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THE SHFIS OF IRAQ by Yitzhak Nakash
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AAS
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Asian and African Studies
The American Historical Review
The American Journal of Economics and Sociology
The Atlantic Monthly
Arab Studies Quarterly
Baghdad High Commission File, The National Archives
of India, Netu Delhi
BOUIES Bulletin of the Oxford University, Institute of Economics
and Statistics
British Society for Middle Eastern Studies Bulletin
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
Colonial Office, The Public Record Office, London
Economic Development and Cultural Change
Foreign Office, The Public Record Office, London
History of Religions
Islamic Ctdture
International Journal of Middle East Studies
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IO India Office, London
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ISE Islamic Shi'ite Encyclopedia (Beirut)
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JN ES Journal of Near Eastern Studies
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ME J The Middle East Journal
MES Middle Eastern Studies
MW The Moslem (Muslim) World
NAI j] ie National Archives of India, Nexv Delhi
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SA South Asia
S*"* Social History
S* Sf»d/fl Islamica
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WI Die Welt Des Islam
ZDMG Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenldndischen Gesellschaft
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I Kaa I I / miaU ^
1- Hanna Batatu, "Iraq's Underground Shfa Movements-
Characteristics, Causes and Prospects" MEJ 35 (1981)' 578- 94;
idem, "Shf i Organizations in Iraq: al-Da'wah al-lslamiyah and
al-Mujahidin," in, Shi'ism and Social Protest, ed. Juan Cole and
Nikki Keddie (New Haven, 1986), 179-200; Abbas Kelidar,
"The Shi'i Imami Community and Politics in the Arab East, 11
MES 19 (1983)'3-16; Pierre-Jean Luizard, La Formation de
rirak Contempcram: lc Role Politique des Ulcma Chiites a la
Fin dc la Domination Oltomanc et au Moment dc la
Construction dc TEtat Irakicn (Paris, 1991); Mcir Litvak, "The
ShuUlamaofNajafandkarbala, 1791-1904: A Socio- Political
Analysis" (Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 199 1 ), Joyce Wiley,
The Islamic Movement of Iraqi Shi'as (Boulder, 1992).
Allen Johnson and^ld^U^^l^UajJiiw^^lJ-X
Timothy Earle, The Evolution of Human Societies; From
Foraging Group to Agrarian State (Stanford, 1987), esp. 21,
27
207-11,246,269-70,318-19.
Philip Khoury j&x[ Zxui$luA\$ ojiaaJ^ aajIa^JI utfLJI is l& fHail - V
and Joseph Kostiner, cds., Tribes and State Formation in the
Midllc East (Berkeley, 1990), 12.
4- Ann Lambton, "Social Change in Persia in the Nineteenth
Century; 1 AAS 15(1981); 139; Nikki Keddic, "The Roots of the
Mama's Power in Modern Iran" SI 29 (1969): 48, idem, "Can
Revolutions be predicted; Can their Causes be Understood?"
Contention 1 (1992): 169; Michael Fisher, Iran: From Religious
Dispute to Revolution (Cambridge, Mass., 1980), 31; Joanna de
Groot, "Mullas and Merchants: The Basis of Religious Politics
in Nineteenth Century Iran," Mashriq 2 (1983): 20.
28
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CtUV 1 *-■ ^ " lj ft Ji nflin'mll ^Jl Luiij^it &i* ^ i2l>hl1 ^|_ h ULj -
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N
2- 1919 Census by Religion, FO 371/4152/175918; Religious
Statistics for Iraq, I August 1932, FO 406/70.
3 - Ann Lambton, State and Government in -Medieval Islam
(Oxford, 1981), 212-13.
78
4- Stephen Longrigg, Four Centuries of Modern Iraq (Oxford,
1925, Beirut reprint, 1968), 19,57.
. Yo"\ -YoL . YLX c YNo : Y « 0^"\ -NVfO abfc)
6- Pedro Teixeira, The Travels of Pedro Teixeira, trans,
William Sinclair (London, 1802), 27-30.
Teixeira, Travels, 51 1 XYo -XYl . XX*\ » I . £j)U « tf jljJI -Y
&5>aj) #lj$jJ ab*J ^iL2$ ^-jjLj ^ tljjgJI oaja i ^JijijiJI djduij -A
SaP$ jaI^I! uiU , iIl^I tuiijui t "\ Y -0 X « (/Lyllll ** ^ « ala **3
: 0«^uU«tf5l>JliX0-XXi X.(^AN. 3 >j-i) d^ . >lal9-UI
Juan Cole , "Shi'i Clerics in Iraq and Iran;Y.A. XYX. XY.-X"tt
1722-1780' The Akhbari-Usuli Conflict Reconsidered," IS 18
(1985): 5, 26; Said Amir Arjomand, The Shadow of God and
the Hidden Imam: Religion, Political Order and Societal
Change in Shi'ite Iran from the beginning to 1890, 2d ed.
(Chicago, 1987), 215-17; Hamid Algar, Religion and State in
Iran, 1758-1906: The Role of die Ulama in the Qajar Period
(Berkeley, 1969), 30, 33.
Khan Zand:;AN -Y<\ . "W : "V . ^jjU
79
A History of Iran, 1 747- 1 779 (Chicago, 1979), 192
10 - Cole, "Shi'i Clerics," 20, 22, 26.
1 1 - Juan Cole, "Indian Money and the Shi'i Shrine Cities of
Iraq, 1786-1850," MES 22 (1986): 461-80.
12 - Lorinier to McMahon, Baghdad, II August 1911, FO
195/2368/690-34; Report of the Protector of British Indian
Pilgrims, 1929, CO 730/159/2.
13- J.G.Lorimcr, Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, 'Oman and
Central Arabia, 2 vols, in 5 pts. (Calcutta, 1908-15), 1, IB: 1425.
Great Britain, Administration \ AA\ 4 (\WX 1 1 ft ft n) ,-Jua
Reports for 1918, Najaf, CO 696/1; Thomas Lycll, The Ins and
Outs of Mesopotamia (London, 1923), 21-22; d^jJi a-j
80
Longrigg, Four Centuries, 34; XN^ \ * £j>Ij» ^laJUN'X
, (\°\k\ -\MA i aLAj) i »!>&l T i Liil^ u-iLla » um±<iyMt U3JU-1 -\V
A. -OA:X
1 8- Teixcira, Travels, 48.
m ( N.^jjia.^iaJi-N*
"\Y -"\ • ! X i S-LJflij-fr '*' * * ' * I ' "^j— -X
21- Lorimcr, Gazetteer, 2B: 1310-1 1.
. (n^v^ty > abju) #i>J t . ui>»Ji pL^e . ^ s i>jlJI<_u.Uux -xx
t
a > 1 II) • *ljJ T . U>AU j uAjJLII ^U * ajjo-x-aj j_U-a -XV
81
iialLd^lJtfjAJIJjaA.^Uiyi^-xn-XT^N.OW.-N^o
Meir Litvak, "The i N VUN \ & \ . 0*\AA « fl) f»> N \ « S±jLi!l uukii
ShiMUlamaofNajafandKarbala, 1791-1904: A Socio -Political
Analysis" (Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 1991), 112-16.
24- Administration Reports, 1918, Najaf, CO 696/1.
25 - Lorimer, Gazetteer, 2A: 976.
26- Ibid., 977; British Consulate, Baghdad, 22 February 1943,
FO 624/33/537.
Lorimer, Gazetteer, 2A: 751- 53; TY-T"\ : i . <5ujLj « £jl>ll -W
28- Longrigg, Four Centuries, 34.
XN.iO.^jjQi tfjljJU^
30- Litvak, Shi'i Ulama, 107, 124-26, Juan Cole and Moojan
Momen, "Mafia, Mob and Shi'ism in Iraq: The Rebellion of
Ottoman Karbala, 1824-1843," PP 112 (1986): 115-16, 122,
124, 126, 135-37; Lorimer, Gazetteer, 1,1B: 1349;.h>a11h
82
. S\ < (\V\A . SjaUUI) £uuli c2l)all ^Q , jifi
31- Review of the Civil Administration of Iraq, 1914-1918, FO
371/4148/34799.
. \o°\-\00: YiU2I^i1*La< u**iy*i YOi YL: L* ^jjLa* tfjIjJUYX
33- Lorimer, Gazetteer, 2A: 967-68; Review of the Civil
Administration of Iraq, 1914-1918, FO 371/4148/34799.
* y-kJUl i A^ T . WY^ V\A * aUij) ,I>J Y « AyU Uiu* £jp
. NYfl : A i pIjaLui aul& i LuiaJiAll illUloii JL££1U£A
^11 ^aiyi sj^a . ^i^ tiij^j ul * *\y- v i y , o v/a -^v^ . ab^)
.XYL-XoN.XXl-XXY
36- Selim Deringil, "The Struggle against Shi'ism in Hamidian
Iraq: A study in Ottoman Counter-Propaganda," WI 30 (1990):
50.
83
^ r ^Ji u;^ iiU» i >iAT -N A. : X . ,ij^U i-u^ <i-jjLi . ^JIj^UJl .TV
Review of the Civil i UXiO^)N u>juJl2L^-h«,l
Administration of Iraq, 1914-1918, FO 371/4148/34799;
Summary of Events in Turkish Iraq, October 1910, FO
195/2341/989-60.
38- Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2d ed. s.v. "Musha'sha,"
39- M. S. Hassan, "Growth and Structure of Iraq's Population,
1867-1947," BOUIES 20 (1958): 344.
40- Robert Fernea, Shaykh and Effendi: Changing Patterns
Among the El Shabana of Southern Iraq (Cambridge, Mass,
1970), 25.
41- Hanna Batatu, The Old Social Classes and the
Revolutionary Movements of Iraq, 2d ed. (Princeton. N.J.
1982), 68.
. U*\\i i.>U*. tfjl>il-iX
v.i r.LbUtj&ttAit-ir
84
Longngg, Four Centuries, 80; N • o i W t t n i m II ^ wi ni l -ii
Lonmer, Gazetteer, 2A: 456.
\A\.V\Xi t , ^Ufi . tf 3I3JUU
Not . ^a>U ■ jlji ;XtO . XN X -XNN : Y * _>1U* . tfjljall -IY
.X.Yi Y 5 XYt-VTYi N.jlttfii tf 5 l>lULA
. XNVi t,jilA*.tfjl>lliNtY
- NNA. NNO -NN. * &?JI (%ia * tfjauJI -
' * *1* * AUlulJI f*^ ^* * ' ^" ^ Udl^ i **J-ilall l£ yi^^llf * t ti* LLjl LlLi^LX — ON
1 n-w . o^ox/n^ . s^uii) ^i^kii caJ axis* . a W u ^ip jUil
85
.Li. : (^U^jliAlL.uiAluudl
52- Lorimcr, Gazetteer, 2B- 1273; Great Britain, Naval
Intelligence Division, Geographical Handbook Series, Iraq and
the Persian Gulf, September 1944, 379-80: Great Britain,
Office of the Civil Commissioner, The Arab of Mesopotamia,
Basra, 1917,6.
. V\. i \r\ .N"\o.\Lo-UiiU. -Nw. \ j u ■*. ». ,j=jij - ii-av
Tom Nieuwcnhuis, Politics and Society in s \L*\ * ^jjLji jIjJ
Early Modern Iraq (The Hague, 1982), 123, 125.
J, B. Kelly, Rritnin nnH, Vr\_VM . \ ..A^.11 .3.1 * . s ;j ; .. II .M
the Persian Gulf, 1795-1880 (Oxford, 1968), 99-100; Longrigg,
Four Centuries, 213-14.
j-31 ni r u-c ljLwIja i ^A-cLuull 33^-^. l . \\ \ i ^_)J5-li LA$a * ^IS^Syi -00
Lorimcr. Gazetteer, 1, IB: 1286 s AA * ( WL . 0*111) d*lji]| s tl\yl\
. v\l - v\v . jjj$ii 0*3* . ^is^jS -oa
86
. ru : n . ^u* . is$\$*l\ -ov
Lonmer, Gazetteer, 2A: 793.
Longrigg, Four Centuries, 10 i *\*\ * (NWY < £13^)
60- Lorimer, Gazetteer, 2A. 793-94.
QtoA < aLi-j) aijHO-Ji ^i SJU>lt 1UUXII3 jxjJI . iU aaII ^-Ia -"V\
Naval Intelligence Division,! \X^^^ ^p < l? 5 I>JI i IY « (WY
Iraq and the Persian Gulf, 538, 546; Review of the Civil
Administration of Iraq , 1914-1918, FO 371/4148/34799.
. Wl i\V\ l L fi^b iiS^-V
63- Cole, "Indian Money," 463; Litvak, "Shi'i Ulama,"
119-20;. m. Ll2I> (^La . uui^^iu
87
64- William Loftus, Travels and Researches in Chaldea and
Susiana (London 1857), 43-46; Lorimer, Gazetteer, 2A:496-97,
501-502, 719-28; Nieuwenhuis, Politics and Society, 130,
134;. WiN.SWI^ti.^LiliNVU^o,^ U^ill^Lc oj#*a
** 4» t* I •
Lorimer, • "\0 -"\L : X i &±2I>£ &aLa » '-"^j- < \.T-\. .: N ( uuJJI
Gazetteer, 2B: 1311.
■\o
Salih Haider, "Land i N VWWo < A\ < al^l^SUu . ^a-cU-lt -"\"V
Problems of Iraq" (Ph.D. diss., University of London 1942),
109-10.
SJUj : g-;*» xU CibUlj ^JtrUl 3 ttliljiilj ^aJl . ^1 da iLU -AY
Office l XX0 « Nil . aulja < £aj»ll I T.Yi QVt.)\T jlioll. ii-*>sail^
of the Civil Commissioner, The Arab of Mesopotamia, 5.
Longrigg, Four Centuries, i XW-Xlo s Y i £— ijLj ■ tfrij-B-11 -"^
291, 306; Lorimer, Gazetteer, 2A: 895-96; Albertine Jwaideh,
"Midhat Pasha and the Land System of Lower Iraq," in, St.
Antony's Papers: Middle Eastern Affairs 3, ed. Albert
Hourani (London, 1963), 119-20; Marion Farouk-Sluglett and
Peter Sluglett, "The Transformation of Land Tenure and
Rural Social Structure in Central and Southern Iraq, c.
88
] 870-1958," DMES 15 (1983): 494.
69- Selim Deringil, "Legitimacy Structures in the Ottoman
State: The Reign of Abdulhamid II (1876-1909)," UMES 23
(1991): 347.
Haider, "Land Problems,"* NX- -S\T S i* pUue « tf 3!>«JI - Y
578-80; Longrigg, Four Centuries, 289-92; Lorimer, Gazetteer,
1,1B: 1361, 1366, 1426, 1430; Nieuwenhuis, Politics and
Society, 132-38; Batatu, The Old Social Classes, 75-76;
Fernea, Shaykh and Effendi, 34.
71- Sluglett, "Land Tenure," 494-95; Jwaideh, "Midhat Pasha,"
124.
Lorimer, Gazetteer, 1,1B:i M < uI>jJI j *' *■ * ■ tfa-^LmJl - Yt
1358-59, 1361-62, 1366, 1425-27, 1430, 1434, 1505-10;
Nieuwenhuis, Politics and Society, 135-38; Jwaideh, "Midhat
Pasha," 1 16, 128; Samira Haj, "The Problems of Tribalism: The
Case of Nineteenth-Century Iraqi History," SH 16 (1991): 55.
Lorimer, Gazetteer, IB: 1366. i \U . NYo . NYY « &fi . jlp -YV
X"\t: "V . £hjU tfjlj-a-lli \0* -\oA. \C\ , \i\ . <5l-jjL-3 i jl>J -Yt
89
Lady Anne Blunt, Bedouin Tribes of the Euphrates* XT.: Y
(New York. 1879), 3S4.
3
75- Hasan, "Growth and Structure/' 344
i vw-nm.s
(i-i)Lj ' L^ij-oJl
Albertine i m -TNo > XYY-ni : \ . s_j_2l
Jwaideh, "Aspects of Land Tenure and Social Change in Lower
Iraq during Late Ottmoman Times," in. Land Tenure and
Social Transformation in the Middle East, cd. Tarif Khalidi
(Beirut, 1984), 346.
77- Charles Issawi, The Economic History of the Middle East,
1800-1914 (Chicago, 1966), 172
78- Jwaideh, "Land Tenure," 333-35; idem, "Midhat Pasha/'
1 30.
79- Gabriel Baer, "The Settlement of the Beduins," in his.
Studies in the Social Histoiy of Modern Egypt (Chicago,
1969), 6-12, citation on 7.
80- Jwaideh, "Land Tenure," 338-39, Sir Ernest Dowson, An
Inquiry into Land Tenure and Related Questions (Lctchworth,
1931), 26.
90
.^A-\W.NYA."\fli A 1( Su>Ij» lS 5 I>1[ -AN
82- Lycll, The Ins and Outs of Mesopotamia, 42.
83- Jwaidch, "Land Tenure," 343-44, 347, 349, idem,
"Midhat Pasha," 1 30,1 32-33, »UxjUI . u^jj dl
.^.qmn . aUj) £>iUa]i
84- John Burckhardt, Notes on the Bedouins and Wahabys, 2
vols. (London, 1831), 1.99.
85- On modern southern Arabia see Patricia Crone, "Tribes
Without Saints," Paper Submitted in the Melon Seminar, 19
April 1991, Department of Near Eastern Studies, Princeton
University, csp. 5, 22-23. On the Funj Sultanantc see Abdel
Ghaffar Ahmed, 'Tribal and Sedentary Elites: A Bridge between
Two Communities." in. The Desert and the Sown: Nomads in
the Wider Society, ed. Cynthia Nelson (Berkeley, 1973), 83.
86- Alois Musil, The Manners and Customs of the Rwala
Bedouins (New York, 1928), 417-18; Michael Meeker,
Literature and Violence in North Arabia (Cambridge, 1979),
23-24; Ernest Gellner, "Flux and Reflux in the Faith of Men,"
in his, Muslim Society (Cambridge, 1981), 81-82; Emrys
Peters, "The paucity of Ritual among Middle Eastern
Pastoiahsts," in, Islam in Tribal Societies: From the Atlas to the
91
Indus, ed. Akbar Ahmed and David Hart (London, 1984), esp.
