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CAC DOCUMENT NO. 198
TECHNIQUES FOR THE ANALYSIS OF
TOTAL ENERGY AND LABOR
OF INDUSTRIAL PLANTS
*y
Richard E. Klein
Hasan Sehitoglu
Bruce M. Hannon
May 1976
°f the
it UrbaM.Ctam, ^
Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2012 with funding from
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
http://archive.org/details/techniquesforana198klei
CAC DOCUMENT No. 198
TECHNIQUES FOR THE ANALYSIS OF TOTAL ENERGY
AND LABOR OF INDUSTRIAL PLANTS
by
Richard E. Klein
Hasan Sehitoglu
Bruce M. Hannon
Center for Advanced Computation
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Urbana, Illinois 6l801
May 1976
This work was conducted under support from the National Science Foundation
Grant No. NSF SIA 72-03530
ABSTRACT
A method is developed for determination of the total energy
(direct plus indirect) and the lahor requirements to produce a unit of
output from an industrial plant or facility. The total energy and labor
requirements are determined by accounting for all energy and labor as the
product or raw materials flow from the mine or other natural resource
through all production and manufactures to a given production status.
In this way, each manufacturing step is accounted for in its contribution
to the total energy to produce a unit of product. The work requires an
examination and evaluation of the input-output structure of the plant
or facility in question, usually from the viewpoint of cost accounting
data sources. To illustrate the method, several specific plants are
studied.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Introduction 1
Previous Studies 3
Theory 5
Description of General Procedure ' 8
Applications and Conclusions 10
References 2\
Appendix A:
Calculations for a Sample Plant 37
Appendix B:
A Sample Program \2
Figure LIST OF FIGURES Page
1. Sector 3702 = Iron, Steel Foundries, 1967 National Average
Energy Flow 11
2. Energy and Labor Analysis of an Iron Foundry 12
3. Input Purchases of the Iron Foundry 13
h. Energy and Labor Analysis of an Iron Foundry ll+
5. Input Purchases of the Iron Foundry 15
6. Sector 2902 = Cleaning Preparations, 1967 National Average
Energy Flow 17
7. Energy and Labor Analysis of a Soap Plant 18
8. Input Purchases of the Soap Plant 19
9. Sector 3000 = Paint Products, 1967 National Average Energy Flow. . 20
10. Energy and Labor Analysis of a Paint Plant 21
11. Input Purchases of the Paint Plant 22
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1. 367-Level Sector Names - Industry Classification of the
1963 Input-Output Tables 25
2. Sector Aggregation Scheme (368 to k2 sectors) 36
INTRODUCTION
A complete energy "balance of a plant or manufacturing facility in-
volves both direct and indirect energy flovs. For years, the importance
of indirect energy has been largely neglected or avoided and attention
has been focused on only direct energy balances and thus the measures
that have been taken to conserve energy involved largely direct energy
concepts. This led, for example, to turning down thermostats, better
insulating, closing doors, and similar measures. Previous research done
at the Center for Advanced Computation (CAC), University of Illinois
at Urban a- Champaign [1,2] indicates that the percentage of indirect
energy in the total energy required to produce a product is often con-
siderably greater than that of direct energy for many industry types .
Again, for many industries the portion of indirect energy is comparable
to or greater than direct energy. The consideration of conserving total
energy, of course, adds a new dimension to energy conservation concepts
for several reasons.
A total energy balance for a given plant stems from the idea of
"energy intensity". Specifically, it is now known [1,2] that the
majority of industrial commodities produced in the United States and
similar economic societies require typically from 50% up to 90$ of the
energy in the indirect form. Consequently, energy conservation efforts
related to reducing indirect energy hold considerably greater potential
for a larger net savings in energy per unit of final output made available
to the public sector. A second and equally important reason to concen-
trate on reducing total energy per unit of final output is that minimi-
zation of direct energy by a single plant, for example, involved in only
-1-
one of the many steps required to produce a unit of final product does not
necessarily lover the total energy to produce the unit of final output.
In fact, the converse is often times true in that a direct energy minimi-
zation at a given step of manufacture can result in an increase in the
total energy content in the final output.
This point may "be illustrated by any of many examples , and all of
them fall under the description of what is called exporting one's (direct)
energy requirements. In the manufacture of automobiles, consider a manu-
facture X who not only assembles the final components comprising the fin-
ished automobile, hut also performs many preliminary manufacturing steps
including the process of steel making. If one considers merely the
energy intensity of X (direct energy) as the energy added during the
final manufacturing step in X's factory per unit produced, then X can re-
duce his direct energy requirements merely be electing to purchase steel
rather than manufacture it. Thus, X has made himself look better instant-
ly, on paper at least, because X requires now fewer energy units per unit
of final output. Of course, the deeper conservation question is unre-
solved but it suffices to state that X's decision, in the national in-
terest with respect to conservation, should be predicated on the issue of
minimizing the sum of energy inputs in the total of all manufacturing steps.
This thus requires a method to evaluate total (direct plus indirect) energy
required to produce a unit of final output. In the above we have defined
indirect energy as the sum of all energy inputs due to prior manufactures,
shippers, supplies and the like.
-2-
Previous Studies
The determination of total energy in producing a unit of final output
has long been a topic of discussion, but its determination has been elusive.
First attempts have amounted to tampering with and making ad hoc adjust-
ments on available direct energy figures. Specifically, a direct energy
study in a plant is achieved by metering or counting all forms of direct
energy purchased such as electricity (KWH), propane (gallons), natural gas
(therms or CCF's), fuel oil (gallons), and possibly steam (BTU's). In
order to reduce these to a common unit, BTU's are usually selected.
Unfortunately, the conversion factor selected for electricity is often
at the discretion of the user. The plant manager prefers to use 3^1^ BTU/KWH
from the heat equivalent in physics, however the concerned environmentalist
wishes to use 10,000 or 11,000 BTU/KWH which is the usual amount of fossil
fuel heat value required by a previous manufacturer, in this case the
electrical power utility. Obviously, the net difference is substantial
and the adjustment is made so as to make the direct energy seem more
realistic. Actually, this is where the attempt to include indirect energy
usually stops.
Now, if a concerned plant manager, of, say, a pencil factory, wished
to actually perform a total (direct plus indirect) energy analysis on his
manufacturing facility or plant, he might contemplate doing the following.
He would contact each previous supplier and determine the direct energy
supplied per unit of say, wood, glue, pencil lead, paint, erasers, sheet
metal. Now, each of these manufacturers would need to, in turn, calcu-
late their direct energy and then, contact each of their previous suppliers.
-3-
The paint manufacturer would, for example, have to contact his suppliers
of spirits, dyes, resins, and the like. This, of course, would be the case
for the suppliers of glue, pencil lead, etc. It is not difficult to imagine
that this procedure leads to a number of problems. In summary, the main
difficulties are
1. The attempt to backtrack to each supplier and to their
suppliers, ad nauseum leads one to an overwhelming book-
keeping task with regard to the geometric progression of
numbers until reaching the original mines, farms, and forests.
2. The geometric progression backward leads one outside of one's
domain of authority in that many (or most) companies refuse
to respond to inquiries regarding manufacturing process in-
gredients, quantities, and other proprietary data.
3. The backward search, involves some inquiries, possibly, back
to the original pencil manufacturer in that his company supplied
pencils to the paint manufacturer, the glue factory, and so forth.
This phenomena constitutes implicit loops and thus it is diffi-
cult to resolve which came first, the pencil or the paint.
The above cited difficulties obviate all direct energy backtracking,
except in all but the simplist and vertically arranged industries.
Other techniques for total energy based on physics and theoretical
values have been considered, however, in order to become workable, signi-
ficant inaccuracies occur because of the estimation procedures required.
-k-
In what follows, a summary of the theory behind energy intensity is given.
A more extensive description of the basics of the theory, as well as its
limitations and assumptions, can be found in a series of CAC reports
[1], [2].
THEORY
By definition, the total output of an industry or a sector is the sum
of its sales to other industries plus its sales for final consumption.
Mathematically, this definition is described by the following equation.
N
XJ = I, XJK + Yj (1>
IV— 1
where
X* = Total output of »th sector in dollars.
X* = Amount of product • sold to sector K in
Jiv J
dollars .
Y* = Amount of product sold to final consumption
in dollars.
N = Total number of sectors. In this study 367 sectors
have been used which conforms to previous works in
this area [3], [h].
By retaining the same line of reasoning, the total energy embodied
in a sector's output is equal to the sum of all indirect energy embodied
in its purchased inputs from other sectors plus energy extracted from
-5-
earth by that sector. Thus
5 N
5
5
" ^ * **
z E_ £1P xiJ
where
P = Energy types (i.e. which are defined as coal, crude petroleum,
refined petroleum, natural gas and electricity, respectively).
e.p = P type energy intensity of sector i
E* = P type energy extracted from earth by sector • .
Theoretically, e._ represents the P type of energy needed to pro-
duce one unit of product i if all inputs were obtained domestically.
Treatment of the role of the imports and exports in total energy analysis
is straightforward and is presented in the previously cited references.
