineteenth Century
Italy in the Nineteenth Century
Europe in Africa in the Nineteenth Century
England in the Nineteenth Century
France in the Nineteenth Century
MY SCRAP-BOOK OF THE FRENCH
REVOLUTION
JUDEA, FROM CYRUS TO TITUS
537 B. C. TO 70 A. D.
THE PRINCE INCOGNITO
A Romance
GEiYERA L GOURGA UD
TALKS OF NAPOLEON
AT ST. HELENA
WITH
GENERAL BARON GOURGAUD
TOGETHER WITH THE JOURNAL KEPT BY GOURGAUD ON THEIR
JOURNEY FROM WATERLOO TO ST. HELENA
TRANSLATED, AND WITH NOTES, BY
ELIZABETH WORMELEY LATIMER
AUTHOR OF "FRANCE IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY," "ENGLAND IN
THE NINETEENTH CENTURY," " RUSSIA AND TURKEY IN THE NINE-
TEENTH CENTURY," "EUROPE IN AFRICA IN THE NINETEENTH
CENTURY," "ITALY IN THE NINETEETH CENTURY,"
"SPAIN IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY,"
"MY SCRAP-BOOK OF THE FRENCH
REVOLUTION." ETC.
SECOND EDITION
CHICAGO
C. McCLURG & CO.
1904
Copyright
By A. C. McCLURG & CO.
1903
Published Sept. 30, 1903
R. R. DONNELLEY & SONS COMPANY
CHICAGO
CONTENTS.
PAGE
Translator's Introduction xi
General Gourgaud's Journal from the Day after
THE Battle of Waterloo, June ig, 1815, to
THE Arrival of Napoleon at Saint Helena,
October 15, 1815 i
THE TALKS OF NAPOLEON.
Chapter L Early Years 35
Chapter U. Napoleon's Rise to Fame and
Fortune 53
Chapter HL Campaign of Marengo .... 77
Chapter IV. Government of France under the
Consulate and the Empire . . 85
Chapter V. Bonaparte Consul 100
Chapter VI. Napoleon Emperor 114
Chapter VII. Campaigns of i8og in Spain and
Austria 128
Chapter VIII. Domestic Relations 135
Chapter IX. Campaigns of 1812-1814 in Russia,
Germany, and France ... 154
Chapter X. Elba and the Return from Elba 167
Chapter XI. Waterloo 182
Chapter XII. France after the Restoration . 198
Chapter XIII. Great Generals in the Past . . 207
Chapter XIV. Marshals and Generals, 1814-15 221
Chapter XV. The Art of War 229
Chapter XVI. Anecdotes and Miscellaneous
Sayings 243
Chapter XVII. Religion 270
Index .... 281
vii
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
PAGE
General Baron Gourgaud . . . Frontispiece
Napoleon 35
Empress Josephine 70
Empress Marie Louise 105
Hortense de Beauharnais, Queen of Holland . 140
Marshal Ney 175
Marshal Soult 210
Marshal Massena 245
TRANSLATOR'S INTRODUCTION
Lord Rosebery, in his admirable and most interesting
record of Napoleon's life at St. Helena, which he called
"Napoleon: the Last Phase," speaks thus:
"The one capital and superior record of life at St.
Helena is the private journal of General Gourgaud. It
was written, in the main at least, for his own eye, without
flattery or even prejudice. It is sometimes almost brutal
in its realism. He alone of all the chroniclers strove to
be accurate, and on the whole succeeded."
This journal, which consists of twelve hundred printed
pages, was not published until 1898, and is too prolix for
complete translation. We want to know all Gourgaud
can tell us about Napoleon; we do not care to know what
he notes down concerning his jealousies, his sulks, his
ennui, his perpetual pity for himself. I have therefore
extracted from the two volumes of the Journal (without
the help of any satisfactory index), almost all that Napo-
leon said to Gourgaud in familiar chats, about his past
life, and his speculations as to the future. I have omit-
ted most of Napoleon's vituperations of Sir Hudson Lowe,
and his complaints against the English government, also
anecdotes of his bonnes fortunes, and his constantly recur-
ring disputations with Gourgaud concerning that follower's
mother's pension — a pension Napoleon was quite ready to
give, and Gourgaud eager to receive, though he could not
be prevailed upon to take it, on some point of honor.
It is hoped that this record of what Napoleon said,
taken down by one whose truthfulness Napoleon himself
vouched for, may be found interesting by many who might
have been wearied by reading the larger part of this record,
although it was kept by a man who loved his master
devotedly, and who had been attached to his personal
service since 18 12.
Gaspard Gourgaud, son of a musician in the king's
private orchestra at Versailles, was born November 14,
1783. His mother had formed part of the royal house-
hold, as nurse to the Due de Berry, son of the Comte
xi
xii INTRODUCTION
d'Artois, and Gaspard was brought up as the playmate of
the Httle prince, who was about four years older. He
looked upon that prince almost as his foster-brother, and
the friendship of the Due de Berry never failed him — not
even when he had become the aide-de-camp and devoted
follower of the Emperor Napoleon. After the Restora-
tion in 1815, when Gourgaud went into exile with Napo-
leon, his mother continued to receive from the Bourbons
a small pension for her past services, and we see in every
mention of the royal family of France in Gourgaud' s Jour-
nal that great care has been taken to say nothing that
could hurt their feelings.
On September 23, 1799, when Napoleon was First
Consul, young Gourgaud was admitted to the Ecole Poly-
technique, whence two years later he entered the École
d'Artillerie at Chalons. In 1802 he joined the army as
second lieutenant in the Seventh Regiment of Foot Artillery
then in camp at Boulogne, and two years later he became
aide-de-camp to General Foucher. He distinguished him-
self at Ulm, at the capture of Vienna, at the Bridge of
Thabor, and at Austerlitz, where he was wounded. He
fought at Jena and at Friedland, received the Cross of the
Legion of Honor at Pultusk, was promoted the day after
the affair at Ostrolenka, was then sent to Spain, and was
present at the siege of Saragossa; returned to the army
in the North, and was at Abensberg, Eckmiihl, Ratisbon,
and Wagram.
In 181 1 he was sent on a mission to Dantzic, and in
July of the same year was chosen by Napoleon to be one
of his orderly officers (officiers d'ordonnancé). Though
wounded in the Battle of Smolensk, Gourgaud was the
first to enter the Kremlin, where he destroyed the mine
intended to blow up the Emperor, his staff, and the
Imperial Guard.
For this he was made a Baron of the Empire. For
his heroic conduct during the terrible retreat from Russia
he was made Chef d' Escadron and was appointed First
Orderly Officer.
At Dresden he received the Gold Star of the Legion
of Honor, and on January 29, 18 14, at Brienne, he killed
with a pistol shot a Cossack who was about to thrust his
lance through the Emperor. For this Napoleon gave him
the sword that he had worn at Lodi, Montenotte, and
INTRODUCTION xiii
Rivoli. At Montmirail Gourgaud received another
wound; he distinguished himself at Laon, was made a
Colonel, and Commander of the Legion of Honor, after
which he was the first to enter Rheims.
At Fleurus he was promoted to be a General and
made aide-de-camp to the Emperor. At Waterloo he
fired the last shots from the French cannon.
In 1 8 14, however, when the Emperor had abdicated,
and had been sent to Elba, Gourgaud, believing that the
Restoration would bring peace and prosperity to France,
returned to his former allegiance to the Bourbons. He was
cordially received by the Due de Berry, and made one of
the royal household. He did not desert his post until the
King had fled to Ghent, when the household had been
virtually disbanded; and Gourgaud, desirous to serve his
country in his chosen career, returned to his former
master. He was, as we have seen, at Waterloo. He
accompanied Napoleon after the battle in his flight
to Paris, and was sent by him to Rochefort to see
what prospects of escape to the United States might be
found there.
Napoleon, while at Rochefort, endeavored to send
Gourgaud to England, and intrusted him with what the
French editors of the Journal call "the immortal letter"
to the Prince Regent, reminding that personage of the
hospitable reception accorded to Themistocles when he
surrendered himself to his enemies. Had Napoleon had
any knowledge of the English constitution or the English
character, he never would have made to the Prince Regent
an appeal of sentiment ; but he and his admirers thought
the allusion to Themistocles sublime.
At St. Helena Napoleon said, speaking of Gourgaud:
"He was my First Orderly Officer. He is my work. He
is my son."
Napoleon was sincerely attached to the young officer;
his participation in all the great campaigns from 1804 to
181 5, and his knowledge of the English language — sup-
posed to have been much greater than it really was — made
him useful in many ways to the Emperor. "But,"
says Lord Rosebery,
"At St. Helena Gourgaud was utterly out of place. On
active service, on the field of battle, he would have been of the
greatest service to his chief — a keen, intelligent, devoted officer;
XIV INTRODUCTION
but in the inaction of St. Helena, his energy, deprived of its
natural outlets, turned in upon himself, on his nerves, and on his
relations to others. He himself was in much the same position
as the Emperor. The result was that he was never happy except
when grumbling or quarrelling. To use Madame de Montholon's
figure when speaking of Napoleon, 'His fire, for want of fuel,
consumed himself and those around him.' But Napoleon had the
command of what luxury and companionship there was at St.
Helena; the others in the little colony had their wives and chil-
dren; Gourgaud had nothing He was a brilliant young
officer devoted to his master with an unreasonable, petulant jeal-
ousy, which made his devotion intolerable; and above all, he was
perpetually bored — bored with the islands, bored with the confine-
ment, bored with the isolation, bored with celibacy, bored with
court life in a shanty, involving all the burdens without the splen-
dor of a palace, bored with inaction, and bored with himself for
being bored."
And yet we like him. There were times when he
showed good sense, and his master might have done well
to follow his advice in his relations with Sir Hudson Lowe.
But what we are most grateful for is the new view we
obtain from his Journal of the fallen Emperor. Lord
Rosebery says:
"With his abnormal frankness he depicts himself as petulant,
captious, and sulky to the last degree, while we see Napoleon
gentle, patient, good-tempered, trying to soothe his lonely and
morbid attendant with something like the tenderness of a parent
for a wayward child. Once indeed he calls Gourgaud 'a child.'
Gourgaud is furious. 'Me! a child! I shall soon be thirty-four!
I have seen eighteen years of service. I have been in thirteen
campaigns. I have received three wounds! And to be treated
like this! Calling me a child is calling me a fool.' All this he
poured forth on the Emperor in an angry torrent."
Yet the impression left on us by Gourgaud's own
words, written in his own journal, for his own eye, is that
he was not only a child, but a provokingly naughty one.
We would love him were it not that we are keenly sensible
how intolerable his constant loss of self-control must have
been to the fallen and forsaken Emperor. Lord Rose-
bery says:
"The Napoleon who endured such scenes as Gourgaud relates
is not the Napoleon of our preconceptions: that Napoleon
would have ordered a subordinate who talked to him like this out
of the room before he had finished a sentence. What does the
teal Napoleon do? Let us hear Gourgaud himself. After the
ÏNTRODUCTIOI^ xv
scene in which he resents having been called a child, he says : 'In
short, I am very angry. The Emperor seeks to calm me. I
remain silent. We pass into the dining-room. He speaks to me
gently. "I know you have commanded troops and batteries, but
you are after all very young." I only reply by gloomy silence.'
The insulting charge of youth is more than Gourgaud can bear.
This is our Gourgaud as we come to know him. But is this the
Napoleon that we thought we knew? Not menacing or crushing
his rebellious equerry, but trying to soothe, to assuage, to per-
suade."'
Strange to say, in spite of Gourgaud's almost brutal
devotion to truth, he was selected by Napoleon (who loved
mystification, whose line of policy was habitually deceit-
ful) to be his agent — in point of fact his ambassador — to
the crowned heads of Europe, and to his own family; and
in order to leave St. Helena without exciting suspicion
that he had a mission, he was to throw dust in the eyes
of Sir Hudson Lowe and in those of the foreign com-
missioners. Gourgaud lent himself to this deception as
he would have lent himself to any plan that carried out
the wishes of the Emperor.
Piontkowski, Las Cases, and Santini had by turns left
St. Helena with instructions to communicate with Napo-
leon's friends and family, but little had resulted from their
missions. They were not persons of sufficient weight to
act as agents between the Emperor who had fallen, and
other emperors and kings. But Gourgaud was a different
man; he had been Napoleon's aide-de-camp, intrusted
with his most private thoughts, and occasionally em-
ployed as his secretary. If he obtained leave to quit his
post at St. Helena without good reason, all men would
naturally suspect a secret mission. For two months
before the date fixed for his departure, the way was being
prepared by a series of bitter quarrels with Montholon, of
whose personal relations with Napoleon Gourgaud was
already jealous, and scenes took place which amounted to
violent quarrels with the Emperor himself, duly reported
to Sir Hudson Lowe by his staff of spies at Longwood.
At last Gourgaud resolved to provoke a duel with Mon-
tholon, and asked advice concerning it from Sir Hudson
' I perhaps ought to apologize for such long extracts from the Chapter on
Gourgaud in Lord Rosebery's book, "Napoleon: the Last Phase," but any
one who knows the book will be glad to read these words over again, and
any one of my readers who does not know it may thank me for the introduc-
Uon.— -£. W. L.
xvi INTRODUCTION
Lowe ! Considerable correspondence on the subject passed
through Sir Hudson's hands. No detail of the plot, or
more properly of the little comedy, seems to have been
omitted. As the Journal of Las Cases had been seized
before his departure from Longwood, the same thing, it
was thought, might happen to that of Gourgaud. This
accounts for the bitterness and ill-temper that fill its latter
pages. When Gourgaud, after he left Longwood, found
himself for some weeks associating with English officers
at Jamestown, with Sir Hudson Lowe, and with the for-
eign commissioners, no doubt his conversation was in the
same strain. He even attempted to palm off on Sir
Hudson Lowe some cock-and-bull stories about plans for
projected escapes, such as carrying off the Emperor in
a hogshead, etc., which fables Sir Hudson accepted with
all belief, and reported to the Foreign Office, where Sir
Walter Scott subsequently had access to them, and
arrived at the conclusion that Gourgaud was a traitor.*
Meantime, by help of some secret agent, Gourgaud
kept up an almost daily correspondence with Longwood.
Montholon writes to him, a few days after they had parted,
to all appearance, enemies to the death:
"The Emperor thinks that you are overacting your
part. He fears lest Sir Hudson should open his eyes.
You know how astute he is. Therefore be always on
your guard, and sail as soon as you can, without, how-
ever, seeming anxious to hurry your departure. Your
position is a very difficult one.
"Do not forget that Sturmer^ is devoted to Metter-
nich. On every suitable occasion turn the conversation
on the tender affection the Emperor feels for the Empress,
but say Httle about the King of Rome Complain
openly of the affair of the five hundred pounds, and write
• Nothing could equal the credulity of Sir Hudson Lowe when any plan
for his captive's escape was suggested to him. Many years ago a captain in
the navy who had been in command of one of the ships on guard at St. Helena
visited often at ray father's house. He would talk freely of Sir Hudson Lowe,
and of his annoying and absurd precautions. His ship was sent to guard the
rocky islet of Tristan d'Acunha, lest any ship having the imperial captive on
board should touch at that island, which lies on the route to nowhere, and is a
long distance from St. Helena. The island had no harbor, and the English
warship was saved with much difficulty in a great storm from which she had
no refuge. It was with anything but blessings our friend would comment on
the peculiarities and vexatious precautions of Sir Hudson Lowe.— £. W. L.
'Stiirmer was the Austrian commissioner; Montchenu the commissioner
of Louis XVin.
INTRODUCTION xvii
an aggfrieved letter about it to Bertrand. Fear nothing
from him. He knows nothing of your mission.* Your
yesterday's report reached me safely. It greatly inter-
ested his Majesty. Montchenu is an old émigré, a man of
honor. You must make him talk; that is all. Any time
you go into Jamestown give a report to No. 53. It is
most certainly our safest way."
On March 14, 1 818, Gourgaud embarked onboard an
Indiaman going home to England. On the authorities at
Jamestown he had made so favorable an impression that
he was spared the voyage to the Cape, which he had
looked forward to with dread. Sir Hudson Lowe sup-
plied him with funds in lieu of the fictitious five hundred
pounds about which he made so much disturbance, and
also gave him letters to Cabinet ministers in England,
speaking of him in the highest terms. Montchenu, the
French commissioner, wrote to his government, and to
his friend the Marquis d' Osmond, French Ambassador in
London, saying to the latter: "You will doubtless be glad
to converse with an intelligent officer, who for more than
ten years has been attached to the personal service of
Bonaparte. You will see, too, that things are not so bad
with him at St. Helena as he and his subordinates would
have us believe."
On reaching London early in May, 1818, one of Gour-
gaud's first visits was to the Marquis d'Osmond. The
Marquis advised him to hold no relations with the leaders
of the Liberal party in England; that is, with Lord Hol-
land, Lord Grey, Sir Robert Wilson, or Lord Brougham —
all of them admirers of Napoleon, who compassionated his
fate. Men who held clerkships under Lord Castlereagh's
government, and all foreign ambassadors, tried to make
Gourgaud talk, and if possible obtain from him some-
thing unfavorable to his master, but as this could no
• This matter of the £500 proves that Gourgaud did not hesitate to accept
an odious part when it might lead to what was earnestly desired by the
Emperor. He was apparently to dun Napoleon for an indemnity due on his
departure, and he was to do it with acrimony and ingratitude, laying aside all
delicacy; and this was to keep up appearances. We see in this also that Gour-
gaud was sacrificing himself that he might blindly obey the instructions of his
imperial master. The commissioners, who of course did not know this, sought
in vain for some explanation of his conduct, and came to the conclusion that it
was altogether unworthy of a man of bis character and position. Stiirmer so
speaks of \\..— French Editor.
xviii INTRODUCTION
longer serve Napoleon's purposes, his faithful agent dis-
appointed them.
Soon Castlereagh's spies reported that Gourgaud was
holding relations with Bonapartists, that is, visiting leaders
of the Liberal party, against whom the Marquis d' Osmond
had taken care to warn him; on November 14, 1818, he was
arrested, his papers were seized, and he was sent to Cux-
haven. Thence he went to Hamburg, and had some
scheme of going to Russia, where he hoped to be well
received by the Emperor Alexander. Instead of this,
however, he went to Austria, where French and English
agents in vain endeavored to persuade him to go to the
United States.
Gourgaud's main pretext for leaving St. Helena was
the state of his health, broken down, he said, by the
deadly climate that was undermining that of his master.
Napoleon was anxious that Gourgaud should be credited
with liver complaint, from which he persisted he himself
was slowly dying. He never suspected hereditary cancer
of the stomach, neither did Dr. O'Meara, nor th^ surgeon
of the "Conqueror," nor subsequently Antomm rchi, his
Corsican physician.
Gourgaud fought a duel with the Comte c Ségur
after the publication of his most interesting boo on the
retreat from Russia. He also wanted to fight Sir Walter
Scott, but had no opportunity to send his challeng î.
Early in 1 821 he received permission to re i urn to
France, and soon after being reunited to his mother, to
whom he was always a devoted son, he received naws of
the death of the Emperor. He at once headed a petition
to the Chamber of Deputies, imploring it to take some
steps to reclaim the body of the Emperor, and bury
it in the soil of France, so that no foreigner might say,
pointing insolently to the spot: *'Voci /' Empereur des
Français. ' '
In the next year, 1822, Gourgaud married the daugh-
ter of Comte Roederer, with whom there had been some
question of marriage before he went to St. Helena, His
son, Baron Napoleon Gourgaud, has permitted the pub-
lication of his father's journal.
After the fall of the Bourbons in 1830, Gourgaud was
made Commander of the Artillery in Paris and Vincennes.
In 1832 he was appointed aide-de-camp to Louis Philippe,
INTRODUCTION xix
and received other military honors. When the young
Duke of Orleans was married, Gourgaud and the Due de
Broglie were deputed to escort the young princess Hélène
from the frontier of France to Fontainebleau.
In July, 1840, having negotiated together with Ber-
trand the restoration to France of arms formerly belonging
to Napoleon, Gourgaud and Bertrand placed them among
the treasures of the crown.
When Napoleon's will was published, some surprise
was expressed that no mention of any legacy to Gourgaud
appeared therein. Napoleon had carefully avoided naming
him in that document, for he knew that Gourgaud was
then trying to get back to France, and he thought that
any public testimony of affection and appreciation upon
his part might embarrass him. But in a secret will (or
rather, testamentary expression of his secret wishes) Gour-
gaud was given one hundred and fifty thousand francs "in
recognition of his devotion and of the services he rendered
me for ten years as my First Orderly Officer and aide-de-
camp on fields of battle in Germany, Russia, Spain, and
France, and on the rock of St. Helena."
Gourgaud was one of those who in 1840 accompanied
the expedition of the "Belle Poule" to St. Helena to bring
back to France the remains of Napoleon. "Only those
who loved the Emperor as I did," he says, "can compre-
hend what passed through my heart when Dr. Guillard
allowed us to see, through streaming tears, the mortal
remains of our hero."
When the body, on its catafalque, passed into Paris
beneath the Arch of Triumph, with shouts from some
hundred thousand voices of ''''Vive T Empereur! '' ^ it
was Gourgaud, who on its arrival at the InvaUdes, laid
the sword of Austerlitz upon the coffin. Bertrand was
joined with him in that sacred mission, but Montholon lay
in prison at Ham, with the prince who ten years later
was to be the third Emperor Napoleon. In vain Gour-
gaud had attempted to induce the Government of Louis
' I saw that funeral procession in December, 1840, and joined with all my
heart in the enthusiasm. It was a day so bitter that it was said that three hun-
dred English died of colds caught on the occasion. A day or two later 1 was
nearly crushed to death, when, in company with my father, 1 struggled to get
into the Chapelle Ardente, and stand inside the railing which separated spec-
tators from Napoleon's coffin. 1 wrote an account of this funeral in "France
in the Nineteenth Century," though 1 believe I did not spealc in the firit
person.— £. W. L,
XX INTRODUCTION
Philippe to pardon, if only for that supreme occasion, the
man he had once hated so jealously, and had pretended to
defy to mortal combat, but with whom he carried on for two
years and a half a familiar clandestine correspondence,
and whom he had received as a dear friend and comrade,
when, after the Emperor's death, Montholon returned
from exile. They had even collaborated in a book,
^'Mémoires pour Servir à l'Histoire de France Sous
Napoléon,'' which appeared in eight volumes in 1823.
In 1 84 1 Gourgaud was intrusted with the armament of
the new fortifications of Paris, doomed to be destroyed,
we are told, in the present year.
After the fall of Louis Phihppe, February 7, 1848,
Gourgaud was made Colonel of the First Legion of the
National Guard, and did good service under Cavaignac in
the days of June. He was then sent to the Legislative
Assembly from one of the departments.
He died July 25, 1852, having lived just about long
enough to see another Napoleon established on the throne
of France as Emperor.
Here are the instructions given by Napoleon to Gour-
gaud at the moment of his departure as a secret agent
from St. Helena:
"As soon as he shall have reached Europe, he will write
five or six letters, seven or eight days apart, to Joseph at
Philadelphia, addressed to M — , merchant, or to the care
of M. Nego or Neyon. He will alternate these letters.
He will tell him the true position in which we are, with-
out making it better or worse than it is. He will send
him copies of all the papers, declarations, or letters of
M — , and will tell him in each letter that it is important
to learn from American newspapers how he is. If he '
foresees that he will have to remain long at the Cape,^ and
if he is free, he must write to Cardinal Fesch under cover
to Torlonia, banker at Rome. He will also write to him
when he reaches Europe. It would be well, too, that he
should write to Lucien at Rome; and to the Empress,
Duchess of Parma. If he land in Italy he would do well
to go at once to Rome, where Fesch and Lucien will give
him advice as to how he may visit the family of His
• Gourgaud.
' All others who had quitted Longwood were sent first to Capetown,
thence to England.
INTRODUCTION xxi
Majesty. He might also carry a little letter relative to
Madame Gu Bertrand might write a few words
to Eugene on the subject of our interests. These little
notes could be placed in the soles of his shoes. He will
put them into the proper hands. From the Cape he might
write to Eugene and Fesch and ask them to send us some
of the latest books. He will carry some of my hair to
the Empress."
And when Gourgaud, in December, 1 840, more than
twenty years after his departure from St. Helena, once
more beheld its rocky shore, he thus speaks of the mis-
sion confided to him by his master, and of the promise
he gave Napoleon when they parted:
"This time it is not with despair in my heart that I
am going to land. I am here to fulfill a pious, a national
duty; I am here to keep my parting promise to the Em-
peror, which was that I would accomplish his deliverance
from his prison." '
' When Gourgaud, Bertrand, and the rest reached St. Helena they were
shocked to see to what a deplorable condition want of care had reduced Long-
wood. In my "Last Years of the Nineteenth Century" I have given a far
different account of what it is now, as seen a year or so since by an English
lady. The place has been purchased by the French government, and placed
in charge oi a Frenchman who resides there.— £. W, L.
TALKS OF NAPOLEON
AT
ST. HELENA
Journal of General Baron Gourgaud from the
Day after the Battle of Waterloo, June
19, 1815, TO THE Arrival of Napoleon at St.
Helena, October 15, 1815.
June ig^ iSij. The Emperor reached Charleroy at
7 o'clock in the morning, passed through the town, and
crossed the Sambre. He passed some time in the
meadow which lies to the right after crossing the bridge.
There he tried to rally a small body of cavalry, carbineers,
etc. It was a vain effort! The men who fell into the
ranks on one side slipped out at the other His
Majesty ate something. His servants rejoined me with
those of Lariboisière; my horse being exhausted, I took
one of his.
The Emperor told me to give orders to four companies
of pontonniers who were near, equipped for bridge-build-
ing, to abandon their drays and their boats, and to fall
back with the horses and soldiers of their party on
Avesnes. I also hastened the departure of a number of
peasants' carts, loaded with wine, bread, etc. They con-
tained a considerable quantity of provisions, while in the
army we were dying of hunger. His Majesty, who was
greatly fatigued, demanded a calèche. We told him the
roads were encumbered with vehicles, and that in a car-
riage he could not escape from the light horse of the enemy,
which every moment we expected to appear. He then
remounted on horseback, and for a short time we took the
I
2 TALKS OF NAPOLEON A T ST. HELENA
road to Avesnes ; but after being informed that there were
partisans of the enemy at Beaumont, the Emperor decided
to go toward PhiHppeville. After a time we met some of
our men in flight, who tried to obstruct our passage. His
Majesty hesitated for a moment, but seeing no enemy,
decided we must go on; we therefore resumed our route.
With Saint-Yon, Regnault, Amillet, and Montesquiou,
I formed a httle band, which preceded him. A httle
farther on I met about twenty Red Lancers at full gallop.
I told them there was no cause for their terror, and I
made them join us and go on. At last, overcome by
weariness. His Majesty reached Philippeville almost alone,
having with him only Soult, Bertrand, Drouot, Flahaut,
Gourgaud, Labédoyère, Amillet, and two or three other
orderly officers. The Emperor dismounted at a tavern on
the Place , and sent for the officer in command of the
town We got something to eat, and I was told
that His Majesty was about at once to post to Paris. He
borrowed the carriage of General Dupuy, who was in
command at Philippeville, and two other light vehicles
were prepared. At this moment the Due de Bassano
joined us. I asked Bertrand if I was to travel in one of
these carrioles. He said I was to follow on horseback.
I replied that my horse was foundered, and offered to go
on the box of one of the carrioles. He assured me that
would be impossible We argued the matter.
Meanwhile His Majesty having drawn up the list of those
who were to go with him, named me. We set off with
post horses; as we were passing through Rocroy, a town
at a little distance, at the village of , we overtook
the Emperor's carriage. We supped there, and they
made us pay for the supper three hundred francs. We
consulted as to what road we had better take, and decided
that for fear of not being able to get fresh horses, we
would take the high road to Mézières, along which we
were not recognized until we reached Rheims.
GENERAL GOURGAUD' s JOURNAL 3
June 20. From Rheims we went on to Berry-au-
Bac, where we breakfasted. We held a consultation,
Drouot, Flahaut, Labédoyère, Dejean, etc. (Soult had
remained at Philippeville). We all agreed that His
Majesty ought, as soon as we reached Paris, to go booted
and travel-stained to the Chamber of Deputies, give an
account of the disaster, ask aid, and returning to Belgium,
put himself at the head of Grouchy's army, collect what
scattered corps he could, and then propose to lay aside
his crown, if that should be made a condition of peace.
We next paused at Laon, where we were received with
cries of ""Vive r Empereur!" AU the peasants in the
neighborhood offered to defend this position. His Majesty
changed his carriage. He sent Flahaut to Avesnes, and
Dejean to Guise. Bassy stayed at Laon, and at last the
rest of us set out for Paris, which His Majesty reached
about ten o'clock, incognito, for he had not been willing
to make use of the Court carriages that Caulaincourt,
warned of his arrival by a courier, had sent to meet him
beyond the barrier. The Emperor, as soon as he arrived,
sent for his ministers, and took a bath.
As for me, I hurried to see my mother and my sister;
M. Dumas took me in his cabriolet. They had not heard
of our disasters, and to avoid any questions, I ordered
that no one should enter our door.
June 22. The Emperor — worried by all the men
around him who were afraid and who persisted in be-
lieving that without Napoleon they themselves might
make peace; beset, I say, by these people, and utterly cast
down by his great misfortune — decided to abdicate and to
go to the United States of America. His Majesty proposed
to me to go with him, an offer I accepted immediately,
June 2j. Saint-Yon, Saint-Jacques, Planât, Résigny,
Autric, and Chiappe, all orderly officers, asked me to see
if they, too, might not accompany his Majesty, wherever
he might retire. I did all I could to dissuade them, tell-
4 TALKS OF NAPOLEON A T ST. HELENA
ing them that His Majesty would wish to live like a private
gentleman, that he would have no need of them, and that
they would only be poor, expatriated, and of no use to
Napoleon. That my case was different, that the Emperor
had long known me, whilst of them he knew hardly more
than their names. But all wished to go, and I spoke of
the matter to His Majesty.
Jujie 24. Their request was granted. The Elysée
then presented a very different spectacle from what it had
done two weeks before. No callers, no carriages; . . . .
officers of the citizen soldiery called Fédérés, met in the
neighboring streets, and shouted wildly, ^'Vive l' Empe-
reur! We will not forsake him ! " .... But the Cabinet
ministers represented to His Majesty that his presence in
Paris paralyzed their orders, and that in spite of his abdi-
cation he was reigning still. At last the Emperor suffered
himself to be persuaded, and resolved to leave Paris the
next day (the 25th) for Malmaison, in order to wait there
for passports, which had been drawn up authorizing him
to go to the United States. I went to say good-bye to my
mother and sister, to Lariboisière, and to Dalton. I em-
braced Fain and my colleagues in the Cabinet. Bertrand
gave me my papers.
June 2j. At half-past twelve his Majesty quitted
the Palace of the Elysée. A great number of the inhabi-
tants of Paris came to the gates, and shouted ' ' Vive
r Empereur!'' His Majesty, too much moved to receive
their farewells, made his imperial carriage, with six horses
and an escort, leave by the Rue Saint-Honoré, whilst a
carriage with two horses belonging to Bertrand the Grand
Marshal, came to the back of the Palace through the
garden. The Grand Marshal and the Emperor got into
it, and left by way of the Champs Elysée. It was not
until they had passed the Barrière de Chaillot that the
Emperor alighted from the Grand Marshal's carriage and
got into his own.
GENERAL GOURGAUD'S JOURNAL 5
I was in the second carriage with six horses with
Montholon, Montaran, and Las Cases; Mesgrigny rode
on horseback beside the imperial coach.
At half-past one we reached Malmaison, where the
Princess Hortense was awaiting us. His Majesty walked
some time with Rovigo * who had just come from Paris
with orders from the Provisional Government, to take
command of the Guard, which consisted of about three
hundred men of the Old Guard and forty dragoons. His
Majesty walked a long time with the General, who did all
he could not to make his mission disagreeable to the
Emperor.
When His Majesty re-entered the château, he was
astonished to find so few people there, and said to me,
"Eh bien! I do not see any other of my former aides-de-
camp." I answered that many people who surround us in
prosperity desert us in adversity. About dusk, six orderly
officers came from Paris to join the Emperor, who went to
bed at eleven o'clock. The same evening Generals Pire
and Chartran came too, but it was only to ask for money.
June 26. I started for Paris in a coucou [a sort of
open cab] with Montholon, to arrange my own affairs,
and to say a last farewell to my relations. I went to the
Ministry to ask for a duplicate copy of my nomination on
June 9th. I saw Marchand, who attends to such things,
César La Ville, Carion, and Vital. All said: "Urge His
Majesty to go at once." Carion added: "His Majesty
has done me much wrong, but assure him that I am entirely
devoted to him, as well as to my country." I got back
to Malmaison at seven in the evening. I found there the
Due de Bassano, the Duchesse de Vicence, and Madame
Duchâtel, who were with His Majesty. Madame Regnault
had also come to say that there was a conspiracy on foot
against the Emperor, and that Fouché was at the head of
the plot. Madame Walewska had also hastened thither.
•Savary.. Due de Rovigo, Ex-Prefect of Police.
6 TALKS OF NAPOLEON A T ST. HELENA
Generals Pire and Chartran had come back to insist on
the settlement of their business, and had obtained a note
which entitled them to draw some money. During the night
Decrès, the minister, came to speak with His Majesty.
June 27. There were more visitors. Flahaut, Labé-
doyère, Bassano, and Joseph came, as well as Decrès.
The day passed in conversation. Nothing was decided
on. Pire and Chartran came back very angry from Paris,
the first because he had received only twelve thousand
francs, the second only six thousand.
June 28. A report of the near approach of the enemy
caused me to make, in company with Montholon, a com-
plete survey of Malmaison. We settled on what spot we
would station our little troop. We were all resolved that
the capture of the château should cost the partisans of the
enemy who might attack it, dear. The Emperor ordered
me to send out scouting parties of three dragoons each,
in the direction of Gonesse and Saint-Germain. Becker
received orders from Davout to have the bridge at Chatou
destroyed. I went with him; we made the necessary
arrangements. The bridge burned all night. During the
day we had heard some firing in the direction of Saint-
Denis. Madame Caffarelli had returned from Paris.
When every one is deserting His Majesty she clings to
him. She is a good woman. I am very fond of her.
June 2Ç. Bernard gave me his reasons for not wish-
ing to go; he thinks they apply to me. Batri, the secre-
tary, receives a pension of fifteen hundred francs, but he
says he will not go. Fain, who has always shown much
friendship for me, gave me the same advice; so did
Drouot. I do not know what has become of Fleury.
Lariboisière has been faithful up to the last moment. Our
uncertainty continues. Our passports for the United
States have not come. M. de La Valette has come from
Paris. He tells me that he is glad for the Emperor's
sake that I am to accompany him. The enemy is draw-
GENERAL GOURGAUD'S JOURNAL 7
ing near. His Majesty sends Becker to Paris to ask the
Provisional Government if lie cannot put himself at the
head of the troops assembled around Paris, and crush the
Prussian corps, which, knowing his deposition, is boldly-
advancing. The Emperor offers to give his word of
honor that as soon as this is over he will leave France and
carry out his first design of going to America. The Pro-
visional Government, which was of no importance as long
as His Majesty remained at Malmaison, is very far from
wishing to see him at the head of the forces. It refused
his offer, thus sacrificing to its private ends the interests
of the country, and preferring to see Paris pillaged by its
enemies, rather than delivered by Napoleon. Becker
having come back at a quarter to five. His Majesty decided
to leave for Rochefort. In the morning, Résigny went
to the police to get the passports. There was one among
them for Labédoyère, who wanted to come, but was dis-
suaded by his friend Flahaut. The Minister of Marine
had sent orders to Rochefort that two French frigates
should be there ready to put to sea; these were placed at
the orders of the Emperor.
He left at five o'clock in a common yellow calèche,
with Bertrand, Becker, and Rovigo. He wore a coat of
maroon cloth. The calèche drove out by the little gate
of the park; His Majesty got into it in the little court to
the left, on leaving the palace. The road he proposed to
take led through Rambouillet, Vendôme, Châteaudun,
Poitiers, Tours, Niort, and so on. I got into the voiture
coupé. They gave me in charge a hundred thousand
francs in gold. I took pistols from the stores of His
Majesty, and divided the weapons among those in the
carriages. I could have fired sixteen shots. Montaran
gave me a repeating rifle in exchange for the Enghsh
horse I had captured at Waterloo. Bertrand told us all
before starting to be sure that we had rifles. He had a
sharp quarrel with Ferdinand, the chief cook, who did not
8 TALKS OF NAPOLEON A T ST. HELENA
choose to go, because he said he had never been paid
what he was promised when he went to Elba. My car-
riage, and that of the valets de chambre took the same
road as the carriages of the Emperor. The others went
by way of Orleans, Limoges, and Saintes.
Before my departure, a man named Stupinski came
and bothered me to take his wife in my carriage; I re-
fused, though she was very pretty; but it did not seem
proper in the situation in which we found ourselves.
However, the Pole, by applying afterwards to the Grand
Marshal, succeeded in obtaining permission not only for
his wife, but for himself to travel in my coupé. It was
at the moment when the carriages were to start, and I had
to permit it. The persons who went by the other road
were Montholon, Résigny, Planât, Autric, Las Cases, and
Chiappe; and in a second line on the same route, came
Madame Bertrand and Madame Montholon. I made
François, my servant, go with this carriage.
Monsieur Saint- Yon, who was bubbling over with
ardor as long as His Majesty might have been of use to
him, deserted him as soon as our departure was decided
on. He had been to Paris with Autric. The Provisional
Government had declared that those of us who remained
in France would retain their grades and their positions.
He quitted Autric at the barrier when they were returning
to Malmaison, under pretext that they would not let him
pass. I had advised him not to come, but he would not
then listen to me.
Princess Hortense returned to Paris, and the same day
I bade Madame Caffarelli farewell. When shall I see
again that charming woman?
June JO. The Emperor, who travelled under the
name of General Becker, reached Rambouillet. When
my carriage approached the palace, a servant stopped it
and told me that His Majesty wanted me, that the other
carriage was to go on to the post-house, and that Mar-
GENERAL CO URGA UD'S JO URN AL 9
chand also was wanted at the palace. I went to the château,
where I found His Majesty very impatient to get news
from Paris, which he was quitting with great regret. I
found there Becker, Rovigo, and Bertrand They
gave us supper with His Majesty, who being greatly
fatigued, lay in bed till eight o'clock the next morning. I
related my journey with Stupinski, and spoke of the im-
propriety of taking a woman along with me, especially
one dressed in man's clothes. The Emperor, on being
consulted, decided that she and her husband need go no
farther. Bertrand commissioned me to tell them this bad
news, but I refused. Then he gave me a note for the
Pole, telling me to hand him one or two napoleons.
I picked out in the library a number of books, which,
after the departure of His Majesty, I put into my carriage.
Then I gave Stupinski the note Bertrand had left for him.
He was furious. When he became more calm I offered
him an indemnity if he would go back to Paris. He
refused me flatly. So I sent him to the devil. Hardly
had I left the house before he stopped my carriage and
asked me if I would please give him some small sum. I
handed him one hundred francs.
July I. His Majesty passed through Chateau-
Renaud, where he was recognized by the innkeeper at
the inn where we dined. At Vendôme the inhabitants
did not seem to me well disposed. When the carriage
that followed mine passed, some of them shouted, ' ' Vive
le Roi!'' The Post Mistress, Madame Imbault, also
recognized the Emperor, and showed me much kindness
because of my attachment to His Majesty. She told me
that she had lodged the Empress, and she thought that
"the poor man" (thus she called the Emperor) was to be
exiled to Valençay. I found she had a letter addressed to
Montmorency, and I wrote upon its back: "Your old com-
rade Gourgaud says good-bye to Raoul de Montmorency."
I reached Tours at half-past four o'clock in the morning.
lo TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA
His Majesty dined at Poitiers; from there he sent a
courier to Rochefort; he reached Niort at eight o'clock
in the evening, and received news that Rochefort was
blockaded by the English. When I passed through Saint-
Maixent in the evening, people crowded round my carriage ;
we took supper while waiting for fresh horses. The
mayor came with a party of armed men to examine our
passports, and settled all difficulties on that subject. The
horses being ready, I got back into my carriage, saying
that if any one tried to stop me on my way I should
defend myself as I would against a highwayman. At last
we got off. '
July 2. I reached Niort at three o'clock in the morn-
ing. Two officers of ge7idarmene, General Saulnier, and
Colonel Bourgeois, came to the post-house in the fau-
bourg, where a gendarme had arrested me. They recog-
nized me, and conducted me, secretly, to the Grand Cerf
tavern, where I heard that His Majesty was at the hotel
of the Boule d'Or. I went to see if he was sad. The
Prefect, Monsieur Busche, asked an audience. He was
received. The Emperor is undecided what to do. Mon-
sieur Kerkadin, who commands all that is to be done in
the port at Rochefort, arrived, and was admitted to the
Emperor immediately. He says that there are two French
frigates ready to sail, but that the roadstead of the île
d'Aix is blockaded. We send word to Paris. His Majesty
takes up his quarters at the Prefect's house. I tell the
Emperor that his brother Joseph has arrived. The offi-
cers of the Second Regimeijt of Hussars pay him a visit
in a body. They offer to join him, beseeching him to
put himself at the head of the army, and offering to march
on Paris with him. His Majesty refuses. They are much
cast down.
At half-past six His Majesty dines with the Prefect,
Madame Bertrand, who has just arrived, Rovigo, Beker,
Joseph, and Bertrand. A crowd surrounds the Prefect-
GENERAL GOURGAUD' S JOURNAL n
ure, crying, ""^ Vive V Empereur!"' After dinner a sort
of council is held. The general opinion is that the
Emperor should return to Orleans, where he will find the
army. Lallemand, senior, arrives from Paris. At nine
in the evening his Majesty dictates instructions to me,
and sends me to Rochefort, that we may see what chances
there are that we may be able to get away; also to see if
the road by Maumusson is free, and also if we might not
make use of an American ship about to sail, and go on
board of her at sea, five or six leagues from land, by
means of a good large sailing boat. His Majesty told
me to make the journey in a carriage as before. Along
the road there were pickets of twenty horsemen stationed
at regular distances; they took me for His Majesty and
shouted " Vive I ' Etnpereur!''
Journal from Arrival at Rochefort to Em-
barkation.
July J», 1 813. I reached Rochefort at six o'clock in the
morning. I alighted at the Hôtel du Pacha and went at
once to see M. de Bonnefoux, the Prefect Maritime, to
whom I communicated my instructions.
The Emperor arrived at eight o'clock, and alighted at
the Prefecture, where he found me with the Prefect. All
the baggage was got together as rapidly as possible. I
am to do duty as aide-de-camp to the Emperor. At one
o'clock came Las Cases and Madame de Montholon, who
had been stopped at Saintes and had run some risk there.
My servant François, too, rejoined me.
July 4, 1 81 3. I informed His Majesty at four o'clock
in the morning that these carriages had come in. I break-
fasted with the Emperor. Planât,' Autric,^ and Sainte-
' Planat was an orderly officer on the staff of the Emperor, who wished to
take him to St. Helena. Gourgaud was jealous of him. After the departure of
the Emperor. PJanat, Résigny, General Lallemand, and Savary Due de Rovigo
were sent to Malta, where they remained some time as prisoners, After
Napoleon's death Planat entered the service of Prince Eugene.
» Autric, another orderly officer.
12 TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA
Catherine/ who had remained behind, rejoined us. We
could see in the offing two or three frigates, and several
other ships.
July 5. Arrival of Prince Joseph. All the baggage
is put aboard the "Saale" and the "Méduse."^ The
Emperor consulted me concerning the organization of his
household, and told me that Montholon and myself should
be his aides-de-camp. He made me make a note of this
organization. He asked me if I knew Monsieur de Las
Cases, and what he might be useful for. His Majesty
thought of making him his treasurer. I said that he would
do well at the head of the Cabinet; that he was a man of
much information, who might replace Monsieur de Bassano.
July 6. The same cruiser is in sight. I went to the
port with Madame Bertrand. There is talk of my being sent
to visit the "Bayadere," a corvette in the river Gironde.
July f. Newspapers are received from Paris, which
announce the speedy entrance of the English into the capi-
tal. Much apprehension. I reinforce the guard. I
sleep at the palace.^ M. de Las Cases insists that Napo-
leon will reign again, and that the Bourbons will not be
received in France.
July 8. At six o'clock in the morning, His Majesty
• Sainte-Catherine, a relative of the Empress Josephine, and a page to the
Emperor.
* Ponée, who commanded the French frigate " Méduse," offered to fight
the "Bellerophon" single-handed, while the "Saale "(Captain Philibert) should
pass out. But Philibert refused to play the glorious part assigned him. Then
two young naval officers belonging to the brig "Epervier," and the corvette
" Vulcain," offered to form the crew of the little sail-boat which should convey
Napoleon to the United States. One was Lieutenant Genty, the other Ensign
Doret. Both were scratched off the navy list in consequence. Doret was
restored in 1830. He was made captain of a corvette, and was on board the
"Oreste" at St. Helena when the^expedition of the "Belle Poule" took place
in 1840. There was also at the île d'Aix a Danish brig, the " Magdeleine,"
which belonged to F. F. Friihl d'Oppendorff, and was commanded by his son-
in-law, a young lieutenant, a Frenchman named Besson. He put the brig at
the service of the Emperor. There was also the French corvette " La
Bayadere " stationed in the Gironde. She was commanded by the brave Cap-
tain Baudin, son of a member of the Convention, who afterwards became an
admiral.
^ That is, at the Prefecture Maritime. In all the cities where Napoleon
stopped during his journey, the place where he slept at once took the name of
Palais Impérial.
GENERAL GOVRGAUD'S JOURNAL 13
sent me to the frigates in the roads. I consulted Cap-
tains Philibert and Ponée, They again assured me that
in the daytime the wind came from the sea, and at night
from the land, but that the change was not felt three
leagues from shore ; that the English had several vessels
in the Gulf, and had stationed cruisers from Les Sables to
the Gironde; in short, that there is very little hope we
can get out to sea. I went back to Rochefort, which I
reached at three o'clock in the afternoon. I found every
face full of anxiety. Everybody, except the Emperor,
was in the greatest alarm. Rovigo told me that His
Majesty was going to embark at Fouras, in spite of the
wind and the surf, and that I must not dissuade him.
Nevertheless, I told the Emperor the truth. At four
p. M., we set out. His Majesty was in the carriage of
the Prefect. We embarked at Fouras in a boat belonging
to the port — the Emperor, Beker,' Lallemand, Bertrand,
Rovigo, and I — with more than ten rowers. Ten minutes
after five of that day. Napoleon quitted France, amid the
acclamations and regrets of all the people assembled on
the shore. The sea was very rough. We ran in con-
siderable danger. A few minutes after seven, His
Majesty boarded the "Saale," and received the honors
due his rank, omitting a salute, which I had told them
they had better not fire. His Majesty saw the officers,
and talked with Captain Philibert. We had supper. His
Majesty made me come into his state-room, and asked
my advice. Then he lay down on his bed, but made me
stay there some time.
July Ç. At one in the morning the wind changed to
the north, and blew a gale till three o'clock. Then it
grew calm, and the Emperor called for me at four o'clock.
I told him about the wind. The "Epervier" cast anchor
• On June 25, 1815, by order of the Minister of War, acting under the Pro-
visional Government, Beker was charged to keep watch over the Emperor. On
June 26 Beker arrived at Malmaison. June 27 an order from the Provisional
Government commanded him to hasten the departure of >iapoteon.
14 TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA
in the roads at six o'clock. His Majesty went ashore on
the île d'Aix, inspected the batteries and the fortifica-
tions. The inhabitants of the island followed him, crying
''''Vive V Empereur!'' Then he came back on board.
At nine o'clock came the Prefect Maritime with papers.
He held a consultation with Bertrand and Beker. We
soon learned that the Provisional Government insisted that
the Emperor must leave in twenty-four hours, either in a
despatch boat, or with the two frigates, or with a flag of
truce. At eleven o'clock we had breakfast. Everybody
was sad and discouraged. His Majesty secluded himself.
Opinion was divided. Some wanted the Emperor to go
on board the "Bayadere," which lay off Bordeaux, or to
embark at once on an American ship at anchor in the
river, whilst the two frigates should go out to sea and
draw off the attention of the English cruiser. Others
advised that he should go in a very small boat, of the
kind called mouches, which was at hand. Others thought
the Emperor had better make a stand on the île d'Aix,
or go and join Clausel at Bordeaux. At last, in the even-
ing, it was decided to send Las Cases and Rovigo to the
English, to find out their opinion, to ask if our passports
had arrived, and if we could depart. Las Cases, who
spoke English well, was to make it supposed that he did
not understand it, so that he might better find out the
opinion of the people round him.
July I o. Return of Las Cases. The "Bellerophon"
followed him with her sails set. We thought she was
going to attack us ; but no ! she came to anchor nearer to us.
She was sure that the Emperor was on board the "Saale."
July II. Arrival of newspapers announcing that the
King had entered Paris. The Emperor sends General
Lallemand aboard the "Bayadere" in the Gironde.
July 12. During the night we send off all the bag-
gage to the île d'Aix. Everybody on board is very sad.
At a quarter-past ten, His Majesty leaves in a boat for
GENERAL GOURGAUD'S JOURNAL 15
the île d'Aix, accompanied by General Beker, Bertrand,
Planât, and myself. Cries of ''Vive r Empereur!''
uttered with all the energy of despair, rose from the
"Saale" and the "Méduse." AU else was deep silence.
The Emperor was received with the same acclamations on
his arrival in the island. He took up his quarters in the
house of the general who was in command, but who at
that time was absent. The English vessel, the "Bellero-
phon," came on with all sails set. She fired a salute; we
thought it was in honor of the entrance of the allies into
Paris. His Majesty asked me what I thought: had he
better put to sea in a lugger {chasse-marée^ or go on board
the Danish brig which was at anchor near the island, or
give himself up to the English? I answered that I dared
not offer him my opinion, seeing that there were so many
risks in each of these directions. But His Majesty pressed
me, and I answered that I thought his best course would
be to give himself up to the English nation,* among whom
he had many admirers, rather than run the risk of leaving
home on board a chasse-marée. It is probable such a
boat would have been captured, and then his situation
would have been far worse. The Emperor would have
been confined in the Tower of London. Perhaps it would
have been better to try to force a passage with the two
frigates, or to reach the ' ' Bayadere . ' ' Rovigo was incHned
to try the chasse-marée. We made all preparations for
leaving that night . Rovigo returned on board the ' ' Saale . ' '
July 13. During the night there was an alarm on
board the frigates. Small English sail-boats fired shots.
'The advice of Gourgaud corresponded, as the event proved, with the
secret feeling of the Emperor. Concerning Napoleon's admiration of the
English, see an old document published in the "Carnet Historique et Litté-
raire" (March 13, i8g8); "Une Soirée à Sainte-Hélène" (March 10, i8ig),
from notes taken by Montholon. "The English," said Napoleon, "are veri-
tably people of a stamp superior to ours. . . . If 1 had had an army of Eng-
lishmen I might have conquered the world; I could have gone all over it, and
my men would not have been demoralized. If 1 had been the man of Eng-
land's choice, as 1 was that of France in 1815, I might have lost ten battles of
Waterloo without losing one vote in the Legislature, one soldier from my ranks.
1 should have ended by winning the game."— French Editor.
i6 TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. //ELENA
His Majesty sent me to the lookout to see what it was
about. They told me that there were two English frigates
at anchor in the river near Bordeaux, one at Maumusson,
and a ship and a frigate in the Basque Roads. At eight
o'clock Savary, the Due de Rovigo, arrived. He brought
word that the officers who were to have formed the crew
of the chasse-marée were beginning to lose heart. They
said it would be very difficult to pass out if the English
had their boats on the watch. His Majesty asked me my
opinion. I tried to dissuade him from attempting to save
himself in that manner. At nine o'clock General Lalle-
mand returned from his visit to Bordeaux, and the corvette,
etc. He held many mysterious talks with different per-
sons. Bertrand, the Grand Marshal, told me that His
Majesty had made up his mind to go to sea in the Danish
ship, whose captain (Besson) had been a French naval
officer of the Guard; that he had just bought at Rochelle
a cargo of brandy to be loaded on his ship, in which there
was a hiding-place; that he had all his papers, a passport,
etc. There were only four sailors on board, and only
four persons could accompany His Majesty. I replied
that I would never quit France unless I did so to follow
the Emperor, and if I left, it must be with him. I went
up to the chamber of His Majesty, who told me with
regret that he could take with him on board the Danish
vessel only Bertrand, Lallemand, Rovigo, and Ali,^ his
' Ali, alias Saint-Denis, was a native of Sens, and became one of the
Emperor's household in 1806. He served in Germany and Spain. He also
accompanied the Emperor to Holland in 1811. At the close of that year he
became the Emperor's second Mameluke under the name of Ali, and served
him as a valet de chambre. In the field he always carried the spy glass of the
Emperor and a small bottle of brandy. In the year 1813 he received the rank
of captain. After having been shut up in Mayence, he rejoined the Emperor
at Elba, and was with him in the campaign of 1815. At St. Helena he was
especially charged with the care of the books and of all dictations. During
their captivity a daughter was born to him, who was still living in November,
i8g8; to whom Napoleon, on the day of her baptism, gave a gold chain, still
preserved as a sacred relic in her family. Saint-Denis went back to St. Helena
on the " Belle Poule." In his will, dated July 6, 1855, he left to the town of
Sens a number of things that had belonged to the Emperor. Pons de l'Hérault,
in his " Souvenirs de l'Ile d'Elbe," says of Saint-Denis: "He was a man of
fidelity and devotion; the Emperor could entirely count on him. He was at
St. Helena one of the daily witnesses of the persistent crimes by which the
GENERAL GOURGAUD' S JOURNAL 17
valet — that he would much rather have taken me than
Lallemand, but that Lallemand knew the country, and was
besides a friend of the captain of the Danish vessel. He
thinks it quite reasonable that I should not be willing to
leave France unless I accompanied him; he told me that
he was very much attached to me, that he had grown
accustomed to me, but that his career was ended; that
when he reached America he should live there as a private
gentleman ; that he should never return to France ; that in
America two or three months would be necessary to get
news from Europe, and as much to make the return pas-
sage; therefore, such an enterprise as he had made from
Elba would thenceforth be impossible. I answered that I
feared nothing from the Bourbons, having nothing to
reproach myself with; and that I did not adhere to His
Majesty from interest or ambition, but because he was
unfortunate; and that no one could suppose I was prompted
by any motives except unlimited devotion to so great a
man, when defeated and deserted. I repeated that he
would, I thought, have done better to go to England;
that that noble step would have been the most suitable for
him; that he could not play the part of an adventurer;
that history might some day reproach him for having abdi-
cated, since he had not entirely sacrificed his hopes. He
answered that my reasons were good; that it would be
the wisest thing to do; that he felt sure of being well
treated in England; that it was also the advice of Lava-
lette, but that good treatment in England would be some-
what humiliating for him. He was a man, and could not
bear the idea of living among his most bitter enemies;
that he could not conquer this repugnance; and besides,
that history could not reproach him for having sought to
preserve his liberty by going to the United States. I
objected that if he were captured, he might suffer ill-
English government shortened the life of the Emperor, He devoted himself
to worshipping with deep respect the memory of one who in his last moments
gave him an imperishable testimony of his esteem,'"— /^r^wirA Editor,
1 8 TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA
treatment. He told me that he should be master of his
fate, for in that case he could kill himself. "No," I
objected, "His Majesty could not do that. At Mont
Saint-Jean it might have been all right, but now it would
never do. A gambler kills himself; a great man braves
misfortune." The Emperor interrupted me by saying
that last night he had had an idea of going aboard the
English cruiser, and as he did so exclaiming, " Like
Themistocles, not being willing to take part in the dis-
memberment of my country, I come to ask an asylum
from you," but he had not been able to make up his
mind. At this moment a little bird flew in through the
window. I cried, "It is an omen of good fortune!"
and caught it in my hand. But Napoleon said to me:
"There are enough unhappy beings in the world. Set it
at liberty." I obeyed, and the Emperor went on: "Let
us watch the augury." The bird flew to the right, and I
cried, "Sire! it is flying toward the English cruiser."
The Emperor resumed our conversation, and assured
me that when he grew bored in the United States, he
would take to his carriage, and travel over a thousand
leagues, and that he did not think any one would suspect
that he intended to return to Europe. Then he spoke of
the Danish vessel, and said: "Bah! It could very well
hold five of us, and you must come with me." I replied
that Madame Bertrand would worry her husband by insist-
ing she should die if he went away and left her." ' His
' According to Montholon, Madame Bertrand, who was a créole and very
exacting, made a slave of her husband. She was gracious, charming, and
capricious. Madame de Montholon, in her "Souvenirs," says she was the
daughter of an Englishman named Dillon, and was niece of Lord Dillon, and
that she had been brought up in England. Through her mother she was a
kinswoman of Josephine; that the Emperor himself had made her marriage
with Bertrand, and had given her a marriage portion.
According to Stiirmer, Madame Bertrand was sister-in-law of the Due de
Fitz James, and niece of Lady Jerningham, who had brought her up. On all
this, without doubt, she founded her pretensions to nobility.
Captain Dillon, an Englishman and a near relation of Madame Bertrand,
was received at St. Helena by Napoleon October 22, 1816. — French Editor
^ Though Gourgaud does not say so, this speech convinced those around
the Emperor that he was about to go to America. The mission of Las Cases
and Lallemand was a blind intended to keep up the idea that Napoleon was on
the point of going on board the English squadron.— A'. W. L.
GENERAL GOURGAUD'S JOURNAL 19
Majesty then said that at Rochefort, and at the île d'Aix,
he had proposed to Bertrand not to accompany him, but
Bertrand had insisted upon coming. Then he told me to
let Bertrand in. Our dinner was a very sad one. After
it was done, Bertrand gave me two pairs of pistols to be
given on the part of His Majesty to Captain Ponée and
Captain Philibert. They thanked me, exclaiming: "Ah!
you do not know where you are going! You do not know
the English! Dissuade the Emperor from taking such a
step!" I returned. All our luggage was taken on board
the Danish ship when the night was darkest. I went to
the corner of the island, near which the vessel was moored.
Las Cases and Lallemand were sent to the frigate, and
were thence to go, under a flag of truce, on board the
English vessels. About midnight, our preparations for
departure were suspended.
July 14. We saw our envoys with their tricolored
flag approach the English vessel. Las Cases and Lalle-
mand came back. His Majesty made us enter his room
and asked us for our opinion. All of us, without excep-
tion, advised that we should go on board the English
ships. Then I remained alone with His Majesty, who
showed me the rough copy of a letter he had just written,
and asked my advice as well as that of Lavalette. "Like
Themistocles . . . ." He asked me what I thought of
this letter to the Prince Regent. I said that it brought
tears into my eyes. His Majesty added that it was I
whom he had chosen to carry it, and gave me his instruc-
tions: I was to hire a country house, not to enter Lon-
don in the daytime, and not to accept any proposal of
his going to the colonies. Then he dictated to me a
letter that Bertrand was to write to the English commo-
dore, when he should send me with Las Cases on board
his ship, as quartermaster to prepare his quarters. He
dictated to me besides, a copy of the letter I was to carry.
Then he sent for Bertrand, made him write the letters,
20 TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST HELENA
and gave me for myself the rough copy in his own hand
of the one he was about to send to the Prince Regent.^
As I went out I met Beker; I did not tell him I was
going to England, but I begged him to see my mother ^
on his return to Paris, and to give her news of me.
Madame de Montholon begged me to contrive in some
way that she should go on board the same ship as His
Majesty. I took Las Cases with me, and I embarked on
a boat taking with me an usher, a page, and a footman.
We were well received on board the "Bellerophon."
Captain Maitland made Las Cases and me come into his
cabin, where we found Captains Gambler and Sartorius
commanders of two corvettes.^ Las Cases still pretended
that he knew no EngUsh.* Captain Maitland and the two
officers did not seem to doubt that I should at once be
forwarded to London. Las Cases was enchanted. He
heard all that the English officers said: the letter to the
Prince Regent had made a great impression on them.
Las Cases advised me to write to the Emperor that he
would certainly be well received in England. I objected,
saying that I understood nothing of what was said around
me; that he on the contrary had better write all that to
Bertrand, when the boat went back; that as for me I
should go aboard the corvette that they placed at my
service. As night fell. Captain Sartorius took me, as
well as my servant François, on board the "Slaney," a
corvette with four guns and eight carronades.
July i^. At eight o'clock in the morning we fell in
• Needless 'to say that this precious document is reverently preserved
among the archives of the Gourgaud i^iVaWy .—French Editor.
^ What proves that after all Napoleon had doubts what fate might await
him when he should have given himself up to the English, is that he said to
Beker, who wished to accompany him on board the "Bellerophon ' : " 1 do not
know what the English will do with me, but if they should not respond to the
confidence 1 place in them, people would be sure to say that you delivered me
up to them." — French Editor.
^ Gambler commanded the " Myrmidon," and Sartorius the " Slaney."
*The English were afterwards indignant at this dissimulation of Las
Cases, and it is possible that the opinion of him it created in England had
something to do subsequently with his expulsion from St. Helena.
GENERAL GOURGAUD'S JO URN AL 2 1
with the "Superb," the flagship of Admiral Hotham.
Our captain went on board of her, but soon returned. At
nine o'clock we had tea, at four dinner; at six they sig-
nalled an English frigate which had overhauled a Danish
vessel. The wind being northwest, we tacked. An Eng-
lish sailor was flogged.
Jtily id, Simday. We saw the schooner ' ' Telegraph . ' '
I dined in the ward room with the officers, who were
excessively polite to me. They do not play cards, nor
even chess, on Sundays.
July ij. The wind shifted a little. During the night
a vessel spoke us. In the morning another asked us
where Napoleon was.
July i8. During the night the pilot lost his way.
July IÇ. Just as we thought ourselves near Ouessant,
and were making ready to double the point, we found
that we were south of the île de Sein. We passed the
Bee du Raz and the Black Rocks. In the evening the
sea was rough; we had a storm.
July 20. We saw Ouessant. The wind was from
the north and against us. At ten o'clock we saw a ship,
the "Chatham," and a corvette; we made signals to them.
At half-past two we passed Ouessant between the rocks.
July 21. Perfectly calm.
July 22. At six in the morning we sighted England.
We reached Plymouth in the evening. At nine o'clock
Captain Sartorius, who up to that time had led me to
beUeve that he would take me up to London, lowered his
boat, but refused to take me to speak to Admiral Keith.
I reminded him that that was not what Captain Maitland
had said to me. I protested against this deception, and I
asked permission to go up to London and carry the letter
of the Emperor to the Prince Regent. Refusal. I have
been duped. I thought Captain Maitland a different
man. Could I have deceived myself as to English gener-
osity? Captain Sartorius has evidently no intention of
22 TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA
returning to his ship. He is going up to London; he has
taken his trunk and his portmanteau with him.
July 2j. The boat came back at midnight. It
brought a note from Captain Sartorius to his First Lieu-
tenant, containing an order to weigh anchor and go at
once to Torbay. I protested again. They started at
noon. We anchored at Torbay. Again I asked permis-
sion to go ashore. Refusal. I asked for a refusal in
writing, which was not granted me. They hoisted a
quarantine signal to prevent any communication with us.
They placed four sentinels to prevent any boats from
coming near us. They made one exception, however,
for a boat which brought a newspaper.
July 24. The "Bellerophon" came to anchor at Tor-
bay. I went on board of her shortly after, at eight
o'clock. The Emperor, who was on board, made me
come into his cabin. I told him all that had happened
to me. He told me that Admiral Hotham had sent an
officer who would make a change in the situation, and he
asked me if I had kept the letter. "Yes, Sire." They
brought in some newspapers. A great number of people,
curious to see the Emperor, surrounded the "Bellero-
phon." Boats were put off to make them keep away.
I noticed that Las Cases was wearing the Cross of the
Legion of Honor, which he had not had when we parted.
July 2j. We got some papers from Exeter.
Madame Bertrand, who had been on good terms with
Captain Gambler, got angry with him because he did not
choose to show her these papers. He behaved somewhat
rudely.
July 26. At half-past one in the morning Sartorius
returned from London. At three o'clock they put to sea.
Nothing had transpired about his journey. We reached
Plymouth at four o'clock. Maitland landed. During his
absence the frigate "Liffey" anchored close to the
"Bellerophon." The ship's boats, with officers on board
GENERAL GOURGAUD' S JOURNAL 23
of them, made all the little craft with curious spectators
keep away. Maitland announced that he should dine on
shore with the Admiral. At nine o'clock he came back,
seemed much embarrassed, and said nothing positively.
Our position seemed no better. We all began to feel
anxious as to whether His Majesty would be received.
Las Cases had no doubt of it, nor of the reign of Napo-
leon II. He gave us a great eulogium on the subject of
English liberty. He had a sharp dispute with Lallemand,
who drove him off the field. During the night another
frigate, the "Eurotas" (Captain Lillicrap) took up her
position on our starboard. The Emperor told me to give
the letter of which I was bearer to Maitland, who asked
it to carry it to London. I then learned that Las Cases
being in the boat which was carrying the Emperor on board
the "Bellerophon," had asked him to name him Chevaher
of the Legion of Honor, in order to make a better appear-
ance on his landing in England. He had put on a naval
captain's uniform, having been a midshipman before the
Revolution. Vanity of vanities!
July 27. I asked Maitland why the frigates were
moored so close to us. He gave me very poor reasons,
and ended by saying it was by order from the Admiralty.
I spoke of it to the Emperor, who replied that we must
wait to hear from the commander of the "Superb."
Maitland went on shore again, and on his return seemed
less embarrassed. He told us that next day Admiral
Keith would come on board. They would not fire a
salute because they had fired none for His Majesty. Many
boats, full of curious spectators, surrounded the ship; one
among them was filled with musicians. They were less
severe with them than on the day before.
July 28. At five o'clock Captain Maitland went
ashore. They told me that I and Planât and Maingaud,^
were to be transferred to the "Liffey." His Majesty
* A surgeon who bad been with the Emperor since he left Malmaison.
24 TALKS OF NAPOLEON A T ST. HELENA
sent for me. He had not heard of this, and assured me
that it was very far from his intention that I should not
stay with him. Bertrand pointed out to him that the
Heutenant had orders during Maitland's absence to take
me to the "Liffey." Maitland's return is expected.
