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1- MAShacban , Islamic History : A New Interpretation (London : Cambridge
Universty Press , 1971) .

4) Shacban , op. cit , pp 80 - 81 ; Marshall G.S. - Hodgson , The Venture of Islam
, Vol 1 : The classical Age of Islam (Chicago , London : The Universty of
Chicago press, 1974) P.218.

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1) Hodgson , op. cit, Vol.1 ,P 245.

- Bernard Lewis , The Arabs in History (New York : Harper , Row Publishers,

1960 ) P 75.

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1) Hodgson , op. cit , Vol. 1 , p 268 , n . 14 .

2) Shacban , op. cit , pp. 127 - 129 .

3) Lewis , op. cit , p 67 .

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1) Glubb , op.cit , p 100.

3) Hodgson , op. cit •

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1) Lewis , op. cit , p 76.
-Hodgson , op. cit , Vol. 1 , p 244

2) Hodgson , op. cit , Vol. 1 , p 244

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- Hodgson , op. cit , Vol. 1 , p 269 .

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