It has been shown in previous works, however, that the energy impact
of noncompetitive imports is negligible. Thus, only competitive im-
ports need be considered in a total energy analysis.
The approach described so far has a direct relationship to -the
well known input-output theory through the definition of a technologi-
cal coefficient matrix A which, in this case, is equal to
X.T
A.T = -l£ (k)
Throughout this study, the matrix A is assumed to be independent of
time and scale which is a commonly used assumption of static input-output
theory. The errors associated with the assumption of static coefficients
-6-
and methods to minimize them are discussed briefly later and are, in
addition, the subject of continued investigation.
The energy dependence of a given sector on the rest of sectors
of the economic unit can be best understood by defining a set of energy
input coefficients, as below,
. . ePiXiJ (5)
PiJ ~ ePJXJ
where, G^, •, is defined to represent; the total amount of energy type P
rlu
required to produce one unit of product • , in that a percentage
Gp • entered through *'s purchase of i .
Thus, with the introduction of the above definition, the equation
(2) becomes
5 N 5 E •
1 l Gpij + l r^F = x (6)
p=i i=i PlJ p=i £pjxj
The theory that is explained above is applicable to any economic
unit, e.g., the U.S. economy, a state economy, a group of industries pro-
ducing a similar item, a corporation, a single plant, etc. The Energy
Research Group at CAC has applied this theory to the U.S. economy by
using the data base collected by the Department of Commerce. The
results for the years 1963 and 19&7 are available in various CAC
publications. The publication CAC Document 105, [3], for example,
contains the detailed analyses of energy use in the 367 commercial and
industrial sectors of the U.S. economy in 1963. Sectors are also
ranked according to several energy use criteria like direct energy
and energy intensity. Another related CAC publication is the document
-7-
lUO, [^]» which presents a more recent improved method of calculating
energy intensity. Reference [k] contains recalculated 1963 values and
1967 values for the first time. Because the historical data for two
times is now available, researchers have focused considerable attention
on the time varying behavior of the linear model coefficients and on
the task of extrapolating the energy trends into the future for a par-
ticular sector.
DESCRIPTION OF GENERAL PROCEDURE
The input-output approach described above can be applied to a single
plant's total energy and labor analysis. Due to the homogenity of the
U.S. industrial society, it is reasonable to assume that a single plant's
inputs, energy wise, are approximately the same as the national energy
and labor coefficients. Specific figures are available for the years
1963 and 1967. Each coefficient in the University of Illinois model re-
presents the inherent energy (and labor) required by each sector to bring
its product to final demand. The energy coefficient matrix is a 357 x 357
matrix and its units are BTU/$ except for the five energy sectors which
are dimensionless. Thus the data concerning the purchased inputs for
a plant, except for its energy inputs, must be in terms of dollar figures.
In order for a firm to obtain a total energy balance in a fixed time per-
iod all input purchases made by the plant are to be classified in one of
the economic sectors found in Table 1. If difficulty arises in assign-
ing a particular purchase to a sector, one may refer to the Standard
Industrial Classification manual [5] which gives a much more general
description of where products are assigned. The numbering code in the
SIC can then be converted to particular sectors by utilizing the extreme
-8-
right hand column of Table 1.
Because the energy coefficients are based on producers' price data,
all purchases must be converted to the producers ' price and thus trade
and transportation margins must be applied to the appropriate input
sectors.
As mentioned above, the total energy coefficient matrix is avail-
able for the year 1967 at the latest . Thus , dollar input purchases of
the plant must be deflated to this base year. The best price deflators
appear in the "Survey of Current Business", [6], This journal publishes
the implicit price deflators for most of the sectors of U.S. economy in
its July edition every year. The "Monthly Labor Review", [7], has also
price deflators for a large number of sectors and they are presented
under SIC format. Similarly, in the labor intensity analysis, the
change in productivity between the year in question and the base year
must be taken into account. Hence, direct and indirect labor inputs
to the plant must be multiplied by the productivity index which can
be found in the reference [7].
After preparing the data in the above manner what remains is to
multiply the dollar figures of each input purchase by its corresponding
energy and labor coefficient to get the energy and labor levels embedded
in that particular purchase. In particular, application of the equation
(6) yields the sectorwise percentage impact of the five energy sectors
and labor on the plant's energy and labor flow.
-9-
APPLICATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS
The theory has "been applied to a number of selected industries.
Three different selected industries are discussed below. In each case,
as the analysis shows, the energy and labor content of the unit of output
entered into plant mostly as indirect energy due to the purchase of supplies,
materials and other inputs. Again, in each case, indirect energy and labor
concentrated at certain of the sectors. This, of course, suggests that
efforts to conserve energy most effectively should be directed at reducing
these indirect inputs.
In the first case an iron foundry plant producing a variety of general
purpose castings is investigated. In Fig. (l), 19&7 national average
energy flow of the iron foundry sector is given. The national average
figures should be compared to the actual plant figures which are shown in
Fig. (2). As it can be seen, the energy inputs are larger at certain spots
with similar percentages. Most of the zero values appearing in the energy
flow of the actual plant are due to lack of data, but were assumed & priori
to negligible. According to the analysis this particular plant is doing
better energy wise than an average foundry because its primary energy
intensity (BTU/1967 $) is less than the national average figure. In ad-
dition to energy figures, Fig. (2) gives labor analysis of the same plant.
It indicates, for example, that in the case of a wage increase in the
primary metal sector, this particular plant will be faced with the prob-
lem of increasing its dollar expenditure by a predictable amount for the
associated input purchases. This, in turn, may force the plant manager
to increase the price of the product manufactured by the plant under study.
-10--
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-12-
SECT. NO
SECTOR NAME:
PURCHASEC f )
700 CCAL MINING
3101 PETRO REP IN PROD
CeOl ELECTRIC UTIL
6802 GAS UTILITIES
900 STONE CLAY MIN
1414 FLOUR.CERE ALS
1419 SUGAR
2701 1NORG-ORG ChEM
2704 MISC CHEM PROD
2801 PLASTICS
3616 ABRASIVE PRODUCT
3619 TREATED MINERALS
3701 STEEL PROD
3704 PRIMARY MET PROD
3805 PRIM NONFLR MET
6803 WATER. SANIT SER
C.28535420E 13
0.42310740E 12
0.55699950E 12
0.84903400E 12
0.92286480E 06
0.10560000E 06
0.27840000E 04
0.20172000E 06
0.14820000E 06
0.99867180E 05
0.17748360E 07
G.23169590E 07
0.24968280E 08
0.30225050E 05
0.74640000E 05
0.52998230E 05
Fig. 3. INPUT PURCHASES OF THE IRON FOUNDRY
-13-
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SECT. NG
SECTOR NAME
700
COAL WINING
3101
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68 0 1
ELECTRIC UTIL
6802
GAS UTILITIES
500
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2eoi
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TREATED MINERALS
3701
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3704
PRIMARY MET PROD
3805
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6e03
WATERiSANIT SLR
PURCHASE (J)
0.26535420E 13
0.42310740E 12
0.55699950E 12
0-94303400E 12
C.93031480E 06
0.16S60000E 06
0.27840000E 04
0.168120C0E 06
0.26900000E 06
0.73627180E 05
0.17748360E 07
0.23169590E 07
0.24968280E 08
0.30225050E 05
0.74640000E 05
0.53014190E 05
Fig. 5. INPUT PURCHASES OF THE IRON FOUNDRY
-15-
Fig. (3) shows the annual sectorwise input purchases of this iron foundry
in dollars. When this study was going on, the plant was planning to change
one of the processes in the production line. Fig. (k) shows the energy
map of the same plant if the planned process change is carried on. The
analysis shows the plant will achieve a degree of energy savings in natu-
ral gas sector. Thus this kind of total energy analysis gives an idea to
the decision maker, such as the plant manager, to decide on the possible
energy savings through certain process changes. Fig. (5) shows the pro-
jected annual input purchases of the iron factory if the process change
is implemented.
The second industry investigated in this study is a soap factory.
The energy analysis of the factory yielded an energy map similar to the
1967 national average energy map of the cleaning preparations sector in
which soap production falls. Fig. (6) and Fig. (7) show national average
and actual plant energy flow, respectively. In Fig. (8) annual input
purchases of the soap plant is given.
Finally, energy and labor analysis of a paint manufacturing plant
is presented. A comparison between the national paint production energy
flow shown in Fig. (9) and the actual plant energy flow shown in Fig.
(10) results in the same conclusions as stated above. Fig. (ll) gives
the dollar input purchases of the paint plant .
