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0.0^ y^p\ A^^^:^ ^ (^ ^1 j^ ^1 J^_ ^j^[i t^)^0) • 



. y.b n ^y :ilji ^^\J^^\ i^U j^Hflf • 



^U^ ^U; ^Ikj^l J^l : U^U-^Vl ij^>^ : jjIj yo ( ^) '^fl f • 

.^i]^^i jUxt^'yi ^'Uii ^f ^ 5j^i_5 ^ ^4^1 iijAj.\j ij^\j]\ 



J^j ^^1 j.l5U^I ^j >, Y-l j.^, ^^ ^UJI 5_jljj : ^ t '\ fl f • 

IjJaJlj oj^v>Jlj SySslAJI 




ji^ ^^j .^ ij^S!\ ^UJl -.jljj j^_ Jjjli : ^>„ TV c ^Ho r • 



LS* J*^^' ^^> ^ Wj ^v'bJl JL^ JL*^ ^U^l 5:,Lp] : ^< ^fl r • 



ij/Jl ^U ^ji <r^ ta,'li j/J ,^ x.^ ,i_^| ^1^1 ^ j^-v^i ^^ ^^_^, 



• ( ^aJl diil v^ cSjJo 01 Oji) 





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^ ' 




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y>L« Js- ij\jj : ^K^r -A- 



- f^'l J JjVl J>^1 



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• ^J^. ^A^ j>gi 



5jljj aJUxv-I : 



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aJj. T • J i^\j^\ ^ c AjjiX J ^^ ^^^_^ jjij^, ^[Xij : ^) '\fl r • 






Aj 



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t^^^YY^ J>IVI_^ 




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i^poiJ ^y ({l«)jj^l)) o^ |_jIp 3%jl j:>Uij ^Jj lijjUj < jiji Jlo^I ^'^l sJ^ 




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. Ai^l ^Ij^^l J^ 5jji)l ^/>- : jjb ^ ^Hdf • 



. (( _^j>dl Aiji)) -_-l; L^L^ UJijJ jjUj Yr i tg.ij s^yJl t Al^fit* ■*• 






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1 



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. 4^y VI hj^\ ol3%Jl iJuJ ^Jl Oj^t->J -ij^J 






S^L^ ^ ._^ j-..^^ ^1^1 j^^„ ^l^Vl J.L^l : j.^ ^1^<ii • 



. Ajjj^^l l^\jj ^jij ^Ul xp jU>-j ( ^j_^f^l ^^j o^j (H^y^ 



^UjJt 5JJ5.U>» SJc>- i oUijj ::>y^ dUilj y-^Ul JuP J^-*^ : |6l^6iO T*r 



. 4j^4JC^1 *Uj jJI 43n-L>A|j 



J-"^ i>^ 



^^^V! LLi^ ^1^1 ^ ^,,..:^ ^ ^^ ^IJI ^ • 



!r-^Ul j\<^\ j^ jA j.^ ^^^^ u^..;^ 9\^j, ^yJl JUJij c A^iLiJl 



. y„b ^ ^ Jb_^l JML^I 0^1 : |fl»^^1 • 






u.j>-j^ ^j--Jl 5U 5 J^U j:)l_Ju (^Usj^ L^A^ ^i : s>)\^\ c ^ M ^ "l ic 



. ^tA>tU IJ-j:- »jJ| diJi «,*,v£^ic *UJjj ^ A 




4 

. JUJI a_!l ^b ^l._^ JjjJl ^1 ^^^ ^ , ^^_^^1 ,US 



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^tJS obi b«jd 



>i>^ ^^ J] L^> oiy ^Uj ^>^i r *^ ^- gu^^, : ^HM • 









c> ^j^' c^^ j^J y-^ \^ ^ ^U^VI ^jU Oju! ^> t^HM • 






J 



U.1 ^j . l^_,x- ^l> ^;b .Lv- j>5 J-Vi ^ ^J^ r ^ . ^KM • 

. -ji*JI oU5 i A>-^U.l 5j\.,.>>- ^^^^ 



^ "Lrlj y_yS\ r • ^ GjiJ^- Ij^.^ diilL Jw=^. ^^Ul JuP : pHi"\ • 



. ^JiJlj 4^>JI U^L ^^- JJl^} jV ^_^l ^^ ^ J^^, Nl 




Js. L^y:^ IJLJ 4_j^lj l^\ki^\ c^\J\hi\ : jiy:S\ fU ^»<\M • 



V* '^J^ CS-^I Jt-«-^' Ajlil>- SM^l v_Jj> L?«^J ' ^jU- oljUJij 4ijJuSC« v_ 

i^ilj ^yij JuUll iS'y jjjh Jil jiJcj SynUJlj .. (( Jjliu^ .. JjUiv.)) 

! «... t^jWiA )) 




\^\yl^j>H 1'JyJ Jt^-'I 5jU v-^yiJl '^\hij\ UMl oljiJi : ,6^01 • 



. l^J^ l»j vLju-jjj (Ji-va^ i]__;iill JjJa^Vl 










jlii^lj Olj.uU cJlkJl 5^1_^l UUJI U'jUil -Uj ,_^'">lj:Jl OljJuJi jU^I J 



J J^ SLiJl iiU-j x^j_jj ^ ^yijl ^Iki^l ^U^^/1 : ^H^^ • 



<s> 













\ \ ^L-^ ^ JjVl ol>Ul J s^UJl J ^U.- i.j^ 5> : ^I'^fiA • 




a>-_pi j.Li jjJlk- ij^W cb/^l ^> ^UpI ^r- li^U U l^^ ^j yb 






? J J-i.N 'yiiu-l -d-iu^- j^i ^Wj ' SO^ull Ijj^\ kjji-^ v^^' 



^>ll ^ ^^^ ^_ ^^^ aJl -L^ ■^bj^\ lj\jji\ ^j : ,^HM • 






. JUJl -Ul ^ j;^\ '^}.\ ji^ 



. JUJl jJl Ijj^i j^ ^-^^' ax^LJ J^jUi! 

. ioyJl '^yA Cj^r^\ ^'l-^J (r-l5 ^/ll O-P u, 







. -*^a^ A^ LuLpizj 'Osjj^ i/l jvi-Ji Ai?Uj ioyJi fv'j^ f*"^^^*^J * (j*^J^' 






^^' ((>UiJl))j «^Uit)) j^^l 0-^jjUJl A.^ : jJjj YY . (-iJ'^U • 

?5jj!j^l «Ia r-loj ip .li Aij . 'L^y:}\ ij-^\ 5jU5' ^i j-^^^jx^ixiJ MjU U^ 



I j,^ ^ -d^Uuj jUxjNI ^yJl Ulit A^j5^ o. c^ "i^lj 






^-^L^! jUJVb ^ji>i_iiJl oJl '^\J6\ JLp ^y ^_/:l^ : ^M*\i • 



n Vo ^Ip j^^ (^LwJl ^b Ji) J^ iil^l Jjlj , (^IxUiJl) 







^VV' J^' ^^J^ ^-^^-^' ^1^1 hfr^^ oljiJi : ^JJ U c ^) ^"IV • 







^iMl^-^^jJl T 1 Y jl^l jX^. ^^^1 ^U^ :^--*i^ ^^' (fi'^'^V * 



J^ 0!>uL-Nl ^^)) ^^- 5.^1 S^.LJ.1 ^laJl : pl^V- - ^HU • 






o 



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^ ^^>^l) :>L^.ua^^l 7^>- ,yj 4.^1 A>JUl oljiJl ^>- ^ ^'l^ >,- ■•• j-^' 



^ 4,^^ SyU : ^i^l v^l ^>- J j> O^ : ^^^.i ^ < ^H^^ • 






J^VLl ^jJ AijiL. - ^j^l sUS H^ i> .JI>;x^Vl ^^ ^ ^UVi }\~^ 



. Y t Y jl^l j>- ^U ^ ((^>.)) S-^1 ^Nl i=^j ^ ^^H ^Uil^ >H 



^^. ^ J UJI^i 5> t \ -kl^" 4,^1 c^j^l ^UxH ol^ : ^)HV. • 



Jp\ j:>U.I J^jij ((j^jj)) Sj^U ._:^:-.^Uii -UP ^'^1 t ^t^v- • 



. ^4a^l A 




Js- cJjdl ^_^i=rl //■ (_5i_;*Jl l^\ j^'y J jyS' X^ O^ J-V ^ '"^^ ^ ^j^ 









■ <^j^* J^^y ^^*-^' ti* '^j -T'^' -«*" v-^b ' <-^>^ ^^ '-^j ^7^ J-x^^i'^ 



. jyjj^ J. o^j-Ji .i>Ji i>. obui : ^Mvr • 



ilo^^^/i iJU- Jl ^^1 l^AA\ ol_^L ^l^i^Vl A^j^ ^j : ^Mvr • 



uXJjb J^ ^r^i A.jb'yi 0_^i ji.L.j jliljl olW^j ^j^Nl J:o_^lj 

J-^ L^J o^^b ^--^1 Od.^1 J-L- (>j o^j-Jl 5li M^ J> ^ 

■ b 

• c^^' jyA U«^ ^1^ J4:4-:i J ^JJ '^^ 5ai 




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^u^ ^ j.x^i Oj-.^^ jjf j._^.j^ : ^ r lpLJi^j^ n < ^Kvr • 