210.
. XX^i i . ^LiSia . tfjl>JI -AY
88- Fernea, Shaykh and Effcndi, 95.
89- Wilfred Thesiger, The Marsh Arabs (London, 1964), 67.
90- Batatu, The Old Social Classes, 155-56;XfA < Soiitja « tf a^l
Batatu, The Old Social i\ XX < (\ W . UaaJI) 2o*Lu*l Sja^jjU
Classes, 74, 153; S.M. Salim, Marsh Dwellers of the Euphrates
Delta (London, 1962), 62; Thesiger, Marsh Arabs, 67; George
Harris, Iraq: Its People, Its Society, Its Culture (New Haven,
1958), 71.
92- Pierre Jean Luizard, La Formation de l'lrak Contemporain:
Le Rdle Politique des Ul£ma Chiites k la Fin de la Domination
Ottomane et au Moment de la Construction de 1'Etat Irakien
(Paris, 1991), 197-98.
. XiA i i . jlUfe • £ 5 1>JI ^v
92
94- Batatu, The Old Social Classes, 75.
95- Ahmed, "Tribal and Sedentary Elites," 85.
97- Fulanain, The Marsh Arab Haji Rikkan (Philadelphia,
1928), 103-4, Fcrnea, Shaykh and Effcndi, 96-97.
Lorimcr, Gazetteer, 2A-790;* U-XXiOVtt . ala-Aj) L*>iLAx s
Hams, Iraq, 60. 70-71.
NV\ . aj q ... II ^JLLa-ft . a_L« lm! I XY*\-XYA i #ljjjJI i* 5 a » u-LSji^ -°^
Longrigg, Four Centuries, 250: L&jI jIajI
lIaI m ft^rt^ SJjjaJI ^JLc j^xc aJIa] oLfelj ul^alt llc ft nK» i ±au1\ u-a die
Dcnmgil, i T.Y , .ttUljU^ ^xJl> i LA i 0*\. A) NN jLLJI . cSJmil
"The Struggle Against Shi'ipm," 49, 54.
.W t(\^> ,)^ j\ld\i JL^\uk-\ A
93
102- Denrigil, "The Struggle Against Shi'ism," 52, 55.
103- Stephen Longrigg , Iraq, 1900 to 1950 (Oxford, 1953), 25
104- Deringil, "The Struggle Against Shi'ism", 49, 50.
105- Office of the Civil Commissioner, The Arab of
Mesopotamia, 69-70.
Longrigg, Iraq, 22 * "^ * uuLdl jsjcaII -^ A
107- Lorimcr, Gazetteer, 2A: 777, 779, 780, 785, 788, and 2B
1253,1254,1570,1949.
Batatu, The Old Social Classes, 41; 2B; 1748 . uuUlja^l ^ .A
109- Richard Bulliet, Conveision to Islam in the Medieval
Period (Cambridge, Mass., 1979), 33.
.Li.i«uU>]IL)L»»i i^tfll. dlldlikftfylfijIAlU^
. iA i ml\ja\\ tx* c»Uii» -N N N
94
1 12- Luizard, La Formation deL'Iiaq, 112, 119, 190-91.
. (\vr\ . aixij) a\j*& d>* #>& . if***! xcl±U "\ay . «jUiA ub> -m
Salim, Marsh Dwellers, 64. i \ \A -N XV . SuaAljll , ^Lull i L<\
^ «Ua-JUS glx S-LJ>aJI d-SUii iaLi^> . j a .ULftll Up aaaa ^ M
. S^aUlI Oft V A floijoll < plljfiill »b£i» i u^>i
*
«
Salim, Marsh Dwellers, 5 1 ; Hanna Balatu, ( SajUJI Cla X*\ 2*Aiall
"Iraq's Underground Shi'a Movements: Characteristics, Causes
and Prospects," Me 35 (1981): 585-86.
Salim, Marsh Dwellers, 4,7, 43;^oT -NoX.Sjnlja. tfajfrJU^
Fernea, Shaykh and Effendi, 12-13; Thesiger, The Marsh
Arabs, 93; Harris, Iraq, 72.
117- Doris Adams, Iraq's People and Resources (Berkeley,
1958), 23-24.
118- Lorimer, Gazetteer, 2B:1254-55; ^Ij-qJIi L*J>JUI
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^j 'jf ■■■«•'' aJk ft n^ hi.ll L1LS3 . d^joill f-Le y-Lc S i l 111, ') ft J I j . wi Sl (<*»)
1- Hamid Enayat, Modern Islamic Political Thought (Austin,
1982), 161-162, 167-68; 'Abd al-'Aziz Sachcdina. The Just
Ruler (al-Sultan al-'Adil) in Shi'ite Islam (Oxford, 1988), 21,
23; Meir Litvak, "The Shi'i Ulama of Najaf and Karbala,
1791-1904: A Socio-Polilical Analysis" (Ph.D. diss., Harvard
University, 1991), 104, 119, 168, 173, 175, 282; Abbas
Amanat, "In Between the Madrasa and the Market Place: The
Designation of Clerical Leadership in Modern .Shi' ism," in,
Authority and Political Culture in Shi' ism, cd. Said Amir
Arjomand (Albany, 1981), 1 16-17, 122.
2- Albert Hourani, Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, 2d ed.
(Cambridge, 1984), 78-79, 80, 82, 115-19, 128, MO-51,
228-3 1 ; Enayat, Islamic Political Thought, xi. 4 1 , 47.
129
3- Enayat, Islamic Political Thought, 167, 169. A detailed
analysis of Na'ini's work may be found in Abdul-Hadi Hairi,
Shi 1 ism and Constitutionalism in Iran (Leiden, 1977), esp.
161-197. *N*t\-\*r. u a.^ a, > n^ti^is :;j _, s . tJ ",^ M
. oflUdVt * ox-io » o vr\) v\ 3 , m-m
4- Abdul-Hadi Hairi, "Why Did the Ulama Particip
WI 17
(I976-77):131, 133, 144-49; Sachedina, The Just Ruler, 24,
226; Ervand Abrahamian, Iran Between Two Revolutions, 2d
cd. (Princeton, N.J., 1983), 89-90.
5- Hairi, "Ulama," 148, 150-51.
6- Stanford Shaw and Ezel Koral Shaw, History of the
Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, 2 vols. (Cambridge,
1976-1977), 2: 274-76, 282-86; Bernard Lewis, The
Emergence or Modern Turkey, 2d ed. (Oxford, 1968), 213,
A i llJUaI LL1J Lil>*]l (5-JjLj i tfjlia-H UUllfX
Ghassan Atiyya, Iraq.s \M-\V .NoA-NoVi Ai(\^o"W\VTo
1908-1921 : A Socio-Political Study (Beirut, 1973), 53-64.
«ijjLj» * j^bJI u&>4>4 Om^j t TY-T N * 0*\YA « abJLi) • «4!>*JI ^
130
>i f-LJl * c J 3 *l ^ Ull ^J ^LJI SKa SLa» . ^li^OJL^l *J*JI *f* -A
. ^2) Lja \ X . 5-uLlil a- tun , .'.i.mii 5 I lJ^I ,1^ » ^jLallll ^L :
. m 4 o<\ao , * 5> u) wl-nv . ^^tui ^ai^ s^i&ii ^^ii
. Ad VXt Y. (^Y\ 1 Ixua) 2o2l_)flJI SiU^xll <ijjlj » fj "i m^ H cJalJj^t ^j-^ **^
. (d 5 4
0*011) SJJLUI &*juUJi . f l^l 5 2LU^J| , y^Lixiij^AJI AuuJI SJla - ^ \
m
&y*u» 1 fU^$ &Ll*1I ajIOj ojIoJI Ola if^l ^LLiij^JI aL*iW
UU 0^3 TAN-TOA 1 {WW) Y<\ OULL0I «»UuII jLol Sjttj O-jJI
• O^Yi abfcj)
131
AjuJoil i L±*ludl A^aJI 5 I ^Lyfllj ujaII i f '^H l OJuli a : >,rt a-aa-* -^ X
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O^O^^wi.«d^bjji,ui^iua^^
. Yoi-m
4 Ci 3 y±j) IpA 0"\ « S infii II aU^I , A^ftil 6-ytf^ i ^
■ tt^Y.ov\r.^v\
15- Jacob Landau, The Politics of Pan-Islam: Ideology and
Organization (Oxford, 1990), 24, 31-32, 34-35, 44-45, 90-91;
Stephen Duguid, "The Politics of Unity: Hamidian Policy in
Eastern Anatolia," MES 9 (1973): 139, 144-45, 151; Selim
Deringil, "Legitimacy Structures in the Ottoman State: The
Reign of AbdUIhamid II (1876-1909)," UMES 23 (1991): 346,
350, 353, 355.
16- "Deringil, "Legitimacy Structures," 347-49; idem, "The
Struggle Against Shi'ism in Hamidian Iraq: A Study in
Ottoman Counter-Propaganda," WI 30 (1990): 48, 51-52, 61.
17- Sachedina, The Just Ruler, 1 17.
132
FO : W"\/L/\.. V-" ».-.'.; t - H .I. . I k AS II fi .S *^ -..\A
371/113/28442; Political Diaries of the Baghdad Residency for
the Weeks Ending 24 October 1908 and 1 February 1909, FO
195/2275/958-708 and FO 195/2308/104-12; Summary of
Events in Turkish Iraq for March, April, and May 1910, FO
195/2338/285-12 and FO 195/2339/285-12.
19- Sachedina, The Just Ruler, 22.
20- Ramsay to Lowther, Inclosure 1 in No. 346, Baghdad, 28
June 1909, FO 416/41; Memorandum by Consul-General
Ramsay, Inclosure 2 in No. 464, Baghdad, 14 July 1909, FO
416/41; Lorimer to Lowther, Baghdad, 6 November 1910, FO
195/2341/975-59.
: CWW^W jl ' lA II, »,'i^ I ... . II,-. -A;" j* ;<»A .tlll l Ju, 1 ! » l»-.Xt
. YA-YY
.tl.-tV\t (VK\)NflJUVr
133
Summary of Events in: jU -.u^t a»,-.i ^t . Ay> 1 -^.n umi.m
Turkish Iraq for October 1911, Annex A, FO 195/2369/912-42.
25- Summary of Events in Turkish Iraq for October 191 1, FO
1 95/2369/9 12-42.ua4A 5 ! W-N o\, ^13. ^a^ajJI: L*J>Lil
tin n ^ijjLlll j$xll : SulJj-aJl ii-A^SJl £04445 u(ja1I
I
. AX-A- : 0°^) L\ yj^ll iLSiiiuJI 1 1 J1SI-.1I
iliij) ^uL£ f^llUll CljjLlI ^i AXJA^l (2l)*]l 0-UAJ 1 >±MjJl tfXAA iiU-ft - \"\
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. ^-v* 1 an-a. . «i3i^iis*±iii> . j^^ i xy. i v * o^ot-n^on
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. \ N \ : A . tSyd * !>ȣ 1 ^UUll
Hain, Shi'ism, 1 1 8 : >UI tob^ ^ ^11*11 - V\
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134
31- Arnold Wilson, Loyalties: Mesopotamia, 1914-1917
(London, 1930), 22; Great Britain, Office of the Civil
Commissioner, The Arab of Mesopotamia, Basra, 1917, 86-87.
Werner > Lajl>ittl . AY-AA (WT . a 3J au) £u&*l( ^-uiLlmII t2l>»ll
Ende, "Iraq in World War I: The Turks, the Germans and the
Shi'ite Mujtahids 1 Call for Jihad," in, Proceedings of the Ninth
Congress of the Union Europgenne des Arabisants et
Islamisants, ed. Rudolph Peters (Leiden, 1981), 57-71.
33- Peter Sluglett, Britain in Iraq, 1914-1932 (London, 1976),
14; Elie Kedourie, England and the Middle East (London,
1956), 176.
34- Kedourie, England 179-183;L^LaiLilj 5 a&l(< , * u \ « ^ r j
a\yA\ ^i (ZUJttLu^l) cu^yAl LlajUI tty^U L^Uu^ 2JjliJ$
. (lAaU) NY\ . NTT . (NUL < Cij^u)
35- Kedourie, England, 183-84; Philip Ireland, Iraq: A Study in
Political Development (New York, 1938, reprint , 1970), 161.
Self t jJo^l al>*JI ALlaiiJ * k\tlA\ oULLJUl ,IjI y-U ^Uall -V\
Determination in Iraq, 1919, FO 248/1250.
135
U£jijln_a I *-*j aaLoa Sj^i-xj a_oj La-Li LlLip Aj-SiaJI aIa ul d±2 - VY
.YX: N.a.oUAl. ifaj^lli ^iUaJjill ffci]
38- Self Determination, FO 9*ift/i ?sn s : „.i 1 ...» . ; ^ «n . : : * -
Prominent Personalities in Nnjnf nnH ■ u a -^ .% ^ * -u ^ n ^ J
Shamiyya, Appendix 3, Great Britain, Administration Reports
for 19 1 8, Najaf, CO 696/1 ; Special Service Officer, Baghdad, 2
July 1926, Air 23/379.
39- Self Determination, FO 248/1250; : \ . OlOU-fcJ.tfatfJI
. Y^YA
40- Self Determination, FO 248/1250; Weekly Summaries,
Baghdad, 25 January and 20 September 1919, FO
248/1252;. AY -A"\ : N . o . aLuJ . tf aj> ll
^LU/^LUI Lij-iLi /^ TTY dj4 ^j *\ y-i L»>J-* tfl>lll^iali-t\
Self Determination, FO 248/1250: N^
Uiu ^ J5UI LlIajj . N TTY djft ^aojj N ^J iijA uajJI liAul£-tX
a^-A au£
136
. AY i \0 . CiLaI . iSa^l!* Ot.^Li^.ijU^ULY
44- Administrative Report of Political Officer, Hilla,
Regarding Karbala and Status of Mujtahids, 5 April 1920, FO
371/5074/5285.
45- Weekly Summary, Baghdad, 25 January 1919, FO
248/1252;. LY-IL . JLji . uLa^I
yjllll <*4Jj ^ 5 yj y^ljUl ^J* uLiij^ alxLi^ i'i i ft InlJJI LuySa-a -LA
Self-Detcrmination, FO 248/ 1250iNW>J>jJ/JaUA/NrYY
lnn"llmj fjA * I* 1 * * lii_) dfi rr*'l* ftt^Nlj (^jljj^ili *Mj^«<ll AU*T^»1I jxc^
^ tij^llSjjj i (ijall dU* ^lc &**a : jJiil UljL^jaa ^lc ^liall
. NA\. 0*\Y. i al^iWUlUIja
Elic Kcdouric, The ! i X . (\ ^Ao * Ci$.>i-j) aljall yi S-Lalmfl SS>aJl
Chatam House Version and other Middle Eastern Studies
(London, 1970), 249-50; idem, England, 190; Amal
Vinogradov, "The 1920 Revolt in Iraq Reconsidered: The Role
of Tribes in National Politics," IJMES 3 (1972): 124;
Picrrc-Jean Luizard, La Formation de Flrak Contcmporain: Lc
137
RSIe politique dcs Ulema Chiitcs i la Fin de la Domination
Ottomane et au Moment de la Construction de l'Eetat Iraqicn
(Paris, 1991),403-13.
. N\\ -\\. : N , o , c»Ua1 i tfaj$il -LA
49- Hanna Batatu, The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary
Movements in Iraq, 2d ed. (Princeton, N.J., 1982), 172.
i \ X i (^M ( C*$yxi) lilj^Jl ^i <Lla1_ui^I aj^UI SLj^j i m "K \\ saaI -0
. NVA i &a±jiijl j£&t ^unftilli XL * X\-X
51- Mesopotamia Police, Abstracts of Intelligence, Baghdad,
10 July 1920,IOL/P&S 10/839.
$ J3 a CJ-* tfl>*JI ! cr^ (5* " l% H tiljjJI a-i-c U in it n J Li.j£A >a_c SiLuij -0 X
. u x • vro » laxw) ubu^ iUs&v
53- Administrative Report of the Muntafiq Division, 1920, CO
696/3.
Civil sL^I^I.XAoS^^LY-Lo.Sj^
138
Commissioner, Baghdad, 5 August 1920, FO 371/5228/9849;
Arnold Wilson, Mcsopotama, i NVA i JuLuJI jxioJi * y mj i. 1 I I - oo
1917-1920: A Clash of Loyalties (London, 1931), 251;
Kedouric, England, 183.
. ^^*t vo * &L*l < ^£11-^
I \ XA . S ■ j A lljja . ^ mm nil i *A~W i N.o . OUaI . ^aj^JI «oA
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YY . V\A . aUIj) yVjftU j*AJI yl CujiWll aj^ . ^111*11 (UaI^I -o*
60- Mcsopolamian Police, Abstract of Intelligence, Baghdad,
22 May 1920, FO 371/5076/8448; > VOidUud. fr&J\
*■ I
39
62- Mcsopotamian Police, Abstract of Intelligence, Baghdad
22 and 29 May, 5 June 1920, FO 371/5076/8448, FO
371/5076/861 1, and FO 371/5076/8864.
63- Wilson, Mesopotamia, 253.
LfiGLj5iL-a ^.U ^Uflll . >i TTA liL^aj \ . /<\ ^ ii^* 5JLu>l( ai* -*\i
65- Batatu, The Old Social Classes, 82, 84.
66- "Brief Note on the Activities of the Anti-Government Party
at Karbala," 14 July 1920, FO 371/5078/10653.
67- Batatu, The Old Social classes, 88;. Xo-tti Va.ab*l. gajjll
^AJ^j/ulj-J^ *J^ ^ * Al7; a ( Ljj|^J _)J)LSj AA£ ^>UJ5 Si)$-A LJJJL&ll
el /til ul^5
140
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70- Administration Report of the Muniafiq Division, 1920,
CO 696/3.
141
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187
£&illll d^ill uIaI^
1- Intelligence Reports nos. 1 and 2, 15 and 30 November
1920, FO 371/6349/1011 andFO 371/6349/2172.
