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21 



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22 



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23 



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27 



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28 



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30 



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31 






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58 



(oU ^j .t:nJL^L--.j u^iJ ^Lji y^j>Ji cy^ij>ii Jj>-^i 
tzJljj ,<,d .... T ^i ^ijjsji,, dj;_iii jjL^ ^.uUi diijyi 

S-H^4— ^ 'SJUII JU^Vl ^l I j . , „ jjljj! jLii {<.<.) 

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34- Jameson. Eredric (1981) Ihe Polilical Unconscions: 

Narrcnivc as Saciallv SymbolU: Aci, London, 
35, Ohmann. Richard ( 1976) En^lish in America: A Rtidical 

View ofilie Pyafessidii, Oxfcird, 



61 



36. Poirier, Richard (1971) Peijonninf^ Sfff,- Cnnipositioii 
aiid Decomposilion in llw l^ini;niii;e tif Coiiii'iiipfnary 
Life. Oxford. 

37. Bersani. Leo (1978) A Fiitnre Jor AsTycnia.\: ClHiniclL'r 
aiid Desire iii LileraUire. Cambridge. 

38. Jehlen. Myni (1981) 'Archimedcs and ihe p;ir;tdox of 
feminist LTilicism'.S/gfi.v, VI(4). .'175-60 1 . 



62 



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jjjjj^ dr'-»- "^! M-jJ! '""' "'' Ij V jj^j iLiJLla iBjhjjJ j -■'- iu4i;LlJl 

* — 

. jUjiiJ iJiiLa iljLiil JJi: I JSIaj . Ljj^j 

oIjI a "iiVI jjj j_>.lj j_jjl i~." -li (jl ■ .-^ j " I 5Us:l l jj_A jjc. 
(_yi La-jL t -'jf-j jLlLJl ^j .yi L^^._i_- > .jj ,__^ BjLiJI Oj.j». j^l 

.'Ljjj-a j_jJJl "J-^l" -I Ljjji T-Ljjl ^---j-- ■"" Ojj jjjji (^3 ' d .1.- -^ Jl 
tLjjl — fl_o ji i — j- j i a aJ i-J- V '' j ■ 1 ■ ■■ 'lSla.Li^ 'Lll—Sj 1 ^ ■- aj l1 

ij\ d_i_iKjjl (jji J-.I--1JI ^j£. ^^j_Lj j_jj>J "iJj .fljjj-». 5 _, -^j 1j .,- ....I 



70 



^ S_iAj IjjJ ■■■■■■ _;'j -j; ■■■ La-L^ L^JL^LJI C^ (jIJI JjL— 11 j'^l 
rtijJcu JjJI 1J3I1I Lj-liJj .^^jj-illj ^ JaLi Jltii^ a^i*J ^J^ 

-' '■■-■ i;_>iEJ ijJJl ^j^jILj Liji^ J I ■^"" 

^j '""' SftljJa (CJj-flj Jj^^L-a (jij joJ jlj-^^'i tjr^ ^; ' ^ ' - ' "" L-a 

. j^i ijus ^y] r ' - ;i' ^jLjj h^ d-iU^ jjLJtj ^:ji ^^LiiJi 

jl j .=:.-. .■ Nl aiiLi ^ t^l j^Lilj JuL.Ua-iJl_5 ^Lo._jJj-a«jyij 

I jl.->. jJU" =^l JJiIi i^ .. -, .. f^ ir 1 ' ;. Ijj ig fl . - L. Ojjjj. j^ jjJ 

tj^ jjj^^L Jj i " ... 1 j ^j^s '(.A^ Ln^ t^j-^ ;4jJj-'^L. dg j_ >j " u 
^ jll I- ■■■jll dJakJlj d^d_.,.'^jS/l ijiljSJI . L^iLujl jJjlIjj j^ 

If LiJJfci . .^ j"^. jlj .':.- . -Vl. i^LiJl d-jijjjJaJl 4_a^jJlj 
ijjijjl 3 - I IA j _. hI..^ ^ll ^ (»J-JJ (j^L-aJJI ii ' \ ^'S, . J-jJl J.a- -T a 
^-..p.- 1 j - ■; ■ r^ - Jg."ll ^>a ^- ■! iljLt 5 , , „1 ■. „ iji 4j-lia.ll d_iJ,LiiJl 
4 u' .(^jJii lP» -jIj -■"' ■" '^' 63^ '^■^ • L-^^Jj-a ' ■ " 1^1 ^V 

4J.LI3. 5 ■:.! ! iiUj cJi-a ' -j''.< ^\^j-L^\ ^j-i^Ln 3_a^j (_^ t:i^-fc^t 

^ o'jUt> .\'jsCui Li-jJ^JjjlS J-1 .^ji=tj 'aI^jS V .O-SIjjLi (ja j d ^ -l 

^>a U <LiL Jj-iJl (^! 5-3L^yL UjL^Jil JjL^i ^ J^\ tL--i'^l 

,-)\ ) ,<■':,- I I i-Jiliit^ jj-a j3-a^l - J^ t>a ^ZU^il n' i i.il jl - ^ J ! - ■ " ' ' "" ' 
L^jlj^ p .., j" ,_jUI 5 ■ ..,1 j,,. ' lj S-i-JejjLJIj 4jj:.L<i1>.V1 . 4_i.3LiiJI 

.^U=.^l ,_Jui i^LiJl 

~H .ijjLIa-iJlj djjJijJI 4_tA_ijilIl l:1jLij».Ij_11 f-i-*^ 0' ^J '^ ■■ f' 
dJLjsJI alus (j-a •-J.J-^ i>^ u "" i nj t>*5 J-^ 'l^^^ (j-" L^itf. OJJJO 
JoL-3.V tla. ^ nn"- CjLl^ijJIjJ^I JJjiaJ >-3J-^J -^JJ-i' <L-tal^l 

(jA J5 d_L3lj_^3J:yi 4ial.-Jl j^ LgljL j_^l a_.-^LJI oL^,^t_^l 



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^l cj-^-UI Sj^ .(A) Lcclurc ^JSjJ jlj_Lj>.j j^i JMIoj oW^'-^ 
Vl j^^HI Ui .5_JUj. 5_iL^l:lx^1 dlix^ . Jj^hJL) dJLijl J j->-. .... 



ol£.jUilj kJLl^Ij iy-ajijl LjLSiu ^oJ J^jL^lj dJLjJ Oijj-o 5j_p.^l 

d .1 -1. ~ , ..! ;^ j I M I J_A fCJ-u . 'l i-ii . .il.^U ai d . , ,,1 . , ,, ll L-d-i-fl cl T . .. 