This study has shown that the input-output energy and labor analysis,
as given above, closes the gap between decision makers and the problems
associated with energy and labor flows in an economic unit. An industry
can lessen its dependence, for example, on critically short energy types
by making practical substitutions from high energy intensive materials
-16-
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T. NC
StCTCH NAME
FLRCEASE( I)
70C
CCAL MINING
C .505876406
OtJ
310 1
PETRO REE IN PROD
0.50731 140E
12
eeoi
ELECTRIC U T I L
0.90934340E
1 1
6802
GAS UTILI1 IES
0.121 OOofcOE
09
203
TCRACCO
0.344441 00E
06
140 1
MEAT RPCDUCTS
C .41 C22300E
06
142/
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C.40865740E
06
2407
CCNV PAt-ER PkUD
0 • 723421 40E
07
260 1
NE WSPAPERS
C.43837400E
C6
2602
PEW ICC I CALS
0 .41570600E
06
2603
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0.454 6 1800E
06
2604
MISC PUBLISHING
C.47500100E
06
270 1
INCRG-CwG chem
0 .91444130E
C7
2704
MISC CHEM PROD
0 .24254300E
06
2801
PL AST I CS
0.45541 6C0E
06
2804
ORGAN IC EI dLRS
0.4000COOOE
C6
290 1
DPUGS
C.97e40400E
06
3000
PAINT PRODUCTS
0.13220000E
07
3203
MISC RUHEER PROD
0 .64521 500E
06
3402
FOOT WARE EXC R LO
0.419 6 18COt
06
3501
GLASS PKODLCTS
0 .2760 7600L
06
3502
GLASS CONTAINERS
0.284237COE
06
3702
IR.STL ELUNDRIES
0.423 14 100E
06
3901
METAL CANS
0.79241 500E
Of-
29 0 2
METAL UARRELS
0.5570C0C0E
06
4206
PIPE
0.434 19900E
06
641 2
MISC MEG
0 .362271 40E
07
650 1
RA ILROAC
0 .2531 1 700E
07
6503
MOTOR EGT ThtANS>
0.411 OOOOOE
0 6
6504
IaATER f RAN SPORT
0 .^44 16700E
06
€500
COMMUMCAT IONS
0.25540500E
06
690 1
WHCLSA1E TRAUL
0 .10000000E
07
7C01
PANK ING
C.362 166C0E
C6
7102
REAL ESTATt
0.222814C0E
06
7302
AOVRPTI SING
0. 13543000E
08
7701
DGC TORS .DEN f UTS
0.255416C0E
06
Fig. 8. INPUT PURCHASES OF THE SOAP PLANT
-19-
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-21-
SECT. NO
SFCTOR NAME
PURCHASE ( S)
700
COAL MINING
0 .355255 10E
12
3101
PETRC REF I N PROD
0 .255641 I0E
13
680 1
ELECTRIC UT IL
0.22726650E
12
206
GIL BEARING CHOP
0.171 12550E
07
500
IRON ORE MINING
C .915222C0L
06
602
NCNFERR MINING
0 • 18652320E
C7
QOO
STONE CLAY MIN
0 .24456310E
07
142C
CCNFECT IONERY
C.87666800E
06
1426
VEG OIL MILLS
0.20677400b
06
2407
CCNV PAPER PRJC
0.21256760E
07
2701
INCRG-URG CHEM
0. 147564C0E
06
2704
MISC ChLM FROO
0.24227000E
07
280 1
PLASTICS
0.10473770b
08
2902
CLEANING PREP
0 .71 21 1500E
06
3203
MI EC RUBLER PROD
0 .533 70000E
06
3204
MI SC PLAST ICS
0.456748U0F
06
361 6
ABRASIVE PRODUCT
0.48842100b
0 6
370 1
STEEL PROD
0 .60 700500E
06
3602
PRIMARY LL AD
0.676801 20b
07
3603
PRIMARY ^INC
0.11 463240E
07
3901
3902
ME TAL CANS
0 .381 10CC0E
07
METAL EARPELb
0. 207250 7 OE
07
4206
PIPF
0 . 13702040L
07
500C
MACH SHCP PROD
C .462203COF
06
641 2
MISC Ml- G
0.67S777tiOE
07
6501
RA IL RCAU
0 .31476000E
07
690 I
VkHOLSALE TRADE
0 • 157790C0L
07
7C01
BANK I NG
0.52000500E
06
7102
t-LAL LTTATl
0 .57862200E
0 6
7302
ADVtRTI SING
0. 13220040b
07
Fig. 11. INPUT PURCHASES OF THE PAINT PLANT
-22-
and services purchased "by the plant to low energy intensive ones. Hence,
the industry will ideally be able to reduce the energy intensity of its
outputs in spite of fluctuations and other changes in the energy supply
situation.
Appendix A contains a brief user's handbook which summarizes the steps
involved in the method developed for analyzing total energy. Appendix B
consists of a sample listing of the Fortran program used in the total
energy analysis.
-23-
REFERENCES
1. C. W. Billiard and R. A. Herendeen, 'Energy impact of consumption
decisions'. Document No: 135, Center for Advanced Computation,
University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 6l801
2. Herendeen, R. A., "An energy input-output matrix for the United
States 1963 User's Guide'. Document No. 69, Center for Advanced
Computation, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 618OI.
3. Bullard, C. W. and Herendeen, R. A., "Energy use in the commercial
and industrial sectors of the U.S. economy 1963'. Document 105,
Center for Advanced Computation, University of Illinois, Urbana,
Illinois 6l801.
k. Herendeen, R. A. and Bullard, C. W., 'Energy cost of goods and services,
1963 and 1967'. Document 1^0, Center for Advanced Computation, Univer-
sity of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 6l801.
5. Standart Industrial Classification Manual, Bureau of the Budget,
Executive Office of the President, 1957-
6. Survey of Current Business.
7. Monthly Labor Review.
-2U-
TABLE 1.
367-LEVEL SECTOR NAMES
Industry Classification of the 1963 Input-Output Tables
The underlined titles represent the groupings of industries used for the summary
version of the 1963 tables and were also used in the 1958 and 1961 input-output
tables prepared by the Office of Business Economics.
Industry number and title
Related SIC code:
(1957 edition)
vACRICULTURAL, FORESTRY & FISHERIES
1 Livestock h. livestock products
J..01 Dairy farm products 0132, pt. Oik, pt. 02
1.02 Poultry & e.7gs - .- 0133, pt. Oik, pt. 02
1.03 Meat, animals L miscellaneous livestock products 0139, pt. Oik, 0193, pt.
■0729, pt. 02
2 Other agricultural products
2.01 Cotton 0112, pt. Oik, pt. 02
2.02 Food feed grains &. grass seeds 0113, pt. Oil'), pt. Oik,
pt. 02
2.03 Tobacco pt. 0119, pt. Oik, pt. 02
2.0k Fruits & tree nuts 0122, pt. Oik, pt. 02
2.05 Vegetables, sugar & miscellaneous crops 0123, pt. 0119, pt. Oik,
pt. 02
2.06 Oil bearing crops pt. 0119, pt. Oik, pt. 02
2.07 Forest, greenhouse & nursery products— — — -— 0192, pt. 01k, pt. 02
3 Forestry & fishery products
3.00 Forestry & fishery products 07k, 08l, 082, 05k, 036, 091
k Agricultural, forestry & fishery services
i».00 Agricultural, forestry & fishery services 071, 0723, 073, nt. 0729.