. 1,-iJjlj ia:^- Jjt? ^^ Ajjill aSUIIj Oj.va>JI i^jAv- ;^Uj sJjoj ; ljz:j}i\ 

IjiU ^Ijj A^yj - OiyiiJi jlp ^jii:? .^...^ ^Ul ^U^l i^ c.,.!^ 5^ o^ 



. Al^\ ^\y ^l tjji 4;>-jXiJ aJsLxs-M 



-.1 



yj ,,r--^> ^^1 suiijy : ^ v,r* ^LJi^^ n<^i^vf • 



\ V • l^^\y ^ ciJu=r ^1 O^LoJj ^_;^jJl 5Ui ^U:51 ^Lic^- -^^e^jj^ ^ UaS 



oi^iiJ liy^ ._^l jjki ^^1 i^xiJ.1 olj-i]l : jiy:^\ Mi ^ » ^Vf • 



^Jp (t-ffU^:^ JjJJI_^')/l JiiT ^1 ^jjJl 4^1 j_jip iai^l 








oU.^1 JL^- i.^1 i^.LJ.i oljJl : y.j^\ W - U . (fi ) ^Vr • 



( sLiJl ^_^ ^^ c5^l oLLoJl iijU^ o^^^j ' »^^l ^j-^l M^VV* 

. ci^/L^I ^jbJl Ual>- Ujip oljUxil j^j 



. {(.jj yiil v^* (♦-^^ «>^' "-^ cJ_/^ 






Lo^l JjOJI Jt>Lpl dUi v^^b • Jj>rJ> C"^ ^^-^' J-^' '•^-' ^^* ^^' 



cJiij Jlp ^ c^JJl trAJ^ll j.L^^ ^^1 ^_^ : ^jsSi YY c ^Hvr • 
.^^SL^i L^j_. ^^^,....>^ o^ JJI^I 01 V] ^ ^jJ\ ^ J j\^\ JJ\^\j 



( 




'j ' cTO— Jl C^^^' ;_5» L^j^l 5y. yj6 \^ y,yS\ Y 1 ^y_^ i^i"^! j,.^>-^ 



JU^Ij i;>jLil Lui__jiJ 5 Jl^I ^jUll J^ Y A J.J. \^\ yj6^ i y_y^\ Y ^^_ 

C5D 



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^Ul LJjoJl ts}_^ 



Jj-^J s-Oj : j)y:S\ 










a«. ^ p\ ^^l J^j Jj, -^^\ olP_^_^l o>J JJ>JI -^ 




0::. iJUiVl ^ ^. jf JJ diii J.O iL> 



ir^ 4_jji 



Jji_^V' ^'>^i (^ ^^-^-^^^' '=!-^' '^M' : ,6''^v£ - ^Mvr • 

. i>^l J^j^\ J-...^ ^>J| ^ 5^^*:;^ oVjU. ^ . ^ \ IVi y>. W 



c: 



IijVI 



c/^ 



Li iL^b 



IJi& 



LS^ 



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lA-^' : Ji> ^jP ^U- ^t>Ur Jj^l ^IJL^^i XowaJ Ojj^j 

jl^*^l ^ < i^y,j 15;_^V Jj^l y_J^J>^j c 7. To 





UpI 



U^VI l^yjl 5__^ ^1 Jl^I IJl^j 




CO^ c/'l/'^ 



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■L^ ^ . 



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u>iiil>vi 




^jbJi liAj , 2^:>L-vij ;^yJi oVi ^jU 1j>-j^ aJlji oUi^i ^ j.^ 



^ |.Uli jJjJ! i.Uj':^! ^ W' lij^j f J^Vb W^ ^*^' G'-^'-^^* ^^ 
^ .^^1 0-^ lu.j .'^> 0^ c^A^b ^UJl ^l^i ^^^J ^l>^* jlj^' 



OUa-i^V! y^j < V-^ -^-5^^ ^J-^ '^^^'^^^ ^^1 ^jb- < j» . I^ '^^ * ♦ * 



«JjjJl OJdij (.JJI ((Eridu jJbjh) SjU*^ >ijl ^^ . j» . tJ Y0« ♦ - "l* ♦ ♦ • 






4 I 

j^U;^. ^_>« Jl ^iil j»J>^.^iP ^ Oji^l Jj>^ O^f^r*^^ -iai^^J ' ^^^ Ji 



Sumerian Civilization hjj^yJs SjUa^Ji jUjjI ^..s^ i j» . ^ YTI* - TO ♦ ♦ * 



\S:>\i^y^\} Cjj-^ (^>il f.Uip <ijJj L^ l-^j^ ^L^ ^ SjUs^ ^y.j 



^ C^UoV((Jj^l dA\)) ^ «^j.*^ UjU.1 ^ oLiJj (Jl^l ^j^) t>!^IJ> 







«:> 




. 4ij^_^l JjJii! OjII ^>i ((Uruk iij^jh) 5jU ^.^ : ^ . ^ T« ♦ ♦ - Y0« ♦ • 



I 

. aj^L^I 4jIx$3I j^j < ((jlyJl vj^) CH-^*^* c?^b vj^ 

J J I I 




;44LlU|»_Ii»JI}^1i 



^^1 c3^ ^ i;^UJl jail ^\j ^j,^l^uJi\ j^ ^^)\ ,Ldlj j;^\ ojd! 

.hyyj\ JjaJI DjII ^ ((Ur J )) 5jL^_^..AP-ii».3YiO« - Y1«» • 






JjJl Dall ^ ((Lagash^_;>>J)) 5jL^^_^,_.a_p ij».^ YW« - YiO»^lj^ • 
^j\ J ^(( Akkad 151)) o-u. ^_^jj ^^1 Jj->-jL- 1 ^ . ^ YW* J\p- • 

ju^ ^ Sj\ ^\i ^1 ijor^i i._^>i^^u u^u ^^ (ji^i) ^.jagi 

• (i^^iJii)) ^ >r^- Vj-'l ^j-^' ^.^1 "Ji'ii 1 ^ . ^ Y\ ♦ ♦ ^^|J^ • 
6\j^\ ^y^ J JjVl i^Ul aJjoU ^^jjuJl^l.p.;^\YO« -Y.\a* • 

4.j>l^l ^^ ^^jXJl l4^yj ( ^.jrSfl J iiyj^Jl ^j>I^Vl v^L^ Jp 



. 4j_^j~JI jjI O J^ Ojy Ju dj^yL^\ I j» . ^5 Y ♦ ♦ * (p3^ T*r 




^a4LiAI^^>aJIj^iIi 





)) oo>— Ji diLii^_^!i».;^ wo* - \m^\3^ • 



iux, ^ j^ aiv s^^il Jj^^ >Jl^ --U^J ' Jj'^l '^^^ '^.jJ-W) 



.VI 



. If^L ^yo- OjL^ OjjL.I^V 5..w?Ip Babylon JjU 



^aJl ^ ^j i Ijj^ J ii\j,^ Jj^) k^ j>^ ' ^ y^lJ^\ Lfl^Vl • 



. 4.^lj oyJij UaJU U^l oLj^VI Oj>J Lf^j ' ^j^l oLa^^/l 
< l^j aS'^1 ^jj^ «Ub IJ-uill 4i-L>^Vl ^ A^>V' ^.-^^^ ^:^~«^* ^J 



-^1 >Sa j^j ( gik.1 ^ ^jy'V' ^,-^^1 cJ^l ^>V> ^.^^'^' C/'J 







VI 



l^^l ^ Hittite Civilization l^l^\ SjLa^I ^-.ap j^.t^Y^'-nt* • 



. JjVl a.Ul 4,_^>1^VI Oj^a, J^^l I (». i^ ^o«io • 




. (^ , J ^liJlj ^Ul ^yiJl ^ 0.11 l^i J>. /\ J, 



. ajUa<3i ojjIpjI o-u y Ju j>JI i_j_^ I j» ♦ 3 ^ Y ♦ ♦ fj\}^ Tk 



( c^^ j^ oli (^^^ i_,.jci )Philishtines Oj,JLj;..UiJl i j» . ^j W« ♦ J\j9- • 
jja^ k-jy^ lJ^L-Ij jiJ.^^\ j^'lJi\ J.jk^ jL^ ^^Uu^l) "d 4itAp Vj 




.^iMlitjytiljyi 



r^ J^^ Oyjli ^ j^.g.^1 ^Jp jyu-^j jj=^ ^ Jjyi^. (ijj\^\ 



r^^'"Jy- L.WV1 ^^ 



(Jl_^!) ^.^1^1 ^) J hj_yS,^\ A,j>I^V> 











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♦ f 



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JL^I c-j_^>.j {(^_ji:ili » 5_^.*jC.^j o-U jj — -jj Oj..fl,.ua.ll t j* . ^ U ♦ ♦ j^lj^ -^ 






1 .. •* 






Cjy^j (JjOj 




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. (^^1 ^ ((Judah li^j)j c JU^I ^ {(Israel J^oV})) : ^y:^^ 



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. j^i.u ^jt>ui ^u^^i U.J ^ji t5 jjij 



f 




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. rt^ 4.«w?U- JJ^:. jjijkxj Oj^ljVl I (»*i3^1* i< 



•>^^j Jc^Vlt^ Jis>^'>Vi^^f^^ ..^3W^;;li^ • 




jS4LLll»-^>»Jl^i>'' 



. (iJl;^ [^p Chaldia LjJIT Oj>i Ojij_^^l i j> . i^ AO ♦ ^^l^^ • 



((4j;a^! Oiih) (^1 ((C-ilJb- i^\>-)) 0-L« jj .ji dj./6y.i\\ I (» . tS A^ t • 



. ((Carthage S^^Uay » ^Jl Juc UJ L^.*^! ^_/^ ^j t Ja-_^l ^^1 (_^ 



. h^\l>J ^^h J dj\x.j ^y J\ o>^. OjJ^l I ^ . ;$ A^ r • 









. 4^wlil4 V^ljj djLit>J ^_Pj^ 









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• L5^> J^^> L5^ ^J^ /'^ «i^^ 



F 

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j_>;Jl jj^ UJLi cit ^1) LJliJl UjUI a._^jJ^I_^^^I Oj-^^j. Oj_ijUlj 







Jx>_^ 'Ajjjy)j^^^\ JUa Jj\j dii« (i^liJi j-^ J^j-J » ! (» . ij O^t - "\»0 • 



jjb j5\J^ ^L^! ^^*-J2j JjL ^ ^.^U jU^l iT^^. ^_^^. 