2- Intelligence Reports nos. 4, 6, 8 and 12, 31 December 1920,
31 January, 1 March, and 1 May 1921, FO 371/6348/2904; FO
371/6350/3824; FO 371/6350/4506; FO 371/6351/6351.
5- Loraine to the Marquess Curzon of Kedlestone, Baghdad, 11
December 1921, FO 371/7802/414.
6- Intelligence Reports nos. 2 and 3, 15 January and 1 February
188
1922, CO 730/19/10792.
Intelligence Reports nos. 8 and iU^-\1.j"\. gL^J . tfajpl -Y
9, 15 April and 1 May 1922, CO 730/21/21724 and CO
730/21/24559.
i t Y . ( N Wo . 4 j>h) alj^Jl ^ S^Luifl Si>xJI . ^1 ll^ d_L£ .A
^ s^l^i sj^iii sj>h . ui\M &*J i ny'wsya . (\wr « ci^j—u)
. YA i Y"\ i (\ W . ^3^) uIjaII
9- M. M. al-Adhami, "The Elections for the Constituent
Assembly in Iraq, 1922-1924," in. The Integration of Modem
Iraq, cd. Abbas Kelidar (London, 1979), 18.
10- Iraq Police, Abstract of Intelligence, 10 November 1922,
NAI, BHCF, file 23/15/1, vol.1;! 1.Y-VXt"\. *b^J . tfajjJI
. LY.(NUY/N^n.ti^l)u^l w I^I^U^IuAdiL£
11- Intelligence Report no. 6, 15 March 1923, FO
371/9009/3679; Adhami, "Elections," 20, 22.
12- Peter Sluglett, Britain in Iraq, 1914-1932 (London, 1976),
78-79; . ^\yt^ : "\ . *Lu»j * ^11
189
13- Iraq Police, Abstract of Intelligence 23, 19 August 1922,
NAI, BHCF, file 7/15/3. See also Intelligence Reports nos. 1,
6, and 8, 1 January, 15 March and 15 April 1923, FO
371/9009/1190; FO 371/9009/3679; FO 371/9009/4743.
Intelligence Reports nos. 11 and 12s \\0:"\ i CiUaI i tfaj>JI -U
1 and 13 June 1923, FO 371/9009/6469 and FO
371/9009/7388.
i d 5> La) ^oa-\ w . &i&^i ^^ ^ ^L^ • ^ **** *>-** - m>
The British Residency, Baghdad, 27 January* W-W. (\V\o
1923, FO 371/9003/2112; Intelligence Report no. 19, 1
October 1922, CO 730/25/52603; Intelligence Report no. 3, 1
February 1923. FO 371/9009/2341.
16- Intelligence Reports nos. 8, 9, and 13, 15 April, 1 May, and
21 June 1923. FO 371/9009/4743; FO 371/9009/5237; FO
371/9009/7388; . \N A : "V . *Lud « tfa^l
17- Intelligence Report no. 14, 5 July 1923, FO 371/9009/7681;
Iraq, Administration Report for the Year April 1923-December
1924, CO 730/73/15758;. XYT- W ■ A * *\±A . &$»
18- Intelligence Report no. 22, 15 November 1923, FO
371/9010/11793; External Intelligence Report no. 32, 20
March 1924, CO 730/58/15340; Intelligence Report no. 307,
190
February 1924, FO 371/10097/1616;. W^ "\ , CituJ.ifej*]!
19- Abdul-Hadi Hairi, Shi' ism and Constitutionalism in Iran
(Leiden, 1977), 138; Mohammad Faghfoory/The Ulama-State
Relations in Iran: 1921-1941," IJMES 19 (1987): 418.
20- Intelligence Report no. 5, 6 March 1924, FO
371/10097/2498;XLYj *\ * c*L^J . iS* JB i\
21- Report to Special Officer I, 24 January 1924, Air 23/453.
British High Commissioner for Iraq to the Secretary of;^
State For the Colonies, 13 February 1924, FO 371/10147/1519;
Iraq, Ministry of the Interior, Baghdad, 23 April 1924, Air
23/453; Intelligence Report no. 9, 1 May 1924, CO
730/59/22547; Persia. Annual Report 1924, FO 416/1 12>WI
23- Comwallis to Dobbs, Baghdad, 18 July 1923, FO
371/9047/8907.
Sluglett, Britain, 308. t ^i *# uuuISU - \L
191
25- Intelligence Report no. 23/ 1 December 1923, FO
371/9010/12099; Extracts from Special Administration Interim
Report of Principle Events between 5 to 12 July 1923, FO
371/9047/8090; Intelligence Report no. 15, 26 July 1923, FO
371/9009/8559.
26- Intelligence Report no. 1, 1 January 1923, FO
371/9009/1190; British Military Attache, Tehran, no. 32-7, 8
September 1923, NAI, Government of India, Foreign and
Political Department, file 575x.
27- Air Staff Intelligence, Nasiriyya, 12 December 1925, and
Special Service Officer, Baghdad, 31 Dccebcr 1925, Air
23/379.. aixkS) aUj^ , fjOi>* ILIa , u 1 j 1 ill jU> i L*J >fcj|
28- Office of the Administrative Inspector, Diwnniya, 22, 24,
and 30 December 1925, Air 23/379; Special Service Officer,
Baghdad, 31 December 1925, Air 23/379; Intelligence Reports
nos. 1 and 7, 7 January and 1 April 1926, CO 730/105/1.
29- Special Service Officer, Baghdad, 18 June 1932, Air
23/385; f^mljki xuudl db^ • ^IpJfJJI ^ji*il ja# if
. NV i > . (N WW \V\0 • uUlll) »lfel T , SjlL^I a%AlL a B yuA\
i tXxUlJ < W-aI |^LulJ( ^133 fiufll , ^u 3 >UI p*UHI uu - r
r t
192
31- Hanna Batatu, The Old Social Classes and the
Revolutionary Movements in Iraq, 2d cd. (Princeton, N.J.,
1982), 209-10. f ^h * . * . w. a - : a n jr . u ... : * -, h. i .ajj u M
. \0 » Q V\\ « alaij) UjIIAaj SjL-Ji ^jLj . ^iljaJJI
32- Ervand Abrahamian, Iran Between Two Revolutions, 2d
ed. (Princeton, N.J., 1983), 372-74; Willem Floor, "The
Revolutionary Character of the Ulama: Wishful Thinking or
Reality?" in, Religion and Politics in Iran: Shi'ism from
Quietism to Revolution, cd. Nikki Keddie (New Haven, 1983),
73, 75, 93; Shahrough Akhavi, Religion and Politics in
Contemporary Iran: Clergy-State Relations in the Pahlavi
Period (Albany, N.Y., 1980), 28, 30, 59, 72, 77, 79-80, 90;
Faghfoory, "Ulama-Slate Relations," 414, 423.
T.-U.^S i^^jall i JllJIii^ylfi _>!&!! -TV
34- Office of the Administrative Inspector, Kirkuk, 21
November 1927, Air 23/432; Ministry of the Interior, Baghdad,
23 November 1927, Air 23/432; Shi'i Missionaries among the
Semi-Pagan Sects, 27 January 1 929, Air 23/432.
193
35- Batatu, The Old Social Classes, 77.
36- Marion Farouk-Sluglett and Peter Sluglett, "The
Transformation of Land Tenure and Rural Social Structure in
Central and Southern Iraq, c.1870-1958," IJMES 15 (1983):
496. See also idem, "Some Reflections on the Sunni/Shi'i
Question in Iraq," BSMESB (1978): 82.
37- Batatu, The Old Social Classes, 91,101-3; Elie Kedourie,
The Chatham House Version and Other Middle-Eastern
Studies (London, 1970), 267-68.
38- Abrahamian, Iran, 141-42; Gene Garthwaite, Khans and
Shahs: A Documentary Analysis of the Bakhtiyari in Iran
(Cambridge, 1983), 104, 138-39; Richard Tapper,
"Anthropologists, Historians, and Tribespeople on Tribe and
State Formation in the Middle East," in, Tribes and Slate
Formation in the Middle East, ed. Philip Khoury and Joseph
Kostiner (Berkeley, 1990), 69.
Intelligence Report no. 9, 1 May : >Ji-Sl S>SLa!I (^JU ^liatl - YA
1922, CO 730/21/24559, See also Intelligence Reports nos. 8
and 10, 15 April and 15 May 1922, CO 730/2121724 and CO
730/22/2768 8 ;Oa . i^LojUI jjjJI ^ i ^VM*. "\ . aLJ i l*> j5 ]I
194
* ( Wl i alaJLi) &!»>* « &JU&l>*il S Lwnfl-ll <3*j>Lj < >^- ua aJI c?i^a - I *
<lial Special Service Officer, Baghdad, 1 July 1923 ( o-X-o. •« \
. (Peter Sluglett) aJilm>ua ^1| ajaAlaJI ^3lai 0*^1 jwaaIU
41- King Faysal to Sir Percy Cox, 30 November 1922, NAI,
BHCF, 23/15/1, vol, 1; Special Service Officer, Hilla, 2 July
1923, Air 23/453; Intelligence Report no. 14, 5 July 1923, FO
37 1/9009/768 1 . < oUA . t^jjJI : jJAJl uuLjJLttl ^JU <cUaiJ
42- Special Service Officer, Nasiriyya, 30 September 1924, Air
23/108; Air Statf Intelligence, Nasiriyya, 12 December 1925,
Air 23/379; Extracts of Special Service Officer, Baghdad,
Report no. l/Bd/35, 11 December 1926, Air 23/379.
Sj>UI 3-i>i3 1 t-LjLUI f T - oX < S-juriLudl iijjJI. fuaSI <1^ d-Lfc - LT
. YT . IiaI^I
44- Roger Owen, "Class and Class Politics in Iraq before 1958:
The 'Colonial and Post Colonial State 1 ," in, The Iraqi
Revolution of 1958: The Old Social Classes Revisited, ed.
Robert Fernea and Wm. Roger Louis (London, 1991), 159;
Batatu, The Old Social Classes, 104. On Syria see Philip
Khoury, "The Tribal Shaykh, French Tribal Policy, and the
Nationalist Movement in Syria between Two World Wars "
MES18(1982):186^87.
195
The
and Iraqi Society," ASQ 1 (1979): 230; Marion and Peter
Transformation
Shakir Salim, Marsh Dwellers of the Euphrates! ^(NM.)
Delta (London, 1962), 72.
46- Marion and Peter Sluglett, "Reflections," 82,
47« Salim, Marsh Dwellers, 31-35, 40-41.
i oft ft a ) (jjU>q Lr axi I3i ^ftAtji i >Lui5 A*U^ajj L c2>w OaLlu i yJLjl
j 5 a » yaiLOiii i ro^rti : n . (^oa-^oo » tiaoJi) ,13*1 r * iA>aU3
From Civil Commissioner to Foreign Office,} "\Y-oi .s^a^ftJI
Baghdad, 14 April 1918, 10 L/P&S 10/667; Review of the
Civil Administration oflraq, 1914-1918, FO 371/4148/34799;
Fortnightly Reports, nos. 10, 11, 12, 13. and 14, 9 and 23 April,
8 May and 10 June 1918, FO 371/3397/110227; FO
371/3397/3544; FO 37 1/3397/1 65202 ^^^^sJUj^^j
AL*uo) V ^ CuojjlcI iJl\ ft lift j tn\rt xuu yJl (jjlft ftin^il AaJ>ulII ±-±m
FO284/1207. : ^A>i 3 l/m"\
49- Review of the Civil Administration oflraq, 1914-1918, FO
196
371/4148/34799; Great Britain, Administration Reports,
Karbala District, 1918, CO 696/1 ;^J ,ij>i . ^U^i\ tfljjJ h
JjUjlLUI LLuiA mj* i LOT : (N W) OY filial . chilli y^
i Aa>4 ^Lj lift aj^ui* ou^d» « oj^ii uulUIj j y\-"\y : 0°^)
. A. -YY : 0^A^) V^ AlijJI ■ «tfll>rfllSA>e
50- Administration Reports, Karbala, 1917, CO 696/1.
51- Report on a Visit to 'Amara, 3 March 1931, C. J. Edmonds
Papers, Box 7, File 5, St. Antony's College, Oxford University;
Report by Wilfrid Thesiger on Tribal Conditions in 'Amara,
British Embassy, Baghdad, 5 August 1955, FO
371/115748/1015-11; Marion and Peter Sulglett, "Land
Tenure," 499-501; idem, "Reflections," 82-83; Fuad Baali,
"Social Factors in Iraqi Rural-Urban Migration," AJES 25
(1966): 359; Doris Adams, "Current Population Trends in Iraq,'*
MEJ 10 (1956): 158; Athcel al-Jomard, "Internal Migration in
Iraq," in, Kelidar, Intergration of Modern Iraq, 1 16-17.
52- Doris Phillips, "Rural-to-Urban Migration in Iraq," EDCC
7 (1959): 409; Adams, "Population Trends," 158; M. Azeez,
"Geographical Aspects of Rural Migration from 'Amara
Province Iraq, 1955-1964" (Ph.D. diss., Durham University,
1968), 195,
197
53- J. G. Lorimcr, Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, *Oman and
Central Arabia, 2 vols, in 5pts. (Calcutta, 1908-15), 2A: 201-2;
Hanna Batatu, "Iraq's Shi'a, their Political Role, and the
Process of their Integration into Society," in, The Islamic
Impulse, ed. Berbara Stowasscr (London, 1987), 206, 209.
Fuad Baali, Relation of the People to the: AY-At ojaIajO^oA
Land in Southern Iraq (Gainesville, Florida, 1966), 50; Marion
Farouk-SIuglctt and Peter Sluglctt, "The Historiography of
Modern Iraq," AHR 96 (1991): 1411; Basil Najar, "The
Dynamics of Rural-Urban Migration and Assimilation in Iraq"
(Ph.D. diss., Wayne State University, 1976), 116-17.
55- Hanna Batatu, "Shi'i Organizations in Iraq: al-Da'wah
al-Islamiyah and al-Mujahidin," in, Shi'ism and Social Protest,
ed. Juan Cole and Nikki Keddie (New Haven, 1986), 188.
56- M. S. Hasan, "Growth and Structure of Iraq's Population,
1867-1947," BOUIES 20 (1958): 339-43; Phillips, "Migration
in Iraq," 409.
57- Administration Report, 1918, Najaf, CO 691/1; Naval
Intelligence Division, Iraq, 545;»LjA&i • IaUJI iou3_ojLil i^^H 3 -*
fUtal V j^J uJj fe » N'NflY fix iln.iill ftUUaA^il k>$-aa-*]l i <LaLJI
198
*■*
.UiY.N.ovWiab**)
Aj>S» i L<\A : ( WA) N A *U>JI , «4j>S »IjJ» . j^J-uaII dljjJI a+a -oA
. \i : Y,\ . N <\0Yf.U lLxluII SiMma^ ^^AXall
Administration Reports of the i AY«A. ■ U-'W . AY . (\Wo
Baghdad Wilayat, 1917, CO 696/1; i\UYLLJ6Lii*JI#U*|
60- Administration Reports of the Baghdad Wilayat, 1917, CO
696/1 ^U tlnM.il IjJluril Lc^axoII * AN i VNUY llml d\JuA\ *UuJ
.LA i N.N.N^Y
61- Robert Fcrncu, "Stale and Tribe in Southern Iraq: The
vStruggle for Hegemony before the 1958 Revolution; 1 in,
I'cmca and Louis, The Iraqi Revolution, 14.1.
.UYiOVTA^/j**
(X* ,>UjJI <U> i £jaUOM$ B^laS A^» ■ yM dJU>ll ^Xe ^flall ~"\ v
199
T I 1 L « 1 V U
» ( N ^"V i alaij) ul^JI ^i HJL*>11 lULaJ^ 3WJI 1 uLa*JI ^La t LiajI _>lij|
64- Report by Vice-Consul Baglcy on Najaf and Karbala,
Baghdad, 22 February 1943, FO 624/33/537.
65- Political, Baghdad, 24 July 1919, FO 248/1258; Acting
Civil Commissioner in Mesopotamia to His Majesty's Minister
in Tehran, Baghdad, 29 July 1919, FO 248/1258;
Administration Report, Karbala, 1917, CO 696/1.
66- Cox to Churchill, Baghdad, 13 April 1922, CO
730/21/19161; Dobbs to Devonshire, 5 June 1923, CO
730/40/30811.
67- Intelligence Reports nos. 10 and 12, 15 May and 15 June
1922. CO 730/22/27688 and CO 730/22/32485.
68- For these laws see CO, Reports by Her Majesty's
Government to the League of Nations on the Adminisration of
Iraq, 1925-1932, 1925 Report, 162-65; 1927 Report, 186; 1929
Report, 180-86.
200
69- British Embassy, Baghdad, 16 November, and 10 and 15
December 1935, FO 371/18956/7028; FO 371/18956/7206; FO
371/18956/7273.
A ■*
71- A Note on Iraqi-Persian Relations and the Situation in
Khuzistan, 14 march 1928, FO371/13021/1391; Persia, Annual
Report, 1922, FO 416/1 12.
72- Persia. Annual Report, 1925, F0416/112; Relations
Between Persia and Iraq, A Memorandum, Persia, 4 June 1928,
CO 730/136/2; Note by Secretary of State for the Colonies of
his Conversation with Timourtash, 30 July 1928, IO L/P&S
10/1229; Cushendun to Parr, London, 26 September. 1928, IO
L/P&S 10/1229; Clive to Dobbs, Tehran, 30 December 1928,
CO 730/132/5.
73- Memorandum on the Persian Complaints against Iraq,
Persia, 13 September 1927, FO 371/12247/3908; Alleged
ill-Treatment of Persians in Iraq, London, 20 February 1928,
FO 371/13021/856; Dobbs to Muhsin al-Sa'dun. 23 February
1928, FO 371/13021/1669; Census among the Muhaysin in
Iraq, London, 8 March 1928, FO 371/13021/1238; Relations
between Persia and Iraq, a Memorandum, Persia, 4 June 1928,
CO 730/136/2; Report to the League of Nations on the
201
Administration of Iraq, 1928, 39.