Many boats with ladies on board were seen going toward
the "Eurotas," where a companion ladder had been put
over the side. This made us all very anxious. We were
afraid we might be sent on board one of these frigates.
Maitland came back and announced that Admiral Keith
would soon arrive, and that Planât and the others were on
board the ' * Liffey. ' ' He made his way into the Emperor's
cabin, but soon came out again. The Admiral came at a
quarter to twelve, went in to see the Emperor, stayed
there from twenty to twenty-five minutes, came out, went
up to Madame Bertrand and Madame Montholon, was
very poHte to them, and told them that everybody could
stay on board; that it had only been proposed to put some
on board other vessels that we might be more comfortable.
We felt more reassured. Maitland went ashore again at
two o'clock. I gave him a letter to be mailed to my
mother. Las Cases seems to have got a gold Cross of
the Legion of Honor which Marchand must have sold him.
We are again made anxious by reports that are flying around
us. In the evening Maitland returns, and seems gloomy.
July 2Ç. It rains all day. Maitland goes ashore at
five o'clock. He brings back papers which talk of send-
ing us to St. Helena.
July JO, Sunday. Maitland goes ashore as usual.
He brings back at two o'clock papers containing dreadful
news. He informed us that an Under Secretary of State
was about to visit us, who would bring us the decision of
the English Government. Our depression was extreme.
We noted the goings and comings of Maitland, who at
last told us that Admiral Keith would not come till the
next day. We grew more and more anxious. It is said
GENERAL GOURGAUD' S JOURNAL 25
that His Majesty will be permitted to take with him only
myself and four officers.
July ji. Maitland went ashore at six o'clock. He
came back at ten and brought bad news. Admiral Keith
and Bunbury, the Under Secretary of State, arrived at a
quarter past eleven, and went in to His Majesty, with
whom they stayed three-quarters of an hour. They had
informed him that he must go to St. Helena with his offi-
cers, except Rovigo and Lallemand. The Emperor
declared that he would not go; that his blood should
rather stain the planks of the "Bellerophon"; that by
coming among the English he had paid the greatest pos-
sible comphment to a nation whose present conduct would
throw a veil of darkness over the future history of Eng-
land. The Admiral begged him to write him a letter on
this subject, and His Majesty wrote that he preferred death
to St. Helena, and that he was not a prisoner of war. He
told us afterwards that he would not go to St. Helena, to
find an ignoble death there. "Yes, Sire!" we all cried,
"very ignoble! Better be killed defending ourselves, or
set fire to the powder magazine." Lallemand and
Rovigo, who were present, wrote to the Admiral to invoke
the protection of the English laws.' A sad dinner.
In the evening Madame Bertrand rushed like a mad
woman into the Emperor's cabin, without being announced,
and made a great row. Then she went back to her own
quarters and made a terrible scene. She tried to cast
herself into the sea. Lallemand, much moved, spoke to
the English, and reproached them for their conduct. Mait-
land, on his part, wrote to Lord Melville. He said he was
very sorry for what had happened. He could not have be-
Ueved it. Lallemand and Rovigo ^ wrote to Lord Bathurst.
August I. Maitland as usual went ashore
' We know how that turned out. They were sent to Malta, and were long
confined in Fort Manuel.— /"r^wc/t Editor.
' Rovigo (Savary) was, as the English knew, the man responsible for the
death of the Due d'Enghien.— £. W. L.
26 TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA
August 2. The Emperor did not breakfast with us.
Madame Bertrand on deck, got up a scene with me Hke a
market woman, and insisted that her husband must fight
me. She went so far as to tell him that anybody could
see he was not born a gentleman. Maitland reported all
this to the Emperor.
August J. Maitland went ashore. Nothing impor-
tant. Boats are all the time around the ship, with men
and women, all wearing red carnations.
August 4. At two in the morning Maitland received
orders to have everything ready to make sail. They
weighed anchor. Very soon we learned that the Captain
had received orders to go out of the roads; that His
Majesty would not be permitted even to cho'ose the offi-
cers who were to accompany him, but that Admiral Keith
would select them. The Emperor then replied that he
would not go. He did not breakfast with us, and desired
to speak with the Admiral, who was expected on board;
but who did not come. A corvette, the "Prometheus,"
was at the entrance of the harbor. We went out. The
"Thunderer" and the "Eurotas" followed us. The
Emperor did not leave his cabin. Some thought he had
poisoned himself.
The Captain went on board the corvette where Keith
was; he came back saying that Bertrand had also been
excepted, but that the Admiral would take it on himself
to let him go if he wished it. Great hesitation on the
part of Bertrand and his wife. They seem inclined not to
accompany the Emperor. His Majesty does not dine this
day, and does not come out of his cabin. In the evening
Montholon goes to see him. He seems better, and laughs
at the anxiety of some people to see him die. He asks me
about those who are to go with him. I write to my mother.
August^. The same escort follows our vessel. The
day is passed lying to, or cruising in the channel. The
sea is rough. His Majesty is indisposed, and we are all
GENERAL GOURGAUD' S JOURNAL 27
seasick. They say that Keith, Cockbum, and Hull are
on board the "Thunderer," and that they have declared
that His Majesty can take only three officers.
August 6. At eight o'clock a ship is seen in the
offing. They think she is the "Northumberland." At
eleven o'clock we are near her, and all make for Torbay,
where we can anchor outside of the roads. The Emperor
sends a list of the persons he wishes should accompany
him. I am on it. My name is the fourth. Bertrand
carries it to the Admiral, with His Majesty's orders to
insist on having me. When he comes back he brings
word that the English do not choose I should go, but the
Emperor insists. Keith, Cockburn, and Bunbury come
and interview His Majesty, who protests against the treat-
ment he is made to suffer. He proposes to consider Las
Cases as his secretary, and then I can make one of the
three officers. The Admirals consult together and decide
on nothing. They give us belts, each containing sixteen
thousand francs. Montholon, urged by his wife, goes to
the Emperor and advises him not to take Madame Ber-
trand. His Majesty's indecision increases. Will Bertrand
go — or will he not go?
August 7. Las Cases goes at eight o'clock to see the
Admiral. They make him take off his sword and tell all
of us to give up our arms. We murmur at this, for it
seems an increase of severity. His Majesty still hesitates
about taking Bertrand, because of his wife, but they use
their influence with him, and in the end he consents to
take them.
Cockburn came at noon with a commissioner; he
announced that we were about to be embarked on the
"Northumberland." The commissioner looked after the
transportation of our trunks, and examined them.' None
of us chose to witness this proceeding, at which Cockburn
was present; eighty thousand francs belonging to His
' While this was going on an Englishman, Mr. Guerry, sent some fruit to
the Emperor.— /'rtfMcA Editor.
28 TALKS OF NAPOLEON A T ST. HELENA
Majesty was sequestrated. I begged the Admiral to let
me have my servant. He refused, saying: "Just see
these famous French officers; they cannot do without an
attendant ! ' '
At two o'clock His Majesty took leave of Rovigo and
Lallemand. He refused to take back the belt that he had
intrusted to the former, and gave to the latter all that was
his on board the Danish ship, which was worth probably
thirty thousand francs. He offered a snuff-box to
Maitland, who declined it; gave a pair of pistols to the
Captain of Marines, and the same to his lieutenant. We
all embarked on board a launch. Bertrand, the Admiral,
Montholon, Las Cases, myself, Madame Bertrand,
Madame de Montholon, and finally the Emperor. When
we reached the "Northumberland," the crew were all on
deck. His Majesty bowed and said a few words to
several of the officers. A boat full of spectators was run
down by a cutter, and several persons perished. Before
dinner the Emperor had some conversation with Mr.
Littleton and Lord Lowther, members of Parliament.' At
seven o'clock we all dined together. Then we played at
vingt-et-un and went to bed at eleven o'clock.
August 8. The sea was rough. His Majesty was
sick. I slept in the big cabin. Admiral Cockburn^ and
Bingham^ were very polite, and talked much with me.
^ On board the " Northumberland " when the Emperor arrived there were
two other members of Parliament, Messrs. Stanley and Hutchinson, both
belonging to Lord Castlereagh's party.
'Cockburn was the custodian of Napoleon until the arrival of Sir Hudson
Lowe. He had a secretary named Glower, who wrote some reminiscences of
the Emperor. "Cockburn could not understand the devotion and fidelity
shown to the Emperor," says Madame de Montholon in a letter written July 14,
1816, " by the Bertrands, Gourgaud, and Montholon. These persons continued
attached to him in a way no Englishman could understand or even witness
without a profound feeling of disgust and contempt." And the Russian com-
missioner at St. Helena, Balmain, writing on September 8, 1816, speaks with
surprise of the fascination Napoleon still retained over his followers. Such
devotion, which strikes and astonishes foreigners, is natural in France.— French
Editor.
*Sir George Bingham, Colonel of the Fifty-third Infantry, was made a
General, April 15, 1816, and as such, under Sir Hudson Lowe, commanded the
camp at Longwood. In May, 1819, he sent in his resignation, and returned to
Europe.
GENERAL COURGAUD'S JOURNAL 29
The Voyage.
On August 9, l8i5,the "Northumberland," ' with her escort
of smaller ships, shaped her course for St. Helena. The voyage
lasted until October 14 — two months and five days. The "Nor-
thumberland" - was not in good condition, and had to go into dock
when she returned to England; her crew, like Kipling's "Rowers,"
were bitterly disappointed when, on entering Torbay after a long
cruise in Southern seas, they found they were not to be paid off,
were not even to land or take in fresh supplies of water and
provisions.
"Last night ye swore our voyage was done,
But seaward still we go,"
was the cry of their hearts, and there was mutiny on board during
the whole voyage. It must have been an anxious time for the
commander and his officers. Gourgaud kept his daily journal;
but from this time it is chiefly a report of the ship's latitude and
longitude, the state of the wind, and a record of the thermometer.
Here and there, however, there are passages of interest, as:
August 10. His Majesty did not leave his cabin; he
sent for me and said to me that he had better have stayed
in Egypt, that he could have established himself there.
Arabia, he said, needed a man. "With the French in
reserve, and the Arabs as auxiliaries, I should have been
master of the Orient. I should have taken possession of
India."
August 75. His Majesty spoke to me of his other
birthdays. Oh, how different! .... After dinner
when, as usual, His Majesty left the table to go on deck
with Bertrand and Las Cases, we drank his health. In
the evening, as usual, we played vingt-et-un. The Em-
peror, who on other nights always lost, won that evening
eighty napoleons. It was his birthday.
'The "Northumberland" was an 80-gun ship, carrying the pennant of
Admiral Cocicburn. She was commanded by Captain Ross, the Admiral's
brother-in-law. Her attendants were the " Havanna," a frigate of 44 guns,
Captain Hamilton; the "Weasel," a 36-gun frigate; the "Eurotas," the "Squir-
rel," and the "Peruvian"; also the "Grifhn" (Captain Wright). Montholon.in his
"Souvenirs," has given us conversations with this officer, who he says bears
a historic nAtne.— French Editor.
'The "Northumberland" was in bad condition throughout. When 1 was
a little girl I was given a big piece of dry-rot that came out of her.— .£. W. L,
30 TALKS OF NAPOLEON A T ST. HELENA
August ly. One day is like another; the Emperor
gets up at half-past eight, talks with one or two of us;
gets dressed. At three o'clock he goes into the main
cabin, and plays chess there with me or Montholon, until
four o'clock; walks until five; at half -past five dinner;
then walks till seven, and plays vt?igt-ei-un till ten o'clock.
August ji. His Majesty wishes to learn English, and
says he shall soon know it after taking a few lessons from
Las Cases.
They did not land at Madeira, though the ship lay to off one
of the outlying islands, and took in fruit, wine, and water. With
so mutinous a crew the Admiral was probably more afraid of deser-
tions among his men than of the escape of his captives.
September 8. Whilst I was in His Majesty's cabin he
got me to measure his height. It was exactly five feet
two inches and a half.' We talked of his return to France,
and of Waterloo. In the evening the Emperor played
whist with the Admiral.
September 77, Sunday. His Majesty worked with me
at problems in mathematics. We extracted square roots
and cube roots, and we solved equations of second and
third degrees.
September 18. His Majesty talked to me about
Lannes, Murat, Kleber, and Desaix, and assured me that
the last was the best general he had ever known. He
expressed great regret for the death of Lannes, for he
knew how much I loved him. "Clausel and General
Gérard," he said, "promised well. Bernadotte has no
head; he is a true Gascon; he will not stay long where
he is. His turn to go off will soon come."
September iç. Madame Bertrand has inflammation of
the brain. She has been bled twice. The Emperor says
she had better die. His Majesty tells me that among all
the actresses of Paris he had connection with only one,
Mademoiselle Georges, and that all the stories told about
• French measure.
GENERAL GOURGAUD' S JOURNAL 3^
little Saint-Aubin, are false. The prettiest women are
the hardest to make love to.
To-day they cleaned the arms that they had forced us
to give up. These are nov^r kept under lock and key.
Among them are two of the Emperor's swords — the sword
of Aboukir, and that of the Champ de Mai. There are a
repeating rifle and three other rifles, besides eight or ten
pairs of pistols.
September 2j. At eleven o'clock in the morning we
crossed the Line at about 0° longitude, at the same time
as the sun. At nine o'clock the sailors made ready for
the usual ceremony. We all expected to be well soaked,
but they were not hard on us. A sailor came forward and
asked the Admiral who was on the poop, where General
Bonaparte was. The Admiral replied that the General
had once before crossed the Line. Two men in a car
came forward, one dressed as Neptune, the other as
Amphitrite. A band accompanied them. It was a real
saturnalia. Persons on board who had not previously
crossed the Line, presented themselves one after another.
I followed General Bertrand. I gave them a napoleon
and was not drenched. His Majesty sent for me to know
how things were going on, and told me to give Neptune
from him a hundred napoleons. I went and asked Ber-
trand for the money, but he thought it was too much. He
hesitated to make the gift. The right time passed. We
consulted the Admiral, who told us that if Neptune
received five napoleons it would be enough. In the end
Neptune got nothing, through the foolishness of Bertrand.
It is worthy of remark that the thermometer was that day 76'
Fahrenheit, and only on two days while they were in the tropics
did it reach 80°.
Septetnber 28. His Majesty sends for me to talk about
Waterloo, "Ah! if it were only to be done over again!"
he cried.
32 TALKS OF NAPOLEON A T ST. HELENA
Two days later there was a little scene between Gourgaud
and the Emperor, the forerunner of many others occasioned by
Gourgaud's jealousy of Las Cases.
September 30. His Majesty sent for me. Las Cases had
told him that yesterday I had said to the Admiral that Bona-
parte was not General-in-chief on the 13th Vendémiaire,
which is true. The Emperor scolded me sharply. He told
me it was he who commanded, and besides, it was none of
my business. He was the person to tell the Admiral what
he chose, and that even if he did not say the truth, I was
not to contradict him. "I did not know," I said, "that
Your Majesty had spoken on the subject to the Admiral;
he questioned me, and I said the truth." The Emperor
grew still more angry, and advised me to have no further
talk with the Admiral. If he questioned me I was to
make no reply. He advised me to imitate Las Cases, and
even went so far as to exclaim, "Some day you will pass
over to the service of the English!" I replied, "Sire, if
I refused to enter the Russian service in 18 14, it was not
that I might now take service with any foreigners. I
prefer to be a soldier of France."
In the evening His Majesty sent for me. The book
written by Las Cases, which he had not read, was not, I
told him, a work of genius, but it might be useful.
October j. I had some words with Las Cases, be-
cause he had told the Emperor what I said in a conversa-
tion I had with him about the death of Due d'Enghien.
He asked me why I came, and assured me that His
Majesty would give me three hundred thousand francs
with which I could build up a large fortune, if I would go
back again. I retorted vigorously. "Las Cases," I said,
"I shall never approve of the death of the Duke, or of
that of Pichegru If I am here, it is because I
was attached to the personal service of His Majesty, whom
I have followed everywhere for four years, except when
he went to Elba. I saved his life once, and one always
GENERAL GOURGAUD'S JOURNAL 33
loves those for whom one has done some great thing.
Yet if I had thought he was coming back from Elba to
bring misfortunes upon France, I would not have resumed
my place in his service. But you, sir — you never knew
the Emperor. He did not know you even by sight.
.... Then what are the motives of your great devotion
to him.?" ....
I see around me many intrigues, much deception.
Pauvre Gourgaud, qu^ allais-tu faire dans cette galère?
October 7. At noon His Majesty dictated to me
several pages about the campaign in Italy, and the siege
of Toulon. Then the conversation turned on Madame
Junot (the Duchesse d'Abrantès). Napoleon said: "She
belonged to the police of Monsieur de Blacas in 1814,
and was paid fifteen hundred francs a month for her ser-
vices. Junot married her out of vainglory; he had a
mania for the noblesse.^'
Las Cases asserts that the Emperor said to him,
"Gourgaud will have no more talks with the Admiral. I
have put a stop to them."
October 14, 181^. St. Helena is sighted.
October 75". We cast anchor at noon. I was in the
Emperor's cabin as we approached the island. He said:
"It seems no charming place to live in. I should have
done better to stay in Egypt. I should now have been
Emperor of the whole Orient."
A day or two after the Emperor lands, Gourgaud reports him
assaying: "It is a horrible island, besides being our prison. You
must all of you complain of it bitterly."
This they all did, except Gourgaud in letters written to his
mother, to reassure and console her. These letters passed
through the hands of Sir Hudson Lowe (who came out as Gover-
nor of the island, on the 15th of April, 1816) and Lord Bathurst,
the Colonial Secretary in the Cabinet of Lord Castlereagh. The
tone of this correspondence gave them a favorable opinion of
Gourgaud, which in the end served to facilitate a scheme of
Napoleon's.
NAPOLEON
THE TALKS OF NAPOLEON
CHAPTER I.
EARLY YEARS— 1769-1796.
The Bonaparte Family. — Brienne. — Toulon. — His
Life as an Artillery Officer. — The Revolu-
tion and its Leaders.
The Bonaparte Family.
"There are many Napoleons in Corsica; I preferred
to call myself Bonaparte. Bonaparte is the same name
as Buonarotti. I made a mistake when I would not let
my relative, Fra Buenaventura, be canonized
At San Miniato one of my kinsmen who was a Capuchin,
Brother Bonifacio Buonaparte,' died in the odor of sanc-
tity. He was declared 'blessed.' When I entered Italy,
the Capuchins earnestly besought me to have him canon-
ized, but it would have cost a million francs. Afterwards,
when the Pope came to Paris, he proposed the same thing.
It would probably have brought over to me many of the
clergy; but I consulted my Council, and they thought
that it would seem ridiculous, like certain genealogies
that had been proposed to me. So the blessed Boniface
Bonaparte never became a saint."
The Emperor one day remarked that he liked the old
French custom of leaving the bulk of a family fortune to
the eldest son. In this way every family might possess
one wealthy member, whom public opinion would oblige
to push the fortunes of his younger brothers. The Bona-
' When the Bonnparte family became French subjects, they changed the
Italian spelling of their name: Buonaparte became Bonaparte.— £■. W. L.
35
36 TALKS OF NAPOLEON A T ST. HELENA
parte family in Corsica had an annual income of about
twelve thousand francs because their property for more
than a century had not been subdivided.
The Emperor's grandfather, knowing the spendthrift
habits of his son, left all his fortune to one of his brothers,
the Archdeacon Lucien Bonaparte. "This," said His
Majesty, '*was fortunate for us; for my father, who liked
to play the grand seigneur, would soon have spent every-
thing. He was fond of making journeys to Paris, which
always cost a great deal of money. He died at Mont-
pellier at the age of thirty-five. Our great-uncle kept a
fortune for us, which my father would have squandered.
It was this granduncle, whose purse Pauline took from
under his pillow when he was dying."
"My father had always been a man of pleasure, but
in his last moments he could not draw too many priests
and Capuchins around him. On his death-bed he was so
devout that the people in Montpellier insisted he must be
a saint. On the other hand, my uncle, the Archdeacon
Lucien, who died at the age of eighty-four, and who all
his life had been a wise man and a brave man, would not
let a priest come near him in his last moments. Fesch,
however, insisted upon seeing him; but when he wanted
to put on his stole, ^ my uncle, as soon as he saw him do it,
told him angrily to let him die in peace. Nevertheless he
spoke to us of religion up to the very last."
"My father, Charles Bonaparte, died of a cancer
about 1785. My brother Louis was so absurd as to have
his body removed from Montpellier, that he might erect a
monument over his remains at Saint-Leu. My father and
mother were very handsome people. My wet-nurse came
to see me at the time of my coronation. My mother
seemed quite jealous of her, but the Pope noticed her
several times. My foster-sister, who was a clever woman,
' Preparatory to administering the last offices of religion.
EARLY YEARS— i-jôç-irçô 37
married an officer, and one of her brothers, who was not
far from my own age, became (though the son of a Corsi-
can boatman) captain of a frigate in the EngUsh navy."
"Madame mère had thirteen children. I am the third.
On August 15, 1769, she was on her way home from
church, when she felt the pains of labor, and had only
time to get into the house, when I was born, not on a
bed, but on a heap of tapestry. My father died in 1785.
If he had lived my mother might have had twenty chil-
dren. Madame mère was a maîtresse fenwie. She had
plenty of brains!"
"At one time in my reign there was a disposition to
make out that I was descended from the Man in the Iron
Mask. The Governor of Pignerol was named Bompars.
They said he had married his daughter to his mysterious
prisoner, the brother of Louis XIV., and had sent the pair
to Corsica under the name of Bonaparte. I had only to
say the word, and everybody would have believed the
fable."
"When I was about to marry Marie Louise, her father,
the Emperor, sent me a box of papers intended to prove
that I was descended from the Dukes of Florence. I
burst out laughing, and said to Metternich: 'Do you sup-
pose I am going to waste my time over such foolishness?
Suppose it were true, what good would it do me? The
Dukes of Florence were inferior in rank to the Emperors
of Germany. I will not place myself beneath my father-
in-law. I think that as I am, I am as good as he. My
nobiHty dates from Monte Notte.' Return him these
papers.' Metternich was very much amused."
"I am not a Corsican. I was brought up in France.
I am a Frenchman, and so are my brothers. I was bom
in 1769, when Corsica had been united to the kingdom of
' Napoleon's first victory, 1796.
3^ TALKS OF NAPOLEON A T ST. HELENA
France. Joseph is my elder brother, which caused some
people to say that I was born in 1768. One day at
Lyons, a maire, thinking he was paying me a compliment,
said: 'It is surprising. Sire, that though you are not a
Frenchman, you love France so well, and have done so
much for her.' I felt as if he had struck me a blow! I
turned my back on him."
"Those who write libels on me are pleased to call me
a Corsican. They say that I am not a Frenchman! I
am more of an Italian, or a Tuscan, than a Corsican.
And yet my family has always held first rank in that
island. Like Paoli, I had twenty-five or thirty cousins in
Corsica. I am sure that many of the Corsicans who fol-
lowed Murat into Calabria must have been my kinsmen." '
"My mother was a superb woman, a woman of ability
and courage. Almost up to the time of my birth she fol-
lowed the army that was contending against France in
Corsica. The French generals took pity on her, and sent
her word to go to her own house until after her confine-
ment. In her own home she was received in triumph.
By the time my mother was confined, Corsica had become
French. During ihe Revolution, when Paoli had some
idea of putting the island under the protection of the
English, I opposed his project, and at last I broke with
him. I was persuaded that the best thing Corsica could
do was to become a province of France. I said to Paoli:
'I own that many crimes are now being committed in
France, but that is the case in all revolutions. All that
will end before long, and then we shall find that we make part
of a great country.' Paoli would not believe me. I left
him and I came to France after war had ruined our prop-
erty in Corsica. When I first joined the army I was em-
ployed on a commission for the purchase of gunpowder;
' Two hundred Corsicans formed a band which followed Murat when, in
1815, he attempted to recover his kingdom of Naples.
EARLY YEARS— 176Q-17Q6 39
then I came to Paris, whence they sent me to the siege of
Toulon.
"It has been sometimes said that Paoli was my father.
It was false. It could never have been."
* 'One of my ancestors in Florence wrote a comedy, 'La
Veuve.' It was extremely indecent [libre). I saw the
manuscript in the Imperial Library. The changes now
going on in France will people America with French refu-
gees, as Florence peopled Corsica with Tuscans."
Brienne.
"In 18 14 I could not recognize Brienne, where I had
spent my school-days. Everything seemed changed; even
distances seemed shorter. The only thing that looked
familiar to me was a tree under which, when I was a
pupil, I read Tasso's 'Gerusalemme Liberata.' "
The Emperor one day declared he could not finish
reading "Clarissa Harlowe, " and yet he remembered that
when he was eighteen he had devoured it.
"That sets me to considering the difference between
eighteen and forty-eight. It was the same thing when I
revisited Brienne. What once appeared to me so vast, or
so far off, seemed to have grown smaller and nearer.
Lovelace was a scoundrel. He was forever holding out
hopes that he would make the fortune of those who served
him, but his income was only two thousand pounds. I
calculated it for him. At eighteen I did not understand
what bad places he frequented."
The Emperor told us that when in garrison at Valence
and a lieutenant in the artillery, he was walking one day
some distance from the town, when a man came up to
him asking if he could tell him where to find Lieutenant
Bonaparte ; then, suddenly recognizing the man he sought,
40 TALKS OF NAPOLEON A T ST. HELENA
he threw his arms about him. He was an ex-monk, one
of the teachers at the mihtary school of Brienne. He was
a man who had always treated his young pupil with kind-
ness and distinction. When asked what the lieutenant
could do for him, Brother Elie (that was his name) an-
swered that he would let him know by and by. Mean-
time young Bonaparte saw that he was well provided for
at Valence, and at the end of three days was told that the
funds of his convent had been divided between himself
and his colleagues, and that he found himself in posses-
sion of thirty thousand francs in gold. Not knowing how
to dispose of so much money, he had bethought him of
his old pupil, whom he knew, he said, to be trustworthy,
and of an honorable family. He therefore begged him to
take the money, and to let him draw on it as he had need.
After some hesitation Bonaparte accepted the trust,
though the sum was an enormous one for a young man
in his position. But he heard no more of Brother Elie
until he was at Milan during his first campaign in Italy.
Then Brother Éhe came to see the General, not to reclaim
his money, but to shake hands with him. The great man
paid over to him more than the original sum; and that
was the last he ever heard of Brother Elie.
The Emperor also told us that there had been at
Brienne another minime, or monk teacher, Patrault by
name. He was an excellent mathematician. He had
instructed Pichegru ; and the whole school highly esteemed
him. It was he who had given the Cardinal the poison
when he was sentenced to death. He had been made
guardian to the daughters of Monsieur de Brienne, and
three hundred thousand francs had been given him to bring
them up in obscurity, and to find them good husbands in
the peasant class, but he wished instead to marry them to
his nephews.
"Monsieur de Brienne, when I was Consul, wanted to
have his daughters back again, but Patrault would not
EARLY YEARS— lyôg-iygô 4^
give them up. Finally I intervened, and restored the
young ladies to Monsieur de Brienne. One of them, who
but for me, would have become the wife of a peasant
husband, became Madame de Canisy, and subsequently
the Duchesse de Vicence.' I gave Patrault a place in the
quartermaster's department, where he made five hundred
thousand francs during my second Italian campaign. I
had pretty much forgotten him, when one day at Malmai-
son, I received a letter from him requesting an audience.
As I knew him to be a lover of intrigue, I thought at first
he wanted to tell me about some plot, and was uneasy
until I saw him. It was only, however, to say that he
was ruined, and to ask me for a place. I told him to
come back in two days' time. Then I wrote to Dubois
to ask what he knew about him. He replied that he had
lost his fortune by lending money for short periods.
When he came back to see me I reproached him for this,
telling him that I had made his fortune once, and that he
ought to have taken better care of it. I never saw him
again."
"I think the use of pistols in a duel is ignoble. The
sword is the weapon of brave men. When I was a lieu-
tenant in the artillery I fought a duel with a naval officer,
who in company had said that all officers of artillery were
sordid money-lenders {/esses- fnathieu)."
"I read Père Bourgoing's book ^ in my youth, and
what I remembered of it was of use to me in all my nego-
tiations. Of battles he writes as a civilian. He speaks
of the wind as if it played the same part in fights on land
that it does in those at sea. Civilians can form no con-
ception of a battle. Tilly and Wallenstein were better
generals than Gustavus Adolphus."
' Caulaincourt was Duke of Vicenza.
'Bourgoing: a theologian who was one of the founders of the Congrega-
tion of the Oratoire. He lived at the close of the sixteenth century and the
beginning of the seventeenth.— £. W. L.
42 TALKS OF NAPOLEON A T ST. HELENA
"Maignet, who was Representative of the people at
Marseilles, once asked me to give him a plan to strengthen
the arsenal against any coup de main, and I drew a design
with a crenelated wall. But shortly afterwards arrived a
denunciation against the commission of artillery at Mar-
seilles, who were, it was said, planning to construct a
fortress to intimidate the patriots. A decree of the Con-
vention summoned the commission to appear before its
bar. Sugny, the Military Governor of Marseilles, came
and informed me that I was the person implicated, and
that I had better go up to Paris, and answer the charge.
I replied that the decree referred to the Chief of Artillery
at Marseilles, and not to me; that therefore he ought to
go to Paris, and testify that he was not the man who had
made the plan. He did so, and another decree was issued
against me. But the younger Robespierre wrote to his
brother in my behalf, and I was not molested."
The Emperor told us that when he was quite young he
gained a prize offered by the Academy of Lyons for the
best paper in answer to the question: "What are the
truths and principles that ought to be inculcated on men
that they may enjoy happiness?" His paper gained him
a gold medal, which he sold afterwards for fifty louis. He
mentioned this one day before Talleyrand, who seemed to
take no notice, but five or six days later he came to
the Emperor, bringing him this paper, which he had
obtained from the Academy at Lyons. "I asked him, as
I took it: 'Have you read \\?.' 'No, Sire, I have just
received it.' Then I flung it into the fire, and pushed it
down with the tongs. Talleyrand became quite red in the
face, but I did not wish to let any one see such a paper,
written when I was very young. It might have exposed
me to ridicule when I was Emperor."
"When I was a lieutenant, in a visit the corps paid to
Monsieur du Teil (afterwards a general), I made a few
EARLY YEARS— 176Q-17Q6 43
remarks, which pleased him so much, that he gave me the
ordnance-yard to superintend. I should soon have been
made a colonel, and then I would have tried to get an
appointment on the staff of some marshal. I might have
advised him and assisted him, and I should soon have
become distinguished. The most important quality in a
general is firmness. And firmness is a gift from heaven."
Toulon.
"I knew Junot first at the siege of Toulon. He was
quarter-master in a battalion from the Côte d'Or. I
needed some one who could write for me. I asked Gavais
for such a man. Gavais, who was commandant at Fon-
tainebleau in 1 8 14, was in command of a battalion at
Toulon. He sent me two men. Junot came first. I
took him. He pleased me. That same day, being in my
battery, I was getting him to write a letter, when a can-
non ball covered us both with dust and gravel. Junot
cried at once, * Bien! Here's sand enough for this letter!'
He wrote a superb hand, and he stayed with me. The
other man long after, was still a non-commissioned officer,
while Junot had got splendid promotion. Such is fate.
Junot was always a braggart, a terrible fellow for running
after women. He liked to be surrounded by members of
the old nobility. I ought never to have given him a com-
mand; in his latter days he wanted very much to be made
a marshal. At Valoutina he was already mad."
"The itch is a terrible malady. I contracted it at the
siege of Toulon. Two gunners who had it were killed
in front of me, and I was covered with their blood. I
was not properly treated, and I continued to suffer from
it while in Italy, and in Egypt. When I came back from
the East, Corvisart cured me by putting three blisters on
my chest; this brought on a salutary crisis. Before that
time I had been thin and sallow; since then I have always
had good health."
44 TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA
During the siege of Toulon, the Convention wanted *
to send to the Gulf of Piombino a squadron to disembark
ten thousand troops who were to march on Rome. Bona-
parte opposed the project, pointing out that the King of
Naples would have sixty thousand men not far from there,
that the French had no cavalry, and that the best place
to land would be Monte Argentario, whence they could
take up a position at Orbitello. He asked them, "How
do you expect to avenge the death of Bassville? The
Pope and the cardinals will escape from Rome; if you
pillage, or outrage the women, you will frighten the
partisans we now have in the States of the Church.
Besides, men are men, and a population of two hundred
thousand is not to be despised." In spite of this, Letour-
neur, who was the Representative from the Convention,
persisted. He wanted to go to Rome, and his colleagues
wanted to follow him.
"Old Thénard, who was a fierce aristocrat at heart,
but terribly afraid of what might happen to himself,
addressed the Representatives, and urged them to favor
the expedition, being sure it would not succeed. The
only way I could oppose it was by asking the sailors
whether they would rather fight the English with or with-
out a convoy of transports. They all answered, 'Without
the convoy!' 'Then,' said I, 'let us beat the English
first, and then, when you are masters of the sea, you can
come back and take the convoy.' This advice prevailed.
But the French squadron of fifteen ships was dispersed by
the English, and the expedition never took place."
The Revolution and Its Leaders.
"Up to July 14, 1789, I would not have stayed the
Revolution; the King had good sense; what he wanted
was vigor. He was like my brother Joseph, who, when
King of Spain, complained to me about Belliard, the Gov-
' In revenge for the murder of Bassville, tfie French ambassador in
Rome.
EARLY YEARS— 176Q-17Q6 45
ernor of Madrid. When I spoke to Belliard, he replied:
'It is true, Sire. I was in command. Every day I had to
give my own orders and to arrange my own plans, for
King Joseph did not think about plans or orders once a
month.' "
"At the time of the oath of the Tennis Court, I think
Louis XVI. might have arrested the Revolution, but
though he had daring in reserve, he lacked decision at the
right moment for action. He had more talent than most
men. He knew it, and that was the reason why he per-
sisted in wishing to govern France by himself. He ought,
like Louis XIII., to have taken a competent prime minis-
ter, and to have let him act. Perhaps if Monsieur de
Montmorin had governed France the Revolution might
not have taken place."
"Necker was a man of talent. Monsieur de Calonne's
support was among the rascals; Necker had that of
honest men. But Monsieur Necker did much to bring
on the Revolution. He was not noble, and not being in
favor with the noblesse, he could not be of their party." '
"The Constituent Assembly made a constitution that
was absurd, but I think that a constitution is not wanted
in France. France is essentially a monarchical country —
I mean that it does not need deliberative assemblies,
although there always have been such in the provinces,
the States General, and the parliaments, but no legislative
assemblies. If any one wants to get up a revolution, his
sure plan would be to create a parliament. At once two
parties will be formed in it, and then passions and
hatreds will be aroused between them."
' Napoleon said that when he was First Consul he was visited at Geneva by
M. Necker, who talked as if he was by no means au courant in French affairs,
" And," added the Emperor, " he wanted me to make him one of my ministers,
for men never lose sight of ambition. Monsieur de Calonne also addressed
a long memorial to meat Malmaison, full of erasures, immediately after his
return to France. He, too, aspired to be a minister. In this paper he strongly
advised the government to take no part in certain financial operations, which
were merely speculative. The man was a fool!"
46 TALKS OF NAPOLEON A T ST. //ELENA
"The Constituent Assembly had better have taken the
Duke of Orleans for King, and have at once changed the
succession. Foreign powers would probably not have
interfered. Some people might have said that to acqui-
esce in such a change of dynasty would have been dis-
honorable in the Duke of Orleans, but the splendor of
royal robes can conceal anything. I declare I believe
that if Louis XVI. had made his escape at Varennes, the
Duke of Orleans would have been elected King, and the
Revolution might have taken a very different course."
"Louis XVL, after his flight, deserved what happened
to him! He had made us all swear to be faithful to the
constitution, and then he deserted us!"
"The campaign of Dumouriez in Champagne was
very fine, very bold. Dumouriez was the only great
soldier who, during the Revolution, sprang from the
ranks of the nobility. He would have made me a good
minister. He had good sense and great talent. But in
his Memoirs he talks nonsense when he tells us that he
might have been made Duke of Brabant, when his military
career had lasted only eight or ten months! It is possible
that if it had lasted as many years, he might have become
a man of high renown. With Lafayette it was different.
All the other generals of that time — Kellerman, Beurnon-
ville, and Valence — were mere nonentities; we found them
so afterwards ! Brunswick acted very foolishly during his
campaign in Champagne. When a general invades a
country he must not be afraid of giving battle. He must
follow up his enemy until he can attack him. Brunswick
ought not to have given the French time to breathe. Who
at that time could have stopped the Prussian general.?"
"I think the massacres of September may have pro-
duced a powerful effect on the men of the invading army.
In one moment they saw a whole population rising up
EARLY YEARS— 1769-1796 47
against them. Everywhere there was blood and murder.
It has been said that during the Revolution honor took
refuge with the Republican armies, but I can declare from
my own knowledge, that those who massacred in September
were almost all soldiers, who, before going to the fron-
tier, were resolved to leave no enemies behind them. It
was Danton who made the project. He was a very extraor-
dinary man; a man capable of anything. One cannot
understand why he separated from Robespierre, or why
he should have suffered himself to be guillotined. It
seems as if the two millions he had appropriated in Bel-
gium had changed his character. It was he who said,
''De r audace! puis de V audace! et encore de V audace!' "
"Marat was naturally a clever man, but he was more
or less mad. What gave the public great confidence in
him was, that in 1790 he had prophesied what would hap-
pen in 1792. He kept up a lone fight against every man.
He was a very singular being. Such abnormal persons
are not seldom found in history. Whatever people may
say of them they are not despicable characters. Few men
have made their mark on the world as they have done."
"Robespierre will never be well known in history. It
is certain that Carrier, Fréron, and TaUien were more
bloody-minded than he.
"Danton left many friends behind him, among them
Talleyrand and Sémonville. He was a real party-chief,
greatly beloved by his followers."
"All I read in the 'Moniteur' confirms my opinion of
Robespierre. The Constitutent Assembly drew up an
absurd constitution. It was ridiculous to decree that the
King might not do as he pleased with his own Guards,
without asking the permission of the Assembly. The
mayor of any little insignificant town under the constitution
would have had more power than a marshal of France."
48 TALKS OF NAPOLEON A T ST. HELENA
"Robespierre was overthrown because he wished to
become a moderator, and to arrest the Revolution.
Cambacérès told me that the day before his death he made
a magnificent speech to that effect, which had never been
printed. Billaud and other Terrorists thought he was
becoming too little of a Jacobin, and would certainly cut
off their heads, so they leagued together against him, and
excited the so-called 'honest men' to overthrow 'the
tyrant,' but really that they might take his place and
make the Reign of Terror worse than ever. But as soon
as Robespierre fell, the popular explosion was so great
that the Terrorists, do what they would, were powerless
to get the upper hand again."
"Collot d'Herbois committed atrocious deeds at
Lyons. One cannot conceive how he was able to have
five or six thousand persons shot, and assuredly in such a
city the execution of fifty or sixty leaders would have
been more than was necessary.
"Carrier wrote to the Convention that the Loire was a
beautiful gulf in which the Revolutionists might drown their
enemies. Those men were far more sanguinary than
Robespierre. Robespierre was a man of probity and
strict morality. He committed a great blunder when he
caused the death of Danton. He ought to have sent
Chaumette and Hébert into exile, and not have condemned
them to the scaffold; but in those days nothing was
thought of but the guillotine. Danton' s party was very
numerous. It took its revenge by overthrowing Robe-
spierre."
"Robespierre ought to have had himself proclaimed
Dictator. But he would not have found that so easy as
if he had been a general. Soldiers are not republicans.
They are accustomed to obey; and are very wilHng to
see citizens submit to authority.
EARLY YEARS— 1769-170 49
"At the camp at Boulogne, in 1803, the soldiers wished
to have me proclaimed Emperor. Armies are essentially
monarchical, and you will see the same spirit gaining
ground in England. On the i8th Fructidor' (September
4), if the Directory had been reconstructed, I would have
marched on Lyons with fifteen thousand men, and have
placed myself at the head of the Government. I could
have rallied all parties round me."
"Marat was a singular man. He boasted in the
Chamber of being guilty of the things for which other
men tried to frame excuses. Charlotte Corday, I think,
did a noble deed in defense of society."
"What I approved in Marat was his perfect frankness
about himself. He was an original. He said what he
thought. Single-handed he fought all men."
"In my opinion the Duke of Orleans never conspired
against the King. There had always been an Orleans
party in France because all dissatisfied members of the
royal family instinctively turn their eyes toward that
branch which is nearest the throne. It is the same thing
now."
"Carrier was a perfect monster, a beast of prey.
What atrocities he committed! How did it happen that
no one murdered him.'' A taste for murder came from
making a god of Marat, who was a madman, — and his
coffin was placed in the Pantheon!"
"What Marat proposed to do. Carrier did. At Mar-
seilles Fréron and Barras also committed atrocities. They
arrested an old tradesman who was deaf and blind. They
' On the 15th Fructidor, while Napoleon was still with his victorious army
in Italy, the majority of the Directors summoned Hoche to rid them of
Barthélémy and Carnot, their two minority colleagues, and of fifty-three mem-
bers of the Council, whom they accused of being anti-revolutionary. Napo-
leon, in spite of his victories, was not a favorite with the Directors at that
period.— £. W. L.
50 TALKS OF NAPOLEON A T ST. HELENA
said he was a conspirator. The poor wretch asked
them: 'Do you want my fortune? Take it, but spare my
life. I have eighteen millions. I give it all to you, pro-
vided you will leave me my life and half a million ! ' But
they guillotined him.
"Men who had dined one day with Representatives of
the Convention, were next day sent by their entertainers
to the scaffold. There is a great difference between
preaching the effusion of blood and shedding it. I was
at Marseilles at that time, on business connected with the
artillery; I saw it all.
"At Nantes there perished six thousand persons, and as
many at Lyons and at Marseilles; but at Toulon compara-
tively few lives were taken. Only three hundred men
were shot there — poor wretches! — because they had ac-
cepted employment from the English.
"Well! it was the deeds of Carrier, Fréron, and Barrera
which were the prime cause of the overthrow of Robe-
spierre. Carrier brought on the revolt in La Vendée by
his iniquities. I can easily conceive why men hated the
Convention.
"But we will not talk about such dreadful things.
Nothing in all history equals those horrors. All the
members of the Committee of Public Safety deserved to
perish. Any man who sentences another man to death
without hearing his defense deserves death himself.
They condemned at one stroke thirty of their fellow-
deputies. Blood calls for blood .... Pick up your
book, Gourgaud, and go on with our reading."
"The Duke of Orleans found poor support from the
mob, who have always looked on those who can dine with
two courses as their enemies. It is the same thing with
slaves; they are always the enemies of their masters,
however kind those masters may have been to them.
Roustan abandoned me because I had bought him."
EARLY YEARS— 1760-1796 51
"The Bourbon kings needed always a prime minister
or a mistress. The Queen was the mistress of Louis
XVI. If he had not persisted in thinking himself a man
capable of governing, he might have taken a prime minis-
ter, and then perhaps the Revolution might not have
broken out."
"Roederer did not vote for the King's death; on the
contrary he gave excellent advice at the Tuileries. He
has often told me that when the Queen was alone with the
King she was frightened and wept, but as soon as she
showed herself to the courtiers she took an air of dignity
and hauteur. Marie Louise was like that. She, too,
had German pride. The King, on the contrary, was always
in full dress, with his steel sword at his side, and the
powder falling out of his hair; it was piteous to look at
him. He was incapable of inspiring energy in others."
"Louis XVI., when at Fontainebleau, would never
review a regiment of dragoons, if it shouted: 'The King!
The King!' because public opinion in those days did not
like a sovereign to be a military man, nor even to care for
his soldiers. And yet as a general thing the Bourbons
were all brave. They cannot be reproached for lack of
courage."
The Emperor blamed Sieyès for having voted for the
death of Louis XVI. without explanation. "In his
place," he added, "I should have said that, tvith the
deepest regret I voted the death of the King. ' '
"On a certain occasion the Deputies kept on their hats
while the King was uncovered. When Louis XVI. saw
this, with a gesture full of dignity, he put on his hat.
Cambacérès told me afterwards that this act, and the
manner of the King gave great pleasure to those who wit-
nessed it, and some even cried Bravo!"
52 TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA
"Roederer has often told me that the Queen (Marie
Antoinette) lost her head on the loth of August. The
only soldiers at the Tuileries that day were the Swiss.
Unhappily they fired on a party from the sections who
were coming to support the King — and then, all that
afterwards happened took place."
"Roederer assured me that all that has been said of
the firm courage of the Queen on the lOth of August,
was false. She was like any other woman. In the
King's cabinet she wept bitterly; she appeared to be
frightened, and asked Roederer what had better be done.
It was she who insisted that they ought to go to the
Assembly; when she left the King's cabinet her tears were
dried, and all who saw her beheld her dignified and
courageous. As to Madame Elizabeth, I think she was,
as Las Cases says, 'a devil,' as the Duchesse d'Angou-
leme now is, though in the provinces and in the news-
papers she is called an angel of goodness." *
"I have been reading the Queen's trial. Chauveau-
Lagarde would have done better to make no reply, and
she herself made a noble answer on the subject of her son.
It really seems as if they may have succeeded in destroying
the child's mind, and that he may have spoken against his
mother; agents of the court may have perverted his heart."
"In the affair of the Diamond Necklace the Queen was
innocent, and that her innocence might be more publicly
acknowledged, she wished that the Parliament of Paris
should try the case. The result was that the public con-
sidered the Queen guilty. That caused a scandal, and
threw discredit on the Court. Perhaps the fate of the
King and Queen may be said to have been fixed from the
day of that trial."
» Madame Elizabeth was devoted to her brothers, the Comte de Provence
and the Comte d'Artois. This led to disagreements between herself and the
Queen, and probably her sympathies with these brothers and the cmisrés led
to the opinion here pronounced on her by Napoleon, who elsewhere spoke of her
as "that saint who bore on earth the name of Elizabeth."— £. W. L.
CHAPTER II.
NAPOLEON'S RISE TO FAME AND FORTUNE.
1795-1799-
The Day of the Sections, 13 Vendémiaire
(October 4, 1795). — Campaign with the Army
OF Italy, 1796, 1797. — Egypt, 1798. — 18 Bru-
maire (November 9, 1799).
The Day of the Sections, 13 Vendémiaire
(October 4, 1795).
"On the 13th Vendémiaire,^ I was apprehensive that
the populace might gain possession of the Louvre. As
soon as I was in command I asked, 'Where is the artil-
lery?' I was told that it was at Sablons under the charge
of fifteen men. I sent for an officer of the Twenty-first
Light Chasseurs. Murat arrived, and I despatched him
• By I7Q5 the French nation had grown disgusted with the rule of the
Convention. Conventionahsts themselves saw that some change must be
attempted. They framed a new constitution called that of the year VIII.,
which was wholly unsatisfactory. There seemed no remedy but the dispersion
of the Convention by force and a change of government. The National Guard
of Paris, 30,000 strong, and the mob instigated by the Jacobins, whose power
lay in the Sections (or as we might call them the wards) into which the city was
divided, were joined by what remained of the party of the Royalists, who,
although the triumph of the Sections would imply a renewal of Jacobinism,
thought that anything which might lead to the overthrow of the Convention
would be to their advantage. The men most powerful at that time in the Con-
vention and in its Conseil des Quarante were Barras, Carnot, and Sieyès.
They resolved to make resistance. General Menou marched with a column of
regular troops to disarm and disperse a large body of the National Guard
drawn up in the Rue Lepelletier; but, hampered by Representatives from the
Convention who accompanied him, he retired without a contiict. When news
of this reached the Convention, Barras said to Carnot, or Carnot said to Barras
(which spoke first is uncertain), "We have the very man for this work. He is a
little Corsican officer who will not stand on ceremony." it was the month of
October, 1795. Napoleon had come to Paris in May earnestly soliciting em-
ployment, but had received nothing but repulses. He had grown so dis-
couraged that it is said he was on the point of offering his services to the
Turkish government, saying to his friends: "How strange it would be if I
should one day become King of Jerusalem! "— £. W. L.
53
54 TALKS OF NAPOLEON A T ST. HELENA
at a gallop to bring off the cannon. He was but just in
time. The Sections were arriving to gain possession of
them. Murat charged them at once. This was my first
meeting with Murat. On the same occasion I first saw
Lemarois. Muiron I had known at the siege of Toulon.
On this occasion he commanded at the cul-de-sac Dau-
phin. I had five thousand men with me, but at such
moments troops are apt to change sides.
"I was at the Conseil des Quarante, presided over by
Cambacérès, when some one came in to announce the
position taken by the Sections. The members of the
Conseil trembled and were inclined to conciliate the mob.
Sieyès came up to me and said: 'While these people are
deliberating, the Sections will break in upon us. Go,
General! Act according to your own judgment, and do
not fear to fire.'
"I distributed muskets to the Representatives. They
asked what for. When I answered, 'To defend yourselves, *
they began to comprehend that they were in danger.
"That movement on the 13th Vendémiaire was in the
hands of Royalist leaders. Danican was one of them.
He sent us a message by a flag of truce. When the
handkerchief was taken from the man's eyes, in presence
of the Quarante, all the members begged him to repre-
sent the Republic favorably to his general. Their plan
was, if we should be defeated, to retire on Tours."
"On the 13th Vendémiaire General Dupont, brother of
the minister, was in command at the Hôtel de Noailles.
He opened a passage to the Sections. The Terrorists
fought like heroes!"
"After the 13th Vendémiaire there were bread riots in
Paris. In one of these I found myself, with my chief of
staff, passing along a street filled with rioters. An im-
mensely stout woman stepped forward and began to abuse
me, caUing me an é^aulettier. I turned to the mob and
RISE TO FAME AND FORTUNE 55
asked them which of us two seemed to have the most
right to complain of famine. At this the crowd burst
into a hearty laugh and dispersed."
"The Parisians are a curious people! I never would
organize a national guard. I called civihans out only
occasionally. Paris gives laws to France. Few people
appreciate the temerity of the Girondins, who tried to
master Paris without the help of a mihtary force."
"The day after the 13th Vendémiaire, I found Tallien
and his friends at the Tuileries. They had come to make
me comphmentary speeches. I said to them: 'Gentle-
men, yesterday you were poltroons — to-day you wish to
be considered saviors of the Republic. What do you say
now about the forty thousand National Guards who yester-
day wished to murder you, and who shout to-day that
they are all for you.?' That was just like the French.
They are weathercocks."
"After the 13th Vendémiaire Lemarois came one morn-
ing to tell me that Madame de Beauharnais, whose husband
had been guillotined after having been a Republican
general, had sent her son to speak to me. The lad was
in my antechamber. Lemarois said he was a handsome
boy. I told him to let him enter. The young fellow said
that his mother wished to keep his father's sword, that
we had just disarmed the Sections, and that this weapon
had been found on one of the combatants. He begged
me to have it given back to him. I granted his request,
and sent Lemarois with him to the Section to get it.
Next day Madame de Beauharnais came to see me, and
left her name. A few days later she came again. Then
I sent Lemarois to see her. He was well received. He
reported that she was a beautiful and agreeable woman.
She had a private residence, so I sent my card. Shortly
after that she invited me to dinner. I met at her table
56 TALKS OF NAPOLEON A T ST. HELENA
persons with whom she was on the most friendly terms,
the Due de Nivernois, Madame TaUien, Elleviou, and I
think, Talma. She behaved charmingly. She placed
me next to herself at table. She bantered me a Uttle. I
thought her a very charming woman, but somewhat of an
intrigante. In my turn I asked her to dinner. I had
Barras, too, that day. Things went on until at last we
became fascinated with each other. Barras did me good
service in that affair, for he advised me to marry her,
assuring me that she belonged both to the Old Régime
and to the New, so that the marriage would give me good
standing in society. Her house was known to be the best
in Paris, and I should cease to be called a Corsican. In
short, by this step I should become thoroughly Frenchi-
fied, Hortense did not approve of the marriage, for in
those days they called Republican generals épaulettiers.
Eugene, on the contrary, favored my suit. He saw him-
self in imagination my aide-de-camp. Josephine was at
that time a very charming woman. She was full of grace
— a woinati in every sense of the word. She always
began by saying 'no' to everything, merely that she might
gain time to consider her final answer; then she would
say, 'Ah! yes. Monsieur.' She seldom told the truth,
but there was something charming about her equivoca-
tions. I may say that she was the woman I have the
most really loved. She knew me thoroughly. She never
asked me to do anything for her children. She never
begged me for money, but she made debts by the milhon.
She had bad teeth, but was so careful of showing them
that few people perceived them. She was the wife who
would have gone with me to Elba."
"Barras ^ was a man of good family in Provence, who
brought himself into prominence in the Convention by his
loud voice. He never said more than one or two phrases,
• Barras became a count of the Empire, but received no other favors from
the Emperor. He survived Napoleon eight years, dying in 1829.— £. W. L,
RISE TO FAME AND FORTUNE 57
but they came like thunderclaps. He had the bearing of
a fencing master, boastful and self-assured. He could be
of great value in any popular movement. On the 13th
Vendémiaire I had all the trouble in the world to get him
to give me an order to fire on the rioters, and I was re-
solved if possible to get that order.
"Barras was a very immoral man. He was shameless
in his debauchery. He stole openly, but he was the only
one of the Directors who had good manners — who knew
how to receive guests, and how to dispense hospitality.
He had adopted a fashion of never taking part in any
argument, of never expressing an opinion, and in this
way, in whatever manner things turned out, he could
always approve or disapprove the action of his colleagues.
He had a certain revolutionary cunning, never expressing
an opinion until after the event. He was utterly untrust-
worthy. He would cordially press the hands of those
whom he would much rather have stabbed. Falseness and
deception may, it is true, be sometimes useful to the
leader of a faction. He was very ignorant. All he knew
about history was the name and fame of Brutus; and that
name he made sound like a trumpet call in the Conven-
tion. He always showed friendliness to me, though after
my return from Egypt he would have been glad to get rid
of me by sending me back to the East." '
' The Directors, in consideration of Napoleon's services on the 13th Ven-
démiaire, gave him command ol the Army of Italy, then out of heart, disorgan-
ized, and accustomed to reverses.
This campaign in Italy, when Napoleon took the command, was most
brilliant and successful. He joined his troops at Nice late in the month of
March, 1795, and in less than a month he had won three battles (the first of
which was the battle of Monte Notte), against forces superior to his own. He
had reduced the Austrians to inaction; he had forced the King of Sardinia to
make a disadvantageous peace, and had secured every important city in Lom-
bardy and Piedmont, e-xcept Turin, Mantua, and Milan. After Beaulieu, the
Austrian general, had suffered repeated defeats, the command of his forces
was transferred to tlie veteran general Wurmser, who had no better fortune.
By the close of 1796 not only the King of Sardinia, but the King of Naples,
the Grand Duke of Tuscany, and several of the minor potentates of Italy had
been forced to sign treaties of peace with the French Republic.
On the Rhine, Moreau had njade his masterly retreat through the Black
Forest, while Jourdan, whom Napoleon always considered an incapable gen-
eral, bad been defeated. All through the autumn of 1796 Napoleon was push-
58 TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA
Campaign With the Army of Italy, 1796-1797.
"In the days of the Terror and the Revolution, France
had no good generals. The Austrian general staff was
better than ours. I am now writing the campaign of
Schérer; ' what a record of incapacity! Once in the
Directory I heard Schérer talking about war; he did so
with great fluency. I turned to Talleyrand, and said: 'I
am not astonished that this man should be the eagle of
Rewbell and Barras; he misleads them with false reason-
ing based on false facts cleverly put together, but he
understands nothing about war.' When I superseded
ing the remains of Wurmser's array into the mountains of the Tyrol, ably
assisted by Augereau and Massena. Late in the year Wurmser was replaced
by a younger general, Marshal Alvinzi,
Of course this note cannot relate the story of the campaign, nor even tell
of Lodi, Rivoli, Castiglione, or Areola. The latter (fought Nov. 15, 1796) assured
the fortunes of Napoleon. That success Napoleon said he gained in person
with the help of only twenty-five brave followers, but he suffered the loss of
the gallant Colonel Muiron, his one intimate personal friend.
In I7g7 the fight was still kept up with Alvinzi, while Wurmser, who had
held out bravely in the strong city of Mantua, had been forced to capitulate.
By February, i7g7, with the exception of Venice, Napoleon was master of all
northern Italy. The imperial court at Vienna was paralyzed, and the Pope,
who was threatened by General Victor, felt as if the days of Alaric the Goth
had come again. But Napoleon showed no disposition to imitate the blood-
thirsty Jacobin leaders, whom he abhorred. Even exiled French priests, who
had sought refuge in the States of the Church, were treated with humanity and
consideration. Peace was made with the Pope, and Napoleon prepared to
march his victorious army to Vienna. He was now opposed to the Archduke
Charles, who had obtained recent victories over the French armies on the
Rhine, but after three days' fierce fighting on the banks of the Tagliamento,
the Archduke received instructions from the Emperor to treat with the enemy.
A provisional treaty was made at Leoben, April 18, 1797, twelve months and a
few days after Napoleon had taken command of the disorganized and dispirited
Army of Italy. Six months later the provisional treaty of Leoben was changed
into the important but brief peace of Campo Formio. Meantime Napoleon
had summoned his young wife to join him in Italy, and had established a
small court near Milan, at Montebello.
It is singular that Napoleon does not seem to have discussed this brilliant
campaign with Gourgaud. We can only bring together some few anecdotes he
told that bear on it, and refer the reader to any good historical work on the
subject.— .£. W. L.
' Napoleon, on March q, 1796, three days after his marriage, set out to
supersede General Schérer. General Schérer died in 1804, having achieved no
historical distinction, though he was at the head of the War Department from
i7q7 to i7gg under the Directory. Napoleon as a general of artillery had been
a short time with the Army of Italy after the siege of Toulon, but his contempt
for the Representatives of the Convention, and his new plan of campaign, had
made him unpopular iu Paris with the authorities.— .£. W. L.
RISE TO FAME AND FORTUNE 59
him in the Army of Italy it was bare of everything in the
district of Nice. I ordered the magistrates to furnish the
supphes it needed, or else I would let the soldiers pillage
the farms and violate the women. The cavalry, which
was on the Rhone, could not rejoin the main army for
want of authority to procure forage on the march. I
sent orders to the colonels of all these regiments, wherever
they passed to requisition it, to show my order, and if it
was not obeyed, to take what was needed by force. In
this way I soon organized my army. Schérer, after his
battle of Pastrengo, instead of recalling Moreau, who had
victoriously pushed up to the walls of Verona, should have
marched after him, and by giving him good support, he,
too, would have achieved a victory. Instead of that he
recalled Moreau, and began to retreat. His purpose
being to establish himself on the Adige, he should have
taken Verona and Lugano, and he would thus have
obtained a good position, which ought to be the object in
every movement. The Austrians ought to have placed
themselves at some crucial point between the Mincio and
the Adige, in the centre of the Quadrilateral, and to have
fortified themselves, waiting till the Russians should come
up, and if the French tried to cross the Adige they might
have fallen on their flanks. Turenne would have done so,
but they dared not make war after Turenne' s fashion — in
Schérer's day. Besides this, I declare, in spite of Dumas
and other scribblers, that during the Revolution the art of
war went backward rather than improved. Moreau did
well during that campaign, because he was with his centre.
He had about twenty thousand men under his orders —
more he could not manage. I think I see him now, boast-
ful and smoking his pipe, for he was only good for com-
manding a division. A general-in-chief should be quite
another man. Moreau was, however, greatly superior to
Jourdan. In 1800 Jourdan lost a whole month before
6o TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA
Ulm, where Kray was detaining him; he did not know
what he wanted to do, and yet Ulm is the central point
of Germany. During the wars of the Revolution the plan
was to stretch out, to send columns to the right and left,
which did no good. To tell you the truth, the thing that
made me gain so many battles was that the evening before
a fight, instead of giving orders to extend our lines, I tried
to converge all our forces on the point I wanted to attack.
I massed them there. I overcame all before me, for of
course I aimed at some weak point. Before Wagram I
recalled Bernadotte, who was forty leagues away, on the
Danube. I collected all my forces. I had one hundred
and sixty thousand men under my orders, while the Arch-
duke Charles had left Prince John at Presburg.
"Berwick says that more men are required to defend
the Alps than to attack them. That is nonsense. Are
not the Alps a good line of defence.»' If a general has the
most men, why should he stay on the defensive.!* Besides,
if he massed his troops at Grenoble or Chambéry, he
would be exactly in a position to crush the enemy as he
descended from the mountains. Villars thought it was
best to remain beyond the mountain range, and to fall on
the enemy when he entered the last defile; and he was
right. Feuquières was wrong when he blamed circumval-
lations. They are always necessary; they are indispens-
able. If the Duke of York had had circumvallations
before Dunkirk he would never have lost the battle of
Hondschoote. Feuquières writes that at Turin, Valen-
ciennes, and Arras, the lines were forced, but those three
places were exceptions. There are so many instances to
the contrary! Should an army stay in its lines? That is
another question, which cannot be answered positively, so
much depends on circumstances, the strength of the lines,
and the spirit of the soldiers. France was so ill-governed
at that period that one faction after another formed itself
RISE TO FAME AND FORTUNE 6i
at the head of the state. One day Carrier was lauded to
the skies; the next day he was guillotined." '
"When I was at the head of the Army of Italy, the
Directory sent me two commissioners [faiseurs d'affaires) .
They came in search of me, and while I was marching on
Leoben, I was told that they had laid hands on a contribu-
tion of six millions of francs that I had imposed. Forth-
with I put into General Orders that two men, furnished
with false letters from the Directory, had carried off six
millions intended to pay the soldiery, and I ordered that
they should be arrested and brought before a military
commission. They had gone back to Paris, however.
When they arrived there, as they brought many diamonds
with them, they were well received by Barras and dined
with him. When my Order to the Army was known at
the Luxembourg, La' Réveillière, who was a very honest
man, persuaded the Directory to have them arrested, say-
ing that the honor of the Directors was at stake.
"At Rastadt^ Merlin and Jean de Bry (commissioners
from France) had only fifty thousand francs, and they
could hardly contrive to live, until I got there. The
Grand Duke caused the best apartment to be given me,
though Metternich had applied for it, saying that he was
the representative of the Emperor Francis. Horses,
carriages, everything, in short, was put at my disposal.
I distributed presents, for I had brought considerable
money from Italy. The two poor French representatives
were quite amazed when they found I had so much, while
they had so little. The Grand Duke treated me with dis-
tinction; perhaps that induced me afterwards to see that
' Perhaps these observations should more properly be placed under the
head of the Art of War, but they were part of an animated speech Napoleon
was making which began with strictures on the campaign conducted in 1795 by
his predecessors in Italy. — E. W. L.
• A town in the Grand Duchy of Baden, where a congress was being held
to arrange terms of peace between France and Austria.— £. W. L.
62 TALKS OF NAPOLEON A T ST. //ELENA
he was well treated. I soon perceived that I could not
hold friendly relations with princes and representatives of
the people at the same time, so I departed, leaving the
two poor plenipotentiaries the greater part of the money
that remained to me, and they were enchanted."
"General Laharpe commanded an advance guard of
five thousand grenadiers, in which Lannes was chief of a
battalion, at the passage of the Po. When the passage
had been effected, I hurried to my grenadiers, for it was
very important to take possession of Saorgio before the
arrival of Beaulieu. I found their commander behind the
fleet of boats, pale, with disordered features. I asked
him where he was going. 'I am going to Piacenza; I am
ill.' I told him I expected him to attack Saorgio. Well!
he obeyed. But he, who was generally bold and brave,
would not put himself at the head oi his men on this occa-
sion, but kept in the rear of the centre columns. He was
evidently in some unusual state of mind. Saorgio was
taken during the night, and Laharpe led the advance in a
reconnaissance. As his party came back to Saorgio about
two o'clock in the morning, our troops mistook them for
the enemy. They fired on Laharpe and his escort. He
was killed! I have also noticed that men who have
retired from the army and return to active service almost
invariably meet their fate in battle." '
"Yes,^ I was happy when I became First Consul;
happy at the time of my marriage, and happy at the birth
of the King of Rome, but then I did not feel perfectly
confident of the security of my position. Perhaps I was
'This anecdote was related during a conversation on presentiments and
what are called ghost stories.— £■. IV. L.
"On one occasion a discussion arose among the members of the little
court at Longwood on the question: At what period in his life was Napoleon
most happy? Gourgaud said: "At the time of his marriage"; Madame de
Montholon, "When he became First Consul"; Bertrand, "At the time of the
birth of the King of Rome." Napoleon answered as above.
RISE TO FAME AND FORTUNE 63
happiest at Tilsit. I had just surmounted many vicissi-
tudes, many anxieties, at Eylau for instance; and I found
myself victorious, dictating laws, having emperors and
kings to pay me court! And yet perhaps I felt most
happy after my victories in Italy. What enthusiasm was
then shown for me! What cries of 'Long live the Liber-
ator of Italy!' and all this when I was only twenty-five.
From that moment I perceived what I might some day
become. I saw the whole world passing beneath me just
as if I had been borne up into the air."
Gourgaud records that one day at Longwood the talk
fell on the time of the Treaty of Campo Formio, and on
Comte de Cobentzel, the Austrian ambassador sent to
negotiate that treaty. Gourgaud says that Napoleon
always called him the White Bear of the North, for
though he was amiable in society, he was roughly Ger-
man in these diplomatic conferences. He was always
saying to any proposition, "It cannot be. My master
will never consent to it." He had on a side-table a little
tray on which were displayed some teacups given to him
by various sovereigns, especially Catherine of Russia, of
whom he was always talking. The young French general,
then General Bonaparte, annoyed at the rough tone and
manner of this diplomatist, who, laying his great hand
upon the treaty exclaimed, "This cannot be," said:
"Comte de Cobentzel, have you given us your ultimatum.?
Well, then, before three months are over I shall break
your monarchy in pieces, as I now break the china cups
upon this table. Our negotiations are at an end." So
saying he let the precious porcelains fall, and left the
room. Next day the Treaty was signed. "The Em-
peror," says Gourgaud, "in telling us this anecdote,
remarked: 'In those days I had all the stem pride of a
Republican, and I despised the Austrians.' "
64 TALKS OF NAPOLEON A T ST. HELENA
Egypt.