MINING
5 Iron L ferroalloy ores mining
5*00 Iron & ferroalloy ores mining — — 1011, 106
6 Nonferrous nvstal ores rinirjr
6.01 Copper ore mining — 102
6.02 Nonferrous metal ores mining, except copper — 103, 10k, 105, 108, 109
7 Coal mining
7.00 Coal mining H, 12
8 Crude petrolem & natural gas
8.00 Crude petroleum & natural gas 1311, 1321
P Stone & clay reining & quarrying
9.00 Stone & clay mining & quarrying lkl, lk2, lkk, lk-5, lkS, lk9
10 Chemicals & fertiliser mineral mining
20.00 Chemical & fertiliser mineral mining ' lk7
-25-
Industry number and title
Related SIC codes
(1957 edition)
CONSTRUCTION
11 New construction
11.01 Hew construction, residential buildings (nonfarm) — pt. 15, pt. l6, pt. 17,
n.t. 6561
11.02 Hew construction, nonresidential buildings — , pt. 15, pt. 17
11.03 Nov construction, public utilities--—— — - — — — — ' pt. 15, pt. l6, pt. 17
11.04 New construction, h.'glivays pt. 16, pt. 17
11.05 New construction, ail other pt. 15, pt. l6, pt. 17, 138
1!? Maintenance &• re-pair construction
12.01 Maintenance &, repair construction, residential
buildings (nonfarm) — -— pt. 15, pt. 17
12.02 Maintenance & repair construction, all other pt. 15, pt. 16, pt. 17
MANUFACTURING
13.01
13.02
13.03
13-04
13.05
13.06
13.07
1U.01
14.02
14.03
14.04
14.05
14.06
14.07
14.08
14.09
14.10
14.11
14.12
14.13
14. 14
14.15
14.16
14.17
14.18
14.19
14.20
14.21
14.22
14.23
14.24
14.25
14.26
14.27
14.23
14.29
14.30
14.31
14.32
13 Ordnance & accessories
Complete guided missiles ■ — 1925
Ammunition, except for snail ams, n.e.c. — - 1929
Tanks & tank components — 1931
Sighting & fire control equipment — 194l
Small arms — 1951
Small arms ammunition •■ — — - 1961
Other ordnance & accessories- — — — — 1911, 1999
14 Food & kindred products
Meat products — — -— — - 201
Creamery butter — 2021 "
Cheese, natural & processed — — 2022
Condensed & evaporated milk 2023
Ice cream & frozen desserts-*- — 2024
Fluid milk — 2026
Canned & cured sea foods — 2031
Canned specialties 2032
Canned fruits & vegetables 2033
Dehydrated food products 2034
Pickles, sauces & salad dressings 2035
Fresh or frozen packaged fish — 2036
Frozen fruits & vegetables 2037
Flour & cereal preparations 2041, 2043, 2045
Prepared feeds for animals & fowls 2042
Rice milling 2044
Wet corn milling 2046
Bakery products 205
Sugar 206
Coiifectionery & related products 207
Alcoholic beverages ■ 2082-5
Bottled & canned soft drinks 2086
Flavoring extracts & 6irups, n.e.c. 2087
Cottonseed oil mills - - 2091
Soybean oil mills 2092
Vegetable oil mills, n.e.c. 2093
Animal & marine fats & oils 2094
Roasted coffee 2095
Shortening & cooking oils 2096
Manufactured ice 2097
Macaroni Sc spaghetti 2098
Food preparations, n.e.c. 2099
-26-
Industry number and title
Related SIC codes
(1957 edition)
15 Tobacco rranufactures
15.01 Cigarettes, cigars, etc. 2111, "2121, 2131
15.02 . Tobacco stemming & redrying «■ 2l4l
16 Broad & narrow fabrics, yarn & thread mills
16.01 Broadwoven fabric mills & faerie finishing plants— 2211, 2221, 2231, 226l, 2262
16.02 Narrow fabric mills 2241
16.03 Yam nill3 & finishing of textiles, n.e.c 2269, 2281-3
16.04 Thread mills - 226%
17 Miscellaneous textile goods & floor covering's
17.01 Floor coverings — 227
17.02 Felt goods, n.e.c. 2291
17.03 Lace goods 2292
17.04 Paddings & upholstery fillings 2293
17.05 Processed textile vaste ; 2294
17.06 Coated fabrics, not rubberized 2295
17.07 Tire cord L fabric 2296
17.08 Scouring & combing plants 2297
17.09 Cordage & twine 2298
17.10 Textile goods, n.e.c. — 2299
18 Apparel
18.01 Hosiery - 2251, 2252
18.02 • Knit apparel mills — 2253, 2254, 2259
18.03 Knit fabric mills - 2256
18.04 Apparel made from purchased materials 23 (exc. 239), 3992
19 Miscellaneous fabricated textile products
19.01 Curtains & draperies 2391
19.02 Hcusefurnishings, n.e.c. 2392
19*03 Fabricated textile products, n.e.c 2393-9
20 Lumber & wood -products, except containers
20.01 Logging camps & logging contractors 2411
20.02 Sawmills & planing mills, general 2421
20.03 Hardwood dimension & flooring- 2426
20.04 Special product sawmills, n.e.c. 2429
20.05 Mlllwork 2431
20.06 Veneer & plywood 2432
20.07 Prefabricated wood structures 2433
20.08 Wood preserving 2491
20.09 Wood products, n.e.c. 2499
21 Wooden containers
21.00 Wooden containers 244
22 Household furniture
22.01 Wood household furniture 2511, 2519
22.02 Upholstered household furniture 2512
22.03 Metal household furniture 2514
22.04 Mattresses & bedsprings . 2515
23' Other furniture & fixtures
23.01 Wood office furniture 2521
23.02 Metal office furniture 2522
23.03 Public building furniture 2531
23.04 Wood partitions & fixtures 254l
23.05 Metal partitions & fixtures 2542
23.06 Venetian blinds & shades 2591
23.07 Furniture & fixtures, n.e.c. 2599
-27-
Industry number and title
Related SIC codes
(1957 edition)
2U.01
2U.02
2h.03
2U.0U
2U.05
2k.06
2k.0J
25.00
26.01
26.02
26.03
?6.0k
26.05
26.06
26.07
26.08
2h peper & allied products except containers ft bcxes
Pulp nulls
Paper mills, except building paper
Paperbcard millr.
Envelopes
Sanitary puper products
Wallpaper & building paper ?< board mills
Converted paver, products n.e.c. except containers
& boxes
25 Paperboard containers fc boxes
Paperboard containers & 'boxes
26 Printing & publishing
Newspapers
Periodicals
Book printing 2; publishing
Miscellaneous publishing
Cornoercial printing . -
Manifold business forms, blankbooks & binders-
Greeting card publishing
Miscellaneous printing services
2611 •
2621
2631
26U2
261*7
2Ckh, 2661
261*1, 26»*3, 26U5, 261*6, 261*9
265
2711
2721
273
271*1
2751, 2752
2761, 2782
2771
2753, 2789, 279
27-01
27.02
27-03
27.01*
28.01
28.02
28.03
28. 01*
27 Chemicals & .selected chemical products
Industrial inorganic & organic chemicals-
Fertilizers
Agricultural chemicals, n.e.c.
. Miscellaneous chemical rroducts
28 Plastics 3: synthetic materials
Plastics materials & resins —
Synthetic rubber
Cellulosic man-nade fibers
Organic fibers, noncellulosic-
28l except 28195
2871, 2872
2879
2861, 289
2821
2822
2823
2821*
29 Drugs, cleaning T< toilet preparations
29.01 Drugs
29.02 Cleaning preparations
29.03 Toilet preparations
283
281* except 281*1*
23kh
3O.OO
30 Paints & allied products
Paints & allied Droducts-
2851
31.01
31.02
31.03
32.01
32.02
32.03
32.01*
33.00
31 Petroleum refining & related industries
Petroleum refining cc related prcJJucts-
Paving mixtures 5c blocks
Asphalt felts & coatings
32 Rubber & ;nisce]laneov.s "plastics products
Tires it iru>er tuees
Rubber footwear
Reclaimed rubber & miscellaneous rubber products,
n.e.c. '■■
Miscellaneous plastics products
33 Leather tapjiin.g & industrial leather products
Leather taiuiing & industrial leather products-
-28-
2911,
2951
2952
299
3011
3021
3031,
3079
3069
3111,
3121
Industry number and title
Related T.IC codes
(1957 edition)