74- From Secretary of State to Civil Commissioner, Baghdad,
26 March 1920, FO 371/5071/2565; Persia, Annual Report,
1926, FO 416/1 12; Government of India, Foreign and Political
Department, Proceedings 315-352, June 19 1 6, NAI, Sec. War-
June 315-352.
75- Recognition of Iraq by Persia. Tehran. 17 April 1925. FO
371/10833/2322; Parr to Dobbs, Tehran, 26 July 1928, FO
371/13022/4370.
76- Persia, Annual Report, 1927, FO 416/1 13.
77- Intelligence Summary no. 19 for the period ending 17
September 1927, Tehran, FO 416/81; Chvc to Chamberlain,
Gulhek, 22 September 1927, FO 371/12274/4030; Clive to
Chamberlain, Tehran, 22 December 1928, FO 416/84;
Intelligence Summary no. 3 for the week ending 3 February
1929, FO 416/84.
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79- Intelligence Report no. 4, 31 December 1920, FO
202
371/6348/2904.
. (\WX-\W . . dji-irj) l'o-* o"\ • 5«i..j,.V,ll uUJ , li_l*<II i-i in •> o -A
Intelligence Report no. 20. 18 October 1923,i tt.-YV\, TT
FO 371/9010/10814.
81- Notables and Personalities: Shaykh al-'Iraqayn, NAI,
BHCF, file 27/420.
82- Intelligence Summary no. 8 for the week ending 21
February 1925, FO 416/76; Persia, Annual Report, 1925, FO
416/112.
83- Enclosure in Tehran despatch no. 18 of 12 January 1927,
FO 371/12273/528.
84- Intelligence Report no. 22. 1 October 1921, FO
371/6353/11914.
85- Iraqi- Persian relations and the situation in Khu/.istan. 14
March 1928, FO 371/13021/1391; Report to the League of
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243
^utjJI (1 vn all uulaI^a
1- Intelligence Report no. 5, 15 January 1921, FO
371/6350/3116.
Dispatch : dio±£ ""-» u^Ull >u>iuJI 5 ^£j>^I iLaUII u-u a^a* -X
from Sloan, 28 January 1930, USNA, 890G.00/127.
\ - <jU>-JI . «ul>*JI ^J S j n .t ■ m II iL4>lriU . u nnl JljjJl ^j-c -T
.vny-\.noi(wl)
Wilfcrd Madelung, "At >fcal L^iil axa Jj* sjttLU ^ ^HiU - L
Treatise of the Sharif al-Murtada on the Legality of Working
for the Government (*ii i...h ^ tUJI ^i SJU* )," BSOAS 43
(1980): 18-31.
li-ia^JI tf ml \ in II tft>aJl j^JoJi (^-i iiiliii II J5& < ^min i I I A-iJI a-i-6 -0
244
.Uo~UL
. VLA.OjLJljiMuJUV
.ITViXYY.N.OVU-WW
^jAaII ^ Sj*)UI Cil^lUI i tS^JjJlCuiaiTN-XY.Xo.NA^N^AX
j \AY- W> XoY-W 1 0*\A<\ * ua-jjU) dl>*JI ^J S-xa>AJI SJ 3 xll s
William Cleveland, The Making of am A. i\ ■ ^lyJxA t?>wxxJI
Arab Nationalist; Oltomanism and Arabism in the Life and
Thought of Sati* al-Husri (Princeton, N. J., 1971), 65, 67-69.
. ^oo -MY i N » ^l^iAi s?>«*JI -^
11- Reeva Simon, Iraq Between the Two World Wars: The
Creation and Implementation of a Nationalist Ideology (New
York J 986), 85, 88-90.
12- Abbas Kclidar, "The Shi'i Imami Community and Politics
245
<nt4hhiwt«nbT n * n+ *
in the Arab East," MES 19 (1983): n>\A* . s- : *.u , tj^LJi
.NoY-No"W\LL-\LX
.XoA»XoY-XoX»XLY-.XL.
, NY\ i (\^0Y i aliiu) Lijyol^£5 (.alal^ i ^QjAll^ic -\i
Special Service Officer, Extract from Report no. j XV.-XNo
l/Bd/39, 2 February 1927, Air 23/379; Extracts from a Letter
from Mr. Oglivic-Forbcs to Sir Francis Humphrys, 6 June
1933, FO 371/16923/3245.
1+a$A ,LUJ &a-j>uiJI Ajl\ . ^IaJI a^cuxA . JLLaJI dxjuu Cr lc>laj| ~n
Ou auXuAl ga&jll « LiJ£*il M»nU I C^jUll 0* ilM , alii-j) axlxw
246
it l v *+*
17- Mohammad Tarbush, The Role of the Military in Polities :
A Case Study of Iraq to 1941 (London, 1982), 86-87; Paul
Hemphill, "The Formation of the Iraqi Army, 1921-1933," in,
The Integration of Modern Iraq, cd. Abbas Kclidar (London,
1979), 90.
18- A Note on the Political Situation to 27th September 1927,
CO 730/123/10.
19- Tarbush, The Role of the Military, 78-79, 87; Simon, Iraq,
118-19.
i ulxlj'il x&-e (ji ftjJoljjJI laljj.'il Bunl.j mil jliial i d.\ n \ ui.ua - \ •
i\ . . t X . liljljjjl (LjjU j a Un II i Vt , (\U0 abJu) \<VrX -vsw
Intelligence Reports nos. 11 and 12, 26 May and 9 June 1927,
FO 371/12264/2556 and I'O 371/12264/2870.
21- Special Service Officer, Ililla, 2 July 1923, Air 23/453.
22- Special Service Officer, 14 May 1925, Air 23/379.
247
■* * I T IT J || J-| | *. i.
23- Acting High Commissioner for Iraq to the Secretary of
Stale for the Colonies, 14 July 1927, FO 371/12274/3135.
24- Acting High Commissioner Cor Iraq to the Secretary of
Slate for the Colonies, 15 July 1927, FO 371/12274/3505.
25- Acting High Commissioner for Iraq to the Secretary of
State for the Colonics, 25 July 1927, FO 371/12274/3315;
Special Service Officer, Basra Reprint no. 1/824, 3 September
1927, Air 23/432.
26- A Note on the Political Situation to 27th September 1927,
CO 730/123/10; Intelligence Report no. 21, 13 October 1927,
FO 371/12265/4540; Special Service Officer, 19 December
1927, Air 23/432.
27- Intelligence Reports nos. 22 and 19, 27 October 1927 and
12 September 1928. FO 371/12265/4765 and FO
371/13027/4712; Iraq Police, Abstract of Intelligence no. 53,
31 December 1927, NAI. file 7/15/3; Special Service Officer,
Diwnniyya Report for the Period between 15 and 26 May 1930,
Air 23/432; Iraq Police, Abstracts of Intelligence, 5 and 26
August 1933, Air 23/589; . ^ . S^Lu-il jliiil , *h^
28- Sloan to the Secretary of Stale, 9 February 1932, USNA,
890G.0O/177.
248
aU In inl> . ^1 iXa di-fc t YWfl , (W\) ^ jfl-U-CU i ( \VT . )
Sloan to: jJ^l a^laJfll E**,>2JI ^i* ,dLUIJ. VW\li(\VrX)
Secretary of State, 11 February 1932, USNA, 890G.00/179.
See also Sloan to Secretary of State, 4 May 1932, USNA,
890G.OO/193; Shi'a Activities, Report no. I/Bd/28, 14 March
1932, Air 23/385.
•• if *
Iraq Police, Abstract of Intelligence, 17 Junci YNoiOVri)^.
1933, Air 23/589; Extract from RAF Monthly Intelligence
Summary for September 1933, FO 371/16923/6677;
Khabenshuc to Secretary of State, 26 September 1933, USNA,
890G.OO/277.
A. D. Macdonald "ThciYY-YN, I, aljIfrJI ^pLi . tf nmll-YX
Political Develpmcnts in Iraq Leading up to the Rising in the
Spring of 1935," JRCAS 23 (1936): 27-28.
Humphrys to Simon, 17ii«Wf\i t. . g.ijijj.n v jy y , ) ...« H -v*
249
*a * rr*** iji* ita «H*iM;t «**« t t vmm* jrt * t
January 1935 , FO 371/18945/623; RAF Intelligence Report,
20 February 1935, FO 371/18949/1198.
Enclosure in Kerr to : jJojI * J : u yji ^aIjUI ^Lc jrikU . AVAL
Simon, 28 March 1935, FO 371/18945/2295; Enclosure in
Khabenshuc to Secretary of State, 4 April 1935, USNA,
890G.00/326.
Macdonald, "The Political i A<\-AA i i . GljIj^JI ^U * u ' — " -To
Developments in Iraq," 32; Enclosure in Kerr to Simon, FO
371/18945/2295.
Enclosure in Kerr to Simon, 2 s M : i * QljlJ3-ll ^jjLj . ^,.1 nn 11 -X"\
April 1935, FO 371/18945/2455; Kerr to Simon, I5May 1935,
FO 371/18953/3287.
M
UTY
Simon, FO 371/18953/3287.
Kerr to Simon, 22I^^T-.^^. : i . CiljIjjJl £-jjL3 . ^ i ... ■» H -TA
May 1935, FO 371/18953/3433; Khabenshue to Secretary of
State, 4 April 1935, USNA, 8900.00/326.^^11^1^1^1
250
VA.^iaJI
39- Iraq Police, 15 June 1935, Air 23/590; Tribal Situation in
Lower and Middle Euphrates Areas, 5 July 1939, FO
371/23202/5963;. S^ftll. tfrUM i AY • VUAD • -<*hsua». ^jil
.YN"\
Phcbe Marr, "The i "U-YA , Yi-Xo , aL_j>_jtt , tfjjSl -t
Development of a Nationalist Ideology in Iraq, 1920-1941,"
MW 75 (1985): 98-100; Simon, Iraq, 93-94,
41- "The Shia Sect and the Position of the Shias in Iraq,"
Henderson to Secretary of State, 15 July 1944, USNA,
890G.O0/7-1544.
42- Letter from C. J. Edmonds to Sir Kinahan Cornwallis, 2
September 1941, reproduced in Elic Kedouric, "The Shiitc
Issue in Iraqi Politics, 1941," MES 24 (1988): 497-99. Sec also
Report from 'Amara for the Period Ending 28 August 1941,
FO 838/1; Report from 'Amara for the Period Ending 23
January 1943, FO 838/2.
Y., flaJI ILl < fii ft , uJJ^JI i ft \ 1 1 UY-XYY > OU>& . tfjfll -tY
.NY"\
251
44- Ayad al-Qazzaz t "Power Elite in Iraq, 1920-1958: A Study
of the Cabinet," MW 61 (1971): 277-78.
45- Mack to Bevin, 13 December 1950, FO
Secretary
15 July 1944, USNA, 890G.00/7-1544.
n \ iA flllj Lh\yjA\ ^-J>Li il*&>4 O^u : ^J^l*. L?a-}>mll uLuip -f\
From American Consulate im LoA-£oY < (N W ( a$>ij) 2^u>ail
Basra to Secretary of State, 9 December 1947, 8 January 1948,
and 17 February 1948, USNA, 89OG.00/1 2-947,
890G.00/1-2848, and 890G.00/2-1748; Mack to Bevin, 13
December 1950, FO 371/82408/1016-35; Majid Khadduri,
Independent Iraq, 1932-1958 (Oxford, 1960), 261-70; Kelidar,
"The Shi'i Imami Community," 15.
47- From American Embassy, Baghdad, to the Secretary
State, 16 May 1949, USNA, 890G.00/5-1649.
48- From American Embassy, Baghdad, to the State
Department, 18 May 1950, USNA, 787.00/5/850.
From American Embassy, i o . A-o . "\ * ^-j|>^a-a * >;* ^ - » -fA
Baghdad, to the State Department , 3 April 1950 and 10 June
1950, USNA, 787.D00/4-35O and 787.00/6-1050.
252
50- Mack to Attlee, 25 September 1 950, FO
371/82408/1016-28; From British Embassy in Baghdad to
Consulate in Amara, 31 October 1950, FO 838/9; From British
Cnsulate in * Amara to Embassy in Baghdad, 10 December
1950 and 30 March 1951, FO 838/9 and FO 838/13. See also
Elie Kedouric, "Anti-Shiism in Iraq under the Monarchy/ 1
MES 24 (1988): 249-50.
51- Reviews of Political Developments and Political Attitudes in
Iraq, 9 January and 14 July 1950, USNA, 890G. 00/ 12-3049 and
787.00/7-1450; From American Embassy, Baghdad, to the State
Department, 23 April 1951, 18 June 1951, and 21 August 1952,
USNA, 787.00/4-2351, 787.00/6-1851, and 787.00/8-2 152.jJijl
52- From American Embassy, Baghdad, to the State
Department, 12 March, 24 July, and 5 November 1952, USNA,
787.00/3-1252, 787.00/7-2452, and 787.00/11-552; From
American Embassy, Baghdad, to the State Department, 27
January 1953, USNA, 787.00/1-2753.
53- Trourtbcck to Eden, 10, 17, and 24 January 1953, FO
371/9877/1016-4, FO 371/98777/1016-8, and FO
371/9877/1016-10; Troutbeck to Churchill, 1 June 1953, FO
371/9877/1016-29.
54- Hanna Batatu, The Old Social Classes and the
253
Revolutionary Movements of Iraq, 2d ed. (Princeton, N. J M
1982), 406, 465, 512, 649-50, 699, 704, 998.
u-j>Aj <\) OA^ uuUll > c^aJl ^i uUIaJI uU£JI al>Lij ul u( a^i» -00
Troutbeck to Bevin, 13 December 1950,! V (NMA *>j>I*I /djSl
FO 371/82408/1016-35; Troutbeck to Churchill, 22 June 1953,
FO 371/98777/1016-32; Batatu, The Old Social Classes,
469-70, 476-77; Sami Zubaida, Islam, the People, and the State
(London, 1989), 94.
56- Situation in Iraq, Memorandum by Sir Kinahan Comwallis,
26 April 1943, FO 371/35010/2755; Troutbeck to Bevin 13
December 1959, FO 371/82408/1016-35; From Basra to
Foreign Office, 8 January 1959, FO371/140900/1015-13. See
also Batatu, The Old Social Classes, 480, 815-18, 832; Albert
Hourani, Minorities in the Arab World (Oxford, 1947, N.Y.
reprint, 1982) 94-95; Zubaida, "Community, Class, and
Minorities in Iraqi Politics," in, The Iraqi Revolution of 1958:
The Old Social Classes Revisited, ed. Robert Fernea and Wm.
Roger Louis (London, 1991), 199.
57- Edmonds to Comwallis, Baghdad, 20 January 1945, FO
624/72/323;iAT uAjUII . ca 3 £uu U 5 A ^uU uUj »U*»1I 04tt fLrib
uiuili >itfl xaIuaI pi*i\ S^Luuil <*ja*» i N: (NUV ^j /j^ i)
, *.M < .■ *H **** | \s (NSfl . j; *";■■■ /J^Ljt ^) ATS LttUJI . c»Uo*M
^tu
I a^flj^ tjiAt l f ll i U a^Li >*^*» f UUI tilj 3 b-ft * fLUxJl
i O SOL , biUll) uul>ll Lftiloll . aUa ^i ^i>^5 i^SH* Cx^^A
254
of. Troutbeck to Eden, Baghdad, 16 October* XX-tt . X. -A
1953, FO 371/104666/1016-57, See also Joyce Wiley, The
' Islamic Movement of Iraqi Shi'as (Boulder, 1992), 24.
58- Annual Report for 1958, FO 371/140896/101 1/1.
59- British Embassy, Baghdad, 15 January 1959 and 18 October
1960, FO 371/140902/1015/19 and FO 371/149845/1015/126;
Uriel Dann, Iraq Under Qasscm: A Poitical History, 1958-1963
(New York, 1969), 144-45, 246-47, 300-303; Oouxa xuudl ^»
Batatu, The Old Social Classes, i \ AX. ^JLaJIa U ft a, tfjjSU"\
esp. 831, 864, 942, 993, 1067; idem, "Shi'i Organizations in
Iraq: al-Da'wah al-Islamiyah and al-Mujahidin," in Shi'ism
and Social Protest, cd. Juan Cole and Nikki Keddie (New
Haven, 1986), 184; John Devlin, The Ba'th Party: A History
from its Origins to 1966 (Stanford, 1976), 122. 125.
61- Samir al-Khalil, Republic of Fear: The Inside Story of
Saddam's Iraq (Berkeley, 1989, N.Y, reprint, 1990), 212-16;
Marion Farouk-Slugletl and Peter Sluglett, Iraq Since 1958:
From Revolution to Dictatorship (London, 1987), 194-95;
Batatu, The Old Social Classes. 1078-79; Chihli Mallal, "Iraq,"
in, The Politics of Islamic Revivalism, ed. Shircen Hunter
(Bloomington, 1988), 72-73; cf. Amatzia Harani, "The Ruling
255
I Hi 4 r- i-h J J J Ji «-4J v ■ «J *- ■ ^* * ** i
Political Elite in Ba'thi Iraq, 1968-1986: The Changing
Features of a Collective Profile," IJMES21 (1989): 447-93.
pU ^j^ CiLAH u_)Uj =;;*'■- Luilja ^11 i*Lau LUjL ii-uaJl Iaaj -*\ X
^*n fl^H Sn j*i ^a <5U-aJl a^ju aXiu^Ii j il'iQrM%rt> ^-Ljlli uaLi5 jajoll
63- Batatu, "al-Da'wah," 199; T. M. Aziz, "The Role of
Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr in Shi'i Political Activism in Iraq
from 1958 to 1980," IJMES 25 (1993): 209, 210, 218-19;
Mallat, "Iraq," 75; Slugletts, Iraq, 196; Amatzia Baram, "The
Radical Shi'ite Opposition Movements in Iraq," in, Religious
Radicalism and Politics in the Middle East, ed. Emmanuel
Sivan and Menachem Friedman (New York, 1990). 95, 104;
idem, "From Radicalism to Radical Pragmatism: The Shi'ite
Fundamentalist Opposition Movements of Iraq," in. Islamic
Fundamentalisms and the Gulf Crisis, ed. James Piscatori
(Chicago, 1991), 35-36
256
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LLll LU£L&]1 UUUMQjfc
Mahmoud Ayoub, Redemptive: >l^ldj^L^^J_e ( e!JaiJi- , \
Suffering in Islam. A Study of the Devotional Aspects of
'Ashura' in Twelver Shi'ism (The Hague, 1978), 93-120;
Moojan Momcn, An Introduction to Shi'i Islam (New Haven,
1985), 25-31.