"When my army disembarked in Egypt it was ready
to mutiny, seeing what a country it was — a country where
there was no bread to eat, no wine to drink; a country
where none of our customs were understood, where there
were no forks, and no countesses to make love to, as in
Italy. Before reaching Damanhour I asked Magallon,
who had been French consul in those parts, if we should
find provisions in that city. He answered in the negative.
I had sent Desaix with a guard in advance to prepare me
quarters. When we reached the place, I was conducted
to a kind of barn. I sent for Desaix and reproached him
for assigning me such a lodging. He assured me that it
was the best he could do for me. I told him he was right
to respect harems, but that the conquered must always
lodge their conquerors. In the end, when I found that
there was really no better place for me, I slept in my tent.
The soldiers were indignant at the nature of the country,
but the generals were the most dissatisfied, and — it is
horrible to own it — I really think it was fortunate for us
that our fleet was destroyed at Aboukir,^ otherwise the
army might have re-embarked.
"We hoped that Cairo might prove better than we
had been told to expect, and it was not until the night of
our arrival, when we had examined the cushions of
Murad Bey, that we beheved Magallon, who had laughed
when I asked him if we should find handsome furniture
and Lyons silks there. Cairo gave me at once eight
millions worth of contributions. People knew nothing
about Egypt in Paris. If I could have had the Mamelukes
for my allies I should have been master of the Orient;
Arabia was all ready to welcome a leader."
"In Egypt what most astonished the natives was our
clothes, our hats especially. I at once changed several
• The battle of the Nile.
RISE TO FAME AND FORTUNE 65
parts of our French costume. The sheiks always told
me that if I wished to establish myself in Egypt as a
patriarch, the French army must assume the turban, and
turn Mohammedan. That was my own intention, but I
would not take the step until I was sure it would succeed,
else, like Menou, I should only have made myself ridicu-
lous. I could have made my army do anything I pleased,
it was so much attached to me. Any other general at the
head of troops accustomed to all the delights of Italy,
would have failed in that expedition. At the end of
three days the army wanted to re-embark. I had great
trouble about this on the march from Alexandria to Cairo.
They had no bread, and the discontent was great. Some
regiments even refused to continue the march. I was
firm. I seized a negro general, Dumas, and I threatened
to have him shot. Lannes, Berthier, and Davout were
among the grumblers. Desaix alone thought as I did.
Kleber was not there, but would probably have thought
like Desaix. The army was particularly opposed to the
savants and to Caffarelli; they said that I had suffered
myself to be dragged into the expedition by the Directory,
and that Caffarelli thought it a good joke, for he had one
leg in France. In the end the soldiers changed their
views about the savants and Caffarelli.'
"Crétin was an excellent engineer officer; though he
was rather morose. He said what he thought very
frankly, and when he talked with me was more ready to
raise objections to my plans than to give them his
approval."
"Perhaps the destruction of the fleet was an advantage
to us, inasmuch as it took away for a time the wish th"e
army had of returning to France. But yet had I had my
ships, I should have been master of everything. The
Mamelukes would have joined me; the loss of the fleet
' Killed at the siege of St. Jean d'Acre. Chief of the engineer corps in
Egypt.— .£. W.L.
66 TALKS OF NAPOLEON A T ST. HELENA
hindered all that! The Arabs only wanted a man to
lead them; they looked on me as an extraordinary being,
especially when they saw how my generals obeyed me. I
took care to assure them that in the event of my death
another man would take my place, and would command
the same obedience, but that, perchance, that other general
would not be so favorably disposed to them as I was.
"Caffarelli was a very brave man. When we crossed
the Red Sea, I put him under the care of two guides,*
who were excellent swimmers. The night was dark, the
tide was rising. We had mistaken the light on a gunboat
for the land, and we should have been lost if we had not
got back promptly to the shore. I heard behind us about
a hundred and sixty yards away, the shouts of Caffarelli.
I thought his guides had deserted him. I hastened to the
spot and found he was refusing to follow his guides, tell-
ing them to let him drown, that it was useless that for his
sake such brave men as they should die. I was angry
and struck him a blow in the face with my riding whip.
But for this he would have been lost."
"When I was in Egypt I raised a company mounted
on dromedaries, in squads of five, with two horses and
eleven men to accompany them. They were to carry
provisions for a month. Water can generally be found
in the desert every four days. By this means I reduced
the Arabs to submission, because I sent these dromedary
men into the very heart of the desert to destroy their
encampments. Immensity no longer proved a refuge for
the Arabs. I could get at them anywhere. This drome-
dary corps was an experiment, to see if I could not by
such means get into India. I wanted to bring fifteen
thousand black men from Darfur, who if well officered,
would have made excellent soldiers.^ I would have had
• Caffarelli had lost a leg.
'The black soldiers in the recent campaign from Cairo to Khartoum
proved this.— iS. W, L,
RISE TO FAME AND FORTUNE 67
sixty or seventy thousand men for the kernel of my
army. In the desert I would have marched ten leagues a
day in three columns en échelons, so that we might find
sufficient water in the wells. I could have had as many
dromedaries as I wanted. My sick, my ammunition, and
my provisions would have been placed on these animals.
I would have had no carriages on wheels, except such as
were needed for the cannon. I would have concentrated
my columns before entering inhabited places. I would
thus have marched to the Indus, and have destroyed the
power of the English in India. It would have been a
march of three thousand miles. I would have made a
long halt on the Euphrates and at other places, according
to circumstances. I would have had rations prepared to
be transported on the dromedaries — rice, flour, and
coffee, enough to give a pound a day to each man."
"Sire, the English have one hundred and sixty thou-
sand men in India," interrupted Gourgaud.
"But I would have allied myself with the Mahrattas.
They would have furnished me with excellent cavalry.
Besides, the sepoys are natives of India. The English
very much dreaded my coming. That was why they took
possession of Alexandria. But some day they will see
what will happen to them from Russia. The Russians
will not have so great a distance to march to enter India.
They are already in Persia. Russia is the power likely
to march the most safely and most swiftly to universal
dominion."
"If I had stayed in the East I should have founded an
empire, like Alexander. It was a most politic visit that
he paid to the Temple of Ammon. I would have under-
taken a pilgrimage to Mecca, and have made prayers
and genuflexions before the tomb of the Prophet; but I
would not have done this if it had not been worth while.
I would not have acted prematurely like that fool Menou."
68 TALKS OF NAPOLEON A T ST. HELENA
"One day in May, 1 8 17," says Gourgaud, "His
Majesty spoke to me of Egypt. He thinks Bertrand did
very wrong when he signed the sentence of impalement
pronounced upon Sohman. He had not the right to inflict
such punishment according to French law. 'If the
punishment of the country had been milder than that of
France, would you, or would you not, have applied it?
You should be impaled yourself for that act in the infernal
regions.' "
"Mohammed appeared at a moment when all men
were anxious to be authorized to believe in but one God.
It is possible that Arabia had before that been convulsed
by civil wars, the only way to train men of courage.
After Bender we find Mohammed a hero! A man can be
only a man, but sometimes as a man he can accomplish
great things. He is often like a spark among inflammable
material. I do not think that Mohammed would at the
present time succeed in Arabia. But in his own day his
religion in ten years conquered half the known world,
whilst it took three centuries for the religion of Christ
firmly to establish itself. The religion of Christ is too
subtle for Orientals; they want something more definite,
less spiritual."
"Mohammed's case was like mine. I found all the
elements ready at hand to found an empire. Europe was
weary of anarchy. Men wanted to make an end of it.
If I had not come, probably some one else would have
done like me. France would have ended by conquering
the world. I repeat, a man is only a man. His power
is nothing if circumstances and public sentiment do not
favor him. Do you suppose that it was Luther who
brought about the Reformation? No; it was public opin-
ion, which was in opposition to the Popes. Do you think
it was Henry VIII. who broke with Rome? No; it was
RISE TO FAME AND FORTUNE 69
the public sentiment of his nation which willed the sepa-
ration. Ah! }non Dieu, in the days of Francis I. France
came very near becoming a Protestant country. A coun-
cil was held at Fontainebleau, and it was only the Con-
stable de Montmorency who opposed the change. And
then the national desire of France to rule in Italy had
something to do with public opinion in favor of separation,
Charles V. hesitated as to what course he should pursue,
but, as sovereign of a country essentially Catholic, he did
not dare to favor the Reformation. It offered kings a
tempting chance to escape from under the sovereignty
of the Popes, and to confiscate the wealth of the clergy."
"Ah! if I had stayed in Egypt I should have been at
this moment Emperor of the Orient. But for Saint Jean
d'Acre the whole population would have declared for me."
"I regret very much that I did not go to Jerusalem,
but that would have put off my expedition to Acre two or
three days, and time was precious. The favorite of the
Pasha at Jerusalem was a former French cantiniere. She
wrote me that she would do everything in our favor that
was in her power."
"Egypt is the country which now appears to have
had the oldest civilization. Gaul, Germany, and Italy
were not far behind. But I think that the human race
came most probably out of India or China, which had
a vast population, rather than from Egypt, which had only
a few thousand inhabitants. All this leads me to think
that the world is not so very old, at least as inhabited by
man, and within one or two thousand years I am disposed
to accept the chronology appended to the sacred writings.
I think that man was formed by the heat of the sun acting
upon mud. Herodotus tells us that in his time the slime
of the Nile changed into rats, and that they could be seen
in process of formation."
70 TALKS OF NAPOLEON A T ST. HELENA
" 'There is no God but God, and Mohammed is his
Prophet.' I said that to make myself popular among
Orientals. At the time of my coronation one of the
announcements in the programme was that I should par-
take of the Communion. When that was shown to the
Pope, he declared that I could not communicate. It
would be proper and praiseworthy, he said, to prepare
myself for it, and even to make my confession, but that
he could not advise me to communicate, as it was not an
indispensable part of the coronation ceremony. He
added, 'With gentleness and patience we shall yet bring
him to become a good Catholic' "
"I think it would be possible to send an expedition of
five thousand men into Egypt with orders to inundate the
country by cutting through two leagues of land near the
Red Sea, which is fifteen feet higher than the level of
the Nile.'"
"If I had taken Acre, — and that was only prevented by
three wretched little ships which were afraid of approach-
ing the fortress, — I should have gone on to India. My
intention was to take the turban at Aleppo. I was popu-
lar enough for that, and I should have found myself at the
head of a fine army and two hundred thousand auxiliaries.
The Orient only needed a man."
"I have been reading three volumes on India. What
rascals those English are! If I had been able, while in
Egypt, to pass over into India with a small body of troops,
I could have chased them out of it. The East only needs
a man. Whoever is master of Egypt is master of India."
"Russia might easily send twenty thousand regular sol-
diers and twenty thousand Cossacks to conquer India; but
• On this theory, that is, on the difference of water level between the Red
Sea and the Mediterranean, Lord Palmerton based his opposition to the Suez
Canal.-£. W. L.
f
EMPRESS J( )SEP///XE
RISE TO FAME AND FORTUNE 71
it would need generals of reputation to induce the tribes
and nations they might meet upon their march to become
their auxiliaries. Russia is on the way to acquire
universal dominion, now that there is no longer any
France, and the balance of power is broken. The Eng-
lish are fools in their diplomacy. In their place I should
have stipulated in recent treaties to have the sole right
to navigate the Indian and Chinese seas, and to carry
on commerce with those people in Asia. It was ab-
surd that Batavia should be left to the Dutch, the Isle
of Bourbon [or Réunion] to the French. I am sure that
Monsieur Dupuis already has established relations through
that channel with the princes of India; I used to get my best
information through the île de France [the Mauritius] .
In ten years' time the powers will have got nothing out of
the present arrangement but jars. Nor should the Ameri-
cans be allowed to navigate the China seas. What can
they do against England? Now that there is no longer
any France, the English, with thirty ships, could blockade
all the coast of America. I never could understand why
in 1 8 14 they sent over an army of thirty thousand men.
That force was too small to subdue the United States, too
large if they wished to force the Americans to make
peace. Had they maintained a strict blockade along the
coast of the United States, the Americans would have
been forced to agree to all that was required of them.
They are nothing but shop-keepers ; their glory is in their
wealth. In my time they had agreed to charter their
vessels to England, it was only when I declared that I
should consider them as my enemies if they did so that
they went to war in 1812.^ They have no army, and only
own a few frigates; in the first year of a war they would
injure English commerce by privateers, which would soon
» As this passage is important, and seems somewhat obscure, it may be
better to give Napoleon's words in French as well as in translation: "De mon
temps, ils avaient consenti à conduire leurs vaisseaux en Angleterre, et ce
n'est que sur ma déclaration que je les considérerais comme ennemis qu'ils
ont fait la guerre."
72 TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA
be captured, and America could not endure a strict
blockade three years. The English understand the sys-
tem of blockading very well, the French are not so good
at it. The United States are of no account. At present
England might give law to the whole world, especially if
she would recall her troops from the Continent, send
Wellington to his estates,' and remain only a maritime
power. Then she could do what she would."
"Kleber was always thinking about women and
amusements in the capital. Glory in his eyes was only
the road to enjoyment, but Desaix loved glory for glory's
sake. At Acre Kleber would not come and inspect the
breach nor give me his opinion, so that if the assault did
not succeed he might be able to give it his disapproval.
And yet I was obliged three times to order him not to
mount to the assault. He wanted to march at the head
of the troops. He was capable of the very greatest
things when he had to choose between glory and dishonor.
He had no talent for administration; and he disapproved
my system of cajoling the sheiks at Cairo. He gave two
hundred blows with a stick to the Sheik Sada, a descend-
ant of the Prophet, and so he got himself assassinated;
whilst I, who treated the sheiks with marked kindness,
was thrice warned by them of plots formed against me in
the name of religion. Kleber fought at Heliopolis because
some people spoke lightly of him. It was Keith's letter
which was the cause. He never consulted any one.
Without intending it, he deceived the English by writing
a letter to France, saying he had only five thousand men.
His letter, being intercepted by the English, induced them
to attempt their expedition. Sidney Smith behaved very
well under the circumstances.
"Desaix was quite another man. If I had left him in
Egypt I should have retained my conquest."
' Nothing ever convinced Napoleon that Wellington, after his success at
Waterloo, would not aim at becoming, like himself, the world's great con-
queror.—iS. W. L.
RISE TO FAME AND FORTUNE 73
Gourgaud says: "Yes, Kleber has a good reputation;
his campaign was very fine upon the Rhine." The Em-
peror replies that he had all the faults and also the good
qualities natural to a very tall man.'
i8 Brumaire.
"A short time after my return from Egypt, Barras
asked me to dine with him. We were only four at table,
the Due de Lauraguais, who was there as a kind of buffoon;
a sort of prefect of the palais of the Luxembourg; and
myself. In the middle of the dinner Barras said to me,
'The Republic is in a bad way I want to retire
and to give up public business. You, General, are for-
tunate in having nothing to do with politics. Your career
is military. You are about to place yourself once more
at the head of the Army of Italy, and to repair our re-
verses. The Republic is in so bad a state that nothing
but a President can save it; and I see no one but General
Hédouville who would suit us. What do you think? '^
"I answered with a manner calculated to convince him
that I was not his dupe. He looked down, and muttered
a few remarks that at once decided me. From his apart-
ment in the Luxembourg, I went down to that of Sieyès,
who told me that the Republic was at its last gasp, and
that a change must be made. I told him I had made up
my mind to act with him. That same evening, when I
returned home, I found Fouché, Real, and Roederer
waiting for me. I told them about my dinner, and what
had been said by Barras. Real exclaimed, 'Ah! what a
fool! What a fool!' Fouché, who was attached to
Barras, hastened to reproach him for his want of tact, and
the next morning at eight o'clock, before I was out of bed,
• Napoleon, who was of short stature, expressed this opinion of tall men
on several occasions.
» Barras was inclined to accept the alliance of the Royalists. Sieyès, who
bad cast in his lot with the Republicans in 1789, was not in favor of making
terms with the Bourbons. The Hcdouville proposed by Barras (probably as a
man of straw) was a general who never attained distinction.— .£. W. L.
74 TALKS OF NAPOLEON A T ST. HELENA
I was told that Barras had called to see me, about some-
thing very important. I said he might come in. He told
me that he had come to speak to me about our conversa-
tion the evening before. That he had thought it over,
and concluded that Hédouville was not a fit man for Presi-
dent, and that I alone could fill the position. In my turn
I dissembled. I assured him that I should obey whomso-
ever the nation might select. As for myself, I was ill in
bed, as he might see, suffering from a change of climate
from dry to damp, and as he had told me the day before,
my road was marked out for me. I should only seek to
be placed at the head of the Army of Italy. He tried to
bring me over to his own plans, saying, 'Now see; I will
be whatever you decide; white if you will, black if you
wish it.' But I had given my word to Sieyès. It was
too late. Possibly, had it not been for that piece of
stupid finesse on the part of Barras, at his dinner table, I
might have gone in with him. For in truth he had shown
me much kindness.
"Gohier, who loved good cheer, and was a simple-
minded fellow, often came to my house. I did not know
whether he considered himself of my party, but I knew
that he paid court to my wife. Every day at four o'clock
he came to my house. When I had fixed on the i8th
Brumaire,^ as my day, I thought I would set a trap for him.
When a conspiracy is in progress one has the right to do
anything. So I told Josephine she must flatter him by
inviting him to breakfast with heron the l/th Brumaire at
eight o'clock. I intended at that hour to make him,
whether he would or not, get on horseback and accom-
pany me. He was President of the Directory, and his
' At this date (Nov., i7gg,) there were five Directors: Barras, Sieyès,
Moulin, Gohier, and Roger-Ducos. After the success of General Bonaparte at
Saint Cloud they all resigned, and left the field open for a new arrangement.
On Napoleon's return from Egypt he is said to have exclaimed, apostrophizing
the Directory: "What have you done with that fair France that 1 left so pros-
perous? For peace 1 find war; for the wealth of Italy taxation and poverty.
Where are the 100,000 brave Frenchmen with whom I fought? Where are the
companions of my glory? Tbey are dead!" — E. W.L.
RISE TO FAME AND FORTUNE 75
presence, I thought, might prove very useful. But he
sent word that there seemed so much disturbance afoot
in Paris, that he must remain in session with the other
Directors, and that he would come to 'second breakfast'
with us at eleven o'clock."
"When Barras saw Sieyès mount his horse, he laughed
at him, saying: 'Who ever saw an abbé on horseback?'
Half an hour later they came and told him that the Coun-
cils had assembled, and that Sieyès was with me. He
then swore that if he could have known that, he would
have fired a pistol shot at Sieyès through the window.
Shortly after I sent Monsieur de Talleyrand to him to ask
for his resignation.
"Moulin was a good man. He, too, came to my
housp every day. He thought that everything was going
badly, that such a state of things could not last, and he
asked me to give him plans for a new political campaign.
As for Gohier, he thought everything all right. If he had
good dinners, he cared little for anything else.
"Carnot^ did some very abominable things during the
Reign of Terror. He was a member of the Committee
of Public Safety. You may see his name at the bottom
of all their orders to shed blood. He showed great cour-
age on the 9th Thermidor in defending Billaud-Varennes
and Collot d'Herbois. When he saw how people held
him in horror on account of his connection with the Com-
mittee of Public Safety, he threw himself into the opposite
party, until the 1 8th Fructidor. Barras detested him; he
told him in presence of the whole Directory that he wanted
to kill him, and fiung an inkstand at his head. In short,
he is a man without much ability, but he is honest. His
work on the defence of strongholds is absurd. Such a
treatise may do us much harm, for foreigners will hardly
' Carnot was expelled from the Directory on the i8th Fructidor. He went
into exile, and for some months was believed to be dead. — E. VV. L.
76 TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA
be able to imagine that the man who wrote it could have
played a great part in our affairs." '
• It seems remarkable that Napoleon talked so little to Gourgaud about
his appointment as Consul or the events of the i8th Brumaire. On the
morning of the 17th, accompanied by a large concourse of officers on horse-
back and in uniform, he set out at an early hour, ostensibly to review three
regiments of dragoons drawn up in the Champs Élysêes.
At the same early hour the Council of the Ancients in session at the
Tuileries passed two dscrees: one giving command of all troops in and about
Paris to General Bonaparte; the other ordering both bodies of the Legislature
(that of the Ancients answering to our Senate, and that of the Five Hundred
answering to our House of Representatives), to transfer their sittings to the
Château at Saint Cloud. Then the next morning, after some slight parlia-
mentary opposition, they were driven forth by soldiers, and their sitting was
adjourned until the middle of February. Meantime a Provisional Consulate
was appointed, the provisional consuls being Bonaparte, Sieyès and Ducos. A
great revolution had been accomplished without the effusion of blood. At
once the Provisional Consuls proceeded to pass measures tending to restore
prosperity and tranquillity to France. Then the great soldier showed himself
a great statesman and a great financier. Order was introduced into the
system of finance; the collection and expenditure of the revenue was arranged
on a better footing. Above all the heathenish worship of the goddess of
reason was put an end to. Churches were reopened for divine service, and
the credit of all this was wholly due to Napoleon, who had to oppose the "philo-
sophic" principles of his colleagues.
The unfortunate émigrés, shipwrecked when escaping from France
(known as the naufragés de Calais), were set at liberty instead of being
detained in prison waiting for deliverance by the guillotine. Lafayette and
other Revolutionists who were in exile were restored to their homes, Lazare
Carnot was placed at the head of the War Department, and set to work at
once to reorganize the army. Next, peace was concluded with the Chouans in
La Vendée. The principal leaders submitted themselves to the new govern-
ment, all but Georges Cadoudal who, however, had a private interview with
the Chief Consul at the Tuileries, when nothing was accomplished.
A new Constitution was proclaimed, December 14, i7g9,iwhich placed all
power in the hands of three Consuls: Bonaparte, First Consul; Cambacérès,
Second Consul, and Lebrun, Third. Napoleon, in a speech, assured the peo-
ple "The new government has been founded on the great principles in which
the Revolution originated. Now, therefore, the Revolution is ended."—
E. W,L
CHAPTER III.
CAMPAIGN OF MARENGO.
1799-1802.
Napoleon's Colleagues in the Consulate. — Sec-
ond Campaign in Italy. — Royalists in France.
— Projects of Assassination.
Napoleon's Colleagues in the Consulate.
"Lebrun was an earnest defender of the Third Estate,
and could not endure the old nobility. Nevertheless,
according to documents found among his papers by Mon-
sieur de Blacas, it was he who drew up the Constitution
for the Senate in 1814. I spoke to him in 1815
about this, but not severely. He made amends for it
by a beautiful speech. He must have accumulated a
large fortune.
"Cambacérès, too, would have tried to make terms
with the Bourbons, if he had not voted in the Convention
for the death of the King. He was the opposite to
Lebrun in his appreciation of the nobility, and was the
defender-in-chief of all abuses. I did much less for him,
for he was already well known, than I did for Lebrun.
Cambacérès on the 13th Vendémiaire came very near being
made a Director, but his competitors made a denunciation
against him, and although it was false, and he proved
himself entirely innocent, the accusation made him lose a
large number of votes. ' ' '
* Lebrun, under the Empire, was made Duke of Piacenza and head of
the Department of Finance. He died in 1824. Cambacérès became Arch-
ChanceMor of the Empire and President of the Senate. He was an experi-
enced and sagacious lawyer, and was of great assistance to Napoleon. He
died in 1824.— £■. W. L.
n
78 TALKS OF NAPOLEON A T ST. //ELENA
Second Campaign in Italy.
"As I was making my way into Italy for my second
campaign, and was climbing on foot the Mont Tarare, in
company with Duroc, we met an old woman, who hated
the Bourbons and who told us she wanted to see the First
Consul. I answered, 'Bah! — tyrant for tyrant — they are
just the same thing!' 'No! not so,' she replied. 'Louis
XVI. was the King of the nobles; Bonaparte is the King
of the people.' '"
"An unsuccessful attack made on Fort Bard before I
arrived had discouraged the troops. Berthier had lost his
head. Happily I arrived in time, and showed them how
to pass the defile. If I could not have got our artillery
through the pass it would have been very dangerous for
me, but I should have kept on with the infantry, and
should have joined Tureau, who had plenty of cannon,
having Grenoble in his rear. At Stradella I came very
near losing everything. Ott had attacked Lannes, and
had established himself at Pavia. I drove him out. Some
' The First Consul, as soon as he had restored some order in France,
hastened to join his forces in Italy. The army that two years before he had
left victorious, well organized, and in high spirits, had been disheartened by
repeated defeats and disasters. Austria, having resumed the war, had
recovered Lombardy; Massena was closely besieged in Genoa; Suchet had
been driven over the French frontier. Napoleon decided to pour his forces in
four columns over the Alps, he himself accompanying the one under Lannes,
which had the task of greatest difficulty.
This passage of the Great Saint Bernard forms one of the most wonderful
acts in modern warfare. The guns were drawn up the mountain on sledges by
hand, a hundred or more men to a gun. Napoleon himself walked beside his
soldiers, encouraging their exertions. When the first mountain was crossed
another tremendous difficulty presented itself. A narrow passage into the
Vale of Aosta was defended by Fort Bard. Napoleon, hastily summoned
to the spot, found his men in confusion. He climbed a steep cliff which
overlooked the fortress and the little town through which his army and its
artillery must pass. A single cannon was dragged to the top of this clitî up
slippery goat-paths. Napoleon placed it himself, and pointed it with such skill
that it silenced the fort's principal battery. As night fell, the French quietly
gained possession of the town. They strewed its street with straw to deaden
the noise they dared not make; they covered their guns with branches of trees,
and dragged them safely through the town under the very guns of Fort Bard
without exciting the suspicions of the Austrian garrison.
Of all this, marvellous as it seems when written in history, Napoleon to
Gourgaud said not a word.— .£. H''. L.
CAMPAIGN OF MARENGO 79
thought I ought to wait for Melas at Stradella. I stayed
there two days, but as he did not come I feared he might
be faUing back on Suchet, so I marched on, and detached
Desaix to move on Rivalto. When I saw that the enemy
was not occupying Marengo, I no longer doubted that he
had recrossed the Bormida. It seems that during the
night Melas, seeing that I was following him, and perceiv-
ing that he would be placed between two fires, resolved
to give battle, and crossed the Bormida by three bridges,
whose existence I was not aware of, but as I had posses-
sion of Marengo he was not able to deploy his forces. I
had that morning recalled Desaix,* and during the battle
I changed my line of operations, placing him on my right.
The Austrians attacked my right eji masse, attempting to
recover their former line, but Desaix had arrived, and
Kellerman charged. Melas, thinking he had won the
battle, lay down very weary. His troops were driven in,
and repassed the Bormida. It is a question whether Melas
was right to capitulate instead of falling back on Genoa,
where at worst he could have embarked his army. He
abandoned his strongholds, but he saved his men; audit is
soldiers who are most needed in warfare ! Maybe he acted
wisely; but in his place I do not think I should have done
the same. Anyhow, the campaign, brilliant as it was, did
not lead to peace, and Austria saved her army."
"When Melas evacuated Turin he left a garrison in
the citadel. Tureau took the city and blockaded the
citadel. It was intended that he should make a junction
' The first battle fought after Napoleon entered Italy was that of Monte-
bello, in which Lannes distinguished himself, and subsequently he was made
Duke of Montebello in recognition of his gallantry. Surmounting many ob-
stacles, but tortured by many delays, Desaix, who had been recalled from
Egypt, did not reach his friend and commander until the St. Bernard had
been crossed. He was just in time to do great service in the battle of Marengo,
fought June 13, 1800, four weeks and five days after Napoleon had left Paris to
put himself at the head of his army. For a short time Napoleon and his
troops were in great peril, when Desaix with a fresh column of five thousand
grenadiers changed the fortune of the day. But Desaix fell dead at the first
fire, shot through the head. By this one battle Napoleon regained all that bad
been lost in Italy by the unfortunate campaign in the preceding year.
8o TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA
with Chabran, who was trying to take Fort Bard; but his
forces were so weak that all he could do was to invest the
citadel. When Marengo was fought, Chabran had taken
Bard, occupied Aosta and Chivasso, and guarded the left
bank of the Po. The divisions of Mounier, Boudet,
Vatrin, and Victor were at Marengo. Loison was besieg-
ing Pizzighetone, occupying Cremona, and observing Man-
tua. Moncey was coming down the St. Gothard with
Lorge and Lapoype; each of these divisions had four
thousand five hundred men. During the battle, Lapoype
occupied Pavia and the right bank of the Po, so as to be
able to deploy on the Ticino, if Melas tried to pass on
the left bank so as to get out by way of Milan. Chabran
and Lapoype might have formed a corps of twelve thou-
sand to fifteen thousand men, which, under Moncey,
would have guarded the left bank of the Ticino and would
have given our army time to repass the Po, to get on the
other bank of the Ticino, and hinder Melas from crossing
it. At Marengo I had: Vatrin with five thousand men;
Mounier with five thousand; the Consular Guard, one
thousand; Boudet with six thousand; Victor with six
thousand; and the cavalry, three thousand, which made
about thirty thousand men. I had detached Tureau on
Turin, with three thousand men; Chabran and Lapoype
were on the left bank of the Po, with five thousand;
Lorge was on the march with five thousand; Loison at
Pizzighetone had six thousand: altogether about twenty
thousand men. If I could have waited a fortnight I might
have had under me fifty thousand men. But it was abso-
lutely necessary to besiege the citadel of Turin, and that
of Milan (three thousand men), Cremona and Arona (fif-
teen hundred). Lecchi took that in charge. Pizzighe-
tone required twelve hundred men, and Piacenza eleven
hundred. We had to watch Mantua and the corps that
was coming up behind the Frioul, which grew larger day
by day; in short, we had to occupy the left bank of the
CAMPAIGN OF MARENGO 8 1
Po, for the question was not merely to conquer Melas, but
to capture him, and if these corps had not been at hand
he might have crossed the Po at Valenza, have marched
rapidly to the Ticino, crossed it, gained Cassano, and
have been joined by the troops in his rear, before my
army could have got back into the Milanese. The French
army was not in its natural position; it had its rear on
Mantua and on Austria. Its only line of retreat was by
the left bank of the Po; it was therefore impossible to
leave this line of communication undefended. In any
ordinary case the general-in-chief on the eve of a battle
ought to recall all his detachments. In this case it was
not possible, without losing all the advantages of the cam-
paign. If we had been defeated, we could not have been
reproached for this fault, to which justly they would have
attributed the loss of the battle. The advantage of the
position occupied by my detached troops would then have
been made manifest, since the main army would have
owed its safety to them, and would have been able to wait
for fresh reinforcements from Switzerland and France.
Then we should have been in a position on the left bank
of the Po. All Melas could have hoped to do was to fall
back on Mantua, and to resume his natural position."
"Massena' might have held out ten days longer in
Genoa He had sixteen thousand men in garrison,
and the inhabitants amounted to one hundred and sixty
thousand. He could have got provisions if he had seized
them from the inhabitants. A few old men and some
women might have died of hunger, but then he would not
have surrendered Genoa. If one thinks always of human-
ity— only of humanity — one should give up going to war.
I don't know how war is to be conducted on the rose-
' Massena, shut up in Genoa, not knowing that help was near at hand,
surrendered on most honorable terms to General Ott, the Austrian commander,
and Lord Keith, the Admiral of the English fleet, which lay in the harbor,
etiectually preventing escape or supplies. — E. W. L.
82 TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA
water plan. The whole population of Genoa was not worth
the sixteen thousand soldiers who were there, and who
would have formed the framework of an army of forty-
five thousand men. I don't understand either why
Massena's defence of Genoa should be spoken of as a
marvel; the place was well fortified. Massena was very
wrong to leave it by sea. He had hoarded money, how-
ever, and was anxious to see it in safety. He ought to have
marched by land, to have joined Suchet on the Var, and
to have attacked the Austrians. Never speak to me of
generals who care for money. That was what made me
fight the battle of Eylau. Ney wanted to reach Elbing
to put himself in funds."
Royalists in France.
"At all times the RoyaHsts have exercised in France a
great influence on pubhc opinion. In the interview I had
with Hyde de Neuville after the i8th Brumaire, he said to
me: 'Look at Pichegru; we have made a great general of
him since he joined our party. If you will declare for
our cause, in the course of a few days you will see what
is public opinion in the capital ; the use of our mots d 'ordre
alone would rally round you the most fervent Royahsts.""
Gourgaud remarked that Madame de Guiche was very
charming and made a great impression on Parisian society;
but as soon as she spoke of the Bourbons the First Con-
sul knew her for their agent, and turned away. Josephine
told her husband that if he would favor the Restoration of
the Bourbons, Louis XVIII. would place a statue in the
Place du Carrousel in which he should be represented as a
'Louis XVIII. (the Comte de Lille) addressed a letter to Bonaparte,
which he persuaded Lebrun to present to him. He said: "You cannot secure
the happiness of France without me, and I on the other hand can do nothing
without you. Hasten then to point out what posts and dignities will satisfy
you and your friends." The First Consul answered most courteously. "Your
Royal Highness must not think of appearing in France. You could not do so
without marching over 500,000 corpses."
About the same time the beautiful Duchesse de Guiche came to Paris
and endeavored to interest Josephine, who was not unwilling, in the same
cause,— £. W, L.
CAMPAIGN OF MARENGO 83
genius placing a crown upon the King's head. Napoleon
stopped her by exclaiming, "And my body will be under
the pedestal."
"A short time after Marengo Louis XVIII. wrote to
me. The Abbé de Montesquiou gave the letter to the
Chief Judge, who gave it to me. It was in these terms:
'Monsieur de Bonaparte has no connection with those who
have governed France hitherto. But you have too much
good judgment, Monsieur, to think that the present state
of things can last. Say what place, what rank, you would
hke to occupy. I leave the choice entirely with you. I
only desire the tranquillity of the French people. I will
give them happiness, and you will give them glory.' "
The First Consul gave the Abbé de Montesquiou an
order at once to leave Paris, with an answer that he could
not desert those who had raised him to the chief magistracy,
but that he would do all he could to justify the good opin-
ion expressed of him by the Comte de Lille, whom he
begged to let him know where he intended to take up his
residence, to which place he might be assured the good
wishes of the French people would follow him.
Projects of Assassination.
"I knew all the injustice of the arrest of Ceracchi^
because the agents of Sotin's police were men who had
followed me in Vendémiaire, when I commanded in Paris,
and they told me about it. It was a project of assassina-
• Fanatics among the Jacobins, accustomed to look with favor on tyran-
nicide, began to form plans for the "taking ofï" of the First Consul. An
Italian sculptor named Ceracchi, who had once made a bust of Napoleon when
he was General Bonaparte, with the army in Italy, arranged a plan with several
Jacobin confederates to surround and stab the First Consul in the lobby of the
opera house. The plot was revealed to the police, and the conspirators were
put in prison, where they associated with desperadoes of the Chouan faction.
Together with them they planned to blow up the First Consul by an infernal
machine. This plot, the means by which it was to be carried out as Napoleon
went in a carriage to the opera, its ill success, and the destruction of harmless
bystanders, was exactly paralleled in the attempt to blow up Napoleon III.,
1858. Napoleon showed the utmost calm courage at the time, but seems ever
after that to have had fears of assassination, even when in the custody of Sir
Hudson Lowe at St. Helena.— £. W. L.
84 TALKS OF NAPOLEON A T ST. HELENA
tion intended not to kill, but to create terror. I went to
the Directory and reproached Sotin and the other Direc-
tors, with their conduct. I astonished them greatly. They
made no reply. But afterwards they had much to say
against me."
"No people has had more kings assassinated than the
French, a nation by no means easy to govern. Very few
Frenchmen, however, have attempted to assassinate me.
The time when I incurred the most danger was at Schon-
brunn, and the man was named Staps. I sent for him
to come and speak with me. He was a great fanatic.
He told me that he wanted to kill me to prevent more
bloodshed. I asked why, then, he had not thought of
killing the Emperor Francis. He repHed that that was
different; the Emperor was a fool whom another fool
would succeed. He kept bringing in quotations from the
Holy Scriptures. He was a cold, stolid fanatic, but he
appeared to me a little moved when I asked him if he
would attempt the same thing over again, provided I par-
doned him? He hesitated, and then replied: 'No, I
should think that I had done my duty, but that God did
not intend I should succeed.' But as he said these words
he did not seem to feel them. I kept him fasting twenty-
four hours, and then I questioned him once more. He
was just the same. He was shot.
I have always had a dread of madmen. One night I
hired a box in the theatre, and went incognito with Duroc.
A man came up to me. I thought he wanted to hand me
a petition, but he cried: 'I am in love with the Em-
press!' I answered: 'You seem to have chosen an
extraordinary confidant.' Dilroc then recognized him as
a madman who had escaped from the Bicêtre, and he was
arrested. Madmen always talk of God or kings."
CHAPTER IV.
GOVERNMENT OF FRANCE UNDER THE
CONSULATE AND THE EMPIRE.
Commerce and Manufactures. — Prefects. —
Weights and Measures. — Paris and the
Parisians. — Police. — Cabinet Ministers, Fouché
and Talleyrand. — Private Secretaries, Bour-
rienne, Méneval, Fain.
Commerce and Manufactures.
"I had great difificulty in getting a decree passed to
prohibit the importation of cotton yarn. I held a Coun-
cil on the subject, and except Chaptal, all were against it.
They said that our factories for printing calicoes would
suffer, and that we had better do things by degrees.
Then and there I took up a pen and signed the decree,
saying, 'It is decided.' They all thought it would be the
ruin of our industries, and yet the success of our manu-
factures dates from that day. I looked on this affair as
a battle; in every battle one runs risks, but in such ques-
tions, as in war, one has often to act with vigor.
"The domestic commerce of France amounts to several
thousand million francs. The trade in grain alone is very
great. It is difficult to establish cut and dried rules about
the exportation of bread stuffs. The measures adopted
to prevent exportation when wheat reaches a certain price
do not answer the end expected. It is like the flow of
water: when one makes dams to stop it, it is too late.
One receives one day a letter from the prefect of some
department, telling one that he has a supply of wheat
sufficient for two years, and by the next post, one may
85
S6 TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA
hear from another official that there is not enough wheat
in his department to last three months One
requires much experience and much skill to know when
to allow exportation, and when to prohibit it. I think I
possessed that skill myself. It is unjust that bread should
be sold cheap in Paris while it is dear in the country, but
then the government is in the capital, and soldiers do not
like to fire upon women with children on their backs, who
come and howl before the bake-shops of the city. I asked
Vanderberg to give me a scheme by which the price of a
four-pound loaf might always be twelve sons. Store-
houses for grain have their advantages and their disad-
vantages. Nevertheless I wished to establish them, because
in times of scarcity more people die of hunger than is
generally supposed. Insufficient nourishment ends in
death. In France, one year in six is a year of scarcity."
Prefects.
"A prefect ought to take precedence of a brigadier-
general. I never thought it necessary that prefects should
be expected to give balls and fêtes. Each prefect ought
to have a wife who can do the honors of his position in her
own house, and socially rally all parties. I was wrong in
not hking to change my prefects or my ministers. That
is right up to a certain point. But when a man goes to
sleep in his position, he ought to be superseded. Change
gives a fresh impetus to all the springs."
Weights and Measures.
"I never have approved the system of weights and
measures adopted by the Directory, and invented by
Laplace. It is all based on the mètre and conveys no
ideas to my mind. I can understand the twelfth part of
an inch, but not the thousandth part of a mètre [milli-
mètre] . The system created much dissatisfaction with
the Directory. Laplace himself assured me that if, before
THE CONSULATE AND THE EMPIRE 87
its adoption, all the objections I made to it had been
pointed out to him, he would have recognized its defects
and have given it up."
Paris and the Parisians.
"I am fond of the Parisians; I have always done
everything I could for Paris. I ought to have done more
for Italy, but I waited. Before I declared her independ-
ent, I hoped to have a second son. I would have made
him King of Italy. I had one foot in Italy, the other in
France; for I am descended from Italians. My family
came from Tuscany two hundred years ago. Brother
Bonifacio Buonaparte, a Capuchin, was blessed by the
Church. I might have had him canonized. That would
have rallied to me all the Capuchins; but how much ridi-
cule it might have brought on me!"
"Paris ought to have been fortified, and must yet be
fortified. At the present day armies are so large that the
strong places on our frontier would not stop a victorious
army, and it is a great stroke for an army, flushed with
victory, to march on a capital, and take possession of it.
But when Paris shall be fortified, the extent of its walls
should be such that it need not fear bombardment. I
always intended to do this. I meant to fortify Montmartre,
or some point on the Seine, which Vincennes does not
command like the Arche de V Étoile. But I was always
restrained by the fear that my fortifications would be un-
popular with the Parisians, who would have been sure to
see in my forts and strongholds so many Bastiles. I
spoke to Fontaine ' of my intentions, and the Arch of
Triumph was to be so constructed as to have a platform
on its top, furnished with many guns of long range. It
would have flanked Montmartre, and would have served
as a support to other works in the country around the
' Fontaine, an architect who had built the arch in the Place du Carrousel.
~E, W.L.
S8 TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA
capital. I should have liked to build at Montmartre a
Temple to Victory. It would, like the Arch, have had
a platform, on which we should have mounted cannon,
and have secured that important point in the city's
defence. A few batteries of twenty-four pounders below
would have produced a good effect. In addition France
ought to have a strongly fortified position on the Loire,
somewhere near Tours. It is absurd to place all the
depots, arsenals, and factories that make arms, on the
frontier, exposed to be cut off as soon as an enemy enters
on his campaign."
"I should have liked to make my capital at Lyons, but
then I should have had to create everything, while Paris
stands high already among the cities of France. I wanted
my capital to excel by its splendor all other capitals in the
world. I did everything — or planned to do everything —
for Paris. I had a dispute with the Pope because I
wanted him to take up his residence in Paris, where I was
bent on fitting up the Archiépiscopal Palace for his abode.
All the provinces of France are delightful to live in, but
my own preference would be for Champagne, in the neigh-
borhood of Brienne, probably because I lived there in my
boyhood. Nice also lies in the midst of a beautiful coun-
try. I am very fond of the people of Lyons, and they
return my regard. Neighbors of Italy, they know that I
had placed the French frontier five hundred leagues away
from them. I bought one hundred and thirty millions'
worth of silks in Lyons and in Italy, and I wanted to start
up their silk factories again. I have torn Josephine's
embroidered dresses, that cost a hundred and fifty to two
hundred louis, that she might replace them by others.
Ah ! if I could have governed France for forty years, I
would have made her the most splendid empire that ever
existed I ' '
THE CONSULATE AND THE EMPIRE S9
"If another Revolution should take place in France, it
would be brought about in Paris. Paris is France now.
Paris has succeeded me!"
Police.
"It is more dangerous than useful, I think, to open
private letters at the Post Office."
"The Police of Paris' causes more fear than it does
harm. There is a great deal of charlatanism in its pro-
ceedings. It is very difficult to spy out what a man is
doing every day. The Post Office can give excellent infor-
mation, but I am not sure but that the good is balanced
by the evil. Frenchmen are so singular that they often
write things they do not think, and thereby those who
inspect their letters are led astray. When one violates
the privacy of letters one is often led to adopt unjust
prejudices and false ideas. Lavalettewas exactly the man
for his place. ^ I also had Laforêt, who was Monsieur de
Talleyrand's man. One cannot read every letter, but
they opened those of the persons I pointed out to them,
especially those of the ministers who stood near to me.
Fouché and Talleyrand never wrote letters, but their
friends and their employees did, and through these letters
we could see what Fouché and Talleyrand thought.
Monsieur Malouet wrote down all the discussions he
had with Fouché, and by this means we could guess
what had been Fouché's words. Foreign ministers
or diplomatic agents, knowing that their mails were first
sent to me, often wrote letters with the hope that I should
read them. They said what they wanted me to know
concerning Monsieur de Talleyrand One day Monsieur
'The Police in Paris are agents of the Government. They are detec-
tives, political spies, employed in secret service. The men we call "police"
are in France the gendarmes, who keep order in the streets, make arrests, and
do what we consider police duty. — E. W. L.
' Lavalette was Postmaster General.
90 TALKS OF NAPOLEON A T ST. HELENA
de Luchesini [the German Ambassador] wrote to his
master in cipher that I had made an agreement with the
Russian Emperor to partition Prussia. It was this that
made the Prussian monarch declare war. Talleyrand did
all he could to make people believe that packages of let-
ters were sent to him from the Post Ofi&ce, in order to
prevent foreign ministers from saying any harm of him.
One day Mademoiselle Raucourt wrote concerning him.
'When one wants him to speak one can get nothing out
of him. He is tight as a tin box. But at the close of a
soirée, in a little group of five or six friends, he can gos-
sip like any old woman.' This was true. I joked Talley-
rand about it, and he could not understand whence I got
the idea. He was astonished when I told him it was in a
letter from Raucourt, relating a trip they had made
together to Fontainebleau.
"If I had had any reason to mistrust the Empress or
Prince Eugene, Lavalette would not have aided me. He
never spoke about them; he was entirely devoted to them.
"Madame de Bouille was one of the ladies who acted
as agents of the police. She sent me in reports every
day. She is now [1817] in the service of the Duchesse
de Berry, and I am certain she informs the King of
everything that concerns her mistress. People of that
sort are very contemptible.
"Reading letters taken from the Post Office needs a
bureau particulier — a separate department. The men
employed in it are unknown to one another. There is an
engraver attached to it, who keeps all kinds of seals always
ready.
"Letters in cipher, no matter in what language they
may be, are always deciphered. All languages are trans-
lated. It would be impossible to invent a cipher which
could not be found out by the help of forty pages of speci-
mens of deciphered despatches, which cost me six hun-
dred thousand francs!
THE CONSULATE AND THE EMPIRE 91
"Louis XIV. invented the system; Louis XV. used it
to find out the love affairs of his courtiers. I could not
tell you exactly what service it did for me, but I am cer-
tain it did aid me a good deal, for one day when I re-
proached Fouché, telling him that his police knew nothing,
he answered, 'Ah! if Your Majesty would only give me
the position of examiner of the Post Office, I should know
everything ! '
"That was the way I learned all about the ridiculous
intrigues of the Abbé de Pradt. The next morning at my
levee I told him all I knew, and then I forgave him. I
did wrong. But Heaven must have protected him. Any-
how, I afterwards found him useful as a spy among the
clergy. Still I ought to have got rid of him. He was too
fond of intrigue."
"One day Madame Lannes ^ came and told me that her
husband was restless in his sleep; that he was always
muttering about the Republic, about tyrants, and about
consuls; that he looked anxious and excited, and was
often visited by former Jacobins. I at once superseded
him in command of my Guard. That was the real cause
why he lost his reason, not the deficit of three hundred
thousand francs in his accounts, as was supposed. I sent
him as ambassador to Portugal, and replaced him by four
captains who were entrusted with the command of the
Guard."
"If I had to begin governing again I would not do
precisely the same as I did then. I would look after
things en masse j I would not bother myself about details.
That is why I repeat that the reading of letters was less
useful to me than to most sovereigns."
"It was making war on Russia that ruined me. That
opens another question; but my system of governing was,
' Madame Lannes— the Duchesse de Montebello.
92 TALKS OF NAPOLEON A T ST. I/ELENA
I think, good on the whole. I would adopt it again if I
had the chance."
"I regret now that I did not walk about Paris incog-
nito. I might possibly have been recognized, but I could
have put on a wig. I went out once with Duroc, at two
o'clock in the morning. The lamps at the Gate of the
Palace had gone out. The next day I reproached the
Prefect of Police for this neglect. He could not imagine
how I had found it out."
"Junot married his wife for the glory of being aUied
with the nobility. He had a mania for nobles." *
Cabinet Ministers — Fouché, Talleyrand.^
The Emperor told us that when he was First Consul
he was informed that a man had come to Paris from
Vienna, and had had a secret interview with Fouché. He
sent for the man and said : * ' Do you know who I am? ' '
"Yes."
"Well, then, tell me all you know, or I will have you
shot."
The emissary, much alarmed, said that he had given
Fouché a sort of passport, by which he might send an
agent to Basle to confer with Metternich. By help of this
document a trustworthy agent to Metternich was de-
spatched instead. Bonaparte had already had four con-
versations with the emissary of Metternich, and knew all
that was to be known of the affair. Fouché, two days
later, came in the evening to see the First Consul, looking
much disconcerted. He said he had seen an agent from
•The mother of Madame Junot, the Duchesse d'Abrantès, was descended
from the Princes of Trebizond. Her daughter says that Napoleon, when a
young officer of artillery, wished to marry her mother, He always seems to
have indulged a hope of becoming some day master of the East, and may have
thought this alliance would be a stroke of policy. — E. W. L.
'As Napoleon had Fouché for his Minister of Police, and Talleyrand for
his Minister of Foreign Affairs, both under the Consulate and the Empire, all
that he said of them while in his service and of their subsequent career has
been included in this chapter.— .£. W. L.
THE CONSULATE AND THE EMPIRE 93
Metternich, but had not paid much attention to him, being
occupied at the moment, and he could not tell what had
become of him. Bonaparte answered: "I am willing to
believe you. But if a person I have myself sent to Met-
ternich is arrested, you will be arrested too."
The Emperor told us that when he was First Consul
he woke one night strangely disturbed. He found lying
on his table a report from the police, saying that a man
named Traisnel who was a surgeon, had just reached
Paris, and had been arrested as a Chouan. The First
Consul knew the man, and gave orders to have him tried
at once. He was condemned to death, but was reprieved
in hopes that by a promise of pardon he might be induced
to speak. The fear of death opened his mouth. He
confessed that Georges Cadoudal and Pichegru were in
Paris. The police went to the lodging of Pichegru 's
brother, and arrested him. He cried at once: "What
for.-* I have done nothing! It cannot be thought a crime
to have given hospitality to my brother.?" All the other
Chouans in Paris were arrested, one after another.
Monsieur d'Ozier hanged himself in prison. They cut
him down. Real was sent for, and d'Ozier's first words
as he began to revive (Real heard them) were: "You
rascal of a Moreau! You made us come to Paris by say-
ing that you had a party, and that all was ready! And
you have nobody! You have been the ruin of us all, and
perhaps also of one of our princes!" ^ After that, sus-
picion turned on Moreau; but first, for the sake of public
opinion, it was necessary to arrest Pichegru. He was
betrayed by one of his friends for one hundred thousand
crowns. The police got into his bedchamber, and over-
turned a small table on which pistols were lying, ready to
his hand. Georges, too, was betrayed, I think by a liter-
ary man. "It was infamous on the part of the man who
' The Comte d'Artois, who was off the coast of Brittany waiting for the
success of the conspiracy.— £. W. L.
94 TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA
betrayed Pichegru, for he was his friend," said His
Majesty. Moreau was arrested. As soon as they took
him to the Temple he asked to read the charge against
him, and when he saw that he was suspected of intelU-
gence with Georges and Pichegru, he became faint. His
wife came to see Josephine, half upbraiding, half coaxing
her. Josephine told her that pardon could be hoped for
only if her husband would make a sincere confession.
"Had he written to me," said Napoleon, "I would have
stopped proceedings against him. I have been blamed
for not having had him brought before a military commis-
sion. He was tried in a civil court for criminal con-
spiracy."
"Fouché says that he means to write his memoirs, but
he will never do it. He can, by dint of careful correc-
tions, turn out a letter hke the one he addressed to Wel-
lington, but he could not write a historical work. He has
not logic enough for such an undertaking. He is a man
fit only for base intrigues. He often told me that small
means were not to be disdained. He undertook the
defence of Murat, in 1 8 14, even after he had declared
war against France, but in return he made Murat give
three thousand francs a month to Montrond, and to many
others, which cost the King of Naples three hundred
thousand francs in one year. During the elections he sent
his agents into the departments to collect votes. After
having committed all sorts of horrors during the Revolu-
tion, he tried to make his deeds forgotten by doing ser-
vices for various parties.
"He tormented me constantly to make him a duke, and
when he became Duke of Otranto he wanted to be a
prince, because Talleyrand was one. It was that he
might succeed in this, that he entered, through Ouvrard,'
and without my knowledge, into secret negotiations with
' Ouvrard, the financier. See Nolté's "Fifty Years in Both Hemispheres."
THE CONSULATE AND THE EMPIRE 95
England. He wanted to say to me some fine morning:
'You wished for an understanding with the Enghsh gov-
ernment. I have brought it about without saying any-
thing to you.' "
"Fouché gave out that he was constantly in opposition
to me in the Cabinet; whereas, in reality, of all my
ministers he was the one who the least often opposed me.
He rarely spoke at the Council board. He is a man of
very little talent, and utterly without moral sense; good
only to carry on small intrigues.' He has a large for-
tune, and the best thing that could now happen to him
would be never to be spoken of again. Louis XVHI. did
a wise thing when he got rid of him He took him
in the first instance for the sake of policy, and because
he might be useful to him, but he ought afterwards to
have had him hanged. That is the way in politics!
Governments keep their promises only when they are
forced to do so, or when it will be to their advantage."
"I had not read in the 'Moniteur' all the things Fouché
had done, when I took him for my minister. In 1815 I
wanted to give a guarantee to the Jacobins. Bassano,
Caulaincourt, and Davout eulogized him, and persuaded
me to take him. Besides, there was not much choice,
and events were going on so rapidly. I made a great
mistake. I am not Louis XVHL, but I felt great repug-
nance at having much to do with such a man. The King
ought to have had him hanged. Talleyrand is another
bad man, but he is quite different from Fouché. He long
wanted to be my Finance Minister. He knew all about
• If we are surprised that Napoleon, knowing perfectly tfie character of
such men as Fouché and Talleyrand, took them into his Cabinet and sought
their advice, we must remember what he said in 179g when he accepted their
services: "Fouché, and Fouché alone, is able to conduct the ministry of police.
We cannot create men, we must take such as we find." And of Talleyrand:
"He is the ablest minister for foreign affairs in our choice. It shall be my
care that he exerts his abilities." — E. W. L.
96 TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. //ELENA
stock-jobbing, but he never would have done at the head
of that department; he is too lazy. That position needed
a man with plenty of work in him, like MolUen."
"I did wrong to keep Fouché. After I saw that he
was not dealing honestly with me, I ought to have dis-
missed him at once. I did say to him on one occasion,
'You may as well send home your baggage.' I ought to
have given his place to Real,' who was devoted to me."
The Emperor said that Talleyrand never betrayed him
like Fouché; in 1 8 14 he was not a cabinet minister.
Talleyrand was a very different man from the Due
d'Otrante, who was a Figaro and a rascal. The Prince of
Benevento had the confidence of his master; Fouché
never had. In 18 15 Fouché got up an intrigue with
Metternich.
"That was why I sent Fleury to the Congress of
Vienna instead. I ought to have had the Due d'Otrante
shot, but Lafitte prevented me. Talleyrand will maintain
himself in power. He is a man of the Revolution, a mar-
ried priest, husband of a disreputable woman, who was
Delessert's mistress, and who used to appear nude at his
supper parties. But he comes of a great family, and
that will cover anything. That is the advantage of being
born one of the noblesse. A woman who had played a
quarter of the pranks Madame de Montmorency has
played, would have been deemed too disreputable to be
received in good society, but Madame de Montmorency is
a grande dame. So the world goes. Fouché, by rights,
ought to have come to a bad end. It is true that his end
has not yet come." '"
"Ah! financiers and bankers are sometimes very use-
ful. They manage to know everything. Lafitte came to
see me one day, and told me that a man had just come
• Real was Chief of Police under the minister. He died in the United
States in exile while Napoleon was at St. Helena.— £. W. L.
* Fouché died in exile in 1820, some months before Napoleon.
THE CONSULATE AND THE EMPIRE 97
from Vienna, bringing a letter of credit on Fouché. He
thought it a suspicious circumstance." '
"Talleyrand got money out of everything, and he really
has great talent for stock-jobbing. I am certain that he
sold documents to the English, not important ones, but
secondary letters which he sent to Pitt. It had been inti-
mated to him that for each of these he would be paid one
thousand louis. The Prince of Benevento [Talleyrand] is
not a man of transcendent merit. He hates work; but
he knows how to hold his tongue. He rarely gives advice,
but can make others talk. If you overwhelm a man with
your own views, or your counsel, you must have a certain
regard for him ; now Talleyrand never cared for anything
but his own personal interests. The thing that might be
of the greatest service to the State he put aside, if it
would not contribute to his advantage. One might say of
him that he was utterly without moral consciousness. I
never knew any one so entirely indifferent to right and
wrong. He is able to let none of his thoughts appear in
his face; and he knows when to hold his tongue. The
Prince of Benevento has another advantage; he can sit
up and keep awake till three o'clock in the morning,
which is a great advantage to a man who has much to do
with public affairs. He can, at that hour, give an audi-
ence, and talk as usual to people, who would have no idea
he had not been in his bed all night. Talleyrand drew
up the report concerning the situation of the Republic in
the year VIII. [1799]. That report was well done, and
will be useful to any one engaged in writing history. In
short, I think that Talleyrand is the best man living to
hold the post of Minister of Foreign Affairs under the
French king. He sees much company, and can make
people talk. He is a proud man, Hke all the Perigords.
All he wanted was a clever woman for a wife, not such a
' It related to an intrigue going on at Basle during the hundred days
between Napoleon's escape from Elba and his abdication alter Waterloo.
98 TALKS OF NAPOLEON A T ST. HELENA
one as he married I never consented to his
marriage, and what is more, I did not know all that Lebrun
told me afterwards about her antecedents. I had
thought of making him a cardinal, which would have
suited him admirably. If he persisted in wishing for a
wife, he might at least have chosen an honest woman.
But he is far above the common run of men. He knows
exactly how and when to change his party, and in short,
I think Louis XVIIL has done wrong to dismiss him.^
He understood the Revolution perfectly; and it must
have been a great advantage to the King to have at hand
a Grand Chamberlain who could answer all his questions
on this subject. Richelieu,^ who does not know France,
could give him no information. Talleyrand must have
perceived that public opinion was so strong against him
that the only way to save himself was to join the party of
the ultras. I repeat that the King has made a blunder.
.... Since he has thrown Talleyrand out of office he
ought to send him away from Paris."
"What makes me think that there can be no God who
metes out punishment, is that good people are so often
unhappy and rascals prosperous. You will see that
Talleyrand will die in his bed." ^
Private Secretaries — Bourrienne, Méneval,
Fain.
"One day I found Bourrienne weeping hot tears in my
cabinet. I pressed him with questions. He at last owned
' Spoken in March, 1817.
' The Due de Richelieu, Louis XVIII. 's prime minister.
* Deep and true was the grief felt for the loss of Talleyrand in his own
household; many and bitter have been the things said of his character and his
career. He himself summed up his life in some words written shortly before
his death, which read like another verse in the Book of Ecclesiastes: "Eighty-
three years have rolled away! How many cares, how many an.\ieties! How
many hatreds have I inspired, how many exasperating complications have 1
known! And all this with no other result than great moral and physical ex-
haustion, and a deep feeling of discouragement as to what may happen in the
future— disgust, too, as I think over the pd^sV— France in the Nineteenth
Century,
THE CONSULATE AND THE EMPIRE 99
that he had made a very heavy loss — he had lost money
by the failure of a great business enterprise. He had
entered into partnership with some contractors, and he
begged me to lend him a million francs. At once I
gave him his dismissal instead. If it had to be done over
again I would do it again. He is a man of talent, he
speaks German well, but he loves intrigue, and is a thief.
So much of a thief that I am not sure he would not steal
a casket of diamonds lying on a chimney piece. Twenty
millions would not satisfy him and keep him from steal-
ing. Whenever I dictated orders to him which spoke of
millions his face lighted up. He enjoyed it. Our parting
was very unlucky for me, for he was useful. He wrote
a beautiful hand. He was active and indefatigable; was
a patriot and did not like the Bourbons; but he was too
dishonest! He had begun to think himself of too much
importance. He gave soirées and acted like a prime
minister Perhaps I ought to have given him
the Cross he wished for so much; he might have had
himself proposed by one of the ministers, and then it
would have been easy for me to let him receive it without
question, like so many others.
"Meneval was a mere clerk who hardly knew how to
spell.
"Fain' was beginning to act as if he felt himself of
importance; but he had been trained in official bureaux ^
' Baron Fain accompanied the Emperor to Elba, but strongly advised his
friend Gourgaud not to share Napoleon's exile to St. Helena.— £. W. L.
CHAPTER V.
BONAPARTE CONSUL.
1 799-1804.
The Legion of Honor. — The Concordat, — The
Conspiracy of Pichegru, Moreau, and Georges
Cadoudal. — Trial and Execution of the Dug
d'Enghien. — Saint Domingo.
The Legion of Honor.
"The Legion of Honor was a good institution. The
officers made an outcry when they saw the soldiers obtain
the same distinction as themselves, but their discontent
made no impression upon me. The soldiers, wherever
I commanded, were accustomed to be victorious; besides
that, one reason they loved me was that they knew that I
protected them from the injustice of their colonels, who
were always trying to bring forward young men whom
they favored, in place of tried old soldiers. It is all very
well to say that a young man has more impetuosity than
a veteran, but an old soldier who has lived through many
battles has more steadiness and experience than a young
one."»
The Concordat.
"At the time of the Concordat Macdonald, Delmas,
and others conspired against me, and said I was re-estab-
lishing the power of the priests. It was very surprising
how much they detested them. The Concordat was the
' The institution of the Legion of Honor took place in the summer of i8oj.
it was a brilliant stroke of policy, but it was not popular with men of the Revo-
lution. It has survived both them and their opinions, for the burning of the
Palace of the Legion of Honor by the Communards in 1871 was not done as a
protest against the Institution, but in a wanton spirit of destruction. — E. W.L.
100
BONAPARTE CONSUL loi
thing I found it hardest to carry out successfully. Madame
de Staël assembled the principal generals at her house,
and told them that they had only twenty-four hours
in which to decide how to do something to prevent me
from carrying out my scheme of re-establishing the power
of the clergy. That if they did nothing to preveot me I
should soon have forty thousand priests under my orders;
that I should make no account of the generals, and should
get rid of them; that I must be made to change my plans;
and that some of them must ask an audience with me to
set forth their views and wishes."
"I made the Concordat' to consolidate things by a
new agreement, and to rally round me the true Catholics.
"I wanted to have the Pope with me, and then I should
have been master of things ecclesiastical in France, as
much as if I had been Head of the Church. The Pope
would have done everything I asked of him, and I should
have found no difficulty with the sincerely religious party
in France. It would have been supposed that the Pope
did everything, and it was for him I spent millions in
magnificently fitting up the Archiépiscopal Palace in Paris.
My design was that after my death all Italy should be
united into one kingdom, of which my second son should
" As soon as Napoleon was in power he ordered the churches to be opened
and permitted the offices of religion to be resumed. On September i8, 1802,
peace was signed between the Pope and the French Government. The Con-
cordat, which was its basis, was the work of Napoleon himself. It was a com-
promise not wholly satisfactory to the ultramontane party, but its conditions
had been accepted by the Pope and were the best they were likely to obtain.
In 1816 Louis XVIll. abrogated this Concordat and made new terms with the
Vatican. But the Napoleonic Concordat was afterwards restored, and in a
great measure governs the ecclesiastical relations of France with Rome to the
present day. Its terms were chiefly these :
I. Tfie Catholic religion is recognized as the national faith.
II. France shall be divided into new dioceses.
III. The Government shall nominate bishops. The Pope shall confirm
them.
IV. All bishops shall be required to swear allegiance to the Government,
and prayers shall be introduced into their ritual for the Consuls.
v. The bishops, whom the Government shall approve, shall appoint the
parish priests.
VI. The Government shall make proper provision for the prelates and
clergy.— £. W. L.
I02 TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. //ELENA
be the sovereign. It is absurd for the Pope to exercise
pohtical power over the subjects of another ruler. The
Popes have done so very often. They have even under-
taken to give away kingdoms.
"In China the sovereign is worshipped as a god. That
I think is how it ought to be."
The Conspiracy of Pichegru, Moreau, and
Georges Cadoudal.
"What I can never forgive Pichegru' is his conduct in
1797, at the commencement of his intrigues with the
enemy, when he sold the lives of his soldiers, and so
conducted his manoeuvres that he knew his troops must
be defeated. When he reached Mayence he told Kleber
that he had brought few men with him because he had
left behind a large force to protect the Upper Rhine.
'Faugh!' replied Kleber, 'you should only have left plenty
of field hospitals.
"Madame Moreau caused the ruin of her husband, a
kind-hearted man, but weak. She carried her imperti-
nence so far when I was First Consul as to attempt
to take precedence of Madame Bonaparte when Talley-
rand was giving her his hand at a fête he was making for
me. He gave Madame Moreau a slight kick or two, to
make her step back, but as she paid no attention to this,
* a brief note may here be desirable to sketch the career of General
Pichegru. He was twenty-eight years old when the Revolution broke out.
His parents were of the peasant class ; he had been educated by the monks
who called themselves Minimes, and subsequently (probably on their recom-
mendation) he was admitted to the Military School at Brienne, where his pro-
ficiency in mathematics caused him to be employed as a pupil-teacher.
Napoleon Bonaparte was one of his scholars. He enlisted as a private after
leaving Brienne. He went with his regiment to the war in America and rose
rapidly to be a non-commissioned officer. Soon after the Revolution broke out
he received a commission. In 1792 he was a general ; in 1793 he was one of the
most brilliant military chiefs in the Army of the Republic, publicly commended
by Robespierre, and by Collot d' Herbois. His field of operations was in Hol-
land. He defeated the English under the Duke of York, and the French
^»?i^r(? army under Condé. Moreau and Jourdan were generals of distinction
ander him. Butin 1795 he began to listen to arguments and overtures from
the head of the Army of Condé. He was in Paris on the 13th Fructidor (Sep-
tember 4, 1797), and on bis return to his army he entered into close relations
BONAPARTE CONSUL 103
he was forced to have her put aside by some of those
young men who, with ribbons on their arms, were acting
in the fête as ushers. You cannot conceive of that
woman's impertinence. One day she came to call on
Josephine, and as she could not be received at once, she
went away, slamming the doors behind her as she departed,
and calling loudly that she was not a person to be kept
waiting! .... I had done a great deal for Moreau; I
had placed him at the head of a magnificent army, while
I was only in command of a few conscripts; I had made
him a present of a pair of superb pistols; in short, I had
treated him generously in every way. I knew that he had
put four millions of francs into his pocket, but I never
said anything about it. He told me himself that he did
not feel capable of being a commander-in-chief, and that
he would rather be second in command than first. He
often came to see me about this, and ended by thinking I
was right. We used often to dine together.