Jjjji j_ji Jjl a 'II 5_J,l£Lal ijl ^ j-La-JtJ (<J 3lj-.'.'i...^'yi ^ 

A£j_li-JI , n;-<j ^_5JJl .^l<L-il_vJI ^L^i ;>J ,t:jn-LJL.a.^l Lri=-«- 



(«J ^j-iJSJ .ijJ^Li:!! J.^ .3 .-^Il^ll 3 _. ^jlji" ... .^jl 1 ^a ljtlj d_*_ijjj 

il t-i ni JJ-J.J-J JjLUI i_£ljJI -Ijj jLj— ljlj^I ■ j I^- . ..1 |_^^L j ' .^:. 

ji _)KIj1 i^lSLal ji 1 j ^ '^i .-■''^^'11 -.lal ^ -^l ^jLi. 4j.i_La.i.j 

.ajj-loJl ^lj-a jj^ i_^-^ u' LJ^-*f 5_Jj,a-ii ^-T^iS^ ^tH**^ j^ 



1 ^jif J jij .',.'t i.i^i (JI^jjl L^la _^l 3 ^ j^jJi 4__j.uj_4lLl i-jitJjLJI 

(ji (j9 a_i^L>- 5JVj 3_ttj ji i^LULi ,(^ Ijj j_aJ .4jLij (_^ ' 1 - -j 

^ - ^ - -. .. ^ 

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Ll^ji^jLj-aLa. Ijj, L aO ljjJI d-ajMll d_aj.aj»JI nJ-ii CjL*jaJ lo Jji^ ^jc 
JL)Ju»uLj-u ^ jJI j-ji^l ij_jJ ^^.La-jcj^ .3_i^ S-JEJKJJ i^yJjVI Sj-ai) jSj-3 

- I i ^ i ^ i j . , I J i^ Ll^ aJjjj ^jjVI j", ^I i La ^! . >jSl Jj_LLajilj tt '.r 
a g -.- Ij 1 1 jl 1 .- j_^ 1 jl . " ' cLL-L) ^l .- i L-itjjL -. ' . ■'■j ■'■ '' •". ' ' 

t^i-^ Ljr3 LjJ^jj' >^ -^ Ot''3 L^rr'SJS' v^l;-^ 0^= ^^'j-^jjjyi 

0>^' j-i-iji ,_jjj.jJjjjj:;^i jU . JjiJi 3L>. iji -^r^ Ljl^j LJ^-i' 

jj.^ 7-1jI ^.^JJI ^^jJ-l (_^J-^tJLj jj.j JS^ Jj I j Tij L^JJi «j» jjj-iiL-iJI 
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ju_^i ^ i-^Sjj.1 5.j_9>ui i^^um j_= 5j^.:l.iJi .-■ ! - .; ..^n 

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.1 Ji i'iSl I .lA . „ln i" a Lo lIjj_uo . [H.AJ.a.1 lj_.j i ^ ■. '^ sLjti ^ j t^ ■.- ^j ", n , 

j^JilUlj dj/VI L>-:JjS::j Jfi^lj ^-^L» - ^>LUV1 jjij 'V^j-a 

j^ Sjlj „ t T ",j jjjl jy. .4 1 ,1 n\ "y—i- La ... S|_^ J^^j3 JjLjJI^ 

tjJl J>^*^ l-AJLa u::^jJo Ijlj .3j.jjJaj ^.li: dJl..u^l S^j SjjAjtlj 

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,jj tiilj J..0 jJLSi ^>-i'i jJ -lj^L.,..,S/1 ^ i[_ilJl cLLil,. ^ rt__^ 
J-ij -i -Jl J2_3JI ^ ^ _. _! Ji i "i jjjl J.SJLJL_i..i Jj .ilL^l oJ.4 3_J^LLa 

. jji Lfljjj 7-j."laI I p-jj^jj L 

Vj n^ 'a t 1 niU)i Vj Jj 'i a 'iW V 4ji jVl -^" . .. ^ ^ _lJ3 jaSLLiJ 
L^jLil JjJjj 1^1 SjLLi. (_yl^ ^jJjjLaj LiJjjLt-a ij n Ll3. jj ajjjjj ^ 1 " 
' irl" ■•»-« »Lai 1 ijjjjij L^LSa aiJ_jj kZjLaJ.SJl oJ_a .CjIj ji ijTj **■ ; "- 

L-ai .iJiL^S/l ,_>^ ^ cr .^ ■r.", ^l jU,';,;i jl .^_^i .-i^J l ^- ^ l 



JJKJ j_,Jj:. .jjLjj L^ji ^jJaljJl (j_»3 LLI I j~ j-».ljj iLdjjJo _^] 3 , . ..:il . 
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<ij a t" i.u.a»j B L_ii.jjjjj_j.lj liij (( JjiL«j,i Jj-o iZjLaiS' j7jJ_lj 1 '1 1 j 1 . 1 .K 
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l_o .aljjJl ^ l-* 5j-_i_fl_fl L^jJJ-j S^^ cLjjjJI SLjjJI» 

B^^S^ S_^ jj^ L^l . Lu ^ji j_^ jjJj^LJaljl (Ir^^iji-a jj^ ^-jic- ^^jJo-ij 

L^ji L*5 .((jj.^1 ^iJLtJl» j_^ JJJ.J-U jlj-o i^>jJ-3 (oJLt (_j^ jjjvjJl 

inon- 3 j ■■■''j -^n A-oJ^I «diij i^JJl eLiEj^l (JaJjo ijJL) S-aJ>- i>a 

4 jj /i 1 5 ^< —<: . ,-... .T. ij ,-■ ■■■ jja ^ j ' -^ I eLijjaS LiJjJl 5Li:>JI ^danilc 

.- > ~ . .■" f ^j *' ' *1 1 ') LiJjJI SLljiJIj Ljj.jJ^Jj_uV1 . 4j_a jj SjL U il.j 

,^1^1 J^Lj^lj .^^lj^l ^^Lk:Vl -Sjjj^L, ^_^Vl Lo^lj^l 

'-■-> '^l «L-ojj I j • j 1 -^ oj^ ... 'llJ-.t~i lu J ji oj.. a, 1 ^1 a ^jjljj ^jji 

ji'. ~. ^ jitji (_j^ ^-T_tj .ji'i ij^LojjiJi a^Ueji 3.fly_iij jj3ij.c.j-"yi 

^lj-clj ■"■Ij -^ j ."j (JIjLiI It^ (j-o (jVl ,jj/j5j L_o ^i J— J-C . LlajJI 
5 .'^ , 1 il l L^ij^lSLaa 1 j-J U I . ., . 1 Lj_3.jJ ijjj_uVu «L.i.iSl-ji. A— iJ.a f 

(ji I j 'j 1*^ [*^'j^ ojLS < L^jLj.lj L^Lij 3L.ujij 1.^ i. ^ .ii i Jiijljj.j 

jjji^aJI f7 )L>. i«-flj (j"^l SiljjJI . iLp. jjjj ^_jjj I <jjJjS ^jji SjiJjijji jj-Io 

^Ljjjy ^jjiai jj I Miii oi (> ^^LjUi l,"^j3 ijIj . jl^i s . _, .U; 

i^ JLjJI j-»j . VjLc. ''l-— ' l_o j '^' jJ-jJL jjJajJI ' -y-^^ tL-i^l 
3LuJI JlSLii - ■ ■1 — J>^ -- '^ I "ijl j j_o^L3 . i.'iTj U "Lijijl (nhn a 

f I '-" . ., I '- I ''^J _J ' Jj" . ^jjsLL^jJl 

.'J-J.a J-«-C.i (JJJI jjjLSjl ^jVI J2j. Ji-a iLjj>.jJ3JJ^J1jVI jjiJ 

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Dirrercnce i_3>Li.Vlj Otherncss ijj-i.SJi jjj-j 3n jSt. ^i ^J-»3 

La ■|_,jjj.iji '. 'M£ J-i Lo I j ^ - j ' CjLojLiJL 'uiLa. 4jj. itj^J ij^is ' 

J X 1 j A ^JjLd ' ilj I -^ j 1 . * ■ JL^ (.7^ '*'J3-^' ^ '^ ' 1 *- ^ J '--■'" 4.A 

'"■I ^ '-. (jVI I " ....''< ! iU^iLlj.'iflaj '(4jj_>.VIii ,Jj1 "■ iKll jjLiLd. 