a C 




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jl^l U}^ J O^jis^. JJjVl Jy^ ^ Oy:>\i^\ i.lJ^lij>.;^1*' iPli^ • 



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1; LpI,; d.Uia;^ j«..,wlj* Petra 



i-Alj *UPi,j diU-l2:>- O a,^->.v*^jJ J 






Aij^l^"^! j>i ((Cyrus The Great ^^1. j^jj )) ^jliJl dUil 1 j» . ^ OY«l • 



. (^. J rr ♦ ^Ip ^Ni jO^lS^^V' ^'> j^ ''^^ ^j^' ^J>>y^^V' -^-^ -^J^ 









^_^l ^ ^J (( Darius l^b » dJJll 5^W^ (.^-^^ ^^j\J o^^ J^ '^'^ W 



. Lj_^_5 ^^ j>J vMl e^. ^b ' ^^^l ^jjA^-CV' ^r c/^ 



^^ ((^Ubrj^r)) ■^ aljl^" ^* »^W^ '^^-^ '^J^' (^J^ lT^ J^ ^^^^ '-r^ 




i44ml4-iv»!l!4)l> 



J ^^j i ^yS Uri;- ^^. Selecus ^jX. ^jAiil JU'UJI j ,» . ^^ TU • 

. (Selecusid Empire ^jJuJl 



. ^^1 lj,y>r J ^y^ O^^^Ul oVjU Oja.^::^ -UlJ^l 1 j* . ^ tU • 










• ^L.jjl i^^l^v Ji o^ilj 



Ujj c-p-_^l Lfij ( Ujjj <>-li>y j^ ajUJI aJjJI v'j=^' t j» . ^^ YO - Y^ T*r 









*^aJ (( J*j jj^ijLa)) U:ili A-^Us'y 5ji Oj^^j *^j^>^ OUjJl J j* ♦ 4^ V^V ^ 



. Ja«-jxll »>kJ| SjiL*' OUj ji ^?^.*v^1 UjJUjj 




^^jiLiilj^ydlj^U 



. ;^ iUp ^^j i^UtA] Sjji Jjt ^_^j. JaJl JjVi d^jUJ! ! fk . ^ \'\<\ • 



i*.^ ^j^ L.JJJ ^Ub^ ^ S^lUJl i^_^i ^^1 :j».;^- U1- ^i^ • 

^Uj^l j,iUJJ «wa^" (UUJl yi^l) Numidia \iJLw._ji j j» . [j UO • 







. ^1 ^y ij^,<.:>- )) aJj:. SiLv- ^^..^ :^Arfl-y6.J Hfl • 



I h 

. (^jA\ c^) jtJiijjl 0^^. OUj^l : (ft .J If -*- 

j»^ .:Ud ^ ^*>LJI <uip j^^ ^ ^_^.^^ ^1 -L^i :>y^ : ,6 . J i "*- 







jl;>Jl ou-jjj ((^_J-^ liV-» ^^JJ V-^" ^'-''^' '^^' '^-^ ' f* ' S ^ * 





^j_. ^ Jidl ^ Oi^-"^ A^/Jl aJUJi L^!)U ojLT .JwiJj oiy- 



ult .jwij, oivu- d^:)^' 




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jUij ^Ujjl «Aelius Gallus ^>SW- ^j^l» ^^-^ = (* • *3 



U~H • 




ij ^1 j>j y^h\ ^\ js- g^Ji ^ijii c/ - Vi^^j'" a- ^^ 



. Jj;jJb iU^l ^j-i L^y>4-. O^.Ul o^ ' -^' «J^ Oi> J^ 

F 



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k:>j^\ 5j>^l t-^. (Titus ^_^-) ((,>^-)) Jl^j^l j>l^^> : ,* V. • 



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. ^j^i jip ^^ui cjjlLtJi ^1 : P . i < vr-* • 



. Ul^l Jl JLj'yi Jj^_^ ^Uyi^l ~_;lx!l : ^ . J i ♦ ♦ • • ^'5^ ^ 

. ij J OU-yi Jj^jJ J.*::^! ^jlJl : ^ . J fA - ♦ ^1^ • 



.^ujJi i5;^i ji ouvi jj^jJ j.*x^i ^jUi : ^ . J rr* • ♦ ^^i^^ 



• 



. A>-jl ^. j»J Jill (^_/^>JI j^^ C^jdJ-^l 

.IjuLo- X^l S^jla^i jyiilj ^_^l ^ j>; : (0 . J 1 1 66 » . • 



obLj ^>:j i-oMl ^IJjJl ^^ oLL-p J^ c^^l i^^^l jUju^Ij < ia^j'i'i 



♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ 



U>J L5* ^^J^* ^^^ 0=-^-5 -^P^b ot>U^! ^ ^-M C^^ -H*^ i> 



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\^J\ 0>ji^. ^^1 l^yl ^ Oj^l^l ^y^l : (0 , J ^* - ^1^^ • 



. 0^1 










.^•^V! J^l ^ ^l^Vlj jPlil ^l-^l : ^.J V V6- ^1^ • 



^>. U-jx^\ olj^Vlj jU^l ^la.^.:L^lj , 4.^1 oUlj^lj ob-Ul ^l-L^I) 



. (djlptpJI 









"y^iuill ^UjV tjX^ ^^^^_ I J ^^ ^^ : ^ . J ifl . . ^1^^ ^ 



. 4,*,w«' 



UijJlj Lj^jJI 



• ^jj' cy A^' ^^o-^'t-^'j *i^' i >*^** - i^*» • 










. Ij,*I . J ;?^l:dl (( wUJi .uiP)) : A * .5 To** - ffi* ♦ * 



jjjl ^ ^l:a.l ((^l>^l ^^.^iP)) t (6 * ^ 



(*)- 



. Lv-I ^ Indo- European \jjj\ J-^^I 2jJJ| ^^^ : ^ . J f 1 * * * 




Indus Val- JoJl _;^ c^jjIj SjUa^ j^.^as- t ^ ^ ^ <^** -f*** iP'^^ * 

. JU^I ^y^ JUJ^-j Oli^b ^^ ley Civilization 



^^1 J\ - j^lyry^l O^^l *la^u-^l ajIJu : i^ , j f * ♦ ♦ ip'5^ * 



. Elamite a^^^'j Hieroglyphic kJJs'jj^\ — J»j_>>Jl "^ jj^^^ OUa>a^" 






• ^Hj^* 



.0^1 Sji_^^_^ i.j_x_^j < JULjU t^j^fi j>jJi : ^ . J 1 6' • - ri» ♦ • 



. V-J-^t ^Ml j>^ o^ >-. Wb-^b ^j^^l 0=^jU>JI ^ J- jU:Jlj 



^_^j ^> oUl ^ s^ ^j-^j i-jjj^l oUJJl \^ c^ji3 Ji\ J.N1 liUl ^ (li^jjl JA^U iiUl (*) 









c5>-^l L^l J v^ 5>A^ Hittites j;:wJ:^l j_^ - ^ - 3 <" • * * (^*5-> * 



vy^ ^ ^aju; ^x->JI o'.^?^I ^^I oLpIjJ : ^ . j f . . . ^1^^ • 



■ -^ 



■ V>>" '^1 J Or^jjb-^' 5^>cA : ^ . J 1 '^ ♦ . ^>9^' * 



• ^rf>'' ^jj^ J ^yjj^ y^i ' (* • i ' V* ♦ ^f$^ • 



^'b L^' t/ Celts ^*^oUt JiJiS- Jjjj^:^.^ If. . : ^pi^ • 






^l \jj^ jjj , ^^1 ab OlSU v-L^Vl soj^UJl l^j Vj! ^U^^l jj^l J cuUl Js^\ (^) 



>vi ^ai ^1 - j\.^ ^^ ij\]^j\ ^^1 ly. ^,^1 ^^, ^^, ^_j ^ Bj.jjQ^5 ^^ 



c-Ul OlSUli ^j^b i^Uii^l ji-Jl ^ >x--lj ■ Anglo - Saxons ^_y~S'L. jLi-Vl ^l ^^p 
^H\ iU ^jUJl ^Ml ^ cr- ^f ) 5JUJ1 ^jJi^Vl :UAJI >1 ^- ^1 ^j ^U j,^ ^Ij 
Eng- \jS^\ ^\ Lj^l ^ j-,1 JjVl iLiJij ■ Jutes oj>Jl ^Uj Saxons >:)_^Ul iLij Angles 
< 1>^I O^jUj Jl l> ,5.Mil ^bJl 0^1 ^Ijl ^j . (English \yA^^\ iiUl ^^l luiTj Ian 

J)^A J^Lil, ^b ^^ ^iJi ^Vl ^ VI 1^ lyl l_^^ jj ^ 



»J> J^ j^^ ^ ^^ J-^VI ^b-uSL-l .^.^ y,j , Normans J^.^^\ ,__^| |_yd^ 

^'yi^i 0^ J^'' ^M\ j! •^ J-^ -*ij ' Uy ^> JU^ Normandy ^s^X^jy ^\ J \j^^ 



i-OJl ^ iL>Jl ^j^l ^ c-^- ^1 ;^LJ| jTLil 



ij^h ' J^ J^^ i^ Chavin jl^ Silij jU:>jl t|(O.Jf**-<*'* * 



Ijjjl ^ S^jiLJl Hallstatt culture ol^-^j-gJi iJUn:^ * (^ • J ^ * * 



^ 



* « 



• 



. (juJbJI .!Ji>e:^!) 



^ u^>^ (^ .r^ '^'■^'^ ^'^^^ J-^^ SjUl^ : ^ . J a* • vJ^ld-a- * 



•^M! 