2- Yitzhak Nakash, "An Attempt to Trace the Origin of the
Rituals of ( Ashura\" WI 33 (1993): 161-81.
aljaJa) f»>» X*\ . Kim .1i II <li.nl ml ^1 Li-JjaJI « u hI>aJa *ilj>J U( -I
288
> T i 0<\OA -^00 i daJUl) ,l>aJ Y i U>£l&5 nUlll ^U , &tf4*«ll
-W
Selim Deringil, * m i Y i (\W- Wo . abJLi) *I>J A . Aj-MJUI
"The Struggle against Shi* ism in Hamidian Iraq: A Study in
Ottoman Counter-Propaganda," WI 30 (1990): 52, 59.
Anatoly Kovalcnko, "Le Marlyrei tiaJjttJ. X^-YAi X$oo,Y
de Husayn dans la Po&sie Populairc d'Iraq" (Ph.D. diss.,
University dc Gen&ve, 1979), 170, 174.
• ( W. « Al>k) SLiUJI fajjoll . 6*uJWI 03IJU 1 ^bdLifl*! ^>LU #1
1 (\^, l a^i),6l>^>^ ( ^lUa4 > i^aj^i^iAo-Ai
289
^al o-» ^ o-Oua^Ji j-wl fUii u-i uuiUJi ■ ^>uji ifrui>t]i aijjJi ^-jx ^
. a.-yo i ty . o wr-\w. * * 3 >u)
. n a\-nan i r , (^ot-^on , a i*u) ,t>l o . aULWi *l *bJi ,!>»*
N
I AUAT . (NW\ • U^l) >Aa ^IMI UJ*I J^I c ^6I>^I>i1a
JjU . Oxill) HuuOJl laakll i Sui.lII ^^! 3 iUUiioJI ^aljAll i ^b^all
uallA^St n.iH.n.lKnll, CuLAJBri,iiifttTX^Y^t(^j)UllilA
ax* i ML-NTA t \ * (N'Sol i Otfuka) fl>l t S-^Ull ajJojJI ulILoa^
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.■Vo-"VXiXiOMA/NMY
t ^\iX.ttlauditfa>jlU^
12- Robert Fernca, Shaykh and Effcndi: Changing Patterns of
290
iwn or
Authority among the Et Shabana of Southern Iraq (Cambridge,
Mass., 1970), 70-71; Elizabeth Fcrnca, Guests of the Sheik, 2d
cd. (New York, 1969), 113,
. m-m i m » \ * mU>Lui * aaij^u ~\ r
14- Extract from Special Service Officer, Basra, Report no.
484/6, 16 April 1925, Air 23/379; 0*UUJI i*U 5 . tfajjJ^Lo
15- Inteligence Report no. 21, 15 September 1921, FO
371/6353/11315.
I
.m.O'WA
17- Farrokh Gaffary, "Evolution of Rituals and Theater in
Iran," IS 17(1984): 371.
1 8- Elizabeth Fcrnea, Guests, 203-4, 206.
291
C^^V"\ . S>aU1I) * tla^udl EJ^JI Jjj Cxa ^jMj* SUa . ftJ aJI ^^a -^
. XL-XY
.YXiY
Colonel Sir Lewis PcIIy, The* jJUIaL* ^ m A n II ^ ^ILU -XX
Miracle Play of Hasan and Husayn, 2 vols. (London, 1879), 1:
250-69, The citations arc on 255, 257.
22- Werner Endc, "Tnc Flagellations of Muharram and the
ShiMtc 'Ulama 1 ," 1st 55 (1978): 27-28.
.YNtX.La^l^lMlL^la^U^I^-XY
x Lij>mLYo-Yit\iUiA.lli)ij Mui^l&^UI.^AJfl-XL
25- Great Britain, Administration Report of the Shamiyya
Division, 1919, CO 696/2.
292
PN^tt
. xxr -xx. * tj^i a±i\\ * ^>uun
27- Thomas Lycll, The Ins and Outs of Mesopotamia (London,
1 923), 67;u>jJI iki , t#%4 5 1 a %\ \\ ^i .I^Un . ^kaaJ ^LS
. XL . ^I^c OLx i SjaJI 1 XAY. (NM V)
28- Lycll, Ins and Outs, 67-69.
. \<\o «xaa . «%£L» 1 t^iuJi -.x*\
. SNN : X i *LkJ 1 tSaj^h NY. 1 X . fcuifcllflcl . ^Ij*!* -Y
. XI . -X Y"\ . iJjAft OaoJI . ^J^JI - YN
32- Robert Fcrnea, Shnykh, 71-72.
. ^ i X , Cilud, ^a J5 Jli XY , ^21^6 SLu. . SjaJI -YY
34- Mohammed Paul, "The Politics of Pussioiis: Growing Up
Shia," IS 21 (1988): 47.
293
.N Tii (WL) "\X OUjilti «2akxUi ^i tl^ALs . Oj>1I u^al iUU -To
36- Intelligence Report no. 21, 15 September 1921, FO
371/6353.
. w. u^aiBtj^ui.^a^AiurY
38- Emrys Peters, "A Muslim Passion Play : Key to a Lebanese
Village," AM 198 (1956): 178-79; idem, "Aspects of Rank and
Status among Muslims in a Lebanese Village, 11 in,
Mediterranean Countrymen, cd. Julian Pitt-Rivers (Paris,
1963), 197-99; Michael Gilsenan, Recognizing Islam; An
Anthropologist's Introduction (London, 1982), 62, 69; Mrs.
Meer Hasan 'Ali, Observations on the Mussalmauns of India
(Oxford, 1917), 53; David Pinauh, The Shiitcs: Ritual and
Popular Piety in a Muslim Community (New York, 1992),
83-114.
39- Robert Fernea, Shay kh, 7 1 .**» . yljAU &L ^ilUa t L&J jUI
.nla.o^*UaJJI),>a11I
40- Kxtract from Administrative Report of Political Officer,
294
Hilla, Regarding Karbala and Status or Mujtahids, 5 April
1920, FO 371/5074/5285.
^J Cuuj US lixAliLUI 3 OaJJI u-u ii m Ml n II Jaj>ll S.iMHj,* >laj! -L X
i^i i Ende, "Flagellations," 21-25 1 jjiil duaUj ^ ^IWLI -IX
X. : X , (X V\A -WY . ala-i-j) fll»jj. . ^..ft..!., t>x UlLa , ^ U.U..II
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. x , (^n umjU /jiii
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.r.,t
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295
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# X\U«.iN
. w-w.xo. ^t-w.^i^.no-u. o^isjUj.u^i-ia
, AA-A"\ * YN-Y. . U-AY . oV , IT * ^ . a-iU-Jl - " ■ " . ' - " -iA
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. W i \ i aJlJLfi i j-jUj^l : ^lail l^JlULUI i m,i\p
.ON-H.^iA-Yi X. s ;■;■■■ » !' j'j '*<" . f 1 U a « . * Al< I Aj II * . . -rt
j|&Jl.X\-/[. ( ^-Oll^Ll^lQLJ^U»lL^(a^U(^il^^^af^^Ai
. ^jUi^ll ! (^ »^AH (-UUU La*J J2l Uli Ul 3 d^LLflJl ^USliil tM)A kul
. ^.iNiaiUu
51- Special Service Officer, Baghdad, 18 May 1932, Air
296
23/383; Iraq Police, Political Gazette , 11 May 1935, Air
23/590.
52- Extracts from Administration Report on Basra Liwa for
July 1931, Air 23/107; Monthly Political Review for Basra,
August 1955, USNA, 787.00/9-655; Jim Masselos, "Change
and Custom in the Formal of the Bombay Mohurrum during the
Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries," SA 7 (1982): 51, 53, 55.
53- Michael Fischer, Iran: From Religious Dispute to
Revolution (Cambridge, Mass., 1980), 133-34.
. AA > (\Mo < 6l>fc!a) SjujJi1I 5 pjM\\ . £ 5> «S x*x\ -Ol
55- Brian Spooncr, "The Function of Religion in Pen
Society," Iran 1(1963): 91.
56- Custav Thaiss, "Religious Symbolism and Social Change:
The Drama of Husayn" (Ph.D. diss., Washington University,
1973), 202-4, 217, 278-81.
57- Gustav Thaiss, "Religious Symbolism and Social Clwngo:
297
4 1 'ii 1 n
The Drama of Husayn," in. Scholars. Saints, and Sufis, cd.
Nikki Kcddie (Berkeley, 1972), 359-60; Shaul Bakhash,
''Sermons, Revolutionary Pamphleteering and Mobilisation:
Iran, 1978," in, From Nationalism to Revolutionary Islam, ed.
Said Amir Arjomand (Albany, 1984), 180-82.
: V»Sl^lU>jLA«yaUULM»XMiN«(i nl ftj-clLi-A^ 1 \ 1 * H -oA
ifill CujA\ iXul^ ^AubuELJI Lil^l UojI fs LJ\ VlU Oitt* . VNT-U .
59- Special Service Officer 'Amara, 29 March 1925, Air
23/454; Extract from Special Service Officer Report no. 484/6,
Basra, 16 April 1925, Air 23/379.
60- Iraq Police, Political Gazette, 1 1 May 1935, Air 23/590.
U^ g.^S.^ SI Si^aJl J5IAJ5 tixUI SLuij&a 1 (jii^^ll iSUbA Oa*a I Mo-Mi
.\u-\n,ovu.a*i]i)
298
62- Kerr to Eden Baghdad, 22 May 1936, FO 371/20015/3062;
Edmonds to Kerr, Baghdad, 2 June 1 936, FO
37 1 /200 1 5/3560;S»l]l 1j>h . i^jLOI t*J ( Xo . ^M>* SLu , SjaJI
. n xx . (^aa . <iaU) ii\yA\ if* ^^Ji ^^aii ^s^^it ^i Ujiii
S-uLLJt g - ; u « , SU&Jtj S>xaJI 6-ix-a. iXa . u-A-uAl **** u^ -*\ V
Elizabeth Fernea, Guests, 218, * "\Y..V\ * "\X-"\% » W\ * <-i*ill)
.XYX^. f*U>AlU*i ( jl4tiJU'\l
XXA ~XXY . uytfl LiaJJI i ^^| -*\o
66- Stewart to Maitland, British Consulate, *Amara, 12 May
1951, FO 624/201/1016/4.
67- Christopher Black, Italian Confraternities in the Sixteenth
Century (Cambridge, 1989), 100. For the decline of flagellant
practices in Florence see Ronald Weissman, Ritual
Brotherhood in Renaissanc Florence (New York, 1982), 206-7.
299
i**
ihim Haidari, Zur So/iologic dcs: >1ojI JLLJI uLfu tr L& -"VA
liitischcn Chiliasmus: Gin Bcitrag zur Erforachung des
tischcn Passionsspicls" (Ph.D. diss., Freiburg, 1975),
>-47; Kovalenko. "Le Martyro dc Husayn," 220-22.
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a27
^Ui^UlUl Lu&ul *- *' ■ A ''Y^
Yitzhak Nakash, "The Visitation of: >J^I JLljaUj ^±* ^llall -N
the Shrines of the Imams and the Shi'i Mujtahids in the Early
Twentieth Century," SI 81 (1995): 5-16.
I
Sj.fcUJ) ft Ml 111 ft ■ j In II i S-A-aLdl a-lL2-c « j_LLL^ll LA> a^a^* - \
Mahmoud Ayoub, Redemptive Suffering in* ^Y((WX/^"^
Islam:A Study of the Devotional Aspects of 'Ashura' in Twelver
Shi' ism (The Hague, 1978), 181-82, lSSiS^JUU^^I^^
. °tT t (N^A^< S > tl^l) {ft ^l 3 i*^ltlu <c l_ > ^| : ^wVillj
aj>a t ^1 f*£±y*\$ L^Sl SjLjJ (^11 i-u^ ^Ul U>U ^Lc ^11*11 -V
f (\MA , *|>aJa) jtti »t*l| CiU^j Qlj^a-a ( ^Luil^ill tu-u^li L$^uJf
1
tialll) Ea^jJI U-2jp$ SixjZ dial ^i oifciJl Sjail < ^ AVi . 1 1 ^2l^t (W
4- J. G. Lorimer, Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf 'Oman and
328
Central Arabia, 2 vols, in 5 pts. (Calcutta, 1908-15), 1, 2: 2358,
and 2A: 813, 818; Government of Iraq, Dept. of Health
Services, Report of the Inspector-General of Health Services
for 1923-24, CO 696/5; Report of the Protector of British
Indian Pilgrims, 1929, CO 730/159/2.
5- Victor Turner and Edith Turner, Image and Pilgrimage in
Christian Culture (New York, 1978), 4, 14-15, 34-35, 36-37;
Victor Turner, 'The Center Out Tiicre: Pilgrim's Goal," HR 12
(1973): 192, 195; Peter Brown, The Cult of the Saints, its Rise
and Function in Latin Christianity (Chicago, 1981), 86-87.
6- Great Britain, Administration Report of the Hilla Division
for the Year 1919, FO 371/6348/99,
I
.r-\o, O M Y) XA jll<dl
8- Thomson to Derby, 30 September 1875, FO 60/373, cited in
Charles Issawi, The Economic History of Iran, 1800-1914
(Chicago, 1971), 129.
329
FT IF UIJ ** ftol If r
Report of the Protector of British Indian i VXX < YN\iN
Piligrims, 1929, CO 730/159/2.
10- Lady E. S. Stevens Drawer, By Tigris and Euphrates
(London, 1923), 37. NA*. JL* ^ .s ;j < ,u\ \\j^ ,«& \\^t L * r * *
■)•
a^a (^ ti^jni i % « *ft **
(New
11- Juan Cole, "Shi'i Clerics in Iraq and Iran, 1722-1780: The
Akhbari-Usuli Conflict Reconsidered," IS 18 (1985): 18; idem,
Roots of North Indian ShiMsm in Iran and Iraq: Religion and
State in Awadh, 1722-1859 (Berkeley, 1988), 29-31.
12- Meir Litvak, "The Shi'i Ulama of Najaf and Karbala,
1791-1904: A Socio-Political Analysis" (PhD. diss., Harvard
University, 1991), 95; Lorimer, Gazetteer, 1, IB: 1513-14;
Issawi, Economic History of Iran, 129.
13- Edmund Candler, "Pilgrimage to the Shrine at Najaf,
Arabia," MW 9 (1919): 88; Administration Reports of the
Baghdad Wilayat, 1917, CO 696/1; Great Britain, Naval
Intelligence Division, Iraq and the Persian Gulf, September
1944, 536.
14- Administration Report for the Shamiyya Division, 1919,
CO 696/2; Office of the Civil Commissioner, Baghdad, 12
330
September 1919, FO 371/4151/147630; Annual Administration
Report of the Health Service Dept. for 1920, CO 696/3.
15- Report of the Inspector-General of Health Services for
1923-24, CO 696/5; Report on the Work of the Protector of
British Indian Pilgrims, 1929, CO 730/159/2; Annual
Administration Reports of the Dept. of Health Services for
1919-28: CO 696/3; CO 696/4; CO 696/5; CO 696/6.
16- Intelligence Report no. 14, 9 July 1 925, FO
371/10833/4813; Report on Iraq, 1920-25, CO 730/77/37753.
Special ■ Service Officer, nV\iOV»L)\. 6U>.JI . «c%*Jb ~NY
Baghdad, 30 December 1924, Air 23/454.
18- Intelligence Reports nos. 23 and 24, 12 and 26 November
1925, FO 371/10833/7276 and CO 730/80/57326; Report by
Her Majesty's Government to the League, of Nations on the
Administration of Iraq, 1925; Administration Report of the Iraq
Railways for the Year Ending March 1 93 1 , CO 696/7; Report of
Ihe Protector of British Indian Pilgrims, 1 929, CO 730/ 1 59/27.
19- British Consul, Kirmanshah, to Civil Commissioner,
Baghdad, 26 April 1919, FO 248/1258; The Residence,
Baghdad, 16 February 1922, CO 730/20/10675. Sec also The
Iraq Residence Law of 1923 in Reports by Her Majesty's
331
Government to the League of Nations on the Administration of
Iraq, 1925; Annual Reports of the Dcpt of Health Services,
1921, 1922, and 1923-24, CO 696/4 and CO 696/5.
20- Report by Her Majesty's High Commissioner on the
Finances and Administrative Condition of Iraq for October
1920-March 1922; Report on the Administration of Iraq, The
Iraq Railways, April 1922-March 1923, CO 730/57; Naval
Intelligence Division, Iraq, 578.
21- Administration Report for Inq, The Iraq Railways,
1925-26, CO 730/96/21564; Administration Reports for the
Iraq Railways for die Years Ending March 1928 and 1929, CO
696/6 and CO 696/7; Administration Report of the Iraq
Railways for the Year Ending March 1930, CO 696/7.
22- Special Service Officer, Baghdad, 21 December 1928, Air
23/ 1 24,
23- Clive to Chamberlain, No. 12, Tehran, 22 December 1928,
FO 4 1 6/84.
24- Persia. Annual Report, 1927, FO 416/1 13; Enclosure no. 1
in Tehran Despatch No. 132 to His Majesty's High
Commissioner Baghdad, 6 May 1927, CO 730/1 17/5; Clivc to
Chamberlain, no. 286. Tehran, 4 May 1928 and Intelligence
Summary no. 16 for the Period Ending 4 August 1928,
332
Enclosure in no. 49, FO 416/82; Intelligence Report no. 18, 29
August 1928, FO 371/13027/4495.
25- Report from 'Amara for the Period Ending 28 August
1941, FO 838/1.
26- From Tehran to Kermanshah, 28 September 1941, FO
371/27156/7177.
27- Report on Najaf and Karbala by Vice-Consul Baglcy,
Baghdad, 22 February 1943, FO 624/33/537.