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jajj- oJ jj jOJ "if 1 5 5 A , ,i \ j Al l 1 1 )j .1j- I g ^"\ U. I (_jjJl 5_^LJI -"'LI tI' 

j"ii .*.l t^ , ^^1 »_i_^^ Lp-^ [ iA <(< ^J^ ~ .h. VI II j if *U*_3* jr 1 tr j_Ja.^ 4.w.A_iAJ 

[_^j_ij-jjij jjjJiiJjLlll jl j 111 11 I 1 gf j '>! -^ |_^ (ja-jJl jlj-fl-a i3_aLiiJl 
j ■"1 -tl jji.jJ^J_j_!Li^l JUC i[rj_a.Vlij j2>c. iIljJjJI . La-^J (_j-=LaJl 

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(_^l \jK.xZ^\ : Jliil J:Lj_L^ (^^ ,_^3JiJI ^i j^^jJ^Jl (^ya-^J^j^^l 

Jj 3. d J-oG 3JI a fl (_j.a GollC oJj — c jj^jj_j 1 — ^ — Jl JJlojJ 

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■ ^— ■" '11 ■ ■ j ■■^' ""■ ^ Sjiitliil •JLjLVjJI (_jj3 Lj.jJjjj_;:Lj^1 4j_jjL<taj 
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l5jj (ji (jSUj i(^!j^jl>-VIu_j ((ijjj.Vlii _i djjjl L_jjjjJi JLi:L>.Vl5 

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J.^ i ~.l i j_j^l ajLil AjV iLjJl fl _. ■":. i_jl.j «n (j-o [Jl^Jlutj 3 U l ... _. 1 

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Jaj. I " ■" " UoLij (*.Sjej Sj_xjj.l (JLiLaaJI (jU «LilaLiJI 4_fl_i_fl_3jl 

tiLpLAj-^ iJSLi jjj ^;_iij jLLj ^l ^^ "^ 5 't ...II jjij .^aJLiiJI 

d 'a j » 1 1 5f I : .^ (jJ-^J '^^■* l ^"' . i l ■ ilUA-ll ^lf Ij ■"■<' ' ^" •" ^ -U^'a 
■ _i^ I 1 "^* ' i j l j ^ ~. .^ I 1 L^l - d I >l .^ fTlj ■ j^ j ■ ^ j ' I jj^ j ■ .. 1 A T-Lljld 

j^jfl I i_ljj flj |li.jt_jo ^vIlSLIj aI c -^ j ' j > jj "■ 1 1 ^jl Jk ■ n ^ 4<4_^l a.ZiA\ w 

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jl . I ^i' -.j -M . ..llj i__ijjjl J '1 - - - jjl^ ^jJaJj V L^l i ^jlK'll 
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4 ' 1 ijj ll lajj^j ■■< ■ ■ ■■! ■ - •■" LljLjaJjVlj d ■ 'i .^"^aVI ^.-. ■ .^■*.ll JjLji.o 
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f s ' p 

ij^»g ! I j l « 'a I ■ " j * LaL-jl J_*j ~~ ' I (oJ Lljl J_ij d ^' *■-" "j eJ_aLa 
■^j' --1 1 jjJILll iijj-laj (j_o LaIj-S^I Jflij aljLji^ y^' J-*"' 'i,?-^ LT^ 
J< ■M lj .4_i3LfliJI CjLjvjJ^JjVI f-J-o-:». Lo 3_i.jjj Igjl^ _l5jJ (^l 
«L-a-aLjl ,_^ ' -■'^■<'"j j_3j a ~\\ (_>jjJ*- i)J__3.Lj t_5JJI (jjI J JI ^j^l ii 'H 
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^l T . ~ ..S\ i)j_3j j_^,jJI jTj' '"" "^^' i^iJJ— "* "^Li rin t) t> nt-iin ^ 

'^j! L^- t^r'^ J'>' ^ '-*'' "^ji-^'^' ^'j '^! i-^' 'ijr^ijL^' 

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ijj — ii^i_y .^ oLjIjjj -lhi^^I Ja.>Jl ^j — «j (_y^ Bruckner 
jijjMi:iU O'Brien 0^3'^ J3j^ jj^s^ il^ljJI 5_. ^-..^11 oLlniJij 

»^ aj T _ " i. U oLajJI |_jj (>jJolj_aj ,Jj\i_ijL_a_S LLajLc ^ Lr.j 
6L>.jI 4 j ii ij 5j_-:^~lU CjL^jJI [ju ^jjj I 1 ■- d_u3La. 5 . Ij J . .. .. 

jjjJo ^^ lj r <i -» Ji ji L^iJaj JL>. i_5lj tjSUj 'i/ 4Jjj_«-o j_^j .jiJLiJI 
jji^l .^y:. jjJjj_ij..fl Lijl l3^I - lj_^i ^j'ijj '■^j-tJ I jL»j^I (jLi JjiJI 
(j;j-^j."i 2 (^^jiiJ 4j1 lil-wj jjjjl I j_A .(jl^ _j_jjLJJI ^jj I "^'v 11 i_5JJl 

Ia^jj. LiJjjL. (ji ^ji Lbiii '^^^iJ '■^ -ut" .:j "''j-^l jLjJ'ifl jjl^ 

Lo^ .5_iiiJ^Lllj ^jUi.jjJI l^^Jj-Jii (jj - 3_L*Jm CjLVjJI Ci-aL^ . ^j< 
ilil—oVl L^JJJ >-^Jt lj-^ ' 1 j ■-Ij L_i_jj_^ij .t.... jSJl 3 j .':. 1 1 |_^ 
S}_i^ ^>^i 5_1,L.J1 oLjjl=lj._j-oyi 'J^ J^L. . 4_=,^ljJl 

. 4_L4u^-a 4_o^jL^ 
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(jjjj.*-a LuL 'tjjLaJl fljiflJL jLfl_i Lajjj (^l .mi foJ Ijl '■• Ij .iLiljJj 
4 ;^ _i ^llj j-ljLjJI <lJjL;t_a Jj_3. LilS d ^ -^ , ,. : .1 a , „1 . . .. .^1 i ^ " . ., 1 , 
.(jJjlII jI j a ;>iU .Lilj_i_o ,jl ^j^j 'i a_l (^j-^l JjJ ^jl^ flj U j.LuJ I j 

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Llja Ljij .4_i^lAJl d.j.LLiiJI ^jjJI j_ij S^La ^ ^ ,:ij_aj ^ i -> ' 1 1 

i^U:; ^ J^I-aJI j-j-ij^lj ^L^Vl j^-^»^ >* (juJoij-o^ ^jVl -ao^A^ 

^Ijj, 4 jlf tHjjJojl L_aj L-4JjJ,j- ^\jl£A j_j_iiJI JJ_tJlj ,.-.^J A. I ~.n 

C4ja.>o L^l i^%Aji '^ g'°* < .Jj J L^JJ-:^ 4jLui_4 p-^ ■ .^ frJLa , ^ ■^jl 

[j^ Jj-j-uj 4j I I a j j_^jji 4jjjJalj_i-ol (_jJI . j_aLjJ j (jL^Jji >LjJj ojLuiJ . 