;^jr^ 





1 J jift : |6 . 3 > ' ♦ 



• 



. Teotihuacan DlS'lj^jJ 



li^^ (3^ jL-^-J;. ^ Arawk iJljIjNl i_^ 5^;-;^* : ^ W ♦ • 



ISLi^l) ((LoLJjj )) Aymqara IjUj VI ij^ '^-a^j j>^ : ^fi < • ♦ 



r 



♦ ♦ 



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. ^_jl^l ^1 ,j:r J! LJU^l 



1 



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• 



• ^rij^i 



U£ 



.>iyi, h»[ii^ 



( A m ^1 ^ja\ ;^ ^ ) ftjwJf ftjBi 



biJ 



^^ Minoan Civilization ljyA\ '^J '^ ^^i ^jJ^lj : j^ • J f ^ * ♦ ,^1^-^- ic 

. Phaestus ^^^i^lij Knossos ^j^_y^ i^-^ lT^^J ^^^ 



, 5j^I 4j_^Uji ti^i ^y j,i^>^ i>^ U^U:ijlj c^/^ 5^j^ 



bjji OjjJu (^1^1 v^.'tJ-) Elamites 0_^-w4^L^i : |A . J f* * "l ^S^^ ^ 



j_^ iSj^\ L^i" ^ i^JuJl 4j:^l aSIU-II ^^r-^^b • (^ • i ^ "^^ * u-^'s-^ '^ 

. Mursilis I Jj^^l ^jA^jy dUll JU 



Mycenian Civilization S-jju— jlil Sjl.,a...>Jl jj-^ :a.j))6^-1^** :Ar 

. olijJl v_^>o "Pelos ^y^ »j "Mycenae 







^!jl J\j>- UjUijl ^jl cJdi ^1 c^>Jl U-l ^>j -k-j ^ Phrygia l^> 

. Gordium j^ji^jj?- jt^iwlp cJlTj ... J A O^iJl 



,>lIAll4U^i>^>Ii 



■ ^-jJ^i c^>^l \^\ A^ j>l (LSy ^ iJUJI ^^ jli^^j,) Hattusas ^^L-yU 
diiil -H^ ^ l^ ^Ljl ^f Jl Hittite Empire 5^i^l ^j^^Vl Jj-^jj 



. Suppiluliumas I JjNl j__r-l'jJ ^ 



'J^ 



^!j>^l i>- ^j^^. f-^ ^^^1 ^Mb 'Jj^yJ' : ,6. vS ^ '' ♦ ♦ iP'd-^ * 




'-^-^ ^-r^^—^i^' JjL^a^l djj-^_ Dorians JjjjjJJI :,6.JI ) ♦ '-1 r« ♦ * 

. (t5jU:>JI ^1^1 jj.^) ^JMl A^>V!j_^l 

t>^:V-i^' (^OjI j_^ J.«j>u) Troy ii\jjh o-u ,_^ : ^.Jl f* • ^pl^^ • 



< L«jj <^.X« i^j-. ^ 4.^ ^jjL^- Lu^":>\Jl y'LioJl :(0. J 1 ♦ ♦ ♦ iPlj^ * 

Etrurian Civiliza-C^^^jy^fl) ij^jyVl 5jLsiL>JI _^„va. <^ :a.J f^l-^* • • 

. UUaj] JUJ:/ ^ tion 



:>-) ol__;jl j_^ median Civilivzation ajJlII e_^Ui?JI ^p,iiP:A.J^fl-Arfl :*: 



.(• 



oijy j^. -^f- 






olJjJl :>'%_ J City - states '*^JjaJl dA\ ^^-^U : ^.JA* ♦ ^1$^ • 



;JjAJI i^i-dl ^- Oij , [^j>. j.\}\^ U-ljjJl ^jVl ^ LJUaJj 5j^^ OJ^ t^ ^iT f,\y , 5>^ Jji (•*) 

. ijj^^\ lj:i^\ Ooii jl ^yi\ J=ja^ ^^ UjJ 






un 



jAUiU M >i^ 



^JJ^'^V V^jJ> o'jiJi ^r^i^j Jli5l jj>- 5^1 ^^=^ ^jJjj ^Li_^ J) 




UJl 



JJ^ 







jli^l ^ Cimmerian civilization <ij^>^\ 5jUa>JI ^^^^.^p : ^.^^ ♦ ♦-V^ ♦ "A- 



* ^^^^ ^ J^J^V ^UsuXo^l : |6,JVr6 ic 



t?>-^i L^l ^ Pliiygia U^_^ Oj>Ju Oj.^! : ,6.^ V* * ^1^^ • 

. Sardis ^^^j^ 1^:u-v='Ipj Lydia L jj a^IU 0_y-^3jj 



^y <ijj^\ l^J^\ ot>Lo^l Jjl o_^_^. OjjJlJJI :^.J V* * ^pi^-*- * 



. ^j^l 



. OlijJl j!>L UJ! ^ v-LJl Solon dj^j^ o\^t>Ul :^.J 6^i • 



jJLlju tioJl ( ((Croesus ^j_^j_^)) LjU ^IL jl-j-p :^. J^il-^V • 

■ 7t^^ Lfjj^ <yj^ 



^J^^ ^^' V>^^ o-J-^J-^J^''^ ^J^A >--Jj j^i>^ : ^^3^ t * • 



^M ^j>^V' fW5 cr- ^>^ .r'l ^^jJ' ^j>^--Jl O^^^j 'u^^jjyV* 



• ^> e/ ^^b ^>jJ> O^^-^l j>4^ :^,Ji--^- iP's^ * 



uV 



jdUl^kJ^ 



• Oyijlil^i^^^ J^^10^^_ j,^Vl:^.Ji^* ^ 



(^' ' Ji>Vb Lfj^^ ij^. Thermopylae LS^.yJ / 55>^ : ^JiA* • 
vJ^LpIj ^>J1 <^_5 ^ ^loj^ ^^1 s,L^ 5^^ ^ f . - 