"Twice I forgave him his rash talk, and that of
Madame Moreau, At last, as the thing went on, I said
to Lanjuinais that if Moreau did not change the attitude
he was taking toward me, I should have to change mine
toward him; and that the law must be the same for both
of us. 'Do not you think so, Lanjuinais?' 'Yes, First
Consul; there is nothing more to be said about it.' At
with the enemy. His correspondence fell into the hands of the Directory.
Some say his papers were captured in Venice, where government officials
arrested a French émigré nobleman, living there, as he supposed, in safety.
The Doge sent the papers as a peace offering to Genera! Bonaparte, who was
threatening his city. Fart of the correspondence had, however, fallen into the
hands ot Moreau, who, partly from sympathy with the new views of his old
general, and partly from personal consideration for him, withheld them for
some months from the Directory. But suspicion had already invaded the
minds of the Directors, and Pichegru with other Royalists was arrested and
sent to the malarious swamps of Cayenne. Thence Pichegru and seven com-
panions escaped in a boat to the capita! of the Dutch settlement of Surinam.
Pichegru soon found his way to London, where he no longer made any secret
of his Bourbon sympathies. He was consulted by the Princes and by the
British Government. At last, in the summer of 1804, he was landed from a
British ship of war on the coast of France. The ship was commanded by
Captain Wright, an English naval officer who had distinguished himself at
Acre under Sir Sidney Smith. We may learn Pichegru's subsequent history
from Napoleon's talk with Gourgaud.— £. W. L.
I04 TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA
last his actions and his speeches in the hearing of other
men became such that I would no longer keep up any
intercourse with him. I forbade Josephine, who was
afraid of his wife and his mother-in-law, to receive
them; and I met them myself only in large public
gatherings. Moreau had placed himself in open hostility
to me. I let him alone to ruin himself; I drew out of the
affair, thinking, 'Moreau will break his head against the
walls of the Tuileries.' He found fault with everything;
above all with my Guard; and that made quarrels between
him and Bessières.
"I let things come to a head until Lajolais, who had
heard him assert in his ill-humor that nothing could be
easier than to overthrow me and take possession of my
place and power, and say other things of the same kind,
communicated his sentiments to Pichegru and Georges.
One would have thought Lajolais was running the con-
spiracy. Pichegru and Georges came to Paris; they had
an interview with Moreau at dusk in the Place de la Made-
leine. Moreau came by the Rue Royale, and Pichegru
met him from the boulevard. He embraced Moreau and
told him he had come to the capital to overthrow the First
Consul. Georges remained apart. Pichegru brought him
forward, and introduced him to Moreau, who not having
expected that the things he had said before Lajolais, would
be taken so seriously, was much embarrassed. Georges
asked him on what he might depend. Moreau replied:
'Let us first overthrow Bonaparte; then everybody will
be for me. I shall be named First Consul, with Pichegru
Second Consul, and you will be all right.' Georges ex-
claimed that he had expected more than that. He wanted
to be Third Consul. At these words Moreau declared that
if it were known that he, Moreau, held any communica-
tion with a Chouan, all the army would be against him,
and the whole thing would fail. The first thing to be
done was to kill the First Consul, and then everybody
'^^A?'^^
EMPRESS MARIE LOUISE
BONAPARTE CONSUL 105
would declare for Moreau. Georges asked him to name
three men of mark among those who he considered would
be with him. To this Moreau repHed: 'So long as Bona-
parte is living, I cannot arrange matters for anybody, but
when Bonaparte is dead, I shall have all France and the
army with me.' Then ensued mutual reproaches. 'You
made us come here, and now you can do nothing!'
Georges even cried, 'If I must choose between two blues,
I prefer Bonaparte to you!' Then they separated,
"However, Moreau said to Pichegru that he should
be glad to see him at his own house, and even told him
how he might reach him secretly. But as to Georges, he
said he wished never to see him again. Moreau received
Pichegru several times after that in his own library. He
tried to collect about thirty of his friends who were
men of determination, and he made up his dispute with
Bernadotte, with whom he had quarreled about twenty
days before. I was told all this by Désirée,^ who informed
me that her husband could not sleep at night. If he
slumbered he dreamed and talked about Moreau and con-
spiracies. Moreau had been to their house, she said,
three times the evening before, and she was afraid her
husband might get mixed up in some dangerous affair.
She had ordered her servants not to admit Moreau, and
had come at once to give me warning. I could not have
had a better spy; after that came the quarrel, and the
capture of Hotier.
"Real wanted me to imprison Moreau at once. I
would not consent to this before knowing if Pichegru and
Georges were still in Paris. I took a notion to arrest
Pichegru's brother, a former monk, and to get some infor-
mation out of him. This plan succeeded. He had
rooms on the fourth floor of a house on the Place Ven-
' Désirée Clary, Bernadotte's wife, was the sister of the wife of Joseph
Bonaparte. Early in Napoleon's career she had been engaged to be married
to him, but the affair was broken olf when they were on the eve of being
married.— £. W. L.
io6 TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA
dôme. Amazed at his arrest, he cried, 'I have done
nothing! Is it a crime to entertain one's brother?' Real
questioned him, and made certain that Pichegru was in
Paris, and that a great conspiracy was being formed. He
hastened to Malmaison, showed me the interrogations, and
laid before me a warrant for the arrest of Moreau; I
signed it. Henri, who belonged to the gendarmerie,
made the arrest, as Moreau was returning from his coun-
try house at Grosbois.
"Moreau appeared quite unconcerned, and laughed
frequently, as they drove into Paris, but when he reached
the Temple, and learned that he was charged with
secret correspondence with Georges and Pichegru, in a
matter which concerned the integrity of the Republic, he
sat down and changed color, as if he would have fainted.
If he had written to me then, all would have been forgot-
ten. But his wife came, and instead of throwing herself
at my feet, and telling me that guilty or not guilty, she
implored me to set her husband at liberty, she made loud
protestations of his innocence, declared that his arrest was
unjust, and that if he were tried it would be shown that
he was innocent. In short, instead of appeasing me, she
exasperated me beyond control.
"I charged Régnier to see Moreau, to get him to
own his relations with Pichegru, and to express his regret
to me. Instead of that, Moreau persisted in saying that
he did not know at all what Régnier wanted of him.
"It was most important for me to secure the arrest of
Georges and Pichegru. The police were on the track of
the latter when his best friend, who had once been his aide-
de-camp, came and offered to deliver him up for three
hundred thousand francs. He was to sup at his house
that evemng with Rolland, the brother of a captain in the
navy. I promised the three hundred thousand francs,
giving a draft No. II. on Estève, not payable until after
the arrest. During supper Pichegru said: 'Now don't
BONAPARTE CONSUL 107
you suppose that if Macdonald and I presented ourselves
on the parade ground with all our plumes, we should
carry all the troops with us?' The Judas answered:
'Do not deceive yourselves; not a cat would budge.' At
midnight the traitor gave my agents a key to the chamber
where his friend was to sleep, giving them at the same
time its description. Pichegru had beside him on a small
table, a wax candle and his pistols. Comminge knocked
over the table. The general tried to recover his weapons,
but was seized by seven or eight picked gendarmes, who
were obliged to gag him and to take him naked to the
Prefecture of Police. Real there told him that he must
see that all resistance was useless, and that it would only
result in personal ill-treatment, an indignity to such a
man. At length he decided to submit: 'True,' he said,
'I will put on my clothes.'
"Georges was given up by Leridan for one hundred
thousand francs. He wanted to quit the Faubourg Saint-
Honoré, where he found out that they were searching for
him. Leridan warned the police that he was going to
drive him to the Faubourg Saint-Jacques in a cabriolet,
of which he gave a description. The agents followed the
cabriolet, and Cadoudal, finding that several of his friends
in the Faubourg Saint-Jacques had been arrested, tried to
turn back, and reach Chaillot. It was then that he was
taken."
"I consulted others concerning the trial of Moreau.
Lebrun and Cambacérès ' thought he had better be tried
by a military commission, composed of officers from the
reserve. I did not think so; I had him brought before a
criminal court, and had afterwards good reason to repent
of my decision. One of the judges, Lecourbe, under the
influence of party feeling, went so far as to declare that
he did not believe Georges to be guilty of conspiracy. In
' The other consuls.
loS TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. I/ELENA
the end, by one sole vote — that of Guillemin, who was an
imbecile — Moreau was pronounced guilty.* If he had
been acquitted, I was advised to have him shot on the spot
by my own gendarmes, to avert a revolution. That was
what I might have brought upon myself by my folly in
having him tried by civil judges."
Gourgaud and Bertrand discuss some statements in the
book of Warden. Bertrand says:
"Pichegru was not murdered. Nor do I think he was
put secretly to death, in order that so great a general
might not perish on the scaffold. No; he had lost his
honor, there was nothing more to be feared from him.
His treason was clear. Why should he have been mur-
dered?"
Napoleon said: "The only man I ever condemned to
death for political reasons was Georges. I pardoned
Polignac. I am sorry I did so."
"If I had been killed, Moreau would have been named
Consul in my place, but Georges said that blue for blue
be preferred me to him. I saw Georges at the Tuileries
at the time of the pacification of La Vendée. I tried all
means to bring him over to the party of submission. He
was a fanatic, and I softened him without convincing him.
At the end of half an hour I was where I had been at the
beginning. He wanted to keep his armed bands together.
I told him that there could not be a state within a state,
and that old Châtillon under similar circumstances had
wept, but yielded the point, crying, 'The real question
' Moreau was sentenced to two years' imprisonment, and to pay the costs
of the suit. The sentence of imprisonment was subsequently changed to
exile. He came to the United States, where he purchased a handsome estate
near Philadelphia. In July, 1813, he listened to entreaties from the Emperor
Alexander and his allies ; returned to Europe and joined the allied army before
Dresden. During the battle, while sitting on horseback conversing with the
Emperor Alexander, and watching the fortune o*. the day, a cannon-ball shat-
tered his legs, and he died in less than a month after his return to Europe
trom America,— iE. IV. L.
BONAPARTE CONSUL 109
is, What will be most for the good of France, and be most
likely to re-establish tranquillity?' D'Autichamps said
almost the same thing. ' '
"Moreau was very wrong to bear arms against France
in 1813. He was a brave man. I had great pleasure in
talking with him until, under the influence of his wife and
mother-in-law, who were créoles, he ceased to visit me;
and I said to Talleyrand, 'He will not respond to my
offers of friendship, he will knock his head against the
walls of the Tuileries.' "
"The Chouans in their depositions said that Georges
had held conferences with some person whom he treated
with the greatest respect, and to whom he always spoke
uncovered. The police thought it must have been the
Due d'Enghien. It was Pichegru."
"Pichegru was a man of honor. Anger and enmci must
have led him to commit suicide. I should have pardoned
him. He did very wrong. Look at Rivière, and at the
Polignacs! I pardoned them. They are now great noble-
men. Fortune has favored them in every way. Time
brings about great changes. It is only fools who commit
suicide." ^
Montholon had been trying to find the date of Captain
Wright's death." Napoleon says: "I would have sworn
it was during the trial of Moreau and Pichegru I
• Pichegru was found dead in his bed with a black silk handkerchief tight-
ened by a tourniquet round his throat. So far as the public knew, there were
no signs of a struggle. Gourgaud did not believe in the suicide theory. He
thought the death of Pichegru was the act of the police, who judged it would
create scandal and embarrassment to bring so great a general to trial and the
scaffold. Savary was Minister of Police at this time and Real under him. Both
were unscrupulous and what Napoleon called "/awwrj' " — men who lived to
act for themselves.— £■. W. L.
'The mysterious death of Captain Wright, R. N., when a prisoner in the
Temple, took place about the same time as that of Pichegru, and e.xcited
intense indignation in England. Wright's ship had been captured by a supe-
rior force shortly after he landed Pichegru at Calais. Then Captain Wright,
though a prisoner of war, was held to be a member of the conspiracy, li "le
no TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA
have lost my memory. How careful one ought to be of
what one says! Now, people in England are going to cry
out that I had Wright murdered. I thought that he had
died at the time of the trial of the other conspirators
because he dreaded being called as a witness against
them. I suppose those fools, the pohce, did not want to
bring him to trial. Ma foi! We must just say that Las
Cases was talking nonsense. Fool that he was!"
There was another Captain Wright, commander of the Griffin,
which was one of the English fleet that escorted the "Northumber-
land" to St. Helena.
Trial and Execution of the Due d'Enghien.
"Public opinion was much agitated after the death of
the Due d'Enghien. It was Talleyrand who in a cabinet
meeting made me feel the danger of having, three leagues
from our frontier, a prince who was head of a political
conspiracy in Paris. Talleyrand maintained that the
Bourbon princes having begun the attack on me by the
Infernal Machine, I had a right to carry off the Due
d'Enghien and to have him tried."
Yielding to these arguments of Talleyrand, the First
Consul ordered Ordener to cross the Rhine, and to carry
off the Prince. Caulaincourt at the same time was sent
to Carlsruhe to present the Prince of Baden with a note
from Talleyrand, excusing the violation of his frontier.
Capitaine Voigf is French spelling for his name in Gourgaud's journal,
Savary (the Due de Rovigo) protested he had nothing to do with his death.
At this time Mr. Nathaniel Amory, of Boston, afterwards my uncle by
marriage, a fair-haired, fiorid man, was in Paris, and was mistaken by the police
for a spy and an Englishman. He was suddenly arrested, taken to the Temple,
and placed in the next cell to Captain Wright. They managed to open com-
munication with each other. Captain Wright did not complain of especial ill-
treatment, only of loneliness, weariness, separation from his family, and the
loss of his prospects in his profession. Persistent offers had been made to him
if he would enter the French naval service. As suddenly and mysteriously as
Mr. Amory hadibeen arrested came his release. His washerwoman, who washed
also for Washington Irving, asked Mr. Irving what could have become of
the other American gentleman, whose name she did not know. "N. A." on his
shirts identified him, and the American minister procured his release. —
E. W. L.
BONAPARTE CONSUL îîl
"I never committed any assassination. The Duc
d'Enghien was tried as an émigré holding intelligence
with the enemies of France, and for conspiracy.
"Talleyrand once advised me to take advantage of an
offer that was made me by certain smugglers, who for a
million of francs apiece, proposed to rid me of all mem-
bers of the house of Bourbon. He said I had the right
to fight them with the same weapons they were employing
against me.
"I ought to say that Louis XVIII. was the only one
of his family who never countenanced any project of
assassinating me. But all the others tried it. Possibly
for the sake of France I did wrong to reject the propo-
sition of Talleyrand."
"We talked," says Gourgaud, "of Caulaincourt, the
Due de Vicence, and of the Due d'Enghien. Were I
in the Due de Bourbon's place, I would certainly be
avenged for the fate of my son. .... But it was not
Caulaincourt who was responsible for the death of the
Prince."
"Sire," said Gourgaud, "men reproach Talleyrand
with having influenced what they call a crime on the part
of Your Majesty."
"What! the d'Enghien affair.-* ' The King of France
*The Due d'Enghien was a prince of the blood, heir of the house of
Condé. He was the only son of the Due de Bourbon, who in early life had
eloped with his own bride, a princess of Orleans. Their marriage was not
happy, and after a year the young couple were estranged. The Due d'Enghien
emigrated with his family and distinguished himself by his gallantry and
humanity in what was called the Army of Condé — that is, the band of noble
émigrés raised by his father. He had never been on French soil since he
quitted it with his family. In the early months of 1804 he was living at Etten-
heim, a castle in the Grand Duchy of Baden, and if some of his movements
were a little secret and mysterious it was because of his early attachment to
the Princess Charlotte de Rohan, then living within a few leagues of his castle
on the frontier. On March 14, 1804, by orders from Caulaincourt, Colonel
Ordener, with a force of French soldiers and gendarmes, appeared at Etten-
heim, arrested the Prince and carried him toStrasburg, the nearest French
stronghold. He is sometimes said to have written a letter to the First Consul
from Strasburg, which was never delivered. There is no evidence of such a
letter, but at Vincennes he did write a few words on the margin of the paper
which contained his sentence. This Talleyrand or Savary took care should
112 TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST HELENA
will never blame me for that. What is one man, after all?
Ah! the King will never quarrel with Talleyrand about
that! Louis XVIII. is a man of sense, and a sharp poli-
tician. Talleyrand will die in his bed."
"Our conversations at St. Helena, reported in Eng-
lish papers and gathered from the book of Las Cases, do
Talleyrand wrong. The English newspapers say that
Madame Bertrand said she was sure that it was Talley-
rand who was the cause of the death of the Due d'En-
ghien.'"
Saint Domingo.
"The Saint Domingo business was a great piece of folly
on my part. If I had succeeded, all it would have done
would have been to enrich the de Noailles and the La
Rochefoucaulds. I think that Josephine, a créole her-
self, had some influence in inducing me to undertake the
expedition; but a wife who shares her husband's bed has
always a certain influence over him. It was the greatest
error that in all my government I ever committed. I
ought to have treated with the black leaders, as I would
have done with the authorities in a province. I should
not be seen by the First Consul, who was in a state of great excitement, until
after the execution, which immediately followed the sentence. The young
Prince was shot, March 24, 1804, at 6 o'clock in the morning, beside the moat
at Vincennes. The individual most responsible for the indecent haste of the
trial before a military commission, and for the hasty execution, was Savary,
Due de Rovigo. The story is a very sad one. At St. Helena any mention of
it always seemed to give pain to Napoleon, though he deprecated the blame
that the world then and ever since has cast upon him. The outspoken Gour-
gaud could not refrain from saying at St. Helena: "I never can forgive the
death of the Due d' Enghien." Strange to say, the fate of this young Prince
made little impression on the Bourbons. When they were restored, Talley-
rand and Caulaincourt entered into the service of Louis XVIll. Savary went
into exile. Louis XVIIL, as Napoleon hints, was quite capable of thinking
that the removal of the most brilliant scion of his race might have been to his
advantage.— £■. W. L.
' " Bertrand says," adds Gourgaud, " that Murat was the person who most
strenuously advised the immediate execution of the Due d' Enghien. He
argued that if Napoleon waited till the next day he would pardon him, and he
urged the matter until he succeeded in bringing over the First Consul to
his own views. Josephine did very differently. Napoleon, when all was
over, regretted the execution, and for several days seemed extremely
BONAPARTE CONSUL I13
have nominated negro officers in regiments composed of
soldiers of their own race, and have let Toussaint
L'Ouverture remain as Viceroy. I should not have sent
French troops there. I ought to have left the blacks to
govern themselves, though I might have sent them a few
French officials, — a treasurer, for example, — and I ought
to have let these men know that it would please me if they
married colored wives. Thus the negroes, not finding
themselves over-awed by whites, would have acquired
confidence in my system. The colony would have decreed
the suppression of slavery. It is true that I might have
lost Martinique, for the blacks there would have been
free; but these changes would have been accepted without
disorder. I had a plan for that, a plan that would have
attached the slaves to the soil. Vincent, a colonel of
engineers, was the only man who ever spoke sensibly to
me about this expedition. He tried to dissuade me from
it by showing me why it would be far better to treat with
the negroes than to try to destroy them. All that he
prophesied took place. The Bourbons ought now to
make an effort to recover this beautiful colony, which
brought into France one hundred and eighty millions a
year. In three years they must expect to lose a hundred
thousand men, but with their present system that may be
to their advantage. They will get rid of all the officers
and soldiers of my old army, and may get repossession
of a very fine colony. What may stop them will be the
money question. They would have to allow one hundred
and twenty millions for the start, and after that sixty
millions a year."
unhappy. " 1 think," says Gourgraud, " that affair will always do much harm to
the Emperor, especially as the Prince was arrested on foreign territory."
Gourgaud also records that the Emperor was much annoyed by Las
Cases having retained his journal, which had been seized by tlie agents of Sir
Hudson Lowe and restored to him. Montholon thought the Emperor regretted
this because there might have been passages in it relating to the death of the
Due d'Enghien, to the Bourbon Princes, the Infernal Machine, the conspiracy,
and other matters, in which names would have been mentioned by Las Cases,
which the Emperor would rather have had suppressed.— ii. W. L.
CHAPTER VI.
NAPOLEON EMPEROR.
AusTERLiTz, December 2, 1805. — Jena, March 14,
1806. — Eylau, February 8, 1807. — Friedland,
June 14, 1807. — The Conference at Tilsit,
July 7, 1807.
Napoleon, in his familiar talks with Gourgaud, makes no
allusion to the period of his life in which he was made Emperor.
It seems as if he always thought of himself as bom in the purple,
and Emperor of the French people, rather than on a roll of
tapestry representing the achievements of Achilles. Nor does he
allude to the Peace of Amiens, a brief truce in his war with Eng-
land, signed March 27, 1802. One of its conditions was that
England should restore Malta to the Knights of St. John; in
which case it would have fallen an easy prey to France in case
of a renewal of the war. Napoleon was willing to comply with all
the stipulations which bound France to give up certain colonies in
the West Indies, but insisted that the English government must,
on their part, give up Malta. Lord Whitworth, the English
ambassador, after a stormy scene with Napoleon at one of his
levees, left Paris, May 13, 1803, and war was declared by both
countries the next day. Napoleon, who was greatly annoyed by
the caricatures and insults to his person, published in the English
journals, felt bitter resentment not only against the English gov-
ernment, but against the English people, and showed it by giving
orders for the arrest of all travelling Englishmen or English resi-
dents in France and their detention as prisoners at Verdun. My
grandfather Captain James Wormeley was in France at the
time, not far from Calais. He escaped by hastening to the coast
and paying a fisherman a hundred pounds to put him across the
Channel.
In March, 1804, occurred the trial and execution of the Due
d'Enghien; in April the arrest of Georges Cadoudal, Pichegru,
and Moreau; in May, the trial of these and other conspirators.
Immediately afterwards the French Chamber (then called the
Tribunat) advised that the First Consul should be invited to take
114
NAPOLEON EMPEROR "5
upon Wmself the style and title of Emperor of the French people.
This proposal was submitted to a plébiscite. Out of thirty million
people (two-thirds probably being non-voters, women, and chil-
dren) between three and four million signed Yes to the docu-
ment; only between three and four thousand voted No!
Anticipating this result, and well knowing the sentiments of
the Army, where all men desired to see him Emperor, Napoleon,
before the official return of the vote, assumed the title and dignity
of an Emperor. He made seventeen of his generals Marshals of
France, and conferred court offices and civil positions upon
others. There was no popular enthusiasm in Paris, or in the
Departments, upon his accession, but great joy in the Army, espe-
cially in the camp at Boulogne, where an army lay awaiting the
opportunity to be set across the Channel, to conquer and to devas-
tate the "right little, tight little island," whose white cliffs on
every clear day could be seen from the heights above their camp-
ing-ground.
There are probably not many people living who feel, as I do,
a sort of personal connection with this period of English history.
My father was always talking of those days and singing Thomas
Dibdin's song, which was on the lips of every Englishman as long
as invasion was threatened. I wish I could remember all its stir-
ring verses. I recollect but one of them.
The Spanish Armada set out to invade her.
And swore, if it ever came nigh land
It wouldn't do less than tuck up Queen Bess,
And take its full swing of the Island!
O ! the right little, tight little Island !
The Dons would have plundered the Island!
But snug in her hive. Queen Bess was alive,
And buzz was the word of the Island !
And then its enthusiastic conclusion.
Frenchman, devil, or Don, we'll let them come on!
And show them some sport in the Island!
At the risk of being forced to apologize for my garrulity, I add
another family reminiscence.
The great army at Boulogne lay waiting until Villeneuve, with
his fleet from the West Indies, should arrive and prevent any
English man-of-war from entering what was called the Chops of
the Channel. But Villeneuve was encountered on July 22, 1805,
off Brest, by Sir Robert Calder. My father was signal lieutenant
on board the flag-ship. The action was a very brilliant one-
ii6 TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA
Villeneuve was defeated. He was driven into Brest, some of his
ships were taken, and his squadron dispersed. His plan of guard-
ing the entrance to the British Channel was defeated, and Napo-
leon's rage and indignation were extreme. But the British Board
of Admiralty were disappointed. They thought that any British
fleet, however inferior to the French,^ ought to have captured
or sunk every ship of the enemy. Sir Robert Calder was ordered
home to be tried by a court martial. When the order arrived he
had joined Nelson off Trafalgar. Nelson was indignant at the
injustice shown to a gallant and victorious officer. The order of
the Admiralty was to send Sir Robert home in a frigate; but
Nelson swore he would be no party to an indignity shown to such
an officer; Sir Robert, he said, should go home in the "Prince of
Wales," his own flag-ship, though it would cost him the best
three-decker in his fleet when he was on the eve of a battle. So
the flag-ship, with its signal lieutenant, sailed for England, and
my father lost the chance, which he regretted all his life, of being
present at the battle of Trafalgar.
On December 2, 1804, Napoleon and Josephine appeared in
great splendor at Notre Dame to be crowned by the Pope.
Josephine, always uneasy lest Napoleon should open the question
of divorce, well knowing that their marriage had been made only
by civil contract, implored her husband to make their union more
safe by an ecclesiastical ceremony, and two nights before the
Coronation they were privately married by the Pope, in the Chapel
of the Tuileries. All of us who have seen David's great picture
of the Coronation of Napoleon, which hangs in the Gallery at
Versailles, can almost feel as if we had witnessed the ceremony.
But, as I said. Napoleon makes only slight allusions to it in his
talks with Gourgaud.
The Emperor and Empress made a visit together to the camp
at Boulogne, where they were received with wild enthusiasm.
Everything was ready for the invasion of England, which, if suc-
cessful— and they never doubted its success — was to leave Napo-
leon master of the civilized world.
The Death of the Due d'Enghien meantime excited great
horror in the courts of Russia, Austria, Prussia, England, and
Sweden; and while other countries sent polite congratulations to
Napoleon on his accession, Russia, Sweden, and England held
aloof. England indeed was already at war with France, since the
' Sir Robert Calder had fiiteen sail of the line and two frigates under his
command. The French force was twenty sail of the line, three fifty-gun
ships, and four frigates.
NAPOLEON EMPEROR 117
rupture of the Peace of Amiens, and was carrying on naval oper-
ations against her in the West Indies and the Mediterranean.
Austria wavered; she had not yet recovered from the campaign of
Marengo. Prussia also was unwilling to join "the Allied Powers,"
as the enemies of Napoleon were afterwards called. But Austria's
indecision was put an end to by the Coronation of Napoleon, at
Milan (May 26, 1805), as King of Italy. She had not resisted the
formation of her former possessions in Italy into the Ligurian
Republic, but to have Lombardy made a vassal kingdom of
France was an insult and an injury which called for a renewal of
hostilities. Prussia was bitterly resentful at the invasion of Han-
over (part of the German Empire, though its Elector was an Eng-
lish Prince) and she was not reassured when told that it was only
to be held as a hostage for the evacuation of Malta. But the
King, dreading war, for which he was unprepared, vacillated, and
did not make up his mind to act until the opportunity for that year
had escaped him.
Napoleon, after the defeat of Villeneuve, felt that it was no
use at that time to attempt the invasion of England; he broke up
his camp at Boulogne, and in all haste moved his Army of Eng-
land across the Rhine. He put his men into diligences, chaises,
ambulances, anything in short that would transport them rapidly
to a new field of action. Six French divisions, each under a
general of distinction, crossed the Rhine, converging from differ-
ent points upon Vienna. Meantime General Mack, who com-
manded the Austrian Army, abandoned the line of defence which
prudence would have pointed out to him, behind the river Inn,
and gathered his soldiers around Ulm, a town of considerable mil-
itary importance, where Napoleon, coming up with the main army,
supported by other divisions, forced him (October 20, 1805) to sur-
render.^
"What caused the surrender of Mack was that his
eighty thousand men were all in the houses at Ulm. The
rain had put everything into confusion; no one seemed to
' On the day after Mack surrendered at Ulm (October 21, 1805) was fought
the battle of Trafalgar. Napoleon received the news the night he trium-
phantly occupied the Emperor of Austria's palace of Schonbrunn in Vienna.
Napoleon remained only a few days in Vienna. Had he known that
Schonbrunn would be the scene of the sad life and death of his only son, the
hour of his triumph might have been full of sad reflections. He hurried for-
ward with high hopes into Moravia, where his army found itself face to face
with the armies of the Emperor of Austria and the Czar of Russia.
On the last night of November, 1805, he slept at Brunn, the capital of
Moravia, and the next morning, with several of his generals, he rode over the
country around the village of Austerlitz, remarking to those about him that
ii8 TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA
have the command. The Archduke Ferdinand would not
obey Mack; I sent him word that I would not assault the
place, but I should take it by famine. I knew the state of
his army, and I told him what I knew. He thought the
Russians were on the Inn; I assured him they were not,
and it was for that reason I was willing to besiege him.
The affair at Elchingen had demoralized the Austrians.
Mack owned to me afterwards that his troops had been in
very great disorder."
"Nelson is a brave man. If Villeneuve at Aboukir
(the battle of the Nile) and Dumanoir at Trafalgar had
had a little of his blood, the French would have been con-
querors. I ought to have had Dumanoir's head cut off."
Napoleon valued men of action more than engineer
officers or constructors.
"Do not you all think more highly of Nelson than
of the best engineers who construct fortifications? Nelson
had what a mere engineer officer can never acquire. It
is a gift of nature. I grant you that a good engineer or
a constructor may be a very useful man, but I never
liked to reward him like a man who had risked his life
and shed his blood. For instance, I was very unwilling
to make Évain a general of artillery. I cannot bear an
officer who has gained his rank step by step in a bureau.
Yet I know that there must occasionally be generals who
never fired a shot. But to promote them goes against me. "
"What was my most brilliant battle.?" asked the Em-
they would do well to observe everything, as the field before them would soon
be a scene of conflict.
On December 2, 1805, the "sun of Austerlitz" rose with extraordinary
brilliancy, and the day was hailed by the French soldiers as the anniversary of
their Emperor's coronation. The battle that they that day fought has been
called the Battle of the Emperors, three of whom were present and in com-
mand. For Napoleon it was a complete success. Besides the carnage, which
was terrible, 20,000 prisoners were taken by the French, forty pieces of artillery,
and all the standards of the Russian Imperial Guard.
It led immediately to peace negotiations with Austria in which Napoleon
obtained everything he asked for, and an armistice was concluded with
the Russian Emperor, who withdrew his army within his own frontier.— £■. W. L.
NAPOLEON EMPEROR '^9
peror of his fellow-exiles. Gourgaud replied," Austerlitz."
"Perhaps so, but Borodino (the Moskwa) was superbly
fought, at so great a distance, too, from home! At
Austerlitz my army was the very best I ever had. Splen-
did soldiers, and it was a superb battle! Great results
acquired in the presence of three emperors. If the Prus-
sians had joined the Austrians and Russians it might have
been embarrassing for me. After that time my armies
deteriorated, although at Jena I still had fine troops. The
Prussians missed their opportunity in 1805, and commit-
ted a great error the next year in declaring war against
me."
Napoleon made Eugene Beauharnais Viceroy of the new
kingdom of Italy; Joseph Bonaparte was made King of Naples;
Louis Bonaparte King of Holland; Jerome King of Westphalia;
Murat Grand Duke of Berg. Elisa Bonaparte (Princess Baccio-
chi) had the principalities of Lucca, Massa-Carrara, and Garfa-
gnana, which she governed well and wisely; while Pauline
Borghese had Guastalla.^ ^ n u j
After Austerlitz Napoleon went back to Pans, and flushed
with victory, his first thought was to bestow kingdoms, principali-
ties and dukedoms on his followers. Kingdoms he gave to
members of his own family, not one of whom (with the exception
of his sister Elisa, Madame Bacciochi) proved a right ruler m
the right place. With the principalities and dukedoms he gave
large estates in the conquered countries, thus creating a foreign
nobility of Frenchmen, which might be useful to him at some
future day.
> Other princes, without sovereign rights, were :
Talleyrand, Prince of Benevento.
Bernadette, Prince of Ponte Corvo.
Berthier, Duke of Neufchâtel and Prince of Wagram.
Davout, Duke of Auerstadt and Prince of Eckmuhl.
Ney, Duke of Elchingen and Prince of the Moskwa.
Junot, Duke of Abrantès. Macdonald Duke of Taranto.
Mara , Duke of Bassano. Marmont Duke of Ragusa.
Bessières, Duke of Istna. Mortier Duke of Trev.so
Caulaincourt, Duke of Vicenza. Oudinot Duke of Reggio.
Duroc, Duke de Friuli. Savary Duke of Rov.go.
Fouché Duke of Otranto. Soult, Duke of Dalmatia.
KeuTrmann, Duke of Vaimy. Suchet. Duke of A bufera
LanneJ Duke of Montebello. Augereau, Duke o Cast.ghone.
T efebvre Duke of Dantzic. Clarke, Due de Feltre.
The;e tÏÏes were not all conferred in 1805, but they are here placed m one
list, as such a record is hard to find elsewhere— £• H ■ •^.
120 TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA
Besides the establishment of vassal kingdoms throughout
Western Europe, which made Napoleon in fact Emperor of the
Occident, he had plans that included the destruction of the Holy
Roman Empire, which had lasted for more than one thousand
years. He forced the Emperor of Austria, by the Treaty signed
at Presburg immediately after Austerlitz, to relinquish his author-
ity as Emperor of Germany, and held out hopes to the head of
the House of Hohenzollern that he should be Emperor of Ger-
many in Francis Joseph's stead. This hope, which for some
months beguiled the King of Prussia into inactivity, had to wait
for its accomplishment until France was humbled in 1871, under
the Second Empire.
In pursuance of his system of destroying the power and pres-
tige of the old German Empire, Napoleon formed what he called
the Confederation of the Rhine — a league of the lesser German
princes on the frontier of France, and of this Confederation he
called himself the "Protector". At the same time he bitterly
opposed the formation of a Northern Confederacy headed by
Prussia, which was designed to oppose further aggressions.
These things made the diplomatic relations of France and
Prussia very much strained. About this time occurred a visit of
the Czar Alexander to Berlin, in order to induce the King of
Prussia to join the coalition forming against France, namely,
England, Russia, and Sweden. And the letter intercepted in the
French post-office, written by the Prussian ambassador in cipher
to his master, informed him that there was reason to think that
Napoleon and the Czar were plotting to break up the Kingdom of
Prussia,
Napoleon had in fact a project for the dismemberment of
Prussia, and was ready to take any opportunity of dethroning its
reigning family.
War broke out again early in October, 1806. Napoleon was
already over the Rhine in the states of the Rhenish Confederacy,
and the King of Prussia, without waiting for the arrival of a Rus-
sian army which was marching to join him, advanced to attack the
French, while another Prussian corps entered Saxony, where the
king was Napoleon's ally. In less than a fortnight Napoleon had
turned the flank of the King of Prussia's army, had taken Naum-
burg, where the king had deposited all his ammunition and stores,
and with a terrific explosion had blown up his magazines. A
few days later Davout fought the King of Prussia at Auerstadt,
while Napoleon with his main army prepared to fight the great
battle of Jena. It took place on October 14, 1806, and Napoleon
NAPOLEON EMPEROR 121
arrived in Berlin about ten days afterwards. In three weeks he
had driven the King of Prussia from his capital to Konigsburg.
and had taken all his strongholds, except Konigsburg and Dantzic,
while at Jena and Auerstadt he had annihilated the Prussian
armies.
During his brief stay at Berlin Napoleon promulgated what
are called the Berlin Decrees: these were orders issued to all
"peoples, nations, and languages," under the imperial government,
or in alliance with France, to enforce what was called the Con-
tinental Blockade; that is, to prohibit all commercial intercourse
with England, her allies, or her colonies. Anything manufactured
or grown in England, or in any English colony, any article of
commerce that had passed through English ports, or those of her
allies or colonies, if seized, was to be publicly destroyed. In
French memoirs and French novels there are graphic descriptions
of great bonfires on the sands near Dieppe and Ronfleur, where
government officials were busy feeding the flames with English
goods, keeping bystanders aloof, who watched the destruction of
what would have been to them comfort and affluence. The Con-
tinental Blockade was the most cherished scheme of Napoleon.
It originated in his own brain. By it he hoped to discourage and
defeat England. He could not succeed in his scheme of inva-
sion; he could not rival her as a sea power; but he would cut off
her commerce, and with it, he persuaded himself, all her resources.
But these decrees aimed at the power of England created for
the first time great popular discontent with the imperial govern-
ment in France. Every private citizen found his domestic comfort
invaded by these orders, while repeated conscriptions bore heavily
on all classes and all homes.
At the same time Napoleon committed the great blunder
(perhaps I should say crime) of exciting hopes he did not mean to
gratify, among the Polish people. He held out the most enticing
prospects to them. His appeals and addresses encouraged them
to feel certain that he would restore their ancient kingdom. Their
young men flocked into his army, looking to Napoleon as their
liberator and avenger, and responding with passionate enthusiasm
to the questions he asked of them in his bulletins: "Shall the
Polish throne be re-estabUshed, and shall the great nation secure
for it respect and independence? Shall she recall it to life from
the grave? God only, who directs all human affairs, can solve
this mystery."
On November 28, 1806, Napoleon entered Poland, and found
himself received with rapture and delight by the whole population.
Î22 TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA
Their old national dress reappeared. Hope and exultation beamed
in every countenance. They did not know that Poland must be
sacrificed if Napoleon's grandest scheme of personal ambition
was to be carried out. In his youth he had dreamed of being
another Alexander, a great conqueror, the Emperor of the East.
Time and events had changed his views. He had become the
sovereign of Western Europe. He might divide the world with
an Emperor of the East. He had great confidence in the ultimate
preponderance and sovereignty of Russia.
But if this scheme were to succeed, it would never do to leave
a turbulent little independent kingdom, the natural enemy of
Russia, on her frontier. It was better to incorporate Poland with
the great power, whose sovereign would hold her down with a firm
hand.
The Russian army under Benningsen, a skillful general, gave
considerable trouble to Napoleon's marshals and generals; and
during this winter the French first encountered dreadful hardships
from ice and snow during their marches. The drawn battle of
Eylau was fought in a snowstorm, and the French encamped at
night in deep snow on the field of battle, while the enemy marched
off, having captured twelve of their standards. The result of this
fight was a bitter disappointment to Napoleon.
Dantzic surrendered in May, by which time Napoleon was at
the head of an army of two hundred and eighty thousand men,
though many of them had been raised by premature conscrip-
tions. Then followed the battle of Friedland, in 1807, in which
Benningsen, the Russian general, was outmanœuvred and de-
feated.
The Emperor Alexander, overawed by the genius of Napo-
leon, and unacquainted with his ultimate designs, apprehensive
that the kingdom of Poland was about to be restored, now sin-
cerely desired peace. An armistice was entered into, and on a
raft moored in the river Niémen, near the town of Tilsit, the two
emperors met each other, shortly after which they adjourned to
the town, and the Treaty of Tilsit was concluded. An almost
boy-like friendship was then entered into between Alexander and
Napoleon.
Napoleon rightly placed at Tilsit the apogee of his prosperity.
After that the brightness of his star began slowly to fade. To be
complete master of the Western (European) world, he had yet to
conquer Spain, Portugal, and England. England he thought had
no generals fitted to oppose him, or even the Marshals he had
trained in the art of war.
NAPOLEON EMPEROR ^^3
Of Napoleon's relations with Spain in 1807 and 1808, I have
given a full account in "Spain in the Nineteenth Century." He
had a good deal to say about Spain in his talks with Gourgaud.
Joseph Bonaparte was made King of Spain against his own will.
The dethroned and exiled Charles IV. was living at Amboise.
His son, Ferdinand VH., was in honorable captivity at Valençay,
Talleyrand's almost princely property. Massena, Soult, and
Junot were Napoleon's principal generals in the Peninsula. So
closed the year 1808, and another war was declared in 1809.
"Montholon," says Gourgaud, "gathered from the instruc-
tions he received when he was an ambassador in Italy that His
Majesty aspired to make himself Emperor of Germany, and then
to be crowned Emperor of the West. The establishment of the
Confederation of the Rhine aimed at this result. At Erfurt it was
a thing agreed upon, but Alexander wanted Constantinople, which
Napoleon would not consent he should have."
"In France we must increase the power of our infantry
to resist cavalry, so that we need never fear an invasion
by Tartars or Cossacks. I drew up my army on the
plateau of Jena because Augereau could come up with me
on the road to the left, as well as Ney. Soult was on the
right. Davout and Bernadotte were at Naumburg.
"If Lannes had been defeated the Guard could have
held out long enough to give Soult and Augereau time to
join me. Bernadotte wanted to head the column, instead
of Davout, and being angry at not having obtained what
he asked, he broke off from his colleague, and tried to
pass between Soult and the defiles. He did not succeed
in this manoeuvre, and Davout, with only his own corps
of thirty thousand men, made head against the King of
Prussia. What threw the enemy into terrible confusion
was the double crowd of fugitives who met each other,
some coming along the road from Neuburg, some flying
from Jena toward Weimar. The Duke of Brunswick
was a very poor general. I made a mistake when I
thought better of him and fancied he could do something.
He had detached Blucher and the Duke of Weimar to a
considerable distance, and it was his purpose to cross the
124 TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA
Rhine. The Prussians have poor soldiers! I ought to
have had Bernadotte shot; I am sorry I did not; but he
came to Berthier full of grief and remorse I ex-
plained the battle of Jena to Alexander and to the Duke
of Weimar; they knew nothing about it." *
"Jena was a magnificent battle, because it was the
one event of a successful campaign, all my movements
being connected with it. I ought not to have crossed the
Vistula. It was the taking of Magdeburg that induced
me to enter Poland. I did wrong. It led to terrible
wars. But the idea of the re-establishment of Poland
was a noble one. At Friedland my army was not so good
as at Jena; there were too many new recruits. But
where I erred most fatally was at Tilsit. I ought to have
dethroned the King of Prussia. I hesitated a moment.
I was sure that Alexander would not have opposed it,
provided I had not taken the King's dominions for myself.
I might have declared that the House of HohenzoUern had
ceased to reign, because at the time of the definitive treaty
that would have seemed quite natural. A little Hohenzol-
lern who was figuring on Berthier' s staff, asked me to
place him on that throne. I would have done so had he
been of the same branch of the Hohenzollerns as the great
Frederick, but his family for three hundred years had been
separated from the elder branch, and I thought of the
protestations that would certainly be made by the King
of Prussia."
"After Jena the Prussians ought to have fallen back
on Magdeburg, and have defended Wittenburg and
Torgau. They did badly throughout the war. I never
saw men so completely beaten. At Ligny they were
•The Prussian army, on the evening before the battle, mustered 150,000
men. The next day its routed divisions were roaming about the country, fall-
ing one after another into the enemy's hands. The Duke of Brunswick (the
general who had invaded France in 1792) was wounded at Jena, and died of his
wounds. He was the father of the duke who fell at Waterloo.— .£. W. L.
NAPOLEON EMPEROR 125
twice as many as we were. Brunswick usurped his repu-
tation. Because he had carried on a little partisan war in
France in 1792 he was exalted into a hero. Boufflers and
other wits of the time were his friends. They praised
him in the salons; they created his reputation. He was
only a court general. His behavior in Champagne was
very foolish. If Davout had not captured the bridge at
Wittenburg the results that followed the battle of Jena
would not have been so great Now, alas! we can
no longer boast. We, too, have met reverses."
"Kosciusko was a poor creature. One never could
do anything with him. I never saw him."
"I never signed any treaty about Poland. Caulain-
court at Tilsit drew up one, but it was never signed."
"The Queen of Prussia was a much superior woman
to the Queen of Bavaria; but she came to Tilsit too late.
The king would not summon her until he saw he could get
nothing from me; but everything by the time she came
had been settled. I went to call on her, but she received
me in the tragic style, like Chimène in The Cid: 'Sire!
Justice! Justice! Magdeburg!' She went on in this
way, and greatly embarrassed me. At last to make her
stop I begged her to sit down, knowing that nothing is so
likely to cut short a tragic scene, for when one is seated
its continuance turns it into comedy. She wore a most
beautiful pearl necklace. I felicitated her upon it. All
she would say was, 'Ah! my beautiful pearls.' We
dined together, the King, Alexander, the Queen, I, etc.
During the whole repast she would speak of nothing but
Magdeburg. After dinner the King and the Emperor left
me alone with her. She still pressed me. I offered her
a rose which happened to be there. 'Yes,' she said,
'but with Magdeburg!' 'Eh! Madame,' I replied, 'it is
I who am offering the rose to you, not you to me.'
Î26 TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA
When they were all gone, I sent for Talleyrand and
ordered him to summon the other ministers, as I wanted
the treaty signed that very evening, otherwise I said I
should resume the campaign. I wanted Magdeburg to be
a protection to my ally, the King of Saxony.
"The King of Prussia was a real booby. Every time
he came to see me to talk over important affairs, he never
managed to say anything on the subject. He went off
about shakos, buttons, skin haversacks, and a lot of
other nonsense, while I did not know a word about such
trifling military details."
"Alexander always wore upon his heart a portrait of
the two children he had had by the Princess Nariskine.
The Empress is a foolish woman, much to blame for
having borne no children. They say Prince Czartoryski
was in love with her." ^
"Alexander begged me to detain the King of Prussia
at Tilsit while he went into the country with the Queen.
The King could not leave until I had paid him a farewell
visit. I made him wait eight or ten hours. He sent me
word that he would excuse my visit, but I returned for
answer that I was anxious to see him. I firmly believe
that the relations of Alexander with the Queen were
merely those of friendly intimacy; all right, all honorable;
but the King was a bore. When I wanted to converse
with Alexander I was obliged to make plans, so as not to
have him on my back all the time. The 'Manuscript from
St. Helena' says truly, that I committed a great poHtical
' It is a little remarkable that not one of the sovereigns who met to confer
on the affairs of Europe at Tilsit had a son and heir. Napoleon and Alexander
had no legitimate children ; the Emperor of Austria and the King of Prussia
had no sons. Of the leading sovereigns in Europe at the time of the Treatj
of Tilsit only the King of Prussia had sons. The Prince Regent in England
had no child but Princess Charlotte. Perdinand of Spain never had a son.
The King of Sardinia was childless. Joseph Bonaparte had only daughters.
Sweden had to choose a successor for its King among Napoleon's marshals.
The Due d'Angoulême, heir of Louis XVIIl., had no sons.— .£. W. L,
NAPOLEON EMPEROR Î27
blunder when I suffered that dynasty to continue to reign
in Prussia. Yes; I ought to have changed it — and I
could."
"The Queen of Prussia was a cultivated and superior
woman. She often interrupted me as we talked. One
day in the presence of Alexander she tormented me to
give her Magdeburg; she wished that I should bind my-
self by a promise. I kept on refusing her gallantly and
politely; there was a rose on the chimneypiece; I took
it up and offered it to her. She drew back her hand,
saying, 'On condition that it be with Magdeburg.' I
replied at once, 'But, Madame, it is I who am offering
you the rose.' After this I escorted her to her carriage.
She asked for Duroc, whom she liked, and she began to
cry, saying, 'I have been cruelly deceived.' "
"The Emperor Alexander may talk about religion, but
he is at heart a materialist! At Tilsit I had many con-
versations with him on the subject." '
"In order to kill Paul the conspirators persuaded Alex-
ander that his father had given orders for his arrest.
Peter III. was assassinated because he had ahenated the
priests and the common people."
"Alexander at Tilsit flattered and cajoled the French
generals. He was sly and deceitful. He cannot com-
mand armies, and therefore is an embarrassment when
with his troops, because generals do not like to go against
the will of their emperor. ' '
' At Tilsit Alexander had not fallen under the influence of Madame de
Kriidener, of which I have told in " Russia and Turkey in the Nineteenth
Century."-£. W. L.
CHAPTER VII.
CAMPAIGNS OF 1809 IN SPAIN AND AUSTRIA.
Affairs in Spain. — Battles of Essling and
Wa<jram.
Affairs in Spain.
"I have been reading in the 'Moniteur' the letters
written to me by the King of Spain and Ferdinand. Ma
foi! when I saw that the son was bent on dethroning
the father, and the mother maintained that her child was
not the son of the King, I said, 'Let us drive them all
out. Let there be no more Bourbons on the face of the
earth!' ' After the campaign in Russia I made a great
mistake in not sending Ferdinand back to Spain; that
would have reinforced me with one hundred and eighty-
thousand good soldiers. If I had had those men during
the campaign of Lutzen what might not have been done
with them! Metternich, during the conferences in Prague,
said to the Emperor of Austria, 'Look out! Bonaparte will
withdraw his army from Spain.' Until Vittoria Metter-
nich was always saying: 'It is a pity the French armies
in Spain are retreating. They will be sent to Germany.'
1 The treaty of Tilsit was signed July 7, 1807, seven months after the open-
ing of the campaign, and there was peace for a while among the great conti-
nental sovereigns. War with England was carried on, but it was chiefly war
upon the seas. Napoleon was bent upon subjugating Spain and Portugal,
which were in close alliance with the English, and all English sympathy went
to assist the patriotic struggle in the Peninsula. Napoleon had never expected
such determined resistance as was offered to his armies by the insurrectionists
in Spain. Hitherto he had conducted his campaigns with pitched battles and
with large armies on both sides. The experience of warfare with a whole popu-
lation, its men familiar with their rivers, crags, and mountain passes, was new
to him and to his generals. Up to this time, when he occupied the capital and
palace of a sovereign, both conqueror and conquered considered the war virtu-
ally at an end. The occupation of Madrid by Murat and his French troops did
no more to subdue the insurrection in Spain than the capture of Pretoria did
the Boers. The first French army sent into Southern Spain was commanded
128
CAMPAIGNS OF 1809 129
"Don't you see that misfortunes follow fast upon each
other, and that when one is unfortunate all things turn
out ill? If that battle of Vittoria had happened earlier, I
should have signed the treaty of peace, but it happened
just at the moment when I could not do so. When the
Allies saw that I had lost that battle, my guns, and my
baggage, and that the English were entering France, they
thought I was lost. The French people behaved ex-
tremely ill to me at that time. The Romans, after Cannae
redoubled their efforts, but then every one was in dread
of murder, rapine, and pillage. That is real war. But
in these modern times warfare is all rose-water."
"I made a great mistake at the time of the Spanish
war. What I ought to have done was to adopt some
young girl, and give her in marriage to Ferdinand, who
asked me again and again to do so. People said to me,
'What makes you hesitate? Because he is a Bourbon?
He is such a fool that he does not know the difference
between Monsieur de Montmorin and Monsieur de Bassano.
He likes neither the French people nor the French nobil-
ity. He will always need your support because of his
colonies.' When he was at Valençay he wrote to me
several times to ask me to give him one of Joseph's
daughters. I committed a great mistake in putting that
by General Dupont, who was forced to surrender to a Spanish force with all
his 'army. His men were sent to the rocky island of Cabrera, where their
sufferings were terrible. Often provisions could not reach them from the
mainland. Of all this— and how my father. Captain Ralph Randolph Worme-
ley, then in command of the Minorca, was sent by Admiral Sir Charles Cotton
to report on the condition of things on the island (Sir Charles had no diplo-
matic excuse for interfering with the treatment of French prisoners by the
Spaniards I, how he relieved their necessities, and Sir Charles Cotton paved the
way for their exchange— 1 have told in "Spain in the Nineteenth Century.'
Also of the extraordinary proceedings at Bayonne. where all the royal person-
ages of Spain threw themselves at the feet of Napoleon.
Napoleon in his talks with Gourgaud, did not make many observations
about the war in Spain, but he had much to say about the famous battles in his
campaign against Austria in 1809. He had poured troops over the Pyrenees to
effect the subjugation of the Peninsula, and Austria, thinking it a good time
to avenge her defeat at Austerlitz, collected her armies and roused the miscel-
laneous populations in her empire to rise against the French, who in many
instances had left garrisons and troops in the countries they had conquered.
-£. W. L.
130 TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA
fool of a Joseph on the Spanish throne. I proposed to
Ferdinand at Valençay to send him back to Spain. But
he would not return to his own country, except on condi-
tion that I would promise never to make war on him. I
would not do that; I wanted the Spaniards. In three
years I could have regenerated them. I did wrong to
keep Ferdinand so long in France. In the end I signed a
treaty with him, by which he bound himself to marry
Joseph's daughter when I should have made peace. It
was the campaign in Spain which hindered me from
negotiating for peace with the English."
"Spain needed a very different king from my brother
Joseph. Blacke said it required a man three times more
firm than I am. We are not severe enough in France
toward governors of strong places who capitulate, or
admirals who surrender. The English are more harsh,
and they do well."
"Compare the sieges in Spain with those of the Rus-
sians. Think of Ossakoff filling the trenches with the
corpses of his soldiers! I would never have put more
than two hundred men into Badajos Breaches
should never be attacked with too many men at a time.
If there are too many it will cause loss and confusion."
"Massena in Portugal began by doing a foohsh thing;
he ought to have turned the position at Busaco — he who
knew perfectly how to make war among mountains. But
he had a personal spite against Wellington, who he said
was a polisson,^ a man whom he had promised me he
would take prisoner! At the Moskwa I made an attack
on the Russian army's strong position, but then I wanted
to bring on a battle. Massena might have attacked the
lines of Torres Vedras the very day that he arrived
before them. It is true that would have been ex-
tremely prompt. It is only right, as a rule, first to
* A cowardly scoundrel.
CAMPAIGNS OF 1809 131
reconnoitre the position one is going to attack, but I can-
not believe that hnes eight leagues in extent could not
have been forced at some point. He remained a whole
month before them, doing nothing, just because he
wanted to have things all his own way. Ah! Massena —
Massena! He ought to have blushed to retreat before a
general he considered a polisson. Afterwards he took up
a position at Santarem, and did everything he could to
establish on the Tagus a connection with Soult. That,
too, was a piece of folly! That position at Santarem
Wellington could have easily turned. Reynier wrote me
that he feared something bad might come of it, and was
in a state of continual alarm. It is certain that had I been
Wellington, I should have made myself master of Mas-
sena's bad position, which he maintained only to save his
own pride. Afterwards, in March, he decided to evacu-
ate Portugal. Then, why did he not fall back on Coimbra?
He might have maintained himself there. Massena is
brave on a battle-field, but is a poor general."
"Soult might have captured the whole English army
at Roncesvalles. He failed to do so. He was a man
good in counsel, but weak in execution. He was not as
good as Prince Charles. We have no very good generals.
The Austrian staff officers are better than ours."
"His Majesty," says Gourgaud, "assured me that if
he had remained in Spain ^ he could have subdued the
' On January 22, 1809, Napoleon arrived in Paris, having hastened back
from Spain, riding post-horses, attended by a single aide-de-camp, whose horse
and his own horse he was seen tlogging with a postillion's heavy whip along the
roads. He was anxious to avoid another war with Austria, and came home
with this speed to superintend negotiations. But war had been decided on
by Austria, and it was declared on the 3d of April. On April 21 was fought
the battle of Landshut, the Archduke Charles losing g,ooo men, thirty guns,
and all his baggage. A few days later was fought the battle of Eckraiihl, in
which Davout particularly distinguished himself. The defeated Austrians
sought refuge in Ratisbon. That city was stormed by Napoleon, who was
wounded in the foot, to the great consternation of his soldiers. He hardly
waited to have the wound dressed, and then rode along their lines to assure
them of his safety.
On May 10 Vienna again received Napoleon as her conqueror, and he
again made his headquarters in the Imperial Palace of Schônbrunn. The Arch-
132 TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA
Peninsula. He thought he ought to have stayed there a
month longer, and have driven Sir John Moore into the
sea. The English would have been discouraged, and
would not have ventured on the Continent again, and he
added, 'Austria is the cause that I am here.' "
"As to the Continental Blockade, England in every-
thing shows herself insatiable ; and when she manufactures
more than she can find a market for, there will be a glut.
The people will have grown accustomed to low prices,
and when the merchants find no outlet for their goods,
they will revolt. I have taught nations on the Continent
to do without England. They will act henceforth on what
I have taught them."
Battles of Essling and Wagram.
"It was a splendid movement that I made at Landshut
in 1809. Berthier had lost his head when I reached the
seat of war. Pire came and told me that Davout was
surrounded and was about to be lost. I might have
pursued the Austrians into Bohemia, but then they would
have retreated on Prague. Besides, I had no object in
this war; Austria had made war on me. I did indeed
think of separating the three crowns, but then again I
considered that it was well to leave a great power intact
to oppose Russia, if necessary. But for Essling I might
have demolished the Austrian monarchy, but Esshng cost
me dear, and I gave up the plan. When I reached
duke Charles collected another army and confronted his enemy on the opposite
bank of the Danube. Between them was the wide and rapid river with its
island of Lobau. On May 21, 1809, the drawn battle of Essling was fought,
both sides claiming a victory. There was then a six weeks' pause. The Arch-
duke, weakened by losses, did not take the offensive.
On July 6 was fought the famous battle of Wagram. At its close there
remained in the hands of Napoleon twenty thousand prisoners and all the
Archduke's artillery and baggage. After this an armistice was concluded, and
peace was signed in October. Its terms were more favorable to Austria than
could have been expected, but Napoleon had already conceived the plan of a
divorce and was contemplating a second marriage. He had hoped at Tilsit to
induce Alexander to give him one of the Grand Duchesses, but her mother so
strongly opposed the match that the project was abandoned. His final choice
fell on the Emperor of Austria's young daughter, the Archduchess Marie
Louise, and in every way it was a disastrous marriage. — E. W. L,
CAMPAIGNS OF 1809 133
Vienna I feared lest Prince Charles, who was on the left
bank of the Danube, might have advanced on Lintz, which
would have obliged me to quit the capital. I wanted to
have a bridge over the Danube so as to follow him up if
he made that move."
Gourgaud remarks, "But, Sire, if he had crossed at
Lintz he might have marched on Vienna."
"Yes, that would have been going forward and back,
but in such cases one must be guided by circumstances.
That was why when I reached Vienna I wanted to take
possession of the island of Lobau. It was like besieging
the Danube. Once on the island, there was only one arm
of the river to cross, not wider than the Seine. I made a
mistake in not putting my whole army across to the island
more rapidly. But a great flood came. I do not think
the bridge was destroyed by the enemy, but by the sudden
flood. Lasalle warned me that the whole force of the
enemy was there. When I had examined the field of
battle, as I had not enough soldiers to guard Enzendorf,
Essling, and Aspern, I at first thought of taking up a
position behind Essling on the Danube, but then I saw
that the position at Essling was too important to be aban-
doned. I hoped by the twenty-second to have Davout to
line the road between Essling and Enzendorf. In the
night between the twenty-first and twenty-second, I had a
great notion of passing over again to the island, but the
disorder reigning on the bridge convinced me that it would
be impossible. The wme was drawn; we had to drink it.
It was a mistake not to have thrown another bridge over
the lesser branch, still no one can say that Essling was a
lost battle. The enemy lost so many men that he dared
not renew the attack. Each side was busy licking its
wounds. I ought not to have put back the bridge, and I
ought to have placed ten thousand men in the wood.
"When the battle of Wagram took place I was afraid
that Prince Charles would attack Lintz. That worried
134 TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST HELENA
me very much. My bridges were only half made, I had
a new one constructed where I had had one at the time of
the battle of Essling, to draw the enemy to that point.
The Austrians thought that the mouse meant to come out
where she went in. They constructed ever so many
redoubts. When I crossed over I endeavored to make a
great stir, so as to prevent the Austrians from forming in
line of battle, for they never manoeuvre well or promptly
when they are attacked upon the march. Davout made
too great a detour. Bernadotte did not do well with his
Saxons, and the Austrians took up their position. Their
line was more extended than mine. I had left a space
between my left and the Danube, but I had great masses
in reserve. I wished to force their left and to protect my
own. They, however, outflanked my left, passing through
the gap, but my reserves made a change of front to the
left, and the right wing of the enemy was in danger of
being driven into the river. Schwartzenberg told me
afterwards that it was this movement more than the effect
of the artillery of the Guard which obliged them to
retreat. In doing this they opposed a great mass of artil-
lery to mine, many French were killed, and fewer Austri-
ans. I knew that the Archduke John was coming up.
That evening there was an alarm. I was in bed, but I
got up and mounted my horse. I ought to have repulsed
them more quickly, but that scoundrel Marmont had done
badly at Znaim and I had to consent to make peace.
"It was my marriage with the Archduchess that led
me to make war on Russia. Prussia wanted to aggrandize
herself, and I thought myself sure of her support, and
that of Austria. I really had no other allies. I was too
much in a hurry. I ought to have stayed a year on the
Niémen and in Prussia, resting and reorganizing my army;
by that time I could have eaten up Prussia. My troops
were much fatigued by the long marches they had made
to reach the Russian frontier."
CHAPTER VIII.
DOMESTIC RELATIONS.
Napoleon's Two Empresses. — His Brothers and
Sisters. — His Stepson and Stepdaughter. —
His Son Napoleon, King of Rome and Due de
Reichstadt.
Napoleon's Two Empresses.
"His Majesty," says Gourgaud, "was very gay, and
talked to-day of his two Empresses. Josephine and Marie
Louise, he said, were very different. The latter was
passivity itself. Eugene and Hortense were not like their
mother."
His Majesty declared that he preferred fair women to
dark women. "When I heard Marie Louise was fair I
was very glad."
"When I met Marie Louise on the road to Fontaine-
bleau I stopped her carriage. I did not want her to
know who I was, but the Queen of Naples, who was sit-
ting beside her, called out, 'There is the Emperor!' I
sprang into the travelling carriage, and embraced Marie.
The poor girl had learned a long speech by heart, which
she was to kneel and say to me. She had just been
rehearsing it. I had asked Metternich and the Bishop of
Nantes if I should be justified in passing the night under
the same roof with her. They said, 'Certainly,' and that,
having been married by proxy, she was my Empress and
no longer an Archduchess. I asked her what they had
told her before she left Vienna. 'When you find your-
self alone with the Emperor Napoleon, you must do
exactly what he tells you. You must obey him in every-
135
136 TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA
thing that he requires of you.' She was a charming
young girl I made a great mistake in placing
Madame de Montebello ' at the head of her household. I
did it to please the Army, and it was not necessary.
Marie Louise liked my new nobility better than the old
noblesse. Archdukes and archduchesses consider them-
selves so great that all nobles are on the same level in their
eyes. Madame de Beauvau in Madame de Montebello's
place would have done much better. Madame de Monte-
bello dishonored herself by not remaining with Marie
Louise after she left France. I wanted to give her
Narbonne as her chevalier d 'honneur; he was very desir-
ous to have the place, and would have filled it admirably.
He would have reported everything to me. But Marie
would not consent. She did not like Madame de Monte-
bello. She never told falsehoods. She was very re-
served, and showed no open dislike even to those she
detested. At Vienna they had taught her to act gra-
ciously, even to^ ministers that she could not endure.
When she wanted money she asked me for it, and was
delighted when I gave her ten thousand francs. That
charmed me; for she was very discreet. Anything might
have been confided to her. She was a closed box in the
matter of secrets. She was not very fond of her father.
I did wrong to let Isabey give her drawing lessons. When
I entered the room while the lessons were going on, he
seemed embarrassed. He was a fanatic. Prudhon would
have been better. People of that sort are all spies.
"I think, although I loved Marie Louise very sincerely,
that I loved Josephine better. That was natural; we had
risen together; and she was a true wife; the wife I had
chosen. She was full of grace, graceful even in the way
she prepared herself for bed; graceful in undressing her-
self. I should have liked an Albano to see her then, that he
might have painted her. Marie was as sincere as Joseph-
' The widow of Marshal Lannes.
DOMESTIC RELATIONS I37
ine was diplomatic. Josephine always began by saying
'No,' that she might have time for consideration. She
made debts and expected me to pay them. Once a month
she made resolutions to economize, and would pour out
everything she had on her heart to me. She was a true
Parisienne. I never should have parted from her if she
could have borne me a son; but, ma foi "
"Assuredly but for my marriage with Marie I never
should have made war on Russia; but I felt certain of the
support of Austria, and I was wrong, for Austria is the
natural enemy of France."
"Cardinal Fesch is opinionated. He has little learn-
ing, and is a zealous Papist; but he has an excellent heart.
He would go through flames for me, and that is why I
have confided to him my papers. One day Marie con-
sulted the Bishop of Nantes, to know if she might eat
meat on fast-days.
" 'Do you mean at the table of His Majesty?'
" 'Yes.'
" 'In that case you can. You ought to do what the
Emperor does, and give rise to no scandals. Even sup-
posing His Majesty does wrong in eating meat, you had
better imitate him; that will do less harm than if a refusal
on your part led to a scandal, a disagreement, or a quarrel.'
"Marie told me all this. Well! Fesch would have
said, 'Throw your plate at his head, rather than eat meat
on fast-days.' One could talk with the Bishop of
Nantes. I asked him once if dogs might not have souls.
He replied that there might be some place prepared for
them in another world, for that there were some dogs and
some horses that had marvellous intelligence
"Marie always liked to be without a fire, and she
insisted on having five or six lighted candles all night in
her room. She was afraid of ghosts."
"Josephine wished to marry Hortense to Monsieur de
138 TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA
Gontaut-Biron, but his family feared lest the Terrorists
might again get the upper hand, and as at that time the
Jacobins were very bitter against me, the Gontaut family
was not willing to run the risk of incurring their enmity."
"Fouché had the impertinence, unauthorized by me,
to speak to Josephine about divorce. As if I had had
any need of his assistance ! When I made up my mind, I
said to the Empress: 'You have children; I have none.
You must feel the necessity that lies upon me of strength-
ening my dynasty. To do that I must be divorced and
marry again. That will be to the advantage of your chil-
dren. You cannot alter my resolve, though you may
weep. Reasons of State go before everything. You
must submit with a good grace, for whether you will or
no, I am determined.' "
"Josephine never would acknowledge her age. Accord-
ing to her calculation, Eugene must have been bom twelve
years old!"
"When I told Josephine I wanted a divorce, she did
everything that tears could do to dissuade me.' I told
her that if fifty thousand men had to die for the good of
their country, I should certainly grieve for their fate, but
should feel that reasons of State must be my first consid-
eration. Then, in spite of Josephine's tears, I said to
her: 'Will you submit willingly, or must I use force.!* My
mind is made up.' Josephine the next day sent me word
that she consented. But when we sat down to table, she
gave a scream and fainted. Mademoiselle d'Albert had
to carry her away." ^
• Marchand, Napoleon's valet, told Gourgaud that Josephine used to say
that the only way to manage Napoleon was by pertinacity.
*" Madame Bertrand is kind-hearted," says Gourgaud; "1 think she is
the only person at Longwood who has humane instincts and a feeling heart.