. (jl >jl d '»- > , ^ ,^ jlj—uil (j-4 * . I '~ ^ J_^^ LT^ ^ 1 i 'lS''f 1 L.4J . ^l .^11 

'lfi iil JjldJI (jj Jj_SJI jj.;*jj .5j.ajJ.I Cjyj-JjJI cJjS (jj s-j_». ' '■j'' 
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,.£j4! I ' .1 U> i_3j^ I.O j_^ j_^L_i_j_u _ j _i ->Ji y-1 " fli^l jl — a I " i . iiLi 

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^!r. (djj^ILL^-iJla 5_JtIUil Ij-lljlijj S-ojSls.. t^l ^ ■■■j ,_^ IjJJjiJI 

.«LtjL^ 4_Ju>j_al «ZjLi_uLlui 

,j_L>JI ^l — ^l I J — ^ Jj>Io ^j o-'i^ ijj v^ji c.-L^j 

i.Ii'^Lmj ' g ■'^■~ ■ "I /J l-L^Jj iO-LJtliil iHjLja^l ^-i_ul j 1 .1 (j-o R-Jal^lj 
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rt_i_3-jLiJI Sj_it:m oLj'^^I A^Vj^ jji ,_^ i(jjj i'K 11 Ja-3 Lt5 
4£^_>JI JiLji 1 j jl^ j l ■ f V L-Slj-ai^ 3_i-u3iLaj 1 Ljj-I. ^~e i-^jL^o 
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rt'. .. ^ yLS^l iJLj.^'^l .:jlj-jiLiil j-fl 3Lilj_ii_a 5Lij«_o iLILi. 1; iiiiji 
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Jia. ^jJilJ j_i.jJ.la jJ_3JI Jlj ■ "II jLjaj_i.L j_* 1 l_ii_j_i_ul_j A-A\ a.i.ii_^l 
^ljJJI .^j-=-^l JjjJI .J>^^1 L1.ULLJJ1 :jjj_^^L Ln_a^Lt 

5 . j . , ^ .jJiLi-ailj ._'j • ■"■'!_; oljij.!JI .^j-J..^I ^jLaJJl i^j_i.^l 
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.l^lji^^LiJI ^^^MjiJL d^UJl jijLjI^U'^Ij .^I^^aII^ .4^13111 
. LiJLa .(sJLiJI iLs-ji 5 ,:; , I oj.;k1J.I oLj^jJI ^jjLLaLpjl ^^^3 ^ln n Cj^^ 

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I ilo.^l jjjJjj iLcJ-i ^_,-LjIL;tj tj^jajj-ji (JTjj-jLi. L*V"^ >"" • '^ j '^ 

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-ijijj-ji 

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.^ L^l ^ .ii^^M ,_^l ^;-.SJI ijjiiJI jU: . j-VI ;_j-a oljLJ-JL^VI 

^ 1 -.1 — "11 Liijj ' ..."j * -^j "■ ■■■"' iLLijJ_3jl tL_LJ_j_iJI I J -» .jJjJjj-ILl^l 

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tL,c.ja .oa-ill (■ !■' ojij>_o d 1 . ., 1 ■ ■ ■■ tLji-al^ (ji_j ^i .^t "1 I ,il,l ,_,Ja.a LHlJ I 
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J2l ilLi-u (_^ . j^-^-jJl oAJi J-iJa ai ^L^ LJ-'! ^ , ' '■ " ^'L Ljii 

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,^j) 1 r . '^ 1 : ;'; Ji^lj ^ |JL_.JI jt^ d_ijji3 .^i L-a jj_Lj. 

(M^ Uj-^ {iT-«-»Jlj ^iji-i^l (ji JjjjL ^b CjIJ isLi; .4_l^LLJ.Li 

lIIjIj d_i_aLSil J- dj n- - i^^j^ ^ alj^j .iGlj j_^L_,_jjVI ^-j"°Llr.ll 
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Mjj oJj.j»j iL) Jj j«_LALa_a J>*ii 5_j^l£La! , L-a ij*-jJJ '- -■'• ^ jjl 

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Lgj * " "i" ■ " ! ^X> ■ " < Ljj^jJjjjijJi^Vl i>j iJ^^I iLLl.jjj 3j_3 

■L^ ^ («u-LL.^ (.uLa ^LoUili 4jj^I__^^VIj .44^ ^;^ ^j-I^ 

.djjBjj^ jLlcl SjLlV 3j^jI1 Ajjj^jJI iJKJ^'^l . .h^" ij>j^_s 
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jj-dl j^ . Jj_i ^>, LaJl Cjj-JlI ^l .^j'VI -^ ... .^1 jLU^I^ 
oj^ cr^l a__^|j_l^^| oljJl jl ,.Ll» JJ ... -alj, ,H ^:_j <r , -. |l 
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(^lj_L»JI JJI (^ A^LJI .ij».jj^ d.fllj^ j_B .L^lj d_Jlj^^VI 
Lji^ LiiejjLi .LtiljiLjIii^l (jJI d_i ..mJJLi a_iJLJI 3_Ai-ljJl d3jjjj_Li,j 

Ljiil' O- J-tH^I t^(i:H«-*JI a'j-i^ .^pil^^jLj^t J_3L^1 .JiVl 

(i^LcJl 3Li_L4, ^ 3_uLujj Sjj_L.iij jLflJI d 1 - :., 1» ,., ^j ;|; 3 .^nl :;i» 
La Lli! Liul J^l ^t..^ .^ji^ j^j .o^^l t^>JI JjLJI 4^'^ 
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JjJ Ji.« .iijLj-Lo LgJSU <<ia.lj JLi_ci (^ SU:;:tl aiLjt (_^! 5jL.i.! 