3^ Foot/year L other leather products
34.01 Footwear cut stock 313I
3'*«02 Footwear except rubber 31^
34.03 Other leather products 3151, 3l6l, 317, 3199
35 Glass & glass -product: 3
35.01 Glass it glass products except containers 3211, 3229, 3231
35.02 Class containers 3221.
36 Stone & clay products
36.01 Cement, hydraulic 321*1
36.02 Brick St structural clay tile 3251
36.03 Ceramic wall & floor tile 3253
36.0^ Clay refractories 3255
36.05 Structural clay products, n.e.c 3259
36.06 Vitreous pitching fixtures — — 326l
36.07 Food utensils, pottery 32o2, 3263
36.08 Porcelain electrical supplies-- 3264
36.09 Pottery products, n.e.c. 3269
36.10 Concrete block u, brick 3271
36.11 Concrete products, n.e.c. . 3272
36.12 Heady-mixed concrete 3273
36.13 Line - — — 327U
36.14 Gypsum products 3275
36.15 Cut stone & stone products 3281
36.16 Abrasive products 3291
36.17 Asbestos products 3292
36.18 Gaskets & insulations 3293
36.19 Minerals, ground or treated 3295
36-20 Mineral wool 3296
36.21 Nonclay refractories 3297
36.22 Nonmetallic mineral products, n.e.c. 3299
37 Primary iron & steel manufacturing
37.01 Blast furnace i bacic steel products 331
37.02 Iron & steel foundries 332
37.03 Iron St steel forgings 3391
37.04 Primary metal products n.e.c 3399
38 Primary nonferrous petals manufacturing
38.01 Primary copper 3331
38.02 Primary lead 3332
38.03 Primary zinc 3333
38.04 Primary alunir.ua> 333^, 28195
38.05 Primary nonferrous metals, n.e.c. 3339
38.00 Secondary nonferrous metals 334l
38.07 Coprer rolling a drawing 3351
38.08 Aluminum rolling St drawing 3352
38.09 Nonferrous rolling & drawing, n.e.c. 3356
38.10 ITcnfcrrous wire drawing & insulating 3357
33.11 Aluminum castings 336l
38.12 Bror.c, bronze & copper castings 3362
38.13 Nonferrous castings, n.e.c 336?
38. xk Nonferrous forging s 3392
39 Metal containers
39.01 Metal cans 31*11
39-02 Metal barrels, dnoas & pails 3I+9I
-29-
Industry number and title
Related SIC codes
(1957 edition)
frO Heating, plumbing £ fabricated structural metal products
frO.Ol Metal sanitary vv.re 3^31
tO. 02 Plumbing fittings & brass goods 3^32
frO. 03 Heating equipment except electric — - — - — 3**33
frO.Ofr Fabricated structural steel 3Wtl
frO. 05 Metal doors, sash & trim 3frfr2
frO. 06 Fabricated plate work (boiler shops) — 3frfr-3
frO. 07 Sheet metal work 3frfrfr '
frO. 08 Architectural metal work 3^fr6
frO. 09 Miscellaneous metal work 3fri+9
frl Screw machine products, bolts, nuts, etc- & metal stampings
frl.01 Screw irachiue products & bolts, nuts, rivets !c
washers 3^5
frl.02 Metal stampings — — 3fr6l
1*2 Other fabricated metal -products
fr2.01 Cutlery 3fr21
fr2.02 Hand & edge tools including saws 3fr23, 3fr25
fr2.03 Hardware, n.e.c 3fr29
fr2.0fr Coating, engraving & allied services 3^71, 3^79
1*2.05 Miscellaneous fabricated wire products 3fr8l
1*2. 06 Safes & vaults 3^92
fr2.07 Steel springs-— - - 3^93
fr2.08 Pipe, valves & pipe fittings - 3U9U, 31*98
fr2.09 Collapsible tubes 3*96
fr2.10 Metal foil & leaf - - 3U97
fr2.11 Fabricated metal products, n.e.c 3^99
fr3 Engines & turbines
1*3.01 Steam engines & turbines 3511
'^■^•02 Internal combustion engines, n.e.c 3519
frfr Farm machinery
frfr.00 Farm machinery-- 3522
1*5 Construction, mining, oil field machinery, equipment
fr5-01 Construction machinery 3531
fr5.02 Mining machinery 3532
1*5.03 Oil field machinery 3533
1*6 Materials handling machinery & equipment
1*6.01 Elevators & moving stairways 353fr
1*6.02 Conveyors & conveying equipment 3535
1*6.03 Hoists, cranes L monorails 3536
fr6.0fr Industrial trucks & tractors 3537
1*7 Metalvarking machinery & equipment
1*7.01 Machine tools, metal cutting types 351*1
1*7-02 Machine toolj, metal forming types 35fr2
1*7.03 Special dies & tools & machine tool accessories 35frfr, 35fr5
l*7«0fr Metalworking machinery, n.e.c 35I18
fr8 Special industry machinery & equipment
fr8.01 Food products machinery 3551
1*8.02 Textile machinery 3552
1*8.03 Woodworking machinery ^553
1*8. Ofr Paper industries machinery 355fr
1*8.05 ■ Printing trades machinery 3555
fr8. 06 Special industry machinery, n.e.c 3559
-30-
Industry number and title
Belated SIC codes
(1957 edition)
1*9 Gcperol Industrial necMnery h equipment
1*9.01 Punps ft canpressGi-s — — - 35"1
1*9.02 Bill L roller bearings 3^6P
1*9.03 Blowers & fans- — :- 3:6U
1j9-0U Industrial patterns — — , 3565
1*9.05 Power transmission equipment ———»——.— 3566
1*9. 06 Industrial furnaces & ovens 3567.
I19.O7 General industrial machinery, n.e.c 3569
50 Machine shop croquets
50.00 Machine shop products — — 359
51 Office, computing & accounting machines
51.01 Computing & related machines 3571
51.02 Typewriters - 3572
51.03 Scales & balances 3576
51. Oh Office machines, n.e.c 3579
52 Service industry machines
52.01 Automatic merchandising machines — -- 358l
52.02 Comrrercial laundry equipment 3582
52.03 Refrigeration machinery 3585
52. OU Measuring & dispensing pumps 3586
52.05 Service industry machines, n.e.c. 3589
53 Electric transmission & distribution equipment & electrical
industrial ar,rara:u:;
53»01 Electric measuring instruments 36ll
53.02 Transformers-- — 3612
53.03 Switchgear L switchboard apparatus 36l3
53-Ci* Mctors & generators 3621
53.05 Industrial controls 3622
53.06 Welding apparatus 3623
53.07 Carbon & graphite products 362U
53«08 Electrical industrial apparatus, n.e.c. — - 3629
5^ Household appliances
5^.01 Household ceokifig equipment 363I
5^.02 Household refri ;erators & freezers 3632
5l».03 Household laundry equipment 3633
5U.0U Electric housewares & fans * 363U
5^.05 Household vacuum cleaners ■ 3635
5i».0o Sewing machinos 3636
5I+.O7 Household appliances, n.e.c. 3639
55 Electric llfhtimg 't wiring equipment
55-01 Electric lamps 361*1
55.02 Lighting fixtures - - 361*2
55.03 Wiring devices 361*3, 36kk
56 Radio, television h CCTnuinicatlon equipnent
56.01 Radio & TV recei'/in,: sets 3651
56.02 Phonograph records 3652
56.03 Telephone i telegraph apparatus 3661
56. 0l* Radio & TV communication equipment 3662
57 Electronic components &• accessories
57-01 Electron tubes 367I, 3672, 3673
57.02 Seniconductcrs 367U
57*03 Electronic components, n.e.c- 3679
-31-
Industry number and title
Related SIC codes
(1957 edition)
50 Miscellaneous electrical machinery, equipment & supplieo
58.01 Storage batteries 3691
58.02 Primary batteries, wet & dry 3692
58.03 X-rny r.ppirat.t;-! & tubes -3693
58.04 Engine cluctrlcal equipment 3694
58.05 Electrical equipment, n.e.c. — -— — — 3^99
59 Motor vehicles ft equipment
59.01 Truck & bus bodies - 3713
59.02 Truck trailers — — 3715
59.03 Motor vehicles & parts ■ 3717
60 Aircraft ft parts
60.01 Aircraft 3721
60.02 Aircraft engines & parts . 3722
60.03 Aircraft propellers & parts 3723
60.04 Aircraft equipment, n.e.c 3729
61 Other transportation equipment
61.01 Shipbuilding & repairina 3731
61.02 Boatbuilding 2; repairing ! 3732
61.03 Locomotives & parts 3741.
6l. Ok Railroad ft street cars 3742
61.05 Motorcycles, bicycles ft parts 3751
61.06 Trailer coaches 3791
61.07 Transportation equipment, n.e.c.-- 3799
62 Profession?.!, scientific ft controlling instruments ft supr.lies
62.01 Engineering & scientific instruments • 3&11
62.02 Mechanical coeasurinr; devices 3821
62.03 Automatic temperature controls -. 3822
62.04 Sureical ft medical instruments 38U1
62.05 Surgical appliances & supplies 3842
62.06 Dental equipment ft supplies 3SU3
62.07 Watches, clocks 8: parts 387
63 Optical, /3t->M6fl3Kict & photograph: c equipment ft supplies
63.01 Optical instruments & lenses 3^31
63.02 Ophthalmic goods - 3851
6°-03 Photographic equipment ft supplies 3861
64 Miscellar.eou." ~anuTacturln~
64.01 Jcvelry, inclutlins cos^use i silverware 391, 396l
64.02 Musical instruments ft parts — - 3931
64.03 Games, toys, etc - 39^1
64.04 Sporting ft athietic goods, n.e.c. 3949
64.05 Pens, pencils, etc 395
64.06 Artificial flowers - - 3962
64.07 Button^, needles, pins & fasteners 3963, 3964
64.08 Ercoais ft brushes 398l
64.09 Hard surface floor coverir.,3 39-2
64.10 Morticians goods 39&3
64.11 Signs ft advert! sin/3: displays 3993
64.12 Miscellaneous Manufactures, n.e.c— — 3983, 3984, 3987, 3995, 3999
-32-
Industry number and title
Related SIC codes
(1957 edition)
TRANSPORTATION, COMMUNI CATION, ELECTRIC, CAS, & SANITARY SERVICES
65 Tr^.nr.r^rtntlon 'j ••archvvislu*
65.01 Railroads Sc related -trvicon- i»0, kjk
6^*02 Local, suburban <t interurban highway passenger
transportation — - 1»1
65.03 Motor freight trs.nsporta.tion & warehousing 1*2, 1*73
65. Ok Water transportation W*
65.05 Air transportation 1*5
65.06 Pipe line transportation 1*6
65.07 Transportation services — 1*7, except 1*73, kjk
66 Comurric.t lo:y "xcept radio ft television broadcasting
66.00 CoeeuuI cat ions, except radio u television *»8, except 1*83
67 R-dio ft TV rroadc-'v'-.frv;
67.00 Radio & television broadcasting 1*83
68 Electric, 7a s, water ft sanitary services
68.01 Electric utilities 1*91, pt. 1*93
68.02 Gas utilities— 1*92, pt. 1*93
68.03 Water & sanitary services l»9l*, 1+95, 1*96, 1*97, pt. 1*93
WHOLESALE ft RETAIL TRADE
69 Wholesale S- retail trade
69.01 Wholesale tradj -» 50 (except manufacturers *
sales offices)
69.02 Retail trade- -.- 52, 53, 51*, 55, 56, 57, 58,
59, 7396
FINANCE, INSURANCE & REAL ESTATE
70 Finance ft insurance
70.01 Banking 60
70.02 Credit agencies 6l, 67
70.03 Security & coiocodity brokers 62
70.04 Insurance carriers -- 63
70.05 Insurance agents ft brokers > — — — — 6h
71 Real estate ft rental
71.01 Ovmer-oecupied dwellings NA
71.02 Real estate - 65 (except pt. 6561), 66
SERVICES
72 Hotels & locg^ne, ylace?; personal ft repair services,
excent automol'i lg repair
72.01 Kotelfi ft lodging pieces 70
72.02 Personal L repair services, except auto repair,
barber, ft beauty shops 72 (except 723, 72U), 76
(except* 7694 ft pt. 7699)
72.03 Barber & beauty shops 723, T2k
73 Business Services
73*01 Miscellaneous business services 73 (except 732, 7396), 769I*,
pt. 7699
73*02 Advertising — 731
73*03 Miscellaneous professional services 3l, 8$ (except 8921)
-33-
Industry number and title
Related SIC codes
(1957 edition)
Jh_ Research & ^o-re Torrent
74.00 Eliminated u;; a sur.nrute Industry in the 1963 etudy.
Research Sc dcvolcnncnt performed for sale is dis-
tributed to thu purchaser fay each of the inductriec
performing the research & development.