28- From Ambassador, Baghdad, to the State Department, 10
March 1953, USNA, 787.11/3-1053; Troutbeck to Eden, 16
October 1953 , FO 371/104666/1016-57.
29- Enclosure 3 in no. 1, Memorandum on the Persian
Complaints against Iraq, FO 371/12274/3908.
30- Report on the Work of the Indian Section of the British
Consulate at Baghdad for 1935, Government of India, Foreign
and Political Dcpt., NAI, file 551-0/1936.
31- Report of the Protector of British Indian Pilgrims, 1929,
CO 730/159/2; Government of India, External Dcpt.,
333
** * * ^**** ■■■■ ■■ m*M n*4 wir^ ^prt itvi*
Proceedings nos. 1-3, 1937, NAI, file 105-N/37; Iraq, Annual
Reports, 1937 and 1938, FO 371/21856/794 and FO
371/23214/932.
32- Sec, for example, From President, The Insa-Ashari
Federation, Bombay, to the Secretary of the Goverment of India,
10 December 1945; From Mohamed AH D. Nasser, Manekia
Chamber, Bombay, to N. B. Khare, Member of the Government
of India, Commonwealth Relations, 14 December 1945,
Government of India, External Affairs Dept., NAI, file 17 (13)
M.E.; From Khan Bahadur Haji Hasanally P. Ebrahim, Vice
President, Faiz-i-Panjcstani (Pilgrim Institution), to the Secretary
of the Government of India, Bombay, 17 May 1946, Government
of India, External Affairs Dept., NAI, file 17(13) M.E.
33- Report of the Protector of British Indian Pilgrims, 1929,
CO 730/159/2; Census of Iraq's Population, 1932, FO 406/70;
Report on the Work of the Indian Section of the British
Consulate at Baghdad for 1933, Government of India, Foreign
and Political Dept., NAI, file 449-N/34.
34- Michael Gilscnan, Saint and Sufi in Modern Egypt (Oxford,
1973), 42-43; Ernest Gcllner, Saints of the Atlas (London,
1969), 300; Dale Eickclman, Morocccan Islam: Tradition and
Society in a Pilgrimage Center (Austin, 1976), 10.
35- H. L. Peters, "Aspects of the Family among the Bedouin of
334
rt nu m r JiiMr m m hmH an*i* wiwmnw n *w » 1
Cyrenaica," in, Comparative Family Systems, cd. M. F.
Nimkoff (Boston, 1965), 124-25; Paul Drcsch, Tribes,
Government, and History in Yemen (Oxford, 1989), 11;
Patricia Crone, "Tribes Without Saints," Paper Submitted in
the Melon Seminar, 19 April 1991, Department of Near
Eastern Studies, Princeton University, 2, 18, 19, 25.
36- Alois Musil, The Manners and Customs of the Rwala
Bedouins (New York, 1928), 417-18; Michael Meeker,
Literature and Violence in North Arabia (Cambridge, 1979),
24; Crone, "Tribes Without Saints/* 18, 19.
X Y<\, Vlo , abij) ^aijaJI p>l>A\ UnU ^ i*«l)A . (^JI^-TA
'The Story of Maqdad, the Hero »r.n**lH ;jn u l rjtoM-Y^
Hilla," in, Tales from the Arab Tribes: A Collection of the
Stories Told by the Arab Tribes or the Lower Euphrates, trants.
C. G. Campbell (London, 1949), 70-109; Shakir Solim. Marsh
Dwellers or the Euphrates Delia (London, 1962), csp. 4, 7;
Wilfred Thesiger, The Marsh Arabs (London, 1964), 93-94.
■0-*>kaJI Cu* UU> i b^&JI iU CiIaUIj ajlUllj CiUl^lj <cxiib ~l .
335
fcWi' **■ -*r- m»v*4f**t ivtiti*^imi 4
t« + 4
.Y.A.O^O^jlU
, lit • ctUoAJI aXc aALUJI 5 J5 oJLll SjLuk. i Y A • OjiUJI juoaII -IS
. YVYX , (WY . Dsjij) i^jaJI ^LuiJI alj-JI
if *■' \) * ■■■ ■ ftalj>-a-ji ^.A~^.Yift— ^LijMJ.uu ifl 1 ftllt-L-tal-LX
i oV\-O^Oi ilY .«Ltii5iJlxicaALjluJl5j>fiJlSjLuuk»i YOY-YoX: >
,_i il^<ll 6-ulm> a-uull Ct!*) . Cy^ill iloiuuk I Y A . «ttlil>»il 5 <eajJI»
. N Y Y . ( \ "\A0 . t^5>w) <^l Moklt . jl^ll 5 .jjoaj Ci\jfA s dljall j CilUl
. Xt . -\ Y^ . Sai.lja . «^aj>ll -LY
44- Thomas Lyell, The Ins and Outs of Mesopotamia, (London,
1923), IK3.
yAm*& ai>JI ^i UfwIjM Lj^ijoil U^Wl . (jt^LAJI ^AJLuoa tbtt -U
. «i«)*]l ^i l*ftlutf OliflaJb . ^mUHI »«*a i 0A- Y<\ . VW . aUj)
Administration i Soo -W . L . OW -> VTo . alxJUj) #l>-*l A
Reports of the Baghdad Wilayat, 1917, CO 696/ 1 .
46- Roy Motlahcdeh, The Mantle of the Prohel: Religion and
336
II S L fr I * '
Politics in Iran (New York, 1985), 144; Ignaz Goldziher,
"Veneration of Saints in Islam" in his, Muslim Studies, ed. S. M.
Stern, 2 vols. (London, 1966), 2:294. X YN . dky ti*dl * kal^l
Cuk U-N Y • (\ W . alaiu) SxULJtj fJ«JI *aj ^1 • tf ajjJI ^Ix -LY
.^Uil
48- Administration Report of the Baghdad Wilayat, 1917, CO
696/1 ; ilfel Y i fljAL- 2JL)aa ^13 . ydjflUH fpljjl toai^ i UjI jl&M
. XiA-Xll * XtN i Luulja • tf a^ll -1A
Fulanain, The Marsh Arab Hajii Yo-Yt ■ jja ■ y ■ » i * 1 H -o»
Rikkan (Philadelphia, 1928), lSl^^oL^llJI^flliU
Thesiger, The Marsh Arabs, 29, 56. i jl&U * umUJI ^L Uui
Fulanain, The Marsh Arabs, 182, i XH-W • Loiilja • tf yjJUtrt
184-85; Drowcr, By Tigris and Euphrates, 40.
52- Peter Brown, "The Rise and Function of the Holy Man in
Late Antiquity," in his, Society and (ho Holy in Late Antiquity
(Berkeley, 1982), 121; idem, The Cull, 63.
337
itfw
53- Salim, Marsh Dwellers, J 2- 13; Thcsigcr, The Marsh Arabs,
44, 82; Robert Fernea, Shaykh and Effendi: Changing Patterns
of Authority among the El Shabana of Southern Iraq
(Cambridge, Mass., 1970), 21.
54- Fulanain, The Marsh Arab, 84-85.
55- Hncyclopaedia Judaiea, s.v. "Pilgrimage."
56- Kncyclopaedia Judaiea, s.v. "Shavuol."
i
OjJlII) • U*aJUL3j UJbU i UjAll uUUI . ^AyJkA ^U uJUa ~oY
58- Fortnightly Report no. 20 by Civil Commissioner to
Secretary of Slate for India. 15 September to 1 October 1918,
10 L/P&S 10/732; Administration Report for the Shamiyya
Division, 1919, CO 696/2; Office or the Civil Commissioner,
Baghdad, 12 September 1919, TO 371/4 15 l/147630.ali>* *x*
xu; iU-uiill >*!*« . OU>c dxA*SU ^i £^l ^ J5J4 tf&JI fj*JI j*
. aI&IaJ Lie &*x* d^jutjJI ooi
338
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60- Intelligence Report no. 16, 1 August 1928, FO
371/13027/4087.
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2- Encyclopaedia Judaica, s.v. "Mount of Olives";
Encyclopaedia Judaica, s.v. "Holy Places."
3- Encyclopaedia Judaica, s.v. "Eschatology"; Encyclopaedia
of Islam, 2d ed. s.v. "Kiyama."
4- Christopher Taylor, "The Cult of the Saints in Late Mediveal
Egypt" (Ph.D. diss., Princeton University), 1989, 238, 241.
5- Edward Lane, An Account of the Manners and Customs of
the Modern Egyptians, 3d ed. (reprint, London, 1890), 479.
362
ul^l 5 LUl1I$ uLilll ^i >4^Lil * a*?''" tfWill a-J i'm hi % II 3ulx J\
."\A: fl.O^Y.ii5^j)U>NN.5UUlia^UI
L^JJI) ,1>J T . La^Us f n i HI ^U . uj.nn II jJLa^ -Y
t Cu^lill ^i Oa J^iil ,J^J1 ( SaMXijiJt tilxUll Icj-lu^ . ^IjKll >*-** -<\
( \ V\ A . OajJI) CiI^ . iJI^I ,LJU ^ UbJfll a,!** . u 1 i nn II
. \"\*-\ooi X
fej-uijA Jl lUaaJI . jjpkiill i MA -WY t \ . dblll y^U . S-tfia-all ^
. N • . : N » Smnnnll £iLu*JI
11- C. H. Imbcr, "The Persecution of the Ottoman Shi'itcs
according to the Miihimmc Dcftcrlcri, 1565-1585," Isl 56
363
(1979): 246-47.
. \0\ . flaulji < L5a J5 Jl : LajI j^lAJl -N \
SjuiUI . fl^*l ^Sl^ ^ ^i ^HJI^I^ . t5 J*ill £LuuJI ***- -\ V
U^jL&jJ ^j^i Ij^ i TLA s i . (N^oA < tiaJJI) U> IX . SojiaLiJI
. ^A i ((iJjlHl lu diLc i CiljdJa) »UUlt uoLai
14- Great Britain, Administration Reports of the Shamiyya
Dhision, 1918, Najaf, CO 696/2; Annual Administration
Report on the Iraq Health Services for the Year 1 92 1 , CO 696/4
15- Government of Iraq, Dept. of Health Services, Report of
the Inspector-General of Health Services for the Year 1923-24,
CO 696/5,
16- Hasan al-Amin, "Wadis Salam," ISE 4 (1973): 97;alUL.
i ul_>ala) ILulUl H-oiioJI t 2J3AJI lLlw oaLjjAui i SJ3&H < ft nn a}j>fi
. XUt(^jjlSllilAiUi
jjLLa (fl-ui^l u-ft : L-bJJI (^-i aIuJI &l\p « j ft Inn II m%I will x±c <'i m\ a -> Y
ia* 1 Amin, "Wadis Salam," 95 1 \U i (\V\Y) <rt aU>*JU «<JU
. yldSJI i ^ . t ( \V\"\ * OxUl) ii>tfSl JboJI dda , ^LiUl tf aUJI
364
. \. i:\.diAAll
18- Amin, "Wadis Salam," 95-96;. c^l^l tfal 3 » .
19-Alois Musil, The Manners and Customs of the Rwala
Bedouins (New York, 1928), 418.
Tales i {-i±x is UA\ &Lc tstfl ClM US «2^ij£kll ^ 5> ll SjIIwi ^iUl -\
from the Arab Tribes: A Collection of the Stories Told by the
Arab Tribes of the Lower Euphrates, trans, C. G. Campbell
(London, 1949), 56-69.
. Xol-AoTiimljAi tfa»IUtt
22- S. M. Salim, Marsh Dwellers of ihc Euphrates Delta
(London, 1962), 13.
23- Thomas Lycll, The Ins and Outs of Mesopotamia (London,
1923), 97.
365
24- Salim, Marsh Dwellers, 46;>oJJl (1l* « ^>AJl ^1* uJLLa
25- Amin, "Wadis Salam," 96-97;"UT . « r l*JI tf al*» • >iJ&*M
26- Lady E. S. Stevens Drower, By Tigris and Euphrates
(London, 1923), 29.
27- Amin, "Wadis Salam," 96. A • A , c^l tfalp • jilfell
28- J. G. Lorimer, Gazelleer of the Persian Gulf, 'Oman and
Central Arabia, 2 vols, in 5 pts. (Calcutta, 1908-15), 1,2:
2361-62.
29 - Lorimer, Gazetteer, 2A : 859-60; Administration Report of
the Baghdad Wilayat for 1918, Karbala and Najaf, CO 696/1.
.N^«NX..NN , \iOMN) , f f kM
31- William Loflus, Travels and Researches in Chaldaea and
366
Susiana (London, 1857), 54-55; John Ussher, A Journey from
London to Persepolis (London, 1865), 439, 459-60, 481-82; H.
Cowper, Through Turkish Arabia: A Journal from the
Mediterranean to Bombay by the Euphrates and Tigris Valleys
and the Persian Gulf (London, 1894; reprint, 1987), 371-72;
John Peters, Nippur or Explorations and Adventures on the
Euphrates, 2d ed. (New York, 1898), 324-25; Madame Jane
Dieulafoy, La Perse la Chaldte et la Susiane (Paris, 1887),
61 1-12; Drower, By Tigirs, 25.
. YY * (Wr . Ojjju) £ua*1I ^yiLudl
33- Drower, By Tigris, 30; \M < »Ulalf ua*l , ^ISIjjj
34- Administration Report of the Baghdad Wilayat, 1918,
Najaf, CO 696/1.
i-c : tfl fAJi\ ft \ i , n H uijl^all Olyb fU ufe>A ^lx Jt*laJI (Haj -to
I
*&JI iiLkui^liJI Sj-LUIII CiUaii^ll Cu 5 . oTY i N t\ Wl , S^Ull
*j &**! *ki j^joi^ dj ajo* 5 , >, AA-NAY : N , (N V\Y. CAytJa) JJjJ A
. NV.i \ - ^A^ . ^2) aU> • s^iiiu t^uji « ^ji>-« ^us • ^1*11 um^
367
.Wi o. ^pill.^ShTlAi L.^UUt^l^.^iiiJUn
tnlrti aaa-wJI ^JLIoa lAIS jmli a i ifLiljJI (Jf>kaail xLu lu uUlx - VY
S m\ ■■> II ii-a CilaUJI$ xjlIUlUIj CiUl>lll5 <c:ljJI» , &j*IA Si-ua-i >JjI -TA
uIaj *j>w t aUJI iiUi Cxa (JLtUt Cla$ ^i (^JiLL^yuidl U>yiu Sj^win SJLuijJ
. y\ * oma) r aA^i * ^^i
dAJ».^llul>^AJlcuJl2UA^^Al-^YY 4 ^.^-A^Y» ov^r^u^i
368
^ * m
: jlojl .pliaJI dJu J^ \^ N ^ L yi jb l? ill J^JI Ox &>*$* &A21U ^k
Werner Ende, "Einc Schiitischc Kontrovcrse iiber Naql
al-Gana'iz," ZDMG, Suppl. 4 (Wiesbaden, 1980), 217-18.
.N.'UN.AiiCil^l
, \\i icj£*jd&i t 00-0L t o\-o\ ic^j^aJU i ^Lluiyuutll-L^
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. ^^A-^^Y
. 0L-0V * o\-o. i«^3^Albi ^Hiuj&uJUii
. 0Y-0A » oi » 0. 1 uuLJl jxuiaJI ~lo
\
. \ w-^ . «j^ a** t ^11*^*^1 «ly
369
, 0\ i l^j^xib i (^jlliii_)4LmJl -£A
. NY. i \ ( ^Ijoull i uuujil ujI i NAY: N t Uj..»;*||. ^.w^uM-iA
. ^o-*\m . «fj>^i» t w * v \ . A^Y i « (5 ill«)a 1 &ii» . LijaiiuAyu ~o.
. \U-SN\ .«Ql$A^ldij». u jLU > 2uUI-0\
. ^AV i V \-^Y * c^jliiajfeulb . CuaII lj^ -aX
. *\av . ^A.-^YY * <\. x , ojUii >kwdi -or
54I tf 3LU >Uii 5 . lAAa\ . I 1 N . JaaaJI 1 ^LdaJi : CuaII &*>& uliuj U ul
ilA£ 1 ili^j-u) #13*1 N • * AjjiiLoil tAjJoJI 1 CuxlbdJl t \(t\\ a 1 yJ$$JI a>_uiL5Jl
. V\ 1 N , Chilli <la
^1)11 6>2JI ^J aLU)&I u^ ^i >rfl AmJ 1 ^JaLill ^Ld A-ta-a -00
.IL.OVTY.alaij)
370
\ . OVW^WY . alaJLj)ui,>*. *Aii>cla^A. yJa-liJI^L-4-0^
»»* >* »-■ .-., A A->.t./>.t.v,w,w,w
. D. N i («V.) OA AlijJU c^tuiijfcAH
57- Thomson to Clarendon, Tehran, no. 50, 3 September 1869,
FO 60/320.
, tfjIjjJIualjAi tVtOi (^oTi ali*j) Uib ui^^ i ^^LkillLflaLfl-oA
. Xtfli YiO^VN^Tfl.al^)Ml>lA.0^^li^4aljJl^4)U
59- Lorimer, Gazetteer, 1,2: 2517-55; International Sanitary
Convention, Paris, 3 December 1903, 10 L/P&S 10/123 and
10/124; The Proceedings and Conclusions of the International
Sanitary Conference, Paris, 17 January 1912, FO
368/778/12895; Sessions of the Tehran Sanitary Council, 5
January 1915, 10 L/P&S 10/284; International Sanitary
Conference, Paris, 21 June 1926, FO 371/12655/2691. See also
Anja Pistor-Hatam, "Pilger, Pest und Cholera: Die Wallfahrt zu
den Heiligen Station im Irak als Gesundhcitspolitisches
Problem im 19. Jahrhundcrt," WI 31 (1991): 228-45.
60- Annual Administration Report of the Health Services for
the Year 1920, CO 696/3,
61- Annual Administration Report on the Iraq Health Services
for the Year 1921, and Annual Report of the Baghdad Health
371
Services Departmemnt for the Year 1921, CO 696/4.