Salamis ^^^L i5> ^ ^^UJ| J^^| Oj^a, o^^U^l :^.JiA. • 

. iJbjJl JjJii! Oail 



. (fU^I UU=.I 01^) Oj.jjy'^l J>.f Oj^^_ UL^ j,^| :^.JiV£ • 



J*J ' ^^^ i^W-Jl (i^i^l ((Periclecs >K.y,)) ^.a^ : ^.Jif^-ilf • 



U^ 












^ O^ jt-Jl Jjb ^ .jUrL i.ly^ ^^Vl ^jU^I JOP] : ^.Jf^^ • 

J isl^^^j ... ^L^ dJu^jL* i^LJl U__;-upl jjJl ^!j7>^l ojlSol ^ A^I_;Jl 

. djl^l J:^^ *-^_A^ 




• Wj S^J J>^ ^y^^> Celts oJUl JjV :|6'J^^* * 



dili -Uj ULjjI ^t l^LJ^\ ^j) Olj^l i^l ^ IJ^ o:)U« JL^ iJuJ Leuctra 



^. J\jj^j^\ :>\^^\) i^'i\ aJ\jxj^ uji :^.jrvv-rvA • 

. (OlijJl :>*%^ ^y ijj^^ &^^ J^' J^^ Aegean islands '^lj>tj j 



^ ^ t 



. AjjOiil 5jiJl sUj A.U dlljj . . IJjJLi. J.j> Jy^i ( Phililp II ^_^liJl ._M 



.* . f 



. OlJjJi > .J.L. ^>,j Ljj^ J^ ar^ ^ (UJI j^^ U, 







,AiuUk>ii}i>ik 






J ^jli dJL Darius III oJliJi ^_j,jb ^>j, ^^^l ^aj^C^VI :^. J f ff • 

■ ^-JJ^ J^-*-^ i^ ISSUS ^j^] 2^y^ 

(jl^l ^j Gaugamela !>L. V_^ ^ ^yiJl ^y^^ ^jc^^^\ ., ^. Jff ) ,^ 



. L> 5:,^l JJ jOiC-^'l i]^U. __^[ ^j Hydaspes ^_;~^lJLa 







Jf- Ptolemy ^j_^^ Jyi^\ ^.jrM jy[>oj < ^;j>!^_.Vl Jlp 




>jkJUk>4ij:i>ii 



. X^\ j^ ^^UJl AjijJl 4jljjJl jx:j6 \^y^„j^ :(a.^3 T* • ^^^-^ ^ 




J .^IT jiVi) Samnite tribes U-Ul JiUi\ j>wJ Uj^ : |6.J f ^ * ^^ 

i^LJl ^j>^\j <Jj^ I* jUi'l ji (LJUaj) Vj->^ ^^Ar^JI J^^^ 




Pyrrhus j^ l.^y^ -Uj dJlk^^l 5^j>JI v^ ^Ji^ J-^' Wj * f^^S ^^^ * 

. li>,y^\ ^Jlk.'yi aJUjJI OJlilj (OU Jl ^/ ^y^. cfij^\ ^^^ 




I ^ iSLfi f' j:u; Ujj :|0.J fi J -^ 



^ iJ-Jj ^lk5>'l ^j Ls— <^ CJ^ J^^l J^y ^^^ A,Vj :^ . i f r t • 





jj- 5-1^ 









. ,^^^1 ^ (jjjJi aaLv^ ji^i : |6' J r ♦ • j^l^.^ "*■ 



dUu J! j^i dKijj Lj^ 5^1 j:>u^i : iuj^iL-u) rr. : ^. ^iaa 



• 



. 4J12LJI ^ SjUx/i oIpI^ Lf^ «.,r:;*-v= 



OUjJl :>% JlP J_^" Ujj : ^. J U V I iA • 







.^lylju^i^ 



^.j u^ juJi i:>i. v^_^ 



. ». J \ ' \ Cilicia L5C15'- 

r - - - 

. ». (j ^1 Cyrenaica aS_;j- 






. ^IkN! ^^ ijUj^l id^lji! J:^ 










cTJ^'^J j^i ij^y. ' Triumvirate IJ'^ J-^U i-^SC^ Jjl :^. J 1 * ir 



. (Ujy ) Jul! :s'>M *Jj^ ^-^d 7-^ l/J^J^ *f^'^ ^^ '^ 



iSj^ "^y^ J J^_i)\ J^Ij ^' ^J^ tl^jJ^ ^^1 :^ J flf • 



. Qj^ ^^Jl ^jj^'yr^V' (;;;:^>^ '^^ t^J ^ t^'^' JLoJ^ Carrhae 



^j_^l ^_;vl>^j 1^^^ ^ ^y^ iiU- ^ ^^^..^^ ^^-^ u^y^y^ >(^ J ^^ "^^ 






■ ^y^^. jy^^ Jl Jj^J ^J i^ Jj^. j^ : ,6. J iA • 



VoT 



>jyUMjVi 



' Wj J u'jr^^j ^j^yjy- -^-^-^ j^ Lfj^y- JW^' * i^*i ^^ * 



^j-^L:l5'jIj ^j-J>Ji I^jLa : UJUJt ^ULuJl A^^ : ^J if-ff • 



Augustus ^jJ^2.^\ j^b L*jj ^^ Gj^'j-^^1 c>^- l/^^^^j' * (^' i''^ ^ 



a'^L-JI "Uip (tJj^ jJ 5<-^ ?T;>-^I Jjj^ 'fi ^ ^ 






. Lju^j^Uj;ij>Ji:^ir • 



jjjj- Boadicea L>oi_^ iSllI ^Ujj iJlki^l Iceni ^ji^.'Vl ^Li : ^ It • 
J^i)\ ^f^\ (^UJl L^.^ ^1 s^yJl ^j c ^Ujjl Jt>b^^l ^-^ j^ 



lT^J^J-" 



'^^^" a"J^W— -^~-'J ' ijj^ »^J ejLipl ^y Ujj ^y i_s-^>^' : |6'\S-1A -*- 



. i^l ^ .UaJl jl*:l«j pasian 
hs^:^^\ ^IJUJI oU^ ^ (^^^1 cJ^ (^IjJl LjUs.^ >^j^ a.U^ OUjJl 

. Septimius Sevems ^^j^^ j^y^^.^^s^ ^^i)^ 



W 












(Diocletian oUjiJS'jii) ^yljM^ J^jJ^ j>*^i-^"V* : ^ f* A - TAi • 



. ((5_^lj'yi ^u-^j^^)) ^_^~.-jij ( '^^jj^ ijjjh\_^^\ J^ ol^':A^Vl U-Jb 




A_-J:-j "yLo-jl^^j dJu--^l j_/ Maya Llil 5jUa;>- jj^ : ,6 f • ♦ * 



. oblTjj 



5jUj__^1 aj •jlal^^'yi ip 3u5x;>^l <jIj jjl j^jij _)J^^ fy^j" • P ^^^ "^ 



Lg.4^ c^ -LL^I JU-i Jb-jj ((Gupta boj^)) 5^1 x fi di* -TS * *- 



LjUjJI ^;j>1^'^I ^^y x^. (^1) Jj^l j>.J=~-i : ^ rrv - ff i • 




J.LJI ^ ^ir ^1 Constantinople <^ukk-Jl Jl U_^UJl Ji;.j 

. Byzantium iSsJj-j 



JUi' '>cS'jju> ^ Valens lj:Jli ^L>'j_;^l jjh\j^^\ ^i^^ ^_>a : |0 ^VA * 



i^^\ ^L.j^i ^j>i^^Ni ji i^Uj^i j>i^vi ^L^i : ^ r^6 



• 



. Ujj l4:u-^lpj o>!l ''^\^i)\ Ajj>l^Vb ' ^J^ ^^:-»-.^^j <^i^>J^> 



. (UU jUjL*) Uj^. J Mon Oj^ i^ ^;^b t ^ fl ♦ ♦ - i • ♦ ^t$^ * 



^6i 



^Jj J^ AJ^ric dJijVl 5^1p;j Visigoths j_p^yJl i^^l ^^L:;^! : ^ f W • 



• ^H ■:/■ t^^' c-^'^ ^^7^ J- ^Wj^* ^j^' ^> v^--;b ' '^ ^^r^i 



■ WWi J^j Jii^Ji ^ ^j^Jb :;^>Ji -uy3i jikx^i : (6 i r6 • 



Jutes o_^ij Saxons J^.-i'LJlj Angles ^ii^Vl JJLi ; ^ fl • • - i . • • 



LU.1 ^y^ ^ '^\^j^\ (Vandals JI^UJl _,!) Jl^l_^l JJLi : ^ f fo • 



yJfi d_^\ dJi^ S^LL Uy j>J vr-M^l ^!.>r-^l j_^l JJU : ^ iM • 

»^y^ 0^>J1 ^>i^' ,r^ ^^J Aetius ^yl 5iU jUjJl j^\j < ((Attila 






■ ^y^-3 ^jj ^ Oj>i JlajljJt X (iita • 



. i^J^I ^jUl jj^ Aj^JI Jl^ '^J^jjJ' 



<s> 



>ikii4 k>,i M>ii 



(j^UOr-j^iVV) h^^l^jQII 



A 



. LjL^I djis^H ^jiij^^ ^j^^ i f>i*^ ■*• 



. [j\hij jj..ji.jij^>!\ jjki\ :^ Mi' - a* • 



JU^ ojjj^ f-Ly. (^J^l ^ .^.^ 2J.^ dJUu) Clovis ^ US' : iA) • 

. (U> ) JUJt >% 



o-'jij ^>Ji W L5* J^^j r^^ >-^ r>^- ^A '1*^^"^ cP'$^ ^ 

. (^>JI A,>l^l) i^J^I ^J>1^'^1 



LJlk.1 jjJ«j ostrogths j^_^l JajJJl *-^j Theodoric di;jj:>j^' : f Hf ■*- 

. gill ^jji ^J ^ J^- ^u^i ;^>ii Jili : ^ i^^i ^1^ • 






• ^ 



. ijj}\ APljj ^rsAi^ Oji^JL^, 5JU-iJl l^^l JSji*. t f> 0" uJ^$-* * 



LUaj^ ^_^ Wessex SJU-iJl ^__^_5 iS^ ^_,.^lj : fl H • 



A.^>l^^l J^ J^. Jj^l (^yLix^j.) Justinian dL^^^ : ^ ^TV • 



;$Ojf ^^" Belisarius ^jiji>b Jl^l S^W^ Uai>Jl ol_^l : ^ flfi • 

, l^ >^- cJir ^S ^>J' 



.-iwi4M):i.>ii 



oU-Xv^V! J^^j ^^t J-w-_J X^ ((c^j^)) 5^ ; ^ 11A " ^A^ • 



^L^l Jl h{^\ J ^^p ^liCxJI ii^Ul i,/.^! o:>L.^I j<^ i A^^bV' 




^j^l^^^'l 



h\^\j Ajjjj] u^^ x^>^^ ^\j ^yy^ ^bUi ^^^1 : ^ u r - A^i • 

. OljUl J U^ J^l c5j>^. ^y-^l ^,ycS\^ J^\ L^j^V* ('UiJi 

. UUaj^j ^^ Mercia LJ:'^ aSXt ^^-^Ij : |6 d^^ tj^'s-*" ''*^ 



j_^ Ijj^y^ \)_^'_r^^i o''^J^ (Harsa Lv-jU)Harsha \J:^}^ : |6lfV-V1 ik^ 

. Kanauj r-jJ 1^:u-s^Ip i JU-gJi JLJ:' 

' ^J^'^V' (l^v^'J c>^' (*^ L?'-^" ^b 5^1 : ^fi*^ * V - 1 i A • 

. aJjoJI ojUdI ^y A-jJlj -^jjM' ^^i 0=^' l/ ^^* j^' 



a-' 




. . ^y^ .UP ^^ Uj^ ^yiJl ^^^ ^jjl jji^l^l Jiy. : ^ 1 rV • 

J] Jiu; aUJIj Dagobert I Jj^l o^^b diill olij : ^ IfA • 



J 



• V?^J^1 ^ij-^*^"^' l/ Mayors of the Palace ^^s^l 
^Uai! j^ ft^j^l Ji_y^))) Heraclius Jiy^ ^jjl j>'^V' sUj : ^ U ) • 






ujuj gik.1 ju^ iju^i i;^jL.^i jiUJi : ^ur • 



. 1^] j_5J Northumbria Ij^jjJ aSCLt ^^^^b : ^ 1 fl i • 



\qS 



^lUlukvjlj^yll 



Ljy J^ KU ^ji, Hj^\ d\^j _, j^\ Pepin I JjVl oU. : ^ V0 1 • 
SiLJl ^1 tiiJl ^^1 < ^_^j^i Jj^ -^Uii^l Jus Wjj^* »^^* o-^jy 






j>ji o%^ ij^j ujy j,i::>^ i^, (^jji^i diiio oiijU : (ft vv) • 

. J.VVY : U_^-^ - 

. gU^^ Jip Vikings ^.llil oljU^ ^j-b : ^ VAV • 



I 



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Lil jU^lj i^yiJl iSCk ^ v>^V' ^Wf^b 



^j^\ ^ LJUjJjXw-I Oli^) Vikings rtji^LaJI : Laj..ju Loj ^ is- - -k 






^oA 



.j;jA>iJi oX' ^uj j^VJl JL>-y JL_.cj ( (4jl:>JI Lij^^) Khmer ^,;;.*iJ 

. _;;:.«jiJl bJui Li,^lp UiUjlj Angkor _^jSs?^l oJ-« ^_r^^" 



• ^^' o-j"^ ^ Lao 



( l.SM\ SjiLJ! ^j-ij Fujiwara ljlj_^jJ 5_^l : ^a^* • - A* ♦ (jJ'$-^' "*" 



. j^l^. oUUl ^ ^^1 ^'Ixllj 



. j^jJl ^j^- ^^Ul jUUl Jili : ^ AM 



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. ik^jii\ AjjjJslj^j) 