She told me: ' It was 1 who told the Emperor that the Empress Josephine
was dead. When he met me on his arrival at Elba he made me get into his
carriage to tell him the last news from Paris. I told him of the death of the
Empress Josephine. His face did not change ; he only exclaimed ; " Ah ! she
is happy now!" ' "
DOMESTIC RELATIONS 139
"It was my having wedded a princess of Austria that
ruined me. How could I have supposed that Austria
would act as she has done?"
"When a man is fifty years old he can seldom be in
love, Berthier could, but my heart is turned to bronze.
I ne^er was in love, except perhaps with Josephine — a
little. And I was twenty-seven years old when I first
knew her. I had a sincere affection for Marie Louise.
But I am a little like Gassion, who said he did not think
life was worth giving to others."
"If I lost the Empress I would not marry again.
.... I amazed the Bishop of Nantes by quoting to him
whole passages from the writings of Saint Bernard, which
are in the 'Lives of the Saints.' .... The enthusiasm
of those saints carried them away."
"Madame d'Arenberg^ is a créole. She wished me
to make her Queen of Spain, but I never would have con-
sented to give such a wife to the King. I had much regard
for the d'Arenberg family. They were like sovereigns in
Brussels and Belgium. But I became disgusted and dis-
satisfied with Madame d'Arenberg, and gave up seeing
her. At the time of my divorce Lucien's daughter came
to Paris. She stayed with Madame d'Arenberg, and
found fault with everything; she has a biting tongue. I
asked Caroline why Lucien's daughter came to Paris.
After some pressing I found out that all the family were
intriguing to make me marry her. I strongly opposed
this idea. She is my niece. I said I should feel I was
committing incest.
"I at first thought of choosing some Parisian lady for
my wife. I looked over a list of five or six women. But
almost everybody I consulted advised an alliance with
Austria, except Fouché and Cambacérès, who were afraid,
' Née Tascher, a native of Martinique and niece of Josephine.
Î40 TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA
because of their own conduct in the days of the Revolu-
tion. In the end they saw they had had no cause for
apprehension."
Before Napoleon's second marriage the Queen of
Naples besides Pauline and Hortense tried to teach him to
waltz, that he might dance with the Empress, but he
never could learn. Eugene danced well.
"I wish I had made Narbonne the Empress's cheva-
lier d^ honneur. She did not like Beauharnais, who had
the place, but made fun of him. She would never have
agreed, however, that I should displace him for Narbonne.
I ought to have done it, however. Narbonne was a man
of ability and much judgment. At Smolensk some one
asked him what he thought of the expedition into Russia;
he answered, 'It is the ruin of the Empire.' At Dresden
he urged me to make peace, though he felt certain Austria
did not really wish for it. I should have done well to
follow his advice. I ought to have made him my Minister
for Foreign Affairs, instead of Caulaincourt, who was a
man of no ability, incapable of diplomatic correspondence,
and too much occupied with details to make a good
minister."
"Marie Louise was innocence itself, incapable of
deception; she was opposite in that to Josephine. She
loved me. She always wanted to be with me. If she
had been well advised, and had not had around her cette
canaille de Montebello, and that wretch Corvisart, she
would have come with me to Elba; but they reminded her
that her aunt had been guillotined in France, and circum-
stances were too much for her. Since then her father has
placed in her service that scoundrel Neipperg!" '
' " Every one," says Gourgaud, "is blaming the Empress for amusing her-
self with Neipperg, while the Emperor is here at St. Helena, and they are ask-
ing, 'Is that Neipperg a handsome fellow?' " In spite of these reports Napoleon
took every opportunity (and the zealous care of Sir Hudson Lowe made them
very few) of sending presents and messages to the Empress.
HO R TENSE DE BEAUHARNAIS
Qiiee/t oj Holland
DOMESTIC RELATIONS 1 41
"The Empress Marie Louise has much more ability
than the Emperor of Austria, her father. She could not
bear her stepmother, the Empress Beatrix, who used to
write her long letters, eight to ten pages at a time; such
letters as an old woman might write to a young one. It
was mere pretension and pedantry. Beatrix, however,
was much more intelligent than the Emperor Francis.
His people will be very well pleased at his present marriage,
with Princess Augusta of Saxony, because they feared the
influence Marie Louise might exert over her father."
"Princess Augusta of Saxony is thirty-five; she may
bear children to the Emperor of Austria. She was
brought up with the idea that she might become Queen of
Poland. She likes the French and the Poles. Her rela-
tions are good people. Do you say that she and Marie
Louise may possibly influence the Emperor Francis in our
fate, and that we — Ah! sovereigns and princes are
moved only by fear."
"Duty was always the line of Marie Louise's conduct.
She fancied that Josephine was an old woman, so I said
to Josephine: 'She thinks you are old. If she were to
see you, she would weep, and I should be forced to send
you away. It is not as it was in the time of Henri IV.,
when you, dear,* would have been expected to hold up
the train of her robe.' "
Napoleon's Brothers and Sisters.
The Emperor spoke of the Corsicans as brave, but
always ready to give a dagger thrust for nothing. He
said they were a kind-hearted people, but ferocious. "My
family were of the first rank in Corsica, where I still have
many relations." ^
* I have added the word dear, because otherwise the reader would miss
the tenderness in this speech, shown by its loving tntoiment.—E. W. L.
'The children of Charles Bonaparte and Letitia Ramolino were all bap-
tized in Corsica, and received Italian names :
142 TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA
**Murat will probably join Joseph in America.^ Joseph
has money. As for me, I have been too constantly occu-
pied in State affairs to attend much to my own, and to
think of making money. ' '
''Joseph will marry his daughters to French officers
now in America, and will give them each a million. He
has put au^ay plenty of money. His father-in-law told
him confidentially that I was sure to be killed. I dare say
he has twenty- five million francs. He cannot marry his
daughters to American men of business Regnault^
is de la canaille. Lallemand is a good officer.*
"This news* gives me no satisfaction. Joseph has
talent, but he hates work. He knows nothing of the art
of war, though he thinks he does. He does not know if
a redoubt is strong, nor how to attack it. He knows
nothing. He likes to enjoy himself. He must have a
large fortune, possibly twenty milHons. He would there-
fore make a great mistake if he mixed himself up with any
revolution. To do that with success a man must be more
unscrupulous than he is; have more brains, and not be
afraid of cutting off people's heads. He is a great deal
too soft-hearted; nevertheless he has plenty of ambition.
He believes in his own ability. A crown is a great temp-
Giuseppe (Joseph); Napoleone (Napoleon); Luciano (Lucien); Luigi
(Louis) ; Geronimo (Jerome); Mariana (who became Elisa); Parletta (who
became Marie Pauline); Annunciada (who became Caroline, Queen of Naples).
There must have been five other children who died in infancy, for
Napoleon says his mother had had thirteen children and was left a widow at
thirty.— 75. W.L.
» About two months after reaching St. Helena, news arrived that Prince
Joseph had reached America. The Emperor, on hearing it, remained thought-
ful for some time, then expressed satisfaction. Joseph had followed the
Emperor to Rochefort, had ottered to take his place and pass himself off for
his brother, while the Emperor should escape by embarking on a ship Joseph
had engaged to take him to America.
= A French officer then in exile in America.
^^Both these ladies married their cousins. Zenaïde married the son of
Lucien ; Charlotte, the younger, married Napoleon Louis, elder brother of the
Emperor Napoleon IIL He died soon after their marriage.
* About two months after reaching St. Helena news came that a deputa-
tion of Spanish-American revolutionists had invited Prince Joseph to put him-
self at their head.— £. W. L.
DOMESTIC RELATIONS 143
tation. He could employ the French officers now in the
United States, and perhaps it may suit England to sepa-
rate Spanish America from its parent state.
"Still — a Frenchman in that country! That seems
too much for me! If I hear he has succeeded, I shall say
I am very glad. But to know that he is about to take his
chance in such an enterprise gives me pain. Anyhow,
here — we cannot know the truth about what is now pass-
ing in the rest of the world."
"With the army I generally travelled in a carriage
during the day with a good, thick pelisse on, because night
is the time when a commander-in-chief should work. If he
fatigues himself uselessly during the day, he will be too
tired to work in the evening. At Vittoria we were defeated
because Joseph slept too long. If I had slept the night
before Eckmlihl I could never have executed that superb
manoeuvre, the finest I ever made. With fifty thousand
men I there defeated one hundred and twenty-five thou-
sand. I multiplied myself by my activity. I woke up
Lannes by kicking him repeatedly; he was so sound
asleep. Ah! mon Dieu! perhaps the rain on the seven-
teenth of June had more to do than is supposed with the
loss of Waterloo. If I had not been so weary, I should
have been on horseback all night. Events that seem very
small often have very great results."
Speaking of the capture of Paris by the Allies in 1814,
Gourgaud says he thought that when Prince Joseph with
the Empress quitted Paris so abruptly, he did it in hopes
that the capture of Paris would force His Majesty to make
peace.
"No! he knew very well that Paris being taken all
was lost.^ He had seen a corps of cavalry coming up on
• Gourgaud says : "The heights around Paris, which ought to have been
fortified, were not. Everywhere want of preparation was evident. There were
batteries of six-pound guns supplied with balls for eight-pounders. Your
Majesty's brother Joseph went oti without leaving any orders. An aide-de-
camp of Marmont's rode after him, hoping to get some, but failed to come up
with him. 1 think he wanted thus to force Your Majesty to make peace."
144 TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA
the left, and was afraid of being cut off. Joseph is not
a soldier, and has no soldierly courage. He would stay
under fire, but be all the time tightening his belt; for he
is constitutionally timid. The Empress would have re-
mained in Paris, but would not have given orders. I did
very wrong to make Joseph a king, especially of Spain, a
country that needed a firm and vigorous sovereign. But
at Madrid Joseph was always thinking about women.
He is clever, but he accounts himself a soldier, and has
no knowledge of the art of war. He has done me a
great deal of harm, and will do me more if he join
the revolutionists in South America. He is not the
proper man to head a revolution. When I was First
Consul my brothers had no households, but people paid
court to them, because of me! Lafayette and Mathieu
de Montmorency were always at Joseph's. When he was
King of Naples he asked me to give them to him for
chamberlains, and tormented me to do so. I left him free
to ask them, but they slipped out of his hands. My
brothers have done me a great deal of harm."
"Great private fortunes are made in India, and great
riches come from that source into England. It was so
with France during the war with Spain. Joseph worried
me to make the custom-houses prevent money from com-
ing out of his Kingdom, or else to send it back to his
Treasury, which would have required proof of whence it
came. I pointed out to him that the generals would then
invest their booty in diamonds, or send their money to
England, which might lead to their betraying us. Spain
would lose as much as ever, and we should gain nothing. ' '
"There comes a time when a man gets tired of every-
thing; more or less wealth does nothing to affect his hap-
piness, provided he has what is necessary for his wants.
Prince Louis has two hundred thousand francs income;
DOMESTIC RELATIONS 145
well, in alms and chanties he spends a hundred and fifty
thousand. Do not you think that his is a noble exist-
ence? I repeat, money and honors will not make men
happy."
The Emperor declared that he never should have
thought Madame de Lavalette capable of such a deed as
was reported of her.' He thought her a little fool. He had
prevented her marriage with his brother Louis Bonaparte,
because she was the daughter of émigrés. Perhaps he did
wrong. Afterwards he was very reluctant to marry Louis
to Hortense. He would have preferred that his brother
had married a young lady in good society in Paris, and
that his step-daughter should marry the heir of some
great old French family. That would have been much
better, but at the time of their marriage they were not
great enough to succeed in doing this, and were obliged
to marry each other.
We talked of Prince Louis. Montholon said that
when he left Gratz he was deeply regretted. He had
done much good there. He had given two country
houses to his friends.
The Emperor said: "Louis was a booby. And yet
I brought him up myself! He cannot be older than Gour-
' Madame de Lavalette was the niece of Josephine by marriage, Made-
moiselle de Beauharnais, cousin and intimate friend of Hortense. They had
been pupils together at the famous school of Madame Campan. Lavalette
had been Postmaster General under Napoleon. In 1815, after the departure of
the King for Ghent, he retained his place and did great service for the cause of
his old master. For this he was condemned to death at the same time as Ney and
Labédoyère. Two days before the date fixed for his execution his wife had
permission to dine with him. She came in a sedan chair, with her little girl
and a governess. When she left in the evening she was supported by the child
and governess, with her handkerchief to her face, apparently weeping bitterly.
The keeper of the prison, gomg soon after to Lavalette's place of confinement,
found him gone and his wife sitting there. The governess had worn two suits
of woman's clothes. Every search was made ; nothing was found but the sedan
chair, in which the little girl had been left alone. Her father and the governess
had escaped mysteriously. Lavalette remained a fortnight in hiding in Paris,
but communicated with Sir Robert Wilson and two other English gentlemen.
They procured him the uniform of an English colonel, and late in the evening
of January 7, 1816, he went to the residence of Sir Robert Wilson. The next
morning, in a cabriolet, he and Sir Robert passed the barriers, which had been
guarded to prevent Lavalette's escape. He safely reached Germany; but the
146 TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST HELENA
gaud. When he was a small boy he made poetry. I
dare say he could then have written the bad romances he
wrote afterwards, but for heaven's sake, why did he get
them pubUshed? He surely was inspired by the devil.
.... I heard he had lent money to the King of
Prussia." *
"That article in the Quarterly Review is a libel as
regards Waterloo," said Gourgaud on June 23, 1817.
"Ah! let us speak of something else," said Napoleon;
"this subject puts me in a bad temper. The Review
tells of Louis and Lucien. After the i8th Brumaire, Lucien
tormented me to let him marry the Queen of Etruria —
him ! who was then posing as a Republican ! Yet I never
knew a more ambitious man. Such a marriage was not
then part of my pohcy; quite the contrary! I felt the
necessity of being thought more in sympathy than I was
with Repubhcan principles. Then Lucien, seeing that I
would not have him make this marriage, told me that in
that case he would marry some disreputable woman. I
had no fear of him, and the Republicans had no esteem
for him. What an idea it was of his to go and dedicate
his epic to the Pope ! ^ I made a great mistake when, in
181 5, I thought he might be of use to me. He did not
rally to me a single person."
French Government, irritated by his escape, had the cruelty to imprison his
poor wife, who lost her reason. In 1840 my father and mother had an apart-
ment in the Rue Matignon, in Paris, Next door to us lived this poor lady. We
never saw her; she was quite insane. She drove out occasionally with an
attendant, but got into her carriage in the courtyard, to avoid observation.—
£. W. L.
» Louis, after he abdicated the throne of Holland, July i, 1810, took the
name of Comte de St. Leu, his country place in the north of France. Napoleon,
who looked upon his eldest son as his heir, had already claimed bis guardian-
ship, but the boy died, to the great grief of his parents and his uncle. Two
sons were left— Napoleon Louis and Louis Napoleon. The elder was claimed
by his father after his separation from Hortense ; the younger remained with
his mother. Both joined the carbonari in Italy in 1831, and the elder died
near Ancona while engaged in a revolt. He had recently married his cousin
Charlotte, daughter of Joseph Bonaparte. The history of all these personages
is told in my " France in the Nineteenth Century."— .£. W. L.
» " Charlemagne."
DOMESTIC RELATIONS 147
"Lucien is in Rome, where he has great steel works.
When I was at Elba, he wanted me to give him my miner-
als for nothing." *
Of Jerome, Napoleon's youngest brother, whom he destined
for the navy, but made King of Westphalia, no mention whatever
is made in these familiar talks with Gourgaud. He had entirely
broken with the Emperor some years before. A gentleman,
prominent fifty years ago in the literary circles of Boston, told
me that when he was in Europe in his youth he visited King
Jerome at Cassel, his capital, and that that Prince showed him his
correspondence with the Emperor. The American gentleman
was amazed that he should have been willing to do so, for every
letter was filled with reproaches, administered in Napoleon's
somewhat brutal way. The last letter said, "You are such a fool
I will write to you no more; nor do I care to hear from you. All
correspondence between us can be conducted by our secretaries."
Jerome, after abdicating his throne, joined his brother in
1815, and fought bravely at Waterloo, where he was wounded
but is said to have exclaimed, "We ought to die here! We can
die nowhere better than here !"
When a lieutenant in the navy he married in Baltimore with
all the ceremonial of the Catholic Church, Miss Elizabeth Pater-
son. Napoleon never countenanced this marriage, but in 1807
forced his brother to marry a Princess of Wiirtemburg, stepniece
by marriage to the Prince Regent of England. This Princess was
a woman whom all who read her history must delight to honor.
When, after the downfall of the Napoleons, she was entreated to
abandon her husband, like Marie Louise, she wrote to her father:
"You obliged me to marry a man I did not know, and therefore
could not love. I have been his wife in his prosperity; I will not
forsake him now that that prosperity has gone."
Madame Bonaparte of Baltimore, about the same time got a
divorce from the legislature at Annapolis, and became legally
Elizabeth Paterson, though she was still called Madame Bona-
parte. Her son, Jerome Bonaparte, was strikingly like his uncle,
the Emperor, though his complexion was more florid. In 1840
my father took me to see him at a hotel in Geneva. He talked
freely, and seemed delighted at my father's cordial recognition of
his likeness to the Emperor. His two sons, Jerome and Charles
Bonaparte, have in every way done credit to their illustrious
' Lucien's son Charles, the Prince of Canino, came to America, and is
known by his admirable work on .American ornithology.
148 TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA
name. Jerome graduated at West Point with honor. He married
a near relative of Daniel Webster. Charles stands foremost among
the honored and respected citizens of Baltimore. It is said that the
Emperor Napoleon III. offered these young men wealth and rank
if they would become Frenchmen, and acknowledge the illegiti-
macy of their mother's marriage. These offers were refused.
The children of Jerome and the Princess Catherine of Wiir-
temburg were Jerome Napoleon and Mathilde. Jerome Napoleon
is better known as Plon-Plon. He was conspicuous as the cousin
and companion of Napoleon III. He married Princess Clotilde,
daughter of King Victor Emmanuel. Prince Victor Napoleon,
the present Italian pretender to the imperial throne of France, is
his eldest son. Prince Louis (General Bonaparte in the Russian
service) is the younger. Before Napoleon III.'s marriage Princess
Mathilde did the honors of the French court.
Although King Jerome had expressed a wish to die at
Waterloo, he survived till i860. In 1847, when we lived in an
apartment in the Rue Neuve de Berri on the corner of the Champs
Élysées, King Jerome occupied a hotel opposite to us. Paris was
in great excitement in 1847. It was on the eve of a revolution
which had no leader, and no well-recognized aim. Possibly King
Jerome foresaw that chance for Napoleonism which came three
years later. At any rate, at night close carriages used to drive
into his courtyard, presumably containing persons of note who
did not wish themselves known. But before the days of February,
1848, the old brother of Napoleon received notice from the govern-
ment that he had better remove. The noise of the carriages
ceased, and we slept in quiet. King Jerome saw the Second
Empire in its glory, his children prosperous, and had no premo-
nition of the collapse that was to take place in another ten years.
"Pauline is in Rome, where she sees many English
people. All the better, so many of my enemies are
gained over by her."
"When Madame Bertrand was in the Isle of Elba she
never came to see me; but she often visited my sister
Pauline, who made her presents — a dress or some such
thing. So, on my return to Paris I would not give
Madame Bertrand my portrait set with diamonds. You
complain that the Bertrands will not do little services
DOMESTIC RELATIONS 149
for you ; that is because Bertrand is absorbed in his wife,
and thinks of nothing but his children! See how httle
they do for me! Men are Uke that. You are young, and
you get too much attached to people; you should laugh
with them and be polite to them, and amiable, but never
give your heart to another man as you might to a mistress. "
Madame mire wrote to the Emperor at St. Helena:
"I am very old to make a journey of two thousand
leagues. Perhaps I should die on the voyage; but no
matter. I should then die nearer to you." '
"You know that there is a report that the Queen of
Naples is about to make a second marriage It
would be most infamous. She is thirty- four; she has
been married twenty years; she has children sixteen or
seventeen years of age. She ought not to be thinking of
love affairs. And then, why should she marry? Publicly,
too .... and at Vienna! No, I cannot believe it. She
may have gone to Austria on business. Somebody who
has seen her in a church has invented this story. We
saw something of the same kind in the English papers;
they spoke of it very lightly, but the paper from the Cape
speaks of it as a certainty. I only hope the Governor of
Cape Colony, out of ill-nature, has allowed the insertion
of the article. We have many partisans at the Cape.
They regret me, me and their King Louis, ^ and cannot
endure the English. Ma foi! if this news is true it will
be the thing in all my life that has most astonished me.
Only fifteen months after her husband was murdered!
Can one imagine a queen contracting another marriage of
' Princess Pauline often wrote to her brother at St. Helena. She was liv-
ing with her mother in Rome, when the old lady wrote her son this affecting
letter, offering to come out and join him at St. Helena. Pauline's first husband
was General Leclerc, who died in St. Domingo.— £■. W. L.
'Louis Bonaparte, when King of Holland, was likewise King of the
inhabitants of the Dutch settlements in Cape Colony before its cession to the
English Government.
150 TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA
this sort, and her who was always so proud and so ambi-
tious! Ah! human nature is very inexpHcable ! " *
Napoleon's Stepson and Stepdaughter.
"Madame mere never wished to see Hortense again,
after she had accepted the title of Duchesse de Saint
Leu. I forced my mother to receive her.
"Louis did quite right to reclaim Napoleon Louis his
son. What right had his mother to consent that he
should accept the title of Due de Saint Leu? Who
knows what might happen if some day the Dutch wish to
recall my brother? By making himself a Frenchman he
declares himself to be a vassal of the King of France.
The authorities did right in restoring the boy to his father.
None but Paris lawyers could have put the thing in doubt.
In general, in all law cases one must be guided by what
is just. One cannot go wrong then. Who can say that
if the boy had stayed with his mother some harm might
not have befallen him? He might have been taken as a
hostage. While with his father he is where he ought to
be. If any evil befall him, no one can be blamed for it." ^
"The King of Bavaria did not want to give his daugh-
ter to Eugene, saying he was only my adopted son; and
he could only be the Vicomte de Beauharnais. I gave
him to understand that I would ask an Austrian Princess
for my stepson, and that he must make up his mind at
once. Josephine, before that, had suffered affronts at
Munich, where they were always talking before her of the
loves of the Princess and the Duke of Baden. When I
* Caroline took for her second husband General Napoleon Macdonald, son
of Marshal Macdonald; but the marriage was so little spoken of that there is
no mention of it in encyclopedias, except in Michaud's "Biographie Uni-
verselle.'' She lived a very retired life at Trieste, and in a château near
Vienna, where she devoted herself to the education of her children. She took
the name of Countess of Lipona.— £. W. L.
' Napoleon Louis died on his march to Ancona, 1831. He was a young
man of great promise and very handsome. He was elder brother of Napoleon
\\\. Both brothers bad joined the Carbonari^ and were assisting to invade the
Papal territory.
DOMESTIC RELATIONS 151
passed through Munich the King of Bavaria came into my
cabinet with a veiled lady. He raised her veil. It was
his daughter. I thought her charming, and I was, I own,
a little embarrassed. That was what made the King
report that I beheld her with ecstasy. I begged the young
lady to sit down, and they made a little sign to her lady-in-
waiting to withdraw. Ought princesses to fall in love.?
They are political chattels. The Queen of Bavaria was
pretty. I was always glad to find myself with her. One
day in hunting the King went on before. I said I would
rejoin him. But I went to see the Queen, and stayed
with her an hour and a half. That made the King very
angry, and when he and his wife met he scolded her.
She answered: 'Would you have wished me to turn him
out of my door.-" Subsequently I paid dear for such
gallantries, for the King and Queen followed me on my
journey to Italy. They were always in my way. They
had wretched carriages, which were always breaking
down. I was obliged to take them into mine. At Venice
they were with me, and I was not sorry for that. It
looked as if I were attended by a cortège of kings."
"Prince Eugene has a 'level head' — good judgment,
but no genius. The Italians did not like him, because he
was economical. He governed Italy admirably. I had
nothing to do with it. He never said anything to me
when I was at Elba, about the money he had from me,
but he took all the plate from Milan, which was mine, and
which I never have asked him to return to me. He must
have several millions.
"He has been induced to take a first false step; ' the
fact was published at once in the "Moniteur." There is
' Napoleon probably alludes to Eugene's having given up his Viceroyalty
in Italy, on the fall of the Empire, when he retired to Munich. He had married
the daughter of the King of Bavaria, and the marriage was apparently a satis-
factory one. He lived quietly in Munich until his death, in 1824. His son, the
Due de Leuchtenberg, married a member of the imperial family of Russia and
entered the Russian army.
152 TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA
no way now of getting out of it. That is how people are
often induced to do things that they never intended."
Napoleon's Son, Napoleon, King of Rome and
Due de Reichstadt.
"I gave Dubois a hundred thousand francs for his ser-
vices as accoucheur at the birth of my son. It was on
Corvisart's recommendation that I employed him. I had
better have taken the first accoucheur that came to hand.
The day the child was born the Empress had walked for
some time with me. Her pains were coming on, but they
did not think the birth would take place for four hours.
I took my bath. While I was in it, Dubois rushed to
me in great excitement, pale as death. I cried out, 'Is
she dead?' — for as I have been long accustomed to hear
of startling events, they do not take great effect on me
when first announced to me. It is afterwards. What-
ever might be told me I should feel nothing at first. An
hour later I should feel the blow. Dubois assured me no
— but that the child was not coming to the birth in the
usual way. That was very unfortunate. It is a thing
that does not happen once in two thousand cases.
"I rushed at once to the Empress. She had to be
moved onto another bed that they might use instruments.
Madame de Montesquiou reassured the Empress, telling
her that the same thing had happened twice to herself, and
encouraged her to let the doctors do what they thought
necessary. She screamed horribly. I am not naturally
soft-hearted, yet I was much moved when I saw how she
suffered. Dubois hardly knew what to do, and wanted
to wait for Corvisart. The Duchesse de Montebello acted
like a fool.
"When the King of Rome was born it was at least a
minute before he gave a cry. When I came in he was
lying on a coverlet as if dead. Madame de Montebello
wanted to follow out all the rules of court etiquette on the
DOMESTIC RELATIONS i53
occasion. Corvisart sent her oflf at once. At last, after
much rubbing, the child came to himself. He was only
a little scratched about the head. The Empress had
thought herself lost. She had persuaded herself that her
life was to be sacrificed to save that of the child. But I
had given orders quite to the contrary." '
"The King of Rome is related to the King of Naples.
He is also related through him to the Emperor Alexander.
Through the Princess of Wiirtemburg, wife of Jerome,
he is related to the Prince Regent. My family is allied to
the families of all the sovereigns of Europe, including the
Duchesse d'Angoulême and the Due de Berry."
' Gourgaud says : " Marie Louise, when her son was born, was convinced
she was to be sacrificed to save her child. She cried: 'lam the Empress;
they do not care for me, but they want above all things to preserve the life of
my son.' The poor young girl was greatly to be pitied, separated as she was
from all her family, and she thought herself lost. The Emperor wanted to
have the Grand Duke of Wurtzburg (a Bavarian Prince) admitted into her
chamber to encourage her. She held the bands of her husband all the time."
CHAPTER IX.
THE CAMPAIGNS IN RUSSIA, IN GERMANY,
AND IN FRANCE.
Russia in 1812. — Germany in 1813. — France in 1814.
Russia in 1812.
"I did not want to make war on Russia, but Monsieur
de Kourakine sent a menacing note on the subject of the
conduct of Davout's troops in Hamburg. Bassano and
Champagny, then my foreign ministers, were inferior men.
They did not understand the real motives that had dictated
the note, and I could not possibly in my position exchange
explanations with Kourakine. They persuaded me that
the note was meant for a declaration of war, and that
Russia, which had recalled her troops from Moldavia, was
going to take the initiative, and was about to enter War-
saw. Then Kourakine grew menacing, and asked for
his passports. I really thought that Russia wanted war.
I set out for the army. I sent Lauriston to Alexander.
He was not received; I had already sent Narbonne, and
everything confirmed me in the opinion that Russia wished
for war. So I crossed the Niémen near Wilna.^ Alex-
ander sent a general to me to assure me that he did not
wish for war. I treated this ambassador with great kind-
ness; he even dined with me. But I thought his mission
» Why France and Russia went to war in 1812 has been a puzzle to histo-
rians. It was no less so to Napoleon's companions in exile at St. Helena. There
is no doubt the war was popular among the inhabitants of Russia, who espe-
cially resented the enforcement of the system called the Continental Blockade,
which curtailed the comforts of every private household.
Gourgaudsays : "What were the real motives of the campaign m Russia?
I do not know; possibly the Emperor himself did not know, any more than I
did. Was it that he might open a way to India if the dynasty in Russia were
changed? His preparations and his tents seemed to indicate that this might
be his ultimate design."— £. W. L.
154
THE VARIOUS CAMPAIGNS 155
was a ruse to prevent General Bagration from being inter-
cepted. I went on with my military operations, for the
Russian envoy proposed to me to recross the Niémen, and
to re-establish the authority of Alexander where I had
attacked it."
Las Cases said: "If Your Majesty had made peace
with Spain and withdrawn the army from the Peninsula,
you might have had from one hundred and fifty thousand
to two hundred thousand more men to carry the war into
Russia." "But," replied the Emperor, "that would
have been two hundred thousand more men who would
have been lost. It seems that when I was at Moscow,
Alexander wished to treat with me; but that he did not
dare, because he was surrounded by partisans of Eng-
land. He was afraid of being strangled. I would not
have declared war against Russia but that I was per-
suaded she was about to declare war against me. I well
knew the difficulties to be encountered in such a campaign.
The destruction of Moscow was a great blow to Russia.
It will put her back for fifty years."
"The author of the 'Manuscript from St. Helena' ex-
plains very clearly the Continental system, and the affairs of
Spain. I only hope no one will suspect that I have writ-
ten it.' He talks nonsense when he says that I did not do
enough for the Poles. On the contrary, I did too much.
I was conducting that affair all right. I meant to re-estab-
lish Poland. After Austerlitz I had the means of forcing
two great powers, Prussia and Austria, to consent to the
re-establishment of the Kingdom of Poland; but I failed
with Russia. The writer does not know the affairs of
Poland. He is ignorant of what passed at Dresden. He
talks nonsense when he says that Austria would not con-
sent to give up her Polish provinces. I did all that was
possible in a brief space of time."
• It is generally believed that the " Manuscript " was inspired by Napoleon
and written from notes furnished by him.— £. W'. L.
156 TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. //ELENA
"Deceit has a very short reign. My marriage with
Marie Louise was the cause of the expedition into Russia,
and even at Dresden I ought to have made peace, when I
found that Sweden and Turkey would not aid me. It is
true that, in spite of that, had I been the conqueror at
Moscow, I should have succeeded. My great error was
staying in that city too long. But for that, my enterprise
might have been crowned with success."
"Russia is on the march to conquer the universe. By
the trend of events one can see that well. Since the time
of Paul I. her progress is astonishing. She can arm three
hundred thousand foot soldiers, and three hundred thou-
sand to four hundred thousand Tartars or Cossacks —
which would be all the easier because such of them as
have made the recent campaigns have carried home much
booty, and would be delighted with the chance to overrun
Western Europe. Could Prussia or Austria form a dam
to stay this torrent? Besides, religion favors Russian
conquests over the Turks. All the Greeks, and there are
numbers of them at Constantinople, are for the Russians.
Andréossi told me that when Moscow was burned the
Greeks in Constantinople took it greatly to heart. That
conflagration, it is true, has retarded the development of
Russia. It lost her more than a thousand million francs.
If the Emperor Alexander had been at the head of his
army, he would not have suffered his ancient capital to be
destroyed. He would have preferred to make peace.
He even declared that he would have made peace had I
marched on St. Petersburg. St. Petersburg was doubtless
not sorry for the destruction of her rival. I should have
done better to attack St. Petersburg, the seat of govern-
ment, and of business. Still Moscow is the real capital
of the Russian Empire; it is more in its centre than St.
Petersburg, which is two hundred leagues away. Our
march on Moscow did great damage, however, to the
THE VARIOUS CAMPAIGNS 157
Russians. Wiasma and Smolensk were very pretty cities.
There were factories in them which were destroyed.
"Koutouzoff would have done better to take up a posi-
tion on my right flank; not to burn Moscow, and not to
give battle. But, after the battle, this movement was no
longer dangerous. ' '
"After all, Russia has nothing to fear from Sweden;
she will in the end become mistress of the world. At
Erfurt I had arranged with Alexander the division of the
Turkish Empire. He was to let me have Egypt and
Syria, while he would take Roumelia. The difficulty was
about Constantinople. The treaty was drawn up ready to
be signed, but when it came to signing it, I would not. I
had considered that the Greeks at Constantinople and in
Roumelia are the same as the Muscovites, and that, if
Russia armed them, one or two Russian regiments would
be enough to hold Constantinople.
"What a superb city Moscow was! None of you
here at St. Helena have seen it, except myself and Gour-
gaud. We were both there."
"Russia ought always to make common cause with
France. The Russian government is much more noble
and liberal than that of Austria. Rostoptchin, who burned
Moscow, left in his palace papers which proved that Rus-
sia had as many causes for antipathy to England as
France. Austria has no navy."
"Now that I am no longer there, Alexander will march
on Constantinople. He does not apprehend anything
from Poland, and the Greeks are all for him. At Erfurt
he asked me to let him take Constantinople, but I would
not consent; and the matter was postponed.
"If the Russians had not burned Moscow I should
have been master of their country. I should have let the
peasants come back to their homes, that they might supply
15S TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA
me with provisions and horses; possibly they would have
made an insurrection. I ought not to have stayed in
Moscow more than two weeks at the utmost, the city
having been burned ; but I was deceived from day to day. ' ' ^
"One day, on the retreat, my sledge broke down, and
as I got into it again, I was recognized. But before those
who saw me had decided what to do, I was far away again.
The only person I made myself known to on my route was
the King of Saxony. I had been preceded by news of the
victory of the Beresina, and I reached Paris before the
public knew of our disasters."
"Once, at the Institute, I read a paper on Tacitus, but
though I spoke of him as the greatest literary colorist in
antiquity, I said that he never explained the motives
which led men to perform certain actions .... I am
reproached for not getting myself killed at Waterloo.
.... I think I ought rather to have died at the battle of
the Moskwa."
"Russia can now, with her three hundred thousand
Cossacks, sweep over Europe. She has the Greeks all
for her. She might have to kill a million of Turks, but
what of that? I would not consent that Russia should
take Constantinople, because the Greeks would have at
once become the Czar's most devoted subjects, whilst the
countries I should have received in exchange would not
have given me one man on whom I could rely. Russia
holds the cards for a great game. Austria will soon find
that Francis Joseph is but a pitiful emperor. Perhaps the
Germans may depose him. Russia is in a favorable posi-
tion to conquer the world." "'
' "At Moscow," says Gourgaud, "the first symptoms of the Emperor's
failing health were noticed by his followers, and his legs swelled."
' "The Emperor," says Gourgaud, " told me that the Turks, on hearing
that the French had entered Moscow, foretold that the army would perish of
the cold."
THE VARIOUS CAMPAIGNS i59
"I cannot write the history of the campaign in Russia.
I could write only a few reflections, such as: 'I ought not
to have stayed thirty-five days at the Kremlin. I ought
to have stayed only two weeks there. I ought, after
entering Moscow, to have destroyed the remains of
Koutouzoff's army. I ought to have gone on to Maloi-
Yaroslavitz, and have marched on Toula and Kalouga,
and then I ought to have proposed to the Russians to
retire, without destroying anything. I could not have
fallen back on Riga after leaving Moscow. Koutouzoff
would have intercepted me by way of Mozhaisk.' "
"Murat and Bessières," said Gourgaud, "probably
induced you not to go toward Maloi-Yaroslavitz."
"No; I was the master, and mine was the fault.
Davout offered to hold the Kremlin the whole winter.
.... At Wiasma I heard of the march of the army of
Moldavia When I should have reached Smolensk,
my plan was to put my army into winter quarters. I
should have put my soldiers into barracks. I would not
have scattered them through the villages. Vitebsk had
large magazines. But at Smolensk I hesitated about
attacking that town without crossing the Dniester, when
I heard that it had been taken by the Russians. I hesi-
tated a moment before reaching Borisov, whether I should
not fall upon Wittgenstein. I should have had time to do
so. Koutouzoff was following me, but it was at a dis-
tance. His army was ten days' march behind mine." '
Gourgaud had shown the Emperor some observations
he had written on the causes of the Russian war, his infor-
mation being drawn from bulletins. "I will not," said
the Emperor, "have you write about the political causes
' A French general, who had been a staff officer in that campaign, told
me, in 1849, that he was the only one on the staff who brought his horses back
from Russia safe. The Polish cavalry kept their horses tit for service,
because their shoes were roughed— a precaution the French have not learned
even now, as any one may see on a day of ice and snow in the streets of Faris. —
E. W.L.
i6o TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA
of that campaign. You would have to go back to Tilsit
and Erfurt, and even to the Treaty drawn up by Caulain-
court concerning Poland, which I never signed."
Napoleon remarked that Koutouzoff lost Moscow
because he was not sufficiently intrenched there. The
battle of the Moskwa was gained because the great redoubt
was taken the night before the battle. "A general should
always have good lines of circumvallation. "
"At Ostrowo and at Vitebsk I succeeded in cutting
off the Russian army from the road to St. Petersburg.
At Smolensk Junot did nothing but commit foolish mis-
takes. It was the same thing at Valoutina. I had sent
you to him, Gourgaud. It was you who came and told
me that he could cut off the Russian rear guard, but that
he could not make up his mind to go forward. You said
to him, ''Monsieur le Duc, if the Emperor asks me why
you have not advanced, what must I tell him?' He
answered in an embarrassed way: 'Tell him that night is
coming on, and that I have taken up my position.'
Thereupon I superseded him before morning."
At the Moskwa I might have turned to the right
of their formidable redoubt on a hill, and by doing so I
could have forced the Russians to abandon it, but I did
not think it so strong but that I could take it, and I
needed a battle."
"I never deserted my soldiers. In Egypt my army
was provided with everything In Russia? — It
would have been absurd to stay there. Prussia would
have declared war against me two months earlier than she
did, and Austria too."
"When I quitted the army I committed a great fault
in intrusting the command of it to Murat, the most unfit
man to do well under adverse circumstances — and so was
THE VARIOUS CAMPAIGNS ^^i
Berthier I ought to have left the command to Eugene,
a man of good, sound judgment, who would at any rate
have carried out my orders. I recommended Murat to
make short marches, and instead he sometimes made
thirty miles a day! If. on arriving at Wilna, Murat had
bivouacked before it, with the commander of every corps,
and had put in line thirty good officers, he might have
rallied a hundred thousand men. They might have sus-
tained themselves there all winter. You were there, were
vou not, Gourgaud? Murat was an incapable, cowardly
man in defeat; he was good only under fire. There were
immense magazines at Wilna. I had committed a great
error in not surrounding the place with pahsades and
about fifteen redoubts, as I did Dresden. I did order
a camp to be formed, but all the same it was my fault
that I was not obeyed. A general should see that his
orders are carried out. Ney, after the affair of the
Beresina, wanted to turn to the right toward Wilna. I
made him go to the left. You were there, Gourgaud. I
had at least seven to eight thousand men in my guard.
That was all that was wanted to beat the Russian arniy.
It followed us slowly, and left as many corpses as we did
on the road."
"At the Moskwa I made a military mistake in attack-
ing the entrenched position of the Russians, but I was
eager for a great battle,^ for an army that has a large
body of cavalry and can manœuvre behind a line of strong
redoubts ought not to be attacked. By skillful manœuvres
an enemy ought to be induced to change his position.
"Ah' the Emperor of Russia, the Emperor of Austria,
and the Bourbons themselves would have treated us favor-
ably had I surrendered to them. They would have given
.Napoleon asks Gourgaud :" What -f -y.X'EmperorV'bïl'thè
Gourgaud replies. " A-terlitz. ' J^'^P^^^ °- J^^'fv nd haH asle'ep he was
1 62 TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA
me provinces to govern. They would have been too
happy to have me in their charge. So say the commis-
sioners." *
Germany in 1813.
Napoleon, in his talks with Gourgaud, made very few allusions
to what happened between his return to Paris in December, 1812,
and the time of his abdication at Fontainebleau, 1814. As he was
hurrying to Paris, unattended, almost alone, he was met on his
way by one piece of bad news after another. As he himself says :
"Misfortunes always follow one another."
Had he been an Englishman he would probably have quoted
the same sentiment from Shakespeare:
"When sorrows come, they come not single spies,
But in battalions."
There had been a conspiracy in Paris ; twenty-seven of the
conspirators (many of whom Napoleon would have spared) had
been summarily executed. There was news of Lord Wellington's
successes in Spain and Portugal; and after the battle of Vittoria,
the allied English, Portuguese, and Spanish army was driving the
French back to the Pyrenees. In spite of the fearful loss of lives
in the Russian campaign, which must have brought sorrow into
many and many a French household, his people rejoiced with
enthusiasm when assured of the safety of their Emperor. He
raised another army by anticipating conscriptions, but the new
regiments were composed of conscripts, most of them mere boys.
They were not like the veterans who had perished in Russia.
The young soldiers had plenty of spirit, however, and during the
campaign of 1813 in Germany, and that of France in 1814, they
made marches and fought battles which added to French military
renown, but failed to improve the situation.
In April Napoleon was again with his army in Germany. He
removed Murat, with whom he was much displeased, and put
Eugene, the Viceroy of Italy, in his place, as his own second in
command. The central point of his operations was Dresden.
Russia, Prussia, Sweden, and England were in arms against
him. He was negotiating with Austria, whose Emperor he hoped,
for his daughter's sake, would not join the coalition. An armistice
for a month was signed June 13, 1813. A diplomatic conference
was held in Prague. Napoleon solicited the mediation of his
'France, Russia, and Austria sent commissioners to watch Napoleon at
St. Helena and to render reports to their governments,— j£. W. L.
THE VARIOUS CAMPAIGNS 163
father-in-law. But the Emperor of Austria would not undertake
to plead his cause, unless he would agree to terms which would
confine France within her natural boundaries. Napoleon spoke
little of these negotiations, of the battle of Dresden, and of the
death of Moreau. Of Bautzen and of Leipsic he said nothing.
The Allies entered France, and although Napoleon's military
movements in that country have always been considered masterly,
he says nothing about them, if we except some allusions to the
battle of Brienne, where he saw his old haunts for the first time
since his school-days. Gourgaud saved his master's life in
that battle by shooting a Cossack who was about to run him
through with his lance; but either because he loved to tease
Gourgaud, or because he feared that his follower, who liked to
make much of his sacrifices and services, might presume on having
saved his life. Napoleon positively denied all knowledge of the
obligation, unmoved by Gourgaud's tears, and the testimony of
his fellow-exiles.
To his abdication at Fontainebleau in favor of his son, and
his deportation to the Island of Elba, there are only scant
allusions.
The Emperor Alexander, moved by the remembrance of their
brief friendship at Tilsit, and perhaps by the pleadings of the
Empress Josephine, whom he visited at Malmaison, obtained
better terms for Napoleon personally than might have been
expected.
Napoleon was to retain his imperial title, with the free sov-
ereignty of Elba, guards and a navy suitable to the extent of the
island, and a pension from France of six million francs a year.
His wife was to be made Duchess of Parma, and liberal pensions
were to be given to Josephine and other members of the Bonaparte
family. None of this money was ever paid by Louis XVIII. and
his ministers.
Gourgaud says: "Your Majesty did wrong to conclude
the armistice of June 13, 1 813. The Russians and Prus-
sians had an army of only sixty-five thousand men, you
might have made them fall back beyond the Vistula."
"Yes, I believe I did wrong, but I hoped to arrange
matters with Austria; my army was much fatigued. I
ought to do justice to Soult; he thought I ought not to
sign the armistice, but Berthier, who was getting into his
dotage, and Caulaincourt pressed me to sign it. After
164 TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA
Dresden the Emperor of Austria wrote to me; he spoke
of his daughter, he thought he was beaten, but then
came the affair in which Vandamme lost everything at
Kulm."
"Gourgaud rephed: "Sarrazin says that Your Majesty
ought to have sent Saint-Cyr to retrieve what Vandamme
lost."
"No; where I erred was in employing Saint-Cyr at all.
He does not care to be under fire, he never visits his
posts, he lets his comrades fight without assisting them;
he might have helped Vandamme. I took Saint-Cyr into
my service to please the Comte de Lobau. He was
always talking of him. He was popular with the men
under him, for he seldom made them fight ; he took great
care not to lose his soldiers. Lobau was one of the colo-
nels placed under his orders. He has changed his opinion
of him since. Moreau, who was personally a great friend
of his, was obliged to drive him out of his army; he could
do nothing with him.
"Macdonald manoeuvred very badly. It is possible
that even at that time Souham was playing false with me.
Moreau and Bernadotte were with the allied army."
"Marmont, who always would follow out his own ideas,
did not choose to take up the position I directed him to
do at Leipsic. I, too, made blunders, and the Austrians
ran a much greater risk in attacking me at Dresden on the
left bank than on the right."
France in 1814.
"Have you read Beauchamp's book on 18 14.'' Ah,
what a rascal! But perhaps, as you say, his libels have
made me a great many partisans. I have read the defence
of Marmont; ' it is very weak. Could I, when I reached
* Marmont was Military Governor of Paris. Joseph was the Emperor's
representative. When the Allies appeared before the gates of Paris, all was
disorder in the garrison, and Marmont surrendered.— £. W. L.
THE VARIOUS CAMPAIGNS 165
the Cour-de- France,' have possibly reached Paris? Could
I have had the drums beaten to call all the population to
arms, and have sounded the tocsin? I had just received
news that the barriers of Paris had been given up to the
Allies, and I thought I should ruin myself for nothing. I
ought to have left Troyes the same evening I reached it,
instead of the next morning. Then I should have reached
Paris in time. I do not remember about sending Dejean. ' ' ■
"What was the greatest fault I committed in 18 14?"
Gourgaud answers: "Not having taken Vitry by assault
when coming back from Arcis. It was very unfortunate
that Your Majesty had not more closely reconnoitred the
place."
"True; that was a great error. It might have stopped
the Allies short, but they told me that if I made that
attack, I should lose my Guard. I was wrong. After-
wards at Vassy, Macdonald fancied he was pursued by the
whole army of the enemy. I turned back to drive it into
the Marne. There was nobody there but Wintzingerode. ' '
"All! Sire," said Gourgaud, "Gérard told me so that
morning, when he saw Your Majesty deploying your
army."
A bust of the little King of Rome, made by an Italian sculptor
who had seen the child while he was at the baths of Lucca, arrived
at |St. Helena on board of an Indiaman, in charge of a gunner,
who was promised handsome pay by a banker in London if he
succeeded in getting it safe to the captive father. He was found
' A place between Fontainebleau and Paris.
'Gourgaud here says : "Your Majesty sent me with two hundred horse
to Troyes to prevent the enemy from burning the bridges. Your Majesty gave
me orders to write from that city to the Minister of War in Paris to hold out to
the last, for you were coming on close behind the enemy. I set out, but Gerar-
din soon passed me. I collected eight hundred stragglers in Troyes and put
the National Guard under arms. 1 tried to get a courier, but there was only
one post-horse to be had. Then Dejean arrived and assured me Your Majesty
was sending him to Paris. He implored me to let him have the horse. I told
him what Your Majesty had instructed me to write, and let him take the post-
horse. Your Majesty arrived in a carriage, only two or three chasseurs escort-
ing it, and before you went to bed I made my report of how I had fulfilled my
orders. Next day at ten o clock Your Majesty started at a gallop in a light car-
riage for Villeneuve-l'Archevcque ; thence you reached Sens, Fontainebleau,
and the Cour-de-France, where you arrived at eleven o'clock at night, II Your
1 66 TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA
out, however, and the bust came to the knowledge of Sir Hudson
Lowe and Sir Thomas Reade, his second in command. The latter
was very desirous to break it, or to cast it into the sea; but the
captain of the Indiaman refused to surrender it to any one but an
agent of Napoleon. Finally it was delivered to Bertrand, together
with other presents from influential English friends of the exiles.
Gourgaud unpacks the bust at the house of Bertrand, and
brings word of what he has done to the Emperor, who is waiting
for it alone. His first question is: "What decoration does he
wear?"
"The eagle."
"Not the eagle of St. Stephen, I trust.'"
"No; it is the same eagle that Your Majesty wears.
Gourgaud then receives orders to bring the bust. The
Emperor's first thought was to examine the decoration. He then
looked earnestly at the face of the child. He thought him hand-
some, though his head was rather bent, and found him like his
mother.
"Was it," he asked, "the Empress, or the sculptor, who
chose the eagle?"
All the little court at Longwood thought the boy charming.
Majesty had reached Troyes earlier you could hardly have procured fresh
horses. Besides, General Dejean ran much risk of being taken. Things did
not seem so desperate that every risk should be incurred. People are now
looking upon Marmont as the first traitor, and yet there were traitors far worse
than he. The heights round Paris, which ought to have been fortified, were
not. Everywhere the bitterness of public opinion was displayed. Batteries of
six-pounders had only balls for eight-pounders. Your Majesty's brother had
quitted Paris and left no orders. 1 think he wanted to force Your Majesty to
make peace." Napoleon reluctantly turned back to Fontainebleau from the
Cour-de-France. He reached it March 31, 1814, at nearly midnight. On April
4 he signed an abdication in favor of his son. His abdication in this form was
not accepted by the Allies in Paris, and ten days later he signed another,
renouncing for himself and his heirs the thrones of France and Italy.— .£. W. L,
CHAPTER X.
ELBA AND THE RETURN FROM ELBA.
Elba. — Napoleon's Return from Elba.
Elba.
"I was very well off at Elba. I thought of collecting
around me the artists of Italy. I was more independent
there than any prince in Germany. I could have held out
eight months in the fortress. I should have stayed in
Elba if Louis XVIIL had had good ministers, but they
feared me so little that they did not even send a charge
d'affaires to keep a watch upon me. I was insulted in
all their newspapers ! Ma foi! I am a man, and being a
man, I felt that I should like to show them that I was
alive. France ought to have sent a cruiser and two
frigates to keep guard over the island; one always in port,
the other with her sails set in the offing. I had besides,
while in Elba a princely household.
"When I left Fontainebleau for Elba I had no great
expectation of ever coming back to France. My first
hope came when I saw in the gazettes that at the banquet
at the Hôtel-de- Ville there were the wives of the nobility
only, and none of those of the officers of the army. I
thought then that the Bourbons could never sustain them-
selves, and afterwards my opinion on that subject increased.
Louis XVIIL should have made himself the first sovereign
of a fifth dynasty, and instead of outraging me by pam-
phlets, he should have spoken of me sensibly; above all, he
ought to have paid me my pension. In his place I would
have conciliated Corsica. In that way I should have
gained friends, instead of which by insulting me he only
167
i68 TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA
made me partisaris. He might have said: 'I have taken
Napoleon's place because he wanted to accomplish too
much!' And that would have been true, for I attempted
too many things. In his place I should have sent an agent
to Elba and have stationed a frigate at Porto Ferrajo."
The Emperor said that what also induced him to
return to France was that people said he had shunned
death, and was a coward. That was more than he could
bear. Fontainebleau is a sad page in French history; but
by the boldness and audacity of his return to France he
gave the lie to men who wrote pamphlets against him.
Gourgaud says that for five or six days before the date fixed
for the expedition in the latter part of February, 1815, prepara-
tions had been making in Elba to carry out the project of the
Emperor's invasion, when Bertrand informed the Emperor that
an English brig of war was in sight. The Emperor was much
disturbed, and cried: "How is that? How is that?" He then took
his glass, and at once gave orders to his own brig to set sail and
go toward Naples. But this was done so slowly that the English
corvette entered the port before the French brig was ready to put
to sea.
The English captain went at once to see Bertrand; a kind of
English consul in the place had told him that for two days the
French brig had been taking in water and provisions, and that
everybody in the town was saying that the Emperor was about to
leave, and take his Guard with him. The English captain spoke
of these rumors. Bertrand answered unmoved that at Porto
Ferrajo as well as at Leghorn, there were always absurd reports in
circulation; it was only fools who paid any attention to them;
and he asked the English captain to dinner. But the English
officer, not reassured, declined the invitation, and put to sea at
once to follow the brig, which had now set sail. He even went so
far as to leave a note addressed to the English agent, Sir Neil
Campbell, then absent, to tell him what might be going on, and
then followed the brig. When at length he had assured himself
that she was really bound for Naples, he went to Leghorn to pick
up Campbell, who had been there for some days enjoying gayeties
and balls. As soon as he headed in that direction, Napoleon sent
a boat after the brig to tell it to return to Porto Ferrajo. It
re-entered the port in the evening. The next day, February 26,
was Sunday. Bertrand sent to Drouot to know if the wind was
ELBA AND THE RETURN FROM ELBA 169
fair, and then went to the Emperor to inform him that the wind
was favorable. His Majesty had mass said an hour earher than
usual; afterwards orders were dictated, and the soldiers with their
baggage embarked — all this before half-past nine in the evening.
At ten they weighed anchor. The next day they sighted the Eng-
lish brig returning from Leghorn. They thought at first that her
officers suspected the expedition. This caused some alarm. But
no — the English brig held in her course for Porto Ferrajo. In
the distance they saw a frigate. On the 28th they passed a French
ship from Toulon. They then felt they were nearing France, and
there was general joy.
Madame 7nt:re and Madame Bertrand had stayed on the island
of Elba. On the 27th, when the English corvette returned to port,
they agreed as to what they had better say. The corvette came
close in shore; Campbell got into a boat and hastened to Madame
Bertrand's, saying he wished to see her husband.
"He is gone," she said.
"Then I will go to the governor."
"He has been changed!"
"What! not General Drouot.'"
"No, he is gone, too. The governor is General Lapie."
Then Campbell cried: "Your husband has been arrested; the
Emperor, too!"
She answered, anxiously: "Where?"
"On the way to Naples."
After that she was reassured.
He then asked to see the new governor, but fearing that he
might be put under arrest, he stipulated for his safety. He lost
his head, in fact.
Dr. Monaco went and saw Lapie on this subject, and Camp-
bell, when reassured, held a conversation with him and then
returned to his corvette. There had been some talk of trying to
capture her, but it would have been making war on England. The
French brig reached France on March I at five o'clock; the
troops were disembarked; they bivouacked till eleven o'clock,
and then began their march to Grenoble. — E. IV. L.
Napoleon's Return from Elba.
St. Helena, February 21, 18 16. "A year ago I had
the brig at Elba repainted for our return. The captain
of the 'Zephyr' has written to me since, to say that he
was partly aware of the expedition, and that he was quite
170 TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA
sure of it when he fell in with our little party. We were
barely five hundred on board the brig; as soon as we dis-
embarked we established our bivouac at a place which
commanded the high road from Antibes to Grasse.^ I
had at once sent a detachment to Antibes, but the result
was bad. We were hardly encamped when Milowski
came up, in the red livery of a postilion. He had for-
merly been in the service of the Empress Josephine, and he
was then in that of the Prince of Monaco. He told us
that in several places they had insulted him because of his
red coat,^ and he assured us that all the soldiers and all
the peasants were my friends.
"Very soon after this the Prince himself was brought
to me. He affirmed that he was on his way back to his
principality. He was not asked any direct questions, lest
his answers should discourage the troops, who were
already a good deal cast down by the expedition to
Antibes. A good many soldiers and officers asked leave
to go to Antibes and deliver their comrades;^ but on
reflection I decided to march promtly on Grenoble, and I
said to them: *If one-half of you were prisoners at
Antibes, I would not change my plan.' I went on to
Grasse. Instead of stopping in that town we bivouacked
on a neighboring hill. A great number of the inhabitants
came out to talk with our soldiers. The maire, in his
official dress, said he would not declare for me until after
I should have reached Grenoble, but he told me that his
country house was made ready for my headquarters.
When I arrived at this house on the road to Grenoble, I
found that the maire' s servant had gone on before to
spread the news of my landing. We sadly needed a
printing-press, for things printed have more influence on
the peasantry than proclamations written by hand. We
' Napoleon several times related this narrative.
'The royal livery.
'They had been repulsed and were prisoners.
ELBA AND THE RETURN FROM ELBA 171
fell in with a battalion of the Fifth Regiment of the Line;
some of us thought they had a cannon with them. I went
forward and held out my hand to a soldier, saying, 'What,
you old rascal, were you about to fire on your Emperor?'
" 'Look here,' he answered, showing me that his
musket was not loaded.
"The country people crowded round me. A grenadier
of the Guard brought his father up to me, a man ninety
years of age. I threw him a purse and had his name
taken down for a pension. What a splendid subject that
would make for a picture!
"We reached Grenoble, and we asked its magistrates
about their oaths. 'We have taken no oaths,' they
answered."
"When I left Elba I ought to have brought away with
me a portable printing-press.' One hundred copies of my
proclamation were made by hand, but such written docu-
ments do not produce so much effect upon the public as
those that are printed. Printing seems to act as the seal
of authority.
"It was four o'clock when I reached the Gulf of Jouan.
I at once disembarked parties of my troops and placed
them on the highways to arrest every one they met, and I
sent twenty-five men in small parties toward Antibes.
Very soon a great crowd of people came around us, sur-
prised by our appearance, and astonished at our small
force. Among them was a maire, who seeing how few
we were, said to me: 'We were just beginning to be
quiet and happy; now you are going to stir us all up
again.' ....
"A courier from the Prince of Monaco,^ covered with
' When Prince Louis Napoleon made his attempt to win the throne of
France at Strasburp (October, 1836), his first act on reaching Strasburg was to
seize a printing-press. When he made his attempt at Boulogne (August, 1840)
he brought a chest full of printed proclamations from England.— £. W. L.
'Monaco, a tiny principality on the Mediterranean, at the foot of the
Alps, a few miles from Nice. Its population is about six thousand.
172 TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA
gold lace, was soon after brought to me. He had been in
Paris formerly, employed in the stables of the Empress.
He recognized me. I asked him: 'What news?' He
answered that the soldiers and the populace were all for
me, and that from Paris to Montélimart he had heard
cries of ''Vive V EinpereurT But, on the other hand,
Provence was not so favorable. The tidings he brought
us seemed to counterbalance the vexation caused by the
miscarriage of the attempt at Antibes. Soon after arrived
the Prince of Monaco himself. He had been somewhat
roughly treated by Cambronne, who was guarding the
road. I reassured him, and told him he could return to his
principality after my departure. He told me that he
doubted if my enterprise could succeed, considering the
very small force I had with me. His talk was the talk of
the salons; his courier's that of the people.
"As soon as the moon rose, I set out, impressed with
the importance of moving with celerity. When I was
leaving, I heard murmurs in my very presence, because I
was not marching on Antibes, to secure the liberation of
my twenty-five men who had been taken there. A few
bombs, they declared, would have been enough for that
purpose. But I calculated it would take me two hours
to reach Antibes, two hours to march back, and at least
three or four when before the place, so that it
would have been the loss of half a day. If I succeeded
it would be a matter of small importance; if I failed,
which was possible, such a check at the outset would give
confidence to my enemies, and afford them time to organ-
ize themselves, etc. My plan was to reach Grenoble, the
centre of the province, for at Grenoble there was a con-
siderable garrison, an arsenal, and several pieces of can-
non; in a word, munitions of war of all kinds. The
success of my enterprise depended on my speedily taking
possession of Grenoble, and securing the soldiers. Above
all things it was necessary that I should lose no time. I
ELBA AND THE RETURN FROM ELBA 173
put a hundred men into my advanced guard, commanded
by Cambronne, and when I reached the place where the
roads to Avignon and Grasse separate, I gave the word:
*To the right!' Then for the first time I told those
about me that it was my intention to march on Grenoble.
"I would not enter Grasse, a place that has a popula-
tion of ten thousand. I proposed to halt on a little hill
beyond, and to let my soldiers breakfast. A few old
Terrorists advised me to revolutionize Grasse. I ordered
them to attempt nothing of the kind, not even to molest
those who wore the white cockade. I told them that I
would not delay my march for fifty millions of francs.
.... Des Michels (the viairé) and his wife came to
meet us. I left at Grasse two cannon and my carriage,
giving the maire orders to send them to the arsenal at
Antibes. I also left at Grasse fifteen hundred muskets
which I had brought with me, and had found no use for.
Everywhere our appearance created great surprise. At
Gap my bivouac was surrounded by a great crowd. I
spoke a few words to each man, just as I would have done
in a reception at the Tuileries. The peasantry were
delighted to see us, and said, — speaking of the nobles, —
'They would have liked to harness us to our ploughs!'
Old soldiers came, at the head of the inhabitants of their
villages, assuring their fellow-citizens that I was really
Bonaparte. Some of the peasants took five-franc pieces
stamped with my likeness out of their pockets, and cried,
'It is he!' Everything seemed to assure us that the popu-
lace and the soldiers were for us, and that the Bourbons
were detested. So far we had met no soldiers. We
found Sisteron evacuated; the commander of its garrison
had withdrawn, taking with him aU his soldiers. Garan,
a native of that part of the country, was in hiding. Our
imaginations prophesied disaster, but all of us, to the last
man, were determined to die for our cause, which was
that of the French nation. We marched on as rapidly as
174 TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA
possible, the advanced guard twenty-four miles (eight
leagues) in front, the army came next, and the rear
guard six miles behind, with the treasure. We met some
gendarmes who sold us their horses, which we needed as
remounts for our hundred lancers.
"Near a small town we met Cambronne, who informed
me that he had been obliged to retire, having encountered
a battalion of the Fifth Regiment. I reproached him, and
told him he ought to have made his way into the town,
and have confronted boldness by being still more bold.
"The peasants were always insisting that the King's
soldiers would take part with us, and yet that battalion of
the Fifth was drawn up, to all appearance, to oppose us,
and would not let any flag of truce approach its line. I
made Cambronne pass round the cavalry whilst I marched
straight on with the advanced guard ; we carried our mus-
kets under our arms. In that way I gained over the troop
first opposed to me; but it did not seem so great a gain
until we heard that before we approached, its commander
had tried to get his men to fire on us; but they had not
loaded their muskets.
"I harangued the men, and asked their commander if
he meant to remain faithful to me. He rephed that, so
far, he had tried to do what he believed to be his duty,
but thenceforward he would follow me anywhere. He
swore to be faithful to me, and so did his men. I joined
them, and marched on with them.
"An aide-de-camp of Marchand's wanted to begin the
fight. Certain of our lancers, he said, had pursued him.
As he fled he spread a report that I had an army with me,
and a large body of cavalry. I confused several old sol-
diers by saying to them, 'What! would you have fired on
your Emperor?' They thrust their ramrods down the
barrels of their muskets, and cried, 'See whether we have
so much as loaded our pieces!'
"A little farther on we met Rey in command of a
Al. I RSI /.IL NE Y
ELBA AND THE RETURN FROM ELBA 175
battalion of artillery. He entirejy reassured us. He was
very ardent. He insisted we should need only whips to
drive off all who might march out to oppose us, and that
the garrison at Grenoble was in sympathy with our enter-
prise. We were preceded and followed by thousands
of peasants, who seemed delighted to see us, and sang: —
''Les Bourbons ?ie font pas le bonheur! ' Farther on
Labédoyère's adjutant came to meet us, and after that
the Seventh Regiment of the Line joined us. Then I
had no further doubts of our success.
"When we reached Grenoble it was ten o'clock at
night. We found the gates closed, but the ramparts were
crowded with soldiers, all shouting 'Vwe V Empereur!'
Nevertheless they refused to open the gates, assuring us
that they did so by orders from Marchand, their general.
I caused our drums to beat, and assured them that from
that moment General Marchand was relieved from his
command. Then they said, 'If he is no longer in author-
ity, we can disobey him,* and the gates were opened. I
asked the colonel who defended the great gate, why he
had not opened sooner. He replied that he had pledged
his word of honor to Marchand that he would give him
time to get out of the town, with as many of his men as
chose to follow him.
"On my march from Cannes to Grenoble I was an
adventurer; in Grenoble I once more became a
sovereign.
"I received Saint-Yon, an aide-de-camp from Brayer,
who informed me as to the state of affairs in Lyons, and
told me that the princes had been living in that city.
While I was on the march the country people flocked on
all sides to meet me. They offered to put me and all my
men across the Rhone, at any point I chose. I was about
to take measures to cut off the retreat of the princes,
when I learned that they had left Lyons, and that all the
troops in that city had declared for me. If I had cap-
176 TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA
tured the princes, I should have been greatly perplexed
what to do with them. They had been in authority up to
a few moments before. The situation would have been
worse than if a popular insurrection had sent them to the
scaffold.
"When Louis XVIII. heard of my landing, Soult
went to the Tuileries, and told him that it could only be a
small affair, which would be settled by the mounted police
— the gendarmerie; but the King answered: 'Everything
will depend on the first regiments he meets. It is a bad
affair. ' The Duke of Dalmatia * subsequently owned to
me that he thought my attempt would have resulted in fail-
ure. Soult did not betray the King, but there were so
many facts that seemed like circumstantial evidence
against him that if I had not known exactly what passed,
I should not have hesitated to call him a traitor.
"Girard and Brayer were sent to Lyons. Brayer was
a vigorous man. On our way to Paris, when reports
were constantly coming in that an army had been assem-
bled, and that fighting had begun, he kept saying to me:
'Let them talk as they may; you will have no fighting;
all the soldiers are for you.* The enthusiasm of the
peasants was so great that had I pleased, I could have
reached the capital with five hundred thousand men."
"What would Your Majesty have done with the princes
had you captured them?" ^ asked Gourgaud.
Napoleon answered: "If they had been all killed in a
popular rising I should have thought it the best thing that
could have happened; otherwise I would have imprisoned
them at Vincennes with a garrison composed of men hke
those who, when at one time they had the Due d'Angou-
' Duke of Dalmatia was Soult's title. Soult made his peace with the
Bourbons, and died in 1851, having been Minister of War and of Foreign Affairs
under Louis Philippe. He was much honored in England when he attended
the coronation of Queen Victoria.
'Gourgaud had been the playmate of the Due de Berry, and was person-
ally attached to hiro —£. W. L.