75 Automobile ycreir t< s^rvlcpn
75«00 Automobile repair u. services— ——————— 75
76 Amur.errents
76.01 Motion pictures- — — 78
76.02 Amusement & recreation cervices— — — 79
77 E-edicn] , educational servicer, & nonrrcflt organizations
77.01 Doctors & dentists - 801, 802, 803, SOk
77.02 Hospitals 806l
77.03 Other medical & health services '• 0722, 807, 809
77.04 Educational services 82
77.05 Nonprofit organizations 84, 86, 8921
GOVERIIMENT ENTERPRISES
78 Federal Government enterprises
78.01 Fost Office -
78.02 Federal electric utilities
78.03 Commodity Credit Corporation
78.04 Other Federal Government enterprises — - — -
79 State & local government enterprises
79*01 Local government passenger transit — - — :
79«02 State &- local electric utilities
79.03 Other state & local government enterprises-
IMPOKTS
80 Grers ir.rorts of .roods & services
80.^1 Directly allocated imports
80.02 Transferred imports —
DIMMY. INDUSTRIES
81 Business travel, entertainment ?■: rifts
8l.00 Business travel, entertainment & gifts —
82 Office supplies
82.00 Office supplies
83 Scrap, used & secondhand goods
83.OO Scrap, used & secondhand £ocds —
SPECIAL IIDUSTRIES
84 Government industry
84.00 Government industry
85 Rest of the world industry
85.OO Rest of the vorld industry
86 Household industry
86.00 Household industry
-3k.
Industry number and title
Feinted GIC codes
(1957 edition)
87 Inventory valuation odjur.tr.cnt
87*00 Inventory valuation adjustment — ----- - —
88.00 Total intermediate output -<
Person*! consurrpticn expenditures
96.60 Personal consumption expenditures — — -----—.
Gross private fixed capital formation
96.7O Gross private fixed capital formation —
Ket inventory change
96.8O Ket inventory change —
Ret exports
96.90 Net exports — — -•
Federal Governr.ent purchases
97«10 Federal Gover.v.ent purchases, defense
97*20 Federal Government purchases, other
State and local po-|rerr.-:ent purchases
98.6O State and local government purchn.ses, education-
98.7O State and local government purchases, health,
welfare and sanitation
98.80 State and local government purchases, safety
98.9O State and local government purchases, other
99.02 Total final demand
99.03 Total output
99.01 Transfers
I Total intermediate inputs ---
V.A. Value added ■
T Total inputs ■
TR Transfers
-35-
TABLE 2.
SECTOR AGGREGATION SCHEME (368 to 1+2 sectors)
1+2
-LEVEL TITLE
368 -LEVEL SECTORS CONT
1.
COAL MINING
7.00
2.
CRUDE, GAS EXTRACT
8.00
3.
REFINED PETROL.
31.01 -
k.
ELEC. UTIL.
68.01
5.
GAS UTIL.
68.02
6.
AGRIC . , FORESTRY
1-1+
7.
OTHER MINING
5,6,9,10
8.
NEW, MAINT. CONSTRUCT.
11,12
9.
ORDNANCE
13
10.
FOOD, KINDRED PROD.
lU,15
11.
TEST, APPAREL
16-19
12.
LUMBER, WOOD, PAPER
20, 21, 2U, 25
13.
FURNITURE
22,23
lU.
CHEMICALS, PAINTS
27-30,31.02,31.03,32
15.
LEATHER, FOOTWEAR
33-31+
16.
STONE, CLAY, GLASS
35,36
IT.
PRIMARY METALS
37,38
18.
FABR. METAL PROD.
39-1+2
19.
HEAVY MACH.
1+3-50,52
20.
COMPUT. MACH.
51
21.
ELECT. EQUIPT.
53,55,58
22.
APPLIANCES
5l+,56,57
23.
MOTOR VEHICLES
59
2k.
OTHER TRANSP. EQPT.
60,61
25.
INSTRUMENTS
62,63
26.
MISC. MANUF.
61+
27.
RAIL TRANSP.
65.01
28.
LOCAL TRANSP.
65.02
29.
TRUCK WAREHSE.
65.03
30.
WATER TRANSP.
65.0U
31.
AIR TRANSP.
65.05
32.
PIPELINE TRANSP.
65.06
33.
TRANSP. SERVICES
65.07
3U.
PRINT, PUBLISHING
26,66,67
35.
WATER, SANIT. SERVICES
68.03
36.
W'SALE, RETAIL
69
37.
FINANCE
70-73
38.
AUTO REPAIR
75
39.
AMUSEMENTS
76
1+0.
MEDICAL, EDUC.
77
1+1.
GOV'T.
78,79
1+2.
MISC.
80-87
*When sectors are denoted by an integer, all sectors with that integer to
left of decimal point are included. Thus ordnance, 13, contains 13.01-13.07
-36-
APPEND IX- A
CALCULATIONS FOR A SAMPLE PLANT
The method described earlier in this study will be applied to a
plant which is assumed to purchase all its inputs needed to operate
the plant from seven different sectors of the 367 level eaonomy . It
is again assumed that 100 units of output were produced by this plant
in 1974. Let the same plant purchase the following amount of inputs
in 1974.
Sector Name
Sector No
COAL
1
ELECTRICITY
4
GLASS
151
STEEL
175
ELECTRIC MOTORS
257
Amount
150000 BTU
110000 BTU
10.5 $
31.5 $
14.5 $
An analysis in the accounting department of the plant has shown
that the plant paid the following amount, for railroad transportation
and wholesale trading in purchasing its inputs.
RAIL ($) WHOLESALE ($)
COAL 1.5 2.0
ELECTRICITY 0.0 0.0
GLASS 0.0 0.5
STEEL 1.0 1.5
EL. MOTORS 0.5 1.0
TOTAL
3.0
5.0
-37-
Hence, the plant has an imput purchase matrix, x, as shown below;
x =
150 000
BTU
110 000
BTU
10
$
29
$
13
$
3
$
5
$
where the last two rows are now the railroad transportation sector and
the wholesale trade sector with sector numbers 320 and 330 respectively.
The total energy coefficients of the seven input sectors can be selected
from the national data prepared by CAC for the year 1967. Therefore,
the total energy coefficient matrix for this plant is;
e =
1.0025
1.9336
19704.0
159600.0
26248.0
83 74.0
5912.4
0.0040 0.0023 0.0004 0.0016 1.0068
1.1797 0.3112 1.1078 0.8384 3.7963
78960.0 10886.0 7032.9 65866.0 103000.0
99796.0 26383.0 13030.0 70729.0 267430.0
32912.0 11020.0 5781.1 20977.0 62725.0
68235.0 55674.0 1593.8 10783.0 77592.0
28515.0 19702.0 1985.2 8021.0 35651.0
Similarly, the total labor coefficient matrix is;
L =
0.14278
0.26115
0.10453
0.83780
0.90575
0.85412
0.98654
10
10
10
10"
10
10
10
-10
-9
-3
-4
-4
-4
-38-
and the implicit price deflators (IPD) of the seven input sectors,
based on the year 1958 (IPD = 100) for the years 1967 and 1974 are;
SECTOR NO
1
4
151
175
257
320
330
1967 IPE
> 1974 IPD
Tl2.7~
~39.2~
103.0
128.6
109.7
129.7
107.4
131.4
102.5
113.4
102.3
136.0
98.5
111.3
RATI° (lilf)
0.80963
0.80093
0.84580
0.81735
0.90388
0.75221
0.88500
Now, all the input purchases will be deflated back to 1967 using
the ratio between 1967 IPD'S and 1974 IPD'S. Hence, the deflated input
purchases become
121443.90
BTU
88102.60
BTU
8.45
$
DEFLATED =
23.70
$
11.75
$
2.25
$
4.42
$
Then, total energy consumed in BTU by the plant by energy type will
equal to
COAL
CRUDE OIL REF. PET. ELEC .
GAS
PRIM.ENERGT
x
DEF
= QT.459-107 0.380-107 0.108-107 0.546-106 0.261-107 0.873-107t
Energy intensity of the product by energy type can be obtained by
dividing the total energy consumed by the total output of the plant.
Hence, energy intensity matrix, in BTU/unit output, is
COAL
ET4
CRUDE OIL REF. PET.
ELEC.