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«_a iljLIj 4S>3- ^ j j U'- .jLaijJI eljj La i_jjj-.i^ ijJoLLo H r >i-» .l jl 
.-.Ij i ... 1. .ilalj CjL^L_i_l^j JuLL^jLtaj ij<iJj_iUl '»-a.l.~ V a jjjt>> 

JSUl-jjI^^JI JJliJI jJUJI^>>JL)SJj-(^yi ijjLlo 4^123 

tjujjjijl t>JjL^Vl ^l ^J^ .iA^tj Ajj-tJ 3jl "' iii a "Lai;!- ^-"-"^ 

tj^ ^>JI ■ij^='j>l'lj LrhR-_J^>J!J-^^' i^Ij t^^^l -^Ll^IjJ lj^ 

Jtjjljlllj L^LljjJl 1 1 1j - ■ -'^ ajLJ^jSJI J-iJ - La 4_»j.ljjl .l^i- j>a 

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^ll ^ .M .1 1,1 f.Vi ^; .-. 1 .i Vjj^^^.MI) ^^V\ j>LjJ^JJ^jLl 
jj >_iaj i i{ iU JLaILj *] 15 3 ^ J ^a-ftJjLjLj ^^ ^ --^ '^ . ^J-\_l>* aJ aj fl>-jJ J i 

.U;a jJiJi . jjj.^1 ^L^l LijLojijiil ^LtLi 3 .v'>^' ■ JU-iJI 
ji ^_^UiUI ^LiUJ 4_iL>-l-jJI olj-jfcjJI i-Lj SjUI flj-a. ^Un ji ^ 

jji .|_y]LlJUl 'j ' • " oj_iIiLjJ ■tl . il " J^J'jj "^ I ^ljJ.1 ,_^ |_yjLIiaJjl 
5-lL«^ iSjl^^l i_jbSJI I j ^jj ai ; ijj ■ "' ^ ' I (j^j-kJl ijjj liUJ ,JjLia 
, U ...j'jJI ^j ■'Ti n . J j . ,- ", ^ 1 1 jj_Ljj_iJI L_oi .-a^LajV 4-jj J i ^ a 
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S^LHl '-x^ jJ_,j _L3 ijJJI) j^Uil Jloj^JI ^! 0>^ ^ (*4^ 
. JjLxJI j'o.unll Ik^ (^ ^ljJl i^^l oJL^^l ji (iji^l 

jL Jj_iJt tlj-cl (»jLjj jjl t_vll ,_^4^ r-. « r. -.J rjj-^ CjVLj>. ^^J 

j \1 r I 5 .^ .U aj i ajj 4-aj 1 jj 1 ^jj. Ll^ ■! I 4 ■> 1 ^-. ..^" . ..I I lJIj La- jj_iiJ I "Ij. j-a 

L^ljJai 1lj>.L ^LLaj j_^l liUj .t'jLjJI ,_^ .jijij^^l i-^L. ,^j-ajjs.j 
ii'ljll Jjii j-L-J 5-^j .jLj-Ic^I jjryiJ Sia j ^ l lj 4jj^1j--^V1 J>=- 
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5 ^T . ^ n IjjiLul y_i5j Jj .4_lJLL=iJ ilLa. l^ .i.Ojj V LjJ>-jJ_jJ5_pJ2l3 

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vLJi.5 -i^jL-^JI (^y_fjj>ii'^l J-o-jJl ^ ^lj^)'' l^ ^^^' 
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f f j ~ 

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lO ■*■ j '^ ^ I Jl_j__ijJI» ■- j 1"» ' lA-3. -tiSj^ . <jLi«_i «liie i-uj^ i|_jj.jl >Ji 

jjj . Luj..»- . <ljj— ojJI L^j_fl •_, I H~S"i d-ajli n j_Jij (jLS Ijl La (Jj-»- 
l^Jjj aljJ iulIjI jJL 5 "j l»l|l i_lLIj ^ "• " ' . .. " ■ LdJI ,4jj_i.iJ1 1 j~ A ,^ 

«i .,_.I^U,:-.'Vl ^^^ iAjiLJI *j^!>Li^'^l J5L-J,i Jjj- S j j , ^ '^ Iajj 
.(\v) jj'^l ijL^J (_y^ ijj_LJI ij^iijl j ■'■■'■■'•=' \^j,l ^'^1' 

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Jajlj r-i^Sj ^ji- .1j*^I 4^jLi*U a-i.«>Jl JliiVl :iJu«^l 

2 1 j '*■* 'tj.^ j -»■ *" ■3 ' ""Ij ■• j '~ vl oL3.i^j_iiJ I (jl (j_i_u lT^-^- jLlLa.a 
4_i.a.^LAJl i.a_jLiii jj-C. n JjjLS j . ".^ — ■"' p ' i A~ tiL^I jjl j_y^ II j l-i" I iil 

^) a_tJ->LiJi S^i-a^ij-Z^V! ^lj La .3_i^jUJI ^LJLjLLJJ 

Ly^l ^3 - J '-^ I j "■ i l i|j_*jla - T > i~n *A_uLS_jal »■ 1 _i ■ > i^ i >_i.LIIj'ft iH__j|ftjj' 

^JlJJ ^jS-i-i; jj [*^Ji -(^^) ^ ^i*-^iJJ jLillLo^l J*J_C. ^_yl^ f*J-^ (LiUj 
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j^J_iJ4 L^-4i_l_-eJ jjjJ' L^jM *L_aqL_iil jyu-se— u JjaJLj 4_jL£ :d . ^ t jll j 

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(_^ j -^ -" (^j^jJ^^jJLiI J^ Jaj-V i <i ^ j *ij^— ^ lj^ c-As 1__*__S 



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lLa 4_>.JJJ .^jL^ J-^^'"^' ■t-^-- ^'1 ji ^J j_y^ .... ...II .^j ^l 

I j . ..| lULjjijiiJI /j£. tliJjLjJLS ■■!--. U I jj , ,\ I . ..'v d j . .it . . ..11 Ll r^inll 

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* i ^ 

A V j I ^ ■■ jjLS Lo-a ji£^Li iLjjjjLil flj_Sjl (<ijjLJj I rt rj^ i_^ i.-.Ujjjl j 
^ 1 1 , 1 ^ ^ ^j^ujj^Sj Slocktllg ijS^-l^ T-jj-sJ J-aljJI J-ajJI .^^^m 

iilLitj fl^^i ^ LiilJ^ JL=JI jJt^ .(^^) jJj ^L- JiJlj Hinsiey 
jjLJljj^ Rabinow >i^lj J>j . J_..^i J>LLs 'i_^Jul ^jJI J-<i-jJI ^ 
jjjjJl ^ g Allj Vji J.^1 L_al .iUj^*^! I jj*. J\ ,^H4-flj ^3 -o-^i-^ 
j.^-ij ■ ! j , ...-x: Lj_^i(^l jjj^loLlj-s-'^i^MiA JiVl^ 
iLj_JI cjL-L.jLaJ.1 J^j. jlial ^'1 iiLsJL Ij^Ja: jJlSi ^^ i-Jlii 

^ ^LjJI ^L^I ^LHJVI ^^JL^ ^I oVI ^jI jj^I 
3^jll J-«JI ^ -u>.i jJLj [J^ .4^LiIjs.*iJIj VL"^'?" r'^^' 