((Louis the Pious 



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. 4^jjlS3l '<jjj!h\j^'^J *--Jj Ver(iun obj 5Jl&U« : ^ hif 



• 



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. Shtin o\^j (. Oy» ^ji^ \. jI:>- 'yA olj4J 



• ^J^ J ^-^J^* j^-^* 




. (^bx;SL-Vl) ^jjl Rurik dL^j^ : ^ A^ ♦ ^(5^ • 



C^)- 



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.1 Basil JjN/l J^L j^ cJ^ U^^l ^,j>l^"^! JiU:Jl :^ AA"l- AV"\ • 

^,UJI JiU^ ^j^. lyd^l ^ ..r^J ^^ Alfred JU^I : ^ AVA • 
j.U:lj ^_LiJI Oj:> JU Ur Ethandune JjiaJlil iTy.^ ^ iJjUjjJl ^ aj^l^l 



JjLi j^ cJ^ i^jjlS^I ^j>l^t>M oijil Jl^_^1 : ^ AAV- AAf • 

. Chaiies the fat ^^_JLJ1 

. ^j^,}j. Aiijd tuSnjUJI jUr>- : A AAl - AAfl T^r 

^ O^y^j OJL^I ^y:r j^ Oj^iUJl (J^Ul) 0_^Ul : ^^* • o^'d^ * 

JUjuj ^/jJ ^ o_y>- iljjs Oj-~^jj Toltecs dI:JjJl ij;;t, : ^ft^ • ♦ cr^'$^** ■*" 

lyUji^ Oj^Lgj ,J^I v>j oj;=r ^ ^Ijil : (ft) • • • - "^ • • ^1^-9- • 

. (4JUJI x>y^\3) siam »L^ 

^^J^ Ji ^>-^" J^\j J'^^ u^ J^. i^ 5^1 s>U ^U ,ft<\ ♦ y • 



*j-4j ^j-SLsjj diL» ((OLlJLJI)) : Bmnanburh cjj-Jl;j_^ 2^^;.jl>. : ^ Sf V 1^ 




>iyi,kHlj;yii 



. Ljilf jip Ku ^ji. Otto I Jj^s y} t ^^r^ • 




j^j. ^u ^y^\ (jAJi ^-.v-di) jj-^u'yi : f>^r^ • 



. 4liL-^ 55JLif Oj-~>'jjj \.>;.u...Ail 



. l^4^1 a>-jj Wessex ^jJi^^j aS^jT : ,6^fii T*r 



O^ji JjNi jJjl j>I^^Vl 5^W^ JbyJl : {(4jjLiJ)) a5'^^ : ^ '\fl^ • 



< LjliS vj^ Lechfeld JlLLl! jcs- Magyars jL^lil JjU j^i^r^ ii^L- l*j^ 




fj ^^1 JU^ ^ _^VI ^j^l J.^jJ A^- ^_^ 5^1 : ^ ^V • 



. J 



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. OlLjU o^P J oLwJl v^> cJlS" jl -bo UUI iJli^l <i^ ^j>l^')'l 



. Lj-o^jj ^ 4^>>i^l jLiiil : Lajuu L}^ j6 ^V* ■*• 



. Eastern Bulgaria UjsJi\ "LjUL djj^li OjJaJjJl : ^6 ^V 1 • 



^i i-i^l^l S^^l ^^^j. L-Jy dJl. Hugh Capet <u;l5'_^ : ^ ^AV • 

. »\rTA .Ip |_^ Ljy X^ oiii 



Loji>JI l<i^l ^ Oj^:,lJJl Caribs dj.^_j\S^\ :>j^]\ • ^ 1 • . . ^Ij-s. • 




_>JLfcJ^lv^l^Il 



\^^^l j^ JU-iJl ^I^LJl Jj^ chimu j_^^ ^j^ ^,,^1- : ^ 1 * * * • 






J^sil, j^>I\ JJLL- ^ >_J Ij^^y 3^1 : (fill - - t . . • ^i^^ • 






ISCU ^u^ w-vii^j -^./U^l ^i^' 7^ Swegn j^j^ ^XjLoJjJl : ^ 1 ♦ ) f -*- 



^IjJ J^ lydiil ^^ KU ^^w:. (j>^j-- ^ril) Cnut Oj-uS' : ^ 1 • n • 






• 






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Hastings _}j>t;:u«U 5jJj_^ ^ ^^jj\j^ fJ-S^J Si^UJI dlft* c^Ji^^ ijJUL^jjJ 

n? 




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. <j 5Ju-br iJji .j^^^-'^j w_jjj>JI ^1 ^j>U S^Vl diij' j»l5o- Oj^^k-izjj 



i ((^ ^)} 




L/y^ f jx^. ^UJl *LLj x^ Stephen of Blois t5_^l j-^^^r^ : ^ ) 1 f^ "A- 



(4if) 



JjVl c5^ ol Matilda IJljU ^ 1^1 



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hjj]fi\j.^^\ »l<^ Hohenstaufen jAji^Uij^jA lj^\ ^^^^wwlj : ^ ) ) f A ir 



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Jiil ^l^jjJ 



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t^i^^V c/y^ ^jJ ^c^^' ^j^^ '4^'^ Oi^ ^jHi L?AJl Cj^ ^^j^^. ^>^I -v^l ^"^ ^^-f^\ (^) 



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An- yj cJjT - Geoffrey Plantagenet c^u>-1jj:>Ij ^jy^ : ^ \Mi • 

. ^>Ji ju^i ^^1 yu\ jj^ c^^u^^ ^ jjf^_ - jou 



Oj^l ^ 5_JU^.^l JjJi ujdl Jjf sL^ : ^) f. . - MA. ^(^_^ • 



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. ^^ ^ Jy^_ l>il| aU Jj^l ^^l^_j : ^) I ^ 1 • 



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^_>-$j {(Minamoto Yoritomo j-^^^jj y_^U^ » ^*^(^l_^^LJl j ^6 IHf • 

L5* J>'^V> c^* ^^=^' s-^^" (^lA-^ ^j^) AjUr._p Jjt ^_^j.j ;_JL, 

. DLLJl 






\,_f^\ (^Ij^Ul 3iJ» ^ ^lUl ^jLil L^l •• samurai (^Ij^Ul (*) 



\\i 



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• 



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♦ ♦ 



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£^jl;>di LgiaUjj mJjuJI 4jj|j^.x>^ olSlbr |i j^\ *^jzll : A 1 r » i jju T*r 



• -i^J^' J^l U^ Jj^'^ (V-^1 L^ 



. Jydl JS3lJl^ (OU)jj::;>- 0*>Ip1 t^lf'f • 



c?i Oj-,^^)) 5jLJj U«j^! oljJJl : Muret Aij_^ Lr'__^^ : ^ K ^ f • 










, Magna Carta (bjiru^lll) 




j4]LsJl4l4\<iMi>Ii 




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I jLi;:Jlj ^L^ 



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• ^^jy'^j 




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^_^j ^-Lili 4^L.j^i kjj^\j^f j'jf- ^ikii 5>i : ,6 1 f vr 



IfM • 



. urn ^ v-uji ^yji 



oU-^jlvaVl ^j-i; Simon de Montfort ^jjLjJj^ lS^ Oj_->~^^ : ^ 1 f ^A "A- 

. ^JliJl c5>*> l>d^l dLU ^ 



ni 




i>^ jj>^-i Angevin J,,J^I 5^1 ^.^ ..iJi 0_..^^^l : ^ 1 f 1 1 • 



^■^J' ^J>'7-^^Y' c?^ ^--^"UJ! Sj^Vl) Jj[j..LxAjA 5^1 JJ^ Coni-adin 



Kublai Khan OU- ^>lj_^ ^o^ ^).^_ ^_^^ _^^U : ^ ) r'\ f - ^t fVfl • 

■ Aj j>- Jj^> ^j^i i>^l dJUL- : ^KAr - ^t rvv • 






. i>i^i^ j^ii> : ^ir^. • 



• 



. i^V >^i^ ^. Jj^i ^jji^i diiii : ^ 1 r^*\ • 

J-^lj^. Robert Bruce(oi- Robert The Brace) ^j^ o^j^ : ^1 f^A • 



. J^Ux^^l ^M ^ ^US3 



nV 



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l^W^ V>- JL*^ o_^ : Courtrai Vjj^ ^_^j^ : a ) T' f • 



i^ij Lj> dIU ^-^ ^^ ^ ^^a;->liJl j^l J j^^^\ ^UiX. cuS;^ 



A^- ^ diJiJ < ^^LJL ^^„^all oL->Jl ^^ ^^.^s:^ ^^^^jidt 3Uil Dl 



jU d.-^ L_;^ Avignon o_^l Jl Jiju. c^j.Ul J,t>gi : ^ tf^^ • 



0. ^*^ 



J . ^Ui ^^\ ^[j ^yc 5^1 dJLb J^ bf i ;_j^| ^U^ U^U:. 

i>ii] diu. ^i^L- <^^ ^_^_ ^j^ o^jj : o^^L ;r^ : ^ iru • 

. l^jSC^ J>Ux^l ^j.j J\i^\ ^jljil 




* « 



. iminas 






^>J 'y^i 0:^ OUI^I ^ 2LX. : ^U ^'lil ^^ 5.10. : ^ t f rV • 



• ^> J'J^. >^V> ^^ W 



J.UI ^}]i\juj^. ^Vl Babylonian captivity ^Ul ^b ^^^ L^_ij j^Vl II* jiti (*) 



nT: 