GAS
PRIM. ENERGY
0.459-105 0.380-105 0.108.105 0.546-104 0.261-105 0.873-105
-39-
Energy
input
coefficients, c
[iven by the
EQ. (5)
are
calculated as
COAL
CRUDE OIL
0.01
REF.PET.
0.03
ELEC.
0.01
GAS
0.01
PRIM.ENERG
1.40
COAL
2.65
ELEC.
3.71
2.73
2.52
17.87
2.83
3.83
GLASS
3.63
17.55
8.47
10.89
21.30
9.97
STEEL
82.32
62.17
57.50
56.54
64.14
72.55
EL. MOTORS
6.71
10.16
11.91
12.43
9.43
8.44
RAIL
0.41
4.05
11.55
0.66
0.93
2.00
WHOLESALE
0.57
3.32
8.02
1.61
1.36
1.81
.00.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
TOTAL ]
100.00
It is know that 121443.9 BTU equivalent of coal and 88102.62 BTU
equivalent of electricity entered directly into the plant. Then,
percentage of the coal energy entered directly becomes;
% Direct coal =4590000 [q * 100-0 = 2.64
and similarly for electricity;
3800000.0
% Direct electricity = , °°'^'° x 100.0 = 16.13
Direct primary energy input is:
0/ r.- ^ • (121443.9+88102.62) , __ n 0 . _
u/0 Direct primary energy = -1 8730000 0 100.0=2.40
Hence, the plant has the following direct and indirect energy inputs
COAL
CRUDE
REF.PET.
ELEC.
GAS
PRIM. EN.
DIRECT
r~2.64
0.0
0.0
16.13
0.0
2.4~o|
INDIRECT
97.36
100.0
100.0
83.87
100.0
97.601
Similar calculations can be easily done for total labor analysis
of the same plant. From reference [7], it is found that output per
man-hour in manufacturing sector has increased to 129.2 in 1974 from
100.0 in 1967. Hence, the productivity index is equal to 1.292. The
total labor put into the production in 1974, then, becomes
1.292 - (xT . L) = 0.005928 man-year
DEFLATED
-1+0-
Labor intensity is equal to the total labor divided by the total
output. Thus,
Labor intensity = 0.592 8>10~ man-year/unit output
The calculated labor input coefficients are;
COAL
0.04
ELECTRICITY
0.50
GLASS
19.27
STEEL
43.28
ELEC. MOTORS
23.20
RAIL
4.20
WHOLESALE
9.51
TOTAL
100.00
_J
-111-
APPENDIX B
A SAMPLE PROGRAM
$ JCB
1 DIMENSION NUil (SO ) . KLN| 7 )
2 rZJZTP. SN(7 4,5.2),RSN1(42) .NGN 2(42) . SN 1 ,SN2
2 UtAL*a SN3< 3) »SN4( 3 )
4 INTEGER SL C ( 3 5 7 ) , S I O ( 357 ) , NRG I NT ( 5 ) , I NTL E S ( 6 )
5 RLAL*4 CEN( O ) . INO( C )
6 i(tA L*4 T I NT ( 7 ) ,C(J57),lPr.6 7(357),lRD74( 35 7 ) , CL cC ( 35 7,o )
lDEF(357).P(357),PLPC<J5 7,7),RSYST(42,7),CLLC(j>b7>
7 NN= 1
£ DU 301 1=1,12
9 RLAC(S,30C) RSN 1 ( I ) ,HSN2 ( I )
10 300 FORMAT ( ?A6)
11 30 1 COM INUE
12 REAC(5.66C) ( I P067 ( I ) » I = 1 , 35 7 )
13 REAC(C,660) ( I P C 74 ( I ) , I = 1 , 357 )
14 f.60 FORMAT ( 36 ( 1 C (F ti .2 ) / ) )
If DO 67 1=1,357
_1 6 REAK5, 1 C ) 3EC(I).SIO(I),(CtEC(I,J),J=l.'S)
17 10 FURMAT(I^.lX,I4,f_12.5>
lc 67 ClMIMe
19 DU 63 1 = 1 ,74
20 R E A I. (5.20) ( ( ? N( I . J ,K) ,K=I .^ ) . J=l . 5 )
2 1 2 0 FQhVAl (lOAfj)
22 6£ CONTINUE
23 RE AD (5, 35) ( CL nC. ( I ) , I = I , 35 7 )
_2A 35 F 0_ __._(_ 0 (6 ( El 2,7. 1 X )/ ) )
25 READ(5 , 19 )SN3( 1 ) ,SN4( 1 ) ,SN3( 2 ) ,SN4 (2 ) ,SN3(3 ) ,SN4( J )
26 1 9 FORMAT (6AcJ )
27 LL = 0
2E 77 H--LL+1 ,
25 REAU(5,333) NO SEC , £M . SN2 , ( NRG I NT ( J ) , J - 1 , c ) , CU T PUT
30 333 F JRMAT ( 15 ,2 Ae ,6 17, F 17 . 1 )
3 1 DO 44 M= 1 , 42
32 REAC(5.41) (h5YST(M,I),l=1.6)
33 41 FORMAT ( 6F5. 2 )
34 44 CONTINUE
35 PRINT 545 .NCSECSN 1 ,bN2
_3 6 545 FORMAT (' 1 ', 37X . ' SECTUR',15.' = ' , ? A 8 t / )
3 7 IF(NN.EG.l) PRINT 54 6
3£ 546 FORMAT ( 35X, • lvfj7 NATIONAL AVERAGE ENERGY FLOW ',//)
39 PR I NT 1 10
40 110 FCPMAT(' ', UX , 1 3H INPUT bE C I CR S . 8X , 5h COAL . 7X . SHCRUuE . 5 X , 7 F REF PbT
1 , bX,4HELEC, 7x . <*HGA S , 3X , 1 1 hPR I M ENERGY,/)
4 1 DO 202 I- 1 ,42
42 PRINT 109, RSN1 ( I ) , RSM2 ( I ) , (RSYSM I ,K ) ,K = 1 ,6 )
4 3 109 FORMAT(* ' . 10 X . 2 AH . 6 ( 6X . F 5 « 2 ) )
4 4 20 2 CONTINUE
45 PR I NT 400
46 40 C FORMAT (• • , 2 7X , 6 ( b X , 6H ))
47 PRINT 401
4fcJ 401 F0PMAT(« • , 1 0 X , 6HT C 1 AL 3 . 1 0 X . 6 ( 6 X . 5 F 1 0 C . 0 ) )
4 9 PRINT 302
5C 302 FORMAT ( 1 OX, 99( 1H*) )
_5_ PRINT 303
52 303 FORMAT!' • . 10X , 1 6HE NERGY INTENSITY)
53 PKINT 304 ,( NRGINT( J ) , J= 1 ,6 )
54 304 FORMAT!* • , 1 2X , 1 2H ( OTU/ 1 96 7 I ) ,?X.6(4X, 17 ) ,/ )
__5 4 CONT INUE
5 6 0 0 4 9 1=1,7
57 TINT( I ) = 0 .0
-k2-
58
59
60
61
49
DO 49 M=l,42
R5YST ( M , I ) = 0.0
CONTINUE
TP=0.0
62
63
64
6 5
"7T
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
DO 644 K= 1,357
P( K )-0.0
DO 644 1=1.7
PhfiC(K, I )-0.0
66 644 CONTINUE
67 NSfcC=0
68 179 NSEC=NSEC+1
69 RFAD(S.e) NOM< NSEC ) ,C(NSEC )
7 C 6 FJhMAT ( I 3 , 6 X ,tl6.c )
7 1 IF(hUV(NSEC).£C.O) GC
72 GO TO 179
73 160 NStC=NSEC-l
TO 1 80
L=
P(
TP
CO
SI
DO
DO
6S8-
SUM ( K
L )=IP
= TP + P
NT INU
N T t •■= T
ei j
82 K
K = 1 , NSLC
)
D6 7(
(L )*
E
P/OU
= 1 ,(
= 1 ,N
658
L)/ IPC74 (L
CL3C( L) * 1 .