^ji S^ ^ IjJIj oLS .j^L . Ljl_J.I u'-J-^ ij^ ■'^'5 0-^1^ 
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^l . liLIj lS.5-^J ^j-JjJI ^jLSjJIj .4jj_;i^_lJI .J-.J-11 jW^' 
(_^ Ij^iiJ j-i^^l TtjjLJl ^jJj- ... a r.-x'i\\ (^yJljs. ji i - . oh i Laj^jL) 
(*4L>_^ u.Li o^lj^VI Jj-i; ^jjJJI JLvjJl .j-J;^ j^LJI j^l 

a nf ,\,l,l ij^jJj_jJjVl ^I/j a j n ,...lnll jtSLsVl j^ J,^ (^JejjLJI 
j^LiLLIj ^•aljll SjjJji tiJ..seJ OjIj 0-^^ -^^h^dj-?^' jJjLSjJL 
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j_i_C, 4Ji Ij-i La , A i K , !» !! 4_iJj£L!l --'lj ,* j .'. II ' (l_L.aL>- .d-LjLijJ^ 
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fl ' '"*• ■"■ d ^\~ -*- rt i_IjIj_i_i ' jj >^ >" l_L.d_u3lq ■ f '^ > j 'j j ^ " 1 1 j 4_i^ijjJi 
.jjj^l (j^jJkla 'lLaLjj eLCjilLa tLi£.lj oLiLitluL) .ti_^jLiJI jj£. 
jl ' . _; > jJj RicOUl- j^SLjj J^jj u J ' " " J > ^-^Jj-^ jLi_j.i jjj 

^ jj_j-.t.uAiJ i-iKJJl ^.-.'1 ,^;-ll ij ;!.':.<': ...l .rodorov ..a^jjjjll 
I jj n i ^': ,.,l ^^\ ^iUj jjji ^il3j_^i d j ;; . ..I'a^ j ^ ^ l ^ ". -^ i oljLiil 

5Lj_>JI ;_jj3 J^j_t.aJ,l ^j_i_aa tLi-jJ dJjLl ijil (_y3 tJ^Je_ii3_j-o iiZJjlj 

^l (jii-JL .Jra-ttJ y\ ^..uJ jj-o .jj.t.ujl J^-5«J -1-aJj - L^l J 4^1 ii~r-^.VI 

.JjjOJIa TtjjLJIj iiljjjlj d . ..\ . . ..11 4_i3 p r.l" JsLlu 

,4_l141j j .S V I _j.ajjLSilj j^ j [^ : 11 j^^LiliJ Lc^_ii3jpa d .1 '^J.'J 
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jl JiLftJ jl ^ l'- ' jl Jj-j-JI Jl5Lii.l JjJ- lI.iJ1I1 .5jjJ-aJl jl "Cuu-UI 

Ander- ^jjj-ujjjl lIjS_LL|j .«^LiJI -ijltlj^ ^ ^JJj jl oJ-a i\ i.iM 

^jaij ;_^^ 4jL-aJ ^ _jjiyi IJuli • ,^j 31j^" . oliL»»- (jj iSOn 

jl£jj| 1 iLji ^_y^ Jj* 1 *l ■ "^ I ' " 1~ -^ " jji. JLjJI jjI L.a) I a n__iljio. 

^jjj .j 5eJ_jj ^j-nJj iJJ fijl I uiJ_j_4 '-LLjI ojj — 3. ^JJI i^l^—lll 

d .f> j .^.11 j - ~ n4_J fl_L^ V I ))a ". iLajVI" J_5->- d-LiljJl LZjl_tiLa_JI 

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ji LijjjJal (_j3 iJ ....!..., 4S_j_>. ^vo 'LLi_ju LLi4J ' ~ 'j j ' ■^" 'jl -^j^' 
Lji i : 'ijj • " 1 1 ^j^ oj-j I j^Lj llU jj tZjj L^ 1 (_^ LajI 11 d_j i ^l.- 1 j ■ .' I 

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J-iil JjLSjj -- I . ■■"' 'j jl 'a j .i , .-. p U. : 1 ol^ iirj.»j» 1 M « i"). (j^ 4jj.3jl 
(ji_uLjljl iLLij). j (j '^ ■ t» "l' iL^^s- (J.a lhjiuSm rng _i « .~i Ljl .4j_j-.3j' 
JlSLil ijjii LiJJj ^l .- I '" ri 3 ~' : ' ■- ^ ' pj; ' .1 a V jlj_-iil 

.iLL^ j 'f ai . I '— j ij I 1 'I j I ' ■ ■'! I ■ ■' 7t_LoJJ d-LL^ l^j jjj I... U 



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i^ j-^b JjiL.^ Lj,jjju Jj^ (ji ^;jS_*j ^^1 ><jji_L_sJI j_.^ , Lj 
Lyoiard jb^ Ij^lj^ . ^V^ ^j^i ,^>sl^l ^L^l Jj^i 
.<^.pj| U^;^ l^ Od>i^' j^^r^h Sy^^ iS'^jj^ jL J^ 
pclits recils jl^\ <A^ ^-i>^ ^Vbt^ o^^l l^aH. i , ,; ..,! L5j-j*:i3 
^.^i^l^li^La^^Li^ljSjlilU^I^ L^^i^^^ 

jJii Ia^ jj_«':^i t_^_p .cL_j,^^i 31^1 i^ ."ii j ;.j .M i j\ j ;- ... y 
ji j^) djj.^ djjji. ji a_ujjji ^Lj^V jb^j jij ^ tU. 'A^ 

jlial ^^ Ji.^ jl^j^ Jj^j .(L^}_iJ^j__iLJl jj^^loVU- 
a^ o^j-^i Jdji-^ t^^^ Cry^ '^ j i . ^ . ^"' 1 j-o jASt^lj.^^/1 

4:1 .i^Lj..^yi M^Ljj-Ji J^'j J'3-^1 --^_jiL_^<Mj.c^i 

= Lj .^ ' ^ . - ' l^I (JUJi ^ . tl^o^lj . i-ojj/^i diijL^I ^\^ 
^yL-*^ ■<^'-L^I J-tJ - Li A.ii.- jJ__G >_j-aVl *jij jj3j .LiUj ^^ 

t^ -tjejjbjjj LoU^ jLt^l ^ ,l^\jz£\ . V_5 L^i^j i j...i.-.-« i 

oL^jUil i^iL^jiSj .i^ji^l J^tJi ^^iiJ 4j^|_,^^ ^ ^ui 

.i.i.LyJI /^ isjjll liL^j ,4.3^.1:313 ^L^ J5JJ. J^ij 

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'^■Iji ;^JJI j^LAi\ ^Il^I 5jp SeL^I ^ .U.^ j.^Mj V dji ^ 

.CJA*A Sk^ JJ^ L^;^ Ol*;^ ^^1 ^ij .;^J_^I JJJ.^1 CjVL^ 

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'-^'^^-*^ 2-^>^' j_W^' ijLS L*jj.i .5j_,j^ ^L^^ dJjlUi dJajLUI 
(^^\ ^lu~f-^y\ 0\.^\ ^^ j^U\ .L^jjjt^„^j_^Vi» 

jL» o-LjJ^i J'^^J-^J ^>^1 ■^"' -^ JL-a-^i ^_^ .j.i_4j„L_^a_^j 

aP^I 'J^JJ^i tj''i>^i L^^'j^J -^^Lj ^j |Ljlii.jj3j] c-.^jj^3 

cL^ ij^L^i iij^j -or^^^ s^ j^j 'Ljj^Lj ^Uj^JvVi^ j!xaJi 



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Aj^^I JLjt-a I j ^^-a l jc^lU .^^-.^ jj^ci. ci'^Lv ji jli tLL.! ^i 
^LlJ^^^I ijj^L^I JaUiVlj JKLJ:.^lj jdjl>Jl i^jLljij (^1*1] 