62- Government of Iraq, Dcpt. of Health Services, Report of
the Inspector-General of Health Services for the year 1923-24,
CO 696/5; Report by Her Majesty's Government to the League
of Nations on the Administration of Iraq, 1925; Government of
Iraq, Dept. of Health Services, Report of the Inspector-General
of Health Services for the Years 1925 and 1926, CO 696/6;
Report by Her Majesty's Government to the League of Nations
on the Administration of Iraq, 1926.
* abdL*) ^ JLiaLUl (IjJiljJLltj am Awl : <-flJft$JI . ^l^LuJt iLali -"V Y
.YAi j^.^miAill-U
65- Review of the Civil Administration of the Occupied
Territories of Iraq, 1914-1918, FO 371/4148/34799;
Fortnightly Report no. 1 to Secretary of State for India, 1-15
November 1917, FO 248/1207.
66- Fortnightly Report, Ibid; U i3>ui n \\ \ m i ^^$1 ^-1*-* 1^1
67- Intelligence Report no. 20, 2 October 1924, CO
372
730/62/43225.
Report on the Work of: >LLil *JaJI ^jj 6>jL2 ^ ^XUil -"U
the Protector of British Indian Pilgrims, 1929, Appendix C(2),
CO 730/159/2.
69- Report by her Majesty's Government to the League of
Nations on the Administration of Iraq, 1929.
. N ^ . . LiwJI JJa . ^iiiAJI -Y
71- Intelligence Report no. 20, 2 October 1924, CO
730/62/48225.
72 - Special Service Officer, Baghdad, 21 December 1928, Air
23/124; Give to Chamberlain, no. 12, Tehran, 22 December
1928, FO 416/84.
73- Government of Iraq, Dept. of Health Services, Report of
the Inspector-General of the Health Services for the Years
1925 and 1926, CO 696/6; Reports by Her Majesty's
Government to the League of Nations on the Administration of
Iraq, 1 926- 1 930. pA$ . 6l'Mtjj{H 9 oLLdiiil oUajuk ^-L jlA fj
lfl| L^JUii HJ^lUil J^llaJI aix OUawaxU 3o%JI l^iall >4jLnll ' * ft<"
. KmilUll CtUlaii 6lA
373
74- Report on the Work of the Protector of British Indian
Pilgrims, 1929, CO 730/159/2; Reports on the Work of the
Indian Section of the British Consulate at Baghdad for the
Years 1933 and 1934, Government of India, Foreign and
Political Department, NAI, files 449-N/34 and 598-G/1935.
374
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1- Great Britain, Administration Reports, Najaf, 19 1 8, CO 696/1
Norman Calder, "Zakat in Imami Shi'ii >JAJlSLSjJl dj-*-\
Jurisprudence, from the Tenth to the Sixteenth Century A.D.,
BSOAS 44(1981): 468-80.
it
Abdulaziz Sachedina, "Al-Khums: The:
Fifth in the Imami Shi'i Legal System," JNES 39 (1980):
275-89; Norman Calder, "Khums in Imami Shi'i
Jurisprudence, from the Tenth to the Sixteenth Century A.D.,"
BSOAS 45 (1982): 39-47.
4- Said Amir Arjomand, The Shadow of God and the Hidden
Imam: Religion, Political Order, and Societal Change in Shi'ite
Iran from the Beginning to 1890, 2d ed. (Chicago, 1987), 231;
Administration Reports, Najaf, 1918, CO 696/1.
420
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6- Administration Reports, Najaf, 1918, CO 696/3 .
7- Juan Cole, "Shi'i Clerics in Iraq and Iran, 1722-1780: The
Akhbari-Usuli Conflict Reconsidered," IS 18 (1985): 13, 15,
19-20, 23 -26; idem, Roots of North Indian Shi'ism in Iran and
Iraq: Religion and State in Awadh, 1722-1859 (Berkeley,
1988), 33-34.
8- Arjomand, The Shadow, 230-31 .
lla '.li^f i i"jfl i \ \ ) L&J&-ualq ? a * *' 1 1 lLia! 1 tLlooJI * ^ '"V ^ ft * *" * v 1 ^ a »A
.o.^o.Y, 0.0-0. It ^ 1 ^^ • dblll) f^ N X • ^a^ll
10- Ann Lamb ton, "A Reconsideration of the Position of the
Maria* al-Taqlid and the Religious Institution," SI 20 (1964):
132.
421
1 1- Abbas Amanat, "In Between the Madrasa and the
Marketplace: The Designation of Clerical Leadership in
Modern Shi'ism," in, Authority and Political Culture in
Shi' ism, ed. Said Amir Arjomand (Albany, N.Y., 1988), 1 12.
12- Arjomand, The Shadow, 245.
13- J.G. Lorimer, Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, 'Oman and
Central Arabia, 2 vols, in 5 pts. (Calcutta, 1908-15), 1,2: 2364;
Meir Litvak, "The Shi'i Ulama of Najaf and Karbala,
1791-1904: A Socio-Political Analysis" (Ph. D. diss., Harvard
University, 1991), 354.
14- Amanat, "In Between," 98; Lonmer, Gazetteer, 1,2 : 2364.
15- Amanat, "In Between," 100-102, 116, 123; Gad Gilbar,
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Revolution of 1906," AAS 11 (1977): 282-84, 288; Shaul
Bakhash, "Iran," AHR 96 (1991): 1485-86.
16- Amanat, "In Between," 1 16-17, 1 19.
17- Encyclopaedia Iranica, s.v. "Bazaar"; Guity Nashat, "From
Bazaar to Market: Foreign Trade and Economic Development
in Nineteenth-Century Iran," IS 14 (1981): 77-78.
422
18- Juan Cole, " Indian 1 Money and the Shi'i Shrine Cities of
Iraq, 1786-1850," MES 22 (1986): 463-65, 468-69, 472, 476;
Litvak, "Shi'i Ulama," 205.
19- Lorimcr, Gazetteer, 1,1B: 1409-11, 1483.
(^5-j &-£-*) \A"\L 5 \A^ ^.aLc uoj ljj-jaJI jjb-ui U mj " ft m >j n i -\
yj* AUjj X^.O B W,\ ^1** tS 3 LoJ (yiUojjJI) <U-LaJI OLS (tf jlnJ
Charles Issawi, The Economic History of Iran, : ^Ij-Ui
1800-1914 (Chicago, 1971), 343.
21- Lorimer, Gazetteer, 1,1B: 1413-14; Litvak. "Shi'i Ulama,"
313.
22- Lorimer, Gazetteer, 1.1B: 1478-80, 1599.
. v \ t ^vu. uijajfl)i ayjbuidfiiaijjLdjfei tiLiij lLcUwI - x r
24- Lorimer, Gazetteer, LIB: 1481-84, 1598-99.
LitVak, "Shi'i TTInmn"i \-V\. .\1./i, \-\.\ . r^ J... \\ y ^. t|-tA
331-32,345.
423
26- Lorimer, Gazetteer, 1,1B: 1601-8, 1611-12.
.Vttl-UNYiOjLdjMdAlUW
\0.. f}l*\\ yLj ±ul+ b yJUflUkJl >ab U^lULiU u inn.J Ci\S -\A
4*
Lorimer, Gazetteer, 1, . tfjlliJ ^iidL dmai! ux ajuall^ c5&1a
IB: 1612-14; Litvak, "Shi'i Ulama," 347-48, 350-51.
fLiudl t iu-ja-oll a&a y— i aa^ll aa_lu j! SJlaa 6^3 . dAii ^lc Liu 2^x1
Newmarch to Dane, Baghdad, 30 May 1904,. is^niiJI ^U la
10 L/P&S 10/77.
424
30- Ncwmarch to Secretary to the G
Baghdad. 15 June 1905JOL/P&S 10/77.
Wilson to the Secretary to the Government oft O-iLiJIjXiQaJUVN
Ir ia, Baghdad, 29-30 August 1919. FO 371/4198/167721.
32- Lorimcr, Gazetteer, MB: 1615-16; Sir Arthur Hardingc, A
Diplomatist in the East (London, 1928), 323-24; Litvak, "Shi'i
Ulama." 358-59.
33- Political Diary for the Week Ending 1 1 February 1908, FO
1 95/2274/1 22-18.. N- - -W . ■ ■■■ i< *.\ cA^l* ujJL* * luJ, : LaJ ^1
34- Ramsay to Dane, Baghdad, 20 December 1907, IO L/P&S
10/77; Ramsay to Butler, Baghdad, 20 October 1909, FO
371/1244/34634; Lorimer to McMahon, Baghdad, II August
1911, FO 195/2368/690-34; Political Diary for the Week
Ending2June 1908, FO 195/2274/484-50.
35- Extract from Summary of Events in Turkish Iraq during
December 1909 and January 1910, FO 371/1244/34634.
36- Ramsay to Butler, Baghdad, 20 October 1909, FO
371/1244/34634.
425
37- Lorimer to Butler, Baghdad, II April 1910, FO
371/1244/34634.
38- Ramsay to the Secretary to the Government of India,
Baghdad, 17 February 1909, FO 371/1244/34634.
39- Sayyid Ahmad 'Allama Hindi to Foreign Secretary to the
Government of India, Lucknow, 6 May 1910, and Chief
Secretary to the Government of the United Provinces to the
Secretary to the Government of India, Allahabad, 18 March
191 l,FO 371/1244/34634.
40-Sayid Ahmad 'Allama Hindi to British-Consul General of
Baghdad, 28 December 1908, FO 371/1244/34634; Ramsay to
the Secretary to the Government of India, and Ramsay to
Sayyid Ahmad 'Allama Hindi, Baghdad, 13 February 1909,
FO 371/1244/34634.
41- Ramsay to Butler, Baghdad, 20 October 1909; Lorimer to
Bulter, Baghdad, 1 1 April 1910; Lorimer to the Secretary to the
Government of India, Baghdad, 3 September 1910, FO
371/1244/34634; Memorandum by S.B.A. Patterson, 3 August
191 1, and Lorimer to Clarke, Baghdad, 29 January 1911,
Government of India, Foreign and Political Dept., NAI,
Proceedings nos. 7-33, June 1912.
42- Lorimer to McMahon, Baghdad, 11 August 1911, FO
426
195/2368/ 690-34.
43- Litvak 9 "Shi'i Ulama," 328-29
44- Extracts from Events in Turkish Iraq for May and June
1912, 10 L/P&S 10/77; Lorimer to McMahon, Baghdad, 12
August 1912, FO 371/1522/50561; Lorimer to Wood,
Baghdad, 15 November 1913, 10 L/P&S 10/77.
a ni% £ul Abulia f fC > *Q l$£^al$ ^ f 1 1^ xAmJIo f 1 **' 1 lO i#t * * i4 * r „ *^ ** \ A
*• 4*
. f'g***-)***l ****!» M.^I1j^ic^tik^i< j iaA<I |ic aa^ a/^^ Vi_Al|* »frl*jl
46- Extract from Reports on Turkish Iraq for June 1912, IO
L/P&S 10/77; Lorimer to McMahon, Baghdad, 28 August
1912, FO 371/1522/50561; Lorimer to Wood, Baghdad, 15
November 1913, 10 L/P &S 10/77.
47- Wilson to the Secretary to the Government of India,
Baghdad, 29 August 1918, FO 371/4198/3746.
427
Wilson to Grant, Baghdad 14 November i ^L-JI ja-u^JI -LA
1918, and Wilson to the Secretary to the Government of India,
Baghdad, 1 July 1919, FO 248/1250.
^ tf) i Aft<l t iSmua c vjutll u*$^9 • (i-uia, A-la-i l?>aI$*JI f *■- p-imj -t^
50- Wilson to the Secretary to the Government of India,
Baghdad, 29 August 1918, FO 37 1/4198/3756; Wilson to Grant,
Baghdad, 14 November 1918, and Wilson to the Secretary to
the Government of India, Baghdad, I July 1919, FO 248/1250.
51- Wilson to the Secretary to the Government of India,
Baghdad, 1 July 1919, FO 248/1250; Wilson to the Secretary to
the Government of India, Baghdad, 29 August 1918, FO
371/4198/3756.
52- Administration Reports, 1918, Najaf, CO 696/1.
53- Wilson to the Secretary to the Government of India,
Baghdad, 29-30 August 1919, FO 371/4198/167721.
54- Report on the Work of the Protector of British Indian
Pilgrims, 1929, CO 730/159/2; Hewett to Howell, Baghdad, 9
July 1931JOL/P&S 12/2847.
428
55- Secretariat of the High Commissioner for Iraq to the
Secretary to the Government of India, Baghdad, 12 and 29
August 1930, FO 369/ 2269 and CO 730/159/2; Hewett to
Howell, Baghdad, 9 July 1931, 10 L/P&S 12/2847.
56- Reports on the Work of the Indian Section at the British
Consulate at Baghdad for 1933, 1934, and 1935, Government
of India, Foreign and Political Dept, NAI, files 449-N/1934,
598-G/1935, and 551-G/ 1936.
to the
57- British Consulate to the Secretary to the Government of
India, Baghdad, 24 February 1939, and K. B. Bhatia, Deputy
Secretary, Government of the United Provinces
Secretary to the Government of India, Lucknow, 5 July 1939,
Government of India, External Dcpt., NAI Proceedings nos,
1-8, 1939, file 983-G; Resolutions nos. 22 and 32 passed by the
AISC at Patna, 29-31 December 1938, and al Masulipatam
(Madras), 27-29 December 1946, Government of India,
External Affairs Dept., NAI, file T/53/99 132/19.
Government of India, External Affairs Dept., NAI, file
T/53/99132/19.
59- Abdul- Hadi Hairi, "The Legitimacy of the Late Qajar Rule
as Viewed by the Shi'i Religious Leaders," MES 24 (1988):
429
272, 275-76; Abbas Amanat, Resurrection and Renewal: The
Making of the Babi Movement in Iran, 1844-1850 (Ithaca,
1989), 20, 25, 41 1; Arjomand, The Shadow, 218, 248.
60- Lorimcr, Gazetteer, 1,2 : 2357; . YVi . ilym CwUm . ^^$2
61- Extract from Special Service Officer, 25 November 1927,
Baghdad's Report no. l/Bd/35, Air 23/379.
62- Report on the Work of the Indian Section of the British
Consulate at Baghdad for the Year 1933, Government of India,
Foreign and Political Dcpt,, NAI, file 449-N/1934.
jLuaJi 6ii n vn ^u ^ d 5 iaJii ^si^Ji jiijiii ^ ^ . \ . r. (n*\an
430
65- Joyce Wiley, The Islamic Movement of Iraqi Shias
(Boulder, 1992), 57.
66- Ahmad Ashraf, "The Roots of Emerging Dual Class
Structure in Nineteenth-Century Iran," IS 14 (1981): 16;
Encyclopaedia Iranica, s.v. "Bazaar"; Howard Rotblat, "Social
Organization and Development in an Iranian Provincial
Bazaar," EDCC 23 (1975): 298; Gusiav Thaiss, "The Bazaar as
a Case Study of Religion and Social Change," in, Iran Faces
the Seventies, ed. Ehsan Yar-Shatar (New York, 1971), 193.
67- Gustav Thaiss, "Religious Symbolism and Social Change:
The Drama of Husayn" (Ph.D. diss., Washington University
1973), 26, 52, 158-59. See also Michael Boninc, "Shops and
Shopkeepers: Dynamics of an Iranian Provincial Bazaar," in,
Modern Iran: The Dialectics of Continuity and Change, ed.
Michael Boninc and Nikki Keddie (Albany, N.Y., 1981), 235;
Rotblat, "Social Organization." 299-300.
68- Roy Mottahedeh t The Mantle of the Prophet: Religion and
Politics in Iran (New York, 1985), 346.
69- Encyclopaedia Iranica, s.v. "Bazaar"; Thaiss, "Bazaar,"
190, 202; Joanna dc Groot, "Mullas and Merchants: The Basis
of Religious Politics in Nineteenth Century Iran," Mashriq 2
(1983): 14.
431
70- Shakir Mustafa Salim, Marsh Dwellers of the Euphrates
Delta (London, 1962), 62-64.
71- Great Britain, Admiralty, A Handbook of Mesopotamia, 4
vols., 1916-1917, 1:77; Elie Kedourie, "The Jews of Baghdad
in 1910," MES 7 (1971): 358. See also Hanna Batatu, The Old
Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements in Iraq, 2d
cd, (Princeton, N.J., 1982), 225, 232-33, 247.
72- Batatu, The Old Social Classes, 244-46, 250.
ul>al5 LaljjJIj 6LUJ ^ Cl±jA\ Oaio^ *±uA\ CiIaj . Ci^tA\ O-uo^a -YV
. N Vi i ^A0 ( Ci$.)±j) Z^i\l\\ ajuiaJl i jLsjJ^ y*A$
74- Batatu, The Old Social Classes, 271-72.
. ^M.lAJiUiljiiflAJI-VO
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i"\
. ^T^-xrA*5 J 5illSJl^i.uu^l^^i-^^^«(^ < ^■^^-^^'^^
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• dl>fJl d&U i WA-Wo . Xo .-«A , (\V\\ . 6ajJ) l2I>bJI ^i jLiaJI
i (\°\Kl < abJu) lajLBjk LJ) a : til>aJI _o kJlj-tfls Sja^AJI uujL&ll
Wiley, The Islamic Movement, 94-96. i NoA-UV
78- Ann Lambton, Landlord and Peasant in Persia, 2d ed,
(Oxford, 1969), 233-35; idem, "A Reconsideration," 132;
Bonine, "Shops," 235; idem, "Islam and Commerce: Waqf and
the Bazaar of Yazd, Iran," Erdkunde 41 (1987): 187-89, 194;
Hamid Algar, Religion and State in Iran, 1785-1906: The Role
of the Ulama in the Qajar Period (Beikeley, 1969), 14; «*jJ
79- Lambton, Landlord, 236; Michael Fischer, Iran: From
Religious Dispute to Revolution (Cambiidge, Mass., 1980), 1 17.
80- Administration Reports for 1918, Karbala, CO 696/1 .
81- Administration Report of the Baghdad Wilayat, 1917, and
Administration Reports for 1918, Najaf, CO 696/1;
Administration Report of the Hilla Division for 1919, FO
371/5080/13054.
82- Litvak, "Shi'i Ulama," 98, 143-44; Administration Reports of
theShmiyyaDivisionandNajaf, 1918, CO 696/1 andC0696/2.