ITPUT
lSt:C
)+C(K )
295
82
L=NUM(K )
83
TIM(J) = TINT(J>+P(L)*CEiiC(L.J>
34
82
CONT INUE
85
NRGINT(J)=TINT(J)/CUTPOT
86
81
CONTI NUE
87
DO 83 J = 1 .7
ea
DO 83 1=1 ,NSEC
89
K=NUM( I )
90
IKJ.FC.7) GO TO 7
91
PEkC(K,J)=P(K)*CEE.C(K,J)/TINT(J)*100.0
92
IF ( J.NE. 7) GO TO 17
93
7
Pt"RC(K,J)-f'(K)*CLoC{K)*1.2^?/TP*100.0
94
17 CONTINUE
95
IF (K .EG. 1 ) FbYST ( 1 , J )=Pr kC <K.J)+kSYbT(l.J)
96
IF(K.EC.2 > RSY3T(2 * J) -PtkC (K, J 1+kbYSl ( 2, J )
97
IF(K.EC.3) HSY3T (j ,J)=PFFC(K,J)+RSYST(3,J)
98
IF(K.EO.'t) RSY3T(4 , J }=PEP.C (K.J)+i5bYST(4,J)
9 9
IF (K.fc C.5 ) NSYST<5,J)-Pt«C(K,J)*KSYST(5.J)
100
IF (K.GE.6.AND.K.LE . 17)RSYST(6, J )=PERC( K, J)+RSYS1"(6, J )
10 1
IF ( K .GE . 1 b. ANO .K .L. t . 22 ) k
SY3T( 7,J)=PLKC(K,J)tKSYbT(7,J)
102
IF(K.GE.23.AND.K.LF.29) RSYST(8,J)=PERC(K,j)+koYST(b,J)
103
IF(K.GL.30.ANU.K.I_c.3 6) kSYST(9.J)=PERC(K.J)+>VoYbl (9, J)
104
I F ( K .Gt . 3 7. ANC .< ,LE .7C ) k
SYST( 10,J)-PLwC(K,J) + KiYjI( 10. J)
105
IF (K .GE.7 1 . AND . K .L t .9 I ) r<
5YST( I 1 ,J) = PERC(K,J) + RbYST( i 1 ,J]
loe
IF (K .GE .9 2.AND.K.LE..1C1) RbYST( 12.J)=PtWC(K,J) + ni>Ybr(l^,JJ
107
IF(K.GE.113.AN0.K.Lt.l20)
R S YS T ( 1 2 . J ) = PEfc C ( K * J ) FKS YST ( 1 i. ,
J )
108
IF (K .GE . 1 0<£ .ANu .N.LE. 112)
RSYST( 13. J)=PERC(K.J )+hSYS1 ( Un
J )
109
IF(K.GE. 129.AKC.K..LF.146)
RSYSTI 14, J )=PERC(K ,J )+kSYST( 14,
J )
1 1 0
IF (K.GE.147.ANC.K.LE.150)
RSYST (15. J) = P6KC(K,J )+I<bYST( 15,
J )
1 1 1
IF (K.GE. 151 .AND.K.Lt • 1 74 )
r)SYST( 16 , J ) = PERC ( K , J ).+ k jYbT ( It.,
J )
1 12
IF(K.GF.175.ANC.K.LE.183)
RbYST<17.J)=PERC(K,J)+rSYbl ( 17,
J )
1 1 3
IF(K.GF.18 4.ANC.K.LE.216)
RSYST ( 18 « J )-PERC(K , J )+P5YST ( lb.
J )
1 14
IF(K.GE.217.ANC.K.LE. .24 4)
RSYST(14»J)=PEWC(K.J)4-kbYST( 19,
J )
1 IE
1F(K.GE.245.AN0.K.LL.^5 3)
KjYi.I(20,J)=PtKC(K,J)+loYST(20i
J )
1 16
IF <K.Gr.254.ANU.K.Lt .26 1 )
RSYST (2 1 • J)=PFRC(K, J )+R3 YST i.d.1 .
J )
117
lF(K.GE.269.ANi:.K.Lt-.2b3)
RSYST(21 • J )=PERC(K, J ) +k jYST( 21 i
J)
1 18
IF(K.GE.2 6 2.ANC.K.LE.26 3)
RSYST (22, J)=PERC(K, j )+PSYST(22.
J )
119
IF (K.GE.2 8 4.ANC.K.LL .290)
RSYST(23,J)=PEkC(K,J >+P.SYSI (23.
J )
120
IF (K.GE. 291 .ANC.K.Lh .29 7)
RSYST(24,J)=PERC(K.J)+kSYST(24,
1)
12 1
IF (K.GE.2 98.AND.K.LF.30 6)
PS YST ( 25, J)=PEPC(K,J )+f- 3 YSI ( 2f-,
J )
122
IF(K.GE.307.AND.is.Lt .319)
l<SYST(26,J)=PFKC(K,J)+HoYSl{2c.
J )
123
IF (K.EQ.3^0 ) RbYST (27, J)=PLhC(K. J )+HSYST( 27. J)
124
IF (K. EG. 321 ) kSYST (?fl,J)=PERC ( K, J) + KSYSf (2£ . J)
125
IF(K.EQ.322) RSY5T(29.J)=PERC(K,J)+KSYST(29,J)
12fc
IF (K. EG. 3 2 3 ) KSYST (30,J)=PEKC( K, J )+HSYST(30 , J)
127
IF (K. EG. 324) f!SYST(3l,J) = PE«C(K,J)+RSYST(31,J)
-U3-
lie
129
1J0
13 1
12?
133
134
135
IF (K.
IF(K.
IF (K.
if ( k .
EC. 3
FQ.3
GL. I
EO.J
201
26 )
Z\ .
29 )
U S'Y S T
PSYST
A N f") . K .
R SYSI
IF(K.
IF(K..
IF (K.
if (k.
GF.3
GE.3
E O . 3
EQ.3
30 .
32 .
45 )
17)
AND . K.
a n r; . K. .
KSYST
PSYST
(32, J
(3r*. J
LF . 12
(35. J
Lf .33
LF .33
(38. J
( 39 , J
)=I»ERC(K, J)+«SYST<32. J J
)=PERC(K,J>+RSYST(JJ,J)
cO f'SYSr(34iJ)=Pr.K!C(K,J)t-hjYbII3t,J)
) -HEKCiK ,J)+RSYbT(3 5.J)
LL .35
LE.3t;
( 42, J
I ) RSYST(36,J)=PEWC(K,J)+hSYSI (36. J)
9 ) foybT(37,J)=PLKC(K,J)tKbVSl(3/,J)
)=PL«C(K, J ) +RSYST138« J)
)=PERC( K . J)+RSYST(39» J)
SYbT(40.J)=PF.RC(K.J)+hjYST(*0.J)
136
137
138
139
63
IF (K.
IF (K.
IF (K .
CCM I
GF.3
Gt .3
GL .3
NUt
46 .
63 .
56 )
ANU.N.
AND. K.
KSYST
1 )
6) «
)=PE
SYST(41 ,J )=PtRC (K ,J )+.
RC(K,J)+RSY5T(42.J)
YSI ( 4 1 . J )
[EC
156
157
15a
159
16C
161
U2
.5
I )/T INT ( 1 ) < 100.0
0.0-UEN( 1 )
(1)+P(2)+P(3)+P(4)+P(5))/TINT(6)*100.0
0 .0-DtN (6 )
5 ♦ SM3 (LL ) ♦ SN4(LL )
•1,.30X,« LNEKGY AND LAECR ANALYSIS LF
• .2Ao ./ )
420
421
PR INT
FOPWA
PR INT
Fut-VA
420
T ( •
421
T ( '
• » 1 1 X , 1 3h INPU1 SECTORS .6X . 5h C 0 AL . 7 X . bHCn U Lit . o X • 7 F i< tt- PET
C .7X.4HGA3 i3a,1 IHPRII-: ENFhGY.oX.5HL AfcitH , / )
1 .42
. RSNl(l),hSN2(l).(RSYST(I,K),K=l,7)
• , 10X ,2Ab,6(6X,F5.2).7X,Fb.2)
• .27X ,6(5X ,6H ) . 6 > .6H )
«.10X.6HTCTALS.10X.6(6X,5F100.0).7X.SF1C^.Q)
PRINT 302
PRINT 303
PRINT 304 , ( NRG INT ( J > . J=l .6 )
PPINT 500
163 50C FORMAT ( 1 1 X . t 1 FitNuKGY LStL, DIRECTLY AND INOIhECTi_Y( /.
lUfcL TYPE) )
164 PHINT f 02 . ( LEN ( I ) , 1 = 1 .6)
165 502 FORMAT ( ' ' . 1 0 X . 3 H U IFLCTLY.6X.6(6X.F5.2) ),
166
167
i6e
169
UF 1UTAL -Y F
503
70C
PR INT
FORMA
PR INT
FORMA
f 03
T ( •
700
T ( '
( INU( I ) ,1 = 1.6)
• , 10X ,lChINDIRLCTLY,6X,6(5X,F6.2) ./)
• , I OX . 15HLAHGR INTENSITY)
170
171
172
173
PR I NT 701.SINTS
701 FORMAT<» «, 10X .• (MAN- YEAR/ 1967 S ) • , 4 X , E 1 2 . 6 )
PRINT 64 , SN3(LL ) ,SN4( LL )
54 FO P V AT ( » 1 ' , IPX , ' INPUT PURCHASES bF TFL « . 2AB.//)
174
175
:54
PR INT
FORMA
554
T(0X,«SECT. NC« ,4X, • SECTOR NA ME • , 1 5 X , » PLKCHAbt ( $ ) • ./ )
176
177
176
_17 9
NJ=1
N= 1
DO 5 1
DO 51
1=1 .72
J=l .5
180
161
182
IfcLL
52
IF(N.GT.357) GO TO 51
IF (N.NE .NUM (NJ ) ) GL TO 53
PR INT 52,olC(N).(oN(I,J,K),K=l,2),C(NJ)
FORMAT(' ',10X.I4,SX,2AS,dX,E16.e)
164
185
166
167
168
189
190
19 1
192
53
51
5f
NJ=NJ+ 1
N=N+ 1
CONTINUE
IF (LL .NE. 2)
GO TO 7 7
PR INT se
FORMAT ( • 1
COM INUE
STCP
END
)
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