ELBA AND THE RETURN FROM ELBA 177
lême in custody, wanted to put handcufifs on him. After
that, if there had been a conspiracy in their favor — "
"Blood demands blood; but they had done nothing
worse than foolishness up to 18 14. To reorganize the
army as it had been under me was simply to get it ready
for my service. When I got back, I had merely to
review the regiments that had been sent against mc, I
asked if there were any men in their ranks who had no
business to be there, and then I confirmed the reception
of all crosses of the Legion of Honor that had been given
them on the recommendation of their colonels. I soon
saw that everything had been organized exactly as I would
have done it myself. Young Moncey, who commanded
the Third Regiment of the Line, told me that he could
not break his oath to the King, but that he would never
fight against his Emperor. He led his regiment off the
roads along which I was likely to pass, in order to avoid
meeting me. Several officers and soldiers of his corps
deserted and joined me. I could not blame them for their
breach of discipline, any more than I could blame the con-
duct of their commander. Circumstances had altered the
strict rules of subordination in the lower ranks of the
army; I did not fear that that would happen a second
time when I placed in my own Guard men who had
deserted their colonels.
"Ney quitted Paris intending to fight me, but he could
not resist the enthusiastic ardor of his soldiers, nor what
I said in the letter I addressed to him. On our march
Bertrand wrote orders to all the regiments which were
dispatched to stop me, and these orders the soldiers
obeyed. I calculated, upon reaching the Tuileries on
March 20, on being master of the capital before the Eng-
lish could do anything, and I did not lose a moment from
the time I disembarked until I reached Paris. In twenty
days I made a march which in general would have taken
17^ TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA
forty I thought that the English would have
entered Lille I would have fired on you, Gour-
gaud/ had you and the Royalists defended Paris, as I
would have fired upon the Austrians."
"In returning from Elba I calculated on the feehngs
of the people and the army. Besides, my situation was
so bad that I risked nothing but my life. If instead of
marching on Grenoble I had wasted time by sending can-
non-balls into Antibes and getting back my twenty-five
men who had been captured there, all would have been
lost. All depended on my celerity. I dared not let the
news from Antibes reach Paris before me. By marching
rapidly I gave people no chance to see how small my little
force was. I was supposed to be at the head of an army.
I could not have succeeded had I attacked Toulon, because
they would at once have known how small my strength
was, and no one likes to embark in dangerous adven-
tures. That is why I hurried on to Grenoble. There were
troops there, muskets, and cannon; it was a centre."
"I left the Island of Elba too soon; I thought the
Congress had been dissolved. I ought not to have reas-
sembled the Chambers. I should have had myself pro-
claimed Dictator. But I thought that the Allies, if they
found I had convoked the Chambers, would have recov-
ered confidence in me. If I had won the battle of Water-
loo I should have thrown over the Chambers! .... But
all that puts me in a bad humor. Let us go into the
sa/on."
"When I returned from Elba I had a thousand men
with me, all of different regiments. If I had acted like
Murat twenty-five gendarmes would have been enough to
stop me. What might not have happened had I been run
> In March, 1815, Gourgaud was with the Due de Berry and other Royal-
ists, preparing to defend Paris against Napoleon.—^. W. L.
ELBA AND THE RETURN FROM ELBA 179
to earth at Toulon? Massena himself told me that he
did not know what would have taken place. He ma-
noeuvred so as to stand well with whoever was the con-
queror. Marchand behaved well, but I did not like to
give him an employment, out of policy; Labédoyère did
not act like a man of honor, so I hesitated to make him
my aide-de-camp. Hortense worried me to do so. Ney
brought dishonor on himself."
Napoleon told us that Ney ' was in reality murdered,
but that he behaved badly. He said to the Emperor:
"Your Majesty no doubt has heard that I promised to
bring you back to Paris in a cage of iron?"
"I never believed it!"
"Yet, Sire, it was true!"
"Ney' s brother-in-law, Gamot,^ was neither one thing
nor the other. I ought not to have employed Ney again.
Many men said I ought not even to have summoned him
to the Chamber of Peers.
"Far different was the conduct of Labédoyère; all was
danger for him, and he acted in a chivalrous manner;
whilst it was not in Ney' s power to make any change in
my affairs. Ney was impelled by self-interest, Labédoyère
by enthusiasm. Ney advised me to write to Lecourbe,^
so that he should not be molested. I wrote to him at
once.
"Suchet sent me an express, and so did Gérard at
Lyons. The instructions of Suchet were, that he must
act according to circumstances; so, seeing the enthusiasm
of the people of Lyons, the agent assured me that I might
rely on the Duke of Albufera (Suchet). But Suchet
never put forth any proclamation like Ney, and did not,
'Ney was protected under the provisions of the Treaty of Paris.— £. W.L.
'Gamot was Prefect of the Department of the Yonne, in March, 1815.
'The judge who refused to pronounce Georges Cadoudal guilty of con-
spiracy.
I So TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA
like him, try to play a principal part, by seeking to make
it believed that all had been arranged beforehand between
me and the Marshals
"In preparing for my return from Elba, I talked the
matter over with Bertrand and Drouot. They advised me
to try to secure the support of Massena at Toulon. I
objected. I said we ought to secure some principal town
before doing anything else, and I was sure with my five
hundred men that I could land in Provence, and march on
Grenoble. Then no one would know how many men I
had with me, whilst at Toulon they would have known at
once that I had come in a brig, and could not be very
formidable. Besides that, Flahaut had sent me word that
Labédoyère in the salon of Queen Hortense, had declared
that he would always take part with me. That was why
I kept on asking where was the Seventh Regiment of the
Line. The affair at Antibes caused us much annoyance,
but I wanted as soon as possible to reach Grenoble. I
sent Pons, who had been my chief director of mines at
Elba, to Massena. I heard afterwards that Massena
wept for joy when he heard of my return, but he told
my emissary that the feeling in Marseilles was so bad
that he could not come out strongly for me at once, and
what was more, to protect Pons from the fury of the
populace, he was about to have him arrested.
"If Massena had been willing to act he might have gone
to Toulon, where the feeling was in my favor, and then he
could have made the soldiers declare for me, which would
have impeded the action of the Due d'Angoulême in the
South; but although he was attached to his old flag under
which he had fought for more than twenty-five years, he
would do nothing rashly.
"At Grenoble General Marchand sent me word that,
not being able to break his oaths, he was going to his own
home for a time. He ought, if he had held the right cards,
to have defended Grenoble with his division.
ELBA AND THE RETURN FROM ELBA iSi
"At Grenoble I saw also an officer who came from
Lyons. I asked him who he was. He said he was the
aide-de-camp of Boyer, and told me that his general had
sent him to assure me that he was for mc, so was all the
garrison in Lyons, and if I ordered it, he would
bring me the princes as prisoners. I thought he was
deceiving me. I did not know Boyer, and it was not
until I was near Lyons that I was convinced he had told
me the truth. Boyer is a most remarkable man. He
deceived the Comte d'Artois up to the last moment, pre-
served his confidence, gave him any quantity of advice,
and even induced people to follow him. All along the
line of march I dined with this general, who kept on say-
ing to me; 'Go forward. Never fear. I know the sol-
diers; they are all for you.' When I heard of the affair
of d'Erlon * he cried: 'Go on all the same. Those people
blundered. But that is of no consequence!' I never saw
a man stick so firmly to his own opinion! I ought to
have made him commander of the Guard at Paris, instead
of that sluggard Durosnel.
"Labédoyère at Grenoble, when he took command of
the division, showed much courage. He is a member of
one of the first families in Dauphiné — but the opinion
of men! the opinion of men! ^
"What hindered the Comte d'Artois from coming to
oppose me was that I had three regiments of infantry with
me, many cannon, and two regiments of cavalry, while he
had only a few foot soldiers, the Thirteenth Dragoons,
and no artillery. Boyer had established a sort of tcte-de-
pont at Lyons; Monsieur Roger de Damas, who was an
eagle among the voltigeurs, thought it superb, but Boyer
laughed about it."
' Drouet d" Erlon, a distinguished French officer. He plotted to capture
the French princes in the south of France (1815), but the plot miscarried. For
this conspiracy he was tried after the Restoration, but acquitted.— £■. W. L.
'Gourgaud had a poor opinion of Labédoyère, and lost no opportunity of
expressing it. These words were probably addressed to him.— £. W. L.
CHAPTER XL
WATERLOO.
Before Waterloo. — The Battle of Waterloo.
After Waterloo.
Before Waterloo.
Montholon (1817) seems to think that if the Emperor
now disembarked in France he would be better received
than in 1815.
"No, no! Besides the opposition of foreign powers
the army is not what it was then. The King's Guard
would not be for me. To succeed I should have to bring
with me an army of twenty-five thousand or thirty thou-
sand men, just at the beginning; and should have to give
the discontented element in France time to join me, and
to get famihar with war. It would be absolutely neces-
sary, besides, that the AlHes should not disapprove of my
return. Then things would be very different; otherwise
I should commit the same folly as Murat did, who with
thirty Corsicans expected to reconquer a kingdom which
he could not keep with sixty thousand soldiers. One can
hardly account for such folly as Joachim committed in
descending on Calabria with thirty Corsicans. Calabria!
where Corsicans had formerly committed such horrors!
If I had had none but Corsicans with me when I returned
to France from Elba, I certainly should not have suc-
ceeded. It was the bearskin helmets of my Guards
which did the business. They called to remembrance my
glorious days."
"As soon as Murat heard of my return to France, he,
with his Neapolitan army, attacked Austria in Northern
182
WATERLOO 183
Italy. It was this ill-starred attack on Austria that ruined
me. It was made just as that power was disposed to
treat with me. It was naturally supposed that Murat
was acting by my orders, and consequently Austria would
not hear of any reconciliation with me. She thought my
return was the beginning of a new system of conquests."
"It was pure folly on Murat's part to think that with
his army he could fight Austria and recover Austrian Italy.
It is true that he had such an opinion of me, that as soon
as he heard of my arrival in France, he thought I was
about to be as powerful as I had ever been. He feared
that I might drive him out of his kingdom.' He wanted,
without loss of time, to possess himself of all Italy as far
as the Po. I sent Colonna to him from Elba, to advise
him not to act against Austria, and Colonna implored him
on his knees to do as I advised him. But he wanted to
be master of the Peninsula, and he hastened to act.
.... He ruined me twice. His death was murder, for
he had been really a king, recognized as such by all the
Powers."
"I should probably have done better on my return to
Paris not to summon the Chambers, or if I did so I ought
to have nominated all the deputies myself. I ought to
have made Talbot prefect, to have had good maires, to
have kept only four thousand men in the National Guard
of Paris; and have given them officers who had served in
the Line. It does not take thirty thousand men to keep
order and act as police in the capital. The question is,
whether I should not have done better to concentrate all
my troops under the walls of Paris, instead of marching
to meet the enemy. Perhaps then the Allies might not
' Murat had joined the allies against Napoleon after the campaign in
Russia, and was permitted by the Powers to retain his kingdom of Naples. In
1815 he attacked the Austrian possessions in Central Italy, was defeated and
dethroned. A year later, with thirty Corsicans and a few others, he landed on
the shores of Calabria to recover his kingdom. He was taken and shot on the
sea beach after Napoleon arrived at St. Helena.— .fî. W. L.
iS4 TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA
have made war on me. You may observe that all their
proclamations are dated after Waterloo."
"I ought not to have made Labédoyère a Peer of
France, nor even to have taken him as my aide-de-camp.
Excelmans — the fool! was always prating to me about a
Constitution. Yes — I committed an error, a stupid error,
by promulgating one. I ought only to have formed a
Council under the presidency of Carnot. He was always
honest and faithful. I ought to have made Montalivet
head of the Department of the Interior. The men of the
Revolution had lost touch with the men of the time.
They were all used up. I did wrong to take back young
Regnault for my orderly officer. He told his father that
my cause was lost ; and his father was one of the first
who deserted me. I might have thrown the Deputies into
the Seine, and so have dissolved the Chamber, but then I
should have had to reign by terror, and foreigners might
with justice have declared that it was against me, and me
only, that they made war. I should have shed rivers of
blood, with no result. I might perhaps, while I remained
at Malmaison, have put myself at the head of the troops
as Lieutenant-General of Napoleon II. The army had no
confidence in any one but me. Had I been able to act
alone I could have signed a capitulation, but when I saw
that the Chambers, instead of rallying to me, were con-
spiring against me, I knew that all was lost. Besides
that, by going to the United States I might have come
back again in a few months. It is true I had better have
given myself up to Austria, rather than to England. But
that is another question. This subject is too melancholy
to talk about. Let us go to bed."
"I was very wrong to have employed Ney. Carnot
did not want me even to make him a peer. He acted as
if he thought he could give or take away kingdoms. He
came over to me when he saw that his troops abandoned
him. He would have acted more properly had he gone
WATERLOO 185
back to Paris and told the King that his men had deserted
him. He might have written to me like Suchet, who told
me I might count on him, but that he would not openly
declare for me till later. Ney behaved then, as he always
had done in civil life, like a scoundrel. He was brave —
that was all. It was very different with Labédoyère; he
decided for me when there was danger in doing so. He
was impelled by enthusiasm. France has been outraged,
and is now a broken-spirited nation. She has only
what she deserves. Instead of rallying to me she aban-
doned me."
Napoleon said that it was false that Bertrand wrote
to Ney that Austria would support us. On the con-
trary, the Emperor always said that he stood alone, with
every one against him.
"The truth is that when Ney saw that the soldiers and
the people were all for me, he wanted to make a show of
putting himself on my side, and to make his profit out of
it Ambition! .... Ney ought to have returned
at once to Paris; that would have been far more noble.
His proclamation, which he sent me, made me very angry.
What business had he to be giving away crowns.-* I con-
cealed my feelings, however, and said all sorts of flatter-
ing things to the officer he sent me, about his master,
whom I took care to call 'the bravest of the brave.' "
The Battle of Waterloo.
"I made a great mistake in employing Ney. He lost
his head. A sense of his past conduct impaired his
energy. Camot did not wish me even to make him a
peer. Had I acted wisely I should have placed Soult on
the left, but who would have thought that Ney, who had
spoken to me (you heard him, Gourgaud) of the importance
of Quatre Bras, would have omitted to occupy that posi-
tion? I felt sure when I attacked the Prussians that the
1 86 TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA
English would not come to their assistance, while Bliicher,
who is hot-headed, would have hastened to support
Wellington, though he had had only two battalions. The
world had its eyes upon him. He well knew that rewards
would be lavished upon him if he sacrificed himself to
support the English."
"I ought to have slept at Fleurus on the fifteenth, but
I went back to Charleroi, deeming it more in the centre of
the operations. When one looks at results one can com-
monly perceive what one ought to have done. I never
gave Drouot an order to come to Fleurus. I am blamed
for not having pressed the Prussians more vigorously; but
you know how hot the action at Ligny was, up to the
last moment. I ought not to have employed Vandamme.
I ought to have given Suchet the command I gave to
Grouchy. More vigor and promptness were needed than
Grouchy had as a general ; he was good only at a splendid
charge of cavalry, while Suchet had more fire and knew
better my way of making war. Mortier, when he gave
up the command of the Guard to Beaumont, did me a
great deal of harm. I ought to have replaced him by
Lobau. Drouot had too many affairs on hand, and did
not understand managing soldiers. He would, however,
have made an excellent commander of artillery."
"Duhesme would have well commanded the sixth
corps. Priant was not capable of doing the best with
the Guard. He was a good soldier — that was all. A
good major in command of the cavalry of the Guard would
have been most useful to me. I do not know what
became of my horse, especially my mounted grenadiers.
How came Guyot, who was in command of my last
reserve, to charge without my orders? My ordonnance offi-
cers' were too young, Montesquiou, Rey, Chiappe
* "Ordonnance" officers in France are orderly officers who carry orders
and messages for their commander, lo this case apparently "some one had
blundered."— £. W. L.
WATERLOO 187
They must have brought him some order to engage.
They were mere aides-de-camp. I ought to have had in
their place men of experience.
"If I had remained with the battaHon of my Guard on
the left of the high road, I might have rallied the cavalry.
There was still another battalion unbroken on the right —
the one with which we had marched."
"Perhaps when I became aware of the immense supe-
riority of the Prussians at Ligny, I ought sooner to have
ordered a retreat. I should have lost only fifty or sixty
cannon. My plan had succeeded. I had surprised the
Prussians and the English; but what then.? A great battle
is always a very important thing. Suppose I had been
defeated at Jena!"
"Soult (my second in command at Waterloo) did not
aid me as much as he might have done. His staff, not-
withstanding all my orders, was not well organized.
Berthier would have done better service. Why during
the battle did he not keep more order at Genappe?"
"If Wellington had fallen back on Antwerp to wait
until the Russians could come up, I should certainly have
been in an unpleasant situation."
"My regrets are not for myself but for unhappy
France! With twenty thousand men less than I had we
ought to have won the battle of Waterloo. But it was
Fate that made me lose it." The Emperor then told why
he did not thoroughly understand the battle.' He regrets
he did not place Clausel or Lamarque in the War Office.
As to Fouché, he never ought to have left him in Paris in
charge of i\\Q police. "I ought to have had him hanged,
' Gourgaud remarks : "The Emperor says he did not see as much of the
battle as he could have wished. He intended to make, as he had done at
Montmirail, a perpendicular attack, and to have led it in person, but the arri-
val of Billow forced him to remain in a central position. Ney could not under-
stand bis plan of attack."
i88 TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. //ELENA
and that was my intention. Or, if I had been the con-
queror at Waterloo, I would have had him summarily
shot. Perhaps I made a mistake in convoking the Cham-
bers. I thought they might be useful in procuring me
money, which I might not be able to get if I were pro-
claimed Dictator. I was wrong in losing time over that
matter of the Constitution, especially as it was my inten-
tion to get rid of the Chambers as soon as I should be a
conqueror and out of all difficulties. But in vain I hoped
to find help in the Chambers. I deceived myself. They
injured me before Waterloo, and deserted me afterwards."
"I ought to have withdrawn Rapp from Landau, as I
withdrew Girard from Metz. That wretched war in La
Vendée did me great harm. I could not put the National
Guards into the Line; they were good for nothing but to
garrison strongholds. I ought to have stopped for the
night at Fleurus on the 1 6th ; fought the Prussians on the
same day, the i6th; and the English on the 17th of June.
.... During the battle of Ligny they came and told me
that some of our men had gone over to the enemy. The
movement of d'Erlon did me much harm. Those around
me thought it was an advance of the enemy. D'Erlon
was a good staff officer. He could maintain order; but
that was all. He ought on the 15th to have sent me
word that he was at Marchiennes."
"The men of 181 5 were not the same as those of 1792.
My generals were faint-hearted men. Perhaps I should
have done better to have waited another month before
opening the campaign in order to give more consistency
to the army. I needed a good officer to command my
Guard. If I had had Bessières or Lannes at its head
I should not have been defeated. I ought to have had
mounted grenadiers in reserve; their charge would have
altered the state of affairs, for it was only one brigade of
WATERLOO 189
cavalry that caused the disorder. An officer had given
Guyot, as if it came from me, an order to advance,
"Soult had not a good staff. My orderly officers
were all too young, like Regnault and Montesquiou; they
were mere aides-de-camp. Ney did great harm by his
unsuccessful attack on LaHaie-Sainte and by changing the
position of the guns, that you, Gourgaud, had posted.
They would perfectly have protected his troops; instead
of which, while marching forward he was exposed to an
attack, the very thing that happened. I ought when I
quitted Quatre Bras to have left only Pajol with a division
of the Sixth Corps to pursue Bliicher, and I ought to have
taken all the other troops with me. I sent, during the
night of the seventeenth, three orders to Grouchy; and in
his report he says that it was only on the eighteenth at
eight o'clock in the evening that he received the order to
march on Saint-Lambert. It was fate; for after all, I
ought to have won that battle."
"It was the good discipline of the English that gained
the day. They could advance thirty yards, halt, fire, go
back, fire, and come forward again thirty yards, without
breaking their line, without any disorder. Many things
will be known some day! Who could have given Guyot
orders to charge? He did so before the time I mentioned
in my account of the battle; but he charged without my
orders."
The Emperor thinks that he did wrong to take Soult
for his second in command; he had better have taken
Andréossi.
"Soult had poor officers around him. He had an
indifferent staff. He was easily discouraged. During
the night before the eighteenth he brought me several
alarming reports. Soult is very ambitious, and his wife
governs him. I ought to have had Suchet with me. I
190 TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA
should have employed Drouot to organize the army in
March, and have made Clausel Minister of War. The
raw conscripts did not know enough to have gained any
esprit de corps. The cavalry was better than the infantry,
because it contained more old soldiers. "
**Ah! mon Dieu! perhaps the rain on the 17th of June
had more to do than people think with the loss of the
battle of Waterloo. If I had not been so worn out, I
should have been in the saddle all night! What seem
very small events have often the greatest consequences."
"Poor France! to have been beaten by those English
scoundrels! It is true that the same thing had happened
at Crécy and Agincourt. I was too certain I should beat
them. I had divined their plans. Perhaps I ought to
have waited a fortnight longer before giving battle. Per-
haps I did wrong to commence the campaign. I thought
Russia and Austria would not take a hand."
"Madame Hamelin says that the Duke of Wellington
has no talent. He is afraid of me. He was fortunate
for once, and knows that it could not happen a second
time. He does not wish to risk his reputation. He
knows very well that if I were at the head of two hundred
thousand French soldiers, which may happen in a year or
two—"
"If I had postponed the battle I might have received
a reinforcement of twelve thousand men from La Vendée.
But who could have supposed that La Vendée would be
so speedily pacified.-' In other respects my plans were
well laid and well executed. It was fate that conquered
me at Waterloo. The campaign ought to have succeeded.
The English and the Prussians had been surprised in their
cantonments."
WATERLOO 191
After Waterloo.
"Ney got no more than he deserved. I regret him
because he was inestimable on a field of battle, but he
was too hot-headed, and too stupid to succeed in anything
but a fight. He wanted to have it believed that he was
concerned in a conspiracy to bring me back from Elba,
and it cost him dear. Murat, who hke Ney, was unri-
valled in battle, like him committed nothing but follies at all
other times. I can assure you that Murat was the main
cause of our being here at St. Helena. Instead of keep-
ing quiet, as I begged him to do, he attacked the Austrians
at the very moment when the Emperor Francis was in
doubt whether he should not declare himself in my favor.
After that there was no remedy. Of course they said at
once: 'Napoleon is about to renew his system, and will
risk all to gain all.' In vain I declared that Murat's
attack was against my wishes. They would have it that
it had all been arranged between him and me; and after
that, it was impossible to come to an understanding with
Austria and Russia. On my part I had perhaps better
have postponed my landing in France for two weeks or
twenty days. I can see now some things which lead me
to suppose that the Champ de Mai, and the enthusiasm
in France when I returned, were leading the Congress by
degrees to look more favorably on me than before. I
think they might even have hmited their demands to
requiring that I should keep only a certain number of men
under arms, and that I should not enter on another war.
But the great mistake I made was in leaving Elba six
months too soon. I ought to have waited till the Con-
gress had been dissolved, in which case they would have
had to dispatch couriers between the different courts that
they might act in concert. This would have occasioned
them great loss of time, and many difficulties, which were
settled at once when the Congress was in session."
192 TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA
"The populace is of no account, and can do nothing
by itself; but with me at its head it would have been dif-
ferent; it could have done anything. Judging from what I
see now passing in France, the mob would have shot me
could they have had the chance — yes, they would have shot
me had they captured me."
"Perhaps it would have been better on my return from
Elba never to have called together the Chambers, but I
wanted to give the nation a guarantee. Besides, I felt
sure the colleges d^ arrondissement would send up patriotic
deputies. But all — even Cambon — turned against me.
There was only Felix Lepelletier, although he had at one
time received some rough treatment from me, who felt
the necessity of rallying to my party. The Deputies must
by this time repent of their attitude. After my second
abdication I ought to have delivered myself up to the
Emperor of Austria. Francis Joseph is in the main a
good man, and after a while we should have become
friends again."
"The English Constitution could not possibly work in
France. I admired that Constitution when I returned
from Egypt, because it was just then the fashion to do so;
but had I returned victorious to Paris from Waterloo, I
should have dismissed the Chambers. A deliberative
body is a fearful thing to deal with. The English Consti-
tution suits England only. Sovereigns can best govern
without deliberative assemblies. The men in such bodies
whom one thinks one can influence, too easily change
sides. Ah! Waterloo! Waterloo! The English Con-
stitution is not suited to France."
"The King could not have kept my Chambers. They
were too revolutionary. I should have changed them
myself. I had been obliged to make them up in that
manner after I came back from Elba, thinking they might
give me the means to act. I made a mistake; I found
WATERLOO 193
them more injurious than useful. After Waterloo I had
another opportunity of getting rid of them. I had six
thousand men in my Guard, besides the Fédérés. But
that would have led to anarchy. I foresaw what would
happen! I think that any other course might have been
better than the one I followed, but I had chances in my
favor, and had I roused the mob in Paris much blood
would have been shed for no result."
"After Waterloo every one abandoned me. I said to
the Peers when they sent me a deputation, 'Declare a
national war. Announce that you will not sign a peace
so long as the Allies remain in France.' They would
have it, however, that things would be as they had been
in 1814. Cambacérès himself would not come to see me,
nor would Regnault; and lastly, it was Ney who in the
Chamber of Peers exclaimed that all was lost, that I had
not more than eight thousand faithful men under arms.
Carnot alone assured me that it was just like what had
happened to armies in the Revolution; that the army
would rally around Paris, where there were cannon. All
the rest believed that all was lost."
"Could I have revolutionized Paris, and have set up
the guillotine? If I had, I might not have succeeded. I
had too many enemies. I should have put myself in hor-
rible peril. There would have been much bloodshed, and
little success. Instead of that, when I knew that the
Chambers were against me, I said to the Deputies: 'You
think, gentlemen, that I am an obstacle to peace. Well,
then, get out of the war by yourselves.' At least we
were then in Paris; here we are now at St. Helena!
With the exception of the folly I committed in letting
myself be transported to this place, if it were to be done
over again, I would do the same thing. I do not speak
of St. Helena; that was the height of folly; but if I had
gone to America — "
194 TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA
"When I came back from Waterloo it was my inten-
tion to cut off Fouché's head. I had actually determined
who should form the military commission by which I
would have him tried. It was nearly the same as that which
had tried the Due d'Enghien. They were all men in
danger of" — Here His Majesty made an expressive sign
with his neck-tie — "They would have served me well. I
sent for Darrican and Hulin; they thought as I did, and
I regret now that it was not done. But who now consid-
ers that Louis XVI. perished because he did not send the
Duke of Orleans to the scaffold? He ought to have had
him tried in twenty-four hours by the Parliament of Paris.
.... I ought to have gone to the Chambers the moment
I arrived in the capital. I might have moved the Deputies,
and have induced them to support me. My eloquence
would have roused their enthusiasm. I would have cut
off the heads of Lanjuinais, Lafayette, and a dozen others.
I had from the first made a blunder in making Lanjuinais
President of the Chamber. I ought to have given the
post to Carnot, who in the Cabinet was not so useful as
he might have been in the Chamber. He is a man who
understands revolutions, and has great courage. I ought
to have put Davout at the head of the army a fortnight be-
fore I left Paris, and he might have organized it. Posterity
will reproach me for having abandoned my soldiers, the
Fédérés, and men of my own party. It is true I might have
reigned again, but it must have been by the axe, and that
prospect revolted me. On the other hand, the Allies might
have favorably received the deputation that the Chambers
were preparing to send them, and have repeated what they
had said before, that they were fighting against me alone."
"Some say I might have roused the populace of Paris
and have set up the guillotine. For that — if I must say
the word — I had not the courage."
Gourgaud thought that on his return to Paris the
WATERLOO 195
Emperor ought at once to have gone to the Chambers,
have harangued the Deputies, and have made them feel
that all depended upon union.
"But I had been three days without food. I was very
weary. On arriving in Paris I at once took a bath, and
had something to eat. I was completely exhausted. I
sent for my ministers. If I had gone to the Chambers I
should no doubt have been listened to with respect, per-
haps with cheers, and then, as according to the Consti-
tution I could not have remained during their delibera-
tions, after I had gone away everything would have been
as before. I might have flung a number of the Deputies
into the river, and have closed the Chambers, like Crom-
well. I certainly ought to have had Fouché shot, imme-
diately on my arrival; he was the soul of the party opposed
to me. The news of his arrest would have been cried
beneath the windows of certain Deputies, to whom I
might have said: 'What is this man that invokes the tri-
color.'*— a man who fled from France to a foreign country,
and who owed to me his return to Paris. At this moment
there is no salvation for France but in men who love their
country. ' I might have ended by requiring the mob to
purge the Chamber of Deputies by hanging seven or
eight of its members, Fouché especially. But to do that
I must have acted like the Jacobins, I must have shed
blood in the streets; and after that, should I have suc-
ceeded? I own I might have done it had I been certain
of success, but I did not think so. And then I saw that
by adopting that course I must wade in blood, and make
myself abhorred. I preferred to abdicate in favor of my
son, and leave them to get out of their difiiculties by
themselves. Then they would see that it was not I alone
that the Allies wished to destroy, but France! .... I
was beaten; the respect that had been felt for me was felt
so long as I was feared; but I had not the rights of the
legitimate heirs to fall back upon, as a claim for assistance
196 TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA
and revenge. No hope was left me. No! what I have to
reproach myself with is not having cut off Fouché's head.
He had a narrow escape. Daru proposed to me to form
a military commission to try him. If Fouché, instead of
betraying me, had frankly come over to my side, he
would have been very useful. He was the soul of the
faction opposed to me; and he would have persuaded all
his followers to join the national party. Yes; I ought to
have gone at once to the Chamber, but I was harassed
and weary. Besides, who could have thought they would
so speedily have declared against me? I did not foresee
that Lafayette was going to make a motion that the
Chambers were in permanent session. I reached Paris in
the evening at eight o'clock, and by noon the next day
they were in revolt against me.
"After all they took me by surprise. I am only a
man. I ought to have put myself at the head of the
army, which would have proclaimed my son; and assuredly
anything would have been better than coming to St.
Helena. There was still my Guard to give me hope,
and the AlHes might have changed their plans. But no!
they would have kept on saying that they wanted only to
get rid of me. Even the army would have fallen under
the influence of that idea. History perhaps will reproach
me for having given up too soon. There was a little
pique, too, on my part. At Malmaison I had proposed
to the Provisional Government to put myself at the head
of the army, and take advantage of any errors committed
by the enemy. Its members would not listen to me; and
I sent them off peremptorily. So it may well be said that
the Provisional Government betrayed the cause of France.
For when I was gone there was nothing to be done but
what they did. Besides, its members were dreadfully
afraid that the King on his arrival would hold them respon-
sible for any opposition that might take place. They all
thought only of themselves.
WATERLOO 197
"I left the Island of Elba too soon. I thought the
Congress was dissolved. I ought never to have sum-
moned the Chambers. It would have been sufficient to
proclaim myself Dictator. But I hoped that the Allies,
seeing me call the Chambers together, would place confi-
dence in me. If I had been a conqueror I would soon
have got rid of the Chambers! .... But talking of
these things puts me in a bad humor. Let us go into the
salon!"
"From Malmaison I could easily have gone to Corsica,
but I was tempted to prefer the United States. London
even might have given me more chances. I might have
been borne in triumph by the populace, had I appeared
there. All the lower orders would have been for me, and
my reasoning would have had its effect on Lord Grey and
Lord Grenville."
"When a prisoner is taken he should be treated
according to the rank he has held, in accordance with the
laws of war. I was an Emperor, and I am now to be
treated as General Bonaparte. It is absurd. If they talk
of Legitimacy, the English reigning family usurped the
place of a legitimate sovereign. Consult the Old Testa-
ment, and you will see that Saul and David reigned only
because they were anointed by the Lord. I was elected
by the French nation, crowned, and anointed by the Pope.
England recognized the French Republic by the Treaty of
Amiens. The intention of those who have sent me to St.
Helena is to kill me slowly by this tropical climate. It
would have been more generous to cut off my head at
once, by one blow. The bill by which the Parliament of
England prescribes how I am to be treated is barbarous.
Why place me on an island, if it were not that I might
enjoy more liberty than in a prison.' And by reason of
the "restrictions" I cannot go beyond the grounds of my
own house. Were there no prisons in England.-"'
CHAPTER XII.
FRANCE AFTER THE RESTORATION.
Observations by Napoleon on News Received
AT St. Helena, 1815, 1816, 1817.
"The King ought to begin by showing severity, and
after that he may show clemency. He must be a feudal
sovereign and should re-establish the old Parliaments. He
can do it now, but later he could not. He ought to profit
by the stupor into which the nation is now plunged by the
presence of foreign armies. The EngUsh Constitution
will never do for France. The only reason I concerned
myself about a Constitution when I came back from Elba
was because Constitutions seemed the talk of the day;
but had I been victorious, I should have got rid of the
Chambers. These deliberative assembhes are terrible
things. The English Constitution can suit no country
but England."
It must be remembered that in these remarks upon the policy
to be pursued by Louîs XVIII., Napoleon is advising his succes-
sor how he may best re-establish his unpopular dynasty. The
vacillating policy of Louis XVIII. he feared would result in the
ruin of France, and certainly in that of the restored dynasty.
Louis XVIII. came back to France in 1815, as in some sort the
vassal of the Allies. When he returned from Ghent after the
battle of Waterloo he was in the hands of the powers, who had
fought France really for their own interests, but nominally for
him. When he drew near to Paris, and passed a few days at
a neighboring château, the National Guard, who if not Royalists,
were anti-Bonapartists, delighted at any change, wanted to escort
him back to his capital, but he was not allowed by the foreign
generals to accept their services.
During the first three years of his reign, the period covered
by these talks of Napoleon with Gourgaud, Louis XVIII. was
198
FRANCE AFTER THE RESTORATION 199
never a free agent. He was a man of culture and ability, but of
no personal experience in the management of French affairs.
During his exile he had read and thought, and was inclined to
liberal opinions, while the Princes, i. e., the Comte d'Artois, and
the Due d'Angoulême, his son, were of those who had learned
nothing, forgotten nothing, during the years they had lived in
exile. Their aim was to put back everything as it had been befoie
the Revolution; to blot out fifty years of the history of France.
Louis XVIII. saw that this could not be. He was close pressed
on the one side by the policy advocated by the Princes and the
émigrés, and on the other by the public sentiment among French-
men who had been educated in the ideas and aspirations of the
Revolution. With these in his heart he sympathized, but if he
showed favors to the liberal party, he dreaded to encourage
Jacobinism. If he fulfilled the hopes of the émigrés who had been
exiled and despoiled for their devotion to his family, the cause of
the Bourbons would speedily be ruined. From the first, public
opinion was against him. He was very unpopular with his own
family, and their party. Even the Allies dared not favor his
adhesion to their policy.
"The establishment of the prévôtal courts^ is the best
thing the King can do. France wants another Saint
Bartholomew. Louis XVIIL is in an embarrassing posi-
tion. I don't know what I could do in his place. France
is very unfortunate. Gauls! Gauls! — It is not in the
French character to insult their sovereigns. The Cham-
ber of Deputies by spreading terror in all directions will
injure the cause of the King."
"The Emperor thinks," says Gourgaud, "that the
King was too tardy in publishing his amnesty. It con-
tained only sixty names. The greater part of these were
of men who were not dangerous. The King would have
done better to begin by a list of proscriptions."
"The King was wrong to yield ;^ it will do him no
• Criminal courts held by the Prévôts or military magistrates in their own
districts. Their judgments were summary and without appeal. The authority
of these courts was temporary.— £. W. L.
'Napoleon's refractory Chamber of Deputies was composed largely of
men who called themselves of the liberal party, and were opposed to imperi-
alism. As they were not in harmony with the new government, the Chamber
200 TALKS OF NAPOLEON A T ST. HELENA
good. Perhaps he was forced to it by the powers. He
is going back to the same course he followed in 1814.
There is too great a gulf between him and the French
people to make any real union possible. He cannot do as
I did. I granted pardons to men who were only too
happy to receive anything that I would give them. But
now it is different. The King is wrong, and Chateau-
briand is right."
"Louis XVni. and the Duke of Orleans were the only
men of their family who never plotted my assassination."
His Majesty said that Louis XVHL ought to have
begun a fifth dynasty, and have called himself Louis L
"The cours prévôtales are the best things to restrain
the lower orders and the Paris mob. The Bourbons can
succeed in sustaining themselves only by terror. The
more they alarm and oppress the French, the better. In
1 8 14 they acted on the system of rose-water, and they
were overthrown. The French nation has no national
character; it is governed by the fashion. At present the
French are all of one party; to-morrow they may all be
of another, insisting that they have always belonged to it
at heart. When, at Vienna and Berlin, I saw citizen
soldiers mount guard at the arsenal which we were about
to attack, I was indignant; I said to myself, 'Shall I
ever see Frenchmen do the same thing to oppose English-
men or Russians?' And think of a deputation from the
Institute coming to felicitate the Emperor Alexander!"
"The Bourbons ought to send to St. Domingo a
hundred thousand of my old soldiers, and let them perish
was dissolved and another called, composed principally of Royalists and ex-
émigrés. The law of elections in France at that day enabled the Government
to send up to the Chambers such members as it wanted. The new Chamber of
Deputies, as Napoleon said, spread terror in all directions. It encouraged
what was called the White Terror, especially in the south of France. The
situation became so dangerous that the allies interfered, and their representa-
tives insisted on the dissolution of the Chamber.— £■. W. L.
FRANCE AFTER THE RESTORATION 201
there by the cHmate, or be killed by the blacks; in that
way they would get rid of both of them. They ought to
exile all the marshals and generals who arc not of noble
birth, and retain no generals but those who have sprung
from the nobility. Montesquiou, Caraman, and Carignan
would make as good marshals as any of mine."
"At such a moment ' it is cruel to sit here a prisoner.
If there is an insurrection in France, who will put himself
at its head? I see nobody who is capable of great things.
Eugene has only a level head. By that I mean he has
good judgment and many admirable qualities, but he has
no genius — none of that force of character which is the
attribute of great men. Soult is good for nothing but
to serve under a commander-in-chief. No one could do
that work but me Clausel? Ah! Clausel! he is
young, he has talent, he has vigor. I fear no one but
Clausel Should he succeed and become a great
man in France, do you suppose he would be fool enough
to yield his place to me? I have many partisans, but
should he succeed he would have many too. Men would
soon forget the great things I have done, and would fawn
on him who had saved France. And then, he who comes
last is always thought to be the best man — the past is
forgotten for the present."
The Emperor said that the best step England could
take would be to stir up an insurrection in Paris, and
then use it as a pretext to burn the capital. "It would be
a great thing for England to destroy the capital of France.
The English would probably sink our vessels, fill up our
ports, especially Cherbourg, Brest, and Toulon, and after
that they would have nothing to fear from us for many
years to come."
Gourgaud says: "The nation would rise in arms to
resent that."
' Rumors had reached St. Helena of disturbances in France, the result
of the White Terror.
202 TALKS OF NAPOLEON A T ST. HELENA
"Bah! the nation hes prostrate at this moment. The
AlUes could partition France if they wanted to do so. It
would be very easy. The first thing to be done would be
to divide all my old officers among themselves, to send
some of them into Russia, some into Prussia, some to
Austria, and some to the Indies. Were the army scat-
tered, and its officers in exile, what could France do to
oppose the Allies?' She would have no course but to
submit."
Napoleon tells Gourgaud that were he once more on
the throne of France, in six years he would place the
country on its former footing. "Austria seems to have
formed a party in favor of Napoleon II. Bassano will be
well treated in Vienna.^ Bavaria, Saxony, and Italy are
discontented. Belgium would be all for me."
Gourgaud objects that at Waterloo the advanced guard
of the English was composed of Belgians, and Napoleon
replies: "Men always fight well when their courage is
up; but the people of Belgium are for me. Everything
depends on the result of a battle. If I had not made the
blunder of fighting the battle of Waterloo when I did, all
else was already accomplished. I cannot understand yet
how it all happened. But do not let us talk of it now."
"Louis XVIII. ought to send away the priests and all
the men who took an active part for or against the Revo-
lution."
"The Bourbons are on the right road. Their cours
prévôtales will affect only the canaille. Time will bring
about reconciliation. I hold somewhat singular views.
I think that there was never any real Revolution in France;
that the men of 1789 did not differ from those in the
* Maret, Duke of Bassano, former Minister of Napoleon, was sent as the
Ambassador of Louis XVIII. to Vienna. He contrived to keep alive in the
heart of the young Napoleon enthusiasm for his great father.— £. W. L,
FRANCE AFTER THE RESTORATION 203
time of Louis XIV. It was the Queen and the ministers,
who brought about their own overthrow by adopting fatal
measures. The French are not a mean spirited people,
as foreigners now think them; but in everything they
follow the fashion, and the man who was yesterday with
all his heart a Bonapartist, to-day is as sincere a Royalist,
and to-morrow may be a Republican. If the Austrians go
to Lyons, it will mean the dismemberment of France —
the creation of the kingdom of Burgundy."
"The King is breaking the neck of his dynasty —
Faith! He is too liberal. He will see what it will be to
have a Chamber composed of such Deputies as he is going
to have.' In France the Chamber of Peers counts for
nothing; the Chamber of Deputies is all in all. I quite
understand why the princes are opposed to the King; he
is preparing the way for losing his crown. I think that
what I said, namely, that he ought to set up a fifth
dynasty, may have influenced his conduct. If the princes
were banished, it would put the Duke of Orleans on the
throne. He would conciliate all parties, who at present
are in as much disorder as ever."
"When Louis XVIII. dies, great events may take
place; and if Lord Holland should then be Prime Minister
of England, they may bring me back to Europe. But
what I most hope for is the death of the Prince Regent,
which will place the young Princess Charlotte on the Eng-
lish throne. She will bring me back to Europe. You
see what passed at Bordeaux where all were much against
me, but in favor of my son. If Napoleon II. reigned, his
ministry would demand that I should be detained at a
distance from France."
"You must never mention insurrection to an Enghsh-
man. It frightens people in his country, where the
>The new Chamber of Deputies was ultra Liberal. It had a strong
Nationalist element.
204 TALKS OF NAPOLEON A T ST. HELENA
people's party has been repressed. But the fire is not
extinct, the sparks are numerous."
"The Surgeon of the Conqueror* does not believe
we shall be in St. Helena very long; but he does not think
the Enghsh government would let me reside in England.
They would fear lest the Rioters ^ should put me at their
head. Those people need a man to lead them, and if it
were 1, all France would be with them! The surgeon
thinks that the Bourbons will not be able to sustain them-
selves. He is a partisan of the Duke of Orleans, whom
he has known in England. This prince speaks good
English, and is more revolutionary than I am. But the
Rioters in England would find me the man who could best
defend the rights of the people."
Napoleon said: "Louis XVIH. has a very kindly
face." He said also that he was a man of talent and
that he was sorry he could not have known him. "The
Comte d'Artois wanted to have me assassinated."
"Great news from England! Ministers are about to
resign. We shall have Wellesley, Holland, and Gren-
ville. The young Princess says she will punish the old
ministers for their behavior to her mother. Everybody,
they say, is talking about me in England, where no more
attention is paid to the libels. Nobody in France will read
the Quarterly Review. The Bourbons will soon be over-
thrown. Austria and Russia are getting very desirous to
withdraw their troops from France. The English will
be requested to recall theirs, and then the Bourbons will
be driven from France! There will be a total change.
Wellesley is for me. He says that they did wrong to
drive me out of France in 1815; and Hudson Lowe is
abused in all the newspapers."
'This surgeon was afterwards court-martialed on suspicion of too much
sympathy for Napoleon, to whom he had given his medical services for five days.
'The Riots, or Rioters, is Gourgaud's translation of the English word
Radicals. The Duke of Orleans is Louis Philippe.
PRANCE AFTER THE RESTORATION 205
"I have been reading Hume. The EngHsh are a
ferocious people. What crimes we read of in their his-
tory! Look at Henry VHI., who married Lady Seymour
the day after he had Anne de Boleyn's head cut off. We
could not have done that in France. Nero never com-
mitted such crimes! And Queen Mary! .... Ah! the
Salic Law was a wise thing."
Saint-Cyr is reported to have said to the King: "If
Your Majesty wants an army you must give it the tricolor."
"But," replied the Emperor, "the King would do
anything rather than give up the White Cockade, the
panache blanche of Henri IV. He would have been all
right if he had not changed his system, but he always has
been a Revolutionist."
"That fool of a King is going to spoil everything by
taking part with the Revolutionists. He has no men of
good judgment around him. He does not see that the
Allies want to cut up France. And for this he incurs the
hatred of his brother. He will spoil everything. He
ought to have profited by the stay of the Allies to control
the Chamber; the cours prévôtales would have managed
to restrain the populace. In five years the foreign troops
would have departed, and then the nation could have over-
thrown the Bourbons. Their system is too old, and could
not be maintained. The French nation does not like to
be humiliated; how will it all end? The Allies may set
up Dukes of Brittany and Anjou. Yes, they may make
the Comte d'Artois Duke of Anjou! That is what the
Bourbons would like. Now, listen to what I tell you.
You will see that the King will dissolve his Chamber soon
after it has assembled. He will be forced to do so."
"England shows herself insatiable in everything. That
poor Louis XVIII. , that you English have placed upon
the throne of France, contrary to the wishes of the nation,
2o6 TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. //ELENA
you are now using as an instrument to squeeze money out
of France — twelve hundred millions by way of contribu-
tions! As if, placed on the throne by you, the French
did not sufficiently abhor him The dismember-
ment of Poland brought on the French Revolution. The
things that are now taking place in France may lead to
frightful consequences in Europe. Germany is demand-
ing a constitution; England is asking for Parliamentary
Reform; that means a revolution, in which the oligarchy
will be overthrown! Everywhere there is fermentation
and discord."
"This is no time, Gourgaud, for you to leave me.
Three years from now King Louis XVIII. will probably
be dead, and there will be a crisis. If the princes succeed
the King, France may be quiet and consolidated. If the
Orleans princes or Napoleon II. should succeed, you will
be well received by them. At all events, everything is
now in fermentation. You must wait patiently for the
crisis. I daresay I may have many more years to live;
my career is not yet ended." ^
* This was said to encourage and pacify Gourgaud. Napoleon constantly
spoke of the death he felt approaching.
CHAPTER XIII.
GREAT GENERALS IN THE PAST.
Alexander the Great and Caesar. — Gustavus
Adolphus. — Tu renne. — Prince Eugene. — Fred-
erick the Great. — Henri IV. and Some Other
French Kings.
Alexander the Great and Caesar.
"To arrive at a just judgment concerning the relative
merits of these two great commanders, we must consider
the nature of their troops, and that of the forces of their
enemies. When one sees the exploits of Agesilaus, and
considers that the army of Xerxes was destroyed by ten
thousand Greeks at Marathon, we perceive how few were
the obstacles Alexander had to encounter in order to con-
quer such enemies. He fought only a few battles, and it
was the arrangement of his troops in phalanx that made
him triumph, rather than his military tactics; no fine
manoeuvres worthy of a great general have been recorded
of him. He was a brave soldier, such a grenadier as Léon.*
Why did he return to Egypt instead of pushing his con-
quests over Persia further still?
"Caesar, on the contrary, had vaHant enemies to con-
tend with. He ran great risks in the enterprises into
which his bold spirit impelled him; he came out of them
successfully, through his genius. His battles in the civil
wars were real battles, both because of the bravery of the
men, and the skill of their generals. He was a man of
' a grenadier in the Consular Guard, subsequently in the Garde Impé-
riale. A man Napoleon liked to praise for his courage. It is even recorded
that Napoleon once spoke of Léon as one of his few true personal friends, if
not the only one.— French Editor.
2ffJ
2o8 TALKS OF NAPOLEON A T ST. I/ELENA
great genius, who loved bold enterprises. Alexander was
both a soldier and a politician. I think he was right in
his disputes with his Macedonians."
"Up to my time France still felt the influence of
Cœsar. The supremacy of the Pope, the Empire of
Germany, and the King of the Romans were all destroyed
by me. Charlemagne had given a good deal to the Pope.
Germany, up to my day, was composed of great fiefs.
At one time one of its Emperors named Maximihan
created counts and barons in the Parliament of Paris. ^
"No one at length dared to oppose Csesar. Men are
truly great according to what institutions they leave
behind them. If a cannon-ball, fired from the Kremlin,
had killed me, I should have been as great as they,
because my institutions and my dynasty would have
remained in France; instead of which I shall now be
almost nothing, unless my son should one day reascend
my throne."
The Emperor wonders why, after Issus, Alexander did
not follow up Darius instead of wasting his time at the
siege of Tyre. "I think," says Gourgaud, "that there was
great exaggeration as to the hosts opposed to Alexander.
The troops opposed to the Macedonians were mere
masses of men, ill-armed and ill-disciphned. Assuredly
with thirty thousand men Alexander could easily have
routed the right wing of the army of the King of Persia,
which consisted of six hundred thousand; however,
Darius might have dispatched armies to the rear of the
Macedonians to reoccupy the cities Alexander had previ-
ously taken."
"Now," said Napoleon, "you see how history is
written! What is the use of working hard and being in
difficulties all your life that you may figure in history after
you are dead.-*"
'Gourgaud gives no date for this event, and it is hard to say to what
Emperor Maximilian Napoleon was referring.— £. W. L.
GREAT GENERALS IN THE PAST 209
"What I admire in Alexander the Great is not his
campaigns, which we cannot fully understand, but his
political astuteness. At the age of thirty-three he left
behind him an immense empire well established, which
his generals divided among themselves. He knew the
art of gaining the love and trust of conquered nations.
He was right to have had Parmenio killed, when, like a
fool, he was finding fault with his sovereign for having
given up Greek manners. It was a great stroke of policy
on Alexander's part to visit the Temple of Jupiter
Ammon. It enabled him to conquer Egypt. If I had
stayed in the East, I should probably have founded an
empire like Alexander, if I had made a pilgrimage to
Mecca, where I would have made prayers and genuflex-
ions before the Prophet's tomb; but I would not have
done this, without first making sure it would be worth the
trouble. I would not have acted like that fool Menou." ^
"My account of my campaign in Egypt is at least in
one respect better than the commentaries of Caîsar, which
have no dates."
"When I was young I wanted to write something
about Caesar." ^
"But Your Majesty," said Gourgaud, "has made
history."
"Who? I? Ah! but the end needed success. It is
true that Cœsar himself cannot be said to have succeeded.
He was assassinated."
GUSTAVUS Adolphus.
"Just look at the man men call the great Gustavus!
In eighteen months he won one battle, lost another, and
was killed in the third! His fame was assuredly gained
at a cheap rate History is no better than a
' Menou, a General left in Egypt after Napoleon returned to Europe, pro-
fessed himself a Mohammedan. He was the same man who retreated before
the enemies of the convention on the 13th Vendémiaire. — E. W. L.
'Tbey bad been reading a tragedy of that name.
210 TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA
romance. Now look at Gustavus, whom history exalts
as an extraordinary man, and history very likely will say
•nothing about us Civilians cannot write about a
battle. Tilly and Wallenstein were better generals than
Gustavus Adolphus. There is no very able military
movement recorded of the Swedish King. He quitted
Bavaria because of the strategic movements of Tilly,
which forced him to evacuate the country, and he let
Magdeburg be captured before his very eyes. There's a
splendid reputation for you!"
His Majesty said that the reputation of Gustavus
Adolphus was very extraordinary; he took part in very
few battles. "But, Sire," said the uncourtier-like Gour-
gaud, "Your Majesty yourself has been in very few great
battles."
"Bah!" replied the Emperor, "Ulm, Austerlitz,
Essling, Wagram!"
A day or two later the Emperor counts up his battles.
They amount to nearly sixty. Madame de Montholon ex-
claims: "That is splendid! Not like Gustavus Adolphus,
who fought only three or four."
TURENNE.
"Turenne was a good general — the only general
who as he grew an old man grew bolder. I approve his
operations all the more because I find them exactly what
I myself would have done. He passed through all grades
in the army. He began by being a private soldier; for
four years he was a captain, etc. He is a man who, if
he had suddenly appeared by my side at Wagram, would
at once have understood my plan of battle. Condé
would have understood it too, but not Caesar or Hannibal.
If I had had a man like Turenne to be my second in
command during my campaigns, I should have been now
master of the world; but I had nobody. Wherever I was
not present my generals were defeated. As I was march-
MARSHAL SOULT
GREAT GENERALS IN THE PAST 211
ing on Landshut I met Bessières retreating. I told him
to go forward, but he objected, saying that the enemy
was too strong. 'Go forward nevertheless,' I said, and
he advanced. The enemy, seeing him again on the
offensive, thought he had received reinforcements, and
retreated. In war things often happen like that. Sol-
diers should never count their enemies. In Italy we were
always one to three, but the troops had confidence in me.
Moral force, rather than numbers, may decide a victory.
Condé was one of nature's generals, Turenne was a
general by experience. I consider him much greater than
Frederick of Prussia. Had he been in Frederick's place
he would have done much more and would not have com-
mitted the faults of that King. When Turenne said that
no army ought to have more than fifty thousand men, we
must consider what he meant when speaking of an army.
In his time armies were not organized into divisions; the
general-in-chief had to order everything and name the
generals who were to command this and that corps;
therefore, you can see that having to oversee everything
himself, there would have been nothing but confusion if
the commander-in-chief had had more than fifty thousand
men. Turenne does not say that with fifty thousand
men he could beat two hundred thousand. To do that
would need several of what he calls armies. These were
what we now call divisions, and corps d'ar?fiée. I say
further that thirty thousand or forty thousand men are
enough for a corps d'armée in three divisions. That
number could be easily fed, and easily commanded."
Gourgaud asked why Turenne and Montecucculi
seemed to march about without a purpose, from right to
left, avoiding each other, and never giving battle, and why
one or the other general did not manoeuvre so as to pass
his opponent, and enter the enemy's territory.
Napoleon answered: "Armies were weak in those
days; strong places at that time played a great part in
212 TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST HELENA
war. There is no strong position now which could stop
two hundred thousand or three hundred thousand men,
while everywhere there are positions that can be advan-
tageously held by twenty thousand to thirty thousand men.
A village occupied becomes an important point. Its
importance, however, diminishes according to the strength
of the opposing army; twenty-five thousand men opposed
to twenty thousand are not in the same proportion as two
hundred thousand men opposed to two hundred and fifty
thousand. Armies are strong in arithmetical, not geo-
metrical, proportion. For example, an army of twenty-
five thousand men could employ only five thousand to
form a detachment, and then would have great difficulty
in concealing the movement from the enemy. Besides,
twenty-five thousand could do little or nothing. The
least fortified place, the smallest post, might stop them,
whereas an army of two hundred and fifty thousand men
could easily send off a detachment of fifty thousand, which
would be an army sufficient to subdue a whole country
and capture its strongholds. The enemy would have
great difificulty in making out whether there were two
hundred thousand or two hundred and fifty thousand men
before him. The genius of Turenne would have enabled
him to command large armies as successfully as he did
little ones. If he had sprung out of the earth and stood
by my side at Wagram, he would have perceived my plan
and have understood everything."
"Turenne was not a briUiant talker, but he had the
genius essential to a general."
"He was the greatest of French generals. Contrary
to what is usual, he grew bolder as he grew older. His
last campaigns were superb. I want to write my obser-
vations on this subject. The tactics of that day were
different from ours. Armies in general were not large,
and the one that was largest played an important part in
GREAT GENERALS IN THE PAST 213
a campaign. Condé, too, was a good commander.
Marshal Saxe showed how badly off France was in his
day for good generals. I do not know any engagements
to his credit, except Lawfeld and Fontenoy. A good
general is not an ordinary man. Saxe and Luxembourg
were of the second order. Frederick stands in the first
rank, so do Turenne and Condé. I must write their
campaigns."
Prince Eugene.
"Prince Eugene committed several faults. The affair
at Cremona was a piece of foolishness. One must never
ask of fortune more than she can grant. Everything was
going well for him. Villeroy was taken, but the removal
of two boats out of the bridge made the whole thing fail.
The battle of Turin was fought against all rules, but it
succeeded, and had immense results. Prince Eugene was
a great general, higher up the ladder than the rest of
them. He fought on the Rhine, in Italy, and in Turkey."
"At Hochstadt Prince Eugene wanted to turn to the
left and force the French into the Danube. This is badly
reported by Feuquières, whose maps are ill made."
Frederick the Great.
"Frederick was always superior to his enemy at the
opening of a campaign, but when a battle was to be
fought his troops were a'lWays the fewest. His soldiers
were perfect, his cavalry was excellent; nothing could
resist their charge, as is the case with our cuirassiers.
And he knew well how to hold his army in hand during a
battle.
"Apparently he greatly despised his adversaries, the
Austrians especially. Daun did not undertake a pursuit
until twelve days after he had gained the battle of KoUin,
and Prince Charles did not leave Prague until four days
after the departure of his enemies. "
214 TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA
"Frederick, great as he was, did not understand artil-
lery. The best generals are those who have served in
that corps. People think it is easy to know how to place
a battery in position; it is a great thing, however. If
batteries are formed behind the first line of infantry in a
battle, and suddenly sixty to eighty cannon are unmasked,
all bearing on one point, it often decides a victory."
"Frederick, in his Instructions, did not like to tell
everything. There is much vagueness in them. He
could have done better had he chosen. I wanted to write
on the same subject, but then, when generals are defeated
they excuse themselves by saying that they only followed
the rules they had been taught. There are so many
different things to be considered in war. But no one can
write on it without pointing out the difference between
war in our own day and war in the time of the ancients."
"Frederick made a mistake by losing forty days before
the camp at Pirna, which was eighty-four thousand feet in
circumference. This loss of time cost him dear. I think
the capitulation of the Saxons was postponed in conse-
quence, from day to day. I blame the march of his
three columns, which came from three places, Frankfort
on the Oder, Magdeburg, and another. He should have
made them march closer to each other, in order to be able
to unite them when the enemy should attack him. But
Frederick would defend himself by saying that he wanted
to levy a contribution of money at Leipsic, and that he was
sure he should not be molested. People say that I am
rash; but Frederick was much more so. One cannot
understand how Prince Charles could have been so foolish
as to let him quietly cross two rivers. I have been writing
about the battle of Prague; a child might understand it.
I shall leave some notes on those campaigns, which may
be some day useful to my son. I might make you all
GREAT GENERALS IN THE PAST 215
admirable generals by discussions on military affairs. I
am an excellent schoolmaster. But I would not put my
impressions on such matters into print."
"Frederick was not an ordinary man. But at Kollin
he manoeuvred very badly. He sacrificed half his
troops. In my opinion he lost everything. Frederick
had great moral audacity. I am going shortly to dictate
my remarks on his campaigns. They will be very inter-
esting. I ought to have had his wars explained in the
École Polytechnique, and the military schools. Jomini
would have been a good man for that purpose. Such
teaching would have put excellent ideas into the heads of
the young pupils. It is true that Jomini always argues for
fixed principles. Genius works by inspiration. What is
good in certain circumstances may be bad in others, but
one ought to consider principles as an axis which holds
certain relations to a curve. It may be good to recog-
nize that on this or that occasion one has swerved from
fixed principles of war."
"Frederick sometimes acted against all the rules of
war. On one occasion he did not know that the Austri-
ans were near him, and he was taken by surprise. He
was obliged to face to the right in the midst of a battle.
In this campaign, and in that of Prague, he was always
superior in numbers to his enemy, and yet he came off badly
in those encounters. The great art of a general con-
sists, if he knows himself to be inferior in numbers to his
enemy, in proving himself superior on the field of battle.
One cannot comprehend the folly of the Prince of Lorraine,
wlio ought to have fallen upon Frederick and Schwerin
when they were advancing separately; instead of which he
shut himself up in Prague, with forty thousand men, and
let himself be blockaded by fifty thousand! He ought to
have made sorties with thirty thousand of his soldiers,
2i6 TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA
and Frederick would have raised the siege. In order to
invest a place properly one should take up a good posi-
tion, fifteen or eighteen miles away; fortify it, and station
detachments of men in echelons on the flanks, so that if the
enemy should attack any point, all the troops may concen-
trate at once to resist him. If a relieving force should
arrive to succor the besieged, the detachments on the
side opposite to the town should be withdrawn, and should
fall back on the fortified position.
"Frederick would not have manoeuvred as he did, had
I been his opponent. I see nothing fine in his operations
at Rosbach. He fell back on his base, and every time a
general does that, it is because he is obliged to do so. I
see no genius in that. If he had rushed with all his
forces on the left flank of the enemy's column, instead of
attacking it in front, as he did, it would have proved him
a great general. That is what I did at Austerhtz. I
should have done like Frederick if, instead of falling on
the flank of the Russians, I had fallen back on my base,
where Friant was stationed.
"Prince Charles ought to have made one sortie after
another at Prague. Soldiers are made on purpose to be
killed. All the same, I cannot conceive why Soubise at
Rosbach did not deploy his troops, why every colonel and
every officer in command of a battalion did not deploy
his men.
"Soubise could have drawn his columns together and
then have deployed regiment after regiment, ordering the
men to keep up a steady fire from both ranks. There is
no excuse for anybody; they ought to have put every
captain of artillery the army possessed into the batteries.
The Swiss alone held their ground, and Soubise ordered
them to retreat. He ought to have raUied them. He
had better have fought, even though he risked the loss of
eight thousand men, than have fallen back so shamefully.
In those days they did not know how to make war. In
GREAT GENERALS IN THE PAST 217
the French army there were too many men of talent fond
of talking; men who liked to argue and discuss. They
needed a commander who would firmly enforce his orders,
who cared nothing for these men of social talent, and who
would have made every one act as he thought proper. The
Marshal de Saxe was not an eagle, but he had firmness of
character, and could make himself obeyed. Nowadays
there is no general, no commander of a battalion, who has
not done better than Soubise. Madame de Pompadour
at that time caused the French to play the part of auxil-
iaries to the troops of the Princes of Germany.
"Frederick at Rosbach had twenty- five thousand men;
Soubise had twenty thousand French soldiers, and an
equal number belonging to the German princes. These
last were then good for nothing. (Now they have become
good soldiers, because they have been incorporated into
large bodies of men.) He had besides, thirty thousand
Bavarians.
"What is most remarkable about Frederick is not his
skill in military movements, but his audacity. He suc-
ceeded in doing what I never ventured to attempt. He
quitted his Hne of operations, and often seemed to act as
if he had no knowledge of the military art."
"Frederick was right in what he said about detach-
ments. In mountain warfare a general should let himself
be attacked rather than take the offensive. What to do
calls for ability! Suppose the enemy occupies a strong
position, you must take one that will compel him to come
out and attack you, or else to take up one in your rear.
That is what I did to make the Austrians evacuate
Saorgio. On a plain, I think as Frederick does, that it
is best to attack first. ObHque order is good only when
an army cannot manoeuvre. Mountains are much greater
obstacles than rivers. You can always cross a river, but
not a mountain. Very often, as is the case in the Vosges,
2i8 TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA
there are only two or three passes, and even they are
barred at places through which an army would have to
pass. In a few hours you can make a bridge, and it
would take six months to make a road. You may make
a détour of six or nine miles in some places, but you could
not make one of fifteen leagues. Before Marengo I could
not have crossed the Alps if the King of Sardinia had not
made roads up to the foot of the range. If there had
been soldiers enough to defend the town of Bard and the
fort, I could not have passed into Italy.
"The great advantage armies have at the present day
is their being made up of divisions; each of which, like
the Roman legion, can suffice for itself."
"There are good things in Frederick's Instructions,
but they are written in too great haste, and do not go
deep enough. I have begun, as you know, a work, which
if I ever finish it, will be interesting. Frederick, great
man as he was, committed some faults, — at KoUin, for
example, — but his historians were Prussians, and did not
point them out. One would like to read an account of
his campaigns, written by an officer serving under Daun."
Henri IV, and Some Other French Kings.
"Henri IV. never did anything great. He gave fifteen
hundred francs to his mistresses. Saint Louis was a
simpleton. Louis XIV. was the only King of France
worthy of the name."
The Emperor declared that the manifesto of Henri
IV. against his queen, Marguerite de Valois, was in his
opinion a libel.
"It makes me laugh to read how Masson endeavored
to demonstrate to Frederick the Great that Henri IV.
was the greatest captain of ancient or modem times. He
was a fine man, but he did nothing extraordinary, and as
GREAT GENERALS IN THE PAST 219
a gray-beard running after disreputable women in the
streets of Paris, he was an old fool. But in opposition
to Louis XIV., who was detested, Henri IV. has been
extolled to the skies. Besides, Voltaire, by his epic
poem the 'Henriade,' made him very popular. I am
sure that in his own day he had not the popularity he has
in ours."
"Henri IV. was a brave soldier. With his own sword
he sometimes risked himself far from his main army with
only one or two squadrons. Francis I. also was a brave
king; but a sovereign is surrounded by so many men who
entreat him not to risk his life, who assure him he will be
captured, and that his safety is everything for the state,
that many kings of France have been taken prisoners, so
that a king must be very brave indeed to go under fire."
"Henri IV. was a good soldier, but in his day all that
was needed was courage and good sense. It was not the
same thing as war with great masses of men. We must
do justice to the French kings; all of them were brave
men."
"The order of the Knights of Malta was absurd.
The Knights did nothing but enjoy their revenues. They
did no fighting. The Pope might very properly have
taken some of their wealth to destroy the Mediterranean
pirates. Saint Louis mismanaged his expedition into
Egypt. I should have failed in mine had I done the
same."
The Emperor thinks that we have very meagre reports
of the wars in the time of Louis XIV., and yet many
illustrious families, one would think, had an interest in
transmitting to posterity full accounts of the great deeds
of certain generals.
"Louis XIV. was the greatest king our country has
ever possessed. He had four hundred thousand men
220 TALKS OF NAPOLEON A T ST. //ELENA
under arms; and a king of France who could assemble
so many could have been no ordinary man. Only he and
I ever had such great armies."
"Louis XIV. was a great king, but not a great soldier.
His passage of the Rhine, which has been so much
praised, amounted to nothing. His troops passed over
by a ford defended by two poor regiments. But anyhow
he was a great king."
"The Revolution was beginning in the latter years of
Louis XV. He was a man of talent, and foresaw it; but
he thought, 'Things as they are will last my time.' "
We spoke of Louis XV. The Emperor said: "Louis
XV. never had any heart."
"It might be said with truth that Louis XV. gained
the battle of Fontenoy himself, by not following the advice
of his courtiers, who urged him to recross the river. If
he had gone, his household troops would have followed
him, and the battle would have been lost. He would
most certainly have been assassinated, he had so many
enemies, had the Revolution broken out in his day."
CHAPTER XIV.
MARSHALS AND GENERALS, 1814-1815.
MuRAT, Grand Duke of Berg and King of Naples.