,MS" jl .iiijUj... II i>i jl^ 0' ^T^>*i 'i**^" Jj-^ iJ' i>=- ^>*-^ 

L^l jj a j .-Ij'l ijiaLJlJI 4_i_iLaJI :n«(j-i JS (fl-ilj ;_;r^ O' V^J-^ 

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ji jl i.--... VI sL^L, d-JLLiil Cj^ >*ju 4XJ . jJ^JJ UUojjj f}^^\ 
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:43l_LadJ d_i-icjjLUI ij^j-sJI ^KAil ^ .(jlal La-S .*j.4 . A^t 

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j4_i j><i ' j ■'-■■ i^ui uij .a_;jjjjVi a_3L.iiJl o^ <3i j ^jii (^ 

^l jj:^] .^JJliJ.lj ^LJI 5j>i jLaJ^y JLilLaVlj .-. n .. -.l l jLo^i 

j^i ij^ ^jLniJi djiu u^.UiL^^^ijoJLJi 4jIa^i j;^ 

^ vj-*J' -J-^'J-?^' 6^ L*Ay-S u-:iSj Cth»- Oj^La >^lj-^j >.-LS 
Lij^ll^ d^L^iiit^ (» jJtW; «La-^I :iL. oL^l^ ViH^' J 0**-^' 
(,^ V ^) ji:i ^JJI .>^L£ lfl ^ , ^ , <->.Mj Ur ii^UJl i^j-iJi 

j_s^o'^-^'<>-'-(^^)^'>^c^^j ^ 4jj^i>^ i^i jj^i 

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j i 1 .-. ... ^Ji ^! iji^i 4ji ,> jJitj (jjjij .|^>Ji L^jJjjjj-iiVi 

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^ (_^|j.^jLiVI tU!!oLij JJJJJJ LTjljJiilJ (j£ jjljj>Jl sLi^a^! 



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(> >;;S^l ^ t^JjjVl Jj^j^l jLo-l J^ Jj^U J^ j>^^ 

oLj_lJI ^ S t^ i ^jl 1,1 1 .1 Olj. fl*1 .cm jijjlj j_a j al .^-.M, dJtjjl^ 

*^3^ (_>-L5^ t^^i 'VLj^yi d ; o i^u j^uji j,>«Ji3 .,j_M,LiJi 

*^1 .^H-^ -^ (jrl^ mesuree au compas de ia soutTrancc oUUil 

ij^ Laj_:L«j j<Jj ^jj_iio L_^ 1 jl jt^La jUa: ^l ^jl .\\h Js^ 
^j^l jj^L^i J^^jtli I JiAj .4jjUji1l^VI Ajj^L ,_..^Lil r,"°>jll 

. jjlla sLja (^1 (_3^LajjJi . ^^.ijiiVl 

U'. ' j i^j^ uJ) J^_p:; t^l) SlaLiJI j^La djjj tf^^ Lii jJal£.\j 
^Vt aLJI ^^1 3j^| ^j jl_>^ vL^tJ^r'-^-^'^^^^L^' 
(> ajj^ .1^ ^ U .(t ^^ , til i ^yij jijLJUI ^L%J vL^j 
l^ni^^l j^lj^j .^j^\^y\ l^j^ Ljjji ^Lojjl ^ i_. ..':-i i 

'Ly^*^ -J -.J --^i jlj-:^-" JijJ -j' " •" ' '■''^' J>Ljc:1 SjX>e" ijr^ 

J-i-'^" S^ ^ j_jJLj_i_al _Ljtj . Lo (<iJLiJ o>iLi! j-jj.»: ■ .^ - ^ I 

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.(TO) n^IAJI J-Cjji ,_ya j^iji^JJ (jK.a SjCij • J^lj 

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IL^^t ^jl^l^A 



(1) See Franiz Fanon. The Wreirhecl of ihe Eanh. trans, Coii- 
slance Farrington {New York, 1966). and Albcrl Mcnimi. 
The Colonizer itnd ihe Cohmizetl, trans. Howard Grccn- 
fidd {Ncw York. 1965). 

(2) See Carl F. Plelsch, "The Three Worlds. or ihe Division 
of Social Scienlit'ic Labor. circa I9.')0-I975." Compar- 
alive Sludies in Socieiy ctnd Hislory. 2.1 (Ocl. I9S1)M 
565-90: See also Petcr Wolrsley. Thc Third World (Chi- 
cago, 1964)- 

(3) See Fanon, The Wreirhed ofihe Eanh. p, 101. 

(4) See Eqbal Ahmad, "From Poiato Sack to Potalo Ma,sh: 
The Contcmporary Crisis of the Third World, " Arab 
Slndies Quar!erl\; 2 (Summcr 1980): 22.1-34; Ahmad. 
"Post-Colonial Systems of Power," Arah Snidies Qiiar- 
lerly. 2 (Fall 1980): 350-63: Ahmad, "Tlie Neo-Fascist 
State: Notes on ihe Palhology of Powcr in thc Third 
"^ or\d." Arcib Siiidies Quar!erly M?,^un^^ 1981): 170-80, 

(5) See Anlhropology a.^ Ciilnircil Criiic/ue: An Experiineiiiiil 
MovemeiU in ihe Hnnian Scienres. ed. George M. Marcus 
and Michaci J, Fischer (Chicago. 1980). and Wrilinii and 
Cullure: The Poelirs and Polilics if' Elhnofifaphy, cd, 
James Clifford and Marcus (Berkeley and Los Angcles, 
1986). 

(6) Richard Fox, IJons ofihe Punjap: Ciilnire in ihe Makin^ 
(Berkeley and Los Angelcs, 1 986). p, I K6, 

(7) See, for examplc, Shcrry B, Ortiier, "Theory in Anthro- 
pology Since ihe Sixlics." Compararive Sliiilies in Soriny 
andHision.Kuidn. 1984); 126-66. 

(8) See Anihropoiog\ aml the Colonial Encoiinier. cd, Talal 
Asad (London. 1973); Gerard Leclerc. An!hropi>ioi>ic e! 
colonialisine: essai sur ('hisloire de Tafriranisine iParis. 
1972) and Tobservation de l'hoimnr: Une hisoire drcl 
eiujCne sociales (Paris, 1979); Jonalhan Fabiaii, Tiine aiul 
ihe Olher: Hotv Anihropoloi;\- Makes lls Objecl (Ncw 



95 



York. 1983). 
(9) Sec Onner. "Theory in Anrgrnpoli)g\' .SincL' tlic SKlie.';," 

pp. 144-60. 
1 10) In Marciis and Fischcr. Anihr<>po!o\>y ns ('tditinil Cii- 

'kjiu'. p, 9. 
(i!l .kimcs ClilTord, "On Liihnographic Aiilhorilv.". Rcpre- 

scntations. I (Sprinp. I983i: p. 142. 
(12) Jiirgen Golie. "LLUin Aincricu: Anlhropology ol" Con- 

qiie,s|." in Anlhr/^poloiiv: Aiici'.siors aiul Hi'irs ,ed. StLiii- 

lcy DiLimond (Thc Hague. 19K0), p. 191 . 
(1.1) Jonathan Hriedman. "Bcyond Olherncs.s oi: The Spcc- 

laciilariziilion ol' .Anlhropoloi:;." Tchis, 71 (I9S7): 161- 

70- 

(14) Delense Scicncc Board. Rcpoit ol' the Pancl on De- 
fense: Social and BchLi\ior:il Scienccs, (Williamson. 
Mass.. 1967). 