J^i*i\4k>ii}iA 



>^V' ■■ (-^^ ^'iii -^>] J) h^\ siuysj.^. <r^ •,^)ri> • 



^ V^^i.^Vl ;>_Jl 6_jJ^j ^^1 J^VI jj^Jb ^1^1 :^j\j,\ i^LL_ 



{.>^. cJliJl .jlpl S^Li^^J^ ^_^| ^^^ : ^^ ;r^ : ^ irf ^ • 



^fU^ j^OiJl y^^U ^b-l bf < Ljy JU^ Crecy ^_J' j^ ^^\ j^\ 






s^l^l ^ILUj^ SiO;? ._a^- Ayuthia [jji^: ^1 i . .- ^ ) f 6 . • 

• o-j"^ c^ Lanxang ^LiO^ ;Slr ^_^ : ^ If^i • 
• -^'^ J^J c5^^' '^'j^ ^> diU ^Ij j^^l^ jUul Jl ^^_ 

• ^J^ Jl JJ-^ ^1 -ViJ SJliii jj}^_ :,^VI ^Vl : ^ ) riV-^ t r 1 1 • 



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■^>j ^^.y. ^j-^ iojjVl JjjJl ^ j.Ip Ajlil ^^ :>a^ : ^) ri^ i^ 




.>)Ul4liv»lj^ll 

. LJyL. Avignon j^l ^ ^^1 ijxt juu Uj^ J\ ljy\^\ li^ -, ^ 1 f VV • 

.\rAV 

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. Jlio^l J^Ul^l Ojj5^j.j5 ;Jluus 0_^;^^ 0_^Uu_^l : ^tfA^ • 



. ^U- 4Jlil u^_^ ^ Clp TA lA ^JiA : ^^U ^%^ : ptr^l • 



. Eric of Pomerania ^J\J^J^\ xiLjl 
. j-yl_^l '^yj^, "^A ^yi^l ^jkA : i^^f^H ic 

iki Lancaster ^IS^V c^j l^/d^i ^ ^liJl :.jU^j Jjj^ : fi)f^^ ir 



jj\j^ ^jl U.Li ^1 li^J\ '^^\ 5j^l J^ : ^U.A- ^1 i- • 



. Owen. Glendower 



ij j^j. -{(Yongle J^_^„)) ^j^\ jj]^\j—.^^l X ^)iH- f>H'r • 



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. .U- 4Jlil v_j_^ jUs.1 ^ Agincourt jj.5^-^1 5j«5j^ 
L?ajU_jy ^U. ^ J_^.:l-o Hemy ^^UJI ^^ 1^1 JlU ; ^ U I V • 

. Ljy ^_^ Jtwj Normandy 

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. (jixdjji j^s:>ji) ^u'yi ^1 cJ^ ^^^_ gu^4 ^_^ jr : ^uif • 






. >l^"^i u^ c ^ ^ °'^ J-^j^ ( » ^ 1 \,Guienne 



. j.lp yiil ^^ 4.1^ dliij Calais 01$^ 



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'jij i lio'^y lj>l_^-;-^l ^^^-^. Huayna Capac i]bLf blyt. : ^\i^f • 

. Quito yjjS" iJliJi L>w^U!l 



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. U^ JjO^JI jJUJi jf^j-^- j_^ 



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. aJ*i/-iiji^ .Jl^ John Cabot ojjIT jj^ : ^)iHV • 

• W/' J\ ^^ ^^J ^j>W ■^J^^: (A) i<\A • 



. SillxJl A:d^ 



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((Pedro Alvai-ez Cabral JI^LT ^.^UJl j^jloJ JUj^I ^^U| : ^) 6 



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Aethelred ^iiji 

Alfred Jj/JI 

Edward (the Elder) (^1) :.jIj4 

Athelstan d\xJj 

Edmund juj^jjI 

Edred jupl 

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Edwy (^jij 

Edgar^W-i! 

Edward (the Martyr) (ju^l) :^j\j:>\ 

Aethelred (the Unready) (^Idl^) :>jLi4 

Edmund (Ironside) (j^i^D ju^:>1 



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Harold (Regent) (ji^i JIj^ l^j) Jj> 

Harold I (Harefoot) (^^Ni j=r.j) JjVi jJj> 

Harthacnut oj-^T U,U 
Edward (the Confessor) Opdi) ijij^i 

Harold n*j^b)i-djjU 



: House of Normandy A^U^^i o>ju»5fl 



dA 



William I (the Conqueror) (^UJi) JjVi ^.tLj 

William II (Rufus) (^jijj) ^yiiJi ^.tLj 

Henery I JjVi ti^:^ 



: House of Blois i^ o>jujI 




: House of Plantagenet ('mm-kjIJ^ oj-uil 



^\ij^ 



uAvnoi 



di 



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ii 



Henry II j\ii\ iSj^ 



■ l>^V J^jr''' J>^> dJ '^ ^ ^*^ 



rnA 



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d 1 11 


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Richard 1 (coeude Lion) (x.>!\ U^) JjNi j^Li^j 


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John(u>._ji) o_^ 


\YVY-Un 


Henry lil^iili l?>* 


\r*v-\rvY 


Edward I JjViijijj] 


^rYV-'ir'V 


Edward II ^liii :^j\j:>\ 


\rVV-UYY 


Edward III ^Jiiiti^ijji 


^r^-^-^rvY 


Richard ll^iiJi ^j^j 



^\'^ji 



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: House of Lancaster ^^jluLSLj^ dj-juuI 



^\iji 


■M 1 n 


UYY-U\r 

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Henry TV ^i^i (^^ 

Henry V^^\>Ji (^^ 

Henry VI ^:.Ui c^y;^ 

1 



: House of York <Jj^ Ejuui! 




Edward TV ^i> ^jlj4 



: J 7 ut( Oy 6>jui! 




(^15^ 



\iAr-\iv\ 
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^jdUj^^Al^ 






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Edward TV ^\J\ :^j\j^i 

Edward V^^uJi^jij^ 

Richard m ^iJiili j^^u^j 



House of Tudor j^^^ Ajuuuf 



(^I5> 


.s\ 1 tl 


^o•^-MAo 


HENRY VII ^U\ (5^ 


' 'iolV-^o.^ 


HENRY vm ^Ul ijyj^ 


\oor-\oiv 


1 

EDWARD VI ^iUl ijj.l 


^ooA—^ooV 


MARY I JjVI t5> 


n*r-^ooA 


ELIZABETH I Jj^l i.i>il 



: House of Stewart ^^(^ 






(^15> 


.ii 1 tl 






J AM ES I * Jj^l ^^..^ 
CHARLES I ** JjVl _^jLij 



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^\iji 


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Counci of State <JjjJ! ^^^J^ 


noA-nor 


iver Cromwe 1 (Lord (^LJI ^l>. j^I) Jo-j/'^j^ 




Protector) 


\no^-noA 


Richard Cromwel (jLjJI ^L^ ju-JO Jjj^j^ i^Lij, 




(Lord Protector) 



House of Stewart Ctji^^-iM IjMti 



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wn«-WYV 

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Char es 1 j\!i\ jij^ 


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James 1 , jlill .r-*^ 


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(ajI^I (^jL- ^ iJ_^;XJ:> ^ ^) ^liJl ^LLj 


w«Y-n^i 


Wi iam 11 (by^) JjUll (.LLj 


wu-w*r 


Anne d\ 



: House of Hanover ^^ U ft>juul 



dl 



George I JjVI 2-jj>. 
George II j\ii\ ^^ 

George III ciJlill g-jjsp 

George IV ^\J>\ ^^^ 

William iV^j^gi^ULj 

Victoria \ijy:^ 



YV^ 



->luil> 




House of Saxe-Coburg jr^^ - UjyJfLuu S^uj? 



^\iA 



nW"\*\'\ 



ii 



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Edward VII ^LJl:.jijjl 



(*) 



: House of Windsor ^* j^owjbi^ oj-jujI 



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George v 



lT^^* SIJJ^ 



Edward VIII ^**^ ^Itll ^^Ij:*] 

George VI ^^Ul g-^^ 
Elizabeth n^jlil! ^\J\ 



2Jbbitt ^^i^i ubGi ^m) " ^ 



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Au u\ ijmoJi Aj^JLf I J^ La jj) in r - f 



. ^13^ 


^u-i 


V"\A-Vo\ 


Pepin the Short jy^\ uLo 


AU-VIA 


Charlemagne OlijU 


Ai' -AM 


Louis I The Debonair c^LlalJl Jj'yi ^^ 


AW -At' 


Char es The Bald ^Sfl J^b 


AV^ -AW 


Louis n The Stammerer jt^*Hl ^^UJl ^^^-j^ 


**AAY -AV^ 


Louis III dJliil ^jJ 


**AA1 -AV^ 


Carloman 0L-_^jl5' 


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Chares II The Fat j.^.Jl ^^jUil J^U 


**A'^A-AAA 


Eudes (Odo) , Count of Paris ,^jIj c-J^ (j^jjI) :'jt 


**'\\r-A'\r 


Char es III The Simp e jriLJl jJliJl J_^U 


**'\Yr-'\YY 


Robert I JjVl o^jj 


'\r"\-'\Yr 


Rudo f (Raoul), Duke (^JUj- ^jj_j Jj^ (Jjjlj) ^JJ^jj 




Of Burgundy 


^oi -^ri 


Louis IV *^1^! ^jJ 



'\^n-'\AV 



wn 



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Louis V The Sluggard ^j^\ 



Lothair^U^ 



Hugh Capet a^I^jJ** 

Robert II ^_^l^l o^jj 

Henry I Jj*^l £j>fc 



. J-yJl (>> ^ilL* tir- X* t-J^-^ ^^'^ ^j=^J c^^ J^ r^' ^'> t^ o:>^!axll ** 




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\r\^--\r\l 

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\ro 



\rYA 



'irni -Wo 



\rA 



WM 



UYY-^rA• 

Ul\ ~UYY 

uAr"\n\ 

U-^A-MAr 



\oiV-1o\o 



Philip I JjVl^^ 

Louis VI ^yiUJl ^^_jJ 

Louis VII Tine Young (^LiJl) ^Ul ^J 

Philip n (Philip (^^J^^t ._JLi)^li]l l-JJ 

Agustus) 