— Ney, Due d'Elchingen and Prince de la
MosKWA. — Other Generals.
Murat, Grand Duke of Berg and King of Naples.
"Murat knew better than Ney how to conduct a cam-
paign, but after all he was a very poor general. He
always made war without the help of maps. At the time
of Marengo I ordered him to take Stradella. He sent his
corps thither, and it was already in action while he him-
self stayed at Pavia to make sure of a wretched contribu-
tion of ten thousand francs! I made him leave the place
immediately. But his delay cost us five hundred men.
The enemy had to be driven out of a position which we
ought to have been the first to occupy. How many errors
did not Murat commit in order to establish his headquarters
in some château where he knew there were pretty women !
He had to have women about him every day, and for that
reason I tolerated the practice of allowing generals to
have each a disreputable female attached to him."
"Murat has had only what he deserved. Ah! if I
could see his wife, I am certain she would tell me some
fine stories about him. It was all my own fault. I
ought to have left him a marshal, and never to have made
him Grand Duke of Berg; still less King of Naples. He
was off his head. He was very ambitious. I rose to
distinction step by step, but Murat wanted at a bound to
be chief of everything. He intrigued with Fouché before
my second marriage. I am certain that at Leipsic he was
221
223 TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST HELENA
betraying me. He had poor brains, which hatched
chimeras, and he fancied himself a great man. He
incited tlie Italians to revolt, but had no guns to furnish
them. He refused, like a fool, the asylumn Metternich
offered him, where as Count of Lipona he might have
lived very happily in exile. It is said he wished to die a
soldier's death; but bah! he had better have lived with
his wife and children. Besides, who knows what might
have happened? Instead of that he did the most foolish
act any man ever committed. He compromised two hun-
dred Corsicans,^ brave men 1 am sure, and almost all of
them my own relations. With two hundred men he set
out to recover a kingdom he had lost when at the head of
eighty thousand! He thought of disembarking at
Salerno; in that case he would have been shot at Salerno.
There were eight thousand Austrians at Naples. If there
had been twenty thousand English soldiers in Paris when
I left Elba, I could not have succeeded."
"You may be sure that Murat was not trying to march
on Monteleone, but that he was on the point of falling
back, when he was attacked."
"Six thousand French soldiers would be sufficient to
conquer the Kingdom of Naples, if it had only its own
troops to depend upon. When Murat fancied he had an
army and could do something after my return from Elba,
he cried: 'Ah! Ah! the old King! He will see! He
thinks his Neapolitans are soldiers. Well! they will
desert him. They are a vile mob!' Yet Murat had
managed to get along without a French army to keep him
on his throne, and that was a great thing. It was pure
folly to think that he could fight Austria and establish the
Kingdom of Italy." ^
^ Napoleon was apt to misstate numbers. Murat's Corsicans vary in his
statements from thirty to two hundred. — E. W. L.
*iThere is much mention of Murat in the chapters on the Russian Cam-
paign and the Return from Elba. Also in the chapter on Napoleon's Rise to
Fame and Fortune, in connection with events on the 13th Vendémiaire. These
it is not necessary to repeat here.— £. W. L.
MARSHALS AND GENERALS 223
Ney, Due d'Elschingen and Prince de la Moskwa.
(Born 1769; shot 1815.)
"Ney made a poor defence at his trial. He ought to
have shown more nobleness in his replies, and to have
taken his stand on the Convention of Paris. He could
not justify himself. He acted in good faith up to March
14th; that I think everybody is convinced of. It is false
that I sent him that proclamation; but whether I did or
not, he was equally guilty. What the devil! how came a
Marshal of France not to know what he said and what he
signed? Choiseul, who would not vote on the trial
because he said the court had not received sufficient
instructions, was one of the men shipwrecked at Calais.'
I gave him his life ; but you may be sure it was not from
gratitude he acted thus, but because he thought that had
he condemned Ney he would have had more to fear than
others if the reaction took another turn, than he had to fear
from the King if he did not unite in condemning him. He
knew very well that Louis would decline to receive him,
and that that would be all. On the other hand, his con-
duct made him many partisans. He was so miserably
poor at one time during my reign that he acted as one
of my spies."
"Men are like musicians in a concert: each man has
his own part to play. Ney was an excellent commander
for ten thousand men, but for all else he was a mere
fool."
"Ney's sole answer at his trial should have been, 'I
am under the protection of the Treaty of Paris; but kill
me if you think proper.' I should have said, if I had
been arrested: 'I am not here to render you any account
* A party of émigrés escaping from France were wrecked near Calais
about the close of the Revolution. They were captured and tried as returned
emigres. The daughter of Choiseul appealed to the First Consul and they
were set at liberty.— £. W. L.
224 TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. //ELENA
of my conduct. I cannot legally be condemned by you,
nor legally acquitted. But kill me if you please to do
so.' "
"General Lecourbe, who served under the Directory,
had all the qualities which make a good general. Ney
commanded a brigade under him. Ney had no talent,
nor had he moral courage. He was good to animate his
soldiers on a field of battle, but I never ought to have
made him a Marshal of France. He had, as Caffarelli
said of him, just the probity and courage of a hussar. I
ought to have left him a general of division. In 1 815,
was there ever seen such impudence, as when in his
proclamation he pretends to dispose of the throne of
France? I had great difficulty to contain myself about
this when I saw him. What Labédoyère said of his
conduct history believes. But Ney came over to me only
when he saw that all his regiments were deserting him.
He was looking for a reward. He had lost his head.
He is a hare-brained, foolish fellow. It was that that
made him act so absurdly in the Chamber of Peers.
France without her army will be lost! If Ney was shot
because he came over to me, he ought to have been shot
for not coming sooner."*
Other Generals.
"Desaix was the best general I ever knew. Clausel
and General Gérard promised well. Bernadotte has no
head. He is a true Gascon. He will not stay long
where he is. His turn for an overthrow will soon come.^
•There was a very strong feeling among Liberals in England that the
Duke of Wellington missed an occasion of displaying magnanimity in connec-
tion with Ney's execution. He was all-powerful in Paris at the time, and many
thought he might have interposed successfully in favor of so brilliant a Gen-
eral. Napoleon, however, could not forgive Ney. His presumption and impru-
dence in his proclamation told against him in the Emperor's mind much more
than his defection ; besides, as Napoleon said, " 1 never can endure traitors."—
£. W. L.
® Bernadotte was the son of a lawyer at Pau. He was destined for the
law, but entered the marine service. When the Revolution removed all
MARSHALS AND GENERALS 225
The Emperor regretted to Gourgaud that his marshals
and generals did not, on their trial,' show the heroic
fanaticism that men in such circumstances are reported to
have done in the English Revolution, and among the
Romans. He said that their defence seemed to have no
character. Only Cambronne appeared to advantage.
"Drouot said things he ought not to have said. He
drew up the proclamation himself at Elba. It is not
true that he tried to dissuade me from the enterprise.
You know, Gourgaud, I do not allow myself to be gov-
erned by advice."
Gourgaud, who was attached to Drouot, says to the
Emperor, in answer to this remark: "But he said at the
trial that he would do as he had done over again, under
the same circumstances!"
"True; but he was not like Cambronne, in whom I
see nothing to be blamed. Bourmont behaved basely.
Ney might have pointed out his conduct in sending to
Bertrand to ask me for employment, and then when he
saw things were not turning out well, he deserted me!
Bourmont was known to be one of the most false and
hypocritical men among the Vendeans. I never ought to
have given him employment. It was Junot who first put
him into my service. That simpleton always wanted to
restrictions of ranlc he entered the army and rose rapidly. His personal rela-
tions with Napoleon were never cordial. We have seen that he was nearly
involved in the conspiracy of Moreau. He served with great distinction both
under the Directory and in the campaigns of Napoleon. In the time of the
Directory he was Ambassador at Vienna and Minister of War. In 1810 he was
made Governor of Hanover, and conducted himself so ably that when the
Prince of Augustenburg, the Crown Prince of Sweden, died, he was elected by
the Swedes to be their future sovereign. The death of Charles XHl.in 1818
made him King Charles XIV. His administration was admirable. He left
his throne to his son Oscar, who married Josephine, daughter of Prince Eugene
Beauharnais. No royal family in Europe commands more general respect
than that of Sweden.
• Ney, Labédoyère, Lavalette, Lallemand, d'Erlon, Lefebvre, Davout. Bray-
er, Clausel, Laborde, Cambronne, Savary, Grouchy, and six others were brought
to trial. The hrst three were condemned to death. Several sought safety in
the United States; others were exiled; others were degradedfrom the peerage.
Drouot and Cambronne were released. Some were pardoned and even re-
ceived places and employment from the King.— .Û'. W, L.
226 TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. I/ELENA
be surrounded by noblemen with ten quarterings. And in
the last place, that madcap Labédoyère spoke for him.
Davout would have nothing to do with him."
"When Bernadotte was insulted at Vienna in the days
of the Directory, I was sent for by the Directors to give
them my opinion on the affair. They wanted to make
war at once on the Emperor of Austria. I told them:
*If the Emperor wished for war with the Republic, he
would not insult it. When the Austrians think of making
war, they cajole and flatter the enemy, so that they may
have a better chance to stick a knife into him. They
offer all sorts of reparation. You do not understand the
Cabinet at Vienna; it is the meanest and most perfidious
to be found. It will not make war with you, because it
cannot. Peace with Austria is only a truce, but just now
it cannot be for the interest of the Republic to break it.'
They shortly after received a dispatch from Bernadotte,
which confirmed what I had told them. The Austrian
Emperor had made all sorts of excuses."
"Desaix was my best general, Kleber next, and I
think Lannes the third."
"Drouot might have risen high. Gassendi wrote to
me after Duroc died, to ask me to give him the Due de
Frioul's place; in which case he was ready to resign him-
self, to prove that he was not actuated by ambition.
Eblé was a man of great merit, he was really extraordi-
nary. Lariboisière was good and brave. Sénarmont at
Friedland placed thirty guns in position. It is not easy to
find good officers of artillery; nevertheless I had Sorbier."
**I was very fond of Legrand; he was a very brave
man, an excellent general of division; but he would not
have made a good commander-in-chief. He was not an
eagle, but he had sacred fire. He would not sign my
deposition."
MARSHALS AND GENERALS 227
"Augereau was very brave. I can never forget him
in the affair of Castiglione."
"Victor is a better general than people think. At the
passage of the Beresina he got over nearly his whole
corps. At Smolensk, Châtaux, his son-in-law, said to me
when I gave him orders for Victor: 'He never will be
able to do that. Your Majesty ought to send the King of
Naples.' It was the order to reach the Beresina before
I got there. You remember Châtaux? He was a brave
young man; he was killed at Montereau, in 1814. I sin-
cerely regretted him. He took Brienne."
"You are mistaken, Gourgaud, in your estimate of
Lannes. Both he and Ney were men who would have
killed you if they saw it would be to their advantage.
But on a field of battle they were incomparable. I can-
not tell what Lannes might have done in these latter times.
Marmont, whom I might say I brought up from boyhood,
was treacherous to me. Berthier was treacherous too,
but then he was a man of Versailles. Indeed, all men of
noble birth, like Nansouty, Moncey, and Lauriston, were
not real patriots. They deserted me as soon as the oppor-
tunity presented itself. Praslin behaved well, so did
Beauvau, but they were the sons of patriot fathers. One
must always have near one people one can rely on. I
was careful not to put generals who had formerly been
nobles at the head of my armies. Septeuil, for example,
whatever his capacity, I should never have made a general-
in-chief. His father had been the King's valet de
chambre. ^^
"Ah! Duroc and Bessieres! At least they died on
the field of honor.'
The Emperor said that he took Marmont on the
recommendation of his uncle, pushed his fortunes,
brought him on as if he had been his son, and married
' Duroc killed in battle, 1813. Bessieres killed, 1813.— £'. W. L.
228 TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA
him to Mademoiselle Perregaux. "And he betrayed me!
He will be more unhappy than I am! ^ I said so at
Fontainebleau after his first desertion."
* Marmont was of a good family in tfie south of France. He served in the
army before the Revolution. After that, under the patronage of Napoleon, he
rose rapidly, though he was never considered a great general. In Spain he
displeased Napoleon by the loss of the battle of Salamanca. He was left in
command of the garrison of Paris in 1814, and capitulated to the Allies. Louis
XVni. received him into favor and gave him employment. After Napoleon's
return from Elba he renewed his allegiance to his old master, but a second
time deserted him when the Senate pronounced his deposition. His subse-
quent conduct was vacillating and weak. He died in 1852. He commanded
the royal troops during the revolution of 1830, and left France with Charles X.—
E. W. L.
CHAPTER XV.
THE ART OF WAR.
"A general must never for any minor consideration
miss his chance of destroying the enemy. Therefore, at
Mantua I abandoned my artillery, because I had only
thirty thousand men and was going to fight a hundred
thousand."
"To Lefebvre was due the victory of Fleurus. He
is a very brave man, who did not care about the move-
ments taking place on his right or on his left; all he
thought of was how to fight right on. He was not afraid
of dying. That was well, but sometimes such men get
themselves into dangerous circumstances, and are sur-
rounded. Then comes capitulation, and after that they
have lost their courage forever."
"Cannon ought to accompany the rear guard of an
army; and each man should carry several charges for the
guns. Thus the advanced guard would have enough to
supply a battery, without having the encumbrance of
caissons. I think that the weight might be easily divided;
a hundred pounds would be enough for the weight of the
balls."
"A man at the head of affairs is like the commander-
in-chief of an army, who the night before a battle ought
to issue his orders for the next day. If he does not,
every one merely does what he is ordered to do at the
moment, and no plan is carried out; all is confusion."
"Each division possesses all that makes it complete.
It is like the Roman legion. If the French army had
229
230 TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA
been so organized at Fontenoy its manœuvres would not
have been partial, as they were. Voltaire imagines that
Richeheu ' won that battle! His description is absurd.
He takes pains to tell us the names of the nobles, and the
numbers of their regiments only, and makes no mention
of the principal movements. At Denain (1712) I should
have done like Villars."
"It is easy to see that Gassendi^ had no personal
knowledge of war. He is a nobody, an ignoramus. He
never ought to have put such nonsense in a work that was
semi-official. It was no business of his, as a Councillor
of State, to criticise the operations of generals. What
must foreigners think of it.-* In England, for example,
such a thing could not be done. He thought by a few
flights of flattery to make amends for what he had said.
It looks to me like irony. He constantly quotes Gribeau-
val,^ who really was a good officer, but had never been
present at any siege but that of Schweidnitz; however,
he did great service in pointing out how to lighten and
how to simplify the artillery. If he had been actively
engaged in war as long as we, he would have been the
first to propose to simplify it still more. In all that we
have done we have only followed the principles laid down
by Gribeauval, founded on his observations during a
twenty-five years' war. Gassendi does not approve of
horse artillery; above all ours, in which the cannoniers are
on horseback. Well! that alone has changed the face of
war. I mean that it enables a corps of cavalry and some
batteries of horse-artillery to act together, and to fall
upon the rear of an enemy. What, after all, is the
expense of a few regiments of horse-artillery compared to
the advantage of such a branch of the service.'' Besides
* The Due de Richelieu, minister of Louis XV.
' Gassendi had been an officer in the wars of the Revolution.
^Gribeauval wrote a book upon artillery in the eighteenth century. — E.
W.L.
THE ART OF WAR 231
this, a soldier must learn to love his profession, must look
to it to satisfy all his tastes and his sense of honor. That
is why handsome uniforms are useful. A slight thing will
often make men stand firm under fire, who but for that
might have given way. I also wanted to have roads made
more practicable for the passage of artillery. The fate
of a battle — of a country even — often depends on whether
artillery can get up where it is wanted."
When the Emperor retired after this discourse on artil-
lery, which he kept up till one o'clock in the morning,
Montholon remarked: "His Majesty said many good
things, but there were some that I should like to criticise."
"Yes," said Gourgaud, "when he talks of artillery,
of the ammunition chest, those are practical details that
he knows nothing about. He thinks our present bayonets
are too short, but that is a point to be settled, not by a
general of artillery, but by infantry generals. The branch
of the service the Emperor thinks most capable of form-
ing good generals is the infantry, in which a man learns
how to direct the movement of troops, and the choice
of positions."
"When I first ordered the lancers to wear cuirasses
they rebelled, but I made them obey, and they adopted
them. It is only necessary for a chief to will it, and a
thing is done."
"The defence of a convoy is always difficult; but the
enemy very often is mistaken as to the force guarding a
convoy and thinks it is more than it is. Mountains are
worse obstacles in a march than rivers; with artillery one
can always get across a river; a good bridge of boats can
be made in three hours. It can be begun in the evening,
and the army can pass over it in the morning."
"I should have liked to establish a war college at
Fontainebleau. I would have appointed Gérard, Maison,
232 TALKS OF NAPOLEON A T ST. HELENA
and others whom I wished to promote to be its profes-
sors. I should soon have formed excellent generals."
"We ojght to have light iron cannon for mountain
warfare; twenty-four-pounders in several pieces, which
could be carried on the backs of mules. And in every
company several short twenty-four-pounders. The absence
of these in Egypt lost me the taking of Acre."
"A great general is no common thing. Of all the
generals of the Revolution I know only Desaix and Hoche,
who, had they lived, would have become famous. Kleber
was too fond of pleasure. He dishonored himself by
wanting to leave Egypt. It has been said that I feared
him. Ah! mon Dieu! if I had given him money and
made him a duke, he would have kissed my hand. Hoche
was different. I do not know how he would have acted
at the present time. He had active ambition, and much
talent. I never liked to take risks. I was always saying
to myself, 'Let things alone, and see what will come of
them.' "
Gourgaud: "It seems, then. Sire, that Hoche liked
to control circumstances; Your Majesty liked to profit by
them."
Napoleon: "Hoche was too ardent to wait patiently.
I think that, like Moreau, he might have broken his head
against my palace walls. Moreau without his wife would
have been on the best terms with me, for indeed, in the
main, he was an excellent man. However, he could not
command more than twenty thousand men. That was
the opinion of both Kleber and Desaix. Perhaps under
me he might have improved. With forty thousand men I
should not have feared Moreau with sixty thousand nor
Jourdan with a hundred thousand. I have just been
reading the history of those campaigns. Moreau did very
well. The Archduke Charles did well too; but as for
THE ART OF WAR 233
Jourdan — incapacity could not be carried further. Under
a good government his head should have been cut off for
his retreat when he abandoned Moreau."
"War is a singular art. I assure you that I have fought
sixty battles, and — well! — I learned nothing but what I
knew when I fought the first. Look at Cœsar; he fought
for the first time as he did the last. At Zama Scipio was
very near being vanquished. Montesquieu tells us that
the greatness of the Romans hung on a broken bridge.
If Hannibal had triumphed there, it would have been all
over with the Romans — and all for a bridge !
"A good army ought to be one in which each officer
knows what he ought to do according to circumstances.
.... I do not deserve more than half credit for the
battles I have won. It is enough for a successful general
to be named in connection with a victory, for the fact is
it was gained by his soldiers."
The Emperor declares that at the present day nations
make war with rose-water.
"In old times the vanquished were either put to death
or sold into slavery, and women were violated. If I had
done that kind of thing when I took Vienna, the Russians
would not so easily have got to Paris. War is a very
serious thing."
The Emperor thinks he ought to have stayed a month
longer in Spain in 1809, when he might have thrown Sir
John Moore into the sea. The English would have been
disheartened, and would have given up interfering on the
Continent.
"Carnot's book is founded on a false principle. He
argues on the supposition that garrisons are composed of
picked men, but they are generally made up of conscripts,
invalides, and national guards, who would be of no use in
the open country, and are of service only behind walls,
234 TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA
where they are gaining experience and instruction. If at
the beginning of a siege the garrison makes sorties, the
few who are very brave get killed, and the remainder are
a mere mob, with whom no vigorous action can be
attempted. Carnot never saw war, and his experience of
warfare had to be acquired. Strongly fortified places are
useful to contain supplies, and to contain soldiers who in
the open field would be routed by a few hussars ; but they
can be trained into real soldiers during one campaign, after
which they can act on the offensive, and increase the
strength of the army. They can harass the rear of an
enemy if he is making a forced march, and oblige him to
leave a considerable force behind for his protection.
Another advantage is to shorten the line of operations.
When I marched on Vienna, Wurtzburg and Braunau
were of the greatest use to me. If Vienna had held out,
that would have changed my plan of operations; but the
inhabitants of a capital which can be bombarded have a
great influence on the question of surrender, or defence.
As soon as I was master of Vienna eight or ten thousand
men were all I wanted to hold it. I was certain that the
enemy would not think of destroying it, and the threat
made by my garrison of burning the city in case of resist-
ance was enough to intimidate the inhabitants."
"Paris ought to have been, and must yet be, fortified.
At the present day armies are so large that the strong-
holds on our frontier would not stop a victorious army.
It is a great stroke for an enemy flushed with recent vic-
tory to march on a capital and take possession of it. But
when Paris is fortified, the extent of its walls ought to be
such that it need not fear bombardment. I always
intended to do this, and I meant to fortify Montmartre,
or some point on the Seine, which Vincennes does not
command, like the Arche de l'Étoile. But I was always
restrained by the fear that my fortifications would be
THE ART OF WAR 235
unpopular with the Parisians, who would have been sure
to see in my redoubts and strongholds, so many Bastilles.
I spoke of my intention to Fontaine, and the Arch of
Triumph was to be so constructed as to have a platform
on the top of it, furnished with cannon, which would have
a long range and would flank Montmartre. They would
have served as a support to other defensive works erected
in the vicinity. I should have liked to build at Mont-
martre a Temple to Victory. It would (like the arch)
have had a platform on which we should have mounted
cannon, and would have secured that important point. A
few batteries of twenty-four-pounders below it would have
produced a great effect. It is a grave fault in the present
system to give up capitals.
"In addition, France ought to have a strongly fortified
position on the Loire, somewhere near Tours. It is
absurd to have all depots, and all factories that make
arms close on the frontier, exposed to be cut off as soon
as an enemy enters on an active campaign I am
in favor of counterscarps."
"Camot always was self-opinionated. He was not a
good engineer, nor could he draw up plans for active oper-
ations like a good general; but he was an honest man,
and very industrious. Such qualities are sure to make a
reputation."
"I highly value a good captain of artillery who knows
how to select the best spot on which to place his guns,
and is brave. I prefer him to all men who only superin-
tend workmen; he knows what fire is, and cannot be bought
over. I have the same opinion of engineer officers. The
best one is a man who has had experience in sieges, in
the defense of strongholds, and knows how to adapt the
kind of fortifications he wants to the face of the country.
I am certain Haxo or Roguet would have constructed a
236 TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA
fortified post better than Fontaine. Haxo and Roguet
are men of war; Fontaine is a mere builder.
"The noblest man is he who goes straight into the
front of fire. War can be taught only by experience.
Carnot would never have written a book about his system
if he had known the effect of a bullet. I would rather
marry a daughter of mine to a good soldier who could
fight, than to any head of any bureau in the War Depart-
ment. If an official fails, he never recovers himself unless
he goes into the midst of war and danger. Then he may
learn how to make plans."
"I was fond of Murat because of his brilliant bravery;
that was why I forgave him many foolish things. Bes-
sières was a cavalry officer, but somewhat frigid; he lacked
what Murat had too much of. Ney was a man of rare
bravery. Lefebvre at the siege of Dantzic wrote me at
first all kinds of nonsense, but as soon as the Russians
disembarked he was in his own element, and his reports
became those of a man who sees things clearly. In
France there is never any lack of men of talent, men who
can make plans, but we never have enough men of action,
and high character — men who have in them the sacred
fire."
"Don't you think more highly of Nelson than of any
experienced naval constructor.'' What Nelson had, which
raised him above naval constructors, he did not acquire,
it was a gift from nature. I grant, of course, that a
good director of transportation may be very useful, but I
do not like to reward him as I do a man who has shed his
blood. For instance, I very reluctantly made Evain a
general of artillery. I cannot bear an officer who owes
his rank to having worked well in an office. I know, of
course, that we must occasionally have generals who never
saw powder burned, but I do not like them."
THE ART OF WAR 237
"General ofiEicers are too well paid in France; they
ought not to look for allowances. I very much approve
the state of things in the English army where all the offi-
cers in a regiment share the same mess. The Romans
gave each general only four times as much as a common
soldier It should be no easy matter for a soldier
to rise from the ranks and to become an officer. Young
men fresh from the military schools with allowances from
their families ought to be the first to claim the epaulette.
In France officers are not treated with enough considera-
tion. Those in my Guard were seldom well educated,
but they suited my system. They were all tried soldiers,
descended from peasants, laborers, and artisans. Society
in Paris had no influence over them; they depended on
me entirely. I held them more firmly, and was more sure
of their obedience than I should have been of men better
nurtured and better educated. But in a government fully
established, one-fourth or one-fifth of the commissions is
quite enough to give to men who have risen from the
ranks."
"In time of war we make no especial provision for the
feeding of our officers. They are at the mercy of their
soldiers. Things ought to be done with order. Officers
in war as well as in peace ought to have their own pur-
veyors and eat in common.
"We give too much bread to our soldiers. Bread
should be supplemented by rice and meat. There is
nothing a man's palate cannot become accustomed to in
time."
"War in the days of Vendôme and of Villars (1702)
was made very differently from what it is now. Armies
are not organized now as they were then. They had not
so much artillery. Our present organization into divis-
ions is excellent."
238 TALKS OF NAPOLEON A T ST. HELENA
"Other nations have never got all they might have got
out of their cavalry, which is an extremely useful branch of
the service. Just see, at Nangis and at Vauchamps what
I did with mine! At Lutzen, if the enemy had massed
his infantiy upon his left, and making a gap, had come
down upon our rear, what disorder would have taken
place then." *
"No general should be actively employed who is more
than sixty years of age. Honorable positions should be
given them, but positions in which there is little or noth-
ing to do. I made a mistake when I nominated old men
as senators. The members of the electoral colleges were
not in touch with the people. The peasants, when they
speak of a man who is sixty, call him 'Father' so and
so."
"England wanted to keep our good sailors prisoners
of war, and to give us only the sick and unserviceable,
and she expected I should give her in return all the prison-
ers I had been able to take. I offered to send back three
thousand men for three thousand — that is to say, one
thousand Englishmen, one thousand Spaniards, and one
thousand officers in exchange for so many Frenchmen.
But this cartel of exchange was refused."
"In France general officers are too highly paid; pri-
vate soldiers ought to be better treated. A sergeant ought
to have one and a half times the pay of a soldier, a second
lieutenant twice, a lieutenant three times, a captain four,
' There was a discussion between the Emperor and the three officers, com-
panions of his exile, on the use of mules in an army. None of them made any
allusion to the liability of mules to stampede, which has caused disasters in our
modern warfare. Gourgaud objects to pack mules, and prefers very light two-
wheeled caissons, like those in the Russian army, to transport ammunition.
They next proceeded to discuss material for a chevaux-de-fri.se to be carried
by soldiers; and iron pipes to be carried by mules, to supply water with the
help of pumps to besieged places. On these subjects they agreed so well that
the talk ended in good humor, and the Emperor gave Gourgaud an orange.—
E. W. L.
THE ART OF WAR 239
a colonel six, a brigadier-general eight, a general of divis-
ion ten. We ought to do like the Spartans, and make the
generals mess with their men."
"Drouot is our best living officer of artillery. The
engineers ought not to be joined with the artillery, but to
have their own sappers and pontoniers."
"A battalion ought always to have its flanks protected
by a half company, ranged along each side of it."
"Bertrand is the best engineer officer in Europe."
"A battalion of infantry that had its first rank armed
with pikes would be invincible against a charge of
cavalry. When fired at too close range, a cannon-ball
loses half its force, but I greatly esteem la mitraille."
"I should like to do away with caissons and let every
cannon carry a chestful of skin bags, each containing a
charge."
"I think that men in the second rank of infantry ought
to have longer guns than those in front. Their present
bayonets are too short. The third rank ought to be pro-
vided with galoshes half a foot high."
"There should be three ranks in the infantry: the first,
of the shortest men, armed with carbines; in the second,
men of the ordinary size, carrying muskets of the model
of 1777; in the third, the tallest soldiers, made five feet
six inches,* by means of galoshes of felt. Their guns
should have barrels forty-six inches long." ^
* French measure. Their foot and their inch are longer than ours. Mait-
land says the Emperor's height was five feet five inches.
* Gourgaud in vain raises objections to the three different kinds of weapoa
He speaks of the difficulty of balancing so long a gun, the ramrod, etc.
Gourgaud, who was an experienced infantry and artillery officer, evidently
thought that the Emperor, so great as the commander of an army, knew prac-
tically very little of small details.
240 TALKS OF NAPOLEON A T ST. HELENA
"I wish for no official administrators, no writers, no
reporters with the army. Each battahon ought to be so
ordered that it can work separately ; it ought to have its
drummers, surgeons, musicians, and artisans. It ought
to administer itself, and correspond with an official at
headquarters, who should have sixteen battalions under
his charge. The cuirassiers and the hussars should be
looked after by their colonel-general. Each battalion
should have six companies, one of which should be grena-
diers and another voltigeurs. At the beginning of a cam-
paign two battalions, each containing nine hundred men,
may be formed of these four companies — three only later
on, one of the three having been drafted into the others,
and so keep up two battaHons of five hundred and forty
men each. What would then become of the officers,-'
They would take command of the recruits. I want my
infantry to be like a corps of artillery; their colonel would
then be like a brigade general, the commander of a battal-
ion like the colonel.
"I should give officers in a campaign no allowance for
food and no forage. The pay would be fixed for each
grade. A portable mill to grind corn should be carried
by each company, and bits of sheet iron on which the
men could bake cakes — no loaf bread. The men should
be fed in peace as they are in war. There should be a
corps of guides or orderlies for staff service. At the
War Department no commissaries of war; their duties
can be done by the sub-prefects. The Minister of War
would only have to correspond with about twenty-five
commissaries or colonels-general, which would make a
great saving in the expenses." '
"Rice is the best food for the soldier.^ A few mules
' Gourgaud raised objections to all this, and the Emperor got angry.
^ His Majesty causes the cook to make a galette (a sort of pone) of four
ounces of fiour and four ounces of rice, and has it brought that he may eat it
on the morrow.
THE ART OF WAR 241
can carry rice enough to feed a battalion for a fortnight.
The artillery would march better if it had no caissons.
Mules could carry the ammunition instead. Every battal-
ion might have two mules, each of which could carry two
thousand five hundred cartridges.
"In mountain warfare I like twelve-pounders, but
Gassendi does not. If I had had short twenty-four-
pounders in Egypt, I should have taken Acre."
His Majesty thinks that should he write the history of
his campaigns, it would be an admirable work for the
instruction of generals, but it would not do to have it
published. "Without speaking of great principles I
would criticise every campaign, give the reasons for and
against every movement, and the reader could instruct
himself by reflecting on what was said. It is really
astonishing that during the Revolution so many follies
were committed by the generals. Championnet acted
without good sense always."
"I assure you that I had not read Jomini's book when
I made the campaigns of Ulm, AusterHtz, and Jena; but
it is really astonishing to see how I acted according to his
counsels. A battle is a very serious matter, and its suc-
cess or its loss may depend on a very little thing — on a
hare, for example. One always runs great risks in giving
battle, and one must never take them rashly, unless one
is forced to do so, when the enemy has cut your line of
operations. You must never attempt a movement of
reunion in the presence of an enemy. The art of war
does not require complicated manœuvres; the most
simple are the best. Above all, a general must have
good sense. By that rule one cannot understand how
generals have committed so many faults; it must have
been because they wished to show how clever they were.
The most diflScult thing is to guess at the projects of the
242 TALKS OF NAPOLEON A T ST. I/ELENA
enemy, and to find out what is true and what is false in
the reports that one receives. The rest requires only-
common sense; it is like an encounter at fisticuffs, — the
more blows one can put in the better. It is also neces-
sary to have well studied the maps." '
' Gourgaud, in other discussions with the Emperor, reports his master as
saying that he wanted to do away altogether with ammunition wagons. "In
his scheme for reorganizing the army he thinks the soldiers ought to make
and mend their own clothes and their own shoes, shoe their horses, etc. Grain
would be served out to them, and they should make their own bread. Artillery-
men should be both cannoniers and soldiers of the line. Officers are paid too
much, and soldiers too little. Management and commissariat should consist
solely of soldiers."
CHAPTER XVI.
ANECDOTES AND MISCELLANEOUS
SAYINGS.
"I grieve for the loss of the battle of Waterloo; not
for myself, but for our unhappy France."
"If the Jacobins get the upper hand in Europe, I may
be called back, for there is no one but myself who can
put them down. There are many chances that Jacobin-
ism may grow formidable, for I observe there are many
secret societies at work in Europe. Deliberative bodies
are terrible things for a sovereign. I see they are likely
to be established in Prussia, where the king is a fool. He
plays the liberal, and promises a parliament! He will
soon see what that will cost him! In England I have
great hopes from Princess Charlotte Belgium
and the Rhine provinces are integral parts of France;
they are hoping for a change."
"Ah! I know the English! You may be sure that
the sentinels stationed round this house have orders from
the Governor to kill me. They will pretend to give me a
thrust with a bayonet by mistake some day."
"The King of Wiirtemberg wrote me that he would
declare for me as soon as he was able. He often said
harsh things to me about the English."
"Posterity will not fail to reproach England for having
left me two months at the Briars, in an ill-furnished room,
without even the convenience of taking my accustomed
baths."
343
244 TALKS OF NAPOLEON A T ST. HELENA
"I cannot bear red. It is the color of England."
"Rousseau was a strange man. In the 'Nouvelle
Héloïse' the trials of the husband are nonsense; and
there is nothing remarkable in the style. Look at the
suicide's letter! It is a coward's part to kill one's self."
The Emperor added that a man cannot know but that
he would repent the step if he outlived it, and that many
men intending to commit suicide have only wounded
themselves, and afterwards have felt that the resolution to
commit suicide had been absurd.'
His Majesty told us that when he came back to Paris
after his campaign in Italy, Madame de Stâel did everything
she could to propitiate him. She even came to the Rue
Chantereine, but was sent away. She wrote him a great
many letters, some from Italy, some in Paris. She also
asked him to a ball, but he did not go. At a fête given
by Talleyrand, she came and sat down beside him and
talked to him for two hours ; finally, she suddenly asked
him, "Who was the most superior woman in antiquity,
and who is so at the present day?" He answered, "She
who has borne the most children."
The Emperor told us that Berthier wanted to leave
Egypt before we made our expedition into Syria. He
wanted to get back to France that he might hang round
Madame Visconti. But after having made all arrange-
ments for his departure and received permission from the
Directory, he found that His Majesty blamed his conduct
so much that he came and asked as a favor not to be
allowed to go. Every night at a certain hour he looked
at the moon, and his lady-love at the same moment looked
at it also. He had a separate tent, in which he hung up
' Napoleon's remarks on suicide prove that the current story that he took
poison at Fontainebleau after his tirst abdication must be untrue. He proba-
bly had a severe attack of illness at Fontainebleau from overstrain of body and
mind, as he had had before at Dresden.— i;. W. L.
J/. I RSH. U. A/. I SSEA'.l
MISCELLANEOUS SAYINGS 245
her portrait and adorned it with all manner of draperies,
and cashmere shawls of great value. Berthier and
Napoleon, as Commander-in-chief, were the only men
allowed to enter this tent. Napoleon once gave him a
diamond worth one hundred and fifty thousand francs,
advising him to take good care of it. Some time after-
wards Josephine spoke to her husband of Madame Vis-
conti's beautiful diamond. He asked Madame Visconti
to let him see it, and at once recognized the diamond he
had given to Berthier.
"I owed my connection with Madame Walewska to
Talleyrand.'"
"If I had had Bessières at Waterloo my Guard would
have decided the victory."
Napoleon said that Ney at his trial should have an-
swered: "The Treaty of Paris protects me; but kill me
if you like."
"If I myself had been arrested I should have merely
said: 'I am not accountable to you for anything. You
cannot try me legally. You can kill me if you think
proper.' "
"It needs more courage to suffer than to die."
"I am reproached with Waterloo I ought to
have died at the battle of the Moskwa." [Borodino.]
> Napoleon was very fond of discussing his " bonnes fortunes" with Gour-
gaud; and made no secret of the names of the women they concerned. He
insisted, however, that he had had only six or seven mistresses. 1 have not
thought it necessary to copy such conversations, but the sad history of Madame
Walewska deserves to be told. She was intensely patriotic and the wife of a
nobleman who was also devoted to the Polish cause. Both husband and wife
and the brothers of Madame Walewska thought that the influence of a woman
he loved would attach Napoleon firmly to the cause of Poland. Madame
Walewska sacrificed her honor for the good of her country. She was very
faithful to Napoleon. She offered to join him at Elba. She bore him two chil-
dren. One was the M. Walewski, who was sent over to England by the Emperor
Napoleon 111. to attend the funeral of the Duke of Wellington. He was also
Freach Ambassador in London and greatly esteemed there.— .£. W, L.
246 TALKS OF NAPOLEON A T ST. HELENA
After reading over his bulletins and his proclamations
in Egypt, the Emperor remarked: "C'est un peu
charlatan!"
An English frigate, commanded by Captain Bowen, a
relative of Lord St. Vincent, came into Jamestown, the
port of St. Helena. Captain Bowen obtained leave to
see the Emperor, who received him very graciously.
Learning that he was likely to see Lord St. Vincent in
England, Napoleon said: "Make him my compliments as
a good sailor, and a good soldier. He is a brave, good
man."
"There is little generosity in humiliating generals
delivered over, without means of self-defence, to your
discretion."
"After I reached Moscow I should have died there." '
"Josephine would never have accepted Madame de
Montebello for her dame d'honneur, I should have done
much better had I married a Frenchwoman, and not an
Austrian."
"Madame de Brignole came very near marrying
Lebrun, who was in love with her. I should have had
nothing to say against it. But his son came and spoke
to me about it, as if his father had not the right to do
what he pleased. Madame de Brignole was a clever
woman, but though she was no longer young, she liked
to try the power of her charms. Once at Versailles I
made her drive in my calèche, that she might talk of
Genoa before the Empress, and Madame de Brignole
fancied I was falling in love with her. I saw it plainly."
"One night at the Trianon I went at midnight into the
salon de service [the antechamber where those who might
• " 1 think so, too," says Gourgaud. " The Emperor should have died at
Moscow, or at Waterloo, for the campaign of Dresden was in no respect
extraordinary; but the return from Elba was one of the most astonishing
things ever done."
MISCELLANEOUS SAYINGS 247
be needed in the night waited]. There I was astonished
to see Monsieur de Viry sitting asleep. I talked to him
in the gallery, and said: ''Pardieu! Monsieur de Viry,
you must have a great sense of duty to stay here all night
at your age, to keep awake, and to be ready for any
summons.'
"Then Monsieur de Viry made me a very sufficient
answer. 'It is the only enjoyment I can have at my age.
If I were to go to the theatre I should see old love stories,
but here I see new ones. Here I am able to do some
service to others. I think I am useful to some people.
When I go home my friends are anxious to see me.
They think that I can do much for them, and in fact, I
have helped some and may yet help others. Instead of
which, if I were not at court I should die of ennui, and
be good for nothing — no use to anybody. I had rather
sit up till two o'clock in the morning.'
"This Monsieur de Viry was an excellent man."
"I never saw any passion like that of Berthier for
Madame Visconti. In Egypt he looked at the moon every
night at the same time she did. In the middle of the
desert a tent was set apart for the picture of Madame
Visconti. He burned perfumes before it. Three mules
were employed to carry this tent and its baggage. I often
went into it, and would sit down with my boots on on its
sofa. Berthier would be furious at this. He thought I
was profaning his sanctuary. He loved her so much
that he was always trying to make me talk of her, though
I never said anything but what was disparaging. He
wanted to leave the army to go back to her. I had
written my dispatches, he had taken leave of me, and had
received his leave of absence, when he came to me with
tears in his eyes and asked to stay. If I had left him to
succeed me as commander-in-chief in Egypt he would
have evacuated the country. After the battle of Marengo
248 TALKS OF NAPOLEON A T ST. HELENA
he drew up a report in which Soprani was mentioned five
times. Soprani was Madame de Visconti's son, a young
officer only sixteen, and Berthier attributed to him the
gaining of the battle. Soprani did this, and Soprani did
that, he wrote; and it was all to gratify Madame Visconti.
Two months after his marriage with a princess of Bavaria,
a marriage which had been brought about by Monsieur
Visconti, he came to me in great agitation: 'He is dead!'
he cried. 'Who is dead?' 'Her husband.' 'Who is
dead, I asked you.' 'Monsieur Visconti. I have just
missed my happiness! Why have I been married?' — and
all such nonsense! She was very sad too. 'Ah! if he
had only died three months earlier!'
"Berthier had been fond of the Bourbons from the days
of his youth. He had once served them, I used to tell
him that he was only a valet de Versailles!''
"I was at first no admirer of the acting of Mademoi-
selle Mars, when she tried to play the part of great
coquettes, but after having seen her frequently at the
theatre I changed my opinion of her entirely. I do not
think any one could act better. She was a model of refine-
ment and good taste, and government ought to patronize
such actresses, to propagate an appreciation of good
manners."
"Eh! mon Dieu, Berthier and Marmont, whom I had
overwhelmed with favor and kindness, how they have
behaved to me! I defy anybody to impose on me again.
Men must be very scoundrelly to be as bad as I conceive
them. And do you suppose that Drouot, who always
wanted to serve in the batteries where there was the most
danger, did it for love of me? He did it that men might
talk of him."
"You have a glorious future before you, Gourgaud.
The only person who has the right to be unhappy here is
MISCELLANEOUS SAYINGS 249
myself. To have fallen from such a height ! And now I
cannot, like you, take a walk, as I will not be escorted by
an English officer. Everything I do is spied upon. You
are all secretly at feud with one another.' You are all
bragging and boasting. You have no consideration for
me. What right has any one to hinder my seeing this or
that person.-* Why should any of you interfere in my
affairs? .... You all fancied when you came here
that you were to be my comrades. I am no man's com-
rade. No one can reign over me. You expected to be
the centre here of everything, like the sun among the
stars. It is I who am that centre. You have caused me
many annoyances since I came here. If I had known
how it would be, I would have brought only servants. I
can live well enough alone. When one gets too tired of
life a sudden stab with a sharp dagger is soon given."
"I have a tender remembrance of the young girls who
were chosen in all the cities of France to present me
flowers. The Empress always offered them some gift,
and I paid them compliments, by which they were
extremely flattered, and their little heads grew full of
enthusiasm for me. At Amiens one of these girls, who
on a previous occasion had presented me with flowers,
sprang forward, exclaiming, 'Ah, Sire, how much I love
you!' I asked the Prefect afterwards about this young
person. He told me that she had been almost beside her-
self on this subject, ever since I had last passed through
Amiens. To make some return to the inhabitants I said to
her father and mother that I was very much pleased with
the love they bore me, and that children always followed
the example of their parents. Had I wanted a seraglio
I might easily have formed one out of these young
girls."
• All this was especially addressed to Gourgaud, who was jealous both of
Las Cases and Montbolon.
250 TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. //ELENA
"So the English have attacked Algiers.' It seems
that those Mohammedans, like fools, let the English ships
come up to the anchorage within half cannon-shot of the
forts, without firing on them, and I cannot believe that the
English have killed or wounded eight thousand Algerines.
The English navy, too, must have lost many men, whilst
one man-of-war, two frigates, and seven or eight cor-
vettes stationed before Algiers would have completely
blockaded it, and have produced the same result without
bloodshed. I cannot understand why the King of Naples
did not take part in that expedition. To be sure he has
a miserable navy. As for Genoa, it was unpardonable.
Genoa has thirty thousand excellent sailors."
"When I was a young lieutenant in the artillery I
lodged in the house of Marmont's father. He was an
excellent man. He would have died of grief if he had
been living at the time of his son's treachery to me."
The Emperor had been reading over several French
grammars, and found no order or method in them. He
regretted that he did not set learned men the task of re-
forming French grammar, so as to diminish the number
of exceptions to the rules. Why cannot fiava/ be navaux
in the plural? And when two substantives are followed
by an adjective, the adjective ought surely to take the
gender of the last. He added, "The French language
is not yet complete. I ought to have made it so."
Gourgaud says "No," and instances un homme et une
femme bonne. One ought to say un homme et une femme
bons. The Emperor gets put out, and thinks Madame de
Sévigné was right in saying '"''Je la suis.'"
His Majesty assures us he could have lived very well
in France on twelve francs a day. He could have dined
for thirty sous, and haunted literary men and publishers
> This was an expedition undertaken in 181Ô by Christian nations against
the pirates of Algiers,
MISCELLANEOUS SAYINGS 251
and libraries, and have gone to the parquet of the theatres.
And a louis (twenty-four francs) a month would have paid
for his lodging. "Oh! but I should have had to have a
servant. I am too much accustomed to one; I could not
dress myself. I could have had a very pleasant time keeping
company with persons whose means were about the same
as my own. Ah! mon Dieu! all men have about the
same proportion of happiness. Assuredly I was not born
to be what I have become. Well! I should have been as
happy had I remained Monsieur Bonaparte as I have
been as the Emperor Napoleon. Workingmen are as
happy as other people. Everything is relative. I never
found any real pleasure in good eating, because my table
has been always good; but a poor fellow who never dines
as well as I do, may be more happy than I am over his
plate of soup and a roast goose. At any rate, his life is
more happy than the life we are now leading at St.
Helena.
**I approve of that man who we are told put his
money into a strong box, and spent a certain portion of it
every day. Yes, with a louis a day one ought to be
happy. All that would be necessary would be to limit
one's wishes."
His Majesty added that after he left Italy he dined
with the Directors and the Ministers, except Prony, but
he dined with him once in company with Laplace.
"Well! all those men were happy. They formed a
little coterie of literary men; the richest among them
had not more than twelve hundred livres a year. And,
if I could do so incognito,^ I would travel in France with
three carriages, each with six horses, and with a few other
horses that were led. I would travel only a few miles a
day. I would have three or four friends with me, and
three or four ladies, and I would stop wherever I liked.
* The Emperor was day-dreaming aloud, as he frequently did.
252 TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA
I would visit everything. I would talk with the farmers
and the laborers. Man's true vocation is to cultivate the
ground. I would take letters of introduction to the chief
men in the principal places When I was Emperor
something like this wc.s what I ought to have done. I
ought to have traversed all parts of France with four hun-
dred or five hundred horsemen, part of my Guard, send-
ing a fourgon in advance to prepare proper quarters for a
sovereign. By that plan I should have done great good
to other people and to myself. If I had stayed a few
days in a place I could easily have made myself popular
with the inhabitants. If I had gone to America I would
have travelled a great deal with three or four carriages and
a few friends. If I ever go to England I will do the
same thing, only we should have to admit an Englishman
into our company. This kind of travelling is dignified and
delightful. Suppose I had arrived thus, incognito at
Parma, and surprised the Empress at mass! I could
always have had money enough to live in that way, and
then, as I said, with a louis a day I could have existed.
I would have made my habits suit my means. There
comes a time in a man's life when he is weary of every-
thing. Wealth, more or less, does not add to or take
from his happiness; all he wants is a sufficiency
Honors and wealth do not make men happy.
"The life that I live here on St. Helena, if I were not
a captive, and if I were in Europe, would suit me very
well. I should like to live in the country; I should like
to see the soil improved by others, for I do not know
enough about gardening to improve it myself. That kind
of thing is the noblest existence. A sick sheep would
afford us interesting material for conversation. One
could be happy, too, in Paris in the society of persons of
the same rank in life as one's self. One would pay one's
scot by one's interesting conversation in return for what
one got from others. One might gain consideration
MISCELLANEOUS SAYINGS 253
through one's own talent, and one's conversational abili-
ties. I am sure that in the middle class of life (that of
notaries and others for example) there is more real happi-
ness than in the higher ranks.
"At Elba, with plenty of money, receiving a great
many visitors, living in the midst of learned men from all
parts of Europe, and being as it were the centre of such
a circle, I should have been very happy. I would have
built a palace to accommodate the persons whom I
expected to visit me, I should have led the life of a
country gentleman, surrounded by men of merit."
His Majesty said that when children were more than
three or four years old, he ceased to be fond of them.
Every family ought to have at least six children. Three
may die, and then of the three that survive, there are two
to take the place of father and mother, and one in reserve
in case of accidents.
"Letourneur was a fool, though he may have trans-
lated Young's 'Night Thoughts' into French. Every
man can do some one thing well ; all one has to do is to
find out what a man is most fit for, and employ him to
do it. I had Monsieur de Fresnes for my Minister of
Finance. He was as stupid as a man could be about
everything else, but in that he was excellent. He could
seize by intuition on the solution of the most complicated
problems. Gaudin was incomparable as far as related to
contributions, but perhaps Mollien had more capacity as
Minister of Finance. Gaudin is a kind man, and was
much loved by his subordinates. His principle is that
men concerned in finance ought to be rich. He always
pushed his employees' fortunes, and tried to enable them
to make money. This system is perhaps good; it is
creditable to the government, and often adds to its
resources. An incapable minister often does much harm
254 TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA
by employing people in his department who see and think
only as he does."
"When the Pope was in Paris he was much astonished
to see Madame Tallien and Madame Hamelin, women
who had given the world much cause to talk of them,
come to ask for his blessing. He spoke to me of it. He
thought they came only in mockery. I assured him that
it was not so, but that such ladies had susceptible hearts,
and like the woman taken in adultery, much might be
forgiven them. The Holy Father approved my idea."
"It is unfortunate that death so often results from
duelling; otherwise duels would keep up politeness in
society. Fighting with pistols is ignoble. The sword is
the weapon of the brave."
His Majesty also told us that when the great fire in
the ball-room of Schwarzenberg occurred, in i8iO, in
Vienna, on the occasion of his marriage with the Arch-
duchess, he had been struck with the idea that it was an
ill omen for himself. "And you know, Gourgaud, that at
Dresden when they came and told me that Schwarzenberg
had been killed, I was delighted; not that I wished the
death of the poor man, but because it took a weight off
my heart ; for I then thought that his unfortunate burning
had presaged misfortune for him and not for me." '
"It is singular, in fact, that at the marriage of Louis
XVI. the fête given on the occasion was fatal to many of
the populace of Paris, and that the King, a long time
after, was put to death by that same populace. The fête
of Schwarzenberg at the time of my marriage was fatal to
the diplomatists; and long after that I was overthrown by
their diplomacy. I would never advise a King of France
to marry an Austrian princess. That family has always
brought misfortune into France."
•On that occasion Napoleon exclaimed: '' Schwarzenberg a purgé la
fatalité!'' But the news of his death was false. The General killed was
Moreau.
MISCELLANEOUS SAVINGS 255
"I never care when my enemies accuse me of coward-
ice, or of being a bad general, but when it comes to charg-
ing me with poisoning, or assassination, it makes me
furious."
"I wish I had made better prisons in Paris. I thought
of having a building, a sort of hôtel garni ^ which would
hold five or six thousand persons, each lodged according
to his rank, but I was dissuaded. Now that I have read
the observations of an Enghshman on the prisons of Paris,
I am sorry I did not carry out my idea."
His Majesty said that the conduct and character of
Madame de Maintenon were never clear to him. The
popes have inherited the power of the Caesars. He
thought it absurd that the Head of the State should not
also be the Head of the State's religion. England and
the kingdoms of the North had the spirit to throw off that
yoke, and they did well. In past ages it was really the
king's confessor who made peace or war. The empire of
the confessor over men's consciences is very great.
"I always had excellent horses. Mourad Bey was the
best and the handsomest. In Italy I had a very fine
horse. When he was invahded I sent him to Saint-Cloud
and had him turned out to graze at liberty."
"Voltaire's Mahomet has fine poetry in it, but it is
quite incorrect as to history. Mahomet sentimentally in
love! — Allons donc! He would at once have possessed
himself of the woman he fancied. And then why should
he be supposed to have entered Mecca on the faith of a
truce? He entered it in triumph after his heroic battle of
Bender.
"Why does Voltaire say nothing of the sacred com-
bat? Why does he introduce a poisoning, which came just
in the nick of time? Voltaire liked to belittle everything.
256 TALKS OF NAPOLEON A T ST. HELENA
He aimed at Christ through Mahomet. He imagines that
great men employ ignoble means; poison, for instance, to
push their fortunes; but it is not so."
"I should like very well to live at Pisa, but nothing
can equal France in Champagne, and in the Lyonnais. I
should like best to hve in the country, with six hundred
thousand francs a year, and have a house in Paris like the
one we had in the Rue Chantereine, besides my country
house, worth one hundred thousand or one hundred and
fifty thousand francs, about six miles from the capital. I
would not care to give dinner parties or receptions in Paris;
I agree with the English who live incognito in London,
having in the capital, one might say, only a pied à terre,
reserving all their luxury for their country houses, and
dispensing brilliant hospitality on their own domains.
With three hundred thousand livres a year one is nobody
in Paris, whilst one can be the foremost man in a depart-
ment; and it is always for the interest of the government
to favor the chief men in a province."
"The most essential thing when one has sons is to give
them a good education. To deprive one's self for their
sakes of a fortune is mere folly. You may have econo-
mized all your life for them, and then, the bright eyes of
a ballet girl, or the blast of a trumpet, will in one moment
dissipate your fortune! Bah! the important thing as
long as you live is to take care of yourself. I should like,
for example, every year to save one-third of my income.
I think the Dutch are very wise. The household of a
man who has two hundred thousand livres for his income,
is maintained on the scale of the man who in France has
twenty thousand to thirty thousand. With us it is just
the contrary. The household of So-and-so is kept up on
the scale of an income of two hundred thousand livres,
but he has not more than thirty or forty thousand. So
MISCELLANEOUS SAYINGS 257
the Dutch are really rich, whilst people who in our own
country pass for rich are in straitened circumstances. I
should not like to have a place at court; I would rather
be the great man in my own province; instead of which,
if I inhabited Paris, I must necessarily be in attendance
on my sovereign.
"I forced my dukes to have handsome houses in Paris,
in order to conciliate public opinion, whilst for my own
part I could have been quite content to live a Bohemian
life in the capital. There is nothing superior to Paris
with its public gardens and its libraries. You can go to
all the theatres for a very small sum. One might even
say that in Paris one loses all consciousness of rain or
snow. Everything always is so beautiful!"
"My great reputation in Italy was partly due to my
never having permitted my army to pillage It is
a very responsible thing to be a commander-in-chief: his
least error may cost thousands of lives."
"Out of all the generals who served in Spain, we
ought to have selected a certain number and have sent
them to the scaffold. Dupont made us lose the Penin-
sula in order to secure his plunder."
"The King's government is destroying all my institu-
tions in France — the Legion of Honor, the University,
and soon I shall be forgotten.' Historians will say httle
about me. Perhaps some day, if the King of Rome
reign in Parma, he will cause some one to write of all
that I have done. What would you have.-' Schwarzen-
berg boasts of having betrayed me in 18 12, and if I were
to complain of it in my account of that year, people would
be saying, 'You ought to have expected it, and to have
acted accordingly.' "
' As 1 write 1 have beside me the catalogue of the Pratt Library of Balti-
more. It contains one hundred and twenty-five books on Napoleon.
258 TALKS OF NAPOLEON A T ST. HELENA
"I am too old to pay court to ladies. Montholon
says that many men at forty-eight are still young. Yes,
but they have not gone through all that I have done."
"There can be no comparison between me and Crom-
well. I was three times elected by the people; and
besides, in France my army had never made war on
Frenchmen, but only on foreigners."
"Hudson Lowe is a Sicilian grafted on a Prussian;
they must have chosen him to make me die under his
charge by inches. It would have been more generous to
have shot me at once."
"London bankers, in 181 5, gave me the millions
which I wanted to make war against their countrymen.
Spain for a long time paid me five millions a month, and
that sum was remitted through bankers in London."
"I wish I had conversed more with women. They
would have told me many things that men would not
relate to me."
"I place great value on habits of order and subordi-
nation. Look at the English! They conquered us, and
yet they are very far from being our equals."
"Lacretelle wrote nonsense, in a florid style."
" 'Figaro' is a comedy adapted to pubhc sentiment
during the Revolution, for Beaumarchais's object was to
villify the nobles. There are things in it too immoral to
be fit for the stage."
"Mine was a glorious empire! I had eighty-three
million human beings to govern; more than half the popu-
lation of all Europe!"
MISCELLANEOUS SAYINGS 259
"Whatever a mother may do or have done, her own
children have no right to reproach her."
"Beaumarchais did everything he could to get pre-
sented to me. He wanted to sell me his house."
The Emperor hears that Madame Walewska has
married Monsieur d'Ornano, and he is glad of it: "She
is rich, for she must have laid by considerable sums. I
did much for her two children."
Gourgaud interrupts with: "Yes, Your Majesty for a
long time made Madame Walewska an allowance of ten
thousand francs a month."
When Gourgaud said this, the Emperor was discom-
posed. "How did you know that, Gourgaud?"
"Pardieii, Sire, I was near enough to the person of
Your Majesty to know everything. Those about you
knew of it."
"No one, I thought, knew of that matter but Duroc."
"They did not have émeutes in my time in Paris.
People must be very much excited now."
"Narbonne often said to me that he found it hard to
lay aside the marquis when he commanded his company.
You have heard that his soldiers laughed when he
exclaimed: 'Place, gentlemen! Place for the Emperor!' "
"History will hardly make any mention of me; I was
overthrown. If I could have maintained my dynasty, all
would have been different."
"Nero may have been a very different man from the
Nero represented by historians. How is it possible to
conceive that he burnt Rome for his own amusement.-* Or
that he had a boat built in which to drown his mother.?
There is nothing probable in all this. It is true that
26o TALKS OF NAPOLEON A T ST. HELENA
Carrier had boats with a plug at the bottom that could be
drawn out. But to say so of Nero is nonsense."
"A book has just appeared which is attributed to me.
In it we read that a sovereign should be able to say, 'I
never committed crimes.' But I did worse; for I com-
mitted blunders."
"One can see that Macdonald's heart is full of regret
and remorse; those who betrayed me cannot bear the
thought of it. Ernouf, whom I ought to have had tried
for his dishonesties in Guadeloupe, offered, in 1815, to
serve me by going to Ghent, and acting as a spy upon the
King."
"One day I was astonished at seeing the great sums
spent by the paymaster of the forces for the first division.
I asked to see his accounts. He brought them to me
the next day. I saw three hundred thousand francs paid
over to a certain regiment. I pointed out to him that for
ten years this regiment had not been in Paris nor even
one of its detachments. They examined, and found this
true. Somebody had embezzled the three hundred thou-
sand francs. The affair made a great noise. It was sup-
posed I had learned the matter through public rumor, but
it was not so. Never was there more order and regu-
larity in the accounts of those who spent money for the
government than in my time. In 181 5 I could not unravel
the accounts the King's government had left behind. I
had not the time. I partly owed the good measures that
I adopted to my knowledge of mathematics, and to my
clear ideas about everything.
"A very singular thing about me is my memory.
When I was young I remembered logarithms of more than
thirty and forty figures.' In France I knew not only the
> Shortly before this was said at St. Helena, Napoleon had remarked that
be was lo&ing bis memory.
MISCELLANEOUS SAYINGS 261
names of the officers in all my regiments, but the places
where each corps had been recruited, and where it had
distinguished itself. I even knew the spirit of the men.
"The Thirty-second half-brigade would have died for
me, because after Lonato, I had reported: 'The Thirty-
second brigade was there, and my mind was easy.' It
is astonishing what power words have over men. At
Toulouse there was some threatening of a mutiny. As I
passed through the place I said to the disaffected: 'What
has become of the men who served with me in the Thirty-
second, and in the Seventeenth light cavalry.? Are they all
dead?' That brought them back to me, for those two
regiments had been recruited in Languedoc.
"Provence, on the contrary, was against me, because I
had said at the siege of Toulon, that the Provencals made
bad soldiers. Princes should be very careful of their
words."
"I cannot write well because my mind is engaged on
two subjects at once: one, my ideas; the other, my
handwriting. The ideas go on fastest, and then good-bye
to the letters and the lines! I can only dictate now. It is
very convenient to dictate. It is just as if one were hold-
ing a conversation."
"Benjamin Constant showed me some of Madame de
Staël's letters; they were more than passionate. She
threatened to kill her son if Benjamin would not do what
she wished. In 1805 she let me know that if I would pay
her two millions, she would write anything I liked. I
packed her off immediately. After the eighteenth Bru-
maire Joseph worried me to have Benjamin Constant
named a member of the Tribunat. I would not do it at
first, but in the end I yielded, I wrote to Lebrun, and
Benjamin was appointed. At the end of a few months
he joined the opposition, thinking I would buy him back.
202 TALKS OF NAPOLEON A T ST. HELENA
He ought to have known that I knock down my enemies,
but never purchase them."
At a masked ball given by Cambacérès the Emperor
accosted Madame Saint-Didier, who did not recognize
him, and she told him she was amazed to meet in the
archchancellor's house any one so impertinent and so
intrusive. His Majesty was very much amused by this,
and every time he met Madame de Saint-Didier after-
wards he teased her about it.
"Ah! Gourgaud, you are a good Catholic; you want
to go to confession! Well, confess yourself to me; you
know I have been anointed." '
"Men are never attached to you by benefits."
"To promise and not to keep your promise is the way
to get on in this world."
"Mohammed has been accused of frightful crimes.
Great men are always supposed to have committed crimes,
such as poisonings; that is quite false; they never succeed
by such means."
"I admire 'Gil Bias' myself, but think it a bad book
for young men. Gil Bias sees the evil side of everything,
and the young are apt to fancy all the world is as bad as
he found it; which is false."
"The Memoirs of Cardinal de Retz are the memoirs
of a grand seigneur, but they read like those of a Figaro.
It is impossible to be more shameless. Paris was power-
ful then; it is so now. It is still a question whether on
July 14 Monsieur de Broglie entered Paris by force. On
the 13th Vendémiaire all depended on a small thing. Any
^ At bis coronation.
MISCELLANEOUS SAYINGS 263
one but me would have failed if he had not brought the
cannon from Sablons to Paris, as I did. On the 14th I
sent bombs into the Rue Vivienne.
"I cannot understand the present attitude of Paris. If
after Waterloo I had remained there, if I had cut off
about one hundred heads, — that of Fouché to begin with, —
I could have held Paris with the assistance of the mob."
One day Napoleon amuses himself by imagining a
plan of escape from St. Helena: "We will go forth in
the daytime. We will go through the town. With our
fowling-pieces we could get the better of their post of ten
men — oh! if the governor only knew what we are talking
abouti — Nobody but Marchand would know I was not in
my chamber. We would send Madame Bertrand to
Plantation House, and O'Meara into the town. I may
live fifteen years yet."
They all laughed, made jokes, and went to bed.
"Hudson Lowe says I am very deep. Eh! mon Dieu ^
that is a mistake. There never was any one more
straightforward than I am."
"You think, Gourgaud, that I care for noble birth?
You make a great mistake. My own birth was not more
noble than yours. Nor was Bertrand's. Montholon has
laid aside his noblesse. His wife is the daughter of a
financier."
"You ought to translate the 'Annual Register' into
French; that would give you a great reputation. There
are fifty volumes. It would take you some time. It
contains the history of the last twenty-five years. Every-
body would want it, for I would add my notes to your
translation; besides I should find it very useful. I should
see all the debates in Parliament."
264 TALKS OF NAPOLEON A T ST. HELENA
"Men are all selfish; we must take them as we find
them; but you, Gourgaud, can love, and you want love
in return."
"It would be a fine thing if we were to found a colony
on a desert island. I would have two thousand men,
with plenty of firearms and cannon. I would be King and
you should be my Chamber of Peers; the common herd
should be Deputies. If I had gone to America we might
have founded a State there."
"Monsieur de Chabrillant objected to my making you,
Gourgaud, my first orderly officer. But I look at the
man only. You are keen-witted; you have activity and
bravery; you make good reports. So I made light of
Monsieur de Chabrillant 's jealousy, and his complaints
only attached me the more to you. You had been with
me a long time. You were with me in Russia; you were
useful to me; besides, when any one wants to make me
think highly of another person, he need only say harm of
him. Why did you not long ago ask me to give places
to your relations? I would have granted them to your
friends in preference to others. Your brother-in-law
might have been my receiver-general. It was my inter-
est to enrich all those around me, to have men who were,
so to speak, my own. I would have put him into a posi-
tion where he could have given me valuable information.
Why, when we were leaving Malmaison, did you not ask
me for money for your mother? I would gladly then have
given you fifty or sixty thousand francs. Remember men
are more attached to those on whom they confer benefits
than those who receive them are to their benefactors."
"Fouché betrayed me; Davout let himself be deceived.
Bah! he betrayed me too. He has a wife and children;
he thought that all was lost; he wanted to keep what he
had got. Already before I left Paris he had sent an agent
MISCELLANEOUS SAYINGS 265
to England and tried to persuade me that it was to buy-
arms If you think Davout was devoted to me
you do not know men. You do not know Davout as I
do.'"
There was a shght earthquake at St. Helena in the
summer of 1817. "I think, like Gourgaud, that we ought
to have been swallowed up, island and all. It would be
so pleasant to die in company."
"The unhappy disturbances in Guadeloupe may per-
haps bring on a massacre in Paris. Perhaps the Governor
has learned that Napoleon II. has ascended the throne.
Then there will be no more disputes as to my title of
Emperor."
"I never chose to have menial service from my
courtiers, such as was called service du chambre. I made
a distinction between what was menial and what was
honorable service; I liked to have valets de chambre whom
I could beat if I thought proper, rather than gentlemen.
The valets had a good deal in their power: whilst
undressing me they could, if they pleased, speak to me of
such and such persons. They received handsome pres-
ents. But their constant attendance was somewhat severe.
I ought always to have had people to dine with me, as I
did in 1815, and sometimes I should have dined in public.
There were gentlemen from the country who had never
been able to see me, and people grow attached to a
sovereign by seeing him. I ought to have had more
people at my levees— prefects and judges and generals—
and I should have had a day for each class. There were
not enough people in the salo7is de service; I ought to
have passed through them in going to dinner, when people
might have spoken to me."
J ^ ' ^"' Napoleon another time at St. Helena wrote on the margin of Fleury
de Chaboulon s " Histoire des Cent Jours," which spealcs with great bitterness
ot General Davout: "Young man, do not insult one of the most pure and glori-
ous men in France." The book is now at Sens in a xa\xi&\ua.— French Editor
266 TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA
"You complain of your sorrows! Think of mine!