83- Review of the Civil Administration of the Occupied
433
Territories of Iraq, 1914-1918, FO 371/5081/13898; Report by
Her Majesty's Government to the League of Nations on the
Administration of Iraq, 1929; Intelligence Report no. 9, 29
April 1931, 10 L/P&S 10/1313. a****: >1*jI (^JLiJI t^Uu^l
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« nt lTti / \ l^ A 1 1 l A ^L ^
1- Encyclopaedia of Islam. 2d ed s.v. "Madrasa"; George
Makdisi, The Rise of Colleges (Edinburgh, 1981), 31-32; idem,
"Muslim Institutions of Learning in Eleventh-Century
Baghdad," BSOAS 24 (1961): 14-16, 37-40, 49; idem,
"Madrasa and University in the Middle Ages," SI 32 (1970):
259; A. L. Tibawi, "Origin and Character of Al-madrasa "
BSOAS 25 (1962): 227, 236.
2- A. S. Tritton, Materials on Muslim Education in the Middle
Ages (London, 1957), 103; yi S if.l Ahfl&Udfr 03>H . tfu*l
John Pedersen.i m-\TV.(^Y. .£j^LUl)\^Y.-VU\
"Some Aspects of the History of the Madrasa," IC 3 (1929):
530-32, 535; A. L. Tibawi, "Muslim Education in the Golden
Age of the Caliphate," IC 28 (1954): 429, 435-37; idem, "Origin
and Character," 235; Makdisi, "Muslim Institutions," 7-8; Gary
Leiser, "Notes on the Madrasa in Medieval Islamic Society,"
MW 76 (1986): 18; H. Laoust, "Les Agitations Religieuses a
Baghdad aux IV et V Siecles de l'Hegirc," in, Islamic
Civilisation, 950-1150, ed. D.S.Richard (Oxford, 1973), 178-79.
474
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Hasan al-amin, i Yo-XA i X,X * (^Y.~\Wo * &$j — i — j$
"an-Najaf," ISE 4 (1973): 82;O^Jl ^jd ^ ob-J . febj ^tt
.Xf.Y<OWY.U^I)<J>^ll
4- Roy Mottahedeh, The Mantle of the Prophet: Religion and
Politics in Iran (New York. 1985), 91-92.
tUla . u i,a*h tf aUJI a^t i YUYX * Y-oX r X.X * S-es-w^ * ^-LdaJI -0
Hasan ! N Ti-NUiQ^. t Q 3> ju)»lj i >i tf J Si a, I all S^aJl^Li
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Meir Litvak, "The Shi'i Ulama j U , OxUI ikL . ^LAAil 1 AX-YA
of Najaf and Karbala, 1791-1904: A Socio-Political Analysis"
(Ph.D. diss., Harvard, 1991), 85-86, 135, 209-10, 273.
i
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475
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^UJIa***; YYYt \i (\V\Yc 6ljAJa)6l»>< abL>i ~ aL>i JUl*
Great Britain, Administration Reports for 1918, Najaf, CO 696/1.
10- Administration Reports for 1918, Najaf, CO 696/1; . {s hM
LxtkU^l aJtf-c . (Pl^>ll &ju>*M f-A*l>jl ! ^ YV\ To : X « X t S-c^^a
.YOiiJ^liyaiyljaillitiAjljiAal.N^-NTX tXiX
Htelfene i Al-A. . oA . (\ W\/^Ao . 6l>j>Ja) ^U jb 6Ll-uLij-j
Carr6re d'Encausse, Rgforme et Revolution chez les Musulmans
de I* Empire Russe, Bukhara 1867-1924 (Paris, 1966), 52-53.
Makdisi, "Muslim . >JiJ L*>-«-* u \ m 1 1 (A--* d*-* ^ *
476
Institutions," 16; Tibawi, "Origin and Character," 232.
\tt> \ ft h\yi M\ 2Li>aJI JS-U-J$ f_fl_*JJl a-mji-a i j, ft m ^ll tf ^a-a iaxh -M.
Abbas j VAX-TA. 1 \ . (^oA-^00 . 1 h > 1 II) #l>*l T • LajjaLaj
Amant, "In Between the Madrasa and the Marketplace: The
Designation of Clerical Leadership in Modern Shi' ism," in,
Authority and Political Culture in Shi'ism, cd. Said Amir
Arjomand (Albany, N.Y., 1988), 103, 106-7, 116-17.
. NYAi \» \ 1 Sx$m$A • ^iilaJI -^ "\
17- Jonathan Berkey, The Transmission of Knowledge in
Medieval Cairo (Princeton, N.J., 1992), 12.
t
. WU
19- Litvak, "S hi* i Ulama," 54, 70-74; i X . X . m^^a . ^lOUl
Husan ol-Amin, "an-Najaf," t Y. .O^iJltUJa. ^IiAIMi N.-N.Y
477
86; . Xo 1 1 fa i II Soujxa i is hc^i\
i \ i i ft i j H ^jflLfc i &jj J^ n Hi V . i ^X-M s X . X i Ic^jAt ^ldaJI-X
Hasan al-Amin, "al-Najaf," 84-86. s \ V-Y
. OA * T^-n i ubollZLui^ . is hal\ -X\
: n . qv\a-n v\r . ab*j) ai*>* * ^laU>c ils_a . tf i 1 u n jA B) -
xx
L2ja*3 Ljaj (J>ui il < ft ^ 'ill i ^LajaJI jaia : ^ tLillLall S ift%ill lLSI^aII
. Y<\ * (-oaJJl iuijiA , yJLiaS -XT
24- Ramsay to Cecil, Baghdad. 18 March 1907, FO
195/2242/169; Political Diary for the Week Ending 5 October
1907, FO 195/2243/867-111; Political Diary for the Week
Ending 14 September 1908, FO 195/2275/830-94; Ervand
Abrahamian, Iran Between Two Revolutions, 2d cd.
(Princeton, N.J., 1983), 90,
25- Political Diary for the Week Ending 2 June 1908; FO
478
195/2274/484-50; Selim Deringil, "The Struggle Against
Shi'ism in Hamidian Iraq: A Study in Ottoman Counter-
Propaganda," WI 30 (1990): 56.
26- Political Diary for the Week Ending 7 January 1908, FO
195/2274/30-3; \l\ : LaJjIAih^-N^ A ^i v - n | | ulull ^b 5 J^
27- From British Vice-Consul to British Consul General,
Karbala, 27 March 1908, FO 195/2274/226-31.
Political Diary for the Week ■!* .a jj fc m ,i j ... i i ^ ^* u ^
Ending 22 June 1908, FO 195/2274/340-60; Political Diary for
the Week Ending 30 August 1909, FO 195/2309/929-106.
29- Summary of Events in Turkish Iraq for the Month of
November 1910, FO 195/2341/1085-67.
30- Review of the Civil Administration or the Occupied
Territories of Iraq, 1914-1918, FO 371/4148/34799.
31- Summaries of Events in Turkish Iraq for the Months of
June and December 1910, January, March, and June 191 1, FO
195/2339/562-28; FO 195/2367/33-1; FO I95/2367/T-2; FO
479
195/2368/312-21; FO 195/2368/575-26; Lorimcr to Lowther,
Baghdad, I April 1911, FO 195/2368/283-18; Yatc to Gray, 7
May 1915, FO 371/2430; . o'W . «5^U S^ ^1 yyil u«J»
' '"In* mi l i«U 5 . <JL1>JI uyuUJ I N Xo-\ XL . N XX : "\ . OLaJ , ifejjJI -T X
Abbas Kelidar 1 !r.-U ( (N^X/N^N.a^l) > kiUAjl f Jau-aJl
"The Shi'i Imami Community and Politics in the Arab East,"
MES19(1983):12.
i xro-xu t qmy) x ^^jus a^ui^i uuu <*Lu /^» < x < \x-XA e \
, «fi*ii3 uuluMu s <\x : oma) r x^i . ccluIIj fi*ii» s rox . n r
. Wi-VW . XXUXXN : (WA) i V &£>*]! . «Lua]| 3 ^ui
till aj5Joj3 ua^jui^i t ft > i II ^i j - ■* H li>* * ^31113 a II t-L^LuiJl a_uc -YL
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t
(2l>aJI ^ yjl^i-ft i £)-fauJl (fl-LaLui : jJiul 1^4-jJt <JI S-*^U ul^ -To
i lyx . ix.-i^ : > (n^a-n^y 1 D 3 ^i) *L» . nmn-nw
480
i ( ^ Y . i ik-ii) ll-JlaJl (^J>ftJl ^IaJI al$j LL4 : umjXflJl ^-aA-i 1 LUaJI
.X\..\.YA.V\*-WA
. YA 1 X 1 c CilxflJ > (Si^ll -YA
OjUJI , cJI^I infill duajdd: ^ij Jl (i.^Ua'iU t ^UUll >i** - YY
. NAT . \A. 1 W) ^ uli^l . c,lLi*]| ulZM SLua^ Ux-UI L^b.
A *li)JI . c UaiJI ^i jLLu&il uijb*ll ^L^L 1 OJ^Jl ^» A;) ULjI ^1
. W-^ * OailliuijaA . piia^l -YA
LijJallj S-uLUl uukJI i SjlU>»II Ciljljjj ^Lj . ^-lmiJl dljjJI w-c - Y *\
. W i Y * OWO^OX 1 Lu*) ,l>l \ • . iUUll
40- Iraq Police, Abstract of Intelligence no. 49, 3 December
1927, NAI, file 7/15/3,
^jM\ ,lUiJ| oAU (xWJI r UUt Ctlj^LkA . ,LLi!l <_U.li lll^II , -IN
ittj[>JI S^iloJI 1 aliij yj ySjirillj ^Ovj^JI iljjJbLmli <•* (luiuJl
481
cf. Troutbeck to Eden, Baghdad, 16* NV\0i(^olidLxJJi)
October 1953, FO 371/104666/1016-57.
Fadil Jamali, "Thei Mi-NXa. \ . , x . u i ,^i vS| . , . , n .n
Theological Colleges of Najaf," MW 50 (1960): 15.
43- Edmonds to Cornwallis, Baghdad, 20 January 1945, FO
624/72/323.
44- Jamali, "The Theological Colleges," 22; ^IkrtU i u '; u "
uilLicJISUi* i &jpel\ Luua. aaa^ i X . cdl^laAiaCiluiAJ uu£: ^ijaJl
M^> * cA^a-H uiaUiII a-ic l \T0 : ( W\) \0 OU^JI . tubal! ^
. NoAi(^Ao. ul>LLa) . Li. j»
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: o vr\) l aixLfi^i . «l*a1c ai B d * * < a -» . u ^j * ^ » *i - i ... _ly
482
! V . OAA : 0^0 *U>jJ( . tLuLJ^Jt l*j\*jJ\ ^A S>loJ» , . 6 , uii -LA
o-iljaJI u^iai . ^iia-aJl t-iiUaJl sjx J XVY-XX"\ « iiJUaJI SL*» . t?j>»-aJi
ut i Y-A ■ (\VTY jjLLj/^LUI ujjK XV) AN JuUJI . f(4jl) t Soi-jall
Y) \"VX OJUJ1 ( cj£uJ (JlaJLU Lup* ud*A laUJ> . j***- 11 S>*JJ1
OxiJI ^i LiLpJI iwlj all » . >ub ^k a-u* ! \ L : ^T * iLi^l/aLul
• t.A.ii^jl^l^UjU(liill^Ao^AXiO^N)TA6UjJli«a>A4
&£ul£ A) a A ( ft "U jj i t^ijaJI ^Lrfl <J$* S-iJ>a. 4i>w» i a$ja i'niin -L^
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P.J. s N"\L-UV . (WL . SjaLUI) ffi^UiiJIj Saj>1I ^ UIaII jp*u
Vatikiotis, The History of Egypt, 3d ed. (London, 1985), 300,
63-iLi W) "\\ uLjUJI 1 tS U$I J5 IaUlj Lr J-j^Jl ^Ikril SjaU» * a^} -OX
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■ TiOUY 3l jL/ J yx , \)lo , \
483
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XNaUjJ|, € o^l^^| > ju - » ( SJi i 4A«JI>Afc»i VXYi(^XY)
. tan-ta. s n .la^ui *u..*tj.H... i *itji o,, s (^t\)
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. «SoluJiSulj&lb i^lii N : (\Mo jJ^j/jjaj XY) TAo 3 X-\ : (\Mo
UaiH ^i ^lUl uiilLiJ ^iUlil ?*±A\ Ciij^L^ a* : ^bJll uatt SKiTtft
^ is cxa . ^u-ii ai>x **** i axvaxl : O'NoA) it ou^i , td^rfi
Jaroslav Stetkevych, The : LoJ jJoil . NX^XA.OW.aj^)
Modern Arabic Literary Language: Lexical and Stylistic
Developments (Chicago, 1970), 13n.
57- Report to Special Officer 1, 24 January 1924, Air 23/453.
484
58- Abdul-Hadi Hairi, Shi' ism and Constitutionalism in Iran
(Leiden, 1977), 135; Shahrough Akhavi, Religion and Politics
in Contemporary Iran: Clergy-State Relations in the Pahlavi
Period (Albany, N.Y. f 1980), 27-28.
59- Intelligence Report no. 24, 15 December 1923, FO
371/10097/291.
Jamali, "TTiei No*\. W-\oo. No\iX. T . 5-c ju-j-a . u ' : u " -^
Theological Colleges," 17i lAjUII . «,%Sj OUll ^11 &kL 61a Ull»
i
(\<\A\ , LiljjJa) liljjJI ^i S-i^Li^l Sj^Ul Ijjaj . uJiLUI i^l -"U
.Yo"\-YflO:(NV\A)
62- Mottahedeh, The Mantle of the Prophet, 236.
63- Christine Helms, Iraq: Eastern Flank of the Arab World
(Washington, D,C, 1984), 161.
SjjUU S-ujIja i (iljjaJl ^i Lij1>-}% S-ja^JqJI umijLaJI . tlllj-jJt tLiU -At
n YY . S^lui^l S^^xJl , ^| ua dU i \ . Y-\ ."\ ualij (N^Ai i ala*j)
Akhavi, Religion, 131-32; Michael Fischer, Iran: From
Religious Dispute to Revolution (Cambridge, Mass., 1980), 78.
485
65- Mottahcdeh, The Mantle of the Prophet, 237.
66- Hanna Batatu, "Shi'i Organizations in Iraq: al-Da'wah
al-Islamiyyah and al-Mujahidin/ 1 in, Shi'ism and Social Protest,
cd. Juan Cole and Nikki Keddie (New Haven, 1986), 193.
. Sa-ftlufll ZLS>xJI i f^-fl £u dJLi * NYT 1 5 J5 -UI i-i>x-3 i lj-SLLII -"\Y
s^oii . iuij«Ji u-tiA^Jij^l ^ua 2uuj^ 2LuUUi fti^JJi i w-\ w
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t
yS&\ U^jlJ5 (J^j5-fJI 4>U J^ fJh ^ &U±±L\\ B ljUj iU idl d>* -"tt
Fischer, Iran, 84.91-92.J YLY-Yto.t^i-u^ . yttUjiAU
70- James Frascr, Narrative or a Journey into Khorasan in the
Years 1821 and 1822 (London, 1840), 457.
.Y^irfj-J-IIUbJb.^
486
( \ ^A^ i Cj$j_u) ul#>> ■ jWjaJI 2jb>J5 >fcl$aJI uala-a * uoaj! m h^ a -Y \
■ IXiN
.AYL,V\T.W.;(\V\Y)
a-w Jj^Joa yJAJ>A uli yuJi uI^jI ^J ^lua^il Si>* d>A -Yi
Ann Lambton, "A Reconsideration of the Position of sjIojIIaaa
the Mar] a* al-Taqlid and the Religious Institution," SI 20
(1964), esp. 118-19, 131-34; Fischer, Iran, 85; Akhavi,
Religion, 119.
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Muhammad Rida al-Muzaffar, The Faith of Shi'a Islam
(London, 1983), 83-86.
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87- Report of Vice-Consul Bagley on Visit to Karbala and
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February 1943, FO 624/33/537.
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730/159/2, Appendix A, J.G. Lorimer, Gazetteer of the Persian
Gulf, "Oman and Central Arabia, 2 vols, in 5 pts. (Calcutta,
1908-15), 1, 2: 2356-57; Admiralty War Staff, Intelligence
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Great Britain, Public Record Office
Air 23: (Overseas Commands, 1922-1932).
CO 696: (Iraq: Sessional Reports, 1917-1931).
CO 730: (Iraq, 1921-1932: The main source for the Mandate
period).
FO 195: (Baghdad, Foreign Office, 1905-191 1).
FO 248: (Persia and Mesopotamia affairs, 1918-1941).
FO 371: (Political correspondence between Baghdad, Tehran,
and London, as well as interdepartmental correspondence on
Iraq, 1910-1958).
523
FO 406: (Confidential Prints, Eastern Affairs: Reports on Iraq,
1911-1943).
FO 416: (Persia, 1905-1941).
FO 624: (Baghdad Embassy, 1933-1954. The pre-1933 records
are in the National Archives in New Delhi, under BHCF).
FO 838: ('Amara Consulate: Reports on the political situation
in 'Amara, 1941-1951).
Great Britain, India Office Library
Letters, Political and Secret: L\P&S 10 (1914-1921), L\P&S
ll,andL\P&S 12(1932-1941).
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complete series of the Weekly Abstracts of Police In-
telligence).
Government of India: Foreign and Political Department, 1911-
1936, and External Affairs Department, 1937-1958.
The U.S. National Archives, Washington, D.C.
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Confidential U.S. State Department Central Files: Iraq, 1945-
1949, Internal Affairs: Decimal File 890G.
Confidential U.S. State Department Central Files: Iraq,
1950-1954, Internal Affairs: Decimal File 787.
Confidential U.S. State Department Central Files: Iraq, 1955-
524
1959, Internal Affairs: Decimal File 787.
1 41)4*1
CJ. Edmonds Papers, St. Antony's College, Oxford Uni-
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^£&^^{ Ct(£^^^^(
Great Britain
Cmd. 1061. Review of the Civil Administration of Mesopo-
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527
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