(15) I have di.^'ussed lliis in m\ Covi'riny Isliini: Hnw ilic 
Media aiiil Espcns Dcicnniiic Hou \Vc Scc ilic RcM of 
ilic Worlil (Ncw York, I9S1 ), Scc also "Thc MFSA De- 
bale: Thc Schoiars, ihc Mcdia. and ihc .Middic Ha,st." 
.loiinial of Piilcsiiiie Siinlics. 1 6 ( Wjntcr. 1 9f^7 }: 8,^- 1 04. 

(16) Sec liUiiiiin^ ihc Viciims: Spiirioiis SclHiiiiarsliip aiiil 
ihc l'alcsTinc Qucsiion. cd, Edward Said and Chri.slopiicr 
HitchensiLondon, i9S8), pp, 97-1.^8, 

(17) Richard Price, Firsi Tiinc: 'J'liv Hi\ionciil Visian of an 
Afro-Aincricaii PeopU' (Baltiniorc, 198."^], pp. 6-2.3. 

( IK) Janies C. Scott. Wcapons of ilic Wcak: Evcrvdav Fonns 
of Pciisaiu RcsiMinicc (New Hii\cn. Coiin., [9S5]. pp. 
27S-,1.50. See aiso Fred R. M\ci-s. "rhe Foiilics of Repic- 
senation: .Aiuhropological DiNCOiirse iWKl Auslraiian Aii- 
o\'\g'\ns." Aniciicaii Tjhnolin;isr. 1.3 (Feh. 1986): i.lS-.'i.V 

(19) Scc George W. Slocking. ,Ir,. Vicloriati Anilu-opnU.\^\ 
(.New York. I9S7), and Curli.s .M Hinslcy Jr.. Sava>;cs 
aiul .Sricniisls: 'Tlw Sniiihoniau Insthitic aiii! thc Dcvelop- 
incnl of Anu'rlcai! Anlhropo!t>i;\. IS46-PJ/0 (Washing- 
ton. D.C.. 1981 I. 

(20) George Liikacs, Hisiorv aiul Ckiss Coiisciousncss: 



96 



Sliidies iii Mcnwisl Didlevtics. lr;iris. Kodney l.ivjngstone 
(London. 1971). pp. 126-34. 

{♦♦♦) .aJL^yij a^LiUI 
Ciiliiire aiul linpenaiism 

{12) Albcrl Cainus. Acliieiles. III: Chroniqiie ai^erienne, 
1939-1958 (Paris. 1958). p. 202. 

luiljJlcVl H:.^>1j ^>«J' L_JLliil ^j\£. L:_ikl U^ij i^^ili^^t J^ 

.ad_u:3ly;3Vi A^VI j j.4 sjL2 ^ 



(23) Fanon. Les Damnes dc ia lerrc iParls. 1967), p, 62. 

(24) Aime Ccsaire, Calu'er d'nn reioiir an /jov.v na!al (Notc- 
book ol' a Return to ihe Nativc Land). 'l'lie Collecled 
Poeiry, tran.s. Clayton Lshleman and Annelte Smilh 
(Borkcley and Los Angeles. ]983a. p, 76-77. 

(23)Ibid. 

(26) See Raymond Williatiis, Proldeins in Maierialisni and 
Ciiliiie: Selecicd Essays (London. 1980), pp. 37-47, 



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iJL i^yJJJ. ^j-OJ l«l_J^jJlllJ BJj-'^l" f>J ij--* ^^ J i i oS jl-;_5j ,_^1 

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^ ■'j ■'"j- <uJI j _;■':■! La joiij .i—ij^iJlj ji^Li-uVl ^^ 1 jt- j i o L^Laj 
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j^Lj-a tjj. ^ya j ■'i< ■ .jjljI i_ui!il Lj-J-il (3^'j .ji^L^Vl jl 3j-^' 0-* 

t-a (J^ljJJ "iJ ui_)j_iJliij b3>^1" J^ i^LiJS ^jLi Jj^La .-—iLlSJl jj 
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jj-a I -iW'' Jj ■■^ II ' '" ■^jll J-^lj J-a ^j-ujJ .JLJJ J-a. ^l o J a" '.la 

(jl Jjl-S'f Lo-S 'i-lUj . Li£.Laj 4"g >I>jj j>-^' l^ S-Iaj^I ^I j 
^j j_ . ,':,H , ' Liii.-^.Ti.^ a^L^^l ■ ^ '--j ^) 4 JL LoLoj ^j-^ 1. ^ 'i>t^ 

. 4-Li2 L^ J O-la.^ 

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v_o p I j , ^ M aljLaJ ^ il ■ ■■ i*Jl Tc-JjLll iji) t 'fj-\i (jJJ-jl j*--*! j ' ii . i ' l [j' 

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. *ij-^' «'--"I5 ■^-lu^LLo^ ^ Ah^- aj ^jj.1 liiUerego 4jjLii Lil j^j 
,i_ijjj| ii (j^_iiiJI cijLSi t Ij-lj ijj^l ajL^j j_^ rLJlj! 'Lj_^1 jj^ 

- sj.j_«JLa t)_Lj>-ii-j»- ^j_%JiJ LJj-^c-a L^Loj (4-Cj . LiJLLaj^ ^l I ...1,0 
J J I II n"' 'LjJjUiJ rfl ^" J I it I j « lO.-cJ "iJJ/-i-l»J ■ ~ ' I ' ' ■ ^" " sLijl j 1 ■ "•-'" ' 

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dj f 1 1 "-^1 j tLjicjju ^j_jj j ■ " (_j-4 ■ I '^1 ■ ■■ i'; ' ■"■ jjjSj jji ij-c < ' '• ji^ 

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jjljjJlj .LLi^i JLui^ A_u^^| ^L^^l jjjLi^ J^l *^l 

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|jjj_c. Jji«j j>a 4iJi JIjIjJ.^ J_jij JJ_L.= 3lj_i±u_u>VI j! d-.lj_ij. 

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Compai-alive Sniilics in Socieiv aiul HiMoiv. IV 9 (Jan- 
uary 1992). 141-184. 

t--oi-5tJ9 .i^^La l_^Ll<. ^ aJU^jI ^l 

Jlj (l^M/r/^) Liberaiion ■■o>--l^^., 5^ 




^jUj j^l^^4^l3^{-^<\^i/i/A)Giiardian .oWjl^" 

l^jVl ^ JJ_il U^j_3 ^ sJ^ L^-*-3j ^H-^j ^Li^ 

c^^y^l j\^\ ^_^ ^^\^ L^^ ^ j.,Uiai ^j^.n.Mi 
(^ .^i <Gi ,j^ 5_^ .Oj^UiJI 1 j ,\a ..^Uu i-«j>j. 

-M-^ (> O^J^^ -^ 4_^:l^ ^j^j .4 I ,„-.^1 ^Ji„.^l 

.4-iJUiiJI ijjjlal^^'^l 

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