Think of all I have experienced, all the things I have to
reproach myself for! You have nothing to regret."
"Ah!" said Bertrand to Gourgaud, "consider how
when His Majesty lies awake he must think that it is he
who has brought so much misery on France — France,
which since the days of Henri H. had never had the
humiUation of seeing enemies in her capital! What sor-
rows in France have been caused by his fault — Moscow,
Dresden, Chatillon — and he can never go from this place
as we can!"
Gourgaud: "It is unfortunate that the Emperor was
not killed at Waterloo. It would have been the fitting
close of his life for his reputation. Whilst to die of old
age here at St. Helena is to live wretchedly and die
ignobly."
Bertrand: "But one does not know what may yet
take place. Louis XVIII. was restored after twenty
years of exile."
Gourgaud: "Yes; but restoration would not obhter-
ate the faults committed by the Emperor. France would
never forget that she had been invaded, humiliated, and
impoverished. History will always reproach the Emperor
with these things."
"How can any one imagine that Nero had Rome
burnt — Nero, who was so much beloved in his [capital?
Tacitus gives no explanation of that. It has been said
that I do not like Tacitus because he attacks tyranny.
One day Monsieur Suard came and bored me on that
theme, and that was how the report started."
"Ah! may the Parisians when they recall their glori-
ous days connect them with the remembrance of me! I
shall be happy then. And in fact they cannot speak of
them without associating me with them. As the Abbé de
MISCELLANEOUS SAYINGS 267
Pradt said, I wanted to make Paris reach as far as Saint
Cloud, and in my system of reigning over the world I
meant to make Paris a mighty capital. The Parisians
have intelligence. They will never forget me. They are
brave, too."
"If Wellington had done in France all the things he
did in Corsica, he would have been assassinated."
"The manners and customs of the Romans were
quite different from ours. For example, we have no idea
of the freedmen. The institution was convenient in those
days. But now, if I wanted to get a man to assassinate
an enemy, I could not find him."
"A wife is only one of a man's ribs. She is the slave
of her husband."
Napoleon said that his valets de chambre, Hubert,
Pellair, and Marchand, were all excellent. "M. de
Montesquiou had a number of such young men, fellows of
great merit. I could have made a nursery of them to fur-
nish me with rehable and distinguished men. I might
have made them my ambassadors."
"When King Ferdinand at Valençay asked me to send
him a physician from Paris, I replied, Yes, for consulta-
tion. But I do not choose people should say, if any-
thing should go wrong with him, that I had anything to do
with it. He had better have Spanish doctors."
"After all, the only persons I really care for are those
who are useful to me. I never care what they think. I pay
attention only to what they say. If you are attached to
me you ought to pay court to the Montholons. You see
that they please me, and that it is they, and they only,
who are devoted to me. You, Gourgaud, and the Gov-
ernor make my life very hard."
268 TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA
"The history of Rome is pretty much the history of
the world."
"I ought to have crushed the Prince Bishop of the
Montenegrins, but I treated him with consideration in
case of a rupture with the Turks. The expedition of
MoHtor through his country was a fine one. MoHtor
was a very brave man."
Laplace had the meanness to remove the name of the
Emperor from the dedication of his Mécanique Céleste.
After the Emperor's downfall he asked Caulaincourt to
give him back a copy he had presented to him, that he
might give him another in which the name of Napoleon
did not appear.
The little circle in the salon at Longwood read aloud
"Paul and Virginia," and the Emperor thought the letter
of Virginia to her mother was absurd. He had at one
time advised Bernardin to write nothing but such books
as "Paul and Virginia," and to let philosophy alone. St.
Pierre made a mistake in thinking that Laplace had injured
him in the opinion of His Majesty. During the reading
of "Paul and Virginia" the Emperor was much moved.
"I wept," says Gourgaud; "so did Madame de Mon-
tholon, who said to me as we left the salon that in our
situation such reading stirred our feelings too much, and
troubled her digestion."
On a previous occasion they had read something of
Florian's, and then Paul and Virginia. The Emperor said
that Florian's style was too abrupt, the style of "Paul and
Virginia" excellent.
That big Bernadin de Saint-Pierre is however a mis-
chievous man. He ought to write only such books as
"Paul and Virginia," or the "Chaumière Indienne."
His Majesty reads an account of the travels of Queen
Christina of Sweden, and is indignant at the attention
MISCELLANEOUS SAYINGS 269
paid her by the Court of France. Christina had a right
to kill Monaldeschi.
The Emperor said he was going to reread the history
of Cromwell; he had not read it for a long time. Had
the Protector any great military ability, or was he only a
bully.? He had one important quality — dissimulation —
and he had great political talent. He could see things
clearly and judge them correctly. There was no action
in his life in which he may be said to have miscalculated.
He was an extraordinary man.
"Volney wrote well, but there were some things about
the East that he did not understand. The Koran allows
the Arabs to perform their ablutions with sand."
"Chateaubriand has not sufficient skill in reasoning to
write a good political work. He will put in too many
flowers of rhetoric, but flowers will not take the olace of
close reasoning."
The Emperor said that his great superiority over other
men consisted in being able to endure continuous brainwork.
He never knew any man equal to him in this. "I could
discuss one subject for eight hours, and at the end of that
time take up another matter with my mind as fresh as at
the beginning. Even now I can dictate twelve hours at a
time. Massena and others got physically tired sooner
than I did. Own, Gourgaud, that it takes splendid cour-
age to live here! Yet, mon Dieu, I am as calm as if I
were living at the Tuileries. I never have attached much
importance to life. I would not make a step — I have
never made a step — to shun death."
CHAPTER XVII.
RELIGION.
"Monge, Berthollet, and Laplace were all atheists. I
think the matter that made man was slime, warmed by the
sun and vivified by electric fluids. What are animals — an
ox, for example — but organized matter? Well! when we
see that our physical frame resembles theirs, may we not
believe that we are only better organized matter; almost
in a perfect state? ' Perhaps some day there will be
formed more perfect beings still.
"Where is a baby's soul? What becomes of a mad-
man's? The growth of the soul follows the growth of the
body," it grows as the child grows, it shrinks in old age.
If our souls are immortal they must have existed before
we were born. Has the soul no memory? On the other
hand, how can thought be explained? See now, at this
very moment when I am speaking to you, my thoughts
have gone back to the Tuileries. I see the palace and the
gardens, I see Paris. That is how once upon a time I
explained presentiments. I imagined the hand accusing
the eye of falsehood, when the eye said it could see a
league away. The hand said: 'I can discern nothing that
is more than two feet from me; how, then, can you see a
league?' Presentiments in some men are like the eyes of
the soul.
"Yet the idea of God the Creator is much the most
simple explanation of the origin of things. Who made
them all? There is a veil we cannot lift. It is beyond
» "God breathed into his nostrils the breath of life ; and man became a
living- soul." Genesis 2 : 7.—E. W. L.
'The Emperor confounds the spiritual part of man with his intelligence.
Intelligence is, to a certain extent, the inheritance of animals.— £. W. L.
270
RELIGION 271
the powers of our soul, beyond the reach of our under-
standings. It belongs to a higher order of things. The
most simple idea consists in worshipping the sun, which
gives life to everything. ■ I repeat, I think man was created
in an atmosphere warmed by the sun, and that after a
certain time this productive power ceased.
"Do soldiers believe in God? Ahl they see so many
dead comrades fall around them I
"I have often held arguments with the Bishop of
Nantes to discuss what becomes of animals after their
death. He told me that he thought they might have
some kind of soul different from man's, and that they
might go to certain limbos. He agreed to all I said about
the wealth of the clergy, but he believed in Jesus Christ,
and always spoke like a true Christian. Cardinal Casali
and Pope Pius VH. were also true beHevers
"All religions since that of Jupiter inculcate morality.
I would believe any religion that could prove it had existed
since the beginning of the world. But when I see
Socrates, Plato, Moses, and Mohammed I do not think
there is such a one. All religions owe their origin to
man."'
"The Christian religion offers much pomp to the eye,
and gives its worshippers many brilliant spectacles. It
affords something all the time to occupy the imagination.
I like convents. Only I wish they would forbid the
' It must be borne in mind that in these talks about religion, Napoleon,
when he speaks of "Christianity," means Christianity as he conceived it— a
system founded on the dogmas he had learned from Cardinal Fesch, an unen-
lightened ecclesiastic of the same type as most churchmen of the middle ages.
His Mohammedanism had taught him at least its fundamental truth: There is
but one God, though he sometimes seems to have wavered in his acceptance
of even this. There was not the smallest spirituality in his nature. He was an
agnostic of the most pronounced kind, without helps from modern research
and explanation. He believed only what came within his own experience—
what he thought he could apprehend. All else he put aside as unworthy of his
understanding. He had no spiritual instincts ; affection was not in his nature.
Faith, as he conceived it, was the acceptance of dogmas by the intellect. Its
true meaning, trust, was not even suspected by him. But he was too great a
man not to perceive clearly how necessary religion was to the human race.
He restored public worship ; he made the Concordat ; he often read the Bible,
272 TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA
taking of vows until those who wish to do so are fifty
years of age. At this moment I could live very happily
in retirement in a convent. When I re-established the
convent of the Great St. Bernard, and endowed it with
forty thousand francs a year, my act gave great pleasure
to the clergy. Cardinal Caselli, who was the great theo-
logian of Cardinal Gonsalvi, the leading man in the Sacred
College at the time of the Concordat, was enchanted when
I talked to him about Egypt and Judea. He could not
conceive that the Jordan was only about sixty feet in
width. The result of our conversations was that he
assured the Holy Father that he ought to grant me all 1
asked, and that I was the only man who could re-establish
religion."
"Did Jesus ever exist, or did he not? I think no con-
temporary historian has ever mentioned him; not even
Josephus. Nor do they mention the darkness that
covered the earth at the time of his death."
"The moral code of Jesus is the same as that of
Plato. Society needs a religion to estabUsh and consoli-
date the relations of men with one another. It moves
great forces; but is it good, or is it bad for a man to put
himself entirely under the sway of a director? There are
so many bad priests in the world ! ' '
"I have been reading Genesis, and I can assure you
that the localities and customs mentioned in it are drawn
borrowing the book from Gourgaud, who was a Catholic and a Christian in
belief, if not always in practice. To be sure, Napoleon's interest in the
Scriptures was chiefly in the Hebrew hasgndah or parable stories, in the Apoc-
rypha, in Moses and Joshua as old-time generals, and in theJBiblical view of
legitimism, as illustrated in the histories of David and Saul. That the Old
Testament was the introduction to the New ; that Christianity had its roots in
the relations of God to man in the far past, and was not, like Mohammedanism,
a new religion, never occurred to him. That Christ came into the world, when
the fulness of time had come, iofuljill, not to destroy, the Jewish religion, was
a view of Christianity that had never presented itself to him. When he
selected the companions of his exile he omitted a chaplain, and said he had had
something more important to think about. The young Corsican priests Cardi-
nal Fesch subsequently sent out to him stayed but a short tinie at St. Helena,
and commanded no respect.— j£. W. L.
RELIGION 273
with the greatest truth. To read it is a great pleasure
when one remembers all the places it alludes to.
"The Crusaders came back worse Christians than
they were when they left their homes. Intercourse with
Mohammedans had made them less Christian. Judea is
not a rich country."
Gourgaud remarks that what was prophesied about the
Jews has been fulfilled to the letter, and continues to be
fulfilled. They are dispersed on the face of the earth and
are a constant miracle.
Napoleon: "That is singular, but it is also sur-
prising that there are still in France a million of Protes-
tants in spite of the persecutions they have endured.
All men cling strongly to their religion. There are not
more than two millions of Jews." ^
"If I had to choose a religion I think I should become
a worshipper of the sun. The sun gives to all things life
and fertility. It is the true God of the earth."
"I do not think I should like to confess to a married
priest, who might go and tell it all to his wife. Formerly
parish priests had their housekeepers or their nieces. At
the Council of Constance the old men were in favor of
the marriage of the clergy, and the young men, because
of ambition, set themselves against it.
"To receive all classes into one convent is, I think,
absurd. Before the Revolution I knew monks whom
nature had intended for mere laboring men living in lux-
ury and idleness. I think that three or four convents
such as I proposed to establish would be extremely useful.
Such a life led in common by either men or women would
not be possible without the bond of religion. Religion
lends sanctity to everything."
"The best and most learned churchman I have ever
known was the Bishop of Nantes. He was well versed
' Two millions in France, and but eight millions in the world.— £. W.L.
274 TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA
in the chicaneries of skeptics. He never undertook the
defence of his outworks, but he was not to be overcome
in his entrenchments. Though he had great respect for
the Pope he frequently opposed him. He overthrew all
the other cardinals. He said to me on the subject of
indulgences: 'You must remember that the popes are only
men.' "
"The Mohammedan religion is the finest of all. In
Egypt the sheiks greatly embarrassed me by asking what
we meant when we said 'the Son of God.' If we had
three gods, we must be heathen."
"The remission of sins is a beautiful idea. It makes
the Christian religion so attractive that it will never perish.
No one can say, 'I do not believe, and I never shall
believe.' "
"What is electricity, galvanism, or magnetism?
Therein lies the great secret of nature. Galvanism works
in silence. I think myself that man is the product of
these fluids and the atmosphere; that the brain pumps up
the fluids and gives life; that the soul is composed of
these fluids, and that after death they return into the
ether, whence they are again pumped by other brains."
The Emperor thinks that the Catholic religion is
better than the Anglican. "The worshippers do not under-
stand what they sing at vespers, they only witness the
spectacle. It is a mistake to endeavor to enlighten them
too much about such things."
Gazing up at the starry heavens, Gourgaud says,
"They make me feel I am so small, and God so great."
Napoleon replies: "How comes it, then, that Laplace
was an atheist? At the Institute neither he nor Monge,
nor Berthollet, nor Lagrange believed in God. But they
did not like to say so."
RELIGION 375
Gourgaud says: "We talked of confessors," and
adds, "I have myself formed such an idea of God, that I
can address myself straight to Him. I have extreme
confidence in His goodness. You all think that I am
always reading the Bible. I do not know why Your
Majesty tries to make out that I am a bigot." '
Napoleon says: "Yes, I think you are something of
that kind."
Gourgaud: "I own that I believe firmly in God, and
cannot conceive how men can be atheists. To proclaim
themselves such seems to me mere mental braggadocio."
Napoleon: "Bah! Laplace was an atheist, and Berthol-
let too. At the Institute they all were atheists, and yet
Newton and Leibnitz were believers Atheists
compare man to a clock; but the clock-maker is a being of
superior intelligence. They grant that creation is the
result of matter, as warmth is the effect of fire. I believe
in a superior intelligence. I should also believe as firmly
in Christ as Pius VH, does, if the Christian religion went
as far back as the beginning of the world, and had been
the universal religion. But when I see Mohammedans
following a religion more simple than ours, a religion
better adapted to their way of living than ours; ....
and then if I have to believe that Socrates and Plato are
both damned? That is what I often asked the Bishop of
Evreux, and he assured me that God might possibly work
a miracle in their favor. Do you believe that God con-
cerns himself with all your actions?"
Gourgaud: "Sire, if Your Majesty imagines God has
only the same capacities as a man, your reasoning would
be just. But the Being who could create both the sun
in the heavens and the leaves upon the trees has an intel-
ligence that cannot be compared with mine. Therefore,
' Gourgaud also says : "Sire, when 1 consider the planets, I cannot under-
stand how men can have the presumption to suppose that all their movements
are the natural effect of matter. Who, then, created matter, if not a superior
being; in other words, God? Laplace himself cannot tell us what the sun is,
Dor the stars, nor the comets ; yet he dares to declare that there is qo God."
276 TALKS OF NAPOLEON A T ST. HELENA
if I measure God with man, my reasoning breaks down.
If I cannot comprehend how the sun exists, how can I
comprehend that God sees everything I do? For in fact,
this idea is not harder to grasp than that of the formation
of the planets, or a blade of grass. God has not given
us an intelligence which has power to solve such things."
"It is true that the idea of God is natural to man. It
has existed from all time and among all nations."
One day in April, 1817, they were talking about the
planetary system, and Gourgaud praised the Mécanique
Céleste of Laplace.
Napoleon: "Laplace made a detestable Minister of the
Interior [under the Directory] . His great friend was
Lagrange, and he never dared to speak in the Institute
without consulting him. If Lacroix or others attacked
him, Lagrange thundered down upon them. I often
asked Laplace what he thought of God. He owned he
was an atheist. Many crimes have been committed in
the name of religion. The oldest religion is the worship
of the sun. Where is the soul of an infant.-' I cannot
remember what I was before I was born; and what will
become of my soul after my death? As to my body, it
will become carrots or turnips. I have no dread of death.
In the army I have seen many men suddenly perish who
were talking with me."
"I have dictated thirty pages on the world's three
religions; and I have read the Bible. My own opinion is
made up. I do not think Jesus Christ ever existed.' I
would believe in the Christian religion if it dated from the
beginning of the world. That Socrates, Plato, the
'To judge correctly the real opinions of the Emperor on this subject we
must bear in mind how much he was apt to be animated by a spirit of contra-
diction. With Gourgaud, whom he thought (whether rightly or wrongly is no
matter) to be something of a dévot, we see how he could express himself. To
Antommarchi, who professed to be a materialist, he said : "Aspiring to be an
atheist does not make a man so"; and to Montholon, " 1 know men well! I tell
you that Jesus Christ was not a m!^u."—Frenc/i Editor.
RELIGION 277
Mohammedan, and all the English should be damned is
too absurd. Jesus was probably put to death, like many
other fanatics who proclaimed themselves to be prophets
or the expected Messiah. Every year there were many
of these men."
"I once found at Milan an original manuscript of the
'Wars of the Jews,' in which Jesus is not mentioned.^
The Pope pressed me to give him this manuscript. What
is certain is, that in the days of Jesus public opinion
favored the worship of One God, and those who first
preached that doctrine were well received and welcomed.
It would have been so in my own case if from the lowest
ranks of society I had become Emperor. It would have
been because circumstances and public opinion were for
me, not against me."
"I read the Bible. Moses was an able man. The
Jews were a cowardly and cruel people."
"Egypt is the country which seems to be the seat of
the oldest civilization. Gaul, Germany, and even Italy
followed not long after, but I think that emigration west-
ward probably took place from India or China, where
there were vast populations, rather than from Egypt,
which had only a few thousand inhabitants. All this
makes me think that our world is not very old, or at least
has not been inhabited by man from very ancient times.
Within two thousand years or so I accept the chronology
appended to the Sacred Writings. I think that man was
formed by the action of the heat of the sun upon the mud.
» Renan, a historian not likely to be prejudiced on such a subject,
accepted the pages in Josephus's " Antiquities of the Jews" that treat
of the preaching of Jesus and John the Baptist in Galilee, as genuine. It is
true that in some original MSS., like the one Napoleon met with at Milan, what
he said on this subject is omitted. It seems, however, as if this could be easily
accounted for. Titus was so pleased with the work that he signed a number of
copies and sent them to the chief cities of his empire. Now, as Christ was
condemned by a Roman procurator on the charge of treasonable designs
against the Roman Emperor, it is likely that in the copies submitted to Titus
the passages which speak of Christ as a wonderful man ("if indeed he was a
man ") were omitted.— ii", W, L.
278 TALKS OF NAPOLEON AT ST. HELENA
Herodotus tells us that in his day the slime of the Nile
changed into rats, and that they might be seen in process
of formation. Can any one tell us what the brain is?
All things can be explained by magnetism. Where is
little Arthur Bertrand' s soul? The soul is formed as the
body forms. Knock a nail into your head, then you
become a madman, and then where is your soul? It is
absurd to believe that at the Last Judgment we must
appear in the flesh. Why should we, for a few crimes
committed upon earth, be punished eternally?"
"Say what you like, but everything is more or less
organized matter. When I have had stags cut open in
hunting, I saw that their interior was like that of man.
Man is only a more perfect being than dogs and trees.
Plants are the first link in the chain of which man is the
last. I know this is contrary to religion, but it is my
opinion. We are all matter. Man was created by a
certain warmth in the atmosphere. Man is young, and
the earth is old. The human race has not existed more
than six or seven thousand years, and thousands of years
from now man may be very different from what he has
been. Science may then have made such progress that
mankind may perhaps have found out how to live forever.
Agricultural chemistry is yet in its infancy. Not many
hundred years ago we found out extraordinary properties
in certain bodies, but we cannot explain them — the
loadstone, electricity, and galvanism. What discoveries
may not be made in these thousands of years!"
"What makes me think that there is not a God who
can take vengeance, is to see that good people seem
always unfortunate in this world, and rascals lucky. You
will see that Talleyrand will die in his bed When
I see that a dog or a pig has a stomach and can eat, I say
to myself, 'I have a soul, they must have one too.' Give
my watch to a savage and he will think it has a soul."
RELIGION 279
Gourgaud replies: "But, Sire, that just proves that
there is a God, for there had to be a clock-maker to make
the watch. What can make itself from nothing?"
"If a man can think, it is because his nature is more
perfect than that of a fish. When my digestion is bad, I
think differently from what I do when I feel well. Every-
thing depends on matter. If I had beUeved in a God who
punished or rewarded us according to our deeds, I might
have lost courage in battle."
"A man may have no religion, but may yet have
morality. He must have morality for the sake of society.
MoraHty for the better classes, the scaffold for la
canaille. ' '
Then Gourgaud says: "Sire, I think the laws of
morality are much the same in all religions; such laws are
the work of God. He may be worshipped alike by
Catholics, Protestants, and Turks. All prayers may be
accepted by Him. To say that is not so, would be like
saying that all prayers must be in the same language.
The incense of prayer will mount always to God."
"Bah, Monsieur Gourgaud! And do you think that
the intelligence that regulates the movements of the
planets (and this intelligence is only the product of matter)
looks upon the actions of men, and takes account of
them?"
"Sire, I believe in God. I should be very unhappy
were I an atheist."
"Bah! Look at Monge and Laplace. Vanity of
vanities!"
"Science, which has disproved that the earth is the
centre of the celestial system, struck a great blow at reli-
gion. Joshua, we are told, stayed the sun,' and that
• " It is really astonishing," says Herder, " that this fine passage (Joshua
x.,6-14) has been so long misunderstood. We are expressly told that it is an
extract from the Book of Jasher— a collection of poems on the heroic deeds of
leaders of the Israelites." The Book of Jasher is quoted elsewhere in the
2So TALKS OF NAPOLEON A T ST. I/ELENA
stars will fall into the sea from heaven. What do I
say? All the suns, and all the planets, etc."
"An Itahan prince in church one day gave a piece of
gold to a Capuchin who was asking alms to buy souls out
of purgatory. The monk, enchanted at receiving so large
a sum, exclaimed, 'Ah, Monsignore, I see thirty souls
departing from purgatory and entering paradise!'
" 'Do you really see them?'
" 'Yes, Monsignore.'
" 'Then you may give me back my gold piece, for
those souls certainly will not return to purgatory.'
"That is how men are imposed upon Jesus
said he was the Son of God, and yet he was descended
from David. I like the Mohammedan religion best. It
has fewer incredible things in it than ours. The Turks
call Christians idolaters."
His Majesty is reading the Bible with his map at hand,
and proposes to write an account of the campaigns of
Moses.
Gourgaud adds: "The Emperor dictated a note to
me, to prove that the water struck out of a rock by
Moses could not have quenched the thirst of two milHons
of Israelites."
Bible. The book itself is now lost. Some archaeologist may possibly discover
it in Egypt or elsewhere among papyri.
At the close of the eighteenth century, or beginning of the nineteenth,
several versions were published of a pretended Book of Jasher. The passage
in Joshua expressly states that the chiefs of five clans of the Amorites gathered
their forces to make war on the Gibeonites, who were in alliance with the
people of Israel. Joshua, receiving tidings of this raid, made a night march,
surprised the Amorites in the early light of a summer day, and chased them
through the rocky pass of Beth-horon with great slaughter, which was increased
when a dense thunder-cloud blackened the heavens and enormous hailstones
fell among the combatants. Then Joshua (like Aja.x) prayed for light ; prayed
that the sun might not set, and night add to the darkness, until the enemy was
subdued. The prayer was heard. We may be permitted to believe that the
sun in its glory shone out before sunset, and that the moon was bright in the
valley of Ajalon when the Israelites completed their victory.— £. IV. L,
THE END.
INDEX.
Aboukir, 64, 118; sword of, 31.
Abrantès, Duchesse d', see Junot,
Madame.
Acre, 6q, 70, 72, 232, 241; Saint John d',
6q.
Adige River, 5g.
Agesilaus, 207.
Agincourt, 190.
Albert, Mademoiselle d', 138.
Albuféra, Duke of, see Suchet, Mar-
shal.
Aleppo, 70.
Alexander I., of Russia, go, 120, 122-
127, 154-157, 163, 200.
Alexander the Great, 67, 207-209.
Alexandria, 65, 67.
Algiers, 250.
All, Captain, 16,
Alps mountains, 60, 218.
Amboise, 123.
America, 7, 17, 39, 71, 72, 193, 252,
264.
Americans, 71.
Amiens, 249; peace of 114, 117; treaty
of, 197.
Amillet, , 2.
Ammon, Temple of, 67.
Andréossi, General, 156, 189.
Angelican religion, 274.
Angoulème, Duc d', 176, 180, 199.
Duchesse d', 52, 153.
Anjou, Duke of, 205.
Antibes, 170-173, 178, 180.
Antwerp, 187.
Aosta, 80.
Arabia, 29, 64, 68.
Arabs, 66, 269.
Arche de 1' Étoile, 87, 234.
Archiépiscopal Palace, 88, loi.
Arcis, 165.
Arenberg, Madame d', 139.
Arona, 80.
Arras, 60.
Artois, Comte d', 181, 199, 204.
Asia, 71.
Aspern, 133.
Assassination, projects of, 83-84.
Auerstadt, 120, 121.
Augereau, General, 123, 227.
Augusta, Princess of Saxony, 141.
Austerlitz, 119, 120, 155, 210, 216,
241.
Austria, 79, 81, 116, 117, 132, 137, 139,
140, 149, 155, 156, 157, 160, 162, 163,
182, 183, 1S5, 190, 191, 202, 204, 222,
226; Emperor of, 37, 61, 84, 128, 141,
158, 163, 164, 191, 192, 226.
Austrian staff officers, 131.
Austrians, 59, 63, 79, 82, ii8, 119, 132,
134, 164, igi, 203, 213, 215, 217, 222.
Autichamps, d', log.
Autric, , 3, 8, II.
Avesnes, i, 2, 3.
Avignon, 173.
B
Bacciochi, Princess, see Bonaparte,
Elisa.
Badajos, 130.
Baden, Duke of, 150; Prince of, no.
Bagration, General, 155.
Bard, Fort, 78, 80, 218.
Barras, Comte de, 49, 56-58, 61, 73-
75-
Barrère, , 50.
Barrière de Chaillot, 4.
Basle, 92.
Basque Roads, 16.
Bassano, Duc de, 2, 5, 6, 12, 129, 154,
202.
Bassville, , 44.
Bassy, , 3.
Bastiles, 87.
Batavia, 71.
Bathurst, Lord, 25, 33,
Batri, , 6.
Bautzen, 163.
Bavaria, 202, 210, 248; King of, 150,
151; Queen of, 125, 151.
281
282
INDEX.
"Bayadere," 12, 14, 15.
Beatrix, Empress of Austria, 141.
Beauchamp, A. de,li64.
Beauharnais Eugene de, 56, go, 119,
135, 138, 140, 150, 151, 161, 162, 201.
Beauharnais, General, 55.
Beauharnais, Hortense de, see Hor-
tense de Beauharnais.
Beauharnais, Josephine de, see Jo-
sephine.
Beaulieu, General, 62.
Beaumarchais, P. A. C. de, 258, 259.
Beaumont, 2.
Beaumont, , 186.
Beauvau, , 227; Madame de, 136.
Bec du Raz, 21.
Beker, General, 6-10, 13-15, 20.
Belgians, 202.
Belgium, 3, 139, 202, 243.
"Bellerophon," 14, 15, 20, 22, 23, 25.
Belliard, General, 44, 45.
Bender, 68, 255.
Benevento, Prince of, see Talley-
rand.
Benningsen, General, 122.
Beresina River, 158, 161, 227.
Berlin, 121, 200; decrees, 121.
Bernadette, Marshal, 30, 60, 105, 123,
124, 134, 164, 224, 226.
Berry, Due de, 153; Duchesse de, 90.
Berry-au-Bac, 3.
Berthier, Marshal, 65, 124, 132, 139,
161, 163, 187, 227, 244, 245, 247, 248.
Berthollet, , 270, 274, 275.
Bertrand, Arthur, 278; General, 2, 4,
7, 9, 10, 13-16, 19, 20, 24, 26-29, 31,
68, 108, 149, 166, 168, 177, 180, 185, 225,
239, 263, 266; Madame, 8, 10, 12, 18,
22, 24-28, 30, 112, 148,169.
Berwick, , 60.
Bessières, Marshal, 104, 159, 188, 211,
236. 245.
Besson Captain, 16.
Beurnonville, General, 46.
Bicêtre, 84.
Billaud, , 48.
Billaud-Varennes, 75.
Bingham, Sir George, 28.
Blacas, , 33. 77.
Black Rocks, 21.
Blacke, ',1130.
Blockade, Continental, 121, 132.
BlUcber, General, 123, 186, 189.
Bohemia, 132.
Boleyn, Anne, 205.
Bonaparte, Brother Bonifacio, 35, 87;
Caroline, Queen of Naples, 135, 140,
149; Charles, 36; Elisa, Princess
Bacciochi, 119; Jerome, King of
Westphalia, 119, 147, 148 (note), 153;
Joseph, King of Spain, 6, 10, 12, 38,
44, 45, 119, 123, 129, 130, 142-144, 261;
Louis, King of Holland, 36, 119,
144-146, 149, 150; Lucien, 36, 139,
146, 147; Madame, 37, 38, 149, 150,
169; Napoleon Louis, 150; Pauline,
36, 140, 148.
Bonaparte family, 35-39.
Bonnefoux, , 11.
Bordeaux, 14, 16, 203.
Borisov, 159.
Bormida River, 79.
Borodino, see Moskwa.
Boudet, General, 80.
Boufflers, , 125.
Bouille, Madame de, 90.
Boule d'Or, Hotel, 10.
Boulogne, 49, 115-117.
Bourbon, Due de, in; Isle of, 71.
Bourbons, 12, 17, 51, 77, 78, 82, 113, 128,
129, 167, 173, 199, 200, 202, 204, 205,
248.
Bourgeois, Colonel, 10.
Bourgoing, Père, 41.
Bourmont, L. A. V., 225.
Bourrienne, L. A. F., 98.
Bowen, Captain, 246.
Boyer, , 181.
Braunau, 234.
Brayer, , 175, 176.
Brest, 115, 116, 201.
Briars, 243.
Brienne, 39, 40, 41, 88, 163, 227.
Brignole, Madame de, 246,
Brittany, Duke of, 205.
Broglie, , 262.
Brumaire, 73-76.
Brunswick, Duke of, 46, 123, 125,
Brussels, 139.
Bry, Jean de, 61.
Bunbury, , 25, 27.
Buonarotti, see Bonaparte.
Buonaventura, Fra, 35.
Burgundy, 203.
Busaco, 130.
Busche, , 10.
INDEX.
283
Cadoudal, Georges, 93, 94, 104-ioq,
114.
Caesar, 207-210, 233.
Caffarelli. General, 65, 66, 224; Ma-
dame, 6, 8.
Cairo, 64, 65, 72.
Calabria, 182.
Calais, 114.223.
Calder, Sir Robert, 115, 116.
Calonne, , 1,%.
Cambacérès, J. J. R.. 48, 51, 54,77,107.
13g, 193, 262.
Cambon, J., 192.
Cambronne, General, 172-174, 225.
Campbell, Sir Neil, 168, i6g.
Campo Formio, Treaty of, 63.
Canisy, Madame de, see Vicence,
Duchesse de.
Cannœ, 12g.
Cannes, 175.
Capauchins, 36, 87.
Cape Colony, 14g.
Caraman, , 201.
Carignan, , 201.
Carion, , 5.
Carlsruhe, iio.
Carnot, 75, 184, 193, 194. 233-236.
Carrier, J. B., 47-50, 61.
Casali, Cardinal, 271.
Caselli, Cardinal, 272.
Cassano, 81.
Castiglione, 227.
Castlereagh, Lord, 33.
Catherine of Russia, 63.
Caulaincourt, General, 3, iio, m, 125,
140, 160, 163, 268.
Ceracchi, 83.
Chabran, 80.
Chabrillant, , 264.
Chaillot, 107.
Chambéry, 60.
Champ de Mai, 191; sword of,
31.
Champagne, 46, 88, 125, 256.
Champagny, J. B. N., 154.
Championnet, 241.
Champs Elysée, 4.
Chaptal, , 85.
Charlemagne, 208.
Charleroi, i. 186.
Charles V., 69.
Charles, Archduke of Austria, 60, 131-
133. 232.
Charles IV., King of Spain, 123.
Charles, Prince of Lorraine, 2x3, 214,
216.
Charlotte, Princess, 203, 243.
Chartran, General, 5,6.
Châtaux, , 227.
Chateau-Renaud, 9.
Chateaubriand, 200, 269.
Châteaudun, 7.
"Chatham," 21.
Châtillon, 108, 266.
Chatou, 6.
Chaumette, , 48.
"Chaumière Indienne," 268.
Chauveau-Lagarde, 52.
Cherbourg, 201.
Chiappe, . 3, 8, i86.
China, 69, 71, 102, 277.
Chivasso, 80.
Choiseul, E. F., 223.
Chouans, 93, 104, log.
Christina, Queen of Sweden, 268,
269.
"Clarissa Harlowe," 3g.
Clausel, General, 14, 30, 187, 190,
201.
Cobentzel, Comte de, 63.
Cockburn, Admiral, 27, 28.
Coimbra, 131.
Colonna, 183.
Commerce and Manufactures, 85-86.
Comminge, , 107.
Committee of Public Safety, 50, 75.
Concordat, 100-102.
Condé, General, 210, 211, 213.
Constant, Benjamin, 261.
Constantinople, 123, 156-158.
Constituent Assembly, 45-47.
Corday, Charlotte, 49.
Corsica, 36-39, 141, 167, ig7, 267.
Corsicans, 141, 182, 222.
Corvisart, Baron, 43, 140, 152, 153.
Cossacks, 70, 123, 156, 158, 163.
Côte d'Or, 43.
Cour-de-France, 165.
Crécy, igo.
Cremona, 80, 213.
Crétin, , 65.
Cromwell, Oliver, 195, 258, 269.
Crusaders, 273.
Czai toryski. Prince, 126.
284
INDEX.
D
Dalamatia, Duke of, see Soult, Mar
sbal.
Dalton, , 4-
Damanhour, 64.
Damas, Roger de, 181.
Danican, , S4-
Danton, G. J., 47. 48.
Dantzic, 121, 122, 236.
Danube River, 5o, 133. i34.
Darfur, 66.
Darius, 208.
Darrican, , I94-
Daru, , ig6.
Daun, Marshal, 213, 218.
Dauphiné, 181.
David, IQ7. 280.
Davout, Marshal, 6, 65, 120, 123, 125,
132-134, 154. i59i 194, 226, 264, 265.
Decrès, 6.
Dejean, Comte, 3, 165.
Delessert, , Q^-
Delmas, , 100.
Denain, 230.
Desaix, General, 30, 64, 65, 72, 79. 224,
226, 232.
Diamond necklace, 52.
Dibdin, Thomas, 115.
Dieppe, 121.
Directory, 61, 65, 74. 75. 84. 8b, 226, 244.
Dniester River, 159.
Doret, Ensign, 12 (note).
Dresden, 140, iS5. 156. 161-164. 254. 266.
Drouot, General, 2, 3, 6, 168, 169, 180,
186, 190, 225, 226, 239, 248.
Dubois, Baron, 41. 152.
Duchâtel, Madame, 5.
Duhesme, , 186.
Dumanoir, , 118.
Dumas, 59; General, 65; M., 3.
Dumouriez, 46.
Dunkirk, 60.
Dupont, General, 54, 257-
Dupuis, , 71-
Dupuy, General, 2.
Duroc, General, 78, 84, 92. 127, 226
227, 25g.
Durosnel, , 181.
Dutch, 71. 256, 257-
Eble, , 226.
Eckmûhl, 143-
École Polytechnique, 215.
Egypt, 29, 33, 43. 57. 64-73. 157. 160.
192, 207, 209, 219, 232, 241, 244, 246,
247, 272, 274, 277.
Elba, 8, 17, 32, 33. 5^. i40, 148. 151. 163.
167-169, 171, 178, 180, 182, 183, 191,
192, 197, 222, 225, 253.
Elbing, 82.
Elchingen, 118.
Élie, Brother, 40.
Elizabeth, Madame, 52.
Elleviou, 56.
Elysée, Palace of the, 4.
Enghien, Duc d', 109-112, 114, 116, 194.
England, 17, 20, 21, 23, 25, 29, 49, 71,
72, 95, no, 114, 116, 117, 120-122, 132,
143, 144, 155, 157. 162. 169, 184, 192,
197, 198, 201, 203-206, 230, 243, 244,
246, 252, 255, 265.
English, 15, 19. 25, 32. 50. 67, 70-72,
97, 129, 130, 162, 177. 178. 186-190,
200, 202, 233, 238, 243, 250,-256,1258,
277.
Enzendorf, 133.
"Épervier," i3-
Equator, Crossing the. Ceremony of,
31.
Erfurt, 123, 157. i6o-
Erlon, Drouet d', 181, 188.
Ernouf, , 260.
Essling, 132-134, 210.
Estève, 106.
Etruria, Queen of, 146.
Eugene, Prince, 213.
Eugene de Beauharnais, see Beau-
harnais, Eugene de.
Euphrates River, 67.
"Eurotas, " 23, 24, 26.
Évain, , 118, 236.
Evreux, Bishop of, 275.
Excelmans, , 184.
Exeter, 22.
Eylau, 63, 82, 122.
Fain, Baron, 4, 6, 99.
Faubourg Saint-Honoré, 107; Saint-
Jacques, 107.
Fédérés, 4, 193, 194-
Ferdinand, Archduke, 118.
Ferdinand VIL, of Spain, 123, 128-130,
267.
Fesch, Cardinal, i37-
INDEX.
285
Feuquières, , 60, 213.
Figaro, 96, 258.
Flahaut, General, 2, 3, 6, 7, 180.
Fleurus, 186, 188, 22g.
Fleury, , 6, 96.
Florence, 39; Duke of, 37.
Florian, J. P. C, 268.
Fontaine, , 87, 235, 236.
Fontainebleau, 43, 51, 69, go, 135, 162,
163, 167, 168, 228, 231.
Fontenoy, 213, 220, 230.
Fouché, 5, 73, 89, 91, 92, 94-g7, 138, 139,
187, 194-196, 221, 263, 264.
Fouras, 13.
France, 7. 8, 13, 16, 17, 30, 32, 33, 37-
3g, 45. 47. 49. 55. 58, 60, 61, 65, 68, 6g,
71, 72, 81-83, 85, 87-8g, 94, 98, ICI,
105, log, III, 113, 114, 116, 117, 120,
121, 123, 125, 129, 130, 136, 137, 140,
157, 162, 163, 167-169, 182-185, 187,
i90-ig2, igs, ig6, ig8, 201-206, 208,
218, 2ig, 224, 235-238, 243, 244, 251,
252, 254, 256-258, 260, 266, 267, 26g,
273-
France, île de, 71.
Francis I., of Austria, see Austria,
Emperor of.
Francis 1., of France, 6g.
Francis Joseph, see Austria, Emperor
of.
Frankfort, 214.
Frederick, tlie Great, 124, 211, 213-
218.
French, 2g, 55, 71, 72, 81, 84, 134, 162,
200, 203, 213, 217.
French Revolution, see Revolution.
Fréron, 47, 4g, 50.
Fresnes, , 253.
Friant, , 186, 216.
Friedland, 122, 124, 226.
Frioul, 80; Due de, 226.
Gambier, Captain, 20, 22.
Gamot, , 17g.
Gap, 173.
Garan, , 173.
Garfagnana, 119.
Gascon, 224.
Gassendi, , 226, 230, 241.
Gassion, , 139.
Gaudin, , 253.
Gaul, 69, 277.
Gauls, igg.
Gavais, , 43.
Genappe, 187.
Genoa, 7g, 81, 82, 246, 250.
Genty, Lieutenant, 12 (note).
Georges, Mademoiselle, 30.
Gérard, General, 30, 165, 176, 17g, 224,
231-
Germany, 60, 69, 128, 162, 167, 206, 208,
217, 277.
"Gerusalemme Liberate," 39.
Ghent, 198, 260.
"Gil Bias," 262.
Girard, , 188.
Gironde River, 12, 13.
Girondins, 55.
Gohier, , 74,
Gonesse, 6.
Gonsalvi, Cardinal, 272.
Gontaut-Biron, M. de, 138.
Gourgand, General, 2, 9, 29, 32, 33, 50,
63. 67, 68, 73, 82, 108, III, 114, 116,
119, 123, 131, 133, 135, 143, 157, 159-
166, 168, 176, 178, 185, 189, 194, 198,
201, 202, 206, 208, 210, 211, 225, 227,
231, 232, 248, 250, 254, 259, 262, 267,
26g, 273-276, 27g.
Government, Provisional, 7, 8, 14.
Grand Cerf tavern, 10.
Grasse, 170, 173.
Gratz, 145.
Greeks, 156-158, 207.
Grenoble, 60, 78, i6g-i73, 175, 178, 180,
181.
Grenville, Lord, ig7, 204.
Grey, Lord, ig7.
Gribeauval, J. B. V., 230.
Grosbois, ic6.
Grouchy, General, 3, 186, i8g.
Guadeloupe, 260, 265.
Guastalla, iig.
Guicbe, Madame, 82.
Guillemin, , 108.
Guise, 3.
Gustavus Adolphus, 41, 20g, 210.
Guyot, General, 186, 189,
H
Hamburg, 154.
Hamelin, Madame, igo, 254.
Hannibal, 210, 233.
2S6
INDEX.
Hanover, 117.
Haxo, , 235, 236.
Hébert, , 48.
Hédouville, General, 73, 74.
Heliopolis, 72.
Henri II. of France, 266; IV. 141, 205,
218, 2ig.
Henry VIII. of England, 68, 205.
"Henriade," 219.
Herbois, Collot d', 48, 75-
Herodotus, 69, 278.
Hoche, 232.
Hochstadt, 213.
Hohenzollern, House of, 120, 124.
Holland, iig; Lord, 203, 204.
Holland, Queen of, see Hortense de
Beauharnais.
Hondschoote, 60.
Honfleur, 121.
Hortense de Beauharnais, 56, 135,
137, 140, 145. 150. I79> 180.
Hotham, Admiral, 21, 22.
Hotier, 105.
Hubert, , 267.
Hulin, , 194.
Hull, , 27.
Hume, David, 205.
Île d' a IX, 10, 14. 15. 19.
lie de Sein, 21.
Imbault, Madame, 9.
Imperial Library, 39.
India, 29, 66, 67, 69-71, 144, 277.
Indies, 202.
Iron Mask, Man in the, 37.
Isabey, E. L. G., 136.
Israelites, 280.
Issus, 208.
Italians, 87, 222.
Italy, 33, 35. 43. 61, 63-65, 69, 73. 74. 78,
87, 88, loi, 117. 119, 123, 151, 167, 183,
202, 211, 213, 218, 222, 244, 255, 257.
277; Campaign with the army of,
1796-1797, 58-63; second campaign
in, 78-82.
J
Jacobinism, 243-
Jacobins, 91, 95, 243.
Jamestown, 246.
Jena, 119-121, 123-125, 187, 241.
Jerusalem, 69.
Jews, 273, 277.
Joachim, see Murat, Marshal.
John, Archduke, of Austria, 134;
Prince, of Austria, 60.
Jomini, , 215.
Jordan River, 272.
Josephine, 55, 56, 74, 82, 88, 90, 94, 103,
104, 112, 116, 135-141, 150, 163, 170,
172, 245, 246.
Josephus, 272.
Joshua, 279.
Jouan, Gulf of, 171.
Jourdan, General, 59, 232, 233.
Judea, 272, 273.
Junot, General, 43, 92, 123, 160, 225;
Madame, 33.
Jupiter, 271.
Jupiter Ammon, Temple of, 209.
K
Kalouga, 159.
Keith, , 72; Admiral, 21, 23-27.
Kellerman, General, 46, 79.
Kerkadin, , 10.
Kingdoms bestowed by Napoleon,
119.
Kleber, General, 30, 65, 72, 73, 102,
226, 232.
Kollin, 213, 218.
Konigsburg, 121.
Koran, 269.
Kosciusko, 125.
Kourakme, M. de, 154.
Koutouzoff, General, 157, 159, 160.
Kray, General, 60.
Kremlin, 159, 208.
Kulm, 164.
La Haie-Sainte, 189.
La Réveillière, 61.
La Vendée, 50, 108, 188, 190.
La Veuve, 39.
La Ville, César, 5.
Labédoyère, General, 2, 3, 6, 7, 175,
179-181, 184, 185, 224, 226.
Lacretelle, J.C. D., 258.
Lacroix, , 276.
Lafayette, Marquis de, 46, I44i I94i
196.
INDEX.
287
Lafitte, , 96.
Laforêt, , 89.
Lagrange, — , 274, 276.
Labarpe, General, 62.
Lajolais, , 104.
Lallemand, , ii, 13, 14, 16, 17, ig,
33, 25, 28.
Laraarque, , 187.
Landau, 188.
Landshut, 132, 211.
Languedoc, 261,
Lanjuinais, , 103, 194.
Lannes, General, 30, 65, 78, 91, 123,
143, 188, 226, 227; Madame, see
Montebello, Madame de.
Laon, 3.
Lapie, General, 169.
Laplace, Marquis de,l86, 251, 268, 270,
274-276, 279.
Lapoype, , 80.
Lariboisière, , i, 4, 6, 226.
Las Cases, Comte de, 5, 8, 11, 12, 14,
19, 20, 22-24, 27-29, 32, 33, 52, no,
112, 155.
Lasalle, , 133.
Lauraguais, Due de, 73.
Lauriston, , 154, 227.
Lavalette, , 6, 17, 19, 8g, 90;
Madame de, 145.
Lawfeld, 213.
Lebrun, C. F., 77, 98, 107, 246, 261.
Lecchi, , 80.
Lecourbe, 107, 179; General, 224.
Lefebvre, Marshal, 229, 236.
Leghorn, 168, 169.
Legion of Honor, 100, 257; Cross of
the, 22, 24, 177.
Legrand, General, 226.
Leibnitz, , 275.
Leipsic, 163, 164, 214, 221.
Lemarois, , 54, 55.
Leoben, 61.
Léon, , 207.
Lepelletier, Felix, 192.
Leridan, — -, 107.
Les Sables, 13.
Letourneur, , 44, 253.
"Lifïey," 22, 24.
Ligny, 124, 186-188.
Ligurian, Republic, 117.
Lille, 178; Comte de, 83.
Lillicrap, Captain, 23.
Limoges, 8.
Lintz, 133.
Littleton, , 28.
Lobau, Comte de, 164, 186; Island of,
133-
Loire River, 48, 88, 235.
Loison, , 80.
Lombardy, 117.
Lonato, 261.
London, 19-23, 165, 197, 256, 258;
Tower of, 15; bankers, 258.
Longwood, 63, i66, 268.
Lorge, , 80.
Lorraine, Prince of, 215.
Louis IX., 218, 2ig; XIII., 45; XIV..
37, 91, 203, 218-220; XV., 91, 220;
XVI., 44-46, 49, 51, 78, 194, 254;
XVIII., 82, 83, 95, 98, III, 112, 163,
167, 176, 198-200, 202-206, 266.
Louis Philippe, see Orleans, Duke of.
Louvre, 53.
Lovelace, , 39.
Lowe, Sir Hudson, 33 (note), 166, 204,
258, 263.
Lowther, Lord, 28.
Lucca, 119, 16;.
Luchesine, de, 90.
Lugano, 59.
Luther, Martin, 68.
Lutzen, 128, 238.
Luxembourg, 61, 73; General, 213.
Lyonnais, 256.
Lyons, 38, 48-50, 64, 88, 175, 176, 179,
181, 203; Academy of, 42.
M
Macdonald, General, 100, 107, 164,
165, 260.
Macedonians, 208.
Mack, General, 117, 118.
Madame mère, see Bonaparte,
Madame.
Madeira, 30.
Madrid, 45, 144.
Magallon, , 64.
Magdeburg, 124-127, 210, 214,
Mahomet, see Mohammed.
Mahrattas, 67.
Maignet, , 42.
Maingaud, Dr. ,23.
Maintenon, Madame de, 255.
Maison, , 231.
Maitland, Captain, 20-26, 28.
288
INDEX.
Malmaison, 4-8, 41, 106, 163, 184, iq6,
ig7, 264.
Maloi-Yaroslavitz, 15g.
Malouet, , 8g.
Malta, 114, ii7; Knights of, 21Q.
Mamelukes, 64, 65.
Manufactures, see Commerce and
Manufactures.
Mantua, 80, 81, 22g.
Marat, Jean Paul, 47, 4g.
Marathon, 207.
Marchand, General, 5, 8, 24, 174, i75i
180, 263, 267.
Marchiennes, 188.
Marengo, 79, 80, 83, 117, 218, 221, 247.
Marie Antoinette, 51, 52.
Marie Louise, 37, 51, 135-137. 139-141.
152, 153, 156.
Marmont, General, 134, 164, 227, 228
(note), 248, 250.
Marne, 165.
Mars, Mademoiselle, 248.
Marseilles, 42, 4g, 50, 180.
Martinique, 113.
Mary, Queen of England, 205.
Massa-Carrara, iig.
Massena, General, 81, 82, 123, 130, 131,
17g, 180, 26g.
Masson, , 218.
Maumusson, 11, 16.
Maximilian, Emperor, 208.
Mayence, 102.
Measures, see Weights and Measures.
Mecca, 67, 20g, 255.
Mediterranean, 117.
"Méduse," 12, 15.
Mêlas, General, 7g-8i.
Melville, Lord, 25.
Meneval, , gg.
Menou, General, 65, 67, 2og.
Merlin, , 61.
Mesgrigny, ,5.
Metiernich. Prince, 37, bi, 92, g3, 96,
128, 135, 222.
Metz, 188.
Mézières, 2.
Michels, Des, , 173.
Milan, 40, 80, 117, 151, 277.
Milanese, 81.
Milowski, , 170.
Mincio River, 5g.
Mohammed, 68, 70, 255,256,262, 271.
Mohammedan religion, 274, 275, 280.
Mohammedans, 65, 250, 273, 275, 277.
Moldavia, 154, 15g.
Molitor, , 268.
Mollien, , g6, 253.
Monaco, Dr., i6g; Prince of, 170-
172.
Moncey, Marshal, 80, 177, 227.
Monge, G., 270, 274, 27g.
Mont Tarare, 78.
Montalivet, , 184.
Montaran, , 5, 7.
Monte Argentario, 44.
Monte Notte, 37.
Montebello, Madame de, gi, 136, 140,
152.
Montecucculi, General, 2ir.
Monteleone, 222.
Montélimart, 172.
Montenegrins, 268.
Montereau, 227.
Montesquiou, , 2, 186, i8g, 201, 233,
267; Abbé de, 83; Madame de, 152.
Montholon, General, 5, 6, 8, 12, 26-30,
log, 123, 145, 182, 231, 258, 263, 267;
Madame de, 8, 11, 20, 24, 27, 28, 210,
268.
Montmartre, 87, 88, 234, 235.
Montmorency, Constable de, 6g; Ma
dame de, g6; Mathieu de, 144; Raoul
de, g.
Montmorin, , 45, 129.
Montpellier, 36.
Montrond, g4.
Moore, Sir John, 132, 233.
Moreau, General, 5g, 93, g4, 103-iog,
114, 163, 164, 232, 233; Madame, 102-
104.
Mortier, , 186.
Moscow, 155-160, 246, 266.
Moses, 271, 277, 280.
Moskwa, iig, 130, 158, 160, 161, 245.
Moulin, , 75.
Mounier, , 80.
Mourad Bey (Napoleon's horse),
255.
Mozhaisk, 15g.
Muiron, General, 54,
Munich, 150, 151.
Murad Bey, 64.
Murât, Marshal, King of Naples, 30,
38, 53. 54, 94, 119. 142, 153. 159-162.
178, 182, 183, igi, 221, 222, 227, 236,
250.
INDEX.
289
N
Nangis, 238.
Nansouty, General, 227.
Nantes, 50; Bishop of, 135, 137, i39.
271, 273.
Narbonne, , 136, 140, 154, 259.
Nariskine, Princess, 126.
Naples, iig, 168, i6g; King of, see
Murât, Marshal, King of Naples;
Queen of, see Bonaparte, Caroline,
Queen of Naples.
Napolton II., 23, 184, 202, 203, 206, 265.
Naumburg, 120, 123.
Neapolitans, 222.
Necker, J., 45.
Ncipperg, , 140.
Nelson, Lord, 116, 118, 236.
Nero, 205, 25g, 260, 266.
Neuburg, 123.
Neuville, Hyde de, 82.
Newton, , 275.
Ney, Marshal, 82, 123, 161, 177, 17g,
184, 185, 189, igi, ig3, 221, 223-225,
227, 236, 245.
Nice, 5g, 88.
Niémen River, 122, 134, 154, 155.
Nile, 6g, 70, 278.
Niort, 7, 10,
Nivernois, Due de, 56.
Noailles, Hôtel de, 54.
"Northumberland," 27-29, no,
Notre Dame, 116.
"Nouvelle Héloïse," 244.
o
Oder River, 214.
O'Meara, , 263.
Orbitello, 44.
Ordener, , no.
Orleans, 8, 11; Duke of, 46, 4g, ço, ig4,
203, 204.
Ornano, , d', 25g
Ossakoff, , 130.
Ostrowo, 160.
Otrante, Due de, g6.
Otranto, Duke of, g4.
Ott, . 78.
Ouessant, 21.
Ouverture, Toussaint L', 113.
Ouvrard, , g4.
Ozier, , d', g3.
Pajol, General, 189.
Pantheon, 49.
Paoli, General, 38, 39.
Paris, 2-12, 14, 15, 20, 30, 35, 36, 39, 42-
52, 54-56, 61, 64, 75, 83, 86-89, 92- 93,
loi, 104, 106, no, 114, 115, 139, 158, 162,
165, 172, 176-179, 183-185, i92-ig5, 201,
208, 219, 222, 223, 233, 234, 237, 244,
245, 252, 254-257, 259, 260, 262, 263,
264, 267, 270.
Parisians, 55, 87-89, 235, 266.
Parma, 252, 257.
Parmenio, , 209.
Pasha, The, 69.
Pastrengo, 59.
Patrault,4o, 41.
Paul 1. of Russia, 127, 156.
" Paul and Virginia, " 268.
Pavia, 78, 80, 221.
Pellair, , 267.
Perregaux, Mademoiselle, 228.
Persia, 67, 207; King of, 208.
Peter HI. of Russia, 127.
Philibert, Captain, 13, ig.
Philippeville, 2, 3.
Piacenza, 62, 80.
Pichegru, General, 32, 40, 82, 93, 94,
102-109, 114.
Pignerol, Governor of, 37.
Piombino, Gulf of, 44.
Pire, General, 5, 6, 132.
Pirna, 214.
Pisa, 256.
Pitt, William, 97.
Pius Vn., 271, 275.
Pizzighetone, 80.
Place de Carrousel, 82; la Madeleine,
104.
Place Vendôme, 105.
Planât, , 3, 8, 11, 15, 23.
Plantation House, 263.
Plato, 271, 272, 275, 276.
Plymouth, 21, 22.
Po River, 62, 80, 81, 183.
Poitiers, 7, 10.
Poland, 121, 122, 124, 125, 141, 155, 157,
160, 206.
Police, 8g-g2.
Polignac, , 108, log.
Pompadour, Madame de, 217.
Ponée, Captain, 12 (note), 13, 19.
290
INDEX.
Pons, 180.
Pope, 35, 36, 44, 68, 6g, 70, 88, loi, 102,
116, 146, 197, 208, 219, 254, 274, 277.
Pope Pius Vll., see Pius VII.
Porto Ferrajo, 168, 169.
Portugal, 91, 122, 130, 131, 162.
Portuguese, 162.
Post Office, 89, 90.
Pradt, Abbé de, 91, 266.
Prague, 128, 132, 162, 213-216.
Praslin, , 227.
Prefects, 86.
Presburg, 60; Treaty of, 120.
"Prometheus," 26.
Prony, , 251.
Protestants, 273.
Provence, 180, 261.
Provisional Government, see Govern-
ment, Provisional.
Prudhon, ,1136.
Prussia, 90, 116, 117, 120, 127, 134, 155,
156, 160, i62,:202, 211, 243; King of,
120, 121, 123-127; Queen of, 125-127.
Prussians, 119, 120, 163, 185, 187, 188,
190, 218.
Pyrenees Mountains, 162.
Q
Quatre Bras, 185, 189.
R
Rambouillet, 7.
Rapp, , 188.
Rastadt,6i.
Raucourt, Mademoiselle, 90.
Reade, Sir Thomas, 166.
Real, ,'73, 93, 96, 105-107.
Red Sea, 66, 70.
Reformation, 69.
Regnault, 2, 142, 184, 189, 193;
Madame, 5.
Régnier, , 106.
Reichstadt, Due d', see Rome King
of.
Reign of Terror, 48, 75.
Religion, 270-280.
Republic, gi, 106.
Résigny, , 3, 7, 8.
Retz, Cardinal de, 262.
Revolution, 59, 60, 94, 96, 98, 140, 184,
199, 202, 206, 220, 232, 258, 273.
Revolution and its leaders, 44-52.
Rewbell, , 58.
Rey, , 174, 186.
Reynier, , 131.
Rheims, 2, 3.
Rhine, Confederation of the, 120, 123.
Rhine River, 73, 102, no, 117, 120, 124,
213, 220, 243.
Rhone River, 59, 175.
Richelieu, Due de, 98, 230.
Riga, 159.
Rivalto, 79.
Rivière, , 109.
Robespierre, 42, 47, 48, 50.
Rochefort, 7, 10, 11, 13, 19.
Rochelle, 16.
Rocroy, 2.
Roederer, , 51, 52, 73.
Roguet, , 235, 236.
Rolland, , 106.
Roman legion, 229.
Romans, 129, 208, 233, 237, 267.
Rome, 44, 68, 147, 148, 25g, 266, 268;
King of, 62, 152, 153, 165, 257.
Roncesvalles, 131.
Rosbach, 216, 217.
Rostoptchin, , 157.
Roumelia, 157.
Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 244.
Roustan, , 50.
Rovigo, Due de, 5, 7, 9, 10, 13-16, 25, 28.
Royalists in France, 82-83.
Rue Chantereine, 244, 256; Royale,
104; Saint-Honoré, 4; Vivienne, 263.
Russia, 67, 70, 71, 116, 120, 122, 128,
132, 134, 137, 140, 154, 155. 157-160,
162, igo, igi, 202, 204, 264; Emperor
of, see Alexander 1.
Russians, 118, iig, 130, 163, 187, 200,
216, 233, 236.
" Saale, " 12-15.
Sablons, 53, 263.
Sada, Sheik, 72.
Saint-Aubin, , 31.
Saint Bernard, 13g; Great, Convent of,
272; Great, Passage of the, 78 (note).
Saint-Cloud, 255, 267.
Saint-Cyr, , 164, 205.
Saint-Denis, 6.
Saint-Didier, Madame, 262.
Saint Domingo, 112-113, 200.
Saint-Germain, 6.
St. Gothard, 80.
INDEX.
291
St. Helena, 24, 25, 2g, 33, no, 112, 126,
149. 155. 157, 165, iQi, 193, ig6. ig8,
204, 246, 251, 252, 263, 265, 266.
Saint-Jacques, , 3.
Saint-Jean, Mont, 18.
Saint-Lambert, i8g.
Saint Leu, 36.
Saint Leu, Duchesse de, see Hor-
tense de Beauharnais.
Saint-Maixent, 10.
St. Petersburg, 156, 160.
Saint-Pierre, Bernardin de, 268.
St. Stephen, Eajjle of, 166.
St. Vincent, Lord, 246.
Saint-Von, , 2, 3, 8, 175.
Sainte-Catherine, 12.
Saintes, 8, 11.
Salerno, 222.
Salic Law, 205.
Sambre River, i.
San Miniato, 35.
Santarem, 131.
Saorgio, 62, 217.
Sardinia, King of, 218.
Sarrazin, , 164.
Satorius, Captain, 20-22.
Saul, ig7.
Saulnier, General, 10.
Savary, see Rovigo, Due de.
Saxe, Marshal, 213, 217.
Saxons, 134, 214.
Saxony, 120, 202; King of, 126, 158.
Schérer General, 58, 5g.
Schonbrunn, 84.
Schwarzenberg, General, 134, 257.
Schweidnitz, 230.
Schwerin, , 215.
Scipio, General, 233.
Secretaries, Private, g8-gg.
Seine River, 87, 133, 184, 234.
Sémonville, , 47.
Sénarmont, , 226.
Septeuil, , 227.
Sévigné, Madame de, 250.
Seymour, Lady, 205.
Shakespeare, 162.
Sieyès, Abbé, 51, 54, 73-75.
Sisteron, 173.
"Slaney," 20.
Smith, Sidney, 72.
Smolensk, 140, 157, 15g, 160, 227.
Socrates, 271, 275, 276.
Soliman, 68.
Soprani, , 248.
Sorbier, , 226.
Sotin, , 83, 84.
Soubise, General, 216, 217.
Souham, 164.
Soult, Marshal, 2, 3, 123, 131, 163, 176,
187, i8g, 201.
South America, 144.
Spain, 122, 123, 128, 130, 131, 144, 155,
162, 233, 257, 258.
Spaniards, 130, 238.
Spanish war, 12g.
Staël, Madame de, loi, 244, 261.
Staps, , 84.
Stradella, 78, 7g, 221.
Stupinski, , 8, g.
Suard, , 266.
Suchet, Marshal, 7g, 82, 17g, 185, 186,
i8g.
Sugny, , 42.
"Superb," 21, 23.
Sweden, 116, 120, 156, 157, 162.
Swiss, 216.
Switzerland, 81.
Syria, 157, 244.
Tacitus, 158, 266.
Tagus River, 131.
Talbot, , 183.
Talleyrand, 42, 47, 58, 75, 8g, go, g4-g8,
102, log-iii, 123, 126, 244, 245, 278.
Tallien, , 47, 55; Madame, 56, 254.
Talma, , 56.
Tartars, 123, 156.
Tasso, 3g.
Teil, du, General, 42.
"Telegraph," 21.
Tennis Court, Oath of the, 45.
Thénard, , 44.
"Thunderer," 26, 27.
Ticino River, 80, 81.
Tilly, General, 41, 210.
Tilsit, 63, 124, 125, 127, 160, 163; Treaty
of, 122.
Titles conferred by Napoleon, iig,
(note).
Torbay, 22, 27, 2g.
Torgau, 124.
Torres Vedras, Lines of, 130.
Toula, 15g.
Toulon, 33, 3g, 43, 44, 50, 54, i6g, 178-
180, 201, 261.
292
INDEX.
Toulouse, 261.
Tours, 7, 9, 54, 88, 235.
Tower of London, see London,
Tower of.
Trafalgar, 116, 118.
Traisnel, , 93.
Trianon, 246.
Troyes, 165.
Tuileries, 51, 52, 55, 104, 108, 109, 116,
173, 176, 177, 269, 270.
Tureau, , 78-80.
Turenne, Marshal, 59, 210, 211, 212,
213.
Turin, 60, 79, 80, 213.
Turkey, 156, 213.
Turks, 156, 158, 268, 280.
Tuscany, 87.
Tyre, 208.
U
Ulm, 60, 117, 210, 241.
United States, 3, 4, 6, 17, 18, 71, 72,
143. 184, 197.
V
Valen ay, 9, 123, 129, 130.
Valence, 39, 40; General, 46.
Valenciennes, 60.
Valenza, 81.
Valois, Marguerite de, 218.
Valoutina, 43, 160.
Vandamme, General, 164, 186.
Vanderberg, 86.
Var River, 82.
Varennes, 46.
Vassy, 165.
Vatrin, , 80.
Veauchamps, 238.
Vendeans, 225.
Vendôme, 7, 9, 237.
Venice, 151.
Verdun, 114.
Verona, 59.
Versailles, 116, 227, 246, 248.
Vicence, Due de, m; Duchesse de,
5-41.
Victor, General, 80, 227.
Vienna, 92, 97, 133, 135, 136, 149,
200, 202, 226, 233, 234, 254; Congress
of, 96.
Villars, Marshal, 60, 230, 237.
Villeneuve, .admiral, 115-118.
Villeroy, Duc de, 213.
Vincennes, 87, [76, 234.
Vincent, Colonel, 113.
Viry, , 247.
Visconti, Madame, 244, 245, 247, 248.
Vistula River, 124, 163.
Vital, , 5.
Vitebsk, 159, 160.
Vitry, 165.
Vittoria, 128, 129, 143, 162.
Volney, Comte, 269.
Voltaire, 219, 230, 255.
Vosges River, 217.
w
Wagram, 60, 133, 210, 212.
" Wales, Prince of," 116.
Walewska, Madame, 5, 245, 259.
Wallenstein, General, 41, 210.
War, The art of, 229-242.
Warsaw, 154.
Waterloo, 7, 30, 31, 143, 146, 158, 178,
182-197, 202, 243, 245, 263, 266.
Weights and measures, 86.
Weimar, 123; Duke of, 123, 124.
Wellesley, , 204.
Wellington, Duke of, 72, 94, 130, 131,
162, 187, igo, 267.
West Indies, 114, 115, 117.
Westphalia, 119.
Whitworth, Lord, 114.
Wiasma, 157, 159.
Wilna, 154, 161.
Wintzingerode, , 165.
Wittenburg, 124, 125.
Wittgenstein, 159.
Wormeley, Captain, 114.
Wright, Captain, 109, no.
Wurtemberg, King of, 243; Princess
of, i53.-
Wurtzburg, 234.
Xerxes, 207.
York, Duke of, 60.
Zama, 233.
"Zephyr,'' 169.
Znaim, 134.
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