Louis VIIlThe lion (ju-Vi) ^UJI ^J 

Louis IX (ST. Louis) (^J cJl^) ^Ull ,j-ojJ 

Philip III jJliJI c-JLi 

Philip IV The fa\r^\J\^^ 

Louis X The Quareller (^Lill) y^Ull ^_^^ 

John I JjNl d\>^ 

PhilipV The Tall (ji>Jl) ^UJI 

Charles IV The Fair ^Ijl Jjli 




• •* 



Philip VI 



l/ 



Ul 




* •■ 



John II The Good ^_j;\^l Ol>- 
Charles V The Wise ^^Wl J^Li 

Charles V ^^Ul J^li 
Charles Vll ^^Ul J^li 

Louis XI _^ c^:>UJl ,^jJ 

tharles Vlll ^liJl JjLi 
Louis xn The Father Of (,.^.,^\ J) ^^j^ ^\ji\ ^^^J 

The People 



Francis I "^JjSfl 



\j^\j 



Henry n^_^l^l (^_^ 



Francis o^jtjean Vju Johnji>ci c^jJ^V! e-.>^SU Uj OjJl. ^\;>^u 

. Francois Vaj 




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WVi -W\o 



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Francis II ^li!l \j^\J 

Charles IX ^Ul JjLi 

Henry m dJlill ci;^* 

Henry IV ^\J\ isj^ 

Louis XIII _^ >jjlill ^J 

Louis XI V^^ «^ljl ^^ 



Louis XV 




Louis XVI ^^^^ 



Louis XVII 




(Y) , 




f 



Lp 




r 



UiJj 




j_^iUl ^,^ diill JUi' V-JyiJl 5j_ji]l C-»J-Ul 



4_4jSj>- JjLS j-oJj-i.l i-^ J^O- 



b \V«\Y ^Lp^ ^I 




;lj WA^ 



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ur 



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1 



: 64JU L«^ Ij^i J m C - ui 



f^^' 



First Republic : ^^jVl itjjifJ^I 

National Convention ^jil a^_j5^ 

Directory s^b^^l 4^_^ 

Consulate J^UaJI l*j^ 
First Empire :.JjSil3jji^l^V' 



Napoleon I (o^Ujj Oj^lU) JjV! O^U j>l^V^ 



Restoration : l^^\ i:>jp 

Louis xvniytj:^ j>lil! ,^jJ 

Napoleon I ^ ^ ^ Jj^l O^U j>l^'^l 
Napoleon II ^^^jbi\ Oji^U j>i^Vl 



Louis xvm^ j^Ull ^^^ 



Charles X pUll Jjb 



Louis xlx ^"^ yup ^Ul ^^y 



Henry v 



CD 




Wl (j^ 



Louis Philippe c_JLi ^^^J 

Second Republic: SjUJI hjj^^\ 

Louis Napoleon 0_^\j ^^^ : ^J\ 



w^ 



-^^yJJ (^ 'j^^^ *^J* t/^J ^ *je>i «^ i>* '^^'^y^ ^ ( \) 



. Ui 



i Ja-lj *jj ijii U*^l L*io- (t^^ 
i^ ^Lj A 5-d C^\ CS^ ^ (i) 



(Y) 



.^UJ^^aU^ 



(»^I5> 



\AV 



\'\Y 



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\AoY 



uvr-\AV\ 
\AV'\ -uvr 

UAV-\AV'\ 
\A'\i -\AAV 
\A'\o-UU 






\^Yi -\^'(' 



wry 



\^il -S'M' 



(\) 



Second Empire : iJli)l Juj^lj-^Vl 

(iDjiLlJ ^jJ) jJliJi DjJ;U j^l^Vl 

Third Republic: SilliJl iyj^l 

Adolphe Tiers AjJ uJjil 



Patrice De Macmaiion OjaU5C« jj 



J^ a-4/H 



;b 



Jules Grevy^^ J^ 

Sadi Carnot ^^^_yj^ lS^U 
Jean Casimir - Perier a^j j^:^j\^ d\=^ 

Felix Faure^y |_r^ 

Emile Loubet -uijj J^i 

Armand Fallieres^li OUjt 

Raymond Poincare ^.j\^\jj dj^j 

Paul Deschanel JjLiji Jjj 

Alexandre Millerand tl>j^;JL. jJLu-531 

Gaston Doumergue r-j^j^ dy^\s>r 

Paul Doumer vj^ Jj^ 
Albert Lebrun djjJ jJ\ 



(T) 



\^n~nii 



Vichy Government : ^^^-iwi l^j^ 

Philippe Petain OI^j ^-JLi jLi^lll 

Provisional Re- ^^^l^jJ}\ a^^^j.^-*^ lsS^\ a^_^1 

pubic 
Charles De Gaulle Jj=r*j.^ Jj^ 



C^ 0^1 y^j ■ UoY ^Lp lj>l^ A_ij ^1 ^^' . :LoUJ1 itj^^--^ L-^j ^\ Jy (\) 



^ji 



^^ O^U) 



. 4j\il! Uui! .^^i du oavi (j^ ^j^i ;^jS::^ (r) . J^i (Y) 

. UyU ^Ui>Jl jij^ L_-iP cJj5 (1) 




jiUjf. 




^I5jd 






not -\M^ 



\^A^ -UVi 



j^U-l 



Felix Gouin Oljsr ,j-SUj 

Georges Bidault jJ-; ^jj>;- 

Fourth Republic : ho\J\ hjj.^^\ 

Vincent Auriol Jjjjjt OLJ 

Rene Coty jj^ <^,j 

Fifth Republic = i-^Ui-l hjj^\ 

Charles De Gaulle i}_f:H^ Jj^ 
Georges Pompidou jJ^jj rjj^ 

Valerie Giscard d'Estaing db^,^ j\iL^ tjj^^ 



Francois Mitterrand 01 




Ic-Jlj 




Jacques Chirac iil^ iJl^ 



: A I iii t^Af I OijV^^i ^l-^|j 



UbjJI 5_;i 



\'\tV 
\«;iA-'i'\iV 

\^tA 



^^o 



^^n 



Ho 



no^ -no 



yi tr^j 



: a*j|^l hjj^\ Cjljijj L.JJ 



Leo Blum 



Paul RamadierojUlj J_^ 



Robert Schuman OU 



'^ j^Jj 



Andre Marie i^jU -Ojo;! 



Robert Schuman iDU 



'^^Jj 



Henri Queuille ^_^ tJjXi» 

Georges Bidault jJu rji_j>. 

Henri Queuille ^jS" ijyjt. 



Rene Eleven 




AdfcJu 



ij 




J^\^\.Jf. 




i-jlijJl 5jsi 



\<\oi -nor 

\«\o"\-noo 
noV-nol 

noY 
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^'\oA 



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y^a^j 



\«\'\A-\'\"\Y 

nVi -\^VY 

nA\ -\'\V1 
^'^Ai -\^A'\ 

nAA-\=lAl 

n'\^ -nAA 

\'\'\r-\'\'\Y 
n'\o -\'\'\r 



Henri Queuille ^jjf ijj^ 



Rene Eleven 







Edgar Faure j_ji jW-^] 

Antoine Pinay <jU^ DljJaJl 

Rene' Mayer jJu^ ^j 

Joseph Laniel J-j'i/ ^jj=?- 



Pierre Mendes-France 



;tj 



LT^Lr* - u-^.-^ ^«J 



Edgar Faure jj> j^^^^l 
Guy Moilet Jj^ 




Maurice Bourges-Maunoury c5j_^i_y< - a^jjj ^jj^ 

Felix Gaillarj^L:>- ,_,JUj 

Pierre Pflimin OU-i» ~j 
Charles De Gaules J^^^ J^U 

Michel Debre aj^j:j J-^Xu* 

Georges Pompidou jx^y, r-jj>- 

Maurice Couve De Murville JJj^ j:> -Jj^ ^.jj^ 

Jacques Chaban Delmas ^j^ULp OIjU iiU- 

Pierre Mesmer 



:i^^ 



Jacques Chirac iJl-J^ dSU- 



Raymond Barre j\j dy^j 

Pierre Mauroy \jjy j^. 

Laurent Fabius ^_^}^ 0^ 

Jacques Chirac ill^ i]U- 

Michel Rocard ^iTjj J^J^^ 

Edith Cresson *^ 0^^^ ^^4 



■ ^-r» 20^' ci* *-^J^* ^bJ^' Wj ** • (OUi) j^y^ (v--*^! Jvl * 




,*]uU=.>y^ 



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» 




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i^lSjll 5jd 



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SpIj < .WAA-Wno 




VI 



George Washington jk^\j ^jj>- 

John Adanns j^bi" dj>- 

Thomas Jefferson dj^yt^ ^j'\^y 
James Madison O^-^iU 
James Monroe jjy 



John Quincy Adams yU 






0_^ 



(U 



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* A short History of the Saracens , Syed Amir Ali , Kitab 
Bhavan, New Delhi , 1981. 

* The Arbas in History , Bernad Lewis , Harper , London , 
1966. 

* The Penguin Dictionary of Twentieth Century History : 
1900 - 1982 , Alan Palmer , Penguin , London , 1988 . 

* The Time Concise Atlas of World History, Editor : Geof- 
frey Barraclough, Times Books , Harper - Collins Publishers 
, 4th ed., London , 1992 . 

* The Macmillan Encyclopedia, Editor : Alan Isaacs , Lon- 
don, 1988. 

* The Penguin Dictionary of Archaeology , Warwiek Bray 
& David Trump , Penguin , England , 1984 . 

* History of the USSR, Part I: From the Eariiest Times To 
the Great October Socialist Revolution, I . I. Smirnov et al., 
Progress Pubhshers , Moscow . 

* Founding Father of the United States , Vladimir Sorgin , 
Progress Publishers, Moscow , 1988 . 




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